ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY
BY
F. KLUGE A.ND F. LUTZ
V
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.
A SELECT GLOSSARY
SERVING AS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
BY
F. KLUGE AND F. LUTZ
" .'„ •> '
STRASSBURG
KARL J. TR BN ER
1898.
Printed by G. Otto, Darmstadt.
K7/
-C^-
PREFACE.
Our primer of English Etymology is meant to serve as
an introduction to tlie study of the historical grammar of
English. However manifold the advantages which the student
may derive from Professor Skeat's Etymological Dictionary, it
cannot be denied that it does not commend itself as a
book for beginners. Though it is a work of deep research,
brilliant sagacity, and admirable completeness, the linguistic
_ laws underlying the various changes of form and meaning
< are not brought out clearly enough to be easily grasped by
Q
^ the uninitiated. We therefore propose to furnish the student
"^ with a small and concise book enabling him to get an insight
^ into the main linguistic phenomena. We are greatly indebted
o to Professor Skcat, of whose excellent work we have made
ample use, drawing from it a great deal of material, which we
hereby thankfully acknowledge. As our aim has of course not
been to produce a book in any way comparable to our prede-
cessor's work in fulness of detail and general completeness,
we have confined ourselves to merely selecting all words the
history of which bears on the development of the language at
large. We have therefore, in the first place, traced back to the
older periods loanwords of Scandinavian, French and Latin
origin and such genuine English words as may atTord matter
for linguistic investigation. In this vav we hope to have pro-
vided a basis for every historical grammar of English, e.g. for
Sweet's History of English Sounds.
,'51498^:
VI Preface.
If we may be allowed to give a hint as to the use of
our little book, we should advise the teacher to make it a
point to always deal with a whole group of words at a time.
Special interest attaches for instance to words of early Christian
origin, to the names of festivals and the days of the week;
besides these the names of the various parts of the house and
of the materials used in building, the words for cattle and the
various kinds of meat, for eating and drinking, etc. might be
made the subject of a suggestive discussion. On treating ety-
mology in tliis way, the teacher will have the advantage of
converting a lesson on the growth of the English language into
an inquiry into the history of the Anglo-Saxon race, thus lending
to a naturally dry subject a fresh charm and a deeper meaning.
In conclusion, our best thanks are due to Professor 'W.
Franz of Tubingen University, who has placed many words
and etymologies at our disposal and assisted us in various
other ways.
Freiburg i. B.
F. KLUGE — F. LUTZ.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
ace. T= accusative case
adj. =: adjective
adv. =: adverb
RKKT. = Breton
CKLT. =: Celtic
coiij. = conjunction
CORN. — Cornish
cp. rr compare
Cynir. 3= Cynuic (Welsh)
Dan. = Danish
ciat. = dative case
f]er(iv). ^ derived, derivative
diniin. = diminutive
DU. = Dutch
E. = modern English
f. (fein.) = feminine
frequent. = frequentative
KR. =r French
KKIKS. — Friesic
(;. =: modern (lernian
Liael. — Gaelic
gen. rr genitive case
GOTH. =• (iothic
OK. = Greek
Icel. = Icelandic
inl. = inlinitive mood
mfl. — inHected
inlerj. = interjection
IR. = Irish
IT.M.. = Italian
I.AT. — Latin
Hi. =r Low Geim.ui
lit. = literally
LITH = I^ithuanian
ni. rr masculine
ME. = Middle English
MHG. -r Middle High German
n. (neiiti.) — neuter
nom. =1 nominative
old. = oldique case
ouu. = Old Dutch
OKK. = Old French
OH(i. = Old High (icrman
OIR. = Old Irish
ON. = Old Norse
ONKR. — Old North JMench
orig. = original, originally
OSAX. = Old Saxon
OSI.OV. =: Old Slovenian
|d, — plural
p. p. rr jiast paiticijde
proL). :— prohaldv
pion. — pronoun
prop. — projterly
I'Kov. =: Provencal
pit. =; preterite, past tense
KUSS. = Russian
si). =r substantive
SKR. = Sansk-rit
SHAN. =: Spanish
superl. — superlative
SWfCD. = Swedish
TKUT. =1 Teutonic
vb. = verb
\'|[[ List of Symbols in Teutonic Words.
LIST OF SYMBOLS IN TKUTONIC WORDS.
?' (not umlauted) — Kuropean and Ai^yan i.
<■' in OE. MK. long idosed e.
!?' in OE. ME. long open i'.
e in OH(J. MHC. OSA\. closed e (uinlauted).
} a reduced Aryan und pie-'IVut. vowel.
;' in (Je. Me. long closeil o.
(/' in UK. .MK. words lun^ open i>.
r in OE. word-; ])alatali/.td /'.
^' in .ME. words as in NK. oi^e l>riJge.
5 in <-te. Me. wolds a spiraiitic palatalized i^,
f in lent, words — E. th.
c' in On. ()e. Osa.x. words = E. th.
k in (jotli. is h -j- ?f. ,
'V ~ root.
* indicates a word or form not actnallv found, Init of which the
existence is inferred.
a^, an indef. article me. a an,
OK. an: ident. \vith one.
a- ME. a: idcnt. with on (cp.
hack, abroad^.
abase; cp. base.
abash short for me. abaisshc
ahaischc (aba'isse) : borrowed from
OEK. eslmhiss- stem of ofk. csbahir
(kr. el'ahir^ 'astonish'.
abate :me. abate: adai)t. of ofr.
abairc 'beat down'.
abbess, abbey see abbot.
abbot me. abbot; older by-form
MK. OE. abbod. Source lat. ab-
batem {abbas), whence it. abbdte,
VK.abb'd, OHG. abba t g.du. abt. —
Hence abbess ime. abbesse from
FR. ab/yesse (but OE. al'bndisse =
LAT. abbatissa) 'abbess' and abbey
MK. ablwie from FR. abhaye (ofr.
al>eie).
abide cp. bide and abode.
able ME. able: adapt, of ofr.
(h)abl(*-= SPAN, habil, rr. abile;
source LAT. habilis.
abode me. abgd prop, 'delay,
al)idino-'; (^p, bide.
abound .mk. abounde: adapt,
of FR. abonder = lat. abimdare
abound'.
English Etymology.
about MK. aboute OE. dbiltan
^onbutan; cp. but for OE. biitan.
I above jie. above earlier abiifen
j OE. dbu/an', akin to a. oben oho.
obaiia 'from above'; cp. over.
abridge me. abriggc abregge :
i adaj)t. of OFR, abrigier abregier
(source lat. ^^i^r<?f'/£?r<? 'shorten').
abroad :me. a brad Y>ro\). 'broad-
ly, widely'; cp. broad.
abuse cp. use.
accord vb. me. acorde late of.
(c. 1 1 40) dcordian : borrowed from
OFR. acorder fr. accorder (cp.
' IT. aecordare).
accuse me. accilse from fk. ac
cuscr (lat. acciisare^ .
accrue (aeereja) vb. from fr.
accrue sb. 'growth, increase' (orig.
part, of FR. accroitre: lat. ad^
\cretuni); cp. increase.
ace me. as dee: loanword from
FR. as (= span, as, g. ass, du.
aas). Source lat. ^-.f (ace. assent)
'a unit, pound, foot'.
ache earlier spelling ake me.
dke; derived from OE. iice me.
echc 'pain' under the influence
of the vb. OE. acan me. ake 'ache,
feel pain'.
1
achieve — aghast
achieve aie, achevc: adapt, of
FR. achcver 'accomplish'. Akin
to chief.
acorn me. acorn OE. cecevfi \
ident. with goth. akraii 'crop,
fruit', ON. akani, DU. akcr, G. ecker.
The meaning 'acorn' being a later
and special one as compared
with GOl^.akran 'fruit', the group
may be derived from teut. ^Xt^?-
= acre.
acquaint vb. me. aqueinte a-
comte: borrowed fr. ofr. acointer
'advise' cp. quaint.
acquire ime. aquire aqiiere: bor-
rowed from OFR. aquerre (fr.
acqiuh-ir = LAT, acqulrere').
acre me. aker oe. cecer 'a field,
acre' = synon. goth. akrs, OSAX.
(ikkar, OHG. acchar G. acker, DU.
akker, on. akr : a common Teut.
and Aryan word: teut. *akra-z,
pre-TEUT. agro-s = skr. ajra-s,
GR. dypog, LAT. ager (stem agro-')
'acre' : Aryan \^ ag in lat. ago,
(iR. aya), skr. aj, on. aka. The
orig. meaning of acre (indo-
teut. agro-s) was 'place where the
cattle are driven'; cp. G. iri/t
from treihoi.
adage from fr. adage = lat.
adagiu?)i 'proverb'.
add ME. addc from lat. addere
add'.
adder :\ie. adder older /ladder
OE. nd'{d)dre = osAX. nadra, DU.
adder, OHc;. nat{a)ra aiHCi. «(?/^r g.
natter {otter), icel. nadra f. — /z«^;-
m., goth. nadrs'. cogn. with ir. ««-
M(^?//', w. neidr. For the loss of
initial // cp. auger and apron.
adjourn vb. me. ajurne ajornc:
adapted from 'SK.aJourner (deriv.
of fr. Joiir — jour nth- 'day').
ado ME. ado prop, at do: prop,
infinit. 'to do' with at, orig. in
Northern English.
advance vb. for me. avaunce :
loanword from fr. avaiicer 'go
before' (deriv. of fr. avant =
ITAL. avante, lat. ah -f- ante).
advice sb. for me. avis', adopt.
oiY\<.avis {=iY^.az>viso, i^xr.ad-
vtsufn). — The vb. advise me.
avise is fr. aviser (= it. avvisar,
lat. '^advisare).
afford ME. aforthe 'provide^ oe.
"^e/ordian 'promote': deriv. of
forth.
affray 'frighten' me. afraie : from
FR. effrayer 'frighten'. — Hence
the part, afraid 'frightened' jNIE.
afraied.
after me. after oe. after adv.
prep. = GOTH, aftra 'back,
again', ohg. osax. aftar 'back',
DU. achter.
again me. agein oe. ongeyt
ongedn; ident. with G.gege/i OHG.
gegin gagan, oSAX. gegin?, on.
gagn. — against me. agcincst
earlier agcines = OE. togeyies.
age me. age: adoption of fr.
age (oFR. a-age e-age). Source
a LAT. type *aetaticum (= lat'.
aetas) 'time'.
aghast i)art. of me. agaste vb.
'terrify' oe. gd.stan 'terrify'; akin
to GOTH, usgaisjan make afraid
and peril, to ghost.
sglet
almond
aglet 'spangle, pin' (Shakcsp.)
from FR. aiguilld dimin. of ai-
guille needle'.
ago MK. ago agon: orig". part,
"gone by, past' from go.
agog adapt, of ofr. en gogues
lusty, lively, in a pleasant humor'
— FR. gogue 'mirth, glee'.
agree 'sve.. agree: adapt, of fr.
agreer {= IT. aggradare] source
LAT.^/-tf//irw'pleasing, agreeable').
ague :me. ((^'7^6': source ofr. agu
'sharp, acute' (= fr. aigii).
Source LAT. aciitus.
aid vb. from fr. aider 'help'.
ail vb. ME. aile eile OE. ej^laii
'trouble, afflict' = GOTH, us-
agljan 'trouble': deriv. of OE.
e~^le = GOTH, a gins 'loathsome,
troublesome'. For \^ ag cp.
a7ve.
air 1 -Ml':, aire older eir : loan-
word from FR. air (source lat.
aet^. air 2 from fr. air 'ex-
ternal appearance' is considered
idcnt. with air'^.
aisel (Shakesp.); cp. else I.
ajar .me. acher — oncher (oe. on
c'crr — on eyrr') 'ajar' cp. eliar.
akimbo me. a kemlnmie — a
kenbffioe (in the phrase »his hand,
his armes a kcmbowc setten«) ;
for ME. hou>e cp. how and elbow.
The ft.st clement represents an
adapted ox. kengr 'crook the
sha{)e of a horse-shoe' (cp. on.
kengboginn 'crooked'). Another
suggestion proceeds from an or.
^cyneboga formed as of. cyne-
widde.
alder me. alder oe. dlor = ohg.
elira erila G. erle, ox. elr elre(r),
DU. LG. eller (goth. '^diliza is
found in span, alisa , fr. alice
'wild sorb, wild service-berry).
Akin to OSLOV. jelieha, lat. alnus
(for ""alsnus) 'alder'.
ale :\IE. die oe. ealu ealo (infl.
calod') = osax. alo , ox. sa\ .
DAN. pi; akin to oslov. old 'cider',
LITH. alus beer'.
alight 'alight from a horse' cp.
light vb.
all y[s..al{l) — plur. alle OE. al(l)
eal(l) — plur. ealle = OSAX. OHG.
DU. i.G. al, G. all, ox. allr, GOTH.
alls. A primary form ala- is found
in compounds and derivatives;
cp. OSAX. ohg. ailing mhg. alene
'entire, complete', goth. alamans
'all men', ohg. ala-tvdri 'all true ,
ala-nimvi 'all new'. Cogn. \v. oir.
uile (base olio-~).
allay :\ie. alaie aleie alegge lay
aside, give up'; from lay '. Perh.
mixed with ofr. aleyer (fr.
aloycj-) ?
allege me. alegge 'give testi-
mony : adajitcd from ofr. alegiei
alegger ?
alley im. aley: loanwortl from
FR. alldc 'a going, passage".
allow vb. ME. alone: adapt, of
FR. alloiicr 'grant' (t,at. typo ad-
locare) .
allure me. ali'tre: from ofr.
aliirer, deriv. of lure 'bait'.
almond me. almau/ide: from
OFR. almande (= fr. amandc,
whence nu. amandcl). Source
eat. amygdala (gr. diwyddlr^ 'an
1 *
angel
almond', whence a vulgar lat.
amend/a (it. inandola = OHG.
///aiidijla G. inander).
alms :\IK. abnes oe. crlmessc
(infl. celmessaji) : borrowed from
OIR. almsan. Akin to the svnon.
OSAX. alamosna, ODU. aclmoesc ael-
mocscnc DU. aalmofs, OHO. alamuo-
san alainosan G. almosen. Source
l-AT.-GR. elec?nosy/ia (cp. it. /?>//<?-
wVz^z) with a vulgar pronunciation
almbsn'.i = provenz. almosna, ofr.
almosne fr. aiimone.
alone me. rt/c-'/^^ late oe. ^r*?//-
<///(/ prop, 'all singlv' = synon.
G. allc'iii, i)U. allt'cii. Cp. ^7«^,
along :\[E. along oe. ondlong
andlong; cp. lo/ig. The prefix
E. (^? for OE. c?;;;^/ is ^ to G. ^//Z-
iii cntlang 'along' (ofris. ond-
lingd) .
aloof adapt, of du. ie locf 'to
the windward'; ident. with luff.
already orig. 'quite ready'; cp.
ready. — also prop, 'quite so'
ME. also OE. calswd 'quite so' =
G. also. Ident. witli as. — al-
though iiE. although altheigh;
in OE. we find theah \ eal (e. g.
»f)eah ic eal ma;ge« 'although
I may) ; cp. though.
alum ME. alutn from ofr. alum
= FR. alun\ source lat. aliimen,
whence g. alanii, Dr. ali/in.
alway ]\rE. alway alwey oe. eal-
new'cy. orig. ace. sing, (some-
times contr. to ealncj) prop, 'all
the way, all the time'; the com-
moner form is always :me. al-
loaies, being an adv. gen. sing,
'all the time, always'.
amaze vb. me. aMdse oe. d-md-
sia/i.
amid, amidst; cp. middle. —
amiss me. on misse; cp. miss.
among me. amoitg; prop, on-
mang — on ^emang 'in the crowd';
oe. lemang 'crowd' see under
mingle. Ident. with lg. 7na7ig
'airiong'.
amount me. afnounte: adapt,
of FR. amonter 'amount to' (fr.
amont 'uphill' = LAT. ad montemy.,
cp. mount.
ancestor me. auncestre'. loan-
word from VK.aneetre older ancestre
(me. auncessonr from ofr. ances-
sour) ; source lat. aniecessor(em)
anchor me. anker oe. ancor pn-
cor\ cp. ON. akkeri, du. g. anker
late OHG. anchar: a loanword
from LAT. aneora (it. ancora, fr.
ancre) .
ancient aie. auncient older
auncicn (for the secondary / cp.
pageant, parchment): adapt,
of VK.ancie?! {= IT. anziano; lat.
type antednus).
and me. oe. and = osax. endi,
DU. rn, OHG. anti enti inti unti
MHO. unde G. und. The cogn.
SKR. dtha 'also, further , and'
points to KSCiK^snthd 'and, also'.
andiron ^I'&.aundire: loanword
from ofr. andier (fr. landier)
'fire-dog'. Source unknown, perh.
fr. a LAT. t}-pe amitdrius (lat.
antes)} Cp. med.-lat. andena
'fire-dog'.
angel me. aungel: borrowed
from ofr. angcle (fr. ange). The
fr. word supplanted the orig.
anger
ape
OE. ME. engel^^ G. DU. engel ohg.
OSAX. engil, GOTH, aggilus : early
church-loanwords from lat. an-
gelus = GR. ayyt'knq 'angel.
anger me. auger 'affliction, sore,
trouble': Scand. loanword from
ON. a»gr 'gTisfj sorrow' (dan.
anger 'penitence', sw. anger 're-
gret') ; akin to i^xi.angor 'bodily
or mental torture'.
angle ^ :me, angel oe. angol
gngul = synon. ohg. angul G.
angel, on. gngull. Akin to lat.
uncus a hook', GR. oyy.og a hook',
ay/.tOTooV 'fish-hook', SKR. anM
'hook', on<.. c'eatl 'hook'.
angle- (corner) I\IE. angle from
FR. angle = lat. angulus 'corner'.
anguish :me anguisse: from ofr.
aiigiiisse VK.angoisse. Source lat.
angustia 'straitness, poverty, per-
plexity'.
ankle me. ankel orig. ankle OE.
anclano 'ankle' = uu. anklaauw,
OHG. anchlao, ON. gkkla (prop.
*ankuldw ?) ; akin to du. enkel,
OHG. anchal cnchil G. enkel 'ankle'.
Source and formation of the
group are doubtful; perli. akin
to SKR. anguli aiigustha 'thumb,
toe', AVEsr. angusta toe'?
announce me. anounce : adapt,
of FR. aniwnccr (= lat. annun-
tiare) ; cp. pr o noiitic e.
annoy me. anoye anuy(e) 'weari-
ness': IVom OFR. enoi anui FR.
e?tnui (source LAT. in odio 'in
hatred').
anoint mi:, anomte: adapt, of
OFR. enoint 'anointed' part, of
enoindre 'anoint'; cp. o int fnc n t.
anon 'immediately' me. a?i()n
earlier anan oe. on tin 'in one'
(moment); cp. one.
another; see other.
answer sb. me. answare OE.
andswaru ; corresp. to the synon.
OSAX. ani-swor , ofris. ondser,
ON. andsvar? — Thereto the
deriv. vb. answer me. a7is7vere
OE.andsivarian. Source theTEUT.
y/^siuar = swear; hence answer
was orig. a solemn charge made
to rebut a charge'; and- means
'against'.
ant ME. am(e)te oe. cBviete 'em-
met': TEUT. base d/naitjon ; cp.
OHG. a)neiyi :mhg. ameiz,e g. ameise.
MDU. etnte eempte. Perh. akin to
G. emsig OHG. emi"i^i anizzi in-
dustrious'. See e7nmit.
antler me. auntelere: loanword
from OFR. antoiUier {iindoillier =
FR. amlouillery, lat. type an-
tocularis 'tine of a stag's horn
in front of the eyes'.
anvil short for me. anvelt an-
felt OE. an fill = OHti. anafalz,
MM. aanbeeld ODU. anbelt: teut.
base anafalti- and ana-balti-; cp.
the synon. ohg. ana-boz, cogn.
w. beat.
any .me. any (Jny any) oe.
(mil = OSAX. inig enag , du.
eenig, ohg. eitiag G. einig 'only,
sole' : deriv. of TEUT. aina =
E. one.
ape MK. lipe oe. apa = DU.
aap, ON. api, ohg. affo mhg. g.
a/fe: a common teut. word,
whence ORUSS. slov. <?//V<r, obo-
appal (1) — arm'
HEM. opice 'ape' are borrowed.
Source of tkut. apau- unknown.
appal(l) vb. ME. appallc : adapt-
ed from OFR. apallir 'grow pale',
akin to pale.
apparel :me. aparaile appareile:
adapted from ofr. aparailler apa-
reiller 'dress' = fr. appareiller
(it . apparrechiare) .
appeal me. a{p)p4lc'. adapt, from
FR. appcler (=lat. ir.appellare).
appear vb. :\ie. a{p)pere\ adapt,
from OFR. aperer aparir apareir
aparoir {= it. apparire] source
LAI', apparere).
appease vb. :\ie. apcse earlier
apaise: loanword from fr. apaiser
'pacify'; akin to peace.
apple :me. appel oe. cpppel =
ou. LG. appel, MHG. G. apfel ohg.
apful: westteut. base applu-,
allied to IR. uball, lith. obf/las,
OSLOV. abliiko 'apple', RUSS. ja-
bloko.
apply vb. -ME. aplie: adapted
from OFR. aplicr (fr. appUquer, it.
applicare, "LXil. applicare 'apply');
cp. ply vb.
apprentice :me. aprentice apre/t-
lis: loanword fr. OFR. aprentis and
apreiitif vv^.apprenti {^owxcft lat.
apprcndere 'learn').
approach vb. me. aprgchc:
adapt, from fr. approcher: lat.
type adpropiare 'draw near'.
apricot borrowed from fr.
abricot; corresp. to DU. abrikoos,
G. aprikose; akin to span, albari-
coque, IT. albercocco (mod. GR.
7TQaiy.6/.y,ux) from lat. praccocium
{inaluni praecoqimvi'i^ lit. 'pre-
cocious .
April ME. dpril{l)e: adapt, ot
LAI. aprilis\ the earlier ME. by-
form averil points to ofr. avrilL
Cp. G. DU. April.
apron t)rig. iiapron = me. iid-
pron iidproun : adapt, of fr. 7iap-
peron 'a large cloth', dimin.
of nappe = lat. viappa 'table,
napkin'; cp. napkin. For the
loss of initial n see adder
and anger.
arch ME. arcli{e-) oe. arcc-
[arce- I?iseop): borrowed from fr.
arch-. Cp. the synon. DU. aai'ts,
OHG. erzi- > G. erz-, goth. ^ark
i^-aggiltis) . Source the lat. =
Gr. prefix archi- [dg/i-). Perh.
OFR. are// (in archangel) influ-
enced the E. word.
archer me. archer : adapt, of
FR. archer 'bowman' (lat. type
arcarius, deriv. of arcus 'bow').
are (»we, you, they arc«) aiE.
are oe. (Northumbr.) aron\ plur.
to the second person sing, art
:me. art oe. eai t. An arvax. ar
'be' is prob. in lith. yra 'is'.
ark ME. arke oe. care (infl.
earce) = ohg. arahhaarcha 'chest'
MHG. arcJic 'chest, money-chest'
G. arche Noah's ark', DU. ark
'Noah's ark', ON. grk "chest, co-
venant, ark, box', goth. arka f.
'money-box, Noah's ark': a Teut.
loanword from lat. (also ROM.)
area.
arm ^ :me. arm oe. earni =
OSAX. DU. arm, on. armr, goth.
arms, ohg. ar(a)m G. artn. Akin
arnT^ — ass
to LAI', annus 'the topmost part
of the upper arm, fore-quarter',
OSLOV. rame 'shoulder , arm',
PRUSS, irvio 'arm', SKR. irfud-s
'fore-quarter, arm', avest. arefua
arm', aioien. ariimkn elbow'.
arm - 'a weapon' me. armes
plur. from OFR. amies = lat,
arma 'weapons'.
armor ^ee. ai-mour(e) armilre:
borrowed from OFR. armure ar-
mc-nrc (lat. arjiiatmui) 'armor .
army :\ie. annie armc: adop-
tion of FR. artfiie (== rr. afma^a',
base LAT. annare).
arrange borrowed from fr.
arrair^cr (deriv. of FR. rang 'rank,
file' from ohg. hrinc G. ring 'a
ring or circle of people'; cp.
rauli).
arrant ident. with errant.
arras me. arras; orig-. »cloth
of Arras « : Arras is the name
of a town in Artois (France)
famous for its manufacture. See
ram brie and lawn'^.
array me. araie: adapt, of ofr.
arraiei- areier 'arrange' (= it.
arredare)'. of Teut. origin; cp.
GorH. gar aids under ready.
arrest -MK. a{r)reste: adapt, of
f)FR. arester fr. arrcter {= it. '
ar re stare, lai'. restare'^il^^' back').
arrival .me. arivaile prop, 'land-
ing-'; adapt, of OFR. arrivaillc
landing'. — arrive :me. arive
prop, bring to shore, come to
shore': adapt, of fr. ar river =
it. arrivare\ LAr. type adripare
{i-tpa 'shore').
arrow me. arwe late oe. arive :
adapt, of ON. or (plur. orvar').
The native oe. word was earh
ident. with on. or (cp. goth.
arhwazna 'dart' and lat. areas
'bow').
as me. as{e) als{e) also alsnjo
oe. ealswd = synon. osax. hg.
also, DU. als, :\ihg. also als alse.
The compound means prop, 'en-
tirely so'; cp. all and so.
ash^ sb. 'the name of a tree'
:me. aseh oe. cesc = ohg. asc
G. esehe, DU. eseh, on. askr 'ash'.
ash'- sb. ME. asehe oe. eBSce (infl.
asean axan); mod. E. is com-
monly used in the plur. as/ies
(me. asc/ies). Cogn. w. on. aska,
DU. ase/i, OKG. asl;a c. asche, goth.
azgo 'ashes'.
ask vb. older by-form ax me.
aske axe (kent. gxi^ oe. dscian
dcsian : Teut. base aiskbjau =^
os.vx. escon, ohg. eiskon (o. hei-
sc/ien). Akin to lith. feskoti,
OSLOV. iskati, SKR. ieeh 'seek'.
aspi 'a venomous serpent' from
L.vi". aspis.
asp2 'a tree' me. aspe oe. cespe
= synon. on. asp, ohg. aspa
MHG. aspe G. espc, DU. esp: perh.
connected with lat. arlwr (if
from '^azbos by rhotacism) 'tree'.
ass ME. asse oe. assa (infl. sing.
assati) : loanword from oiR. assan
'ass' ; cp. on. asne from ofr. asne
= FR. dne. Source lat. asinus,
whence also goth. asilus, oe.
esol, OHG. csil G. esel 'ass', DU. ezel
and further osLOV. osilfi, russ.
oselii 'ass'.
8
assail — avenge
assail vb. me. asaile'. adapt, of
FR. assaillir ; see assault.
assault vb. ME.a(s)saut: adapt-
ed from FR. assaiit (:=IT. assalto,
MED. LAX. assaltus').
assay me. assay assai borrowed
from OB'R. assai assay = fr. essai
(it. ass agio from lat. exagium
'weigliing').
assemble me. a{s)semble a(s)-
seffik: adapt, of FR. assembler (it.
assemblaj-e deriv. of lat. simul
'toijether').
asstiage me. asru'dgc a(s}sildge :
loanword ir.O¥Yt..asoager asiiagir,
LAT. type ad-suaviarc deriv. of
suavis 'sweet .
assure vb. :me. a(s)silre borrowed
from FR. assurer (^IT. assecurarc).
astonish transformed after vbs.
in -ish from an earlier astony
astone Mic. astoiiie astune astoune :
borrowed from ofr. estoncr =
FR. //(^////fV- ; LAT. type ex\-tonare
'thunder'. But cp. stun.
at :mk. at oe. cet = osax. at,
OHG. a-, ON. GOTH, at I akin w.
LAT. a/l 'to', oiR. aJ-.
atone vb. from ato//c adv. 'at
one, agreed' = me. at on into
one'; cp. oj/e.
attach vh.ME.attacclic (law term)
'talie prisoner, arrest': adapt, of
FR. attacher (= span, atacar, it.
attaccare).
attain vl). :\ie. attaine atteine:
borrowed from fr. atteindre
(= LAT. attingere touch upon).
attire vb. me. atire: adapted fr.
OFR. atirer 'adorn'. Source a
Teut. sb. ///" 'ornament, honor'
^ OSAX. OE. tir 'glory, honor
(g. zierde).
attorney .me.
aturne atourni
commissioner' ?:
atourney older
'agent, deputy,
adapt, of FR.
atorne part, of atorner 'direct,
appoint'.
auburn orig. 'whitish or flaxen-
colored , reddish- brown' me.
auburne awbiir ne'' cxXxon-coVoxcdi :
from OFR. auborne albornc {= it.
alburfio) = med. lat. alburnus
'whitish' {albus 'white').
guger orig. nanger (like adder
for nadder, apron for napron with
loss of an initial //) me. naiigcr
older ndve-ggr oe. nafo-gd^ 'an
auger' prop, 'borer, piercer of
naves' (see nave^ and gore-^]
cp. the synon. ohg. nabuger
JMHG. nabeger g. (dial.) ndbcr,
icel. nafarr.
aught a whit, anything' me.
aught older awight oe. dwiht
dnwiht 'aught'; OE. an is one
and for K>iht see whit and not.
August from LAT. augustus \ me.
aust from ofr. aoust = fr. aoiitl
or from late oe. august changed
to *au7e.iest ?
aunt ME. aunt{c) : adapt, of ofr.
afite (fr. tante). Source lax.
amita aunt'.
avail :me. availe'. source fr.
vaille from valoir 'be worth'.
avalanche: adoption of the
synon. fr. ai'alanche (fr. aval
'downward' = ofr. a val is lat.
ad valletn 'valley ward').
avenge me. avenge: adapt, of
ofr. avengier 'avenge' (source
avoid — aye^
LAT. vindicare 'vindicate') ; cp.
vcngca nee.
avoid ME. avoidc: adapted from
FR. avoider 'empty out'; cp. void.
avouch 'declare, confess' from
OFR. avoch{i)er', cp. vojich.
avow :me. avcm'e avoiic from fr.
avoucr; cp. vow.
await :\IE. azoaitc frcnu oner.
mi'aiHi)cr\ cp. 10 ail.
award :me. awardc from oner.
£swardc{i)r 'examine'. For the
Teut. source see under guard.
aware -AIe. iivare oe. y:wara
•^iU'cer =; OHG. OSAX. gi7C'ar G.
i:aciahr , i)V.
; cp. 7e>ary.
watchful,
6
wary
away mic. a7c>av <m>(y oe. omce^
aMav' prop, 'on tlic wav'; cp.
7C'ay and aljcay.
awe -ME. a7c>e older age: adapt,
of ox. agi 'awe, terror'. Akin
to OE. e^e ME. cie 'fear, terror'
= GOTli. agis and or. o^ot,-
'anguisli' ; cp. goth. ag/us 'mo-
lesting', oiR. agar "I fear'.
awkward :me. a7vk7vard auk7vard
beside late me. auke 'contrary,
wrt)ng'; auk- contr. of avek- =
OX. o/iigr 'turned tlie wrong
way'. Cogn. w. osAX. a'ui/i, ohg.
ahi/i and srr. apak 'turned away'.
awl :me. ail/ aivcl uic. a7vel
(a7C'ol 'awl': if traceable to a
Teut. base atcoia (for ag7Vola-),
akin to eat. aeiis 'needle' —
aeii/ciis sting'.
awn ME. aiine older a7vene
agene : Scand. loanword from
ox. ogn wliich is ident. with oE.
eegne, ohg. agana mhg. ageiie
G. ahne, goth. ahana chaff;
prob. related, to gr. «;^J'7; ayvoov
'chaflf', LITH. akfitas , opruss.
ackons 'awn'.
awry me. a7vry{c) 011701 y; c\).
7v r y.
ax(e) ME. ax oe. eax = the
synon. oe. eax ibx, ohg. ahsa
IVIHG. ahse G. achse, \^\:. as and
with formative -/ the synon. ox.
gxiill, whence borrowed jME. axel
E. axle-(lrec). For a pre -TEUT.
a/isa cp. skr. dksa , gr. ix^cov,
LAT. axis, osLov. osi, Lrrn. aszis
'axle'.
ax(e) ME. ax(e) oe. ax orig.
aeas '"'aeees -- synon. osAX. ohg.
aeeiis yiwo. aekcs g. ax{t), du.
aaks, ox. ox, goth. aqizi 'axe'.
Yx&-■l•s^5 x. agist agzi {akst) appears
also in gr. ixiivrj 'axe'.
axle -AIE. axel in axel-ire: bor-
rowed from ox. gxultri; akin
to ax.
aye^ 'yes' occurring in the
16'*^ cent, as / and not found
earlier; perh. ident. with / ^
OE. ic\ in OE. we lind nie (for
lie -f- /V) 'no' (in answering).
The orthography of aye was
influenced perliaps by aye'^ (cp.
nay').
aye'- mi:, ay ey: borrowed from
ox. ei ever ; akin to goth. ai7i'
'ever', ohg. osax. io g. je; cp.
ever. In tlie Aryan langs. a sb.
ai7va- 'age, time' exists in goth.
ai7C's, LAT. aevuf/i, gr. niinv.
lO
babe
bait
B
babe :me, babe fuller form bdbiUr.
from w. GAEL. IR. CORN, baban
'a babe, child',
baboon me. bcibwiii babobi :
loanword from the synon. fr.
babouin. Akin to uu. baviaan,
G. paviaii. Source OFR. babou
'i^rimace?
baby :^ie. bdbi: tlimin. of babe.
bachelor :\[e. bacheler: borrow-
ed from uER. baclieler = fr.
bac/ic/ier. Source :med.-lat. bae-
calarms.
back' cp. basin.
back- 'the hinder part of the
body' :me. bak oe. becc = osax.
DU. (in comp.), icel. sw. bak
back". — back adv. for almck i
j\iE. abak OE. on bcec 'backward'
prop, 'on the back'. — back-
board OE. hcecbord =r. du. lc;.
baklmord (whence G. backbord,
fr. babord^, icel. bakbord 'lar-
board'.
backgammon prop, 'back-
game', l)ecause the men when
taken are put back. See
gammon.
bacon me. bacon bdcoim: bor-
rowed from OFR. l)acon 'flitch of
bacon'. Source a teut. base
bdkon ^ :mdu. :\ilg. bake, ohg.
bah ho AiHG. Iniche 'side of bacon,
ham'; akin to back sb.
bad :\IE. bad{de) 'worthless,
wicked'; prob. ident. with OE.
dbdded ''iorcQd, compelled': orig.
part, of the vb. d-bcedan 'compel,
restrain'.
badge late me. bagge: of fr.
origin, cp. ofr. b>age, med.-lat.
bagia 'signum, a ring'.
badger orig. ident. with an
obsolete badger 'one who buys
corn'; cp. FR. blaireau 'badger'
orig. little corn-merchant'. The
source is a med.-lat. bladariuSy
OFR. blaycr 'corn-merchant' (fr.
M'''corn): E. badger for b/adger?
bag :me. bagge: loanword from
ON. baggi 'bag, bundle'. — t)ag-
gage ME. baggage according to
FR. baggage points to OFR. bague
= ON. bagg/.
bail 'a hoop' :\ie. bet/:
traceable to an oe. ''^'be^e/
:= G. bdge/, ON. l>ygill\
in bow.
bail vli. borrowed from ofr.
bailer 'secure, keep in custody'.
Akin to bailiff me. Imilif baili:
from OFR. bailif (whence also
DU. baljim') later baili bailli =
IsiED.-hxr .bai/bivus balUvus. Source
LAT. bajulus 'burdenbearer .
bairn child' (Sc.) me. bcrn
OE. beam 'child = OHG. GOTH.
barn, on. barn (whence also
ME. barii): deriv. of the teut.
\f ber 'produce', prop, partic.
with the meaning that which is
born .
bait vb. ME. baite beite 'feed':
borrowed from ON. beita 'cause
to bite' ^ MHG. beizen 'bait , oe.
perh.
Vyiel
\rbug
bake — bark*
I I
hdtan: causative of teut. Intan
'bite'; cp. bite.
bake :me. bake oe. bacan str. vb.
= ON. baka, OHG. bahhan 'bake'.
The G. forms partly show teut.
kk for TEUT. k: G. baeken, DU.
bakken (OSAX. bakkeri 'baker') ;
the kk is also shown in batch.
The TEUT, \f bak from pre-TEUT.
bhog is perh. connected with
GR. (pidyfiv 'roast'.
bald -MH. ba//eit (oe. '^bealledef) ;
source and history unknown.
baldrick ^[e. baudrik l>auderik\
akin to ox. bijldrekr, mhg. bal-
derich, fr. baudroy (oer. baldrei,
whence ilE. baudry) , .med.-lat.
haldringtts: related ^.oi^X'i. balteus
under belt.
bale sb. 'a large bundle of mer-
chandise ready for transporta-
tion': loanword from ofr. ba{l)le
{= SPAN, bala, XT.balld) ; of Teut.
origin, ident. with ball.
bale vb. 'empty water out of
a ship', also spelled bail: bor-
rowed from DU. balieii 'bale out';
DU. balie (=^ :mlg. ballige balge,
LG. balje, IT, bagl/a) 'tui)' fr, fr,
bailie represents aLat. type baeiila
(cogn. w, basin).
bale ME. bale oe, bealu; cp,
OSAX. balu, OHG. balu, ox, bpl
evil, calamity'; Goi'H, '^balws
'evil' in comp. and dcriv. as
balweins bahujaii 'torment'.
ball' a spherical body' ME.
ball(e) : borrowed from ofr, balle
= OHG. balla balk) 'a ball, sphere',
ON. bollr 'ball'.
ball2 a dance' (=: du. g. ball):
borrowed from FR. bal 'a dance'
(=1 SPAN, bade, IT. balk)) 'a
dance', fr, bailer (it, ballare)
is traced to GR. i^aWiC^iv 'dance'.
ballast: loanword from s\v.
DAN. ballast orig. baglast for bar-
lass prop, 'bare last' i. e. 'mere
load' = DU. LG, G. ballast.
balm :\ie. baum {J>annie bame
basfiie) : adapt, of fr. baume.
Source lat. balsamu7n, whence
G, balsam, du. balsevt.
bane 'harm' me. bdne\ o^.bana
means 'murderer'; cp. on. bone,
OHG. bano 'death'. Akin to gr.
(povo^ 'murder'.
bank me. bdnke oe. banea =-■
on, bakki (orig. ''baiike) : akin
to bench. — bank (for money)
adapt, of FR. banque = it. banca:
ult. source teut. bank(i) in
bench.
bar ME. bar re: adapt, of ofr.
barre.
bare me. bare OE. beer = org.
G, bar, on, berr: teut,-goth,
base baza- = pre-TEUT. bhaso-
in OSLOV, bosu 'bare-foot', lith.
basas.
bargain sb, :me. bargain : adapt,
of OFK. bargainc 'traffic'.
barge me. barge: adapt, of ofr.
barge. Source a MEO.r.Ar. bariea,
whence also barli^.
bark ' 'the rind of a tree' ME.
barke: possibly a loanword from
the equiv. on. bgrkr ; cp, G. lg.
borke, NORTHFRIS. biiark, goth.
*barkns: prob. akin to birch on
account of skr. bhiirja m. 'birch'
12
bark2
basket
— n. 'birchbark'. Bark orig-.
'birchbark'? cp. birch.
bark- adapt, of fk. barque',
ident. with barge.
bark vb. ME. berke OE. beorcan;
cp. OE. borcian 'bark' and on.
herkja 'bark : Tiiur. \^ berk, not
recorded elsewhere.
barley me. barli older barlich
late OE. bierlic; how the word
is connected with the synon.
OE. berc (cp. barii), is uncertain.
Source a teut. base baraz {bariz
=■- ON. barr, cp. GOTH, barizeins
'made of barley'), akin to lat.
far 'corn' (arvan base bharos-).
barm 'yeast' aiE. berme OE. beorma
= DU. berm, mlg. berme : Teut.
base berman- from an Aryan base
bherfneii- in lat. fcrmentiwi.
barn me. bertie oe. bcrn short
for orig. /wY-^;v/ 'barley-house';
cp. barley. OE, -em (for am
*rce/i/i) house' corresponds to
GOTH, raz/i 'house', on. ran/i.
barnacle ' 'a tish' me. bernake;
transformed by suffix-exchange
from oe. byrncte 'loUigo'.
barnacle- a kind of goose
ME. bernakc; an anglo-lat. ber-
naca of the i 2 ^'^ cent, is the first
record of the obscure word.
barnacles^ 'spectacles' orig.
'irons put on the noses of horses
to keep them quiet' dimin. to
ME. bernac from ofr. bernac
'camus, a barnacle'.
baron me. bdrou/i: loanword
from FR. baron, whence also ODU.
baroen, mhg. barini G. DU. baron.
Source a militarv word lat. baro
'mercenary', which oftentimes is
found in the Teut. Leges Bar-
barorum for 'baron'.
barrel me. bdrel prop, baril:
])orrowed fr. FR. baril.
barren me. barrein : a fr. loan-
word, cp. OFR. brahain barhain
(fr. brihaigne 'sterile'). Source
unknown.
barrow 'a wheel- barrow' me.
bdrwc (oE. '^bcarwe') : derived
from the TEUT. \f bcr in bear;
as for the 7<.'-suffix cp. also OE.
meox-byrwe , westphal. - bierwe
'a bier, stretcher'.
barter Engl, deriv. of ofr.
barate 'deceit, fraud' (oFft. ba-
;-r?/^r 'beguile'), whence .me. bardt
baret, ODU. baraet fraud', mhg.
bardt.
base ^ 'low' from fr. basse f.
{Ims m.). Source vulg. -lat.
bass US ?
base 2 si), 'foundation' me. base
(bas) : loanword from fr. base
(lat. basis).
bashful see abash.
basin me. basin : loanword from
FR. bassin. Source lat. baccinum
(akin w. LXi.bacarawdbiedrium})
whence DU. bekken, ohg. (osax.)
bekkin G. beckcn 'basin'; cp. DU.
lg. bak 'bowl, tub, trough', fk.
A/t 'trough, basin' = lat. bacea).
bask vb. me. baske: a Scand.
loanword, from o^.badask 'bathe
oneself. Source see under bath.
basket me. basket; commonly
considered ident. with BRrrANN.-
lat. bascauda 'dish-pan' (=-- OFR.
baschoe 'bucket'); an OE.*bascod
bass
bay
*baxod was supplanted by *l>ascof,
-at being an Y,. dimin. suffix.
A primit.LAT.-GALL. Awrrt: appears
in FR. Ixichc tilt, vat'.
bass 'a fish' me. />ase barse OE.
bars = DU. baai-s, G. barsc/i; cp.
SWED. abborre , ]jan. oborre {ir
from rs).
bastard .me. bastard {^^ g.
bastard, DU, bastaard) : borrowed
from OFR. bastard (fr. bdtard =
SPAN. IT. bastardd). Source ofr.
bast = .SPAN. IT. basto 'pack-
saddle'; cp. OFR. fils de bast *a
bastard', lit. 'a son of a pack-
saddle' (not of a bed, cp. G.
I'ankert prop, 'son of a bench).
baste ^ vb. 'beat with a stick,
strike': a Scand. loanword from
ON. beysta 'beat' ^ sw. bbsta
thump', DAN. bostc strike'.
baste 2 vb. 'pour fat over meat';
origin unknown.
baste^ vb. 'sew slightly' me.
baste: borrowed from ofr. Aw//';-
(fr. batir = span, bastrar, ir.
imbastarc) 'baste'. Source a
teut. bastjan = OHG. bestan 'patch'
MHG. bcitefi 'bind'.
bat ' 'a short cudgel' ME. late OE.
bat{tt~): loanword from ir. Gael.
bat staff, cudgel' or more prob.
fr. FR. battc 'a rammer, wand'.
bat- '- winged mammal'; the
Scotch by-forra ba{c)k points to
ME. Ihikke = DAN. ba^lr (only in
comp. afteiibakkc 'evening-bat').
Peril, connected with back and
bacon, made prob. by G. (dial.)
jiy>^r/('w<7//.f 'bat' prop. 'flitch-mouse'.
batch ME. bacche OE. *bcecce;
deriv. from the teut. \'" bakk
{\ba}t)\ see bake.
bath ME. bath OE. ba'd= osax.
bat/i, DU. G. OHG. bad, on. b>ad.
The dental being suffix, the word
rests on a teut. \'~ ba (be) in
OHG. baen = G. luihen. — bathe
vb. :me. bathe OE. badian = OHG.
badbn G. baden, ON. bada : deriv.
from the TEUT. sb. bapa- 'bath .
batten vb. 'grow fat' me. *batne:
a Scand. loanword from o'S.batna
'grow better' (= goth. gabatnan
'profit'). Akin to better and
boot"-.
batter \b. 'beatME. /v7//r : from
FR. battre. Source lat. battuere.
Hence batter 'a compound of
eggs, flour and milk' me. baiiire:
from OFR. bate-ure 'a beating'.
battle ME. bdtaile: loanword
from FR. bataiile, whence ODU.
bataelghe , mhg. bateile 'battle'.
Source lat. battuere 'beat'.
bay adj. 'reddish' me. bay: from
FR. bat. Source lat. baditis 'l)ay-
colored'.
bay^ 'inlet of the sea' me. bale:
borrowed from fr. bale {= span.
bahia^ ir. baja).
bay'- sb. 'a kind of laurel-tree,
sweet-bay me. bay bale 'a berry':
borrowed from ofr. baie baye
fr. baie a berry. Source lat.
bacca bdca 'berry'.
bay vb. 'bark as a dog' me.
baye shortened from abaye: loan-
word from OFR. abaier fr. aboyer.
bay^ 'berry' (in bay-riwi) me.
bai bei OE. luei = northfris. bei,
14
be — beaver*
DITMARSCH beic , DU. hci 'berry':
Teut. base baijiz bajj'iz; not ident.
with OFR. bale = L.vr. bacca.
be 'exist' ME. be OE. hcon fr. a
Teut. base '^bijan\ cp. OHG. bitn ;=
OSAX. biu-tn 'I am', which an-
swers to LAT. fio: Aryan base
bhio {bhijo) traceable to bhwio
bhidd; cp. \^ bhfi in i.\i\/u/ 'I was'.
Cp. booth and build.
be- prefix ME. OE. /v- : ident.
with by.
beacon me. bckcn oe. bcaccn
=r OHG. bouhhan, osAX. bokaii (du.
bank, G. ^<?/{'d' fr. ofris. baketi):
TEUT. base baukna-. See beck.
bead me. <^tv/(? 'a bead, a prayer'
OE. g^i^^'^Z 'prayer'. Deriv. from
the teut. \fbcd\ cp. bid.
beadle :me. bedel bedel: loan-
word from OFR. bedel = fr.
b^deau (it. bide Ho'). Source a
Teut. bidil ^= OHG. /'////.
beaker me. bike?-; cp. the sy-
non. DU. beker, oSAX. bikcri, ohg.
b'chhari G. becher. Pcrh. the E.
word is borrowed from the sy-
non. ON. bikarr. Source lat.
biccarium (it. bicchiere) with the
hy-^orin. piccarinm (see pitcher).
Further connections under basin^
beam 'a piece of timber' iviE.
bem OE. bcmn 'a tree' = OHG.
MHG. bourn G. baum, lg. du.
boo7n, OSAX. bom 'a tree'. The
corresp. synon. GOTH, bagms (ON.
badmr}) 'tree' seems to point to
a TEUT. bagwma- with a by-form
bawina- bauma-.
bean :me. bene ben oe. bean =
svnon. OHG. bona G. bohne, du.
/^ti^//, ox. baun: teut. base bauno-
'bean'. The early existence of
the word (goth. '^'haumi) is at-
tested by the name of the
Fris. island Baunonia (island of
beans?).
bear vb. 'carry' me. berc oe.
b'eran = osAX. ohg. beran, ox.
bera , du. bar en, goth. bairan.
Akin to LAT. ferre, gr. (pfofiv,
SKR. \^ bhar 'bear, carry': aryax
\Pbher. Cp. bier and birth.
bear sb. 'ursus' lA^.berc oe. bera
= OHG. bera mhg. b'er G. biir, du.
/^^rr. The MY.\}t.bcron- (on. bjgrn)
is based on an Aryan adj. bhero-
'brown preserved in LiTH.'^iVaj-
'brown'.
beard :me. bcrd oe. beard =
DU. baard, ofris. (^f^v/, ohg. g.
barf. TEUT. base bar da- = Aryan
bhardha- in lat. barba, oslov.
brada, lith. barzda, pruss. bor-
dus 'beard'.
beast ME. best: loanword from
OFR. bestc (fr. bete), whence also
LG. DU. bccst 'beast'. Source lat.
bcstia (in a vulijar form besta).
beat vb. :\IE. bete oe. beatan
= OHG. bo- -an JNIHG. boyn, icel.
bauta 'beat. Cp. beetle.
beaver' 'an animal' me. bei^cr
OE. beofor = ohg. bibar G. biber,
DU. bever, on. /y^/v : teut. bebruz
(whence are borrowed iT. bevero,
fr. bievrc) points to pre-teut."
bhebhrus = i^xi. fil>er, covoi.be/er,
OSLOV. bebru, lith. bcbrus, lett.
bebris, RUSS. bobrii 'beaver'. In
SKR. there is an adj. babhrus
'brown', which is perh. a reduph
beaver^
begin
15
form pointing to lith. hei'as
'brown' under bear.
beaver- 'the lower part of a
helmet' borrowed from the synon.
FR. bazncir, whence also the sy-
non. nu. bever.
because :\ie. because bicause by-
cause (also separately written be-,
bi-, by- cause) : l>y the prep, -f-
cause.
beck^ 'a stream' :\rE. bck: loan-
word from ON. bekkr (= sw.
back); cp. osax. bcki, du. beck,
OHG. bah{hh) g. bach from a teut.
baki-.
beck- a nod or sign' me. bek
short for :me. b{ke OE. bcaceii \
see beacon.
bed ME.' OE. bed i^dd) = goth.
badi (stem badja-), ohg. beii betti
:mhg. bdie bete g. bett, du. bed.
The cogn. cymr. bedd 'grave'
(celt, base bcdo-) points to the
ARYAN \'~bhedh bhodh (in lat.
fodio 'I dig', LlTH. bedu 'I dig'),
as is evident in g. beet (blumen-
bcet) ^ E. bed (flowerbed).
bedrid me. bedred oe. bedrida:
lit. 'a bed-rider' r:^ mlg. bed-
dcrcdc 'bedridden'. Cp. ride
(and the phrase »ride on an-
chor«). Akin to ohg. bettiriso,
yu.o. bcddcresc 'bedridden' — ban-
krcsc 'a lazy fellow.
bee AFE. l>e oe. beo contr. of
bic (infl. biati) = ohg. Ina, du.
bij\ with //-sufti.K G. Inene from
OHG. bini. Akin to pruss. bitte,
_ LITH. bit/S, LETT, b/ttc, IK. bcc/l
bee'; also lat. fuciis 'drone'
(Aryan base bhoiko-T).
beech me. beche oe. bece (orig.
biKck = lg. ba;ke 'beech') : for-
med with vowel mutation from
*/w in OE. boc-treow\ cp. ohg.
buohha aehg. buochc G. buche,
ON. /^^/&. The name of this tree
(whence book) is a pre-teut.
bhagos ^^'LKT.fdgus 'beech', gr.
(pay 6c ffi]y6c. The gk. word
signifies perh. originally 'tree
with edible fruit, food-tree' {(f'Oc-
ysTv 'eat').
beef ]ME. bef older bxif {beof) :
borrowed from ofr. boef fr.
boeuf. Source lat. bovcni {bos).
beer me. ber oe. Ifcor = ohg.
osax. bior G. DU. bier. A common
WESTTEUT. word (base beura-),
perh. derived fr. OE. osax. bdo,
on. l?ygg 'barley ; hence beer
prop, 'barley-juice'?
beet ME. OE. bete. Source lat.
l)cta (= FR. l)ette , ri'. />ieta^,
whence also G. l>cete.
beetle' me. betel oe. bytel betel
^= the synon. lg. biviel, on. bey-
till 'hammer'. The teut. base
bautila- belongs to the TEUT.
\^ baut in beat.
beetle- an insect yiv.. Intel oe.
bitola; derived from an adj. oe.
bitol 'inclined to bite".
beg vb. :me. begge shortened
from oe. bedecian, formed from
bid \\\\}i\ intensive k (as in hark,
lurk, 7c<alk).
begin me. beginne 01:. bcgiimaii
str. vb. = osax. ohg. bigiu/ia/i,
DU. g. bcgiiinen, goth. duginuen
'liegin'. The teut. \^ gen (the
initial c of which mav be an
i6
begin
bellows
Aryan k in the compound) is
traceable to the Aryan \^ ken
in OSLOV. po-cmq (infinit. po-ceti
'begin', koiii 'beginning').
beguile vb. mr. begile {= mdu.
beghijloi) : loanword from ofr.
giiiler. C}). tvile,
behalf 'interest, benefit' me.
on behalve for oti halve or he
halve OE. on (be) healfc\ OE.
h,ealf sb. (= oiiG. haUni) means
'side'.
behave vb. late :\ie. behave
OE. behabbau: ident. with have.
— behavior shows a fr. ending
in imitation of havior, var. of
haver for aver 'possession'.
behead vb. me. behcde hihefden
OE. beheafiUan ; cp. I^IHG. behoiibeicn
'behead'. Cp. head.
behest me. behest(e) Inhcst earlier
hehcse oe. behcvs 'command, vow.'
OE. hch (base hdsi- haisi-) points
to TEUT. GOTH, haitau = OE.
hdtan\ cp. highi and hesf.
behind -ME. behmde(n) oe. b>e-
hindau 'afterwards, after'. Cp.
hinder and hindfnosi.
behold vb. me. behglde oe.
behdhian (behca/dan) 'hold, see'.
Cp. hold.
behoof me. behof oe. behof ^
synon. du. behoef, ailg. behof,
I\IHG. behuflf G. behuf, icel. hof
'moderation'. — behoove vb.ME.
behove oe. behpjfan 'be necessary'
r^ i)U. behoeveft, iMlg. behoven.
belch vb. akin to me. belke oe.
balcian bealcian and with suffix
healceitan 'belch'.
belfry me. berfray berfrey ber-
freid berfreit adapt, of ofr. ber-
frci bere/reit= ¥V..beJfroi. Source
MHG. berevrit from berc 'pro-
tection' and frid 'a place of
security'.
belief .aik. beleve from the vb. me.
beleve ^ believe. Phonetically
not ident. with ]ME. beleve ilcve
OE. lelea/a = OSAX. gilobo, DU.
geloof , OHG. giloubo G. glaube.
— believe vb. me. bileve orig.
ilevc OE. lelcfan "^elyfan 'believe'
= OSAX. gilobian, du. gelooven,
OHG. giloiiban G. glaubcn, GOTH.
galaubjan.
bell :me. oe. belle = ur! bel,
LG. belle: west-teut. base b'ellon.
Akin to bellow'^
bellow \b. ME. bel{o)ive belwe
oe. belgian bylgian 'bellow': teut.
base '^'balligonl Prob. an extended
form with vowel mutation and
intensive formative of oe. bellan
= OHG. bellan 'bellow'. \{ bell- is
traceable to belz bels, the teut.
\~ corresponds to skr. bhas (for
bhals) 'bellow' = /'//<?/ 'speak' and
urn. balsas 'voice'.
bellows jME. belwes (also belies)
'a bellows': prop. plur. o{ belowe
belli beli 'a bellows, a bag, belly'
OE. berli byli (blckstbyly) 'a bag'
= ON. bels;r, G. du. balg 'skin'.
Ident. with belly, a teut. \^belg
'swell' appears in ohg. b'elgan
'be angry', OE. ~^ebolgen 'angry',
ON. bolgen 'swollen'; cogn. w.
OIR. bolgaim 'I swell' — bolg bole
'bag, bellows' —
'leather-bag'. Cp. bolster
OGALL. biilga
belly
between
17
belly ME, /'e/k 3e/i'he\\y, womb,
also a bellows' OE. ^e/^ bylj^ 'a
bag, pouch, purse, bag of any
kind'. Ident. with bellows.
below ME. bilgwe cp. lotv.
belt ME. OE, belt = OHG. balz,
ox. belli 'a belt, border'. Source
LAT, (gall. ?) balteus 'belt'.
bench me, bench oe. bene; with
umlaut and palatalization from
a TEUT. base bankt{z) = OSAX.
DU. G, OHG. bank, ON. bekkr; fr,
l>a?ic and it. span, banco are
rEUT, loanwords. Cp. bank.
bend sb. 'a band, bond' :NrE.
OE, bend (= OSAX, bend/, ODU.
bende, go xm.batidi'B. band, bond')
from the \f bend in bind, whence
also bend vb. 'bow, curve' yis,.
bende OE. bendan 'bind, curve,
bend'.
beneath 'ixs.. bene the oe. beneodan
= DU, beneden ; from OE. neodan,
OSAX. nithana, ohg, nidana mhg,
niden(c) 'below'. Cp. nether.
benison me. beneisonn : borrowed
from OFR, bene'ifon. Source lat,
benedictionem (vp, :me, maleisoun =
OFR. fnak'icon, lat. maledictioncvi).
bent-grass oe. bconot = osax,
binut, OHG. binu-^ MHG, bin(e)-^ g.
binse, du. bentgras.
bequeath vb, iiE, bcqucthe oe,
beciocdan 'declare, affirm', — be-
quest ME. Imjueste usually biquide
byquide bequide. For the oe. vb.
cwedan 'speak' cp. quoth.
bereave vb. me. bireve {rcve)
oe. ber^afian (rcafian) ^= oSAX.
birobon, du. beroovcn, OHG. (bi)rou- \
English Etvmologv.
bon G. bej-auben, goth. biraubon
'rob', ON. raufa 'rob'.
berry me. oe. berie ; cp. synon.
OHG. beri G. becre. The r was
orig. 2 = ^; cp. goth, basi in
weitiabasi 'wineberry, grape', du,
bes 'berry'.
beseech vb. :me, biseche biseke
oe. bisecan: ident. with seek.
besom 'a broom' me. besom
besmc 'a broom, rod' OE. besma
'a rod' = DU. beze/n, ohg. b'esamo
G, besen 'a broom', goth, "^'bisma.
lat. ferula may accord with
the Teut. word in an Aryan
\'~ bhes.
best :me. beste oe, betsta ^= goth.
batista, OHG. bp^i^isto :mhg. g. beste,
OSAX. betsto. Cp. better and
boot''-.
bestow vb. ME. bestgwe; cp.
stow.
betide vb. aiE. betide ; cp. tide.
betray vb. me. betraie (by-form
betraisse): adapt, of fr. trahir
(source lat. tradere 'deliver").
Cjj. traitor and treason.
betroth vb. :he. bitrenthie 'be-
troth'; deriv. from truth.
better .me. better oe. betera =
goth. batiza , ohg. bc"^iro G.
besser, osax. betoro , du. beter,
ON. betre. Cp. the corresp.
superl. best. No primitive adj.
exists in the Teut. and Aryan
langs.; for the root cp. boof-
and best.
between me. bitwcne oe.
betweonu7n 'between'; in ok. the
orig. construction was be scent
tweonum r=- 'between the seas',
i8
)evei-age — hind
OE. *iweon earlier tunhn 'two'
answers to goth. tzveihus = lat.
binus (Aryan base dweikno-s). —
betwixt ME. belwix (by-form
behc'ixe) OE. f>ci7cieox bitwihs (by-
form bdwcoxn^ osx'i^.u/idarhvisk
'between', ohg. undar zwiskem
'between' o. zwischen. The Teut.
base iwiska- 'two' is a cleriv. of
TEUT, twa in ttvo.
beverage :me. beverage beverege:
loanword from ofr. bevrage
beitrage breuvaige == fr. bretivage.
Source lat. bibere (lat. type
biberaticuni) .
bevy 'a company' yiE. bevey
beve\ doubtful if ident. with ofr.
beveye fr. bevie 'drink, drinking'?
then the e. word might prop,
denote a drinking-party'.
beyond me. beyonde oe. beiem-
dan. Cp. yo7i.
bible ME. bible : loanword from
FR. bibky whence also DU. bijbel,
G. SW. DAN. bibe/. Source lat.
biblia.
bid ME, bidde OE. biddan str. vb.
= GOTH, bidjan, OSAX. biddian,
DU. biddefi, OHG. bitta/i g. bitten,
ON. bidja 'bid'. The teut. sf
bed for bid goes back to an
Aryan \/^ bhidh in gr. nfilho 'move
by praying' which with lat. /id(^
trust' points to connection with
bide.
bide ME. bide oe. bidan str. vb. =
GOTH, beidan, osax. bida/i, ohg.
bitan, ON. bida. The strong verb
TEUT. bidan wait' agrees with
l.Xi:./ido 'I trust' and GR. vtido!.iai
I trust, obey' (rrfiOo} I move by
entreaty'): pre-TEUT. bhidh. Cp,
bid 'pray' for the identity of bide
with TEUT. bidja/i.
bier ]\ie. bere b(re oe, bckr =
OSAX. OHG. /wvz G. biihre , DU.
^m;- ; the modern spelling with
ie (since 1600) is due to fr.
bih-e. Source a teut. herd-,
derived fr. bea7- (teut. \f ber).
bile ME, bile oe, byle = du.
buil , OHG, bulla '^•biillia 'blain'
iiHG. biule G. bcuk: teut, base
buljb(ii)-,
bilP 'a writing, account' to-
gether with its dimin. billet 'a
note' ME, bille 'a letter' (dimin,
billeite 'a note'): from mei»,-lat,
billa bulla 'a bubble, boss, leaden
seal, a bull'. Cp. bull.
bill'- 'sword' ME. oe. /'/// 'sword'
^ OHG. OSAX. /;//(//) 'a sword'. If
GOTH, '^bilja- goes back to Aryan
bhilyo- for bhid/yo-, connection
with LAT, findere is possible.
Hence bill 'the instrument for
splitting' and
bill'* 'bird's beak' me, bill{e)
bil(e) OE. bile "beak ; prob. con-
nected with bill''.
billow ME. '^bilwe prop. "^ bilge:
borrowed from ON. bylgja: teut.
\/" bclg 'swell' treated under bag
and bellows.
bin iiE. Innne oe. i^/w^ 'manger':
CELT, loanword from gall, beniia
kind of vehicle, whence also
FR. be/me 'a l)asket, hamper'
(it. beima 'sleigh, cart'). G. beiwc
'basket-wagon' is of fr. origin.
bind ME. binde oe. bindan str. vb.
= OSAX. bindan, on. binda, du.
birch
blame
19
G. linden, OHG. b'uitan: teut,
\^ bend. An Ar}'an \(~ bheitdh
appears in skr. baiidh 'bind';
SKR. bandhu 'relative' points to
connection with or. Tuv^tm^
'father-in-law', gr. Tj^ldt^ia for
*TiH't)ouu , LAT. of-fend-ijnentwii
'band, rope'. Cp. band, bend.
birch ME. birchc OE. hirce =
OHG. bircha g. hirke : teut. base
birkjbn-. The synon. OE. beorc,
DU. berk, ox. bjgrk from an orig.
base b'erko- are an Aryan bhergd
=^ SKR. bhurja , oslov, brcza,
xxx^n. bcrzas 'birch', Cp. bark^.
bird -ME. ^/n/ mostly brid'a. bird',
oriy. 'a young- bird' OE. brid (plur.
briddas) 'the young of any bird':
I'EUT. base bridja- f<jr b/cdjo-;
akin to breed and brood}
birth -ME. bir/he older i-birde
OE. lebyrd = OSAX. giburd, DU.
geboortc, ohg. giburi a. geburt,
OX. /w/v/r 'birth', goth. gabailrps
'birth": deriv. from a teut. vb.
gabiran 'produce' with sufllix dl-:
pi (cp. IR. brith 'birth', skr.
/'///■// bearing').
bishop -ME. Inshop bisshop OE.
bisccop = OSAX. bisliop, DU. bis-
schop, OHG. biscof G. bischof, ox.
bis/iup. WEST-TEUT. <^/V^t^ (taken
as a compound ln-\- skop) is iden-
tical \\;ith GOTH, aipisbaiipus =
gr. f-nt'n/.OTio^', 'LAT. episcopus. The
initial 6' is also wanting in rr.
vcscovc, OFR. PRO\-. ves(]ue (but fr.
h>eque from ovx^.evesque) = vulgar
LAT. {e)biscopus.
bitch -ME. bicche OE. Incce; teut.
base I'ikjbn- also in ox.
bitch'; cp. OFR. biche 'bitch'.
bite ME. bite oe. bitan str. vb. =
OSAX. bitan, o\iQ,.bi"^an G.l>eissen,
DU. bijten 'bite', ox. /'//(?. A teut.
str. vb. lutan. 'bite' is developed
from an Aryan \'~ bhid 'split' in
LAT. Ji/ido, SKR. bkid 'split'. Cp.
bitter and bill'-.
bitter adj.ME./;///<^r oe. bitter biter
= OSAX. OHG. bittar mhg. g.
DU. ^n.G. lg. dax. s\v. bitter, ox.
bitr 'bitter': teut. base bitra-
(and baitra- in goth. baitrs
'bitter'), prop, biting': deriv. from
the teut. \'~bit in bite.
bittern .me, bitor older butor
(= DU. butoor^ : borrowed from
FR. butor (= IT. bittore). Source
LAT. bos tajiriis a bird's name?
black ME. blak oe. blcec (blac-) ;
akin to lg. black 'ink'.
bladder me. bladdre oe. blckdre
= DU. blaar , lg. bladere , ohg.
blattara G. blatter, ICEL. bladra;
the TEUT. base '■^'blcdrbn- (with
//r^- as suffix) comes from the
TEUT. V"''''^'' ii^ blow'^.
blade me. M/^/t' oe. /V«-^/ (plur.
bladit) = synon. ohg. /V*^?/ g.
blatt, DU. OSAX. /Vr/</, ox. blad,
GOTH, '^•blada-. Their dental
seems to l>e formative; M/-
from pre-TEUT. bhlo- is perh.
akin to lat. fol-iu7n, gr. tpvXkov.
Aryan \f blwl bblo- in bloo?n}
blain me. blein OE. blej^en =
DU. (^/«>? : TEUT. base blajino-
from TEUT. yfbla in bladder}
blame vb. me. bld7nc (== mdu.
blamen) : loanword from FR.
20
blank — bless
bldmer (= ospan. blasmar, it. bia-
shtiare: source lat. blaspheniare).
blank me. blank ot. blanc blgnc
= synon. ohg. mhg. bla7ic G.
blank; ON. blakkr 'gray or white
horse': teut. \f bl'iink in blink.
The TEUT. adj. blanka- was in-
troduced into the Roman, langs.;
cp. IT. bianco, fr. blanc with the
deriv. fr. blanchet ^= ofr. blanket,
whence me. e. blanket 'a coarse
woolen cover'.
blare vb.' roar' ME. bloD'C vb. =
DU. blaren, G, bliirren pliirren.
blast ME. blast oe. blcRst = ohg.
/'A?iV, ox. blast?' 'a gust of wind':
deriv. of the teut. \f bles = DU.
blazen, ohg. bldsan G. blasen, on.
bldsa, GOTH, blesan. A shorter
\l~ ble cp. under blow-.
blaze sb. 'a flame' me. M^'i'f?
'flame, torch' OE. blase (infl.
bldsan) 'torch' = lg. MHG. bias
'a torch'. Akin to GOTH, blesan
= G. blasen 'blow' (cp. G. 7vind-
licht 'torch').
blaze vb. 'proclaim' me. bldse
'blow as a trumpet': perh. loan-
word from ON. bldsa 'blow' ^=
DU. blazen 'sound a trumpet',
OHG. bldsan G. blasen 'blow', goth.
blhan (in tif blesan 'puff up'). — •
blazon^ 'proclamation' from fr.
blasonner 'blazon', whence DU.
blazocn. — blazon- me. bldso?i
older bldsoun from FR. blason
'coat of arms' (whence also
DU. blazoeri) ?
bleach vb. me. bleche oe. blcscan
--= ON. bleikja 'whiten': teut.
base M/Z^/'rw from the adj. bleak
:me. bleik late oe. bldec: borrow-
ed from ON. bleikr = orig. oe.
bide :me. blpk, DU. bleek, G. bleich.
A teut. Y^i^/f/^ appears in oe.
blican, ON. blika, OS AX. blikan,
DU. blijken, ohg. blihhan 'shine'.
blear-eyed having sore eyes'
me. bl{r-eyed bler-eighed fr. blcre
'blear' -f eye ei\e 'eye'; cp. dan.
plir-gjet, LG. bler-bged 'blear-eyed'
(akin to I.Q. flirr-bge 'a bleared-
eye', en flirr up't oge hebben 'have
a bleared eye').
bleat vb. me. blete oe. blcktan
= DU. blaten bleeten, lg. bleten,
OHG. bldyxn mhg. bidden.
bleed vb. ^^ie. blede oe. ^bledan
= OFRis. bUda, DU. bloeden, lg.
bld'den, ohg. bluotan, on. blceda
'bleed': deriv. from teut. bloda-
in blood.
blemish vb. me. biennis s(h)c
'\vound, injure, soil': loanword
from OFR. blemiss-, stem of some
forms of FR. blemir 'grow pale'
(fr. bk?nc blesfne 'pale, wan).
blench vb. me. blcnche (also
blenke) 'shrink back, give way',
OE. blencan 'deceive': causative
of blink, TEUT. base *blankjan.
blend 1 vb. me. blende (pret.
blende) oe. blandan = OSAX.
GOTH, blandan, ON. blanda, ohg.
blantan mhg. blanden.
blend'-^ vb. me. blende oe. blen-
dan = ohg. blentan blenten G.
bletiden: causative of blind v^.
bless vb. :me. blesse older bli;tsie
OE. blitsian older blddsian 'bless'
from a teut. base *blddison, not
found elsewhere in teut. The
blind
blow^
21
vb. orig. 'sprinkle with blood'
is appar. a deriv. of teut. bloda-
in blood.
blind adj. me, oe. blind =
OSAX. DU. G. SW. DAN. blind (OHG.
MHO. blini), ON. blindr, GOTH.
blinds. Akin to ox. blimda vb.
'close one's eyes' and to lith.
blandyti 'cast down one's eyes'
— blesti blisti 'grow dark'. —
blind vb. 'make blind' deriv.
of blind, supplanting me. blende
(pret. blende) OE. blendan ^=
synon. ohg. blentan G. blende7i :
causative of the teut. base
blinda in blirid adj. blindfold
adj. ME. blindfelle oe. blindfellian
'strike blind, put out the eyes';
the mod. phonology of the
second element of the word is
due to confusion .with fold'i But
its origin is obscure; it may be
akin to OE./t'//, G. fell ohg. fel,
GOTH, fill = LAT. pellis.
blink vb. ME. blinke := G. DV.
hiinkcn, sw. blinka, DAN. blinke.
bliss ME. blisse oe. bliss older
blids blids {;= OSAX. blidsed) :
j-deriv. of blithe.
blister me. blister oe. *blysire
— ^)\)\:. bluyster. Root unknown,
blithe ME. blithe oe. blide 'joy-
ful, glad' (cp. bliss) ^=-- O.SAX.
Mthi , LG. blide, DU. bli/(de),
ohg. blidi, ON. blidr, sw. dan.
bl-d, GOTH, blcips. The dental
is formative, but the teut. \rbli
unknown elsewhere.
block ME. block 'a block' (of
wood). Cp. thg synon. DU. blok,
MLG. block, OHG. bloh MHG. bloch
G. block. Uncertain whether the
E. word is a native e. word or
adapt, fr. fr. bloc 'block, log'.
blond from fr. blond, whence
also G. DU. DAN. blond. Source
a lost TEUT. bliinda- (= it.
biondo, span, blondo).
blood ME. OE. blpd = OSAX.
blod, DU. bloed, LG. blood, ohg.
MHG. bliiot G. bint, ON. blod,
SAV. DAN. blod: TEUT. base blbda-
(and blopa- in goth. blbf) from
a pre-TEUT. bhloto- bhlato-, not
found elsewhere. Its relation
to the \'~ bid 'bloom' is doubtful.
See bleed and bless.
bloom ME. blp?n(e) : borrowed
from on. blom bldtni = GOTH.
blbma, osAX. blomo, du. bloem,
OHG. bluovia (bluotno) G. blmne
'flower'. For the \fbld cp. lat.
fibs and OIR. bldth 'blossom' and
blo7t<\
blossom ME. blosme oe. bldsim{a)
blds7fia^=\iV. bloesem (bloeni), mlg.
blo(s)sem: deriv. of the teut.
sf bib in blo7v.^
blow sb. 'a stroke' me. blowe\
deriv. from ime. blezve oe. bleowan
^ OHG. bliuwan aihg. bliuzcen
G. blcinen, du. blonwen, goth.
bliggivan 'strike': teut. \'^ bleu
blew.
blow ' vb. 'bloom' IME. blowe
oe. blpwan 'blossom' = osAX.
blbjan, du. bloeijen, ohg. bluojan
G. bliihen 'blow, bloom', goth.
'^blbjan. The teut. \^/V(5 appears
also in bloom and blossofn.
blow'- vb. 'puff' ME. bbfice oe.
bldwan str. vb. = ohg. blaian 'blow'
22
blue — bolster
MHG. blcewen blcejen G. blcihen
'blow, swell". The teut. -y^A'^
bill agrees partly with lat.
fare (Aryan bhia in blade and
bladder).
blue ME. bleic: not cleriv. from
OE. blchveti (deriv. of OE. bldiv),
whence me. ^blewe ought to be
derived, me. ble^v bleu is loan-
word from the synon. er. bleu
{= IT. biaz'd); ME- b!o 'blue is
adapt, of ox. blifr. The source
of the whole group is a teut.
base blawa- b'ava- 'blue' ^= OE.
bldzv, ON. bldr, du. blaauw, OHG.
blao G. blau; ident. w. \.xx.flavtis
'yellow'.
boar ME. bar oe. bar = ohg.
MHG. bcr 'a voung boar', OSAX.
ber(swin), lg. b:r, du. /'('i?;- : teut.
base baizii- or bain/-.
board 'a plank' :\ik. oe. bJrd
'board, plank, shield, table' =
OSAX. DU. sw. DAX. bord, LG. boord,
G. bori, ON. bord, goth. {fd(u)-
bailrd 'foot-stool': teut. base
borda- with the by-form breda-
in oe. bred = G. brett (du. berd
ODU. bred).
boast vb. rkiE. bjste\ perh.
traceable to an oe. *bdsettiafz :
deriv, from teut. \f baus bus in
G. bose ohg. bjsi}
boat ME. bdi oe. /'(?/■ = ON.
belt 'boat'. The E. word is the
source of on. bitr, du. g. boot
and FR. bateau.
bodice stays for women' for-
merly bodies, being plur. o{ body.
Cp. pence for pcinics.
bodkin :me. boidekiii 'a small
dagger'; of uncertain origin,
related to w. bidog , ir. bideog
'a dagger'? The diphthong oi
in :\IE. shows foreign origin of
T^iE. boidekiu; but the suffix seems
to be Anglisized.
body ME. body bodi oe. bodij^
'body'; akin to ohg. botah mhg.
botech 'trunk, corpse'. Relation
to ohg. botahha g. bottich 'a
large vessel, tub' is uncertain.
boil 'a small tumor' me. bile
OE. byl{e): ident. with bile.
boil vb. 'bubble up' inie. boile
boyle : loanword from ofr. boillir
FR. bouillir = .span, bullir, IT.
bollire 'boil'. Source lat. bullire
'bubble'.
boisterous me. boistrous 'rough,
coarse': an extended form of
ME. boistflzis 'rough, clumsy. The
(?/-diphthong points to foreign
origin; no source yet found.
bold :me Iwld OE. bald (braid
older bcalp) = goth. '"balpa-
(in balpaba adv.), on. ballr (orig.
"^balpr), OSAX. ohg. bald 'bold'
(hence G. bald 'soon, quickly').
bole ME. bole = MHG. bole g.
bolile 'a thick plank'; akin to
ON. bolr 'trunk of a tree' and
perh. related to GR. ff^'/jiy^
'stem of a treg'.
boll ME. bolle OE. bolla bowel,
a round vessel' = du. bol m.
OHG. bolla 'a round vessel', on.
bolli. Perh. akin to ball and
LAT. follis 'hose'.
bolster .me. oe. bolster = du.
MHG. bolster OHG. bolstar G.
bolt — booty
polster, ON. bohtr : deriv. with
sfr- suffix from the teut. \^ helg
'swell'; hence its orig. meaning
'swelling' (teut. base bolstra-
from "^bolhstra-^.
bolt vb. 'sift meal' me. bultt' :
borrowed from ofr. bulter (fr.
blutci-) 'sift'.
bolt 'a stout pin of iron etc.,
an arrow' mb:. oe. bolt ^= synon.
OHG. bo/z, DU. bouf, ox. bo/tt\
Borrowed from lat. caLipulta ?
bone ME. bpn OE. ban = G.
bei/i, osAX. be/!, DU. btr//, ox. bein,
SW. DAX. ben, GOTH. *A?/>/ (dU. G.
ox. SW. also "leg'). Perh. cogn.
with ON. bet/in 'straight'.
bonnetME. bond: loanword from
OFR. bond orig. fr. diapel de
bond; med.-lat. bonnda "a stuff
of which caps were made'.
bonny me. bony : an exgl.
derivative of fr. ban 'good'.
booby not found in me. oe.,
with exgl. ending derived from
SPAN, bobo 'fool'?
book ME. biili OE. bgc = G.
buck 0H(;. buoh, osax. bok, DU.
boek, GOTH. l}dka f. — bok n. 'a
letter of the alpliabet' shows in
the plur. the meaning 'writing,
document, book', and the ohg.
osax. oe. corresponding buoh
bok occurs in pluralform with the
meaning 'a single book . There-
fore it is evident, that the sing,
meant orig. (as in goth.) 'a
single letter of the ali)habet'.
The TEUT. base boka- (cp.
beech) was orig. 'beech-bark,
beech-tablet' used to scratch
runes on.
boom borrowed from DU. booi/i
(=r LG. booni) 'a tree, beam,
pole'. Ident. with beam.
boon :\IE. bone 'petition, favor' :
loanword from ox. bon 'a prayer'.
There was a native OE. ben ME.
bene 'a prayer'.
boor adapt, of du. boer (=
G. bauer~) 'peasant'. Akin to
OE. lebilr, cp. neighbor.
boot' ME. bgte\ loanword from
OFR. bote (boute) = fr. botte
(it. bota) ; akin to G. bossen
'shoes'. Source unknown.
boot- 'advantage' me. bote OE.
bg't = osax. GOTH, bota, OHG.
buoyx buoZy G. basse, ox. bol. For
the TEUT. \^ ^^7/ cp. batten,
better and best.
booth :\IE. bothe : loanword
from ODAX. both (dax. hod) ^
MHG. buode G. bude. The oicel.
bud differs from dax. bod in the
root-vowels (teut. b\ii). The
dental is suffix. For the teut.
\fbu (iXDO-TEUT. bhii) 'dwell'
cp. UTH. butas 'house', OIR. both
(bothdn) 'hut' (base bhii-io). See
build and be.
booty in the 15''' cent, spelled
bptye and butin ; akin to the
equiv. fr. butin, du. buit , G.
j beute, ox. byte 'booty' ; the fr.
word represents an osax. *b{ittn
'*bi/ti, which is cogn. w. OIR.
I buaid victory' and cvMR./'«(A/'ad-
I vantage, profit'. Aryan \'~ bhud
\ : bhaud.
24
border — bough
border me. border bord{e)tire\
adapt, of FR. bordure. Ultimate
source ohg. borto 'edge'.
bore vb. me. bore oe. borian
= OHG. boron G. bohren, du.
boreu, on. bora. The teut. base
boron agrees with lat. forare
'bore' ; cp. GR. r/,«(>Os^'plough',SKR.
bhurij 'scissors': Aryan v^ M^r
bhdr.
borough and -bury in place-
names :\ie. borwe (and bir\')
oe. burh burg (dat. sing, /yvj)
'town', oe. burg = synon. OSAX.
bur(u)g, DU. buig, OHG. bur(u)g
G. burg, ON. borg, GOTH, baiirgs
'town'.
borrow vb. inie. borwe oe. bor-
gian 'protect, borrow' = ohg.
borgen G. borgen 'borrow, give
a pledge'. Prob. akin to ohg.
b'ergan, goth. bairgan 'protect,
shelter' (oSLOV. brcgq 'I take
care of').
bosom ME. biisum oe. bosm =
OSAX. Ifostn, DU. boezem, ohg.
buosam Ci. buseii, goth. '^bbsina-.
botch vb. 'mend a garment'
ME. bocche 'repair' : deriv. from
boot 'mending, repair of a thing'?
perh. ident, with OE. botettian
repair
■'?
Cp
G. dial
^ OHG.
biietzeJi
buoszen
mend slioes
'repair'.
botch 'a swelling on the skin,
a boil' ME. bocche: borrowed
from OFR. boche 'a sore' (fr. bosse
'swelling' = it. boccia 'ball').
both ME. bgthe = osAX. bedie,
OFRis. bcthe bede, ohg. g. beide, on.
bddir, sw. bddcj, dan. baade. The
stem of the numeral in its oldest
forms had no dental : goth. bai
= OE. be^eu bd bit 'both'. The
dental ending is short for the
article : me. bdthe = OE. bd da,
G. beide instead of bei die. In
the older periods the article
was combined with the numeral;
cp. GOTH, ba fb scipa 'both
ships', OE. bej^en dd gebrodru
'both brothers'.
bottle^ 'a hollow vessel' me.
botel = DU. bottel, lg. bitUel bud-
del: loanwords from FR. bouteilk
{= SPAN, botella, IT. bottigl'ui)
Source med.-lat. buticula f. di-
min. of butis 'a butt'. »
bottle- 'a bundle of hay' me.
botel: loanword from ofr. botel
dimin. of fr. hotte 'a bundle of
hay'. Source a teut. bauta- in
ohg. boy) 'a bundle of flax'.
bottom :\IE. botum oe. botm ^
OSAX. bodom, DU. bodem, ohg.
bodam G. boden. The teut. bases
bupma- {= OHG. bodavi) or but/ia
(= ON. botn~) or with assimi-
lation hutnia- (= OE. botni) re-
present Aryan bases bhutno-
bhudno ; cp. ARYAN bhudhno- 'bot-
tom' in SKR. budlina ; cp. GR.
TTv9/nijv, LAT. fundus (if trace-
able to Wind lino- si). The pho-
netical relations of the group
are obscure.
bough :me. bough bow oe. boh
bog = DU. boeg 'bow of the ship',
OHG. buog 'upper joint of the
arm or leg, shoulder, hip' G.
bug 'shoulders, withers', on. bogr
'shoulder, bow of a ship'. GOTH.
bounce
boy
25
^Iwgus from pre-teut. bhaghil-s
'arm, fore-arm' corresponds to
SKR. bdhii 'arm', also GR. na^vg
TTtj/vg 'fore-arm, elbow',
bounce vb. me. bounse 'beat,
knock' oe. *h'msian\ frequent,
of a primit. *bfinan} Akin to lg.
bunsen buffisen (bansen}^ 'knock*?
bound sb. me. bounde older
bo line: borrowed fr. ofk. bonde
bonne 'boundary'. — boundary
points to 1 R. bonnier , whence
also DU. bunder ODU. bunre.
Source MED.-LAT. bodina.
bound vb, 'leap, spring' bor-
rowed from FR. [yondlr 'leap,
spring' prop, 'resound'. Source
L.VT. bombitare 'hum' ?
bound adj. 'ready, prepared'
ilE. boun 'ready, prepared to go':
loanword from ox. buinn 'pre-
pared', part, dibila 'till, prepare';
cp. busk.
bounty mk. bounte: loanword
from FR. bonti\ source lat. boni-
tatcni. — bounteous ^w.. bounte-
vous: derived from ofk. boftlivc
'benevolent' by inlluence of
righteous.
bourn 'boundary' adapt, of fr.
borne\ ident. with bound.
bow vb, 'l)end' Mi:, bowe earlier
hiiwe OE, bugan str, vb. 'bend,
flee' (only intr.) = du. buigen,
JILG. biigcn, oik;, biogan G. biegen,
GOTH, biugan 'bend'. The teut.
\'^ bug is an ARYAN bhtik on ac-
count of OHG, buhil 'liiir. A
cogn. \'~bhug appears in eat.
fiigio, GR. (fevyio. — bow^ sb. 'a
weapon, a bend' me. bpwe OE.
boga = OHG. OSAX. bogo , du.
boog, G. bogen, ox, bogi.
bow- 'the forward part of a
ship', var. of bough.
bowel ME, boud bowel: loan-
word from ofr. bo7iel (fr. boyau);
source lat, botellus 'sausage' (it.
bjuiel/o), whence also odu. bode-
Unc DU. beuUng 'sausage'.
bower sb, me. bour oE. bilr 'a
dwelling' (see neighbor = OE,
7iih~^ebur^ = oSAX. MLG. bur 'a
house, cage', oho. mho. bur 'a
chamber' G. hauer 'a cage', ox.
biir 'a chamber, larder'. For the
TEUT. \f^ bu 'dwell' cp. build.
bow^l ME, bolle OE, bolla = on.
bolli, DU, bol, OHG. bolla.
box' 'a chest' ME, OE, box: bor-
rowed from a vulg,-lat, '"^'buxem
for buxidem (nom. buxis), whence
also DU. bus, G. bilehse 'box' ohg.
buhsa for "buhsja. vulg.-lat.
buxis (from GR. uvhg 'box made
of the box-tree' cp. ^(?x-) ap-
pears in FR, bossette, it. bossolo
'box'.
box'- 'the name of a tree' ME.
box-Ire oe. box: borrowed from
lat. -ROM. buxus (= IT. bosso,
span, box, FR. buis), whence also
OHG. MHG. buhs(-boum) = G. buchs-
baum 'box-tree', du. busbootn.
boy ME. boic OE. *bdia; perh.
dimin. of a lost OE. "^''bp 'brother'
= FLEir. boe 'brother': childish
abbreviation of E. brother, as G.
bube OHG. buobo is a reduplication
of *bd 'brother'?
26
boycott — brave
boycott first lieard of in Dec.
1880. Captain James Boycott was
a fanner at Lough Mask, co.
Mayo, Ireland ; the Irish league
pronounced their edict, in con-
sequence of which no one wished
to work or have anything to do
with him; he was the victim of
the system of procedure named
after him.
brace sli. me. brace: adapt, of
OFR. brace. Source lat. l>rac-
chiuiii.
brach me. bracchc: adapt, of
OFR. brache. Source ohg. bracko
'hunting dog' = DU. brak ODU.
bracke.
brad me. brad usually brod:
loanword from ON. broddr 'spike,
shaft' (= OE. brord 'spike', ohg.
brort 'edge'). The teut. base
brozda- answers to OIR. brot 'sting'.
brag vb. 'boast' me. bra{g)ge\
akin to ofr. bragiier 'flaunt, brave,
brag'. Source doubtful.
braid vb. 'weave' me. breide
OE. br'cyian "move to and fro,
weave' = osax. br'egdan , lg.
breideri, ohg. br'cttan mhg. l>rctteii,
ON. bregda 'draw, pull, weave,
braid'; orig. 'move quickly'; but
mlg. breideii 'knit'. Cp. bridle.
brain ime. brain OE. bra:-^en =
DU. brein, lg. bregen 'brain'. The
TEUT. base bragena- 'brain', if
from an aryan mrogh-, is com-
pared with gr. ^Qf^iioc 'fore-
head' (for * II [)!■/-)■
brake 'a thicket' me. brake;
perh. cogn. w. lg. brake 'tree-
trunk ?
bramble me. brcmbel oe. breinel
earlier *brcefnil; cogn. w. G. brom-
beere 'l)rambleberry' ohg. brama,
DU. braani, perh. ident. w. OE.
brp7/i under brooin.
bran me. bran: adapt, from. ir.
w. bran. ME. bren adapt, from
OFR. bren points to the same
source.
branch 'a bough of a tree'
ME. braunche: borrowed from PR.
In-anche {= span. it. branca lat.
type I>i-ramical deriv. of lat.
raniJK 'branch'?).
brand me. oe. braiid brand =
ODU. MLG. brand, ohg. mhg. brant
'a burning, a brand', DU. G.%l>rand
'a burning, fuel', ON. brandr 'a
firebrand', sw. dan. brand a fire-
brand, fire'. From teut. brinnan
= burn. — brandish vb, me.
braitndisshc braundissc; loanword
from FR. brandiss- in brandir (=
it. brandire^ 'brandish'. Source
a teut. brand 'sword' = E. brand
'sword' OE. brand, ON. brandr,
mhg. brant 'blade of a sword'.
— brandy short for brandywinc
= DU. brandewijn, G. brantewcin
'brandy', lit. 'burnt wine'.
brass me. bras oe. brces. lat.
f err urn, if {ox ferso- aryax bherso-,
is ccyisidered akin to the teut.
base brasa- in OE. brccs.
brat 'a child' perh. ident. witli
ME. OE. bratt 'a coarse cloak':
orig. a Celt, word, cp. GAEL. ir.
brat 'a cloak, mantle' — w. brat
'a rag, a jnuafore'.
brave borrowed from fr. brave,
whence also DU. hraaf, G. brav.
brawn
breeze *
27
brawn me. hi-aun braivn 'muscle,
hf)ar's flesh'; orig. "^braoun bra-
hibr. borrowed from ofr. b?-aon
a piece of flesh, muscle'. Source
a TEUT. brado ace. bradim ^=
OHG. brato MHG. brate 'a slice
of bread' and also like g. braten
'roast meat', OE. brckdan 'roast
meat', G. braten, DU. braden 'roast';
in LG. dial, an OSAX. brddo
'muscle' is preserved (e. g-. west-
PHAL. icadbrae) ; cp. :mlg. bradc.
braze^ vb. 'adorn with brass'
ME. brdsc OE. brasian 'cover with
brass': deriv. of OE. brces\ cp.
brass.
braze"^ vb. 'harden': loanword
from ox. brasa 'harden by fire'.
breach iiE. brechc: adapt, of
FR. brechc. Source tlie teut. vb.
brckaii = br e a k.
bread me. bred late oe. bread
^= OHG. brid G. hrbd, osAX. brbd.^
nu. brood, lafe ox. brand. The
Teut. base bran-da- is deriv. fr.
the \^ brn in E. broth and
brew. The oriy. teut. word for
bread was. loaf (= teut. hlaiba-').
In OE. we find bread 'piece of
bread' and /w/'/vWhonev-comb'.
breadth formed after length
strength with secondary th from
ME. brede OE. brddo 'breadth':
abstract noun formed from broad
with umlaut (goth. braidei, OHG.
breit'i). Cj). WEsrpHAL. bredde,
OSAX. '^-bredtha from bred 'broad'.
break vb. .me. brc'ke OE. brecan
str. vb. =r DU. breken , osAX.
brekan, ohg. brehhan G. brechen,
GOTH, brikan. With the teut.
\fbrek 'break' (aryan bhre£)
cp. LAT.//77//^^; {\nQ.\..fregi) 'break',
breakfast me. brc'kefaste: prop,
'breaking one's fast, the first
meal of the day by which the
fast is broken'.
bream me. brrm: loanword
from FR. brhnc; source a teut.
braxtna in OHG. brahs'ima mhg.
braesefn G. brass en = osAX.
bressemo, DU. brasrni, osw. braxn,
DAN. brasen.
breast :\ie. brcst short for me.
brest OE. breast = osax. briost,
OERis. briast, ox. brjost; akin to
GOTH, brnsts plur. , DU. borst,
OFRIS. bnrst (and briast), G.brnst:
TEUT. bases brenst- : brust-.
breath .me. breth oe. brdd
'breatli , odor'; akin to OHG.
bradam :mhg. brddem G. brodeni
broden 'steam, vapor, exhalation'.
breech 'buttocks' .me. brech oe.
brec. Orig. ident. with breeches
(»a pair of breeches«) me.
brech breche; the corresp. oe.
brec plur. points to a sing, '^broc
=r DU. brock, OFRIS. brok (plur.
breli), OX. brok (plur. brdkr'), OHG.
MHG. bruoch. The teut. base
/'/■('/'- plur. brbkiz) is seemingly
connected with g.\ll.-la r. brdca
'clothing for the legs'.
breed vb. .mi;, brede oe. brcdan
=^ DU. broeden , ohg. brnoten
:\niG. brileten G. brilten 'brood,
hatch', GO rn. ''brodjan : deriv. of
teut. brbda- see brood.
breeze^ 'a strong wind =
synon. G. brise, d.\n. bris: source
28
breeze -
brim
FR. brisc 'the north wind' ^=^
SPAN, brisa.
breeze- 'gadfly' inie. brese oe.
breosa. Connection with G. brcmse
and bref/te (ohg. br'unisa bremd)
is doubtful.
brew vb. ME. brewe oe. breowan
str. vb. = DU. brouwen, OHG.
briuwan G. braueii. With the
TEUT. \fbru (Aryan bhru bhrcii)
'brew' are related phryg.-thrac.
[^ovTOi' 'beer, cider, which prob.
stands for gr. '*(povvov, also lat.
dcfrntmn 'must boiled down', oiR.
bruthe 'broth' — bruth 'live coals,
heat' — bruith 'cooking'. Cp.
brcii d.
bridal, see bride.
bride me. bride oe. bryd (from
'^brydi "briidi) := OSAX. odu.
LG. brini, du. I'riiid, ohg. mhg.
brut G. brant, on. briidr; goth.
briips means 'daughter-in-law'
(but briip-faps 'bridegroom') ;
OSAX. briid is 'the newly married
wife' as e. bride. — bridal
ME. br id-die oe. bryd-ealo: lit.
^bride-ale (me. bride oe. bryd
and ME. die oe. ealo). In ger:m.
dialects, we find kindelbier 'bap-
tism'. — bridegroom me. bride-
OE. brydgufna ^= synon.
briidigtitno , du. bruide-
ohg. briitigomo :mhg. briicte-
G. brimtigam , on. brud-
gume (goth. bn^ip-faps). The
second element of these com-
pounds (oE. goth. guma, ohg.
gomo 'man' is related to LAT.
homo from ixdo-teut. ghomo?i).
The phonetical development of
gome
OSAX,
gomo,
gome
ME. brideg07ne into e. bridegroom
is due to the influence oi groom.
bridge me. briggc oe. brycg r=
OFRis. brigge , du. <5r«<^, ohg,
bnicka G. briicke (goth. *brugja
*brugjo). Thecorresp. ON.bryggJa
(also LG. briigge, northfris.
bragJi) and germ, (dial.) brilckc
signify 'pavement, floor'; and oe.
brycgian inie. brigge and nfris.
braghin, mlg. bri'iggen signify to
pave'.
bridle me. oe. bridel older oe.
briylel briylil = ohg. brittil for
'^■brictil: deriv. from the TEUT.
vb. brcgdan 'pull' under braid.
Akin to OSLOV. bruzda 'Bridle'
(Aryan \P blireghdh also in lat.
frcnum 'bridle'?).
brief adj. 'short' me. bref:
borrowed from fr. bref (span.
IT. brcvc = lat. brexiis 'short').
brief sb. 'a commission, do-
cument' ME. bref; cp. du. g.
brief ohg. briaf and the cor-
responding OFR. bref 'an official
document'. Orig. ident. with
brief adj.
brier 'a prickly shrub' me. brere
OE. brdr brer 'a bramble'.
bright ME. bright oe. beorht
'briglft, white, clear' = osAX.
berht, ohg. b'eraht, goth. bairhts
'bright'. Akin to :\ilg. brehefi
'shine, glisten' ; cp. skr. bhargas
'brightness .
brim me. britn; perh. ident.
witli OE. brim 'ocean , surf =
on. brim 'surf; cp. the name of
the city of Bremen.
brimstone
brook
29
brimstone me. brimstdn earlier
bremton = on. brennisteinn 'brim-
stone': deriv. of me. brenne =
b u r n.
brine me. brine 'salt liquor' =
DU. brijn MDU. brine.
bring vb. ilE. bringc OE. bringan
== OHG. OSAX. bringan G. bringen,
GOTH, briggan; cp. DU. brengen,
OSAX. brengian, OE. brengan 'bring':
TEUT. \fbreng brang.
brink .me. brink 'edge'; cp. on.
brekka from *b7-inkd , lg. brink.
brisk a celt, loanword; cp. w.
brysg, GAEL. bri(o)sg 'quick, lively'.
bristle :me. bristle older birstle
OE. ^byrsiel: dimin. of oe. byrsi
= OHG. burst G. borste, DU. borste
bristle'; akin to ohg. biirsta g.
biirste 'brush'. The teut. \fbors
burs (whence btir in burdock^
is an Aryan \fbhrs in skr. bhrsfi
'point, prong'. Cp. brush.
brittle me. britel oe. "^'brytel:
formed with suffix -il (oe. el cp.
nimble^ from oe. breotan 'break'
:=: on. brjoia 'break'.
broach vb. me. brgche 'bore,
spur, spit, tap' (setten on broche
'set a-broach, tap' ^= fr. mettrc
en brochc\'a.\> a barrel') ; er. broeher
'broach, pierce' and broche 'a
l)roach, spit'.
broad me. brod oe. brad =
OSAX. ailg. bred, DU. breed, G.
brcit, ON. breidr, sw. dan. bred,
GOTH, braids 'broad': prob. from
a PRE-TEUT. wraito-, akin to an
Aryan \'~ nirit in skr. mrit 'fall
to i)ieces' (therefore <^rc<r^/prop.
'extended'?).
brock 'a badger' me. l)rok oe.
brocc (= dan. brok) ; a celt.
loanword; cp. w. corn. bret.
broch,. GAEL. IR. MANX broc 'a
badger (celt, base brokko-, perh.
ident. w. lat. broccus adj. 'having
prominent teeth' and ofr. broc
'spit, point').
broil vb. iiE. <5;WZ?; adapt, of
OFR. bruiller 'broil, roast', ofr.
bruir 'roast' seems to be ident.
with G. briihcn MHG. brilejen, DU.
broeijen foment'; cp. brood.
broker me. brgcour 'pedlar,
pawnbroker' ; loanword from
OFR. br occur brokeor 'tapster
who retails wine from the tap';
cp. FR. broche under broach.
brooch 'broach' :\IE. broche 'a
pin, peg, brooch': borrowed
from FR. broche 'a spit, point'.
brood :me. oe. brgd = du. broed,
OHG. MHG. bruot G. brut: appar.
formed with dental suffix from
the TEUT. \(~brd in G. briihen,
DU. brocien. Cp. breed.
brook -ME. brpk oe. broc =
DU. broek, ]MLG. brbk LG. brook
'marsh, pool*, ohg. bruoh(h) mhg.
bruoch G. bruch 'marsh, bog';
possibly connected with the
TEUT. \f brek 'break' in break.
brook vb. 'put up with' me.
bro{o)ke brouke oe. briican 'use,
enjoy' = osAX. briikan , DU.
gebruiken, OHG. brilhhan mhg.
bruchen G. brauchen 'use, need ,
GOTH, brtikjan 'use'. The pre-
teut. form of the \f bhrftg
accords with lat. fruor from
\o
broom — buckiam
■^fruvor for *frugvo?- and cp. lat.
fruges.
broom me. oe. [>yo7?i 'the plant
of the broom' = QDC. broan
'broom'; perh. cogn. w. bramble.
broth :me. bi-oth oe. brod =^
ON. brod, OHG. brod: deriv. from
the \^ brU under brew.
brother aie. brother oe. brodor
= DU. broeder , osAX. brothar,
OHG. :\IHG. briioder G. bruder, ox.
brodir , goth. brbpar 'brother'.
The TEUT, base brbper- (Aryan
bhrater-^ corresponds to LAT.
f rater , skr. bhratar- , OSLOV.
bratni\ cp. gr. ifouroia.
brow :\ie. browc brilwc oe. bril;
cp. ox. bri'iii 'eyebrow' and skr.
bhrii, GR. o(f^hc, osLov. bruvi
'brow'.
brown :\ie. broun oe. brhiv =
MLG. OHG. :MHG. OFRIS. brt'lll, DU.
bruin y ox. brilnii. The teut.
name of the color passed into
ROM. (fr. bran = spax. ir.
briino 'brown') and lith. (bru/ias
'brown'). The proper stem of
Aryan blir-iiiio- appears in lith.
beras 'brown' (see bear sb.) and
reduplicated in skr. babhrii-s
'reddish- brown' (see beaver').
bruise vb. me. brilse: loanword
from OFR. bruser (fr. briser)
'break', whence oe. brysan 'break'.
bruit 'a rumor' me. l>rilt: bor-
rowed from fr. bruit 'noise'.
brush sb. me. hrusshe 'a brush',
oriiif. 'brush-wood': borrowed
from OFR. broee fr. brosse brusli-
wood, brush'.
brute borrowed from FR. brut
adj. (fem. brute); source lat.
brut us.
buck vb. 'wash linen , steep
clothes in lye' me. bouke (oe.
'*biuiaii) = dan. byge, sw. byka,
NORW. boukja, icel. bauka, mhg.
biichen g. bauehen. The teut.
vb. biikbii {bukjaii) is based on
oe. bile (cp. bucket). The
Ro:\L FR. buer, it. bucare 'wash'
are borrowed from Teut.
buck sb. ME. bukkc OE. bueea;
cp. the synon. osax. buck, fris.
\i\:.bok, OHG. :suiG. bot(ek) G.boek,
ON. bukkr bokkr, s\v. /^t;^/^,, dan.
buk 'a he-goat, ram, buck(deer)',
GOTH, ''^bukks '^bukka: ident. w.
GAEL, boc, oiR. boec, cy:mr. boch
'buck' from a celt, base bukko-
(whence fr. bouc OFR. boc) and
w. ARMEX. buc 'lamb', avest. biiza
buck' (ARYAN M%?). TheiXDO-
TEUT. base bhiigo- is perh. con-
nected with the root oi fugio,
GR. (ftvyw 'flee'; hence buck may
iiave signified orig. 'fugitive'.
bucket 'a kind of pail' ME.
boket: deriv. from oe. biie 'a
pit>;her' with the dimin. sulfix -et.
buckle me. boket: adapt, of fr.
boucle, whence also G. bucket.
Source med.-lat. buc{c)ula 'a
beaver, shield',
buckler me. bokeler: adapt, of
OFR. boeler bucler = FR. bouclier
(whence also DU. beukelaar, mhg.
buckeler, ox. buklari). Cp. buckle.
buckram me. bokeram bukeram
= OFR. bouqueran boucaran (fr.
buckwheat
burn
31
bougran, mhg. buckerani). Source
and history unknown.
buckwheat = du. bockweit,
MLG. bbkwete, G. biiclnveizcii, dan.
boghvcde: lit. 'beech-wheat' from
the resemblance of its seeds to
the mast of the beech-tree. The
E. word is of continental origin.
Cp. beech.
bud -MK. Imddc] pcrh. akin to
iR. bouton, DU. bot 'bud'. History
and source uncertain.
bugle 'a buffalo, a horn' me.
biigle: borrowed from ofr. bugle
'a wild ox' (lap. hucnlus, dimin.
of bos 'an ox'). The meaning
'horn' is short for 'bugle-horn'.
build vb. short forME. bilde (pret.
bilde) OK. '"byldan (pret. bylde^ ;
deriv. with vowel mutation from
OE. bold 'house' which goes back,
as shown by the older oe. botl
bodl, by metathesis to a I'Eur.
bo-pla- (=r ox. bol , DU. boedel,
OS AX. bodlos plur. , OFRis. bodel
bold. OF., byldan (J?ytlan) is a
TEur. bupljan. i'eut. bopla- =
ARYAN bhii-tlo- belongs to the
indo-teut. \^bha 'dwell, reside'
(cj). be, bower and booili). For
the ARYAN //- suffix cp. needle.
bull ME. bule\ OE. only in
dimin. bullae = me. e. bulloek;
cp. tlie synon. du. bul, lg. bulle,
OX. bo/u, DAN. boll 'a castrated bull';
LITH. bulliis is primit. related.
Whether the E. bull is orig. a
SCAXD. loanword, is uncertain.
burden 1 'a
OE. bxrden ==
load' ME. birthen
OSAX. burthiimia
burden ; cp. the equival. ohg.
burdi G. bilrde, on. byrdr, goth.
baurpei: all deriv. of the teut.
\'^ ber in bear\ cp. skr. bhrti
= oiR. brith the carrying' and
see birth.
burden- 'the refrain of a song'
ME. burdoun: loanword from fr.
botcrdon, orig. 'a drone-bee' {=
SPAN, bordon, it. bordonc 'a drone'
from LAT. burdo 'a drone') ; cp.
MLG. bar dun 'tenor; a musical
instrument'.
burgess :\ie. burgcis : loanword
from OFR. burgeis fr. bourgeois
(lat. type burgcusis from burgus
'town). — burgher borrowed
from DU. burger ==; mlg. borgcre,
OHG. bur gar i :\IHG. burgcere burger
G. burger : deriv. of teut. burg-
cp. borough.
burial :mi-:. buriel biricl prop.
buriels biriels oe. byr~^els 'tomb'
(^ OSAX. burgisli 'tomb') : deriv.
from the OE. vb. byry.in (oSAX.
^burgian); cp. bury.
burin 'an engraver's tool' : bor-
rowed from fr. burin; perh. of
Teut. origin; cp. ohg. bora 'a
borer' (see under bore).
burly Mi>:. burli borli OE. *//«;-
lice. Akin to org. buro- 'very'
in burolatig borahmg Very long'
and perh. to SKR. bhuri 'much'?
burn vb. ME. berne oe. bcernan
bernan tr. {Jiyrnan intr.). Cp.
synon. ^^1G. brinnen intr. and
its causative brentien; G. brcnnen
intr. and tr., goth. brinnan intr.
and braniijan tr. Only one n be-
longs to the teut. \fbren, as
shown by bryne 'conllagration'.
^2
burnish — butter
burnish vb. :me. burnisshe bur-
nisse: loanword from ofr. bur-
niss-, the stem of certain parts
of burnir brunir = fr. brunir.
burr ME. biiri'e 'a bur'; cp. sw.
kardborre 'a burdock', dan, borre,
N.FRis. bor, HELGOL. borrctt 'bur-
dock'. OE. '-^Imrre, if for teut.
burzo?i-, may be deriv. from the
TEUT. M'^bors in G. borste; cp.
bri stle.
burst vb. ME. berstc OE. berstan;
cp. synon. OSAX. brcstan, lg. du.
bersten, ohg. Irr'estan mhg. br'esten
G. bersten, on. bresta. Cp. an
Aryan v'' ''^/^?'<?>f^ in OIR. brissif/i
break' {ss for i-/").
bury vb. iiE. /5/^rz<? (^/r?V oe.
byriian byrj^aii \vk. vb.; akin to OE.
byr'^en 'tomb' — byriels under
burial, teut. biirgjan belongs
perh. with OE. beorg 'mound, place
of burial' to the ■^'E?J'X.\'~ b'erg in
GOTH, bairgan, DU. G. bergen, OE.
beorgan 'protect, shelter, secure'.
bury in place-names see bo-
rough.
bush ME. /^z^.y^ older /^z/.f-^; ident.
with OHG. Imsk G. busch , du.
bosch bos and a ROM. bosco (=
FR. bois, IT. bosco^. Uncertain
whether of Teut. or of Lat. origin.
bush 'a thicket' me. busch busk
= OHG. busc G. busch, du. bosch',
akin to fr. bois, it. bosco. Orig.
derived as lat. *lmxicum from
LAT. buxus = boxl
busk vb. 'get one's self ready'
ME. buske 'prepare one'self: of
Scand. origin; cp. ON. biiask 'pre-
pare'. Cp. bou7id adj.
busk 'a support for a woman's
stays' borrowed from FR. busc
busque orig. 'the whole bodice',
prob. a corruption of bust.
buss^ 'a herring-boat' ME. Imsse
OE. butse (in butsecarlas) = du.
bids, OHG. biizo, on. buza. The
Rom. shows similar words: med.-
LAT. bussa buscia 'a kind of boat',
OFR. busse buse buce. Source
unknown.
buss'-^ 'kiss' = G. dial, bussen
'kiss'; cp. also span, buz 'a kiss
of reverence'; perh. orig. a chil-
dish onomatopoeia.
bust from FR. buste {= IT. span.
busto), whence also G. biis4c.
bustle vb. ME. bustele 'wander
blindly or stupidly': perh. akin
to G. (dial.) pusseln 'bustle , icel.
