ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY BY F. KLUGE A.ND F. LUTZ V ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY. ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY. A SELECT GLOSSARY SERVING AS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE BY F. KLUGE AND F. LUTZ " .'„ •> ' STRASSBURG KARL J. TR BN ER 1898. Printed by G. Otto, Darmstadt. K7/ -C^- PREFACE. Our primer of English Etymology is meant to serve as an introduction to tlie study of the historical grammar of English. However manifold the advantages which the student may derive from Professor Skeat's Etymological Dictionary, it cannot be denied that it does not commend itself as a book for beginners. Though it is a work of deep research, brilliant sagacity, and admirable completeness, the linguistic _ laws underlying the various changes of form and meaning < are not brought out clearly enough to be easily grasped by Q ^ the uninitiated. We therefore propose to furnish the student "^ with a small and concise book enabling him to get an insight ^ into the main linguistic phenomena. We are greatly indebted o to Professor Skcat, of whose excellent work we have made ample use, drawing from it a great deal of material, which we hereby thankfully acknowledge. As our aim has of course not been to produce a book in any way comparable to our prede- cessor's work in fulness of detail and general completeness, we have confined ourselves to merely selecting all words the history of which bears on the development of the language at large. We have therefore, in the first place, traced back to the older periods loanwords of Scandinavian, French and Latin origin and such genuine English words as may atTord matter for linguistic investigation. In this vav we hope to have pro- vided a basis for every historical grammar of English, e.g. for Sweet's History of English Sounds. ,'51498^: VI Preface. If we may be allowed to give a hint as to the use of our little book, we should advise the teacher to make it a point to always deal with a whole group of words at a time. Special interest attaches for instance to words of early Christian origin, to the names of festivals and the days of the week; besides these the names of the various parts of the house and of the materials used in building, the words for cattle and the various kinds of meat, for eating and drinking, etc. might be made the subject of a suggestive discussion. On treating ety- mology in tliis way, the teacher will have the advantage of converting a lesson on the growth of the English language into an inquiry into the history of the Anglo-Saxon race, thus lending to a naturally dry subject a fresh charm and a deeper meaning. In conclusion, our best thanks are due to Professor 'W. Franz of Tubingen University, who has placed many words and etymologies at our disposal and assisted us in various other ways. Freiburg i. B. F. KLUGE — F. LUTZ. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. ace. T= accusative case adj. =: adjective adv. =: adverb RKKT. = Breton CKLT. =: Celtic coiij. = conjunction CORN. — Cornish cp. rr compare Cynir. 3= Cynuic (Welsh) Dan. = Danish ciat. = dative case f]er(iv). ^ derived, derivative diniin. = diminutive DU. = Dutch E. = modern English f. (fein.) = feminine frequent. = frequentative KR. =r French KKIKS. — Friesic (;. =: modern (lernian Liael. — Gaelic gen. rr genitive case GOTH. =• (iothic OK. = Greek Icel. = Icelandic inl. = inlinitive mood mfl. — inHected inlerj. = interjection IR. = Irish IT.M.. = Italian I.AT. — Latin Hi. =r Low Geim.ui lit. = literally LITH = I^ithuanian ni. rr masculine ME. = Middle English MHG. -r Middle High German n. (neiiti.) — neuter nom. =1 nominative old. = oldique case ouu. = Old Dutch OKK. = Old French OH(i. = Old High (icrman OIR. = Old Irish ON. = Old Norse ONKR. — Old North JMench orig. = original, originally OSAX. = Old Saxon OSI.OV. =: Old Slovenian |d, — plural p. p. rr jiast paiticijde proL). :— prohaldv pion. — pronoun prop. — projterly I'Kov. =: Provencal pit. =; preterite, past tense KUSS. = Russian si). =r substantive SKR. = Sansk-rit SHAN. =: Spanish superl. — superlative SWfCD. = Swedish TKUT. =1 Teutonic vb. = verb \'|[[ List of Symbols in Teutonic Words. LIST OF SYMBOLS IN TKUTONIC WORDS. ?' (not umlauted) — Kuropean and Ai^yan i. <■' in OE. MK. long idosed e. !?' in OE. ME. long open i'. e in OH(J. MHC. OSA\. closed e (uinlauted). } a reduced Aryan und pie-'IVut. vowel. ;' in (Je. Me. long closeil o. (/' in UK. .MK. words lun^ open i>. r in OE. word-; ])alatali/.td /'. ^' in .ME. words as in NK. oi^e l>riJge. 5 in <-te. Me. wolds a spiraiitic palatalized i^, f in lent, words — E. th. c' in On. ()e. Osa.x. words = E. th. k in (jotli. is h -j- ?f. , 'V ~ root. * indicates a word or form not actnallv found, Init of which the existence is inferred. a^, an indef. article me. a an, OK. an: ident. \vith one. a- ME. a: idcnt. with on (cp. hack, abroad^. abase; cp. base. abash short for me. abaisshc ahaischc (aba'isse) : borrowed from OEK. eslmhiss- stem of ofk. csbahir (kr. el'ahir^ 'astonish'. abate :me. abate: adai)t. of ofr. abairc 'beat down'. abbess, abbey see abbot. abbot me. abbot; older by-form MK. OE. abbod. Source lat. ab- batem {abbas), whence it. abbdte, VK.abb'd, OHG. abba t g.du. abt. — Hence abbess ime. abbesse from FR. ab/yesse (but OE. al'bndisse = LAT. abbatissa) 'abbess' and abbey MK. ablwie from FR. abhaye (ofr. al>eie). abide cp. bide and abode. able ME. able: adapt, of ofr. (h)abl(*-= SPAN, habil, rr. abile; source LAT. habilis. abode me. abgd prop, 'delay, al)idino-'; (^p, bide. abound .mk. abounde: adapt, of FR. abonder = lat. abimdare abound'. English Etymology. about MK. aboute OE. dbiltan ^onbutan; cp. but for OE. biitan. I above jie. above earlier abiifen j OE. dbu/an', akin to a. oben oho. obaiia 'from above'; cp. over. abridge me. abriggc abregge : i adaj)t. of OFR, abrigier abregier (source lat. ^^i^rro\). 'broad- ly, widely'; cp. broad. abuse cp. use. accord vb. me. acorde late of. (c. 1 1 40) dcordian : borrowed from OFR. acorder fr. accorder (cp. ' IT. aecordare). accuse me. accilse from fk. ac cuscr (lat. acciisare^ . accrue (aeereja) vb. from fr. accrue sb. 'growth, increase' (orig. part, of FR. accroitre: lat. ad^ \cretuni); cp. increase. ace me. as dee: loanword from FR. as (= span, as, g. ass, du. aas). Source lat. ^-.f (ace. assent) 'a unit, pound, foot'. ache earlier spelling ake me. dke; derived from OE. iice me. echc 'pain' under the influence of the vb. OE. acan me. ake 'ache, feel pain'. 1 achieve — aghast achieve aie, achevc: adapt, of FR. achcver 'accomplish'. Akin to chief. acorn me. acorn OE. cecevfi \ ident. with goth. akraii 'crop, fruit', ON. akani, DU. akcr, G. ecker. The meaning 'acorn' being a later and special one as compared with GOl^.akran 'fruit', the group may be derived from teut. ^Xt^?- = acre. acquaint vb. me. aqueinte a- comte: borrowed fr. ofr. acointer 'advise' cp. quaint. acquire ime. aquire aqiiere: bor- rowed from OFR. aquerre (fr. acqiuh-ir = LAT, acqulrere'). acre me. aker oe. cecer 'a field, acre' = synon. goth. akrs, OSAX. (ikkar, OHG. acchar G. acker, DU. akker, on. akr : a common Teut. and Aryan word: teut. *akra-z, pre-TEUT. agro-s = skr. ajra-s, GR. dypog, LAT. ager (stem agro-') 'acre' : Aryan \^ ag in lat. ago, (iR. aya), skr. aj, on. aka. The orig. meaning of acre (indo- teut. agro-s) was 'place where the cattle are driven'; cp. G. iri/t from treihoi. adage from fr. adage = lat. adagiu?)i 'proverb'. add ME. addc from lat. addere add'. adder :\ie. adder older /ladder OE. nd'{d)dre = osAX. nadra, DU. adder, OHc;. nat{a)ra aiHCi. «(?/^r g. natter {otter), icel. nadra f. — /z«^;- m., goth. nadrs'. cogn. with ir. ««- M(^?//', w. neidr. For the loss of initial // cp. auger and apron. adjourn vb. me. ajurne ajornc: adapted from 'SK.aJourner (deriv. of fr. Joiir — jour nth- 'day'). ado ME. ado prop, at do: prop, infinit. 'to do' with at, orig. in Northern English. advance vb. for me. avaunce : loanword from fr. avaiicer 'go before' (deriv. of fr. avant = ITAL. avante, lat. ah -f- ante). advice sb. for me. avis', adopt. oiY\<.avis {=iY^.az>viso, i^xr.ad- vtsufn). — The vb. advise me. avise is fr. aviser (= it. avvisar, lat. '^advisare). afford ME. aforthe 'provide^ oe. "^e/ordian 'promote': deriv. of forth. affray 'frighten' me. afraie : from FR. effrayer 'frighten'. — Hence the part, afraid 'frightened' jNIE. afraied. after me. after oe. after adv. prep. = GOTH, aftra 'back, again', ohg. osax. aftar 'back', DU. achter. again me. agein oe. ongeyt ongedn; ident. with G.gege/i OHG. gegin gagan, oSAX. gegin?, on. gagn. — against me. agcincst earlier agcines = OE. togeyies. age me. age: adoption of fr. age (oFR. a-age e-age). Source a LAT. type *aetaticum (= lat'. aetas) 'time'. aghast i)art. of me. agaste vb. 'terrify' oe. gd.stan 'terrify'; akin to GOTH, usgaisjan make afraid and peril, to ghost. sglet almond aglet 'spangle, pin' (Shakcsp.) from FR. aiguilld dimin. of ai- guille needle'. ago MK. ago agon: orig". part, "gone by, past' from go. agog adapt, of ofr. en gogues lusty, lively, in a pleasant humor' — FR. gogue 'mirth, glee'. agree 'sve.. agree: adapt, of fr. agreer {= IT. aggradare] source LAT.^/-tf//irw'pleasing, agreeable'). ague :me. ((^'7^6': source ofr. agu 'sharp, acute' (= fr. aigii). Source LAT. aciitus. aid vb. from fr. aider 'help'. ail vb. ME. aile eile OE. ej^laii 'trouble, afflict' = GOTH, us- agljan 'trouble': deriv. of OE. e~^le = GOTH, a gins 'loathsome, troublesome'. For \^ ag cp. a7ve. air 1 -Ml':, aire older eir : loan- word from FR. air (source lat. aet^. air 2 from fr. air 'ex- ternal appearance' is considered idcnt. with air'^. aisel (Shakesp.); cp. else I. ajar .me. acher — oncher (oe. on c'crr — on eyrr') 'ajar' cp. eliar. akimbo me. a kemlnmie — a kenbffioe (in the phrase »his hand, his armes a kcmbowc setten«) ; for ME. hou>e cp. how and elbow. The ft.st clement represents an adapted ox. kengr 'crook the sha{)e of a horse-shoe' (cp. on. kengboginn 'crooked'). Another suggestion proceeds from an or. ^cyneboga formed as of. cyne- widde. alder me. alder oe. dlor = ohg. elira erila G. erle, ox. elr elre(r), DU. LG. eller (goth. '^diliza is found in span, alisa , fr. alice 'wild sorb, wild service-berry). Akin to OSLOV. jelieha, lat. alnus (for ""alsnus) 'alder'. ale :\IE. die oe. ealu ealo (infl. calod') = osax. alo , ox. sa\ . DAN. pi; akin to oslov. old 'cider', LITH. alus beer'. alight 'alight from a horse' cp. light vb. all y[s..al{l) — plur. alle OE. al(l) eal(l) — plur. ealle = OSAX. OHG. DU. i.G. al, G. all, ox. allr, GOTH. alls. A primary form ala- is found in compounds and derivatives; cp. OSAX. ohg. ailing mhg. alene 'entire, complete', goth. alamans 'all men', ohg. ala-tvdri 'all true , ala-nimvi 'all new'. Cogn. \v. oir. uile (base olio-~). allay :\ie. alaie aleie alegge lay aside, give up'; from lay '. Perh. mixed with ofr. aleyer (fr. aloycj-) ? allege me. alegge 'give testi- mony : adajitcd from ofr. alegiei alegger ? alley im. aley: loanwortl from FR. alldc 'a going, passage". allow vb. ME. alone: adapt, of FR. alloiicr 'grant' (t,at. typo ad- locare) . allure me. ali'tre: from ofr. aliirer, deriv. of lure 'bait'. almond me. almau/ide: from OFR. almande (= fr. amandc, whence nu. amandcl). Source eat. amygdala (gr. diwyddlr^ 'an 1 * angel almond', whence a vulgar lat. amend/a (it. inandola = OHG. ///aiidijla G. inander). alms :\IK. abnes oe. crlmessc (infl. celmessaji) : borrowed from OIR. almsan. Akin to the svnon. OSAX. alamosna, ODU. aclmoesc ael- mocscnc DU. aalmofs, OHO. alamuo- san alainosan G. almosen. Source l-AT.-GR. elec?nosy/ia (cp. it. /?>// G. erz-, goth. ^ark i^-aggiltis) . Source the lat. = Gr. prefix archi- [dg/i-). Perh. OFR. are// (in archangel) influ- enced the E. word. archer me. archer : adapt, of FR. archer 'bowman' (lat. type arcarius, deriv. of arcus 'bow'). are (»we, you, they arc«) aiE. are oe. (Northumbr.) aron\ plur. to the second person sing, art :me. art oe. eai t. An arvax. ar 'be' is prob. in lith. yra 'is'. ark ME. arke oe. care (infl. earce) = ohg. arahhaarcha 'chest' MHG. arcJic 'chest, money-chest' G. arche Noah's ark', DU. ark 'Noah's ark', ON. grk "chest, co- venant, ark, box', goth. arka f. 