Inistla 'bustle'?
busy IME. bisy oe. bisi'i^ = du.
bezig, -LG.bcsig: teut. base ^'to/^frtr-.
but ME. bate shortened for biiten
OE. biitan conj. 'except' — prep,
'besides, without' = du. buiten
'except'. Contr. from be-utan;
cp. G. ausser and e. out.
butcher me. bpcher earlier bou-
chcr: borrowed from FR. bojicher
'on^ who kills he-goats' (deriv.
of FR. bouc = bucli).
butler ME. buteler bot{e)lcr fr.
OFR. bouteiller: deriv. of bottle.
butt borrowed from ofr. boute,
FR. botte (= SPAN, bota, it. botte)
'a butt, cask'. Akin to oe. bytt
"hose, a leather bottle', ohg. Imiin
G. biltte.
butter iiE. butere oe. buterc
butore = G. butter, du. boter,
buttock — caitiff
33
LG. hotter', source lat. butifnwi
(cp. FR. beiirrc, it. burro) ^ gr.
,iovrv(jov. — butterfly yiE.butter-
fiie OE. butor-fieoge = uu. boter-
vlieg; cp. g. dial, buttervogel 'a
butterfly' and the G. dial, syno-
nyms milchdieb and molkenstchler.
buttock :me. buttok with dimin.
suffix (cp. hillock) fr. ofr. hot
(fi?.. bout) 'an end'; cp. butt-end.
button ME. butouu : borrowed
fr. bouton 'a bud, a button'.
buttress 'a support' (in archi-
tecture) 'si'E. butcras butres: bor-
rowed from OFR. boutcrets, prop. !
l)lur. of bouteret 'a buttress'; cp.
FR. boter bouter 'thrust, prop'.
buxom yiY.. buxom older ibich-
sum from OE. bilgan = bow]
the old meaning was 'obedient,
obliging'. Akin to DU. buigzaatn,
G. biegsam 'submissive'.
buy vb. HE. bie earlier bigge
OE. bycgan 'purchase' = OSAX.
buggian, GOTH, bugjan 'buy'.
buzzard -ME. biisard short for
biisard: loanword from FR. busard
by-form of fr. buse 'buzzard' (:=:
LAT. bi'iteo hvLzzsLvd), whence also
DU. buizerd, G. bushart.
by ME. OE. bi (but be- as prefix)
= OSAX. OHG. INIHG, bl G. fe',
DU, <^zy; GOTH, bl means 'round,
round about' and thus connec-
tion with GR. ai.i(f)i.^ LAT. innbi-
becomes possible.
cabbage earlier cabbache from
FR. dial, caboche = fr. cabus (du.
kahids), IT. capuceio , G. kappes
OHG.
kabu-^ ;
oritif. deriv. of lat,
caput 'head'.
cabin me. caban: borrowed
from FR. cabane =^ it. med.-lat.
capanna 'a cabin'. Source and
history unknown.
cable ME. ciible (= g. uu. s\v.
i»AN. kalcl) : adapt, of fr. cable.
Source lat. capuhcm 'a ro|ie'
(lat. capere 'take, hold).
caboose ident. with du. kabuis,
G. kabiisc, dan. kabys. Earlier
E. form covdwosc ident. with \^\j.
English Etvmoi.ogv.
kojnbuis, FR. cambuse. Prob. akin
to e. cabin.
cackle vb. mk. kakle = du. lg.
kakclen, G. kakeln, s\v. kackla,
DAN. kagle 'cackle'. Onomato-
poetic formations.
cage ME. edge: adapt, of fr.
cage = IT. gabbia gaggia dial.
cabbia] source lat. cdvea, whence
also OHG. clievia g. kdpig 'cage'.
cairn borrowed frcnn Gael. ir.
\v. cam 'a pile, rock'?
caitiff ME. caitif a captive' :
loanword from OXFR. caitif 'a
wretch' (whence also du. katijvig
ODU. catijf caitijf) = fr. cMtif
34
cajole — camphor
'mean, vile' (it. cattivo = lat.
captlviis 'captive'),
cajole vb. ^ fr. cajolfr 'coax'
(oiR. cageoler 'chatter like a bird
in a cage, prate', deriv. of fr.
cage r=- E. cage).
cake iNtE. ccike oe. ''"caca (in-
ferred from the dimin. formation
OE. Cecil cicel, teut. base kakila-)
= ON. SAV. kaka, DAN. kage 'cake'.
Akin to OSAX. koko, DU. koek, sc.
cooky (also oe. cdcil ime. kechel
from the dimin. goth. '''kdkila-),
OHG. kuocho G. kiichen. The base
kakaii- kokan- is genuine teut.
ca(u)ldron jNIE, caudroim: bor-
rowed from AFR. ^^caiidroim =
FR. chaiidron {= it. c alder one 'a
large kettle'). Source lat. r«/-
^/czrzVz 'a kettle for hot water'
{caldus calidus 'hot). The / of
modern spelling is inserted in
imitation ofLAT. (Scotch still caii-
droii) .
calf^ -ME. calf oe. cealf^ osax.
DU. LG. sw. calf, ON. kdlfr, ohg.
G. kall)\ GOTH, has only a fern.
kalho 'heifer' (ohg. chalba G.
kalhe f. 'a calf). Outside of
TEUT., there is a series of words
with the base glbh- in skr.
garbha 'the womb, an embryo',
GR. <!isX(f)vg 'womb' and its deriv.
adsXqiog 'brother' — diXrpa^ a
young pig'.
calf2 iiE. calf; perh. adopt, of
ON. kdlf = NORW. kalvc , sw.
kalf (J>€7t-kalf) 'calf of the leg'.
ca(u)lk vb. j\iE. cauke 'tread
as a cock : borrowed from OFR.
cauquer 'tread' (source lat. cal-
care 'tread down').
call vb. ME. calle oe. (c. 950)
callian (once misspelled r^'^z/Z/c/;/):
a SCAND. loanword cp. on. kalla
'say, call, name' (sAv. kalla, dan.
kaldc 'call'): ident. with DU.
kallen, ohg. kallon; cp. skr.
\^gir 'call, praise'.
callous from LAT. callosus 'hard-
skinned (lat. callus 'hard skin').
callow adj. me. calowe calu oe.
calu (caha-) = DU. kaal, ohg.
kalo (infl. kalawer') g. kahl: an
early lat. loanword = lat. calvus
(whence fr. chauve, it. span.
calvd), which is of Aryan Origin
(cp. SKR. kulva, avest. kaourva
'callow') .
calm jNIE. cahne (= du. kalvi)
from FR. calnie (= SPAN. ir.
calma 'calmness, still weather).
Source med.-lat. caitma'\h.ii heat
of the sun' = gr. y.avjLia 'great
heat', / being due to association
w. i>AT. calor.
cambric borrowed from fr.
ca7td)ray, so called from Camhrai
(flem. du. Kamcrijk'), a town of
n(?rthern France where it was
tirst made (hence G. kaninur-
tuck). See arras and law 11-.
camp borrowed from fr. camp
'field, army' = lat. campus 'field .
— campaign from fr. ca»i-
pa{i)giic 'an open field, a miH-
tary campaign'.
camphor borrowed from fr,
caniphrc = it. canfora, G. kafnpfr,
DU. kanifcr.
can
card
35
can vb. me. oe. can = goth.
/;afi//, OSAX. OHG. kafz G. katm.
The TEUT. vb. hmtian is akin to
keen: the ARYAN y",^^;/ see under
know.
can sb. :me. oe. canne = du. kati
a pot, mug', OHG. kanna g. kan?ie,
ox. kanna, goth. *kannd. The
TEUT. word passed into fr. (ofr.
canne fr. dimin. canette 'a jug).
canary = span, canario 'bird'
= FR. canari\ cp. G. kanarien-
vogel 'canary-bird', dan. canarie-
fitgl, sw. canariefogel, du. kanarie-
vogel 'canary-bird'; so named
after tlie Canary islands.
candle mk. candle candel oe.
candel: early loanword fr. lat.
catidela, whence also it. candela.
Cp. cliandelicj- .
cane :\if. cane: borrowed from
FR. canne = it. canna 'a reed,
a cane', lat. canna.
canker me. cancre late oe.
cancer fr. onfr. cancre (fr.
chancre^ : source lat. cancer,
whence also o. du. hanker org.
kanhir.
canon me. canoun: adapt, of
FR. canon. Source lat. canoti
(gr. y.(i)'(' ii) 'a rule, standard of
right'.
canvas me. can{e)vas (= du.
kanefaSy G. cannevas kanevas, sw.
kanfass, dax. kannevas): borrow-
ed from OXFR. canevas (lat. type
canahacms , deriv. of cannabis
'hemp').
cap MK. cappe oe. cappe 'cloak'
(= OHG. kappa 'cloak' G. kappe.
DU. kap'cdc^''). Source lat. cappa;
ident. with cape^ and cope.
cape^ 'M^.cdpc: borrowed from
ONFR. cape (= IT. lat. cappa 'a
cloak, cape'): ident. with cap.
cape- 'a headland' borrowed
from FR. cap 'cape, headland,
head' = G. kap, it. capo. Source
lat. caput 'head'.
caper from fr. cdpre (= it.
capper 0, DU. kapper, o. kapcr^:
source lat. capparis.
capon ME. cdpoun late OE. (c.
looo) capini fr. oxfr. capon (fr.
chapon') : source I-AT. cappo(nem),
whence also G. kapaun and OHG.
kappo.
captain :me. capitain from fr.
capitaifie (lat. type capitaneus
capitanus, deriv. of lat. caput
'head'). Ident. w. chieftain.
car i\iE. carre (by-form charre) :
borrowed from onfr. carre (fr.
char^. Source LAT. -GALL, carrus
(p.RET. IR. AV. carr^ 'chariot',
whence also it. carro, du. kar,
OHG. charra charro 'cart' G. karre
karrcn.
caraway borrowed from fr.
carvi irr- it. carvi , lat. careuvi
'caraway'; cj). xyv.karioij, G.karl>c.
carbuncle :\rE. carhuclc: bor-
rowed from OXFR. carbuncle car-
boucle (fr. escarboucle; ident. with
it. caroonchio, v>'\:. karbonkel, o.
karbunkeiy. i-.vr. carbunculus 'a
glowing coal, gem, boil', dimin.
of car bo.
card ^ iME. card: borrowed from
fr. carte 'a card, ticket, bill,
:\'
36
car
d2
cashier.
map, chart; ident. with DU.
kaart, G. karte, it. carta. Source
LAT. c{h)arta 'a card, paper'.
card^ ME. carde: adapt, from
FR. carde; ident. with the synon.
DU. kaarde, ohg. charta G. karte,
SPAN, tarda, it. cardo 'a card'.
Source lat. carduus 'a thistle'.
care :me. care oe. cam (cearii)
'sorrow, suffering, grief = OSAX.
OHG. kara 'lament' (g. kar- in
karfreitag 'Good Friday"; mhg. g.
karwoche 'Passion week') = goth.
kara 'sorrow'. A cognate vb.
(meaning 'sigh') is preserved in
OHG. qiicran (goth. *qaira/i).
C\). chary.
carol ME. Carole 'dance, song'
from OFR. Carole 'a kind of dance,
also a carol or Christmas song'.
Of CELT, origin (bret. koroll 'a
dance', Manx carval a carol',
w. carol 'a song', gael. carull
'melody, harmony').
carp :\ie. carpe = du. karper,
OHG. charpho karfo G. katpfen,
ON. karfe, s\v. karp, dan. karpc.
Ident. with late lat. carpa = fr.
carpe, it. span, carpa.
carp vb. ME. rc?;^!'!? carp at, talk,
say : adapt, of on. karpa 'boast,
brag'. The present meaning
is prob. an outgrowth of the
associated idea in lat. carpere
"pluck'.
carpenter me. carpenter: bor-
rowed from ONFR. carpentier (fr.
charpe?ttief'). Source lat. car-
pcittum 'carriage'.
carriage :\ie. carid^e 'burden,
baggage': borrowed from onfr.
cai'iage (fr. charriage), deriv. of
carier = e. carry.
carrion :me. carion caroitie =
DU. karonje) cp. also me. crone,
ODU. kronie: adapt, of onfr.
caroignc (ofr. charoigne = fr.
charogne'); lat. type caronia 'a
carcass' fr. caro 'flesh'.
carry vb. me. carie: adapt, from
onfr. carier (fr. charrier'); lat.
type car r kar e 'carry' (lat. carries
'a cart, car'; cp. car^.
cart me. cart fr. o^.kartr; ident.
w. oe. crcet plur. cratu 'chariot'
= DU. krat 'hind])art of a cart':
of Celt, origin; cp. oiji. cret
'a wain-body.
cartridge with intensive r for
cartidge, a corruption oi cartouche
= FR. cartouche (it. cartoccio
'cartridge', deriv. of lat. cha7'ta
'paper').
carve vb. t^ie. kerve oe. ceorfan
= DU. kerven, G. kerben 'notch,
indent' (goth. '^kairfan, ohg.
'^•k'erban not found). The s" kerf
appears in GR. ytjdrpfo 'scratch,
\>trite'.
case^ ME. cds case: borrowed
from FR. cas (span. it. caso 'cir-
cumstance, chance'). Source
LAT. casus.
case'-^ ME. dice cdsse: adapt,
from ovK.casse FR. caisse; source
LAT. capsa 'box, cover'.
cash from fr. casse. Hence
Cashier sb.
cashier vb. dismiss from ser-
vice' (= G. kassireti): from fr.
casscr 'discharge'.
cask
caution
37
cask borrowed from fr. casque
'a cask, helmet' (= it. casco 'a
helmet').
casket corrupted from fk. cas-
sette "a small casket', dimin. of
FR. casse 'a chest, box'.
cassock: adapt.fromFR.^a^a^?^^
(it. casacca 'an outer coat, span.
casaca 'a great-coat, surtout).
cast vb. ME. caste', a Scand.
loanword; cp. ox. sw. /&(7^A7, dax.
kastc 'throw'.
caste 'a breed, race' = G.kaste,
FR. caste: borrowed from span.
casta 'breed, race, caste'.
castle OiiE. late oe. caste/ (also
]\IE. castf't = ODU. DU. kasteet)
'a castle, village': borrowed (c.
looo) fr. osvv.. castel (pvK. chastel
= FR. chdteaii). Source lat. ca-
stellum.
cat :me. oe. cat (tt): borrowed
from OIR. CORN, cat or from
ONFR. cat (fr. chat') and ident.
with G. katze, on. kgttr, norw.
s w. katta. The word (base catties')
is in use in the Teut. Rom. Celt,
languages; cp. late lat. catta
cattus 'cat'.
catch vb. ME. cacche (with the
earlier by-form c(chen): borrowed
from O'SVK.cac/ier (= fr. chasser,
si> A^. cazar, it. cacciare), whence
also ODU. caetsen 'to chase' du.
kaatsen 'play ball' and mlg. katzen
'play ball'. Source a lat. type
"caj>tiare = captare 'catch'. —
Hence catchpoll me. cacchepol
late OE. ccecepol prop, 'catcher
of poultry' (cp. fr. poiile under
poult) = ONFR. *cac/iepo/ (ofr.
chacepof) ; cp. G. Jmnervogt title
of a tax-gatherer.
cater sb. yuL.catour acatour acha-
toiir 'a buyer of provisions , a
caterer': source oner. rt-^a/^ fr.
achat 'a buying, purchase', whence
FR. acheter. Orig. lat. type
accaptare.
caterpillar earlier form late me.
caterpcl corrupted from ofr.
chatepeleuse 'a weevil' lit. 'a hairy
she-cat': ofr. chate 'a she-cat'
-\- peleuse (lat. pilosus) 'hair}-'. —
caterwaul ime. catcrwawe shows
the E. word cat in an extended
form like caterpillar; me. 7va7C'e
'make a noise' is imitative.
catkin dimin. of cat; cp. G.
kdtzchcn 'catkin'.
cattle ME. cat(l (chatel, whence
E. chattel) : borrowed from oner.
catel (ofr. chatel); source med.-
lat. cap/tale 'capital, i)ro})erty'.
caudle me. caudcl: borrowed
from ONFR. caudel (chaudel = fr.
chaiideaii) 'a warm drink' ; deriv.
of fr. chaud 'hot' (i,Ar. caldus
calidus 'warm').
cause ME. cause: adapt, from
FR. cause (by-form chose) 'a cause,
thing' =^ it. lat. causa.
causeway causey corruption
of causey (due to confusion with
wa}>) MI-:, cause irom onfr. cauce ,
(whence also odu. casseie) =
FR. chaussie: lat. type {inci) "^cal-
ciata 'a paved (way)' fr. calciare
'pave.
caution y\Y..cauciou7i: borrowed
from vv.. caution (rr. cauzioiie) =
lat. cajitio 'caution'.
;il49S
58
cave — champion
cave ME. cave: adapt, from fr.
cave'^. cave' (^IT. cavd)\ source
LAX. cavus 'hollow'.
cease me. cesse ccse: adapt, of
FR. cesser = it. lax. cessai'e.
ceil ciel me. cele selc vb. lit.
'emboss' from an earlier syle cyll
'a canopy': source fr. ciel\ ca-
nopy' (fr. ciel, SPAN. IT. cielo
'heaven, canopy, roof = lat.
avium 'heaven').
cerge :\ie. cerge; adapt, from
FR. ciergc (ix. cero) ; source lax.
cereus 'a wax taper'.
certain me. cert em certain: bor-
rowed from FR. certain (= ix.
certanii) irorm.AT. ce?-tanus, deriv.
of cert us.
chafe ME. elu7u/e \wa.rm : adapt,
of FR. chauffer ; source a LAX.
t}'pe caleficarc {= lax. calefacere')
'make warm'.
chafer me. '^clidfer oE. ceafor:
XEUX. base kafru-; cp. the synon.
DU. kever, ohg. ch'cvaro G. kiifer
(goxh. '^kifra '^'kafrus). Perh.
chaff is cognate.
chaff riiE. chaf oe. ceaf (= du.
LG. kaf^\ akin to oviQ>.cheva 'pod,
husk' and perh. to chafer.
chaffer :\ie. chaff'ere chaffare
earlier chap-fare = OE. c&ap 'a
bargain' ^ faru 'a journey' also
'business'; cp. on. kaupfgr 'a
journey'.
chaffinch prop, 'the chaff-
tinch .
chain sb. :\ie. chaine: borrowed
from FR. chaine ofr. chaine (=
IX. LAX. catena^; ident. with du.
keten, oiiG. chetinna G. kette.
chair me. chaire: adapt, from
FR. chaire (ofr. cha-ere)', source
LAX. cathedra (gr. yM&sdoa) 'a
chair, seat'.
chalice :m£. c(h)alice: borrowed
from OFR. chalice {calice = fr.
calice, ix. calice) : source la r.
cdlic-, stem oi calix 'a cup . From
the same source also oe. cdlic,
OSAX. kelik, DU. kelk, ohg. kelih
G. kelch.
chalk me. chalk oe. cealc 'chalk,
lime' = DU. G. kalk, on. sw.
DAN. kalk: early loanword from
LAT. calc- stem of calx 'lime-
stone, chalk' (whence also fr.
chaux, ir. calce, ir. gael.* cailc,
w. calch lime').
challenge sb. me. chalenge
'claim': adapt, from ofr. chalen-
gier; cp. ix. calogna 'accusation'
^::^'LXt.calumnia 'a slander, false
accusation'.
chamber :\ie. chamnbrc: bor-
rowed from FR. r/z(?w/'r(? ; cp. ir.
camera = lax. ca?nera camara
'a vault, a (vaulted) room';
ident. w. du. kamer, ohg. chamara
G. kammer 'chamber, office'. —
chamberlain me. chaumberlein :
borrowed from ofr. chambrelein
chambrelenc (span, cafftarlengo,
IX. camarlingo ca?nerle>igo) ; ident.
w. :MED.-LAr. camar- ca7nerUngus,
ohg. chamarlinc G. kaf/unerling,
formed with suffix line and lax.
camera.
champion MK.chautnpiowi: bor-
rowed fr. FR. champion (cp. du.
kampioeii). lax. type caynpio, ix.
campione 'a combatant' {cafnpus
chance — chaptei*
39
'a battle, duel'). From the same
st)urce OE. cemj)a, ohg. chcmph{i)o
:NraG. kanpfe, olg. kevipio, ON.
kappi 'warrior, hero'.
chance me. chaunce'. adapt, of
ER. chance (whence also mho.
G.schanze; but du. kaus fr. oxer.
cance): ofr. che-ance, it. cadenza
point to a lat. type cadentia 'a
falling, chance' (esp. in dice-
playing).
chancel me. chauncel'. borrowed
from OFR. chancel \ :med.-lat.6V?//-
cclli plur. a grating, lattice-work',
whence ohg. cancel/a chanzclla g.
kanzel'\i\A\n'Cy du. hansel. — chan-
cellor :me. chauncelfr chaimseler:
borrowed from Y\<.chancelier (lat.
type cancellar'nis 'a chancellor',
orig. 'an officer near the screen
before the judge's bench', deriv.
( )f LAT. cancellus 'grating ). Ident.
w. ohg. chanciliwi :\ihg. kanzelcere
G. kanzler, du. kanselier, dan. sw.
kansler, ICEL. kanzcllari. — chan-
cery ME. chauncerie earlier chaiui-
cclleric: adai)t. of Y'^.chancellerie
(ident. w. it. cancellerla, du.
kanselarij, G. kanzlei, dan. can-
ce Hi, s\v. kansli).
chandelier from er. chandelier
= span, candelero, it. candelliere)
LAT. type candelarius also in
DU. kandelaar; cp. candle. —
chandler me. chaundcler; loan-
word fr. ER. chandelier 'a candle-
maker, candle-stick' = it. cande-
lajo: LAT. type candelarius.
change vh.yiK.ehaun^'e: adapt.
fromER. changer (^=sv>A'S.canil>iar,
IT. cantl'iare cangiare)', source
LAT. catnbiare 'change, exchange'.
channel me. chanelle: adapt.
from OER. chanel; ident. w. e.
canal {= ER. SPAN, canal, IT.
canale, T)\:.kanaal, G. s\v. hanal).
chant vb. me. chaunte: adapt.
from FR. chanter {= span, cantar,
IT. LAT. cantar e 'sing').
chap vb. me. chappe 'cut, chop'
' = :mdu. DU. happen, dan. kappe,
sw. kappa.
chapel ME. chapele: borrowed
from ER. chapelle {= it. lat.
capclla, ohg. kapella G. kapelle,
[ DU. DAN. kapel, sw. kapell). lat.
' capella (dimin. of capa^ signified
I 'a cape'; the chapel itself wiiere
i the cloak of St. Martin and other
i relics were preserved lirst ob-
tained the name capella; then
from the 7 '^ cent, the use of
j the word became general. Cp.
I cape.
ch.Si'pldCin MV..chapelein: borrow-
j cd from fr. chapelain {= span.
j capellan, it. capellano, med.-lat.
capcllanus, orig. 'the priest guard-
ing the cloak of St. INIartin').
Cp. .MHG. kapelldn G. kaplan,
DU. kapelaan, dan. sw. kapellan.
chapman me. chap?nan 'a mer-
cViant' shortened for OE. ccap-
vian ^= du. koopvian, ohg. chouf-
7nan G. kaufmann. For OE. C(ap
'bargain, trade' cp. cheap.
chapter me. chapitre: adapt,
of FR. chapitre = lat. capitu-
lutn 'a chapter of a book',
whence also G. kapitel 'ciiapter
of a book'.
40
char — cheek
char vb. me. cherre OE. cyrran
wk. vb. turn': teut. base karrjan
or karzjanl See ajar.
charge vb. me. charge; adapt,
of FR. charger (it. caricare, med.-
'LX'X.carricare 'load a car) ; deriv.
of LAT. carries ^= car. — charge
sb. ME. charge: adapt, from fr.
charge (it. caricd) 'a load'.
chariot me. chariot: borrowed
from FR. chariot, dimin. of char
'a car'.
charity me. charite (cherite) : bor-
rowed from FR. charifd (it. carita
= LAT. caritatevi).
charm me. channc: borrowed
from I'R. charme 'an enchant-
ment'; source lat. cart/ien 'a
song, enchantment'.
chart ident. w. g. karie^ DU.
kaart\ borrowed from fr. charte;
source lat. charta. — charter
me. chartrc charter: adapt, of
FR. chartrc 'a charter' (lat.
chartula 'a little paper'),
chary :\ie. chdri oe. ccarii
'full of care , sad' ^ OSAX.
OHG. karag (Heliand modkarag
'sad') 'full of care' G. karg 'slow
to give'. Cp. care.
chase vb. :\ie. chdce chase: bor-
rowed from FR. chasser (Picard.
cachier see under catcJi); lat.
type captiare. — chase me.
chdce chase: adapt, from fr.
chasse = it. caccia 'chase'.
chaste me. chaste: borrowed
from FR. cJiaste (it. casto = lat.
castus chaste). — chaste vb.
'chastise' me. ^//^^i•//l? also chasty:
adapt, of OFR. chastier = fr.
chdtier {= span, castigar , rr.
lat. castigare) ; ident. w. G.
kasteien, ODU. castmi. — chastise
vb. ME. chastise for the shorter
chastie 'chasten'; see chaste vb.
chattel ]ME. chatel chetel, ident.
w. cattle: source ofr. chatel.
chatter vb. me. chat(e)re (chitere)
'chatter', an imitative word.
chaudron 'entrails' : borrowed
from OFR. chaudim cauldun', ident.
w. G. kaldaimen. The synon.
IT. caldtime , Sicilian qiiadiwii.
Cat. escaldimis point to vulgar
LAT. *cahiih?ie?i.
cheap ME. chep 'trade, barter,
price' OE. cc'ap 'price' = aSAX.
kop , DU. hoop , OHG. hou/ G.
;^<a:/^ 'trade, traffic'; source lat.
caupo 'huckster'.
cheat vb. ME. chete short for
eschete 'escheat'. The meaning
'defraud' was ushered in in the
1 6"' cent, on account of the
unscrupulousness of the eschea-
ters. Cp. escheat.
checker sb. me. cheker chekker{e)
'a chess-board' short for eschekcr
'the exchequer : loanword from
OFR. eschcquier eschakier 'a chess-
board, exchequer' = fr. ichiquicr
{= IT. scacchiere , med. - lat.
sca(c)cariiLni).
cheek me. cheke oe. ceoce: teut.
base keukon also in ofris. tziake
'jaw-bone' (modern soke^ ; akin to
GOTH, kukjan = eastfris. kukken
'kiss'. But ME. chckc cheke OE. cectce
'jaw-bone' may also point to
v>\:.kaak ODU. cake 'cheek': teut.
base kdkoii- kekon- ; cp. mlg.
cheer — chimney
41
kake (fr. '"kakd) and kcke (fr.
"^keokii) 'gums, jaw-bone'.
cheer sb. me. cherc: adapt, ot
FR. chcrc (whence it. cera),
cheese 'Mv..chese OY..ccse{cys:)^=i
DU. kaas, OSAX. ohg. kasi G. kdse :
early loanword from lat. caseus
(whence also it. cascio, span.
qucso and oiR. caise).
cherish vb. ]me. cherisshc: adapt.
oiv&.chcriss-, stem of some parts
of tV/t'r/r 'hold dear'; source fr.
cher = LAT. cants 'dear'.
cherry me. chery in comp.
cherc- c/iiri- (plur. cherys c/ieries
chiries), a new sing-, developed
from the supposed plur. ~cheris
"^chiris OE. ciris cyrs = ohg.
kirsa G. kirsche. Source lat.
ccrasus , whence the corresp.
Rom. group it. ciriega, fr. cerise
from a vulgar lat. type cercsia.
chess ME. ches(s)e\ borrowed
from OER. eschcc's chess' prop,
the plur. of cschcc 'check' (iT.
scacco, G. schach , dl". schaa/i).
Source pers. shah 'kinti:'.
chest ME. chesic (chiste) oe.
cest (ciste) = du. kist, ohg. chista
G. kistc , ox. SAV. hisfa , dan,
h/sfc. Source lat. c/s/a (gr.
•/.(6nf) a b(jx .
chestnut me. chestcin chastciti
'chestnut': loanword from ofr.
chastiiigiic =- FR. chataignc and
ident. with ohg. kcstiniia g.
kixstanie , nu. kastanjc. Source
LAT. castanea.
chew vb. :me. chave oe. ceowan
=^ i)U. kamven, mlg. keuwen,
ohg. k'nnvan G. kauen. A pre-
TEUT. glw cp. ii\ oslov. zivq
zii'nti 'chew'.
chich 'a dwarf pea' me. (r/z?V//<':
borrowed from fr. chiche 'chick-
pea' (^ ir. cece, span, chicharo,
ohg. kichurra G. kichcr~). Source
LAT. ciccr.
chicken short for me. chike oe.
cyccn plur. cycmi = du. keuken
kieken, g. dial, kiichen kilchlein.
TELTT. base kiukina- is perh.
traceable to oe. cocc ^ cock.
chicory ident. w. du. chikorci,
G. dehor ie, dan. cikoric\ adapt,
of FR. chicorie ^= if. cicorea,
LAT. cichoritun ?
chide vb. .ME. chide oe. cidau
'chide, brawl' : teut. base kidjaii.
chief MK. chef: borrowed from
]-T<. chef = SPAN, cabo, it. capo ;
source lat. capttt 'head'. — ^
chieftain me. chcvctain cheve-
tein: borrowed from ofr. cheve-
tai/ie ^= iMi<:i).-LAT. capiUmus ; ident.
w. captain.
child -ME. child (plur. childre)
OE. ci/d (plur. ciidrii) : feut.
base kilpiz- kelpaz-, not found
elsewhere; but perh. akin to
GOTH, inkilpo 'pregnant'.
chill ME. chile oe. cyle ccle fr.
a TEUT. h;va(i kali-; forthe\^/\//
cp. cool and cold.
chime me. chimbe orig. 'cymbal',
short for orig. cimble OE. cim-
bal[a) : from LAT. cymbalum 'a
cymbal'.
chimney yiv..chimnee earlier r//^-
mcne: lf)anword from fr. chemine'c
= IT. camtiiiiiata, onv..cheminata;
42
chin
churl
akin to G. kamin. Source lat.
ciwiitms 'hearth'.
chin :me. c/ii/i oe. ci/i = osax.
OHG. kinni G. ki/in, DU. kin. The
older meaning 'clieek' cp. in
GOTH, kinnus 'cheek'. For a pre-
TEUT. base genu- cp. gr. yivvq
'chin, jaw, jaw-bone', yei'Stdc f.
'chin, beard'; lat. gcna 'cheek'
{lientes gcnuini 'molar teeth') ; IR.
gin 'mouth'; skr. liann-s 'jaw',
/iana7'ya 'jaw-bone'.
chine me. chine : adapted from
ofr. cschine = fr. h-hine, which
with IT. sc/iicna 'the chine, back-
bone' is traced to OHG. skina
'tlie sliin-bone' G. schicnc 'shin,
shin-bone, splint'; cj). shin.
chip vb. :\IE. chippc 'cut into
small pieces' =. DU. G. kippen
"hatch out'.
chirp vb. ME. chirpc {cliirkc) :
an onomatopoetic word.
chisel sb. :\rE. chisel: borrowed
from ofr. cisel = fr. ciscaii
(it. cesello = imed.-lat. sciseluni)
'a chisel'; prob. ult. connected
with scindere.
chivalry ME. chivalric: loanword
from FR. chcvalcrie (deriv. of
cheval from lat. caballns 'a
horse').
choice ME. chois(e) : borrowed
fr. OFR. chois fr. choix 'a choice'.
TheFK.vh.choisir 'choose' points
to a TEUT. kaiisjan\ cp. choose.
choir earlier qim-e me. qitcr :
borrowed from fr. chocur 'the
choir of a church, a trouj) of
singers': source lat. chorus 'a
band of singers'.
choke :\IE. choke; older by-form
ME. a-chcke OE. a-ceocian ? Phono-
logy and etymology doubtful.
choler ^ie. choler: borrowed
from FR. colere (= it. collera,
LAT. cholera 'bile').
choose vb. older chiise with
t)bscure phonology , but ME.
chese OE. ceosan 'choose =
OS AX. OHG. kiosan g. kiesen, DU.
kiezen, on. kjdsa, goth. kiusan:
TEUT. Y^/v/j- from pre-TEUT. Y"^?^J
in LAT. gus-tus — gus-tare, gr.
fivio for ysvaw ', skr. \r Jus
'choose, like'. The teut. facti-
tive /&«//.?/«// (cp. choice) appears
in Slav, kusiti. *
chop vb. :\IE. choppe (chappe)
'cut uj), strike off"; akin to DU.
G. happen 'cut, lop'.
chord cord fr. lat. chorda.
Christmas shortened for ME.
Christesmasse OE. Crislesmcssseprop.
'the mass of Christ'.
chronicle me. cronicle with the
by-form cronikc (but late OE.
cranic): i\ova.Y^.chronique\ ident.
w. DU. krofiijk, LAF. chronica.
church ]\[E. chirche OE. cyrcecirce
older cirice = OSAX. kirika, DU.
kerk, OHG. kiricha G. -^/;r^''church'.
As shown by the E. palatalization
and by the G. ch in kiricha, the
word must have existed in the
5"' cent. ; but a goth. '^kyreiko
'church' is unrecorded. Source
GR. y,v^iuy.6v (not found in lat.
nor in the Rom. languages).
churl ME. cherl oe. ceorl 'a
churl' = DU. kerel, :mlg. ker/e LG.
G. kcrl: TEUT. base kerla-. With
churn
clean
43
different vowel ON. kat'l 'old-
man', OHG. karal :\mG. karl 'man,
luisband, lover'; hence the G.
proper name Karl (lat. Karolus,
i-R. E. Charles).
churn •ih. my., chime o^. cyrne\
tlie corresp. vb. chtirn is me.
ehirtie OE. cyrnan from a teut.
base kirnjan = ox. kirfia, DU.
LG. keriicn karneii 'make butter'
and the 'vessel for making butter',
is ox. hinia, DU. kur/i, LG. huttcr-
kerne. Source a teut. base
kerna- 'cream' in G. (pro v.) kern,
ICEL. kjarna 'cream'.
cider .me. sider cider : from fr.
cidrc {= IT. cidro, SPAX. sidra;
source lat. sicerd).
cigar = FR. ci^are, spax. it.
cinder sb. .me. cinder sinder OE.
sindcr 'dross of iron' ^ ox. .wWr
'slag or dross from a forge', DU.
j7/?/'^'/jr 'cinders, goke', onG. sintar
G. sinter 'dross of iron, scale'.
cipher sb. me. ciphre (= du.
<-''Jf^f' f Ci« -s/^/t;') : loanword fr.
OFR. ^{/"r^ FR. ciffre, spax. ^/y'/'rt',
ir. cif{e)ra.
cite borrowed from fr. citer
::= LAT. tvV^r^' (deriv. of lat.
citus 'quick'?).
citizen me. citesein formed after
MK. denizein (cp. denizen) ; the
earlier me. citeyai is an adaj)!. of
OKR. citeieti (fr. citoyen). — city !
ME. cite: loanword from fr. citL \
Source lap. cizntatem. I
clack vb. :\IF.. clacke = du. '
klakken 'clack, crack'; akin to \
FR. claquer 'clap in applause'. I
claim vb. :\ie. claivte cleifne :
borrowed fr. ofr. claimer cleimer
(source lat. clamare = it. chia-
tnare 'call, name, send for').
clamp sb. after :mdu. klampe DU.
klamp, LG. klampe] akin to mhg.
klimpfen 'draw, press'.
clan sb. borrowed from GAEL.
clann = IR. chvin oir. eland
'children'.
clap vb. yiY.clappe ov..cl(rppian}
= DU. klappen , lg. klappen
(whence G. klappeii), ono.klaphon
G. klaffen.
clasp :\IE. claspe, prob. akin to
clap and OE. clyppan 'embrace'.
clatter vb. .me. clatere OE.
""clatorian (inferred from the
verbal noun clatrung 'a clatter-
ing') ; akin to DU. klateren
'rattle'.
claw sb. :me. claive (by-form cl()
OE. dawn (b}'-form eltja eh'd) =
OSAX. klawa, DU. klaau7v, ohg.
klazva chloa mhg. khhve kid: a
goth. ''^klhva f. is probable,
though ox. kid seems to point
to *kld7iia. Prc-TEUT. \'^glu.
clay ME. clai OE. clcei = du.
LG. klei -^ akin to OE. cldni 'clay'
E. (dial.) eloam 'earthenware ,
OHG. klei^nen, scaxd. kleitna klina
'besmear'. Outside of teut.,
OR. yXoi : y'u in yXoinq 'sticky
oil'.
clean me. clc?ie [dene) oe. clcine
= o.sax. kleni, du. kleen klein,
OHG. kleini 'i)retty' g. klein 'small'
(GO\:n.* klai-ni- is wanting). The
nasal belongs to the suffix. For
44
clear —
cloister
the root syll. cp. gr. yXoiOi^ 'fat
oil'. — Hence cleanse for me.
dense OY.. clcknsian 'make clean':
a causative vb. with formative -s.
clear me. cler: borrowed from
OFR. cler = FR. clair (span, claro,
ir. chiaro from lat. clams).
cleave ^ vb. 'adhere' me. clcve
OE. cleofian ^ OSAX. klibon, DU.
kleven, ohg. klcbcii o. kleben
adhere'; goth. '^klibon not
recorded, teut. \^ klib.
cleave- vb. 'split' me. cUve oe.
cuofau = OSAX. cUoban *cluban,
DU. klovcn, OHG. kl'wban chliuban
G. klieben: teut. \' kltib : kleiib
oogn. w. GR. yXv(fhiv 'hollow out',
perh. also w. lat. gltiberc 'peel'.
cleft ME. clift OE. "^clyft = OHG.
G. kliift\ from the teut. \f klub\
cp. cleave'^.
clergy me. dermic: borrowed
from OFR. clergie = fr. clergi
(lat. type clericatus). — clerk
:me. clerk late oe. clerc cleric {=
DU. klerk, fr. clerc) ; source lat.
clcricus.
clevernot yet found in Shakesp.,
a recent word, perh. developed
from :\IE. deliver 'agile , nimble,
lively' (from ofr. delivre 'prompt,
alert'). Or cogn. w. lg. kluftig
\vise, clever', du. kluftigl
clew sb. iiE. clewc oe. cleowen
clizi'cn 'clew' = DU. kluzaen: teut.
base kliujina-: dimin. of a shorter
base kliujo- = ohg. kliiiwa (g.
kiuiucl) 'clew'.
cliff me. clif (clcve) oe. clif
(plur. cleofii) ^= on. osax. du.
klif 'a cliflf, rock'; cp. G. DAN.
klippe, perh. akin to on. klifa =
c limb}
climb vb. :me. clitnbe oe. climban
= DU. klimmen, ohg. klijuhan
G. klifnmen. The nasal was orig.
a formative of the pres. tense
as seen by on. klifa, me. clvi'c
'climb'. The teut. v'^M^ (cp.
cliff) may be found in cleave^
and cling.
clinch vl). ME. clenche oe. *^/f«-
cean = OHG. mhg. klenken 'knot
together'.
cling vb. :me. clinge oe. clingan;
akin to sw. kldnga 'climb', dan.
klynge sig 'adhere to , climb'.
\fkling =^ \'^klifnbl Cp. climb.
clip ^ vb. 'embrace' (Shakesp.)
iSiE. clippe OE. clyppan. Akin to
ohg. klaftra g. klafter 'fathom'.
clip- vb. 'cut, shear' me. clippe:
borrowed from on. sw. klippa
'clip, cut'.
cloak by-form cloke me. clgkc:
borrowed from OFR. cloke cloqitc
'a cloak'.
clock me. clokke: prob. borrow-
ed from o^vv^.clocke (Y^.cloche)\
ident. w. OY^.clugge {cluccel), du.
klok, OHG. glocka G. glocke, on.
klukka. The rom.-teut. r^^<^<^
is of CELT, origin; cp. CVMR.
clock, OTR. doc (OCELT. klltkko) \
OE. ducge.
clod :me. clodde; a var. of ^/^/.
clog ME. clogge 'a lump, block'.
cloister me. doistre: borrowed
from OFR. doistre = fr. doitre
(span, daustra , rr. chiostro).
Source ^ied. - lat. daustnim,
close — clutch
45
whence also ohg. klostar G.
kloster.
close ME. close : borrowed from
the OFR. part, r/os = lat. clatisus
(oKR. clore = LAT. claudere). —
closet ME. closet from fr. closet
(dimin. of OFR. clos 'a close').
clot ME. clotte (also clodde, see
clod) OE. *clott = MHO. klotz
(gen. kloizes) G. klotz.
clotbur, clote me. dote oe. date:
TELT. base klaiton-, cogn. w. the
equiv. oE. elide, G. klette.
cloth shortened for me. cloth
OE. clcip (oE. cildcldp 'swaddling
clothes) = DU. kleed, g. kleid\
TEUr. base klaipa. — clothe
vb. ME. clothe (clfde) oe. clddian
{cld'dati).
cloud wxi.cloude'. scarcely ident.
with oi<;. chid = ME. cloud 'a
mass of rock, a hill'; source and
history quite unknown.
c\outMK/''doi/t OE.cMt (whence
ox. klicti') , ident. with w. clwt,
IR. nAEi>. dud, MANX clooidl
clove ^ ME. clove cloztie: borrowed
from OFR. do fr, clou 'a nail';
cp. SPAN, claz'o 'a nail' also 'a
clove' fr. LAT. clavus 'a nail'.
clove '"^ VlY.. clove oe.cIu/c' clove
(csj). of garlic), in compounds
dufpung crowfoot' — dufivyrt
'buttercup' (cp. OHG. chloblouh
klo/olouh klovolouh = G. knoblauch,
or. knoflook 'garlic' with -n by
dissimilation). The orig. meaning
appears in ohg. klobo G. klohen
'a s))lit stick'.
clover ME. clover {cld'cr') OE.
cldfre {clcefre) = DU. klavcr\ cp.
LG. klcver (and khivet-). A shorter
and more primit. form is ohg.
kleo (gen. klewes') G, klee: base
klaiw-. The formation of OSAX.
*kld>ara = OE. cld/rc looks like
a compound, the second ele-
ment of which is unknown.
clown borrowed from ICEL.
klunni 'a clumsy, boorish fellow ;
sw. dial, klunn 'a log* — klu/is
'a clownish fellow', dan. klu/it
'a log'?
club ME. dubbe : borrowed from
ON. klubba, by-form of ON. klumba
'a club'. — The meaning 'asso-
ciation of persons' is a mod.
application of a clump of people.
cluck vb. ^rE. clucke clokke OE.
doccian (^ducciaii) = du. klokken,
MH(i. klucken {gluckeii) G.glucken.
The TEUT. group is onomato-
poetic like lat. glocire , gr.
yXiotiiv cluck as a hen'.
clumsy adj. earlier clumse ME.
dumsed 'benumbed' : orig, part,
of ME. (r/?/wi'c 'benumb': of scand.
origin; cp. s\v'. (dial.) klumviseii
benuml^ed', akin to du. kleuvisch
'numb with cold'.
cluster ME. duster o\-.. cluster
(clyster) = lg. klustcr: akin to
LG. (Hannover) klunder 'cluster
of berries or fruit' and (Dit-
marsch) klus 'cluster, graj)es ,
DAN. klyiige 'cluster'.
clutch ME. clucchc; connected
with cloche 'a claw'. The older
ME. form is cUchenl
46
coach
cole
coach borrowed from fr. coche:
a mod. common europ. word
from HUNG, koszi Svagon from
the Hung, town Koszi'; cp. span.
coche, IT. cocchlo, G. kutsche.
coal :\IE. cole and col OE. col
= DU. kool , OHG. kolo m. —
kol n. G.kohlc, ON. /Cv/ n. plur. ;
orig. 'a burning coar; cp. skk.
jz'al 'l)urn bright, flame'. — coal-
mouse, also colemouse me.
col-7)wse OE. cobnasc (= DU. kool-
viees, G. kohlnieise) ; prop, 'coal-
tit' on account of its black head;
from col 'coal' ^- vidse :\IE. vwse
= G. ineisc, on. mcisijigr, whence
FR. misange 'tit-lark'.
coast MV..cost{e): borrowed from
OFR. coste (whence also du. kuste
= G. kiiste) = FR. cote (ir. costa,
MED.-LAT. costa 'coast').
coat ME. cote: borrowed from
OFR. cote = FR. cotte (= span.
cota, IT. cotta 'a coat'). Source
a TEUT. kotta- in ohg. chozzo
MHG. kotze 'a coarse woolen
mantle'. Cp. cot and ^61/6'.
cock ME. cock OE. cfi; ^f^" (perh.
cogn. w. chickeii) = ON. kokkr,
DAN. yCv/C'; ident. w. FR. ^t*!/;
perh. of imitative origin. History
unknown (earliest reference lat.
coccus in Lex Salica).
cockle ME. cokel cokkel oe. cocel
cocccl tares' borrowed from IR.
cogal 'corn-cockle' (= GAEL.
cogall 'tares, cockle) ?
cod 'husk, shell' ME. cod coddc
OE. codd'ba.g = ON. kodde 'pillow',
sw. kndde 'cushion', DU. kodde
'bag'.
coffee = DU. koffj, g. kaff'ee:
borrowed from Turk. qahweJi r=
ARAB. qaJnveh 'coffee'.
coffer ME. cofre: borrowed from
FR. coffre (whence du. g. koffei-).
Source LAT. cophinus, gr. -/.orpivo^
'a basket'. From the same source
also coffin me. coffin', borrowed
from OFR. cofin {= span, cofin,
IT. cofand).
cog ME. cogge = sw. cugge'i
prob. of CELT, origin, cp. GAEL.
IR. cog, AV. cocas 'a cog'?
coif ME. coif: borrowed from
FR. coiffe from med.-lat.' t-^yfrt-
cof{e)a\ akin to mhg. kiiffc ohg.
chuppa from ohg. chuph G. kopf.
Cp. cup.
coil vb. borrowed from OFR.
coillir ■= FR. cueillir 'collect'
(lai". colligcrc 'gather together).
coin ME. coin: borrowed from
FR. coin 'wedge' (ofr. coin 'wedge,
stamj) upon a coin, a coin').
Source LAT. cuncus 'wedge'.
cold 2iiE. cold OE. cdld (ccald)
= GOTH, kalds, ON. kaldr, OSAX.
kald, OHG. (\.kalt, DU. koud: an old
partic. formation iw lat. -tus,
SKR. -ta-s (goth. d from Aryan
t, cp. old, loud, dead etc.).
A TEUT. verbal \^kal cp. in OE.
calan, on. /^i?/i« 'freeze ; a corresp.
Aryan \'^ gel is seen in lat. gelit
'the cold' and gelidus 'cold'. Cp.
chill and cool.
cole 'cabbage' me. col fr. oner.
col ^ FR. chou; the me. by-form
collier — cornet
47
caicl = OE. cdwl from lat. cauletn
{caiclis). Cp. OHG. kol G. kohl.
collier me. colidr: deriv. of coal
^vith -icr as in lawyer.
collop :mf.. colopes : ident. with
SWKIJ. kalops, G. klops\ source lg.
kloppcii (g, klopfeii) 'beat'?
color ME. colour from ofr. colour
= EK. couleur (lat. color -C7ii).
colt :mk. oe. <:(^// 'a young ass';
peril, akin to skk. gar^laMa'^ass?
comb sh. ME. coml> OE. cdml>
'comb, crest' = G. kamm, DU.
UAN. sw. /'«/// : TEUT. base kamba-
from an Aryan gonihho- in gk.
j'o'/if/oc 'p^d' (/'«.« 7'^' pw), SKR.
Jamb ha 'jaw, teeth'.
come vb. me. r^w^ oe. cumaii
= DU. kotnen, OSAX. kuman, ohg.
komdii G. kofmiie/i, ox. koma; cp.
GOTH, qhnan: a common teut.
str. vb. kuman (fcman fr. an Aryan
\fgC7n in SKR. ^'^^?/«, or. ^amo,
LAT. f^tvwV? (for *gvemio).
comely mk. cu7AU coinly o^.cjmllc
'line, handsome'; cogn. w'. ohg.
^/?;///^'- 'delicate, weak' and G.kaui/i
'hardly'.
cony sb. ME. co/ii earlier coning
'rabbit': adapt, from ofr. connin,
whence also du. konijn, g. kanin-
chcn. Source lat. cuniculus (ofr.
conil) in a by-form cuninus.
cook sb. ME. <r(5i/' OE. r<?V: loan-
word fr, J.XT.coquus, whence ohg.
(t. koch and it. cuoco, ofr. qucux.
~ The vb. cook ME. coke is
derived from the sb. bv in-
fluence of LAT. coqucre {= G.
kochcn, DU. koken'), whence also
FK. cuirc 'cook'..
cool ME. OE. Cpl = LG. kol, DU.
kocl, OHG. kuoli G. liflhl: TEUT.
base kblu- from the teut. \f kal
kol under cold. Deriv. keel.
coot 'a bird' me. coic oe. ^cpt(a)
= DU. /v6'/ 'coot'.
cope vb. 'vie with, match' orig.
'bargain or chaffer with': a loan-
word fr. \>v..koopen 'buy', cogn. w.
OE. ccapian 'cheapen' from oe.
ccap 'bargain'. Cp. cheap.
copper me. coper oe. copor:
borrowed from vulgar lat. cup-
ruin copper' (orig. cupriu7n aes
'Cyprian brass'). From the same
source ohg. kupfar G. kupfer,
DU. koper and fr. cuivre. —
copperas me. coper ose from ofr.
coperosc = rr. copparosa, lat.
cupri rosa lit. 'copper-rose'.
copse earlier coppice contr. of
OFR. copciz derived from OFR.
coper (fr. couper) 'cut'.
cork = G. DAN. sw. kork,
DU. kurk: borrowed from spax.
corcho 'cork' = lat. cortice77i
(cortex) 'bark'.
corn^ 'grain' :\ie. of;, corn =
DU. koren, G, ON. dan. sw. kor/i,
GOTH, kaiirn: teut. kor/ia- =
pre-TEUT. base gnio- cogn. w.
lat. grdnu7n, russ. zcr/io.
corn-' a hard excrescence on
toe or foot': borrowed from fr.
co/'7ic (= LAT. cor7in 'horn').
corner me. cor/ier: borrowed
fr. MED. -LAT. cor7icria 'corner,
angle' (lat. cor/iu 'horn').
cornet :me. cor7iet corneite'ii horn' :
borrowed fr. FR. cornet cor/ictlc,
dimin. of FR. cor7ie 'a horn'.
48
cornice — country
cornice a loanword from ofr.
cornice fr. it. cornice 'a cornice,
border, ledge' (lat. type comix
'a border' contr. of med. - lat.
coronix a square frame ).
corps :\IE. corps: a loanword
from FR. corps cors from lat.
corpus.
corpse :me. corps: borrowed
from OFR. corps cors ■= laT.
corpus.
corset dimin. of :me. cors 'a
body'; cp. corpse. — corslet
corselet: a loanword fr. fr. corse-
let , dimin. of ofr. cors with
suffix -ct.
cost vb. :n[E. coste: borrowed
fr. OFR. coster {= fr. coutcr,
LAI", constare), whence also DU. G.
kosten.
costume me. custdme (and
custome): adapt, fr. ofr. costufne
FR. coiitume =^ IT. costutne (med.-
LAT. costuma = lat. consuctu-
dineni). Cp. custom.
cot ME. OE. cot = LG. DU. ON.
G. kot 'hut': TEUT. base Jmta-.
cote (in comp. dove-cote, sheep-
cot'-) j\iE. cote OE. cot = G. kote.
The TEUT. word passed into
SLAV. (oSLOV. /v/zV/ 'cella'). Akin
to cot.
cottage ME. cotage fr. ofr. co-
tage: deriv. of TEUT. kota- under
cot and cote.
cotton ME. cotoun : a loanword
fr. FR. coton =■ rr. cotone : source
AK.VH. qoton 'cotton.
couch vb. ME. couche: adapt,
fr. FR. couchcr (earlier colcher
= IT. colcare) fr. lat. collocare.
couch-grass sb.; see quitch-
grass.
cough ME. coughe (oe. cohhcttan)
= DU. kugchen, mhg. kitchen.
council adapt, fr. fr. concile
'a council, an assembly, session'
from lat. concilium 'an assembly
called together'. — counsel
jME. conseil counseil: loanword tr.
FR. conseil (lat. consiliuvi 'deli-
beration').
count sb. (:me. ^counte is not
recorded, but inferred fr. me.
countesse K. countess) loanword fr.
FR. con/te 'a count, an earl'.
Source lat. comiteni (comes) 'a
companion, a count'. «
count vb. ME. countc: borrowed
fr. FR. conter (source lat. co77i-
putare compute, reckon).
countenance :me. countenaunce :
loanword fr. ofr. contenance 'be-
havior, carriage' (lat. contincntia
'abstinence ).
counter 'contrary' fr. fr. contre
= LAI', contra 'against'.
counterfeit :^ie. 'counterfeit :
borrowed fr. ofr. contrefait, part,
of contrefaire 'imitate'.
counterpane 'a coverlet for a
bed' earlier counterpoint: loan-
word fr. OFR. contrepoinct 'the
quilting stitch'; prop, connected
with OVK. contr epoincter 'quilt'; con-
trepoinct 'm a corruption oi contre-
poinct coiitepoint 'a counterj)ane'
(source lat. culcita puncta 'a
stitched quilt').
country me. cuntrc contre:
loanword fr. FR. contrie {= it.
contr ada). Source MED. - lat.
county — crab '
49
(■ontrata derived fr. lat. contra
(Cp. c;. gege/id from gegeri).
county :me. countc: borrowed
fr. OKK. lonti 'county' (deriv. of
FR. conitc = count sb.).
couple ME. couple', adapt, fr.
FR. couple {= LAT. copuhi) 'a
bond, band'.
courage .me. cordge: adapt, fr.
FR. courage (lat. type coraticuni).
court ME. curt: borrowed fr.
OFR. curt cort (source lat. cortis
'a court-yard, palace'). — Hence
courteous transformed fr. me.
rurtcis — - OFR. cortcis fr. courtois.
cousin ME. cosin cousin: adaj)t.
fr. FR. cousin (iiED.-LAT. cosinus
for LAi". consobrinus 'a cousin).
cove ME. ah'e O'E. co/a 'a chamber,
<;avc' = ON. koji 'Imt'. goth.
''kuban- is wanting.
covenant yiv..convenant covenant:
loanword fr. FR. convcnant cove-
najit\ne?>. part, oi couT'cnir 'agree .
cover vb. aie. covere: borrowed
fr. OFR. covrir cueuvrir Yv^.couvrir.
Source LAT. cooperire 'cover.
covet vb. :me. cuveite: adapt,
fr. oi'R. cuveiter covoitcr = fr.
convoitcr (Lat. type *cupitiitare
desire').
covey borrowed fr. OFR. covde
= FR. cou7'i'e 'a covey of par-
tridges', pro]), part, of fr. couver
hatch' ^^source LAi'. cubare lie
down).
cow sb. ME. cu (plur. kie kye)
(JE. cii (i)lur. cy) = ON. kyr,
l)U. koe, MLG. ko, OHG. MHG. kuo
G. kuh : TEUT. base ko- 'cow'
English Etymology.
from an Aryan stem gow- (go-)
in SKR. gaus (ace. gam) , gr.
/^or^ (stem jt?o/), LAT. bos.
CO'W vb. (me. *cou7cie earlier
*ciigen are unrecorded) : loan-
word fr. SCAND. kuga 'cow, tyran-
nize over' = DAN. kue 'cow', sw.
kufva 'check, curb'.
coward :me. couanl coward:
borrowed fr. ofr. couard coart
coard = IT. codardo (formed
with suffix -ard and ofr. coe fr.
queue = LAT. cauda 'tail').
cow^er vb. me. coure: borrowed
fr. ON. kilra (sw. kura , DAN.
kure^ 'lie quiet, rest'.
cowP a monk's hood, a cap,
hood' ME. coucl earlier cuivcl
OE. cugle a cowl' (= mhg. kuget) :
loanword fr. LAT. cucullus 'hood .
cowl- "a vessel carried on a
pole': borrowed fr. ofr. ctwel
= FR. cuveau, prop, 'a little
tub' (source LAT. cupa 'a vat,
butt').
cowslip OE. ciislyppt cilsloppe.
coxcomb corrupted fr. cock's
comb 'cock's crest'. Cp. cock
and comb.
coxswain, cockswain 'steersman
of a boat' from cock 'a boat'
and S7vain 'the person in com-
mand of the boat".
coy: adapted fr. ofr. m (coit).
Source lat. quietus 'quiet, still'.
cozen vb. 'Hatter, beguile':
adapt, fr. FR. cousiner 'call cousin,
sponge' fr. FR. (Tt^WiV//. Cp. cousin.
crab ^ ME. crabbc oe. crabba
= ON. krabbi, sw. krabba, dan.
4
50
cracK
cream
krabbe, DU. krab, mlg. krabbe
(whence G. krabbe) : akin to
OHG. krcba"!^ = G. krebs fr. crabe
fr. TEUT. — Ident. w. crab- 'a
kind of apple' me. crabbe; a
Scand. loanword; ciu'i.w. krabb-
dple. — crabbed 'peevish, cramp-
ed'; perh. fr. ciab^.
crack vb. me. crake krake oe.
era dan = du. kraken^ ohg. kra-
chon chrahhbn G. krachen : teut.
sf krak fr. pre-TEUT. g!'g\ cp.
SKR. grg 'rustle, crackle'.
cracknel formerly crakenel cor-
rupted fr. FR. craqiielin 'a crack-
nel'.
cradle me. cradel oe. cradol:
a Celt, loanword, cp. IR. craidhal,
GAEL, creat/iairst. cradle, a grate';
cp. crate.
craft ME. craft oe. crcsft = OSAX.
craft, DU. kracht, g. kraft, on.
kraptr. — crafty me. crafti oe.
cro'ftr^ = OHG. chreftig G. kraftig.
crag :siE.crag: borrowed fr. w\
craig, GAEL, creag.
crake 'a bird' so named fr. its
cry; cp. ME. crake 'cry out' under
crack.
cram vb. i\ie. cramme oe. cratn-
mian = on. krcvija, .s^v. kratna,
DU. krannne 'squeeze'.
cramp inie. cratnpe oe. '^crp?np
(inferred fr. crgmpeht full of
wrinkles') ^ DU. LG. kra?/ip, G.
kranipf: a common ^vest-teut.
term for spasm, cramp'.
crane inie. crane oe. rr^;/ =
OLG. krano, du. kraan, mhg.
kratie; with formative guttural oe.
cornuc, ohg. chramih chranih(h) g.
kranich; cp. the cogn. gr. ysoavoc,
CYMK.garan; oslov. zeravi, lith.
gcrwe. LAT. ^r/^i' (gen. gru-is)
agrees with ohg. chreia 'crane'.
crank sb. me. cranke. teut.
base krajik'XyNVS,^ allied to cramp.
cranny me. crany; formed by
adding e. -y to FK.cran 'a notch'.
crape borrowed fr. fr. crepe
(oFR. crespc = lat. crispiis).
crash vb. a var. of craze and
crack: a Scand. loanword; cp.
sw. krasa, dan. krase 'crackle'.
Cp. crack.
cratch yc&.cracche crecche: bor-
rowed fr. ofr. creche (fr. creche)
which is of Teut. origin; cp.
oSAX. kribbia 'crib' under crib.
crate borrowed fr. lat. crates
'a hurdle'.
cravat (^ g. kravatte) bor-
rowed fr. FR. cravate (from Cra-
vates 'a Creation').
crave vb. :me. crave oe. crafan
= ON. krefja 'crave, demand',
sw. krdfva "demand', dan. krave
'crave, exact'. Perh. the E. word
is borrowed from Scand.
craven me. cravant 'beaten,
overcome' shortened fr. ofr.
crai^anti 'oppressed', partic. of
cravantcr (source a lat. type
*crepantare 'crack, break).
craw (by-form crag 'neck,
crop') :\ie. crawe oe. *craga',
GOTH. *kraga is wanting.
cream :me. crcme from fr. crane
(ofr. crcsNie, i,at. cremor).
creed
crown
51
creed sb. me. crede oe. crcda :
loanword fr. lat. credo I believe'
(»crcdo in deum patrem« etc.) ;
cp. the origin of dirge.
creek me. creke crike (oe. '^creoca
'■''cricii)', peril, a Scand. loanword
from OM. krike 'crack, nook'.
creep vb. me. crepe oe. creopan
str. vb. ; cp. DL'. kruipeu, LG.
krupen, ON. krjiipa. Akin to G.
kricchen ohg. kriohhaii : teut.
\f krhp kricq. Cp. cripple.
cress ME. cresse earlier kerse
oe. ccrse cccrse; ident. with G.
krcsse OHG. krcssa, du. kers and
FK.cresso/i, rr. crescionc. Phono-
logy, history and origin quite
obscure ; common base a lat.
type * crexo(ne}fi) ?
crest :me. crcste from ofr. creste
ER. cre/e (lat. cristii).
crib ME. cribhe OE. cribb crybb
= OSAX. kribbia, DU. /^r//?, G.
krippe OHG. krippa: teut. base
kribjo {lirubjo) akin to ohg. kr'eba.
Cp. cratch.
crimson .me. crimosin from cfr.
cramoiain = fr. cramoisi.
cringe vb. me. crcngc oe. fz-ff/^-
/a«: teut. base krangjan, deriv.
from oe. cringan 'sink, fall in
battle', cogn. \v. g. krank 'sick'.
cripple ME. cripcl oe. crypel =
DU. /{•/Y///<'/ 'cripple'; prop, 'a man
who creeps'; teut. base krupila-,
deriv. fr. \'~ krup in creep.
crisp ME. OE. crisp = ohg.
krisp : an early loanword fr. lat.
crisp us 'curled'.
croak vl). me. croke oe. *crdcian
(inferred from OE. crdcetung
'croaking ) : TEUT. base krekoii
krakon; akin to crackl
crock ME. crocke oe. crocca;
borrcnvcd fr. OIR. crocca/i-, perh.
cogn. with G. knig OH(;. krnog,
L(;. krfike, OE. crd/i crog.
croft ME. OE. crofi 'small field'
= ODU. krochlc high and diy
land' DU. kroft 'hillock'.
crook sb. ME. crok OE. '"crik
= ON. krokr krdkr 'hook, ODU.
croec, DAN. krog 'hook'. Akin to
OHG. krako 'hook' (as E. hook
is to G. hakcii).
crop MK. cropp OE. cropp.
crosier me. croser croiser.
cross :me. cross (whence scand.
kross, .sw.-DAN. kors^ : borrowed
from on<.. cross (cymr. crocs').
Source lat. crux whence also
fr. croix (:\ie. crcis from ofr. crois) ;
OIR. crock and ohg. osax. knhi
G. kreuz point to the inll. lat.
crilceni.
crow \h. :me. crckve oe. crdivau
= DU. kraaic/!, G. kriihcn oh(L
kraen : teut. base a str. vb.
kr^jaii, Init orig. not restricted
to tlie cock's crowing as shown
by the sb. crow mi% crgwc of.
crdwc = G. krdhc ohg. krdia.
crow^d vl). Ml':, croudc ok.
crudaii str. vb. crowd, press' =
ODU. criidcn 'push, thrust' (i)U.
kruie/i), MLG. kruden krodcu \'b.
'molest': teut. \~krnd.
crow^n MK. criine (whence ox.
kri'ina, cp. odu. criinc du. kruiii)
earlier by-form coroune corune :
borrowed during the reign of
A*
52
cruel
curb
William the Conqueror fr. ofr.
coroiie = FR. conrotine 'crown'.
Source "lat. corona 'crown',
whence also oe. corenb(ag crown'
and OHG. korona G, krone.
cruel ME. criicl (crm'c'i^ fr. FR.
cruel = LAT. crtidelis 'severe' in
a vulgar form crudalis.
crumb = me. cromhe short for
croiime oe. cnlma (cp. thumb
OE. fiimd) = DU. kruim ODU.
cnhne, L( ;. G. krume (oSAX. '''kriimd).
The m is derivative; cp. the
rEUT. Y^ ^^'''' ii"^ G. krauen ohg.
kroutvon vb. 'scratch'.
cruse :\IR. crouse oe. ^;7if.it' (cp.
E. /■6'<''W oe. riUti) = ODU. kruis,
MHG. /Cvv/jTi? G. krause\ akin to
ODU. DU. /Cv-t;)?.?, :\IE. crps.
crust ME. crnste fr. ofr. crusie
FR. crotite =r LAT. crusta 'crust
of bread'.
crutch :me. crucche oe. ^rj^^V =
DU. kruk, OHG. cruccha G. kriicke
'crutch': TEUT. base krukjd-\
ident. w. it. croccia 'crutch', fr.
crosse , which rest on a LAT.
crucea , deriv. of crux criicis
'cross'. Therefore crutch krukja
cj-ucea meant originally 'stick
having a cross'.
cry vb. .me. crie: adapted fr.
FR. crier 'cry'.
cuckold :\rE. cukewold: trans-
formation of FR. COUCOU ' CViC\.o6 ,
whence also e. cuckoo me.
cuckou.
cudgel OE. cycgcl; dimin. of
a lost primitive OE. *cycs^: base
kugja- ?
cuff sb. ME. cuffe coffe 'sleeve';
perh. ident. w. late OE. citffie
'coif under coif.
cull vb. ]ME. cuUe {cole coille)
vb. 'gather, select' fr. ofr. cotllir
= FR. cueillir 'collect' (source
LAT. colligere).
culver ME. culver {colver) oe.
culfre culufrc 'dove" ; not found
in the other teut. languages,
prob. of LAT. origin : lat. coluinba
'dove' in a vulgar form *colubra ?
cumber vb. me. cumbre vb.
'annoy' fr. ofr. combrer, whence
also G. kuinmer mhg. kmnber ; the
base med.-lat. combrus 'rubbish,
bank of earth, rains' rests ^n a
GALL. -LA r. co7nbero- 'that which
is carried together'.
cummin -Me. comin late oe.
cumin (=^ DU. komijii) fr. ofr.
comin = fr. cumin. Source
LAT. cit?/iinum, whence also a
teut. Imviin in oe. cymen, ohg.
kumi/i kuviil G. ki'mwiel.
cunning :\ie.
of oe. cunnan
cunninge :
=: know.
deiiv.
cup ME. oe. CUppe cup = ]MHG.
kopf, ODU. kop 'beaker, cup':
loanword fr. lat. cuppa (cf/pa),
whence also OE. me. cop (copp)
'summit, head', G. kopf 'head'.
cur 2\iE. curre corre = ODU.
korre 'watch-dog', swed. (dial.)
kurra 'a dog'; cp. lg. g. (dial.)
kurrcn vb. 'growl'. Therefore cur
prop, 'a growler'?
curate see cure.
curb vb. ME. curbe 'to bend'
fr. FR. courber 'bend'.
curd — dagger
53
curd vb. \v, metathesis fr. me.
crudde vb. : a celt, loanword,
deriv. fr. IR. gruih 'curds'? or
cogn. with crowd'i cp.LAT. coagu-
iiwi fr. cogerel
cure ME. care fr. fr. cure =
LAT. cura. — curate me. cnrcfi
= :\IED.-LAT. curatus (in FR.
pronunciation; cp. curious ME.
ciirioiis fr. lat. curiosusT).
curfew :^IE. curfeu {ctirfeu') fr.
OFR. covrefeu (cp. poor fr. ofr.
povrc^ : prop, the sign for put-
ling out iires.
curious see cure.
curl vb. deriv. fr.ME. crul {If)
adj. 'curly' = du. krul\ west-
rEUT. krtill- for kruzl- krusl- is
cogn. with ODU. kruis , g. kraus
JIHG. kriis 'curly' (aso :me. crous
'curly').
curlew me. curletv (cor/ew)
fr. ofr. corlieu = fr. courlieu
'a bird's name' ('scolopax ar-
quata'), composed of ofr. corre
'to leap' and heu 'lightly'.
curry vb. me. currie cur rate
vb. fr. ofr. coiireier; lat. type
con-rcilare}
curse vb. ME. curse oe. cilrsian
'to curse' ; cogn. with oiR. ctirsa-
chaim 'I curse'. Source and
history unknown.
curtain si). iiE. curtin cortin fr,
OFR. cortine = lat. (also it.
span.) cori'nia 'curtain'.
curve adj. fr. lat. curvus
'crooked'.
cushion me. cusshiu {ctcsshen —
cusslwii) cussin quissin {(/uiss/ie/i)
fr. OFR. coissin = fr. coussi/i
'cushion'; cj). span, coxi/i , it.
cusci?io and ident. w. du. kusscn
oi^M. cussi/i, G. kiissen Jdsseii ohg.
kussm 'cushion'. Source a med.-
LAT. coxviuvi prop, deriv. of lat.
coxa hi}), haunch' = fr. cuissc
'thigh, whence E. (Shakcsp.)
cuissc 'piece of armor for the
thighs'.
custom ME. custome earlier form
(c. I lOo) custiivie fr. ofr. ciisiuvie
{YXK.coutume) = it. prov. costuma:
source a lat. type "^'cousuctumcn
instead of lat. consuetiido.
cut vb. MK. cutte (by-form with
umlaut kiite^ : a me. vb. of celt.
origin; cp. CYMR. cwtan vb.
'shorten' — cwta adj. 'short'.
cutlas fr. FR. coutelas = IT.
coltellaccio prop, 'a large knife' :
ro:m. deriv. of lat. culter 'knife'.
Cp. FR. couteau = ofr. coutel
'knife' fr. la r. cultellus. Hence
FR. coutelicr = me. cuteli'r e.
cutler 'maker of knives'.
D
dace from jie. darce darse'.\c2\\Q6. from its swiftness). See
from OFR. dars, nom. also spelled dart,
dart 'a dart', also 'a fish' (so dagger me. dagger =-- ox. dag-
54
dainty — dandelion
gardr, uu. daggcrt: of Celt, origin,
borrowed from w. dagr = IR.
daigear\ BRET, dag = GAEL, daga :
all synon.
dainty me. deinte: borrowed
from OFR. dein!e 'dignity, im-
portance, value' (the ME. by-
form dainUth is an anglo-norman
debited 'pleasure'). Source lax.
dignitatem {liainty and dignity are
doublets).
dairy me. deierie 'room for a
milk-woman' ; ME.i'/<?/i?'milk-woman'
(hence day-woman 'dairy-wo-
man' Shakesp.) is borrowed from
ON. deigja 'milk-woman' (sM'.dtya),
which is supposed to be a deriv.
of TEUT. daiga- (under dougJi)
and to mean i)rop. 'the bread-
maker, kneader of dough'. Cp.
dough and lady.
dais :\1E. dcis: borrowed from
OFR. dels later dais 'a high table
in a hall' = fr. dais 'a canopy'
(base med.-lat. discus 'a table'
= lat. discus 'plate, platter' see
under disH).
daisy me. daies-ie daies-eie oe.
dccges-cage: prop, 'the eye of the
day'; c}). day and eye.
dale ME. dale oe. dcel plur. dalu
(me. e. e in dale is derived from
the OE. plur. dalu or from the sing,
infl. decks, deele). The teut. base
data- cp. also in the synon. goth.
dais, ON. dalr, OSAX. dal, OHG.
MHG. tal (mod. that).
dally vb. ME. dalye points to
GorH. "^dalon oe. ^dalian (^ G.
dahlen'). The ending j is a
southern continuation of the oe.
infinit. in -ian {= ohg. * talon}').
dam me. dain{me) oe. ^'davi{mm)
= G. damm, DU. dam, ON. dannnr
(goth. faurdammjan = oe. for-
defnnian 'dam up).
damage me. damage : borrowed
from OFR. damage damage fr.
dommage'\vAxvii {\T. dannajo), lat.
type damnaticum harm' (lat. dafu-
num 'loss, injury' under dam ft).
dame UK.ddme: borrowed from
FR. dame, whence also G. DU.
dame. Source lat. domina 'lady'
{=1 it. donnci)\ cp. damsel.
damn \h.y&.dajn{p)ne\ borrow-
ed from OFR. damner da7)lpner
FR. datniur (= span, danar, it.
dannare) ^= lat. damnare 'con-
demn, fine' (lat. dattinum 'injury,
loss).
damp me.
dam-p 'vapor',
steam'.
damsel JMe. damesele da?/iisele:
borrowed from OFR. damisele
dameisele = fr. d(7?ioiselle. The
source is MED. -lat. domicella 'a
young lady', lat. type dom(i)ni-
cella, dimin. of domina 'a lady'.
dance vb. me daunce daunse:
borrowed from fr. danser, whence
also DU. dansen, G. tanzen, DAN.
dandse, sw.dansa. The ofk. danser
is traced to an ohg. danson
'draw, trail'.
dandelion : borrowed from fr.
dent de lion (= span, diente de leon,
IT. dente di leone): prop, 'lion's
tooth', so called from the jagged
*damp = DU. LG.
G. dampf 'vapor.
danger
day
55
leaves of the plant (g. lozuen-
za/i/i).
danger me. daunger: borrowed
from ]'R. danger 'danger'. Source
a LAT. type "^dominiarimn 'power'
from i.AT. dom'mium 'sovereignty'.
dank 'damj)' ME.c/a///^: borrow-
i^d from the Scand. ? cp. sw.
tlial. dank 'a marshy piece of
ground' = ICKL. dokk for *da/!ku
'pit, jiool'.
dapper me. dapa- 'pretty, neat';
cp. ox. dapr 'sad, dreary', DU.
dappiv 'brave' , ohg. tapfar G.
iapfer 'valiant, brave'.
dapple 'a spot, dot' a dap-
pled horse' :me. in dappel-gray:
perh. Scand. loanword from
ox. depill 'a spot, dot' {liapi 'a
pool).
dare me. dar oe. dear I dare'
= GOTH, dars, ohg. tar. The
lEUr. \f~ dars darz is akin to gr.
VoaOtTv be bold' — dpaai'g
'bold and skk. d/irs 'dare':
Aryan \f dhers.^
dark me. derk oe. dcorc\ perh.
akin to oiR. dcrg 'red' : common
base dhcrgo- (cp. also oiR. dorche
'dark'?).
darling me. der/ing shortened
from OE. dear ling 'a favorite':
deriv. of dear = oe. deore.
dart ME. dart from oer. dart
FR. dard (= SPAN. IT. dardd) ;
of te'lT. origin: oe. darod, ox.
darradr also shorter darr.
dash vb. ^n:. dasshe; corre-
sponding to DAN. daske {= SW.
a'as/ia) 'slaj) , strike'. Scand.
origin of the E. word (OE. *(/as-
cian '^daxiaii) is improbable,
E. sh pointing to a hereditary
word.
date^ an epoch, given point
of time' ME. date from the synon.
FR. date (med.-lat. datum, whence
G. datiMi).
date- fruit of the palm' ME.
date: borrowed from OFR. date
= FR. datte: source lat.-gr.
dactylus, whence also G. dattel,
i)U. dadel.
daub vb. ME. daube'. borrowed
from OFR. dauber 'whiten' from
'^dalher =^ lat. dealbare 'whiten,
plaster" (lat. albus 'white').
daughter me. daughter OE.dohtor
= DU. doehter, OSAX. dohtar, ohg. '
MHG. tohter G. toe /iter, ox. dottir,
GOTH, dauhtar: ident. with the
synon. lith. dukti, oslov. diisti:
At\ anbasc d/iukter; anArvan base
dhugater a})pears in gr. dvyu-
Tr/(i, skr. duhitdr, avest. duydar
'daughter', skr. </«/KV(^?r 'daughter'
is traced to the skr. \f duh
'milk' and is interpreted as 'the
milk maid'.
daunt vb. .me. dau/ite: borrow-
ed from OFR. dontcr fr. dotnpter
= \i:.do?uitare'snhd\.ie, tame': the
source is l.xv.doviitare (frequent,
of dotnare).
day ME. day dai oe. dwj^ =
GOTH, dags, ohg. MHG. tacfg) G.
tag, DU. OSAX. dag, ox. dagr;
by-forms oe. dogor, ox. ddgr (fr.
dogaz dogiz) : all connected with
the SKR. \''da/i (for Aryan dhegh:
dhogJi) 'burn'. This root a])pears
also in Lirn. degti 'burn' —
56
dawn
dear 2
dagas daga 'harvest', pruss. dagas
'summer', skr. nidagha- "heat,
summer' (also skr. aha}- 'day'?).
The base dhogho-s common to
our day and to lith. dag as signi-
fied 'the time of the burnint>: of
the sun, tlie hot part of the j
day or year'. !
dawn vb. late me. daune earlier
dawe OE. dagian = on. daga,
OHG. tageii G. tagen become day';
cp. E. dawning me. dawbige:
deriv. of teut. daga- under day. '
daze vb. ME. dase 'stupefy'
from ON. *dasa, refl. dasask {sk
represents the refl. 'oneself')
'daze oneself = dan. dase, sw.
•dasa 'lie idle'. From daze is
deriv. the dimin. dazzle vb.
'overjiower with light'.
deacon me. dcken from oe. [
*dcaa>// for diacon {= DU. deken, G. :
diako/i, on. djdkn, ofr. diacne \
FR. diacre, span. it. diacond) :
source lat. diacoiius (gr. KSiav.o-
coi,-) a servant, a deacon'.
dead adj. ime. dcd oe. dead =
GOTH, dau/s, OHG. INIHG. lo/ G.
to{d)t, ON. daudr, OSAX. dod, DU.
dood. The common base dait-da is
prop, partic. (d/iaii-td-) belonging
to the TEUT. verbal \'^ dau dis-
cussed under die. Cp. death.
deaf ME. //;•/ OE. deaf =zz osAX.
dof, DU. doof, OHG. MHG. toup{b)
'hearing or feeling nothing, dull,
foolish' G. taub, goth. daufs[b)
'deaf, oK.daii/r. The meanings
of OHG. MHG. toup{b) bordering
on those of ohg. mhg. tu7np g.
dttmvi, connection of both groups
is sure ; prob. akin to gr. Tv(f)}>6g
'blind'. Cp. diunb.
deal vb. 'divide, distribute,
negotiate in' me. dele oe. dcela7i
= OSAX. d^lian, du. decleii, lg.
delen, G. ieilen, goth. dailjaii : de-
nominatives of daili- (cp. deal)
like OSLOV. deli/i 'divide'.
deaPsb. 'part, portion, indelinite
quantity, degree or extent, bar-
gain etc' ME. df'l OE. ddl (ddl)
= OSAX. del, DU. deel, lg. decl,
OHG. MHG. G. leil, goth. duils
m. da/la f. teut. dai-li{la-) seems
to point to an ARYAN \'~ dhai,
proved by osLOV. delii part.
deal'^ sb. 'a board , pfenk'
borrowed from DU. deeT'd board,
threshing floor' = mlg. d^le
board LG. dele 'a board, floor,
a room'. The corresponding
OHG. dili G. diele 'boarded floor'
corresponds to on. fUJa, o£.
pel 'board'. LiTH. //// 'plank in
the boat', osLOV. lilo 'bottom,
SKR. tala-m 'surface' are cc)g-
nate.
dean me. den (contr. of *deiai)
borrowed from ofr. deie/i =
FR. doyen : source lat. decdnus
'the chief of ten soldiers or
monks' (== it. deeano , ohg.
techdn g. dechant).
dear^ yiY.. dere o^. ^/tvr^' beloved,
precious, of
great
,'alue' =
OSAX. diu7-i, DU. dier, ohg. tluri
'dear, beloved, esteemed, costly'
G. ieuc)-.
dear- (in Shakesp.) 'fierce,
ferocious' me. der oe. deor 'wild' :
dearth — deep
57
tlift'erent from dear^. Ideut. with
E. deer, G. tier\ cp. deer.
dearth iiE. derthe 'scarcity,
dcarncss' (= OSAX. diurida, OHG.
tiiirida, ox. dyrd, OLc;. diurthd) :
deriv. oi dear^ -p -///formative
of abstract nouns.
death me. deth ok. deaf' =
GOTH. daup7lS, OSAX. doth, OHG.
ibd iIHG. tot{d) G. tod, 1)U. </6'(?//,
o^.daudr: a verbal abstr. noun
of a \^dau (cp. <//t) with the
abstract suffix teut. />n = lat.
SKR. ///- (Aryan base dhau-tu-s).
debate vb. :me. debate: borrow-
ed from OIK. dehatre "fight,
contend , debate fr. dibattre
'contend , debate' {^ span.
debatir, IT. dibattere).
debt sb. earUer det me. dette:
from OFR. debte dctte fr. dette
(i r. dettd) = r.Ai". debita f. sing.,
orig neut. ])hir. of i.Ar. debitiiin.
debtor imf. dettur from ofr.
iieio)- deteiir fr. detteur (if,
debitore) = lai". dcbitorcin ace.
of debitor 'debtor'.
decay vb. from ofr. deeaer
(si'AX. deeaer, it. deeadere) =
i-AT. type *decadere (instead of
decidere) fall away, perish'.
decease sb. :mk. </t'("('jr borrowed
from ofr. deees fr. dices = lat.
deeessiis prop, 'departure'.
deceit me. deceit: borrowed
from ofr. deceit = eat. deeeptiis
deceit' [decipere 'deceive' under
decci'oc~).
deceive vb. earlier deceave me.
deceive : borrowed from ofr. dc-
I cever deceveir fr. deceiwir =^ lai.
decipere 'entrap'. Cp. deceit.
deck vb. borrowed fr. DU.</(?M^//
'cover'; cp. OE. peccean under
thatch.
declension from ofr. decli-
naison (fr. dh'linaiso/i) beside
fr. diclinaiion, E- declination from
LAT. decUnationeni.
decrease vb. :me. decr^se bor-
rowed from ofr. decrcsscr decrestre
j decreistre decroistrc fr. dccroitre
1 (laf. discrescerc) = LAr. decres-
cere 'decrease'.
I decree sb. me. decre borrowed
1 from OFR. decre decret fr. de'cret
1 (SPAX. IT. decreto') = lat. decre-
tuni 'a decree'.
I deed yi^.deddedeov..ded deed ^=.
OSAX. dad, DU. daad, ohg. mhg.
I tat G. t{h)at, ox. dad, goth. in
ga-deds 'deed', teut. base de-di-
1 from dhe-ti- from the TEur.-v^rt?!? :
do from ARYAX ^///t' : dhd; cp. do.
j deem vb. :me. denie oe. deman
{= OSAX. dbmian in a- , du.
doettien, mlg. ddjne?t, ohg. tuome?!
MHG. tfiemen, ox. dtvma, (iOTH.
ga-dbmjan 'judge, deem'): deriv.
of TEUT. doma- see doom.
deep adj. ME. dep oe. ^/^"'^ ^
OSAX. diop, nu. ^//V/, OHG. tiof
till/ MHG. G. //r/", OX. djlipr,
GOTH, ditips. The common teut.
adj. deiipa- belongs to a teut.
Y^ ///// whose by-form dub
appears in oe. dyfan E. dive
and in k. //«^. Cp. cymr. dw/n,
OIR. doinun fii-do7nain, lith. dubiis
'deep, hollow', oSLOV. ^/////z 'hol-
low' from an arvax \^ dubh : dhhp.
58
deer
derrick
deer me. der oe. dco7- 'wild
animal' = on. dp- 'wild animar,
OSAX. dior , OHG. tior :mhg. g.
tier 'animal' ('stag, roe' in the
language of hunters). teut.
deuza- is prob. an adj. used as
sb. signifying 'wild animar; cp.
OE. deor 'bold, wild' (cj). dcar^.
defeat vb. me. defcte : from
OFR. dcfcter 'annul (ofr. defait
desfeit part, of de/aire fr. dc^-
faire; med.-lat. defacerc 'annul,
undo'). See feat.
defile vb. 'make unclean, sully'
a fusion of i\iE. file oe. dfi'lau
'defile' and me, defoule 'defile':
:me. foulc (oE. fiUiaii) wk. vb.
'make foul' with parallel form
file (oE. fyleiii) has taken the
LAT.-FR. prefix de-.
defy vb. iiE. defie: from FR.
difier (= :med.-lat. it. disfdare
diffidare 'renounce faith, repu-
diate). Cp. faith.
delay vb. me. ddaie delay e:
from FR. dilayer (= med.-lat.
IT. dilatare).
delight sb. (orig. delite') jNIE.
delite delit: from ofr. delit. With
the vb. delight ME. delite from
OFR. deliter (it, delettarc dilettare)
=^ LAT. delectare 'please'.
dell :me. dellc oe. dell a dirain.
derivative of teut. data- (under
dale), pointing to a goth. *dalja
f. and corresponding to OHG.
tellia MHG. telle 'ravine' G. (dial.)
delle.
deluge sb. me. deluge : from
FR. dduge {= -SPAN. IT. diluvio,
LAT. dilitviufii 'a flood').
delve vb. me
str. vb. = DU.
d'elban, OHG. hi-t'elban 'bury'. The
delve OE. d'elfan
delveii, OSAX. M-
TEVT. \^dell> (^Aryan dhelM dhelpT)
is unknown elsewhere.
demijohn from the synon. fr.
dame-jeanue = Arab, damagan
(orig. the town Damghaii in
northern Persia, once famous
for its glass-works).
den short for ME. dc'/ie OE. denii
dene 'valley'; akin to mdu. dan
'woods, wilderness' and o. tann
'woods'?
denizen me. deneseyn denesein:
source anglo-fr. ofr. densein
deiiiseiu: deriv. of ofr. dciiif. (=
FR. dans) 'within' and suffix -ein
(= LAT. -aims); cp. eitizen.
The FR. word means 'a trader
witliin the privilege of the city-
franchise as opposed to foreign .
deny vb. me. denie: from fr.
di/iier (span, denegar, it. dene-
gare = lat. denegar e 'deny').
depaint vb. ue. depeinte: from
FR. dipeiiidre. Cp. paint.
depict vb. ME. only in part.
depiet = LAT. depictus , whence
also OFR. depieter 'depict'.
deploy vb. from fr. deployer
(oFR. despleyer despleier, whence
E. display). Source lat. dis-
plicare.
depth ME. dipthe : an abstract
sb. from the :\IE. adj. d(p; du.
diepte, on. dypt, goth. diupif>a
point to an OE. *dypp ; cp.
deep.
derrick 'a kind of crane' from
DU. Dierryk, short Dirk, also
•».
descry — dike
59
Diederik corresp. to G. Dietrich,
OE. f)^odric 'chief of the people'.
Orig. derrick signified 'gallows'
named from a Dutch hangman.
descry vb. me. descrie discrye
'discern' from OFR. descrier {des-
crive dcscrivrc fr. dicrire) 'de-
scribe'.
desire vb. .mi:. desire from fr.
disirer (it. desirare = lat.
desiderare 'long for').
desk from fr. disque (it. desco
'a table' = med.-lat. discits 'a
table' sec under disJi).
despair vb. me. despcire from
OFR. desperer fr. disesp^rer {=
lat. it. desperarc) 'lose hope'.
despatch, dispatch vb. from
OFR. despccher (fr. depecher')
'discharge, expedite'.
despise vb. me. despise from
OFR. despiser despicer 'despise'
(lat. despicer e 'look down upon,
despise).
despite sb. by aphercsis spite
ME. despit from ofr. despit despeit
FR. dipit (it. dispetto = LAT.
despectus 'contempt' see despise).
Despite prep, abbrev. for />/
despite of.
despoil vb. ME. despoile from
OFR. dcspoillcr (fr. d^pouil/er, IT.
despogliare, span, despojar 'de-
spoil') : source LAT. despoUare
'plunder, rob'. See spoil.
destiny destenye destinee: bor-
rowed from FR. desiint'e (it. lat.
destinatd).
deuce a two at cards or dice'
early mod. also dcwce dt'us =
FR. deux.
devil :me. devei of. di'ofol =
OSAX. dinfial, du. dinvei, ohg.
tiuval tioval mhg. tiuvel (tievei)
G. tcufel; GOTH, diahai'dus points
to LAT. (gr.) diabolus.
dew ME. dew OE. demv =
OSAX. dau, OHG. MHG. tou (gen,
touwes) G. tan, du. dauu>, ox.
dggg (goth. '^dnggtoa- is wanting).
Perh. cogn. with the 9<KK.\fdha7'
'to flow'.
die sb. (plur. dice); the sing, is
developed from the plur. dice.
ME. dis usually des 'dice' which is
borrowed from ofr. dez plur. of
det 'die' fr. di (= span. it.
dado 'a die') from lat. datuvi
'that which is given and 'that
which is cast'. See date.
die vb. :me. de-^e die dye: ge-
nerally considered as a scand.
loanword from ox. deyja (= oSAX.
doian y ohg. imhg. totnoen 'die').
An OE. dyyvi deyxn (from daujati)
is not recorded before looo after
Chr. , hence scaxd. origin is
prob. For the rEUr.\^^/c7« cp.
deady death. In other Aryan
languages, OSLOX. daviti 'strangle'
and lith. dovyti 'torment' are
compared as related (ixdo-eur.
\f dhciv dhimi).
diet MIC. dtete diite: from fr.
dicte (spAX. ir. dieta^hXT. dicetci).
dig vb. MK. digge earlier dikie
OE. dician 'dig': derivative of OE.
</// a ditch'. S>cc dike and ditch.
dike -MF. dik(e) of. die 'a ditch,
channel, dike, wall' =^ mhg.
tich g. teich 'fishpond, pond.
6o
dill
dissever
E. dike and ditch are doub-
lets,
dill 'the two-seeded tare' me.
dille OE. dile =^ DU. dille, ohg.
///// MHG. ////(' G. dill. Of obscure
origin.
dim ME. OE. dim (w;;/) =OFRis.
dim, oy.. dimmr: perh. by-form of
the synon. OSAX. ihitn (f/u/i). A
TEUT. \^ pern (whence G. diifti-
meni) corresponds to skr. tauias
'gloom', LAT. tcncbrae (for temesid)
'darkness'. For the initial gram,
change from th — ^/see doughty.
A PRE -TEUT. sf dhe?n may be
found in OIR. deme 'darkness'.
dime me. dime 'tithe from fr.
dime (=: LAT. deci7na 'tenth').
dimple me. dimpel =-^ g. tiimpcl
OHG. tiwijilo m. 'whirlpool': deriv.
with nasalization from the teut.
\f dup 'be depressed' in deep
and dip\ cj). lith. dumbu 'be-
come hollow'.
din sb. ME. dine oe. dyne {= on.
dynr^ 'a din'. Cp. OE. dynnan
= DU. dcunen , oSAX. dtmnian,
ON. dynja and the skr. v'~ dhvan
dhii/i 'rush'.
dine vb. :me. dine: from fr.
dvuT (= IT. disinarc) 'dine'. See
dinner.
dinner :me. diner: from fr. dhier]
ident. witli dine: the infinitive
is used as sb. See dijie.
dint ME. (///// OE. dynt 'a blow'
=r ON. dyntr dyttr 'a dint, stroke'.
dip vb. ME. dippe OE. dyppan;
cp. G. iaufen ohg. ionffan (from
*toufja/i) 'baptize' and deep.
dirge me. dirige oe. (i i'^ cent.)
dirige 'watches' (cp. » dirige for
ford-farenum<' = vigilia pro de-
functis). »dirige, Dominus meus,
in conspectu tuo vitam meam«
Psalm 5^^ was used in the office
for the dead in medieval service.
dirt ME. drit excrement' fr. oe.
j^edritan str. \b. =r on. drita,
DU. drijten 'to void excrement :
TEUT. v^^//7/.
dish ME. dish disch oe. disc a
dish, plate' =i osAX. disk 'table',
DU. disch, OHG. tisc g. tisch 'table'.
LAT. discus, the source of 'ieut.
diskuz, has the meaning 'dish
only post-class, (prop. '<isk") ;
cp. also IT. de:co, ofr. dois 'table'
(fr. dais 'a canopy, dais' see
under dais and desli).
dismay vb. me. dismaie desmaie
{liemaie esmaie 'dishearten, lose
courage') : from ofr. desmayer
csmaycr (ir. sinagare from dis-
magarc points to GOTH. magan;
see may).
dispense vb. me. dispense: from
OFR. dcspcnser fr. dispenser (=^ it.
spensare = lat. dispensare 'weigh
out, distribute').
display vb. me. displeic: from
AFR. dcspleier = fr. diployer
'deploy' (= iT.jr/z>^'vzr^, MED.-LAT.
displicare 'unfold', wlience also
fr. diployer = e. deploy').
dispute vb. ME. dispute: from
FR. disputer (= lat. it. disputare).
dissever vb. :\ie. dissevere desc-
vere : from ofr. dcssevrcr (rr. dis-
ceverare fr. a lat. type dissepararc
'sever').
distaff — dole
6i
distaff ME. distaf orig. dis-staf;
OE. ''i/Is-sf^r/ 'staff bedizened with
flax' points to a teut. disS- in
MLG. disc f. 'distafif, the bunch
of flax on the distafif'. Cp. lat.
/ih'Ks 'spindle' for an Aryan
\'~ (i/i/s d/iois pointing to a pre-
LA 1'. d hoi so-.
distinguish vb. me. distingwe
disiinge: borrowed from fr. j
distiiigncr (eat. distinguere).
distrain xh.wii.distreine' com\>Q\, \
constrtiin': borrowed from ofr.
destraindre (lat. distringere 'pull
asunder').
distress me. distresse destresse:
from OFR. destrccc 'distress' =
i-R. ditresse.
disturb vb. me. disturbe dcsiurbe'.
from OFii. dcstourber (span.
disturbar , it. disturbare = lat.
disturbare 'disturb').
ditch 'a dike' me. dkhe oe. die:
cquiv. to OSAX. dik 'dam', wVience
G. dcich: related to or. tsT/Ol;
\vair ?
ditty me. di/('; borrowed from
OFR. 1///1' 'a story, poem' (lat.
dictatiuii) .
dive vb. MK. dive oe. dyfaii =
ON. dyfa, DU. beduiven, lg. beduven :
tf.ut. \^ dfib (a by-form of the
TF.i'T. \~ diip) under deep.
dizzy adj. me. d/sy oe. dysi^
foolish , stui)id' = OHG. fusig,
MDU. a ay sigh: \^ dtis {lihtis).
Another form of the \f dtis
appears in oe. dwds {= mdu.
dwacs DU. dwaas^ 'foolish' and
in G. tor OHG. tbro (teut. base
dauza-^.
do vl). ME. OE. don =^ DU. doeii,
OSAX. diian , OHG. mhg. tuon
G. t/iuu. For the teut. \^do:dc
cp. also deed and the suffix
-do 711. The pre-teut. \'^<//;^: c///^"
has a wide ramification within the
other Aryan languages; cp.theGR.
y/^drj : ^f in rityi^ui 'place, put',
SKR. \^dh<7 {dadhavii and dhami)
'place, put, do' {lihatr 'creator'),
OSLOV. dcjq (and dczdcf) 'do,
make', lat. facto. The meaning
'place, put' seems to be the ori-
ginal one and the teut. meaning-
secondary.
dock sb. origin uncertain; from
the e. word are borrowed G.
dock, DU. dok, S\V. docka, DAX.
dok(ke), FR. dock.
doe ME. do OE. dd; cp. dax.
daa. The OE. word — - generally
considered a loanword from lat.
ddvia — points to a weak stem
dan nom. sing, dd from a teut.
base dai/i , which is evidently
connected with ofr. daiti m. fr.
daine f. Perh. a lat. base *danus
(assimilated for *da7nus) may be
assumed. The phonology of
the Engl, word may have been
affected by I'oe oe. rd.
doff vb. ME. doffe, orig. imper.
do/ contr. of do of 'put off; cp.
don contr. of do on 'put on'.
dog ME. dogge OE. dogga, whence
DU. dog, sw. dogg, G. dogge, fr.
dogue. OE. dogga (recorded about
1050) is a west-teut. duggan-.
dole 'portion, share, lot, fortune'
ME. d()l{e) OE. ddl: equiv. w. dea
(oe. dicP).
62
dollar — dove
dollar sb. a modern loanword
from the continent: DU. daaldcr;
the source is G. thaler which is
short for Joachimsthaler 'gulden
from Joach'nnsthai' (Bohemia)
where the coin was first struck
in 1519.
-dom ME. -dom OE. -dom =
OSAX. -dom, DU. -dom, OHG. mhg.
-tuom G. -iutir. an abstract noun
suffix, orig. a sb. meaning 'juris-
diction' preserved in doom (and
its deriv. deeni).
domain (poet, by-form demaiii)
from FR. domainc (l.vt. domiiiiuni),
whence also du. donui/i.
don see do/f.
donkey not found in me. oe.,
appar. a deriv. of du/i. Suffix
key of donkey is dirnin. as in
monkey. The orig. meaning of
donkey is 'the little gray one'
(Shakesp. uses dim 'a gray horse').
doom sb. judgment, sentence,
decree, law' me. oe. dom =
OSAX. dcmi, OHG. tuom, ON. domr,
GOTH, dojns judgment'; derived
from the teut. \f do in do\ for
the w-suffix cp. SKR. dhaman
'sacred custom' and GR. d^if.uq.
door ME. dore oe. dor = osAX.
dor, G. tor, GOTH, daiir 'gate'; ident.
with OE. dura = osAX. dura; on.
dyrr plur. corresponds to oSAX.
duri plur., OHG. turi plur. 'door'
Q.tiir. The TEUT. bases (^/7ir- and
dur- (cons, stem) cp. also in
GOTH, daiirons 'door. To the
Aryan base dhur belong also lat.
fores, GR. &v(ja, Lirn. durys and
SKR. dur (for d/mr) 'door, gate'.
dot OE. dott 'speck' r= du. fris.
dot; cp. LG. dott d'otte 'the yellow
of the &%^ and OS ax. dddro, du.
dooier, oe. dydring, OHG. totoro
tutar-ei G. dotter: prim, term for
'the yellow of the QZZ\ the
orig. meaning of dydring is prob.
'spot, point in the o-ZZ •
dote vb. ME. dote dgtie = ODU.
doten 'mope'; perh. akin to mhg.
tus(e) 'quiet' — t/hen 'be quiet'
from a teut. \f dut.
double adj. me. duble : borrowed
from FR. double (it. doppio ^=
LAT. duplus); from the fr. source
also G. doppelt, DU. dubbel.
doubt ME. doute: borrovve4 from
FR. doute (it. dotta = LAT. dubi-
tuni) .
dough sb. ME. dough OE. ddh(g)
= DU. LG. deeg, OHG. mhg. teic(g)
G. teig, ON. de/g , GOTH, daigs
'dough : deriv. from a teut. dig
'knead' in goth. dcigan 'mould,
form'; an Aryan sf dhlgh cj). in
SKR. dill 'stroke, smear', lat.
Jingere 'shape, form' i^figura
form) and gr. xhiyo^ ro7/og
'wall'. Cp. lady.
doughty adj. me. dou{g)hty dohti
OE. dohtii ; the by-form oe. dyhtii
corresponds to mhg. g. tdchtig
deriv. from ohg. mhg. ////// an
abstract noun of the verb re-
presented by OHG. tugan = oe.
dugan. The oe. by-form /j'/z/Zj (cp.
dim = OSAX. thimvi) points to
a primitive teut. \'^png.
dove short for me. douve oe.
diife; corresponding to goth.
diibo, OSAX. dfiba, OHG. tuba g. taube.
down — dream
63
The TEvr.(/u/>o/i- 'dove' is based
on a pre-TEUT. adj. dhfi.bho- 'black'
in OIR. dub 'black'.
down sb. 'soft plumage': a
Scand. loanword of the me. period
(iME. douti), borrowed from on.
dilnii = SW. duu, DAN. duuri,
whence also G. daiine, DU. dons.
down prep, and adv., orig.
adown {c\).backiox abacJi): short-
ened for ME. adoiuic adoitn OE.
of dune'. OE. diin is hill' and of-
di'mc 'off the hill, downwards'.
A TEUT. dtina- 'hill' (in mod. LG.
dcil is 'dale' and 'down), oe. dun
survives in the Kentish do70/is;
cp. DU. diiin. Peril, the word is
a Celt, loanword, cp. IK. diin 'a
fortified hill', GAEL, dun, w. din
and the Celt, place-names such
as Tarodiimmi, for which cp. also
town.
doze vb. prob. borrowed from
ON. diisa 'doze'.
dozen me. dozcine dusain = fr.
douzaine (oi'R. dosaine), whence
also G. dutzend, du. dozijn. The
Fr. word is deriv. from douze
(oFR. doze = T.AT. duodecivi).
draff ME. draf oe. drcef\ cp.
OHG. ~trab in the plur. trcbir G.
trdbcr 'grains, husks' and du.
ON. s w . draf. Cogn . w. i.X'i.f races :
xvc< x^sf dhrak; cp. also dregs.
dragon me. dragon drago{ii)n\
from Fk. dragon 'dragon, stand-
ard' = IT. dragone, lat. draco{n-)
'dragon. See drake.
drain vb. me. drcine oe. drcag-
nian; a teut. \'^drau^ appears
in NORTH -FRis. druughe 'sieve,
strainer' d^wd dm ug in vb. 'strain,
sieve' (nfris. ti from teut. ati)
and in ditmarsh dorchdroven
'drain', HESS, drancn 'drain'.
drake ^ in drakcfy oe. draca
■'dragon'; cp. synon. ohg. trahho
G. drachc = oe. draca borrowed
fr. LAT. draco. Cp. dragon.
drake- 'male of the duck' me.
drake oe. '^draca = lg. (dial.)
drake mlg. ant-drake, which points
to identity with icel. andriki,
GERM, enterich ohg. antr'ehJio an-
trahho (orig. '"anut ^ trahho).
The TEUT. drakon- occurs only
in this compound and in the sub-
stituted simple form (the Teut.
word for 'duck' was oe. icned,
OHG. anut G. ente).
draw vb. me. drawe oe. dragan
= ON. draga; perh. ident. with
GOTH, dragan 'bear, carry', OSAX.
dragan, du. dragcn, ohg. tragan
G. tragen 'carry, bear'. The teut.
\f drag 'bear' (aryan dhrag/i) has
been compared witli OSLOV. drii-'
zati 'hold'.
dream 'vision' me. drem\ an
equiv. OE. dream is not recorded
(the synonym is sicufi), ])ut is
to be inferred from oSAX. drom,
du. droom, ON. dranmr , ohg.
mhg. troum G. trauin 'dream'.
The meaning 'dream , vision*
attaching to these forms may
be deduced from 'deception,
vision' so that teut. drauma- (for
*draugma- or *dhroughwnid-l)
would belong to the teut.
Sj'^drug, seen in oSAX. bidriogau
^= OHG. triogan G. triigen 'deceive'.
64
dreary — chop
dreary adj. me. dreri 6k. drcorii
'sad' : corresponding' to mhg.
inure g. tranrig\ OHC. triiren
G. traucr?i 'mourn' belongs i^erh.
to OE. drihiaj! v.. droivsc drowze
'be sliiggisb'.
dregs 'lees' a Scand. loanword
of the ME. period (me. dregges)
borrowed with the plur. form fr.
the equiv. on. dregg. The teut.
base dragjo- may be a pre-TEUT.
dhraki- which is also ])()ssible
of LAT. /races 'dregs' (lat. / =
ARYAN (^//; as \\\\(S.bx distaff^; cp.
also PRU.ss. dragifls 'dregs' (perh.
Teut. loanword?).
dress vb. me. dirssc borrowed
from FR. dresser (oFR. dreseer
drecier ; lat. type dirediare).
drift sb. 'driving, impulse' me.
drift 'act of driving, drove, im-
pulse': dcriv. from drive with t-
suftix; cp. DU. drift 'drove, flock,
course, current, ardor', G. irift
pasture", on. drift dript 'snow-
drift'. See drive^ drove.
drink vb. me. drinke oe. drincan
=^ OSAX. drinkan, DU. LG. drinkgfi,
OHG. trinchan mhg. g. tritiken,
on. drekka , goth. drigkan : a
common teut. str. vb. From
teut. comes the Roman group
IT. triiicare, fr. triiiqucr 'hol)nob'.
The TEUT. \f draik (Aryan dhre/ig^
does not appear outside of
Teut.
drip vb. ME. drippc OK.dryppan:
associated with OE. *dreopan
.ME. drepe 'drop, fall' = osAX.
driopan., DU. druipen, ohg. triufan
MHG. G. triefeii, ON. drjilpa 'droj),
drip'.
drive me. drive oe. drifau str. vb.
^ o.SAX. drlban 'drive, banish,
perform', DU. drijven drive, do,
fly, swim' , on. drifa 'hasten',
GOTH, drciban 'drive', OHG. tribaii
MHG. trihcn g. treihen. For the teut.
sfdrlb (ARYAN dhribh'> dlirfp}^
cp. also drift.
droll adj. peril, borrowed fr.
¥K. dro/e 'otld, queer, funny'. Cp.
G. drollig from lg. druliig, du.
drollig\ not found in the older
languages,
drone si). me.^/;7/;;oe. dran (plur.
drchi). The synon. ovlg. ^trcno
MHG. trene G. drohne, osAX. dran
plur. draiii (dan. drone is a con-
tinental loanword) are evidently
related, but not phoneticall}'
identical; oe. dran points to
GO'iH. '''drainiis, while ohg. ireno
points to GOTH, ''drina. An
Aryan \f dhrcn cp. in gr. Xh\-
i)g}]Vi] 'a species of wasp' —
also (IvOqiJvi] 'woodbee' — Laco-
nian dp(OVn^ 'drone'.
drop vb. me. droppe oe. droppian
also dropian and droppetian {=
DU. droppen, G. tropfeii): a frequent,
deriv. of the orig-. str. vb. OE.
dreopan me. drepe = osAX. drio-
pan, DU. drnipen, ohg. triufan
MHG. G. triefe/i, on. drjiipa 'drop'.
See drip and drop.
drop sb. 'a globule' me. drgpc
oe. dropa ^= OSAX. dropo, DU.
drop, ON. drope, ohg. troffo; the
ohg. by-form tropfo (g. tropfeii).
points to a teut. base druppon-.
dropsy — dung
65
All derivatives of tlie teut.
\^ ilnip. See drop'^.
dropsy me. dropsy dropcsie short
for idropsie hydropsie: borrowed
from FR. hydropisie (lat. hydro-
pi sis) .
drought ME. drought older
drougth driight OE. dri'/god 'dr}'-
ness': deriv. from OE. drilgian
'become dry' and teut. adj.
driigi in dry.
drouse (droivze) vb. me. '^'drotisc
OE. drus{i)an 'become slow or
sluggish' = mdu. droosen 'doze'; ^
cp. 'LG.driinse(lyn 'slumber' driinsen j
'low' (of cattle) ; akin to OE. I
drcosan = goth. driusan 'fall'. 1
See dreary.
drove sb. 'herd , road for
sheep or cattle in droves' me.
drove earlier drpf oe. ^//v//"drove' :
deriv. from W\^\~ drib in drive. •
drown vb. mk. drou/ie; short
for ME. druuc/w (also dissimil.
drtmkle^ oe. drunaiian 'sink' : a
passive formation of the teut.
verb drink.
dry ME. dric drye oe. dryj^e
from TEUT. drf/gi-, as shown by
oe. driigod = mod. e. drought.
A TEUT. by -form draugi- (or
draugii-) is seen in oe. drdj^e
.\iE. dreic and in du. droog,
LG. dnPge (by the side of lg.
dryge, north-fris. driiilgJi). All
with the same meaning, which
appears also in the related G.
trockcn (oh (J. truckaii). Cp. on.
draugr 'a dry log'; ohg. jiroper
nouns e. g. DriVii-kliiiga prove
a teut. drithi 'dry'. An Aryan
English Etymology.
y/^dhriik is probable and ohg.
truckan would point to a by-
form Aryan dhrfig.
duck sb. ME. doiike oe. diice:
akin to oe. *duc(7Ji under duck
vb.; hence //«<:/; prop. 'the diving
one, diver'; cp. DA'S, dukaud 'sea-
duck, G. tmichente.
duck vb. ME. doukc ; an oe.
*dikan may be inferred fr. du.
duikcn, OHG. tuhhan mhg. tuchen
G. tauchen.
due adj. me. dUe from fr. du
m. due f. OFR. deu m. deue f. (=
IT. debutd) ; cp. med.-lat. 'uiebu-
tu?fi debuta for debitu?/i.
duke ME. dilke from fr. dtic;
w'ith the deriv. duchess mk.
dicchesse short for duchesse = fr.
duchesse. — duchy (cp. me.
ducherie instead of ''duchie) from
FR. due hi.
dumb adj. me. domb duvih oe.
duf/ib ; GOTH, dumbs, on. dumbr
have essentially the same meaning
while the corresponding G. duvun
(ohg. ^\iiG. tujfip') signifies 'stupid,
foolish'. Perh. deaf without
nasal (= oe. deaf, goth. dau/s)
belongs to the same Aryan
\'^dhuhh, which may be found
also in gr. rv(/Xng 'blind'.
dun adj. 'dark, swarthy' me.
don donne oe. dun (nn) : an earlv
Celtic loanword (oiR. gael.
donn, gall, donuos) ; therefore
not found in other teut. lan-
guages.
dung ME. dung dong; cp. org.
tunga 'dung' G. dung. OHG.
MHG. tunc 'subterranean weaving
66
dungeon
ear
room'. If 'cave, underground
room' is the orig. meaning, GR.
TUifOc from an Aryan dhnghivos
may be allied.
dungeon sb. me. dougeoti don-
jou?i\ loanword from ofr. do7i-
geo7i dongon donjon FR. donjon
(iMED.-LAT. domnionevi 'a com-
manding tower' fr. a lat. type
dommionem; cp. lat. dondnmm
under domain^.
dusk ME. dosk OE. dose (of
rare occurrence, but also seen
in the deriv. vb. duscian^. Akin to
the sw. dial, duskug 'misty'.
A TEUT. base dnska- admits of
relation to lat. fnscus 'blacldsli,
dark' (base dlmsko-1^.
Dutch orig. meant German
including Dutch \ for down to
1600, Dutch was considered
a dialect of Germany. Dutch
corresponds to G. dcutsch = mlg.
diidesch, MHG. diutsch tiutsch tiusch
OHG. diutisk (osAX. thiudisce liudi
'Germania').
dwarf ME. dwergh dwtrugh
OE. d7veorh(g) = DU. dwcrg,
OHG. MHG. tw'erc(g) getw'crc G.
zwerg, ox. dwei-gr m., sw. dan.
dvcrg. TEUT. base dw'crga-
belongs prob. to the TEUT. \^ drug
'deceive', hence dwarf prop,
'deception, vision'.
dwell vb. ME. dwcllc late OE.
dwelian : scand. loanword from
ON. dvelja 'delay, stay' = ohg.
twellan (and tivalai) 'linger'.
dye vb. ME. die deic dcy: oe.
dcagian : derived from oe. dc'ah(g) ;
a TEUT. dauga is not found
elsewhere.
E
each ME. (eh earlier (leh OE.
die orig. d-gilic = OHG. ioginh
MHG. iegelich G. jegUch\ cp. ohg.
vmnno-giUh 'every man' — • ^mbo-
gilih 'every woman' etc.
eager me. (gre : adapted from
OFR. eigre 'keen, sharp'. Source
lat. acre (accr).
eagle me. c'gle: loanword from
FR. (ligle; source lat. aqu'da.
eanling'lamb'(Shakesp.) points
to an OE. cjin 'lamb'; c^. yeaji.
ear^ sb. me. ere oe. rV?r<' = teut.
base auzon- in goth. ausb, osax.
OHG. ora G. ohr , uu. oor. An
Aryan base aus- cp. in lat.
auris, GR. oiit,-, Russ. SLOV. ueho
'ear' ; perh. cogn. with hear. —
Hence earwig me. (r-wiggc ok.
car-7C'igga.
ear- sb. (of corn) me. ;';- oe. car
contr. from *eahor (Northumbr.
ehh€i-')^'x:KiiT. base ahaz-\ ident.
w. OHG. ahir G. iihre, GOTH, ahs,
ON. ax. Perh. akin to invns.
ear vb. .me. ere oe. eriaji ^^^
earl
eight
.67
GOTH, arjan, ohg. crian 'plough';
cogn. with LAT. arare, or. uodftv,
OIR. arabn 'l plough': Aryan
\f ar ill LAT. arvutn 'field' and
in earth.
earl .me. erl oe. corl = on.
jarl, OSAX. crl. Perh. ident.
witli tVie TEUT. tribe-name Heruli.
early me. (rli OK.cerlke; cp. ere.
earn vb. me. erne oe. earnian
= OHG. arnon. Perh. traceable
to the Aryan \/~<?r in GR. d(jri\uai.
earnest me. er//esf oe. eornitst
= OHG. crnust G. DU. ernst 'serious-
ness'; perh. akin to goth.
ariiiba -Adw surely'?
earth me. erthe oe. eorde ^
OSAX. ertha , ohg. erda G. crde,
GOTH, air pa, on. jord\ cognate
with OHG. i'rv 'earth' = on.
jgrvi 'ground', lat. arznwi 'field',
GR. fo«Cf to the ground.
earwig cp. ear
-1
earlier else
from
ease .me. csc
FR. aise 'ease'.
east ME. (st OE. (ast\ ident.
with DU. oost, G, osten ; the teut.
base aust- is traced to the
Aryan name of the aurora lat.
aurora, gk. tjcJ^'j ^kr. usas: Ar}'an
base ausos. Cp. Easter.
Easter me. ester oe. {astro =r
OHG. ostarfin G. Ostern. Accord-
ing to Beda Venerabilis , in
heathen times the Anglo-Saxons
called the feast in April after
tlieir goddess Eostre, which is
elsewhere (juite unrecorded. The
WEST-teut. word (base austrd/i-)
is prob. of the same origin as
east; cp. LITH. auszra 'aurora'.
eat vb. me. cte oe. etaii = du.
eten, OSAX. etau, ON. eta, GOTH.
itan, OHG. e-i^yin G. essen. Cp.
the Aryan \f ed in lat. edo, GR.
edni.iai, skr. ad, lith. edmi 'eat'
(see also tootJi).
eaves me. eves oe. efes 'eaves';
the E. dial, form oaves (Essex)
points to an oe. "'ofes = OHG.
obasa 'porch, hall', GOTH, ubizwa
'jiorch', ON. ups 'eaves'.
ebb sb. me. ebbeo"^. ebba = ofris.
ebba, du. eb ebhe, G. dan. ebbe,
SWED. ebb. Source and history
unknown.
edge -ME. egge oe. ecg (infl.
eege) tz=- du. egge, osAX. eggia,
ON. egg, OHG. eeka G. ecke. Cogn.
with LAT. acies 'point', GR. av.iz;
cp. SKR. ao'i 'corner', GR. av.onc
'pointed', lith. aszru-s 'sharp' :
Aryan \'~ ak.
eel ME. OE. el OE. eel = ohg.
al, G. DU. DAN. aal, on. ail: teut.
base eld- elu- ?
egg sb. ME. egg from on. egg.
OK.di (i)lur. diru) — .me. «' (plur.
eire) 'egg' were supplanted by the
SCAND. loanword egg. OE. rij and
on. egg correspond to osax.
ohg. 67, DU. G. ei: teut. base
am- {ajjiz- ajjaz) perh. related
to LAT. oi'um, GR. u)6v a^'^ .
egg '^■''- instigate' me. egge
from on. t'ggja ''g.^v; on'; akin
to edge.
eight ME. eig/tte oe. *e/ite mostly
ealita = goth. ah tan, osax. ohg.
rt-///^' G. du. acht: Aryan base
olitbu okto in GR. oxTf->, lat. octo,
SK.R. astaii, OIR. <^W//.
5*
68
eisel — emmet
eisel ME. aisil late oe. aisil (^=
ODU. aisijt) fr. ofr. aisil. Source
a LAT. type acdulum; cp. oe.
cccd 'vinegar' fr. lat. acidmn
'sharp.'
either me. either oe. ceyter
shortened for ceyiwcrder orig.
a -\- iihwceder\ cp. ohg. io-giwe-
dar 'each of two' and in'hcthei-.
eke ME. ek OE. ec earlier (ac fr. a
TEUT. auk = GOTH auk., OHG.
ouh G. auch. Prop, imperative
of the str. vb. goth. aukan 'add'
(=1 LAT. augere).
elbow ME. elbpwc oe. elhoga
earlier eln-hoga r=^ ohg. dinbogo
g. elbogen, du. elleboogy on. gin-
hogi: a GOTH, compound *aleina-
buga 'the bow of the cubit' is
wanting. Cf). ell and bow.
eld'oldage, antiquity'(Shakesp.)
me. i'lde OE. eldo yldo 'antiquity' :
abstract of old = OE. did. —
elder adj. me. elder oe. eldra:
compar. of old.
elder sb. (a tree) me. eldre eller
OE. ellarn.
eleven me. enlevene oe. infl.
cndleofane csnlifane; oe. endlufon
corresponds to on. ellifn, OSAX.
clleban ; cp. goth. ai/ilif, ohg.
einlif G. du. elf 'eleven'. The
TELJT. numeral ain-lif- is a com-
pound of ain = one and lif
= pre-TEUT. -lika in lith. i^dio-
lika 'eleven' (cp. tioelve^. The
orig. meaning of the numeral
was peril, 'ten + one'.
elf (with the older by-form
ouphe Shakesp.) me. elf oe. eelf:
TEUT. base alba- also in on. dlfr\
the word occurs in proper names
as OE. u^lfrid = ohg. Alp-rdt.
An Aryan alhhu- is found in
SKR. rbhu 'the name of a certain
kind of deity'.
ell ME. elk earlier elne oe. eln
Tzrz- OHG. cli7ia G. DU. elle, ON.
alin, GOTH, aleina 'ell, cubit'. A
pre-TEUT. olend- is found in lat.
ulna, GR. (oXivrj, OIR. uile 'cubit\
Cp. elbow.
elm ME. OE. elm\ akin to on.
dlmr and lat. ulmus (g. ?/;/«f is
a lat. loanword, du. f?/;// is ofr.
olme) .
else ME. OE. elles adv. 'other-
wise' : genet, of the pron. gk)th.
aljis 'an other' (=^ lat. alius,
GR. «AA.oc, OIR. aile, armen. ail) ;
cp. OE. ele-lende 'a foreign land ,
OHG. eli-lenti 'being abroad' and
ohg. elles 'elsewhere', lat. alias
'otherwise'.
ember-days me. imbri-daives oe.
ymbren-dagas prop, 'days of pro-
cession'?
embers 'ashes' me. ejnmeres
cfueres plur. OE. cemyrian plur.
:=: OHG. eimuria , ON. eimyrja
'embers'. Prob. a compound of
a TEUT. type aim-uzjon \ cp. on.
cimr 'steam, vapor' and icsli a
conflagration' , mhg. usel ftsel
'ashes, embers' fr. an Aryan \" us
in LAT. urere vb. 'burn' (cp. on.
ysja. 'fire').
emmet 'ant' i\ie. efnet oe. cenicie:
TEUT. base atnaitjon- =■ ohg.
amei-a g. anirise: prob. cogn.
with ohg. imi--f G. etnsig 'in-
dustrious'.
emperor — ewe
69
emperor me. emperour fr. afr.
CJiipcrur = LAT. imperator-C7n (but
OE. Cdsere 'emperor' = G. kaiser
fr. LAT. Caesar')\ cp. empire me.
empire fr. fr. empire = lat.
impcrium and empress me. e^n-
pcresse earlier form efiiperice fr.
OFR. cDipcrice = lat. imperatriccin.
empty me. empti emii short for
OE. cemtij^ 'empty'.
enchant vb. me. enchaunte fr.
FR. enchanter = lat. incantare.
end me. oe. ende = goth. andeis,
OHG. enii G. e?ide, DU. einde, on.
endi: teut. base andja-, pre-TEUT.
antyo-; cp. SK.R. dnta 'end, limit'
and oiR. tV.
engage cogn. w. gage.
enough me, inough {iiimve) OE.
-^enoh {l^enpg earlier y-npg') : teut.
base ga-noga- in du. genoeg,
osax. gi'iog, OHG. ginuog G.
^•^^ww^ 'enough'; cp. goth. ganohs
and the goth. vb. ganaiihan 'to
suffice' — ganailha 'sufficiency':
ARYAN v'^-'i'^'i' {juli).
enter vb. me. entre vb. fr. fr. <?;/-
trer = lat. vitrare vb. 'enter.
entire adj. me. entire fr. fr.
^«//Va' = LAT. integrtim {integer^.
envy sb. me. etivie fr. fr. ^«zw ^
LAT. invidia.
ere 'before' me. dr{e) oe. rir
(fr. f^/v dri teut. «/;■/) before';
ident. w. goth. <?/>-, ohg. osax.
er G. f//r.
ermine sb. me. ermine fr. ofr.
ertnine fr. hermine, whicii is of
Teut. origin; cp. ohg. harmhi
mhg. /lerj/ihi 'fur'. The primitive
OHG. har7no (corresp. to lith.
czanniT) means 'weasel'.
err vb. me. erre vb. fr. fr.
crrcr = lat. crrare; hence
errant fr. errant.
errand me. e7'nde e?-ende short
for OE. (krcnde = OSAX. drundi,
OHG. drunti 'message'; uncertain
whether cogn. w. corn, aims, ox.
drr, OE. dr, osax. <7' 'messenger'.
escape vb. me. escdpe vb. fr.
OXFR. escapcr = fr. dchapper. lat.
type ex-cappare deriv. from cappa
'cloak'.
evening UY..eveni7ige O'^.dfnung:
deriv. of eve me. eve(n) OE. d/en
efen\ cp. ohg. dlmnd G. abend,
OSAX. dband , du. avond; ox.
aptann (swed. afton, dan. afteii)
and OE. .a^/^// 'evening' belong-
to tlie same group : teut. base
ebnd-} eftn-l
ever me. <??w earlier (lire oe.
r^/rr (earlier dhre^ ; the word is
orig. ccjmpounded, but only
the i^' element is evident; cp.
OE. d 'ever' = goth. aiw under
aye-. — every me. evert earlier
form ever ilk late OE. dfrcHc.
everywhere me. ever iwMre oe.
(e/re-ie/ncjcer.
evil adj. me. evel prop, ive/ ok.
yfel: TEUT. base uhila- in goth.
ubils, OSAX. iitil , ohg. ubil G.
libel, du. euvel; cogn. w. ohg.
uppi G. iippig and perhaps w. teut.
uber = over.
ewe ME. (we oe. ^'^zf/^ (not
<^(9K'«, which would be me. *<7f'<') :
TEUT. base atvi- 'sheep' in du.
ooi, ON. (h-r 'sheep' and cp. goth.
70
ewer
fair
awcpi 'flock of sheep' and awistr
'a sheepfold'; cp. OHG. ou (plur.
ouwi) fr. a TEUT. base awwi-.
A base cnui- occurs in other
Aryan languages : skr. dvi, lat.
ovis, GR. oiq (*o//g), lith. avis
'sheep', OSLOV. ovica, oiR. <?/ 'sheep'.
ewer me. (wer fr. afr. '^'eiviere
VK.aiguiere: source lat. aquarium
'vessel for water', whence also
OHG. ahhari, du. lg. aker 'pitcher,
bucket'.
expound me. expoune vb. fr.
ovK.espondre: source lat. exponere,
whence also OHG. spiinon 'inter-
pret, expound'.
eye me. eie earlier e~^e OE. cage:
TEUT. base augo/i- in goth. a^igd.
OHG. oiiga G. auge , osax. oga,
DU. oog, ON. auga (under win-
doiv). As shown by the teut. vb.
''^aujan pret. "^awida (== o^. ywan
cowde) for '^agivjan '^agwida 'to
show', TEUT. augon- is transformed
(by the influence of teut. auzcm-
= ear^ from an earlier agwon-:
ARYAN base okon- fr. a primitive
stem ok 'eye' ; cp. lat. oc-ulus,
OSLOV. oko, LITH. akis, GR. oV(Jf
'the eyes' (for ^^okje) ; skr. aksi.
eyot sb. ME. eiet OE. ijpt com-
monly i'^od: deriv. of OE. /j i^
'island', which answers to on. ey,
OHG. ouwa 'island' (teut. aujo-
fr. agzvjo- deriv. of GOTH, ct/mki
= LAT. aqua 'water').
fable .ME. /dfi/e fr. fr. /ad/e =
LAT. fabula.
face ME. fa(e fas fr. fr. face =
LAT. fades.
fade (Shakesp. vade) vb, me.
/iwV vb. fr. the fr. adj. fade
(whence also o.fade, ouu. vadde^.
Source a lat. type ''fatidns in-
stead oi fatitits 'foolish'.
fail vb. me. faile vb. fr. fr.
faillir (source lat. fallere),
whence also DU. I'eih'fi , mhg.
vc/e/i G. fehleii.
fain adj. me. fain oe. fee-yen
'glad' = OSAX. fagan, on. feginn
adj. 'glad'; cp. goth. faginon 'to
enjoy' and faheps 'joy', which is
ident. \v. ohg. gifeho 'joy' or
more accurately w. oe. J^efea
(contracted fr. ^gifeaha = *gi-
fahd) : TEUT. \'feh (Aryan peli)
in oe. lefeon (pret. lefeali) =
OHG. gife/ian 'to enjoy'.
faint adj. me. feinf fr. Ofk. feint
partic. o{ feindre; c\). feign.
fair adj. me. fair oe. fce~^er =
=: G0TH.yvz^;'i-'fit',0HG. oshyi.fagar,
ON. /la'.^T. According to goth.
gafahrjan 'to prepare , there
exists a teut. sffeh also in G.
fegen ohg. 71'egen vb. 'cleanse' ;
cp. ON. /(^r^''^^ and OHG. fuogan
G. fiigen, OE. lefeian.
fair sb. 'market, festival' me.
fairy — fast
71
fe.irc fr. afr. feire = fr. foire\
source LAT. fcria 'a holiday',
whence also OHG. fir a G. fcicr
'ceremony' {/eieriag 'holiday').
fairy -MF.. fairie fr. ofr. faerie
"enchantment'; cp. fay-
faith sb. ME. faith fcith (with
the Ijy-form fai fei) fr. afk. feid
feid (with the by-form /tv = fr.
foi). Source lax. fides — fidem.
falcon sb. me. faukoun fr. fr.
faticon. Source late la']'. falco-
i!C7n, whence also OHG. falko G.
falke, im. faike, DU. valk 'falcon'.
fall vb. ME. falle oe. fallan
{fcallaii) = OHG. OSax. fallan,
ON. falla str. vb. 'fall': teut.
\ffall = Aryan sfpal in lith.
piilti (pres. p'lihi) 'to fall'; cp.
also GR. aifdXXouui 'to fall'?
fallow adj. ^\^. falwe oe. fealo
gvn.furhces =^ teut. base fahca-
in ON. fplr, DU. 7'aal, ohg. falo
G. fa/il 'pale, fallow'. Cogn.
w. LAT. pallidas \>'d\e' — pullus
'dark', gr. nnhoQ 'gray', skr.
palita 'gray';. the teut. adj. has
the same suffix as OSLOv. plavii,
I.ITH. pak>as 'fallow^'.
false adj. mk. late oe. fals fr.
OFR. fals =^ FR. faux; source
LA'i". falsiis 'false'.
fame .me. fame fr. fr. fihiic -=--
i.AT. fama 'report'.
famine me. fa?nin(e) fr. fr,
famine: deriv. fr. L.vr. fames
hunger'.
fan ME. OK. fan {nn): borrowed
during angi,o-sax. times fr. l.\t.
T'annus (in the vulgar pro-
nunciation /!///;/«.<■; c\>. G. vers =
LAT. versus) ; G. wanne is an
earlier loanword fr. l.^t. vannus.
fancy short for me. fantasie =
OFR. fantasie (lat. phantasiei).
far adv. me. fer frre oe.
feor feorran] cp. GOTH. fairra
adv., OHG. ferro G. fern, du.
ver, on. //'(?rr/ 'far' : cogn. w. GR.
nsQui- 'beyond', skr. para 'distant',
ARM en. lieri 'far'.
fardel me. fardel fr. ofr. fardel
= fr. fardeau 'burden, load.
fare vb. me. fire oe. far an
str. vb. = GOTH, y^^r^?/;, o^.fara,
OHG. OSAX. farati mhg. varn G.
fahren, uu. varen: teut. \'~far
= ARYAN \fpor in GR. TTOOcvoiiai
I travel, I go'.
farm me. ferme 'repast, banquet,
rent, farm' OE. feorni 'banquet,
food, subsistence'; cp. OE.feortnian
vb. 'sustain, feed, support' bor-
rowed fr. LAT. firmare 'to make
strong' (firmare akpn. cibo atque
potione).
farrow me. farli 'young pig'
OE. fearh 'pig' = OHG. farah
(g. ferkel, du. varke/i) : teut. base
farha- = pre-teut. porko- in GR.
Tioo/.og, L.AT. parens, lith. pdrszas,
OSLOV. prase, OIR. ore 'pio'-
farthing y\E. ferthing short for
ferthing oe. feordung (/eording
feordling') 'the fourth part, farth-
ing': deriv. t)f OE. feor da 'fourth',
cp. four and OHG. for dung.
fashion .me. fagioun (^fassouii)
fr. FR. fafon = LAT. faetio{nem).
fast adj. ME. fast oe. feest =
OS.faslr, du. vast, OHG. festi ad],
(fasto adv.) g. fest 'fast': teut.
72
fast
feeble
fastu-, Aryan postu in armen. hast
'fast". — fastvb. u^.fasteOK.fcestan
= GOTH, fastaii , G. fasten, du.
vasten, ox. fasta: prop, derived
from the adj. with the orig. mean-
ing 'make firm, observe'.
fat adj. ME. /(?/ (tt) short for-OE.
fcztl prop. fcEtcd = TEUT. base
faitida- in ohg. feiyt G. /d7>/,
OSAX. /cV/V/ LG. G. fett 'fat', du. vet:
prop, partic. of a teut. vb.
'"^faitjaii. The base is a teut. adj.
faita- 'fat' in mhg. vei
Aryan \j''pd cogn.
3'
w.
ON. />//?- :
\/~J>t in
GR. 7t/o)1/ TTiapdg 'fat' ^ SKR.
/Z2'a« — pivara 'fat' (skr. \^ pya).
fatal ME. /(?/(// fr. FR. fatal;
cp. fate me. /(//r = OFR. fate.
Source lat. fatuin — fatalis.
father me. fider oe. feeder =
GOTH, fadar (commonly atta^,
OHG. fater G. vater, osax. fadar,
DU. vader, on. fadir: teut. base
fader- = Aryan base pater- in
lat. pater, gr. naTijp, skr. ///(^zr
and oiR. r//////-, armen. //t///-: all
equivalent.
fathom iME. fdthem oe. /^^^w
'embrace, extended arms, fathom,
cubit': ident. \v. on. fadmr, du.
vadciii 'a fathom' ^=: OHG. fadiim
G. fiden 'a fathom, a thread':
TEUi'. base fapma- fr. an Aryan
\fpet in GOTH. /^7/« 'hedge' =
MHG. vade fence' and in gr.
nhxdvvvia 'I extend'.
fault :me. faute fr. fr. faute.
favor ME. favour =r fr. faveur.
fawn sb. me. faun •\^xo-<^.fa-ouii
fr. FR. faon 'a fawn': source a
LAT. type/(r/(7///,!j-, deriv. o{ fvtus.
fay fr. fr. fie\ cp. mhg. feie
fr. OFR. /(v>: source a lat. /^/^
^ fatiwi.
fear me. ///v oe. /lir 'a sudden
peril, fear' = osax. far, ohg.
fara 'treason, danger' G. gefahr
'danger'; goth. '^fera is the source
oi ferja 'a spy' : Aryan \fper also
in lat. periculum 'danger', gr.
nsTon 'trial .
feast ME. frste fr. ofr. feste =^
FR. fete: source lat. festa.
feat ME. fct by-form feit fait
fr. FR. fait ^= LAT. factum.
feather short for me. fc'ther
OE. feder r=r du. veder , osax.
fethara, ohg. fedara G. feder,
ON. 75'^^r 'feather': teut. base
fepro-, Aryan petra-; cogn. w.
GR. TiTfoov feather, wing', skr.
pdtatram 'wing' — patra 'feather' :
ArA'an sfpet in skr. \rpat 'to
fly', also in lat. pemia (prop.
'"petsncf) 'feather'.
feature WE..fc'tiire fr. ofr. friture
==- LAT. factura.
fee sb. me. /f' o^.feoh (gen./kw
dat. feo^ prop, 'cattle, property
in cattle' ; ident. w. goth. fai/ni,
ON. /if 'cattle, property', ohg.
fhu G. vieh 'cattle': teut. fiihu
Aryan pi^ku neut. in skr. pd(u
neut. 'cattle ; cp. skr. pa(ii
masc, LAT. pceus 'cattle' (hence
peciijiia 'money') .
feed vb. me. fede oe. fedan
fedan : teut. base fodjan under
food.
feeble adj. me. fcble fr. ofr.
feible foible = fr. faible.
feel
fetlock
73
feel vb. ME. fde oe. felan fiilan
wk. vb. fr. a teut. base foljan in
os.^x. gifoljan, du. voden, ofris.
fcla, MHG. vilekn G. filhleii vb.
'feel'. Perh. cogn. \v. i,at. pahiia,
03.\x. OE. yy//;/ 'hand': \^J>aL
feign vb. me. feine fr. fr. feindre
'to feign' : source lat. fingere.
fell sb. ME. OE. /t'/(//) : teut.
base fella- in goth. y?//, on.
fell. OHG. fel(ll) G. /('/Z, UU. {7^/.
Cogn. \v. LAT. /r///jr skin' : \^pel
also in film.
fellow sb. ME. fclawe late OE.
fc'oliiga: borrowed h. on. fdage]
cp. ON. fe-lag 'companionship,
association', lit. 'a laying to-
gether of property' (on. f 'pro-
perty' ^=- E. fee').
felly (felloe) me. /d'/Zc (felwe)
OE. yl'/j^ (felgan) r=^ OHG. /t'4'-r?
G. felge, DU. radvelge. skr. par(u
'rib' is compared.
felon ME. felouii borrowed fr.
KR. /;V<w 'a traitor' fr. med.-lat.
felloinem) fel^nem).
felt ME. ov..felt\ cp. the synon.
OHG. G. yf/s MHG. vilz, DU. ?////',
S\V. DAN. fit: TEUT. /^'//'ti'S */?///s
-from a pre-TEUT. '^peldos. Felt
is prob. related to oiLov. pliisti
'felt'. The synon. Rom. words
IT. fellro, FR. feutre (meo. - i,a r.
Jfltnwi) 'felt' are ofTEUT. origin.
fen ME. OE. fcii{?m) : teut. base
fanja- 'morass' in the synon.
GOTH. /(////, DU. veen, on. fen,
OHG. fenni.
fence sb. short for defence. —
fend vb. ME. fcndc\ also abbre-
\iation of defend.
fennel me. fenel oe. final:
borrowed fr. hki. fcniculumfenu-
culitni (whence also fr. fenouil,
IT. finocchid) ; du. venkel , ohg.
fcnahhal fcnihhal G. fenchcl arc
earlier loanwords.
fern shortened for me. fern
OE. fcarn fcarn = G. fain, du.
varen. The teut. base farna-
'fern' is ident. w. skr. parna
'wing-, feather, leaf; cp. GR.
nxsQOv 'feather — • titfqic 'fern*.
ferret borrowed fr. fr. fnret
(t^ it. fiircttd), which is a deri-
vative of LAT. fur 'thief. FR.
furet is also the source of du.
fret, G. frett usually frettchen.
ferry sb. me. ferie: it is un-
certain whether it is a genuine
e. word (oE. "fcrie) or a Scand.
loanword (on. ferja); cp. G.
fiihrc, du. 7'eer. Source the
verbal \ffar in fare.
ferry vb. me. ferie OE. ferian
'carry' ^= on. ferja carry', goth.
farjan 'travel; cp. fare.
fetch vb. ViV..fccche with the by-
form fete (pret. fette) oe. feccan
fetjan earlier y^/w// {ywaX.fctode)',
E. -tch ME. cell is developed fr.
OE. tj (^fetjan earlier fctian, avest-
TEUT. fetojati). There exists a
teut. \ffet'm. oe. sidfct 'journey',
ON. fet 'step, pace'; e. foot
belongs to the same Aryan
fetlock orig.'thc tuft of hair be-
hind a horse's pastern-joint'.
.ME. fitlock fetlack: a genuine E.
74
fette
fight
word iclent. w. mhg. fizjach fiy-
loc/i, deriv. of mhg. fiy^el G.
fesscl 'pastern of a horse' which
seems to be cogn. w. teut.
fot = E. foot; cp. LAT. pes
pedeni 'foot'.
fetter sb. me. feter oe. fetor
= USAX. fctur, ON. fjotwr, du.
vetet-, OHO. fe"ifira mho. v'ey^er]
cogn. w. LAT. pedica, or. 7rtJ/y
'a fetter' and perh. w. G. fassen
'catch' : Aryan \fped pod.
fever me. fe/i>er fefre oe. fifor
{= OHG. ficbai- G.feber') : borrow-
ed fr. LAT. febris febrevi, whence
also FK. fevre (= it. febbre).
few adj. ME. fewe OE. fcaive
phir. represents a teut. ''fauwai
and is idem, with ohg. foJie
plur. of a '\:'ex.'vffauh(T^v)a-: Aryan
adj. paicqo- in lat. paiicus. Cp.
also GOTH. fa7L<ai phir. with
ON. /"<^?-r (dan. faa sw. /"^?; me.
/i? is Scand. loanword) ; osax.
fahe 'few', indo-eur. \" pan- in
or. navio cease'?
fey (SC.) 'doomed to die' me.
feie oe. fe^J,e = ON. feigr, osax.
fegi 'doomed to die'; du. veeg
'about to die' (ohg. feigi 'daring,
petulant' G. feige 'cowardly') :
teut. base faigi-.
fickle ME. fikel oe. feol from
OE. -^efc 'fraud'; cp. oe. fdceii
fraud, deception', OikX. fekan =
OHG. feihhan 'deception' : teut.
\~fik faik, prop, faih in goth.
bifaiJwn vb. 'defraud' and faih
sb. 'deception, fraud'. There
exists an Aryan \fpik in skr.
pifuna 'treacherous'.
fiddle ME. fthel oe. Jidele =
synon. ohg. fidula mhg. I'idele G.
fiedel, ON. fidla, du. vedcl: the
whole group is based on a
westteut. ffula =^ fr. 7'io/e, it.
SPAN. 7>Jo/a. Source a vulgar
LAT. vitnla (in a late pronun-
ciation fdida'{).
field ME. OE. fcld; e stands for
teut. /before /</; cp. ohg. osax.
feld g. feld, DU. veld. The teui'.
stem ''felpti- is related to oe.
folde, osax. folda 'earth'. A pre-
teut. adj. plthu- is found in
SKR. prthu 'broad' and frthivi
'earth' ; cp. or. u'/mtvc, oir. lethaii
'broad, iatu. platus. Perh. /"/<?/
is cognate.
fiend ME. fend oe. feond =
goth. fjands, on. fjdndi, osax.
fiund, OHG. MHG. viant G. febid.
The sb. is prop, a pres. partic.
of the vb. GOTH, fjan (OE. feo'^an,
OHG. fie It 'liate'). A correspond-
ing verbal \'~ piy 'Viate' occurs
in SK.R. ; therefore fend orig.
meant 'the hater'. Cp. frie7id.
fierce me. fers: borrowed fr.
OFR. fers fers, regular forms
fer ficr = fr. fer (lat. ferns
'wild').
fifth oe. fifda cp. fii'e.
fig ME. fg borrowed fr. fr.
fgue = LAT. ficiis, whence also
OE. fie-treo 'fig-tree'.
fight vb. ME. fighte OE. feohtan
str. vb. ^ DU. vechten , oHG.
fehtan G. fechten: teut. \ffehtl
filei
fire
75
file^ 'a string, list, order';
borrowed from fr. file 'a line,
rank, row'; source h\i\ Jl/nm 'a
thread'.
file- 'a steel rasp' me. file oe.
/}'/ usually feol (contracted from
"^fi/iil)', cp. OHG. fihala mhg. ink
G. feile, DU. -oijl. Connection
with ON. /<V pel 'file' is uncer-
tain.
fill vb. ME. fille OE. fyllan wk.
vb. = O.SAX. fiillian, DU. 7'ullen,
OHG. fulleii G. filllen, on. fylla:
GO'iii. TKUT. fulljaii 'fill' is deriv.
fr. the TEUT. adj. fulla- = E.
filly loanword fr. on. /)'^'<? 'a
filly', which is a dirain. of ON.
foil = Y.. foal.
film ^\v..fil})ic OE. filmen fylmen
-.=: oFRis. filmen from a teut.
dirain. h'dscfi'lmma- which points
to a more primitive teut. felma-,
cogn. w. E. fell.
filter vb. borrowed fr. FR.
filtrer 'strain through a felt' fr.
■s\Kii.-h\'v.filt7'iim feltrum 'felt'; cp.
felt.
filth ME. filt/ie short for OE.
fyltl: abstract formation of OE.
fill = E. foul', cp. OHG. fiilida
== GOTH, 'fill li pa.
fin sb. wv.. o¥.. fi?i (nn); cp. uu.
?7/;, sw. />//r7 'a fin'; cogn. w.
EAT. penna pinna 'feather'.
finch ME. fineli oe. fine fr. a
TEUT. base fi'nki-; cp. DU. 7'ink,
OHG. 7'inkfl G. y^wX.'. Observe the
similarity of sound of the Rom.
words for 'finch : it. pineione,
FR. pinson and e. dialect, pink
\pineli.
1 find ViY.. finde oy.. fin dan str. vb.
= synon. goth. finpan , ox.
finna, osax. findan fiihan, DU.
vinden, ohg. findan G. fin den:
TEUT. \'~fenp finp or by Verner's
law fend find is pre-TEUT. /^//z'
in the synon. IR. vb. *'/^7/w 'I
find'.
fine adj. me. fine borrowed fr.
FR. fi^n (whence also mhg. 7'm
G. fein, DU. fipfi). Source lat.
p'nire vb. 'complete'.
fine sb. ME. fine from lat.
finis 'a fine', lit. 'a final pay-
ment'.
finger me. oe. p'nger = goth.
figgrs, 0)s. fi^igr, MV.vinger, ohg.
fingar G. finger : teut. base///^;v/-,
perh. allied to five (Aryan
penqe^ .
finish vb. me. fimsshe fr. ofr.
finiss- base of some forms of fr.
\fim7- (lat. finire) 'end, finish'.
fir ME. firre\ perh. a Scand.
loanword : on. fyra rare by-form
oi fnra 'fir'. There is a teut.
name of the tree furh-\ oe.
furh, ohg. forlia g. fdhre\ cp.
pre-TEUT. perk qerq in la'l. quer-
cus 'oak'.
fire ME. //;• ov..fyr: contr. of
WESiTEUT. fiiir = OSAX. ohg.
/////- commonly osax. ohg. fiur
mhg. 7>iur G. feuer , du. ruur.
The ir of osax. ohg. fiiir (cp.
ON. fiirr fyrr)^ is suffix; /// fr.
pre-TEUT. ///- is the root : on.
ftir-r, GR. ni;-(), Umbrian //--'',
ARM EN. ku-r point to a common
76
first
fleam
base pii-i", SKR. sTpii- 'flame',
whence pavaka 'fire'.
first ME. first OE. fyi'it fr.
'^fyrcst = TEUT. f arista- in ohg.
fiu'ist (cp. G. filrst, du. f'(?-''iV
'prince'), on. fyrstr 'first'; the
original word for iirst' is OSAX.
fonno = OE. forma witii 7na-
suftix (goth. fru-ma) from indo-
EUR. //' ; cp. GR. TlpOUOC, SKR.
purva-s, o~:U}v.pruz!u^ LU'U. pirwas
'first'. Cp. former.
fish ME. fs/i OE. ^".y^: (and /?.iv)
= GOTH, y^i'/^.f, ON. fs/ir, OHG.
OSAX. _/?J"/5 G. ywr/i. TEUT. fska-z
from pre-TEUT. pisko-s agrees
with L \T. //Vm ; the corresponding
oiR. iasc points to pre-historic
'^pciskos.
fist iME. fist siiort for fist OE.
/)It/ fr. TEUT. *fiisti(z) r= OHG.
/}2i'/' G. faiist, DU. 7^«W/ 'fist'. If
connected with synon. lat. pug-
TJVyilirj, WESTTEUT.
= pre-
nus and GR.
fusti- stands for fuhsti
'I'EUT. piik-sti piig'Sti- ?
five i\iE. five OE. fife; without
inflection OE. fif irom 'VEVT. fmf
= CQ-iH. fmf OSAX. /{/", uu. wy/,
OHG. fnf MHG. Z'//;//' G. fH^if
ON. ///;/« (dan. sw. fem) : pre-
TEUT. p^7npe pinqe (fortlie shifting
of INDO-EUR. q to / see fir ^
four., wolf)\ cp. SKR. pafica,
GR. TllvXh {ni:.(.lVf: Tltf.niT.OC) , LAT.
quinquc (for '^piiique^, lii'H. penki,
OIR. /wV, CYMR. //;///>.
flag sb. 'an ensign' = ^•- J^t^Sg<^)
DU. t'/^i'', DAN. _//c?^'', s\v. plagg: a
modern word, not found in the
OTEUT. periods.
flail ME. flail fleil oe. '^fej/l
(once recorded as Jlil^l) =^
OHG. fegil G. fegel, du. vlcgel: a
WESTTEUT. loanword from lat.
fageUum 'whip, flail', whence also
FR. fliau (also OIR. sraigclt).
flask OE. flasce = on. fa ska,
DU. fesch, OHG. flasca g. flaschc ;
corresponding to the synon. it.
fiasco, OFR. flasche fr. fiacon (med.-
LAT. fiasco fr. LAT. vasculmnT).
flat me. y/(;/: borrowed fr. ox.
y/^i/r = sw. y?rr/, dan. y?f?<^/; cp.
OHG. y^^z^ 'flat'; cp. oe. fict, osax.
y7<?/// 'floor' and ohg. fia-^yi 'palm
of the hand .
flatter vb. me. fiatere : borrow-
ed fr. OFR. fiatcr ^= fr. fiatter.
flax xME. yA;.v oe. pleax = ohg.
yfrt'/^J• G. fiachs, du. f'/d'i'; prob.
cogn. w. the vb. ohg. fi'ehtati g.
fiechtcn and goth. fiai/itafi 'braid' ;
the JT in teut. '^fiahsa- would l)e
derivative; cp. the Aryan \fplek
'braid' in 'LXT.plectere, GR. n'khy.w
'weave'.
flay vb. ME. fie oe. fiean contr.
fr. a TEUT. str. \h.fiahan ^ on.
fid.
flea ME. fie OE. ficah r= ohg.
fioh G. y76'//, DU. vloo, ON. yZ?:
TEUT. base fiauh- for plauh-
meant orig. 'a fugitive', so that
the root under flee = goth.
pliuhan is the source oiE.flea.,
G. fioh.
fleam 'a kind of lancet' fr. fr.
fiauDiic. Source lat. fiebotomum.
whence also oe. fiytmc, du. vlijm,
fleck — flood
77
OHG. fietiima mhg. vliete{n) G.
ficte.
fleck a Scand. loanword: on.
flekkr, sw. flack = du. vlek, G.
/^-r/i'spot'. Cp. ME.y7^<:/&^/spotted'.
fledged adj. ^m. flegge <y£..flycge
= MDU. 7'lugghe, LG. flilgge, G.
fliiggc from a west-teut. base
fluggj- (oiiG. flucchi MHG. vli'icke
from WEST-TEUT. flukkj-). The
source is the teut. sj^flug in E.
flee vb. iME. yft' oe. y7<;w/ contr.
of '■■fli'o/ian = OSAX. ohg. fliohan
MUG. vlichcn G. fliehen\ goth.
fliiihan str. vb. 'flee points to
an ARY.VN \{'iIuk-\ c^.flea and
flight.
fleece (the ending ^^ for .r)
\\^. flcs ov.. flcos (and with vowel-
mutation /fiV) from t^\}t:. fletisaz
(jiiusis) ; cp. DU. ?'/?Vj-, MHG. vHcs
(j'lmi) G. {•'//V.f^.
fleet' 'a number of ships' me.
flete OE. flcot 'a ship'. — fleet-
'a creek, bay' me. flet oe. flcoi
'a bay of the sea'. Both belong
to the vb. fleet AtE. flf-tc 'float,
swim' ov.. fleoian 'float, sw-im' =^
oti.fljoin, o?,.\^.fliotafi, V)\}. vlieien,
OHG. flio"4i7i G. fliesseii. teut.
spfleutflut fr. ARYAN pleud-plud.
cp. ///V and float.
flesh ME. y/^'.w// o^.flchc shows
umlaut and palatalization of the
base '^fldski(z) ''\rlaiski{z) =- ohg.
/?m^ G. flcisch, DU. vleescli ; on.
7?^^^ means only 'pork', more
esp. 'ham and bacon'; perh.
cogn. w. flitch.
flicker vb. me. flikcre oe. fli-
corian = DU. flikkcren 'sparkle,
glitter'; a frequent, of a base
flik flak in ^i^.flakere, G.flackertil
flight ' 'the act of flying' me.
flight o^.flyht from 0%. fleogan =
E. fly.
flight- prop, 'the act of fleeing
ME. flight 0¥..flyht (= DU. vhigt,
ohg. OSAX. fliiht, G. fliicht) from
/<Yw 'flee'. E. flight OE.flyht, du.
T'l!(gt have both meanings of
flight. Cp. flee.
flint 'a hard stone' me. oe.
flint 'a rock' ; cp. dan. flint, G.
flintc 'musket, flint-lock', sw.
flinta, DAN. flint 'flint': perh. re-
lated to GR. Tih'vd^oc 'a brick.
flit vb. ME. flitte OE. *flyttan =r
ON. flytja (sw. flytta, dan. flyttc) :
cp. the root under fleet vb.
flitch n^. flic the oe. flic'ce =r on.
flikki: teut. base flikkja-, perh.
akin to fleck? or cogn. w.
float vb. me. yf^V^" oe. flotian ;
cp. .ME. y7f//^ 'a boat, a fleet' oe.
flota 'a boat,, ship, a fleet':
deriv. of the tevt. \^fliit under
fleet vb.
flock 1 'herd, flock' me. flok
oe. flocc = on. flokkr, dan. flok,
sw. flock.
flock - 'a lock of wool' fr. OFR.
floe ■= L.\i. floccus, whence also
OHG. floccho G. flocke, DU. vlok.
flood ME. OE. //(•'V/ = OSAX.flod,
DU. f'A?^'^/, OHG. fluot G. //«/, ON.
y?*^'^', GOTH, flodus: a common
Teut. word. GOTh. flodus from
ARYAN plotti-s is based on the
78
floor — foe
TEUT. \^J^o- from pre-TEUr. pla-
in flow.
floor -ME. OE. Jlih- rrrr DU. VlOCV,
iMLG. vlor, MHG. vluor (g. flur^
'field, surface, hall', on. Jlor 'the
floor of a cow-house': teut.
floru-s from pre - teut. plorus
plarus closely related to oiR.
lay for "^'pldr 'floor, paved floor'.
florin ME. Jlorin: borrowed fr.
FR. Jlor in (it. fiorino so named
because it bore a lily, from it.
fiore 'a flower').
flounce changed fr. M^.froimcc
'a plait' : loanword fr. er. fnmccr
'plait , wrinkle" (prob. from a
LAT. type "^frontiarc 'wrinkle the
torehead').
flounder sb. borrowed fr.scAND.
sw. jlundra, dan. Jlynder , on.
flydra.
flour ident. w. flower from
ER. fleur 'flower'.
flourish vb. me. fourisshe :
adapt, fr. ofr. Jlcnriss- stem of
feurir 'flourish' (lat. florescere
inceptive o'i florcrc 'bloom').
flow vb. ME. flihuc OE. fpwan
str. vb. =- ON. fod, DU. vlocicn:
teut. vO^^?- \\\ flood =z pre-TEUT.
plo- in GR. TrAoy'-fo 'I swim, sail',
TrXiOToq 'swimming, sailing'.
flower ME. flour: borrowed fr.
AFR. four for = FR. fmr (lat.
fos). Ident. w. flour.
fluke 'a flounder' UK. foke oe.
fpc = on. floki; cogn. w. ohg.
fah G.flach, DU. vlak adj. 'plain'.
Cp. the ARYAN -v^/Za^' in lat.
placenta 'cake' and planus (for
placnusT) 'plain.
flute borrowed fr. fr. flitc,
whence also DU. fuit\ cp. mhg.
vloitc g. flote 'flute' and ofr.
flautc, IT. f auto. Chaucer uses
the vb. fojite 'play on the flute'.
flutter vb. M^. fotere OK. foiorian
ix.sffut under float. Cp. G.
fattcrn ?
fly vb. ME. fie earlier feyn
OE. fcogan str. vb. = onG.fio^^an
G. fiegcn, DU. vliegen, on. fjiiga.
GOTH, "^fliugan is inferred from
the factitive faugjan 'carry away
in flight' and siiows that the
common Teut. vb. was flcugan;
cp. LAT. pliima (for *pluhma}^
'feather'. — fly sb. m^ fie
earlier fej^e OE. Jleoge = OHG.
fioga G. fliege, DU. vlieg (on. with
ablaut fluga 'fly') : evidently fy
means 'the flyer' from fly vb.
foal ViK. fjlc OK. fola -^ synon.
ON. foli, OHG. folo G. fohlen,
GOTH, fula: a common Teut.
term for 'tlie voung of a horse
or an ass' from pre-TEUT. fjlo/i- ;
allied to gr. rroiXog 'colt, young
animal , lat. pullus a young ani-
mal' esp. 'a chicken'.
foam sb. ME. fame OE. fdm =
OHG. feim : base faima- for an
earlier '^faina- = skr. phena,
O.SLOV. pena 'foam'.
fodder me. fodder oe. foddor
==: DU. vocder , ohg. fuotar G.
f utter , on. fodr: cp. oe. foda
under food.
foe ME. fg OE. jpfd contr. fr.
an earlier gifdha = west-teut.
gafaiho{n)-\ cp. the abstract OE.
fcchd (oHG. gifchida G. fehde):
I
fog — forbid
79
OE. lefd sb. and fckhd sb. are
based on the adj. OE. lefdh =
OHG. gifch) OE. fdh = TEUT.
faiha- from a pre-TEUT. paiko-
adj.
fog : a Dan. loanword, dan. fog
in snecfog 'a snow-storm' ; cp.
ON. y"t^/C' 'spray, snow-drift', fjuk
'snow-storm' from fjuka str. vb.
'drift'.
fold vb. ME. fglde OE. fdldaii
{/(aldati) str. vb. ^ Govn. fa If att,
OX. filda, OHG. faltan G. f alien :
TEUT. \f flip =^ pre-TEUT. /// cp.
in osLov. //(?/(/ //^i'// 'braid', gr.
dinXadiog for "dinXdrio^ two-
fold', SKR. pu/a 'fold' (for "Apulia).
— -fold ME. -y^A/ OE. -/(?/^/
(-fc'ald) =^ OSAX. -/<'//</, DU. -VOlld,
G. -/i?//, OX. -faldr, GOTH, -falps:
a common Teut. suffix for
the formation of raultiplicatives
corresj)onding to gr. jrAnmog in
dt7jXdo(og (also dinaXxo^ two-
fold').
folk ME. /(?//£ OE. /fA: = OSAX.
folk, DU. ?'^//', OHG. folc G. e'c;//(',
ox. folk. The primit. meaning-
is pcrh. 'a crowd of people',
whence lith. pulkas 'a crowd',
osi.ov. l^lfikii 'an armv'.
follow vb. ME. fohvcfolowc OE.
folgian (b}-form fylyiii) = ON.
fylgja, DU. volgcn, OHG. folgcn G.
folgcn : the common west-teut.
emd Norse vb. for 'follow';
compound verbal
possibly a
stem, the first member of which
is full; cp. OE. full-code 'he
followed, OE. OLG. fulgangan,
OHG. fola-gdn 'follow'. Go fr.
OE. gdfi would be the second
member.
fond ME. fond prop, fonn-ed
partic oi fon/ie 'be foolish'; cp.
ME. sb. fon{nn) 'a fool': borrowed
fr. sw. fane 'a fool'; icel. fdni
'a buoyant person'.
food ME. fode OK. fpda: teut.
\'~fod fad (cp. OHG. fatung.a
'food') fr. XKYAy pdlin TTfcnTrsd^ai
'eat'. Cp. also feed, fodder.
f osier.
fool ME. fo'l: adopt, fr. ofr. fol
(= fr. foil fol) 'a fool'.
foot ME. OE. fd (plur. fel) =
OSAX. /Ol, DU. ^'Oel, OHG. fuo- G.
fuss, ON. folr, sw. fol, DAN. fod,
GOTH, folus: TEUT. hasG fol- from
.A.RYAN />od- changing with ARYAN
pod- ped- in the declension; cp.
GR. TTOcT- in TTodu, nom. sing, ttovl;
(aeol. nroc) ; eat. pcd-em (nom.
sing. /i'i"); GR. 7ie*SiXov 'sole' —
TTBLOi^ (for '^'/rf J/oc) 'i^edestrian',
SKR. pad 'foot' and /(f*^/-;/ 'step,
print'.
fop vb. borrowed fr. DU. foppeti
'prate, cheat' {fopper 'a wag',
foppcrlj 'cheating') : orig. a word
of G. slang.
for me. OE. for prep. = goth.
fa lira 'before, for', ohg. for a G.
vor 'before', du. voor; cogn. w.
EAT. pro 'before', GR. von 'be-
fore'.
forbear \\v,. forbore oiL.forberan
str. vb.; cp. bear vb.
forbid y\v.. forbede oe. forbcodan
confounded with MV^forbidde OE.
forbiddan; cp. bid.
8o
force — foul
force sb. me. force fors: bor-
rowed fr. FR. force (lat. type
fortia 'strength' derived ix.fortis
'strong').
ford ME. OE. ford (me. also
fortJi) = DU. voert, osax. "^ford
in Heriford (prop, 'ford of an
army'), ohg. vurt G. fur t {Frank-,
Er-, Sc//7('c/n-) ; cp. OE. Oxenaford
(lit. 'ford of the oxen) = Oxford.
TEUT. '"fordii- forpu- from the
'i"EXii:.\'~far in farr\ \\q.vlCQ ford
prop, 'passable, practicable pass-
age'; cp. A VEST, pcretu 'bridge',
LAT. portus 'haven', on. fjordr
'bay' ; also celt. -lat. -ritntn (for
"prtoni) in Augiistoritum, CVMR.
rhyd 'ford'.
foreign mk. forchie: adapted
{x.ov\<.fordiii\ LAT. \.y}^^ foraneus
derived fr. foras adv. 'out of
door'.
forfeit sb. MK.forf'ie: borrowed
fr. OFR. forfait 'a fine' part, of
forf aire fors fair e 'trespass' (med.-
LAT. forisfactuvi j^art. of foris-
facere 'trespass', lit. 'do beyond').
forge ME. forge borrowed fr.
FR. forge from lal. fabrica 'a
workshop'.
forget vl). ME. forgetc oe. for-
gitan str. \b. T^o?>Ky.. fargetan, DU.
vergeten, mlg. 7'orgeten, ohg. fir-
g'e"jiin G. vergesscn. The comp.
vh. is the remnant of a str.
verbal -y'^^iY, whence e. get 'ob-
tain, reach'; cp. GOTH, bigitan
'find', ON. geta 'obtain'. Cp. get
and the arvan \f ghcd : ghend in-
LAT. prae-hendere , gr. y^avdaiOJ
seize'.
fork ViY.. forke oy.. forca = DU.
vork, OHG furcha furka G.fitrkc,
ON. forka: borrowed fr. lat.
furca 'a fork', whence also fr.
foil re lie, span, /lorca, it. forca.
forlorn 'quite lost' .me. forlorn
oe. for lor en part. oio%. forleosan
'lose utterly'; cp. lose and G.
DU. vcrloren, dan. for lor en.
former formed by adding the
com})ar. suffix -er to me. fortnc
OE. forma = osax. for7no 'first' ;
cp. first.
forsake vl>. me. forsake oe.
forsacan str. vb. 'oppose'; cp.
sake.
forth ^\Y.. forth OY.. ford :=^osax.
forth, OHG. '^ford G. fort, goth.
compar. faiirpis adv. earlier.
oteut. forp from older /);^t' //'A?
is allied to before a.\\d further.
{ortnightME. f our tenight four ten-
night horn me. fourtene 'fourteen'
and night (old plur.) 'nights';
cp. oe. feowertync niht and also
E. sennight = seven night. It
was usual to reckon by nights in
pre-hist. periods. — forty me.
fourty OE. feowertii = du. veertig,
G.vierzig, GOTH. fid7c>ortigJus ; cp.
OE. feower = four and oe. ti^
= ten.
foster vb. ME. fostre short for
OE. fpstrian irom. fostor 'nourish-
ment'; akmio food', teut. Y^/iv/.
foul ME. foul oe. fill = DU.
Vuil, OHG. //// G. fiul, on. ///'//,
GOTH, ////y; la- is suffix, and the
teut. \'^fti is inferred fr. on.
fiienn rotten' and from the fac-
titive vb. ON. fcyja 'cause to
found
freeze
8i
rot'. An Aryan verbal \'^ pti
appears in skr. ///j rot, stink';
cp. LAT. ////tv 'stink' — piitcr 'de-
cayed', GR. TTv-^M 'cause to
rot', GR. 77VO)' — LAT. pus 'pUSs'.
found ' vb. 'lay the foundation
of' ME. foiinde : adapted fr. fr.
fonder from hkT. fiwdare 'found'.
found - vb. 'cast metals' bor-
rowed fr. FR. fondre from lat.
fundere 'cast metals'.
fount ism.founi fr. OVB.. font =
LAT. font-em.
four ME. fourfowcr OE. feozver
(^feowerT) ^= osAX.f war, du. g. jner
OHG. for, on. f/orir. The OE. by-
form fyder- (in com}), as fyder-
fetc 'four-footed ) and GOTH, fd-
wbr i^fdur-') j)oint to a pre-TEUT.
bz.se peiwor petur for qetzvor qetur;
ident. w. skr. catiir, lat. quattiior,
GR. rsaauQsc {Triffvoec) , oslov.
cetyri 'four'.
fowl ME. foul earlier yww/ OE.
fugol = OSAX. fugal, DU. vogel,
OWG.fogal MHG. G. VOgel, ON. ftigl,
GOTH, fug Is: teut. h&se fugla-.
fox ME. OE. fox = OHG. fuhs
G. fuchs, DU. vos, OX. fox ; the
s of the TEUT. base fuh-s- is
suffix as is shown by gotu. fat/ho,
ON. foa 'fox' = OHG. foha mhg.
vohe 'she-fox' (and o^.focge 'she-
fox'?). Cp. vixen.
frail (.\1E. fr^ie) borrowed fr.
OFR. /raile (fr. frc/c) 'brittle' ^
LAT. fragilis.
frame vb. me. f rente oe. frem-
nian 'promote, do" (= on.fretiijij,
OHG. frenunati , oSAX. frcnwiian
English Etymology.
'perform'): derived fr. oe. frani
strong, good', ident. w. from.
franchise me. fraunchise: bor-
rowed from VK. franc/iise 'privi-
leged liberty' from VK.franchiss-,
stem of some forms of franchir
'free' from fr. franc 'free'.
fraught part, of me. fraughte
vb.= DU. bevrachten, g. befrachten;
cp. G.fracht oylg. freht 'earnings,
gain'. Properly a compound ;
cp. OE. ceht, OHG. eht 'property'
under oxvn.
freak 'a whim, caprice' me. frek
'quick, vigorous' OE. fric 'bold,
rash' =T ON. fr'ekr, ohg. fre/i
'greedy' G. frech 'pert', goth.
faihu-friks 'avaricious' : teut.
base frcka-.
freckle from on. freknur plur.
'freckles'; cp. .sw. friikne plur.
frdkfiar, fris. (Am run) friakan
'freckles'. Perh. cogn. w. GR.
veoy.voc spotted'.
free :me. frc ok. freo fri: teut.
base frija- = goth. freis, osax.
ohg. f-i G. frei. The pre-teut.
priyo- is the base of cvmr. rhydd
'free' and of skr. priyd-s dear,
beloved'; cp. the .skr. verbal
\^prt 'rejoice, render favorable'
with GOTH, frijon 'love' under
friend and Friday.
freeze vb. me. frese oe. freosan
str. vb.; cp. synon. on. frjosa,
DU. vriczen, ouG.friosan G. frier en\
cp. goth. frius 'frost, cold : teut.
\ffreus fruz from a pre-teut.
preusprus, which seems to exist in
LAT. priirio for *prt/sio 'itch', if
'itch, frostburn' is the inter-
6
82
freight — frock
mediate meaning, and in skr.
\(~prus 'spurt out'; prusva 'drop,
frozen drop, frost'. Cp. frost.
freight ident. w. fraught.
fresh adj. me. fresh fresch oe.
fersc = OHG. frisc G. frisch, du.
versch 'fresh'; cogn. w. oslov.
prcsinil 'fresh' from Aryan prais-
kino-\ cp. LiTH. preskas 'sweet,
unsoured' with finn. rieska 'fresh,
unsoured'. The Rom. family of
IT. fresco, FR. frais comes from
WEST-TEUT. freska-.
fret^ vb. 'eat up, devour' short
for ME. frete oe. fr'etan str. vb.
^=- DU. LG, vreten, ohg. fr'exian
G.fressen 'eat up, consume'. The
corresp. GOTH. fra'itan (jtrel. fret)
'consume' shows that west-teut.
fretan is a compound of ctan =
eat\ fra is a common prefix in
GOTH. {cY>. fr might send fret).
fret^ vb. 'ornament, variegate
iviE. fretie oe. fmtwan 'adorn':
from o^.fmtwe plur. 'ornament'^
OS.A.X. frataha 'ornament': source
perh. a Teut. compound fra Ar
GOTH, tcwa 'arrangement'.
friar ME. /r!?^^: adapted fr. fr.
frere 'a brother'.
Friday me. frUiay oe. frliedcei
= DU. vrijdag, OHG. friatag mhg.
vritac G. freitag , ON. Frjddagr:
really 'day of the Teut. goddess
Frija Frijjo in imitation of lat.
dies Veneris {Fria and Venus
correspond). ON. FriggMke OHG.
Fria is prop, 'the goddess of
love'; cp. SKR. /rzy^? 'wife, loved
one' (OSAX. fri, oe. freo 'wife).
Cp. free.
friend -ME. frend oe. freond =
OSAX. fritmd 'friend, relative', du.
vriend, ohg. friunt mhg. vriunt (d)
G. freund, goth. frijonds 'friend' :
teut. frijond- (formed like
fiend) is pres. partic. of an old
teut. vb. frijon 'love' = goth.
frijon, ov.. fr^oian'\ove.\ O^.free.
frieze (of a column) fr. fr.
frise (=^ IT. fregio' frieze), whence
also G. DU. fries.
fright :\iE. fright oe. fyrhtu
fyrhto; cp. the synon. GOTH.
faurhtei ' 'fright' and osAX. ohg.
for{a)hta mhg. 7'orht(e) G. furcht
'fright'. — frighten xh.ME./righie
OE. fyrhtan = goth. faiirjitjan ,
OSAX. forhton , ohg. furihten
forahtan G. furchte?i.
fringe me. fringe', loanword
from OFR. ^fringe = fr. frange
(source lat. fimbria 'fringe'),
whence G. franse, du. franje.
frisk vb. formed from the adj.
OFR. frisque =r SCAND. fris'kr
'frisk}', brisk'.
frith firth ^k. firth: a Scand.
loanword; cp. on. fjgrdr (plur.
firdir) 'bay'; v>kh. fiord, sw.fjdrd
'a firth': teut. base/ijr/?^-, aryan
pertu- cp. LAT. portus'ha.vevi. For
the Aryan \fper cp. ford.
fritter late me. fritoure: bor-
rowed fr. FR. friture 'dish of
fried fish', also 'a fragment' from
OFR. frit 'fried (source lat.
frig ere); c^. fry.
fro me. fro earlier //vz : adapted
fr. G^.frd 'from', xdewl.w.from.
frock ME. frok: borrowed fr.
OFR. froc =1 med.-lat. frocus 'a
fro a;
fuize
83
monk's frock'; source osax. hroc
'coat'.
frog M'£../rogge oe. frogga; the
OE. parallel form frocca (mod.
dial, frock) points to the synon.
ON. fraukr. Prob. oe. forsc,
OHG. frosk G. frosch, OK. froskr
show the same root, if derived
fr. TEUT. */ruhsqa-.
frolic borrowed fr. DU. vrolijk
'merry ; cp. mho. vrolokefi 'rejoice',
prob. after mho. vro-sanc 'merry
song'' supplanting an older
froldchen.
from ME. OE. from frafn :=.
OSAX. OHG. fram mug. 7)ram prep,
'forth, from' — adv. 'forth', ON.
fram adv. 'forward — frd prep,
'from' — adv. 'fro', goth. fratn
prep, 'from' adv. 'further, forward'.
frost ME. frost OE. forst = on.
DAN. sw. G. frost, DU. vorst:
derived fr. \f friis = freeze.
froth sb. ME./>7///;<?fr. o^.froda.
froward adj. M?..frmvarde.dt.r\i&r
frdward: derived fr. fro.
frown vb. sw.. froune shortened
fr. KR. refrogner.
fruit ME. frilt i^friiit) fr. fr.
fruit = LAT. fructus.
fry vb. ME. frie fr. ofr. frire
= LAT. yr4"<7'i? 'roast'; c\). fritter.
fry sb. u^.frl fr. o^. frjo {free)
'spawn, fry ; ident. w. gotvi. fraiw
seed':' pre-TEUT. pro-eiivo-.
fuel sb. late me. fouaile fr. ofr.
*fouaillc\ LAT. iy-p^ focalia fuel'.
full ME. 0¥.. fuKll)^ GOTH, fulls,
ON. fullr, DU. vol, G. Voll OHG.
fol(ll): TEUT. base fulla- fr. an
ARYAN base pdl-no in skr. ptiri,ia
'full'; cp. LAT. plcnus , oir. Idn
(orig. ^'plonos) 'full'. Prop, partic.
with suffix -no- fr. an aryan
\f pie plo 'to fill' in skr. \f pur
pr, LAT. if/iplere, GR. ■nit.cnXrjiu.
fuller sb. ME. filler oe. fullcre
'a cloth-bleacher': adaption of
'LkT.fullo 'a fuller, bleacher'.
funnel late me. funel fr. fr.
fondefe; source "lkv .infundibulum.
fur UE.furreforre fr. ofk. fuerre
for re a sheath, a case ; source
TEUT. -GOTH. /"(?^/r 'a sheath'; cp.
G. f utter ident. w. E. fodder.
furbish vb. :me. furbisshe fr.
OFR. fourbir {fourlnss-^ 'polish',
which rests on ohg. furb(J)an
MHO. vilrben 'purify, clean' (teut.
\f furb = ARYAN sT PrP ii^ GR.
furlong see furrow.
furnace me. furneis forneis fr.
FR. founiaise = lat. fornax {for- .
naceni) 'an oven'.
furnish fr. fr. fournir (stem
fourniss-). Source a teut. wk. vb.
frumjan 'perform'; c\>. petform
furrow me. furwe forwe oe.
firrh: teut. base furh- also in
OHG. furha G. furchc 'furrow',
DU. 7wor, ON. for 'drain'. A pre-
TEUT. prk pork is evident in lat.
porca 'a ridge between two
furrows', CYMR. rhych 'furrow',
armen. herk. — furlong me. oe.
furious; lit. 'furrow-long'.
further me. further o^. fur dor]
\ cogn. w. for and OHG. furdir.
\ furze ME. frse oe. fyrs earlier
\fyres : Teut. base furisa- ?
6*
84
gab — gall '
gab ME. gabbe 'talk idly, jest,
lie': borrowed fr. on. gabba,
whence also Y^.gaber, ir.gabbare.
Cp. gabble gibber. — gabber
'gabble', var. of gabble both of
which are frequent, verbs oi gab.
O^.jabber BXid gibber. — gabble
var. of gabber.
gabel 'a tax, impost, esp. the
tax on salt': borrowed fr. fr.
gabclle {= SPAN, gabela, it.
gabella, med.-lat. gabella gab(u)-
Iwii). Source a teut. sb. gabnla-
in OE. gafol 'tribute'.
gable ME. gable : borrowed fr.
OFR. gable 'a gable', which is
of LAT. origin; cp. lat. gabalus,
whence on. gafl 'a gable' (but
GOTH, gibla, G. giebel 'a gable'
akin to GV..y.e(pa'krj 'head': Aryan
base ghebhald- gheb/ilo-^.
gad ME. gad', borrowed fr. on.
gaddr 'a goad, pike' ; teut. base
gazda- ident. w. lat. hasta from
an Aryan h?i'&Q, ghazdha-\ \)\\X. gad
in gadfly stands for goad.
gag ME. gagge 'suffocate'; prob.
imitation of the sound of
choking.
gage' ME. gage: borrowed fr.
FR. gage = SPAN, gage, it. gaggio
(lat. type ivadimn). Source a
TEUT. sb. cp. GOTH. wadi\ cp. wed
and wage.
gage''' also gauge me. gauge:
adopted from ofr. ganger later
jauger 'measure the contents'.
Source uncertain.
gain sb. uk. gain: borrowed fr.
ON. sw. gagn = DAN. gavn 'gain'.
gain vb. late me. gaine: bor-
rowed fr. FK. gagner ofr. gaagnier
gaaigner 'cultivate, gain': source
a TEUT. vb. (oHG. *weidan/an —
weidenon 'pasture').
gain- pref. me. gein oe.^ geyt
gin gedn (^ G. gegen, on. gagn-).
— gainsay me. geinseie 'contra-
dict'. Cp. against oe. ongeanes.
gait ident. w. gate\
gaiter borrowed fr. fr. gu^tre
(ofr. guestre, perh. loanword fr.
MHG. wester 'a child's chrisom-
cloth'; cp. GOTH, wasti, lat. vestis
'clothing).
gale sb.a Scand. loanword; akin
to DAN. gal, sw. galen 'furious,
mad', NORW. galen "furious, wild,
mad' (of wind and storm).
gall' ME. galle oe. gealla =
OSAX. OHG galla G. galle, du. gal,
on. gall. GOTH. *gallin- (hardly
*galzin-) from pre-teut. glial- is
cogn. w. GR. /0I.1] /6)^og, lat.
fel fellis 'gair (whence it. fiele^
span, hiel, FR. fiet). Many think
it allied with yelloiv so that
gallvi3iS named from its yellowish
color.
gall^ — garden
85
gall 2 'a sore on the skin me.
gallc OE. gealla 'a g-all' (on a
horse) = DU. gal 'a windgall',
MHG. G. galle 'a foot -disease
in horses'; perh. borrowed fr.
LAT-ROM. galla a gallnut, an oak-
apple' =^ IT. galla, SPAN, agalla
'windgalls'. But a confusion of
galla with a teut. word of similar
phonology is possible, since in
sw". dialects too there exists a
grdssgaller 'a swelling on a
horse's hoof.
gair^ 'a gall-nut': borrowed fr.
FR. gale from lat. galla 'a gall-
nut, an oak-apple ?
galley me. galeie: adapted fr.
FR. galie gaUe (ri'. galea = med.-
LAT. galea 'a galley').
gallon ME. galouii'. a fr. loan-
word: FR. gallon =^ IT. gallone.
galloon borrowed fr. fk. galo/i.
gallop ME. galope: borrowed fr.
FR. galopcr; cp. also wallop.
gallows (the plur. used as
sing.) ME. galwes plur. oe. galga
gealga 'cross, gibbet' = ohg. osax.
galgo, DU. galg, G. galgen, ON.
galgi, GOTH, galga : a common
TEUT. word, TEUT. galga/i- from
Kxy-AW ghalghan-; cp. lith. zalga
'pole'.
gamble appar. a frequent, of
an unrecorded me. *gatn(e)ley
commonly me. gamene OE. ga-
menian play at games . Deriv.
of gaf/ie. For the change of ti
to / cp. MHG. gamel gamen 'pleas-
ure. — game 'amusement' me.
game OE. gamen gomcn = ON.
OHG. gavian (mho. gamen garnet)
'play'; prob. ident. w. goth. ga-
-man 'communion of men'. The
pref. ga- is used collectively ;
for niafi cp. 7nan.
gander me. gander oe. gandra;
akin to OE. gos from a teut.
base gan-s in goose and cp.
gannet.
gang ME. gang 'a going, course,
way, passage' oe. gang 'a going,
way, privy' = osax. du. g. gang
'a going, walk, way, passage',
ON. gangr 'a going, a crew'.
gannet me. *ganet OE. ganot
'swan'; akin to du. ge?tt 'gander',
OHG. ganaz,~o 'gander'; cp. a
primit. teut. base gan- also in
TEUr.-LAT. ganta 'goose'; see
gander and goose.
gantlet prop, gantlope 'a mili-
tary punishment' corrupted fr.
sw\ gatlopp 'running down a
lane' (sw. gata 'a lane' and lopp
'a running' fr. lopa 'run =^ E.
leap).
gaol see jail.
gap ME. gap : borrowed fr. o\.
gap 'opening, breach, chasm . —
gape vb. .ME. gape adapted fr.
SCAXD. gapa 'yawn' = du. gapen,
G. gaffen 'gape, yawn'.
gar see garlie and gore.
garb borrowed fr. ofr. garbe
'good fashion' from ohg. garaun
'dress' = OE. gearwe 'preparation,
dress'. Cp. gear.
garden mk. gar din fr. ofr. (Pi-
card.) gardin = fr. jardin, which
is of Teut. origin : ohg. garto
(gen. and dat. gariiti) g. garten,
86
gargle
gaunt
OSAX. gardo, goth. garda m. 'a
fold'; akin to yard.
gargle borrowed fr. Ofr. gar-
goiiilk}- 'gargle' fr. gargouille
'windpipe'.
garland me. gerhnmd: borrow-
ed fr. OFR. garlande FK.guiriande,
whence du. g. dan. guirlande.
garlic ME. garlek garlick oe.
gdr-lcac; for lie = oe. Ic'ac cp.
leek. The first element of the
compound is oe. gar 'a spear'
(cp.^^r^). Hence garlic prop.
*spear-leek'.
garment short for me. gar-
nement: borrowed fr. fr. ^ar-
7ienicnt , deriv. of fr. garnir
'garnish'. Cp. garnish.
garner me. gemer'. adapted fr.
OFR. gernier fr. grenier (it.
granaro = lat. type grana-
riiini) .
garnet me. gernet: borrowed
fr. FR. grcfiat (= SPA^. granate,
IT. granato) : source lat. grana-
ius 'having man}^ grains or
seeds'.
garnish vb. me. garnisshe:
borrowed fr. fr. garniss-. the stem
of certain forms of garnir (=
IT. guarnirc^ 'avert, warn, garnish',
which is of Teut. origin: teut.
base warnjan. — garrison me.
garnison : borrowed fr. fr. gar-
nison ; deriv. of fr. garnir 'pro-
vide, fortify'. Cp. garnish.
garret .me. garite: borrowed fr.
OFR. garite fr. guerite 'a watch-
tower': derived fr. ofr. garir
zcnirir save, keep' fr. giUrir
(= IT. gnarire). Source a teut.
wai'jan = goth. warjan 'hold,
defend'.
garrison see garnish.
garter me. garter e: borrowed
fr. OFR. gar tier jar tier fr. jarrc-
tiere: deriv. of fr. jarret 'the
small of the leg behind the
knee'.
gash ME. garse garge : borrow-
ed fr. OFR. garser 'scarify'.
gasp vb. ME. gaspe oe. ^gdspian:
TEUT. base gaispon = on. geispa
'gasp'. The E. word is not
borrowed fr. Scand.
gate^ (cp. gait) 'a way, road'
ME. gate : borrowed fr. ON. gata
(ace. ggtti) 'way, path, road' =
sw. gata 'a street , lane', dan.
gade 'a street' ; ident. w. ohg.
ga-T^yx g. gasse 'a street' , goth.
gatwo 'a street'.
gate'- 'door, gate, opening'
ME. gate ydte oe. ^eat (plur.
gatu leatii) ^= osax. du. gat 'a
hole, opening, gap', on. gat 'an
opening .
gather me. gadere oe. gaderian
(= DU. gaderen, G. dial, gatteni) :
deriv. of oe. geador (cp. to-
gether). Prob. akin to oe. gcede-
ling 'cousin, G. gatte 'husband'
from the same root as good.
gaud a show, ornament' me.
gaude: borrowed fr. lat. ^aii-
diiini. — gaudy 'merry, bright,
showy' fr. gaud and the suffix -y.
gauge see under gage'^.
gaunt prob. from Scand. ; cp.
aoKW. gand 'a thin pointed stick;
a tall and thin man'.
gauntlet
gibber
87
gauntlet borrowed fr. ofr.
gautdet, dimin. of gant = fr.
gant (= IT. guantd) 'a glove'.
Source a teut. (med.-lat.) wantus
the long sleeve of a tunic, a
glove'; cp. DU. 7<.'V7///, T)X^.van/e,
OK. zwtir 'a mitten'.
gauze borrowed fr. fr. gaze
'cushion-canvas, tiffany' = span.
gasa 'gauze'.
gawk (cp. gowk) 'a cuckoo,
fool' ME.' gouke: loanword from
O'H.gaukr (whence sc. gowli) =
onG. g(mh{hh)UYiG. gouch G.gauch,
OE. "^(ac 'cuckoo'.
gay ME. gay : borrowed fr. fr.
gai (= IT. gajo)^ 'gay, merry'.
Source OHG. gahi 'quick, sudden"
G. gdhe — jiih.
gaze vb. ME. gdse, prob. of
Scand. origin: sw. dial, gasa
'gaze, stare'.
gear me. gar points to an oe.
*gcere or *gcero, ce being vowel
mutation of <7 = teut. ai. Perh.
akin to OE.^ar'spear [c^. garlic,
g or c)l
gem me. gemtne: adapted fr.
FK. gemme [=vv.ge»ima). Source
LAT, gemma 'a swelling bud, a
jewel, a gem', whence also oe.
ymm, OHG. gimvia 'gem'.
gender me. gender : borrowed
fr. OFR. gcndre genre fr. genre
'kind , genus , style' (= .span.
ginerv, IT. getiere 'kind'). Source
LAT. gencr- in genus 'race, stock'.
german germane adj. formerly
geriiiain ; borrowed fr. fr. ger-
main (source lat. germanus).
gesture borrowed fr. med.-lat.
gestiira 'a mode of action' from
gerere 'carry, behave'.
get ME. gete borrowed fr. ON.
geta; oe. y,tan would be me. yite
ite\ cp. GOTH, gitan from a teut.
\f get , pre -TEUT. glicd ghend-^
cogn. w. LA'i-. praehendere, gr.
/avdcii'eiv. C\). forget
gewgaw corrupted fr. me.
giuegoue prop, gone gone (pron.
gugu(): adapted of fr. joujou-
ghastly me. gastly oe. gdstlic
fr. oe. gckstan 'frighten' and lie
= E. -ly; cp. aghast.
gherkin = du. agurkje , dan.
agurke, G. gurke : borrowed as
orig. '^•agnrike fr. POL. ogurlk,
BOHEAL okiirka fr. late gr. ayyov-
(jior a cucumber, gherkin'.
ghost ME. gpst OE. gdst (gcest)
= synon. ohg. g. dan. geist,
OSAX. gest : a common Teut.
word with the same meaning
for which alima is used in Goth.
The orig. meaning of the word
('excitement?) is not establish-
ed; yet ON. gezsa 'rage' (of fire
and passion) and goth. tisgaisjan
'terrify' seem allied. For the
dental formative of teut. gaist
(pre-TEUT. ghaisdos) cp. the skr.
yfhid (from *ghizd') be angry',
liedas 'anger' with which agrees
E. aghast 'angry, excited'; cp.
also ghastly.
giant ME. giaunt prop, geaiint
fr. FR. giant =rr LAT. gigant-em,
wlicnce also oi<:.OHG.^/^'-(////'giant'.
gibber and with other var.
gahhcr gabble, frequentatives of
gab of which jabber and
88
giddy — gist
Jahblc are the assibil. frequent-
atives.
giddy ME. gidy oe. gydii :
orig. perh. 'having a demon,
possessed of a demon': deriv.
oigod; cp. OE. ylfii 'deranged,
crazy' prop, 'possessed of elves'.
gift ME. gift yift OE. gift plur.
gifta 'nuptials' =' du. ohg. gift
G. gift in viitgift 'a dowry'
and in ohg. g. du. gift 'poison',
lit. 'that which is given, GOTH.
gifts in fra- 'promise' with the
abstract formative -/ from gifan
= git^e. The initial g in e. me.
gift points as in give to Scand.
influence.
gig ME. gigge 'a whirling thing';
prob. Scand.: on. gciga 'rove
at random' ; cp. jig.
gild vb. short for me. glide
OE. gyldan: derived with vowel-
mutation (teut. gulpjaii) fr. gold.
gill' iME. gille: borrowed fr.
DAN. gjcellc, s\v. giil; icel. gjglnar
\)\\\x. gills'.
gill'- 'one-fourth pint' me. ^/'//t' :
borrowed fr. ofr. gellc 'a sort
of wine-measure' (lat. \.y\^Q, gella
gillo a wine-vessel).
gillyflower corrupted fr. ofr.
girofie fr. clou de girofc; lat.
type caryophyllum 'a clove-tree'.
gimlet borrowed fr. ofr. gim-
helct FR. gibelet] of Teut. origin,
dimin. of the form represented
by E. 7vinible 'a gimlet' cp.
w ivi b Ic.
gimp adapted fr. fr. gnimpc
(ofr. gniniplc fr. ohg. wimpal 'a
light robe' = e. wittiple).
gin^ 'a trap, snare' me. (c. i 200)
gin and ginn shortened fr. me.
engin ^=^ fr. engiii 'a contrivance'.
Source lat. ingenium.
gin2 'a kind of spirit' shortened
fr. earlier fr. genevre (= fr.
genievre) 'juniper' (lat. juniper us
'an evergreen shrub').
ginger me. gingir.^ earlier gingi-
vere from ofr. gengibre fr. gi?i-
gembre (it. zenzero, mhg. ginge-
bere from the synon. late lat.
gingiber = gr. tiyyi^fgi<;).
gingerly a Scand. loanword ;
sw. dial, gingla gcingla 'go
gently, totter': frequent, of on.
ga7tga 'go'. *
gird short for me. girde oe.
gyrdan = OSAX, gurdian , du.
gordcii, ohg. gurten gurtan G.
gilrten, on. gyrda: all weak verbs
(teut. gurdjan), ident. w. the str.
vb. GOTH, bi-gairdan 'begird'.
girdle me. girdcl oe. gyrdel
= synon. ohg. gurtil G. giirtely
DU. gordel, on. gyrdill: deriv.
of gird. — girth me. gcrth:
adapted fr. on. gjord 'a girdle'
{gerd 'girth round the waist',
GOTH, gairda 'girdle').
girl ME. girl gerl; akin to lg.
g&re 'boy, girl' which is of late
occurrence (first record 1652).
The / of the E. word (oe.
*gyrel , teut. base gtirila-) is
dimin.
gist borrowed fr. OFR. gist =
FK. git from OFR. gesir = fr,
gi'sir lie'. Source lat. jacere
'lie'.
give
glisten
89
give ME. give fr. on. gefa ; ident.
w. MiL.yeve oe. li/aft %efan = osax.
gctxiir, DU. geven, ohg. g'eban g.
geben, goth. giban: a common
Teut. verb ; cp. also Oir. gabim
'I take', LITH. gabinti 'bring,
procure', gobinti fetch'? Cp. gift.
gizzard me. giscr: adapted fr.
FR. gi^sier; source lat. gizeria
'gizzard'.
glad ME. glad OE. glad 'shining,
bright, cheerful, glad' ; ident. w.
OHG.^/c?'/G.^'-Ai'/'/'smooth, shining',
DU. glad 'smooth', on. gladr glad,
bright'. TEUT. *glada- for aryan
ghladho-. agrees with . OSLOV. gla-
dilkii 'smooth', lat. glaber (for
ghlad/iro-') 'smooth'. The meaning
of the E. word is secondary
when compared with the orig.
meaning smooth'.
glair ME. gleire: adapted fr. ofr.
glaire 'the white of an egg' =
it. chiara d'un ovo, whence also
G. eicrklar (med.-lat. clara ovi).
glance vb. a Scand. loanword;
cp. swED. glans , dan. glands
'brightness, splendor'.
glare \\y.yi^. glare; o^.'^gldrian
is unauthorized.
^•SiSS y\'^.glas o^. glees: a com-
mon Teut. word, (not verified in
GOTH.)- = DU. MHG. G. OSW.
s\v. DAN. glas (ohg. glas glass',
also 'ar*.ber); but on. ^7^;- with
change from jr to r, thus proving
the word to be primit. Teut.
(^^glaza-*glasa-). Perh. the OTeut.
name of the 'amber' (lat. glcsiwi)
IS cognate.
gleam me. glcm oe. glmn
'splendor, brightness, gleam ;
akin to osax. gli-mo 'splendor
and to G. glinijner; cp. ohg.
glimo gleitfio 'glow-worm'. An
ARYAn \fghli cp. in IR. gU (fr.
base^/«Vf-) 'shining, clear' under
glee.
glean vb. me. gl^ne borrowed
fr. 0¥K. glener (fr. glaner^ 'glean'.
glede ME. glide glede oe. glida
'a kite' = on. gledi: deriv. of
the teut. \f glfd in glide (the
name of the bird means prop,
'the glider).
glee mirth, joy' me. gle oe. gleo
with the by-form gliia = on. gly :
teut. base gllwa-, perh. akin to
IR. gld (base gleizi'o-') 'clear,
shining. Cp. gleaf/i.
gleed (E. dial.) me. glede oe.
gled (*gl(id (r. glodi-) = DV.gloed,
OHG. gllWl G. glut, ON. glod, GOTH.
*gld-di- : TEUT. \'~g/o under glow.
glen of Celt, origin; cp. gael.
IR. glean?i 'valley (cymr. Corn.
gfyfi) .
glide vb. me. glide oe. glidan
= synon. osAX.^/iVaw, v>\s.glij{d)en,
OHG. glitati g. gleiten, SAV. glida,
DAN. glide glide, slide'. Cp.
glede.
glimmer vb. me. glimere --= G.
glimmern, dan. glimre; akin to
sw. gUmma and osax. glimo
'splendor under gleam.
glimpse vb. ME. glitnse vb.;
akin to gli?ntner.
glisten vb. me. glistne OE. glis-
nian 'gleam' ; akin to oe. gUsiati
-- OFRis. glisa 'shin c" : teut. \'~ glit
go
gloat — goal
in glitter me. glitere (oe. *glito-
riaii) vb. 'shine' = O^.glitra, G.
glitzern. A corresp. strong vb.
is ON. gUta, OSAX. glitan = ohg.
gli^Zfin shine' (cp. G. gleissen and
GOTH, glitmunjan shine').
gloat vb. akin to G. glotzen,
ICEL. glotta ; an oe. glotian is un-
recorded; cogn. w. M'E..gloute(p^.
"^gliiiiaii) look sullen'.
gloom ov^.glpm iglmiung) 'gloom,
twilight'; the m is formative (as
in bloom, doo7fi)\ for the teut.
y/~glo cp. glow.
glory me. glgrie glgrie from ofr.
glorie ^ i^KT. gloria ; cp. fr. gloire.
gloss vb. akin to mhg. glosen
glow .
glove IME. glozie short for glove
OE. ^/(^Z" = ON. glo/i 'glove'.
glow vb. ME. glpwe OE. glpwan
str. vb. ; cp. du. gloeijen, ohg.
gluoen G. gliihen, on. ^/^<-? 'glow,
glitter, shine': teut. Y"^/(5 ^/^
under gloom and e. dial, gleed.
glue me. ^//V(? borrowed fr. OFR.
gill 'birdlime'; source lat. gliis
g Intern.
glum adj. from me. glomme
glojiibe vb. 'be gloomy ; as
gloomy shows, connected with
gloom and sw. gldmig 'languid
of look'.
glut sb. ME. glut sb. borrowed
fr. OFR. glut glout (it. ghiotto^ 'a
glutton'. — glut vb. ME. glote
glide vb. borrowed fr. ofr. glotir
gloutir (cp. FR. engloutir 'swallow
up') ; source lat. ^'7/////>r 'swallow'.
— glutton ME. gliitoun glotoun:
borrowed fr. fr. glouton ofr.
gluto7i\ source lat. glutio-gluttonem
'glutton'.
gnarl akin to oe. gnyrran.
gnash vb. iiE. gnastc 'gnash
the teeth'; oe. ""gndstian is akin
to on. gnista 'gnash the teeth'.
gnat me. gnat(it) oe. gmett:
TEUT. base gnatta-.
gnaw vb. me. gnawe oe. gnagan
= OSAX. gnagan, ohg. (g)nagan
G. nagen, on. gnaga\ cp. a by-
form with initial k: du. knageii,
OS. HG. knagan 'gnaw; the G.
form nagen arose from gtiagen.
go ME. go OE. gdn = OSAX. gdn,
DU. gaan, ohg. gdn gen G. gehen.
The TEUT. Y" ghai- (= oE. gd-,
OHG. ge-') supplanted the aryan
\fi 'go' in LAT. ire, gr. isi'ai,
SKR. \^i. Since teut. gai- has no
old primit. noun-derivatives in
Teut. and takes the place of
the ARYAN \r/ (the aorist goth.
iddja = OE. e'ode still remains)
and as it is inflected after the
w/-conjugation, the supposition
arises that teut. *gaim "gais
''^'gaip are contracted fr. the
verbal particle ga and the
inherited ini iz ip == skr. bni
csi Hi; cp. GR. Bi(.u.
goad ME. god OE. gad; ident.
with LANGOBARD. gaida 'spear':
TEUT. base gaido- = pre-TEUT.
I *g/iai-td ; akin to oe. gar, ohg.
ger 'spear' under gore, aryan
sfghi ghai'xw v,\<. /(aoc, 'shepherd's
rod'
goal borrowed fr. VR.gau/e ofr.
waule. Source teut. walu =^
ON. voir, GOTH, walus 'a staff'.
goat
gossamer
QI
goat u^. gdte oE.^tf7=DU. on.
geit, OHG. get- G. geiss, sw. get,
DAN. ged, GOTH, gaits 'a goat':
cogn. w. LAT. hcedus fr. Aryan
ghaido-s.
gobble a frequent, with suff'.
-le fr. FR. gober 'devour'.
god MK. OE. god = OSAX. DU.
^<?^/, OHG. got G. ^f//, ON. gud
god. GOTH, giida- gupa- god' is
based on aryan ghu-to-, -to- being
a part, formative as in old, cold,
loud: IXDO-TEUT. \i^ gllU = SKR.
/«? 'ini])lore the gods' (skr. liutd-
part.). Therefore god is 'the
being implored'; in the veda
puruhiiia 'much implored' is an
ordinary epithet of the god
Indra. god in godfather godson
goddaughter = me. god -\- com-
pound : used in reference to
the spiritual relation between
them ; cp. gossip.
goggle-eyed me. gogd-eied; the
first element of the compound
can scarcely be a native E. word
and is traced to IR. Gael, gog-
shuileach 'goggle-eyed'.
gold AIE. OE. ^f//^/ = OSAX. OHG.
G. gold, DU. goud, ON. goll gllll
(for *golpa), GOTH, gulf: ARYAN
ghltO- = OSLOV. zlato = RUSS.
zoloto from *zolto. The orig.
meaning oi\.h.ii\'^ghel, from which
gold is derived (cp. lith. gel-tas
'yellow' and skr. hdrita and hari
yellow'), is 'yellow ; cp. skr. hi-
rai.iya 'gold- Cp. yelloitK
good ME. OE. gp'd= GOTH, gods,
OSAX. god, DU. goed, OHG. guot
G. gut, ON. gddr. The orig.
meaning of the adj. was prob.
'fit, suitable' from a root mean-
ing 'fit, suit seen in gather,
together. — goodbye short
for orig. »God be by you«
(Shakesp. »God buy you«).
goose ME. OE. gos (plur. ges^ :
Teut. base gans- = du. gans,
OHG. G. gans, ON. gas; akin to
gander a.nd gannet. An aryan
ghan-s- is represented also by
SKR. hansd-s m. — hahsl goose',
N.PERS. ydz, LITH. zqsls, OSLOV.
gqsi , gr. y^y , lat. anser (for
''hansel') , OIR. gc^is swan' (fr.
ghansi) .
gore ^ ME. gore 'a gore of cloth,
a garment' oe. gdra 'a projecting
point of land' ; cp. du. geer 'a
gusset, gore', ohg. gero G. gehre
'a wedge, gusset, gore', on. geiri,
NORW. geire, odan. gerc 'a gore
of cloth or land': deriv. of teut.
gaiza- 'spear =OE. gar 'a spear',
OHG. ger 'a spear. C]). goad.
gore 2 'mud, blood' me. gore
OE. gar 'mud' = ohg. on. gor
'mud', sw. gorr 'mud'.
gorge ME. gorge borrowed fr.
FR. gorge 'throat': source l.at.
gurges.
gosling dimin. of goose.
gospel ME. gospel OE. god-spell
the word of God", as shown by
ON. gud-spjall, OHG. got-spel{ll).
Cp. spell.
gossamer me. gossamer repre-
senting an OE. type '^gos-sumor
summer of the geese' ; cp. the
G. names altwcil>ersom?ner, mdd-
clicnsotnmer.
92
gossip — grave
gossip ME. gossip earlier gossib
OE. god-sibb prop, 'relationship
in God' ; see the end of the
article on god. oe. sibb ^=^ ohg.
sippa, GOTH, sibja means 'relation-
ship'.
gouge from FR. gouge.
gourd ME. gourde: borrowed fr.
FR. gourde (orig." ofr. gouhourde
cougourde; source lat. cucurbita
'a gourd'.
gout sb. ME. goutc borrowed fr.
FR. goutte 'dropsy': source lat.
gutta.
gowk ident. w. gawk.
gown ME. goune gowi fr. ofr.
gone 'a gown', which is of Celt.
origin (gall. - lat. gunna 'fur-
coat').
grab vb. cp. sw. grabba, mlg.
grabben' grasp'. An arya'N y/^g/irb/i
'to grasp' is found in SKS.. y/^grb/i
'grasp, seize' — grapsa 'bunch,
tuft' and OHG. garba G. garbe
'sheaf'.
grace me. grace fr. fr. grace
= LAT. gratia 'favor'.
grade borrowed fr. fr. grade:
source LXT.gradus a step, station'.
graft (Shakesp. graff) vb. me.
graffe 'graft' : deriv. of OFR. graffe
'a style for writing' (fr. grejfe
'graft'?). Source "Lky:. graphium
'a style for writing'.
grail 'tine .sand' fr. ofr. graile
'tine, small' = lat. gracilis.
grain me. grain grein from fr.
grain: source lat. granum 'a
grain, corn'.
grammar me. granunire gram-
fnaire from fr. grammaire.
grange me. graunge: adapt, of
FR. grange (l.at. type granea
granary deriv. oi granum corn).
grant me. graunte vb. adapt,
fr. ofr. granter 'caution, secure'
(source a lat. type '^credentare
vb. — *credcntia sb.).
grape me. grcipe : loanword fr.
ofr. grape grappe 'cluster of
grapes'. The fr. word is con-
sidered to be of Teut. origin
(teut. *kr appal).
grasp me. grapse perh. for
*grapse oe. ^grdpsian: possibly
an intensive deriv. of oe. grd-
pian =-- grope.
grass me. gras oe grcesgc^rs =
GOTH. ON. OSAX. UU. OHG. G. graS
'herb, growth'. The final s is
formative, the \f is gr a meaning
'sprtmt, grow'; cp. grow and
green.
grasshopper .me. grashoppcr
or xg. grashoppe OK. gcers-hoppa (=
DU. grashupper lg. grashiipper') :
'an insect which hops about in
the grass'. Cp. hop.
grate sb. me. grate: source
LAT. crates a hurdle'. — grate
vb. WE., grate vb. from OFR. grater
'scratch' (fr. gratier'), which is
prob. ofTeut. origin (p^G.krazzdn
G. kratzeti) .
grave vb. me. grdve oe. grafan
'dig' = GOTH. OHG. graban G. gra-
ben, DU. graven dig , ON. grafa :
TEUT. y/^grab = ARYAN ghrab/i,
orig. related to OSLOV. grebq
'dig' and grobii grave'.
grave adj. from fr.- grave
'stately'.
gravel — grizzly
93
gravel me. gravil borrowed fr.
OFV.. gravele, dimin. o{ ovk. gfave
'rough sand' r'R. greve 'strand'.
gravy earlier orthography ^-^r^f^?-
vy, akin to greavesl
gray grey me. gray grey oe.
grd'i ; akin to DU. grama, ohg.
grdo (infl. grower') G. gran, on.
grdr, which represent a Taut,
base gnhva- grewa- (oe. grcej^
pointing to a hSi?,&grdga-grega- ?).
graze vb. 'feed cattle' me. grdse
OE. grasian = G. grasen : deriv.
of TEUT. grasa- = grass.
grease me. grcse gr^'fe : adapted
ixomovv^. gresse (fr. graisse) 'fat-
ness'. Source lat. crassus 'fat.
great me. gr{t oe. great; cp.
OSAX. grot, DU. groot, ohg. ^r^5
G. ^rt'w 'great': teut. grauta-.
greaves cogn. w. G. griebe ohg.
griiibo 'greaves'?
greedy me. gredy oe. gredi^
p-eefil -= OSKyi.grddag, onG.grd-
tag, ON. grddugr, goth. gredags
'hungry' : derived from a teut.
grcdu- hunger = GOTH, gredus,
ON. grddr hunger'. Perh. akin to
the SKR. \fgrdh 'to be greedy':
A'R.YA.^ \P ghredh ghrdh.
green me. oe. grene : Teut. base
groni- = osAX. ^/'^«/, ohg. gruoni
G. griln 'green', on. grxnn, sw.
DAN. gron : deriv. of the teut.
\fgrd in grow and grass. The
adj. orlg. means 'growing.
greet vb. me. grete oe. greta?/
= OSAX. grotian, DU. groeten, ON.
grata, OUG. gruoi.'Zfiin G. griissen:
TEUT. type grotjan 'greet .
grey see gray. — greyhound
ME. greihound formed after ON.
greyhimdr 'greyhound'; cp. on.
grey 'dog'?
griddle me. gredel 'griddle': a
CELT, loanword; cp. IR. greideal
'griddle' (fr. a lat. ^crdtelld).
grief ME. gref (= odu. grief) :
adapted fr. ofr. gref 'heavy' —
FR. grief 'injury' (source lat.
grevis for gravis). — grieve vb.
\vs.. greve \\). 'burden, injure' fr.
OFR. grever.
grill vb. adapted fr. fr. griller
broil on a gridiron'.
grim ME. OE. grim {nun): teut.
base grinwia- ^ OSax. ohg. grim
G. grimm, ox. grimvir: cogn. w.
OE. OHG. gram 'angry' G. gram.
grin vb. me. grinne grenne OE.
grennian 'show the teeth, snarl,
grin'; cogn. w. grind.
grind vb. me. grinde oe. grindan
str. vb. : teut. \fgr'end = aryan
ghrendh in lat. frendere 'gnash'.
gripe 'XXK. gripe o^.gripan str. vb.
= (d%ky..gripan, DU. grijpen, ohg.
grfan G. greifcn , goth. greipan
gripe, seize'. Outside of Teut.
cp. the related \~ghrih in lith.
greihiu greibti 'seize' and lett.
griha will' — gribet 'to will'.
grisly ME. grisly short for oe.
gryslic {angryslic) 'terrible, hor-
rible'.
grist ME. grist short for oe.
grist lit. 'a grinding': deriv. of
grind.
grit 'gravel' me. gret oe. great
= ohg. grioi^ G. gries, ON. grjot.
grizzly fr. me. grisel 'a gray-
haired man': deriv. fr. fr. gris
94
groan — gudgeon
'gray'. Source a teut. gris- 'gray'
in G. greis.
groan vb. me. grgne oe. grdnian
'moan' : intensive deriv. of a
str. vb. ^'grt-nan == OHG. grma/i
G. greincn 'weep', DU. grijnen.
groat sb.ME.^r^Vc^: a continental
TEUT. word: MLG. OV)Xl. grote, DU.
groot, G. grosche?!.
grocer borrowed fr. OVR.. grassier
(lat. type grossarius 'a wholesale
dealer', cp. fr. engros'^\vo\e sale').
groin corrupted fr. ofr. gri7ie
FR. grain 'the fork of a tree or
of a river, a groin'.
groom yx^-gribn hoy : borrowed
fr. OFR. gramme gourme, whence
OFR. gramet 'servant'.
groove ME. grove 'a pit' = du.
groeve graef ohg. gruoba G. grube,
ON. grof, GOTH, graba; from oe.
grafan = grave.
grope vb. \\-^. grope oe. gr apian;
intensive formation of gripe =
oe. gj-ipan.
ground me. ground oe. grt'md
orig. grUnd = osax. g. grund,
DU. grand, ohg. grimt, on. grund
'meadow' —grunnr (fr. ^'grunpus)
'bottom of the sea', GOTH.grzmdus
in grund/ twaddjus 'foundation', lit.
'a ground-wall'.
group borrowed fr. fr. groupe
{= IT. grappa).
grove ME.grpz'e oe. grd/ 'grove ;
TEUT. base graiba- graifa-. The
me. by-form gr^'ve greve 'grove,
wood' corresponds to OE. grafe
^= TEUT. base graibjon- ?
grovel vb. with the a.dw. grave ling
ME. graveling(es) gi-ufiing{es) ; akin
to ME. agriif agrauve 'groveling'
and ON. a grtlfu groveling' —
grilfa vb. 'bow down'. The e. word
seems to be a Scand. loanword.
grow vb. ME. grgwe oe. grpwan
= DU. groeijen, OHG. gruaan mhg.
griiejen, on. groa, sw. dan. gro:
TEUT. \fgra, whence green and
perh. also grass.
growl ViY..growle from THJ.grallen
=; g. gro lien.
grub vb. ME. grubbe 'dig': teut.
sl^grab under grave; cp. ohg.
grubilbn (g. grilbeln 'brood, pour
over).
grudge vb. ME. grugge earlier
grucche (short for '^grauc/^en ?) :
borrowed fr. OVK. groiicher groucer
murmur'.
gruel ME. griiel: borrowed fr.
OFR. gruel = fr. gi'uau (lat.
type grutellum , dimin. of med.-
LAT. grutum 'meal').
gruff borrowed fr. du. grof
= sw. grof, dan. grov G. grob.
grumble loanword fr. fr. grom-
meler ; akin to mdu. gronnnelen,
frequent. of mdu. grummen
grommen 'murmur'.
grunt vb. me. griinte gronte
OE. gricnnettan ; ident. w. G.
grunzen, dan. grynte, sw. grynta.
A more primit. stem appears in
OE. grunian 'grunt'. The \fgrun
is imitation of sound; c]). lat.
grunuire.
guarantee see ivarra?it.
guard vb. borrowed fr. fr.
guardcr, see ward.
gudgeon borrovv'ed fr. YK.gouJon
(me. *gugeon *gaugeou7i}').
Gypsy
95
guess vb. AiE. gesse: prob. not
a native word, but borrowed fr.
the continent (du. lg. gisse/i) or
fr. the Scand. (dan. gisse, sw.
gissd). A native me. gesse would
point to an OE. *getsian (cp.
bless OE. bletsiaii) = tel't. base
"Egotism ?
guest ME. gest borrowed fr.
SCAND. gestr 'guest'; there was a
native OE. yst pest, which was
supplanted by the Scand. loan-
word. SCAND. gesir oe. list =
OHG. OSAX. G. DU. gast represent
a TEUT. base gasti-z ;= lat. hostis
'enemy ,,oSLOv. ^6) jV/" 'guest' : aryan
base ghostis.
guide vb. me. gide borrowed
fr. FR. guider (ofr. also guier =
ME. gie vb.).
guild me. gilde OE. gyld; cp.
DU. gild, G. gilde.
guile sb. me. gile borrowed fr.
OFR. guile 'treachery', which is
of Teut. origin; cp. wile.
guilt sb. ME. gilt OE. gylt 'a
crime': teut. base gulti; a \'^ gult
is unknown elsewhere.
guise ME. glse fr. ofr. guise
'way, wise', which is of Teut.
origin; cp. wise.
gulf adapted fr. fr. golfc,
whence also G. golf. The Rom.
group Span. it. golfo 'a gulf, bay'
is based on gr. /.nhpnc y.oknog
'bosom, laj), a deep hollow'.
gullet sb. 'throat' mk. gullet golet
borrowed fr. fr. goule 'throat'
= LAT. gula.
gum 1 short for :\IE. gome OE.
gpma 'palate'; cp. on. gonir, OHG.
guonio 'palate'; cogn. with the
equival. lith. go?nurys: aryan
\fglid {ghdu'i^.
gum 2 ME. gomme gmnme: bor-
rowed fr. fr. gomme = it. gomma :
source lat. gtimtni (or. y.oufti^
gun ME. gunnc goniie ; the me.
word was first applied to a cata-
pult or machine for throwing
stones; perh. shortened for ofr.
7)iangomie, which is the base of
OFR. ME. mangonel 'machine for
throwing stones'.
gush vb. 's\'E..gusche prop.gouse/ie;
akin to on. gusa vb. 'gush', odu.
guisen gush': TEUT. \fgut in GOTH.
giutan, OE. ^eotan, ohg. gio"^an
G. giessen 'pour out'.
gut ME. o^.gut (plur. ME. guttes
OE. giittas) : Teut. base guttu-.
gutter AiE. gutdre gotire fr. FR.
goiittierc (ofr. goutier, lat. type
guttarium : deriv. of lat. gutta
drop').
Gypsy short for me. Egipgi(n
Egyptian ; cp. span. port, gitano
Gypsy' from Aegyptianiis ; mod.-
greek lvcfr6ca.us Aiyvmoc. The
Gypsies were popularly supposed
to be Egyptians.
96
habergeon — hale
H
habergeon me, habergeon haw-
bcrjoun: borrowed fr. ofr. hauber-
gon hauberjon, dimin. of ofr.
haiiberc; see hauberk.
habit .ME. abit: adapted fr. fr.
habit garment, habit, a custom':
source lat. habitus 'condition,
habit, dress'.
hack vb. me. hakkc oe. haceian
ijicecceaii) ^= nvJiakken, G. hacken,
sw. hakka, dan. hakke; possibly
from the Y~ hatvw haw seen in
oe. hcawan = e. he^t:'.
hack-; see hackney.
hackle hatchel sb. me. hekel
hechcl; cogn. w. du. hekel, G.
hechel; sw. hdckla , dan. hegle
(goth. ^hakila').
hackney me. hakency. borrow-
ed fr. FR. haquenie 'an ambling
horse' {= ODU. hackeneye, span.
hacanea a hacloiey).
haft me. haft oe. ha^ft; cogn.
w. DU. heft, on. hepti, ohg. hefti
G. heft: TEUT.y^ A^ (cp. heavy)
^ ARYAN V~irt^ in LAT. capio 'take'.
hag me. hagge short for oe.
hapesse = mdu. haghetissc, ohg.
haga-zussa: the first part of the
compound is perh. ident. w.
haw, the second part still un-
exy)lained.
haggard ' adj. adapted fr. fr.
hagard 'wild , lit. 'of the woods';
formed fr. ohg. haga with the
Fr. suffix -ard from G. -hart; cp.
hag.
haggard ^ adj. 'lean, meager'
(earlier spelling haggcd) prop,
'hag-like'.
hail sb. ME. hail (haul) oe.
heeiel {hagof) = du. g. sw. dan.
hagel, OUG. hagal, on.hagl: Teut.
bases hagla- and hagala-. Perh.
cogn. w. gr. Y.dvXrjS, 'a round
pebble'. A single pebble is
called stone' : e. hailstone oe.
ha'^elstdn, = on. haglsteifin.
hail adj. (ident. w. hale adj.)
me. ^^// 'healthy, sound': Scand.
loanword (on. heill) superseding
the native oe. hdl ^=^ e. whole.
— hail vb. 'greet, salute' me.
heile, formed fr. the me. adj. heil,
which was borrowed fr. ON. heill. —
hail (an exclamation of greeting)
.ME. heil from ON. heill 'hale,
whole' (esp. used in greeting
as far heill 'farewell').
hair (earlier spelling hear heare
in the i6. cent.) me. Mr oe. hir
hcer = on. Jidr, osax. ohg. mhg.
hdr, bu. DAN, G. haar, sw. hdr:
Teut. base hera- Qieza-T). Orig.
allied are on. haddr, oe. heord
(goth. '^hazda-) 'hair'. Outside of
Teut. cp. OSLOV. kosmtl kosa (Lith.
kasa) 'hair' — e'esati vb. 'comb'.
hale adj. (ident. w. hail adj.)
fr. on. heill sound'; cp. whole.
hale haul vb. 'drag me. hale
oe. (j^eholian and) '^ichalian =
osx'^.haldn, ofris. halia,'a\5. haleny
ohg. Iiolbn (Jialbii) G. holen. The
half — hamper
97
TEUT. \f hal hoi answers to lat.
calare, GR. •aoKhv 'summon'.
half ME. half oe. healf^= goth.
halbs , ON. hdlfr, ohg. g, halb,
osAX, DU. sw. half, DAN, halv:
Teut. base halba- , perh. cogn.
w. SKR. klpay 'arrange, divide'.
halibut holibut ime. halilmi;
from ME. holy 'holy' and butte 'a
plaice'; cp. du. heilbot 'halibut',
sw. helgflundra, dan. hellefynder ;
the fish is so called because it
is excellent eating- for holydays;
cp. SCANT), heilagr fiskr , lg. heilige
butt and heilbutt.
hall ME. halle oe. hcall = on.
hall ho II, osAX. halla, du. hal. teut.