'money-box, Noah's ark': a Teut. loanword from lat. (also ROM.) area. arm ^ :me. arm oe. earni = OSAX. DU. arm, on. armr, goth. arms, ohg. ar(a)m G. artn. Akin arnT^ — ass to LAI', annus 'the topmost part of the upper arm, fore-quarter', OSLOV. rame 'shoulder , arm', PRUSS, irvio 'arm', SKR. irfud-s 'fore-quarter, arm', avest. arefua arm', aioien. ariimkn elbow'. arm - 'a weapon' me. armes plur. from OFR. amies = lat, arma 'weapons'. armor ^ee. ai-mour(e) armilre: borrowed from OFR. armure ar- mc-nrc (lat. arjiiatmui) 'armor . army :\ie. annie armc: adop- tion of FR. artfiie (== rr. afma^a', base LAT. annare). arrange borrowed from fr. arrair^cr (deriv. of FR. rang 'rank, file' from ohg. hrinc G. ring 'a ring or circle of people'; cp. rauli). arrant ident. with errant. arras me. arras; orig-. »cloth of Arras « : Arras is the name of a town in Artois (France) famous for its manufacture. See ram brie and lawn'^. array me. araie: adapt, of ofr. arraiei- areier 'arrange' (= it. arredare)'. of Teut. origin; cp. GorH. gar aids under ready. arrest -MK. a{r)reste: adapt, of f)FR. arester fr. arrcter {= it. ' ar re stare, lai'. restare'^il^^' back'). arrival .me. arivaile prop, 'land- ing-'; adapt, of OFR. arrivaillc landing'. — arrive :me. arive prop, bring to shore, come to shore': adapt, of fr. ar river = it. arrivare\ LAr. type adripare {i-tpa 'shore'). arrow me. arwe late oe. arive : adapt, of ON. or (plur. orvar'). The native oe. word was earh ident. with on. or (cp. goth. arhwazna 'dart' and lat. areas 'bow'). as me. as{e) als{e) also alsnjo oe. ealswd = synon. osax. hg. also, DU. als, :\ihg. also als alse. The compound means prop, 'en- tirely so'; cp. all and so. ash^ sb. 'the name of a tree' :me. aseh oe. cesc = ohg. asc G. esehe, DU. eseh, on. askr 'ash'. ash'- sb. ME. asehe oe. eBSce (infl. asean axan); mod. E. is com- monly used in the plur. as/ies (me. asc/ies). Cogn. w. on. aska, DU. ase/i, OKG. asl;a c. asche, goth. azgo 'ashes'. ask vb. older by-form ax me. aske axe (kent. gxi^ oe. dscian dcsian : Teut. base aiskbjau =^ os.vx. escon, ohg. eiskon (o. hei- sc/ien). Akin to lith. feskoti, OSLOV. iskati, SKR. ieeh 'seek'. aspi 'a venomous serpent' from L.vi". aspis. asp2 'a tree' me. aspe oe. cespe = synon. on. asp, ohg. aspa MHG. aspe G. espc, DU. esp: perh. connected with lat. arlwr (if from '^azbos by rhotacism) 'tree'. ass ME. asse oe. assa (infl. sing. assati) : loanword from oiR. assan 'ass' ; cp. on. asne from ofr. asne = FR. dne. Source lat. asinus, whence also goth. asilus, oe. esol, OHG. csil G. esel 'ass', DU. ezel and further osLOV. osilfi, russ. oselii 'ass'. 8 assail — avenge assail vb. me. asaile'. adapt, of FR. assaillir ; see assault. assault vb. ME.a(s)saut: adapt- ed from FR. assaiit (:=IT. assalto, MED. LAX. assaltus'). assay me. assay assai borrowed from OB'R. assai assay = fr. essai (it. ass agio from lat. exagium 'weigliing'). assemble me. a{s)semble a(s)- seffik: adapt, of FR. assembler (it. assemblaj-e deriv. of lat. simul 'toijether'). asstiage me. asru'dgc a(s}sildge : loanword ir.O¥Yt..asoager asiiagir, LAT. type ad-suaviarc deriv. of suavis 'sweet . assure vb. :me. a(s)silre borrowed from FR. assurer (^IT. assecurarc). astonish transformed after vbs. in -ish from an earlier astony astone Mic. astoiiie astune astoune : borrowed from ofr. estoncr = FR. //(^////fV- ; LAT. type ex\-tonare 'thunder'. But cp. stun. at :mk. at oe. cet = osax. at, OHG. a-, ON. GOTH, at I akin w. LAT. a/l 'to', oiR. aJ-. atone vb. from ato//c adv. 'at one, agreed' = me. at on into one'; cp. oj/e. attach vh.ME.attacclic (law term) 'talie prisoner, arrest': adapt, of FR. attacher (= span, atacar, it. attaccare). attain vl). :\ie. attaine atteine: borrowed from fr. atteindre (= LAT. attingere touch upon). attire vb. me. atire: adapted fr. OFR. atirer 'adorn'. Source a Teut. sb. ///" 'ornament, honor' ^ OSAX. OE. tir 'glory, honor (g. zierde). attorney .me. aturne atourni commissioner' ?: atourney older 'agent, deputy, adapt, of FR. atorne part, of atorner 'direct, appoint'. auburn orig. 'whitish or flaxen- colored , reddish- brown' me. auburne awbiir ne'' cxXxon-coVoxcdi : from OFR. auborne albornc {= it. alburfio) = med. lat. alburnus 'whitish' {albus 'white'). guger orig. nanger (like adder for nadder, apron for napron with loss of an initial //) me. naiigcr older ndve-ggr oe. nafo-gd^ 'an auger' prop, 'borer, piercer of naves' (see nave^ and gore-^] cp. the synon. ohg. nabuger JMHG. nabeger g. (dial.) ndbcr, icel. nafarr. aught a whit, anything' me. aught older awight oe. dwiht dnwiht 'aught'; OE. an is one and for K>iht see whit and not. August from LAT. augustus \ me. aust from ofr. aoust = fr. aoiitl or from late oe. august changed to *au7e.iest ? aunt ME. aunt{c) : adapt, of ofr. afite (fr. tante). Source lax. amita aunt'. avail :me. availe'. source fr. vaille from valoir 'be worth'. avalanche: adoption of the synon. fr. ai'alanche (fr. aval 'downward' = ofr. a val is lat. ad valletn 'valley ward'). avenge me. avenge: adapt, of ofr. avengier 'avenge' (source avoid — aye^ LAT. vindicare 'vindicate') ; cp. vcngca nee. avoid ME. avoidc: adapted from FR. avoider 'empty out'; cp. void. avouch 'declare, confess' from OFR. avoch{i)er', cp. vojich. avow :me. avcm'e avoiic from fr. avoucr; cp. vow. await :\IE. azoaitc frcnu oner. mi'aiHi)cr\ cp. 10 ail. award :me. awardc from oner. £swardc{i)r 'examine'. For the Teut. source see under guard. aware -AIe. iivare oe. y:wara •^iU'cer =; OHG. OSAX. gi7C'ar G. i:aciahr , i)V. ; cp. 7e>ary. watchful, 6 wary away mic. a7c>av (y oe. omce^ aMav' prop, 'on tlic wav'; cp. 7C'ay and aljcay. awe -ME. a7c>e older age: adapt, of ox. agi 'awe, terror'. Akin to OE. e^e ME. cie 'fear, terror' = GOTli. agis and or. o^ot,- 'anguisli' ; cp. goth. ag/us 'mo- lesting', oiR. agar "I fear'. awkward :me. a7vk7vard auk7vard beside late me. auke 'contrary, wrt)ng'; auk- contr. of avek- = OX. o/iigr 'turned tlie wrong way'. Cogn. w. osAX. a'ui/i, ohg. ahi/i and srr. apak 'turned away'. awl :me. ail/ aivcl uic. a7vel (a7C'ol 'awl': if traceable to a Teut. base atcoia (for ag7Vola-), akin to eat. aeiis 'needle' — aeii/ciis sting'. awn ME. aiine older a7vene agene : Scand. loanword from ox. ogn wliich is ident. with oE. eegne, ohg. agana mhg. ageiie G. ahne, goth. ahana chaff; prob. related, to gr. «;^J'7; ayvoov 'chaflf', LITH. akfitas , opruss. ackons 'awn'. awry me. a7vry{c) 011701 y; c\). 7v r y. ax(e) ME. ax oe. eax = the synon. oe. eax ibx, ohg. ahsa IVIHG. ahse G. achse, \^\:. as and with formative -/ the synon. ox. gxiill, whence borrowed jME. axel E. axle-(lrec). For a pre -TEUT. a/isa cp. skr. dksa , gr. ix^cov, LAT. axis, osLov. osi, Lrrn. aszis 'axle'. ax(e) ME. ax(e) oe. ax orig. aeas '"'aeees -- synon. osAX. ohg. aeeiis yiwo. aekcs g. ax{t), du. aaks, ox. ox, goth. aqizi 'axe'. Yx&-■l•s^5 x. agist agzi {akst) appears also in gr. ixiivrj 'axe'. axle -AIE. axel in axel-ire: bor- rowed from ox. gxultri; akin to ax. aye^ 'yes' occurring in the 16'*^ cent, as / and not found earlier; perh. ident. with / ^ OE. ic\ in OE. we lind nie (for lie -f- /V) 'no' (in answering). The orthography of aye was influenced perliaps by aye'^ (cp. nay'). aye'- mi:, ay ey: borrowed from ox. ei ever ; akin to goth. ai7i' 'ever', ohg. osax. io g. je; cp. ever. In tlie Aryan langs. a sb. ai7va- 'age, time' exists in goth. ai7C's, LAT. aevuf/i, gr. niinv. lO babe bait B babe :me, babe fuller form bdbiUr. from w. GAEL. IR. CORN, baban 'a babe, child', baboon me. bcibwiii babobi : loanword from the synon. fr. babouin. Akin to uu. baviaan, G. paviaii. Source OFR. babou 'i^rimace? baby :^ie. bdbi: tlimin. of babe. bachelor :\[e. bacheler: borrow- ed from uER. baclieler = fr. bac/ic/ier. Source :med.-lat. bae- calarms. back' cp. basin. back- 'the hinder part of the body' :me. bak oe. becc = osax. DU. (in comp.), icel. sw. bak back". — back adv. for almck i j\iE. abak OE. on bcec 'backward' prop, 'on the back'. — back- board OE. hcecbord =r. du. lc;. baklmord (whence G. backbord, fr. babord^, icel. bakbord 'lar- board'. backgammon prop, 'back- game', l)ecause the men when taken are put back. See gammon. bacon me. bacon bdcoim: bor- rowed from OFR. l)acon 'flitch of bacon'. Source a teut. base bdkon ^ :mdu. :\ilg. bake, ohg. bah ho AiHG. Iniche 'side of bacon, ham'; akin to back sb. bad :\IE. bad{de) 'worthless, wicked'; prob. ident. with OE. dbdded ''iorcQd, compelled': orig. part, of the vb. d-bcedan 'compel, restrain'. badge late me. bagge: of fr. origin, cp. ofr. b>age, med.-lat. bagia 'signum, a ring'. badger orig. ident. with an obsolete badger 'one who buys corn'; cp. FR. blaireau 'badger' orig. little corn-merchant'. The source is a med.-lat. bladariuSy OFR. blaycr 'corn-merchant' (fr. M'''corn): E. badger for b/adger? bag :me. bagge: loanword from ON. baggi 'bag, bundle'. — t)ag- gage ME. baggage according to FR. baggage points to OFR. bague = ON. bagg/. bail 'a hoop' :\ie. bet/: traceable to an oe. ''^'be^e/ := G. bdge/, ON. l>ygill\ in bow. bail vli. borrowed from ofr. bailer 'secure, keep in custody'. Akin to bailiff me. Imilif baili: from OFR. bailif (whence also DU. baljim') later baili bailli = IsiED.-hxr .bai/bivus balUvus. Source LAT. bajulus 'burdenbearer . bairn child' (Sc.) me. bcrn OE. beam 'child = OHG. GOTH. barn, on. barn (whence also ME. barii): deriv. of the teut. \f ber 'produce', prop, partic. with the meaning that which is born . bait vb. ME. baite beite 'feed': borrowed from ON. beita 'cause to bite' ^ MHG. beizen 'bait , oe. perh. Vyiel \rbug bake — bark* I I hdtan: causative of teut. Intan 'bite'; cp. bite. bake :me. bake oe. bacan str. vb. = ON. baka, OHG. bahhan 'bake'. The G. forms partly show teut. kk for TEUT. k: G. baeken, DU. bakken (OSAX. bakkeri 'baker') ; the kk is also shown in batch. The TEUT, \f bak from pre-TEUT. bhog is perh. connected with GR. (pidyfiv 'roast'. bald -MH. ba//eit (oe. '^bealledef) ; source and history unknown. baldrick ^[e. baudrik l>auderik\ akin to ox. bijldrekr, mhg. bal- derich, fr. baudroy (oer. baldrei, whence ilE. baudry) , .med.-lat. haldringtts: related ^.oi^X'i. balteus under belt. bale sb. 'a large bundle of mer- chandise ready for transporta- tion': loanword from ofr. ba{l)le {= SPAN, bala, XT.balld) ; of Teut. origin, ident. with ball. bale vb. 'empty water out of a ship', also spelled bail: bor- rowed from DU. balieii 'bale out'; DU. balie (=^ :mlg. ballige balge, LG. balje, IT, bagl/a) 'tui)' fr, fr, bailie represents aLat. type baeiila (cogn. w, basin). bale ME. bale oe, bealu; cp, OSAX. balu, OHG. balu, ox, bpl evil, calamity'; Goi'H, '^balws 'evil' in comp. and dcriv. as balweins bahujaii 'torment'. ball' a spherical body' ME. ball(e) : borrowed from ofr, balle = OHG. balla balk) 'a ball, sphere', ON. bollr 'ball'. ball2 a dance' (=: du. g. ball): borrowed from FR. bal 'a dance' (=1 SPAN, bade, IT. balk)) 'a dance', fr, bailer (it, ballare) is traced to GR. i^aWiC^iv 'dance'. ballast: loanword from s\v. DAN. ballast orig. baglast for bar- lass prop, 'bare last' i. e. 'mere load' = DU. LG, G. ballast. balm :\ie. baum {J>annie bame basfiie) : adapt, of fr. baume. Source lat. balsamu7n, whence G, balsam, du. balsevt. bane 'harm' me. bdne\ o^.bana means 'murderer'; cp. on. bone, OHG. bano 'death'. Akin to gr. (povo^ 'murder'. bank me. bdnke oe. banea =-■ on, bakki (orig. ''baiike) : akin to bench. — bank (for money) adapt, of FR. banque = it. banca: ult. source teut. bank(i) in bench. bar ME. bar re: adapt, of ofr. barre. bare me. bare OE. beer = org. G, bar, on, berr: teut,-goth, base baza- = pre-TEUT. bhaso- in OSLOV, bosu 'bare-foot', lith. basas. bargain sb, :me. bargain : adapt, of OFK. bargainc 'traffic'. barge me. barge: adapt, of ofr. barge. Source a MEO.r.Ar. bariea, whence also barli^. bark ' 'the rind of a tree' ME. barke: possibly a loanword from the equiv. on. bgrkr ; cp, G. lg. borke, NORTHFRIS. biiark, goth. *barkns: prob. akin to birch on account of skr. bhiirja m. 'birch' 12 bark2 basket — n. 'birchbark'. Bark orig-. 'birchbark'? cp. birch. bark- adapt, of fk. barque', ident. with barge. bark vb. ME. berke OE. beorcan; cp. OE. borcian 'bark' and on. herkja 'bark : Tiiur. \^ berk, not recorded elsewhere. barley me. barli older barlich late OE. bierlic; how the word is connected with the synon. OE. berc (cp. barii), is uncertain. Source a teut. base baraz {bariz =■- ON. barr, cp. GOTH, barizeins 'made of barley'), akin to lat. far 'corn' (arvan base bharos-). barm 'yeast' aiE. berme OE. beorma = DU. berm, mlg. berme : Teut. base berman- from an Aryan base bherfneii- in lat. fcrmentiwi. barn me. bertie oe. bcrn short for orig. /wY-^;v/ 'barley-house'; cp. barley. OE, -em (for am *rce/i/i) house' corresponds to GOTH, raz/i 'house', on. ran/i. barnacle ' 'a tish' me. bernake; transformed by suffix-exchange from oe. byrncte 'loUigo'. barnacle- a kind of goose ME. bernakc; an anglo-lat. ber- naca of the i 2 ^'^ cent, is the first record of the obscure word. barnacles^ 'spectacles' orig. 'irons put on the noses of horses to keep them quiet' dimin. to ME. bernac from ofr. bernac 'camus, a barnacle'. baron me. bdrou/i: loanword from FR. baron, whence also ODU. baroen, mhg. barini G. DU. baron. Source a militarv word lat. baro 'mercenary', which oftentimes is found in the Teut. Leges Bar- barorum for 'baron'. barrel me. bdrel prop, baril: ])orrowed fr. FR. baril. barren me. barrein : a fr. loan- word, cp. OFR. brahain barhain (fr. brihaigne 'sterile'). Source unknown. barrow 'a wheel- barrow' me. bdrwc (oE. '^bcarwe') : derived from the TEUT. \f bcr in bear; as for the 7<.'-suffix cp. also OE. meox-byrwe , westphal. - bierwe 'a bier, stretcher'. barter Engl, deriv. of ofr. barate 'deceit, fraud' (oFft. ba- ;-r?/^r 'beguile'), whence .me. bardt baret, ODU. baraet fraud', mhg. bardt. base ^ 'low' from fr. basse f. {Ims m.). Source vulg. -lat. bass US ? base 2 si), 'foundation' me. base (bas) : loanword from fr. base (lat. basis). bashful see abash. basin me. basin : loanword from FR. bassin. Source lat. baccinum (akin w. LXi.bacarawdbiedrium}) whence DU. bekken, ohg. (osax.) bekkin G. beckcn 'basin'; cp. DU. lg. bak 'bowl, tub, trough', fk. A/t 'trough, basin' = lat. bacea). bask vb. me. baske: a Scand. loanword, from o^.badask 'bathe oneself. Source see under bath. basket me. basket; commonly considered ident. with BRrrANN.- lat. bascauda 'dish-pan' (=-- OFR. baschoe 'bucket'); an OE.*bascod bass bay *baxod was supplanted by *l>ascof, -at being an Y,. dimin. suffix. A primit.LAT.-GALL. Awrrt: appears in FR. Ixichc tilt, vat'. bass 'a fish' me. />ase barse OE. bars = DU. baai-s, G. barsc/i; cp. SWED. abborre , ]jan. oborre {ir from rs). bastard .me. bastard {^^ g. bastard, DU, bastaard) : borrowed from OFR. bastard (fr. bdtard = SPAN. IT. bastardd). Source ofr. bast = .SPAN. IT. basto 'pack- saddle'; cp. OFR. fils de bast *a bastard', lit. 'a son of a pack- saddle' (not of a bed, cp. G. I'ankert prop, 'son of a bench). baste ^ vb. 'beat with a stick, strike': a Scand. loanword from ON. beysta 'beat' ^ sw. bbsta thump', DAN. bostc strike'. baste 2 vb. 'pour fat over meat'; origin unknown. baste^ vb. 'sew slightly' me. baste: borrowed from ofr. Aw//';- (fr. batir = span, bastrar, ir. imbastarc) 'baste'. Source a teut. bastjan = OHG. bestan 'patch' MHG. bcitefi 'bind'. bat ' 'a short cudgel' ME. late OE. bat{tt~): loanword from ir. Gael. bat staff, cudgel' or more prob. fr. FR. battc 'a rammer, wand'. bat- '- winged mammal'; the Scotch by-forra ba{c)k points to ME. Ihikke = DAN. ba^lr (only in comp. afteiibakkc 'evening-bat'). Peril, connected with back and bacon, made prob. by G. (dial.) jiy>^r/('w<7//.f 'bat' prop. 'flitch-mouse'. batch ME. bacche OE. *bcecce; deriv. from the teut. \'" bakk {\ba}t)\ see bake. bath ME. bath OE. ba'd= osax. bat/i, DU. G. OHG. bad, on. b>ad. The dental being suffix, the word rests on a teut. \'~ ba (be) in OHG. baen = G. luihen. — bathe vb. :me. bathe OE. badian = OHG. badbn G. baden, ON. bada : deriv. from the TEUT. sb. bapa- 'bath . batten vb. 'grow fat' me. *batne: a Scand. loanword from o'S.batna 'grow better' (= goth. gabatnan 'profit'). Akin to better and boot"-. batter \b. 'beatME. /v7//r : from FR. battre. Source lat. battuere. Hence batter 'a compound of eggs, flour and milk' me. baiiire: from OFR. bate-ure 'a beating'. battle ME. bdtaile: loanword from FR. bataiile, whence ODU. bataelghe , mhg. bateile 'battle'. Source lat. battuere 'beat'. bay adj. 'reddish' me. bay: from FR. bat. Source lat. baditis 'l)ay- colored'. bay^ 'inlet of the sea' me. bale: borrowed from fr. bale {= span. bahia^ ir. baja). bay'- sb. 'a kind of laurel-tree, sweet-bay me. bay bale 'a berry': borrowed from ofr. baie baye fr. baie a berry. Source lat. bacca bdca 'berry'. bay vb. 'bark as a dog' me. baye shortened from abaye: loan- word from OFR. abaier fr. aboyer. bay^ 'berry' (in bay-riwi) me. bai bei OE. luei = northfris. bei, 14 be — beaver* DITMARSCH beic , DU. hci 'berry': Teut. base baijiz bajj'iz; not ident. with OFR. bale = L.vr. bacca. be 'exist' ME. be OE. hcon fr. a Teut. base '^bijan\ cp. OHG. bitn ;= OSAX. biu-tn 'I am', which an- swers to LAT. fio: Aryan base bhio {bhijo) traceable to bhwio bhidd; cp. \^ bhfi in i.\i\/u/ 'I was'. Cp. booth and build. be- prefix ME. OE. /v- : ident. with by. beacon me. bckcn oe. bcaccn =r OHG. bouhhan, osAX. bokaii (du. bank, G. ^er, covoi.be/er, OSLOV. bebru, lith. bcbrus, lett. bebris, RUSS. bobrii 'beaver'. In SKR. there is an adj. babhrus 'brown', which is perh. a reduph beaver^ begin 15 form pointing to lith. hei'as 'brown' under bear. beaver- 'the lower part of a helmet' borrowed from the synon. FR. bazncir, whence also the sy- non. nu. bever. because :\ie. because bicause by- cause (also separately written be-, bi-, by- cause) : l>y the prep, -f- cause. beck^ 'a stream' :\rE. bck: loan- word from ON. bekkr (= sw. back); cp. osax. bcki, du. beck, OHG. bah{hh) g. bach from a teut. baki-. beck- a nod or sign' me. bek short for :me. b{ke OE. bcaceii \ see beacon. bed ME.' OE. bed i^dd) = goth. badi (stem badja-), ohg. beii betti :mhg. bdie bete g. bett, du. bed. The cogn. cymr. bedd 'grave' (celt, base bcdo-) points to the ARYAN \'~bhedh bhodh (in lat. fodio 'I dig', LlTH. bedu 'I dig'), as is evident in g. beet (blumen- bcet) ^ E. bed (flowerbed). bedrid me. bedred oe. bedrida: lit. 'a bed-rider' r:^ mlg. bed- dcrcdc 'bedridden'. Cp. ride (and the phrase »ride on an- chor«). Akin to ohg. bettiriso, yu.o. bcddcresc 'bedridden' — ban- krcsc 'a lazy fellow. bee AFE. l>e oe. beo contr. of bic (infl. biati) = ohg. Ina, du. bij\ with //-sufti.K G. Inene from OHG. bini. Akin to pruss. bitte, _ LITH. bit/S, LETT, b/ttc, IK. bcc/l bee'; also lat. fuciis 'drone' (Aryan base bhoiko-T). beech me. beche oe. bece (orig. biKck = lg. ba;ke 'beech') : for- med with vowel mutation from */w in OE. boc-treow\ cp. ohg. buohha aehg. buochc G. buche, ON. /^^/&. The name of this tree (whence book) is a pre-teut. bhagos ^^'LKT.fdgus 'beech', gr. (pay 6c ffi]y6c. The gk. word signifies perh. originally 'tree with edible fruit, food-tree' {(f'Oc- ysTv 'eat'). beef ]ME. bef older bxif {beof) : borrowed from ofr. boef fr. boeuf. Source lat. bovcni {bos). beer me. ber oe. Ifcor = ohg. osax. bior G. DU. bier. A common WESTTEUT. word (base beura-), perh. derived fr. OE. osax. bdo, on. l?ygg 'barley ; hence beer prop, 'barley-juice'? beet ME. OE. bete. Source lat. l)cta (= FR. l)ette , ri'. />ieta^, whence also G. l>cete. beetle' me. betel oe. bytel betel ^= the synon. lg. biviel, on. bey- till 'hammer'. The teut. base bautila- belongs to the TEUT. \^ baut in beat. beetle- an insect yiv.. Intel oe. bitola; derived from an adj. oe. bitol 'inclined to bite". beg vb. :me. begge shortened from oe. bedecian, formed from bid \\\\}i\ intensive k (as in hark, lurk, 7ce- hindau 'afterwards, after'. Cp. hinder and hindfnosi. behold vb. me. behglde oe. behdhian (behca/dan) 'hold, see'. Cp. hold. behoof me. behof oe. behof ^ synon. du. behoef, ailg. behof, I\IHG. behuflf G. behuf, icel. hof 'moderation'. — behoove vb.ME. behove oe. behpjfan 'be necessary' r^ i)U. behoeveft, iMlg. behoven. belch vb. akin to me. belke oe. balcian bealcian and with suffix healceitan 'belch'. belfry me. berfray berfrey ber- freid berfreit adapt, of ofr. ber- frci bere/reit= ¥V..beJfroi. Source MHG. berevrit from berc 'pro- tection' and frid 'a place of security'. belief .aik. beleve from the vb. me. beleve ^ believe. Phonetically not ident. with ]ME. beleve ilcve OE. lelea/a = OSAX. gilobo, DU. geloof , OHG. giloubo G. glaube. — believe vb. me. bileve orig. ilevc OE. lelcfan "^elyfan 'believe' = OSAX. gilobian, du. gelooven, OHG. giloiiban G. glaubcn, GOTH. galaubjan. bell :me. oe. belle = ur! bel, LG. belle: west-teut. base b'ellon. Akin to bellow'^ bellow \b. ME. bel{o)ive belwe oe. belgian bylgian 'bellow': teut. base '^'balligonl Prob. an extended form with vowel mutation and intensive formative of oe. bellan = OHG. bellan 'bellow'. \{ bell- is traceable to belz bels, the teut. \~ corresponds to skr. bhas (for bhals) 'bellow' = /'//a?ic and it. span, banco are rEUT, loanwords. Cp. bank. bend sb. 'a band, bond' :NrE. OE, bend (= OSAX, bend/, ODU. bende, go xm.batidi'B. band, bond') from the \f bend in bind, whence also bend vb. 'bow, curve' yis,. bende OE. bendan 'bind, curve, bend'. beneath 'ixs.. bene the oe. beneodan = DU, beneden ; from OE. neodan, OSAX. nithana, ohg, nidana mhg, niden(c) 'below'. Cp. nether. benison me. beneisonn : borrowed from OFR, bene'ifon. Source lat, benedictionem (vp, :me, maleisoun = OFR. fnak'icon, lat. maledictioncvi). bent-grass oe. bconot = osax, binut, OHG. binu-^ MHG, bin(e)-^ g. binse, du. bentgras. bequeath vb, iiE, bcqucthe oe, beciocdan 'declare, affirm', — be- quest ME. Imjueste usually biquide byquide bequide. For the oe. vb. cwedan 'speak' cp. quoth. bereave vb. me. bireve {rcve) oe. ber^afian (rcafian) ^= oSAX. birobon, du. beroovcn, OHG. (bi)rou- \ English Etvmologv. bon G. bej-auben, goth. biraubon 'rob', ON. raufa 'rob'. berry me. oe. berie ; cp. synon. OHG. beri G. becre. The r was orig. 2 = ^; cp. goth, basi in weitiabasi 'wineberry, grape', du, bes 'berry'. beseech vb. :me, biseche biseke oe. bisecan: ident. with seek. besom 'a broom' me. besom besmc 'a broom, rod' OE. besma 'a rod' = DU. beze/n, ohg. b'esamo G, besen 'a broom', goth, "^'bisma. lat. ferula may accord with the Teut. word in an Aryan \'~ bhes. best :me. beste oe, betsta ^= goth. batista, OHG. bp^i^isto :mhg. g. beste, OSAX. betsto. Cp. better and boot''-. bestow vb. ME. bestgwe; cp. stow. betide vb. aiE. betide ; cp. tide. betray vb. me. betraie (by-form betraisse): adapt, of fr. trahir (source lat. tradere 'deliver"). Cjj. traitor and treason. betroth vb. :he. bitrenthie 'be- troth'; deriv. from truth. better .me. better oe. betera = goth. batiza , ohg. bc"^iro G. besser, osax. betoro , du. beter, ON. betre. Cp. the corresp. superl. best. No primitive adj. exists in the Teut. and Aryan langs.; for the root cp. boof- and best. between me. bitwcne oe. betweonu7n 'between'; in ok. the orig. construction was be scent tweonum r=- 'between the seas', i8 )evei-age — hind OE. *iweon earlier tunhn 'two' answers to goth. tzveihus = lat. binus (Aryan base dweikno-s). — betwixt ME. belwix (by-form behc'ixe) OE. f>ci7cieox bitwihs (by- form bdwcoxn^ osx'i^.u/idarhvisk 'between', ohg. undar zwiskem 'between' o. zwischen. The Teut. base iwiska- 'two' is a cleriv. of TEUT, twa in ttvo. beverage :me. beverage beverege: loanword from ofr. bevrage beitrage breuvaige == fr. bretivage. Source lat. bibere (lat. type biberaticuni) . bevy 'a company' yiE. bevey beve\ doubtful if ident. with ofr. beveye fr. bevie 'drink, drinking'? then the e. word might prop, denote a drinking-party'. beyond me. beyonde oe. beiem- dan. Cp. yo7i. bible ME. bible : loanword from FR. bibky whence also DU. bijbel, G. SW. DAN. bibe/. Source lat. biblia. bid ME, bidde OE. biddan str. vb. = GOTH, bidjan, OSAX. biddian, DU. biddefi, OHG. bitta/i g. bitten, ON. bidja 'bid'. The teut. sf bed for bid goes back to an Aryan \/^ bhidh in gr. nfilho 'move by praying' which with lat. /id(^ trust' points to connection with bide. bide ME. bide oe. bidan str. vb. = GOTH, beidan, osax. bida/i, ohg. bitan, ON. bida. The strong verb TEUT. bidan wait' agrees with l.Xi:./ido 'I trust' and GR. vtido!.iai I trust, obey' (rrfiOo} I move by entreaty'): pre-TEUT. bhidh. Cp, bid 'pray' for the identity of bide with TEUT. bidja/i. bier ]\ie. bere b(re oe, bckr = OSAX. OHG. /wvz G. biihre , DU. ^m;- ; the modern spelling with ie (since 1600) is due to fr. bih-e. Source a teut. herd-, derived fr. bea7- (teut. \f ber). bile ME, bile oe, byle = du. buil , OHG, bulla '^•biillia 'blain' iiHG. biule G. bcuk: teut, base buljb(ii)-, bilP 'a writing, account' to- gether with its dimin. billet 'a note' ME, bille 'a letter' (dimin, billeite 'a note'): from mei»,-lat, billa bulla 'a bubble, boss, leaden seal, a bull'. Cp. bull. bill'- 'sword' ME. oe. /'/// 'sword' ^ OHG. OSAX. /;//(//) 'a sword'. If GOTH, '^bilja- goes back to Aryan bhilyo- for bhid/yo-, connection with LAT, findere is possible. Hence bill 'the instrument for splitting' and bill'* 'bird's beak' me, bill{e) bil(e) OE. bile "beak ; prob. con- nected with bill''. billow ME. '^bilwe prop. "^ bilge: borrowed from ON. bylgja: teut. \/" bclg 'swell' treated under bag and bellows. bin iiE. Innne oe. i^/w^ 'manger': CELT, loanword from gall, beniia kind of vehicle, whence also FR. be/me 'a l)asket, hamper' (it. beima 'sleigh, cart'). G. beiwc 'basket-wagon' is of fr. origin. bind ME. binde oe. bindan str. vb. = OSAX. bindan, on. binda, du. birch blame 19 G. linden, OHG. b'uitan: teut, \^ bend. An Ar}'an \(~ bheitdh appears in skr. baiidh 'bind'; SKR. bandhu 'relative' points to connection with or. Tuv^tm^ 'father-in-law', gr. Tj^ldt^ia for *TiH't)ouu , LAT. of-fend-ijnentwii 'band, rope'. Cp. band, bend. birch ME. birchc OE. hirce = OHG. bircha g. hirke : teut. base birkjbn-. The synon. OE. beorc, DU. berk, ox. bjgrk from an orig. base b'erko- are an Aryan bhergd =^ SKR. bhurja , oslov, brcza, xxx^n. bcrzas 'birch', Cp. bark^. bird -ME. ^/n/ mostly brid'a. bird', oriy. 