\fhdl hel in oe. hcla/i 'hide' =
DU. helen, ohg. h'elan g. hehlen;
cp. ARYAN 'V'"-^^/ 'conceal, cover'
in LAT. celare occulerc, gr. V~j<«/1
in y.uXvTTTO) hide' — y.uXvliri 'hut',
oiR. celim 'I hide'; skr. (dla
'house'.
hallow vb. ME. hdlwe short for
OE. hdl^ian: from oe. hdli-^ ^=
E. holy. — hallowmass 'feast'
shortened from All Hallows
Mass 'mass of all saints';
hallo7vs' is the gen. of hallojcs,
plur. of ME. hal{o)we 'a saint' =
OE. hdlga 'a saint' from oe. hdli-^
'holy'. Cp. holy.
halo borrowed fr. lat.-gr.
halos 'circle around the sun or
moon'.
halt adj. me. halt oe. healt =
GOTH, halts, ON. haltr, oSAX. halt,
OHG. hals: Teut. base luilta-,
pre-TEUT. koldo — klodo in LAT.
claudus halt", GR. xAatV«^oV
English Etymology.
'brittle'. — halt vb. me. halte oe.
healtian (= ohg. *halzen ]mhg.
halzen 'limp') from oe. healt =
halt adj. 'lame'.
halter me. halter oe. hcelftre =:
MDU. halftcr DU. halster , ohg.
halftra g. halfter; closely allied
to OE. /zy// m. = e. helve
'handle*, ohg. half. From the
same root are derived with
^/-formation aiE. halvie 'handle',
ohg. halmo mjioh- 'rope fastened
to the yoke to guide the oxen'.
halyard halliard 'a rope for
hoisting sails' shortened from
hale-yard, because the ropes
haul the yards into their places.
Cp. hale vb. and yard.
ham ME. hamme OE. hamm lit.
'bend of the leg'; Teut. base
hatfima- from an Aryan kamnd-
kndmd- in gr. ■Avr^uyj ? OIR. cndim
(base kndnii-^ bone'.
hame 'horse-collar' me. home
(oE. *ha?na) = DU. Jiaam, g.
hamen : Teut. base haman- cogn.
w. GR. y.Tjfioc, LAT. cdtnus 'muzzle'.
hamlet me. ha7)ielet; formed
with dimin. suftix -et from ofr.
hamel {= Fr. hameaii) : source
a Teut. word ofris. hd7n =r e.
home (with dimin. suffix -ef).
hammer me. hamer oe. hanior
= ON. hamarr , oSAX. hamur,
OHG. Jiamar G. hamf/ter; on.
hamarr denotes also 'rock,
cliff", pointing to relationship
with OSLOV. kajfiy 'stone'.
hamper vb. me. hampere
hampre vb.
hamper sb. borrowed fr. ofr.
98
hand
hard
hanapier, orig, 'a vessel to keep
cups in' from ofr. ha nap (Lat.
type hanapiis) 'goblet'. The Fr.
hanap is of Teut. origin; cp.
OE. hiiap , OHG. hnapf G. napf,
JNILG. DU. ?iap.
hand me. oe. hand hand =
GOTH, handus , ON. hpnd , ohg.
hant g. osax. du. hand: prob.
derived fr. teut. goth. hinpan
'catch' (cp. hound and hunt).
— handle vb. me. handle oe.
handlian = du. handclen , on.
hgndla, ohg. hantalon g. handeln :
frequent, vb. derived fr. ha?td.
— handle sb. me. handcl oe.
handle from handle vb. — hand-
cuff 'a cuffiox the ,^(rW adopted
fr. ME. handcops 'a handcuff' from
oe. handcops 'a handcuff' from
OE. hand 'hand' and cops 'a fetter'.
— handicraft with unorig. in-
serted i (after ha n diworJi) from
OE. handcra-ft. — handiwork me.
handiwerc oe. hand-i^cxveorc from
OE. hond and ^en'corc ident. w.
wcorc. The z is due to the prefix
OE. le.
handsome me. handsom prop,
'easy to handle'. — handy me.
hendy OE. hendij^ in listhendij^ ?
Akin \v. GOTH, handugs clever',
DU. handig 'handy, expert'; perh.
not derived fr. hand, but akin
to GR. y.evvi(0 'prick, spur'; cp.
OHG. hantag 'sharp',
hang vb. me. hange oe. hangian
= OHG. hangen G. hangcn: deriv.
of a str. vb. teut. *hanhan =^
GOTH. OHG. hahan = OE. hp'n
(for */whi7?i); cp. hunger.
hanker vb. akin to du. hunkeren
(dial, hankei-eti) long after'; prob.
akin to hang and hunger.
hap sb. ME. hap borrowed fr.
scand. happ 'chance, good luck';
cp. OE. lehcep 'fit'. — Hence
happen vb. me. happene ex-
tended for ME. happen (cp. SW^ed.
happii). — Cf). perhaps.
harass vb. loanword fr. fr.
harasser 'vex'.
harbor sh. 'ME. herl>erwe, earlier
(i2. cent.) herJierge inn, lodging,
guest house": Scand. loanword,
cp. ON. herherge 'inn, lodging' =
OHG. Jicri-berga 'guest house'
(prop, 'sheltering place fQr the
army) G. herberge, du. herberg.
The first part of the compound
is OE. here = ohg. osax. her/,
GOTH, harjis 'army . The second
part is derived fr. a lost str.
vb. TEUT. bergan 'shelter'. —
harbinger me. herbcrgeour 'one
who provides lodgings : deriv.
of OFR. herbej-ger vb. 'lodge,
quarter' which is a deriv. of
OFR. herberge (= FR. auberge).
This is ident. w. OHG. heribcrga
(see harbor').
hard adj. me. hard oe. heard;
perh. the ME. phonology points
to its being borrowed from ON.
hardr. Cp. osax. du. hard, ohg.
herti hart G. hart 'hard, solid,
heavy, painful", on. hardr, sw.
hard, dan. haard, goth, hardus
'hard, severe': Teut. base hardu-
=^ ARYAN karti'i- in GR. Y.oarvq
{y.d(jTa). — hardy adj. me. hardy
borrowed fr. FR. hardi which \z
hards — hasp
99
of Teut. origin ; cp. ohg. harti
hei'ti under hard.
hards sb. 'the refuse or coarse
part of flax' me. herdes OE.
hear dan plur. 'hards of flax;
akin to OE. heord, on. haddr
'hair ?
hare me. hdi-e oe. hara =
OHG. haso G. hase; for the
rhotacism in E. cp. ox. here:
Teut. base hasan- haza/i-; an
ARYAN kaso- is represented in
the synon. skr. (a(a, opruss.
sasins 'hare'. The Aryan name
of the animal points perh. to
the OE. adj. haso hasu gra}'.
hark vb. me. hcrke (oe. "^hircian
*hyrdaft) from a Teut. base
*hauzi(/on = OFRIS. herkia, mlg.
horken G. horchen mhg. hSrchen
late OHG. horechen from *hdrah-
hon: derived fr. the teut. \f hauz
in GOTH, hausjan = E. hear. —
harken vb. me. her/we short for
OE. hircnian hyrcnian; an E.
derivative of the verb hear; cp.
ta/k and iel/, lurk and lower.
harlot ME. harlot a disorderly
person' (of either sex) : loan-
word fr. OFR. harlot vagabond".
harm me. harm, oe. hearm =
OSAX. hart?i ohg. hara?n 'insult,
mortification'; cogn. w. OSLOV.
sramii (fr. *sormii) 'shame, dis-
grace'.^
harness me. harncis; borrowed
fr. oiR. harncis armor', whence
also g. harnisch.
harp ME. harpe oe. hearpe; cp.
synon. on. harpa, du. harp, ohg.
ha7pfa harfa G. harfc. The Teut.
word occurs first in the 5'^ cent,
as LAT. harpa; fr. harpe is of
Teut. origin.
harpoon adopted fr. fr. harpon,
whence also du. hatpoen (g. har-
piine). Source LAT. harpago(nem).
harrow sb. me. harwc (point-
ing to OE. *hearwe or *hearge^ ;
perh. akin to the synon. G. harke,
DU. hark, on. ha-Ji, dan. harv,
SW. harf 'harrow'.
harry vb. me. herie herien oe.
her^ian herigan 'overcome with
an army' (= goth. *harjon, on.
herja 'go on a plundering ex-
pedition', ohg. herion g. ver-
heeren): derived fr. teut. harja-
army' under harbor.
harsh adj. late me. harsk: a
Scand. loanword; cp. dan. osw.
harsk 'rancid.
hart sb. me. hert oe. heort
(heorot) =^ du. hert, ohg. /;/r?^-
hirz G. hirs now hirsch, on.
hjgrtr, sw. hjort , dan. hiori:
Teut. base *h'eriit- from ARYAN
kerud-, cogn. with lat. cervus
'hart' and GR. xf (^ao'^' (Ht. 'horned'
from y.tga^- 'a horn ), kymr. earw
hart, pruss. sirrt'is, osloy. stirna
roe .
harvest :me. hervest oe. hcerfest
^= du. herfst, ohg. her hist G.
herhst: related to lat. carpere
'pluck', GR. y.aono:^ 'fruit', y.oio-
TTiov 'a pruning-knife', skr. krpaua
'sword', lit. klrp-ii shear'.
hash sb. from fr. hacher vb.
'hack' (of Teut. origin , cp.
hack vb.).
hasp ME. haspe oe. haps (for
lOO
haste
hawk
*hcesp) = DAN. SW. G. MHG.
haspe, ON. hespa 'hasp'.
haste vb. me. haste: loanword
fr. OFR. haster (fr. hater), whence
also DU. haasteti, G. hasten 'make
haste'. The fr. vb. is prob. a
Teut. loanword.
hat sb. ME. hat (plur. hattes)
OE. hcEt (plur. hcettas) = ON.
Apttr 'hood, cowl', sw. hatt, dan.
hat 'hat' : Teut. base hattu- cogn.
w. hood sb. and perh. also
with LAT. cassis (fcjr ^^cat-tis)
'helmet'.
hatch vb. me. hacche; cp.
MHG. hccken 'produce young
from eggs by incubation' G.
aushecken 'hatch', sw. hdcka
'breed', dan. hcekkebiiur 'breeding
cage'.
hatch sb. 'halfdoor' me. hacche
OE. hcBcc'^ cogn. w. DU. hek'^
hatchel see hackle sb.
hatchet sb. me. hacchet: loan-
word from FR. hachette, dimin.
of FR. hache 'axe': source a
TEUT. hakka cp. hack vb.
hate vb. ME. fidte older hdtieii
OE. hatiaii = GOTH, hatan, DU.
haten, OSAX. haton, ohg. haxipn
G. hassen. — hate sb. me. hate
influenced by the vb. hate ;
earlier isiE. hcte OE. hetc =
OSAX. hcti, DU. haat, ohg. ha-^
G. hass, ON. hatr, sw. hat, dan.
had, GOTH, hatis. The teut.
\f hat 'hate' is perh. ident. w.
the Teut. \^ hap in OE. heado-
'war' = OHG. hadu and G. hader
'quarrel'.
hatred me. }uitride{n): abstr.
noun from the vb. hate', cp.
ki/idred.
hauberk me. hauberk borrowed
fr. OFR. huuberc; source OHG.
halsb'erc prop, 'neck-defence'.
haughty adj. me. hautein 'arro-
gant' from OFR. hautain; source
OFR. haut = LAT. alius 'high'.
haul see hale vb.
haunch sb. me. haunche: loan-
word from FR. hanche (oFR. hanke
of Teut. origin ; cp. ohg.
anka ?) .
haunt vb. me. haunte borrowed
fr. FR. hanter 'haunt, frequent'.
have JSIE. have oe. habban =
OSAX. hebbian, du. hebben, * ohg.
haben G. haben, on. hafa, goth.
haban: Teut. base habai-^ ident.
w. LAT. habere! Aryan base
khabhey ?
haven me. haven late oe. hcefene,
prob. a Scand. loanword; cp.
on. hgfn 'haven' ; perh. allied to
OE. hcef, on. haf 'ocean'.
haversack borrowed fr. fr.
havresac 'a knapsack' from G.
habcrsack hafcrsack 'a sack for
oats'.
haw jME. hazve oe. haga 'an
inclosure' = ON. hagi\ cp. OHG.
hag 'an inclosure' G. hag 'a hedge',
DU. haag 'a hedge, garden'. A
corresponding Aryan \f kagh is
evident' in cymr. cae, corn, ke
'hedge'. — Hence hawthorn
OE. hagu-porn. Cp. hedge.
hawk ME. hauk oe. heafoc; cp.
OSAX. *habiic in the proper name
Habiic-horst , DU. havik , OHG.
habuh G. habicht with secondary
hawser — heart
lOI
/, ON, haukr (for hptnikr) , SW.
Aok, DAN. Mg-; GOTH, "^habuks
with formative -ka- as in ahaks
'dove'. The \f haf is seen in
OE. hebban e. heave orig. 'take,
seize' as in lat. capere.
hawser 'a tow-rope' borrowed
fr. the OFR. vb. haulser 'raise,
tow a boat' (Lat. type altiare
'elevate, raise').
hay ME. hey oe. he^ hli : Teut.
base hauja- = goth. hawi
(gen. haiijis) 'hay, grass', OHG.
hewi houwi G. heu, on. hey, sw.
DAN. ho, DU. hooi; orig. verbal
adj. of the Teut. verbal \^ hau seen
in //6'7i'. Hence hay 'grass to be
hewn' (orig. hatija- sc. grasa-^.
hazel ME. hdsel on. h^esel =
DU. hazel, OHG. hasala G. //^i'.?/,
ON. y^rt'.y/: from pre-XEUX. koslo-,
hence in Lat. with rhotacism
coriilus for '^cosulics 'hazel' ; cp.
also oiR. coll 'hazel' for *cosll
he ME. OE. he = OS AX. hL
head short for me. hed fuller
form hcved OE. hgafod=^ on. haufup
{hp/iif), GOXH. haubip , OSAX.
hobid, DU. hoofd, ohg. houbit G.
haiipt: Teut. base hatibida- hau-
buda- is closely allied to oe. hilfe,
OHG. hiiba G. ^a/^/^6' 'cap, hood'.
This n-xoo\. (ARYAN kiip-l') may
be connected with lax. caput,
if this is traceable to an hypo-
thetical *caii.put *copui. — head
var. suffix of -hood.
heal vb. me. hc'l^ oe. luela?i;
cp. the synon. oSAX. hclian, du. j
heelen, ohg. heilan G. heilen, ON. '
hcila, GOXH. hailjaii 'heal': deriv.
of the Teut. adj. haila- := E.
whole (cp. also hail adj. — hale
adj.). — health me. helthe oe.
htklp 'healing, cure' = ohg.
heilida : an abstract formation
from the adj. hdl 'whole, hale'
(see whole).
heap ME. hep OE. heap 'heap,
troop, crowd' = OSAX. hop, DU.
hoop, OHG. hoiif 'crowd, troop'
G. haufe 'crowd , troop , pile'
{GOT^.'^haups). OSLOV. kiipii and
LiTH. kaupas 'heap' are prob.
allied.
hear vb. me. here oe. her an
(wESX-SAX. hyran) = oSAX.
horiafi, du. hooreti, OHG. horan
G. horen, on. hcyra, sw. hora,
DAN. h'&re: all with rhotacism
versus goxh. haiisjati 'hear' (cp.
harkKXidhearke/i). The xeux.
\Phatcz = ARYAN kous may
be connected with gr. a-y.nvco
for d-y.ov6(o (with prefix a- =
SKR. sam) and with xeux. rt:/^^'^
'ear' = ear.
hearken var. oi hark en', cp.
hark.
hearse sb. me. lursc herfe orig.
'a triangular harrow' , then a
carriage for a dead body':
adopted fr. ofr. herce 'a harrow'
= FR. herse 'a harrow'. Source
LAX. hirpex — hirpicem a harrow'.
heart me. herie oe. heortc',
equivalent to osAX. hcrta, on.
hjarta, goxh. hairto (ohg. hcrza
g. herz by the second sound-
shifting): Teut. base herton- or
hertan- = Aryan base kerd krd
in LAX. cor cordis, gr. /aodin
I02
health — heel
and y.iig for '^arjgd, IR. cride,
OSLOV. sridicc 'heart'.
hearth me. herth oe. heorp =
DU. heet'd^ OSAX. herth, G. herd:
a TEUT. \fher 'burn' (cp, lat.
cre-7nare 'burn?) may be as-
sumed as the base of E. hearth
and GOTH, hauri' coaV plur. ham-ja
'fire', ON. hyrr 'fire'.
heat sb. ME. hcte oe. hxeto, the
abstract sb. from the adj. OE.
hat {= E. /;<?/) formed by vowel
mutation (goth. *haitei f. heat').
— heat vb. me. hcte oe. hceta/i:
a factitive vb. from the adj. oe.
hat = e. hot (goth. '^haitjan
from *haits) ; cp. G. heizen.
heath me. hcth oe. hckp =
ohg. hen/a G. heide 'heath',
GOTH. hai/>/ 'a waste', ON. heidr.
Hence heathen me. hcthcn oe.
hcedcn corresponding to on.
heidinn, DU. ]\ihg. hcideii G. //dvVr.
In goth. we find only a femi-
nine haipnb 'a heathen woman',
whereby the existence of tlie
common Teut. masculine haipina
is secured for the fourth cen-
tury. It seems to be a trans-
lation of the synon. lat. pagairus
occurring in the latter half of
the fourth century of the Chris-
tian era.
heave vb. me. hcve earlier
hcbbe OE. hebban str. vb. = on.
hefja, OSAX. hebbian, DU. heffen,
OHG. heffan hcvati G. heben,
GOTH, hafjan 'lift, raise' : ARYAN.
\P" kap in lat. capio seize'. See
heavy.
heaven me. heven oe. heofon
= OSAX. heban (lg. hcroeti) with
a by-form himil, ohg. hiffiil, DU.
hetnel, G. sw. dan. himniel'. the
/-suffix stands by dissimilation
for the older ^-suffix after goth.
himins, ON. himhm, whilst in the
Saxon forms the orig. 7}i is dis-
similated to b. The common
Teut. word is prob. a deriv. of
a more primit. teut. haiman-
'clearness , brightness' (oeris.
hmnlicht 'bright as the sky'):
TEUT. \f hai in G. heiter, OE.
ha-dor 'serene'. Cp. hoar.
heavy me. hevy oe. hefi^ -=
OHG. hcbig, ON. hgfugr 'heavy':
deriv. of the TEUT. \P^ haf in
heave.
hedge me. hegge oe. hecg (oe.
also hei^e me. heye haye') : Teut.
base hagja-\ cp. ohg. hecka G.
he eke, DU. hegge heg. Cp. haiu.
heed vb. me. hede oe. hedan
= OSAX. hodian, ohg. huoten G.
hiiteny DU. hoeden. The teut.
\f hod from ARYAN kddh {JwdhT)
or kdt is regarded as orig. cogn.
w. LAT. cassis (for *eat-tis) 'hel-
met'; cp. hood sb.
heel sb. me. hele oe. hela hcela
shortened from "^'hdhila = east-
FRIS. hela (whence DU. hiel)y
dimin. of oe. hoh 'heel'; a Teut.
base hanha- cp. in on. hdll 'heel',
DAN. ha-p SW. hiil, and in E. hough.
heel vb. 'incline' shortened
from ME. heI4e OE. hddan hyldan
= OHG. he/dan w. vb. 'incline':
Teut. base halpjan derived fr.
the Teut. adj. halpa- 'inclined
heifer — hen
103
in OE. niderheald 'bent down-
wards'.
heifer me. haifer (heck/re) OE.
heahfore heahfre (^hcegfreT) 'a
young cow': apparently a com-
pound, but of obscure elements,
the first element seems to be
heah- hce-y- = teut. haha- haga-
cp. G. dial, hagen hegeVhnW, ox';
the second element is perh. OE.
fearr 'bull, ox' (gr. tiomc. heifer).
height U¥..heg/ite earlier heghthe
OE. hchpo hyhpo = goth. hau-
hipa 'lieight', on. hdd: abstr.
formation from the teut. adj.
hauha- = high formed with suff.
■ipa (cf. length, strength^.
heinous me. heinous from ofr.
hdinos ^= FR. haineux 'hateful'.
heir me. heir eir from ofr. heir
eir = LAT. heres 'an heir'.
hell ME. helle oe. hell\ cp.
GOTH, halja, OSAX. hell — hellia,
one. hc'lla G.holle: common Teut.
Christian name for 'Hades, in-
fernum'; on. hcl shows that the
older orig. word was also used
in pre-Christian times for heathen
'infernum'. Cp. also ON. //el
'goddess of death'. Usually con-
nected with v^ hel hal 'conceal'
(cp. half), hence //^// 'the hid-
ing place, the unseen place'.
helm sb. me. helnie oe. hcbna',
cp. on. hjalm a rudder'.
helmet dimin. of me. oe. helm.
In the form helma- 'helmet' com-
mon to the Teut. langs.; cp.
GOTH, hilms, ON. hjalvir, SW. DAN.
hjelm, OSAX. DU. G. hehn with
the same meaning that may be
derived fr. the verbal \f hel in
OE. OHG. helan, goth. hilan 'hide,
conceal' (aryan sT kel in lat.
celare , occukre , skr. (arman
protection').
help vb. ME. helpc oe. helpmi
= GOTH, hilpan, on. hjalpa, svv.
hjelpa, DAN. hjcelpe, osAX. helpan,
DU. LG. helpen, ohg. h'elfan G.
helfen. teut. \f^ help from pre-
TEUT. sfkelb- (lith. szelpti vb.
paszalpa 'help' pointing to an
ARYAN yfkelp).
helve sb. me. helve oe. help
hylf: Teut. base halhi-; cp. mlg.
i!iiDU. helve, ohg. halba helba mho.
help ha Ip 'a handle. S>&e halter.
hem sb. me. /lem (plur. heinmei)
OE. hem (plur. hemt/ias): Teut.
base hamja-.
hemlock me. heinlok huvilok
OE. hcmlic hymlec: the second
part of the compound seems to
be explanatory (cp. leek), the
first part points to a Teut. base
*haumi- ?
hemp ME. hefnp oe. hanep; cp.
ON. hampr, DU. hennep, ohg. hanaf
g. hanf'. ident. w. the synon.
lat. cannabis, GR. Y.dvva(it(^. The
Teut. word cannot be borrowed
from GR. or LAT. Perh. the
Teutons adopted the word and
the thing from the Scythians
whence the word came also to
Greece.
hen ME. oe. hen (stem henn-):
the fem. of OE. hana 'cock' =
OHG. henna G. hcnne (goth.
*han/o-) derived fr. hana m.
'cock'). ON. h(vna (sw. hbna
I04
hence
hidei
'hen') points to goth. '^•Jionjo.
The common teut. masc. hafian-
(goth. oe. hana, ohg. hand)
orig. meant 'singer', primit. re-
lated to LAT. cantre 'sing'.
hence me. hcnnes with secon-
dary -s (as in thence, otice) for
an earlier henne, which by syn-
cope stands for late oe. heo7iane
mostly OE. heonan ^ OSAX. ohg.
hinan (g. von hhmen). An origi-
nal stem ///- 'this' is evident
also in here and hither.
herald me. herald {JieraiuV) :
borrowed fr. fr. hh-aut (lat.
type heraldus), which is of Teut.
origin [heri-wald}).
herb me. herbe adopted fr. fr.
herbe: source lat. herba 'grass'.
herd' 'a flock' short for me.
herde OE. heord = goth. hairda,
ON. hjgrd, sw. dan. hjord ohg.
herta G. herde, teut. herdo- from
ARYAN kerdha is cogn. w. SKR.
(cirdhas fdrdha-s 'troop'; also
OSLOV. creda 'herd, flock', lith.
kerdzns 'shepherd'. See herd-.
— herd^ 'shepherd' now usually
compounded [shep-, cow-, swine-,)
ME. herde oe. hyrde {Jiiorde),
GOTH, hairdcis, on. hirdir, OHG.
hirti G. hirtc: with formative ja-
from TEUT. herdo- 'herd, flock'.
here ]\ie. here oe. her ^ goth.
ON.' OSAX. her ohg. hiar g. hier:
adv. of place (formed like goth.
aljar 'elsewhere', f>ar 'there' cp.
there) from the pronom. stem
hi- in goth. hi-?/ima daga 'to-
day' und hi-na dag 'till to-day
(cp. hence and hither). The
j stem hi- is cogn. w. lith. szis,
OSLOV. si 'this one', lat. ci-s
ci-tra 'on this side'.
heron istE. heiroun from ofr.
hairon ^= fr. hiro7i.
. herring me. hering oe. hdring
= ohg. haring mhg. hcerinc G.
hering, du. haring. westteut.
hdring is the source of fr.
harejig.
hest 'a command' me. histe
Mst with inorganic t from OE.
hczs 'a command' = teut. haisi-
orig. hait-ti
TEUT. \'^hait in
OE. hdtan 'command'. See behest
and hight.
hew vb. ME. have oe. heqwan
= OSAX. hauwaii, ohg. houwa?i
g. hauen, du. houwen ; on. hgggva
points to GOTH, '^haggwan in
place of TEUT. hawwan. The
verbal \^ hawzn haw (cp. >^a;')
is allied to the Aryan \^ho7ei in
OSLOV. >^(??'rtr — kovati 'forge', lith.
kctuju 'I strike' — /^///VV "hammer.
heyday orig. i^^")' rt'rt'_>' = e.
high day.
hiccough hiccup, also hick-et
looks like a dimin. of hick or
hik 'a catch in the voice', imi-
tative of sound?
hide ' sb. ME. hide oe. hyd (by-
vowel mutation fr. a Teut. base hu-
di-); synon. in all Teut. languages
except Goth,; cp. ohg. hiit a.
hatit, ON. hud, dan. sw. hud,
DU. huid. ARYAN ktiti-s answers
to LAT. ciitis 'skin'; cp. GR. y.vxog
'skin, hide'. The \f ku appears
in LAT. scii-timi 'shield', GR.
(T/i'-ros' 'skin, hide' with a prefix s.
hide2
hipi
105
hide- sb. 'a measure of land'
OE. hid cox\ir. of OE. /;/^/V/ 'enough
land for a household'; prop.
*hiwida- 'family' allied to hifid'^.
hide vb. ME. hide oe. hydan:
Teut. base Mdjan, perh. cogn.
w. CYMR.«/!r/^/ 'hidden, concealed'
and GR. Y.iv&w 'hide': Aryan
.^kndhl
hideous by change of suffix for
me. hidoiis adopted fr. ofr. hidous
= FR. /u'dfux: source a lat. type
hispidosus, extension of lat. hispi-
dtis 'rough, shaggy, bristly'.
hie vb. 'hasten' me. /dc earlier
hiie higen oe. higiaii. Teut. base
hl-gai- perh. a reduplication of
an ARYAN \^ki in lat. ci-io
'quickly', g^.yahv go'? Or cogn.
w. SKR. (ighra 'quick'?
high adj. me. heigh earlier hch \
OE. hcah = GOTH, hduhs, on.
hdr, DU. hoog, osax. ohg. hoh,
G. hoch: TEUT. hauha- from an
ARYAN kouko-. OTEUT. possessed
a sb. formed from the adj.
meaning 'hill (base kouko-s) ;
cp. ON. hang)- 'hill' (whence e.
hoiv in proper names) and with
ablaut G. hiigel; cp. LirH. kaii-
kara 'hill'.
hight vl). me. highte heghte oe.
heht QiihtT) 'was called : pret.
to OE. hdtan = goth. haiian,
G. heisLii.
hill me. Ml (plur. hillcs) oe.
hyll (plur. hyllas): Teut. base
huUi- or hulja- cogn. w. goth.
hallus 'rock' and ON. hallr 'hill';
an ARYAN \fkol cp. in lat. collis
'a hiir, culmefi 'a top', lith. kattias
kalva hiir, GR. y.oXaiVoC'
hilt ME. OE. ///// = ON. hja/^,
OHG. heha 'a sword-hilt'.
hind ^ ME. hinde oe. hind =
ON. DAN. sw. hiffd, DU. hifide,
OHG. hinia G. hindin. goth. *hindi
(gen. ^hindjos) is perh. connected
with GR. y.fu-dg 'youngdeer'.
hind*^ 'a peasant' me. hine OE.
hina 'a domestic'. Cp. hide^.
There is a Teut. base hhoa- in
GOTH, heiwa-frauja 'husband',
OE. hiwrdden 'family, household'
= OHG. hirat 'marriage' G. heirat.
hind in behind and hind-feet
akin to the oe. adv. hi7idan 'at
the back of — hiftder 'backwards'
^ GOTH, hindar prep, 'behind',
G. hinter prep, 'behind'. — hin-
der vb. ME. hindre oe. hinderian
= ON. hindra OHG. kintiren hin-
taron G. hindern. — hindmost
corrupted fr. hindtnest (confused
with 7nosi) = goth. hindufnists
'hindmost'.
hinge me. hmge; oe. *hencge
(for TEUT. *hangjdn-') is not re-
corded: deriv. of the TEUT.
\f hanh hang (see hang^\ cp.
MLG. mdu. henge 'rack for hang-
ing up things'.
hint sb. shortened fr. ]ME.
hinted part, of hinte (Jienie) =
OE. hentan 'seize, hunt after'
fr o m \^ henp seen in hunt!
hipi sb. 'ME. hipe oe. hype; cp.
GOTH, hiips (nom. plur. hilpeis),
DU. heup, G. hilfte ]vmG. huf (plur.
hiiffe) OHG. hiif (plur. hu/fi):
TEUT. hiipi- from Aryan kiiOi-.
io6
hip^ — hog
hip- sb. 'the fruit of the dog-
rose' ME. hepe OE. heope = OSAX.
hiopa, OHG. hiiifo mhg. hiefe.
hip vb. ME. hippe OE. *hyppan
= AfflG. hup fen hilpfeti G. hupfen\
allied to OE. hoppian ^ E. hop
vb.; o^. hoppcttan, G. hopfai, on.
hoppa.
hire vb. me. /z//-(? oe. hyrian
vb. = DU. hurcn, OFRIS. /^/r^r,
sw. Avvv?, DAN. /yr^ mlg. huren,
cheuern 'hire, rent': West-Teut.
base hiirjon.
hiss vb. ME. hisse: prob. an
onomatopoetic word as ODU.
hisschen 'to hiss'.
hit vb. ]\IE. hitte: adopted fr.
ON. hitta, DAN. /z///^'; perh. cog.
w. GOTH, hinpan 'catch'.
hitch vb. me. hicche 'move' ;
OE. *hyccanl
hither me. oe. hider: derived
from a Teut. pronoun hi- 'this'
in here and hence; cp. goth.
hidre, ON. hedra 'on this side';
cogn. with LAT. ci-tra 'on this
side'. For the suffix cp. thither.
hive ME. hive oe. hyf: Teut.
base hubi- in mlg. hiive 'hive',
DU. huif; cogn. w. LAT. cupa
'bowl?
hoar adj. i\ie. hor oe. hdr ^
GOTH, "^haira-, on. hdrr 'hoary',
OSAX. OHG. her g. hehr 'distingui-
shed', also 'venerable'. The orig.
meaning of the adj. was prob.
'venerable', on. and E. have the
meaning 'gray with age'. A teut.
\'~hai 'glitter, shine' is supported
b}' heaven and ON. //if/V/ 'clearness
of the sky' ; teut. hai from ARYAN
koi is cogn. with skr. ke-tti-s
'light, lustre, torch'.
hoard me. oe. hard =^ osAX.
hord iJioriJi) , goth. huzd, on.
hodd n. — hoddr m., OHG. G. hort.
teut. hozda- from ARYAN kuzdho-
for kudhto- part, 'that which is
hidden'; cp. gr. y.svdio under
hide vb.
Hoarhound me. hgrhoutie oe.
sio hare hiine 'the hoar hound' ;
OE. hilne is a plant-name.
hoarse me. horse prop, hgs, oe.
has pointing to goth. '^haisa- =
OHG. heis heisi MHG. heis heise;
the r of MHG. G. heiser seems to
be the same r as in E. iioarse
= jMdu. heersch (mod. DU. heescli) ;
perh. originating from the OE.
dat. has re (tnid hdsre stefne)
transposed to hdrse ^= ME. horse}
hobble vb. ]\IE. ho/de for * hopple;
frequent, of hop vb.
hobby sb. 'a toy like a horse,
ambling nag, a favorite pursuit';
ME. hobin 'a nag': borrowed fr.
OFR. hobin 'a little horse'?
hock corruption of Hochhcim:
the name of a German town on
the river Main, famous for wine.
hoe sb. from FR. houe 'a hoe' :
source OHG. houwa = G. haue
'hoe'.
hog ME. hog (plur. hogges') OE.
hocg (plur. hoggas): a Welsh
loanword, cp. w. h7iich 'a sow'
(bret. corn, hoch 'pig'). — hogs-
head cp. the equiv. mlg. hukes-
hbvet huxhovet du. okshoofd (earlier
also hokshoofd') g. oxho/t, sw.
oxhu/vud, DAN. oxehoved: origin
hoist — hooil
107
and history of this compound
are unauthorized.
hoist vb. earlier hoise akin to
the equivalent lg. his sen , DU.
hijscheti, dan. heise, sw. kissa,
G. hissen, fr. hisse?-, it. issare.
hold vb. ME. hplde OE. hdldan
{Iicaldari) = OHG. haltan (Jwlt/ui/i)
G. ha/ten , OSAX. goth. haldan,
DU. Jwuden, on. halda : a common
TEUT. vb. Cp. behold.
hold sb. (the hold of a ship)
prop, hole: ident. w. hollotv and
hollow, cp. DU. hoi's, hole, cave'.
— hole sb. ME. hole hoi oe. hoi
'a cave' = on. holr, ohg. mhg.
//(^/ G. hohl, DU. /?<?/; the e. me.
OE. OHG. MHG. adjectives are
used as substantives: teut.
\f hel 'conceal' in oe. helan, G.
hehkti. — hollow me. holwe oe.
holh (gen. hohoes') ; cogn. with
equival. ohg. mhg. hoi, on. holr:
TEUT. \^*hul connected with
the TEUT. \fhel in oe. ohg. helan
'hide, conceal' {c^.hell, helmet).
holiday prop, holy day.
holly -ME. holin OE. holeyi\ akin
to the equivalent DU. G. hulst
mhg. huls, OHG. hulls, whence fr.
houx; pre-TEUT. \fkel- in \\.
celyn , corn, celin , bret, helen,
IR. cuileann 'hollv'.
hollyhock for me. hglihoc prop,
'holy hock': OE. hocc means
'mallow'.
holster borrowed fr. DU. holster
'a case for a pistol' (g. pistolen-
holftcf) ; ident. w. on. hulstr 'a
case, a sheath', goth. hulistr 'a
veil'; from teut. huljan and
suff. -stra fr. -s-tra (oK. heolstor).
holy ME. holy oe. /w/Zj earlier
hdlej^ = OSAX. hcla}^, ohg. heilag
G, DU. heilig , ON. heilagr , dan.
hellig , sw. //(?/4'' (goth. hailag
in a Goth, runic inscription).
Common teut. hailaga- from
common TEUT. haila- cp. whole
and ^ (//<?.
homage me. homage: borrowed
fr. OFR. homage ^= fr. horn mage;
source a lat. type homaticutn the
service of a vassal or man' (lat.
ho7no 'man').
home ME. hgm oe. ham = osAX.
hem, ON. helmr, ohg. G. du. helm
'home ; GOTH, halms 'a village'.
Teut. base haimo- (Jiaimi-) from
a pre-TEUT. kaimd- {kaimi^ =
LITH. kimas — PRUSS. caymis *a
village', GR. y.Mi.tr) 'village .
hone ME. hone oe. hdn: Teut.
base hainb- r= on. hein, sw. hen
'hone'. Cp. OE. hdnan 'to stone'.
honey ]ME. himi oe. hunr^ hunc~^:
Teut. base hunang = on.
hunang, DU. honinc, OHG. honang
G. honig 'honey. Origin un-
certain; peril, cogn. w. or. jcor/c
'dust'?
-hood a suflf. used to form
abstract nouns; orig. an in-
dependent sb. dying out in me. :
OE. had 'state, quality' = goth.
haidus, OHG. ivraG. heit 'manner
(g. -heit only suffix). Cp. its var,
-head.
hood sb. 'covering' me. oe.
hod = DU. hoed , ohg. huoi G.
/////. Closely allied to hat and
io8
hoof
host'
to the TEUT. \/^ had hod in heed.
hoof ]ME. OE. hof = OSAX. hof,
DU. hoe/, ON. hq/r, ohg. hiwf G.
hiif: Teut. base ho/'^- from Aryan
^'kSpo-, whence osLov. kopyto
'hoof'. Others derive teut. hofa-
from Aryan kopho and compare
it with SKR. faphd , avest. safa
'hoof.
hook ME. OE. hoc = arou. hoek
'hook'. The kindred forms have
a diff. vowel and answer to OE.
haca, ON. haki, ohg. lia{c)ko G.
hake. OHG. hag(g)o points to
GOTH. '*'heg(g)a 'hook'. G. haken
being 'a kind of plough', goth.
ho ha 'plough' may also be com-
pared, so that the stem may be
hoh keg hah.
hoop sb. ME. OE. hop ^^ DU.
hoep, OFRis. hop, north-fris. hiip
'hoop', MLG. hop; teut. base
hop a-.
hoop vb. ME. houpe adopted fr.
FR. houper 'hoop unto'; of Teut.
origin, cp. OE. htvopan = GOTH.
hwppan vb. 'boast, glory'.
hoot vb. ME. houte borrowed
fr. osw. hut a 'hoot'.
hop vb. ME. hoppe oe. hoppian
= DU. happen, ON. sw. hoppa
DAN. hoppe, G. MHG. hopfen. Cogn.
w. hip vb.
hop sb. ME. hoppe =r du.
hop, G. hopfen late ohg. hopfo,
med.-lat. hupa (for *huppa).
Its origin is obscure.
hope vb. ME. hope oe. hopian
= MDU. hopen, mhg. g. hopfen.
The labial in oe. hopian (goth.
"^hupcvi) is a substitute for a
guttural (base "^huqbri) as shown
by the OE. abstract noun hyht
hope' (base huh-ti-s) : teut.
sfhiiq hup. — hope sb. ME. hope
for OE. to-hopa = oSAX. to-hopo
sb. 'hope'.
horn ME. OE. horn =^ on.
OHG. G. DU. horn, goth. haiirn:
common Teut. (in a runic
inscription) horna 'horn' cogn.
w. LAT. cornu and IR. cymr.
corn, with other suffix gr. y.s(j-c(g
horn; cp. also E. hart prop,
'horned' and skr. cru-ga 'horn'.
hornet oe. hyrnet = ohg.
horna'^ hiirnti-^ G. hornisse. The
synon. Slav, and Lat. \vords
for 'hornet point to goth.
*'ha7irznuts with an aryan. \'" krs
(ind. (ft) : LAT. crdbro 'hornet*
for *crdsro, oSLOV. srilseni, lith.
szirszone 'hornet'. The Aryan
stem is ki-s for 'hornet', cp.
OSLOV. sriisa, lith. szirszu. Du.
preserves a trace of this inner
s in horzel 'hornet' (goth. '^hailr-
su/s) — horzelen vb. 'hum'.
horse me. oe. hors = osAX.
hors — hers, du. ros, ohg. ros (gen.
rosses) G. ross (whence it. rozza,
FR. rosse a jade'), on. hross,
also hors, sw. dan. dial, hors
a horse' : Teut. base hrossa-.
hose ME. hose oe. hosu =
DAN. G. hose, DU. hoos, OHG.
ON. hosa (goth. *hiiso). The
Teut. Avords found their way
into Celt. (corn, hos 'ocrea,
cuisses') and into Rom. (ofr.
hose).
host ' sl>. 'army' me. host pst:
host'
hull
109
loanword fr. OFR. hoste 'army'
(source LAT. hostis — hosteni),
host^ sb. 'entertainer iviE. hgste:
loanword fr. ofr. hostc (= lat.
hospiteni). Hence hostess me.
hgstesse from ofr. hostesse and
hostler ime. hostUi- 'innkeeper'
from OFR. Jiosielier 'innkeeper'.
host'^ sb. (in the mass) me.
hgste gste : source lat. liostia,
FR. hostie.
hot adj. ME. hot OE. hat'. Teut.
base haita- = on. heitr, DU.
hc.et, OSAX. het, ohg. hei-^ G. heiss
'hot'; the TEUT. \^ hit cp. in
GOTH, heito 'fever' and in on.
/////, OSAX. hittia, G. hitze 'heat' ;
cp. heat sb.
hough sb. ]ME. hough (Jig) OE.
hgh 'the heel'; hence the dimin.
heel. Teut. base hanha- in on.
hitll 'heel'.
hound ME. hound OE. hand
hund = GOTH, hunds, on. hundr,
DAN. SWED. hund, DU. houd,
OSAX. G. hund OHG. hunt: Teut.
base hunda- prop, 'the hunter',
derived fr. the teut.-GOTH. vb.
hinpan 'seize, capture' (oe. hup
'booty'); see hunt.
hour 2kiE. houre oure borrowed
fr. OFR. {h)ure (h)ore {^= fr.
heui-), whence also DU. uur, g.
uhr (dial. auer). Source lat.
hora.
house ME. hous oe. hus: Teut.
base hiisa- in goth. gud-kus
'house of God', osAX. ohg.
hits G. haus, DU. huis, ON. hiis.
housings earlier houss (of a
horse), borrowed fr. fr. housse'i
hovel me. hovel 'small hut':
dimin. with suffix -el from oe.
hof z= ON. hof 'a temple, a
hall' ; cp. G. hof 'a yard'. —
hover vb. intensive derivative
of ME. hove vb. 'tarry, wait'; cp.
OFRis. hovia 'receive in one's
house : derived fr. teut. hofa-
'hall, yard'.
how ME. how OE. hu (for
"^hwii *hwg) : Teut. form hwo in
OSAX. hwo 'how', OHG. WHO ; du.
hoe for hwo, ofris. hu: formed
from the Teut. stem hwa- in
who\ cp. GR. TlbZq.
how in local names cp.
high.
howl vb. iiE. houlc; cp. du.
huilen, G. heulen.
huckster me. huckstire (oe.
'^huccestre); orig. 'a female re-
tailer ; akin to mhg. hucke hocke
'a retailer'; derived from MHG.
hocken vb. 'squat', on. hokkinn
'bowed, bent. Cp. du. heiilien
vb. 'huckster, retail' — heuker
huckster, retailer'.
hue ^ sb. ME. hewe hew oe.
heow 'appearance': ident. w.
GOTH. Iiiwi (g. hiujis) 'form,
appearance', sw. hy 'skin, com-
j plexion'.
I hue 2 sb. 'outcry' l\rE. hit derived
fr. KR. huer 'hoot, hiss'.
huge adj. ]\rE. hiige {Jiouge)'.
loanword fr. OFR. ahugc 'huge'.
hull husk' ME. hule OE. hulu
'hull, husk'; cp. synon. G. hulse
OHG. hulsa for ''Piulisa (goth.
*hulisi or "^huluzi) : formed from
the sj^hel hul (g. hiille) under
no
humble
hutch
hell, hollow and holster. —
hull body of a ship' ident. w.
hold sb.
humble adj. me. humble bor-
rowed fr. FR. humble {= lat.
humilis) .
humblebee sb. me. hombel-be;
an equivalent OE. *hu7nbol is to
be assumed for ohg. hnmbal
G. hummel, DU. hotmncl 'humble-
bee'.
humor jnie. hiitnour from ofr.
humor = fr. hmtieur.
hundred me. oe. hundred
{hundrep), ident. w. OSAX. hun-
darod, G. hundert, on. humlrad\
the word is appar. a comp., the
second part of which belongs
to GOTH, rapjan vb. 'count'; the
first part GOTH. OE. hund is
cogn. w. LAT. cenium, GR. hy.fxrov,
SKR. (atdm.
hunger am. hunger honger OE.
hu/igor ; cp. synon. osAX. ohg.
hungar g. hunger, ON. hungr]
GOTH, hfihrus (for *hunhrus)
'hunger' with the derived hiig-
grjan 'hunger' : common teut.
hunhru- hungru- hunger' from
ARYAN, kdnkru- ? cp. lith. kanka
'torture' with on. hd vb. 'torture'
(from TEUT. *hanhbn).
hunt vb. ME. hunte oe. huntian:
a secondary verb from a primit.
vb. shown in goth. frahinpan
'take prisoner'. From the same
root E. hound and hand.
hurdle me. hirdel oe. hyrdel,
dimin. of an oe. *hyrd z=. ohg.
hurt (plur. hurtt) G. hi'irde; cp.
on. hurd 'door', GOTH, hatirds
door'. The meaning 'door' is
developed from the common
meaning 'wickerwork'. Teut.
base hurdi- = aryan krti in
LAT. crates, GR. y.vgzf] 'a fishing-
basket' — yi.d(}raXng 'a (woven)
basket'; cp. skr. k/'t 'spin' —
cri 'bind, connect'.
hurl vb. me. hurle earlier
hurtle vb.
hurricane sb. akin to the
synon. du. orkaan, dan. sw. g.
orkan, fr. ouragan, IT. uracano,
SPAN, huracan 'a hurricane' ;,after
the discovery of Americaadopted
fr. Caribbean hurakan 'a hurri-
cane'.
hurry vb. me. hurie horie vb.
'hasten'.
hurt vb. ME. hurte hirte vb.
'offend' borrowed fr. OFR. hurter
(fr. heurtei-).
husband sb. am. husbonde oe.
(about \o^o) hilsbonda'. a Scand.
loanword, cp. ON. hilsbondi, sw.
DAN. husbonde from his 'house'
and ON. bondi biindi 'husband.
husk ME. huske oe. *huseca 'a
small house' (?); cp. G. gehduse.
hussy short for housewife.
hut aiE. hutte from fr. hutie.
Source OHG. hutta = G. hiitte.
hutch sb. 'a box' me. hucche
prop. hucche (whence atE.
whicche^ : loanword fr. fr. huche
'trough, bin'.
I
inquest
III
I ME. / earlier ich ic OE. ic =
DU. ik, OSAX. ic, OHG. ih G. ich,
GOTH, ik: common teut. ik ek
from ARYAN. egotn\ cp. lat. ego,
GR. fyc(', SKR. ahdm, aslov. azii,
LiTH.<7s. The oblique cases were
formed in all Aryan languages
alike from a stem 7ne-\ cp. me
and mine.
ice ME. OE. is = OHG. ZS G.
eis, ON. iss, DU. //> (goth. *eisa-^ :
a common Teut. word, not
found elsewhere. — icicle
ME. isikel: prop, a compound,
OE. is-pcel (isesycel) ; ycel is
dimin. 'a small piece of ice'
(cp. MLG. isjokel 'icicle' , on.
igkiilt).
idol ME. idgle borrowed fr. FR.
idole (lat. tdolufii, gr. ndioXov
'an image, likeness').
idle adj. me. oe. idel 'empty,
vain, useless' = oSAX. idal
'empty, useless', ohg. ital 'empty,
vain, boastful' G. citel 'vain', DU.
ijdcl 'empty'.
if ME. // OE. y/ =r OSAX. ef
of, DU. of if 'whether, but',
OHG. o/>a with the older by-form
ibu 'if, whether' G. ol) 'if, as if,
even if, whether', ox. if ef ^\{ ,
GOxn. i had) 'whether, perhaps'.
Prop. dat. instr. of ON. if ef
m. and if ef n. doubt', ohg.
iba f. 'doubt, condition'.
ill ME. /// il/e'. Scand. loan-
word from on. ////-; the native
E. synon. is evil (oe. yfef).
imp sb. ME. OE. iffipe 'graft,
scion' with the vb. ME. impe
OE. iftipian 'graft'; cp. OHG.
itnpfon G. itnpfe/i , dan. ympe,
sw. ympa. Source a lat. type
iniputare, whence also fr. e?iter,
DU. enten vb. 'graft'.
impair vb. me. empeire bor-
rowed fr. OFR. empcirer = FR.
empirer (lat. type impeiorare
'make worse').
impeach vb. prop, 'hinder'
for me. apcche vb. 'hinder' bor-
rowed fr. FR. empecher (lat.
type impedicare 'fetter' iroinpedica
sb. 'fetter').
imply cp. ply.
in prep. me. in oe. in ^=
OSAX. G. DU. GOTH, in, ON. /,
sw. DAN. /. Orig. related to
LAT. in, GR. Sv{i), LITH. /,
LETT. C.
inch sb. me. inche oe. ynce:
early loanword from lat. imcia
'an inch', also an 'ounce'.
ingot me. ingot = fr. lingot
ingot'i Source and history doubt-
ful.
ink :me. enke from ofr. enque
(fr. encre, DU. inkt, lg. inkei) :
source lat. encaustum 'the purple
red ink'.
inkling sb. from the vb. me.
i?ikle "hint .
inn :me. oe. in inn sb. 'house,
lodging - house' = on. injii
mn .
inquest me. enqucste from ofr.
112
ire
jail
eiiqueste {= FR. enqiicti). Akin
to inquire vb. me. aiquere from
OFR. enquet-rer {^= FR. enquirir
'inquire') ; source lat. inquirere,
ire ME. ire 'anger' from ofr.
ire (lat. ird).
irk vb. ME. irke 'tire' with the
adj. irksome extended fr. me.
irk 'distasteful'.
iron ME. OE. iren oldest oe. form
isern = goth. eisarn, OSAX. ohg.
isarn G. eisen, DU. ijzer, on. isarn
(jam): Teut. base isarna- perh.
borrowed fr. a Celt, isartio- {=
OIR. iarn 'iron'); gall. Isarno-
dorn7n a placename.
island me. ilotid oe. i'^lond
(ij^land) island'; the first part
of the compound represents
the oe. /j <^j 'isle' (cp. ON. eyland,
OFRis. DU. «A?//^/'island'), blended
w. OFR. isle. The word starts
from a TEUX.a?^'^- (in Scandin-avia
Bat-avid), which is a derivative
of TEUT. -GOTH, ahwa 'stream,
flowing water' OHG. aha = OE. ia
= LAT. aqua 'water'.
isle ME. i/e borrowed fr. fr.
t/e (source LAT. insula) 'an isle'.
Cp. island.
issue ME. issiie from ofr. issue
'end, event' (derived fr. issir =
LAT. ex ire).
it ME. it earlier me. oe. hit
neuter to E. he (oE. AIE. he).
itch vb. ME. icche for peche OE.
lyccan : Teut. base jukja?i =
DU. jeuken, osAX. Jukkian, ohg.
juckan g. jucken. teut. \j^ juk.
ivory me. ivory (ivoire) borrowed
fr. OFR. ivorie — FR. ivoire, whence
also DU. ivoor. Source lat. eboreus
'made of ivory' — ebur 'ivqry'.
ivy ME. ii!y oe. ifi'^ short for
^if-hi~^ t/-hei = OHG. eba-hewi
MHG. ep-hou (g. epheii) with the
by-form ohg. ebah: perh. akin
to GOTH, ibuks 'backwards' ? It
is uncertain, whether the 2"** ele-
ment of OHG. eba-hewi = OE. iji^
is ident. w. hay.
iwis 'certainly' ME. iwis OE.
lewiss ^= OHG. gi7vis G. geiviss,
DU. gewis: Teut. base ga-wissa-
prop. part, of the Teut. vb.
•witan 'know' (cp. wot).
jabber variant of e. gabber.
jacket from fr. Jaquet; cp.
ME. jakke = ofr. jaque (g.
jacke).
jade UY..Jdde 'old horse'. Source
and history unknown.
jail with the by-form gaol
ME. gail jaiole gaihgl borrowed fr.
OFR. gaiole gaole (fr. geble) 'a
prison, bird-cage'. Source lat.
caveola from cavea (= E. cage,
G. kdfig).
jamb
journal
113
jamb from fr. jambe 'a leg',
also 'a jamb' (source lat.
gai)ibd).
jar sb. 'an earthen pot' from
FR. Jarre.
jaundice \YS..jaundis jaunis from
FR. Jaunisse prop, 'yellowness';
source fr. jauiic 'yellow' =-
LAT. galbuius 'greenish yellow'.
javelin sb. from fr. javelin:
of Celt, origin , cp. cymr. ga-
flach (whence OE. gafeloc') 'spear'.
jaw aiE. chaul {choul) earlier
chavel OE. (plur.) cedfias\ akin to
OSAX. kciflos plur. 'jaw' and with
other formatives on. kjaptr, G.
kiefer 'jaw' : teut. \f kef kef fr.
an ARYAN gcph, perh. cogn. w.
AVEST. zafrn 'mouth, jaw'.
jay ME. jai from fr. geai (ofr.
jai gai).
jealous ME. jelous gelous from
OFR. gelous (fr. jaloux, whence
DU. Jalocs).
jelly sb. late me. gelid from
FR. gelee.
jeopardy sb. me. jilperdi orig.
jiiparti 'hazard, hazardous feat
borrowed fr. FR. jeu parti 'risk,
hazard' (orig. 'a game, in which
the chances are equally divi-
ded').
jest prop, 'a merry tale' JIE.
geste (also g(stc) 'a story' from
OFR. geste romance'.
jet sb. (a mineral) short for
]ME. git contracted fr. gey^t:
loanword from ofr. gaiet (Jaet
jet') : source lat. gagates.
jew j\iE. jew earlier gi7v bor-
rowed fr. ofr. Gill Jiii: source
English Etymology.
LAT. Judaeus. In OE. we find
Judeas plur. 'the Jews' from the
Latin.
jewel :me. jouel juel from ofr.
jouel (whence G. juwel, DU.
juweet) = FR. joyau. Source
a LAT. type gaudiale from gau-
ditmi.
jig sb. ME. gigge 'a fiddle' from
OFR. gige (= aiHG. gige G. geige)
'a fiddle'.
jingle iNiE. gingle.
job sb. cp. ME. gobet 'small
piece' and ofr. gob 'a mouth-
ful'.
jockey ident. w. Jackey: dimin.
of Jack.
jog yb. iME. jogge vb. 'go
hastily'.
join vb. ME. joine borrowed fr.
FR. joindre (= lat. jimgere).
— Hence e. me. joint sb. from
FR. joitit.
joist sb. ME. glste 'joist' from
OFR. giste (= FR. gite ? derivative
of FR. gdsir 'lie').
jolly ME. jolt earlier jolif;
loanword from fr. joli (oFR.
jolif)-
jostle justle vb. intensive for-
mation from AiE. jouste 'tilt' =
ofr. jouster (me. jouste 'tour-
nament' fr. OFR. jouste = MHG.
tjostt^.
journal from fr. journal. —
journey :me. journe journde 'a
day's travel, a day's work' from
FR. journc'e 'a day, a day's work'
(it. giornata, lat. type diur-
natii).
8
114
joy
kettle
joy ME. jo/e from YK.Joie (source
LAT. gmidia ^= gaiidmni).
judge sb. sh(^rt ME. ji'ige from
FR. jii.ge (source lat. judex —
judice7ii) 'a judge'. — judge
vb. ME. jiige from FR. jnger ^=
LAT. ju die are.
juice ME. jilse ji'ice from fr.
jus (source lat. jus) 'juice'.
July ^lE.jiili from LAT. Julius.
— June ME. jiine earlier jiinie
from OFR. gimie} (fr. Juiii) =
LAT. Junius.
just ME. just (short for jiistl')
from FR. juste (= lat. Justus).
— justice isiE. justice orig. justice
= 'SK. justice: source ijArcJustitia.
— justify vb. ME. justifie from
FR. justijier.
K
keel sb. ident. w. on. kjglr
(Teut. base kelu-) "keel of the
ship' = synon. dan. kjbl, sw.
kol, G. DU. kiel. Source and
history unknown.
keel vb. 'cool' ME. kele OE.
celan: Teut. base koljan derived
fr. the adj. teut. kolu- = E.
cool.
keen adj. me. kene 'sharp, bold,
brave' OE. cene orig. aini 'bold,
brave, wise' : Teut. base kmi-
= OHG. kuoni G. ki'iht, DU. koen
'bold , daring ; the original
meaning is evident in on. k&nr
'wise', which points to the teut.
\f kan 'know' in can, ken and
know.
keep ME. kepe OE. cepan cd^pan
'keep' : from a Teut. base kop-
jafi; no \f~ kop exists in the
other Teut. languages.
keg sb. Scand. loanword : on.
kaggi 'a keg'.
ken vb. 'know' me. kenne bor-
rowed fr. ON. kenna vb. 'know'
= G. kennen, GOTH, kanujan ;
causative of teut. kuntian 'know'.
Cp. can vb.
kennel 'a house for dogs'
ME. kencl: adopted fr. onfr. kenil
{chenil); source onfr. ken (fr.
chieii) 'dog' with sutf. -il (lat.
type *canile from canis 'dog').
kerchief sb. earlier spelling
curchief ME. coverchef'. borrowed
fr. OFR. courechef lit. 'a head-
covering'. OFR. covrir (= FR.
couvrir) 'cover' and chef 'head'.
kernel me. kirnel OE. cyrnel
(Teut. base kurnila-) : dimin. of
cor?i (with the Teut. dimin. suif.
-ila).
kettle jNIE. ketcl borrowed fr.
ON. ketill = GOTH, katils, ohg.
kf—fl G. kessel, DU. kctel; corre-
sponding to OE. cetel me. chetel,
which was superseded by ON.
ketill. The Teut. word was
key
kitchen
"5
early borrowed fr. lat. cathms
'kettle', whence also ohg. ke':^y,n.
key sb. me. keie oe. ccb-^ ccej^e
= OFRis. kcV a key': Teut. base
/^(I/g^ ?
kid sb. ME. kie;^ borrowed fr.
ON. h'd; cogn. w. ohg. kizzin
chiizt G. kitze 'a young goat' ; a
native E. word cogn. w. scand.
kid would begin with ch.
kidney sb. me. kid-nere (oe.
*c}'deneore *cyd/ieora}^; the
second part of the compound
is me. na'e {= ox. /lyra, du.
nier, ohg. ttioro G. nicre 'kid-
ney'). The first part is ob-
scure.
kill vb. ME. kille ; a corresp.
OE. '^■cyllan is wanting: Teut.
base kuljan akin to oe. cwellan
= ME. <//ic//e vb. 'kill', ox.
kvelja, OSAX. qudlian. There
was a primit. str. vb. OE. cw'elan
'die', OSAX. OHG. quclan 'smart' ;
cp. G. qual.
kiln sb. ME. kilne OE. cyln =
older cyletie cylitie 'furnace': early
loanword fr. lat. cidhia 'kitchen',
whence also oiR. ciiilc 'kitchen .
ON. kylna 'kiln' is an oe. loan-
word.
kin sb. :\IE. kin oe. cynn orig.
'a tribe': Teut. base kttnja- =
ox. kyh, OSAX. kunni, ohg.
chiuini MHG. kilnnc race', goth.
kuni\ deriv. fr. the teut. \r ken
'produce' in ohg. g. kind 'child',
oe. cennan vb. 'produce', answe-
ring to an ARYAN \f gen in lat.
genus, gens-gentis, GR. ytvog — yor^
— yiyi'O/itui, SKK. \'^jan. Cp. kind,
'kindred and mankind. —
kind adj. 'natural, loving' me.
kinde OE. lecynde 'natural, in-
born': derived fr. kind sb. —
kind sb. 'nature, sort' me.
kinde oe. j^e-cynd 'nature'.
kindle vb. me. ki?zdle: derived
with intensive -/ from on. kynda
vb. 'kindle' ? (on. kyndill 'a
torch'?)
kindred me. kinrede (oE. '^cy?i-
rddai): composed of kin =
OE. cynn 'kin' and OE. rceden (=
GOTH. garaideins) a suffix meaning
'state, condition (cp. hatred).
king ME. late oe. king OE. cy?ig
a late shortening for the common
oe. cyning: Teut. base kuninga-^
OSAX. OHG. kuning G. konig, du.
koning; cp. ON. konungr (but
GOTH, reiks 'king').
kirtle sb. me. kirtel oe. cyrtel
from a teut. base ^kurtil (= ox.
kyrtill) : prop, 'a short under-
garment' from LAT. curtus 'short'
(cp. G. kurz and see short and
shirt).
kiss sb. ME. kiss with the
vowel accommodated to the vb.
kiss for OE. coss = OS AX. kus
cos, du. kus, ORG. kus G. kuss,
ON. koss, DAN. kys, SW. kyss, GOTH.
*kussus. — kiss vb. ME. kisse
OE. cyssan r= osAX. kussian,
DU. OHG. kussen G.. kilssen, on.
SW. kyssa, DAN. kysse.
kitchen sb. me. kicchen oe.
cycene from a west-teut. base
kukina =: DU. keuken , ohg.
kuchina chuhhina G. kiiche : an
early West-Teut. loanword from
8*
ii6
cite
knuckle
late LAT. coqtiina (class, culina
see under kiln) or rather from
a common Rom. and vulg. lat.
codna 'kitchen' (cp. fr. cuisine,
IT. cucina, span, cocind). Cp.
cook.
kite sb. ME. kite OE. cyta 'a
kite' : Teut. base kiltjan-.
kitten me. kitoun answers to
the synon. fr. chatton 'a young
cat' (peril, the E. word points
to ONFR. ^'keion ?)
knave ime. knave oe. cnafa =
OHG. knabo G. knabe 'boy'; iden-
tical with OE. cnapa me. kndpe
'boy = OSAX. knapo, ofris.
knapa, ON. ktiapi 'boy', germ.
knappe points to a teut. ktiab-
ban-. Perh. cogn. w. knight}
or. w. GALL, gnabat 'son'?
knead vb. me. kncdc oe. cn'edan
= MLG. DfJ. kfteden, ohg. knetan
G. kneten: teut. y" ,^;?<?^ =
ARYAN \^ gnet in russ. gnetate
press'.
knee vb. me. kne o^. cneo = osax.
knio, DU. G. knie OHG. chniu k?ieo,
GOTH, kniii (gen. kiiiwis): Teut.
base iinewa-, cogn. w. the synon.
LAT. genu, GR. yovv, skr. janu
'knee'. — • kneel vb. me. cnele oe.
*cndozviia?i = du. knielen mlg.
knelen, sw. chnidc 'kneel', dan.
kficele ?
knell vb. me. knille oe. cnyllan\
cogn. w. isiHG. kn'ellen in er-, G.
knallen.
knife sb. me. knif oe. (about
I goo) cnif. The occurrence in
late oe. favors Scand. origin :
on. knifr. On the continent,
there is an equivalent du. knijf,
LG. knif, G. dial, kneif.
knight sb. me. knight oe. cniht:
Teut. base knehta- = du. g.
knecht ohg. kn'eht, ofris. kniuht;
cogn. w. knave'}
knit vb. ME. knitte oe. cnytta7i :
deriv. of oe. cfiotta (by vowel-
mutation) (= ON. kniitr) =
E. knot; OE. cnyttan is ident.
w. LG. knfitten ?
knob sb. ME. knobbe', allied to
MHG. kniibel 'knuckle', du. knobbcl
'knot, lump, callosity', o. knopf
'button, bud', ON. knappr.
knock vb. me. knocke oe.
*cnoccian; ident. w. oe. cnucian,
ON. knoka: a sound imitation,
closely allied to knack.
knoll sb. ME. knol oe. cnoll ==
DU. knol 'a turnip', G. knolle7i.
knot sb. ME. knotte OE. cnotta
= MHG. knotze, DU. knot; cogn.
w. OHG. knodo knoto G. knotcn
and ON. kmiti- 'a knot' — kmita
f. 'dice' — knotty (goth.
*knattus) m. 'ball'.
knew vb. ME. kngwe OE. cndwan
str. vb. = ohg. chndan 'know',
ON. knd vb. 'know how to do':
TEUT. \f knc knd (akin to can
and keeti) = Aryan \f gen
gno in LAT. gignosco ignotus
ig7tavus ignarus , GR. yr/vcooy.o],
SKR. sfjna. — knowledge sb.
ME. ktimvUche derived fr. the
vb. ME. knmvUche, intensive for-
mation of ME. knpwe = E.
know (oe. *iecndtvlcBcan is
wanting).
knuckle sb. me. knokel oe.
labor — lake
117
'"cfiucel; cogn. w. g. knochel,
OFRTS. knokle, DU. knokkel, mlg.
knokel, DAN. knogle knokkeh
dimin. of a simple word, seen
in G. knocheii 'a bone', DU. knok
'a knuckle, a bone'.
labor sb. ime. labour adopted
fr. FR. labour = LAT. labor {em)
'labor*.
lace sb. me. Ids : borrowed fr.
FR. lace — OFR. las {lags) : source
LAT. laqueus noose, snare' (=
IT. laccio^. See latchet.
lack sb. iEE. lak oe. */^tf =
ODU. lac DU. lak 'blemish, stain,
lack'. — lack vb. me. lacke
from the sb., but earlier ME.
hike (oE. '^'lacia>i) =. odu. laken
'be wanting', ofris. lakia. Teut.
\^ lek in leak.
lacquer lacker sb. adopted
fr. fr. laque varnish' ? cp. G.
lack, IT. lacca.
lad ME. ladde borrowed fr. IR.
lath 'a youth, champion'; cp.
lass.
ladder me. Idddre short for OE.
hlctdder: Teut. base hlaidrjo- =
DU. ladder leer, ohg. leitara g.
leiter; goth. '^'hlai-dri (gen.
'•'hlai-drids): TEUT. \^ hlai hli in
lean vb., ARYAN V" kit in gr.
y.XT-iiiuE 'ladder'. The Teut.
suffix -dr- in ladder answers to
a gr. -rotu.
lade sb. ME. lade oe. hladan
= OSAX. hladan, du. g. laden
ohg. (h)ladan, on. hlada, goth.
hlapan 'load, lade': teut. \f hlad
Map from an ARYAN s/^klat; perh.
cogn. w. \(^ klad in OSLO v. kladq
I lay'. — The vb. oe. hladan
ME. lade signifies also 'draw
water', hence E. ladle me. Iddel
OE. hlcedel.
lady ME. lady earlier lafdi
I Idfdi-^ OE. hlcefdiie 'a lady,
mistress'; cogn. w. lord oe.
hldford. The first part of both
words is oe. hldf = e. loaf ,
the second part in oe. hlcef-
diie is connected with goth.
\ deigan vb. 'knead' (see dough).
Therefore OE. hlcefdiie (teut.
'^hlaiba-digjb-') meant orig. 'the
kneader of bread'.
lair :me. leir oe. le^er 'lair,
couch, bed' = OSAX. Icgar
'couch, sick-bed', du. leger 'a
couch, bed, lair', ohg. Icgar g.
lager (for leger) 'a couch, bed,
place of lying, storehouse',
GOTH, ligrs 'a couch' : Teut.
base legra- from \f leg in lie
and lay.
laity sb. from the adj. lay.
lake ME. Idke 'lake' oe. lacu
'lake' and 'stream': early loan-
word fr. LAT. lacus 'a lake,
pool'. OE. lagu 'sea, ocean' is
ii8
lamb — lap
the genuine E. correspondence
of the LAT. word and of IR.
loch 'lake'; cp. loch.
lamb sb. ME. OE. lamb hnnb
=^ OSAX. lamb, DU. law, OHG.
laf/ib G. hmmi, GOTH. on. la rub:
Teut. base lamba- {lambaz- in
the plur. OE. lomhru aie. loffibren,
lambiz- in the plur. OHG. lembir
G. Icimt/iei-).
lame adj. me. lame OE. lama
= OSAX. lamo, DU. lam, ohg.
MHG. lam (gen. lames) G. lahm,
ON. lami, sw. DAN. latfie. The
commoner meaning "bruised,
maimed' is prob. the orig. one,
though the meaning 'lame' is
very old (goth. used halts cp.
halt). Cp. OSLOV. hmiiti vb.
'break, bruise', ON. lama 'bruise' ?
lammasME. lammasse shortened
fr. late oe. hldmnuvsse, commonly
OE. hldf-mcesse: lit. 'loaf-mass'
from lildf 'loaf, bread' and
mousse 'mass'. See loaf.
lamp short for me. huimpe
adopted fr. fr. lampe, whence
also DU, la7>/p, DAN. G. lampe, sw.
lampa. Source lat.-gr. lampas
'a torch, lamp' (= IT. lampa).
lamprey sb, me. laumprcie bor-
rowed fr. OFR. lampreie (= fr.
laniproie), whence also DU. Ia7fi-
prei. Source lat. lampetra
'lamprey' in a vulgar form la}n-
p7'eda (= IT. lamprcili), wl)ence
also OE. lempedu lampreta' and
perh. the synon. pride (oE.
"^pride short for '^laj/ipridel).
lance me. lau/jfe borrowed fr.
FR, lance, whence also du. la/js,
G. lanze. Source lat. lancea
{= IT. lancia); cp. launch.
land sb. ME. OE. land (Ipnd)
= OSAX. DU. G. ON. SW. DAN.
land from a Teut. base landa-;
cogn. w. IR. land la/in , cymr.
llan, CORN. Ian (from ""landhd)
'open space, surface', bret. Ian
'heath', oslov. ledina 'heath,
untilled land' (russ. IJada IJa-
dma). — land vb. me. lande =
DU. G. landen, dan. lande, sw.
landa from la7id sb. — land-
scape borrowed fr. DU. land-
schap 'a landscape'.
lane sb. me. oe. lane (lone) =
ofr;s. lona lana, du. laan a
lane, a narrow passage': Teut.
base lanon-.
language me. langdge adopted
from FR. langage: deriv. of
FR. langue ^- lat. lingua 'tongue,
speech'.
languish vb. me. languisshe
from FR. languiss- stem of langinr
'languish (lat. la?iguere 'be
weak).
lank adj. me. lank oe. hlanc;
perh. cogn. w. G. schlank, which
points to a teut. slanka- : aryan
klang- s(k)lang ?
lantern me. lantertie launterne
borrowed from fr. lanterne:
source LAT. laterna lanterna,
whence also G. laterne.
lap sb. ME. lappe 'lap, border'
OE. lce.ppa a loosely hanging
portion'; cogn. w. DU. lap, OFRIS.
OHG. lappa G. lappen 'rag, tatter'
and lith. /<?/(?.$• 'patch' (lat. labare
'hang down, fall'). See limp adj.
lapwing — lath
119
lapwing vb. accommodated to
wing for ME. lapwinke, shortened
fr. OE. hlcapwince lit. 'the bird
which turns about in running';
cp. leap for OE. hlcapan 'run'
and wink.
larboard earher lerboard and
leerhoard (cp, starboarcf)\ perh.
from ME. Icr 'cheek'? In Scand.
the planks in a ship's side have
different names as aur-, skaiit-,
sol-bord.
larch sb. ]me. "^lerch oe. '^lerc
*leric = jNIHG. lerche G. Idrche.
Source lax. larix (laricem).
lard late me. lard from the sy-
non. FR. lard =; lat. larda
(Jiiridiis adj, 'fat).
large me. large large, wide,
liberal, generous' from fr. large
^= LAT. largus.
lark ME. larke contracted fr.
OE. Idwerce earliest form IdivriccB:
Teut. base laiwrakon- =; oho.
lerahha (from *lhvrahhd) G. lerche,
DU. lecuwerick , jnilg. lewerke.
Foi^mation and origin quite ob-
scure.
lash sb. ME. lasshe 'the string
of a whip' OE. Icesce = DU. lasc/i,
MLG. lasche 'a stripe'.
lass ME. lassc. perh. for "^ladse
and cogn. w. lad ME. laddel
last adj. ME. last(e) earlier
latst{e) shortened for OE. latost
'latest': superl. of OE. lat = late.
last sb. the shoemaker's woo-
den mould of the foot' ident.
w, OE. last sb. 'foot-track, foot-
print'; the E. meaning agrees \v.
G. l(iste?i, DU. leest, sw. last, dan.
Icest 'the shoemaker's last'. The
orig. meaning is evident in ON.
leistr 'foot below the ankle, a
short sock'. Cp. the aryan
\/^ lis la is 'go' in lat. delirare
go mad.
last vb. ME. Idste short for OE.
kestan 'perform, stand by, carry
out' = OSAX. lestian, OHG. G.
leisten, GOTH, laistjan: derived
fr. a TEQT. laista- 'foot-mark'
under last sb.
latch vb. ME. lacche OE. Iceccan
~^e-la:ccan 'seize, catch hold of.
— Hence latch sb. i\ie. lacche
'a catch, fastening'.
latchet sb. me. lacchet from
ONFR. '^lachet ^:^ FR. lacet a dimin.
of FR. lacs 'a snare, noose'; see
lace.
late adj. me. lat {Idte adv.)
OE. la:t 'slow, late' = OSAX. lat,
(lg. late adv. 'late'), DU. laat,
OHG. la-i^ (^^) G. lass, ON. latr,
GOTH, lats 'slow, slothful': an
OTEUT. adj. -stem /rt/a-, belonging
to the ARYAN \(~ lad in lat.
lassiis (from *lad-tus, an old part.)
'weary'. Cp. let vb. and last
adj.
lath MK. lappe OE. Icetta {laippa^
^= OHG. latta G. latte, DU. lat.
Though OE. tt corresponds here
to OHG. tt (regularly OE. // =
OHG. tt), the word is still ge-
nuine Teut., since it is allied w.
G. laden "board, plank, lash,
shutter', whence fr. latte (=
span, lata, it. latta); akin to w.
Hath 'a rod. staff', ir. slat, bret.
laz 'rod, lath' (Celt, base slattd-).
I20
lather — lay
lather me. lather short for OE.
Ilia dor = on. laiufr (mod. icel.
lodr^ 'froth, foam': Teut. base
lau-^ra- derived from the aryan
\^laui in LAT. lavare; as for the
Teut. suffix cp. GR. Xovrgov
'bath' and gall, lautrum 'bal-
neum'.
Latin adj. me. Latin adopt,
fr. FR. latin (= SPAN. IT. latino,
DU. latijn, G. lateiii)^ source LAT.
Lathius, whence also oe. Ididcn
'Latin'.
latten sb. 'a kind of brass or
bronze' me. latoun borrowed fr.
the synon. ofr. laton = FR.
laiton, SPAN, laton.
lattice sb. ME. latis adopted fr.
FR. lattis 'lathwork, lattice-work'
formed from FR. latte 'a lath';
see lath.
laugh vb. ME. lag he laughe
earlier /(7/?//i? oe. hlehhan hlyhhan =
OSAX. hlchhian, DU. G. lachen ohg.
lahhen {h)lahhan, ON. hluya (for
"^'hlahja), goth. hlahjan 'laugh'.
TEUT. \f hlah = ARYAN klak, prob.
onoraatopoetic. — laughter sb.
ME. laughter oe. hleahtor ■= ohg.
hlahtar G. geldchtcr, on. hldir
from the TEUT. \fhlah with the
suflix pra- tra-.
launch vb. me. laimche com-
monly launce: adopted fr. onfr.
(Picard.) lancher = fr. lancer
'hurl, cast, dart, thrust'; deriv.
of FR. lance = E. lance.
laundress extended with suffix
-ess fr. ]ME. laundir hwcndi're from
ofr. lavandiere 'washer woman'
FR. lavandiere laundry - maid'.
Source LAT. lavandus 'to be
washed' (it. lavanda 'a wasliing').
laurel me. laurir (with the by-
forms lorlr lor If) from fr. laurier:
source lat. laurus 'a laurel tree'.
lave vb. me. lave oe. j^elafian
= ohg. labon o. laben 'refresh'.
The west-teut. labon is perh.
a loanword fr. LAT. lavare (=
FR. lavcr) .
lavender me. lavendre (with an
inserted E. r) borrowed from
FR. lavande = IT. lavanda laven-
tola, whence DU. G. lavendel.
Source LAT. lavare wash' (la-
vender was laid in freshly washed
linen). ■*
law ME. Ia7tie oe. lagu 'law',
which about goo was borrowed
fr. an early sCAND.*/«^« = ON.
log nom. plur. law' (sw. lag, dan.
lov 'law). Cogn. w. lat. lex —
legem fr. ARYAN \f legh 'lie'; cp.
G. gesetz, satzung for the meaning.
The genuine E. word for 'law'
was OE. (B ^= OHG. e-ioa.
lawn 1 sb. 'a grass plot' me.
lannde lande: borrowed from fr.
lande 'a grassy plain', which is
of Celt, origin (cp. IR. lann
under land).
lawn- sb. 'fine linen' orig.
'lawn linen' : so called from fr.
Laon a citv N. W. of Rheims;
cp. Arras and Cambric.
lay vb. ME. leie lein earlier
legge OE. lecgan wk. vb. (3 sing.
OE. Icj^p ME. lei'tli) : Teut. base
lagjan = goth. lagjan , oSAX.
leggian, ohg. leckan G. legen, DU.
leggen, on. leggja: causative for-
lay — learn
121
mation of the \'^ leg 'lie' in lie;
hence lav cause to lie down'.
legue = FR. lieu: source a lat.-
GALL. letiga leuca 'a Gallic mile',
lay sb. 'a song' aiE. lai from | whence also late oe. leowe leuga'.
OFR. FR. lai,
lay adj. me. lai from ofr. fr
GALL, leuga corresponds to bret.
leo, IR. leige 'a "league",
lai 'secular, belonging to the ' leak vb. me. Icke oe. lecan (the
laity'. Source lat. Idicus, Avhence factitive leccan 'wet' from a base
also OE. Ickwed (g. laie 'a Va.y-'J^'ikjaii) = ON. leka 'drip, leak
man'). See lewd. ' as a ship', DU. lekken, ohg.
lazar sb. me. Idzar fr. ofr. I lei:h(fn G. lecken vb. — Icck adj.
lazare'i Source the biblical prop, i 'leaky'. — teut. V^M lak see
n. Lazarus; 'the lazar-house' is under lac k vb.
in G. lazaret = IT. lazzareiio, fr. 1 lean adj. aiE. le'ne os.. hlcene^
lazaret. \ fro™ a- Teut. base hlai-ni 'lean'
lazy from FR. /a^ =r LAT. /^^^«i-. I (with suffix -ni as in ^/^rt;«,
lead vb. me. Icde {lede) oe. Icedan: ^'^ ^^"^
Teut. base laidjan = OSAX. ; ,
Icdian, DU. leidcn, G. leiten, on.
A'zV/tf 'lead': prop, factitive of the
str. vb. TEUT. Itpan = oe. lidan
'go, travel', osax. litha/i, goth.
leipan: .teut. y^^'^ under lode-
star.
lead sb. short for me. M/ oe.
lead '-=- uu. /ci?^/ 'lead a weight',
G. A^/ 'a lead-weight': Teut. base
*lauda- cogn. w. synon. OIR.
ludide (base laudio-^.
leaf me. l(f oe. l{af = osax.
/(J/", DU. loo/ 'foliage', ohg. loul>
lean vb. me. Ic'ne oe. hlcBnan
cause to lean': Teut. base hlain-
jan = OHG. leinan : factitive of
oe. hlionian 'lean' = osax. hlinon,
OHG. hlinen 'lean'; cp. G. lehnen,
DU. leunen. The teut.V"^'' (cp.
ladder^ corresponds to an
ARYAN sfkli; cp. LAT. inclindre
'incline', GR. '/.Xivco 'I lean' — y.\i-
Tl'c 'hiir, LAT. cll-VUS 'hill', GOTH.
hlai-w (oe. hldiv) 'mound'.
leap vb. ME. Icpe oe. hlcapan
str. vb. 'leap, run' = du. loopen,
osax. hlopan, OHG. louffan G.
laufen, ON. hlaupa, GOTH, hlaupan
G laub leaves, foliage, on. lauf -^ ^^^^,. teut.V^M/.//, pcrh.
leaf , GOTH, lau/s (plur. laulm) ^^^,^^_ ^^_ ^^.^^^^ ^^^ ^^. ^^_ ^^^^g.
leaf: Teut. base /.«//;..- orig. ^^^^ stumble',
the smgle leaf (used as a col- j^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^.^.^^^
lective sb. the foliage). o^, Icorman-. from a base Ar/;.^//
league sb. 'an alliance' adopted ^eut. liznon = ohg. lirnen Irncn
from FR. ligiie 'a league': source ^ g. lernen 'learn'; cp. osax. linon
LAT. //i^./rt- 'bind'. | from a base Ihnon. Akin to
league , sb. 'about three miles' : the primit. str. vb. GOTH, lais
late ME. lege borrowed fr. ofr. 'I know' and the deriv. oe. ohg.
122
lense'
leisure
Us-t, GOTH, lis-ts 'art, cunning'.
See lore for the TEUT.y~A?/s liz.
lease ^ vb. 'let tenements' bor-
rowed from FR. laisser.
lease^ vb. 'gather, pick, glean'
ME. l(se OE. lesan 'gather' = OSAX.
I'esan,- DU. lezcn 'gather, read',
OHG. I'esan G. lesen 'gather,
read', ON. Icsa 'gather, pick',
GOTH, lisa/i 'gather'; cogn. w.
LITH. ies/i 'pick up'.
least ME. i['st OE. Icht shor-
tened fr. Ichest (by-fcjrm Iccrest):
Teut. base laisista- superl. to
the compar. teut. laisiza- =
less.
leather me. lether oe. I'eder ^
ON. ledr, DU. leder, OHG. ledar
G. leder 'leather': Teut. base
lepra- = pre-TEUT. letro- in ir.
lethar, cymr. lledr, bret. lezr
'leather'.
leave vb. ^me. Ic've oe. Id/an
tr. 'leave — intr. 'remain': Teut.
base laibjan; cp. osAX. far-
lebian 'remain', OHG. mhg. leiben
'leave', on. leifa 'leave' : causat.
of a str. vb. liban in OE. belifan
me. belive , oSAX. biliban, DU.
blijven , ohg. biliban G. bleibe/i,
on. Ufa (orig. str.), goth. bi-
leiban 'remain'. For the root
see li2'e.
leave sb. me. Ic've (leve) 'per-
mission' OE. leaf 'permission';
cp. OE. dlyfan dlefan 'permit',
OHG. irlouben G. erlauben.
leaven me. Icvahi from fr.
levain 'ferment'. Source lat.
lev amen.
lee ME. le from ON. hli (»sigla
a hl6« 'to stand to leeward')'
prop, 'shelter, protection' (oe.
hleo, OSAX. hleo 'shelter'). Cogn.
w. ON. ////' 'warmth' — hlyr 'warm;
and G. lau ohg. hlao', cp. luke-
warm.
leech 1 'physician' (Shakesp.)
ME. leche OE. lece Ickce 'physician'
= GOTH, lekeis, OHG. Idhhi 'phy-
sician': Teut. base lekja- lakja-.
Perh. allied to OiR. liaig (gen.
liga^ 'physician'.
leech'- 'hirudo' me. '^Uche (not
recorded) OE. Idee hirudo': prop,
'physician' and ident. w. leech''.
Cp. ODU. lake 'leech'?
leek ME. lek oe. l^ac =s= du.
look, OHG. loiih G. laiich, ON.
laukr leek': Teut. base lauka-
pre-TEUT. lougo-. ,
leer me. ler oe. kleor 'cheek
= OSAX. Mar, on. klfr 'cheek':
Teut. base hleuza-. If the orig.
meaning was 'ear', listen miglit
be allied.
lees 'dregs of wine' from fr. lie
'lees : base a late Gallo-Latin
lia for '^liga 'sediment' (aryan
\f~ legh in //V).
left ME. left lift allied to the
synon. ODU. Ineht lift, lg. lucht^
NFRis. leeft; the orig. meaning
was perh. 'faint, weak' in oe.
lyft 'inanis': Teut. base lufti-1
liimfti-l perh. allied to ohg.
lenka 'the left hand' G. liriks 'left'?
legend me. legende from ofr.
Ugende.
leisure me. lisiire (commonly
Icisifr) fr. ofr. leisir ^= fr. loisir.
Source lat. licere.
I
lemman
liei
123
lemman 'sweetheart' me. lenwian
shortened fr. an earUer Icfman:
prop. y>Hef ma/t«.
lemon from fr. limon; cp.
lime''\
lend vb. ME. h'fte oe. Icenan
vb. lend' from oe. Icbh 'a loan';
cp. loan.
length :\IE. lengthe oe. lengp
from a Teut. base langipb- =■
on. le?igd\ abstract formation of
teut. langa- ; cp. long.
lent ME. lente lentcn oe. Icnpen
'spring' = OHG. lenzin with the
b)'-form Icngiy^n Icngizo Icnzo G.
lenz 'spring', DU. leiite. ohg. lenzin
(= oe. lenpen) points to a teut.
langa-tina- 'the long day'; for
the second element cp. goth.
sin-teins 'daily, SLOV. dmi, skr.
dina 'day'.
lentil ME. lentil fr. fr. lentille;
source the synon. LAT, lenticula
{lens — Icntis lentil').
leper me. lepre 'leprosy' fr. fr.
lepre 'leprosy' (la.t. lepra).
less :me. Icsse lasse oe. Idssa
smaller' fr. a Teut. base laisizan-
= OFRis. lessa\ the adv. e. less
ME. les OE. lcl;s answers to OSAX.
les (teut. laisiz). For the superl.
cp. least. A primitive adj. laisa-
is LITH. Icsas little, small'.
-less suffix = ME. -l{s OE. -leas:
prop. adj. meaning loose.
lesson jNIE. lessoun fr. fr. Icfon:
source LAT. leetio(neni).
lest "that not' ME. leste shor-
tened for the list the OE. py Ids
pe 'for the reason less that';
for OE. Ices = ME. les cp. less.
let ^ vb. ME. lete OE. li-tan lci>tan
str. vb. ^=. GOTH, letan, on. lata,
OSAX. Idtan, OHG. Idz-^an g. lassen,
DU. laten: texjt.^/^ let Idt 'permit'.
let- vb. 'hinder' ME. lette OE.
lettan fr. a base latjan 'to make
slow' (teut. lata- 'slow' see un-
der late) = GOTH, latjan tarry'
ON. letja, OSAX. lettian, ohg.
Iezza7i (g. verletzeii), DU. lette n.
letter :me. lettre fr. fr. lettre
(lat. litter a).
lettuce late me. letiife; allied
to fr. laitue = lat. Idctiica
(whence OHG. lattiili).
levy fr. FR. levie (fr. Itver =
LAT. Ie7uire).
lewd me. Idwed oe. Icewed 'un-
learned' fr. I.AT. laic us cp. lay'-^.
lick vb. ME. likke OE. liccian =
OSAX. likkbn, OHG. leckbn G.
Iccken, GOTH. *likkon. teut. likkbn
belongs to the Aryan \f Ugh
'lick' in GOTH, laigbn, gr. Xh/o
'lick' — hyysrvm 'taste secretly',
SKR. sfrih lih lick', OSLO v. lizq
{lizati) and lith. Icziit 'lick', lat.
lingo and perhaps LAT. lingua
LITH. I'eziivis 'tongue', oir. ligim
'lick'.
lid sb. {eye-lid') me. lid oe. hlid
'cover, lid' = DU. lid lid, cover',
OHG. /// (older hlii) G. lid (in
augenlid 'eyelid'), on. lid 'cover,
gate'. Cp.the teut. \f hlid in
the str. vb. OE. osAX. hlidan
cover'.
lie' vb. 'speak falsely' me. lie
earlier lie Id^e oe. leogan =
OSAX. OHG. liogan, DU. liegen, G.
liigen, ox. Ijuga, GOTH, liugan
124
lie 2 — like
str. vb. 'tell a falsehood. The
TEUT. \fleiig answers to an Aryan
\f leiigh - high in OSLOV. luzq
{Jugati) vb. 'lie' — liiza sb. lie'.
lie^ vb. 'rest, repose' :me. lie
I/n OE. licgaji = OSAX. liggian,
DU. iiggen, OHG. licken G. liegen,
ON. liggja, GOTH, ligan str. vb.
'lie'. The str. vb. teut. ligjan
is derived fr. the Aryan \P legh
in GR. XsxT(jov h'/OL; bed' —
ct/Lo/oc 'wife' — Af'/ro 'bedridden
woman' — Xo/sto 'bear' — Xo/oc
'ambush, lair', lat. lectns 'bed',
OSLOV. legq {lezat'i) 'lie'. Cp. lay
and lair.
lief adj. me. lef OE. Icof (cp.
leniviaii) = oSAX. liof, du. lief,
OHG. /zVi!^ [liub) G. //>^ 'dear, lief,
ON. Ijilfr, GOTH, liufs dear : Teut.
base Icnba- adj. 'lief from the
TEUT. \f lub in love.
liege ME. lege (by-form lige^ fr.
OFR. liege lige fr. lige.
life ME. OE. lif = OSAX. /!/■,
ON. hf, OHG. //7^ 'life' (g. leib,
DU. /z// 'body) ; allied to the
TEUT. \j^ lib in li7ie; a lost str.
vb. liban cp. under leave vb.
Outside of TEUT., gr. hua^ea)
'remain' points to an ARYAN \f lip.
lift vb. ME. lifte fr. SCAND. lypta\
cogn. w. loft.
light sb. ME. light OE. li'oht =
OSAX. OHG. lioht , DU. G. //V/^/
'light. The dental of the word
is formative as seen in GOTH.
liith-ap 'light; cp. the Aryan
\l^ Ink: leitk in lat. liiceo 'shine',
GR. Xtvy-OQ 'white', skr. rnc 'shine'.
— Hence lighten vb. me.
lungs'.
Ught(e)ne (where the n is
formative) 'become light" and
lightning verbal sb. 'an il-
luminating flash' (with the suffix
-i)ig).
light adj. me. light OE. ///// leoht
= DU. ligt, OHG. liht G. leicht,
ON. littr , GOTH, leihts: Teut.
base linhta- for le7ikto-^^ Perhaps
cogn. w. GR. IXayyc. 'small', LITH.
Ieng7mis leng7aas light . See lung.
Hence also lights 'animal's
— light vb. 'alight,
descend' me. lihte OE. lihtan. lit.
'make light, relieve a horse of
his burden' fr. OE. liht = light.
— lighten vb. ident. w. ^light
vb. (w. formative -eft). — light
in tlie phrase "to make light of
somebody" represents me. lite OE.
lyt 'little, small, which is cogn.
w. little.
like vb. me. like OE. lician wk.
vb. 'please' ^ goth. leikan (pret.
leikaida') 'please', du. lijkefi 'suit',
ON. lika 'please': deriv. of like
adj. or cogn. w. oiR. ligach
'beautiful' — lig 'color, splendor'?
like adj. me. lik earlier ilik OE.
■^elic = GOTH, galeiks, ON. glikr,
OSAX. gilik, DU. geli/k, OHG.
gilih {hh) G. gleich. The Teut.
adj. ga-lika- is a comp. of the
particle GOTH. ^'V7- and a sb. lika-
'body', the comp. meaning having
the same body'; cp. goth. Icik,
OSAX. ON. lik 'body', OE. lic-hotna
'body , G. leiche — leichnam
'corpse . Cp. -ly , 7ohich and
such. — Hence liken vb. me.
likne 'compare'.
lily — lion
125
lily aiE. lilie oe. lilie (plur.
Ulia?i) r= OHG. lilia cj. liUe, DU.
lelie: source lat. plur. rdia 'lily',
whence also OSAX. ///// 'lily'.
limb JME. Ihn oe. lim (plur.
leomii) = ox. //wr 'limb' : Taut,
base li-ma- cogn. \v. Goth. li-f>us,
OHG. li-d, OSAX. U-th , OE. //-/
'limb'; cp. also lith. lemu
'stature, growth': ARYAN \^ It.
lime^ sb. 'viscous substance,
bird-lime' ME. OE. lltn 'cement,
glue' = DU. Ujm, G. lehii OHG.
Im, ON. lim 'glue': teut. Ihna-
is allied to teut. lahna- (see
loani). LAT. llmus 'slime' cor-
responds to lime in form, to
loam in meaning. \(" lai It is
attested by ON. leir (Teut. base
lai-z-a-^ 'clay, loam' and lat. li-no
'rub over, daub'.
lime sb. the linden-tree', cor-
rupted fr. earlier line-tree for
lind-t7-ee; see linden.
lime'^ sb. 'a kind of citron'
borrowed fr. er. lif/tc 'a lime';
ident. w. letnon.
linch-pin earlier lins-pin jME.
lifts oe. lynes = osAX. lunisa,
DU. lims lens, o. liinse\ allied to
OHG. liming and ohg. ifflG. lun
'linch-pin'. The primit. base
liini-, if fr. an ARYAN ////-, is
perhaps ident. w. skr. dni 'linch-
pin';' cp. oe. d-lynnan 'loosen'.
lindentree me. Unde oe. Und
'lime-tree' = OHG. Unta G. DU.
Unde, ON. sw. DAN. Und: Teut.
base Undo pre-TEUr. lentd-, if
allied to GR. IXdri] 'fir-tree' or
LITH. lentd 'board'.
line ME. OE. line = du. lijn,
OHG. Una aniG. in.G. line G. leine,
ON. Una 'cord, rope' : Teut. base
Ihi-jofi- prop, 'the thing made of
flax ; cp. linen.
lineage me. linage adopted fr.
lignage : source lat. linea a line .
linen adj. and sb. (orig. only
adj.) ME. OE. Une/i adj. = osAX.
OHG. linin G. leinen litinen, du.
linen 'made of flax' : deriv. of
OE. lin flax' = OSAX. ohg. ////,
GOTH, lein sb. 'linnen'; cogn. w.
LAT. linum , GR. livov , OSLOV.
Itmi 'flax'.
linger vb. extended fr. me.
lenge vb. 'tarry' w. the frequent
suffix -er; OE. Icngan prolong'
fr. long.
link sb. 'ring in a chain' fr. an
unrecorded jme. ''dcnk '^Unlr.
scand. loanword fr. an orig.
hlenk- cp. ON. hlekkr (ior'" hie ttkt-),
sw. lank, dan. Icenke 'link'. There
was a genuine oe. hlencc 'link'
fr. a base hlankjon-; but the
guttural of link shows that the
word may not be the develop-
ment of oe. hie nee.
linnet sb. ilE. linet adopted
fr. FR. linot(te) 'a linnet' fr. FR.
//// 'flax' so called from feeding
on the seed of flax or hemp;
cp. G. hdnjUng 'linnet' fr. hanf
'hemp'. Cp. OE. linece 'carduelis'
and linetwige 'linnet'.
linseed short for me. lin-sed
prop, 'flax-seed ; cp. linen.
lion ME. lloiin earlier leun : bor-
rowed in the 12''' cent. fr. fr.
lion; source lat. leonem (leo^.
126
hp
loath
lip ME. lippe OE. lippa = OSAX.
^7ippM, DU. Zip, MLG. /zppe (whence
G. /ippe) ; cogn. w. the synon.
OSAX. iepur = ohg. /e^ir and
OHG. /e/s 'lip'. LAT. labium 'lip'
with the Teut. group points to
an ARYAN \[~ leh lab.
lisp vb. (Scotch wlisp) me,
lispe (lipse) formed fr. the adj.
OE. 7vlisp wlips 'lisping' ^ OHG.
I'efs (for *tvlc/s) 'stammering';
akin to DU. lispen, G. lispeln 'lisp':
T'EU"S:.\fwlifs — pre-TEUT. 7iv/^j-,
list ' sb. ME. list short for OE.
list = DU. li/st, G. leiste 'list,
border' OHG. liste 'border'. —
Ident. w. list^ 'catalogue' fr.
FR. liste, which is of Teut. origin
(ohg. Ihta 'border, strip').
list vb. ME. liste OE. lystan 'desire'
derived fr. lust.
listen vb. ME. listetie earlier
form liste OE. hlystan 'hear'; allied
to OE. hlos-nian , OHG. {h)losen
'hear", ON. hlera (goth. ^hluza/i)
'listen'. An aryan yf^klus 'hear'
is evident in skr. (rus-fi 'obe-
dience', OSLOV. slysati vb. 'hear',
LITH. klausyti 'hear', ON. hlus-t
'ear ; cymr. dust 'ear'. Cp. leer.
litter me. lith-e fr. ofr. Iitic7-e
(fr. litiere) 'a horse-litter' (lat.
type lectaria fr. lectus 'bed').
little short for aiE. OE. litel
^ GOTH, leitils 'small', on. litill
'little'. Relation to the synon.
DU. luttel, OSAX. ///////, OHG. luzzil,
OE. lyttcl 'little' is obscure.
live vb. iNiE. Ii7'e earlier form
li7ie libbe oe. libbaii {lifiati) wk.
vb. ^ GOTH, liban, ohg. I'cben
G. leben, DU. leven, osAX. libbian]
cogn. w. OE. belifan = ohg.
biliban G. bleiben: teut. \^ lib see
under leave vb. and life.
liver me. livre oe. lifer = du.
Z??w, OHG. libara I'ebara G. leber,
ON. Ufr. Connection of teut.
libro- w. the synon. GR. rj-nao,
LAT. jecur , SKR. yakrt and the
two assumed stems *//^ and "^Ijek
is doubtful.
livery :me. liveri fr. fr. livrie.
lizard me. lesarde fr. fr. Uzard
'lizard' (= LAT. lacertd).
lo interj. ME. lo OE. ld\ a pre-
historic OE. *ldw for T'S.MH.Jaiw
is warranted by ohg. Icw-es 'lo'!
Perhaps TEUT. lai-wa- is con-
nected with lai-pa- in loath.
loadstar see lode- star.
loaf ME. Igf OE. hldf: Teut.
base hlaiba- in GOTH, hlaifs
bread', on. hleifr, OHG. leib G.
laib; akin to lith. kl'cpas 'bread*.
See lady, la?nmas and lord.
loam ME. Ipm OE. Idm = ohg.
leim G. Ichm , DU. Icem : Teut.
base lai-nia- fr. the aryan \f It
under lifuc.
loan ME. Ion fr. on. Idn 'a loan'.
There was a genuine OE. Idn
fr. a TEUT. laihniz; cp. ohg.
lehan 'a thing granted' and on.
Idn fr. a teut. lai/i'ia-(z?): teut.
\flihw (goth. leilnvan 'lend',
OHG. lihan G. leihen, oe. /^'(?;/
pret. /(?/; 'lend, give ) ^^ aryan
\^ liq in LAT. linquere 'leave', GR.
Isin^tv, sw. ;-zV leave".
loath adj. me. loth oe. lap
'hateful' ^ ON. leidr 'loathed',
lobster — lore
127
OHG. kid 'odious', OSAX. leth\
cogn. w. OHG. lidati G. leiden
'sutFer'. Perhaps there was an
ARYAN \f li lai cp. lo.
lobster me. lopstre oe. loppestre
earlier lopnst 'lobster': adoption
fr. LAT. locusta 'lobster, locust'.
loch OE. loh lake' : a Gaelic
word; cp. GAEL. IR. loch 'lake'
(ident. w. lat. lacics , OE. lagu
'sea' under lake).
lock 1 sb. fr. the vb. me. Igke
loiike OE. Itican 'lock, enclose' ^=
GOTH, galf/kafi 'shut up', OHG.
luhhan, du. Iniken.
lock- (of hair) me. lok (plur.
lockes) OE. locc (plur. loccas) =
DU. lok, ON. lokkr, OHG. lok G.
locke : Teut. base lokka- cogn. w.
GR. Xvyltro 'I bend .
lode-star me. Igde-sterre con-
tains OE. "^eldd way, course' (cf.
ON. leidm'stjar?ia = G. leitsterti),
which is cogn. w. lead vb. =
TEUT. laidjan 'guide, lead'. Cp.
ME. Igdes7nan 'pilot' and E. lode-
stone.
lodge vb. ME. logge vb. adopted
fr. FR. loger; e. lodge me. logge
'lodge, tent' fr. fr. loge orig. 'a
small house'? Source a lat.
type lanhia fr. ohg. louba 'an
arbor' (g. laube 'a covered hall';
allied to leaf).
loft ih. ME. loft 'an upper
room' borrowed fr. ON. /t^^ 'upper
story, balcony', which has also
the meaning 'air, sky' = goth.
liiftus , g. luft, OE. lyfi 'air'.
Hence lift vb.
loin late :me. loine : adopted fr.
ofr. log/ie now longe (lat. type
*lumbea fr. LAT. lumbus loin').
loiter vb. me. loitre.
loll vb. me. lolle.
lone short for alone.
long adj. aiE. oe. long (Jang)
= OSAX. lang, DU. OHG. G. la?tg,
on. langr, GOTH, laggs; cogn. w.
synon. lat. longus (whence it.
lungo, FR. long) ; cp. linger. —
long vb. ME. longe OE. langian
'long after, long' ^= osAX.
langoian, G. verlangen 'wish for'.
look vb. ME. Igke earlier Igkie
OE. Igcian = OSAX. lokon (oHG.
luogen G. lugen). The early
history of the teut. sJ^ lok (log)
is obscure; cp. skr. Inks 'notice,
perceive' and cymr. llygat corn.
lagat 'eye'.
loom sb. ME. Ignie oe. "^e-lgma
{imdlpvid) 'a tool, implement';
perh. akin to oe. lelgme = ohg.
giluomo gilavio 'frequently', oHG.
gastluomi 'hospital'.
loose adj. me. Igs (lotis) bor-
rowed fr. ON. loHSS ^= GOTH.
laiiSy oe. l^'as (cp. less), du. los,
OSAX. OHG. los G. los. The
common teut. adj. lausa- is a
deriv. of the \f Ins 'be loose'
under lose.
lord ME. lord short for Igverd
OE. hldford prop, hlaf-weard
loaf-ward' — 'keeper of bread'
(cp. OE. /i/^//" under loaf)', the
masc. corresponding to the
fem. formation lady = OE.
hl(hf-di^e. Both compounds are
peculiar to English.
lore ME. lore OE. Idr infl. Idre
128
lose
lump
= OHG. OSAX. Icra, G. Ichre, du.
leer : Teut. base laizo-, wiience
GOTH, laisjan, OE. Icfran, OHG.
lera?!. g. lehren, du. leeren 'teach'.
See also learn for the teut.
\f Uz laiz.
lose ME. Ipse mostly forUse oe.
forleosan str. vb. ■=. goth. fra-
liusan, osAX. OHG. farllosan G.
verlieren str. vb. lose'. An aryan
Y^ Ifis (cp. loose) may be an
extended form of v'" lu in gr.
Aiuij 'I release', lat. liure. —
loss sb. ME. OE. los 'destruction'.
lot ME. lol OE. //lol = DU.
lol; ident. w. oe. lilfi = goth.
hlauts, OHG. loz, G. loos : Teut.
base hlauti- : teut. \/^ hlut hlaut
in ON. hljota str. vb. 'get by
lot', OE. hlcotan, OHG. {h)lio"^an,
loud adj. iME. /tiW OE. hli'id
= OSAX. /////^/, DU. luid, OHG.
(/?)/?// G. A?///: the Teut. base
hlti-da- (cp. cold, old, coutli)
was orig. a part, with suftix -to
(lat. -tus, GR. -roc, SKR. -tas) ;
pre-TEUT. klu-to-s (sKR. (rutds,
GR. xAf roL,', LAT. inclittus 'famous')
fr. an ARYAN -yT klu in SKR. /r//
hear, GR. xAucti — y.Xto^.
lough 'lake' fr. iR. gall. A't'/?.;
see loch.
louse ME. Ions (plur. /w) OE.
his (plur. lys) = du. luis, OHG.
lus G. /a//j', ON. A^i' (plur. lyss) :
Teut. base lils-, derived perh.
fr. the teut. \f lus 'destroy'
under loose and lose] cp. GR.
qiii^eio 'louse' — q)&fi^(o 'I de-
stroy'.
lovage fr. FR. livcche mixed
w. ME. luvestiche oe. lufestice.
Source of the whole group lat.
ligusiicuni 'lovage'.
love ]ME. love oe. lufii =
goth. lubo , OHG. luba 'love':
Teut. base liibon- allied to the
TEUT. adj. leuba- ^= lief. An
ARYAN \f lubh 'desire' is evident
in LAT. lubido, skr. lobha 'desire'
and SKR. \f lubh 'to desire'.
low adj. ME. low earlier lag
late OE. lag: borrowed fr. on.
Idgr 'low' (SM^. lag, dan. lav)
= du. laag, which are derived
from the teut. \'^ leg lag 'lie'.
Hence low prop, lying flat'.
low vb. ME. Igwe oe. hlowan
'low' ; cp. DU. loeien, ohg. luoien
low': TEUT. \f hid , pre-TEUT.
kid in LAT. cld-mare 'cry.
lower vb. jvie. loure = jmhg.
liiren G. lauerii 'lurk ; cp. lurk.
luck found since the is*'' cent.;
ident. w. du. luk geliik 'good
fortune', mhg. gelilcke G. gliick,
OFRis. luk. Akin to G. lockeii,
DU. lockeii 'entice, allure'.
lucre me. lucre fr. fr. lucre =
LAT. lucrimi.
lug vb. me. lugge 'drag, lug';
cogn. w. sw. lugga.
luke\varm fr. me. leuke {Hike)
earlier hleuk; perh. contr. fr.
an unrecorded oe. *hleowoc
'lukewarm'; cogn. w. me. lewe
oe. hleowe 'lukewarm' =^ ON.
hlyr 'warm' (oHG. hldo G. lau
'lukewarm ).
lull me. lulle = DU. lullen,
DAN. lulle, sw. lulla.
lump sb. ME. lutnpe lonipe;
lung — magpie
129
ident. w. DU. lovip 'a lump', G.
lumpen 'rags'.
lung ME. lunge longe OE. lungen \
= ON. lunga, DU. long, ohg.
lunga G. lunge 'lung': Teut. base
lungon-j-, allied to an ARYAN I
adj. bnghu- 'light' = gr. iXa/vc, J
SKR. laghii 'light'. Cp. lights \
as synon. with lungs. See
lighi for the ARYAN \'~ lengh. 1
lure sb. jnee. liire fr. fr. leurre
'bait'; source a teut. lopra-
= ^fflo. luoder 'bait' (o. luder^.
lurk vb. ME. lurke: derived fr.
iiE. lour en (= lowe/-) as hark
fr. hear, talk fr. /<?//.
lust sb. ME. OE. lust 'desire'
:= OSAX. DU. G. ON. lust, GOTH. ;
lustus 'desire': a common Teut.
formation, prob. allied to the
ARYAN \'~ las 'desire' in gr.
XiXalof.iai, SKR. Y^ las for lals
'desire', lat. las-civiis.
lute sb. ME. lute': borrowed fr.
OFR. bit lent = FR. luth; ident.
w. DU. luit, g. laute, it. liuto
leuto, SPAN. laud. Source arab.
al lid 'lute'.
-ly adj. -suffix ins. -ly -li earlier
•lich(e) OE. -lie = oSAX. -lik,
DU. lijk, OHG. -Itch g. -lich, ON.
-likr, GOTH, -leiks. Orig. the
same as lika- 'body' discussed
under like (goth. waira- leiks
'manly' prop, having the body
of a man').
lye sb. ME. l^ie OE. Ic'ah (infl.
le'age^; cp. synon. DU. loog, ohg.
loiiga G. lauge , ON. Igug 'warm
bath': prob. connected with the
ARYAN \f lou lu 'bathe' (cp.
lather^.
M
mace 'a big club' borrowed
fr. OFR. tnace fr. masse: source
a LAT. type *tnatea 'a beetle'.
mackerel me. makeril adopted
fr. OFR. maquerel i^v^. inaquereaii)
= DU. makreel, whence G. mak-
rele : source med.-lat. macarellus
f/iaquer^llus 'a mackerel'.
machine (= g. mascliinc, du.
machine^ fr. FR. machine: source
LAT. machina gr, f.tr,^avi'i 'a
device'.
mad adj. me. mad oe. lemced
prop, lemceded: part, of OE.
English EtyiMology.
lemddan 'drive mad', deriv. from
the OE. adj. ie?/idd 'mad' =
OSAX. gimed 'foolish', ohg. gimeit
'foolish', GOTH, ga-maids "frail,
feeble'.
madder sb. :me. '^maddre oe.
jnckdre (tnadrel) = on. madra,
OHG. mdtara; cogn. du. lg.
mede 'madder'?
maggot late jME. maggot i?iaggat\
prob. fr. CYMR. maceiad macai
'a maggot'?
magpie sb. 'a bird'; mag
short for Magot = fr. Margot
9
I30
in a id
malt
'Marguerite', also 'magpie' ; pie
= FR. pie fr. LAT. pica 'a
magpie'; see pie.
maid me. inaide oe. f/iceiden
= OHG. tnagatTn: Teut. base
magadhia- is diminutive of a
TEUT. -GOTH. jfiagap- 'a girl,
virgin' = OE. ma^icp, osax.
magath, DU. OT(??V/, oho. mag ad
G. magd — mddchcn. Allied to
the Teut.-Goth, base viagu- 'boy'
= ON. 7ngg7' 'boy, son', OE.
magu.
maili sb. adapted fr. fr.
inaillc 'mail' (also 'a mesh of a
net') : source lat. macitla 'a
spot, hole, mesh of a net'.
mail '- sb. me. male 'a bag,
wallet' borrowed fr. the synon.
OFR. male = fr. 7?ialle (ohg.
malha 'a leather bag').
maim vb. me. 7/iaif/ie prop.
maine borrowed fr. ofr. tnchaigner
'torment'.
main sb. me. ynain oe. mo'j^en
'strength' = OHG. magaii megin,
OSAX. on. megin 'strength' : teut.
\'~mag in might and fnay.
main adj. borrowed fr. ofr.
maine mag?te 'chief (lat. magnus
'great').
maintain vb. me. maintene
adopted fr. fr. maintcuir (lat.
type 7/ianutenere 'hold by the
hand').
maize sb. = fr. ?nais, g.
mais; adopted fr. span. maiz.
Columbus is said to have im-
ported the Haytian name mahis
and the cereal to Spain whence
it was adopted by the other
mod. languages.
make vb. me. tfidke oe. tnadaji
^ osax. jnako/i , DU. 7naken,
OHG. 7/iahlion 'make, also fit or
fasten together' G. 7nachen\
Teut. base 7/iakdn 'join, belong
together'. Cp. with goth. *makd7i
I the on. comparat. 77iakara 'more
suitable, fitting', oE. y:7ncEC 'fit,
suitable', OHG. gi77iah 'con-
venient, comfortable' G. ge7/iach ;
OE. ie7nceccea 'husband, wife' (e.
7nake companion, spouse', E.
77iatch 'spouse').
malady sb. me. 7Haladie bor-
rowed fr. OFR. 7/taladie fr. fr.
77ialade (source 77iale 'ill, bad'
and aptus 'disposed').
male adj. ime. 7ndle adopted
fr. FR. 7iiale (source lat. dimin.
77iastiilus.
malice sb. '\i^. 7/ialice borrowed
fr. FR. 7)ialice (source lat. 7tia-
litia 'ill will'). — malign adj.
adopted fr. fr. 7nalin (f. tiialigne)
'malignant' (source 7fialig7iii7n i. e.
7/iale genus 'ill-born).
mall sb. me. 7/ialle 7nelle mail
borrowed fr. fr. 77iail 'a mall':
source lat. 7>ialleus 'a hammer'.
— Hence mallet sb. iiE. 7/iaillet
borrowed fr. fr. fiiaillet a mallet'.
mallow ME. 7/ialwe oe. 7/iealwe
= DU. 7/ialmve: borrowed fr.
LAT. tnalva, whence also fr.
7nauve, span, it. 7nalva, G. 77\alve.
Cp. mauve.
malt sb. ME. 7nalt oe. mealt
■=- osax. on. 7nalt , DU. 77lOUt,
G. 7/ialz. The Teut. base 77ialta-
man
many
13^
fr. a TEUT. \/"mc/f in OE. m'eltan
'dissolve, melt' with which is
allied the on. adj. maltr 'rotten'
=: OHG. malz 'melting- away,
soft' so that *malt is perh. the
adjectival neut. sb. meaning 'that
which is soft'. Cp. melt.
man sb. me. oe. fnan mon{7iri)
= OSAX. OHG. DU. MLG. man
G. fnaiiii, ON. inadr, GOTH, manna
'mankind, man'. In OE., man vign
{ii = mi) denotes 'man' and
'woman' (cp. OE. wifmon = e.
womati). GOTH.-TEUT. man?!- is
based on older matiw- tnanu- (as
chin is based on an aryan
kcnw- genii-^. indo-eur. mdnii
'mankind' appears in skr. as
Mami, but it signified also the
'father of mankind'; cp. also
SKR. ?naniis and mannsa 'homo'
and OSLOV. mqzi 'man'.
mane sb. me. mane OE. mami ==
OHG. n:ana G. fnahne, DU. maan,
ON. mgn, s\v. dan. 7?ian. The
Tent, base ma/io- 'mane' shows
a later development of meaning;
the older meaning was 'neck'; cp.
ON. men, OE. fnene, OHG. menni
'necklace', cogn. with lat. monile
'necklace*, ocelt. t.iavid-/.)]q =
oiR. mttince 'necklace . In lieu
of ARYAN wrtwa 'neck' occurs skr.
inanya 'nape', closely allied to
OIR. viuin mnindl 'nape'.
mange sb. shortened fr. the
adj. ME. *maunge whicVi is bor-
rowed from the fr. part, mangi
lit. 'eaten ; cp. fr. mangaison
'mange'. — manger sb. me.
maungi'r borrowed fr. fr. tnan-
geoire 'manger, stable' (fr. maii-
ger 'eat =i lat. itiandiicare^.
mangle vb. me. wa«f^/(? frequent,
and weakened for *mankele fr.
ME. manke OE. lemancian, \vhich
was prob. formed from an adj.
OE. *7nanc^=^'D\j.tnank\ loanword
fr. lat. manais adj. 'maimed'.
mangle sb. borrowed fr. du.
mangel (= sw. G. fnangel); dimin.
of a simple word represented
by G. fnange 'a mangle' = it.
mangano 'a machine for smoothing
linen, a war-engine' fr. lat. 7nan-
ga7tum ^= GR, fidyyavov 'a war-
machine'.
manikin ma7iaki7i borrowed fr.
fr. 77ian/iequi7i = DU. f/ian/iekcn',
cp. G. 7nd7i7ichen, DU. 7na7i/i.etje'.
all diminutives of 7na7i.
mankind sb. me. 77iankinde
earlier 77ia7i-kin oe. 7710/i-ey/in.
See 77tan and ki7i, also kind.
manner me. tna7i4i-e borrowed
fr. OFR. 7nanere = fr. 77ianie7-c.
mantle me. 7na7ilel (a form
7nauntelis, unrecorded) ^= du. s^v.
DAN. ma/iiel; on. mptitill and OE.
7nentel rest on a lost Lat. 77ia/itu-
hwi 7nantilu7/i (fr. LAT. 77ia/itu77i =
FR. 7/iante, it. 7tianto 'a cloak'),
whence also G.77ia/itel oiiG.7na>iial •.
cogn. w. FR. 7nanteau, ir. 7/iantello
(lat. type ^77iantellu77i).
many ^ie. 7na7ii 7/umy oe. 7na/ii'^
7/ionex^: Teut. base 7nanaga- =
OSAX. OHG. 7/ianag G. 7/ta7ich, du.
7/ienig, on. 77ia7-gr. Cogn. w. oiR.
77ienicc IR. 7ninic 'frequently' (base
7nenecci- ?) and CYMR. 7nai/it, bket.
j 77ieht (celt, base 77ui7iti-').
132
map — marsh
map sb. borrowed fr. fr. mappe
= IT. LAT. fnappa prop, 'a nap-
kin, table-cloth'.
maple sb. me. mdpel oe. *mcppel
*fnapul in mapoltrco 7)iapulder 'a
maple-tree': perh. ident. w. ohg.
ma'yy.iltra (g. massholder), which
points to TEUT. matlii-, whilst
the E. word points to a base
map III-.
mar vb. :\ie. f/icrre oe. dtnerran
dmyrran wk. vb. 'to hinder, ob-
struct' =^ GOTH, marzjan 'offend',
OHG. marren, DU. marren 'tarry':
TEUT. -ARYAN \f mavz viars.
marble me. marble mdrbre fr.
FR. f/iarbre; source LAT. martnor.
march sb. me. fndrche 'march,
boundary' fr. FR. viarche 'bound-
ary'. The Fr. word is of Teut.
origin; cp. GOTH, marka, oe.
mearc, OSAX. OHG. marka 'bound-
ary' which are primitively related
to LAT. margo 'border, edge',
AVEST. tncrezu 'border', IR. mruig
'shire' (Celt, base mrogi-'). Cp.
mark.
march vb. fr. fr. jnarcher.
March (the month) me. (since
the 12"' cent.) March fr. fr.
mars} Source lat. Martius mensis
(whence ohg. me/zo G. miirz, lg.
merte) .
mare me. tnirc oe. mire myre:
Teut. base marhjon- (= ohg.
merihha G. mdhre, DU. f/ierie, on.
merr^, deriv. fr. teut. mar/ia-
'horse' in oe. mearh, ohg. marah,
ON. marr horse' (see marshal).
There is a pre-TEUT. marka- in
the Celt, languages; cp. gall.
j?iarca , ir. gael. marc, cymr.
CORN, jfiarch 'horse'.
margin me. mdrgin{e) fr. lat.
marginem (nom. sing. lat. fnargo
= FR. 7narge).
mark! sb. 'line, dot, cut' me.
marke oe. mearc = DU. on. mark,
mhg. marc (gen. markes') G.
marke (goth. marka 'boundary').
— Hence mark vb. me. marke
oe. mearciaii = on. ?narka, osAX.
7)iarkdn\ cp. DU. G. ?/ierken ^=
GOTH. *markjan.
mark '- sb. 'a unit of weight,
a coin' me. mark late OE. tnarc:
borrowed fr. ON. mgrk, whence
also DU. G. mark (med.-lat.
marcci).
market sb. me. market late OE.
(ii'*' cent.) fmwkit mar cat: bor-
rowed fr. OFR. "^market fr. marcM
(it. mercatd) = lat. mercdtus
'market', whence also ohg. j/iarkdt
merchdt g. du. jnarkt. See mart.
maroon adj. 'chestnut-colored'
borrowed fr. FR. marron ^= it.
marrane 'a chestnut'.
marrow me. maro7i> mary oe.
mearh mearg = osAX. ?/iarg,
OHG. mar(a)g G. mark, DU. merg,
ON. mergr: Teut. base mazga-
= ARYAN *mazgho- in oslov.
mozgil, ZEND mazga, skr. ?/iaJJati
'marrow'. The root is skr. ?najj
'immerge' = lat. mergere.
marry vb. me. marie vb. adopt-
ed fr. FR. tnarier: source lat.
maritare 'marry'. — Hence mar-
riage ilE. 7naridge ^ fr. tnariage.
marsh :\le. 7/iersh oe. tnersc
earliest form merisc = mdu.
marshal — mastiff
133
tnaersche , lg. g. inarsch, dan.
niarsk: Teut. base mariska- =
]MED. - LAT. mariscus 'swamp',
whence ofr. maresc fr. marais.
Source teut. jnari- 'ocean (=
LAT. marc) in oe. viei'e, OHG. nieri
G. 7fice7-, ON. marr, goth. marei.
marshal me. 7narie)schal adopt-
ed fr. OFR. marcschal ^= fr.
marichal^ span, niariscal, it. ma-
r/j^rt/i9 'a marshal, farrier. Source
a teut. fnarha-ska/kaz 'horse-
thane' = OHG. 7)iarah-scalc (ohg.
Tuarah 'a horse' = E. mare and
OHG. scalch = OE. scealc jme.
schalk, ON. skdlkr , OSAX. skalk,
GOTH, skalks 'servant'.
mart sb. short for ?narket.
marten short for martern orig.
inartre :me. 7/iarire adopted fr.
fr. 7/iartre (=^ it. 7/iariora, span.
martci). The Fr. word, which
supplanted a genuine oe. 7nearp,
is of Teut. origin : ON. 77iprdr,
OHG. 7/iardar G. 7tiarder , du.
7nartcr\ osAX. '^77iarthar inferred
fr. the adj. 77iarth7-m.
martin sb. borrowed fr. FR.
7/iartiii, orig. the proper name
Martin, which was applied to
various birds and animals; cp.
robin red-breast.
martyr sb. z^ie. Jiiartir oe. 77iar-
tyr = OS AX. 77iartir, OHG. 7/iartyr,
GOTH; 77iartyr (with suffix DU.
77iarte/aar, ohg. 7>iartirari G. 77idr-
tyrei-): fr. lat.-gr. 7/iariyr 'a w'it-
ness".
marvel vb. :me. tiierveile bor-
rowed fr. FR. 77ierveiller; source
LAT. 7/iirabilia 'wonderful things'.
mash vb. 77iasche vb. 'mix' (oe.
(^7}idscia7iT) = G. 77ieische7i: prob.
cogn. w. OSLOV. i7iezga 'sap of
trees' (osLOV. 2^ = teut. j--^?).
Cp. mix.
mask sb. borrowed fr. fr.
77iasque, whence also G. du.
dan. maske sw. 7/iask.
mason me. 77idsoun adopted
fr. FR. 7nafoii ; source a type
7natio 'a maison' = OHG. 77iezzo
G. ste'm77ictz a stone- mason'.
mass^ sb. a lump of matter'
late ME. 77iasse borrowed fr. fr.
i7iasse (= IT. 77iassd) : source
LAT. 7/tassu 'a lump, a mass',
whence also ohg. 7nassa G.
77tasse.
mass^ sb. 'the eucharist me.
7/iasse OE. 77Ui'sse; evidently
identical w. oSAX. 77iissa, du.
7/iis, OHG. 77iessa 7nissa g. 7nesse:
a Christian word from med.-
LAT. 77iissa 'mass' = fr. 7/iesse
(whence ME. 7nessc).
mast aiE. 77iast OE. 77uest =
du. lg. g. sw. dan. 77iast, ON.
mastr. In accordance with
Grimm's law, the Teut. base
7>iasta- is based on pre-TEUT.
mazdo- = LAT. 77ialus (for *7nddiis)
'a mast'.
master sb. ;me. 7naister late
OE. 7/iiEX^ester borrowed fr. ofr.
maistre^^. 7naitre (= IT. 7naestrd) :
source LAT. 7/tagister , whence
also OSAX. 77iestar, du. 7neestcr,
OHG. 7/uistar G. 77ieister. See
77iister.
mastiff ME. ;«^i-/i/^OTrt!.$-/i/'adopted
fr. OFR. 7iicstif prop, an adj. fr.
134
mat — mayor
the sb. OFR. f)iastiii (fr. matiii)
'a mastiff'.
mat ]M£. matte oe. meatta =
DU. 7nat, OHG. ynatta G. matte,
IT. ?natta borrowed fr. LAT.
matta 'a rug', whence fr. nattc.
match 1 sb. me. ?nacc/ie oe.
y:mcccca 'a companion' ident. w.
OE. lemaca sb. = E. make.
match- sb. 'the wick of a
candle, a match' me. macche
borrowed fr. fr. tneche 'matcli
of a lamp' : source lat. niyxa
'the nozzle of a lamp'.
mate sb. 'a companion' me.
mate = DU. f/iaat, OSAX. *gimato,
OHG. gimai^y) mhg. gemai,2,e, oe.
''^j^etndta (wanting) " would be
derived from OE. mete = meat;
hence mate prop, 'mess-mate'.
mate adj. me. mate mat 'con-
founded, dejected borrowed fr.
OFR. fr. 7mit (= SPAN. 7nate,
IT. ?)iatto). Source the Arab.-
Pers. expression in the chess-
play schdh tridt 'the king is dead'.
miatins, mattins 'morning
prayers' ilE. matin{e)s\ borrowed
fr. FR. fiiatins plur. of matin
'morning': source lat. matntinus
'belonging to the morning'; cp.
LAT. hora matutuia in ohg. tnettina
g. mette 'matutinal service'.
matter sb. me. tnatere adopted
fr. FR. ffiatiere; source lat.
materia 'materials'.
mattock :\ie. viattok oe. mattoc
prob. fr. CYMR. viatog 'a hoe';
but OSLOV. f/iotyka and lith.
matikas 'mattock' point to a Teut.
word.
mattress iiE. materas (= du.
7natras) borrowed fr. ofr. 7nate-
}-as = FR. 77iatclas ^ MED. -lat.
77iat7-atiu7ii\ source ARAB. 77iatra/i
prop, 'a place where something
is thrown'.
maudlin adj. corrupted fr.
]ME. Maiuielei7i = Magdelai7ie =
OFR. Magdelei/ie, lat.-gr. Mag-
daleiia. Ma7-ia Magdaleiia was
considered a type of sorrowing
penitence.
maul vb. me. malle 'strike witli
a mail' formed fr. the iiE. sb.
7nalle 'a mall' borrowed fr. ir.
77iail 'a mail', whence also meill.
Maundy Thursday :me. 77iau7ide
ihu7'sdai fr. ofr. 77ia.7idi (= ohg.
mhg. f7iaiiddt^ 'the ceremony of
Clirist's washing his disciples'
feet': source lat. 7na7iddtu7n ac-
cording to John XIII 34.
mauve 'mallow color' borrowed
fr. FR. 7/iauve 'a mallow' = lat.
77ialva\ ident. w. 77iallow.
maw ME. 7nawe oe. maga
'stomach' = ohg. 77iago 'sto-
mach' g. 77iage>i, DU. 7/iaag, on.
77iagi 'stomach'.
may vb. me. 77iai oe. mcB^ =
OSAX. OHG. G. DU. 77iag, ON. 77td,
GOTH. mag. TEUT. \f 7nag {jtuig)
fr. ARYAN magh is closely allied
to OSLOV. 77iogq 77iosti 'be able*.
May ME. 7nay 7nai fr. FR. Mai
(lat. Mains 7/ie/isis).
mayor sb. me. 7/iaii-e adopted
fr. FR. 7/iai7-e: source lat. 7/iajor
'greater'.
me
mean
135
me pers. pron. dat. and ace.
ME. OE. me fr. a Teut. and ARYAN
stem mc- in GOTH, mis fni-k,
G. mi-r mi-c/i, LAT. mihi 7hc ; GR.
Lioi i^ioi fis tas; skr. ma/iyam
7ne dat., imwi 7/id ace; base
tna- .
mead' sb. j*ie. w;v/<? oe. 7neodo
= DU. MLG. W^</^ OHG. miito
mitii G. w^/, ox. mjgdr: base
TEUT. OT^</« = ARYAN *}/!edIlU\ cp.
SKR. mddhii 'honey, sweet drink',
GR. ^tf'i/t; 'wine' (allied jList)t(o
'I am drunk', /(&;:?•/; 'drunkenness'),
OSLOV. OT^rt'w 'honey, wine', lith.
midus 'mead' — jnedits 'honey', IR.
mid.
mead^ sb. 'meadow' (now in
poetry) me. 7nede OE. 77i(kd (gen.
7/icedxvc) = DU. mat MLG. 7/iade
OLG. 7ndtha 7ndda, ofris. 7iicth,
G. viatte, GOTH. *77iedtva: based
on a TEUT. V" 7fiaJ> 7>ied, con-
nected w. LAT. 77icto 'I mow,
reap' and showing a shorter
form 77ie in E. mow. But the
(iOTH. ^/7ie might represent
the root and twa the suffix. —
meadow ^ie. 7/iedwe oe. 7n(kd
yre n . 77uhdwe. Me ad an d ;// e a do w
O
are related as shade and sha-
dow. Cp. mead.
meagre adj. :me, tricgi-e bor-
rowed fr. er. 7/iaigre (= span.
IT. 77iar7'o): source lat. 7/iacer.
'lean, thin, meagre', oe. 77iaier
{= DU.MLG. G. 77iagCI- OHG. 7liaga7',
ON. mag/- is common Teut.).
The Teut. forms with LAT.
macer, GR. /<«/<i())'6c tall , ,«mk-
ooV long' have prob. come fr.
an ARYAN \^ 77idk 'thin, long'.
LITH. 77uizas 'small' and OHG.
7/iaga7- might point to a common
V^ 77iagh. Perh. the Teut. group
comes fr. vulg. lat.-it. 77iagro.
meal' sb. 'flour' r^iE. 7ii(le oe.
77ielo (gen. 7/ielwes') = OSAX.
7/i'elo, DU. DAN. 77icel, OHG. 77ielo
(gen. 77ielawcs) G. mehl, ON. 7njgl:
Teut. base '^'771'elwa- 'flour meal'
lit. 'that which is ground' from
a Teut. and ARYAN v'" 77iel 'grind'
seen in oSAX. ohg. goth. 77ialan
DU. 7naleii G. mahk/i, ON. 77iala
'grind'; cp. lat. molo, GR. fivXXui,
OSLOV. 77if/Ja (m/c-fi), LITH. 7/ia/fi
(t/idlti), OIR. meli7ii 'grind'; cp.
77lilL
\ meal- sb. 'a repast' me. 77i(l
= OSAX. 77idl, DU. 77iaal, G. 77iahl,
ON. 7iidl, OHG. *///<?/ wanting with
this meaning; ident. w. goth.
7/iel time', OE. niM 'time'.
mean adj. me. 77icjie oe. ie77iSje
fr. a Teut. base ga-77iai7ii- =
GOFH. ga7/iai/is , OSAX. gt7/imi,
. OHG. gii/ieiiii G. ge7/iein, DU.
' ge77iee7t; cogn. w. lat. <r<?w-
1 77ii/nis for co77i-77ioi/ti-s; cp. lat.
1 ?/«/« with GOTH. rt'/«.y = ARYAN
; oiiio-s.
I
mean vb. :me. 77iatc oe. //ue/ia/i
=r OSAX. 7nmia7i, DU. 7/iec7ie7i,
ORG. 7/iei7ie7i 7/ieiiian G. 7/iei7teti,
o^.7/iei7ia, GOTH.* mai/i/a/i; osLOV.
mmjq 77U/nti is closely allied.
Connected with v^ '>''"''' 'think' in
1 77iiiun
mean adj. me. 77ic7ie adj. 'middle'
contracted fr. '^77iejat ^^ OFR.
136
measles
mercy
mcyen FR. inoyen 'intermediate :
source LAT. mcdidnus.
measles sb. me. mesel sb.
'leper' — adj. leprous': loan-
word fr. OFR.w^iY/:=:LAT. misellus.
measure sb. me. fnf'sure bor-
rowed fr. FR. fuesiire (^ span.
fnesnra , IT. viisurd) from LAT.
niensura.
meat :me. mete oe. mete fr, a
Teut. base mati- = OSAX. meti,
DU. met (in -wurst), OHG. //ia%,
ON. W(7//-, GOTH, mats 'food'.
medal borrowed fr. FR. mif-
daille {= span, medalla , it.
medagliii); source a lat. type
vretallca fr. LAT. metal/iif/i.
mieddle mr. med/e {?!icie) 'mix'
borrowed fr. ofr. medler mesler
= FR. w<?7t7- : source a LAT. type
miscnlare 'mix' fr. lat. tniscere
'mix'. — medley sb. me. medle
adopted fr. OFR. jnedle mesle
(fem. 7nedlee = fr. melie) part,
of ofr. medler 'mix'.
medlar sb. me. medic-ire fr.
OFR. meslier mesle 'medlar-tree':
source lat. mespiln?n 'a med-
lar*.
meed sb. me. oe. med (oe.
once meord) = OSAX. ' meda,
DU. miedc, OHG. meta miata G.
miete 'hire' ; GOTH, mizdo 'reward'
(the z of which was lost in
Teut. with lengthening- of / to
(?) fr. an aryan mizdho- in gr.
fitai^og 'wages, pay, hire', oslov.
mizda , avest. ffnzda 'wages',
OIND. mtd/td (for mizdluz) 'contest,
match, booty (perh. orig. 'a
prize' by inference fr. the skr.
adj. midhvds 'spending lavishly').
meek adj. me. mek (late oe.
*mdoc^ borrowed fr. the equiv.
on. mjiikr = sw. ffijiik, DAN.
m-yg 'soft', cp. DU. tnuik 'soft',
GOTH, milks (inferred fr. miika-
?nddei 'meekness').
meet vb. me. mete OE. inetaii
vb. :^ OSAX. jnoiian, DU. fnoeteii,
ON. mdta, GOTH, gaf/iotjan 'meet' :
TEUT. \fmbt.
meet adj. me. mite oe. jjemate
= OFRis. ftiete, mlg. mate, OHG.
gima-j\ cp. mete.
meit vb. me. melte oe. m'eltan;
for the \f ?nelt see 7nalt. An
Aryan \f meld is evident \vs skr.
mrdil 'soft, tender', gr. /.tsXdaiv
'cook'.
menace sb. me. menace viand ce
borrowed fr. FR. menace (lat.
mmac'ni) 'threat'.
mend vb. jnende short for
amende borrowed fr. fr. amender
(lat. emend a re). See amend.
menial (prop, adj., but also
used as sb.) me. meineal formed
with the suffix -at fr. me. meini
maini 'a household'. This is
borrowed fr. ofr. 7nesne meisnee
answering to a LAT. type */««-«-
sionata.
merchant me. marchaunt mar-
cluiiuid borrowed fr. OFR. mar-
chant = FR. marchand: source
LAT. mercari 'buy' (cp. market).
mercy me. mer(i borrowed
from FR. merci (source med.-
LAT. merces 'mercy, pity' extended
fr. LAT. merx 'traffic'). See
market, merchant.
meis:e
mid
^31
merge vb. adopted fr. lat.
niergcrc 'plunge under water'.
merit me. merit fr. fr. tnirite.
mermaid me. mer-maide; oe.
mere 'ocean' me. mere agree
with OHG. OSAX. mi'ri, goth.
marci 'ocean'; cp. marsh.
merry adj. me. mirie oe. myr^e
from a Teut. base murgi- 'short'
in OHG. murgfari 'of short life',
Swiss ?nurg 'mannikin'; cp. goth.
maurgjan 'shorten'. The adj.
TEUT. ?nurgu- 'short' = IE.
mrghii- corresponds to GR. (i{)a-
yvc 'short' (for '"upa/vc).
mesh sb. mk. mesche oe. mcesce
= ox. mgskve, ohg. masca G.
maschc \ the Teut. base '^mesgen
belongs to the IE. mezg in lith.
mdzgas 'knot' from the vb. mezgu
(megsti) 'knot, weave nets'; hence
mesh may be traced to a teut.
\^ jnesq (aryan mezg 'braid).
mete vb. me. mcfe oe. m'etan =
OSAX. m'etan , du. fiieten , ohg.
mez^7,an G. tnesse/i, ON. mcta, goth.
mitan with which is allied GOTH.
mitbn 'think over', ohg. mei^-on
moderate". The teut. \fmet is
based on the Aryan y/^med in
GR. utdofKit I devise' — ubdcii'
'counselor' — /.lidiuvo^ 'a corn-
measure', LAT. modus 'manner'
— modiiis 'a corn-measure', goth.
mitafis 'measure'.
mess sb. me. messe borrowed
fr. OFR. 7nes fr. mets (source
LAT. missus fr. tuittere^ send' and
in MED. -LAT. 'i)ut, place').
message me. message borrowed
fr. FR. message: lat. type missatica
an extension of lat. missus. —
Hence messenger (with the
insertion of // as in passenger)
ME. messagh' formed fr. ?nessage
with the suffix -er denoting 'the
agent'.
metal me. 7netal borrowed fr.
FR. 7nital.
mete vb. 'measure' me. iiicte
OE. metan sw. vb. 'measure' =
GOTH. 7uitafi, G. juesscu ohg. mc-.^'-^an,
DU. meien.
mettle ident. w. metal but
meaning now 'spirit, ardor'.
mew vb. onomatopoetic like
DU. maauwen, g. mauen] imitative
of a cat's cry.
mew ME. md7u OE. ?/uhv ; cp.
DU. meeuw y on. tnd-r, c mowe:
TEUT. base f/iaiw-.
mickle me. mikel michel mukel
miichcl, OE. micel my eel ^ GOTH.
f/iikils , ON. mikill my kill , OS AX.
mikil, OHG. f/iihhil] cp. tnuch.
mid- adj. me. mid oe. mid t/iidd
= OSAX. 7niddi, ohg. ;«//// G. 7/iit-,
ON. 77iidr, GOTH. 7rndjis. In mod.
E. and in mod. G., the adjectives
E. 77iid- = G. 77iit- are onlv used in
compounds as E. 77iidday, 77iidle/it,
77iidsu77i77ier, 77iidwinter \ G. 7/iittag,
7nitte7'naeht , 7/iittwoeh (orig. dat.
sing.). The teut. stem /nidja-
answers to ARYAN 77iidhyo\ cp.
GR. nc'fJOC (for ^usdjO.^) , SKR.
7/itfdhyas, LAT. 77iedius. — middle
adj. and sb. me. oe. 77iiddel =
DU. 77iiddel, OHG. 7/iittil G. 7nittel;
with formative -/ from the adj.
7/1 id.
138
niidffe — milt
midge me. mi^ge oe. 7nycg fr.
a Teut. base mugjo- ^= OSAX.
vmggia, DU. 7nug, ohg. tnucka G.
milcke. From on. viy it may be
inferred that the West-Teut.
guttural is secondary.
midst formed with excrescent /
from iviE. in middes equivalent to
amid.
mien borrowed fr. fr. mine fr.
IT. mina =^ on. me?nz 'fashion,
carriage ofman': sourceMED.-LAT.
minare 'conduct, lead'.
might ME. 7night o\i. miht mcaht
:= OSAX. OHG. ma/d, du. mtrgf,
G. macht, ON. ?/iditr, goth. inahts.
The common teut. *ma/di is an
old verbal abstract from GOTH.
magan (like OSLOV, 7)wsti from
*mokti from fnogq 'clean'). See
may.
milch adj. me. milche oe. "^ my Ice:
deriv. oi milk\ cp. the equiv.
adj's. on. milk)' mjolkr , ohg.
m'elch g. 7nelk, oe. 7/iclc.
mild adj. me. oe. milde =
OSAX. tnildi , DU. G. tnild OHG.
milii , ON. mildr , GOTH, niildcis.
Cogn. w. oiR. mcldach 'agreeable'
or blaith 'soft, smooth' (base
mlati-) ? or oSLOV. mladu 'young,
tender', lith. fiiildiis 'pious' ?
mildew me. mildew oe. miledeMW
= DU. meeldaum, ohg. mili-tou
G, 7uehltau\ the first part is prob.
fr. OE. mele = GOTH, viilip 'honey ;
cp. ON. mihka 'a honeyed drink';
the second part see under dew.
mile aiE. mile oe. mil = DU.
mijl, OHG. mila 7/ulla (for *77iilja')
G. 7/ieile: borrowed fr. LAT. 7mlia
(passuum) lit. 'thousand paces',
(whence also fr. 77ulle, it. >?iiglia').
The more frequent plur. i/iilia
was adopted in Rom. and G. as
a fem. sing, (omitting passutwi).
milfoil ME. 7nilfoil fr. fr. 7nille-
fcuille = LAT. 7nillefoliu7n.
milk ME. 7)iilk OE. fneoloc 7/tilc
= OSAX. ftnluk, DU. 7nclk, OHG.
7/iiluh G. 77iilch, ON. mjolkr, goth.
7uilnlis. It is remarkable that a
common Aryan or at least a
West -Aryan term for 'milk' is
wanting, although the V~ 7/ielg ^^
teut. 7?iclk 'to milk' occurs in all
the West-Aryan languages. From
a common Indo-Eur. vb. : OE.
77i'elcan, du. 7/telke/i, ohg. 7nelchatt
G. t/telken, goth. *7fiilkan. Cp. LAT.
7nulge7-e , gr. af.isXyeiv , oSLOV.
7filesti (pres. 7nliizq), lith. 7nilsti
(pres. 77i6lzii) oir. 7tibligifn (t/ilichi
and 7nelg 'milk'). — milk vb.
ME. 7/iilke oE. 7/teolcia/i {= ofris.
77ielka, ON. 7/ijdlka) fr. OE. 7/ieolc.
mill ME. 7nille earlier 77nl/ie OE.
tttyln (whence on. 7)iyliid) = DU.
77iolen meiilen , OHG. 77mli{n) G.
7>iiihle; borrowed fr. late LAT.
common ROM. ttiolma 'mill' (for
class. LAT. 7)iohi), whence also
IT. midino, fr. 7nouliii.
millet fr. FR. 7/iillet', source lat.
7nilium 'millet'.
milt MK. OE. 7nilte = du. milt,
ORG. 7)iilzi G. 7iiilz, ON. 77iilti: from
the teut. \f7iiclt seen in 771 alt.
E. and nu. iinlt soft roe of fishes'
is a corruption of 77iilk (sw.
7njdlke 'milt' fr. iiijiilk 'milk', dan.
niince
mire '
139
fiskcmclk "soft roe of fishes', lit.
'fish-milk).
mince vb. me. imnce oe. viin-
sian \vk. vb. 'make small' deriv. fr.
OE. ?nin(nii) = du. vii/i 'smaller;
cp. FR. mincer 'mince' from mince
'small' of Teut. origin.
mind sb. me. minde oe. j^e-fnynd
'memory, mind': Teut. base
ga-mundi- = GOTH, ga-munds
'memory' from goth. ga-munan
^= OSAX. (/(ir)munan "despise',
ON. muna, OE. lenmnan, cp. GOTH.
7nuns purpose , desire , mind',
ON. mimr 'mind, desire, love',
OE. myne 'memory, love'. Allied
to ON. niin/ii 'remembrance, mind',
OSAX. minna , ohg. minnia and
OHG. minni G. niinne 'love', orig.
'remembrance'. All belong to
the common Aryan and teut.
\f7nen man 'think'; cp. gr. ukvoc
'courage, mind', /iiiuv7Jay.(o 'I
remember', lat. memini reviiniscor
7nens tnoneo, SKR. \j'~fnan 'think,
believe'.
mine possessive pron. me. ok.
min = OSAX. OHG. min, DU. tnijn,
G. fncin (also ohg. nan G. meinc/-),
ON. niinn y GOTH, nicins'. derived
fr. the stem mc- of the pers.
pron. cp. me and for the suffix
cp. SKR. niakuia 'mine and i hi tie.
mine sb. u^.mine = du. tnijn, G.
DAN. mine: borrowed from fr.
/nine (= span. it. mind): of Celt,
origin; cp. IR. gaei.. wtV// 'metal',
BRET. 7nen 'stone , metal , cvmr.
rmvyn 'metal' : celt, base tnena
mci/ia ?
mingle a frequent, vb. from me.
mi/igc nienge oe. jtiengan ^ osax.
maigian, du. fnengen, OHG. mengan
G. niengen, goth. '^maggjan. Cp.
afnong.
minnow 'a fish' me. minowe oe.
*niyfnve (and w>7/d^'capito ) ^ ohg.
mimiwa 'capedo'; cp. westphal.
mane, hess. mcehn} Etymology
unknown.
minster me. minster oe. mynster
fr. a base mnnistirja- = du.
munster , ohg. miinistri prop,
'monastery' then convent-church'
G. ?niinster : after lat.-gr. fnona-
sterium, whence also fr. ?nouiier
'monastery, convent'.
minstrel me. miiiistral menestral
borrowed fr. fr. fndnesirel: source
lat. ?ninisierialis an artisan, jester,
buffoon'.
raiint 1 sb. me. mint oe. ?nynet
= DU. tnunt, OHG. 7)iitni-^ //nuu-^zfl
g. 7/iHnze: teut. t/umita- t/uuiito-
borrowed fr. lat. f/w/ieia 'place
of coinage, money', whence also
FR. 7/n)7inaie under 7iioney.
mint- sb. 'a plant' me. oe. 7ni7ite
^= DU. 77m77t, OHG. tni/iza G. mime :
adapted fr. lat. 7>ie7itha 77ie7ita
(gr. f^iivda) , whence also fr.
7ne7tthc, IT. SPAN. me7ita.
mire^ 'deep mud* me. mire oe.
myrc from west-teut. 77iiu/-jdn =
ON. 7nv/r 'slime' ; the r of these
words is orig. z = s; cp. OE. 77/eos
'moss' by the side of oe. 7/i(7s
'moss, swamp ; g. 77100s also signi-
fies 'marsh'; cp. 7noss. Hence
e. fnire prop, 'mossy soil'.
mire'- cp. pis77iire.
140
mirth — mole
mirth me. mirthe earlier nmrJide
OE. f/iyrgd deriv. fr. oe. myryi =
merry with formative -th (as in
length, strengtJi).
mis ^ prefix me. oe. mis- = du.
Mis-, OHG. f/iissa- viissi- G. miss-,
ON. mis-; GOTH, viissa- for '^tnipta-
(prop. 'lost') is an old part, in
to- from a \l^7nip seen in oe.
midan me. mit/ie 'shun, avoid'
(= OS AX. mtdan, ohg. midan G.
meideii). Akin to oir. vii in mi-
gnitn 'misdeed' ?
mis 2 prefix older mes- borrowed
fr. OFR. mes- (t'R. ?n^-') : source
LAT. minus 'less'. — mischief
ME. mes-chef borrowed fr. ofr.
mes-chief 'a bad result, damage'
fr. mis- and chief (cp. me. bon-
chef 'happiness'). — miscreant
borrowed fr. ofr. mescreant
(source lat. credcnt-eni).
miss vb. ME. misse OE. missan
= DU. G. missen, on. missa, goth.
missjan. Evidently connected
with WEST-TEUT. mtpan 'avoid' in
OE. 7nidan, ohg. midan G. meiden
'avoid. Cp. 7/iis.
miss contr. of mistress.
mist ME. OE. mist = du. fnisi,
LG. mist 'darkness , iog , mist',
ON. mistr 'darkness, mist.
mister me. maister = 7naster.
mistle ME. fnistcl oe. mistel =
ohg. mistil G. mistel , on. mistel
'mistletoe'. — mistletoe oe.
misteltdn (= on. mistilsteimi) fr.
w/jr/// bird-lime' and tdtt 'branch.
mite ^ sb. 'a small insect me.
oe. mite = LG. mite, OHG. miz,n
'a midge, fly: teut. ^^w/V 'cut
small', whence goth. maitan ^
on. ?neita 'cut'.
mite- sb. 'a very small portion'
ME. mite borrowed fr. odu. ?nijt
a small coin'.
mitten me. mitaine borrowed
fr. FR. mitaine 'a mitten'.
mix vb. ME. mixe oe. miscian
= ohg. miskan from '^miskjatt
MHG. MLG. G. misihen: all prob.
borrowed fr. lat. tniscere 'mix'.
mizzen sb. borrowed fr. fr.
misai/ie = IT. 7)iezzana\ source
LAT. medius. Ident. w. G. bezaan-
scgel.
moan vb.ME. tnme (oe. *fftdniatt)
with the by-form me. 7nd/ie oe.
mchia/i 'moan'.
moat sb. ME. fnote borrowed
fr. OFR. f/iote 'dike'.
mock fr. FR. se 7Hoquer.
mode fr. fr. 7node.
moiety borrowed fr. fr. 7noitid
(lat. type 77iedietdteni).
moist adj. me. fnoiste 'moist,
fresh': borrowed fr. ofr. ftwiste
{r= FR. 77ioite). Source lat.
7)iusteus 'belonging to new must
or wine', also 'new, fresh' (rfiustns
'new wine').
mole^ sb. 'a mark on the body'
ME. 7nple OE. mdl = OHG. 7neil
also 7neUa, goth. mail 'a spot'.
mole- sb. 'breakwater' bor-
rowed fr. FR. mole 'a bank'
(= it. 7nole 7>ioh>) : source
LAT. moles 'a great heap, a vast
pile'.
mole^ sb. 'an insectivorous
animal' ME. 7nolIe = DU. 7/101}
Prob. short for ME. 7/ioldezverJ>
inonday — more
141
== OHG. moltiv'erf G. mauhmirf.
From ME. inolde OE. viglde 'earth'
= ON. mold, OHG. fiiolta, goth.
w?<!/(^/a 'earth' and from the\'^ werp
seen in goth. ivairpan\ see
warp.
monday me. monenday oe.
mgnandcej^ = du. maandag, OHG.
manatac G. montage on. mdnadagr:
the common Teut. name for
LAT. dies Liinac (fr. linidi, it.
lunedt) ; the first syllable of
motiday is ident. w. 7noon.
money me. moneie borrowed ]
fr. OFR. moneie = fr. vtonnaie •
(= SPAN, jfionedir, it. fnoneta)'.\
source LAT. monela. See mint^.
monger sb. me. oe. mongere oe.
mangcrc {= OHG. ma/igdri, ON.
ma?igari) formed from oe. /«a«-
^/rt// 'trade' with suffix -ere.
Source LAT. mango 'a defrauding
trader.
monk IME. monk oe. mtumc ^=^
OSAX. miinik, DU. montrik, OHG.
fHHnih(h) G. monch'. source lat. j
monachus (gr. uor(fxo^^, whence
also FR. fnoine and OIR. manach.
monkey formed like donkey:
source it. monna mona 'ape',
whence also g. (16. cent.) mun-\
aff 'simia prasiana'.
month me. moneth oe. monap
= DU. maand, ohg. mdnod G.
?nonai. on. mdnudr, GOTH, menops.
The common Teut. stem 7nendp-
'month' (pre-TEUT. fuenot-^ is
ident. w. peut. mcnan- =
moon.
mood sb. ME. OE. mod =
OSAX. mod, DU. moed, OHG. muot
G. w///, GOTH. ;^z<7^/^, ON. fnodr.
The orig. meaning of the teut.
stem tnoda- was perhaps 'strong
emotion, violent excitement and
was prob. derived fr. they^w^-
in GR. uauO&at desire'.
moon me. ?np'ne oe. mo'na ^=
OSAX. OHG. memo, DU. maan, G.
mond , ON. mdni, goth. ?/icna
'the moon'. The Teut. base
maum- (and menop- = montli)
is cogn. with the greater part
of the terms for 'moon, month'
in the other ARYAN languages ;
cp. SKR. mas (for mans mens)
'moon, month' — jndsa 'month',
GR. f.u]v (for ^'f^n'iV^^ 'month',
LAT. mensis 'month', osAX. fneseci
'moon, month', lith. fnam 'moon'
— nienesis\\\ovAX\ , OIR. ////'month'.
Moor^ sb. 'an inhabitant of
Barbery' borrowed fr. fr. More;
source LAT. Maurus, whence
also SPAN. IT. Moro, ohg. Mor
G. Mohr.
moor^ sb. 'a tract of unfilled
land' ]ME. OE. mor 'a moor, morass,
bog' = OSAX. jnor, du. tnocr,
OHG. muor, LG. G. moor; related
to OE. mere, OHG. meri 'sea' =:
LAT. 7nare 'sea'. Sec marsh.
morass sb. me. imireis bor-
rowed fr. FR. fnarais (= IT.
marese), whence also du. jnoras
moeras , LG. moras (whence G.
morasi) : source med.-lat. mara-
giutn 'swamp, marsh'.
more adj. aie. more oe. mar a
;= OSAX. OHG. tnero G. viehr, du.
meer, on. meiri; goth. maiza
142
morning — mother^
(whose iza is the OTeut. com-
parat. suffix) became oe. nidra
(r from z by rhotacism) The
stem ma- belongs to the teut.
adj. nic-ra- 'illustrious'.
morning ]\ie. morning e mor-
weninge deriv. of OE. niorgen =
OSAX. OHG. morgan, du. g. morgen,
ON. morgjinn and myrgenn, goth.
mmirgins'. a common teut. word
for the first half of the day
from day break. — Cp. evening.
morrow; see fnorn and /<?-
fnorrow.
morsel me. morsH adapted fr.
OFR. 7norsel (== fr. morfean,
IT. morsel/o') : dimin. of lat.
morsum 'a bit'.
mortar' 'a vessel in which
substances are beaten to powder'
]\IE. 7Horii!r OE. viortire (= du.
mortier): borrowed fr. fr. mortier
{= SPAN, morte.ro, it. fnortajo)
'mortar : source lat. mortarium
'a vessel in which substances
are pounded'.
mortar- 'a mixture of lime
and of sand so called from the
vessel in which it was made
mortar^ me. morter mortier
adopted fr. fr. mortier (=
SPAN, morter 0, it. 7nortajo),
whence also du. mortel, mho.
morter ?nortet G. mortel): source
lat, mortarium.
mortgage borrowed fr. fr.
mortgage lit. 'a dead pledge'.
moss me. oe. mos 'a swamp,
a plant' : Teut. base mosa- ^=-
DU. 7nos 'moss, plant', ohg. mos
'a swamp, plant' G. moos 'plant,
bog', ON. tnosi 'moss, mire'.
Ident. w. OE. tneos, ohg. mios
from a Teut. base meusa-, whence
mire. Outside of teut., lat.
muscus and OSLOV. 7nuchu are
cognate.
most adj. and adv. 'greatest
in size' me. j?iost oe. tndst com-
monly OE. miht r= oSAX. mrst,
du. meest, ohg. g. fneisf, on. mestr,
GOTH, maists. Superl. belonging
to the compar. more. GOTH.
maists has the old superl. suffix
like GOTH, bat-ists, OHG. bey^ist,
OE. betst (for bet-est). The adj.
stem GOTH, mirs, ohg. hd-ri,
OE. mcere etc. seems to be the
base of more and most.
mote ME. mote OE. mot (plur.
motii) 'atom' ; the me. form are
based on the OE. nom. plur.
Cp. DU. motl
moth ME. moththe OE. moppe =
DU. 7not\^t), MHG. g. tnotte, on. motti,
sw. niott a moth' with the by-
forms MHG. f/iatte, OE. mohpe me.
moughpe.
mother^ me. mpder OE. mo dor
= OSAX. modar , DU. moeder,
OHG. muoter g. mutter, on. modir.
The common teut. word for
'mother' (goth. saidi^z/^iv). teut.
7?i6dr- 'mother' from ARYAN 7ndtr-
in SKR. mat]', gr. {.irirrjo itarrjg,
LAT. 7/idter , oSLOV. tnati , OlR.
7ndthir 'mother'.
mother- 'dregs, lees' from
'^hnudder = ODU. 7/iodder 'mud,
dregs', DU. 7/ioer 'dregs, lees',
motley — muff
143
LG. G. nioder, dan. sw. mudde?-
'mud, mould'. Cogn. w. ?nud.
motley adj. me. 7fwtl(; bor-
rowed fr. OFR. viattcli 'clotted,
curdled'.
mould' sb. 'fine soft earth'
ME. OE. mglde ground, land,
earth, country' = ohg. molta,
ON. mold 'mould', GOTH, mulda
'dust': \f ?nal (cp. meat) with
formative d as in old^ cold.
mQuld^ sb. ME. mglde adopted
fr. OFR. molle (fr. f/ioule) 'a
mould': source lat. modulus
dimin. of modus 'measure.
moult vb. ME. ?nouie OE. l>i-
miitian: borrowed fr. LAT. inn tare
'change', whence also DU. muiten,
OHG. 7nii"J>n G. mausern 'change
the feathers or skin, moult'.
mount vb. adapted fr. fr.
j/io/itcr 'mount'.
mount sb. me. tnoiuit: loanword
from fr. 7)iont. Ident. with OE.
munt iVcjm lat. montetn (fnons).
The ME. ou = u is not the oe.
I'l, but substitution for the fr.
nasal vowel. — mountain me.
mountaine fr. ofr. ?nontaine =
fr. montagne (lat. type man-
ia nca).
mourn vb. me. viownc oe.
miirnan str. vb. = OSAX. mornian,
OHG. inornen, ON. morna, GOTH.
ffiailr?ian : ARYAN \^ jne?- in GR.
fitfjinra sorrow' and lat. 7?iemor.
mouse ME. mous (plur. m/s)
OE. mils (plur. mys) = DU. muis,
OHG. 7/ius G. maus, on. miis. The
base mi/s- occurs in almost all
ARYAN languages. Cp. skr. miis
'mouse' with the V~ mus' mus
fHusdy 'take away, rob'; also
GR. i-ivq, LAT. mfis, OSLOV. mysi.
mouth ME. fuouth oe. ?mid =
OSAX. ffiiid, DU. viond, OHG. 7nU7ld
G. mUTld, ON. 77lim7ir 7/lud7-, GOTH.
77iu7ips 'mouth'. The teut.
77iunpa-z 'mouth' is based on
pre-TEUT. 77Wito-s and connected
with LAT. 7/ie7itu7/i 'chin'.
move vb. me. 7/iGve with the
by-form 7tioeve fr. ofr. 77iovoir
mevoir fr. 77iouvoi7- = lat.
77iove7'e.
mow sb. ME. 77iowe 77iouwe oe.
7/mga 7/iiiwa = on. 7/iugi 'heap';
cp. OHG. 77iii-w'erf 'mole' orig.
'maker of mole-heaps'.
mo^A^ vb. ME. 7)igwe oe. 77idiva7i
str. vb. = DU. 77iaaije7i, ohg.
77iden MHG. 7/iceje7i g. 77idhen. A
common west-teut. \(^7ne 'mow'
appears in oe. 7nci'p (e. math in
after-, latter-), OHG. 77idd G. 7/iahd
"mowing, swath', and in GR.
cc-uiiTOQ 'harvest' — d-^unidi I
mow' and in lat. 77ietere 'reap .
much ME. i7ioche 77iuche for
earlier 7/iuchel oe. 77iycel fr. a
Teut. base mukila- {7/ukila-)\
cogn. w. GR. f.itydXrj and fisyac,
SKR. 77idha7i 'great'. Cp. 7/iickle.
muck ME. 7/iuck borrowed fr.
a SCAND. *77iuk- = ON. 77iyllt
77iykr 'dung'.
mud ME. 7/iud = OLG. 7/iudde
'mud'.
muff vb. DU. 77iof LG. G. sw.
7/iuff\ DAN. 77mffe a new teut.
word derived fr. fr. 77iouflc
144
mulheriv — muzzle
'mitten', med.-lat. muffula (9*^
cent.). Cogn. w. muffle vb.
'cover up warmly' fr. ofr. moufe
'mitten'.
mulberry me. oe. miirberie oe.
mor-berie ^^ du. moerbes 7noer-
besie , OHG. inurberi morberi G.
fiiaidbeei-e; the / of the first part
of the compound for r is the
effect of dissimilation ; mdr is
LAT. ?nbrufn 'a mulberry". The
second part is an explanatory
addition.
mule ME. milk borrowed fr.
FR. mule; source LAT. mulus 'a
mule', whence also it. mulo, o.
?naulesel (ohg. w/?/, oir. oe.
mut).
murder sb. me. morthei- oe.
mordor ^ goth. ?nati?fr; from
\f7nr mar 'die' and suffix -pra;
cp. oe. mord = on. tnord, OSAX.
morth, DU. moord, ohg. g. mord
'premeditated murder'. teut.
morfa- 'murder' is based on
pre-TEUT. mrto-7n 'death': \fmor
widely diffused through all the
Aryan languages signified 'die'.
Cp. the SKR. ■\fvir 'die' (?nrtd-7ti
'death' — mrtas 'dead' — mdrta-s
'mortal') mrtyus 'death'; LAT.
mori 'die' — 7norluus' dedid' — mors
'death'; os,i.OY.f/ireti 'die' — ?noru-
su-i)iriiti 'death' — fnrutvic (lat.
mortuus) 'dead ; lith. inlrti 'die'
— mirth 'death' ; gr. (j^orog (for
*«porc't,") 'mortal' -- du^^ioTog'im-
mortal'; OIR. marb 'dead'. —
murder vb. me. tnurthre mirthre
OE. myrdrian = ohg. murdiren,
GOTH. 7naurfrjan 'murder, kill'.
murky me. tnirke ?nirk bor-
rowed fr. ON. 7/iyrkr and ident.
w. OE. 7nirce 77iyrce. OE. myrce,
OSAX. tnirki and on. 77iyrkr
'dark' represent a Teut. base
7}urkwi-.
murmur vb. me. 7fiu7'mure
adopted fr. fr. mu7t7iurer (^
SPAN. 77t2ir?7turar, it. 77ior77torare,
ohg. 77inr7}iurd7i o. 77iur77ielii) :
source lat. 7riU7'murare.
muscle adopted fr. fr. 77iuscle\
source lat. musculus 'a muscle,
a little mouse', dimin. of 77ius
'a mouse' (gr. /.ivg) 'a mouse,
a muscle'. From the same source
also DU. G. 77iuskel 'a muscle'.
must sb. ME. oe. f/iust 'new
wine' (= DU. G. 7/iosi, on. 77ncsi)
adopted fr. lat. ?/iusiuf7i 'new
wine', whence also ofr. 77iousl,
FR. 77m(t, IT. 77wsto. See 7/iusty,
77ioist etc.
must vb. ME. OE. 77ipste pret.
of OE. 77ipta7l = OSAX. 77ldta7l,
DU. 77ioeten, ohg. 77iuo':^i^a7i g.
7/i!isse7i, GOTH. t7tdta7i.
mustard me. 7/iustard f7iostard
{=^ DU. 7nosterd 7710s taard, G.
77iostcrt {7/iostricJi) : borrowed fr.
OFR. 7/ioustard = fr. 77wutard.
Source OFR. ?//6'«j/ = LAT. 77lUStUS
'new wine'.
mute ]ME. 77nlet fr. fr. 7nuet.
Source LAT. 77iutus 'dumb'.
mutton ME. 7notou7i mutotm adopt-
ed fr. OFR. 77lOt07l (fr. 7/lOUt07l).
muzzle :me. 77ioscl borrowed fr.
OFR. 7uusel = FR. 77iuscau 'muzzle';
perh. orig. identical w. 7/iorcel
= E. 7/iorsel.
H
iimshrooni
nap
145
mushroom late yiE. musherflun
fr. the enuiv. ofr. ynoiisseroii.
muster sb. a show; review,
array; pattern' etc. short for
ME. moustrc from OFR. monstrc
(fr. niontre=: it. niostra): source
LAT. vionstrare, whence also DU.
monster, mlg. initnster, g. tmisicr.
\ SW, DAX. tnonstcr. — Hence the vb.
j muster vb. 'exhibit, review' etc.
:me. inust(e)re <. ofr. mojistrer
(fr. nioiitrer = SPAN, mostrar,
IT. tnostrare) from lat. jnonstrare\
cp. DU. nionsteren, MLO. munstcren,
G. muster 71, sw. monstra, DAN.
monstre.
N
nag ME. nagge 'horse'; cp. odu.
negge 'a small horse'.
nail -ME. nail oe. 7i(Pi^el = osax.
OHG. nagal DU. G. nagel , ox.
//(Tf/'tinger-nail' — nag li'\i 00 Aq.w,
iron nail'; GOTH. *nagis inferred
from the vb. nagljan 'nail', teut.
luigla- arose from Aryan noghlo-
or nokhld-\ cp. skr. nakhd 'nail
of a finger or toe, claw of a
bird , GR. ovvyj (nom. ovvt) 'nail
of a finger or toe, claw, hoof,
hook', LAT. unguis 'claw, talon',
oiR. ingen (cymr. ewi?i) from
Jng/mihia , OSLOV. nogiiti 'nail,
claw (fr. OSLOV. noga 'foot');
LITH. ndgas 'finger-nail' — nagci
'horse's hoof. ARYAN \f nokh
npg/i.
naked adj. mi;, naked oe. ndcod
= DU. naakt, ohg. nackut nahhut
G. nacht, on. noklwidr , goth.
nai/a/>s: Teut. base naqo-da-
naqa-da- from a pre-TEur. nogoto-
nogeto-; cp. oir. ^^^r^/'naked' from
a base nokto- and skr. nagnd
■naked' with suflix na for ta\
English Etymology.
without consonantal suffix are
formed OSLOV. nagii, lith. nu gas
naked'. Allied also lat. nudus
for *tioz>dus *nogvnius. - - aryan
\'^nog}
name sb. me. name oe. ndfna
noma =^ oSAX. ohg. namo, DU.
naam, g. name, ox. na/n (for
*jtamn~), GOTH. natnd\ synon. with
SKR. ndma, gr. o-voua, lat.
nomen and perh. also ident. with
OSLOV. im( fr. *in-fnen ^'?n-men,
PRUSS. emmans, oiR. ainm. The
ARYAN base was no-men-, which
perh. was orig. *gn<1-men- fr. the
ARYA^sP gno in know. Then
name prop, meant 'name by
which a thing is known'.
napi sb. from the vb. me.
nappe oe. hnceppian hnappian 'doze';
cp. ohg. hnaffezen mhg. nafzen
vb. 'slumber'. Perh. cogn. w.
OY.Jmipian, o^.hnipna vb. 'droop'.
nap- sb. earlier nop me. noppi
nap', OE. hnoppa ('villus') 'nap
of cloth* = uu. nop, MLG. DAN.
noppe, osw. nop 'nap of cloth or
10
146
nape — neck
wool'; cogu. w. NORAVEG. nuppa,
GOTH, dishniupan to break'.
nape me. iidpe 'knob'; pcrli.
with inner labial for guttural and
cogn. w. neck.
napkin :\ie. napckin adopted fr.
FR. nappe 'table-cloth' with diuiin.
suffix -/'///. Source a vulg. lat.
*nappa = i.at. mappa 'a cloth'.
See map,
nard me. nard borrowed fr.
FK. nard {=l span. it. nardo)
= LAT. nardits, whence also G.
narde.
narrow adj. me. narowe narwe
OE. nearu = OSAX. nam, du.
Jiaa)-) from a teut. adj. namui-
(used as fem. sb. in ohg. nar7va
G. narbe 'scar'). Cp. Lri'H. ijcr-ti
vb. 'thread' (a needle) — narva
'cell of the queen-bee".
narwhal (= g. narwal) adopt-
ed fr. DAN. sw. narhval ^^ on.
nd-hvalr 'sea-unicorn'. The se-
cond element see under w/iaie;
the first part is obscure.
nasty adj. corruption of an
earlier nasky\ perh. borrowed
fr. sw. dial, naskitg 'nasty, dirty'.
naught me. naught oe. ndht
earlier ndn'iht = osAX. niowiht
OHG. niozviht G. nicld, du. niet,
GOTH. /// wai/its 'no thing'; cp.
70 hit.
nave' sb. 'the body of the
church' borrowed fr. ofr. nave
FR. ?ief (= SPAN. IT. /lave^ 'a
ship' — 'the body of the church':
MED. -LAT. ndvis 'the nave of
a church' = lat. rnh'/s 'ship'.
nave 2 sb. 'the hub of a wheel'
me. ndz'e oe. ndfii = du. naaf
aaf nave , OHG. na/>a G. nah,
ON. no/, GOTH, '^naba: an old
ARYAN word (liase nobhcf); cp.
SKR. ndbhi f. and nabhya n. 'the
nave (of a wheel); cogn. w.
navel. See auger,
navel sb. me. ndvel(e) oe. nd-
fela = DU. navel, ohg. nabulo
G. tiabel, ON. najli; goth. '^nabala :
a common AKYANword with a base
nobhalo-: onbhalo-; cp. the synon.
GR. oiKfakog, LAT. umbiFicus (tor
"unbil'irus *nobilkns), skr. ndbli'ila,
oiR. i?nbliu 'navel'. These words
are very old /-derivatives of
ARYAi<i nobhd anbhd 'nave, navel';
cp. LETT, naba 'navel', lat. nnibo
'boss of a shield'. Cp. nave,
navy me. ndvle nave: borrowed
fr. OFR. navce orig. 'a single
ship' (fr. LAT. navis ship').
nay me. nai'. loanword fr. on.
DAN. nei 'no, not', which answers
to genuine no (cp. aye).
neap-tide sb. .me. ncp-sc'soun
OE. nip-Jlod 'ebb'; a teut. adj.
nepa- is not found elsewhere.
near adj. 'nigh' now used as
a positive, but prop, a compa-
rative adverb ME. ncr {ner') oe.
nc'ar{nyr) contr, oi^ncahor {*ne'a-
hir) = oSAX. OHG. ndhor adv.,
du. naar adv. Cp. nigh.
neat adj. borrowed fr. fr. net
(source lat. nitidns 'shining,
clear').
neck :\IE. nekkc oe. hnecca :=
du. nek\ c}). OHG. nac hnac (ek)
need — nest
147
o. 7iacke>i, ON. hnakk'r. Tent, base
'"hnakkaii- for ON. hiiakki and
'^hnekkan- for oe. huccca. oiR.
cnocc , OBRET. (;«(?^/; 'hiir (stem
cnocco-') may be cognate, perhaps
also nape.
need sb. me. ned (^nai) oe. //<'V/
?r)''rt^ {tie'ad) fr. a Teut. base naudi
= OSAX. ?;<7^/, DU. 7W0d , OHG.
//^V G. -'/^/, on. iiaudr, GOTH.
naups: pre-TEUT. naiit't- has been
connected with pruss. nauti-
(Hstress'; pre-TEUT. sTnaii.
needle me. ncdle oe. ncdl jid.dl
(oldest form tuedl) — osAX. fiadla,
DU. 7ia<ild, OHG. nadala G. nade/,
ON. «<?/, GOTH, nipia : a common
Teut. word for 'needle' formed
with the suffix -//(5-, aryan -/A?- fr.
\'^/i^ seen in ohg. ncyaii g. iidhen
'sew'. TEUT. Y^//^ is usually con-
nected with the ARYAN v^-y//^ in
LAT. //r/r, GR. i/f-'w I spin' — vrn-ia
'thread' — yjjroov 'spindle'; OIR.
j-«/z// 'spinning' and jr/zc^M^? 'thread'
— sndthat needle'.
neeze vb. cp. :me. nesinge 'snee-
zing' and ON. hnjosa, ohg. hnio-
san G. nieseti, nu. niezen vb.
'sneeze': ty.v\'.\~ hneus, cogn. w.
the TtUT. \'~ funis in oe. fneosan
ME. fiu'se and v>\:. fniezcn 'to
sneeze' and \'~sneus in sneeze.
neif neaf me. n&oe 'fist' bor-
rowed from ON. Imcfi 'fist (sw.
inifve, DAN. ncene).
neigh vb. me. //<V<' oe. hiuej^an
'neigh' = DU. ncicii vb. and
MLG. Jieiinge sb. 'neighing', MUG.
7icigen vb. 'neigh': of imitative
origin like ON. gneggja and ohg.
h^veion \'h. "neisrh'.
neighbor me. neighebour oe.
nlkhclnlr prop, ^/i-//?- j^A;/r = os AX.
ndbi'ir (for ndh-gii>fn-), T)\3.nalmur,
ohg. ndh-gibiir G. nachhar; a ct)m-
mon West-Teut. compound of
«/^''// and bower, pointing to
GOTH, '■'nehiva-gabur.
neither see eitlier\ :me. iiouther
OE. ndwder earlier form //(?-
/ncurdcr.
nephew me. neviw borrowed
from FR. ueveu; supplanting the
genuine me. fic've oe. ?ic/a 'grand-
son, nephew' = on. neji 'relative',
DU. //!?<'/ 'grandson, nephew, cou-
sin', OHG. /I'evo G. nepfe 'sister's (or
brother's) son': Teut. base n'efan-
from a pre-Teut. base ni-pot- ap-
pearing in SKR. ndpdt (stem
ndptr') 'descendant, son, grand-
son', GR. dvsiL'iOQ 'a first cousin,
kinsman' — VBnodeg 'offspring',
LAT. 7iepos (the source of fr.
neveii , whence e. nepheio) 'a
grandson, also a nephew', oiR.
Ilia 'a sister's son'.
nest :me. oe. nest = ohg. g.
DU. nest: TEUT. nes/a- = pre-Teut.
form nizdo- confirmed by skr.
tiida-s 'lair of animals' also
'dwelling', armen. nist 'seat',
OIR. nei 'nest', l.\t. nuius 'nest'
for *nizdos. The aryan ni-zdo- is
prop, a compound of the Aryan
yj'^sed sit, seat oneself, and
the verbal particle ni preserved
in SKR. (see nether') ; nizdo-
from n'l-sedd- means lit. 'settle-
ment'; cj). .SKR. ni-sad 'sit down,
10*
148
net — night
settle'. — nestle vh, me. nest{c)le
OE. nistrian {= du. iiestelen, g.
nistebi): a frequent, form, lit.
'frequent a nest'.
net ME. OE. net (it) fr. a Teut.
tiaija- = OSAX. 71 ft {/iftti), DU.
ON. net, OHG. nezzi g. netz, goth.
nati; allied to on. //c;7 'a lari^e
net' and lat. nassa 'net'.
nether adj. me. net/iere oe.
?ieodera\ cogn. w. osAX. nitkiri,
DU. neder, ohg. ?^/>//>-/ g. nieder
and OE. w//i?;- = osax. nithar,
DU. «(?i'/(?r, OHG. ;z/^/r?r g. nicder,
ON. ///</;-, GOTH. '^/ii/>ar: deriv.
from the Aryan verbal particle
/// 'downward' mentioned under
nest and the comparat. suftix
LAT. -ter, GK. -T(:(JO^, .SKR. -/^/V?.
nettle :me. nettle OE. //,f/,f/e' =
DU. MLG. netet, OHG. ne—^ila G.
nessel', with thrain. suffix -//^//!-
from a more (original form seen
in OHG. >ia--^a 'nettle', goth. *nata
and *natild; possibly connected
with net and with the redupli-
cated OIK. 7ienaid (base nenat-)
nettle'; cp. lith. notere 'nettle'.
never adv. me. 7iever oe. 7tcef7-e
from 7ie 'not' and cef/'e = ever.
new adj. me. /laoe oe. 7ieowe
{/tkve) = osax. ohg. 7iiuwi, DU.
niemu, G. /ten, on. ny)-, goth. niujis.
The common teut. /liiija- from
pre-TEUT. niuyo- answers to skk.
ndvyas 7iaviyas (and 7idvas), lith.
nanjas 7iavas (oslov. //t'?'/?, lat.
novns, GR. I'foc); prob. connected
with the ARYAN particle //// 'now',
so that that which is new' means
now, recent'. Cp. 7in-,v.
newt with secondary // from
ME. eute evete oe. efcte; not found
in the other Teut. languages.
Teut. base aditon-}
next adj. me. 7iext oe. niehst
nrhst =^ OSAX. OHG. /lahist G.
/idehst: superl. of OE. 7iiah = e.
7iigh. See also nea7\
nice ME. til(e 'foolish' fr. ofr.
7ii(;e 'slothful, idle, dull'; source
LAT. /leseius 'ignorant'.
niche borrowed fr. kr. niche
=■ IT. niechia 'a recess in the
wall'.
nickname sliort for earlier
7iekend/ne me. eke-7idtne prop, ad-
ditional name'; cp. on. an^nafn,
DAN. dgnav7i 'nickname'. For oe.
ica/iycean 'to add' cp. eke. The
initial // of 7iickna7ne is secon-
dary as in 7iewt.
niece me. 7ie(e fr. fr. niece:
source med.-lat. neptia 'a niece'
= lat. neptis a' grand-daughter,
niece'.
niggard sb. me. nigard with
the by-form me. nigoun 'niggard';
the formation of the Me. words
points to Fr. influence.
nigh adj. adv. and prep. me.
7ieig/i OE. neh earlier nrah =
osax. 7/d/l, OHG. 77d/l G. 7M//e, ON.
77.d-7-, GOTH. 7te/mis 'nigh, near':
Teut. base /le/iwa- = pre-TEUT.
7teko- 7iecje-. Cp. near, 7iext
and neighbour.
night ME. night (jiaiighi) oe.
7iiht i^/ieaht) = osax. ohg. naht,
DU. G. /lacht, ON. ndtt nott, goth.
7iahts : TEUT. naht- from pre-
TEUT. 7iokt-\ cp. LAT. nox (stem
nightingale — nose
149
fiocii-), GK. viiS. (I'j'xr-), skr.
7mkta — naktan — nakti, lith.
naktis, OSLOV. nosti. See fori-
nig/it, sennight.
nightingale me. nightcngdle oe.
nihte-gale = OSAX. ohg. nahti-gala,
DU. nachtegaal, G. luuhtigall 'a
nightingale': from oe. niht (gen.
nihte) = night and 'lEU'i'. galan
str. vb. 'sing'. Cp. stauycl.
nightmare me. nighlcvidre; oe. j
OHG. ON. mara 'a night-mare';
(du. nach'-77ierric 'niglitmare').
nightshade oe. niht-sceadu from
OE. niht = E. night and OE.
sceodu :=: E. shade.
nimble adj. me. «/;//<'/ lit. 'ready
to catch' from OE. niman vb.
'take, seize'; for tlie suffix cp.
brittle.
nine me. 7iine oe. nigonc without
inflexion nigon neogon =r oSAX.
nigiin, T)\:.negen\ cp. goth. ohg.
«/«// G. neun, on. ///V/ 'nine' : the
forms with g are based on teut.
'''n'egun for ""navirn, whilst GOTH.
and OHG. ninn are based on^nm'n.
The numeral is common to all
Aryan languages in the form
7ieui?n 7icwn ; cp. skr. n(wan, lat.
/im'evi, GR. i'n'f'w, OHi. ;7<7/.
nit ME. wV^ OE. hnitu = du.
//f^"/, .MLG. nete 7iit, ohg. /«'; G.
7tiss. ' 3R. ; or/c (plur. , nvidfc)
c^^'^ of lice, bee-bugs and fleas"
may be allied , if y.{n)vid is
t;ommon to both languages. Cp.
also SL.w. g7iida antl ai.uan. ih/n
from *ke7iida.
no adv. me. no oe. «</ (= ox.
;z«' cp. f^i'j') from 7ie 'not' and
(/ 'aye, ever'.
noble ME. /wbic fr. fr. noble =
LAT. 7iobiUs.
nod vb. ME. nodde; cogn. w.
OHG. hnutten 'vibrate' mhg. iiotten
'stake' and on. hiijoda vb. ham-
mer' : TEUT. \'~ h/iud.
noddle 'head' me. /lodle.
noise sb. me. noise borrowed
fr. FR. /'/(ji/.'ir 'quarrel' ; source lat.
7iaiisea 'nausea'.
noisome adj. of me. noy nny
'annoyance, hurt' earlier me. a7mi
fr. FR. ennni (ofr. ^;/?//) ; cp.
an 7! oy.
none me. non oe. 7idn from ne
'not' and d7i = 07ie.
nook ME. nok 'corner'.
noon ME. OE. 71071 ^= OSAX. ohg.
nd7ta, DU. 7ioen, G. none, on. non.
Source lat. nd77a (sc. hora') lit.
'the ninth' (hour) witli an ex-
tension of meaning 'midday,
twelve o'clock'.
nor ME. 7ior short for nothe/'
'neither', oe. 7idwde/- contr. of
ndhwccde7- 'neither' from oe. nd =
no and oe. hwcede/- = whethe7-.
north ME. 7io7-th(e) oe. //<?;-/ =
DU. 7/oord, ohg. g. 7i07-d, on. nord/-,
SW. DAN. fl0/-d; IT. SPAN. 7l07-te,
FR. 7!07-d are of Teut. origin.
northern me. 7io7-the/-ne oe. no7--
deine prehistoric *fio/'prii7ii fr. a
TEUT. type no7-pro7ii ^= ouG. no7--
d/iioni, ON. 7ior7'd'7i7i 'nortliern'.
nose .ME. 7i(he oe. 7idsit (jidsii)
'the nose' ; cp. du. neus, ohg.
7iasa g. 7iase, os.nps: teut. '^nasb-
noso- nose' = ARYAN nas-; cp.
I50
not — nut
SKR. /lasa /tas, osLov. /losit, lith.
tiosis, LAT, fuhiis fidres. — nostril
ME. nosethirl OE. iws-pyrel {jiccs-
pyrf) lit. 'a nose-orifice' from
OE. nosii nasu ^^ nose and OE. pyrcl
'a perforation, orifice'.
not ME. not short for nought
OE. nauht ndwiht ^= osax. ohg.
niowiht, du. niet, G. nicht. From
OE. //(• 'not' and oe. dwiht =
aught.
notch also nock me. nokke =
ODU. nock 'a notch in the head
of an arrow', osw. uocka 'a notch':
source OFR. hoche 'notch ?
note ME. note adopted fr. fr.
note', source lat. nota 'a mark,
sign, note'. — notice borrowed
fr. FR. notice 'notice' = lat. notitia
'knowledge, acquaintance'.
noun sb. borrowed fr. ufr. non
=^ FR. nom 'a name : source
LAT. nonien. 'a name .
nourish vb. me. nurisshc vb.
adopted fr. ofr. noriss- the stem
of certain forms of ofr. norrir
= fr. nourrir 'nourish': source
LAT. nutiire 'feed'. Cp. nurse.
now ME. now oe. //// = osax.
nil, DU. ;///, OHG. nu G. nu(?t), on.
////, GOTH. nfr. a common aryan
adv.; cp. skr. mi nun-afn 'now',
GR. vi} vvi , LAT. nunc' (with the c
o{ hi - c), OSL.y. nyne \\o-w, lith. nu.
Cp. ne7C'.
nude adj. fr. fr. nude = lat.
nfidus 'naked'.
nuisance sb. me. uoisaun(c bor-
rowed fr. FR. nuisance 'a hurt :
a verbal noun formed ir. the
pres. part, of fr. tiuire = lat.
noccre hurt, injure'.
numb adj. me. nonie nonien prop,
part, of ME. nime = oe. niman
'take, overpower, deprive of sen-
sation'; cp. ON. nuiniun 'bereft'
(of life, of speech).
number adopted fr. Y\<.nomhre:
source lat. numerus 'a number'.
— numerous adj. adopted fr.
FR. nimicreux (for the usual no7n-
hreux) fr. lat. numerosus adj.
'numerous .
nun ME. nonne oe. nunnc =r du.
non, OHG. nu/ina G. nonne. In the
8''' cent, adopted fr. lat. nonna
(orig. meaning 'mother') ; cp. fr.
nonne, it. nonna 'a nun'.
nurse sb. contr. of me. norife
nuri(e: loanword fr. ofr. Jiurrice
=^ FR. nourrice. Source lat.
nutnc-em'a. nurse'. — nurture sb.
me. nortiire adopted fr. ofr. no-
riture {= vw.nourriturc): source
LAT. nntritura 'nourislunent . See
nourish.
nut ME. note nute oe. hnutu =
DU. noot^ OHG. nuz, G. nuss, on.
hnot\\w\^ . Tlie Teut. base ///////-
points to v^ knud (seen in oiR.
cnu 'nut'?). — nutmeg me. note-
mug c /nttniegge from me. nut =
///// and ME. miige borrowed fr.
ofr. mnge 'musk' :=; lat. niuscus
'musk ? Cp. ofr. muguette fr.
niuguet 'a nutmeg' = ital. noce
vioscada.
I
oaf
on
151
o
oaf ident. with elf\ perh. OE.
celf or rather borrowed tr. on.
dlfr 'elf.
oak ME. ok OE. dc fr. a Teut.
base aik- = ox. ak, du. elk,
OHG. ei/i G. eic/ic: all with the
same meaiung 'oak'; perh. cogn.
w. OR. ulyavei] 'spear' — Aiyig.
oakum me. pkiijnb oe. d-cimiha
tow'; cp. OHG. d-kambi 'tow':
prop, 'that whicli is combed
out'. For OE. comb cp. co/nb.
oar ME. pri' oe. dr (infl. cirt')
fr. a Teut. base aird- ^= on. dr
(UAN. aa/r, sw. dra). If teut.
(7/ro- is an aryan eryd-, \^er in
GR. s(jer>]^ 'oarsman' — spar/nog
'oar' might be cognate, cp. ro7i:'.
oast ME. ps^ OE. dsf 'kiln, dry-
inghouse' = du. ees/: teut. aistn-
cogn. w. LkT.aestus 'glowing heat';
.w<.\K'ti \^ aidh 'burn' in GK.aiiioq
heat'.
oath ME. pih OE. df> = goth.
ai/s, ON. d{/r, Dv. ecd , ohc. g.
eid 'oath': teut. aipa- fr. a pre-
TEUT. oito- in oiR. oeth 'oath'; perh.
\'^ ai in oho. hva 'law'.
oats ME. (Hes \A\\x. of ote oe.
dta.
oblige vb. ME. oblige = fr.
obliger, lat. obligare.
obtain fr. kr. obtoiir.
odd .ME. odde 'distinguislied,
special': loanword fr. on. oddi 'a
triangle', which also means 'an
odd number' {standask i odd a
'be at odds, quarrel').
of ME. OE. of = GOTH. ON. DU.
af, OHG. aba G. ab: aryan apo in
j GR. ano, SKR. dpa 'away'. — • off
I orig, ident. w. of.
I offend vb. ME. offende fr. fr.
1 offendre =:= lat. offender e.
offer vb. ME. offre oe. offrian
wk. vb. 'offer': loanword fr. lat.
offerre 'offer'; cp. du. offer sb.
offering' and osax. offro/i vb.
offer'.
office .ME. offite fr. er. offce =
eat. offciuni 'dut}'.
often earlier oft me. ofte oe. oft
= ON. opt, GOTH. «/?(?•, OHG. ofi<>
G. ^/ 'freciuently . The adv.
points to a Teut. adj. of-ta-,
which is perh. part, of an aryan
\~ Hi] = SKR. He 'to be wont'.
oil ME. oile (yo/ie) fr. ofr. oi/e
= KR. /ii/i/e 'oil' (lat. oletwi).
ointment .me. oincmcnt fr. oer.
oignemeni: deriv. of fr. oindre =
lat. ungere vb. 'anoint .
I old me. old OE. did (fald) : Teut.
base alda- =^ osax. aid, ohg. g.
all, ON. rt'/i'//-, du. oud 'old'; cogn.
w. GOTH, al-pcis 'old' and usalpan
'grow old'. A primitive teut.
and ARYAN v^d'/'grow' cp. in GOTH
ala7i = LAT. alcre 'nourish .
on ME. OE. on =^- GOTH, ana
'on', G. an ohg. ana, DU. «■<///,
(fo
ON. a
avu, SKR. ana.
r *a//)
GR.
152
once
otter
once ME. ones late oe. dues (com-
monly cknes) ; orig. genitive of
OE. an = one; cp. G. einst OHG.
eines. — one me. on oe. an fr.
a Teut. base aina-z = GOTH, ains,
ON. eimi, DU. een, G. «>?. aryan
oino-s may be inferred fr. lat. iinus
(for oinoi), iR. ^^/z, cymr. ?^?/, gr.
of'/'o'c; cogn. w. SKR. e-ka 'one'.
onion me. onioiui fr. fr. oignon
whence also flam, anjoen DU.
ajnin fr. 0'D\j,onJunn: source lat.
fi/iw(netn) , whence also o^. ynne
'onion' fr. \vest-teut. *unnjon- =
TEUT. iinjon-.
only ME. on// earlier on/k oe.
dn/k 'unique'. From^one.
ooze me. 7e'p'se oe. 7i:'p's (infl.
7vp'se) 'juice'; perh. fr. a Teut.
base 7va7isa- in on. zw 'wetness';
cp. MLG. ivbse 'juice'.
or conj. ME. or shortened fr.
an earlier od^-, which supplants
OE. odde 'or' under the influence
of OE. divder dJnvccder =^ me.
anther outlier 'either' ('one of two')
or adv. 'ere'ME. or late oe. (i^are)
dr\ commonly oe. chr me. er 'ere'.
See ere.
orange me. oreiigc fr. ofr. orcnge
= FR. oraiige.
open ME. open oe. open. fr. a
Teut. base opana- = ohg. offan.
G. offen, OSAX. opan, du. open,
ON.opinn. The adj. has the form
of a participle and points to a
lost verbal root {eupl wepl^.
orchard me. orchard oe. orcerd \
older ort-j^eard (= goth. atirti-
gards 'garden ) : adoption of lat.
horttis (for the mute // cp. it.
orto); GOTH, aurtja 'gardener' and
OHG. orzon 'cultivate' point also to
i^kT.hortus. Tlier/? of the E. word
is owing to a fusion oi t -\- j^
(oe. ort -\- yard). OE. yard
'garden' (cp. yard and garde fi)
is added in explanation of lat.
hortus (= TEUT. ort).
ordain vb. me. ordainc fr. ofr.
ordener = lat. or dinar e. — ordre
ME. ordre fr. fr. ordre = lat.
ordineni (nom. or do).
ordure (vShakesp.) 'excrement-
ME. ordure fr. fr. ordure.
ore ME. or OE. dr 'brass' =^ goth.
ais 'brass' {ciiza-sviipa 'copper-
smith), on. eir, ohg. er 'lirass';
cogn. w. lat. aes 'ore, bronze','
SKR. ay as 'iron.
origin me. origine fr. fr. origine.
orison 'prayer' me. oreisoun fr.
FR. oraison 'prayer': source lat.
oratio-nejn.
orts ME. ortes plur. of a sing.
^ort OE. '^oret for '"or-cet; cp. LG.
ort 'what is left by the cattle
in eating' and goth. tizeta 'crib :
prefix or 'out and v^''^ i^^ ^"^•
ostrich ME. ostriche fr. ofr.
ostruche = fr. auirnehe; source
LAT. avis struthio 'ostrich', whence
OE. stryta , OHG. struT^ (g. 7'Oge/
Strauss) and also it. struzzo.
other ME. other oe. pder fr. a
Teut. base anpera-^=GO'vii.afif>ar,
ohg. G. du. under, on. annarr \
cogn. w. lith. antras, sk.k. antara
and anya 'other'.
otter me. otcr oe. otor = du.
g. otter ohg. ottar, on. otr : base
teut. \^otra- = aryan udro- cogn.
ouch
pack
153
w. zvater; otter prop, 'the water
animal'. Cp. gr. vdga 'a water-
snake and closely allied to the
Teut. group OSLOV. vydra, lith.
tidra 'otter'.
ouch ME. (?//r//i'coii!monlv noiichc
'necklace, collar' fr. ofr. nouche
prop, nosche (= OHG. nusca).
ought = might.
ounce ME. oun{e fr. fr. once.\
source lat. uncia, whence also
i?ic h.
our ME. oiire oe. lire for '^tlsre
= GOTH, unsara: from the Teut.
pron. uns\ cp. us.
ousel ME. p'se/ OE. psle (or *of//s/e
TEUT. avisla r= OHG. avisala o.
iwisel 'ousel'.
out ME. oute OE. jite earlier lit
= GOTH. ///, ox. lit, OHG. f/T^ G.
atis, DU. uit. Cp. SKR. lid 'up, out'.
outlaw ME. outla^ve late OE.
litlaga fr. on. litlagi; cp. lat.
£xlex and see iajc.
outrage me. outrage fr. vk. ou-
trage (= source a i.at. type
ultra-ticuvi).
oven ME. m'cn oe. of en = ohg.
oz<a?i G. of en, uu. oven, on. ofn
and GOTH, aiihns 'oven'; an ori-
ginal meaning of the Teut. word
is preserved in oe. ofnet 'vessel'.
An ARYAN type iiqno- is found in
GR. inrdc, oven'.
over ME. prer oe. ofer =- goth.
ufar, OHG. u^ar, on. ofr, DU.
07'er; cp. G. il/>er ohg. ui>iri.
Outside of the Teut. languages,
GR. vTTfp and SKR. updri 'above'
are cognate.
owe vb. ME. owe oe. agan
possess' = GOTH, aigan, OHG.
eigan 'possess' : aryan \^ aik in
SKR. If 'possess'. — ought me.
pughte OE. dhte is the pret. tense of
OE. dgati and own me. mven oe.
dgen is part. ^ ohg. eigan G.
eigen, osax. egan. The vb. own
me. pune OE. dgnian 'possess' is
a deriv. of the adj. own.
owl ME. ouk OE. lile fr. a Teut.
base uunvaldn-\ cp ohg. uwila G.
(7//r; on. sw. ugia points to a
GOTH. *ugg7(.ialdn-. The word is
sound-imitation.
ox ME. ox OE. OXa = GOTH.
aiihsa, ohg. ohso g. ochse, on. ^av
?m, DU. f?^' ox : Teut. base ohsan-,
ARYAN iikson- in SKR. uksan 'ox',
CYMR. ych.
oyster me. oistre fr. ofr. oistre
= FR. hiiitre 'oyster': source
LAT. ostrea, whence also oe. pstrc,
g. austcr, ]ju. oester.
pace ME. /rf/^ /^w borrowed i.x.\paquet\ bret. /^/^': source and
FR. /(7jr = LAT. passiis 'a step'. history of the group unknown.
pack sb. ME. packe = du. pa/i, — package formed by adding
ON. pakki, g. pack, it. pacco, fr. the fr. suffix -age = lat. -aticum
154
pact
pall
to the sb. pack. — packet
formed fr. the fr. dnnxw. paquet.
pact adopted fr. fr. pacte =^
LAT.pac/uw, whence also it. paf/o,
DU. G. pacht 'rent-contract'.
paddock ME./<:z^M>/('; the ending
-ock is a dimin. suffix as in bul-
lock, hillock. Primit. ME. /«c/^/^
'frOg'=SCAND./<?^/^A7, DU. LG. FRIES.
padde (g. schildpatt). There exists
also LG. pad-hucke 'paddock', the
second element of which is lg.
hucke 'paddock'.
page sb. ME. paj:;e fr. 'sw. page
(whence G. page). Source gr.
Tiaidiov a little boy'.
page '- sb. (of a book) fr. ofr.
page. Source L.A.T. /<?;■///(?■, whence
also OFK.pagene (^iK. pdginc pdgent
'page') and OHG. peine (rare)
'page'. — pageant orig. "the
movable scaffold on which the old
mysteries were acted' me. pagent
— earlier form pdgiue 'pageant'.
Source med.-lat. pagina "scaffold
= L.\T. pagina 'a page , also 'a
plank of wood'. For the excres-
cent / xxv pageant cp. parchjnent.
pail me. pail OE. pcej^el 'bucket'
^='DX.. pegel pcil, hG. pegel, whence
G./<f ^/'water-gauge' is borrowed.
pain ME. peine fr. fr. peine:
source lat. poena, whence also
OE. //// =: E. pine.
painim MK.painim heathendom'
fr. OFR. pacnhne = lat. paga-
nismus 'heathendom'.
paint vb. me. painte peinte vb.
borrowed fr. fr. peint, part, of
peindre = hh.T.pingere 'paint'. See
depaint.
pair ME. peir fr. fr. paire (=
j SPAN. pa7-, IT. paro pajo) : source
j L\T. par 'alike', whence mhg. par
S 0. paar 'pair'. See peer.
i palace me. paleis palais fr. fr.
palais, whence also mhg. palas
I (rare paleis) G. palast: source
MED.-LAT. palatium.
palate fr. the svnon. lat. pa-
latum (me. palit paldt from ofr.
palat).
pale adj. ym. pdle borrowed fr.
FR. pale: source lat. pallidum
'pale'.
pale sb. ME. pdl{e) 'stake' fr.
FR. pale 'stake or pole'. Source
LAT. palus 'a stake'. for the
rare OE. pal 'stake see pole.
palfrey me. pal(e)frei palefrai
fr. ONFR. palefrei =^ FR. pakfroi.
Source 'LXt . par aver edus 'an extra
post-horse' which is also the
source of OUG. p/er/rul G. p/erd
and IT. palafreno, svAl^.palafren.
The Lat. word is a compound of
GR. Tiagd and gallo-lat. veredus
'horse' {rheda is Gallo-Lat. for
'travelling carriage' and ve is a
Celt, prefi-x) ; hence nuga-veredus
was orig. the horse in reserve .
palisade Shakesp. palisado =
FR. palissade, span, palizada, it.
palizzata. All equiv. and deriv.
fr. lat. pdlus 'a stake'. Cp.
pale and pole.
pall ME. pal OE. pcell: source
lat. pallium. The adoption
cannot have occurred before
the literary period of Anglo-
Saxon, as we should expect an
OE. form *pelle *pylle 'wrapper'.
palm — parchment'
155
LAT. piUUi cannot be the source,
as it never was the ecclesiastical
terminus technicus, but rather
pallium.
palm inner part of the hand
ME. piuime palme'. liorrowed fr.
OFR. palme = pauvie. Source
LAT./(?////r? 'the palm of the liand'
(cogn. \v. OY.. fohn under fccl^.
palm 2 sb. 'a tree' me. palm OE.
palm: a bible word, lat. palma
'a palm-tree'.
palsy ME. pal{e)sie oldest form
parlesie fr. fr. paralysk: source
LAT. paralysis 'palsy', which was
used in OE. as paralysis.
pan ME. OE. panne = OHG.
pfanna G. pfanne, on. sw. pa/i/ia,
DXJ. pan: rEvr.panvia is regarded
as a transformation oi'LMi. patina
(or rather *pat/hi) 'a basin'.
pane me. pane 'patch, piece,
pane fr. fr. pa/i a pane, piece,
or pannel : source lat. pannus
"a cloth, rag, patch'. — panel
pannel me. pand 'a piece of
cloth (= DU. paneel) fr. OFR.
panel VK.patineati. Source a lat.
type panellus fr. pannus.
pannier me. panier bread-
basket" fr. FR. panier (= lat.
panarium 'bread-basket', whence
also uu. paander, os.\x. paneri,
OHG.' ^fanari).
pansy borrowed fr. fk. penst'e:
derived from fr. penser 'tliink'
(cp. G. 7'ergissfncinnicht as the
name of a flower).
pant vl). \^^^ cent, pante paunte
fr. OKR. pantoycr (cp. fr. pan-
teler') 'gasp, pant'; cp. ofr.
pantais = e. pantas (in falconry)
'a disease of hawks'.
pantaloons fr. fr. pantalon.
The FR. word prop, meant
trowsers worn by the Venetians
who were called Fantalone after
the patron Saint of Venice, St.
Pantaleone.
pantry me. pan{e)trie fr. fr.
paneterie (derived fr. lat. panis
'bread').
paper me. paper earlier paper
fr. FK. papier = lat. papyrus
(cp. also taper), whence also
G. V)\J. papier. In late oe. (ii"'
cent.), a rare paper (cp. OHG.
patfiu-) 'papyrus is found.
paradise me. paradis (parais)
fr. OFR. paradis (parais pareis)
— FR. paradis , it. paradise.
Source LAT. paradisus, whence
also OHG. OSAX. paradis G. para-
dies, DU. paradijs , on. sw. dan.
paradis. The corresp. oe. term
was neorxnawgng.
paramour me. parajnour 'lover,
concubine'. Source the fr.
phrase /(?;- amour by love' (cp. me.
par de by God' — par fay 'by
my faith' and perhaps^.
parcel me. parcel prop. par(iH
fr. FR. parcelle (lat. type '^par-
ticella derived fr. particular .
parch vb. prop, the same as
pierce fr. yw^. perchc perec.
parchment me. parc/iejnin fr.
FR. parchemin (du. perkameni fr.
OFR. parcamiti) : source l.at.
pergamena (charta) parchment'.
Tlie city of Pergamon in Asia
156
pardon — pastry
Minor was famous for the in-
vention of parchment. The ex-
crescent / in ^Y.. parchment is the
same as in tyrant; cp. pageant.
pardon sb. ,me. pardoim from
FR. pardon: source lat. per-
donare 'remit a debt', whence
FR. pardonner.
pare vb. me. pare fr. fr. parer
^= LAT. parare.
parish me. parisshe earlier
parosche fr. ofr. paroche = FR.
paroisse: source i^.\T. para'eia (gr.
77 agor/.ifi), an ecclesiastical ter-
minus technicus.
paritory see peliitory.
park ME. park short for OE.
pearroc\ ident. w. uu. mlg. /<^r/i
'a park', ohg. pfcrrih G. pferch
'an inclosure, sheepfold': source
a Celt, base parraka- (parrika-)
in FR. pare, it. parco. Cogn. w.
SPAN, parra 'fruitwall, espalier
for vine' and provenx. parran
'small garden'.
parlour me. parlour fr. fr.
parloir 'conversation room' (fr.
parler 'speak).
parrot for earlier (15'' cent.)
perrot = fr. Perrot Pierrot
little Peter (in fr. also used
as a name for a sparrow).
parsley me. persll earlier form
persil fr. FR. persil — lat. petroseli-
num 'parsley' (cf. G. oe. peter silie).
parsnip late me. parsnipe pas-
nipe fr. ofr. pastenaque = lat.
Jyasiinaea 'parsnip'.
parson me. persoun ident. w.
person, med.-lat. persona also
meant 'curate, parson'.
part sb. ME. part fr. fr. part
(= SPAN. it. parte) : source
lat. pars-partem. — part vb.
ME. parte vb. fr. fr. partir =
LAT. partiri partire 'divide, -part .
— partake vb. me. part take;
cp. G. tell fiehviefi. — party sb.
\ ^]K. partl(e) fr. fr. partie, wlience
also MHG. partie G. partei, DU.
\partij; IT. partita = lat. type
\ partita.
partridge me. pertriche fr. ofr.
pertris, whence also DU. patrijs
(ouu. pertrise) : source hkT.perdix-
peraice?n.
parvis me. parvis fr. YK.parz'is
porch of a church'; ident. w.
paradise. The church-porch
is called in several languages
paradise (asp. the portico of
St. Peter's church, Rome, was
i called paradisiis).
pass vb. ME. passe (pd(e) vb.
fr. FR. passer (it. med.-lat.
passare 'step, walk fr. lat. passus
'step'. — passage me. passage
fr. FR. passage. — passenger
earlier passager me. passagir;
cp. niesseng er for the secon-
dary n.
paste sb. ME. paste fr. ofr.
paste = FR. pate ; source late
lat. pasta 'paste'.
pastern earlier pastron repre-
sents an unrecorded ME.*past(ii)-
roun fr. the synon. ofr. pastiiron
=^ FR. paturon.
pastime for pass-time, an imi-
tation of the synon. fr. passe-te?nps.
pastry sb. me. pdst^ pie' fr.
\ OFK.pastc' (earlier p(fstet//, whence
patch — peat
157
ODU. pasteide = DU. pastei) :
derived fr. l.A.'V. pasta = paste.
patch ME. pacc/ie; perh. ident.
\v. LG. plakke 'a piece'.
path ME. path oe. peep ^= du.
Lt;. pad, OHG. p/at/i pfad G. pfad
a way': Teut. base papa-, not
cogn. w. GK. narog 'a way,
SKK. pat/i 'a way", avest. /^/
way'. But cp. oe. pappa7i 'tread',
'LG.pcddeji vb. 'tread', ^incpfetten.
pattern me. patroun borrowed
fr. FR. patron 'pattern'.
pause adopted fr. fr. pause
= LAT. pausa.
pave vb. me. pave borrowed
fr. FR. paver 'pave' (lat. pavire
beat').
paw sb. ME. pane pone bor-
rowed fr. OFR. t^OUe (=r PROV.
panta 'a paw') ; ident. w. du.
poot, G. pfote: it is uncertain
whether the base pauta is orig.
Celt, or Tent.
pawn^ sb. borrowed fr. FR.
pan 'a pawn, gaj^c, pledge';
perh. ident. w. ofris. du. pand,
OHG. pfatit G. pfand.
pawn- sb. (at chess) me. paun
poun borrowed fr. OFR. poon
paon peon = fr. pio/i : source
iT.pedone prop, 'a footman (lat.
pedo-neni). Cp. ox. ped-madr
pawn at chess.
paxwax late me. pax-vcax
tendon of the neck'; cp. ohg.
7valtowahso, ofris. laaldeTvaxe'n&r-
vus' and 7tiax for the second ele-
ment of the compound. The first
part of E. pax-tcax (dial. e. fax-
7C'ax is obscure.
pay vb. ME. paie vb. fr. FR.
payer ([)rop. 'satisfy, content' =
LAI', pacare 'pacify'), whence also
DU. paaien 'pay .
pea (plur. peas) fr. ME. pcs(e),
the JT t)f which was considered
to be the plural ending. me.
pes points to oxfr. pels = fr.
pais. Source lat. pisut/i 'a pea',
whence also oe. pisu.
peace me. pes earlier pais {=
DU. MLG. peis, mlg. pais) fr.
OFR. pais ■= FR. paix (lat. pax-
pa ce7/i).
peach late me. peehe fr. fr.
pee he for pesche ^= it. pesca, lat.
persieuni 'a peach'. Fr. the lat.
word, G. pfirsich, HM.perzik, oe.
persoc 'a peach' are borrowed.
peacock me. pe-cock and pea-
hen ME. pc-hcTine point to oe.
pea with the by-form pmva 'pea-
cock : source lat. pavb-neviy
whence also ohg. pfawo 0.
pfau, T>\J. pauw, oy<. pdfugl\ cp.
FR. paon peacock".
pear me. pere oe. p'eru 'a pear'
= ODU. pere, DU. lg. peer : loan-
word fr. the equival. 'LKI. pirimi
(whence also G. birne) = fr.
poire 'a pear'. Cp. perry.
pearl .me. pi'r/e fr. fr. per/e =^
OHG. perala G. perk, IT. perla :
source lat. pirula (for pilula 'a
little ball'?).
peasant fr. fr. paysan; cp.
pheasant fr. fr. faisan and see
parehment.
peat for beat (see purse for
the cliange of b to /).
'58
pebble
penny
pebble sb. me. pibbel-stgn and
pubic -sign OE. papol-stan popol-stiin
'a pebble-stone'
peck vb. a var. of pick.
peck sb. ME. pekke 'a measure';
perh. akin to fr. picotin 'a mea-
sure'.
pedant sb. {-= du. g. dan.
sw. pedant) borrowed fr. fr.
pidant, ir. pedantc, the ultimate
source of which is gr. naidiveiv
educate'.
pedigree late me. petegrcw
petigrif. perh. adopted fr. fr.
pied de grite 'a crane's foot'?
peel vb. adopted fr. fr. pcler.
Source lat. peUis 'skin'.
peep' vb. 'chirp ME. *pepe pipe
borrowed fr. FR. piper. Source
LAT. pipai-e = GR. vmniQ^iv
chirp': sound - imitation; for
variant in form see pipe.
peep^ vb. 'look pryingly'; cp.
Oi'K.piper 'peep' — la pipe du jour
'the peep of day'.
peer sb. uv.. pere per borrowed
fr. OFR. per peer fr. pair. Source
LAT. par 'equal'; see pair.
peer' vb. 'appear' me. pere
short for ME. apperc = appear.
peer'- vb. 'pry' me. pire =^ lg.
piren look closely'.
peevish adj. MR. pevisch peviche
pevdge. The ending (cp. par-
tridge and parisli) points to
fr. origin.
peg sb. ME. OE. pegge; akin to
DAN. pig, sw. pigg 'spike', lg.
pigge 'peg'.
pellitory sb. late me. paritorie
fr. FR. paritoire, which goes back
to a LAT. type "^parietaria 'the
plant of the walls'?
pelt sb. ME. pelt 'a sheep-skin"
(e. peltry =r du. pelterij, mlg.
peltrte fr. ¥K. pelletrie); ident. w.
G. pelz OHG. peWiz,. Source a
Rom. \.y\>e. pellieia = fr. pelisse,
IT. pelliccia. Cp. pi Ich.
pelt vb. ME. pelte also pilte pulte,
the latter forms corresponding
to OE. piltan pyltan. Source
LAT. pultare 'beat, strike'?
pen sb. borrowed fr. fr.
pcnne. Source lat. pe^ua 'a
feather'.
pen vb. ME. peuiie oe. onpennan
'impound, enclose': prob. con-
nected with poiind'^ and lg.
topeunen 'bar, bolt* — fippcuiieii
'open'.
penance me. penaunce fr. ofr.
penance older pen'eance = lat.
poenitcntia 'penitence'.
pencil orig. 'a hair-brush* me.
penfcl fr. ofr. pincel FR. pinceau
a brush'. Source lat. penicillus
'a painter's brush', whence also
G. piiisel.
pennon pennant me. penoun
borrowed fr. ofr. pennon 'a flag,
streamer' (for the secondary / of
pennant see pageant, parch-
tnent). Source x.KX. penna 'wing,
feather .
penny me. peni plur. penies
(contr. pens, whence e. pence)
OE. petii\ pennii^ penning pending
= osax. pending penning , du.
people — pester
159
penuifig, OHG. phantinc pfenting
pfenning G. pfamig, on. penningr.
The word may be derived fr.
pan, so that the form of the
pennies may have suggested the
word or it may have been asso-
ciated with the base "^pand
under pawn'^. For the suffix
-ing cp. s/iilling, farthing.
people MK. peple pdple bor-
rowed fr. ovK.piieple fr. peuple,
wlience also Q,. p'obel. Source lat.
populus 'people' (cp. also DU.
peiipel.
pepper me. peper piper oe.
pipor ^ DL-. peper, OHG. pfcffar
G. pfeffer, on. piparr: borrowed
fr. LAT. piper (whence also it.
pepe, FR. poivre). Cp. OSLOV.
pipru 'pepper'.
perceive vb. me. perceive fr.
OFR. percevcrvK. apercevoir. Source
LAT. percipere 'apprehend'.
perch' 'a rod' me. pirche fr.
the synon. fr. pcrche. Source
L.AT. pertica 'a pole, bar?
perch'- 'a fish' .me. pc'rc/ic bor-
rowed fr. FR. perche. Source lat.
perca = gr. nBQv.ri a perch',
perchance cp. perhaps. —
perdy (Shakesp.) by God'
ME. par lie = FR. par dieu 'by
God'.
perform vb. me. perfourtne ear-
lier parfourne borrowed fr. OFR.
parfournir 'perform .
perhaps (late me. perhappous
[5'*'cent.) and perchance have
the FR. preposition par (per) in
imitation of me. pera7<cntiirc-
paratmtre and per cas\ haps is
the plur. of hap under happy
(cp. paramoin-).
peril me. peril fr. fr. pi^ril.
Source lat. periciduni 'danger'.
perish vb. me. per is she bor-
rowed fr. the stem of some
forms of the fr. verb pcrir
'perish'.
deriwig formerly periwigge per-
7vicke borrowed fr. vv.. perruqiie {wi
being substituted for fr. i'l) ;
cp. also G. perriicke, du. pruik.
periwinkle; cp. the synon.
ME. pervenke oe. pervince. Source
lat. pervinca 'a twining plant'.
perry adopted fr. fr. poir^
'perry', formed fr. a vulgar LAT.
type *piratus 'perry, drink made
of pears' (^hr^.pirum under/ (' (?";■).
person me. pirsoun borrowed
fr. FR. personne. Source lat.
persona; ident. w. parson.
pert adj. ME. pert 'pert, plain,
clever, bold'; cp. ouu. gepertich
FLAM, pertig 'alert'. The group
goes back to fr. apert.
pertain vb. me. parUnc bor-
row-ed fr. ofr. partenir. Source
L.\T. pertinere 'belong'.
peruke ident. w. periwig.
pervious adj. borrowed fr.
! LA r. pcrvius 'passable'.
! pest borrowed fr. fr. peste.
Source lat. pestis plague'.
pester \b. short for imp ester
borrowed fr. ofr. cjnpestrer
'pester, entangle' fr. einpetrer.
pet sb. 'a tame animal, a
i6o
pet — pile
favored child' short for earlier
peat (me. */<7).
petty adj. me. petit adopted fr.
FR. petit 'small'.
pew sb. ME. pile (piiwe) fr.
OFR. piiie 'an elevated space',
an open gallery with rails',
whence also du. put, ofris.
poie. Source lax. podium 'a
balcony'.
pewet peewit so called from
its plaintive cry; the earlier
by-form ptiet points to a fr.
source.
pewter late me. peuter adopted
fr. OFR. peutre (pcautre) a kind
of metal'. It stands for "^peltre
= SPAN, peltre, it. peltro 'pewter';
cp. DU. piaiiter.
pheasant me. fesaunt earlier
fcsaun fr. fr. faisatt ^= it.
fagiauo. Source lat. phasianus,
GR. (faGiavoq 'bird of Phasis in
Colchis', whence also ohg. fasdn
G. fasati.
phial vial borrowed fr. ofr.
phiole (fr. Jiole). Source lat.
phiala, GR. (pidXr^ 'a broad, flat,
shallow cup'.
philtre borrowed from fr.
philtre. Source lat. philtrufn,
GR. ipiXTQOv 'a love potion'.
phlegm adopted fr. m<. p/itegf/ie.
Source LAT. GR. phlegma a flame,
inflammation, phlegm'.
pick vb. ME. pikke oe. pician =
LG. uu. pikken, G. picket!.
picket borrowed fr. fr. piquet
picquet 'a little pick axe', dirain.
of OE. pic 'a pike' under pike.
pickle sb. mk. pikel = viM. pekel,
'sxhO. pekel G. pdkel; prob. ir. pickle,
frequentative of pick 'pickout,
cleanse'.
picnic a modern word arising
about 1 700 and soon received
into FR. (^piquenique about 1740)
and GERM, {^picknick KhowX. 1770).
pie ME. pie fr. ?K. pie 'a broiled
remnant of a shoulder of mutton'.
pie (in magpie) me. pie fr. ofr.
pie = LAT. pica.
piebald composed of pie 'a
magpie' and bald 'streaked'.
piece ME. pe(e borrowed fr. fr.
piece.
pier ME. pere borrowed'fr. ofr.
piere, VK.pierre = lat. /^/rrt; 'stone'.
pierce vb. me. perfe borrowed
fr. FR. percer pierce'. ME. by-
form perche.
piety adopted fr. fr. piiti
'piety' = lat. pietdtem; ident. w.
pity.
pig ME. pigge.
pigeon late me. pigou/i fr. fr.
pigeo)i. Source lat. pipio{netii)
a, chirper'. See peep and pipe.
pike .AiE. pike oe. pic = du.
piek, G. piek; cp. pick.
pilch ME. pilche oe. pilce pylce
■fur. Source med.-lat. ^ IT.
pelliccia felt', whence also fr.
pelisse and ohg. /<?///; G. pelz, du.
pels 'fur (primitive source la'J".
pel lis). Cp. pelt.
pile' sb. 'an arrow' me. oe. ///
(= DU. pijl, OHG. //// G. pfeil,
ON. pila) : borrowed fr. lat. pilum
'a javelin', whence ov^. pile, span.
IT. pilo 'a javelin, pestle'. The
pile — pipe
i6i
corresponding Goth, word was
arhwazna\ cp. on. gr, oe. earh
= LAT. areas.
pile- sb. 'a heap' ^\¥..pile 'tower,
castle borrowed fr. ofr. pile a
pier, pyramid fr. pile 'a mole'
= SPAN, pila 'a pillar, trough',
IT. ///a 'trough'. Source hkT.plla
'a pier of stone'. See pillar.
pile'^ sb. 'a tumor' (now used
in plur.) fr. lat. pila 'a ball'.
pile^ sb. 'hair' borrowed fr. ofr.
peil FR. poll =r= SPAN. IT. pelo.
Source lat. pilus 'a hair'.
pilfer borrowed fr. ofr. pelfrer
pilfer'.
pilgrim me. pilgrim borrowed
fr. ymG. pilgrim. Source med.-lat.
peregrhius (late lat. pelegrhius),
whence FR. pHerin, it. pellegrino,
span, peregrino, du. pelgrim.
pill = G. dan. pille prob. bor-
rowed fr. the dimin. fr. pilule.