'a young- bird' OE. brid (plur. briddas) 'the young of any bird': I'EUT. base bridja- feque from ovx^.evesque) = vulgar LAT. {e)biscopus. bitch -ME. bicche OE. Incce; teut. base I'ikjbn- also in ox. bitch'; cp. OFR. biche 'bitch'. bite ME. bite oe. bitan str. vb. = OSAX. bitan, o\iQ,.bi"^an G.l>eissen, DU. bijten 'bite', ox. /'//(?. A teut. str. vb. lutan. 'bite' is developed from an Aryan \'~ bhid 'split' in LAT. Ji/ido, SKR. bkid 'split'. Cp. bitter and bill'-. bitter adj.ME./;///<^r oe. bitter biter = OSAX. OHG. bittar mhg. g. DU. ^n.G. lg. dax. s\v. bitter, ox. bitr 'bitter': teut. base bitra- (and baitra- in goth. baitrs 'bitter'), prop, biting': deriv. from the teut. \'~bit in bite. bittern .me, bitor older butor (= DU. butoor^ : borrowed from FR. butor (= IT. bittore). Source LAT. bos tajiriis a bird's name? black ME. blak oe. blcec (blac-) ; akin to lg. black 'ink'. bladder me. bladdre oe. blckdre = DU. blaar , lg. bladere , ohg. blattara G. blatter, ICEL. bladra; the TEUT. base '■^'blcdrbn- (with //r^- as suffix) comes from the TEUT. V"''''^'' ii^ blow'^. blade me. M/^/t' oe. /V«-^/ (plur. bladit) = synon. ohg. /V*^?/ g. blatt, DU. OSAX. /Vr/e formative; M/- from pre-TEUT. bhlo- is perh. akin to lat. fol-iu7n, gr. tpvXkov. Aryan \f blwl bblo- in bloo?n} blain me. blein OE. blej^en = DU. (^/«>? : TEUT. base blajino- from TEUT. yfbla in bladder} blame vb. me. bld7nc (== mdu. blamen) : loanword from FR. 20 blank — bless bldmer (= ospan. blasmar, it. bia- shtiare: source lat. blaspheniare). blank me. blank ot. blanc blgnc = synon. ohg. mhg. bla7ic G. blank; ON. blakkr 'gray or white horse': teut. \f bl'iink in blink. The TEUT. adj. blanka- was in- troduced into the Roman, langs.; cp. IT. bianco, fr. blanc with the deriv. fr. blanchet ^= ofr. blanket, whence me. e. blanket 'a coarse woolen cover'. blare vb.' roar' ME. bloD'C vb. = DU. blaren, G, bliirren pliirren. blast ME. blast oe. blcRst = ohg. /'A?iV, ox. blast?' 'a gust of wind': deriv. of the teut. \f bles = DU. blazen, ohg. bldsan G. blasen, on. bldsa, GOTH, blesan. A shorter \l~ ble cp. under blow-. blaze sb. 'a flame' me. M^'i'f? 'flame, torch' OE. blase (infl. bldsan) 'torch' = lg. MHG. bias 'a torch'. Akin to GOTH, blesan = G. blasen 'blow' (cp. G. 7vind- licht 'torch'). blaze vb. 'proclaim' me. bldse 'blow as a trumpet': perh. loan- word from ON. bldsa 'blow' ^= DU. blazen 'sound a trumpet', OHG. bldsan G. blasen 'blow', goth. blhan (in tif blesan 'puff up'). — • blazon^ 'proclamation' from fr. blasonner 'blazon', whence DU. blazocn. — blazon- me. bldso?i older bldsoun from FR. blason 'coat of arms' (whence also DU. blazoeri) ? bleach vb. me. bleche oe. blcscan --= ON. bleikja 'whiten': teut. base M/Z^/'rw from the adj. bleak :me. bleik late oe. bldec: borrow- ed from ON. bleikr = orig. oe. bide :me. blpk, DU. bleek, G. bleich. A teut. Y^i^/f/^ appears in oe. blican, ON. blika, OS AX. blikan, DU. blijken, ohg. blihhan 'shine'. blear-eyed having sore eyes' me. bl{r-eyed bler-eighed fr. blcre 'blear' -f eye ei\e 'eye'; cp. dan. plir-gjet, LG. bler-bged 'blear-eyed' (akin to I.Q. flirr-bge 'a bleared- eye', en flirr up't oge hebben 'have a bleared eye'). bleat vb. me. blete oe. blcktan = DU. blaten bleeten, lg. bleten, OHG. bldyxn mhg. bidden. bleed vb. ^^ie. blede oe. ^bledan = OFRis. bUda, DU. bloeden, lg. bld'den, ohg. bluotan, on. blceda 'bleed': deriv. from teut. bloda- in blood. blemish vb. me. biennis s(h)c '\vound, injure, soil': loanword from OFR. blemiss-, stem of some forms of FR. blemir 'grow pale' (fr. bk?nc blesfne 'pale, wan). blench vb. me. blcnche (also blenke) 'shrink back, give way', OE. blencan 'deceive': causative of blink, TEUT. base *blankjan. blend 1 vb. me. blende (pret. blende) oe. blandan = OSAX. GOTH, blandan, ON. blanda, ohg. blantan mhg. blanden. blend'-^ vb. me. blende oe. blen- dan = ohg. blentan blenten G. bletiden: causative of blind v^. bless vb. :me. blesse older bli;tsie OE. blitsian older blddsian 'bless' from a teut. base *blddison, not found elsewhere in teut. The blind blow^ 21 vb. orig. 'sprinkle with blood' is appar. a deriv. of teut. bloda- in blood. blind adj. me, oe. blind = OSAX. DU. G. SW. DAN. blind (OHG. MHO. blini), ON. blindr, GOTH. blinds. Akin to ox. blimda vb. 'close one's eyes' and to lith. blandyti 'cast down one's eyes' — blesti blisti 'grow dark'. — blind vb. 'make blind' deriv. of blind, supplanting me. blende (pret. blende) OE. blendan ^= synon. ohg. blentan G. blende7i : causative of the teut. base blinda in blirid adj. blindfold adj. ME. blindfelle oe. blindfellian 'strike blind, put out the eyes'; the mod. phonology of the second element of the word is due to confusion .with fold'i But its origin is obscure; it may be akin to OE./t'//, G. fell ohg. fel, GOTH, fill = LAT. pellis. blink vb. ME. blinke := G. DV. hiinkcn, sw. blinka, DAN. blinke. bliss ME. blisse oe. bliss older blids blids {;= OSAX. blidsed) : j-deriv. of blithe. blister me. blister oe. *blysire — ^)\)\:. bluyster. Root unknown, blithe ME. blithe oe. blide 'joy- ful, glad' (cp. bliss) ^=-- O.SAX. Mthi , LG. blide, DU. bli/(de), ohg. blidi, ON. blidr, sw. dan. bl-d, GOTH, blcips. The dental is formative, but the teut. \rbli unknown elsewhere. block ME. block 'a block' (of wood). Cp. thg synon. DU. blok, MLG. block, OHG. bloh MHG. bloch G. block. Uncertain whether the E. word is a native e. word or adapt, fr. fr. bloc 'block, log'. blond from fr. blond, whence also G. DU. DAN. blond. Source a lost TEUT. bliinda- (= it. biondo, span, blondo). blood ME. OE. blpd = OSAX. blod, DU. bloed, LG. blood, ohg. MHG. bliiot G. bint, ON. blod, SAV. DAN. blod: TEUT. base blbda- (and blopa- in goth. blbf) from a pre-TEUT. bhloto- bhlato-, not found elsewhere. Its relation to the \'~ bid 'bloom' is doubtful. See bleed and bless. bloom ME. blp?n(e) : borrowed from on. blom bldtni = GOTH. blbma, osAX. blomo, du. bloem, OHG. bluovia (bluotno) G. blmne 'flower'. For the \fbld cp. lat. fibs and OIR. bldth 'blossom' and blo7t<\ blossom ME. blosme oe. bldsim{a) blds7fia^=\iV. bloesem (bloeni), mlg. blo(s)sem: deriv. of the teut. sf bib in blo7v.^ blow sb. 'a stroke' me. blowe\ deriv. from ime. blezve oe. bleowan ^ OHG. bliuwan aihg. bliuzcen G. blcinen, du. blonwen, goth. bliggivan 'strike': teut. \'^ bleu blew. blow ' vb. 'bloom' IME. blowe oe. blpwan 'blossom' = osAX. blbjan, du. bloeijen, ohg. bluojan G. bliihen 'blow, bloom', goth. '^blbjan. The teut. \^/V(5 appears also in bloom and blossofn. blow'- vb. 'puff' ME. bbfice oe. bldwan str. vb. = ohg. blaian 'blow' 22 blue — bolster MHG. blcewen blcejen G. blcihen 'blow, swell". The teut. -y^A'^ bill agrees partly with lat. fare (Aryan bhia in blade and bladder). blue ME. bleic: not cleriv. from OE. blchveti (deriv. of OE. bldiv), whence me. ^blewe ought to be derived, me. ble^v bleu is loan- word from the synon. er. bleu {= IT. biaz'd); ME- b!o 'blue is adapt, of ox. blifr. The source of the whole group is a teut. base blawa- b'ava- 'blue' ^= OE. bldzv, ON. bldr, du. blaauw, OHG. blao G. blau; ident. w. \.xx.flavtis 'yellow'. boar ME. bar oe. bar = ohg. MHG. bcr 'a voung boar', OSAX. ber(swin), lg. b:r, du. /'('i?;- : teut. base baizii- or bain/-. board 'a plank' :\ik. oe. bJrd 'board, plank, shield, table' = OSAX. DU. sw. DAX. bord, LG. boord, G. bori, ON. bord, goth. {fd(u)- bailrd 'foot-stool': teut. base borda- with the by-form breda- in oe. bred = G. brett (du. berd ODU. bred). boast vb. rkiE. bjste\ perh. traceable to an oe. *bdsettiafz : deriv, from teut. \f baus bus in G. bose ohg. bjsi} boat ME. bdi oe. /'(?/■ = ON. belt 'boat'. The E. word is the source of on. bitr, du. g. boot and FR. bateau. bodice stays for women' for- merly bodies, being plur. o{ body. Cp. pence for pcinics. bodkin :me. boidekiii 'a small dagger'; of uncertain origin, related to w. bidog , ir. bideog 'a dagger'? The diphthong oi in :\IE. shows foreign origin of T^iE. boidekiu; but the suffix seems to be Anglisized. body ME. body bodi oe. bodij^ 'body'; akin to ohg. botah mhg. botech 'trunk, corpse'. Relation to ohg. botahha g. bottich 'a large vessel, tub' is uncertain. boil 'a small tumor' me. bile OE. byl{e): ident. with bile. boil vb. 'bubble up' inie. boile boyle : loanword from ofr. boillir FR. bouillir = .span, bullir, IT. bollire 'boil'. Source lat. bullire 'bubble'. boisterous me. boistrous 'rough, coarse': an extended form of ME. boistflzis 'rough, clumsy. The (?/-diphthong points to foreign origin; no source yet found. bold :me Iwld OE. bald (braid older bcalp) = goth. '"balpa- (in balpaba adv.), on. ballr (orig. "^balpr), OSAX. ohg. bald 'bold' (hence G. bald 'soon, quickly'). bole ME. bole = MHG. bole g. bolile 'a thick plank'; akin to ON. bolr 'trunk of a tree' and perh. related to GR. ff^'/jiy^ 'stem of a treg'. boll ME. bolle OE. bolla bowel, a round vessel' = du. bol m. OHG. bolla 'a round vessel', on. bolli. Perh. akin to ball and LAT. follis 'hose'. bolster .me. oe. bolster = du. MHG. bolster OHG. bolstar G. bolt — booty polster, ON. bohtr : deriv. with sfr- suffix from the teut. \^ helg 'swell'; hence its orig. meaning 'swelling' (teut. base bolstra- from "^bolhstra-^. bolt vb. 'sift meal' me. bultt' : borrowed from ofr. bulter (fr. blutci-) 'sift'. bolt 'a stout pin of iron etc., an arrow' mb:. oe. bolt ^= synon. OHG. bo/z, DU. bouf, ox. bo/tt\ Borrowed from lat. caLipulta ? bone ME. bpn OE. ban = G. bei/i, osAX. be/!, DU. btr//, ox. bein, SW. DAX. ben, GOTH. *A?/>/ (dU. G. ox. SW. also "leg'). Perh. cogn. with ON. bet/in 'straight'. bonnetME. bond: loanword from OFR. bond orig. fr. diapel de bond; med.-lat. bonnda "a stuff of which caps were made'. bonny me. bony : an exgl. derivative of fr. ban 'good'. booby not found in me. oe., with exgl. ending derived from SPAN, bobo 'fool'? book ME. biili OE. bgc = G. buck 0H(;. buoh, osax. bok, DU. boek, GOTH. l}dka f. — bok n. 'a letter of the alpliabet' shows in the plur. the meaning 'writing, document, book', and the ohg. osax. oe. corresponding buoh bok occurs in pluralform with the meaning 'a single book . There- fore it is evident, that the sing, meant orig. (as in goth.) 'a single letter of the ali)habet'. The TEUT. base boka- (cp. beech) was orig. 'beech-bark, beech-tablet' used to scratch runes on. boom borrowed from DU. booi/i (=r LG. booni) 'a tree, beam, pole'. Ident. with beam. boon :\IE. bone 'petition, favor' : loanword from ox. bon 'a prayer'. There was a native OE. ben ME. bene 'a prayer'. boor adapt, of du. boer (= G. bauer~) 'peasant'. Akin to OE. lebilr, cp. neighbor. boot' ME. bgte\ loanword from OFR. bote (boute) = fr. botte (it. bota) ; akin to G. bossen 'shoes'. Source unknown. boot- 'advantage' me. bote OE. bg't = osax. GOTH, bota, OHG. buoyx buoZy G. basse, ox. bol. For the TEUT. \^ ^^7/ cp. batten, better and best. booth :\IE. bothe : loanword from ODAX. both (dax. hod) ^ MHG. buode G. bude. The oicel. bud differs from dax. bod in the root-vowels (teut. b\ii). The dental is suffix. For the teut. \fbu (iXDO-TEUT. bhii) 'dwell' cp. UTH. butas 'house', OIR. both (bothdn) 'hut' (base bhii-io). See build and be. booty in the 15''' cent, spelled bptye and butin ; akin to the equiv. fr. butin, du. buit , G. j beute, ox. byte 'booty' ; the fr. word represents an osax. *b{ittn '*bi/ti, which is cogn. w. OIR. I buaid victory' and cvMR./'«(A/'ad- I vantage, profit'. Aryan \'~ bhud \ : bhaud. 24 border — bough border me. border bord{e)tire\ adapt, of FR. bordure. Ultimate source ohg. borto 'edge'. bore vb. me. bore oe. borian = OHG. boron G. bohren, du. boreu, on. bora. The teut. base boron agrees with lat. forare 'bore' ; cp. GR. r/,«(>Os^'plough',SKR. bhurij 'scissors': Aryan v^ M^r bhdr. borough and -bury in place- names :\ie. borwe (and bir\') oe. burh burg (dat. sing, /yvj) 'town', oe. burg = synon. OSAX. bur(u)g, DU. buig, OHG. bur(u)g G. burg, ON. borg, GOTH, baiirgs 'town'. borrow vb. inie. borwe oe. bor- gian 'protect, borrow' = ohg. borgen G. borgen 'borrow, give a pledge'. Prob. akin to ohg. b'ergan, goth. bairgan 'protect, shelter' (oSLOV. brcgq 'I take care of'). bosom ME. biisum oe. bosm = OSAX. Ifostn, DU. boezem, ohg. buosam Ci. buseii, goth. '^bbsina-. botch vb. 