Source LAT. pilula 'a pill'.
pillar ME. pilcr borrowed fr.
FR. pilicr (= SPAN, pilar, IT.
piliere). Source med.-lat. pilare
pilar ins (LAT.p/la) 'pillar, whence
also OHG. /i/ilari G. p/eiler; DU.
pilaar is fr. pilier, but du. pijler
is LAT. pilare.
pillory sb. me. pilory borrowed
fr. fr. pilori 'a pillory'.
pillCA^ sb. me. pilwe OE. pyle
*pyhvc = du. peidinv , OHG.
pfuliwi(n) also pfuhvo G. pfiilil:
borrowed fr. lat. pulvinus 'cu-
shion'. Cp. cushion.
pilot sb. borrowed fr. "EK. pilote
=^ SPAN. IT. piloto pilota , DU.
English Etymology.
piloot, G. pilote. Origin unknown.
The word occurs in Germ, and
Engl, since the 15'*^ cent.; in
Germ, it appears first in the
It. form piloto. Perh. the It.
word became European through
the commerce with Genoa and
Venice.
pimpernel sb. fr. fr. pi?nprenelle
pirnpinelle.
pin sb. ME. OE. pinn = du. lg.
pvn. Source lat. penna 'a pin,
nail'.
pinch vb. me. pinche borrowed
fr. FR. pinccr.
pine sb. me. pine oe. '^pin{trio)
'piue-tree': borrowed fr. lat./?//«j"
'a pine, whence v^.pin (pv. pijn),
SPAN. IT. pino 'a pine-tree'.
pine vb. :\rE. p/ne oe. pinian
'torment' = ON. pina, du. pijnai,
OHG. pfuibn pinon (g. peinigeii) :
deriv. fr. oe. pin = OHG. pma G.
pein. Source 'L\'v\pcvna (pronounc-
ed pen a).
pinfold; see pound'.
pint sb. late me. pinfe fr. FR.
pifile (whence du. /////, lg. pinle
'can): source lat. pine/a.
pip sb. me. pippe =^ DU. lg. ///,
G. pips OHG. ppijfiz, : borrowed fr.
a vulgar lat. pippita (=r lat.
pituitei) 'phlegm', whence also
FR. pipie, SPAN, pepita, it. pipita.
pipe sb. ME. o^. pipe = DV.pijp,
-LG. pipe, OUG. pfi/a G. p/eife, ON.
pipa : borrowed fr. med.-lat. pipa,
whence also the synon. fr. pipe,
SP A^i. pipa, \T. piva. Source lat.
ptpare 'chirp'.
11
l62
pit — plant
pit sb. ME. //■/ OE. pyt (tt) =
DU. put, LG. ///// OHG. piizzi pfuzzi
G. pfiitze: TEUT. putjus: borrowed
fr. LAT. puteus 'a well, pit", whence
also XT. pozzo, SP.M<i. poza, VK.puits
and oiR. cuithe, cymr. peien 'well,
pit'.
pitch sb. ME. pick OE. pic =r=
OSAX. ODU. pik DU. pek, OHG. pi/l
heh (hh) G.pech, on. Ink: borrowed
fr. LAT. pix (pic-) 'pitch', whence
also FR. poix, SPAN, pez, it. pcce
'pitch'.
pitcher sb. ^sxy.. piccher borrowed
fr. OFR. picker. Source med.-lat.
picdriiivi, a by-form of late lat.
bicdrium under beaker.
pith sb. ME. pithc OE. pida cog-
nate w. DU. /// ODU. pitic 'pith'
and MLG. pedik 'pith'. A West-
Teut. hsise pipan- is to be assum-
ed, perh. a teut. pipwon- in-
stead of qipwoii-: \^git^
pittance sb. WE..piiaun(c (^MhG.
pita/icic) borrowed fr. FR. pitance
'meat, food, daily subsistance'.
pity sb. ME. pi/c fr. fr. pitiL
Source LAT. pieidiem.
place ME. place fr. fr. place
(:= SPAN, plaza, IT. piazza).
Source lat. platea ^=. gr. nXavHa
'a street'. G. pla/z and du. plaats
are also of Fr. origin.
plague ME. (14'^ cent.) plage
adopted fr. lat. pldga 'an injury'
whence du. plaag , OHG. pldga
G. plage and it. piaga, fr. plate.
plaice ME. plaife borrowed fr.
FR. plaise OFR. pla'ise. Source
MED.-LAT. platisa prop, platessa 'a
flat-fish', whence also du. pladijs,
G. platteise.
plain adj. me. plain borrowed
fr. fr. plain (whence also DU.
pleiri) = span, piano , it. piano.
Source LAT. planus flat, even'.
plain sb. me. pleine adopted
fr. FR. plaine == span, plana, it.
piano. Source lat. pldnntn 'a
plain'.
plaint sb. me. pleintc plainte fr.
FR. plainte (= lat. planctus
'lamentation').
plait vb. ME. plaiie 'fold' derived
fr. OFR. pleit (ploit) sb. 'fold'.
Source hxi. plicare 'fold,, braid'.
plan adopted fr. fr. plan,
whence DU. G. plan. Source
i^KT. planus 'flat, plane', whence
SPAN, plan, vv. piano. See plain,
plane.
plane adj. borrowed fr. fr.
plane (= span, piano, it. piano).
Source lat. pldnus 'flat, level'.
plane sb. 'a carpenter's tool'
late ME. plane borrowed fr. FR.
plane. Source med.-lat. plana
'a carpenter's tool.
plane-tree me. pldne{-tre) = du.
plaan-boom fr. vb.. plane. Source
lat. platanus 'plane-tree'.
plank ME. planke borrowed fr.
onfr. planke fr. planche {= span.
plancha , it. pianca). Source
MED.-LAT. planca , whence du.
plank, G. planke.
plant ME. plante oe. plant = du.
plant, OHG. pflanza G. pjlanze
(on. planta^ : fr. LAT. planta,
whence also fr. plante, span.
plash — pluck
163
planta, Yi. piauta. In me. we find
also plaunte sb. vb. as adap-
tion of FR. plante — planter. —
plantain me. plantain {^plauntalnf)
borrowed ix.'SH^. plantain. Source
LAT. plantago (^plantagineni) 'a
plantain'.
plash iME. plasche borrowed fr.
ODU. plasch DU. plas 'water-
puddle'.
plaster me. piastre plaister fr.
OFR. piastre (^plaistre , whence
v>\!.pleister^ cp. fr. platre. Source
GR.-LAT. ltf.ivXaGt()nv = IT.
etnpiastro, fr. C7}iplatre 'plaster'.
LAT. emplastrutn ^= med.-lat.
plastrum 'gypsum, wlience OHG.
pjfastar G. pfastcr.
plat plot ME. OE. plot (tt). See
plot.
plate ME. plate borrowed fr.
OFR. plate plaite 'plate - armor,
ingot, silver' 'EB.. plat , whence
DU. plat, G. platte. Source a
MED.-LAT. plata 'plate of metal'
(gr. TjXavvc).
platoon fr. fr. peloton 'a ball,
platoon'.
platter me. plater fr. ofr. platel
a plate' = fr. plateau also
'waiter'.
play vb. ME. plaie pleie OE.
pli'gian play^ and play sb. ME.
plaie pleie OE. pl'ega. The other
TEUT. languages have no such
root as pleg play'.
plea sb. ME. /// plai 'debate'
fr. OFR. pie plai with the by-
forms plait plaid. Source med.-
lat. placittwi 'a decree, sen-
tence'- - — plead vb. me. plede
plaide fr. fr. plaider plead,
argue', whence also DU. pleiten
'sue'.
please vb. me. plese borrowed
fr. OFR. plesir plaisir (fr. plaire
'please'). Source lat. placer e
'please'. — pleasure (late me.
plcsilre iS'*" cent.) fr. the fr.
infinit. plaisir, but influenced by
abstract nouns such as nature
leisure.
pledge sb. me. plegge fr. ofr.
plcge (FK.pleige) 'a surety', which
is related to OSAX. plegan ohg.
pfl'egan 'be responsible for,
answer for' (cp. plight).
plenty me. pleftte fr. ofr. plenty,
source LAT. plenitatem.
plier see ply.
plight sb. me. plight oe. pliht
formed by means of the abstract
formative -/ from a vb. seen in
oe. pldoft 'risk' (ohg. pplegan G.
pfiegen whence G. pflicht 'friendly
care, interest').
plot^ short for co7nplot = FR.
complot 'a conspiracy'.
plot 2 sb. ME. oe. plot {tt).
plough ME. plough plow oe.
ploh ----- DU. ploeg, OHG. pfluoh
pjfuog G. pflug, ON. plogr. This
Teut. group plohu- plogu- was
borrowed by the Slav, (serb.-
RUSS. plugu, LiTH. pliugas').
plover ME. ploz'er borrowed fr.
OFR. plovier fr. pluvier. Source
a LAT. type ^pluviarius 'rainy'.
pluck vb. ME. plukke plokke
(^pUccIic) Oi\. pluccian (oe. *plyccan')
= DU. plukke?!, OHG. *pjlucchen
*pflockon G. pfii'uken, on. plokka.
11*
164
plug — poll
Source a lat. type *piluccdre =^
\T. pibtccare, fr. ipliicher. Vulgar
LAT. *pililccarc (whence me. pilken
pluck") prop, 'pluck hairs one
by one' is an extension of lat.
pilare.
plug sb. ident, w. du. plug,
LG. plugge i^plucU) late mhg. pfloc
G. pflock 'plug'.
plum ME. ploume oe. plmne
i^plymi) = DU. pruim, LG. priime
plmnc, OHG. pfruma beside p/if/mo
(lat. r changed to teut. /) G.
pfaume: early loanword fr. lat.
prihium, whence also fr. prune,
IT. prima. Cp. prune.
plumb fr. FR. plotnb = lat.
plumbum.
plume fr. FR. plume ^= lat.
pliima.
plummet ^\y.. plommet borrowed
fr. FR. ploinbet 'a plummet' dimin.
of FR. plo7ub lead'.
plump adj. borrowed fr. LG.
plump, DU. plomp.
plunder vb. adopted fr. mdu.
plunder en = G. plunder n 'rob,
pillage'.
plunge vb. short for ^V¥.. p lounge:
borrowed fr. fr. plonger 'duck,
dive', whence also du. plcmzen.
plush sb. = DU. pluis , G.
pliisch; borrowed fr. f^. peluche
= Yi. peluzzo. Source a lat. type
*pilucia, an extension of lat.
pilus 'hair.
ply vb. me. pile 'bend' adopted
fr. FR. plier 'fold, bend, bow'.
Source lat. plicare 'fold'.
poach 1 vb. 'dress eggs' fr. fr.
pocher. — poach ^ vb. 'intrude
into preserves' borrowed fr. fr.
pocher from poche 'a pouch'.
pock -siF.. pokke of., pace -=■- mdu.
pocke, DU. pock, G. LG. pocke 'small
pox'. — pocket me. poket fr. ofr.
poquette, dimin. oi owi. pocke poche .
See poke.
poignant adj. uf.. poi?iant pom-
j^aunt fr. FR. poignant. (Source
LAT. pungere'). — point me. point
fr. FR. poi7tt (source lat. punc-
tuni) 'point'.
poise vb. me. poise earlier peise
fr. OFR. poiser peiser F^. peser
'to weigh'. Source lat. pensare
'to weigh'.
poison 'MF. puisoun ix.Y's.. poison
'poison' =- LAT. potio(nem) 'a
drink'.
poke sb. me. poke 'a bag' =^
ODU. poke, ON. poki. FR. poche is
perh. an Engl, loanword. Cp.
pock.
poke vb. MF. poke i^pouke pucke)
'thrust, throw' = DU. poken, mlg.
puken.
pole ' sb. 'a stake' MZ.pdle of. pal
'a pale, pole': source lat. pains
'a stake', whence G. pfahl ohg.
mhg. pfal. See pale.
pole^ sb. 'a pivot' the synon.
FR. pol =^ lat. polus (GR. VOKOi^
a hinge'.
polish vb. me. polisshe fr. fr.
polir {poliss^ 'polish'.
poll ME. pol {II) 'head' ^ lg.
ODU. polle 'head'; perh. ident. w.
bowll
pommel — port
i6'
pommel iME. pomel borrowed
fr. OFR. poffiel FR. ponuiican 'the
pommel of a sword : prop, dimin.
LAT. pomum 'apple',
pomp ME. pompe fr. lat. po?npa,
whence also fr. pompe.
pond ME. pond pomh.
ponder vb. borrowed fr. lat.
pondcrare 'weigh'.
pontiff fr. FR. pontif pontife,
LAT. pontifcx.
pontoon fr. FR. ponton, it.
pontone 'a great broad bridge'.
pool sb. ME. OE. pol = DU.
potP, i.G. pcV, OHG. P/ko/ G. p/u/i/;
|)erh. akin to OE. ///// py// 'pool'
— ON. pollr 'pool, pond'.
poop borrowed fr. fr. poupe =
LAT. puppis 'the hinder ])art of
a ship'.
poor adj. .me. povrc fr. ofr.
povre = pamire (source lat.
pauper^ 'poor'.
pope ME. pope OE. papa =: LAT.
papa. The continental dialects
differ from the lat.-oe. forms;
cp. o.SAX. pdlws, DU. pans, mhg.
I>a/>es G. pap St.
popinjay late -sw.. popinjay earlier
papegai (=^ DU. papegaai, mlg.
papegoie, G. papaga'i) fr. fr. pape-
gai OFR. papegay and papcgau =
it. papagallo. Prob. derived fr.
Low OR. nanayug = arab. />a-
i)ag/id '(PKKS. bapga). The Lat.
name psittacus agrees with or.
i''tTrny.oc.
poplar sb. ^\¥.. popl^r(e) -- DU.
popiilier, OMXi. popelier'. borrowed
fr. OFR. poplier t7= fr. peiiplier.
Source fr. peuple 'poplar' =
'LA.i.popuPis 'poplar', whence also
DU. pop el and G. pappel.
poppy sb. ME. popy oe. popi~^
pap(Ei (about 800). The suffix /
(not producing umlaut) points to
an older form -ang as in body,
holly. There are no Teut.
equivalents. Usually considered
to be borrowed fr. lat. papaver.
porcelain sb. = fr. porcelaine,
DU. porselein, G. porzellan (since
the 1 6th. cent.); the base is
it. porcellana, orig. 'the Venus-
shell', 'concha Veneris'; this hav-
ing much resemblance to porce-
lain, the name of the shell was
transferred to that of the cera-
mic ware.
porch sb. ME. porche borrowed
ir. ^eK. porche: source l\t. porti-
ciis, from which OE. portic and
OHG. pforzih are earlier loan-
words.
porcudine occuring in the
15''' — 16"* cent's in the forms
porpefitine porpoint and p07-kepin
which go back to OFR. pore
espin (now porc-ipic^ =- it. porco
spino (porco spinoso) 'tliornbush
hog. — pork 'flesh of swine'
ME. pork 'pork, swine' fr. the
synon. fr. pore {== hXY. porciis).
port^ sb. 'harbor' me. Oe. port
'harbor fr. the equival. lat.
partus (^ — fr. port, it. porta')
'harbor', whence also ODU. port
'city'.
port'^ sb. a gate fr. fr. porte
= lat. porta a gate', whence
also OE. port or port-j^eat 'a gate',
DU. poort, G. pfortc.
i66
port
power
port 3 sb. 'behavior' me. port
fr. FR. /f;/ 'behavior': deriv. of
LAT. portare 'carry'.
porf* ^ Port-wine orig. »\vine
of Oporto in Portugal«.
portray vb. me. pourtraie fr.
FR. portrairc. — portrait = fr.
portrait.
post^ sb. a pillar' me. O'e.. post
= DU. LG. post: early loanvv^ord
fr. i.kT. postern (nom. sing, postis'),
whence also G. pfosten ohg. pfost
and FR. poieau.
post^ sb. 'mail service' == DU.
G. post, FR. poste, n. posta. The
word is a native of Italy and was
borrowed from there by the
modern languages in the 16**^
cent.
post'^ sb. 'a military post' =
G. poster, DU. post fr. ir. posto
'guard, post'.
pot me. oe. pot (tt), =^ DU. LG.
pot(ttj, ON. pottr (swed. potta,
DAN. potte); akin to YK. pot ^
CVMR. pot, IR. pota.
potato imported in the second
half of the \b^^ cent, together
with SPAN, patata from America
(in Hayti the name was batata
about 1530).
pouch me. pouche 'bag' fr. ofr.
pouche i^poche) 'pocket'; akin to
poke.
poult sb. 'cliicken' {r=z^ pullet^
late UK.pulte fr. FK.poi//et 'chicken'
(^pou/e 'hen'). — poulterer ex-
tended for ME. piiltcr fr. FR.
t>oulletier. — poultry ^\f.. pultrie
is derived fr. ME. piUter.
pounce vb. see punch.
pound ' ME. pound oe. piind 'a
pound' (weight and money) =
OSAX. pimd, DU. pond, ohg. pfunt
G pfund, ON. SW. DAN. pund
GOTH, ptmd: borrowed in the
second cent. fr. lat. pondo
(indecl.) 'pound', not fr. lat.
pondns 'weight'.
pound '•^ sb. 'enclosure' me.
poimd (shortened in pon-, pun-
fglde 'pound'). OE. pi'ind 'en-
closure' with the verb oe. pyndan
ME. pindc 'impound, dam up the
water' = on. pynda 'shut in'
(e. pinfold MF. pinfglde 'pound'
points to oe. pyndan mb. pindc^.
Vr oh. pen oe. pennan is cognate,
if the base *panjan goes back
to an earlier form *pandjan: teut.
\f pand pund.
pound vb. 'beat' we. poune oe.
piinian 'pound'; perh. cognate w.
DU. puiti 'ruin, rubbish'.
pout vb. ME. polite 'sulk' (oe.
*putian}). — pout sb. (a kind
of fish) OE. piita or piite (in the
compound dleputan 'eelpouts');
cp DU. ///// a kind of fish. The
word is derived from the vb.
pout (TE[JT.\'^pf/t): the fish has
its name from its pouting lips.
pow^der sb. me. poudre 'hair-
powder fr. FR. poudre, whence
also DU. poeder, G. puder. Source
lat. pulverem (^pulvis), whence
G.pulver, Ti.polve 'dust, powdei-'.
power me. pouc'r earlier poer
fr. OFR. poer = fr. pouvoir;
ident. w. it. poterc and deriv.
fr. LAT. potest potui etc.
praise
proud
167
praise sb. me. />?-a/s />re/s fr. ofr. \piici<ui) 'prick, spur'. Cp. imhg.
prcis, ident. \\\1\\ p r i c e . [p/recken, o^.prikka: •VKVT.yi'~prik.
pram sb. 'a flat - bottomed j — prickle relation :siE. prikel
lighter' = \.o. prahm, du. praam; oe. price/.
LG. pram, on. prdmr, sw. pram.
DAN. pram are of Slav, origin;
cp. OSLOV. pra7?tu belonging to
the ARYAN \j"per 'cross, ferry'
seen in fare vb.
prance vb. me. praunfe vb.
ident. w. E. prank vb. me. prankc\
the sound points to Fr. origin.
prate vb. late me. prate = du.
I.e. praten 'prate', dan. prate
'tattle'.
pray vb. me. preie fr. ofr.
preicr = fr. prier pray' (source
LAT. prccari 'pray).
preach vb. me. prcche fr. fr.
precher. Source church-LAT./;-rt'(?-
dicare preach', whence also OE.
predician, on. predika, du. pre-
diken, osax. predikon, oho. pre-
digon MHO. G. prcdigcfi preach'.
press vb. ME. presse fr. ofr.
prcsser = lat. pressare.
pretty adj. me. ^prM for prati
'pretty' and 'clever, cunning';
OE./;y^/'/3 'tricky, deceitful'. The
OE. ?,h. prait p\ur. prattas means
'trickery.
prey sb. ^.ik. preie prate fr. ofr.
preie praie = fr. proie (hence DU.
proo'i) 'prey". Source lat. praeda.
price sb. sw.. pris fr. ofr. pris
= FR. prix. Source lat. pretium
'price'. See prize.
prick sb. me. pricke {prike) OE.
pride 'ME. pride OE. pryda: um-
laut-relation to proiid.
priest sb. iiE. prest oe. preost;
ident. w. oho. prist priestar mhg.
G. priester, osax. prestar, fr. pretre
for OFR. prestre: descendants
of LAT. presbyter priest'. But
there are discrepancies in the
phonetical development of the
Rom. and Teut. forms.
prime fr. fr. priiiie ^- lat.
primus. — primrose fr. fr.
prime rose ^= lat. prima rosa
'first rose'. — prince me. prinfe
fr. FR. prince (source lat. prin-
ceps — principefn =r vt. principe^,
whence also o. prinz du. prins.
print vb. me. printe short for
prenie imprente iV. fr. empreinte
sb. 'a stamp, print'; cp. fr.
enipreindre = lat. i^npr 1711 ere.
prison y\Y.. prisoun fr. yv^. prison;
source LAT. prehensio{nem) = it.
prigione.
privy JiE. prive fr. fr. privi
(=rr LAT. privii tils').
prize vl). MV.. prise fr. YV^.priser;
cf. e. prise fr. fr./;7.v. — prize
sb. 'taking or capture e. g. of
a ship' fr. fr. prise 'seizure (du.
prijs, G. prise).
proud -ME. proud late oe. priid
(by-form me. proiit late qe. prut
pretc); cp. ON. prtldr 'proud',
pricca {prica) 'prick, spike'. — \ dan. prud 'stately'. Cp. tlie um-
prick vb. me- pricke {prike ot. : laut-relation/r^y^. Source ofr.
i68
prove
push
proud Valiant" (under prowess)
^= FR. preux.
prove vb. ME. prove late OE. (c.
I ooo) prpjian: loanword fr. lat.
probare, whence also VK. proiiver,
MHG. pri'ieven G. priifen, ON. prof a
and also me. preve prave 'prove'.
— The sb. proof is derived fr.
the vb. (cp. ME. pre7>e prdve =
FR. fireu7'e^.
prow me. '^proue fr. fr. prone
(iT.pruaproda, h.\T. pronr) 'prow\
prowess me. prouesse fr. ofr.
proucssc 'prowess', abstr. sb. of
ofr. prou proud = late oe. prtid
s. under proud.
proxy sb. earlier prockesy for
procuracy; cp. proctor late me.
proketour = LAT. procurator {em).
prune sb. me. prime fr. fr.
prune = lat. prunum\ cp. plum.
pry vb. ME. prie oe. *prhvan
'"preowiaii, the root of which is
evident in OE. bepriwan vb. 'wink
witii the eye' — preo7voihwil
'twinkling of the eye .
psalm sb. ime. psalm = lat.
psalmus; already oe. salm.
puck sb. short for ME. pouke
OE. plica 'demon, hobgoblin' =
ON. puki imp' ; cp. OE. ptkel
'demon', north-fries, puk 'mis-
chievous sprite with large eyes'.
pudding ME. pudding prob.
borrowed fr. FR. boudin 'black-
pudding' (cp. ME. cuuing fr. ofr.
coniii under cony).
puff vb. ME. puffe OE. '^puffian
aside of 0£. pyffan 'blow': teut.
base pufpon puff Jan.
pull vb.
'draw'.
ME. pulle oe. pullian
pullet ME. polite fr. Y'S.. poulette
'a young hen', cp. poult.
pulp sb. fr. fr. pulpe = lat.
piclpa 'pulp'.
pumpion (divnin. pumpkijt) ear-
lier pompouu fr. fr. po7npon (=
DU. pompoeii) 'a kind of gourde'.
Source L.\T. pepo {= fr. pipon,
IT. pep one popone).
punish vb. me. punisshe fr. fr.
puiiir (^puniss-) 'fiunish'.
purblind me. purblind orig.
'blind as ?ipurl O'E.. piir means
the bird 'onocrotalus'; cp. 'Saved.
purblind.
purchase vb. me. purchdce fr.
FR. pourchasser.
purge vb. ME. purge fr. fr.
purger.
purple ME. pjirpre fr. fr.
pourpre = LAT. purpura.
purpose vb. ME. pwppse fr.
ofr. pourposer = fr. proposer
'propose'.
purse u^.purs late oe. (c.1050)
purs: loanword fr. ofr. borse — -
FR. bourse; cp. la.t. bursa.
pursue vb/ me. pursue fr. ofr.
porsnir =; FR. poursuivre (source
LAT. prosequi) 'prosecute'.
purvey vb. me. porvcie fr. ofr.
porvoir = fr. pourvoir (lat.
providere) 'provide'.
push vb. ME. posse pusse {posshe)
push' fr. FR. pousser (= LAT.
pulsare) 'strike, thrust'.
put — quench
i6g
put vb. ME. piite piitte vb.
throw, push, thrust' OE. (c. looo)
potian 'thrust'; perh. borrowed
fr. OFR. boiiter "thrust' (cp. OE.
purs 'purse' fr. ofr. borsc under
purse).
quail sb. me. quaile fr. ofr.
guaille =r fr. caile a quail';
cp. IT. quaglia. Source a vulgar
LAT. quaccola, whence also du.
kwakkel ^=^ ODU. quackele 'quail'.
quaint adj. me. queint, earlier
form coint (quoint) 'famous, well-
known, clever, neat, elegant':
loanword fr. OFR. comt 'neat,
tine' = LAT. cognitus 'known'.
quake vb. me. quake OE. ctvdcian
vb. "quake"; cp. oe. civeccean
'move' = ODU. quecken "shake
one's head': teut. \^qak.
qualm isie. qualm 'death, pesti-
lence, torture' OE. cwealm death,
pestilence': derived fr. the teut.
\^ qel in oe. cw'elan me. quele
vb. 'die'; cp. quell.
quarrel me. qucrele fr. fr.
quertlle = LAT. querela 'a com-
plaint'.
quash vb. me. quasshe vb. fr.
OFR. quasser = FR. casser 'break' ;
source LAT. quassare 'to shake'.
quaver vb. derived fr. me.
qudve (oE. *ai>dj7a>i) vb. 'tremble';
cogn. w. me. quappe vb. 'tremble*.
quay earlier spelling keie late
ME. kfic fr. FR. quai.
quean me. queue oe. cwene
woman': perhaps a scand. loan-
word cp. ON. kona G. plur.
\ kvenna {= oho. qu'eua kona,
GOTH, qino); cp. late OE. c^vene-
fugeVz. hen-bird' fr. the equiv. on.
h'enfugl. There was a genuine
OE. corresponding cwine 'bad wo-
j man'. The group rests on a teut.
\ q'enon- 'wife' = aryan gend\ cp.
GR. yvvi] , skr. gnd , OIR. ben,
I OSLOV. RUSS. SERB, zena , PRUSS.
gena wife'. See the following
word.
queen sb. me. quen oe. cwen
queen, distinguished lady'; base
qoni for qdni = GOTH, qbis, ON.
kvdn kvcen, OSAX. qudn 'wife':
TEUT. qeni- = aryan. geni- {=
SK.R. jdni 'wife') is of the same
root as TEUT. q'enon- (see quean)
--= ARYAN gena.
quell vb. ME. quelle OE. cwellan
'kill': derived fr. the str. vb. OE.
cw'elan me. qu(le 'die' (cp. qualtn).
They belong to the teut. y^ qel
in G. qual = ohg. osax. qudla
'torment, torture': aryan V~ S^^
in HTH. geld 'grief — osLOV. zali
'suffering'.
quench vb. me. quenche oe.
cwcnccan wk. vb. 'extinguish':
derived fr. oe. d-cwincan 'be
exstinguished' = ofris. kwinka
'vanish'. It is doubtful whether
OE. cwinan 'to be exstin^uislied' is
I/O
question — - quoth
connected with e. quench (du.
kwijneii 'wither').
question me. questiowi fr. fr.
question.
quick adj. me. qtiick oe. avicu
'living, alive' = osax. du. quik,
OHG. MHG. qu'ec (g. quccksilber
'quicksilver' and erquicken vb.
'quicken, refresh) G. keck (for
queck) 'pert', on. kvikr kykr:
TEVT. -\/~q2q fr. ARYAN Y",f^^ in lat.
vwo (znxi-vicium-7'ivere^. There
exists an aryan doublet gfw in
GOTH, qius (stem qkva-) adj.
'alive' =^ SKR. Jiva, lith. gywas,
lat. vivus 'living, alive' (cp.
GR. i^/og 'life). See quitch-
grass.
quill sb. ME. quille = westphal.
quie/e 'quill': teut. base qi/i-, perh.
ident. \v. mhg. ki/ G. kic/ 'quill'.
quilt sb. ME. qui/te fr. ofr.
cui/te = lat. culcita 'cushion,
pillow'.
quince me. coiue quine fr. ofr.
coin = FR. coing 'a quince' (the ce
of modern Y,. quince belongs prop,
to the plural). Source lat.
cydonia = ir. cotogna , ohg.
kutina G. quitte , OE. godcpppel;
DU. hiiee ODU. quede corresponds
to MHG. quiten =-- G. quitte.
quire (of paper) sb. me. quair
quaier book' fr. ofr. quaier (du.
kohief) = FR. cahier 'copy book'.
Source a late Latin quatcrnum
'collection of four leaves' {= it.
quadertio 'a quire of paper', OE.
cwdtern) .
quitch-grass (also quick-grass
couch-grass^ me. *qjiicche; Oe.
cwice 'quitch-grass' answers to
DU. kweek, LG. queke, G. qu'ecke
j 'quitch-grass'. The name derives
! fr. teut. quiku- 'alive' (under
I quicU) , because the weed seems
not clearable.
quite adv. me. quite fr. FR.
quit.
quiver vb. derived fr. the adj.
ME. quiver, late oe. cwifor 'lively,
brisk, eagerly'; cp. OFR. quivrer
vb. 'awaken, encourage'.
quiver sb. me. quiver fr. FR.
cuivre; ident. w. fr. coivre cuivrc:
late Latin base cucuruni, whence
also oe. cocor, ohg. kohhur g.
kocher 'quiver', du. koker.
quoth {i]uoth he 'he said)
3'^ sing. pret. = me. quoth earlier
i quath oe. cwced pret. of me.
qucthe oe. cw'edan str. vb. 'say,
speak' = GOTH, qifan, ON. kveda,
os\y..qu'edaft , ohg. qu'edan 'say':
ARYAN \'~get (hy-iorux ged in SK.R.
gad 'speak'?). Cp. bequeath
and bequest.
rabbit — rat
171
R
rabbit cogn. w. odu. robhe
robbeken 'rabbit'; perh. identical
w. DU. rob, G. robbe 'phoca'?
race^ aiE. rc.$- OY^.tml or bor-
rowed from ON. rds 'a running':
TEUT. base resa-.
race 2 'family' fr. fr. race =
SPAN. PORT, raza; source arab.
ras 'origin'.
race 3 'root' fr. ofr. rah = lat.
radix. — From the same source
also radish = DU. radijs (fr.
radis) .
rafter me. rafter oe. rccficr\
formed by suffix -tra- from the
same root as on. rdf 'roof and
OHG. ravo rafter'. Cp. the aryan
\^reph in gr. iiiiipio — ogocfog.
rag ME. ragg-e (late OE. *ragg
inferred from the adj. raggii
'shaggy'): borrowed fr. ON. rpgg
'shagginess'.
rage me. rage fr. fr. rage =
LAT. rabies.
rail ^ ME. rail reil fr. ofr. reille ;
source LAT. regula, whence also
G. riegel OHG. rigil, ODU. rijchel
'bar, rail'.
rail 2 ME. rail OE. hrce^l 'a gar-
ment'; ident. w. OHG. hregil 'a
garment": TEUT. base hrag{i)la-.
rain me. raiji rein OE. r'eyi= OHG.
OLG. regan G. DU. regen, on. regn,
GOTH, rig/is: TEUT. base r'egna-.
Cp. Lith. roke 'drizzling rain'.
raise vb. me. reise borrowed fr.
ON. reisa 'raise': causal of on.
risa = GOTH, reisan; cp. rise.
raisin me. reisiti fr. ofr. raisin
'a grape, whence also DU. rozijn,
G. rosine. Source lat. racetnus
'a bunch of grapes'.
rake me. rake OE. rdca = DU.
raak\ ident. w. OHG. rchho G.
I rechen, oti.reAa: teut. base rakoii-
j r'ekon-, derived fr. the str. vb.
I GOTH, rikan 'gather .
ram sb. me. oe. ram (fnn/) OE.
ram (f//m) = OHG. MHG. DU. ram :
TEUT. base ramma-; perh. cogn.
w. ON. ramr 'strong.
ramsons me. ramscii oe. hram-
san plur. : teut. base hramusan-
also in G. (dial.) ramsen, swed.
rafHsidk 'bear-garlick'; further
allied to gr. x(jciivoi' 'onion',
IR. cref/i — CYMR. era/ 'garlick,
LITH. kermusze 'wild garlick'.
range vb. fr. fr. ranger.
ransack vb. aiE. ransake fr. on.
rannsaka prop, 'search the house':
ON. rann 'house' (= goth. razn,
OE. rccsn reen cern 'house); for
ON. saka see seek.
ransom me. raunfoim (du. rarit-
soeii) fr. fr. ranfon (== lat.
redemptio-neni) .
rap vb. ME. rape 'rush, hasten'
== ON. h'f^pa vb. 'hasten'; cp.
DU. rapen, mhg. raffen 'seize':
TEUT. base hrapon.
rape sb. :me. rape (^ du. raap~)
fr. lat. rapa 'turnip'.
rat iME. rat oe. rcet {tt) =
G. ratte OHG. ratta, DU. rat rot;
i;;
rate — reave
ident. w. FR. rat, it. ratto. History
of the group unknown.
rate fr. fr. rate -=^ lat. ratiwi.
rather me. rather oe. hrador
prop, 'quicker, sooner': compa-
rative form of OE. hrade 'quickly';
cp. the adj. oe. hrcTit, ON.
hradr 'swift', OHG. hrad, du. rad
'quick' fr. a teut. base hrapa-.
Akin to OIR. crothim 'I sliake'.
rattle vb. me. ratele vb.; cp.
OE. hratele sb. 'rattle wort' and
Ti.G. rateien vb. 'rattle', mhg. ray^eln
G. rasseln vb. 'rattle': teut. \'"^;77/
= xvxx^sl^ krad in GR. y.gctSalvco
(^\^ krot in GR. nQova/JKiiv vb.
'rattle'?).
raven sb. me. rdz'en oe. hrcB/ji
= ON. hrafn; cp. ohg. hraban
G, rate, du. raaf: teut. base
hrabna- hrahn-\ perh. fr, an
ARYAN \f kro : kor in lat. corvus,
GR. Y.oQaS. raven'.
ravish vb. me. ravisshe vb. fr.
FR. raviss- in ravir 'to ravish'.
raw me. raw oe. hreaw ^ OHG.
hrao hro G. roh, du. rauw, ON.
hrdr: teut. base hrdwa-; perh.
cogn. - w. SKR. kriira 'sore* and
LAT. cruor "blood".
ray see roach.
reach ^ vb. me. r(che oe. rcecean
fr. a TEUT. type raikjan in ohg.
reihhan G. reichen vb. 'reach', DU.
reiken.
reach 2, retch vb. me. rcche
oe. hrcBcean; teut. \f hrak in
oe. hrdca = on. //rc?i/ 'spittle'
and OHG. rahhison' to trv to vomit'.
read vb. me. rede oe. rddan
vb. = on. rdda 'read'; prop.
' ident. w. goth. redan, ohg. ratan
G. raten vb. 'advise', ON. rdda
'counsel, consult', read meant
orig. 'to read a riddle' (cp.
riddle), then 'to interprete the
runes' (on. rdda gdtii 'read a
riddle' — rdda draum 'read a
dream' — rdda rilnar read
runes'), skr. has a correspon-
ding sfrddh 'perform'; cp. also
OSLOV. raditi.
ready adj. me. rrdi (oe. ^rcedii
extended fr.) oe. rcede 'ready'
= ohg. reiti 'ready'; cp. goth.
garaids = on. greidr 'ready'. As
G. fertig prop, meant 'ready for
a journey' (g. fahrt), perh. a
teut. base raida- 'journey' mav
be the source of the group; cp.
IR. r^id 'passable' and see ride
and road.
realm sb. me. riabne {rialme)
fr. OFR. realme (fr. royaume').
ream late me. rpne fr. ofr.
raimc fr. rufne] cp. span, resma,
ITAL. risfna (g. rics) ream of
paper". Source ARAB, riznia 'a
bundle'.
reap vb. me. ripe oe. riopan
vb. fr. a teut. v^r;/ 'cut' in ripe;
cp. OE. rifter 'sickle' and see ripe.
rear vb. me. rire OE. rckran
vb. ^ ohg. reran vb. 'raise' fr,
a TEUT. base raizjan; cp. rise
and raise for \fris.
rear adj. me. rr';-,? oe. .^rir.
reason me. resoim earlier reisoun
fr. FR. raison = lat. ratio-nem.
reave {J>ereave) vb. me. rfz/^
OE. rc'afian vb. = OHG. raubon
G. rauhen, GOTH, {bijraiibdn 'de-
receive
-ric
173
spoil', o^.roufa (see also I'obe):
derived fr. a primitive str. vb.
OE. hereof an, ON. rjtifa to break'.
Cp. SKR. \r/«/.
receive vb. me. receive fr. ofr.
rcce^'er =^ FR. recevoir.
reck vb. me. recke {recche) short
for OE. recean earlier nicean:
TEUT. base rokjaii in on. rcekja,
OSAX. rokian, ohg. ruohhan 'have
a care for'.
reckon vb. me. rekne OE. "^e-
r'ecenian vb. ^=^ ohg. rehhanon
G. rechnen 'reckon', DU. rekeizen;
cp. the TEUT. \'"ri/^ in OHG. rahha
'subject, thing'.
-red suffix in hatred', cp. OE.
feondrckdeii freondrceden 'friend-
ship' {Jiiwrddcn under hiiu{)\
orig. -raidht in GOTH, ga-raideins.
red adj. short for ME. red OE.
read = teut. rauda- in goth.
ratids, ohg. rot G. rc^/, du. rood,
ON. raudr 'red ; cp. OE. reodan
= ON. ;y(v/^ vb. redden' and
ruddock (rust). There is a
corresponding ARYAN -y^ riidh
reudh in GR. tfjv^ijoq, sviSi.rudhird,
OSLOV. riidru, LAT. ruber 'red',
LAT. riifus, IR. mad.
reed sb. ]\tE. rt''^ oe. hreod =
OHG. //7-?V;/ G. DU. r?>/: TEUT. baSC
lireuda-.
reek sb. me. rek sb. fr. the vb. oe.
reocan 'reek, smoke' =^ on. rjtika,
OHG. riohhan G. riechen; cp. OE.
r/r' r/r', on. reykr, ohg. r<?«/i G.
ranch, du. rt't'^ 'smoke' fr. a teut.
base rauki-.
reel me. ;y'/^ oe. hreol; prop.
"^hrdhil fr. a TEUT. base *hranhil
in ON. hrcell 'a weaver's rod',
NORTH-FRIES. n??V?/.
rehearse vb. iiE. reMr^e fr.
OFR. reherfer.
rein sb. me. ;r2W fr. ofr. reine
= FR. rtne (cp. ital. redina;
source LAT. retinere 'restrain').
relieve vb. me. releve fr. fr.
r el ever = lat. relevare.
rely vb. from lat. re (as in
recall, remind, reneii') and
E. lie 'to rest .
remnant sb. me. remenaunt fr.
OFR. remenant 'remnant'.
rend vb. me. rende oe. rendan
vb. "tear, lacerate' := OFRIS. renda
vb. tear, break'.
rennet' sb. fr. the vb. ]ME. renne
'run, make to run'; cp. under
run.
rennet ^ sb. fr. fr. reinette.
renounce vb. me. renounce fr.
FR. reuoncer. — reno'wn me.
renoun fr. fr. renom.
rest sb. me. reste oe. rest', teut.
base rasti-, cp. ohg. rasta 'rest,
a measure of distance, goth.
rasta 'a mile, on. r<?.y/' 'a mile'.
There is a teut. v'~r</j- in goth.
;-rt's« 'house', ON. rann (cp.
ransack).
retch vb. see reach^.
ribb ME. ribbe oe. r/*^^ =: teut.
ribja- in on. r//", OHG. rippi:
ARYAN \'~rebh in OSLO v. RUSS.
rebro 'rib'.
rhythm see rime.
-ric in bishopric = me. bisshop-
ric he OE. bisceoprice; cp. OE. r/VV
'reign' = goth. r^//5/, OHG. r/M/
174
rice
nme
G. reich: fr. teut. rik- = goth.
reiks 'king'.
rice sb. fr. fr. riz (du. rijsi)
= ITAL. riso, G. reis: source
GR. (ipvCa 'rice'.
rich adj. me. ric/ie fr. fr. rk/ie;
ident. w. OE. r/rV 'powerful', oho.
r?/iM G. reich, du. rijk, ON. r/zlr,
GOTH. ;y//'x. Originally a deriva-
tive of GOTH, reiks 'king' under
;■?>. — riches sb. me. richesse
fr. FR. richesse: derived fr. FR.
riche ^= TEUT. riki 'powerful'.
rick si), short for me. rek OE.
hrcac 'a heap' = DU. rook, ON.
hraiikr {Jiroki) 'a heap': teut.
base hrauka-, akin to on. hriiga
'a heap' and IR. crunch 'heap'.
rid vb. ME. ridde prop, redde
OE. hreddan = OHG. hretta?i G.
retten: teut. base Jiradjan from
an ARYAN \fkrath in skr. (rathay.
'loosen'.
riddle sb. me. ;vV//<^^ oe. rtv/^A
rckdelse = du. raadsel, osax.
radisli G. r«/i-^/ 'riddle'; cp. ohg.
r(?//j'<ra ratussa 'riddle': teut.
\frdd red under read.
riddle 2 sb. 'sieve' me. riddel
for OE. hridder = OHG. hritara
G. rc/V^r 'sieve': ARYAN \r/^r/ in
LAT. crtbruvi 'sieve', GR. aqLvh)
and in goth. hrai-iis, OHG. ?v//^/
G. r^'/;^ 'clean' (prop, sifted'?).
ride me. ride oe. rlda?i str. vb.
= OHG. rltau G. r^'Z/^r;/, DU. rijden,
ON. r/^«: TEUT, V~?'/^/= pre-TEUT.
reidh in gallo-lat. m/« 'carriage'
— veredus\\ox^^ {viVLdiQX palfrey)
and IR. riadaim 'I go'; see ready.
ridge me. r?;^/^ oe. /^rj'*:^ (genit.
hrycges') = teut. hrugja- in osAX.
hruggi, DU. r«^, OHG. hrucki G.
rwr/J^^z 'back', ON. hryggr: pre-
TEUT. krtikjo-, cogn. w. m. crocenn
sb. 'back'.
rife adj. me. oe. rif 'abundant,
frequent' = on. ri/r 'munificent,
abundant', ODU. rijf 'copious',
LG. rwe 'abundant'.
right adj. me. right oe. riht
earlier *reht = OHG. OSAX. reht
G. DU. recht, on. rMr, goth.
ralhts 'right, straight': TEUT. rehta-
fr. an ARYAN r'ekto- (= lat. rectus
'right, straight'), prop, participle
fr. a verbal v^rt';;?- in laT. r<f<?r^
'to rule'; cp. SKR. rjii 'right,
straight'.
righteous transformed fr. me.
rightwis OE. rihtwis = ohg. reht-
WIS 'knowing the right'; see
wise.
rim sb. me. rime oe. ritna riotria
'border, margin'; probably cogn.
w. OE. ra)id, ON. rami, OHG. ratit
G. DU. rand 'border, margin':
TEUT. ran-do- for ram-do- (as
sand for ARYAN samdho-). Perh.
r/;z^/ belongs to the same ARYAN
s^^r'em.
rime
sb. ME. ri7n 'verse, song'
borrowed about 1200 fr. ofr.
rime, whence also MHG. rhn G.
reim, du. rijm (properly Verse').
Source lat. rhythmus.
rime'-^ sb. me. rime oe. hri7n =
du. rijm, ON. hrim 'hoarfrost';
doubtful, whether OHG. hrifo G.
reif, OSAX. hripo, du. rijp 'hoar-
frost' are cognate.
rind
roe
175
rind sb. me. rhide OE. rind
'bark of a tree' fr. a teut. base
rindo- (r'endd-) ^ ohg. riiita G.
rindc 'rind'; perh. coyn. w. OHG.
rant G. rand and OE. rand 'border,
margin' under rim.
ring sb. me. ring OE. /iring =
ON. hringr, ohg. hrifig ring G.
DU. ring: TEUT. base hringa- \
(hrenga-) fr. a pre-TEUT. v^'/J/y;;^'-/;
in OSLOV. krqgu 'circle' and
kraglu round'.
ring vb. ME. ringe OE. hringan
^r~ ON. hringja 'ring the bells'.
rip vb. ME. rippe {r/ppe) OE.
ryppan = hg. rup/eti 'to tear':
TEUT. base ruppjan; cogn. w.
GOTH, raiipjan, OHG. rouffen G.
raii/cn, OE. rypan ripan and perh.
allied to SK.K.\frup 'break'.
ripe adj. me. oe. ripe 'mature,
ripe' = WEST-TEUT. ripi- in OSAX.
rlpi, DU. rijp, OHG. rifji G. reif
'mature, ripe'; derived fr. the
TEUT. verbal \/"r^ 'cut' in e. reap
and OE. rifter sb. 'sickle'. There-
fore ripe orig. meant 'cuttable,
fit for reaping'.
rise vb. ME. rise OE. risan str.
vb. = ON. risa, OHG. rtsan str.
vb. 'to move up, rise': teut.
verbal v'^r/j', whence also rear
and raise.
risk sb. fr. fr. risque = ital. '
GERM, risico. \
rive vb. me. rive fr. ON. r//vz
'tear' = ohg. riban G. reiben, DU.
rijven 'grate, rub': teut. verbal
\^wrib in ODU. mlg. wriven 'rub'. |
river me. river fr. fr. rivih-e '
'river, stream'; idcnt. \v. ital.
riviera sea-shore : deriv. from
LAT. ripa 'bank'.
roach late me. rgche points to
a FR. source (cp. SWED. rokka,
DAN. rocke 'roach'); the syiion.
ray goes back to fr. raie =
LAT. raia 'roach'.
road ME. rode 'journey, road
OE. rdd 'journey, road' = teut.
base raido- (on. reid 'riding')
fr. the verbal v^r/i/ in ride.
roar vb. me. rare oe. rdria7i
vb. ^= OHG. reren mhg. rhen vb.
'low, bellow': teut. base r air an'}
or raizanl
roast vb. me. rgste fr. OFR.
rostir = fr. roiir 'roast'. Source
a teut. vb. raustjan ^^ ohg.
rosten G. rosien 'roast'; cp. ohg.
mhg. rost G. rost 'gridiron, grate'.
rob vb. me. robbe fr. fr. robcr.
robe sb. me. robe fr. FR. robe.
Source a teut. sb. raiiba- =
OE. r(af 'spoil, clothing', ohg.
mhg. roupib) booty, spoil'. Cogn.
w. reave,
robin := fr. Eobin the name
Robert.
rock sb. ME. rock late OE. race
(stdnrocc): borrowed about 1000
fr. onfr. roc (fr. rochc) = ital.
rocca. Source CELT, rokka-1
rock'^ vb. ME. rocke late oe.
roccian 'shake, swing, rock'; cogn.
w. OHG. ruckan g. rikkcn, ON.
rykkja 'to pull roughly and hastily':
■X'S.M'l.sf rukk.
rod ident. w. rood.
roe ' sb. 'a female deer' me. ro
OE. rd earliest form rdha =
OHG. reho: teut. base raiJia7i-\
176
roe — row
ident. w. ohg. rch G. reh, DU.
ree, on. rd fr. a teut. base
raiha-.
roe''^ sb. 'the spawn of fishes'
short for late ME. rgune\ properly
OE. "^hrogen = on. hrogn^ ohg.
rogan G. rogeii with the by-form
OHG. rogo: TEUT. base hrogna-
(Jirogan-') .
rogue sb. fr. fr. rogue.
roll vb, ME. rolk fr. OFR. rolcr
^ FR. voider', source LAT. rotii-
lare.
rood ME. rode oe. rod (obi.
I'ode) 'cross', original meaning
'a rod or pole'. Ident. w. OSAX.
roda, DU. roede, ohg. ruota G.
rute ^XiA w. E. rod. teut. base
rodo-, pre-TEUT. rddhd- or rata-.
roof ME. rpf OE. ///7i/": TEUT.
base hrbfa- in ON. /z/^?^ 'shed',
OFRIES. hrbf 'roof, DU. roef
'cabin'. Perh. allied to roost.
IR. cro 'roof points to a pre-
TEUT. form krdpo-.
rook sb. ME. rgk OE. hrgc =
ON. hrokr, ohg. hruoh: TEUT.
base hroka-, pre-TEUT. krago-.
room sb. me. rou7n oe. ri'mi =
ohg. ;7/;'>'z g. raimi , DU. rii'mi,
ON. ;7^w , GOTH, /i/wj 'room' :
TEUT. rti-t/ia- fr. an ARYAN v""^'^
in EAT. rus (ritris) 'open country'.
roost sb. me. rpst oe. hrgst
= DU. roest 'hen-roost', osAX.
hrost 'roof; prop, hrofsta- and
cogn. w. roof}
root sb. ME. rote late oe. rot
borrowed fr. the equival. ON.
rot: TEUT. base wrotd-, cogn. w.
E. root vb. OE. wrgtan 'grub up' i
^ ON. rota 'grub up*; cp. MHG.
rUcyiel G. russet.
rope sb. ME. rpp OE. rap =
TEUT. base raipa- in on. reip,
DU. reep, ohg. g. r^//"'hoop, ring,
rope'; perh. cogn. w. gr. Qai^oc.
'bent'.
rose sb. ]\EE. rose oe. rose (by-
form rgse^ borrowed fr. LAT.
rosa, whence also fr. g. rose
OHG. rosa.
rosemary sb. me. rosmarine fr.
OFR. rosffiarin (fr. romarifi) =
LAT. ros marinus (prop, 'marin
dew'); cp. G. rosviarin.
rotten adj. me. roten = ON.
rotinn: partic. of a vefbal\^r?^/
reut in oe. rotian, osAX. rotd>!,
MHG. ro-yz^en vb. 'putrify'.
rough adj. ime. rough {i-ou>)
OE. riih = OHG. ruh G. rauh
'rough (du. ruig 'rough ): TEUT.
base ruha- , pre - teut. riiko-,
cogn. w. LITH. raukas 'wrinkle'?
round vb. 'whisper' me. roune
OE. ni/iian = oSAX. rihiian,
OHG. rimm G. rauiien 'whisper':
derivative of teut. rirno- 'secret,
mystery' under rune.
round adj. me. round fr. fr.
rond (oFR. roond^^hKi. rotundus),
whence also G. rund, du. rond
'round'.
row sb. me. rgwe oe. raw 'row'
fr. a TEUT. base raiwo- orig.
raigwo- ; cogn. w. imhg. rihe G. reihe
'row' and the str. vb. OHG. rVian
'rank, string': pre-TEUT. \rr/^>^
reikh in SKR. rekha 'line'.
row vb. ME. rmve oe. rmvan
= on. roa, DU. roeijen, mhg.
lowlock
rye
177
ri'iejen 'to row" : common base
a stroni^ verbal \^;'^5 in rudder
ME. rather OE. rgdor = OHG.
ruodar G. ruder, DU. roer 'rudder':
TEi'T. base ro-pra-. lat. re-mus
'riulder' and OR. i-^e-r/nog belong
to the same aky as \^rS : re.
rowlock rollock sb. prop,
hole for rowing'; cp. G. /ocA
and OE. ar/oe me. orlock 'hole of
oars .
ruddock sb. >[e. ruddok oe.
ruddiic 'red-breast'; cogn. w.
ruddy me. rodi rudy (oe. *rudii)
reddish' and OE. rudii 'red
color'; cp. the adj. red.
rude adj. me. riide fr. fr. rude
= LAT. rudis 'rude'.
rue vb. me. race oe. hreozaan
str. vb. = OSAX. hre?mian, OHG.
riuwan G. reuen, on. hryggva vb.
'distress, grieve': base a strong
verbal \^/'/'c7^7t'. Cp. ruth.
rue sb. (a plant) me. rite fr.
FR. rue ^= LAT. ruta 'rue'.
rule me. reule earlier riule fr.
OFR. reule rtule : source lat.
regulij, whence also oe, regol,
OHG. regain G. regel, fr. regie.
rump late me. ru7upe\ ident. w.
MHG. (;. rumpf, DU. roinp 'trunk,
body'-
rumple parallel form to me.
rimple OE. hrynipek and ident.
w. ODU. roinpel 'ripple': derived
fr. the TEUT. verbal v^ hretnp in
OE. gehriwipen wrinkled' and ohg.
rimpfan str. vb. 'wrinkle'.
run vb. me. riiine (part, ironne^
OE. (rare) rinnati (mostly yrnaii)
= ON. ri/iua, GOTH, rinnan 'run';
English Etymology.
OHG. rinnan G. rinnen str. vb.
run'.
rune the teut. word for the
old characters in writing : OE.
ON. 7'un with the ori^c. meanin"-
'mystery, secret' (goth. ohg.
riind) ; ident. w. oir. riin 'secret'.
Cp. round vb. for the root.
rung ME. runge oe. hrung (obi.
hrunge) goth. hrugga 'staff", hg.
LG. runge, DU. rang 'spar, bolt':
teut. base hrungo-.
rust ME. rust roust oe. riist fr.
a TEUT. base riista-\ ident. w.
HG. LG. rest fr. a teut. base
rusta- : derived with st- formative
from the aryan \frudh (in E.
red and ruddy), whence also
LAT robi^o 'rust' and OSLOV.
ruzda (for *rudja) 'rust'.
rush sb. ME. russhe oe. rysee;
ident. w. lg. du. rusch 'rush,
reed'.
rush vb. :\iE. rousche = g.
rauschen mhg. riischen, du. ruischen
onu. ruuschen , oswed. ruska
rush : TEUT. base hruskbnl There
occurs also OE. hryscan.
ruth sb. ME. reuthc. extended
fr. a more primitive sb, OE.
hremv; cp. OE. hreowan str. vb.
rue' under rue.
rye sb. me. rie oe. ry~^e\ TEUT.
base rugi- in on. rugr 'rye'; ohg.
rocko G. roggen and oSAX. rcggo
'rye' point to a teut. parallel
base ruggan-. Outside of teut.,
OSLOV. riizi 'rye' (base rugi-)
and lith. rugiai 'rye' show the
same base as oe. ry-^e and ON.
I rugr r= teut. base rugi-.
12
I 78
sable
sand
sable sb. me. sable borrowed
fr. OFR. sable; ident. w. mhg.
G. zobel: source a slav. word,
RUSS. soholi 'sable'.
sabre saber fr. fr. sabre =
G. sabel, SERB. russ. sablja,
HUNGAR. szablya. Source and
history unknown.
sack sb. 'bag' me. sakk OE.
sacc ^= GOTH, sakkus, du. zak,
G. sack OHG. MHG. sac : teut.
base sakkii- borrowed fr. lat.
sacciis, whence also ITAL. sacco,
FR. sac. Source HEBR.-Phenic.
sak.
sad ME. sail ■Acid, quiet, serious";
the ident. oe. .t^^/ 'satiated' corre-
sponds with OHG. sat G. salt,
OSAX. sad, ON. sailr, GOi'H. saps
'satiated'. There is an ARYAN
\j^ sd 'satiate' in lat. satur-satis
and OIR. sathach 'satiated ; cp.
GR. ci-f^ifvai 'satiate .
saddle me. sadcl oe. sadol =
ON. spdiill, OHG. satul G. saitel,
DU. zadel: TEUT. base sadula-,
perh. borrowed from a non-
TEUT. language which might have
formed a sb. sadulo- from the
ARYAN \'~ scd in sit — set.
safe ME. sdf earlier sauf: loan-
word fr. FR. sauf = LAT. salviis;
cp. save.
sail sb. i\iE. sail seil oe. seiel
= OHG. segal G. se^'-el, du. zeil,
ON. segl: TEUT. base s'egla-.
saint sb. me. seint saint fr. fr.
saint = LAT. sanctus.
sake sb. me. sake OE. sacii =
TEUT. base sako- in OHG. sahha
G. sache, DU. zaak 'matter, affair' ;
perh. based on the teut. verbal
sakan 'content, rebuke'.
sale ME. sale oe. salii; hence
sell.
sallow sb. ME. salwe earlier
*salge OE. sealh (*sealg-) = ohg.
salaha: teut. base salhb-; cp.
ON. selja 'willow' (base salhjon-).
Prob. cognate w. lat. salix (base
salic-) 'willow' and GR. fA/x?;.
sallow adj. me. sahce o*:. sealo
sale) = DU. zaluw, ON. sglr yellow-
ish', OHG. salo 'sallow': teut.
base salwa-.
salt sb. ME. salt oe. sealt: teut.
base salta- in goth. ON. oSAX.
salt, OHG. G. salz salt'. Cogn.
w. lat. sal, GR. d\c, osLOV. soli.
OIR. salami salt'.
salve sb. :\IE. salve oe. scalf
(infl. sealfe^ = ohg. salba G.
i7?//v, DU. zalf; cp. GOTH. W/w/
vb. ^ OE. sealfian E. salve vb.
Cognate w. the aryan \f s'elp
' solp in SKR. sarpis 'butter' —
srpra 'fat', GR. ilnoq, 'oil'.
same sb. me. same OE. j^w ==
GOTH, sama, on. .y^rwr, ohg. sa7?i
'the same': pre-TEUT. soma- in
GR. o,«oc, SKR. satfia 'the same .
sample sb. me. saumple earlier
asaiunple fr. OFR. essemple fr.
exatnple = lat. exemplum.
sand sb. me. oe. ya«c/ ^ osax.
saml, OHG. .>•(?•///' G. i-^/;</, DU. Zand,
sap — scoff
179
ON. sandr : teut. base sanda- for
samda-y cp. pre-TEUT. sat?iadho-s
in feR. a/iiad^og 'sand'.
sap sb. ME. S/7j> OE. scf/> = I
MLG. ODU. sap, MHG. OHG. yo/j
G. i'<a// 'sap' : TEUT. base sapa-
borrowed fr. lat. sdpa must'.
satin sb. me. saiin fr. fr. satin:
source the vulgar lat. siia 'silk'
(in G. seidc . OHG. suia = oe.
s/d 'silk').
Saturday ue. satcrday earlier
Saterndai oe. Saterndce^ = DU.
zaterdag, ofris. satcrnesdag ,west-
PHAL. Saterdach: adaptation of
LAT. Saturni dies. Cp. the names
of tlie other days of the week.
sauce sb. me. sau(e fr. fr.
sauce: source lat. salsa. Hence
sausage fr. fr. satidsse.
savage adj. me. sauvage fr. fr.
sauvage = lat. sih'aticiis.
save vb. me. Sikw earlier sau7'e
fr. fr. sauver = LAT. salvarc
'secure'. Cp- safe.
savor sb. me. savour fr. ofr.
savour = lat. sapor-cm 'taste'.
saw ' sb. ME. sa7i.'c oe. sage =
OHG. saga, LG. sage, du. zaag,
ON. sag; cp. the ablaut-varia-
tion OHG. sega 'saw': derived fr.
an ARYAN V^ ^^'^ ■^'''^' ("^ LAT.
secare'cut'), whence also oe. secg
'sword' and E. scythe.
saw 2 sb. ME. sa7e'e oe. sagu
"saying' = G. sage OHG. saga:
derived fr. the TEUT. verb sagain
^= oe. secgau me. sein sain E.
say and ohg. sag en G. sag en;
cp. ON. seggja 'say': perh. cog-
nate w. LrrH. saki'ti vb. 'say'.
scale^ sb. 'shell' me. scale:
loanword fr. ofr. escale FR. ccale.
Source OHG. scala under shell.
scale- (of a balance) me. late
oe. skdle: loanword fr. ON. skdl
'scale of a balance"; ident. w.
OHG. OSAX. skala 'bowl'.
scarce :me. scars fr. ofr. escars
(fr. (-chars') = ital. scarso
'scarce : source lat. excarsus =
excarpsns selected .
scarlet me. scarldt fr. OFR.
es car late (fr. dear late') ; ident. w.
G. scharlach, du. scharlakcn (mhg.
scharldt, ODU. schaerlaet). Source-
PERS. sakirldt.
scathe vb. me. scdthe fr. ox.
skada; ident. w. oe. sceppan ■=
GOTH, skapjan vb. 'harm. The
TEUT. \'" skap corresponds to an
ARYAN \^skdth in GR. doy.i]itiji^
'harmless'.
scatter vb. jME. scaler e: loan-
word of the 12''' century fr.
ODU. scateren 'scatter' ?
scent vb. properly sent (latt;
ME. sent sb. 'scent') fr. ofr. sentir
'smell' = LAT. sentirc.
school ME. scale OE. sciil (infi.
scale) = OHG. scuola G. schule,
DU. school: loanword fr. lat.
scdla (in a medieval pronun-
ciation SCO la), whence also FR.
icole and ital. scuola.
scissors ME. sisoures fisoures
fr. OFR. iisoires "scissors' (fr.
ciseaux) .
scoff ME. sea/; cogn. w. the
equiv. ohg. scop/ sb. and ofriks.
schof; cp. ON. skopa vb. 'scoff,
mock'. Source and history un-
12 *
i8o
scold — see
known; the E. word probably
not genuine Anglosaxon.
scold vb. ME. scglde; cognate
w. OHG. Stcltan G. schelten vb.
'scold'. Probably tVie E. word
is not genuine English, but bor-
rowed fr. abroad.
score ME. score late oe. scor
'twenty': loanword fr. on. sko7-
'notch': source the teut. \f sker
in shear.
scorn ME. scorn earliest form
(about 1200) scam: borrowed
fr. OFR. escarn 'scorn'. Source
OHG. seem 'mockery'.
scour vb. ME. SCO lire.
scourge sb. 'whip' me. scourge
fr. OFR. escurge (whence also
FR. escoiirgk icourgie) 'a scourge'.
scrape vb. me. scrape fr. on.
scrdpa] cp. mlg. du. schrapen
G. schrappen.
scream vb. me. screjne vb. fr.
on. skrckma \o scare, terrify'.
screw sb. fr. OFR. escroue, mo-
dern FR. Icroii.
scribe sb. me. scribe fr. lax.
scrWa.
scrip sb. me. scrippe fr. on.
skreppa.
scurf ME. late oe. scurf bor-
rowed fr. on. Sklirf (:= SAVED.
skorf, DAN. skurzi) ; cp. ohg.
scorf G. scJwrf, DU. schiirft 'scurf'.
TEUT. \f skerf skorf in oe. sceor-
faii 'to scrape'.
scuttle sb. ME. OE. sciitcl 'a
dish, bowl'; identical w. ohg.
sciiT^yla G. schussel, du. sc hotel,
ON. skutell 'dish'. Source lat.
scutula sent el la.
scythe me. sithe oe. sipe siipe
'sickle' =11 ON. sigdr 'sickle':
Teut. base sigipja-, derived fr.
a teut. \rseg in ohg. s'egaiisa c.
sense 'scythe'; cp. sa7Ci.
sea me. se oe. sce ; ident. w.
got. sai7iis, ON. sdr, ohg. olg.
seo G. see du. zee: base sakvi-.
seaP sb. me. sc'l fr. 0¥k. seel yk.
sceau. Source lat. sigilliim.
seal'- (the animal) sb. me. sele
OE. seolh (pi. seolas) ^= ohg.
selah , MLG. sel, on. selr: Teut.
base sclha-.
seam sb. 'suture' me. scm oe.
seam = on. saumr, ohg. mhg.
sou7n G. sau7n du. zoom'*. Teut.
base sau-ma-, derived from the
same root as the vb. sew. —
seampstress me. sefnster oe. sc'a-
mestre 'a woman who sews seams'.
sear 'withered' jme, ser oe. s(ar
= DU. zoor 'dry', ohg. sor.
search vb. me. serchc cerche
vb. fr. OFR. cere her (= fr.
cherehei'). Source LAT. circare.
season sb. me. sesoun (seisoun)
fr. OFR. seson fr. saisou: source
LAT. satio-netn '(time of) sowing'.
seat sb. ME. s^te borrowed fr.
ON. sdti 'a seat : derivative- of
the TEUT. \f set in sit and set.
sedge sb. me. segge oe. secg:
Teut. base sagja- also in ODU.
mlg. segge. \i^sah sag in ohg.
sahar 'sedge'. Perh. cognate
with a reduplicated GALLO.-lat.
si-sc-a 'sedge' = ir. seisg.
see vb. ME. se oe. seon con-
tracted for *selia/i = ohg. olg.
sehan g. sehen du. zien: west-
see
sew
i8i
TEUT. schaii = GOTH, sailvon.
TEUT. \^ s'chw = ARYAN \^ s'eq
in LAT. sequiy gr. ensn,')(K(, SKR.
j-^r^: 'follow'. Tlie original mean-
ing of the TEUT. verb probably
was 'to follow with the eyes'.
see sb. 'seat of a bishop' me.
s(! fr. OFR. se 'seat' = lat. sn/e-m
seat'.
seed -ME. sed (sc'd) oe. st*d seed
= OHG. sat G. iaat, du. zaad
{goth. sips in via/ujscps 'man-
kind') : Tent, base sc-d/-; for
\''' SC cp. JT <??!"'
seek vb. me. seke oe. ^-mz;/
(secean) = GOT. sokjgn, on. sdkja,
OHG. suohhan G. suchen, du. zooken.
TEUT. \^ .^(5/5 = ARYAN V^ •$'4^''
in OIR. sdigim \ seek' (lat.
sdgire ?)
seethe vb. 'boil' me. 5-6''M^ oe.
scodan str. vb. =^ ON. sjoda,
OHG. siodaii G. sicdeii, du. zicden.
In GOTH., we find only the deri-
vative saups sb. 'sacrifice' (prop,
'a burnt-offering'), teut. \f seiip
= ARYAN \'~ sent.
seldom adv. me. seldom prop.
seldc(ii) OE. seldan adv. = on.
sja/dan, ohg. scltaii G. seltcn, uu.
zeldcn adv. Cogn. w. goth. y/A/a-
Av'/^jt 'wonderful'.
self pron. ME. OE. self ^=^ OHG.
.yiV/^ G. .f^Z/'j-/, du. s^^, ON. sjalfr,
GOTH. iv/Z^rt: Teut. base selba-.
sell vb. ME. jr//<' (pret. jv/A/c)
OE. sellaii (pret. sdlde) 'to give'
= GOTH, saljan to bring an
off"ering , on. jr^i;' to hand over,
MHG. selleii.
selvage, i'^/e'^^/^'^ cp.thesynon.
DU. zelfkant, G. (dial.) self-end
and LG. egge\ therefore selvedge
compound of self ci.ndedge, per-
haps in imitation of early du.
selfegge.
send vb. ME. sende (prt. se/ile)
OE. senda?i (prt. sende) wk. vb.
= GOTH, sandjan , ON. senda,
DU. zenden, OSAX. sendian, OHG.
sentan G. senden. Derived fr.
GOTH. J-/>z/, OHG. i'/^i'/, OE. 5-//
'journey' = oir. iV/ 'way' (aryan
base se?ito- sb. — sontejo vb.).
sennight prop, 'seven night
OE. seifon nild; cp. fojcrtnight.
sermon me. servioun fr. fr.
sermon.
serve vb. me. serve borrowed in
the 12'^ cent. fr. fr. servir (=
'LKT. servire). Derivative servant
ME. servaunt fr. fr. servant and
service :me. servise fr. fr. serviec
(lat. servitium).
set vb. ME. J7/^' oe. ivV/^// wk.
vb. = GOTH, satjan, on. scdja,
DU. S(?//^/?, OSAX. settian, ohg.
sezzan G. setzen: TEUT. satjan
causal vb. to sitjan = i'/7. —
settle vb. ME. setle oe. setlian
'to fi.K : derived fr. oe. 5t'// 'a
seat'; cp. goth. sitls, ohg. s'e-^yjl
G. sessel.
seven num. me. seven oe. seofone
prop. .iYd?/(?/^ = goth. ohg. sibnn
G. siehen DU. zeven. Oldest Teut.
form sip fun in Lex Salica. I dent,
w. LAT. septe?n, gr. fTjra, skr.
sap tan.
sever vb. me. severe fr. OFR.
sevrcr = lat. separare.
sew^ vb. ME. i-(7W OE. seo7C'ian
l82
shackle
shaw
skaian] cp. goth. smjan, on.
syja, OHG. siuwmi 'to sew': teut.-
ARYAN \f siw in LAI", suere, skr.
Siv 'to sew'; cp. scam.
shackle sb. me. sc hackle oe.
scedcol 'a bond'; ident.. w. on.
^/^^/^//// 'pole of a carriage', teut.
\^ skak in shake.
shad sb. ME. schadde oe. sceadda.
Perhaps an orig. teut. skadaii-
'herring' is found in Scadin-avia,
if it originally meant 'herring's
isle'. Cp. yet IR. Gael, sgadan
'herring' .
shade, shadow aie. schade shad-
7c>e OE. sceadii obi. sceadwe: Teut.
base skadwa- in DU. schaduw,
OHG. .y/^^/('' gen. skatwes, G. schatk/i,
GOTH, skadus; cogn. w. oiR. .f^^YA
'shadow': pre-TEUT. \^ skat.
shaft sb. ME. schaft oe. .ravr//
:= OS AX. shaft, OHG. .ST^?/"/ G.
schaft, ON. .y^v?//: teut. skafta-
prop. a 'shaven pole; cp. shave
and GR. (jy.fjTTTpor 'staff, sceptre'
— azrlTzToi' 'staff'.
shag 'rough hair' oe. sceacga
'hair'; cogn. w. ON. iX'^'^'^^'' 'beard.
shake vb. me. schdke OE. scedcan
str. vb. = ON. skaka; cp. OSAX.
ska kail 'to go away'.
shall vb. ME. schal (prt. schoide)
OE. .s-t'm/ (prt. sceolde) = goth.
.f/C'a/ (skiUda), OHG. i-^^i:/ (scolda)
g. .ft-// (j>v//'i'j, DU. £<;■/, ON. .jtX'^z/.
Cogn. w. HTH. skelc-ti 'to be
liable'.
shallop see sloop.
shallow ME. schalwc 'not deep'
with the byform :me. schoid; not
found in oe. nor in the other
TEUT. languages. Base skal-ioa-
(skal-da-).
shambles me. schdmel 'bench'
OE. sceamol 'stool': borrowed fr.
LAT. scameilum , whence also
OHG. OSAX. sca7/ial G. schemel.
shame vb. me. schdme oe. scedmic
= OSAX. skaffia, OHG. scama G.
schaffi; cp. goth. sik skawati 'to
shame' = oe. sccdmian.
shank vb. me. schanke oe. sc'ean-
ca; cp. G. schenkel 'shank' fr. a
lost OHG. '^sccnkiL Cogn. w. G.
schinken 'ham' OHG. scinko 'shank',
which is peril, a doublet by the
side of OE. sceanca.
shape vb. ME. schdpe gtr. vb.;
ident. w. oe. scieppan = goth.
(ga)skapjan 'to create', ohg. seep-
fan 'to create' (c. schajferi) : teut.
\rskap.
share sb. '\)artOE.scedru; cogn.
w. shear.
share sb. 'j)lough-share' me.
schdre oe. scearu =^ ohg. scara
G. pflugschaar: teut. \f sker 'cut*
in shear.
sharp adj. me. scharp oe. scearp
= ON. skarpr, DU. scherp, osAX.
sharp, OHG. scarf G. scharf adj.
'sharp', teut. verbal \'~ sk'erp in
OE. sceorpan str. vb. 'to scrape',
shave vb. me. scluwe oe. scedfan
str'. vb. = GOTH, skaban, ON.
skafa, OHG. scabaii G. schaben, DU.
schaven\o shave': teut. \^.y^a^
cogn. w. LAT. scabere 'to shave'
and prob. w. or. ay.dnzco 'to dig'.
Cp. shaft.
shaw^ ME. schawe oe. scedga
'thicket, small wood'; ident. w.
shawm — shield
183
ON. skagi 'promontory' and cogn.
w. ON. s/iogr 'wood' and MHG.
schache 'piece of wood'.
shawm me. sc/ia/?/iv borrowed
It. fr. (dial.) chaleinic , whence
also G. schabnei; standard fr.
chalumeau fr. a lat. type cala-
tnella.
she ME. sche] functionally cor-
respondinj^ to oe. hco (fem. of
he), but phonetically to oe. seo
(fem. of the article se = the).
sheaf sb. me. schcf oe. sccaf:
TEUT. base skauba- in ON. skauf,
OHO. scoub, DU. schoof. Cogn. w.
OHG. scobar G. schober rick' (of
corn). All derivatives of the
Teut. \'~ sktib in shove with the
orig. meaning 'things shoved
together'.
shear vb. me. sch{re oe. sc'eran
str. vb. = OHG. sc'eran DU. G.
scheren, on. skera : arvan \f^skir
in LiTH. sliir-ii 'separate', cogn.
w. \^ ker in OR. xsi'usiv shear.
sheath vb. me. schcthe oe. scedp
obi. scedpe: fr. a teut. skaipjb-
in OSAX. shedia, oho. sceida G.
scheide, i)U. scheedc: orig. meaning
that which Separates'. Cogn.
w. shed vb. ME. sehcde oe. sced-
da/i = GOTH, skaidan with the
byform osax. shcdan = ohg.
sceidan G. scheideii 'to separate":
TEUT. \'^ skaip skaid, which is
compared to gr. dxi'tstv, skr.
chid, LA'i'. scindere 'to cleave, cut'
(ARYAN \^skhid}'). See shide.
sheen sb. (prop, adj.) .me.
schcne oe. scene (scyne) adj. 'fair'
= OSAX. OHG. skonl DU. schoon
G. schon, GOTH, skanns: teut.
base skau-ni-, verbal adj. to be
looked at' fr. \'~skau in show.
sheep sb. me. schep oe. seep
(scedp) :r^ OSAX. sMp, du. schaap,
OHG. scdf G. schaf: Teut. base
skepa- (skdpa-).
sheet sb. me. schete oe. scete
(scyte), umlaut-deriv. of oe. scctit
'fold of a garment' = goth. skauts
'hem of a garment', ohg. sco":, g.
schoss 'bosom, lap ; oe. siyte re-
presents a teut. type skaiitjbn-.
TEUT. \'~ skeut in shoot.
shelf ME. schclve oe. scylf =
mlg. odu. schelf, OHG. scelb; cp.
ON. Hlid-skjalf.
shell sb. ME. schellc oe. .yrV//
obi. scelle'. teut. type skaljb- in
DU. .>r/?^/, ON. skel 'shell' and in
GOTH, skalja 'a tile'; cogn. w.
OHG. scala G. schale 'shell'.
shepherd sb. me. schepherd o^.
scdp-hyrde prop, compound of OE.
scip 'sheep' and oe. hyrdc E. herd
'one who tends a herd'; cp.
GOTH, hairdeis, ohg. ///;// G. hirte
and see herd.
sheriff sb. me. schercfe earlier
schir-reve oe. scir-ierefa; I^' part
of the OE. compound see under
shire; oe. J^erefa E. reeve is
derived fr. teut. rbba rofa =
OHG. ruoba ruofa 'number'?
shide sb. ME. schide oe. scid =
ON. skid, OHG. sclt G. sclicit 'thin
board ; ident. w. (:)n<. sciath
shield' (ARYAN base skeito-).
Cogn. w. sheath.
shield sb. me. scheld oe. sceU
(byform .jy/A/) : teut. base skeldii
1 84
shift — shop
ill GOTH, skildus = ON. skjgldr,
OHG. scilt, DU. G. schild. Perh.
cogn. w. LITH. skeliii I split'.
shift vb. ME. scJiifte oe. sciftan
'to divide' := ON. skipia, du.
schiften 'to divide'.
shilling sb. me. schilling oe.
scilliiig =- GOTH, skilliggs, ON.
skilling, OHG. oSAX. scilling G.
schilling: teut. base s killing a-
more orig. sk'ellingo-, perh. akin
to OHG. jYt*//i7 G. schelle bell'.
The common Teut. name of
the coin properly meant 'the
tinkling money' (for the suffix
-ing in names of coins see penny
and farthing^.
shimmer vb. me. schimcrc oe.
sciviorian: deriv. of OE. scima
light' ^= GOTH, skcima 'light' ;
cp. G. schimnicrn aside of ohg.
schno 'light'. Cp. shine for the
TEUT. yfski.
shin {shinbonc) sb. me. schine
{schincbgn) OE. scina {scincban)
= OHG. scina (mhg. schincbein')
G. schicne (schienbei/i), DU. scheen
(scheenheen). OE. scic shin' shows
evidently the more primitive
root-form ski: separate oe. ohg.
sci-na.
shine vb.:\iE. schi/icoR. scin<r/i ^tr.
vb. = GOTH, skeinan, ON. skina,
OHG. OSAX. skhian G. scheinen, du.
schijncn: all equivalent. TEUT.
ski-//,!-// rests on a \'^ shi as
siiown by OE. sci-via OHG. sci-mo
GOTH, skci-ma light'.
shingle sb. me. schi/tgel; ap-
parently identical w. G. schindel
OHG. sci)/tiila (loanword fr. lat.
sci/ui/ila, by form oi scandula 'shing-
le); but the phonetic anomaly
is not yet explained.
ship sb. ME. schip oe. scip =
GOTH. ON. OSAX. skip, OHG. SCi/
G. schipf: common Teut. base
skip a-.
shire sb. me. schire oe. sci/-
(obi. scirc^ = ohg. skira 'pro-
vincia'.
shirt sli. ME. schirtc pointing
to an oe. *scyrte', deriv. fr. the
adj. oe. sceort = sho/-i, as
shown by G. schurz 'shirt' aside
of MHG. schurz 'short', on. skyrta
^ OE. ^scyrle represents a teut.
type skii/'ljo//-, but oe. scco/'t a
base skoria-. See short.
shoal 'crowd' me. schgle oe.
sceolu = OSAX. skola 'troop'.
shock vb. me. schockc fr. fr.
choqncr 'give a shock.
shock sb. me. schockc 'heap
of corn'. oe. *sccocc is lost,
but inferred from mhg. schoc
'heap' — - schockc shock'. Cogn.
also w. MLG. hocke 'shock of corn'.
shoe sb. ME. schp oe. sccgh
(pi. sccg-s for *scphas) : Teut.
base skoha- in GOTH, skohs, ON.
sko-r, OHG. sc/ioh G. schiih, du.
schoen. Perhaps derived fr. a
TEUT. \f skch ske{g)w in goth.
skewjan on. skckva 'to go .
shoot vb. cp. ME. schgtc vb.
OE. sceotian 'to dart', derived fr.
the primitive ME. Scheie OE. sceo-
tan ^= ON. skjota, osA>\ skeotan
OHG. scio-^-fi/i G. schiesscn, DU.
schietc/i: teut. \'~ skeiit : skiit.
shop sb. ]\te. sclwppc OE. scedppa
shore — shut
185
*booth, hut'; cognate w. OE.
scypen 'shed for cattle', G. schopf
schiippen 'shelter'.
shore sb. me. schore: fr. the
lEUT. \^ sker 'shear, cut'.
short adj. me. schdrt OE. sceort:
ba.'se skorta-; cp. ohg. scurz fr.
a base skurtu-: loanword fr. lai".
*ex-airtiis, as lat. ciirtus is pre-
served in G. OHG. knrz 'short', DU.
kort, ON. kortr {^.e.e kirtle for
OE. cyrtd and shirt for G.
schiirze) .
shot sb. ME. schot OE. lescedt 'a
missile': deriv. from the TEUT.
\f skeut skut in shoot.
shoulder sb. me. schulder ok.
scull/or; cp. DU. schottder , G.
schnlter (ohg. scultirrci).
shout vb. ME. schoiite.
shove vb. MK. sclwnvc OE.
scilfan == ON. skiifa, du. schui7>en\
ident. w. goth. skiuban, ohg.
scioban G. schicben: teut. \'~ skfib
^= ARYAN \~ skubh\ SK.R. \'^ lisubh
to be agitated' seems to be
cognate. — shovel ?,b. me. scho7'el
OE. scc6fl\ cp. DU. schoffel and
OHG. scufala G. schaufel.
show vb. ME. schcwe late oe.
"^escca^uian to show'; the corre-
sponding OE. scfawian means
to look, behold and is iden-
tical witli the equi\al. OHG.
skoirtvon G. schaticn du. schoiiwen:
TEUT. \'^ skau skit (sec shee;i) in
GOTH, skiiggiva 'looking glass'.
Cogn. w. the .ARYAN \^ hi kow
in LAT. cavcrc 'to take care',
GR. xofn- 'to beget'.
shower sb. me. schour oe. ivv/r
= GOTH, skiira 'storm', OHG.
sciir G. schmier, on. .f/^//'r.
shred sb. short for me. sclircde
OE. scrcad (obi. screade) 'shred,
piece' ; cp. OE. screadung 'shred
and scrcadian 'to pare' : teut.
\^ skraud in ohg. scrbtan 'to cut,
pare'; perh. cogn. w. shroud.
shrew sb., shrewd adj. fr.
ME. schrcwe sb. 'bad person'
— schrcwed adj. 'wicked, bad';
the corresp. OE. scr^awa means
'shrew-mouse'. Origin and history
of the group unknown.
shriek vb. me. schrtke (oe.
scriciari) ; cogn. w. shrike sb.
OE. scrlc 'a bird's name'. Cp.
on. skrikja 'to titter'.
shrine sb. me. schrin oe. scr/n;
ident. w. ohg. scrmi G. schrein,
DU. schrijn: loanword fr. la'I".
scrmmm, whence also ital. scrig-
no, FR. icrin.
shrink vb. me. schriiike oe.
{for)scrincan str. vb. = odu.
schrinken\ cogn. w. svved. skrynka
'a wrinkle': teut. \f skrcnk.
shroud sb. me. schroud oe.
scnUi 'garment' = on. skrild 'or-
nament, dress'. See shred.
shudder vb. me. schudere (oe.
'''scudorian) = LG. schuddcrn
(whence G. schaiideni) , DU.
schzidden 'to tremble'; cp. ohg.
scutisbn to shudder'.
shun vb. me. schi'uic oe. sctmian
wk. vb. 'to avoid, abhor"; perh.
deriv. fr. a TEUT. \'' skcn 'to flee
awav' in on. skyiuia to hasten',
OH(;. scuntan "to urge on'.
shut vb. ME. schutte oe. scyttaii
i86
shy
sin
= DU. schutte7i 'to shut in, to
block up': Teut. base skutjaii
cogn. Nv. shuttle sb. me. schitel
OE. scytcls bar, liolt : Teut. base
skutis/a-, \'^ skeut skut in shoot.
shy adj. me. schey OE. sccoh
(*suvg-) 'timid' =r mhg. schiech
(g. sc/icit), DU. si/m7C': Teut. base
skeo/ia- skcuha- , whence OHG.
xciuhan 'to frighten' (g. scheueii).
sick adj. short for ME. sek OE.
seoc = GOTH, sinks , on. sjiikr,
OSAX. siok, OHG. sio/i G. siec/i,
DU. ziek: TEUT. seuka- adj. 'ill,
sick' by the side of the str. vb.
GOTH, siukan 'to be ill", wlience
the verbal noun goth. saiihts,
OHG. suht 'illness'.
sicker (Scotch j adj. me. siker
OE. .57^^;?' == OHG. sihhur G. sicher,
O'SAX. s/k///', DU. zekcr: loanword
(Teut. base sikfira-) fr. LAT.
scciirus, borrowed during the first
centuries of the Christian era.
sickle sb. ME. sikfl ok. sicol:
borrowed fr. lat. slriila, whence
also OYLG.sih/iiia G. sichclxi'^.sikkel.
side sb. me. side oe. side (obi.
sidan) = on. sida, ohg. sifa g.
seite, DU. zijde: Teut. base sid-
jon-, perh. connected w. oe. sid
adj. "long, wide' = on. sidr
'hanging down' ?
siege sb. me. se^e fr. fr. siege.
sieve sb. me. sive oe. sifc (oldest
form sibi^ = OHG. sib G. sieb,
DU. zcef 'a sieve': Teut. base
sibi-, connected w. tlie I'b. sift.
sift :me. sifte ok. siftan =-- du.
zifie/i, LG. (g.) sichtcii to sift'.
There exists a teut. \f silc in
oe. seoii OHG. sihan G. seihen 'to
filter, strain' , the guttural of
which may have changed to a
labial {sif for sih^.
sigh vb. me. sighe points to
an oe. '"sikhian ; cogn. w. the
equivalent me. sike oe. sicaiu
The root sik sVih looks like
sound-imitation.
sight sb. ME. sight earlier me.
sighthe OE. lesihp: deriv. of the
teut. \P seh- in see.
sign sb. ME. sigiie fr. fr. signe.
silk ME. silk OE. .y/(^/6- fr. an
earlier ^siluc; cogn. w. ON. silki:
source LAT. scricum (whence
also on<. siric and osL€\'. selkti-
i'silk').
' sill sb. ME. sille oe. syli obL
syl/c: Teut. base sidjb- borrowed
: fr. LAT. solea 'sole of the foot',
I whence also goth. sulja 'sole
of a shoe . ON. syll is an OE.
loanword. Cp. sole.
silly adj. me. sely oe. selii
(sdiil) 'happy, fortunate' ::= ohg.
\sai'ig c. selig, DV. zalig 'blessed':
! secondary extension to GOTH.
sets 'good' =■ on. scell 'happy'
! (cp. OE. sdl sb. 'happiness').
TEUT. \'~sel.
silver me. silver oe. siolfor =-
GOTH, silubr, OSAX. silnbar, OHG.
silabar G. silber, DU. zilver , ON.
silfr\ ident. w. OSLOV. sirebro
RUSS. serebro, lith. sidabras.
Source and Viistory uncertain.
sin sb. me. sinne oe. syn?i obi.
synnc: base sunjo- for an earlier
sundjo- in OHG. siintea G. siindey
OSAX. stmdia, DU. zonde; cp. yet
since
skew
187
ON. synd fr. a base snnidjd- (the | sip vb. ME. sippe\ deriv. fr. OE.
dentals are suffixal). Cogn. sypc 'absorbing', which is verbal
w. LAX. sons (sont-is) 'guilty'. noun to oe si'epan; see sup.
since with the more original sir, sire .me. sire fr. fk. sire,
byform (Shakesp.) sithence me. whence also on. sira. — sirrah,
sithens prop, sithen OE. slppaif, spelt in 16'^ cant, sirrha serr/ia,
the additional s of the me. form
is of adverbial origin (cp. once,
twice). The orig. oe. form was
sip-pan (cp. the identical goth.
pana-seips 'later') , resting (^\\
the -oe, adverb sip 'later', wliich
is a comparative to goth. scipus
'late', on. sidan corresponds to
points to orig. »sir, ah« or »sir,
ha«.
sister sb. .me. sister is regarded
as a distinctively Scand. loan-
word fr. ON. systir. The oe.
equivalent sweostor stvustor me.
SJister is not responsible for the
modern phonology. The Teut.
OE. sippan;^ cp. ohg. sid G. seit\^^^^ -^ ^^^,^,^^^. ,^,,istr-; cp. goth
= OE. sip later'.
sinew sb. :me. sinewe oe. {sionti
pi.) sioneowe, which results fr. a
Teut. base sinned- or senavS-',
cp. on. sin, OHG. s'enatva G.
sehne, uu. zenuw. cogn. w. skr.
snava 'sinew' or w. gk. ]vt<;
'sinew'.
sing vl). ME. singe oe. singan
str. vb. = OHG. OS AX. singan
G. singen du. zingen ; oldest Teut.
swistar, OHG. swcster G. schioester,
DU. zuster. The / of the com-
mon Teut. word is excrescent.
Aryan base swesr- (nom. s7c>esor)
in SKR. svasr , lat. soror (for
'^'svesot-), LiTH. sesii 'sister'.
sit vb. :me. sitte oe. sittan str.
vb. = DU. zitten, OSAX. siitian,
OHG. sizzan G. sitzen: WESXTEur.
sittjan fr. TEUT. sitjan (^ ON.
sit/a) ; cp. GOTH, sitan
strong
form GOTH. sigg7c>an (= ON. , , , ^ ..^ w u 1
^'^ ^ ,, I verbal \ jY'/^.y<7/ (whence a causal
vb. satjan under set), aryax
\(~ sed in LAT. sedeo, gr. sLo/liui
(tdoQ 'seat'), skr. \f sad 'to sit',
OSLOV. scsti, LrrH. sesti. Cp.
syngva) : all s\nonymous. teu
\'^seng7a sangw is related to j
OR. 6i.i(fl] "speech , oracle' : j
ARYAN \^ senghw. The cor-
resp. causal is represented by
singe -ME. senge oe. sencgean fr.
a Teul. ground-form sang{w)jan
= OHG. sengan G. sengcn 'to
singe' i)rop. 'to make to sing'.
sink vb. sinke OE. sincan str.
vl). = OHG. sinkan G. sinken DU. ^P* S^^* •''''^■*'-
zinken; oldest form goth. w^</a// [ sketch sb. = DU. schets , G.
(= ON. sdkk't'a) : TEU'i'. \'~sen/i7C' skizze borrowed fr. ital. schizzo.
'to sink". skew vb. late me. skaae 'to
settle and soot.
six ME. OE. six fr. a teut.
schs ^= GOTH, saihs, ohg. osax.
sehs G. sechs, du. zes, on. sex:
ARYAN seks in lat. sex, gr. Vt',
1 88
skill
sleight
slip away'; cp. odu. schouwen vb.
*to shun ?
skill sb. ME. skit 'reason' bor-
rowed fr. ON. skil 'discernment'
{skilja vb. 'to separate').
skin sb. me. skin late OE. skinii
borrowed fr. ox. skinn, which
arises fr. a Teut. base skitipa-,
whence derived ohg. sciiitan G.
schinden wk. vb. 'to skin'. BRET.
scant 'scale' rests on an arvan
skjuto-.
skirmish sb. me. scar mis slic fr.
FR. escarmouche; cp. ital. scara-
muccia, G. scharmiitzel. The group
rests on ohg. scirman (g. schir-
ineii) .
skirt sb. ME. skir/ fr. ON. skyrfa
'a shirt'; farther relations see
under kirtlc and s/iirf.
skull sb. ME. senile (scolle).
sky sb. ME. skic borrowed fr.
ON. sky "cloud ; not found in
OE. (but OSAX. skioii).
slack adj. me. slak oe. slrec
'languid, slothful' = on. slakr,
OLG. slak, OHG. .iA?// slack': Teut.
base slaka-. — Hence slake
vb. ME. slake oe. sldcian 'slacken',
slaughter sb. m-^. slaughter: bc^r-
rowed in i i"^ cent. fr. o^. sldtr
or its oldest form '^'slahtr, Der.
fr. the TEUT. sP slah in slay.
slave sb. = du. slaaf: loan-
word fr. FR. esclave, whence also
G. sklave. Source ital. schiavo
'slave' = GR. ' E^yXa^r^voi 'the
Slavonians, Slaves'.
slay vb. ME. sic (part, slain')
OE. slain (part, slccicfi) str. vb.
= GOTH. OHG. OSAX. slahan (g.
schlageft) , du. slaan , ON. sld:
TEUT. \'^slah sloh = AKY A^ s/cfk;
cp. slaughter and sledge.
slay sb. (a weaver's reed) oe.
sle]^e 'percussorium' cogn. with
the teut. \f slah = slay vb.;
ON. sld 'bar, bolt'.
sled short for me. slcde ; bor-
rowed fr. ON. sledi 'a sledge';
corresponding to OHG. slito G.
schlitten, du. slede 'sledge'. The
group rests on the teut. \'~slid
in slide.
sledge-hammer me. slegge oe.
slee'g (obi. sleege) sb. 'sledge-
hammer' : Teut. base slagjo-
deriv. fr. \^ slah in slay] cp.
ON. sleggja, DU. slegge slei 'mallet'.
sleek adj. me. silk borrowed
fr. ON. slik-r 'sleek, smooth' (--=
DU. slijk): teut. \^ silk in ohg.
slihhan G. schleichen.
sleep vb. ME. slepe (slepe) OE.
slepan (slckpan) str. vb. = GOTH.
slepan (pret. saizlep), osAX. sldpan,
DU. slapen, ohg. sldffan G. schlafen.
Cogn. w. G. schlaff ohg. sldf
lax, loose, remiss', teut. \'~ slap
r= ARYAN \f slal> peril, in lat.
/a/'/ 'to slide'.
sleet sb. me. slet\ oe. *slet {*slyt)
not found ; umlaut-relation to
mhg. sloi, (g. scklosse 'hail):
Teut. base slauti-, whence also
DU. sloot, fries, slat.
sleeve sb. me. slroe oe. slefe
(slyfe): Teut. base slanbjb{n-) in
odu. sloove 'veil'.
sleight sb. ME. sleighte earlier
me. sle/ipe: borrowed fr. ON. slcegd
'slyness', which is abstract for-
slice — slow-worm
189
mation to the adj. sly =^ me.
sleh ON. sld'gr.
slice sb. ME. slice fr. ofr. esc/ice
'a shiver, splinter' ; source the
TEUT. \^slit in slit.
slide vb. ME. slide oe. slidan
str. vb. = MHG. slitefi 'to slide';
TEUT. \f slid under sled\ aryan
\'~ slidh in LiTH. slidiis 'slipper'
(cp. oe. slidor 'slippery').
slight adj. ME. slight; oe. *.?///;/
not found, but may be inferred fr.
the corresp. GOTH. j-A/Z/zA" 'smooth',
OHG. y/d'///" "smooth, flat' {G.schlecht
'bad' — ir^//V/// "simple') , uu. slecht,
ON. slittr 'flat, smooth': Teut.
base sleh-ia- prop, slih-ta- fr. the
verbal \f silk in sleek (on. slih-
'sleek, smooth').
slime sb. :me. oe. sli7n = oho.
:mhg. sTwi G. schleiffi , du. slijm,
on. slim : Teut. type sli-ma- fr.
an ARYAN v'^jr//, whence also
LAT. It-miis 'mud .
sling vb. ME. sliiigc str. vb.
(oe. ^slingaii not recorded) 'to
fling' = ON. slyngva str. vb. 'to
cast, fling'; cp. mhg. slinge sb.
sling', DU. slingereti vb. 'to toss'
and OHG. slingan 'to swing'.
TEUT. \r sleng7Ci (slenhwl).
slip vb. ME. slippe oe. '^slyppan
belongs to the str. vb. OE. slitpan
'to glide' =^ DU. sluipen 'to
sneak'; cp. goth. sliupan str.
vb. 'to slip' and oho. slnpfan G.
schliipfcn 'to slip': Teut. verbal
\f slCip , perh. related to lat.
lubriciis slipper)''.
slit vb. ME. slittc dcriv. fr. ME.
slite OE. slitaii str. vb. 'to slit';
cp. ON. slita, OSAX. slitan str. vb.
'to slit', DU. slijten, ohg. sli"^an
G. schlcissen'. teut. \f~ slit 'to tear.
sloe sb. ME, sip OE. sld (infl.
slif-//), prob. contracted fr. oe.
*sl(f/ie (infl. *sldhati) ^^ ohg.
sleha g. schlche; cp. du. slee,
swed. shin, DAN. slaaen 'sloe' and
OE.jrA?//-/(^r?«'black-thorn'. Doubt-
ful whether uth. slyvas 'plum'
and OSLOV. RUSS. sliva 'plum'
are cognate.
sloop si), fr. du. sloep; source
FR. chaloupe , whence also E.
shallop = g. schaluppe.
slot sb. 'bar, bolt' late me. slot
=r DU. LG. Slot^ OHG. sloz, G.
schloss', derived fr. tlie teut.
\f slut 'shut' in du. shut en, LG.
sliiten, OHG. slio-~an g. schliessen
(cp. G. schlilssel ohg. slu"^il =
OSAX. shitil 'key'), teut. \fslut
rests on an aryan \^ sklhd,
cogn. w. LAT. clanderc 'shut'.
sloth sb. ME. slpiithe with abstr.
suffix fr. the adj. slow; cp. the
umlaut-relation OE. sUkwp aie.
sleuthc.
slough sb. 'mire' me. slough oe.
sloli mire .
slow adj. -ME. slgtif oe. slaw
= OSAX. OHG. sleo blunt', du.
sleeiiw 'sour', on. slj'dr 'blunt':
Teut. base slai^aa-, perh. cogn.
w. LAT. laevus 'left', gr. Xaiog.
slow-worm sb. prop. .me. slp-
worvi slg -wiirm oe. sld -icy rm
blindworm'; ident. w. swed.
sld (oi'jnsld), NORWEG. slo {ormslo)
'blindworm'. Not compounded
with slow OE. sldw, but resting
I go
sluice
smelt
on a TEUT. slaiha- blindworm';
cp. LlTH. slckas, PRUSS. slayx \
'rainworm'.
sluice sb. :=r DU. sluis, G. I
schlcuse: source ofr. esc/use (fr. |
icliise) fr. a low Lat. type ex-\
ciiisa 'a floodgate'.
slumber vb. me. slo?nerc fre-
quentative of ME. slouvie. vb.
'slumber', derived fr. the sb.
OE. slil-nia 'slumber'; cp. DU.
sliiwien sluimerc7i , eg. slmneren
(g. schlwnmerii) vb. 'slumber'.
OE. shl-ma sb. 'slumber' rests on
an ARYAN ^'^slii in goth. slawan
to cease, be silent'.
sly adj. ME. sli (sly) prop. sliH
slej^ (Orrm sick under sleight) :
borrowed fr. on. sldgr adj. 'sly,
cunning'; ident. w. the non-um-
lauted TiV.sliiw lg. slfi (g. schlau),
SAVED. DAN. slug. As seen by
g. z'erschlage/i 'sly', the adj.
rests on the teut. \^ slah in
slay}
smack 1 sb. 'taste' me. smak
OE, sfficEC sb. = DU. smaak\ oho.
igi)sma/r, cp. the vb. OE. smtEccan
"to taste' = ODU. smaken ofries.
S7nakia ; cp. OHG. smackbi smecken
G. schmecken 'to taste', west-
TEUT. sj'^smak smakk.
smack''^ (Shakesp.) sb. 'a loud
kiss' cp. G. sc/imatzeti fr. mhg.
sinatze7i prop, stnacketzen , LG.
smacken 'to smack the lips .
smack^ sb. (a tishing-boat)
fr. ODU. MLG. sviacke (du. stiiacU),
whence also the equivalent G.
schuiacke, fr. seviaque, ital. semac-
ca, SPAN. zj(7/iaca. Source and
history of the group unknown.
It is doubtful whether late OE.
snacc ON. snekkja (kind of ship)
is cognate.
small adj. me. i'w<?/(infl. smale),
OE, s?/icel {ix\^. smala): Teut. adj.
smala- in goth. smals^ ohg. osax.
smal G. scJimal. on. small =
OHG. sinala-no- — smalaz, "('ihii
'sheep' points to gr. laJXov
'sheep' and oir. ?u/l 'beast ; cp.
also osLov. malli.
smallage sb. prop, small
a die; ME. dc/ie is fr. aclie 'pars-
ley'. Source lat. aphwi 'pars-
ley'. ,
smalt sb. fr. du. sinalt =^ G.
schmalte, fr. smalt: source ital.
Sfmilto, which is of Teut. origin
(cp. MHG. smelzen G. schmclzeri).
smart vb. me. S7/terte oe. smeor-
tati : a Teut. strong vb. ^ ohg.
smerzaii 'to smart'; cp. du. smart
sb. = ohg. smcrzo g. schmerz
sb. 'pain': teut. \'~ smcrt pre-
teut. smierd cogn. w. lat. mordere
'to bite', gr. GLieodaXsoC'
smear vb. me. svic're vb. fr.
the sb. OE. sffieoro ^= on. smjgr
'butter', OHG. osx^. sffi'ero: aryan
\^sm'er also in goth. sf/iair-pr
'fatness' and in lith. sf/iarsas
'fat' and oir. st/iir 'marrow'.
smell sb. ME. smel cogn. w.
smoulder vb. me. s//ioldere vb.
'to burn with a stifling smoke' ;
cp. the sb. ME. smolder 'a stifling
smoke' and the vb. du. sj/ieule/i
'to smoulder' = lg. sma'len.
smelt vb. not found in oe.
.ME. (see 7/1 e It)', borrowed fr.
smelt
sneeze
igi
SWED. sf/iai'ta = DAN. sfuelte, DU.
LG. smelten , ohg. snielzan o.
schmelzen 'melt ; cp. ital. sinalto
= FR. (,'7//(w7 enamel'. The teut.
\^ snielt is probably connected
w. \fvielt under tiielt.
smelt si), (a kind of lish) me.
OE. stnt'lt\ ident. \v. dan. du.
smelt: cp. NORW. stnelta (name
of various kinds of small lish).
smile vb, me. smile (oe. ""smy-
la/il); cogn. w. the non-umlauted
MHO. sm'ulen smieren 'to smile'
and the frequentative e. smirk
OE. sfucarcian 'smile'.
smirch vb. to besmear' deri-
vative of smear.
smiirk see under sfuile.
smite \1). ME. smite oe. S7nitan
str. vb. = GOTH, smeitan, du.
smijten, lg. smiteii, ohg. sinr^z,on
G. schmeissen 'to cast': teut.
\f smit 'strike, beat, smear'.
smith vb. ME. smith oe. smip
= ON. sf/iidr, DU. sfnid, ohg.
sffiid G. schmieil; cp. GOTH. aiza-
smipa 'coppersmith'; cogn. w.
OHG. Sfnida gismidi 'HMG. geschmeidc,
DU. gcsjnijde. The dental is for-
mative. There is an ary.a.n
\j'~ svii in GK. (y/.ii-Xt] Ofuvvi]. —
Smithy sb. seems to be the
SCAND. s?nidja (= oe. smippe,
ORG. sviitthd).
smock sb. ME. smgk oe. smocc
'smock, frock, shirt' = on. smokkr;
cp. ohg. s7nocko 'shirt': deriv.
fr. the TEUT. \^ smug in OE.
smtigan, on. smjiiga 'to creep
through a hole', mhg. smiegen
G. schmiegen. aryan \'^ svitik in
OSLOV. smykati se 'to creep', lith.
smi/kii "to glide'.
smoke sb. me. smoke oe. smoca
sb. smoke'; cogn. \v. OE. smic
'smoke' (base smaiiki-) and the
sti'. vb. OE. smeocan 'to smoke';
cp. DU. smoken (base ^smi/ko/i)
and smook sb. (base *smaiiki-) :
TEUT. v^ smtik, perh. cogn. w.
LITH. smaukti 'to choke'.
smooth adj. me. s?iioihe late
OE. smcid with the umlauted by-
form OE. smede ; mlg. smode re-
presents an OSAX. '''sfiiothi fr. a
Teut. base smanpi-.
smother sb. me. smorther iypra-
lieing an abstract suffix) ; OE.
smorian 'to choke, suffocate' ^
DU. lg. smoren G. sclwioren 'to
stew'. — smoulder vb. me.
Sfnoldere vb. rest on me. smolder,
which is ident. w. me. stuorther.
snail sb. me. snail OE. snczy.'.
Teut. base snagla-; cp. mhg.
snegel, on. s?iigill 'snail' ; cogn.
w. ohg. siiecko G. schnecke (eg.
snigge), me. snegge.
snake sb. me. snake oe. sndca\
cp. the equiv. on. sndkr snokr,
LG. snake. Teut. \^snak in ohg.
snahhan 'to creep'.
snare sb. me. snare borrowed
fr. on. snara 'a snare , halter ;
ident. w. ohg. snar(a)ha OE.
snearh 'noose, snare' fr. a Teut.
base snarhdn-\ cp. the str. vb.
ohg. sn'er{a)han .mho. snerhen 'to
bind tightly'. Probably cogn.
w. ohg. snuor G. schnur a lace,
cord' (goth. snorjo).
sneeze vb. me. snese (oe. sneo-
ig:
snipe — sole^
scifi)', ident. w. neese me. nese
= ON. hnjosa and w. OE. fneosaii.
snipe sb. me. snipe; ident. w.
ON. myri-siiipa 'a moor-snipe' and
cogn. w. the equiv. ohg. smpfa
G. schnepfe DU. smp snip (ital.
sgncppa is of Teut. origin).
snite see under s/ioi.
snore vb. me. smirc vb. with
the frequentative snort me. sno?-ie',
cogn. w. G. schnarchen, DU. snorkcn
snurken 'to snore, snorf.
snot vb. ME. snot oe. ~^esnot
'mucus of the nose = du. snot\
cogn. w. snout sb. me. snoute
= ODU. smite DU. snuit and w.
stiite vb. me. snite oe. snytan. ^=
ON. snyta 'to wipe the nose". Cp.
G. schnaiitze, schndutzen.
snow sb. ME. snow OE. sndw
= GOTH. snai7C'S, ON. snt^r snjor,
DU. sneeuw, ohg. snco G. schnee:
Teut. base snai^va-, derived fr.
the ARYAN \f snigh in ohg. snman
G. sc/meie/i, OE. sniivaii 'to snow'
= LAT. ningere , lith. snigti,
AVEST. sniz 'to snow'; cp. gr.
vi(f-a 'snow' and lat. nix niv-eni,
IR. sncchta — cymr. nyf 'snow'.
LITH. smgas and OSLOV. sncgii
'snow' correspond completely to
TEUT. snaiiva- fr. snaigwa-.
SO adv. ME. so prop, szvg oe.
SWd = GOTH. SWa, on. S7'd (OHG.
so DU. zoo), cp. the derivative
suc/i and mhg. sus (g. sonst),
DU. .C//J-.
soap sb. me. sppe oe. .jv^i? ^
ohg. seijpa o. j'^yi?: Teut. base
saipon-. Whether lat. sapo(nem) i
^ FR. saTon, ital. sapone are in
any way related with the Teut.
word-group, is uncertain.
sob vb. ME. sobbe (oe. '^sobbian') :
frequentative of a teut. \f stib in
ohg. si/ft^B. sigh, a sob' — siift(dn.
(g. seiifzeti) to sigh'.
sock sb. ME. Jtf^>^ oe. w^^: loan-
word fr. LAT. soccus (= FR. socquey
ITAL. socco) , whence also ohg.
mhg. soc, on. sokkr.
sod sb. me. sgde: probably
borrowed fr. MLG. sode, which
corresponds to ofries. sdtha
'sod, turf: Teut. base saupdn-\
perhaps related to seethe.
soft adj. adv. .me. softc Ihort for
oe. sgfte adv. by the side of the
umlauted adj. oe. sefte; ident. w.
OSAX. sdfii adj. — sdfto adv. ^
OHG. senfti adj. — samfto adv.
(g. sanft sacht, du. zacht).
soil ' sb. 'ground' me. soile fr.
OFR. soel ^ FR. sueil: source
LAT. solea.
soil- vb. 'to defile' me. soile fr.
FR. souiller.
solace sb. me. solds fr. ofr.
solaz = LAT. solatium.
soldier sb. aiE. soudiour properly
souldicr fr. ofr. soldier (jK.soldat).
Source ofr. soulde 'pay for soul-
diers', whence du. g. sold. Source
LAT. SOliduS (= ITAL. Soldo , FK.
soil) 'piece of money'.
sole^ (of a shoe) sb. me. sole
OE. sole ^= OHG. sola G. sohle, du.
zool: Teut. base sola, borrowed
fr. a LAT. type *sola, represented
by FR. sole, ital. suolo, span.
suela 'sole of a shoe'. The vul-
sole^
sound^
193
f
gar- L AT. sola has supplanted
LAT. so/ea, whence goth. siilja
'sole' is borrowed.
sole" (a flat fish) me. sole fr. fr.
sole'y ident. w. sole^', cp. lat.
solea 'sole-fish'.
some pron. .me. su7?i sojn OE. sum
=1 GOTH, sums, ON. SUf/ir, OHG.
suf/i : ARYAN base s^mo- in gr.
auod^sr, SKR. sama.
son sb. ME. sone sune OE. sunu
= GOTH. SU/IUS, ON. SUnr, OSAX.
sunu, OHG. sun G. i^'//// du. s^c*//:
Teut. base sunu-. An aryan base
sfiiiu- is evident in skr. sunu-,
OSLOV. .9V«/:, LITH. siiui/s son'.
Cogn. w. GK. vioc, 'son' fr. an
ARYAN base suyu- and w. OIR.
suth 'foetus'. There occurs also
a skr. \r su 'to beget, bear,
bring forth'.
song vb. ]MK. OE. sofig'. Teut.
base S(ing(7ei)a- also in GOTH.
saggzvs, ON. spngr, du. S(7«^^, g.
sang. Cp. i■///^^
soon adv. me. siine oe. .yciV/iz; as
shown by goth. suns-aiw 'soon',
OE. son-a is a compound of OE. son
(= OHG. OSAX. sa?i) and d (=^
GOTH, aiw OHG. /V); cp. OHG. sdr
sar-io and goth. suns 'soon'.
soot sb. ME. OE. sot = ODU.
soct , ON. sot; derived fr. the
teut. \fsci 'sit, set'; cogn. w.
OIR. suide (base *sddia), lith.
sodis, OSLOV. sa.iihi 'soot'.
sooth adj. true' me. soth oe. spj>
fr. a Teut. base sanj>- = on.
sannr , ohg. sand, osax. soth;
cogn. w. GOTH. sunj/s (for *sundja-) .
TEUT. san/- answers to skr. sat,
English Etymology.
which is participle of the .\rvan
\'~es 'to be' (skr. ds/I, gr. effri,
LAT. t'st, G. /jV) with the suffix
-onJ- in GR. qj&Qovt- (cp. tootJi).
GOTH siinjis 'true' corresponds to
SKR. satyd 'true'.
sore adj. me. sgr OE. siw fr. a
TEUT. adj. sai-ra- in ON. iW/T,
OHC. ser, DU. s^ifr 'sore, wounded';
cp. GOTH, sair sb. 'pain', ohg.
j^V (g. vei'sehren vb. 'to liurt).
Cogn. w. LAT. sae-vus 'wild and
OIR. sai-th 'pain'. Cp. sorry.
sorrel (plantname) fr. ofr.
sorel (fr, surelle), which is de-
rived fr. FR. sur 'sour = ohg.
siir (see under sour^.
sorrow sb. me. sorwe oe. sorg
infl. sorge: Teut. base sorgo- in
GOTH, saurga, ohg. sorga G. sorge,
DU. ZOrg, ON. sorg : ARYAN \^ StTg/l
in LITH. sergiti 'to heed' —
sh'gti 'to suffer'.
sorry adj. me. sgry oe. sdrr^
earlier sdre"^: Teut. base sair-ag-,
deriv. fr. teut. saira- = sore.
sot sb. me. sot late oe. (c. iooo)
soi't; borrowed fr. fr. sot, whence
also DU. zot and isihg. sot; cogn.
w. IR. suthan "a dunce'.
soul sb. ME. soule prop, sgule
OE. saic'ol infl. sdzole : teut. saiw-
alo- in goth. saiwala, ohg. sHa
(for *sewhi) G. seele, osax. .yr?//*;/,
ui'. ziel. Cp. GR. at oAoi,^ 'movable'.
sound ^ adj. 'healthy me. sound
prop, isound OE. lesiind = OSAX.
gisund, OHG. gisunt G. gesund,
DU. gezond; probably cognate w.
LAT. .f(?////5' 'healthy'.
13
194
sound — speak
sound (of the sea)- sh. me.
sound OE. sund\ the original
meaning of the oe. word is 'a
swimming' which affirms connec-
tion w. S7(.'im'. Teut. base sunda-
(ON. stiiuf) for "^swiinida-.
sound ■■* sb. 'a noise' me. soim
fr. FR. son: source lat. sonus.
sound ^ vb. fr. fr. souder.
sour ad). ME. sour oe. sih- =
<j:\'. stirr^ du. zuur, OHG. stir G.
saucr: ARYAN base sure- in LITH.
suras, OSLOV. syru 'raw, rough'.
source sb. me. sours fr. fr.
source (deri\'. fr. l\t. surgfre').
south sb. ME. soui/i oe. sii/' =
ON. j7/^//-, DU. zuid: Teut. base
suu/>- in OHG. su/idau 'from the
south' (= OE. Sudan, ON.sunnan).
Probably allied to GR. rorog
(for *(7i'6Tog) south-wind'.
southern i\ie. sotlwrn oe. siideme
corresponds to OHG. sundroni
--r^ ON. sudrd'nn.
sow ' vb. ME. sgwe ok. sdica/i
str. vb. = GOTH, saian, on. sd,
DU. zaaijen, OSAX. sdjan, ohg. sden
G. .fc'^fv/ = ARYAN verbal v'" ^'^
in LAT. sero (ground-form '^■'siso)
-shn-saium, osLOV. se-ii , lith.
scti 'sow' and in lat. sc-)nen. =
OHG. sd-vio G. j't/wd'. Cp. seed.
SOW^ sb. ME. so7ve earlier suwe
suge OE. sugu. Cogn. w. teut.
sii 'sow" (under swi ne^ and w. IR.
suig 'a pig.
space sb. ]\ie. 5;2^(^?V^ fr. ofr.
espaLC\ source lat. spatiujn.
spade sb. me. spade oe. spddu
infl. spddan; ident. w. on. spadi,
DU. spade, OSAX. spado, G. spaten ;
cogn. w. OR. (Jndd/] 'a blade of
wood or metal".
span vb. ME. spanne oe. spannan
str vb. =^- ohg. spannan G. DU.
spannen to extend".
span-new adj. me. span-newc
fr. ON. spdn-nyr] on. spdnn (cp.
spoofi) means 'a chip, shaving'.
spar sb. ME. sparre (cp. the vb.
j OE. yspearrian 'to shut, bar) =
j OHG. sparro (whence G. sparreti),
j DU. jT/ar, ON. sparri: Teut. base
I sparron-.
spar 2 sb. OE. spcer-stdn; cp. G.
sparkalk.
spar^ vb. me. sparre ^. ofr.
esparcr = FR. sparer.
spare adj. me. spar infl. spare
OE. spcer (infl. *spdra) in the
compound spa'r-hefide (original
meaning having spare, thrift}"
i hands') and in the vb. spartan
'to spare'. Teut. base spara- in
ON. sparr, ohg. spar (g. spar-
sani) ; cp. on. spara, ohg. sparon
G. sparen 'to spare'. Outside
of TEUT., osLOV. .f/(?r« 'thriftv'
i and OR. 6naQv6c, rare, lacking'
! are cognate.
spark sb. me. sparke oe. spear ca\
Teut. base sparkon- in DU. spark,
LG. sparke; cogn. w. lat. spar-
ger e ?
sparrow sb. me. spar^ve oe.
spearwa = GOTH. sparwa : Teut.
base sparwan- ; cp. ohg. sparo
(g. Sperling^.
speak vb. me. jr/r'X'^ oe. specan
str. vb. r= ohg. spehhan with
the byforms oe. sprecan = ohg.
sprehhan G. sprechen, DU. spreken.
spear — spit*
195
OSAX. sprekan; west-teut. strong
verbal \^ sprek: spek, perhaps
connected w. on. spraka 'to
crackle' and lith. spragHi 'to
crackle'. See speech.
spear sb. me. spp-e oe. spere;
ident. w. on. spjpr, OHG. sper
G. DU. speer and coyn. w. lat.
spams 'a dart .
speck vb. ME. specke oe. specca
'a spot, mark' ; cp. DU. spikkel.
speech sb. me. spechc oe. (rare)
spec (spcec) with the common
byform oe. sprcec: Westteut. base
spdki- sprdki-; derived fr. \^ spek
sprek in speak.
speed sb. me. oe. sped pro-
perly oe. speed fr a Teut. base
spo-di- in OSAX. spod 'success',
DU. s/oed 'speed' , ohg. spuot
'success' (wVicnce G. spnten to
make haste') : verbal abstract to
the str. vb. OE. spowaii 'to suc-
ceed = OHG. spuon to succeed',
which arc cognate w. OSLOV.
spcjati 'to succeed', skr. sphay
'to increase': aryax \^sphe spho.
spell sb. me. oe. spel (infl.
spell-^ 'story, saying' (see also
gospel) = GOTH, spill 'tale,
m}th', ON. spjall 'a saying , ohg.
spel 'a narrative' (du. spellen vb.) :
Teut. base spclla-, assimilated
for sqedlo-, pre-XEUT. sq-etlo- ^rz^
oiR. sc^/, CYMR. chwedl 'a story'.
Derived from the ARYAN \l~ seq
'to say, tell (cp. say) ; aryan
suffix -etlo- as in gr. c-xtrXov.
spell vb. me. spe/le 'syllabi-
care (Orrm spelldrenn 'syllabi-
care'); not found in this mean-
ing in OE. Cognate \v. OFR.
espeler =-- fr. ipeler 'to spell'.
spelt sb. OE. spelt = du. spelt,
OHG. sp'elta spelza'. loanword fr.
late LAT. spelta {= it. spclta,
FR. ipeautre).
spend vb. me. spende oe. *spendan
(in the sb. spending and in the
comY>on\\d?,d-, foi-spendan) : loan-
word fr. LAT. dispenderewb.%\itind\
whence also G. spenden ohg.
sprntan.
spew vb. :me. spewc oe. spiwan
^= OHG. OSAX. sphvan o. speien,
GOTH, speiwan str. vb. (on. spyja,
L)U. spuwen) : strong verbal \~ spitv
as in LAT. spuere, lith. spiauti 'to
spew'; cp. the cognate \^ pju
in GR. nrv&ii', osLOV. p/uti?
spice sb. me. spife fr. ofr.
esp/iY (fr.) = LAT. Species.
spider sb. me. spither in Kent,
for spinder OE. ^spinnire; derived
fr. spin.
spike sb. ME. spik 'an ear of
corn' fr. lat. spica.
spill vb. ME. spille late oe. spillan
fr. ON. spilla; ident. w. oe. spildan,
ohg. spildan 'to spill': Teut. base
spiipjan.
spin vb. ME. spinne oe. spinnan
str. vb. rr- GOTH. OHG. spinnan,
G. DU. spinnen, on. spinna: all
equivalent. The str. vb. teut.
spinnan rests on a \'^ spcn in
spindle .mk. oe. spinel = ohg.
spinila.
spirit see sprite.
spit ^ sb. me. spite oe. spitu
'roasting spit' ;= ohg. spiz,, du.
spit (ital. spito, FR. ipois repre-
13*
196
spit^
spur
sent a teut. spitus) ; derived fr.
the TEUT. adj. spiiu- in OHG.
spitzi G. spitz.
spit- vb. ME. spitte O'E. yspyttan;
ident. w. on. spytta with the by-
form spyta, LG. spy ten, G. speutzen)
see spout.
spite sb. ME. spit for dcspit\
see despite.
spleen sb. fr. lat. (gr.) splen.
split vb. Scandin. loanword;
cp. DAN. sp/itte; cogn. w. du.
splijten = MHG. spri2,en G. spkissen
(whence G. splitter^.
spoil vb. ME. spoi/e fr. fr. spo-
lier (lat. spoliare^.
spoke sb. ME. spoke oe. spdca
= OSAX. speka DU. spee/c, ohg.
speihha Q. speiche. All equivalent;
Teut. base spaikon-.
sponge sb. me. sponge fr. ofr.
esponge (fr. iponge) ; source lat.
spongier, whence also osax. spunsia
DU . spoils.
spool sb. (not found in me.
OE.) loanword fr. du. spoeP, ident.
W. OHG. SpUOlo G. Spule (iTAL.
spiiola is of TEUT. origin) : Teut.
base spdldn-\ doubtful whetlier
cogn. w. spin.
spoon sb. ME. OE. spon fr. a
TEUT. spdmi- {spam-) in ohg.
span 'a chip, splint', DU. dan.
spaan 'a chip', on. spdnn sponn
'a chip' (cp. span-new). Cogn.
w. MHG. spd-t 'a chip' : \/^spe.
sport sb. for disport as spend
for dispend; me. disporte vb. fr.
OFR. se desporter 'to amuse one-
self.
spot sb. ME. spot pi. spottes;
not found in OE. (where splof
pi. splottas 'a spot); cp. ODU.
spotte DU. spot a blot'.
spouse sb. ME. spouse fr. Ofr.
espouse (fr. ipoiise) \ source LAT.
sponsa.
spout vb. .ME. spoute; cogn. w.
spit.
sprat sb. ME. sprot (pi. spfottes)
OE. spi'ot (pi. sprottas); cp. WLG.
sprot G. sprotte, DU. sprot.
sprawl vb. me. spraule oe.
sprcawPian fr. a teut. sprauwalon.
spread vb. me. sprede oe. (le)-
sprcedan 'to extend' :=- ohg. g.
spreiten, DU. spreiden; deriv. fr.
the str. vb. OHG. sfiriian 'to be-
come extend', d'.
spring str. vb. me. springe of..
spriiigan ;= osAX. ohg. spi'ingan,
ON. springa (ital. springarc is a
TEUT. loanword): teut. \{^ spr'eng
sprang, perhaps related to gr.
Gn^g^soifo.i 'to make haste.
sprite sb. ME. sprite fr. fr.
esprit:, ident. w. spirit. Source
LAT. spiritus.
sprout vb. ME. sproutc (oe.
''''spruta/i) ^= DU. spruiten, LG.
spiiiten, OFRIES. spriita 'to sprout';
cp. G. spriesse?i: teut. \fsprut
spreut.
spur sb. ME. spure oe. spura
(spora); ident. w. ohg. sporo (g.
sporn)^ DU. spoor, on. spori (iTAL.
sprotte FR. iperon are of teut.
origin) : Teut. base spuron- sporon-.
\(^ sp3r in OHG. osax. oe. spur-
nan 'to kick against' under spurn
and in G. spur du. spoor OE. spor
a foot-track .
spurge — stammer
197
spurge sb. short for me. spourge :
loanword fr. ofr. espurge (source
LAT. expurgare).
spurn vb. jSIe. spurtie oe. spilr-
nan str. vb. 'to kick against' =
OHG. OS AX. spurnan 'to kick
against': Aryan \f spdr in lat.
sper-7iere 'to despise', lith. spirti
'to kick against', gr. aTiaiosiV,
SKR. sphur. Cp. spur.
spy vb. ME. spie fr. ofr. espier,
which is of Teut. origin : ohg.
spc/ion G. spLihen , ODU. sp/eu
(aryan \f spek in lat. conspicio,
speculum, skr. \^spaf).
square sb. me. square fr. ofr.
c'sguarrc 'a square'.
squire sb. me. squire = es-
quire.
squirrel sb. me. squirdliox scilril
fr. OFR. cscurel {-= fr. icureuiP) ;
source a LtAT. type scurellus
{scuriolus) for LAT. sciurus 'a
squirrel .
Stable 1 sb. me. stable fr. ofr.
estable {= fr. itable)\ source
LAT. stabulutn 'abode, stable.
Stable'' adj. me. stable fr. ofr.
est able —-- LAT. stabilis 'stable'.
staff sb. ME. staf (pi. staves)
OE. stcef (pi. std/as) ■= on. stafr,
DU. staf, OHG. G. stab; cp. OHG.
stabcn 'to be stiff' and the adj.
eastfries. staf 'stiff', also lith.
Stellas' %tz.fi. — stdbas stobras; skr.
\fstabh 'be stiff.
stag sb. ME. stagge late oe.
stagga 'a stag'.
stage sb. ME. stage fr. ofr.
estage ^~ fr. t'tage (lat. type
staticuni) .
ME. steine fr. ofr.
lat. dis-tingere.
stain sb.
desteindre =
stair sb. me. j'/(?z> properly
.$■///>;- OE. steeper ^= ODU. OLG.
steger du. steiger 'stair': west-
TEUT. ground-form staigir, deriv-
ed fr. the Teut. verbal \'^ stig in
OE. stigafz, OHG. stigan G. sttigen,
DU. stijgen 'to climb'; cogn. w.
GR. nrnytir 'to march' , SKR.
stigh 'ascend' (cp. lat. ve-stigiuvi
'a fool-track').
stake sb. me. stake OE. stdca
= ODU. stake DU. jr/(7«/^, swed.
jiYa/^^"; cp. ofries. stak 'stiff, G.
stachel 'a prick, goad'.
stalk 1 sb. ME. stalke, a dimin.
form with suffixed X' of ME. stale;
cp. OE. stela, ON. stil-kr 'a stalk',
OHG. G. jY//, also GR. HTsXeuv 'a
handle'.
stalk'- vb. ME. stalke', k is a
frequentative suffix ; cp. OE. styl-
lan 'to leap' (oe. *stealcia>i).
stall sb. AiE. stal oe. .f/^^?// fr.
a Teut. base stalla- in on. stallr,
OHG. ^V(^/ G. stall, DU. .yA?/ 'stall,
stable' (iTAL. stallo'Y>\-AC^ — stalla
'stable are of Teut. origin).
ARYAN base stadhlo- in lat.
stabulum 'stable'.
stallion sb. me. stalloun fr.
OFR. estalon (fr. italoii) =^ ital.
stallcme: of Teut. origin (teut.
stalla- 'stable' under stall).
stammer vb. me. stamere deriv.
fr. oii. statnor adj. 'stammering';
j cp. DU. stamereii- stamelcn , ohg.
\stamalon; \'~ stam in ON. stavir
'stammering' — stama vb. 'to
I stammer', ohg. statnen 'stammer';
198
stamp — state
Cp. also GOTH.
Cogn. w.
stamms stam-
OSAX. OHG.
siutn G. stwnm 'dumb'.
Stamp vb. ME. sta7?ipe (e, '^slani-
pian) = DU. stampen, OHG.stafnpfofi
G. sta?npfen (ital. stampare fr.
itampC7- are of teut. origin) :
TEUT. \f stamp cogn. w. gr. arsu-
[j&iv to stamp'.
stanch, staunch vb. me. stauncht:
vb. fr. OFR. estancher.
Stand vb. me. stamie oe. standan
(prt. oe. me. Stpd) = GOTH. OSAX.
standan, on. standa, ohg. stantan
'to stand': a strong vb., common
to the Teut. languages ; teut.
Sj^stap stad; tlie nasal of the
verb is orig. characteristic of
the present tense).
Standard sb. me. standard (-^
DU. standaard') fr. ofr. cstandart
^= FR. itandard (ital. sttndardo
fr. lat. extender e spread out').
stang sb. me. stange loanword
fr. ON. stpng gen. stangar ; ident.
w. ohg. stanga G. stange, du. stang
and the umlauted oe. steng 'pole,
stake"; source the vb. Oe. stingan
'to stab, pierce' ; see sting.
stanyell sb. (Shakesp.) oe. stdn-
li'I/a properly 'rock-yeller' : cp.
ye//.
staple sb. ME. stdpe/ oe. stdpo/
'a prop = DU. lg. stape/, ofries.
stapu/ 'block'.
star sb. me. sterre oe. steorra
-■- OHG. OSAX. sterro, odu. mlg.
sterre: Teut. base st'erron-', ident.
w. GOTH, stairno , on. stjania
(hence me. sterne^ , OHG. sterno
(g. stern ohg. st'erti). Cogn. w.
SKR. star, GR. daTi]Q, lat. ste/la
(for *steru/a?). All equivalent.
Starboard sb. me. sterbgrd short
for oe. steorhord; cp. on. stjorbordi
'starboard' and OE. steor under
steer-'.
starch sb. me. '^stere/ie oe. stereo
(= G. stcirke) : umlaut-derivative
with palatalisation of star/i.
stare vb. me. stare oe. starian
= ON. stara, ohg. staren to stare';
derived fr. an adj. stara- in skr.
i-M/rrz'fast, hard', GR. a rfpfo'c hard':
ARYAN \f sta 'to stand' in ohg.
Stan sten G. stehen, DU. staan, lat.
stare, GR. 'loravui, SKR. sthd.
stark adj. me. star/i oe. stearc
=-^ OSAX. MHG. G. star/i; cp. ON.
(with umlaut) stcr/ir and goth.
gastaiir/inan "to become dry':
ARYAN \~strg in LITH. str^gti 'to
become stiff.
starling sb. jme. stir/ing short
for oe. stdr/ing: dimin. formation
of oe. stdr "a starling' =r ohg.
stara G. staar 'a starling' ; cogn.
w. OE. steam ^^-^ lat. stiirnus.
start vb. me. sterte (oe. *steortan
str. vb.) ; cp. odu. DU. storten,
ohg. sturzen g. stiirzen: teut. y^
ste'rt start.
Starve vb. me. sterve oe. steorfan
str. vb. 'die(ofhunger') = du.
sterven, osax. stertmn, OHG. sterban
G. sterben. str. vb. 'to die'; cp.
ON. j-A?/// 'stiffness', east-fries.
bestarfen 'be stiff'. The original
meaning of the teut. \'~ sterb was
probalily 'be stiff.
State sb. AIE. estdt fr. ofr. estat
fr. Hat = lat. status.
stay
step
199
Stay * vl). ME. siaie fr. ofr. estayer
FR. ctaycr.
stay- sb. oe. stcey. Teut. base
staga-, whence fr. (itay; cp. DU.
LG. stag.
Stead sb. ^\v.. stale oe. stede fr.
a Teut. base stadi- ^^ GOTH, stafs
'a stead, place', OHG. stai (o. stadt
'town), ON. stddr 'a place': ab-
stract formalion of the aryan \f
sia 'to stand' (see stare); cp.
LAT. statio, SKR. sihiii'a. standing'.
Steak sb. ME. steike (late oe.
staccan vb. to roast'): borrowed
fr. ON. steik 'a steak' - — stcikja
'to roast'.
Steal vb. ME. stele oe. stelan str.
vb. ^ GOTH, stilau , ON. stela,
OSAX. OHG. stelan o. stehlen du.
stelen: teut. yf stel, perhaps ident.
w. OR. arspw&ai — or^Qidy.siv
'bereave'.
Steam sb. me. sIi'm oe. steam fr.
a Teut. base stau-jna- {\i\:i. stooni,
eastfries. stoffi): \^ stau, not
found elsewhere.
steed sb. me. stede oe. steda 'a
stallion : umlaut-derivative of OE.
sidd = E. stud.
steel sb. ME. i-/d?/t' OE. stele (style) :
umlaut- formation by the side of
the equival. OHU. stali'al G. stahl,
DU. staal, ON. J-/V//: Teut. base
stalila- and (for OE. style') stahlja-;
ident. w. OPKUSS. stakla- 'steel'.
steep adj. ME. step oe. steap adj.;
ident. w. OE. steap =:t: on. staup
beaker' under stoup. — Umlaut-
deriv. steeple me. stepel oe. stepel
stypel (fr. a Teut. base staiipila-\
cp. ON. stopull 'a steeple').
steer ' sb. me. ster oe. steor =
GO rH. stiur, on. stjorr, ohg. osax.
stioi' g. du. slier 'a bull' ; ident.
w. on. pjorr (dan. /yr) : arvan
base (s)teuro (osLOV. turn 'steer').
But GR. racgoc corresponds to
oiR. A?//' (aryan base tai-wo-,
not cogn. w. steer).
steer 2 vb. :me. stere oe. steor an
w. the umlauted byform styran
= OHG. stiuran G. steuern, du.
stureii\ cp. on. siyri 'a rudder';
for a non-umlauted root-form see
under starboard, teut. \i^ steiir
also in GOTH, stiurjan'to confirm'.
stem sb. me. stem oe. stemn stefn
a stem of a tree': ahlaut-relation
to ON. stafii, osax. stamn =
OHG. statn Q.stanim du. stani: teut.
ground -forms st'cmna- stavina-.
cogn. w. iR. ta?noi/ 'stem'. \'~ sta
'to stand' under stare.
Stench sb. me. stench oe. stcnc
fr. a tuet. base stank{7o)i-; see
stink.
Step vb. OE. stceppan steppan str.
vb.; cp. DU. stappen, ohg. stapfon
'to step' and oe. stepe steppe 'a
step, pace'; probably related to
OSLOv. stopa foot-track'? The
root seems to be nasalized in
stamp.
Step in stepfather stepf/iother
etc. ME. step-fader, -nunler short
for OK. steop-feeder, -nuklor ; ident.
w, ON. stjiipfadir, -tiiodir -- ohg.
stiof-fater, -tnnoter G. stief rater,
stiefmutter: Teut. base steupa-,
whence OHG. bistufcn OE. dstypan
vb. 'bereave, deprive (of pa-
rents)'.
200
stern
stool
Stern ' adj. me. sterne Oe. styrne;
Teut. base stirni- prop, st'ernu-,
cogn. w. LAT. strennus.
stern- sb. inie. stcme fr. on.
stjor/i 'a steering'; see starboard
and steer vb.
Stew vb. ME. stilwe vb. fr. the
sb. OFR. e stave = G. stube; see
stoz'e.
steward sb. me. stiward (since
the 1 2"' cent.) ; cogn. \v. oe. sti{^-
7vita 'house -holder'. The first
element is ident. w. sty.
stick sb. ME. sticke oe. sticca =^
OHG. stccko G. steckcn : Teut. base
stikkon-, derived fr. the verbal \'~
stik in OHG. stchhnn o. stechen.
stiff adj. short for me. oe. stif
'stiff' := on. stifr, DU. stijf, G.
stcif; cogn. w. LITH. stipti \o be-
come stiff and LAT. stipes 'a pole'.
stile sb. ME. stile contracted
from OE. jr/^Winfl. str^ele = OHG.
stigila 'a stile'; derived fr. the
TEUT. s^ stfg under stair.
still adj. ME. OE. stille = ohg.
OSAX. Stilli G. still, DU. Stil, OFKIES.
stille: deriv. fr. the ■i'&M:.\'~ st'cll
'to stand tirmly' in the factitive
vb. OHG. G. stellcn 'to place' and
in OHG. stollo 'post'.
stilt sb. ME. stilte\ ident. w. ohg.
stelza G. stelze, du. stelt; all equi-
valent.
sting vb. ME. stinge oe. stingan
str. vb. — GOTH. {us)stiggan, on.
stiriga\ cp. OHG. stungon stung en
'to sting' : TEUT. \^ st'e/ig under
sta/ig.
stink vb. ME. stinke OE. stiiiean
str. vb. =- GOTH, stigqan, OHG.
osAX. stinkan G. du. stinken :
TEUT. \'~ ste//// pre - teut. stengw
{tengtv in GR. Tayyog 'rancid').
stir vb. ME. stire OE. styrian vb.;
ident. \v. the ablauted OHG. storen
G. storen, du. storen, ofries. stir a:
WEST-TEUT. bases stnrjanstaurjan;
\f stur also in siormf
stirrup sb. me. stirop properly
sti-rgp OE. stii-rdp; ident. w. OHG.
stega-reif G. stegreif{p\]. steegrcep),
ON. stig-reip. Second element of
the compound is teut. raipa- =
roap; for the i^' element (Teut.
stiga- \r stig^ see stair.
stitch sb. ME. sticche OE. stice
early stici: Teut. base stiki- 'a
pricking' by the side of oe. stieian
'to prick'; cf. OYLQ.st'ehhan G. stechen
(oHG. still G. stick sb. 'pricking'),
OSAX. stekan , du. steken. ARYAN
\f stig in GR. oxiyfia — aviCco ; cf.
SKR. \^tij 'be sharp'.
stith sb. ME. stitli borrowed fr.
ON. stedi 'an anvil'.
stock sb. ME. stock OE. StocC
'trunk, log, pillory' = DU. stok,
OHG. G. stock, ON. stokkr: Teut.
base stokka- for stukka-; TEUT. \'^
stuk in DU. lg. stoken, me. stoke
'to stab ; cogn. w. skr. //{/''push'.
stone sb. ME. stpn OE. stdn =
GOTH, stains, ON. steinn, OHG. G.
.y/^m, OSAX. st^n du. jt/^^/z : Cogn.
\v. OSLOV. stena 'a wall' — stentnu
Vocky', GR. Cxyov oria 'pebble-
stone'. Cp. stanyel.
stool sb. ME. OE. Stpl = GOTH.
stbls, ON. <;tdll, DU. stoel, oSAX. stbl,
OHG. stuol G. stiikl: Teut. base
stb-la- deriv. fr. the ARYAN \fsthd
stoop — straw-l)eny
20I
'to stand' under stead. Cp. also
OSLOV. stolu 'table', gr. oTtjXrj
'column'.
stoop vb. ident. w. me. stoupe
OE. stupiaii 'to curve downwards'
^= ODU. stuipen 'to bow', on. stilpa
SWED. stupa 'to fair.
stop vb. ME. stoppe (oE. for-
stoppian'lo stop up, close') , ident.
w. DU. stopper!, OHG. stopfon G.
stop/en and w. ital. stoppare 'to
stop up with tow'. Source low
LAT. stiippare (lat. stuppa 'oakum').
stork vb. ME. stork OE. store =
DU. stork, OHG. stork o. storch, ON.
storkr ; cogn. w. GR. rdoyoc 'a
large bird'.
storm sb. ME. OE. storm = on.
stonnr, DU. storvi (oHG. G. stiirfri) ;
derived fr. \^stur in jZ/V or
cogn. w. LAT. stcrnere 'to strew'.
story sb. me. 5'/r/?'7> fr. ofr. estoire
= LAT. historia.
stoup stoop ME. i'/<''/^: borrowed
fr. ON. stoup 'beaker, cup' = stoop
'a gallon': the sb. (teut. statipa-
' beaker') rests on the adj. staupa-
= steep.
stout adj. ME. stout h. OFR. estout;
ident. w. DU. stout, OHG., G.
stolz 'proud': source lat. stultus
'foolish'.
Stove sb. OE. stofa 'a bath' =r
OHG. stuba 'a bathing-room' (g.
stube 'a room'), du. stoof; ident.
w. FR. ituve and osLOV. istuha
'a room'. Source and history
uncertain. Cp. stew.
Stow vb. ME. stgwe OE. stowian
'to restrain'; derived fr. OE. stow
'a place* =^ lith. stoi'a 'place'.
straight adj. me. str eight oe.
(d)streht; part, of OE. streccean =
str etch.
strain vb. me. streine fr. ofr.
estraindre =^ lat. stringere and
straitUY.. streit fr. ofr. estreit (fr.
etroii) = LAT. str ictus.
strand sb. me. oe. strand
'shore' = ON. strgnd (gen.
strandar') 'margin, edge', DU. lg.
G. strand 'shore' (fr. itrain of
Teut. origin).
strange adj. me. straunge fr.
ofr. estrange (fr. itrange) : source
LAT. extraneus.
strangle vb. me. strangle vb. fr.
0¥i<.. estrangler = LKT.stranguiare.
strap sb. me. oe. strop ipp):
loanword fr. LAT. struppus 'thong,
fillet', whence also du. lg. strop
and FR. dtrope.
straw sb. me. straw oe. streaw
(with the byforms me. strc oe.
strca^: Teut. \i?i%&strawa- = on.
str a, DU. stroo, OHG. stro G. stroh;
cp. the vb. strew OE. strewan,
streyrn = goth. straujan, OHG.
strouwen G. streuen, du. strooien
'to strew'. TEUT. \^strau derived
fr. the ARYAN \f ster in gr. ornn^v-
I'viii aTQ(6vvvi.ii and I, AT. stcrno
(stravi — stratum), osLOV. strcti
'to spread out'; cp. esp. lat.
stramen 'straw'.
straw^-berry sb. me. straw-berie
OE. streaw -berie; not cogn. w.
straw. Probably connected w.
h\T. fragum 'straw-berry : ARYAN
base sraghwo- = Teut. base
strawa-; the 2"^^ elementin straw-
berry might be explanatory.
202
stray
study
Stray vb. me. straie fr. OFR.
csiraier ; derived fr. lat. strata
(^=z street^.
Streak sb. me. strike oe. strica
'a line'; cp. GOTH, striks 'a stroke
with the pen' and strike.
stream .sb. me. sircf/i oe. stream
r= OHG. stroiim (g. strof/i), DU.
strooni, ON. straiimr : Teut. base'
straiL-iiia-, derived fr. the ARYAN ;
\f srii- to flow =r: SKR. \^srii to \
flow'; cp. GR. Qietr, oiR. sruth\
river' — sriiaim 'stream' (lat.
/f/zwtv; instead o'i'^frfmien: ARYAN
srou-?nen-^.
Street i\ie. strete oe. stret street ^
infi. strdte (whence on. streeti is
borrowed) =^- OSAX. strata, du. j
straat, OHG. strdzza G. strasse :
WEST-TEUT. strdia_ fr. lat. strata j
(sc. rv'd'i prop, 'a paved way', 1
whence ital. strada = fr. etree 1
(OIK. srexth) 'a street'.
Strength sb. me. streugthe oe.
strengdu (GOTH. *straggipa) derived
fr. strong.
Stress sb. force' short for ME.
distressc fr. oFR. dcstrcsse.
Stretch vb. me. streecheo'E. stree-
cean ( p art . streht under strnig h i) ;
ident. w. ohg. strecchen G. strecken,
DU. strekken: teut. type strakkjav;
cp. OHG. straeken 'be straight and :
the adj. du. lg. strak 'straight'
(g. straeks 'immediately').
strew see under straic.
stride vl). me. stride oe. stridan
vb. -;— mlg. struien 'to stride' :
\'~ sti'td.
strife sb. me. strif fr. OFR.
estrif, which rests on a Teut. sb.
= OSAX. strid, OHG. strtt G, sireit.
strike vb. me. strike oe. strican
str. vb. 'to rub, wipe' = ofries.
strika, DU. strijken, OHG. strlhhan
G. strciehen; teut. \rstrtk, KYCiKii
\'^strfg in LAT. str/gi/is, O.SLOV.
sfriga — stristi 'to shear'. Cp.
stroke.
string sb. me. oe. streng fr. a
TEUT. base strangi- in ON. strengr,
DU. streng, ohg. G. Strang; cogn.
w. the adj. strong.
strive vb. me. strive fr. OFR.
estriver vb. (oFR. estri/ under
strife).
stroke sb. ME. str ok and stroke
vb. OE. strdeian fr. \f"strik under
strike.
strong adj. me. oe. strong fr.
TEUT. base strangii- in OHG. Strang
strengi G. DU. streng (g. sich
anstrengen vb.) ; cogn. w. LAT.
stringere 'to draw tight, compress .
Stub sb. ME. stuhbe with the
umlauted byform OE. styhh 'a
stub'; cp. LG. stubbe, du. stobbe,
ON. stubbi and GR. orvvog 'a stub,
stump'. ARYAN \'~stuj>, nasalized
in stump.
stubble sb. ME. stob/e stuble fr.
OFR. estoub/e ; ident. w. ohg.
stupfala DU. G. stoppel: source
vulgar LAT. stap{i)la instead of
LAT. stipula 'stubble'.
stud sb. short for ME. OE. stod
'a stud' (cp. the umlaut-deriva-
tion steed) = ON. stod, OHG.
StUOt. Cp. OSLOV. RUSS. staito,
LITH. stodas a herd of horses.
study vb. ME. stadie prop, stiidie
stuff
summon
203
vb. fr. OFR. estiidier (fr. itiidier^
--:- LAT. studere.
stuff sb. fr. OFK, estoffe = FR.
itojf'e (whence also G. stoff, du.
stof).
stump sb. ME. siuiiip stomp;
ident. w. DU. stomp, ohg. G. stump/;
probably connected \v. stub:
AKYA'!^ \^ stum/) : stu(u/)p, also in
ON. stu/r stufi 'a stump'.
stun vb. ME. stiine stone OE.
stuman 'to resound' ; cp. the
umlauted on. stynja 'to groan',
G. stoncn, DU. steiicn: KVCiK'ii\^ stm
sten in gr. oxivtiv. OSLOV. stetijq,
SKR. Stan 'to groan, resound'.
Sturgeon me. stourl'eoun fr. fr.
tsturgcon: source a teut. base
sturjon- in ohg. sturio (g. stohr,
DU. stem-) =^ OE. sty 1 in 'a stui-
geon'. Doubtful whether cogn.
w. stir.
Stutter vb. fr. ME. stotc stutc vb. ;
cp. G. stottci n 'to stammer'. All
derivations of v^ staut in GOTH.
stautan, on. stauta 'to beat, strike'
■=rz OHG. stoyyin G. stossen. ARYAN
\^(s)tud in LAT. tundere 'to beat',
.SK.R. \'~ tud 'to strike'.
sty^ sb. ('sty for swine') me.
stie OE. sti]^ inll. stt^e 'a pig-sty';
ident. w. ohg. stia 'a pig-sty',
ON. stl (svin-sti), swed. (svin)stia
'a sty'.
Sty- sb. ('sty in tlie eye') cp.
OE. stolen d ; equivalent w. lg.
stige, NORW. stig.
subdue vb. me. subdiie properly
sudi'ic tr. OFR. souduir — LAT.
subdticere.
subtle adj. ME. sotel suiel sutil
fr. OFR. sotil (fr. subtil) = LAT.
subtilis.
succeed vb. me. sucfedc fr. fr.
succedej- = lat. succedere.
succour vb. ME. sucoure socourc
fr. OFK. soccorre = LAT. succurrcre.
such pron. ME. such earlier
S7vuch swich OE. swylc swilc: Teut.
base swuUk in OSAX. sulik, ohg.
suUh (g. solcH) ; as shown by
GOTH. S7valeiks , the l'^' element
of the compound rests o\\ so ^^
OE. s%vd.
suck vb. short for me. souke
OE. siican str. vb. with the byform
OE. OHG. siigan G. saugen; cogn.
W. LAT. SUgCre : ARYAN \'^sug stik.
sudden adj. me. sodein j)rop.
sodain fr. FR. soudain (lat. type
*siibitaniis for subitaneus 'sudden').
suffer vb. ME. suffre sojfre fr.
FR. souffrir (lat. sujf'erre).
sugar sb. ME. siigre silcre fr.
FR. Sucre, whence also ODU. suker
DU. suiker\ cp. G. zucker fr. ITAL.
zucchero.
sum sb. ME. summe somme fr.
FR. somme.
summer sb. me. sumer somer
OE. sumor fr. a Teut. base sumaru-
in OSAX. OHG. sumar g. S07nmer,
DU. somer, ON. sumar. Cogn. w.
AVEST. ham, OIR. sam, cymr. hatn
haf, ARMEN. amarn: all equivalent.
Cp. also SKR. samd 'year'.
summit sb. fr. fr. sommct (rests
on LAT. summus).
summon vb. me. somonc fr.
OFR. somoncr (lat. subinoticre 'to
remind privately').
?04
sun
sweit
sun sb. ME. sunn e Sonne. O'^. sunne
infl. sunnan = GOTH, siinno, OHG.
OSAX. sunfia o. sofine, DU. sd?/?:
TEUT. base sunnon-.
supper sb. me. soper super fr.
FR. souper. Cp. dinner.
sure adj. me. jv/r properly j-^/Vr
fr. OFR. sur s'cur fr. j'z/r {■= lat.
securus, whence also sicke?').
surgeon sb. me. surgen (surgein)
fr. OFR. eirui-gien (lat. type chi-
rurgianus). — Hence surgery me.
surgcrie: LAT. chirurgia.
swaddle vb. me. swathiie OE.
stvcedelitin vb. : derived fr. oe.
swcedel 'bandage'; ident. w. the
umlauted ohg. swedil 'bandage';
see s 7a (I the.
swain sb. me. jrrfvw/prop. sivein.:
borrowed in the 1 1 ^"^ cent. fr. on.
svcinn; ident. w. oe. swdfi 'man,
warrior', OHG. swein 'servant'.
swallow sb. (the bird) me.
swalowe OE. swealwe ^= ohg.
stvalawa G. schwaihe; ident. w.
osAX. swala, ON. svala 'a swallow':
Teut. base swahaon-; if for
^swal'gwon-, cogn. w. OR. uX'Kvinvl
sw^allow vb. me. swel{o)we ear-
lier SK'clgen OE. swelgan str. vb.
^ OSAX. OHG. swelgan (swclhan)
G. schwelgen , DU. zwelgen (on.
svelgja^ : Teut. verbal \^ swelh
SlC'cIg, ARYAN \'^ SWclk.
swamp sb. cogn. w. ohg. g.
sump/, DAN. SWED. sunip 'a swamp'.
swan sb. me. oe. su>a?i fr. a
TEUT. swana- =- on. svanr\ cp.
ohg. swana G. schwan DU. zwaan.
Cogn. w. LAT. sonare (properly
'''svonare), skr. \'~svan 'to sound'.
sward sb. me. swarde oe. sweard
infl. swearde the skin of bacon
= ODU. zwaerde, mhg. swarte G.
schwarte 'skin of bacon' , on.
svgrdr 'skin'. The modern E.
meaning 'green turf is due
to Northern influence; cp. on.
jardar-svgrdr 'earth-sward', gras-
svgrdr 'grass-sward (and mlg.
gnvnswarde, dan. grens^urr^.'
sw^arm sb. me. swarm oe.
swear 7)1 = on. sziarmr , ohg.
S'ivarm g. schwarjji (du. zwerni) :
all equivalent. Cp. the skr.
\'^ svar 'to sound ? ,
swart adj. me. S7c>ari oe. sweart
= GOTH, sivarts, ON. svartr, DU.
zwart, OHG. swarz G. schwarz\
Cogn. w. LAT. sordcs (properly
'^svordes) 'dirt': aryan \[~ sword.
swath sb. ME. sivath oe. szvcep
'footprint, track' (with the by-
form OE. swadu 'track'); cp.
MLG. swat — swade, G. schwaden,
DU. zwaad 'a row of mown grass':
Teut. base swapa.
swathe vb. me. swathe oe. swd-
dian ; c p . swa ddle.
swats (Scotch) 'beer' oe. swata;
derived fr. \^ swot under sweet.
swear vb. me. sw(re oe. szvcrian
(prt. iME. oe. S7Vpr^ str. vb. =
OHG. OSAX. S7verian G. sckworen,
DU. zweren, on. szierja str. vb. ;
cp. GOTH, swaran. The original
meaning of the teut. \f sivar
was probably 'to declare , as
shown by the derivative answer.
sweat vb. sliort for ME. swcte
OE. swcetan; derived fr. OE. swat
ME. swpte (e. S7c>eat sb. influenced
sweep — swoop
205
hy the vh. S7C'eai) = DU. zwcet,
ON. sveiti, OHG. szaeiz. G. schaeiss:
TEUT. \'^ swait (swii in G- schwiizen
OHG. swizzari) = ARYAN \f swoid
swid in SKR. \i~ si'id to sweat',
GR. \8oMq sweat' — liiUiv to
sweat', LAT. j7/</(^r (orig. *s7vidos)
'sweat', LETT. S7aidrs "sweat".
sweep vb. ME. swcpe oe. swdpan
3'' p. sg. pres. t. sivcppd'lo sweep':
TEUT. \f swaip under swoop.
sweet adj. me. oe. sivetc adj.
with the non-umlauted adverb
OE. swpte (me. sotc adj. adv.) ;
ident. w. on. sdetr (orig. *svdti-),
osAx.s7£'dti, wu.sof/, onG. s(w)iioi,y
G. siiss: Teut. base sicoti-, orig.
swotu- (op. GOTH, stits sweet),
ARYAN base suuidii in skr. svddi'i,
GR. tiSvq ijd'vc, LAT. s/uh'Is (orig.
*suadii-is^. Cp. swats.
swell vb. ME. swelle oe. sw'cllan
str. vb. = OS AX. OHG. sw'cllan
G. schwellen, DU. zwellen, on. svella
str. vb. : TEUT. verbal \f swell
(also in goth. iifswalleins sb.).
sw^erve vb. me. siccn't- oe.
sweorfan str. vb. to scrni), file';
ident. w. OSAX. swerfan, du.
zwerven, GOTH, swairbau , on.
SV'crfa : TEUT. \'" .J7C't7 ^ , ARYAN
\l^ swerbh in RUss. sverheti^ OSLOV.
svruheti 'to itch'.
swift adj. ME. OE. swift (oe.
szvi/t'ty, p. participle of OE. swtfan
'to move quickly' = ON. svlfa,
formed by suffix to (see old,
cold, loud). Cogn. w. DU.
Z7c'cz'ert, OHG. S7v'eben G. sclnvcben.
swill vb. ME. s7vUe oe. szvillait
{^^ p. sg. pres. t. sivilcd).
swim vb. ME. S7tnmme 0£. s^vim-
7nan str. vb. = osAX. OHG.
sw'miman str. vb. G. scluviuivien;
ident. w. on. synija (for orig.
"^szunmjaii) 'to swim': teut.
\f sivcm {sum under suiid").
swine sb. me. oe. S7vi7i =
OSAX. OHG. S7vin G. schwein du.
Z7vijn, ON. svin, GOTH, sivein:
Teut. base sivina-, properly su-
-hia-, derived fr. aryan sti 'a
pig' in OE. OSAX. OHG. si7 'a sow'
= LAT. su-s, GR. i-g ov-g. The
suffix -hfa- in teut. S7oma- is
diminutive , as shown under
chicken, maiden. See also sow.
swing vb. :me. S7viiige oe. S7uin-
gan str. vb. = OSAX. OHG. S7vin-
gan G. sc/mnngen. — swinge :\rE.
swengc OE. S7venigean 'to beat,
shake' causal of S7uing: teut.
\^s7£ieng swaiig {swangza in goth.
a/s7LU7gg7iiJan ?)
swink vb. me. stvinkc oe. S7vin-
can str. vb. Ident. w. S7aingl
swoon vb. :me. s7voune earlier
swognien; derived fr. the p. parti-
ciple OE. ies7opge}i in a swoon'
— ds7vdgcn 'choked'; allied to
GOTH. gas7i>dgjan S7vbgatjan 'to
sigh', OE. S7vggan "to sough, sigh :
ARYAN \^S7C'dgh S7Vagll in LITH.
svagvti 'to sound'.
sw^oop vb. me. S7ugpc OE. S7mpan
(identical w. S7i>eep^.
sw^ord sb. UE. S7c'e'rd OE. sweord
{S7vurd) — -: OSAX. OFRIES. S7verd,
DU. Z7caard, on. sverd, OHO. szvert
0. schzoert: aryan base S7verdho-
(in LAT. sorlms 'service-tree'?).
2O0
taljle
tair/
table sb. me. table fr. fr. table
r^ LAT. tabula (whence OE. tcefel
'chess-board' — - OHG. zabal
'board') ; cp. also G. DU. tafel.
tackle sb. me. takcl; ident. w.
MLG. takel 'equipment (g. swed.
takel, DAN. takkfl).
tadpole short for toad-poll.
tail sb. ME. tail OE. tmi^el =^
OHG. zagal 'a tail", ON. tagl
'a tail', GOTH, tagl 'hair'.
tailor sb. me. taillour fr. OFR.
tailleor ^r- fk. taillcur.
take vb. ME. take late OE.
(ii'^ cent.) tdcan borrowed fr.
ON. taka str. vb. taking the place
of OE. /rhiia/i (under nimble^] cp.
cast - -- ON. kasta supplanting OE.
7veorpan (under warp). Ident. w.
GOTH. /d'/C'c?// str. vb. 'to touch': teut.
\'' tek tak\ pre-TEUT. sf ^^^g dagl
tale sb. ME. tale OE. talu =--
DU. taal language' , OHG. zdla
G. zahl; cp. ON. tal 'a tale'. Cp.
the TEUT. verb talja/i in OE.
tellan ME. telle E. tell =-- OHG.
zcllan (^c\). GOT'H. talzjan). Hence
derived talk vb. ME. talke vb.
(OE. '^talcian '^taleciaii) ; /J is
suffixed as in liark.
tall adj. ME. tal] probably OE.
set/el 'swift, prompt' with the by-
form geatol{lic) 'swift'. Ideiit. w.
OHG. gizal: Teut. base ga-tala-.
tallow ME. talugh earlier *talh
:r^ MLG. talch (g. tali:;, DU. talti),
ON. tolgr. Cogn. w. goth. tul-
gus 'fast'?
tame adj. me. tdme oe. tatn
(infl. tdnui) =- on. tamr, DU.
tam, OHG. za?n G. zahm: Teut.
base ta?/ia- (hence derived goth.
ta7>ijan 'to tame' =^ ON. te??ija,
OHG. zet/itneti). ARYAN \^(iotn in
LAT. domare 'to tame', gr. doLfidv,
.SKR. damdy 'to tame'.
tan vb. ME. tantie OE. tannian
vb.; cogn. w. FR. tan 'oak-bark'
(lax. tannare in the 8 ^ cent.
^-^ FR. tanner; cp. DU. /^^«'bark').
Hence e. tawny ^=. fr. tanuL
tang sb. (sea-weed) fr. dan.
tang =^ on. pafig {pgngull).
tap sb. ME. tappe oe. tceppa
'a tap' =r OHG. ;:a/yY' G. zapfen,
DU. A?'/', ON. tappi (fr. /<'7/i^ /a/i^;?
are Teut. loanwords).
taper sb. me. taper oe. tapor:
properly */a/«;', loanword fr. LAT.
papyrus, which appears in Rom.
dialects as 'taper'.
tar sb. ME. terre; cp. oe. teoru
(tyrwe) 'tar' and DU. (g.) teer,
on. tjara ; ident. w. LETT, darwa
tar'. The group rests on Aryan
deru = tree; tar orig. tar-
wood'.
tare sb. me. tare; Teut. base
tar{w)dn also in ODU. tarwive
DU. MLG. tarzvc. Cogn. w. skr.
durva (a kind of grass) and
LriH. dirva 'field'.
tarn sb. me. terne fr. on. tjgrn
(g. t/ar/iar) 'a tarn, pool".
tarry vb. me. terie oe. terian
teryin 'to vex" = du. lg. tergen .
tart
teen
207
tart sb. ME. tarte fr. Ofr. tarte
n^ FR. tourte (whence du. taart,
G. tortc).
task sb. ME. idsk(e) fr. ofr.
tasque ^= FR. tache; source LAT.
iaxare, whence also tax.
tatter sb. a Scand. k-auword
fr. ON. tgtrar pi. tatters'; already
.ME. tatcrcd 'ragged'.
tattle vb. fr. ME. tatcre vb.
taw, teiv vb. me. tewe\ OE.
tdiLnaii teawian means prop, pre-
pare and corresponds with du.
toinven to curry leather, ohg.
zomoen 'make, prepare', GOTH.
taujan 'do': teut. \^ tau\ see
tool.
tawny see tan.
tax vb. fr. FR. taxer =^ lat.
taxare; ident. w. task.
tea sb. T=r FR. td, G. thee: source
CHINESE td; the word became
European in the 2'*'^ Jialf of the
17''' cent.
teach sb. me. tcche (prt. taughte)
OE. t:eceaii (prt. tcehte') ; cogn. w.
take /I OE. tdcen; cp. ohg. zeigon
G. zeigeti. ARV.AN \'^dik.
team' sb. 'family me. tcm oe.
/'<'d:w family, offspring' r— mlg.
^5/^^ 'progeny' (with the um-
lauted vb. teem .me. iane oe.
tetna/i tyman to teem) : Teut.
base taii{h)ma- fr. \ftrih in GOTH.
tiuhan , oilG. ziohan G. ziehen.
ARYAN \^ diik in LAT. <//?r^?. See
the following word.
team'- sb. (team of oxen) me.
time itef/te oe. \etyme 'team of
oxen'; derived fr. teut. tau{h)tna-
'rein, bridle' (in 0-\. tan?nr ohg.
zoum g. zauni). Root the same
as in team '.
tear vb. me. t(re oe. teran str.
. vb. ^ GOTH, gatalran to break'.
i
' ARYAN \'~ del- in SKR. ^/ar 'to burst,
break asunder, gr. Oepffi' 'to
flay', LITH. dirti 'to flay'.
, tear sb. .me. /;■;- oe. tear: -jeut.
tahr- in on. tar, OHG. zahar (g.
' zdhre) ; cp. onorthumbr. tcehher
1 and according to Verner's law
GOTH. A/i.T. ARYAN base dakrii
in gr. Oa'xov, M'ELSH daigr (per-
haps SK.U. a(ru and lat. laerima
are cognate). All equivalent.
tease vb. (.me. t(se) oe. tcksan
'to pull to pieces , to tease
(wool) with the non-umlauted
byform .me. tgse (oe. *tdsan or
*tdsia//). teut. strong verbal
\^tais in OHG. zeisan 'to tease'
— - DU. teezen. — Cogn. w. teasel
, (plantname) me. tesel OE. tcesel
—--■ OHG. zeisila 'thistle'.
teat sb. .ME. tete fr. fr. teitc,
ident. w. oe. titt ^^ MHG. G.
zitze.
ted vb. fr. ON. iedja; ident. w.
OHG. G.(dial.)s<'//^''; 'to spread". As
shown by the p. participle goth.
un-gatass 'undisposed', there exi-
sted also a str. vb. '^tadjan. aryan
\^ dat in gr. davioaai '1 divide,
distribute'.
teem^ vb. 'to bring fortlT see
team.
teem- vb. to empty' see toom.
teen sb. .me. te/ie oe. teona
'suffering, insult' r~. o.sax. tio/io
'injury'; cp. ofries. tiuna 'to hurt.'
208
tell
thnt
tell vb. ME. telle (prt. tglde) OE.
tellaii (prt. talde) under tale.
tempest sb. me. tempest fr.
OFR. tenipeste = fk. tetnpcte.
Source vulgar lat. tenipcsta for
te?npestas.
temple sb. me. temple oE. tefnpel
fr. LAT. lejiiplum.
temples me. temples fr. ofr.
temples (fr. tempe^ plur. = lat.
tempora the temples'.
tempt vb. ME. tevipte vb. fr.
OFR. timpter (fr. tenter) ^ lat.
temptare,
ten num. me. /tv/ rests on an
unrecorded OE. '■Peon, instead of
which an umlauted tyn is found.
Teut. base tiihun tehan in GOTH.
taihiin, osax. tehan, DU. //>-'/,
OHG. zi'han G. sc////. Ident. w.
.SKR. ^/c7p7, OR. \Ssy.a, LAT. deeevi,
oiR. (^/cvV//. — The suffix -teen
(in thirteen etc.) me. -A'«<? oe.
-tene -tyne is the inflected form
of the numeral ten. — The suffix
-ty (in twenty etc.) represents
the sb. GOTH, tigus 'decade' (in
saihs tigjus = on. sextigh-) ; cp. oe.
pritii sixtii = ohg. drrjig s'ehzug
G. dreissig sechzig. For the ^'•
in GOTH, tigus cp. gr. ^i/.dc
'decade'.
tender adj. me. tendre fr. fr.
tendre\ source lat. tener.
tense sb. fr. ofr. tens (= fr.
temps) = lat. tempus.
tent sb. ME. tente {= DU. tent)
fr. OFR. tente = vulgar lat. tenia;
cp. lat. tentoriu7n.
term sb. me. terjne fr. fr. terme\
source lat. terminus.
terror sb. fr. fr. terreur =
lat. terror (em).
test sb. meant properly in al-
chemy 'a vessel for testing gold'
and rests on me. test{e) = lat.
testa, whence also fr. tele ofk.
teste 'Viead' with the borrowed
E. testy.
tether sb. short for me. teder ;
doubtful, whether genuine Eng-
lish or of Scand. origin. Cp.
ON. tjodr =r OHG. ziotar "a tether :
Teut. base teudra-.
tetter sb. me. oe. teter fr. a
Teut. base tctru- =? aryan
dcdru-. Cp. OHG. zitaroh 'tetter'
and SKR. dadru 'a kind of lep-
rosy', LITH. dedervine "tetter'.
than conj. me. thanne oe. panne
— OHG. mhg. danne] derived fr.
the article the.
thane sb. me. thein (the modern
spelling a instead of ai — as
in rain — is of Scotch origin)
OE. pey:ii'. Teut. base p'egna- in
ON. pegii, osax. thegan, OHG.
thegan a thane, warrior (in the
Bavarian dialect 'a male child').
Ident. w. GR. XbY.vov 'child' ;
ARYAN \ftek in GR. zmTLO (aorist
l-Tey.-or).
thank vb. me. thanke oe. pcm-
eian poncian wk. vb. = OHG.
dankon G. du. danken, on. pakka
'to thank'. Root as in think.
that pron. me. that oe. pmt =
osax. that, OHG. daz G. das (dass):
ARYAN form to-d (fr. the stem
to under the) = skr. tad, GR.
TO (for *ro-c)); cp. hkT.istiid illud
thatch — thine
20Q
aliiui show the d as neutral
ending.
thatch sb. properly and dia-
lectical thak ME. thak OE. pcec
= OHG. (/(7/l G. (hc/l, ON. /r//J:
Teut. base paka-. Cp. the \vk.
vb. TEUT. pakjan in OE. peccean
= OHG. deckan G. decken, DU.
dekken. aryan y" /^^ in lat.
teg ere, cogn. w. \j'~ steg in GR.
orsy^n, SKR. sthag, lith. iYi?^/'?
to cover' ; cp. GR. reyog on'yog
'a roof, OIR. z"^^'- 'a liouse'.
thaw vb. ME. thdwe oe. pawian ;
cp. OHG. douwefi G. tauen, du.
dooien, ON. peyja: \'~ pati paw
properly *pagw, ARYAN \'~ taq in
GR. r7]y.tiv to melt?
the article me. //J^' late oe. /d?
(OE. .yf' influenced by the inflected
stem pa- in that), aryan base
to- in SKR. /(^z-;// =r GR. rr,-r,
SKR. ta-d GK. TO etc. Cp. than,
that, their, there, they.
theft sb. ME. thefte short for
/<y76' \)Xo\i. pefthe: abstract deri-
vation fr. thief. Cp. the um-
lauted OE. pyfp infl. pyfpe 'theft'
= OFRIES. thill ft he.
their pron. me. their(e) borrowed
fr. ON. peira. — then me. thenne
OE. pcenne ident. w. thafi. —
thence adv. me. themies extended
for thenne thanne = OE. pa?ione
prop, panon =: OHG. dannan
(g. von dannen'). — there adv.
ME. there ther OE. per peer =
OHG. dar (g. da). — they pron.
ME. thei they; borrowed in the
ii'"' cent. fr. on. peir.
thick adj. me. thieke probably
English Etv.mology.
borrowed fr. ON. pykkr (pjgkkr) ;
the corresponding OE. /zV<r> would
have changed into me. *thicehe
E. *thitch. Perhaps me. thieke
is blended w. oe. piece =^ OHG.
dieki G. dick DU. dik. Teut. base
piqu- :=: ARYAN base tigu- in
OIR. Hug 'thick'.
thief sb. ME. thef (pi. theves)
OE. peof (pi. peofas) — goth.
piubs, ON. pjofr, ohg. diob G.
dieb, DU. dicf: Teut. base peuba-,
by Verner's law changed fr.
original ^peufa-, as shown by
OHG. diuva 'theft'.
thigh sb. ME. theigh earlier
theh OE. pi'oh = ohg. dioh, du.
dij, on. pjo : Teut. base peuha-,
ARYAN base teuko- , cogn. w.
lith. taiikas 'fat of animals,
marrow', osLov. tukil 'fat'.
thimble sb. me. thimbel short
for thimel oe. pymel 'thumb-stall':
diminutive of oe. pinna =
th u fn b.
j thin adj. me. thinne oe. pynne
I — - OHG. dunni G. dilnn, du. dun,
ON. punnr: Teut. base punnii-
1 properly piinu- punw- , ARYAN
base iotiu in SKR. tatiii, LA'r.
I tennis , cymr. teneu; cp. GR.
xavarx; (all equivalent). ARYAN
[ Y~ ^^'' ill •''KR. tan 'to stretch',
o^.pennan, OHG. dennan G. dehnen,
GOTH, paiijan 'to stretch out'.
thine thy j>ron. me. ////// oe.
\ptn =;■ GOTH, peins, on. pint;,
OHG. din G. r/««, du. ^///>/ ; TEUT.
pina- formed by suffix -ma- (cp.
SKR. tavakina 'thine') fr. teut.
pit r= thou.
M
2IO
thing — thousand
thing sb. JiE. thing OE. ping
^^ ON. ping, OHG. G. DU. liing'.
Teut. base pinga- p'enga-; pro-
bably ident. w. GOTB.. pi'i /is 'time'
= LAT. teinpns (for *tenquus}').
think vb. me. thenke {thenchen)
OE. pencc-an (3'^ sg. prs. t. pencp)
= GOTH, pagkjan, ON. pckkpi,
OSAX. thenkian, OHG. drikan G.
denkcn. Cp. goth. pugkjan ==
OSAX. thunkian, ohg. dnnkan G.
dilnke/i, OE. py/icea/i 'to seeiB\
AiiYA's \^ /c>ng(tjng ) in lat. (Prae-
nestine) tongere 'to think".
third see three.
thirst vb. me. thirste oe. pyrstan
and thirst sb. from the vb. ;
the sb. is me. thurst OE. piirst
= TEUT. purs-tu- = OHG. G.
durst, DU. itorst; cp. on. porsti,
GOTH, paurstei sb. 'thirst', teut.
verbal \f pers in GOTH. gapairsan
to be dry' — paiirsus dry'
(oE. pyrre = ohg. r/w// G.
diirr). ARYAN \'' ters trs in SKR.
//-i^ 'to be thursty' — //'.f/i 't^ree-
dy', GR. xtgaittvfo, lat. torreo.
thirteen, thirty see three.
this pron. me. //z/i' earlier ///^'j'
OE. /('J' masc. — //.>" neutr. — /tw
fern. ; ident. w. OHG. ^/^'iY G.
dieser, du. ^i?0(?. The article
//?^ (teut. /«- under //;(//) is
extended by goth. sai '\o , as
shown by on. (runic) sd-si this
here' (sil-si fern.).
thistle sb. ME. thistel oe. pistel
-- ON. pistill , DU. distel, lg.
///V/d'/, OHG. distii G. distel.
thither adv. me. thider oe.
pider (orig. pceder^ ; derived fr.
the stem pa- in that. Cp.
GOTH, papro 'thence', ON. padra
'there'.
thole sb. ME. thol OE. pol {ll)\
Teut. base pcdia- in on. pollr,
DU. dol, G. rudderdolle. aryan
base tslno- {= skr. tiiija 'quiver'
for *tuina) fr. \f~i^l r= skr. \'~tul
'to lift up', Lvr. tollere.
thong sb. ME. thong orig. thwong
OE. pwong 'thong'; cp. ON. pvengi.
TEUT. \'~ pUHing.
thorn sb. me. thorn OE. porn
sb. = ON. porn, OHG. G. ^^r;;,
DU. doom
Ident
, cp. GOTH, baiirnus
w. OSLOV. trinil 'thorn'
cp. SKR. trna 'grass'.
thorough ME. thorow oe. porh;
orig. preposition ---= OE. purh,
OHG. duruh G. durch , goth.
pairh.
thou pron. ME. ///(^;/^ OE. pu =
goth. ///, OHG. //// (g. (/«) :
ARYAN ground-form /// in lat.
til, GR. TV, bKR. tic-ani. Cp.
thi?te.
though conj. ME. though earlier
thoh: Scand. loanword of the
ill"' cent. (on. po orig. *poh).
\ Corresponding to OE. pcah =
GOTH, pduh ; cp. OHG. doh G.
DU. doch.
j thought sb. ME. thought OE.
I lepoht: Teut. base ga-panhtu-,
derived fr. \fpank in pink.
\ thousand num. me. thousand
thousend oe. pusend = ohg.
I diisunt G. talis end, du. duizend,
ON. piisund pushund, goth. pii-
\ sundi; in the Lex Salica, we
find thus-chunde't\\ov\?,-dVLd\ Teut.
thrall
throng
21 I
I
base f>iis-hicrid- , compound of
hund rrr h Ull dv C d \\'\\\\ ail ARYAN
tus 'great, much' (cp. skr. tm'i
'much', tavas 'might'). LITH.
tiikstaiitis =^ OSLOV. tysqsta 'thou-
saiul' correspond to the Teut.
word.
thrall sb. me. thral (pi. ihralles)
late OE. prall {pral) prop, prdll
fr. ON. prcell 'a thrall' (Teut. base
pra/iila-) ; cogn. \v. ohg. drigil
'a slave' and w. GOTH, pragjan
\o run' ^= GR. Tot/fiiv 'to run'.
thrash, thresh vb. me. thresshe
OE. perscan str. vb. ^ goth.
priskan, ohg. dreskan G. dreschen
(du. dorscheri)^ ON. preskja. teut.
\r presk (iTAL. trescare is of
Teut. origin) ; cp. LiTH. traszkiti
'to rattle, clap'?
thrave sb. me. ihrdve threve: a
Scand. loanword ; cp. ON. prefi,
DAN. trave 'a number of sheaves .
thread sb. me. thrcd oe. prckd
= ON. prddr, ohg. di di o. draht,
DU. draad. The dental is suffix.
Derivative of \f prd (pre) in oe.
p rowan =^ throw.
threat sb. short for me. pret
OE. prrat; cogn. w. oe. priitian
prcatian wk. vb. 'to threaten';
cogn. w. OE. prcaian wk. vb.
'to threaten' = ohg. dreweii
dronwen (g. droheti),
three num. me. thre oe. preo
(f. n. — /;-/ra.); ident. w. goth.
preis, ON. prlr, du. (^//vV, ohg.
<//-/ G. drei: ARYAN base tri- in
SKR. tri (nom. tray as), gr. r^trc,
LAT. //rjT, OIR. tri, OSLOV. RUSS.
//-/, LITH. trys. — The ordinal
third me. thridde oe. pridda
corresponds to goth. prid/a,
ON. pridi, du. derde, ohg. dritto
G. dritte\ cp. SKR. trtiya, l.a.t.
tertius, osLov. tretiji. — thir-
teen ME. threttene short for oe.
preotene (pryttyne). thirty me.
thritty OE. /rzV/zj pritij, ^= OHG.
drhuc G. dreissig (see under /^;/
about the OE. -//j =^ o. -s^'' in
zicanzig vierzig etc.). — thrice me.
thries extended for an older form
prie OE. pri'^a (prizva) ^-- OSAX.
thrijo {thriwo), ofries. thria ; see
t7i:'ice.
threshold sb. inie. threshwo/d oe.
perscwald mostly perscold; ident.
w. OHG. driscufili, on. preskjgldr.
Probably not cognate w. thrash.
thrice see three.
thrift sb. ME. thrift h. on. prift.
The str. vb. thrive me. thrive
is borrowed fr. on. prifa-sk 'to
thrive'.
throat sb. me. thrgte oe. protu
= OHG. dro-i^yi MHG. dro"i^e\\\xo\.<i
(g. erdrosseln 'to throttle') ident.
w. OLG. strata, du. strof. Aryan
ground - form {s)tnidd-. ital.
strozza 'gullet' is of teut. (Lango-
bard.) origin.
throe sb. 'pain' me. thrthce fr.
the wk. vb. oe. pnnvian =: OHG.
druoen 'to suffer' (Teut. \f proiv).
throne sb. for me. tronc fr.
' OFK. trone.
throng sb. me. throng oe. j^eprgng
fr. the str. vb. oe. pringan =
' OHG. dringan G. du. dringen; ident.
w. GOTH, preihan, ON. pryngva
to throng': teut. \f pring pi-aih,
14'
212
throstle
tight
ARYAN V^ trenk trcnq in LITH.
trcnkti 'to shake'.
throstle sb. aie. thrpstil oe.
pi-gstU; cogn. w. lg. drdssl (oSAX.
*thrdstala fr. *franistal(i) and w.
ON. frpstr (goth. *prastiis')
'throstle'; cp. also lith. strdzdas
'throstle'.
through adv. ident. w. tJwrough:
ME. thurnh oe. piirh = ohg. duruh
G. ditrch, DU. dorcJi, goth. pairh.
throw vb. ME. thrptve oe.
■prdwan str. vb. 'to twist, turn
= OHG. draen G. drehcn (du.
draaieti) : teui'. \(^ pre (also in
thread) = aryan \/~tre(tere) in
GR. XQ'q-fia 'a hole' — xiQUv
to pierce' — xsQevQOv 'auger'.
thrush sb. (a bird's name) me.
thrush short for oe. prysce (teut.
base pnhkjori) ; cogn. w. ohg.
drbsca (base prateskon-).
thud sb. (Scotch) short for
oe. ppden 'whirlwind'.
thumb sb. me. thomhe ihumbe
older pihne oe. pt'mia := ohg.
dtimo G. daumen, du. dtii?», swed.
tumme (ON. pumall 'the thumb
of a glove') : teut. base/z2-;;OT«-.
It rests on an aryan adj. tu-mo-
'thick, strong in avest. iu?fia
(SKR. tutimia) 'strong'; cp. LAT.
timiere 'to swell', aryan \r tu.
thunder sb. me. thimder older
form thoner thiuie)- oe. punor =
OHG. donar G. dormer, du. donder
(cp. ON. porr for *ponr the god
of thunder), aryan sffyrt ton in
LAT. tonare — toiiitru, skr. tan
'to sound', OE. punianto resound,
creak' (byform \^ sten in skr. stan
'to sound', see under stiui). —
thursday me. thorsday thursday
late OE. puresdcei oe. punresdcej^
= ohg. donares-tag G. donnerstag,
DU. donder dag , on. porsdagr.
Early translation of LAT. lozns
dies. TEUT. piinara- was the god
of thunder, corresponding to
ON. porr 'Thor'.
thus adv. me. thus oe. ptis =--
OSAX. OFRIES. thus, DU. dus ;
corresponding to OHG. sus. Forms
of the article the.
tick (of a bed) sb. not found
in ME. nor oe., probably bcyrowed
fr. DU. tijk = ohg. ziehha G. zieche;
source lat. theca, whence also
FR. tale 'a tick'.
ticket sb. fr. FR. etiquette.
tickle vb. ME. tikele.
tide sb. ME. tide 'season' oe.
tid (gen. iide^ 'time, hour' = on.
tid, OSAX. tid, DU. tijd, ohg. zit
G. zeit : Teut. base ti-di-, cogn.
w. oe. tl-via = time. — Hence
tidings ME. tiding es older form
tithende fr. on. tidindi 'tidings' (^
DU. tijding, G. zeitung).
tie vb. ME. tie OE. tij^an ti^an
wk. vb. to tie, connect'; derived
fr. OE. teag 'bond, chain, rope'
=^ Teut. base taugo: \^ taug tauh
teuh 'to pull, draw', cogn. w.
LAT. diicere 'to lead'; cp. ohg.
ziohaii g. Ziehen, oe. teon (prt.
t§ah\
tight adj. .ME. ti^ht borrowed
fr. on. p^ttr (tlierefore also me.
thiiht) — - mhg. dihte (g. dieht) :
Teut. base pihti- pinhti-. Cogn.
w. thicks
tike
today
213
tike sb, ME. tike fr. on. tik 'a
bitch'.
tile sb. ]VIE. tile contraction fr.
OE. ti\ele
ti-dc
source lat.
tegula, whence also ohg. ziagal \
G ziegel, DU. tegel tichel (cp. fr.
tuile, ITAL. tegold).
till vb. ME. tile older tilien OE.
tilia?i 'to till land, to work'; cogn.
w. OHG. 5/A7/; G. zielen 'to aim
at', OS AX. tilbn tiloiaii , du. /'^/i?^
'to till, cultivate' (cp. goth. ga-
tils adj. 'fitting').
till prepos. me. oe. /// (in
Northumbr. dialect) — - on. ///
'till, to. Cogn. w. GOTH, gatils
and OHG. zilon under //// vb.
tilt sb. late me. telt 'a covering'
for an earlier form teld (under
the influence of tent^ =^ oe.
leteld 'a covering, tent' ; ident. w.
OHG. zi'lt gizclt G. zelt 'tent', odu.
telt ghctelt \en\! , Q-a. tjald: Teut.
base telda- ga-telda-.
timber sb. me. oe. timber 'ma-
terial for building'; cp. goth.
timijan 'to build', ohg. zimbar
'material for building, edifice
G zimmer 'room' , os.\x. ti?/ibar
'edifice', DU. tiinmcr, ON. tif/ibr.
Cognate w. gr. d^isiv 'to build'
— douo^ edifice', lat. domus
'house', OSLOV. domil 'house', skr.
daf/id-.
time sb. ME. time OE. titna =
ON. //;/// time': Teut. base ti-mon-
fr. the \^// in tide.
tin sb. ME. OE. tin = on. d.\n.
Df. ////, OHG. zifi G. zinn: common
Teut. base ti//a-.
tinder sb. me. tinder oe. tyndre:
= base iundrjon- in ohg. zuntira
G. zunder; cp. du. tinder, on.
tundr. Teut. verbal \r land tund
in goth. tandjan, ohg. zitntan G.
zi'mden, oe. ontendan 'to kindle'.
tine (of a fork) sb. me. oe. //W
'prong, spike' = on. tindr 'a
spike', mhg. zint: Teut. base tinda-
tcnda-. Probably connected w.
tooth (Teut. base tanj>-).
tire vb. me. tire oe. tyran with
the non-umlauted byform me. tere
oe. teorian.
tit see titmouse.
tithe sb. ME. tithe; prop, ordinal
OE. tiieda {teogoda teopa) 'tenth';
see ten.
titlark see titmouse.
title sb. ME. title fr. ofr. title
=-- FR. litre: source i.at. titulus.
titmouse sb. (a bird's name)
not connected w. mouse; the
second element of the compound
is ii£. jnpse OE. mdse =^ du. mees.,
OHG. meisa G. meise 'a titmouse'
(fr. mi'sange is of Teut. origin).
The first element of titmouse
fas of Hilar k) is ox. //'/ 'a small
bird'.
to prep. ME. OE. to prep. adv.
— OSAX. to adv. ( — /'/■prep.), ohg.
zuo adv. ( — zi prep.); cp. DU.
toe, G zu.
toad sb. ME. lode oe. tdd-iie
(see tadpole^; there are no
further connections.
toast vb. ME. taste fr. OFR. toste
r^ LAT. tosta (fr. the vb. torrere).
today ME. to day oe. to dceie =
OSAX. te dage. — For tonight —
tomorrow = ME. to night — to
214
toe — tower
morwe oe. to morgne Gp. osax.
te naht 'tonight'.
toe sb. ME. to (pi. tgti) oe. td
(pi. tail) oldest form tdhce =
OHG. SC///-1 (j. se/ie: Teut. base
taihon; cp. DU. teen., ON. /(?.
together adv. me. togedere oe.
togivdrc; cogn. w. gather.
token sb. ME. tdkcn or. tdcen:
Teut. base A?//J/;<7- in ohg. zeihhan
G. zcichen, osax. tekan, du. tecken ;
cp. GOTH, taikns (base taikiii-).
Pre -Teut. base doigno- doigni-
cogn. w. GR. deTyiia by the side
of ()£/V.)'v/n. ARYAN x" dfk (dig) in
LAX. i://V6' ( — digitus — prodigiiim).
E. teach oe. tcecean belongs to
the same root.
toll sb. ME. oe. till ill) = OHG.
zol {II) G. zoll., OSAX. DU. tol; cp.
OSAX. tollia = OE, /d^/z/t' 'toll'.
Source lat. telbniuni in a vulgar
form tolo Ileum for teloneuin. Cp.
OE. tolnirc OHG. zolandri = lat.
tolo liar ins {teloiiarius) .
tomb sb. ME. toiiibe toumhe fr.
FR. tomhe = LAT, iuiiiba.
tomorrow see today.
tongs sb. ME OE, tgnge (taiige)
-^ OHG, zanga G. zange, DU. A^//^,
ON. /fi//,^: Teut. base tatigb-n- fr.
the ARYAN \^ dak in skk. (/(^/' —
GR. ddy.vHv 'to bite".
tongue ME. toiige tuiigc oe. tunge
=^ GOTH. tllggO, OHG. ZUIlga G.
zunge , DU. /(W^'. Teut. base
tungbn- fr. pre -teut. d?nghd- in
OLAT, dingua {= LAT. lingua).
tonight see today.
too ident. \v. /<?.
tool sb. ME. OE. /<:// = ON. /ti/;
probably derived fr. the teut.
\f tau\o make' (see under tati<).
toom adj. me. oe. torn loanword
fr. ON. tomr 'empty'; cp. osax.
tonii to/nig, OHG. zuojnig 'empty'.
tooth sb. ME. tgth (pi. teth) oe.
top (pi. tep) fr. a Teut. base tann-
in OSAX. uu. ia/id, OHG. Zand {zan
G. zahn), ON. tpnn ; ablaut-varia-
tion GOTH, tnnpiis. ARYAN base
dont- djnt- in skr. dat — danta,
GR. (\dnvT- (oOoi't,), LAT. dent- (liens) ,
LITH. dailtis. ARYAN \'^ed\o eat'
see under eat; the form of the
Aryan word (cp. sooth) is^resent
participle.
top^ sb. ME. OE. top (pp) =- ON.
toppr , DU. top (oHG. G. zopf a
tuft of hair') : Teut. base toppa-
tuppa-.
top- sb. (a child's toy) me. OE.
top (pp); phonetically differing
fr. the equiv. lg. dop, ohg. topfo
G. top/.
torch sb. :me. torche fr. fr.
torche, whence also du. toorts.
touch vb. me. louche fr. fr.
toucher, wlience also du. toetsen.
tough adj. ME. tough oe. toh fr.
TEUT. '^tanhii-, whence also du.
taai, OHG. zdhi G. zdhe. Perhaps
cogn. w. OE. letpng adj. 'in con-
tact with' — letenge 'close to'.
towel sb. ME. touail fr. ofr.
toaille =r FR. touaille. Source an
old Teut. word ; cp. ohg. dwahilla
G. zwehle towel', teut. \f pwah
in GOTH, pwahaii :=- OE. pre fan
str. vb. 'to wash'.
tower sb, ME, tour late OE.
town — truncheon
^15
(11"^ cent.) ttlr fr. fr. tour.
Source LAX. tu/ris.
town sb. aiE. toun oe. tiin; the
original meaning fence' is seen
in OE. tynan \vk. vb. to fence,
enclose. Cp. on. /////, du. turn,
OHG. ziin G. zaun 'fence, hedge'.
Cogn. w. oiR. ihiii 'fortress' (in
CELT, place-names as in Aicgusto-
dii/iuni) .
trace sb. me. trd(c fr. fr. trace
(source lat. tractiare),
trade sb. original meaning 'path'
fr. the vb. tread.
trail vb. me. traile late oe.
trcej/ian fr. ofr. trailkr, whence
also DU. LG. treilen.
traitor sb. me. trailour fr. ofr.
traitor (fr. traitre) =^ lat. tra-
ditor{etii).
tramp, trample vb. me. traffipe
= EG. travipen travipeln ; cp.
GOTH, trinipan to tread.
trap sb. ME. trappe late OE.
trcpppe loanword fr. fr. trappe;
source OHG. trappa.
travel vb. me. travaille fr. fr.
travaillcr.
treachery sb. me. trccherie
tricchcric fr. fr. tricherie (fr.
t richer vb.).
tread vb. :\ie. tr^de oe. tredan
str. vb. ^=z OSAX. tredan, DU. treden,
OHG. tr'etan g. tretcn ; cp. goth.
irudati, ON. troda 'to tread'.
TFUT. \~ tr'cd trod.
treason sb. mk. traisoun fr. ofr.
traison --- fr. trahison: source
LAT. ti aditio{tic7n).
treasure sb. me. tresor fr. fr.
triisor ^=^ LAT. thesaurus.
treat vb. fr. fr. traiter ^= l.a.t.
tractarc.
tree sb. me. tre oe. treo = goth.
triu, OSAX. trio, on. tri: Teut.
base irewa-, derived fr. an aryan
dru doru in skr. dru daru 'wood',
GR. iigvi; 'oak' — 86qv spear',
OSLOV. driiva — drevo 'wood' ;
cogn w. tar and trough.
tripe sb. me. tripe = du. trip
fr. FR. tripe.
trouble vb. short for ME. trouble:
loanword fr. fr. troubler.
trough sb. ME. trogh oe. troh
trog =r ON. OHG. G. DU. trog:
Teut. base ti'oga- tiuga-, pro-
bably derived fr. aryan dru-
'wood' under tree.
trout sb. ME. troute (for troughtef)
OE. triiht: early loanword fr.
LAT. tructa — _r FR. truite.
truant sb. me. trilant prop.
triiauiid fr. FR. truatid 'a vaga-
bond'.
truce sb. me. trewes plural form
[ of ME. trewc 'truce' --= oe. treoica
, 'contidence, faith'. Derivative
I of the adj. true me. trace ok.
\ ^etreowe letrywe ~- org. t, iuivi
• gitriuwi G. (ge}trcu. osAX. trimo.;
cp. GOTH. tri^<i7c>s — ON. tryggr
'true. Cogn. w. OPRUSS. dru7ois
'belief — druwit 'to believe.
! ARYAN \f dru. See truth and
i trust.
j trump sb. me. truvipe trouipe
j fr. FR. trof/ipe, whence also ODU.
trompe.
truncheon sb. me. trounchoun
troiichoun fr. ofr. tronchon =
I FR. tronfon.
2l6
trust
twine
trust sb. ME. trust fr. on. troust
'contidence' (:= ohg. trost G.
trost 'consolation'): Teut. base
trausta- fr. an ARYAN base drouz-
da- ; cogn. w. ir. drnit (base
drazdi-) 'firm, trustworthy'.
truth ME. treuthe OE. treowp
'faith, fidelity': abstract forma-
tion to triie.
try vb. ME. trie fr. fr. trier.
tub sb. ME. tubbe = DU. tobbe,
LG. tubbe 'a tub'; cogn. w. OHG.
zubar G. zuher. Source lat. tubus
'a pipe, tube' ?
tuck vb, ME. tukke = OHG. zockbn
zuckdi: intensive formation of \^
tuh in GOTH, till ha ?t = ohg. ziohan
(see under tie^.
Tuesday sb. me. Tiivesday oe
Tiwesdcej^ -= on. Tysdagr, G. (Ale-
mann.j Zistag: translation of lat.
Martis dies. The Teut. god Tiw
corresponds to Mars. oe. Tiw
on. Tyr rests on ARYAN deiwos
'god' (in SKR. deva , lat. deus;
cp. ON. ti7ujr 'the gods').
tumble vb. me. tumble tumble
fr. OE. ti/uibiau to dance, tumble';
cp. nu. tuimelen fr. ODU. tu?tte7i.
tun sb. ME. tuntie to/me oe. tuune
--= DU. /cvz; ident. w. ohg. tuniia
G. tontie and fr. tonne. Source
and history of the group not
cleared up yet.
turbot sb. .ME. turbut fr. fr.
turbot.
turf sb. ME. ///;•/ torf ok. ///;;/
=: ON. torf, OHG. zurba, DU. //^/y
'peat : Teut. base turb- torb- fr.
an ARYAN base drbh- d?rbh-; cp.
.SKR. darbha 'bunch of grass'.
turn vb. short for me. iourne
late OE. tilrnian fr. fr. tourner.
turtle sb. me. oe. turtle (=^
OHG. turtulattiba G. turteltaube)
fr. LAT. turtur.
tusk sb. me. tusk tuseh short
for oe. tiisc {tusc); probably Teut.
base tunska-, derived fr. teut.
tunji- (taiip-) = tooth.
twelve num. me. oe. twelf (infl.
me. twelve oe. tiaelfe) t= goth.
tivalif, OHG. zweli/G. zwolf, OSAX.
twclif, DU. twaalf. The word
rests on the num. two; the 2^^
element (cp. lith. dvylikd tJwelve')
occurs again in GOTH, ainlif =^
OHG. einljf (see eleven^. —
twenty me. twenty oe. twenti'^
probably contracted for *twe-
lentij^ = OHG. zweinzug (o. zwanzig,
DU. twintig). - - twice adv. me.
twies prop, tivie OE. twiyi {twiiua
tu.7c>a) . —
twig sb. ME. twig pi. twigges ;
cogn. w. OE. t7vi (pi. twiyi), ohg.
Z7VI and also w. ohg. znng G.
zweig, DU. tzvijg. Probably con-
nected w. the numeral two
(aryan stem dwi-).
twins pi. ME. t7vinnes oe.
'^ettvinnas; ident. w. ON. tvinnr
'two and two'; cp. ohg. ziaini-
li?ig G. zwilling, DU. iweeling 'a
twin' and lith. di'ynti 'twins'. All
derived fr. the ARYAN stem^Vw'-;
see tivo.
twine vb. ME. twine vb. fr. the
sb. OE. twin 'linen, a twisted
thread' = DU. twijn, which is
ident. w. mhg. g. zwirn , du.
tweern: Teut. base twtzna- fr.
twinckle — up
217
^rtwis (see under ticist), cogn.
\v. the num. two.
twinckle vb. me. ttvincle oe.
twincUan.
twist vb. ME. twiste vb. fr. oe.
twist sb. 'rope' = ODU. twist
'thread'; teut. \'^ twis as in G.
zwirn 'thread'; see twine.
twit vb. short for me. at-wite
OE. (Zt-witati str. vb. 'to reproach';
cp. OE. ed-wit sb. 'reproach' and
GOTH, idweitjan vb. 'to reproach',
OHG. firwiT^ian G. verweisen, DU.
verwijten 'to reproach' and oe.
7vite, OSAX. tviti, ohg. li-'iiT^i 'pu-
nishment', GOTH. ftuuc'i'itan str. vb.
twitch vb. ME. twicche (without
palatalisation twicke) OE. twiccian
= g. zwickeii (cp. OHG. zwecchbii) '.
Teut. ground-form *twikkjon}
twitter vb. me. tzvitere = ohg.
zwizziron G. zuitschern ; perh. a
reduplicated west -teut. *twi-
twiron"? (teut. \l^twisf).
XsNO num. : orig. twain masc. —
tivo f. n. = ME. twein — two oe.
iwe^en — iwd {tu n. for *twii orig.
*twp) ; cp. ohg. zwme — zwd —
zwei, OSAX. twene — two (two)
— twe, GOTH, twai — ttvos — twa.
ARYAN stem duo- dwo- in lat.
duo, GR. 8vo (but J(f/'i)fxa for
*J'/((jJ6xm), skr. dua dva.
tyrant sb. me. tiraunt (with
excrescent / as in pageant) fr.
OFK. tiran —-- laj'. tyrannus.
u
udder sb. me. udder short for
OE. lider =3r ORG. iitar (g. enter),
ODU. OFRIES. OSAX. udcr ; ARYAN
base {idlir- in skr. udluir, lat.
iiber; cp. gr. ov:)«o. All equi-
valent.
ugly adj. ME. ui^/v fr. ON. uggligr
'dreadful'; cp. ON. ugga 'to fear'.
umpire prop. ?iuvipire (as auger
for orig. naugcr) me. ncnunpere fr.
OFR. nonper.
un-' prefix (of adjectives) me.
OE. un- := G. ohg. GOTH. 7///- ;
ident. w. lat. in-, GR. ««'- a-,
SKR. r7//- cz- : ARYAN ground-form
?n-, cogn. w. SKR. na , lat. ne,
GOTH. OHG. ni, OE. lie 'not'.
un 2 prefix (of verbs) me. tm-
late OE. z/«- OE. on- = goth.
(7«^/-, ohg. ////- G. ent-.
uncle sb. :\IE. uncle oncle fr. fr.
oncle (r^ LAT. avunculus). Cp.
also aunt, nevew, niece.
under prep. me. oe. under ;=
GOTH. OSAX. undar , on. undir,
DU. onder, OHG. untar G. unter.
Two different prepositions are
blended in this form: LAT. inter,
SKR. <7«A7/- and lat. infra skr.
adhds.
up prep. adv. me. /// oe. lipp ;
ident. w. ohg. iif G. a///", osAX.
///; cp. the ablaut-relation goth.
iup. Cogn. w. OE. ufan 'from
above' = OHG. obana osAX. otnina
from above'. See above and
2l8
urchin
i^ery
and over. Jipon me. upon OE.
upp-on; cp. ON. upp a.
urchin sb, me. irchoun fr. ofr.
irc(on (fr. hi'rissoii) ; source a
vulgar LAT. ericio{nevi). ^=^ lat.
criciiis 'liedge-hog (the genuine
E. word was OE. ij^el =r OHG.
igii G. igfl, cogn. w. or. !}(7voc).
us pron. me. lis (oiis) OE. lis for
TEUT. ////i'- in G. OHG. GOTH. Itns,
OSAX. US .
and 7C'i\
DU,
oris.
Cp.
(v' « r
use sb. ME. Use fr. fr. us =.
LAT. //JiV/J".
usquebaugh sb. fr. ir. wV^'y"
beatha 'water of life'; ident. w.
ivhisky.
utmost short for ME. ouienies/e
OE. (w. umlaut) yteniest; ident.
w. outmost.
utter vb. aiE. uttrc outre derived
fr. iME. oute vb. 'to put out' OE.
litian 'to put out'. Source out.
vain adj. me. 7<aiu fr. fr. 7'ain
=^ LAT. t'auus.
vale sb. iiE. z'li/ fr. fr. ^ui/e
and valley me. z'^z/^v't' fr. fr. vallre.
Source LAT. vallis.
valiant adj. me. valiaunt fr.
fr. vaillaut.
valley see vale.
van ident. w. fan.
vane sb. (a wether-cock) me.
(Kent.) vdne — (else) fane oe.
fdna 3^ OHG. fano {gund-fano)
G. fahue, DU. eva^m, goth. fana:
Teut. base fanau-, cogn. w.
LAT. panniis 'clotli'.
vanish vb. me. vanisshc fr.
ofr. vanir (z'aniss-); source lat.
evanesccre.
vanquish vb. ]\ie. venquisshe
fr. ofr. veiuquir (veinqutss-)
= FR. vaiucre; source lat. vin-
I'ere.
vat sb. me. (Kent.) vat — (else)
fat OE. feet :=: OSAX. on. fat,
OHG. faij G. pass, DU. vat: Teut.
base /(^/Ar-. Cogn. w. lA'Wi. pudas
'a pot' and ohg. fay^oti g. fassen
'to contain'.
vaunt vb. short for me. avaunte
\ vb. fr. OFR. avanter (fr. vanter^
r: - late LAT. vanitare.
j veal sb. ME. e'f'/ fr- ^jf^.- ^'^'^'^
I (fr. veaii) ; source lat. vitellus
'a little calf.
veil sb. AiE. ?-'t'//^ fr. onfr. veile
= LAT. vHiuii.
vein sb. ME. e'^'/«^ fr. fr. veine
- - LAT. vena.
venison sb. me. vencisoun fr.
OFR. veneison = LAT. venatio{neni).
venom sb. :\ie. venim fr. ofr.
vniivi -~z- LAT. venenum.
verse sb. me. vers fr. fr. vers;
OE. ME. fers is loanword fr. lat.
versus with tlie medieval pro-
! nunciation of lat. v as f.
very adj. me. verrei verrai fr.
OFR. 7^(7W (fr. vrai) ; source
vessel
wade
219
a LAX. type veracus for lat.
7'erac-fm.
vessel sb. me. vessel fr. ofr.
ncissel (fr. vaisseaii) ^= lat.
vase e Hum {vasctilus — vas).
vetch sb.ME. vecche fr. ofk. veche
(fr. vesee^ = lat. vicia, whence
also OHG. u'ieka G. wieke DU. 7vik.
vex vb. ME. vexe fr. fr. vexer
= lat. vexare.
vial {phi a I) sb. me. rv^V^- fr. fr.
Jiolc (ofr. viole^.
vice sb. ME. ?^4"^ fr. fr. vice
= LAT. vitium.
victory sb. me. victoiic fr. ofr.
vie to lie ■= fk. victoire.
victuals sb. (me. vitaille^ fr.
OFR. vitaille in the spelling r^V-
iuaille. Source lat. victualia.
view sb. fr. fr. viie.
vigil sb. ME. vigile fr. fr. vigile
= lat. vigilia.
vigor sb. ME. vigour fr. Ofr.
vigour (fr. vigeiir^ = lat.
vigor-cvi.
vile adj. ME. ?'// fr. fr. f// =
LAT. vUis.
villain sb. me. vikin fr. ofr.
vileiii =: LAT. villanus.
vine sb. me. ew^ fr. fk. vigiie
=: LAT. vinea. Cp. wine.
vinegar sb. me. vin{gre fr. fr.
viiiaigrc = LAT. vinum acre. For
the 2"^^ element cp. eager.
j vinewed adj. (the initial v
\ instead of /' is due to Kentish
influence) fr. OE. fynegian 'to
become mouldy' {fyni^ xixowXdif^.
vintage sb. transformed fr. me.
vinihige, which rests on fr. vei:-
dange = lat. vindevija (whence
OHG. wintimf/ia Vintage').
viol sb. fr. FR. viole -- ital.
span. 7'iola ; source a late lat.
vitula, whence also fiddle.
virgin sb. me. virginc fr. ofr.
I'irgine.
virtue sb. me. vertil fr. FR. vertu.
visage sb. me. visage fr. fr.
visage. — vision sb. me. visioun
fr. FR. vision.
vixen sb. (ennstead of/due to
Kentish influence) oe. */yxe/i :
Teut. base fuhsin^o- {g. fiichsin^y
derived fr. teut. fuhs- fohs-
under fox {-injo- being fem.
suffix as in G. gotlin, grdfiii etc.).
voice sb. ME. zwis fr. ofr. vois
(fr. voix^ = LAT. vox.
voutch vb. JiE. vouche fr. ofr.
voucher (=^ lat. vocare).
vow sb. ME. vou fr. OFK. vou
(fr. voeii) = LAT. votutn.
voyage sb. fr. fr. voyage', cp.
ME. viage vedge fr. ofr. veiage.
Source lat. viaticum.
w
wade vb. :me. wdde oe. wddan 1 uu. waden, ohg. watan str. vb.
(prt. ZiuUt) str. vb. == ON. vada, ' (g. waten wk. vb.) : TEUT. \fwady
2 20
wafer — w^ind
ARYAN V^ 7vddh in lat. vddere
'to go'.
wafer sb, me. wdfre fr. ofr.
ivaufre = FR. gaufre; ident.
w. DU, lua/el, G. waffel (oSAX.
*wdjfa). Tlie group prop, meant
'honey comb' as in fr. and is
derived fr. a Teut. word (OHG.
■?aalw G. wabe\ \'^wcb in weave).
wag vb. ME. wagge (oE. *7vag-
giati) derived fr. \fw'eg (in oe.
wagian 'to move , wag') ; see
7iiay.
wage sb. me. 7e.idge fr. ofr.
7iV(?_^^ (fr. gage I : source a vul-
gar LAT. wadium for lat. vadiimi
(influenced by a teut. - goth.
wadi 'a pledge' under wed).
waggon ^b. fr. du. wagen\
ident. w. wain.
wail vb. ME. waile weile; derived
fr. ME. wei 'woe' (loanword fr.
ON. vti\ see woe").
wain sb. me. ivaiii oe. wceyi:
Teut. base wagnu- in OHG. wagan
G. DU. wagefi (on. vagn) ; ARYAN
\rwegh as in lat. vehicidum,
GR. o/o^', oiR. fhi wain'. See
way.
waist sb. ME. wdst\ doubtful
whether allied to waxl
wait vb. ME. waitc fr. ofr.
waiter', source a vulgar lat.
vb. wactare, der. fr. OHG. 7(.>ahia
= GOTH, wahtno 'a watching'.
For the root see wake and
7vatch.
wake vb. me. wake oe. wdcian
-- OSAX. wakpjan, du* waken,
on. vaka, OHG. 7vahhe.n G. wac/ien
wk. vb. (only GOTH, wakan str.
vb.). Cp. also OE. iveccean, ohg.
weckan, osAx. wekkian, du. wekken,
GOTH, wakjan. 'to awake'. ARYAN
\^e<.w> in LAT. vegere 'to excite,
arouse' (?^/^«7 'awake') and skr.
vdjay 'to incite'. See watcJi
(and waif).
walk vb. ME. walke: intensive
formation (cp. lurk, stalk) of
OE. weaUian 'to wander' =^ OHG.
wallchi G. walkfi.
wall sb. ME. 7C'«/ (pi. walks)
OE. 7£'m// (pi. weallas) =- du.
7w;/, OSAX. yc'c?/ (pi. wallos) ; not
found in ohg. (but tJ. 7t:v?//
borrowed fr. LG.). Source lat.
vallum 'a rampart'.
wall-eyed adj. fr. oe. wealden-
i'i^e --- ON. vald-eygdr 'wall-eyed'?
wallow vb. ME. walwe OE. 7veal-
wian 'to wallow'; cp. goth. -ival-
wison 'to wallow' and walwjan
'to roll". Cogn. w. lat. volvere
(gR. f^iXhSlv) 'to roll'. ARYAN
\f~wel7v tvohv.
walnut sb. me. walnote walnute
oe. 7oealh-hnutu =^ ON. valhnot,
DU. walnoot G. walnuss (not found
in OHG,). The former element
(teut. loalha-) see under Welsh
(jvalnut prop, meant 'French
nut'; cp. LAT. mix Gallica =
FR. gauge).
walrus sb. ^= du. ivalms iml-
ros, G. 7valross, dan. hvalros; cp.
ON. hrosshvalr (whence oe. hors-
kivo'iy. lit. 'a horse-whale'. See
7v h a le.
wan adj. me. 7van{nn) oe. ivann
{70 on/!).
w^and sb. me. 7vaiid fr. on.
wander — was
22 1
vgnd (gen. vandai-) = goth.
wandus 'a rod'. Cogn. w. LITH.
-tcantal or w. wind vb.?
wander vb. me. wandre oe.
wandrian; cp. MHG. o. wandern
waiidclii (oHG. ivaiitalofi) 'to
wander'. Cogn. v>'. wend vb.
wane \"b. me. 7vdne oe. wdnian
= OHG. wanoii, ON. fvz«<z 'to
wane, diminish': derived fr. teut.
wana- 'lacking' in OE. wan, on.
vanr, ohg. w^// , goth. wans
'lacking' (cp. DU. wan/wop 'de-
spair' and G. 7c<ahnwitz 'want of
wits'). Cogn. w. SKR. lina 'wan-
ting'. — want sb. me. 7iumt fr.
ON. rant neutr. of vanr lacking,
deficient'. — wanton me. wan-
toiin prop, wantihoiii for ^wan-
togen : OE. togen is participle of
teon (see tea?n) 'to educate'.
war sb. me. (since 12''' cent.)
werre = DU. werrc fr. ofr. werre
(fr. guerre) ; source OHG. we. ra
'vexation' (ohg. osax. werran
str. vb. 'to bring into confusion
or disorder').
ward sb. me. 7vard OE. weard
'watchman, guardian' — ^ osAX.
ward, OHG. G. wart (on. vgrdr
for * ward us) : ARYAN \^7t'or see
under laary. — warden sb.
ME. warddn fr. OFR. wardein
(gardein) ident. w. guardian;]
see guard. — wardrobe me.
wardergbe fr. ofr. 7oarderohe (fr.
garderobc) . 1
ware sb. me. 7oarc oe. 7e'dru :
'merchandise' =^ DU. 7C'aar G.
7C'are, on. vara.
w^arlock sb. for :mk. 7varl67ve
OE. 7VCErloga 'traitor' (= OSAX.
7vdrlogo) : compound of OE. 7vdr
'faitli, agreement and -loga 'a
liar' (OE. leogan under lie ').
warm adj. me. warm oe. 7vearnt
= OSAX. OHG. G. DU. 7varin, on.
varmr (cp. goth. 7var?njan 'to
make warm') : Teut. base warma-
for ARYAN base g/m'ertno- in GR.
dfoudc ((f&o/iicg) = LAT. formus
'warm'.
warn vb. me. 7varne oh. 7vear-
nian 7var{e)nian = oHG. 7varndn
G. 7oarnen 'to warn'.
warp sb. me. a''.-;;^ oe. 7vcarp
derived fr. oe. 7veorpan me. werpe
str. vb. 'to throw' =^ GOTH.
7i.iairpan , OS AX. 7i<erpan , DU.
7verpcn, ohg. 7i<'erfan G. 7verfen
str. vb. 'to throw'. ARYAN
\/~7£'(?r^7<;' in SKR. vrj\o remove',
OSLOV. erwV/ {vriigq) 'to throw'.
warrant sb. me. 7varaunt fr.
ofr. 7C'arani (fr. gar ant).
wart sb. me. 7verte: umlauted
by form of oe. 7vcarte = ON.
varta, odu. warte, ohg. 7varza
G. 7varze. Perhaps cogn. w. OE.
wcarr 'callosity, wart' and lat.
verruca 'wart'.
wary adj. extension of me.
war OE. w^^;- 'cautious, aware'
:= GOTH, wars, OSAX. war 'cau-
tious' (oHG. giwar G. ge7c>ahr) :
ARYAN \^ K'^^r also in GR. nour
'to observe'.
was (I, he) — 7jefere (we) me.
was-wEre OE. 7vas-weron (wceroh):
forms of the preterite of OE.
wcsan — DU. 7vczen, OHG. 7C'esan,
GOTH. 7C'isan (g. 7c>esen sb. 'a
222
wash — wean
being'). ARYAN \'^7cj£s in skr.
7'as 'to stay in a place'.
wash vb. ME. wasshe OE. wascan
=-= ON. vaska, OHG. wascan G.
waschcn. ARYAN sfwask in IR,
faiscwt, w. gwasgii 'I press',
wasp sb. ME. waspe oe. 7£'<2'/j
fr. a Teut. base 7vafsa- in ohg.
ivafsa; cogn. w. lat. ?'^-/<?, lith.
z^«;)^« 'breeze', OSLOV. ?^<?^rt' 'wasp'.
ARYAN \rwcbh in weave] wasp
orig. weaver
SKR. «/C'j- 'grow up, get strong',
GR. dc-^fii' 'wax'. Cp. ox.
wax sb. me. wax oe. 7c/^fl':r ^
ON. vax, OHG. zi;'(?/?j.- G. wachs,
DU. 7C'^7i-.f. Cogn. W. LITH. WOSZ-
kas, OSLOV. RUSS. voskh.
way sb. me. way wey wei oe.
iv'ei = OSAX. OHG. tveg G. DU.
zt''^^, ON. vegr, GOTH, wigs 'way':
Teut. base w'ega- (allied to lat.
via 'way'), derived fr. the teut.
sfweg in oe. wega/i 'to carry'
= OHG. w'egan to move', goth.
gatvigan; ident. w. LAT. vehere
'to carry', GR. Ix^iv ^ stR. vah
'to carry': ARYAN sfwegh also
in wain.
we pron. ME. oe. we ^rzz goth.
7veis, ohg. g. 7oir , oSAX. ye?;
ident. w. skr. vay-a?n 'we' : ARYAN
ground-form wei fr. a stem we- in
ON. vcirr 'our'.
■weak adj. me. weik fr. on.
waste adj. me. -wast fr. ofr.
K'tz.>7 (cp. FR. gater \o make
waste'). Source lat. vastus,
influenced by teut. 7t'dsti 'waste'
(oe. weste, ohg. wuosti G. wilst
fr. an ARYAN wasiii- in OIR. fas,
LAT. vastus "waste').
watch vb. me. wacche oe. *w(?c-
can (in the pres. partic. wa:ccende)
z= OE. 7vdcian under zvake.
water sb. me. water oe. wceter veikr veykr; ident. w. OE. 7W^
^nr OSAX. watar, DU. water, ohg.
7vazr^ar G. 7vasser: west-teut.
base 7i<atera-; ident. w. goth.
7<'vz/(7, on. ?'^7///. Cogn. w. ?<.vt7
ME. 7Vdk = DU. 7£V(?/^, OSAX. Wek,
OHG. 7i^^//z G. weich. TEUT. \f Wlk
in OE. 7cncan 'to give way' =^
OSAX. 7mkan, ON. e'/^/'^?, OHG.
w.
and outside of teut., w. G^.\7Vihhan G. 7veichen. Cogn
("Jfrfo, SKR. //^/d;/;, OSLOV. RUSS. GR. uy.HV 'to give way', lat.
?'.:>,/.? 'water'. ARYAN ^^"wod-.ud. f'/a'j.- 'change'. ARYAN \r7w^ 7<:'r^.
wattle sb. me. 7vatel OE. watol weal sb. me. 7e)(le oe. 74;'^/a
hurdle, tile'.
\A/ave sb. derived fr. the wk.
{7veo!a) 'prosperity , riches'
OSAX. welo 'happiness , riches'
vb. 7vave ME. wave OE. 7vdfian ' (oHG. 7C'eta — 7C'o/a G. 7Vohl wel-
'wave, fluctuate'; cp. ox. 7w/a:fare). Cogn. w. tc^// and ?*:'///.
'to vibrate to and fro'. j — wealth ME. 7velthe extension
wax sb. ME. 7vaxe oe. 7veaxan oi weal = DU. 7c>eelde.
str. vb. r^ OHG. OSAX. 7vahsan ' wean sb. me. 7vaie OE. wenian
G.7vachsen,v>\j.7msse7i\ c\^.GOTVi.. 'to wean a child prop, 'to ac-
7vahsjan. aryan \f7veks uks in custom'; ident. w, osAX. wennian,
weapon — week
223
(g. geiuohneti), on. venja 'to ac-
custom'. Derived fr. the adj.
7uaiia- in on. vanr 'accustomed'
(cp. OUG. giwo?i OE. jif^cw/? 'usual').
weapon sb. me. wc'pen oeu wcepcn
= ON. vapn, OSAX. wapan, DU.
wapeu , OHG. wajfaii o. 7<;'d^(?
(goth. wcpna plur.).
wear vb. me. yt'iVY oe. iierian
wk. vb. 'to clothe' r= goth.
tiujsjan 'to clothe', OHG. werian,
ON. f'^r;'« 'to cloth": teut. \fwaz
was (also in goth. was-ti 'gar-
ment'), ARYAN y~rt/-i\v in LAT. f^<?j--
tis 'garment', GK.s^-d^tjJ^ clothing',
i'rvif.11 'I clothe', SKR. ?''c?i^ 'to
clothe'.
weary adj. me. 7e>ery oe. we'ri^
{'ic'th-ii) = OSAX. 7i'drig 'tired',
OHG. wuorag 'intoxicated': TEUT.
\'^wdrl or ivoz}
w^easand sb. me. tvcsend oe.
'H.'cescnd umlauted byform of OE.
wdsend 'throat, gullet' ^-=- ofries.
wasende 'windpipe', OHG. wcisimt
'veins .
w^easel sb. me. wisel oe. wesuk
r^ OHG. wimla G. wiesel, DU. wezel
'weasel'. Perhaps cogn. w. lat.
visio 'bad smell', whence OFR.
voison foumart'.
weather sb. :me. ^vc'de?- oe. w'edcr
-- OSAX. iv'cdar, du. weder, OHG.
w'eiar G. wetter, ox. vedr: Teut.
base w'edra-, aryan base wedhro-
in OSLOV. vedi-ii clear' (weather)
-— vedro 'clear weather.
w^eave sb. me. ivroe oe. 7t>'efan
str. vb. =; ON. viifa, du. weven,
OHG. w'eban G. niebeii. aryan \'"
webh ii/'h (see 70 asp, 70 a fer and
zveevii) also in GR. v(^ ij-vcfoc a
web' — vr/aivfn' 'weave'. — w^eb
ME. OE. 7i'eb {bb) fr. TEUT. 7ciabja-
in OHG. 7veppi, du. 7veb, on. vefr
"a web'.
wed vb. prop, 'to engage' me.