'mend a garment' ME. bocche 'repair' : deriv. from boot 'mending, repair of a thing'? perh. ident, with OE. botettian repair ■'? Cp G. dial ^ OHG. biietzeJi buoszen mend slioes 'repair'. botch 'a swelling on the skin, a boil' ME. bocche: borrowed from OFR. boche 'a sore' (fr. bosse 'swelling' = it. boccia 'ball'). both ME. bgthe = osAX. bedie, OFRis. bcthe bede, ohg. g. beide, on. bddir, sw. bddcj, dan. baade. The stem of the numeral in its oldest forms had no dental : goth. bai = OE. be^eu bd bit 'both'. The dental ending is short for the article : me. bdthe = OE. bd da, G. beide instead of bei die. In the older periods the article was combined with the numeral; cp. GOTH, ba fb scipa 'both ships', OE. bej^en dd gebrodru 'both brothers'. bottle^ 'a hollow vessel' me. botel = DU. bottel, lg. bitUel bud- del: loanwords from FR. bouteilk {= SPAN, botella, IT. bottigl'ui) Source med.-lat. buticula f. di- min. of butis 'a butt'. » bottle- 'a bundle of hay' me. botel: loanword from ofr. botel dimin. of fr. hotte 'a bundle of hay'. Source a teut. bauta- in ohg. boy) 'a bundle of flax'. bottom :\IE. botum oe. botm ^ OSAX. bodom, DU. bodem, ohg. bodam G. boden. The teut. bases bupma- {= OHG. bodavi) or but/ia (= ON. botn~) or with assimi- lation hutnia- (= OE. botni) re- present Aryan bases bhutno- bhudno ; cp. ARYAN bhudhno- 'bot- tom' in SKR. budlina ; cp. GR. TTv9/nijv, LAT. fundus (if trace- able to Wind lino- si). The pho- netical relations of the group are obscure. bough :me. bough bow oe. boh bog = DU. boeg 'bow of the ship', OHG. buog 'upper joint of the arm or leg, shoulder, hip' G. bug 'shoulders, withers', on. bogr 'shoulder, bow of a ship'. GOTH. bounce boy 25 ^Iwgus from pre-teut. bhaghil-s 'arm, fore-arm' corresponds to SKR. bdhii 'arm', also GR. na^vg TTtj/vg 'fore-arm, elbow', bounce vb. me. bounse 'beat, knock' oe. *h'msian\ frequent, of a primit. *bfinan} Akin to lg. bunsen buffisen (bansen}^ 'knock*? bound sb. me. bounde older bo line: borrowed fr. ofk. bonde bonne 'boundary'. — boundary points to 1 R. bonnier , whence also DU. bunder ODU. bunre. Source MED.-LAT. bodina. bound vb, 'leap, spring' bor- rowed from FR. [yondlr 'leap, spring' prop, 'resound'. Source L.VT. bombitare 'hum' ? bound adj. 'ready, prepared' ilE. boun 'ready, prepared to go': loanword from ox. buinn 'pre- pared', part, dibila 'till, prepare'; cp. busk. bounty mk. bounte: loanword from FR. bonti\ source lat. boni- tatcni. — bounteous ^w.. bounte- vous: derived from ofk. boftlivc 'benevolent' by inlluence of righteous. bourn 'boundary' adapt, of fr. borne\ ident. with bound. bow vb, 'l)end' Mi:, bowe earlier hiiwe OE, bugan str, vb. 'bend, flee' (only intr.) = du. buigen, JILG. biigcn, oik;, biogan G. biegen, GOTH, biugan 'bend'. The teut. \'^ bug is an ARYAN bhtik on ac- count of OHG, buhil 'liiir. A cogn. \'~bhug appears in eat. fiigio, GR. (fevyio. — bow^ sb. 'a weapon, a bend' me. bpwe OE. boga = OHG. OSAX. bogo , du. boog, G. bogen, ox, bogi. bow- 'the forward part of a ship', var. of bough. bowel ME, boud bowel: loan- word from ofr. bo7iel (fr. boyau); source lat, botellus 'sausage' (it. bjuiel/o), whence also odu. bode- Unc DU. beuUng 'sausage'. bower sb, me. bour oE. bilr 'a dwelling' (see neighbor = OE, 7iih~^ebur^ = oSAX. MLG. bur 'a house, cage', oho. mho. bur 'a chamber' G. hauer 'a cage', ox. biir 'a chamber, larder'. For the TEUT. \f^ bu 'dwell' cp. build. bow^l ME, bolle OE, bolla = on. bolli, DU, bol, OHG. bolla. box' 'a chest' ME, OE, box: bor- rowed from a vulg,-lat, '"^'buxem for buxidem (nom. buxis), whence also DU. bus, G. bilehse 'box' ohg. buhsa for "buhsja. vulg.-lat. buxis (from GR. uvhg 'box made of the box-tree' cp. ^(?x-) ap- pears in FR, bossette, it. bossolo 'box'. box'- 'the name of a tree' ME. box-Ire oe. box: borrowed from lat. -ROM. buxus (= IT. bosso, span, box, FR. buis), whence also OHG. MHG. buhs(-boum) = G. buchs- baum 'box-tree', du. busbootn. boy ME. boic OE. *bdia; perh. dimin. of a lost OE. "^''bp 'brother' = FLEir. boe 'brother': childish abbreviation of E. brother, as G. bube OHG. buobo is a reduplication of *bd 'brother'? 26 boycott — brave boycott first lieard of in Dec. 1880. Captain James Boycott was a fanner at Lough Mask, co. Mayo, Ireland ; the Irish league pronounced their edict, in con- sequence of which no one wished to work or have anything to do with him; he was the victim of the system of procedure named after him. brace sli. me. brace: adapt, of OFR. brace. Source lat. l>rac- chiuiii. brach me. bracchc: adapt, of OFR. brache. Source ohg. bracko 'hunting dog' = DU. brak ODU. bracke. brad me. brad usually brod: loanword from ON. broddr 'spike, shaft' (= OE. brord 'spike', ohg. brort 'edge'). The teut. base brozda- answers to OIR. brot 'sting'. brag vb. 'boast' me. bra{g)ge\ akin to ofr. bragiier 'flaunt, brave, brag'. Source doubtful. braid vb. 'weave' me. breide OE. br'cyian "move to and fro, weave' = osax. br'egdan , lg. breideri, ohg. br'cttan mhg. l>rctteii, ON. bregda 'draw, pull, weave, braid'; orig. 'move quickly'; but mlg. breideii 'knit'. Cp. bridle. brain ime. brain OE. bra:-^en = DU. brein, lg. bregen 'brain'. The TEUT. base bragena- 'brain', if from an aryan mrogh-, is com- pared with gr. ^Qf^iioc 'fore- head' (for * II [)!■/-)■ brake 'a thicket' me. brake; perh. cogn. w. lg. brake 'tree- trunk ? bramble me. brcmbel oe. breinel earlier *brcefnil; cogn. w. G. brom- beere 'l)rambleberry' ohg. brama, DU. braani, perh. ident. w. OE. brp7/i under brooin. bran me. bran: adapt, from. ir. w. bran. ME. bren adapt, from OFR. bren points to the same source. branch 'a bough of a tree' ME. braunche: borrowed from PR. In-anche {= span. it. branca lat. type I>i-ramical deriv. of lat. raniJK 'branch'?). brand me. oe. braiid brand = ODU. MLG. brand, ohg. mhg. brant 'a burning, a brand', DU. G.%l>rand 'a burning, fuel', ON. brandr 'a firebrand', sw. dan. brand a fire- brand, fire'. From teut. brinnan = burn. — brandish vb, me. braitndisshc braundissc; loanword from FR. brandiss- in brandir (= it. brandire^ 'brandish'. Source a teut. brand 'sword' = E. brand 'sword' OE. brand, ON. brandr, mhg. brant 'blade of a sword'. — brandy short for brandywinc = DU. brandewijn, G. brantewcin 'brandy', lit. 'burnt wine'. brass me. bras oe. brces. lat. f err urn, if {ox ferso- aryax bherso-, is ccyisidered akin to the teut. base brasa- in OE. brccs. brat 'a child' perh. ident. witli ME. OE. bratt 'a coarse cloak': orig. a Celt, word, cp. GAEL. ir. brat 'a cloak, mantle' — w. brat 'a rag, a jnuafore'. brave borrowed from fr. brave, whence also DU. hraaf, G. brav. brawn breeze * 27 brawn me. hi-aun braivn 'muscle, hf)ar's flesh'; orig. "^braoun bra- hibr. borrowed from ofr. b?-aon a piece of flesh, muscle'. Source a TEUT. brado ace. bradim ^= OHG. brato MHG. brate 'a slice of bread' and also like g. braten 'roast meat', OE. brckdan 'roast meat', G. braten, DU. braden 'roast'; in LG. dial, an OSAX. brddo 'muscle' is preserved (e. g-. west- PHAL. icadbrae) ; cp. :mlg. bradc. braze^ vb. 'adorn with brass' ME. brdsc OE. brasian 'cover with brass': deriv. of OE. brces\ cp. brass. braze"^ vb. 'harden': loanword from ox. brasa 'harden by fire'. breach iiE. brechc: adapt, of FR. brechc. Source tlie teut. vb. brckaii = br e a k. bread me. bred late oe. bread ^= OHG. brid G. hrbd, osAX. brbd.^ nu. brood, lafe ox. brand. The Teut. base bran-da- is deriv. fr. the \^ brn in E. broth and brew. The oriy. teut. word for bread was. loaf (= teut. hlaiba-'). In OE. we find bread 'piece of bread' and /w/'/vWhonev-comb'. breadth formed after length strength with secondary th from ME. brede OE. brddo 'breadth': abstract noun formed from broad with umlaut (goth. braidei, OHG. breit'i). Cj). WEsrpHAL. bredde, OSAX. '^-bredtha from bred 'broad'. break vb. .me. brc'ke OE. brecan str. vb. =r DU. breken , osAX. brekan, ohg. brehhan G. brechen, GOTH, brikan. With the teut. \fbrek 'break' (aryan bhre£) cp. LAT.//77//^^; {\nQ.\..fregi) 'break', breakfast me. brc'kefaste: prop, 'breaking one's fast, the first meal of the day by which the fast is broken'. bream me. brrm: loanword from FR. brhnc; source a teut. braxtna in OHG. brahs'ima mhg. braesefn G. brass en = osAX. bressemo, DU. brasrni, osw. braxn, DAN. brasen. breast :\ie. brcst short for me. brest OE. breast = osax. briost, OERis. briast, ox. brjost; akin to GOTH, brnsts plur. , DU. borst, OFRIS. bnrst (and briast), G.brnst: TEUT. bases brenst- : brust-. breath .me. breth oe. brdd 'breatli , odor'; akin to OHG. bradam :mhg. brddem G. brodeni broden 'steam, vapor, exhalation'. breech 'buttocks' .me. brech oe. brec. Orig. ident. with breeches (»a pair of breeches«) me. brech breche; the corresp. oe. brec plur. points to a sing, '^broc =r DU. brock, OFRIS. brok (plur. breli), OX. brok (plur. brdkr'), OHG. MHG. bruoch. The teut. base /'/■('/'- plur. brbkiz) is seemingly connected with g.\ll.-la r. brdca 'clothing for the legs'. breed vb. .mi;, brede oe. brcdan =^ DU. broeden , ohg. brnoten :\niG. brileten G. brilten 'brood, hatch', GO rn. ''brodjan : deriv. of teut. brbda- see brood. breeze^ 'a strong wind = synon. G. brise, d.\n. bris: source 28 breeze - brim FR. brisc 'the north wind' ^=^ SPAN, brisa. breeze- 'gadfly' inie. brese oe. breosa. Connection with G. brcmse and bref/te (ohg. br'unisa bremd) is doubtful. brew vb. ME. brewe oe. breowan str. vb. = DU. brouwen, OHG. briuwan G. braueii. With the TEUT. \fbru (Aryan bhru bhrcii) 'brew' are related phryg.-thrac. [^ovTOi' 'beer, cider, which prob. stands for gr. '*(povvov, also lat. dcfrntmn 'must boiled down', oiR. bruthe 'broth' — bruth 'live coals, heat' — bruith 'cooking'. Cp. brcii d. bridal, see bride. bride me. bride oe. bryd (from '^brydi "briidi) := OSAX. odu. LG. brini, du. I'riiid, ohg. mhg. brut G. brant, on. briidr; goth. briips means 'daughter-in-law' (but briip-faps 'bridegroom') ; OSAX. briid is 'the newly married wife' as e. bride. — bridal ME. br id-die oe. bryd-ealo: lit. ^bride-ale (me. bride oe. bryd and ME. die oe. ealo). In ger:m. dialects, we find kindelbier 'bap- tism'. — bridegroom me. bride- OE. brydgufna ^= synon. briidigtitno , du. bruide- ohg. briitigomo :mhg. briicte- G. brimtigam , on. brud- gume (goth. bn^ip-faps). The second element of these com- pounds (oE. goth. guma, ohg. gomo 'man' is related to LAT. homo from ixdo-teut. ghomo?i). The phonetical development of gome OSAX, gomo, gome ME. brideg07ne into e. bridegroom is due to the influence oi groom. bridge me. briggc oe. brycg r= OFRis. brigge , du. <5r«<^, ohg, bnicka G. briicke (goth. *brugja *brugjo). Thecorresp. ON.bryggJa (also LG. briigge, northfris. bragJi) and germ, (dial.) brilckc signify 'pavement, floor'; and oe. brycgian inie. brigge and nfris. braghin, mlg. bri'iggen signify to pave'. bridle me. oe. bridel older oe. briylel briylil = ohg. brittil for '^■brictil: deriv. from the TEUT. vb. brcgdan 'pull' under braid. Akin to OSLOV. bruzda 'Bridle' (Aryan \P blireghdh also in lat. frcnum 'bridle'?). brief adj. 'short' me. bref: borrowed from fr. bref (span. IT. brcvc = lat. brexiis 'short'). brief sb. 'a commission, do- cument' ME. bref; cp. du. g. brief ohg. briaf and the cor- responding OFR. bref 'an official document'. Orig. ident. with brief adj. brier 'a prickly shrub' me. brere OE. brdr brer 'a bramble'. bright ME. bright oe. beorht 'briglft, white, clear' = osAX. berht, ohg. b'eraht, goth. bairhts 'bright'. Akin to :\ilg. brehefi 'shine, glisten' ; cp. skr. bhargas 'brightness . brim me. britn; perh. ident. witli OE. brim 'ocean , surf = on. brim 'surf; cp. the name of the city of Bremen. brimstone brook 29 brimstone me. brimstdn earlier bremton = on. brennisteinn 'brim- stone': deriv. of me. brenne = b u r n. brine me. brine 'salt liquor' = DU. brijn MDU. brine. bring vb. ilE. bringc OE. bringan == OHG. OSAX. bringan G. bringen, GOTH, briggan; cp. DU. brengen, OSAX. brengian, OE. brengan 'bring': TEUT. \fbreng brang. brink .me. brink 'edge'; cp. on. brekka from *b7-inkd , lg. brink. brisk a celt, loanword; cp. w. brysg, GAEL. bri(o)sg 'quick, lively'. bristle :me. bristle older birstle OE. ^byrsiel: dimin. of oe. byrsi = OHG. burst G. borste, DU. borste bristle'; akin to ohg. biirsta g. biirste 'brush'. The teut. \fbors burs (whence btir in burdock^ is an Aryan \fbhrs in skr. bhrsfi 'point, prong'. Cp. brush. brittle me. britel oe. "^'brytel: formed with suffix -il (oe. el cp. nimble^ from oe. breotan 'break' :=: on. brjoia 'break'. broach vb. me. brgche 'bore, spur, spit, tap' (setten on broche 'set a-broach, tap' ^= fr. mettrc en brochc\'a.\> a barrel') ; er. broeher 'broach, pierce' and broche 'a l)roach, spit'. broad me. brod oe. brad = OSAX. ailg. bred, DU. breed, G. brcit, ON. breidr, sw. dan. bred, GOTH, braids 'broad': prob. from a PRE-TEUT. wraito-, akin to an Aryan \'~ nirit in skr. mrit 'fall to i)ieces' (therefore <^rcyo7?i 'the plant of the broom' = QDC. broan 'broom'; perh. cogn. w. bramble. broth :me. bi-oth oe. brod =^ ON. brod, OHG. brod: deriv. from the \^ brU under brew. brother aie. brother oe. brodor = DU. broeder , osAX. brothar, OHG. :\IHG. briioder G. bruder, ox. brodir , goth. brbpar 'brother'. The TEUT, base brbper- (Aryan bhrater-^ corresponds to LAT. f rater , skr. bhratar- , OSLOV. bratni\ cp. gr. ifouroia. brow :\ie. browc brilwc oe. bril; cp. ox. bri'iii 'eyebrow' and skr. bhrii, GR. o(f^hc, osLov. bruvi 'brow'. brown :\ie. broun oe. brhiv = MLG. OHG. :MHG. OFRIS. brt'lll, DU. bruin y ox. brilnii. The teut. name of the color passed into ROM. (fr. bran = spax. ir. briino 'brown') and lith. (bru/ias 'brown'). The proper stem of Aryan blir-iiiio- appears in lith. beras 'brown' (see bear sb.) and reduplicated in skr. babhrii-s 'reddish- brown' (see beaver'). bruise vb. me. brilse: loanword from OFR. bruser (fr. briser) 'break', whence oe. brysan 'break'. bruit 'a rumor' me. l>rilt: bor- rowed from fr. bruit 'noise'. brush sb. me. hrusshe 'a brush', oriiif. 'brush-wood': borrowed from OFR. broee fr. brosse brusli- wood, brush'. brute borrowed from FR. brut adj. (fem. brute); source lat. brut us. buck vb. 'wash linen , steep clothes in lye' me. bouke (oe. '*biuiaii) = dan. byge, sw. byka, NORW. boukja, icel. bauka, mhg. biichen g. bauehen. The teut. vb. biikbii {bukjaii) is based on oe. bile (cp. bucket). The Ro:\L FR. buer, it. bucare 'wash' are borrowed from Teut. buck sb. ME. bukkc OE. bueea; cp. the synon. osax. buck, fris. \i\:.bok, OHG. :suiG. bot(ek) G.boek, ON. bukkr bokkr, s\v. /^t;^/^,, dan. buk 'a he-goat, ram, buck(deer)', GOTH, ''^bukks '^bukka: ident. w. GAEL, boc, oiR. boec, cy:mr. boch 'buck' from a celt, base bukko- (whence fr. bouc OFR. boc) and w. ARMEX. buc 'lamb', avest. biiza buck' (ARYAN M%?). TheiXDO- TEUT. base bhiigo- is perh. con- nected with the root oi fugio, GR. (ftvyw 'flee'; hence buck may iiave signified orig. 'fugitive'. bucket 'a kind of pail' ME. boket: deriv. from oe. biie 'a pit>;her' with the dimin. sulfix -et. buckle me. boket: adapt, of fr. boucle, whence also G. bucket. Source med.-lat. buc{c)ula 'a beaver, shield', buckler me. bokeler: adapt, of OFR. boeler bucler = FR. bouclier (whence also DU. beukelaar, mhg. buckeler, ox. buklari). Cp. buckle. buckram me. bokeram bukeram = OFR. bouqueran boucaran (fr. buckwheat burn 31 bougran, mhg. buckerani). Source and history unknown. buckwheat = du. bockweit, MLG. bbkwete, G. biiclnveizcii, dan. boghvcde: lit. 'beech-wheat' from the resemblance of its seeds to the mast of the beech-tree. The E. word is of continental origin. Cp. beech. bud -MK. Imddc] pcrh. akin to iR. bouton, DU. bot 'bud'. History and source uncertain. bugle 'a buffalo, a horn' me. biigle: borrowed from ofr. bugle 'a wild ox' (lap. hucnlus, dimin. of bos 'an ox'). The meaning 'horn' is short for 'bugle-horn'. build vb. short forME. bilde (pret. bilde) OK. '"byldan (pret. bylde^ ; deriv. with vowel mutation from OE. bold 'house' which goes back, as shown by the older oe. botl bodl, by metathesis to a I'Eur. bo-pla- (=r ox. bol , DU. boedel, OS AX. bodlos plur. , OFRis. bodel bold. OF., byldan (J?ytlan) is a TEur. bupljan. i'eut. bopla- = ARYAN bhii-tlo- belongs to the indo-teut. \^bha 'dwell, reside' (cj). be, bower and booili). For the ARYAN //- suffix cp. needle. bull ME. bule\ OE. only in dimin. bullae = me. e. bulloek; cp. tlie synon. du. bul, lg. bulle, OX. bo/u, DAN. boll 'a castrated bull'; LITH. bulliis is primit. related. Whether the E. bull is orig. a SCAXD. loanword, is uncertain. burden 1 'a OE. bxrden == load' ME. birthen OSAX. burthiimia burden ; cp. the equival. ohg. burdi G. bilrde, on. byrdr, goth. baurpei: all deriv. of the teut. \'^ ber in bear\ cp. skr. bhrti = oiR. brith the carrying' and see birth. burden- 'the refrain of a song' ME. burdoun: loanword from fr. botcrdon, orig. 'a drone-bee' {= SPAN, bordon, it. bordonc 'a drone' from LAT. burdo 'a drone') ; cp. MLG. bar dun 'tenor; a musical instrument'. burgess :\ie. burgcis : loanword from OFR. burgeis fr. bourgeois (lat. type burgcusis from burgus 'town). — burgher borrowed from DU. burger ==; mlg. borgcre, OHG. bur gar i :\IHG. burgcere burger G. burger : deriv. of teut. burg- cp. borough. burial :mi-:. buriel biricl prop. buriels biriels oe. byr~^els 'tomb' (^ OSAX. burgisli 'tomb') : deriv. from the OE. vb. byry.in (oSAX. ^burgian); cp. bury. burin 'an engraver's tool' : bor- rowed from fr. burin; perh. of Teut. origin; cp. ohg. bora 'a borer' (see under bore). burly Mi>:. burli borli OE. *//«;- lice. Akin to org. buro- 'very' in burolatig borahmg Very long' and perh. to SKR. bhuri 'much'? burn vb. ME. berne oe. bcernan bernan tr. {Jiyrnan intr.). Cp. synon. ^^1G. brinnen intr. and its causative brentien; G. brcnnen intr. and tr., goth. brinnan intr. and braniijan tr. Only one n be- longs to the teut. \fbren, as shown by bryne 'conllagration'. ^2 burnish — butter burnish vb. :me. burnisshe bur- nisse: loanword from ofr. bur- niss-, the stem of certain parts of burnir brunir = fr. brunir. burr ME. biiri'e 'a bur'; cp. sw. kardborre 'a burdock', dan, borre, N.FRis. bor, HELGOL. borrctt 'bur- dock'. OE. '-^Imrre, if for teut. burzo?i-, may be deriv. from the TEUT. M'^bors in G. borste; cp. bri stle. burst vb. ME. berstc OE. berstan; cp. synon. OSAX. brcstan, lg. du. bersten, ohg. Irr'estan mhg. br'esten G. bersten, on. bresta. Cp. an Aryan v'' ''^/^?'f^ in OIR. brissif/i break' {ss for i-/"). bury vb. iiE. /5/^rz€7t-kalf) 'calf of the leg'. ca(u)lk vb. j\iE. cauke 'tread as a cock : borrowed from OFR. cauquer 'tread' (source lat. cal- care 'tread down'). call vb. ME. calle oe. (c. 950) callian (once misspelled r^'^z/Z/c/;/): a SCAND. loanword cp. on. kalla 'say, call, name' (sAv. kalla, dan. kaldc 'call'): ident. with DU. kallen, ohg. kallon; cp. skr. \^gir 'call, praise'. callous from LAT. callosus 'hard- skinned (lat. callus 'hard skin'). callow adj. me. calowe calu oe. calu (caha-) = DU. kaal, ohg. kalo (infl. kalawer') g. kahl: an early lat. loanword = lat. calvus (whence fr. chauve, it. span. calvd), which is of Aryan Origin (cp. SKR. kulva, avest. kaourva 'callow') . calm jNIE. cahne (= du. kalvi) from FR. calnie (= SPAN. ir. calma 'calmness, still weather). Source med.-lat. caitma'\h.ii heat of the sun' = gr. y.avjLia 'great heat', / being due to association w. i>AT. calor. cambric borrowed from fr. ca7td)ray, so called from Camhrai (flem. du. Kamcrijk'), a town of n(?rthern France where it was tirst made (hence G. kaninur- tuck). See arras and law 11-. camp borrowed from fr. camp 'field, army' = lat. campus 'field . — campaign from fr. ca»i- pa{i)giic 'an open field, a miH- tary campaign'. camphor borrowed from fr, caniphrc = it. canfora, G. kafnpfr, DU. kanifcr. can card 35 can vb. me. oe. can = goth. /;afi//, OSAX. OHG. kafz G. katm. The TEUT. vb. hmtian is akin to keen: the ARYAN y",^^;/ see under know. can sb. :me. oe. canne = du. kati a pot, mug', OHG. kanna g. kan?ie, ox. kanna, goth. *kannd. The TEUT. word passed into fr. (ofr. canne fr. dimin. canette 'a jug). canary = span, canario 'bird' = FR. canari\ cp. G. kanarien- vogel 'canary-bird', dan. canarie- fitgl, sw. canariefogel, du. kanarie- vogel 'canary-bird'; so named after tlie Canary islands. candle mk. candle candel oe. candel: early loanword fr. lat. catidela, whence also it. candela. Cp. cliandelicj- . cane :\if. cane: borrowed from FR. canne = it. canna 'a reed, a cane', lat. canna. canker me. cancre late oe. cancer fr. onfr. cancre (fr. chancre^ : source lat. cancer, whence also o. du. hanker org. kanhir. canon me. canoun: adapt, of FR. canon. Source lat. canoti (gr. y.(i)'(' ii) 'a rule, standard of right'. canvas me. can{e)vas (= du. kanefaSy G. cannevas kanevas, sw. kanfass, dax. kannevas): borrow- ed from OXFR. canevas (lat. type canahacms , deriv. of cannabis 'hemp'). cap MK. cappe oe. cappe 'cloak' (= OHG. kappa 'cloak' G. kappe. DU. kap'cdc^''). Source lat. cappa; ident. with cape^ and cope. cape^ 'M^.cdpc: borrowed from ONFR. cape (= IT. lat. cappa 'a cloak, cape'): ident. with cap. cape- 'a headland' borrowed from FR. cap 'cape, headland, head' = G. kap, it. capo. Source lat. caput 'head'. caper from fr. cdpre (= it. capper 0, DU. kapper, o. kapcr^: source lat. capparis. capon ME. cdpoun late OE. (c. looo) capini fr. oxfr. capon (fr. chapon') : source I-AT. cappo(nem), whence also G. kapaun and OHG. kappo. captain :me. capitain from fr. capitaifie (lat. type capitaneus capitanus, deriv. of lat. caput 'head'). Ident. w. chieftain. car i\iE. carre (by-form charre) : borrowed from onfr. carre (fr. char^. Source LAT. -GALL, carrus (p.RET. IR. AV. carr^ 'chariot', whence also it. carro, du. kar, OHG. charra charro 'cart' G. karre karrcn. caraway borrowed from fr. carvi irr- it. carvi , lat. careuvi 'caraway'; cj). xyv.karioij, G.karl>c. carbuncle :\rE. carhuclc: bor- rowed from OXFR. carbuncle car- boucle (fr. escarboucle; ident. with it. caroonchio, v>'\:. karbonkel, o. karbunkeiy. i-.vr. carbunculus 'a glowing coal, gem, boil', dimin. of car bo. card ^ iME. card: borrowed from fr. carte 'a card, ticket, bill, :\' 36 car d2 cashier. map, chart; ident. with DU. kaart, G. karte, it. carta. Source LAT. c{h)arta 'a card, paper'. card^ ME. carde: adapt, from FR. carde; ident. with the synon. DU. kaarde, ohg. charta G. karte, SPAN, tarda, it. cardo 'a card'. Source lat. carduus 'a thistle'. care :me. care oe. cam (cearii) 'sorrow, suffering, grief = OSAX. OHG. kara 'lament' (g. kar- in karfreitag 'Good Friday"; mhg. g. karwoche 'Passion week') = goth. kara 'sorrow'. A cognate vb. (meaning 'sigh') is preserved in OHG. qiicran (goth. *qaira/i). C\). chary. carol ME. Carole 'dance, song' from OFR. Carole 'a kind of dance, also a carol or Christmas song'. Of CELT, origin (bret. koroll 'a dance', Manx carval a carol', w. carol 'a song', gael. carull 'melody, harmony'). carp :\ie. carpe = du. karper, OHG. charpho karfo G. katpfen, ON. karfe, s\v. karp, dan. karpc. Ident. with late lat. carpa = fr. carpe, it. span, carpa. carp vb. ME. rc?;^!'!? carp at, talk, say : adapt, of on. karpa 'boast, brag'. The present meaning is prob. an outgrowth of the associated idea in lat. carpere "pluck'. carpenter me. carpenter: bor- rowed from ONFR. carpentier (fr. charpe?ttief'). Source lat. car- pcittum 'carriage'. carriage :\ie. carid^e 'burden, baggage': borrowed from onfr. cai'iage (fr. charriage), deriv. of carier = e. carry. carrion :me. carion caroitie = DU. karonje) cp. also me. crone, ODU. kronie: adapt, of onfr. caroignc (ofr. charoigne = fr. charogne'); lat. type caronia 'a carcass' fr. caro 'flesh'. carry vb. me. carie: adapt, from onfr. carier (fr. charrier'); lat. type car r kar e 'carry' (lat. carries 'a cart, car'; cp. car^. cart me. cart fr. o^.kartr; ident. w. oe. crcet plur. cratu 'chariot' = DU. krat 'hind])art of a cart': of Celt, origin; cp. oiji. cret 'a wain-body. cartridge with intensive r for cartidge, a corruption oi cartouche = FR. cartouche (it. cartoccio 'cartridge', deriv. of lat. cha7'ta 'paper'). carve vb. t^ie. kerve oe. ceorfan = DU. kerven, G. kerben 'notch, indent' (goth. '^kairfan, ohg. '^•k'erban not found). The s" kerf appears in GR. ytjdrpfo 'scratch, \>trite'. case^ ME. cds case: borrowed from FR. cas (span. it. caso 'cir- cumstance, chance'). Source LAT. casus. case'-^ ME. dice cdsse: adapt, from ovK.casse FR. caisse; source LAT. capsa 'box, cover'. cash from fr. casse. Hence Cashier sb. cashier vb. dismiss from ser- vice' (= G. kassireti): from fr. casscr 'discharge'. cask caution 37 cask borrowed from fr. casque 'a cask, helmet' (= it. casco 'a helmet'). casket corrupted from fk. cas- sette "a small casket', dimin. of FR. casse 'a chest, box'. cassock: adapt.fromFR.^a^a^?^^ (it. casacca 'an outer coat, span. casaca 'a great-coat, surtout). cast vb. ME. caste', a Scand. loanword; cp. ox. sw. /&(7^A7, dax. kastc 'throw'. caste 'a breed, race' = G.kaste, FR. caste: borrowed from span. casta 'breed, race, caste'. castle OiiE. late oe. caste/ (also ]\IE. castf't = ODU. DU. kasteet) 'a castle, village': borrowed (c. looo) fr. osvv.. castel (pvK. chastel = FR. chdteaii). Source lat. ca- stellum. cat :me. oe. cat (tt): borrowed from OIR. CORN, cat or from ONFR. cat (fr. chat') and ident. with G. katze, on. kgttr, norw. s w. katta. The word (base catties') is in use in the Teut. Rom. Celt, languages; cp. late lat. catta cattus 'cat'. catch vb. ME. cacche (with the earlier by-form c(chen): borrowed from O'SVK.cac/ier (= fr. chasser, si> A^. cazar, it. cacciare), whence also ODU. caetsen 'to chase' du. kaatsen 'play ball' and mlg. katzen 'play ball'. Source a lat. type "caj>tiare = captare 'catch'. — Hence catchpoll me. cacchepol late OE. ccecepol prop, 'catcher of poultry' (cp. fr. poiile under poult) = ONFR. *cac/iepo/ (ofr. chacepof) ; cp. G. Jmnervogt title of a tax-gatherer. cater sb. yuL.catour acatour acha- toiir 'a buyer of provisions , a caterer': source oner. rt-^a/^ fr. achat 'a buying, purchase', whence FR. acheter. Orig. lat. type accaptare. caterpillar earlier form late me. caterpcl corrupted from ofr. chatepeleuse 'a weevil' lit. 