7s.iedde OE. 7veddian =^ goth. gn-
7vadjdn 'to pledge' , ON. vedja.
Derived fr. the sb. OE. wedd ■=^
goth. 7iHrdi, OHG. 7vetti 'a pledge'
and cogn. w. lat. vas — vadis 'a
pledge'. Further relations see
under gage and 7vage. — wed-
lock me. 7vedl(>k OE. 7vedldc (oE.
lac gift, offering).
wedge sb. me. 7ve'gge oe. 7uccg
^ OHG. 7Vecki (G. 7i<eck), du. 7<.''4'',
ON. 7>eggr : Teut. base 7iiagja-;
cogn. w. LiTH. 7C'agis, lett. 7C'adsis
'a wedge.
wedlock see 7cied.
Wednesday ME. 7ved?tes-day vtvo.-
lauted byform of oe. PVddnes-dcei
= LG. 7i>ddnesdach, du. 7voensdag\
prop, 'day of Woden': translation
of LAT. Mercurii dies. Tlie Teut.
god IVodeft (oHG. IVuotan, on.
Oditui) is identified w. Mercurius.
weed 1 sb. (plantname) me. 7ved
i OE. 7veod -^ OSAX. 7viod 'weed'.
I weed - sb. garment me. 7vede
OE. 7VCd 7V:Bd (infl. -e) = ON. vdd,
i OSAX. wad, OHG. 7iidt 'clothing,
garment': Teut. base 7ve-di- fr.
an ARYAN y~ 7i'e to weave' in
I SKR. 7'd to weave'.
week sb. me. 7i.>eke 7vike oe. 7vtcu
— OSAX. 7f'//Ja, on. vika, OHG.
7&ehha 7cio/i/ia G. 7aoche 'week'; cp.
GOTH. 7i'/Xv5 'order, succession'.
224
ween
were
Derived fr. \^ wv/C' in OE. wican
'to give way' see under weak.
ween vb. me. wcne oe. tcc/ian
(prop, lod-nan) 'to hope, expect'
= GOTH, wenjan, on. vchia, OHG.
wdn(n)a/i G. wdhnen: derived fr.
OE. wen (wcin) sb. hope' = ohg.
wan G. wahfi, ON. van, goth.
wens: Teut. base weni-.
weep vb. prop, a str. vb. me.
wepe (prt. 7cep) oe. wepan wd'pan
(prt. weop~) = GOTH. 7vdpjan wk.
vb., OSAX. wopian, OHG. wuoffan
mhg. wiiefen 'lament', on. lipa
(orig. *vapa) 'to cry', teut. V*
7vdp.
weevil sb. me. wevel wivel oe.
wifel = osAx. wit)iL ohg. 7^''/'!'//,
ON. ji^7/; derived fr. the TEUT.
yfweb in weave; cp. lith. fc^?-
balas 'weevil'. — From the same
root also weft ME OE. weft =
on. vcptr.
weight sb. ME. wci]Jit fr. ON.
vdM orig. *vcBht\ cp. OE. wiht
'weight fr. OE. wegan (see way).
weird sb. 'fate' cp. me. wirde
oE. wyrd 'fate' = ON. //rrf', osAX.
ivurd 'fate'. Derived fr. teut.
tverpan =^ OE. weordan, OSAX.
w'erdan, OHG. w'erdan G. werden,
ON. vcrda, goth. wairpan to be-
come'. ARYAN yfwert in LAT. ?w-
AvT to turn', SKR. f'// 'to turn'.
welkin sb. me. welkne welken ;
umlauted byform of me, ivolkne
oE. woken, 'cloud' ;= osAX. ohg.
tvolkan, OS AX. wiilka, OHG. tvolka
G. zoolke 'cloud'. Perhaps cogn.
w\ osi.ov. vlugiikii 'humid' —
vlaga 'humidity' , lith. vilgyti
'to miMsten'. arvan \fw3lg.
w^ell adv. ME. OE. wel ^ du.
Zi'cl, OSAX. lUti, ON. V'el; cp. OHG.
w'ela wola G. wohl (goth. waila).
Origin doubtful, but connection
w. weal and will certain.
well sb. ME. welle oe. 7c>elle
wella (wylle wylla): Teut. base
walljon- : umlaut-relation of oe.
weallan str. vb. 'boil, flow' =
OSAX. OHG. wallan str. vb. 'boil,
flow'. ARYAN \fwcl wal in oe.
wylm 'boiling, flowing' = .'^kr.
drfni 'flood', OHG. wella \i. welle
'wave' = OSLOV. vliina, lith.
vilnis 'wave'.
Welsh adj. me. welsh oe.
wylisc umlauted fr. a teut.
walhiska-; derived fr. oe. Wealh
'foreigner', prop, 'a Celt' (cp.
walnut). The corresponding
adj. OHG. walhisc — sb. Walah
means an inhabitant of a Ro-
mance country, teut. Walha-
rests on the Celtic tribe name
Volcae.
wen sb. me. iven oe. ivenn 'tu-
mor' =r- DU. ive7i, LG. wene: Teut.
base wanja- (perhaps cogn. w.
W 71 n d?) .
wench sb. me. wenche older
wenchel prop, 'infant'; ablaut-re-
lation of oe. wincel 'child .
wend vb. (only in the prt. tvcnt)
fr. me. wende prt. wente oe. zaendan
prt. wende] orig. meaning 'to
turn' = GOTH, wandjan, OSAX.
wendian, ohg. zventafi G. zvenden.
Causal of wind.
were see was.
west — whey
225
west Sb. ME. OE. 7VCSt = ON.
7iestr, DU. G. west (fr. onesi of
Teut.- origin).
wet adj. short for ME. wcf OE.
7('^i WcH = ON. V(Ur, OFRIES. 7^/^/:
Teut. base 7C'f/a- fr. tiie same
root as 7vater.
wether sb. me. wether oe. weder
= GOTH. 7viprus, ON. vedr, osax.
loHhar wethar, DU. rt^'^^/rr rc.rr,
OHG. widar G. 7oidder. Cogn. w.
LAT. vitidits 'calf and skr. ?'a^vz
V^alf.
whale sb. me. 7i.ihal (pi. whales)
OE. //7£/tf-/(pl. h^udlas) = on. hvalr,
OHG. 7tW (G. Walfisch, DU. ?£/(?/-
?vV<;/; = ON. hva/fskr). Cogn. w.
GR.7i£7>,ri>(> 'monster'. Cp. ivalrus.
w^hat pron. me. ivhat OE. hioczt
= OHG. //7t'd'- G. 7iiaS, DU. 7^'rtr/,
OSAX. hwat; cp. the Teut. stem
//7i'w- under 7vho.
wheat sb. me. whete oe. hrvckte
= GOTH, hwaiteis, ON. hveiti, DU.
7(:'^/V^, OHG. 7tieizsi G. weizen. Cogn.
w. ivhite =■ TEUT. hivlta- (in me.
we find white 'wheat' by the side
of 7vh(te).
wheel sb. me. whel oe. hweol
(\v. the byforra hwco7vol htveogol)
= ON. hjo/ (for *hvjdl) — hvil, DU.
7wV/ (OFRIES. fial): TEUT. base
hweula- (for hw'cgivla-) and
hiv'ehwla-, ARYAN base qeqlo- in
SRK. cakra wheel', GR. y.vy.'Ko';
'wheel'. By the side of the re-
duplicated word qe-ql-o- cp,
OSLOV. kolo 'wheel'.
w^heeze vb. me. 7vhese oe. hwesa?i
(for *h7C'(isan) 'to wheeze'; cogn.
w. OE. h^vpsta, ON. hosii , ohg.
EiNGLisH Etymology.
h{7v)uosto g. husten, DU. /^i?^.?/
'coughing'. TEUT. \/" //7i'<5.f =
ARYAN \/~ kas in SKR. kas, IK.
casad, LITH. /Cw6'// 'to cough .
whelk sb. cp. ME. 7i'ilk oe. wiolc
7veolc (older Tviliic) 'whelk' = DU.
7vulk 7velk wdlok. Ident. w. ofr.
7iiielke.
whelp sb. me. 7vhelp oe. h7velp
'whelp, cub' = ON. hv'elpr , du.
7velp, OHG. hwelf 7velf.
when conj. me. when o^JnucE/i/ie
fr. stem htva- in 7oho.
whence adv. me. 7vhenne-s prop.
7vhantfie oe. hwanone older
h7c<atwn = OHG. hwandn.
w^here pron. -adv. me. 7vhir(e) oe.
h7vc2r (me. whore late oe. hivdr)
= OSAX. OHG. h7£>dr MHG. 7C'dr G.
7f'(7, DU. 7vaar: teut. base //7t'vV
(cp. GOTH, /var); derived fr.
stem h7i.ia- under 7vho.
whet vb. ME. 7vhette oe. h7vettajt
'to sharpen' = ON. hvetja , DU.
7vetten, ohg. hwezzan G. 7vetzcn
'to shaipen': Teut. ground-form
hwatjan. Cogn. w. on. hvatr,
OSAX. h7oat, OHG. hwa-^ 'sharp' :
teut. \^h7oat.
w^hether pron. me. 7vhether oe.
h7VCBder 'whicli of two' = goth.
hapar ; corresponding by ab-
laut to OHG. hwi'dar 'which of
two'. GR. nvxsQO^ (skr. katara)
'which of two" is more closely
allied to goth. oe. The word
is orig. comparative to stem
h7va- (h7oe-) in 7ciho.
whey sb. me. 7('hey OE. h7vd-'\
= DU. LG. 7c>ei (byform mlg.
hiiy hole du. /////).
15
226
which
wide
which pron. me. which oe. hwylc
(prehistoric form *hwilic) =
GOTH, hileiks, OSAX. hwilik;
cp. OHG. helih G. 7V€lch: Tout,
base hwilika- ihtvclika-) and for
OHG. hwdih a base hwalika- .
Derived fr. stem ]m'a- liw'c- under
wlio.
while sb. ME. while oe. hwil
infl. hwile ^= goth. beila, OHG.
OSAX. hwi/a, G. ivcile, du. wij7.
ON. hvila 'bed' (cp. OHG. hwilen
'to rest') points to connection w.
LAT. quietus 'quiet' and OSLOV.
pociti 'to rest'. ARYAN sf qi.
whine vb. me. whine oe. hivinan
str. vb. 'to make a shrill sound'
= ON hvitia 'to whiz'.
w^hisky ident. w. usque baugh.
whisper vb. me. whispere OE.
hwisprian 'to murmur' ; cp. OHG.
hwispalon G. wispeln. Sonnd-imi-
tation? or cogn. w. i^'histle?
whistle vb. me. whistle oe.
)rwistHaii\ perh. akin to whisper.
whit ident. w. 7i'ight.
w^hite adj. (short in IVhit-
siniday lit. 'white sunday'j me.
7C'hit OE. hwit = GOTH, h'cits,
ON. hvitr , OHG. Irii'l-^ G. weiss:
Teut. base hwita-, cogn. w. skr.
(veta 'white' — \'~ (vit "to shine'.
ARYAN \f hmd hwit. See also
7vheat and whittle.
whither pron. me. whider OE.
hwider; cp. goth. badre whither';
derived fr. the stem hica- hwe-
in who.
whittle sb. short for me. whitel
OE. hwitcl blanket ; derived fr.
ivhitc.
who pron. me. who prop, who
OE. hwd ^ goth. ba-s\ cp.
OHG. Jnc'C-r G. 7iier : stem h^ca-
Mvc-, also in 7c> hat and ho7ci and
in 7cihich, ichithe/-, 7vliether.
ARYAN base qo- in tat. quo-d,
SKR. ka-s who', LTfH. ka-s 'who'.
w^hole adj. me. hoi oe. hal
(hence the abstract formation
health) = goth. hails, on. hcill
(see hail), OHG. G. licil , osax.
Ml, DU. heel: Teut. base haila-
(whence derived hailago- -=--
holy). Ident. w. osr.ov. celil
complete, whole' (ground-form
kailo-) ; cp. OPRUSS. kailustikau
'health'.
whore sb. me. oe. hore 'pro-
stitute' ^ ON. hora, OHG. huora
'adulteress'; cp. goth. hers
'adulterer', aryan \f kdr 'to
love' in oir. cara 'friend' —
caraifH I love (Gallo-LAT. carisa
'prostitute') and lat. carus 'dear .
why pron. me. 7vhi oe. h7tn --
ON. hvi: instrum. of the stem h7aa-
in 70 hat.
w^ick sb. short for ME. 7iiekc
OE. 7veoce = ohg. 7viohha. \.G.7vekc,
DU. 7viek: Teut. base 7veukdn,
perhaps reduplicated for 7i.'c-
7vkoii, as made probal)le by the
equiv, OE. 7vccca = G. (dial.)
wicke; cogn. w, mhg. g. wickell
wicked adj. extended for me.
7viclie.
wicket sb. ME. 7i.<iklH fr. ONER.
7viket (fr. guichet), whence also
ODU. 7viket (du. 7vinket).
w^ide adj. me. oe. 7vid = on.
Vidr, OSAX. 70^, DU. 7vijd, OHG.
widow
win
2.27
wttG.wcit: TEVr. 7CiiJi7-, perhaps
participle of a lost verbal v'" ^^•
widow sb. ME. widwe oe. widnve
(wuduwe) = GOTH. widllWO, OHG.
7vitawa G. witwc, OSAX. widowa,
DU. wedinve. Ident. w. the equiv.
SKR. 7'idha7't7, LAT. VldlM, OSLOV.
Tidova, oiR. fcdl): ARYAN base
wiii/iaivd.
w^ield vb. ME. jc'cldc OE. yiweldan
[ywyldan) \vk. vb. fr. a teut.
'^^^awa/dja/i. Derived fr. the str.
vb. OE. wdldaii wcaldan ^= GOTH.
o.'^AX. waldan, ohg. waltan (g.
loaltcn) 'to govern'. ARYAN \f
70(1 1 m LAT. 7'alere 'to be strong';
op. also OSLOV. 7'lastiy lith.
va/dyti 'to govern'.
wife sb. ME. OE. 7vi/ = ON.
7'i/, OS.AX. 7C'lf, DU. 7C'ij'f, OHG.
7cuh G. 7i'w7^; Teut. base 7Viba-.
No equiv. connections outside
of teut. (all older word for 'wife'
see under queen). — w^oman
ME. tincvivian prop. 7viiniiian (pi.
7vimvieii) ok. 7i.nf-m(inn (pi. wif-
mcini) lit. a wife-man'.
wight sb. ME. iviyu oe. 7viht
'thing, creature, being' =r ohg.
OSAX. 7viht thing, being' (g. du.
7vicht)\ cp. GOTH, waihts 'thing'
and ON. Zhkttr being, thing'. Teut.
I)ase 7vihti- for 70'chti - ident. \v.
OSLOV. vesti 'thing': ARYAN base
7i.ickti-.
wild adj. ME. OE. 7(.iUdc fr. a
ria;r. 7i'///>ja- (pi op. la'elfja-) =
GOLH. 7c<U/>cis, ON. villr , OSAX.
OHG. 7C<ildi G. DU. ic'ild. Probably
connected w. 7vold OE. weald ^=
= OHG. G. 7c<ald 'wood', as fr.
sauvas^e = lat. sih'aticus fr. lat.
sih'a 'wood'. — wilderness (cp.
DU. G. 7vildernis) extension of
ME. 7vildcrne 'a desert'.
wile sb. ME. (fr. 12'^ cent.) 7vlle
fr, OFR. 7oile {guile) \ ident. w.
guile.
will vb. ME. 7Z'ille (prt. 7vdlde)
OE. zvillan (prt. 7(jnlde) = goth.
wiljan, ON. 7'ilja, oSAX. 7i.<illian,
DU. willen: Teut. base 7viljan
(prop. 7iieljan) ; ident. w. oSAX.
7c>ellian, OHG. 7vellan (g. 7vollcn)
fr. a TEUT. 7valjan. aryan V"
iv'el ic ol in lat. vel-le, osLO v. voliti,
LITH. velyti. All equivalent.
Perhaps cogn. w. Zf^/Zand 7veal\
also GOTH. 7valjan 'to choose'
= OHG. 7vellan G. 7C'iihlen, ohg.
7fYi:/<? g. ff'rt'/?/ 'choosing', skr.
\(^var vr 'choose'. Cp. the
following word.
will sb. ME. 7ville oe. 7i.<illa =
OSAX. OHG. 7oillio, DU. 7vil , G.
7C'ille, GOTH, vilja, ON. 7)iU: Teut.
base iviljan- for 7v'cljan-, derived
fr. \P7vel in will vb. ; cp. osLOV.
volja sb. 'will'.
w^illow sb. ME. 7C'il7c>e oe. 7oylig
(infl. ''^7c>il!{e?); ident. w. nu. rc/^--
ODU. LG. 7c>ilge oSAX. 7vilgia,
MHG. 7i.nlge.
wimple sb. me. oe. joirnpel OE.
7i.>iupel 'neck covering' = DU. G.
7C'iffipel OHG. winipal. Source and
history unknown (ofr. guimplc
FR. i^ui?npc are of TEUT. origin ;
see gimp).
win vb. ME. 7vinnc oe. 7vinnan
str. vl>. == GOTH. 7iiinnan 'to
suffer', OHG. OSAX. 7C'innan 'to
15*
228
wind — wise
Struggle' (g. ^ewinnen, DU. jvinneii),
ON. vinna: Teut. verbal \p wenn,
cogn. w. SKR. van 'obtain, ac-
quire'.
•wind sb. ME. OE. 7ciind:=^ OSAX.
DU. wind, OHG. wi/it G. wind, ON.
vindr, goth. winds: Teut. base
win da- prop, wendo- = ARYAN
base wcnto- in lat. ventus, skr.
vata 'wind'. Derived fr. the
ARYAN V" wc ill OE. wdwan^ =
GOTH, waian, DU. waaicn, ohg.
waen G. wehen 'to blow'; cp. lith.
e;^'^.y 'wind', OSLOV. vctrti 'wind'
— vejati 'to blow', skr. xTe-^ 'to
blow', GR. ai]Ti^c 'wind'. Cp.
window.
wind vb. ME. windc oe. windan
str. vb. = GOTH. OSAX. windan,
ON. vinda^ ohg. wintan G. DU.
winden : TEUT. \fwend wand. —
windlass sb. (machine forraising
heavy weights) transformed fr.
ME. windas : loanword fr. on.
vind-dss prop, 'a winding pole'.
w^indow sb. me. windmve bor-
rowed fr. ON. vind-auga 'window',
lit. 'wind-eye'. See ivind sb. and
eye (on. aiiga).
wine sb. ME. OE. ivin = goth.
locin, on. vin, OSAX. ohg. 7vm
G. 7ciein DU. 7£'^V2 : Teut. base
7C'/na-, early loanword fr. lat.
vinmn (cp. vine and vintage),
whence also ITAL. vino — fr.
vin and oiR. fin, oSLOV. vino.
wing sb. ME. winge sliort for
older wcnge: loanw(jrd fr. ON.
vdngr.
wink vb. me. winkc oe. wincian
wk. vb. 'blink, wink' ; ohg. winkan
str. vb. (g. winken) 'to give a
sign' ^ ME. winke str. vb. 'wink'.
winnow vb. me. windwe oe.
windwian ; ident. w. OHG. winton
(for '^wintwon) 'to winnow'; cp.
GOTH, imnpi-skaiirb 'a winnowing
fan', LAT. ventilare 'to winnow'.
All cogn. w. wind sb.
w^insome adj. me. tvin-som oe.
wyn/i-su?n = ohg. wuntii-sani (G.
wonne-sam) : derived fr. oe. 7C'y/in
= OSAX. OHG. wunnia (cp. G.
wonne) 'joy'.
winter sb. me. oe. ivinta- =
GOTH, wintrus, OSAX. OHG. wintar
DU. G. wintei' , ON. e'^/Zr: Teut.
base winir-. Perhaps cogn. w.
CELT, vindo- 'white' in oiR. find
'white' ?
w^ipe vb. ME. ivipc OE. wipian',
cp. LG. wip sb. 'wisp of straw'
and GOTH, vipja 'garland' —
7i<eipan 'wreathe', teut. v^ wtp.
wire sb. me. oe. wlr = on.
virr, LG. FRIES, wir; cogn. w.
OHG. wiara 'wire and lat. viiiae
'armlets of metal', which ac-
cording to Plinius' Hist. Nat. 1 5
is a Celtic word.
wise adj. me. oe. zvis =r on.
ViSS, GOTH. Weis, OSAX. OHG. WIS
(ohg. %visi G. wcisc), DU. 7vijs.
Teut. base wisa- (for 7vii-to-),
derived fr^ the ARYAN \j'~ 7vid in
GR. 0?t)«, .^KR vUda = GOTH, wait,
OE. wdt, OHG. wci-^ G. zf'mi'. See
7(.<it.
wise sb. ME. OE. ivise =. osax.
OHG*. wisa G. a:/m<?, DU. ze/zyj:
Teut. base 7visd-n- (fk. guise ital.
guisa of Teut. origin). Probably
.'isli
wolf
22
29
connected w. the ARYAN \fivid
\o know' under wise — wit.
wish vb. ME. wisshe short for
OE. wysceaii fr. a Teut. base
WHiiskjau = OHG. wunsc{i)an G.
wiiiisclicu, DU. wcnscheii, ON. ciskja
'to wish'; cp. SKR. vailch 'to wish':
ARYAN s/^wansk?
wisp sb. ME. wisp (not found
in OE.) ; perh. ident. w. ON. 7-isk,
OHG. 7visc G. wisch 'wisp of straw'?
wit vb. ME. wite OE. witaii 'to
know' = GOTH. OSAX. ivitan, on.
vita, DU. 7vcten, ohg. zviyi,a}i G.
wisscn. The i^' and 3^ p. sing, were
ME. wot OE. 7^'c// ^ GOTH, wait,
on. fV//, OSAX. wet, OHG. 7£'6V:; G.
wciss, corresponding to skr. vcda
'I know, he knows', gr. o?Ja ott)f.
See also witness.
wit sb. ME. 7f7/ (//j OE. {ie)witt
'intellect, understanding' =r oSAX.
giwit, OHG. wizzi (g. ec/'/s:) 'under-
standing', ON. vit 'int(*llect': de-
rived fr. wit vb.
witch sb. ME. wicche oe. wiccea
'wizard' — wiccc witch' ; ident.
w. FRn<;s. LG. wicke 'witch' lg.
wicker 'wizard' (lg. wicken vb. 'to
predict' = OE. wiccian 'use witch-
craft") and probably cogn. w. oe.
wiytan 'practise divination —
wi'^Urc 'diviner' = ODU. wijche-
lare, DU. lAix^. wichclen 'practise
divination'. TEUT. \f wikk wi^:;.
witch-elm sb. mk. loicehe short
for OE. 7t''/7^ 'elm' fr. a Teut.
base 7cukJofi-.
with prep. me. 7ciith oe. 7ciid
prep, 'against' short for 7vider
(in compounds like oe. 7oidcrsaca
7viderflita 'adversary') = ON. vid
vidr, OSAX. 7vith 7C'idei', ohg. 7aidar
G. 7vider, GOTH, ivifra.
w^ither vb. me. 7vidrc vb. fr.
7oeathcr (ME. 7veder).
W\\\\y sb. ME. 7Vithi oe. 7fv'r//j
'willow'; cogn. w. OHG. 7mda G.
7veide, ON. vidja and GR. 'jriu,
LITH. zil-vitis, POL. 7vit70a, PRUSS.
7vit7vo 'a willow', aryan \^7vl in
LAT. vi-tis VI men and OSLOV.
viti — LITH. vyti 'to twine, plait'.
^vitness sb. me. 7vitnessc oe.
7i'itness (ind. -e) 'testimony'; as
GOTH. 7iiieit7iidds and on. vit/ii 'wit-
ness', derived fr. the teut. y^ '^'^'ii
'to know'; see ti'it vb.
w^izard sb. me. jvisard trans-
formed (under the influence of
me. wis = wise) fr. *wischard:
loanword fr. ofr. wischard (guis-
chard) 'prudent, cunning".
woad sb. me. 7i.'(hi oe. 7vdd =
DU. 7iicede, OHG. 7veit g. 7vaid:
Teut. base 7vaida-, prc-Teut.
7vaita- ; cp. lat. vitruni 'woad'.
woe interj. me. 7vg oe. 7od in-
terj. = GOTH. 7vai, on. vei, OHC.
OSAX. 7ve G. 7i'ch DU. 7vce. Ident.
w. LAT. 7>ae interj. woe': grountl-
form ARYAN 7vai.
wold sb. ME. 7i.iold oe. "(('did
{7V('ald in 'Weald of Kent) fr.
a Teut. base 7valpu- ; c]). os.vx.
OHG. G. 7aa/d 'wood', dl'. ^ooiid
wood', ON. 7>gllr plain, Held :
pre-TEUT. 7valtu-s, cogn. w. SKK.
vafa (for *vdlta?) 'garden'? See
wild.
wolf sb. ME. 7aol/ (pi. 7c>o/ves)
OE. 7VUl/ (pi. XVulfas) :=: GOTH.
230
woman
worse
7i'Hlfs, ON. tllfr (for *vul/r) , OSAX.
wulf; cp. OHG. G. nwlf: Teut.
base imdfa- wolfa-, aryan base
wjlqo- in SKR. vrka, OR. Pa'zoc,
LAT. lupus ^ LITH. Z'ilkas, OSLOV.
vlfiku. All equivalent.
woman see wife.
womb sb. ME. wonihe oE. ivdvib
(wgmh) 'stomach' = GOTH. OHG.
7i.ianiha, on. ■i'pmb, DU. ri'v?//;' 'belly,
stomach' : Teut. base 7vambd-.
wonder sb. me. wonder oe.
ivundor ^ OSAX. 7vundai\ OHG.
wuntar G. wiinder , ON. ii/idr:
Teut. base wundra-.
wont adj. for me. waned p. par-
ticiple of ME. wane oe. ■wunian.
'to be used to'; cp. OE. lewu/ia
'custom, use' and ON. 7'anr, OHG.
giwon G. geivohnt 'accustomed .
.See weati.
woo vb. ME. Wihih- OE. wogiau
'to woo'; no further relations
known. 'I'sur. \^wdg.
wood sb. ME. Wodc OE. Wudu
oxV^.widu = ON. evV/;' 'tree, wood',
OHG. wiiu 'wood' (also in OHG.
witu-]iopfa G. wide-hopfy. Teut.
base widii-, pre-Teut. base widlui-
in CEET. vidu- (gall. \'idu-Casses\\
cp. OIR. fid 'tree'.
wool sb. ME. wollc OE. Willi iiiil.
wulle = GOTH, wulla, on. ////
(for '■'vull'); cp. OHG 7volla G.
wollc: Teut. base wiillo 7C'ollb,
ARYAN base WJlnd in skr. itr/ia,
osLOV. vlii/ui, LITH. zdlna 'wc^ol';
co,ij;ii. w. LAI", villus vellus 'fleece'
and SKR. sf vr (var) to cover',
w^ord sb. me. OE. 7vord = goth.
waurd, ON. ord (for *vord), osAX.
word, DU. woord, ohg. g. wort:
Teut. base ivorda-, pre-Teut.
base woi-dho- in lat. 7<erbum,
OPRUSS. 71'/;-;/^ word', LFIH. vardas
'name', aryan \^ wer (wre) in
GR. sipsir 'to say' — pijua 'word'?
w^ork sb. ME. 7C'erA oe. wcorc
= OSAX. OHG. iverk'G. DU. werk,
ON. 7>erk ; Teut. base werka-,
ARYAN base w'ergo- in GR. soyov.
ARYAN \f w'erg in GR. {UCf-iv 'to
do' — ooyavov 'instrument', skk.
vrjana 'labor ; cp. GOTHMiaiirkJan,
OHG. 7vurkan = OE. wyr^eaii vb.
'to work'. See 7vright.
world sb. ME. world ivcrld oe.
7vorold 7ucorold = OSAX. wer old,
DU. zvereld, ohg. 7&eralt (7vorolt)
G. 7uell, ON. v'ergld. First element
of the compound {^ver-ald-) is
TEUT. 7vera- man' in goth. 7vair,
OSAX. OHG. OE. wer, ON. vcrr
(aryan base 7viro- in lat. tnr,
SKR. 7Hra, LITH. vyras 'man').
2'"^ part of the compound is
TEUT. aldi- in goth. aids 'world',
OE. i'ld (eld) 'period, age'.
worm sb. ME. 7Vorm for 7vur})i
prop. 7vir7ii OE. 7vyi'm fr. a Teut.
base 7vurnii- in OSAX. OHG. G.
71''// 7)1, GOTH, tvaurms; ident. w.
LAT. vermis 'worm'; cp. ON. oruir
(for *7c<ormaz) and gr. ()6ito^
(for J-(jnnn^).
w^ormw^ood sb. transformed fr.
OE. 7cu'r/u,'d (7C'ormgd) = OHG.
7v'ernniota (Tcoi'/Nuofa). Formation
and origin unknown.
worse compar. adj. me. tvorse
7vurse older 7C'irse OE. 7C[vrsii =
OSAX. wirso fr. a Teut. base
worship — wrinkle
231
wirsizan- m goth. wairsiza =
OHG. 7virsiro. — war si snperl.
]\IE. 7C't>rsff wursU' orig. wirste
OE. ivyrsta fr. a TEUr. superl.
wirsistan- in goth. wairsista,
OSAX. OHG. icursisto.
worship sb. me. worschip dlder
wurpschipc OE. weordscipe: derived
fr. worth.
wort' sb. (a plant) me. wort
wurt older wirt OE. wyrt fr. a
Teut. base 7f '«;-//- in goth. waiirts,
ON. //;-/, OSAX. wurt, OHG. G, wurz
'])lant, herb': ARYAN \^iv3rd in
LAT. radix (for "^vraaic-) see
under rt^t*/.
wort^ sb. (a kind of drink)
ME. avert wurt for tvirt oe. wyri
for *7£/^7 = ON. virtr, mhg. 7i'vrs
wort': TEUT. ground-form wirtiz
(pre-TEUT. base amcrdcs- wentos).
wovXh ad). ME. worth wurth
OK. wyrdf. umlauted l^yform of
OE. wcorf) =1 GOTH, walrps,
o.sAX. w'crth, ON. 7''erdr, ohg.
7C>crd (g. acurt): ident. w. Lrrn.
7'crtas, OPRUSS. werts 'worthy'.
wound sb. ME. wounde oe.
717,7/^/ infl. wunde = oSAX. wunda,
OHG. wuTita G. wunde, on. uiid
(for *rund) : Tout, base wundb-.
Cogn. w. the adj. goth. wunds
= OE. wund, OSAX. wund, ohg.
wunt G. wund. teut. \'~%vun,
ARYAN \(^wjn in GOTH, wimiaii
'to suffer, feel pain' (see 70 in)}
wrath sb. me. luraththe short
for OK. zarcpppu (Teut. base
7vraipipP]\ uinlaut-al)stract ofoE.
7i'rdp adj. =1 7C'roth.
\vreak vb. me. 7C>r(kc oe. ivr'ecan
str. vb. = GOTH. 7vrikan ("to
persecute'), oSAX. lurckau, DU.
7vreken, org. rehhan (for ^avr'ch-
han) G. rdchen 'to revenge.
ARYAN \f7vreg urg in lat. urgerc
'to urge', SKK. ?'/7 'to remove'.
wreath sb. me. 7C'rethe oe.
7vrcep', cogn. w. 7vrithe.
wren sb. me. 7vre?ine oe. 7vrenna\
ident. w. OSAX, wrendio and pro-
bably w. OHG. OSAX. {7v)renno 'a
stallion' (medieval lat. 7iHnannio').
wrench sb. me. rw^^^/z 'deceit'
OE. 7crenc 'deceit, trick' fr. a
Teut. base 7vranki- (also in
MHO. rank 'trick' G. rdnke plur.).
The modern E. meaning 'twist,
sprain' seems to be older than
the metaphorical sense in me.
OE. and 0. See also 7vrong.
wretch sb. me. 7vrecche oe.
7vreccea 'outlaw, exile' ^= OHG.
osx^.7vrekkio (g. rccke 'warrior');
derived fr. \'~wrek in goth. 7vrikaii
■persecute' (see 7circak').
wright sb. me. turighte oe.
7Ciyrhta = OS AX. 70urhtio, oiiG.
7Vurhto (mhg. -imirhle) 'worker';
derived fr. teut. 7vurhtwJan-\ cp.
GOTH. 7vaurst7vja 'worker by llic
side of 7vaiirst7i< 'work'. For the
root see ivorlz.
wring vb. me. 7vringe oe. 7vrin-
gan str. vb. 'to press out' =
DU. LG. 7t>ringen, OHG. ringan, (for
*7i:'ringan) 'to pressout'(G. ringa/).
wrinkle sb. me. 7tirinkcl oe.
tvrinkle = odu. wrinckel\ cogn.
w. MHG. runke and OHG. runza
(for *7vriinka — *7cirunkza).
wrist sb. ME. 7C'rist OE. 7iyrst
232
write — ye
= MHG. G. rist{Jox*wrisi), ON. rist
SWED. ?'r/5-/ 'instep, wrist'; perhaps
cogn. w. G. re///c/iMHG. rihc wrist ?
write vb. ME. write OE. ivritan
str. vb. = OSAX. writan, ON.
rita 'to write'. (^rig. sense 'to
engrave, scratch, tear, split' in
OSAX. writan = ohg. rvp^an
(for '^wrtyi^aii) G. reissen. Cp.
GOTH, writs a stroke of a pen'.
TEUT. sfwrit.
writhe vb. me. writhe oe. wi idan
str. vb. 'to twist' =^ ohg. ridan,
ON. rida str. vb. 'to wind, twist'.
Cogn. w. 7vroth.
I wrong adj. me. wrong (wrang)
late OE. (i I '' cent.) wrang bor-
rowed fr. ON. rangr (older
'*7<ra/igr) 'wrong, unjust' j^rop.
'awry, perverse'. Probably fr.
the same root as wrench (teut.
\f~wrank ivrang).
wroth adj. short for me. wroth
OE. wrap (see also ivrath') =
OSAX. wreth, on. vreidr reidr,
ODU. ivreed 'wroth'; orig. sense
in OHG. reid (for *wreid) 'curled'.
\/~7C'rf/> 'to twist in ■aireath and
writhe. ^
wry fr. me. wrie vb. 'to twist'.
yacht sb. fr. du. jacht prop.
jachtschip; du. jacht corresponds
to G. jogd 'hunting (oHG. jagon
G jagcn. 'to chase).
yard' sb. me. j^vv/prop. ji'n/oE.
icard 'fence, enclosure' = on.
gardr: Teut.base^'Y?/-^/(i'- :^ ARYAN
base^'-//6'r/6'- in lat. hortus (oR./op-
rot,') 'garden'. Allied to gar den.
yard- sb. (a measure) me.
ycrde oe. yrd {^yrd) 'rod, rood'
= OHG. gerta G. gerte 'a rod,
switch'; cp. GOTH, ^azds 'a stick,
goad' ^= ON. gaddr 'goad' and
LAT. hasta 'a spear' (common
base ghazdha-).
yarn sb. me. lern prop. K'rn. oe.
learn = on. ohg. g. gam (du.
gar en) ; perhaps cogn. w. ON. go. n
'guts' and LirH. zartia 'entrair?
yarrow sb. me. larivc oe. ^earive
= OHG. gar-ica G. gar he, DU.
ger7a 'millefolium'.
yawl vb. me. loule by the
side of goule vb. (change of j
and ^-^ unexplained) ; source ON.
gaula (gpiila) 'to bellow'.
yaw^n vb. me. gdne gone oe.
gdnian (the phonology of the
ME. word is dark) — ohg. geinon
(g. gdhne/i) ; derived fr. OE. tci-
pnan str. vb. 'to yawn' = ON.
gina; cogn. w. ohg. gten giwen
'to yawn': aryan sfghi in lat.
hiare, OSLOV. zijati, lith. zivti
'to yawn'.
ye pron. j\ie. j^c oe. y; fr. a
prehistoric jiz =^ DU. gij, OSAX
gi, OHG. ir {for */»j G. ihr
oldest TEUT. form jiiz in goth
jiis 'ye . Ident. w. skr. yi/y-am
'ye': aryan stem iw —yii.
year — yolk
233
yea adv. me. 3/ oe. led (for
''^lie) = OSAX. OHG. ja G.ja 'yes';
oldest form goth. Ja 'yes'. —
yes ME. vts OE. ^esc for *lc'ir-
swd prop, 'yea so' (cp. me. nese
fiir tie-swa).
yean older ean vb. ME. me
OE. e'anian (le-eanian) 'to yean':
derived fr. a teut. anna- (for
ag7vna-) 'lamb' = lax. agnus,
OIR. ?/(7«: ARYAN base aghno-.
year vb. me. yr oe. j^>' f^s'''"'
lor ^IfBr) =: OHG. yVw- G. jahr,
T>\j. Jaar,o^. cir, GOTH.y?r: Teut.
basey?/'^-; cogn. \v. tlie ablauted
GK. u)0(K 'year' — lopa 'season'
and w. AVEST. jar^ 'year'.
yearn vb. 'desire' me. yernti fr.
ME. yer/i OE. Jtwv/ 'desirous'
(whence also the umlauted oe.
li'rnan 'desire') = GOTH, gairns,
osAX. OHG. gem 'desirous': teut.
\^ger in OHG. geron G. begehren
— OHG. g'er 'desirous' — giri (o.
gier) sb. 'desire'. ARYAN \'^gher
in SKR. /wrj vb. 'desire'.
yell vb. ME. lelle oe. lellan
ijillan) = OHG. g'ellan G. gellen,
DU. gillen, ON. gjalla 'to resound'.
Cp. stanycll.
yellow adj. me. j^/w^ oe. j^f^/f
(inil. leolw-) fr. a Teut. base
g'elwa- in oSAX. ohg. ^'t'/t" G. ^<'/<^,
DU. gcel: ARYAN base ghUwo- in
LAT. hclvus 'light yellow', aryan
\~ghd also in ON. ^v//r 'yellow',
GR. xX(o(jnc: 'green', OSLOV. zelenii
'yellow'; from the same root
also gold (and glowT). —
yellow-hammer la bird's name)
rests on the equiv. oe. aviorc =.
OHG. a7nero G. ai/i?ner.
yelp vb. me. lelpe oe. yilpan
{ylpan) str. vb. 'to boast' = on.
gjalpa, OHG. gelpfan.
yes see yea.
yesterday adv. me. yesterday
OE. leostrandeei dystrandcBi) prop,
only geostra{n) = ohg. gesiaron
G. gestern, du. gisteren (gister-
avond); cp. GOTH, gistra-dagis
with the sense of 'tomorrow'.
Teut. base gest7-a-, cogn. w. on.
i-gcer and lat. hei-i; gr. X'^^'i
and SKR. hyas 'yesterday' point
to an ARYAN base ghyes 'yester-
day .
yet adv. me. let short for oe.
lit (i}>t, pt); ident. w. ofries.
iela eta 'yet'.
yew vb. me. ew oe. eow iw
= OHG. m'a g. ezde, on. yr: Teut.
base kca-, ident. w. OE. eo/i 'yew'
— OHG. i/ia yew', fr. //"(whence
borrowed DU. (if) is of Teut"
origin. Cp. also cymr. yw 'yew'.
yield vb. me. le'tde oe. leldan
{pldan) str. vb. 'to pay' = goth.
gildan, ON. gjalda , OHG. geltan
str. vb. 'to pay': teut. sf^ geld.
yoke sb. me. lok (pi. ipkes) oe.
lede (pi. leocu) = goth. juk,
ON. ok (for *jok), DU. jtik, OHG.
joh G. y't*^/?: Teut. base joka-,
ARYAN base jiigo- in lat. Jugii/ii
GR. Lvyov, SKK.yugd^yokQ. aryan
yfjug in GR. Cfvyi'vui, lat.
jungere, skr. jv// 'to yoke'.
yolk sb. ME. lolke dclke) oe.
leoleca for teut. gel{w)ukan-\
!34
yon — yule
derived fr. teut. gelwa- ^=^ yel-
low.
yon pron. me. yiti j^on oe. icon
(see beyonc{)\ cogn. w. goth.
jains, OHG. jencr G. jener.
yore adv. me. j^ore oe. -^edra
(pron. yc/ra) prop, 'of years' gen.
plur. of OE. jfdr = yeai'.
yow pron. me. i07v ace. dat.
of ^e {= ye), OE. eow ace. dat.
of ^e (= ye); ident. w. ohg.
OSAX. eii OHG. ///: ARYAN base
/Vi' under ye.
young adj. me. ^oui,'- ying oe.
yong (prop, jung) 5= GOTH, juggs,
osAX. OHG. G.jung, ws.jong, ON.
iingr (for *jungr): TEUT. Jiinga-,
contracted fr. Jmcungo- = LAT.
JHvenciis , SKR. yuva(a 'young :
ARYAN l^ase jimij/iko- (ablauted
byform in CYMR. ieuanc 'young').
Cogn. w. 'LKT.juvenis, aK.\<. yin'a/i,
osLOV.ju/w, lAT'a. jdunas 'young'.
— youth sb. ME. louthe older
-ynvede for pigede oe. jugod (yo-
god) = OSAX. jugud fr. a base
jugH?if>- in OHG. Jugund G. jiigend:
TEUT. jiigunp- probably for ju-
ivunp- cp. LAT. juvcn-t-a (and
GOTH, junda contracted for */'«-
wimda) \ derived fr. AYdA^juwen-
in LAT. jiroenis, skr. yuvan etc.
yule sb. me. ^ol fr. on. jdl\
ident. w. oe. jtW (contracted
fr. leohol) Christmas'. Cogn. w.
GOTH, jiuleis 'november' = ON.
ylir (oe. Giiili in Beda). Teut.
base jeula- (in ON. jot) and jiiil-
ja- (in GOTH. jiuUis): oe. yohhol
'Cliristmas' points to fSA^i. j'ehw-
la- (by the side of jeula- for
jegwla-]; probably related to
ON. il 'snow-storm' (teut. base
jehwld). Hence Yule 'the time
of snow-storms' and goth. jiuleis
'the month of snow-storms'.
Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg
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Hon
^rtebrid) 2\lu0e,
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Studien eiu etymolog:isches Worterbuch des deutschen
Sprachschatzes auszuarbeiten, due dem g'eseiiwartigeii Staiide der
Wissenschaft entspricht. Er hat es sich zur Aufgabe g-emacht. Form und
Bedeutung jedes Wortes bis zu seiner Quelle zu verl'olgeu, die Beziehuiigen
zu den klassischen Sprachen in g-ieiohem Masse betonend, wic das Ver-
wandtschaftsverhaltnis zu den iibrigen g'ermanischen und den romanisehen
Sprache . Seibst die Vergleichuiig mit den entferntoren orientalischen
(Sanskrit und Zend), den keltisfhen und slavischen Sprachen ist in alien
Fallen horangczog-en, wo die Forschung eiue Verwand.schaft festzustellen
verniag und wo diese Verv/andtschaft zugleich Licht auf die Urzeit des
gfermanischen Lebens wirft.
Eiiie allg-empine Einlciiung behandelt die Geschichte der deutschen
Sprache in ihren Umrissen.
Die Verbesserungen der neuen Aufl age bes tehen in der
Verwertung- der ueuestea Forschungaerg'ebnisse auf
dera Gebiete der germ anise hen Etymolog-je; die Ver-
melirungen in der Aufnahme einer grossen Anzahl solcher
Fremdworter, welcheseit demlG. Jahrh. aufgokomraen
sind.und seitdeni eineu unzweif-ilhaften Bestandtcil
der deu':schen Sprache ausniaclken. In den meisten
Fallen Ist es dein Verfasser gelungen, genau fest-
zusteUen, wann und auf welchem Wege das einzelne
Fremdwort in unsere Sprache eingedrung-en und damit
Nachweisungen zu bieten, welche ausserdemsprach-
liclien, eiu hohes culturgeschichtliches Interesae
beanspruchen. (Ankiindigung des Verlegcrs.)
„Das Klugescho Worterbuch nimmt durch seine hervorragenden
Eigenschaften anerkanntermassen den ersten PJatz unter alien ahnliehen
Werken ein. Eine noun Aufiage bcdiirfte keiner besondcren Empfehluug,
vrenn nicht das bewiihrte Hilfsmittel seit seinera ersten Erseheinen und
vor allem seit der vierten AuHage in mehrfacher Beziehung ein veran-
dertes Aussehen oihalten hiitte. Dass die Forschungen der letzten
zehn Jahre, an deiien Kiuge seiber einen bedeutenden Anteil gehabt hat,
i^ewissenhaft verwertet, dass zahllose Verbesserungen und Erganzungen
im einzelnen vorgenommen sind, braucht nicht besonders versichert zu
werden ; jede Seiie zcugt von dem unermiidlirhen Streben, zu bessern,
Unsicheres zu stiitzen oder durch Neues zu ersetzen. mbglichst viele
Einzelheiten in den Zusiimmeiihaug der grossen Sprachbewegungeu ein-
zugliedern« . . .* Zeitschrift d. a. d. Sprach^iereins li'QJ Nr. 3.
2 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.
£seut[d)e Stut)entenfprad)e
bon
^vofenor an bev Unitierfitat fjreiburg i. SSr.
3nl)alt: I. Ubcr bic StubentcnfliracOc. ©tiibeutcn imb
^^tiilil'ter. — Sntnfenlitaiici. — 3lntife ®Icnieiite. — 23ui:
fcf)ifofe 3oolociie. — i8iblt)di=t^eoIofliidie !:)Jad)f!diuie. — 3m
Sann be§ 3tDttt)e(fd). — ^'laiijofifije ^iiifluffe. — Ci5raiinna=
tifd)e ©tgenart. — Uvfpriiug unb SSerbreitiiiicj.
II. aSorterfiutf) bcr (&tubentcnH)io(!5e.
8«. XII, 136 g. 1895. ©ekftet m. 2.50, iit i?einroanb
gcbunben m. 3.50.
„Beim Lesen dieses Buches fiihlt man sich oft von einem Hauche
frischen, friihlichen Studentenlebens beriihrt, und selbst das anscheinend
so trockene M'orterbuch reizt durch seinen manchnial recht huraoristischen
Inhalt zu einem herzlichen I.achen. Es war in der That eine dankb|ire,
fieilich auch recht schwierig-e Aufgabe, das fiir die altere Zeit so sparliche
und vielfaoh sehr versteckte Material zu sammeln und daraus in g-rossen
Ziigen eine Geschichte der deuischen Studentensprache zu entwerfen, die
um so gTosseren Dank verdient, als sie nicht nur der erste umfassende
und auf •wirklichem Quellenstudium beruhende Versuch der Art ist, son-
dern auch mit grossem Geschick sich auf jenem Grenzgebiet zwischen
popularer und streng wissenschaftlicher Darstellung bewegt, das einzu-
haiten nicht jedem Gelehrten gegeben ist. Gerade auf diesem Gebiet hat
sich Kluge durch sein musterhaftes etymologisches Worterbuch grosse
Verdienste erworben; denselben Weg betritt er jetzt mit gleicheni Erfolg
auch in der vorliegenden Schrift, die ihre Entstehung zumeist den Ar-
beiten zu jenem anderen Werke verdankt. . . ."
Liter. CentrnlO/ntt li'gj. Nr. iS.
„Prof. Kluge hat mit vielem Fleisse, wie die zahlreich eingestreuten
Belegstellen beweisen, sowie gestiitzt auf eine ausgedehnte Lnkturc und
auf eigene Beobachtung die Spracbe der Studenten in alter und neuer Zeit
nach ihreni Ursprung und ihrer Verbreitung dargestellt und seiner Ab-
handlung ein reichhaltiges Worterbuch der Studentensprache beigegeben.
Ist das Buch als Beitrag zur deutschen Sprachgeschichte und Lexiko-
graphie von grossem Werte, so ist es auch fur den Akademiker, der die
eigenartige Sprache seines Standes nach ihrer Entstehung- und Geschichte
kennen und verstehen lernen will, ein interessantes Buch und besonders
zu Dedikationszwecken geeignet, wofiir wir es bestens empfohlen haben
wojlen." Akad. Monatshe/te i6gs z'- 2b. AIni.
In Kiirze erscheint:
Kluge, Friedr., und Friedr. Lutz, English Ety-
mology. A select Glossary serving as an Intro-
duction to the history of the English language.
8". VIII, 234 S. M. 4. — .
Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 3
Von Cutbcr bis Ccffing.
boil
JFrieSriri} IRIunc
*l?rofef|ov nn ber Utiibevfitnt jjveiburn i. 93r.
Orittf l^uflngf.
unb ^umaniSmuS. - 'COerbciitfrfjIanb utib bie ift'ntljotifen.
8". VI u. 15(1 13. mit eiiiem aiivtc^cn. 1897. ^vcii 9JcL 2.50, gebunben 9Jtf. 3.50.
„S)n§ lebenbige Snterelfe ber ©cbilbetcn ftir bie beutjd^e ©^jrac^e unb
i[)re @e)d)iei)k' ift, mie mnn mit @emiflt()uunfl tiin()riicl)men faun, auiicn=
blirtlicl) lebliafter beiin jc. 3)ie Sdftrift .vvhicica, in Uiclcfiev bie Unrf)tifli"tcit,
fiir bie a>ilbiini5 uiijcvev neul)orf)beuticI)en Scf)ri|tipfcicf)c mnisflebenbeii
9.1iomeiite genicfnlu'ritniiMicf) befin'ortien luevbeii, bnif bal)ev nuf einen
aiigaebcbnt'eu baiifbaven yeicrfrei^ vecfinen."
(5d)luab. mcxhix II. ^Ibt. 1. ii*l. b. 9. Sej. 1887.)
„®c^iiii ber ©ecieiiftnnb nil Jid), beii l)ier eiii nitd) Utciteren Streiien
bereitg biird) jein 'tvefflidje* „(*tl)iiu)liuiiid)eC' aiUivterbiid) bev beiitjdjeii
ebrnd}e" befmuitcr (SK'lclivtor uid)t blnf-, mit ber .•^iilierlnjiiciteit beS
^nd)iiianued, fotibcni mirf) mit bem (iU'jd)icf unb ®eid)ninrt eiueS geltinnbteii
£d)riftfteUevs bel)aiibelt lint, joUte nmljl baviind) ntuictbnii jeiti, bem
3>iirt)leiii iiiitev beu iiid)t gelebvteii Jvveunben ber beutjdjeu v^t)rnd)c
t'iebbnber unb — .Miiufer .^ii erUievben. 2'cnn bafi bie (^vnflen, beven
■i^eantnuntiinq ben o'lbnlt biejer Scbvijt nuj-mndjt, in ben '-i^ereid) be§
Jinteveijev bev bbber Ok-biibeten fallen, bvnud)t bem nid)t crft beluiejen
Su irerben, bev lueifi, line tveu flerabe bie Wejdiidite unjevev ©tJvadje, mc()r
liiot)! ali inieub etU'iiiS nnbeve-j, ben .siantpf unb ben isieg unjeves i5[)li;*=
tuiuii Uiiebevipiecielt. 3~ieie 9tunnffuug, Hon ber bee jyevfnfievS iyebnnblnna
unb ^nvftellung bielfnd) evft ved)teS i.'id)t unb bolle aVavme empfaunt,
ift es, looriu biejeniqeu ^ejer einen bejonbeven iReij unb iBovjUfl bee
58ud)e« evbliden luer'ben, lueldje (leluotjut finb, bie Bev)d)iebeniuticien
UJorfliiurte in nnievm .suiltinieben, Uiic fie fid) in I'lttevntur unb sVunft,
'^solitit unb Itieliiiion funbaeben, utd)t iiejonbevt fitv fid), fonbevn in il)rcr
ai*cd)ielUiivfuna ;,ii betvad)ten, bie ein^^iiic 9lrt, tuie fid) un-S bod) evft bn?
UJSevftanbniS fiiv S^ert unb JvnnUtcite cincc- jeben ein.U'tnen berfelben
iunrnm >;^afob (iJrimm unfrc Sd)riftfpvnd)c einen pvoteftautifdien 3)in(ett
flennunt bnt, mnnim erft feit l.Wfi i.'utl)eve ebrad)e eiue autoritatibe
Stellunn evliiuiieu fonnte, limvum bev («eflenfnt3 Hon '2d|viftfbvnd)e unb
fflhmbnvt evft nndj ber fieflveidjen iyefniubfuiHl ^"^^ iinteinifc^eu au8=
qcfllidien U'ovben ift."
„<)iid)t mit bem '•}luipvud)e, eiue bollftiinbifle Wefdiirfitc ber beutfd)en
©brad)e sn bieten, tvitt .M Uuu' nuf. i-'r toill in einev ..iKeibe unberbunbener
91ufintu'" niir ..^nifammenfaffen, lim* ("Vadilente bov unb feit C^nfob (ftvimm
iiber ein bmiv fpviid)Uiiffenfriiaftlid)e i'vobleine evmiltelt bnben." Tiefe
9aiffntu' abev fiiiien fid) bon felbev :,n eiueni inucvliib .vifnutmenbiiniieuben
©nu.U'ii, fobnn loir biev in bev 3bnt, eine bi'dift nn;,iebenbe ^arftelluufl
bev l?eben-5i-iefd)id)te unfeve'? ^ieubodibeutfd) bon feinen 9lnfnnrteu urn bie
^!i*enbe be* fiinf.U'bnten unb fcd),^ebnten ^^nbvbunbert<5 bi* ,yir *.yeflriiubunii
feinev ^J(lleinbevvfd)(ift urn bie Witte bee nd)t,U'hnteu C^abvbnubevtH- bov
uui- biiben " (Xie («veiiiboteu 1H8h. 'Jiv. l».)
1*
4 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.
Soeben erschien :
Vorgeschichte
der
altgermanisehen Dialekte
von
Friedrich Kluge.
Zweite Auflage.
Mit einem Anhang.
Geschichte der gotischen Sprache.
Sonderabdruck aus der zweiten Auflage von Pauls Grundriss
der germanisclien Philologie.
Lex. 8. VIII und S. 823—517 und lO S. Register. M. 4.50.
Urteile der Presse:
Das g-rosste Interesse der Fachraanner diirfte unter den verschie-
dcnen Aufsaizcn dieser iieuen Lieferung [des Gruudrisses] wohl Kluges
Vorgeschichte der altgermanischPii Dialekte erwecken, Ma es der erste in
Deutschland gemachte Versuch ist, niit Benutzuiig der in den letztea Jahr-
zehnten gelung-enen Entdeckung-en und angestellten Einzeluntersuehungen
ein Bild von der urgermanischen Sprache und ihren grossen Gruppen zu
zeichnen . . . Sehr dankenswert ist die Einleitung, in welcher die Ue-
ziehungen der gerniauischen zu den Sprachen der benachbarten Volker
dargelegt werden, vor alleni die Liste der Entlehnungen aus deni Latei-
nischen, ebenso die Verwertuug der germaniscben W'orter riimischer lu-
schriften, der malbeigischeu Glosse, denen man sonst nur selten in o-ram-
matischen Darstellungen begegnet.
Hemzel, Zeitschr. f. d. osteyreich. Gvnmasien i8go S. 440.
Mit Meisterschaft hat Kluge die noch schwerere Aufgabe gelost, die
„ Vorgeschichte der altgermanisehen Dialekte", d. h. die aus der Sprach-
vergleicliung erschlos.Rene alte.ste (vorhistorische) Gestalt der germaniscben
Sprache auf 100 Seiten so darzustellen, dass neben den als sicher zu be-
traehtendea Ergebnissen der bisherigen Forschung auch noch schwebende
Fragen und kiinftige Aufgaben beriihrt werd^_.
L. Tobler, Litteraturblatt f. germ. n. rom. Philologie iSgo S. 13 j
Kluge liefert eine Vorgeschichte der altgermanisehen Dialekte ;
dieser Abschnitt diirfte fiir den Benutzer des Buches mit zu den voll-
kommensten gehoren. Der Verfasser stellt hier zusamraen, was sich aus
der neuesten idg. Sprachforschung an einigerniassen gesicherten Resul-
taten fiir die altesle Geschichte des Germaniscben ergeben hat. Dabei
geht er auch solchen Fragen, welche bisher noch kaum angef.isst worden
sind, nicht aus dem Wege und vermag uns hier recht schatzban- Ergeb-
nisse seiner eigenen Forschung Torzulegen. Ref. erwiihnt. ohne auf Einzel-
heiten einzugehen, die Ausfiihrungen iiber den Einfluss fremder Sprachen
auf das Germanische, iiber den Accent, die Chronologic der Lautentwiek-
lung u. s. w.
von Bahder, Liter. Centralhlatt j8qo, Sp. 282.
Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 5
Soelieu erschien :
Worterbuch
der
Elsassischen Mundarten
bearbeitet von
E. MARTIN und H. LIENHART
IM AlIFTRAGE DER LANDESVERWALTUNG VON
ELSASS-LOTHRINGEN.
1. und 2. Lieleruiig. Lex. -8**. Preis pro Lieferung M. 4.—.
Dieses Worterbuch ist die Fruchl jahrelangen Samniel-
eifers und angestrengter wissenschaftlicher Thatigkeit.
Es soil nach dem Vorbild des schweizerischen Idiotikons
den Sprachschatz der heiitigen elsassischen Mundarten,
soweit diese sich zuruck verfolcen lassen, zusammen-
fassen und nach dem gegenwartigen Stand der Sprach-
wissenschaft erklaren. Dabei wind die Eigentiimlichkeit
des elsassischen Volkes in Sitte und Glauben, wie sie
sich in Redensarten, Sprichwortern, Volks- und Kinder-
reimen kund gibt, so weit als moglich zur Darstellung
gebracht werden. Das sprachliche Gebiet wurde nach
den Bezirksgrenzen von Ober- und Unterelsass abge-
steckt.
Das Worterbuch der elsassischen Mundarten wird
in ungefahr t) Lieferungen von je lo Bogen zum Preise
von je M. 4.— erscheinen und voraussichtlich schon im
Jahre 1898 voUstandig vorliegen.
„. . . Das elsassische Worterbuch ist keiiie Aufspeiclieruug' sprachwissen-
schafdicher Kariliilcn. Es ist eine lebensvolle Darstellung- (lessen , wie
das Volk spiicht. In sclilichten Siilzen, in Fragen und Antworteu, in
Anekdoleu und tiesohiolitchen kommt der natiirlicbe Gedankenkreis des
Volkes zu Unniittclbarer Uellung. Die Kinderspiele und die Freuden der
Spinnsliiljeu irotfii niit ilirom Forjiiela))parat auf. Die Mchrzahl der
Arlikcl spiegeln das eigentliche Volksleben wieder und gewahreu dadurch
eiueii wiibren Geiiuss. Weun uiun Artikel wie Esel oder Fuchs liest,
wird man l)iild verstehen lerneu , dass in der Schlichtheit und Scbmuck-
losigkfit der Aitikel der Erforseher deutschen Volkstums eine selir wert-
voUo Quelle fiir das Elsass tindet . . ."
Strassburger Post i6()7 Nr. 344.
6 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.
Deutsche Grammatik
Gotisch, Alt-, Mittel- imd Neuliochdeutsch
von
W. Wilmanns
o. Professor der deutschen Sprache u. Litteratur a. d. Universilat Bonn.
Erste Abteilung : Lautlehre. 2. verbesserte Auflage.
gr. 8". XX, 425 S. 1897. M. 8.—. In Halb-
franz gebunden M. 10. — .
Zweite Abteilung: Wortbildung. i.Halfle. gr. 8'*.
S. I — 352. 1896. M. 6.50.
— 2. Halfte. gr. 8«. S. I— XVI u. 353 — 663. 1896.
M. 6.—.
Beide Halften zusammen in eineni Band , in Halbfranz ge-
bunden M. 15. — . *
Das Werk wird in vier Abteilungen erscheinen: Lautlehre,
Wortbildung, Flexion, Syntax. Eine fiinfte, die Geschichte der
deutschen Sprache, wird sich vielleicht anschliessen.
„ . . . Es ist sehr erfreulich, dass wir nun ein Buch haben
werden, welches wir niit gutem Gewissen demjenigen empfehlen
ki)nnen, der sich in das Studium der deutschen Sprachgeschichte
einarbeiten will, ohne die Moglichkeit zu haben, eine gute Vor-
lesung liber deutsche Grammatik zu horen; in Wilmanns wird
er hierzu einen zuverlassigen. auf der Hohe der jetzigen For-
schung stehenden Fiihrer finden. Aber auch dem Studierenden,
der schon deutsche Grammatik gehort hat, wird das Buch gute
Dienste leisten zur Wiedeiholung und zur Erganzung dei' etwa
in der Vorlesung zu kurz gekommenen Partien. Jedoch auch
der Fachmann darf die Grammatik von W. nicht unberiick-
sichtigt lassen. Denn alle in Betracht kommenden Fragen sind
hier mit selbstiindigem Urteil und unter voller Beherrschung der
Literatur erortert. Und nicht selten werden Schliisse gezogen,
die von der gewohnlichen Auffassung abweichen und zuni Min-
desten zur eingehenden Erwagung auffordern, so dass niemand
ohne vielfache Anregung diese Lautlehre aus der Hand legen
wird. Besonders reich an neuen Auffassungen ist uns die Lehre
von den Konsonanten erschienen. Aber auch die iibrigen Teile
unter denen die bisher weriiger oft in Grammatiken dargestellt,
Lehre vom Wortaccent hervorzuheben ware , verdienen Be-
achtung ..." W, B., Literarisches Centralblatt iS^j Nr. ^o.
Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 7
Geschichte
der
Deutschen Litteratur
bis znm Ausganjie des Mittelalteis
von
Rudolf Koegel,
ord. Prof, liir deutsche Sprache und Litteratur a. d. Uiiiversitiit Basel.
Erster Band : Bis zur Mitte des elften Jahrhunderts.
Erster Teil: Die stabreimende Dichtung und die gotische
Prosa. 8". XXIII u. 343 S. 1894. M 10.—
EiKiinzungsheft zu Band I: Die altsachsische Genesis. Kin
BeitRig zur Geschichte der altdeutschen Dichtung und
Verskunst. 8". X, 71 S. 1895. M. 1.80
Zweiter Teil: Die endreimende Dichtung und die Prosa
der althochdeutschen Zeit. 8°. XX, 652 S. 1897.
M. 16.—
Der II. (Schluss-) Band ist in Vorbereltung.
., . . . Koegel hat eine Arbeit unternommen, die schon wegen ihres
grossen Zieles dankbar begriisst werden muss. Denn es kann die For-
schuiig auf demGebiete der altdeutschen Litteraturgeschichte nur wirksamst
unterstutzen, wenii jeniand den ganzen voi'handenen Bestand von That-
sachen and Anslchten genau durchpriil't und verzeichnet, dann aber auch
an alien schwierigen Punkteu niit eigener Untersuchung einsetzt. Beides
hat K. in dem vorliegenden ersten Bande fUr die alteste Zeit deutschen
Geisteslebens gethan. Er beherrscht das bekannte Material vollstaiidig,
er hat nichts aufgenommen oder fortgelassen. ohne sich dariiber sorgfaltig
Rechen.schaft zu geben. Kein Stein auf dfem Wege ist von ihm unurage-
wendet verblieben. K. hat aber auch den StolT vermehrt, eiunial iudem er
selbstandig alle Hilfsquellen (z. B. die Sammlungen der Capitularien,
Coneilbeschliisse u. s. w.) durchgearbeitet, neue Zeugnisse den alten bei-
gcfugt, die alten berichtigt h;.t, ferner dadurch, dass er aus dem Bereiche
der iibrigen germanischen Litteraturen herangezogen hat, was irgend Aus-
beute fiir die Aiifhellung der altesten deutschen Poesie versprach. In
alien diesen Dingen schreitet er auf den Pfaden Karl Miillenhoffs, dessen
Grosse kein anderes Buch als eben das seine besser wurdigen lehrt . . . ."
Anton E. Schonlaih hn Ocstefreich I.iteraturblatt I^g4 Nr. /S.
„Koegel bietet Meistern wie JQngern der Germanistik eine reiche,
willkommeno Oabe mit seinem Werke ; vor allem aber sei es der Auf-
merksamkeit der Lehrer des Deutschen an hoheren Schulen enipfohlcn,
fiir die es cin unentbehrliches llilfsmittel werden wird durch seinen eigenen
Inhalt, durch die wohlausgewahlten bibliographischen Fingerzeige und
nicht zum wenigsten durch die Art und Weise, wie es den kleinsten Frag-
menten ein vielseitiges Interesse abzugewinnon und sie in grossen gesehicht-
Ifchcn Zusammenhang zu stellen versleht Wie es mit warmer Teilnahme
fiir den Gegenstand gearbeifet ist, wird es gewiss auch, wie der Verfasser
wUnscht, Freudc an der nationalon Wissenschaft weckon und mittelbar
auch zur Belebung des deutschen Liieraturuuterrichts iu wissenschaftlich-
nationalem Sinne beitragen."
Beilage zur Allgem. Zdtung i8g4 Nr. zSs,
8 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Stkassburg.
iefd)id)te
bev
($ngllfi-^en Sttteratur
^cni^arb ten ^rinh
, ©rfter ^onb : m 311 Siclif^ ^iiftrctcii.
80. VIII, 470 @. 1877.
(35ergriffen ; neiie 5(uflage iit SSorberettung.)
3nl)alt: I. Slid). S?ot ber (Srobening II. 33ud). ®ie
Uebergang§scit- HI- 23iid), i^oii fieme^ bi§ ©red). IV.
93u(^, aiorfptcl ber Skforniation unb ber 9f{eitaiffnnce.
3it3etter 33anb: 23i^ pr ^icformatioii.
§eraii§gegeben bon 3ilois |5raii6l.
8'. XV u. 658 @. 1893, 9Jh 13.— geb. 2^. 15.—.,
,siif)alt: IV. 23uc^. 2Sorfptel ber Sieformatioii unb ber
Sfeiiaiffaiice (iVoi'tfe^nnn). V. 53iid}. Smicaflcr unb glorf.
VI SBudj. 3)te J)ffuaiffauce bt§ s" ©urrci)'s Sob.
®arQU§ eingelu: bie 2, §a(fte.
8». XV u. (5. 353-058. 1893. Tl. 6.50.
„Die Fortsetzung' zeigt alle die glanzenden Eigenschaften des ersten
Bandes nach meiner Ansicht iibch in erhUhtem Masse; griiadliohe Qelohr-
samkeit, weiteu Blick, eindringfenden Scharfsiim, feines asthetisches Qe-
fiihl iind gescbmackvoUe DarsteUung."
Berlin. Julius Zupitza, Deutsche Litteraturzeitung 1889 Nr. 19.
Bernhard ten Brink's Litteraturgeschichte ist ohne Zweifel
das grossartigste Werk. das je eineni englischen Philologen geluiigen ist.
Mehr noch ; es ist eine so meisterhafte Le^stung, dass es jedem Litteralur-
historiker zum Muster dieiieii kanii. Und dies Urtlieil liat seine voile
Kraft trotz der unvoUendeten Gestalt des Werkes. Ware es deni Yer-
fasser vergonnt gewesen, es in derselben Weise zu Ende zu biingen, 80
wiirde es leicht die hervorrageiidste unter alien Gesammtlltteratur-
geschichten geworden sein .... Museum, /JVi". J^r. 7-
Die Bearbeitung der zwei weiteren Bande hat Herr
Professor Dr. Alois Brandl iibernommen.
Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 9
Soeben eischien :
Deutsche Heldensagen
von
Otto Luitpold Jiriczek,
Privatdozent an der Univeriitiit Breslau.
Erster Band: Gr. H^., XII, 326 Seiten. M. 8.—.
Der zweile Band ist in Vorbereitung.
Der Verfasser beliandelt eine Reihe vmi deiitschen lleldtnsagcn,
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betonung der entwickelungsgeschichtlichen Detailprobleme. Das
Bucli will weniger den Stoff der Sagen reproduzieren iind iiber
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es sich im Ralimen einer grosseren Gesamtdarstelliing thun liess,
fordern, doch ist durch stete Ri'icksichtnahnie auf den Stand der
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die Ubersichtlichkeit und leichte Orientierung gesorgt, so dass
es in seiner Anlage eine gewisse Vollstiindigkeit erstreht und
nicht in Einzelheiten aufgeht. Nach dem Wunsche und der
Absicht des Verfassers soil es nicht bloss fi'ir den engsten Kreis
spezieller Fachgenossen auf dem Gebiete der Sagenforscluing
bestininit sein , sondern aiich den Bediirfnissen von Benutzern
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sagen gelegen ist. Der vorliegende Band behandelt die Wieland-
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und eine Reihe von deutschen Heldensagen aus der Sphare des
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wird uiit dem zvveiten Bande foij'en.
lo Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.
Unter der Presse:
fjFoiidi'iss k piaiilsclien Piiilologie
unter Mitwirkung von
K. von Amira, W. Arndt, O. Behaghel, A.
H. Jellinghaus, K. Th. von Inama-Sternegg, Kr
mann, F. Kluge, R. Koegel, R. v. Liliencron, K.
J. Meier, E. Mogk, A. Noreen, J. Schipper, H.
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Zweite verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage in drei Banden.
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INHALT:
BEGRIFF UND AUFGABE DER GER-
MANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE.
GESCHICHTE DER GERMANISCHEN
PHILOLOGIE.
METHODENLEHRE.
SCHRIFTKUNDE.
SFRACHGESCHICHTE.
(Mil Anhang: Die Behandlung der lehenden Mundarlen.)
Abschn.: LITERATURGESCHICHTE.
(Mit Anhang: Obersicht i'lber die aus mi'indlicher Ober-
lieferung geschopften Sammlungen der
Volkspoesie.)
METRIK.
WIRTSCHAFT.
RECHT.
KRIEGSWESEN.
MYTHOLOGIE.
SITTE.
Anhang: Die Behandlung der volkstiiiiilichen
Sitte der Gegenwart.)
KUNST.
IlELDENSAGE.
ETHNOGRAPHIE.
[NAMEN-. SACH- UND WORTVERZEICHNIS.
Bis jetzt erschienen :
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III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Abschn.:
VIII.
Abschn.:
LX.
Abschn.:
X.
Abschn :
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Abschn. :
XII.
Abschn.:
(Mit
XIII.
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Abschn. :
XV.
Abschn.:
Verlag von KARL J. TRCBNER in Strassburg. i i
Gndriss k mmiukw Pliilologie
unter Mitwirkung von
G. Baist, Th. Braga, H. Bresslau, T. Casini, J. Cornu, C. Decurtins,
W. Deecke, Th. Gartner, M. Gaster, G. Gerland, G. Jacobsthal,
F. Kluge, Gust. Meyer, W. Meyer, C. Michaelis de Vasconcellos,
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Tobler, W. Windelband, E. Windisch
herausgegeben von
gustavgrOber,
o. 6. Professor der roinanischen Fhilologie an tier Universilat Strassburg]
1, Bd.
l!.Bd.
i.Abt.
II. Bd,
I.Abt,
II.B.I.
3.Abt.
Plan des Werkes :
I. einfOhrung in die romanische philologie.
GESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE.
IHRE AUFGABE UND GLIEDERUNG.
II. anleitung zur philologischen forschung.
DIE QUELLEN DER ROMANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE.
DIE BEHANDLUNG DER QUELLEN.
111. DARSTELLUNG DER ROMAN. PHILOLOGIE.
ROMANISCHE SPRACHVVISSENSCHAKT.
a. Die vorromanischen Volkssprachen der roinanischen Lander,
b. Die romanischen Sprachen.
LEHRE VON DER ROMANISCHEN SPRACHKUNST.
LITTERATURGESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER.
Die latein. Litteratur. — Die franzbs. Lilteratur.
Die provengalische Litteratur. — Die catalanische Litteratur. —
Die portugiesische Litteratur. — Die spanische Litteratur.
Die italienische Litteratur. — Die ratoromanisclie Litteratur. —
Die rumanische Litteratur.
IV. GRENZWISSENSCHAFTEN.
GESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER.
CULTURGESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER.
KUNSTGESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER.
DIE WISSENSCHAKTEN IN DEN ROMAN. LANDERN.
Bis jetzt sind erscliienen:
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M. 14.—, in Halljfranzband : M. 16. — .
Audi noch in einzelnen Lieferungen zu M. 4. — , M. 4. — und M. 6. —
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Audi noch in 4 Lieferungen a M. 2. — zu hftben.
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„ I. „ 2. „ II „ 1893. M 2.80.
3- .. 16 „ 1898. M. 4.-.
3. „ '• .. 8 „ .895. M. 2. -.
„ 3. „ 2. ,, 8 „ 1897. M. 2.-.
1 2 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.
I. Bel.
i.Abt.
I Bd.
j.Abt.
I.Bd.
fiiiiiidi'iss t iranisdieii Pliilologie
unter Mitwirkung von
F. K. Andreas, Chr. Bartholomae, C. H. Ethe , K. F.
Geldner, P. Horn, H. Hubschmann, A. V. W, Jackson,
F. Justi, Th. Noldeke, C. Salemann, A.^Socin, F. H, Weiss-
bach, E. W. West und V. Zukovskij
hetausgegeben von
Wilh. Geiger und Ernst Kuhn.
Der Grundiiss der iranischen Philologie wird in Liefeiungen von
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fl. Abschnitt. SPRACHGESCHICHTE.
1) Vorgeschichte der Iran. Sprachen Prof. Dr. Chr. Bar-
tholomae.
2) Awesta.sprache und Altpeisisch ^lofDi. Chr. Bartholomew.
3) Mittelpersisch Akademiker Dr. C. Salemann.
4) Neupersische Schriftsprache Privatdozent Dr. P. Horn.
5) Die ubrigen modernen Sprachen und Dialekte.
A. Afvanisch, B. BalQcI Prof. Dr. IV. Geiger. C. Kur-
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H. Hubschmann. E. Pamirdialekte, F. MazandaranI,
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4) Das Iran. Nationalepos Prof. Dr. Th. Noldeke.
5) Neupersische Litteratur Piof. Dr. C. H. Ethe.
III. Abschnitt. GESCHICHTE UND KULTUR.
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2) Geschichte Irans von den altesten Zeiten bis zuni Aus-
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In diesem Werk soil zum ersten Mai der Versuch g-emacht werden,
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werden, trotzdeni es in erster Linie fiir Lernende bestimmt ist.
Gegen dreissig Gelehrte aus Deutsehland , Ostorreieh , England,
Holland, Indien und Anierika haben sich mit Hofrat G. Biihler in Wien
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Besteht sohon in der raumlichen Enkfernung vieler Mitarbeiter eine
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Das Werk wird aus drei Baiiden Lex. -8" ini ungefahrcn CInifang- von
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Band I. Allgemeines und Sprache.
1) Ge.scliiclite der indo-iirischen Philologie und Altertumskunde
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2) Urgescliiclite der indo-ari.schen Sprachen von J^. JMerlnger.
3) A. Die indisclien Systeme der Granimatik, Phonetik und
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I'KIVATDOZENTEN DER GERMANISCHKN PHILOLOGIE
AN DER UNIVERSITAT BRESLAU.
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alteren Steinzeit. 4. Die Periode zwischen der Zeit der Muscliel-
liaufen und der Steingraber. 5. Die itleineren Steingraber, Rund-
griiber und Hiinenbetten. 6. Die grc-^sen Steingraber oder Riesen-
.stuben. 7. Das Innere der Steingraber, Begriibnisbrauche und
Grabbeigaben. 8. Die jungsten Graber der Steinzeit: Kisten- und
Einzelgraber. 9. Das Studium der Steingraber, eine historische
Obersicht. lo. Altertihner aus der jiingeren Steinzeit. 11. Kunst
und Religion. 12. Da.s Studium der Steinaltertiimer, eine histo-
lisclie Obersiclit. 13 Die Herstellung.stecbnik der Gerale und
Waffen. 14. Woli.iplat/.e, Lebensweise luid Bevolkerung.
II. Bronzezeit. 1. Aufkomuieii und Kntwickelung des
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(Fortsclzung s. nachsle Seite.)
2
1 8 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.
Nordische Altertumskunde (Fortsetzung).
3. Toilettegeratschaften aus der Bronzezeit. 4
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5. Die alteste Orna-
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Frauentrachten. Feld- und Moorfunde.
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iiltesten Bronzezeit.
9. Der .spatere Ab-
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Bronzezeit. lo. Die
Leichenverbrennung,
Ursprung, Verbreitung
und Bedeutung des
Brauches. — Die
j ii n g e r e Bronze-
zeit: 11. Einteilung,
Zeitbestimmung und
Funde. 12. Graber
und Grabbeigaben. I3. Feld- und Moorfunde. Eikliirung dieser
Funde, Prachtstiicke, Werkzeuge. 14. Innere Zustande, Hand-
werk und Ackerbau, Kunst und Religion.
Der II, Band, die Eisenzeit enthaltend, niit ca. 180
Illustrationen und 2 Tafeln , wird in 7 Lieferungen a 3 Bogen
(bezw. in Doppel lieferungen a 6 Bogen) ersclieinen.
Die Darstellung Miillers beruht auf umfassender Kenntuis der Fuiulc
und auf einem griindlichen Verstandnis der Entwicklung;, die aich aus ihnen
erschliessen lasst ; die Ubersetzung' ist gut. Die beideu erslen Lieferung-en
fiihren den Leser zuuiichst sicher und behaglich durch die uralten gewaltigen
Zeugen der Steiiizeit. Sie erlilaren ihm dieMuschelhaufen, die altesten erkenn-
baren Wohnplatze von Menschen im Norden Deutsehlands, zeig-en ihm die
Altertiimer, die sich darin gefunden haben, und weisen ihm ihre Herstellung
und wahrscheinliche Verwendung nach , sie besprechen die Frage dor
Chronologie der iil/ern Steinzeit, fiihren dann den Leser an der Hand der
Altertiimer in die Ubergongszeit zwischen Muschelhaufen und Steingrabern
und schlies.slich hin zu den zahlreichen kleinen Steingrabern, den Ruud-
grabern und Hiinenbetten , und zu den gewaltigen KiesonStuben. Kin-
gestreute Abschnitte iiber die Geschichte der Forschung geben wohlthatige
Ruhepunkte in der Arbeit des Aufnehmens ab , andre Ibsen das Auge von
dem gespannten Eindringen in das kleine Gebiet und lenken den Blick auf
die Verbreitung entsprechender Funde in ausserdeutschen, ja au>sereuropa-
ischen Landen , und Uberall erhoht eine grosse Anzahl guter llolzsehnitto
die Anschaulichkeit der Darstellung. Das Werk wird ausser der Steinzeit,
der Bronzezeit und der Eisenzeit auch die Kultur in der Periode der Vblker-
wanderung und der Vikingerfahrten umfassen : kein Lehrer des Deutsclien,
der deutschen Geschichte , der deutschen Geographic darf es also unver-
arbeitet lassen, wir denken iiberdies, dass es auch viele Laien zu Freundcn
bekommen wird. Grenzboten 1896 Nr. 28
^
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Soeben erschien:
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i'ieb; VII. ®ie £nae.
b". VIII, 8()2 S. 5jirei§ biofdiirt 9}^. 6. — in Seiinuaub cie=
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Ks will das ausgedehnte Gebiet dieser jugendlichen
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Sl?affpere.
gihif 2[lorlefungen au§ bem 9^ac^(a6
Don
^crn^arb ten ^rinf.
aJJit bem SBilbiiife be§ 5Serfaffer§, rabtevt Don 2B. ^rau^fopf
grftc unb jmette ^luflagc.
tiein 8". 166 @. 1893. 9}L 2.-, gebunben 2R. 3. - .
3ni)alt: ®rfte S8orIefiing: 2)er 3)id)ter unb ber aWenfd). —
3n)eite S^orlefung: S)ie 3«itfol9e fon ©f)affpere§ ^Berfett.
— 2)ritte i^orlefunij : ©ijaffpere al§ 2)ramattfer. — 23terte-
SSovIefmig; @{)affpere al§ fomifdier S;id)ter. — giinfte
SSorlcjung: @t)affpere oI§ Xvagifer.
„Es ist ein hoher und heirlicher Geist, der aus diesen
Vortragen spricht. Flammende Begeisterung , philosophische
Bildung und strenge Wisseiischaftlichkeit, feinstes Verstandniss
und Nachfijhlen des Dichters , das sind die Vorzijge , die sich
hier miteinander vereinen."
Seemanns Litterar. Jahresbericht 1893.
„Bedarf es eines Beispiels fijr die Art von Wissenschaft,
wie wir sie uns denken , so sei nur im Augenblick auf das
kostliche Buch Ciber „Shakspere" verwiesen, das aus deni
Nachlasse von ten Brink, eines der hervorragendsten Gelehrten
unserer Zeit, durch die Sorgfalt Edward Schroders zuganglicli
geworden ist. Was psychologische Synthese und nachfCihlende
Aesthetik zu leisten vermag, dari'iber helehrt dieses kleine Werk
besser, als es der weitlaufigsten Tlieorie gelange."
Antoti E. Schonhach in Vom Fels zum Meer 1893/94 Heft 1.
Dieses Buch ten Brinks ist bei Schonbach {Uber Lesen
and Bildung, 4. Aufl.) unter den besfen deutschen Prosawerken
genannt.
Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 25
Geschichte der Musik
in
England.
Von
Dr. Wilibald Nagel.
Erster Teil. 8». VII, 154 S. 1894. M. 4. —
Zweiter Teil. 8". VII, 304 S. 1897. M. 8. — .
„ . . . Das Ergebnis der Untersuchungen N.'s lasst sich in
den Satz zusammenfassen: die Entwickeiung der englischen Musik
zeigt viel starker als in anderen Landern volkstumliche Einflilsse.
Sie aussern sich gleich stark in den Theorien der englischen Trac-
tatisten, wie in den Compositionen, soweit sie erhalten oder
beschriebfen sind. Sie aussern sich, niochten wir hinzufugen, auch
in der neuesten Zeit und das i>t der Standpunkt, von deni aus
die englische Musik auch nach dem Tode Handel's Bedeutung
gewinnt. ..." . Literarisches Centralhlatt iSg^. Nr. 32.
„Anfangs i8Q3 begab sich Dr. Wilibald Nagel, der geist-
volle und schnrfsinnige Musikgelehrte, der bekanntiich vor einigen
Jahren sein Doniizil in Zurich genommen hat, nach England, um
fiir seine damals schon begonnene Musikgeschichte dieses Landes
an Ort und Stelle weitere Studien zu mnchen und das Werk zum
Abschluss zu bringen. Von dieser hochverdienstlichen, wissen-
schaftlich bedeutsamen Arbeit, welche niit H. Purcells_^Leben,
d. h. mit dem Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts und dem epochemachen-
den, aber bereits durch Chrysander ausfuhriich dargestellten Auf-
treten H.nndels in England ihren Abschluss finden soli, liegt nun
der erste ohne die Anmerkungen 128 Seiten umfassende Teil vor.
Derselbe behandelt ini Wesentlichen die Musikgeschichte des Mittel-
alters d. h. die Zeit von den ersten Anfiingen musikalischer Kunsl-
pflege in dem Inselreich bis ungefahr Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts
und beweist nicht nur, wie griindlich der Autor die Quellen be-
herrscht, sondern auch wie erfolgreich er bemiiht gewesen isf,
wissenschaftliche Genauigkeit]undScharfe mit moglichst anzielien-
der und gemeinverstandlicher Darstellung zu verbinden
Doch man lese das Buch selbst, das eine bis dahin ziemlich dunkel
gebliebene Fartie der Musikgeschichte in das ihr gebuhreiide Licht
setzt und wesentlich dazu beitragen wird, das lang verbreitete Vor-
urteil zu zerstreuen, als wiire den Englandern von jeher der Sinn
fiir hohere Musik abgcgangen und batten sie keinen wesentlichen
Teil an deren kiinstlerischer Entwicklung genommen".
A. N. Schweizerische Afusikzeitutig iSg4. Nr. ij.
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faf)rt. - V. Sonbon. - VI. S)te (Jbe. - VII. '®te
Sd[)it)et§ unb a^cuebig. — VIII. ^nDeutia, ^i^a,
©enua. — IX. ©ried^enfanb. — X. Qnx (5f)arnf=
teriftif. — XL 93l)rou'§ @teCintg tu ber i.'ttteratur.
- XII. gffaditrdge unb 3lbfcf)luffe. — Slnfiange:
I. ®er 5J3rDge& gcgeu SStltiam 2orb 33t}ron. —
II. '2)ie Fugitive Pieces. — III. 2JJr§. ©Deucer
©niitl). — IV. Sftaraftertftif Don ber ©raftn 21I»
brijjt. — V. S)te Si^eruiditung ber 2)Jemoireu.
^ranbl, ^Hoie C^xof. a. b. Unib.Strafeburg), Snnuiel 9[ni)lot
©oUribge unb bic englifdje Jloniantik. S"'. XII, 437 S.
1886. 93rofd)irt m. 7.- geb. 3K. 8.-
Sn^alt: I.^ap. 5?inber= unb l??nabeniaf)re (1772-90).
- II. ^ap. 3luf ber Hiiiuerfitat (1791-94). -
III. tap. $antifofratie. 33ri[tol (1795-96). -
IV. tap. 3tt ^etber Stomel). 2Borbgmort{) (i)Job.
1796 bi§ ©cptember 1798). — V. tnp. 2)te bentic{)e
Sfieit'e. SBaUenftein (Sept. 1798 bi§ I'tpril 1800).
- VI. tap. 2In belt @een. tranf nnb unftat.
(©omtner 1800 bi§ §erbft 1810). — VII. tap. 3n
§ainmerfmitb unb Sabe. Slcfttietifcfie »aupt=
leiftuugen (§erb[t 1810 bi§ grul)ial)r 1816).
2)ru0Fotx>ii3, ^,, ^ercij ^ijljfljc Sljellei). 8». xii, 387 a
1884. m. 6.-
— — Hrei encilifd)c 9l(i)terinncn. 3o^anna SatCfie. --
(5Iifabctti ©arret 23rolDntug. — ©eorge (5ltot. (Sffa^S.
8». 244 @. 1885. m. 4.—
@4>ipper, ;;5. ($i^of. 0. b. f. f. Uuib. in men), Pilliom
|3unbar. ©eiu 2tttn unb feinc @ebid)te in 3TnaIt)fen
unb au§(3eiDa()lten Ueberfe^nngen uebft einent 2lbrl^ ber
altfd)ottii"d)en 5)Soefie. (Sin i^eitrag gur fd)ottifd):en(]Iildieu
2itteratur= unb tulturge)d)td)te. 8". XVIII, 412 ®.
1884. 23rDfd)irt Wl. 7.—, geb. m. 8.-
Die Dichtun^en William Dunbars, des genialsten, einem Chaucer
ebenbiirtigen, Dichters des schottischen Volkes, siuU bisher in Dewtschlnnd
go gut wie unbekaont gebUeben.
Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 27
©oeben erfd)icii :
©ebraud) ladjevlic^er, aiiftbfeiger, oft iinanftanbicicr ©ortc imb
SRebcngavtcu won Scitcit euglili^ ipredjeiiber £'cutfrf)ev.
©in ^iimori[tifd)cr 2?ortvofl ge{)aUeu iiii Sonboiier bciitidjen
2(t{)enaum
Bon
O'Clarus Hiebslac, Esq., M. A.
Fellow of the German Athenaeum in London etc.
aJMt eiiiem 2liil)ang iiber beiitfdie (5'amiltennameu in ©uglnitb,
3?erI)aUiiiig§regcIn in engUfd)er (ScfeHfdiaft , SLitel, 3Inrebc,
23viefabvcffcn , cnglifdje 5tbfitr§ungen.
3?terte Slnflage.
8". X, 156 @. 1896. 2}f. 2.-,
„In der Form eines humoristischen Vortraffs wird hier eine wiH-
kommene Belehrung: Allen geboten, die sich niit Eng-land in irg-end einer
W'eise bescbafcigen, sei es sprachlich. brietiich. gescbaftlich oder in person-
lichem Umgang-. Das Hauptgewicht ist auf die Sprachschnitzer gelegt,
d. h. auf die K6nnzeichen lacherlicher, anstossiger, oft unanstandig:er
Worte uud Redensarten, die von eng-lisoh sprechenden Deutschen gebraucht
werden. Derlei fiiidet man in keiner Grammatik; nur langerer, niit grosser
Aufmerksanikeit verbundener Aufentbalt in England kann iiber die Schwie-
rigkeiten in diesem Punkte binwegbelfen. Um so dankenswertber ist die
Anleitung dazu in dem vorliegenden Werkchen. Dasselbe enthalt aber
auch noch eine willkommene Zugabe : eine Studie iiber deutsche Familien-
namen in England, Verhaltungsmassregeln in der englischen Gesellschaft,
Titel, Anrede und Briefadressen, sowie ein Verzeichniss der gebrauch-
licbsten englischen Abkiirzungen, lauter Dinge, in denen sich der Deutsche
nicht leicht zurecbt findet und iiber die er sonst nirgends die Belehrung
80 nahe beisammen hat wie in diesem Biichlein. Miige auch dessen dritte
Auflage recht viel beniitzt werden."
?'rankfnrier Zcitttng /S60 Nr. 2^4.
„In diesem Biichelchen weist der Verfasser seine Landsleute auf die
Gefahr bin, die in dem Gebrauch lacherlicher, anstossiger, oft unanstan-
diger englischer AVorte und Redensarten oder in der unrichtigen Aus-
sprache einzelner Buchslaben und Worte liegt, die er in ausserst humo-
ristischer, wenn auch mitunter etwas drastischer Weise durch zablreiche
Beispiele illustrirt und es so Allen, die in der englischen Sprache noch
nicht ganz satfclfest sind, ermiiglicht, manch arge Bocke, manch peinlicbe
Verlegenbeiten zu vermeiden. Und ganz vorlrefflich hat der Verfasser es
verstanden, seine durcbaus nicht leichte Aufsrabe zu liisen. und indem er
eine sebr delicate Sache in buinoristiscbem Gewande behandelte, ist es ihm
geluugen, auch das etna Anstiissige raundgerecht zu machen, ohne das
AnstandsgefUhl zu verletzen ... Im Ganzen bildet das Biichelchen einen
ausserst werthvollen Beilrag zur englischen .Spracbkunde, und konnen
wir dem Verfasser zu dem Oeschick, mit welchem er seine schwierige
Aufgabe geliist hat, sowie zu der griindlicberi Kenntniss der englischen
Sprache, Sitten und Oebraucbe, die er in dem Schriftchen entwickelt, nur
gratulireu. Loiidoney Zeitntig /SS6 Nr. 14JJ.
2 8 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.
Sammlung
indogermanischer Worterbucher.
1. Hubschmann, H., Etymologic und Lautlehre der
ossetischen Sprache. 8". VIII u. 151 S. 1887,
M 4.-.
II. Feist, S., Grundriss der gotischen Etymologic.
80 XVI u. 167 S. 1888. M. 5.-.
III. Meyer, Gttstav, Etymologise hes Worterbuch der
al ban esischcn Sprache. 8". 524 S. 1891. M. 12. — .
IV. Horn, Paul, Grundriss der neupersischen Etv-
mo logic. 8". XXV, 386 S. 1893. M. 15.—.
V. Leumann, E. u. J., E t y m o lo g i so h cs Sanskrit-
wortcrliuch (unter der Presse).
Grammatik
der
Oskisch-llrabrischoii Dialekte
\'0I1
R. von Planta.
Erster Band ; Einleitung und Lautlehre. 8". VIII u. 600 S.
1892. M. 15 —.
Zweiter Band: Formenlehie, Syntax, Sammlung der In-
.schriften und Glossen, Anhang, Glo'^sar. 8". XX, 765 S. 1897.
M. 20 — .
Nachdem die Sprachwissenschaft die oskisch-umbrischen Dialekte
langere Zeit zieralic^ abseits hat lieg'en lassen, herrsclit jetzt auf diesem
Forschungrsgebiet wieder ein erfreulich reg-es Leben. Fast gleichzeitig siud
drei grossere Arbeiteii erscTiieuen, die sich mit der Lautg-esohichte dieser
Mundarten beschaftig-en. Davon ist die unifassend.ste und bedeutondste das
uns vorliegende Buch eines jung'ea Schweizcrs. Die Einleitung' g^iebt zu-
nachst cinen g'eschichtlichen Ueberbliek iiber die Erforscbung' der oskisch-
umbrischen Miindarteu ; darauf wird die Stellung der letzteren ira Kreis
der altilalischen Spraclien uud ihr Verhaltnis unter sicb beliandelt ; waiter
werden die Denkmaler (hauptsiichlieh Inschrifteni aufg-ezahlt und charak-
terisiert. Ira erstea Kapitel der Lautlehre werden die Alphabete der In-
schrlften und die orthographischen Fragen jBezeichnung' der Cousonanten-
dehnung, der Vocallange etc.) eriirtert. Darauf folgt die Darstcllung der
Lauterscheinunj,en, die sowohl dem slatistisch-descriptiven als auch dcm
entwickelungsg'e.schicbtliohen Betrachtungsstandpunkt gerecht wird. . . .
Wir behalten uns vor, auf das Werk nach Erscheiuen des zweiten
Bandes etwas ausfiihrlicher zuriickzukommen. FUr jetzt sei nur noch be-
merkt, dass wir es mit einer auf griindliehstem Studinm beruhenden, durch-
aus soliden und in manchr-n Beziehungen geradezu musterhafteu Arbeit zu
thun haben, die als ein die gcsammte bisherige Forschung zusamnien-
fassendes Handbuch fUr jeden, der sich mit den altitalischen Sprachen
bcscliaftigt, uQcntbehrlich sein wird.
Liierarisches Cfiitrn/ilatt /6g3 Nr. lo.
Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 29
(£ffa^2 unb @tubitn
©|)rQd^gefrf)i(i)te unb ^olfSfimbc
tton
^rcfenot an ber UniWtRtJt ©raj.
I. 23aiib. 8«. VIII, 412 ©. 1885. 2^. 1.-, geb. 37?. 8.-«
3 n 6 alt: ^m S^rac^geft^iti&te. I. ®a§ iuboacnuauifdie
llvbDlf. II. SDle ctru§fifd)e ©prad)frafle. III. Ueber ©pracfie
uiib i^iterntur ber 2llbanefen. IV. ®a» l)eiitige ®rtecf)ifd).
V. ^onftaiittn Satfia§ imb bie ©labenfrnge in ©vtecbenlaub.
3urDet9lcid^enben9Jlarf^enfuube. I. Jolttore. II. S0?arcf)en=
forfd)unn niib 5(Ucrtf)um§rot[fcnf(^aft. III. !?regt)i3tiiche 2)?ard&eii.
IV. 2h-abifd)c 3JJard)en. V. 2Imor unb ^ft)c^e. VI. S)ie Ouetten
be§ 2)ecamevone. VII. @iibf(oDif(^e a)Jard)en. VIII. ®er 9{atten=
fangcrbon.'oamedt. IX.®er5)3atbebe§3:obe§. X.Siib banSBInfle.
3ut ftcnntnift beS SJolISlicbcg. I. 3nbifd)e i^iergeilen.
IT. 9'ieu(jned)ifd)e a^olfspoefie. HI. ©tubien iiber ba§ ©d)naber=
^iipfel. 1. 3"r Citevatur ber ©d)iiaber{)itpfel. 2. SSterjeile unb
me{)rftropI)ifd)e§ fiteb. 3. Ueber ben Dktureingang beg Sdinaber:
i)iipfel§. — Slnmerfungen.
II. a3anb. 8«». VI, 380®. 1893. m.%.-, geb. 3«. 7.-.
3nt)alt: I. %xa\\^ S?oDp. — II. ©eorg Snrtiii^. —
III. SBtltfpra^e unb SBellfprodicn. — IV. (Struetii'dieS on§
2legi)pten. — V. %\t 5Iusiprad)e be§ @ried)ifdien. — VI. $Gan
ber fd}Iefifd)en 9JJnnbart. — VII. 3uv S^arafteriftif ber inbifdicn
fitteratur. 1. Snigetueine ©runblageu. 2. S)er 3?eba. 3. .^ali^
bflfa. — Vlir. 3igeunerpi)UoIo9te. — IX. a3oIf«tieber ou§
^Isiemont, — X. 9feugriediif^e ^od)jeU§brand)e. — XT. ^wt
23olt^funbe ber JUpeuIanber. — XII. "5innt)die a.'olf§Iiteratur.
— XIII. 2)a§ 91aubent)efen auf ber i^alfnnbalbini'el. —
XIV. ®ine @efd)id)te ber bi),^antinifd)eu Citeratur. — XV,
Srtbeu im aifittelalter. — XVI. 2)a§ beatige (i5ried)enlaub. —
XVII. @rted)tfd]e 9kiiemomente. 1. 5Qou Sforfu nad) 9{tl)eii.
2. Sltben. 3. 3m Sanbe ber ^Belopiben. - XVIII. 3ante. —
XIX. 5(piinfd)e Jicifetage. 1. 23on ^Srinbift nad) ^ecce. 2. 2ecce.
3. S?n[imern. 4. Sarent. — XX. 23ei ben iHlbaucfen 3taHen«.
— XXI. 3)a§ 3ubilaum ber UniPerfitat in 53oIogna. — ?(n=
merfungeii.
Der wissenschaftliche Wert eines Werkes von Gustav Meyer
1st stets liber allem Zweifel erhaben ; das vorliegende ist aber ver-
moge seiner glanzenden Darstellung von Anton Schonbac'' fiir
wilrdig befunden worden, in seinem Buche ,Uber Lesen und Bildung,
4. Auflage" unter den Werken aufgefiihrt zu virerden, die einen Ehren.
platr in dem geistigen Haushalt jedes Gebildeten verdienen.
30 Veriag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.
Haridbuch
der
neugriechischen Volkssprache.
Grammatik, Texte und Glossar.
Von
Dr. A. Thumb,
a. o. Professor an der Universitat Freiburg i. Hr
8«. XXV. 240 S. mit einer Schrifttafel. 1896. Broschiit M. 6. — ,
in Leinwand gebunden M. 7. — .
„Endlich einmal eine brauchbare Grammatik der neugriechischen
Volkssprache, ein Buch, das nicht jenes aus alien mog-lichen Formen zu-
sammengebraute Kauderwelsch der Zeitungen und Blicher, soudern die in
gesetzmassiger Entwicklung entstandene lebendige Sprache der Gegen-
wart lehrt! Th. hat es verstanden, den wichtigsten Sprachstoff auf sehr
kuappem Raume mitzuteilen, indem er slch auf die Verzeichnung der That-
sachen mit den unentbehrlichsten Erklarungeu beschrankte ; die gram-
matische Abteilung des Handbuches umfasst nur 124 Selten ; dann folgeu
gemeinneugriechische und dialektische Texte in Poesie und Prosa (S. 127 bis
194), endlich ein Glossar (S. 19"i — 239). Hundertmal bin ioh nach einem
praktischen H.nndbuch der neugriechischen Volkssprache gefragt wordeh,
und stets war ich in Verlegenheit, was ich den Leuten eigentlich nennen
sollte ; die gleiche Verlegenheit driickte raich jedesmal, wenn ich eine \ or-
lesung Uber neugriechische Grammatik hielt und den Zuhilrern zur Ver-
einfachung und Erleichterung deS Unterrichts etwas Gedrucktes in die
Hand geben wollte. "Wer die Xot so an eigeuster Haut gefiihlt hat, wird
dem Verfasser fUr seine schone Arbeit doppelt dankbar sein und gerno
darauf verzichten, ihm einzelue Unebenheiten aufzumutzen. Mochte nun
auch eine historische Grammatik des Neugriechischen, die dem byzan-
tinischen Studienkreise noch naher liegen wUrde , uns bald bescheerl
werden!" K. K. (Byzantim'sc/ie Zeitschri/t inqs .S. 220).
Berneker, Dr. Erich, Die preussische Sprache. Grammatik,
Texte, etymologisches Worterbuch. B**. XII u. 335 S.
1896. M. 8.—
Luick, Karl, Untersuchungen zur engllschen Lautgeschichte.
80. XVII 1, 384 -S. 1896. M. 9. -
Viljoen, W. J., Beitrage zur Geschichte der Cap-hollan-
dischen Sprache. 8". 58 S. 1896. M. \.ho.
Wiedemann, Dr. Oskar, Handbuch der litauischen Sprache.
Grammatik, Texte, Worterbuch. 80. XVI, 35o S. 1897-
M. 9.—
In Vorbereitung sind:
Fortunatow, Philipp F., (Prof. a. d. Univ. Moskau) , Vor-
lesungen iiber die Lautlehre der altslavischen (alt-
kirchen.slavischen) Sprache. Deutsch von Hr. Krich
Berneker. 8". ca. 18 Bogen.
Simonyi, Sigmund (Prof. a. d. Universitat Budape.st) , Die
ungariches Sprache. Geschiclite und Gramntatik. 8'*.
ca. 3U Bogen.
i
Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 3 1
Griechische Geschichte
Julius Beloch.
I. Band: Bis auf die sophislische Bewegung und den
peloponnesischen Krieg. gr. 8". XII, 637 S iSy;^.
Broschirt M. 7.50, in Halbfranz gebunden y.50.
II. Band : Bis auf Aristoteles und die Eroberung Asiens.
Mit Gesanitregister und einer Karte. gr. 8". XIII, 720 S.
1897. Broschirt M. 9. — , in Halbfrz. gelmnden M. 11.—.
I. u. II. Band coniplet in 2 Halbfranzbande gebunden M. 20. — .
„ . . . Das Ganze ist fliessend geschriebeii, von durclisich-
tiger Klarheit, gleich ahgerundet in Form und Fassung. So tritt
das Buch mit deni An.spruch auf, dem deutsclien Publikuni zu
bieten, was es bis jetzt noch nicht besitzt: eine von wirklich
liistorischem Geist getragene und zugleich lesbare Ge.schichte
Griechenlands. J\ef. steht nicht an zu erkliiien, dass es diesen
Anspruch in weitem Unifang erfiillt. Duich einen freien und
weiten Blick, durch umfassende histori-sche Kenntnisse, durch
griindliche Durcharbeitung des Materials war der Verf. fur seine
Aufgabe vorbereitet. Von der Selbstandigkeit und der vor keiner
Consequenz zurilckschreckenden Energie seines liistorischen Ur-
teils hat er schon fri'iher vielfach Proben abgelegt . . ."
Eduard Meyer itn Literarischen Centralblatt iSg^, Nr. ./.
Der eigentliche Vorzug des Werkes liegt auf deni Ge-
biete der Darstellung der wirtsc ha ft lichen und
socialen Grundlagen desLebens, in denen B. die
materiellen Grundlagen erkennt, auf denen sich die grossartigen
Umwalzungen, auch der geistigen und politischen Entwickelung
vollzogen. Da B. gerade in dieser Beziehung das Material be-
herrscht , wie nicht leicht ein anderer Forscher, so durfte man
hierin von seiner Darstellung Ausfiihrliches und Vorzugliches
erwarten .... Glanzpunkte sind der VII. Abschnitt: Die
Urnwalzung im Wirtscbaftsleben (vom 7. zuni 6. Jahrh.) und der
XII.: Der wirtschaftliche Aufschvvung nach den Perserkriegen
.... Ueber die Bevolkerungsverhaitnisse, uber die Getreide-
einfuhr, ijber das Aufhoren der Natural- und den Beginn der
Geldwirtschaft, die Ertriignisse der Industrie und des Handels.
fiber Zinsen. Arbeitsluhne etc. erhalten wir die eingeliendsten
Aufschlusse und vvundern uns. wie diese wichtigen Dinge
bei der Darstellung der griechischen Geschic hte bis-
her unberiicksichtigt l)leiben konnten.
. . . Die Form der Darstellung ist eine ausserordentlich
gewandte und flicssende.
Bl. f. d. Gymnasialschuhvesen, XXX. Jahrg. S. 6ji u. ff.
^2 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.
Soeben erschien: Gescllicllte
der
Griechischen Plastlk
Maxime Collignon
Mitglied des Instituts, Professor an der Faculte des Lettres in Paris.
Erster Band : Anfange -- Friiharchaische Kunst - Reifer Arcbaismus —
Die grossen Meister des V. Jahrhunderts. Ins Deutsche ubertragen
und niit Aiimerkungen begleitet von Eduard Thraemei, a. o.
Professor an der Universitat Strassburg. Mit 12 Taleln in Chromo-
lithngraphie oder Heliogravure und 281 Abb. im Text. Lex. 8". XV,
592 S. 1897. Broschirt M. 20. - , in eleg. Halbfranzband M. 25. - .
Zweiter Band : Der Einfluss der grossen Meister des V. Jahrhunderts —
Das IV. Jahrhundert. — Die hellenistische Zeit. — Die griechische
Kunst unter romischer Herrschaft. Ins Deutsche iibertragen von Fritz
Baiimgarten, Professor am Gymnasium zu Freiburg i B. Mit
12 Tafelu in Chromolithographie oder Heliograviire und 377 Ab-
bildungen im Text. Lex. 8°. XII, 763 S. 1898. Broschirt M. 24. - ,
in eleg. Halbfranzband M. 30. — .
„Collignon's Histoire de la
sculpture grecque, . . . hat mit Recht
Uberall eine sehr giinstige Auf-
nahme gefunden. Der Verf. steht
von vorn herein auf dem Boden,
der durch die urawalzenden Ent-
deckungen der letzten Jahrzehnte
geschaffen ist, und betrachtet von
diesem neu gewonnenen Stand-
punkte aus audi die alteren That-
sachen und Forschungsergebnisse.
Er beherrscht die einschlagigeLite-
ratur, in der die deutsche Forsch-
ung einen bedeutenden Platz ein-
nimmt, und weiss die Streit-
fragen oder die Thatsachen in
geschmackvoller Form und ohne
ermiJuonde Breite darzustellen.
Eine grosse Anzahl gut aus-
gefiihrter Textillustrationen, nach
zum grossten Teil neu ange-
fertigten Zeiehnungen, dient dem
Texte zu anschaulicher Belebung
und bietet eine vornehme Zierde des Buches, sehr verschieden von jenen oft
nichtssagenden Unirissen, welchen vfir in ahnlichen Biichern so oft be-
gegnen. So war es ein gliicklicher Gedanke, Collignon's Werk dem
deutschen Publikum, nicht bios dem gelehrten, durch eine deutsche Ueber-
setzung naher zu bringen. Der Uebersetzer, Dr. Ed. Thraemer, hat seine
nicht gaiiz einfache Aufgabe vortrefflich gelost: die Darstellung liest
sich sehr gut und man wird nicht leicht daran erinnert, dass man eine
Uebersetzung vor sich hat. Hier und da ist ein leichtes thatsaehliches
Versehen stillschweigend berichtigt, anderswo durch einen (als solcher
bezeichneten) Zusatz ein Hinweis auf entgegenstehende AutTassungen, auf
neuerdings bekannt gewordene Thatsachen, auf neu erschienene Literatur
gegeben ... Im Ganzen jedoch handelt es sich um eine Uebersetzung,
nicht um eine durchgehende Bearbeitung des Originalwerkes, so dass der
Leser Uberall Collignon's Auffassungen ohue fremde Aenderungen kennen
lernt .... /s. {L/ifr. Centralblatt iii4(). Nr. JS-J
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES
THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
This book is DUE on the last dave stamped below
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