'a hairy she-cat': ofr. chate 'a she-cat' -\- peleuse (lat. pilosus) 'hair}-'. — caterwaul ime. catcrwawe shows the E. word cat in an extended form like caterpillar; me. 7va7C'e 'make a noise' is imitative. catkin dimin. of cat; cp. G. kdtzchcn 'catkin'. cattle ME. cat(l (chatel, whence E. chattel) : borrowed from oner. catel (ofr. chatel); source med.- lat. cap/tale 'capital, i)ro})erty'. caudle me. caudcl: borrowed from ONFR. caudel (chaudel = fr. chaiideaii) 'a warm drink' ; deriv. of fr. chaud 'hot' (i,Ar. caldus calidus 'warm'). cause ME. cause: adapt, from FR. cause (by-form chose) 'a cause, thing' =^ it. lat. causa. causeway causey corruption of causey (due to confusion with wa}>) MI-:, cause irom onfr. cauce , (whence also odu. casseie) = FR. chaussie: lat. type {inci) "^cal- ciata 'a paved (way)' fr. calciare 'pave. caution y\Y..cauciou7i: borrowed from vv.. caution (rr. cauzioiie) = lat. cajitio 'caution'. ;il49S 58 cave — champion cave ME. cave: adapt, from fr. cave'^. cave' (^IT. cavd)\ source LAX. cavus 'hollow'. cease me. cesse ccse: adapt, of FR. cesser = it. lax. cessai'e. ceil ciel me. cele selc vb. lit. 'emboss' from an earlier syle cyll 'a canopy': source fr. ciel\ ca- nopy' (fr. ciel, SPAN. IT. cielo 'heaven, canopy, roof = lat. avium 'heaven'). cerge :\ie. cerge; adapt, from FR. ciergc (ix. cero) ; source lax. cereus 'a wax taper'. certain me. cert em certain: bor- rowed from FR. certain (= ix. certanii) irorm.AT. ce?-tanus, deriv. of cert us. chafe ME. elu7u/e \wa.rm : adapt, of FR. chauffer ; source a LAX. t}'pe caleficarc {= lax. calefacere') 'make warm'. chafer me. '^clidfer oE. ceafor: XEUX. base kafru-; cp. the synon. DU. kever, ohg. ch'cvaro G. kiifer (goxh. '^kifra '^'kafrus). Perh. chaff is cognate. chaff riiE. chaf oe. ceaf (= du. LG. kaf^\ akin to oviQ>.cheva 'pod, husk' and perh. to chafer. chaffer :\ie. chaff'ere chaffare earlier chap-fare = OE. c&ap 'a bargain' ^ faru 'a journey' also 'business'; cp. on. kaupfgr 'a journey'. chaffinch prop, 'the chaff- tinch . chain sb. :\ie. chaine: borrowed from FR. chaine ofr. chaine (= IX. LAX. catena^; ident. with du. keten, oiiG. chetinna G. kette. chair me. chaire: adapt, from FR. chaire (ofr. cha-ere)', source LAX. cathedra (gr. yM&sdoa) 'a chair, seat'. chalice :m£. c(h)alice: borrowed from OFR. chalice {calice = fr. calice, ix. calice) : source la r. cdlic-, stem oi calix 'a cup . From the same source also oe. cdlic, OSAX. kelik, DU. kelk, ohg. kelih G. kelch. chalk me. chalk oe. cealc 'chalk, lime' = DU. G. kalk, on. sw. DAN. kalk: early loanword from LAT. calc- stem of calx 'lime- stone, chalk' (whence also fr. chaux, ir. calce, ir. gael.* cailc, w. calch lime'). challenge sb. me. chalenge 'claim': adapt, from ofr. chalen- gier; cp. ix. calogna 'accusation' ^::^'LXt.calumnia 'a slander, false accusation'. chamber :\ie. chamnbrc: bor- rowed from FR. r/z(?w/'r(? ; cp. ir. camera = lax. ca?nera camara 'a vault, a (vaulted) room'; ident. w. du. kamer, ohg. chamara G. kammer 'chamber, office'. — chamberlain me. chaumberlein : borrowed from ofr. chambrelein chambrelenc (span, cafftarlengo, IX. camarlingo ca?nerle>igo) ; ident. w. :MED.-LAr. camar- ca7nerUngus, ohg. chamarlinc G. kaf/unerling, formed with suffix line and lax. camera. champion MK.chautnpiowi: bor- rowed fr. FR. champion (cp. du. kampioeii). lax. type caynpio, ix. campione 'a combatant' {cafnpus chance — chaptei* 39 'a battle, duel'). From the same st)urce OE. cemj)a, ohg. chcmph{i)o :NraG. kanpfe, olg. kevipio, ON. kappi 'warrior, hero'. chance me. chaunce'. adapt, of ER. chance (whence also mho. G.schanze; but du. kaus fr. oxer. cance): ofr. che-ance, it. cadenza point to a lat. type cadentia 'a falling, chance' (esp. in dice- playing). chancel me. chauncel'. borrowed from OFR. chancel \ :med.-lat.6V?//- cclli plur. a grating, lattice-work', whence ohg. cancel/a chanzclla g. kanzel'\i\A\n'Cy du. hansel. — chan- cellor :me. chauncelfr chaimseler: borrowed from Y\<.chancelier (lat. type cancellar'nis 'a chancellor', orig. 'an officer near the screen before the judge's bench', deriv. ( )f LAT. cancellus 'grating ). Ident. w. ohg. chanciliwi :\ihg. kanzelcere G. kanzler, du. kanselier, dan. sw. kansler, ICEL. kanzcllari. — chan- cery ME. chauncerie earlier chaiui- cclleric: adai)t. of Y'^.chancellerie (ident. w. it. cancellerla, du. kanselarij, G. kanzlei, dan. can- ce Hi, s\v. kansli). chandelier from er. chandelier = span, candelero, it. candelliere) LAT. type candelarius also in DU. kandelaar; cp. candle. — chandler me. chaundcler; loan- word fr. ER. chandelier 'a candle- maker, candle-stick' = it. cande- lajo: LAT. type candelarius. change vh.yiK.ehaun^'e: adapt. fromER. changer (^=sv>A'S.canil>iar, IT. cantl'iare cangiare)', source LAT. catnbiare 'change, exchange'. channel me. chanelle: adapt. from OER. chanel; ident. w. e. canal {= ER. SPAN, canal, IT. canale, T)\:.kanaal, G. s\v. hanal). chant vb. me. chaunte: adapt. from FR. chanter {= span, cantar, IT. LAT. cantar e 'sing'). chap vb. me. chappe 'cut, chop' ' = :mdu. DU. happen, dan. kappe, sw. kappa. chapel ME. chapele: borrowed from ER. chapelle {= it. lat. capclla, ohg. kapella G. kapelle, [ DU. DAN. kapel, sw. kapell). lat. ' capella (dimin. of capa^ signified I 'a cape'; the chapel itself wiiere i the cloak of St. Martin and other i relics were preserved lirst ob- tained the name capella; then from the 7 '^ cent, the use of j the word became general. Cp. I cape. ch.Si'pldCin MV..chapelein: borrow- j cd from fr. chapelain {= span. j capellan, it. capellano, med.-lat. capcllanus, orig. 'the priest guard- ing the cloak of St. INIartin'). Cp. .MHG. kapelldn G. kaplan, DU. kapelaan, dan. sw. kapellan. chapman me. chap?nan 'a mer- cViant' shortened for OE. ccap- vian ^= du. koopvian, ohg. chouf- 7nan G. kaufmann. For OE. C(ap 'bargain, trade' cp. cheap. chapter me. chapitre: adapt, of FR. chapitre = lat. capitu- lutn 'a chapter of a book', whence also G. kapitel 'ciiapter of a book'. 40 char — cheek char vb. me. cherre OE. cyrran wk. vb. turn': teut. base karrjan or karzjanl See ajar. charge vb. me. charge; adapt, of FR. charger (it. caricare, med.- 'LX'X.carricare 'load a car) ; deriv. of LAT. carries ^= car. — charge sb. ME. charge: adapt, from fr. charge (it. caricd) 'a load'. chariot me. chariot: borrowed from FR. chariot, dimin. of char 'a car'. charity me. charite (cherite) : bor- rowed from FR. charifd (it. carita = LAT. caritatevi). charm me. channc: borrowed from I'R. charme 'an enchant- ment'; source lat. cart/ien 'a song, enchantment'. chart ident. w. g. karie^ DU. kaart\ borrowed from fr. charte; source lat. charta. — charter me. chartrc charter: adapt, of FR. chartrc 'a charter' (lat. chartula 'a little paper'), chary :\ie. chdri oe. ccarii 'full of care , sad' ^ OSAX. OHG. karag (Heliand modkarag 'sad') 'full of care' G. karg 'slow to give'. Cp. care. chase vb. :\ie. chdce chase: bor- rowed from FR. chasser (Picard. cachier see under catcJi); lat. type captiare. — chase me. chdce chase: adapt, from fr. chasse = it. caccia 'chase'. chaste me. chaste: borrowed from FR. cJiaste (it. casto = lat. castus chaste). — chaste vb. 'chastise' me. ^//^^i•//l? also chasty: adapt, of OFR. chastier = fr. chdtier {= span, castigar , rr. lat. castigare) ; ident. w. G. kasteien, ODU. castmi. — chastise vb. ME. chastise for the shorter chastie 'chasten'; see chaste vb. chattel ]ME. chatel chetel, ident. w. cattle: source ofr. chatel. chatter vb. me. chat(e)re (chitere) 'chatter', an imitative word. chaudron 'entrails' : borrowed from OFR. chaudim cauldun', ident. w. G. kaldaimen. The synon. IT. caldtime , Sicilian qiiadiwii. Cat. escaldimis point to vulgar LAT. *cahiih?ie?i. cheap ME. chep 'trade, barter, price' OE. cc'ap 'price' = aSAX. kop , DU. hoop , OHG. hou/ G. ;^\:.kaak ODU. cake 'cheek': teut. base kdkoii- kekon- ; cp. mlg. cheer — chimney 41 kake (fr. '"kakd) and kcke (fr. "^keokii) 'gums, jaw-bone'. cheer sb. me. cherc: adapt, ot FR. chcrc (whence it. cera), cheese 'Mv..chese OY..ccse{cys:)^=i DU. kaas, OSAX. ohg. kasi G. kdse : early loanword from lat. caseus (whence also it. cascio, span. qucso and oiR. caise). cherish vb. ]me. cherisshc: adapt. oiv&.chcriss-, stem of some parts of tV/t'r/r 'hold dear'; source fr. cher = LAT. cants 'dear'. cherry me. chery in comp. cherc- c/iiri- (plur. cherys c/ieries chiries), a new sing-, developed from the supposed plur. ~cheris "^chiris OE. ciris cyrs = ohg. kirsa G. kirsche. Source lat. ccrasus , whence the corresp. Rom. group it. ciriega, fr. cerise from a vulgar lat. type cercsia. chess ME. ches(s)e\ borrowed from OER. eschcc's chess' prop, the plur. of cschcc 'check' (iT. scacco, G. schach , dl". schaa/i). Source pers. shah 'kinti:'. chest ME. chesic (chiste) oe. cest (ciste) = du. kist, ohg. chista G. kistc , ox. SAV. hisfa , dan, h/sfc. Source lat. c/s/a (gr. •/.(6nf) a b(jx . chestnut me. chestcin chastciti 'chestnut': loanword from ofr. chastiiigiic =- FR. chataignc and ident. with ohg. kcstiniia g. kixstanie , nu. kastanjc. Source LAT. castanea. chew vb. :me. chave oe. ceowan =^ i)U. kamven, mlg. keuwen, ohg. k'nnvan G. kauen. A pre- TEUT. glw cp. ii\ oslov. zivq zii'nti 'chew'. chich 'a dwarf pea' me. (r/z?V//<': borrowed from fr. chiche 'chick- pea' (^ ir. cece, span, chicharo, ohg. kichurra G. kichcr~). Source LAT. ciccr. chicken short for me. chike oe. cyccn plur. cycmi = du. keuken kieken, g. dial, kiichen kilchlein. TELTT. base kiukina- is perh. traceable to oe. cocc ^ cock. chicory ident. w. du. chikorci, G. dehor ie, dan. cikoric\ adapt, of FR. chicorie ^= if. cicorea, LAT. cichoritun ? chide vb. .ME. chide oe. cidau 'chide, brawl' : teut. base kidjaii. chief MK. chef: borrowed from ]-T<. chef = SPAN, cabo, it. capo ; source lat. capttt 'head'. — ^ chieftain me. chcvctain cheve- tein: borrowed from ofr. cheve- tai/ie ^= iMi<:i).-LAT. capiUmus ; ident. w. captain. child -ME. child (plur. childre) OE. ci/d (plur. ciidrii) : feut. base kilpiz- kelpaz-, not found elsewhere; but perh. akin to GOTH, inkilpo 'pregnant'. chill ME. chile oe. cyle ccle fr. a TEUT. h;va(i kali-; forthe\^/\// cp. cool and cold. chime me. chimbe orig. 'cymbal', short for orig. cimble OE. cim- bal[a) : from LAT. cymbalum 'a cymbal'. chimney yiv..chimnee earlier r//^- mcne: lf)anword from fr. chemine'c = IT. camtiiiiiata, onv..cheminata; 42 chin churl akin to G. kamin. Source lat. ciwiitms 'hearth'. chin :me. c/ii/i oe. ci/i = osax. OHG. kinni G. ki/in, DU. kin. The older meaning 'clieek' cp. in GOTH, kinnus 'cheek'. For a pre- TEUT. base genu- cp. gr. yivvq 'chin, jaw, jaw-bone', yei'Stdc f. 'chin, beard'; lat. gcna 'cheek' {lientes gcnuini 'molar teeth') ; IR. gin 'mouth'; skr. liann-s 'jaw', /iana7'ya 'jaw-bone'. chine me. chine : adapted from ofr. cschine = fr. h-hine, which with IT. sc/iicna 'the chine, back- bone' is traced to OHG. skina 'tlie sliin-bone' G. schicnc 'shin, shin-bone, splint'; cj). shin. chip vb. :\IE. chippc 'cut into small pieces' =. DU. G. kippen "hatch out'. chirp vb. ME. chirpc {cliirkc) : an onomatopoetic word. chisel sb. :\rE. chisel: borrowed from ofr. cisel = fr. ciscaii (it. cesello = imed.-lat. sciseluni) 'a chisel'; prob. ult. connected with scindere. chivalry ME. chivalric: loanword from FR. chcvalcrie (deriv. of cheval from lat. caballns 'a horse'). choice ME. chois(e) : borrowed fr. OFR. chois fr. choix 'a choice'. TheFK.vh.choisir 'choose' points to a TEUT. kaiisjan\ cp. choose. choir earlier qim-e me. qitcr : borrowed from fr. chocur 'the choir of a church, a trouj) of singers': source lat. chorus 'a band of singers'. choke :\IE. choke; older by-form ME. a-chcke OE. a-ceocian ? Phono- logy and etymology doubtful. choler ^ie. choler: borrowed from FR. colere (= it. collera, LAT. cholera 'bile'). choose vb. older chiise with t)bscure phonology , but ME. chese OE. ceosan 'choose = OS AX. OHG. kiosan g. kiesen, DU. kiezen, on. kjdsa, goth. kiusan: TEUT. Y^/v/j- from pre-TEUT. Y"^?^J in LAT. gus-tus — gus-tare, gr. fivio for ysvaw ', skr. \r Jus 'choose, like'. The teut. facti- tive /&«//.?/«// (cp. choice) appears in Slav, kusiti. * chop vb. :\IE. choppe (chappe) 'cut uj), strike off"; akin to DU. G. happen 'cut, lop'. chord cord fr. lat. chorda. Christmas shortened for ME. Christesmasse OE. Crislesmcssseprop. 'the mass of Christ'. chronicle me. cronicle with the by-form cronikc (but late OE. cranic): i\ova.Y^.chronique\ ident. w. DU. krofiijk, LAF. chronica. church ]\[E. chirche OE. cyrcecirce older cirice = OSAX. kirika, DU. kerk, OHG. kiricha G. -^/;r^''church'. As shown by the E. palatalization and by the G. ch in kiricha, the word must have existed in the 5"' cent. ; but a goth. '^kyreiko 'church' is unrecorded. Source GR. y,v^iuy.6v (not found in lat. nor in the Rom. languages). churl ME. cherl oe. ceorl 'a churl' = DU. kerel, :mlg. ker/e LG. G. kcrl: TEUT. base kerla-. With churn clean 43 different vowel ON. kat'l 'old- man', OHG. karal :\mG. karl 'man, luisband, lover'; hence the G. proper name Karl (lat. Karolus, i-R. E. Charles). churn •ih. my., chime o^. cyrne\ tlie corresp. vb. chtirn is me. ehirtie OE. cyrnan from a teut. base kirnjan = ox. kirfia, DU. LG. keriicn karneii 'make butter' and the 'vessel for making butter', is ox. hinia, DU. kur/i, LG. huttcr- kerne. Source a teut. base kerna- 'cream' in G. (pro v.) kern, ICEL. kjarna 'cream'. cider .me. sider cider : from fr. cidrc {= IT. cidro, SPAX. sidra; source lat. sicerd). cigar = FR. ci^are, spax. it. cinder sb. .me. cinder sinder OE. sindcr 'dross of iron' ^ ox. .wWr 'slag or dross from a forge', DU. j7/?/'^'/jr 'cinders, goke', onG. sintar G. sinter 'dross of iron, scale'. cipher sb. me. ciphre (= du. <-''Jf^f' f Ci« -s/^/t;') : loanword fr. OFR. ^{/"r^ FR. ciffre, spax. ^/y'/'rt', ir. cif{e)ra. cite borrowed from fr. citer ::= LAT. tvV^r^' (deriv. of lat. citus 'quick'?). citizen me. citesein formed after MK. denizein (cp. denizen) ; the earlier me. citeyai is an adaj)!. of OKR. citeieti (fr. citoyen). — city ! ME. cite: loanword from fr. citL \ Source lap. cizntatem. I clack vb. :\IF.. clacke = du. ' klakken 'clack, crack'; akin to \ FR. claquer 'clap in applause'. I claim vb. :\ie. claivte cleifne : borrowed fr. ofr. claimer cleimer (source lat. clamare = it. chia- tnare 'call, name, send for'). clamp sb. after :mdu. klampe DU. klamp, LG. klampe] akin to mhg. klimpfen 'draw, press'. clan sb. borrowed from GAEL. clann = IR. chvin oir. eland 'children'. clap vb. yiY.clappe ov..cl(rppian} = DU. klappen , lg. klappen (whence G. klappeii), ono.klaphon G. klaffen. clasp :\IE. claspe, prob. akin to clap and OE. clyppan 'embrace'. clatter vb. .me. clatere OE. ""clatorian (inferred from the verbal noun clatrung 'a clatter- ing') ; akin to DU. klateren 'rattle'. claw sb. :me. claive (by-form cl() OE. dawn (b}'-form eltja eh'd) = OSAX. klawa, DU. klaau7v, ohg. klazva chloa mhg. khhve kid: a goth. ''^klhva f. is probable, though ox. kid seems to point to *kld7iia. Prc-TEUT. \'^glu. clay ME. clai OE. clcei = du. LG. klei -^ akin to OE. cldni 'clay' E. (dial.) eloam 'earthenware , OHG. klei^nen, scaxd. kleitna klina 'besmear'. Outside of teut., OR. yXoi : y'u in yXoinq 'sticky oil'. clean me. clc?ie [dene) oe. clcine = o.sax. kleni, du. kleen klein, OHG. kleini 'i)retty' g. klein 'small' (GO\:n.* klai-ni- is wanting). The nasal belongs to the suffix. For 44 clear — cloister the root syll. cp. gr. yXoiOi^ 'fat oil'. — Hence cleanse for me. dense OY.. clcknsian 'make clean': a causative vb. with formative -s. clear me. cler: borrowed from OFR. cler = FR. clair (span, claro, ir. chiaro from lat. clams). cleave ^ vb. 'adhere' me. clcve OE. cleofian ^ OSAX. klibon, DU. kleven, ohg. klcbcii o. kleben adhere'; goth. '^klibon not recorded, teut. \^ klib. cleave- vb. 'split' me. cUve oe. cuofau = OSAX. cUoban *cluban, DU. klovcn, OHG. kl'wban chliuban G. klieben: teut. \' kltib : kleiib oogn. w. GR. yXv(fhiv 'hollow out', perh. also w. lat. gltiberc 'peel'. cleft ME. clift OE. "^clyft = OHG. G. kliift\ from the teut. \f klub\ cp. cleave'^. clergy me. dermic: borrowed from OFR. clergie = fr. clergi (lat. type clericatus). — clerk :me. clerk late oe. clerc cleric {= DU. klerk, fr. clerc) ; source lat. clcricus. clevernot yet found in Shakesp., a recent word, perh. developed from :\IE. deliver 'agile , nimble, lively' (from ofr. delivre 'prompt, alert'). Or cogn. w. lg. kluftig \vise, clever', du. kluftigl clew sb. iiE. clewc oe. cleowen clizi'cn 'clew' = DU. kluzaen: teut. base kliujina-: dimin. of a shorter base kliujo- = ohg. kliiiwa (g. kiuiucl) 'clew'. cliff me. clif (clcve) oe. clif (plur. cleofii) ^= on. osax. du. klif 'a cliflf, rock'; cp. G. DAN. klippe, perh. akin to on. klifa = c limb} climb vb. :me. clitnbe oe. climban = DU. klimmen, ohg. klijuhan G. klifnmen. The nasal was orig. a formative of the pres. tense as seen by on. klifa, me. clvi'c 'climb'. The teut. v'^M^ (cp. cliff) may be found in cleave^ and cling. clinch vl). ME. clenche oe. *^/f«- cean = OHG. mhg. klenken 'knot together'. cling vb. :me. clinge oe. clingan; akin to sw. kldnga 'climb', dan. klynge sig 'adhere to , climb'. \fkling =^ \'^klifnbl Cp. climb. clip ^ vb. 'embrace' (Shakesp.) iSiE. clippe OE. clyppan. Akin to ohg. klaftra g. klafter 'fathom'. clip- vb. 'cut, shear' me. clippe: borrowed from on. sw. klippa 'clip, cut'. cloak by-form cloke me. clgkc: borrowed from OFR. cloke cloqitc 'a cloak'. clock me. clokke: prob. borrow- ed from o^vv^.clocke (Y^.cloche)\ ident. w. OY^.clugge {cluccel), du. klok, OHG. glocka G. glocke, on. klukka. The rom.-teut. r^^<^<^ is of CELT, origin; cp. CVMR. clock, OTR. doc (OCELT. klltkko) \ OE. ducge. clod :me. clodde; a var. of ^/^/. clog ME. clogge 'a lump, block'. cloister me. doistre: borrowed from OFR. doistre = fr. doitre (span, daustra , rr. chiostro). Source ^ied. - lat. daustnim, close — clutch 45 whence also ohg. klostar G. kloster. close ME. close : borrowed from the OFR. part, r/os = lat. clatisus (oKR. clore = LAT. claudere). — closet ME. closet from fr. closet (dimin. of OFR. clos 'a close'). clot ME. clotte (also clodde, see clod) OE. *clott = MHO. klotz (gen. kloizes) G. klotz. clotbur, clote me. dote oe. date: TELT. base klaiton-, cogn. w. the equiv. oE. elide, G. klette. cloth shortened for me. cloth OE. clcip (oE. cildcldp 'swaddling clothes) = DU. kleed, g. kleid\ TEUr. base klaipa. — clothe vb. ME. clothe (clfde) oe. clddian {cld'dati). cloud wxi.cloude'. scarcely ident. with oi<;. chid = ME. cloud 'a mass of rock, a hill'; source and history quite unknown. c\outMK/''doi/t OE.cMt (whence ox. klicti') , ident. with w. clwt, IR. nAEi>. dud, MANX clooidl clove ^ ME. clove cloztie: borrowed from OFR. do fr, clou 'a nail'; cp. SPAN, claz'o 'a nail' also 'a clove' fr. LAT. clavus 'a nail'. clove '"^ VlY.. clove oe.cIu/c' clove (csj). of garlic), in compounds dufpung crowfoot' — dufivyrt 'buttercup' (cp. OHG. chloblouh klo/olouh klovolouh = G. knoblauch, or. knoflook 'garlic' with -n by dissimilation). The orig. meaning appears in ohg. klobo G. klohen 'a s))lit stick'. clover ME. clover {cld'cr') OE. cldfre {clcefre) = DU. klavcr\ cp. LG. klcver (and khivet-). A shorter and more primit. form is ohg. kleo (gen. klewes') G, klee: base klaiw-. The formation of OSAX. *kld>ara = OE. cld/rc looks like a compound, the second ele- ment of which is unknown. clown borrowed from ICEL. klunni 'a clumsy, boorish fellow ; sw. dial, klunn 'a log* — klu/is 'a clownish fellow', dan. klu/it 'a log'? club ME. dubbe : borrowed from ON. klubba, by-form of ON. klumba 'a club'. — The meaning 'asso- ciation of persons' is a mod. application of a clump of people. cluck vb. ^rE. clucke clokke OE. doccian (^ducciaii) = du. klokken, MH(i. klucken {gluckeii) G.glucken. The TEUT. group is onomato- poetic like lat. glocire , gr. yXiotiiv cluck as a hen'. clumsy adj. earlier clumse ME. dumsed 'benumbed' : orig, part, of ME. (r/?/wi'c 'benumb': of scand. origin; cp. s\v'. (dial.) klumviseii benuml^ed', akin to du. kleuvisch 'numb with cold'. cluster ME. duster o\-.. cluster (clyster) = lg. klustcr: akin to LG. (Hannover) klunder 'cluster of berries or fruit' and (Dit- marsch) klus 'cluster, graj)es , DAN. klyiige 'cluster'. clutch ME. clucchc; connected with cloche 'a claw'. The older ME. form is cUchenl 46 coach cole coach borrowed from fr. coche: a mod. common europ. word from HUNG, koszi Svagon from the Hung, town Koszi'; cp. span. coche, IT. cocchlo, G. kutsche. coal :\IE. cole and col OE. col = DU. kool , OHG. kolo m. — kol n. G.kohlc, ON. /Cv/ n. plur. ; orig. 'a burning coar; cp. skk. jz'al 'l)urn bright, flame'. — coal- mouse, also colemouse me. col-7)wse OE. cobnasc (= DU. kool- viees, G. kohlnieise) ; prop, 'coal- tit' on account of its black head; from col 'coal' ^- vidse :\IE. vwse = G. ineisc, on. mcisijigr, whence FR. misange 'tit-lark'. coast MV..cost{e): borrowed from OFR. coste (whence also du. kuste = G. kiiste) = FR. cote (ir. costa, MED.-LAT. costa 'coast'). coat ME. cote: borrowed from OFR. cote = FR. cotte (= span. cota, IT. cotta 'a coat'). Source a TEUT. kotta- in ohg. chozzo MHG. kotze 'a coarse woolen mantle'. Cp. cot and ^61/6'. cock ME. cock OE. cfi; ^f^" (perh. cogn. w. chickeii) = ON. kokkr, DAN. yCv/C'; ident. w. FR. ^t*!/; perh. of imitative origin. History unknown (earliest reference lat. coccus in Lex Salica). cockle ME. cokel cokkel oe. cocel cocccl tares' borrowed from IR. cogal 'corn-cockle' (= GAEL. cogall 'tares, cockle) ? cod 'husk, shell' ME. cod coddc OE. codd'ba.g = ON. kodde 'pillow', sw. kndde 'cushion', DU. kodde 'bag'. coffee = DU. koffj, g. kaff'ee: borrowed from Turk. qahweJi r= ARAB. qaJnveh 'coffee'. coffer ME. cofre: borrowed from FR. coffre (whence du. g. koffei-). Source LAT. cophinus, gr. -/.orpivo^ 'a basket'. From the same source also coffin me. coffin', borrowed from OFR. cofin {= span, cofin, IT. cofand). cog ME. cogge = sw. cugge'i prob. of CELT, origin, cp. GAEL. IR. cog, AV. cocas 'a cog'? coif ME. coif: borrowed from FR. coiffe from med.-lat.' t-^yfrt- cof{e)a\ akin to mhg. kiiffc ohg. chuppa from ohg. chuph G. kopf. Cp. cup. coil vb. borrowed from OFR. coillir ■= FR. cueillir 'collect' (lai". colligcrc 'gather together). coin ME. coin: borrowed from FR. coin 'wedge' (ofr. coin 'wedge, stamj) upon a coin, a coin'). Source LAT. cuncus 'wedge'. cold 2iiE. cold OE. cdld (ccald) = GOTH, kalds, ON. kaldr, OSAX. kald, OHG. (\.kalt, DU. koud: an old partic. formation iw lat. -tus, SKR. -ta-s (goth. d from Aryan t, cp. old, loud, dead etc.). A TEUT. verbal \^kal cp. in OE. calan, on. /^i?/i« 'freeze ; a corresp. Aryan \'^ gel is seen in lat. gelit 'the cold' and gelidus 'cold'. Cp. chill and cool. cole 'cabbage' me. col fr. oner. col ^ FR. chou; the me. by-form collier — cornet 47 caicl = OE. cdwl from lat. cauletn {caiclis). Cp. OHG. kol G. kohl. collier me. colidr: deriv. of coal ^vith -icr as in lawyer. collop :mf.. colopes : ident. with SWKIJ. kalops, G. klops\ source lg. kloppcii (g, klopfeii) 'beat'? color ME. colour from ofr. colour = EK. couleur (lat. color -C7ii). colt :mk. oe. <:(^// 'a young ass'; peril, akin to skk. gar^laMa'^ass? comb sh. ME. coml> OE. cdml> 'comb, crest' = G. kamm, DU. UAN. sw. /'«/// : TEUT. base kamba- from an Aryan gonihho- in gk. j'o'/if/oc 'p^d' (/'«.« 7'^' pw), SKR. Jamb ha 'jaw, teeth'. come vb. me. r^w^ oe. cumaii = DU. kotnen, OSAX. kuman, ohg. komdii G. kofmiie/i, ox. koma; cp. GOTH, qhnan: a common teut. str. vb. kuman (fcman fr. an Aryan \fgC7n in SKR. ^'^^?/«, or. ^amo, LAT. f^tvwV? (for *gvemio). comely mk. cu7AU coinly o^.cjmllc 'line, handsome'; cogn. w'. ohg. ^/?;///^'- 'delicate, weak' and G.kaui/i 'hardly'. cony sb. ME. co/ii earlier coning 'rabbit': adapt, from ofr. connin, whence also du. konijn, g. kanin- chcn. Source lat. cuniculus (ofr. conil) in a by-form cuninus. cook sb. ME. v..koopen 'buy', cogn. w. OE. ccapian 'cheapen' from oe. ccap 'bargain'. Cp. cheap. copper me. coper oe. copor: borrowed from vulgar lat. cup- ruin copper' (orig. cupriu7n aes 'Cyprian brass'). From the same source ohg. kupfar G. kupfer, DU. koper and fr. cuivre. — copperas me. coper ose from ofr. coperosc = rr. copparosa, lat. cupri rosa lit. 'copper-rose'. copse earlier coppice contr. of OFR. copciz derived from OFR. coper (fr. couper) 'cut'. cork = G. DAN. sw. kork, DU. kurk: borrowed from spax. corcho 'cork' = lat. cortice77i (cortex) 'bark'. corn^ 'grain' :\ie. of;, corn = DU. koren, G, ON. dan. sw. kor/i, GOTH, kaiirn: teut. kor/ia- = pre-TEUT. base gnio- cogn. w. lat. grdnu7n, russ. zcr/io. corn-' a hard excrescence on toe or foot': borrowed from fr. co/'7ic (= LAT. cor7in 'horn'). corner me. cor/ier: borrowed fr. MED. -LAT. cor7icria 'corner, angle' (lat. cor/iu 'horn'). cornet :me. cor7iet corneite'ii horn' : borrowed fr. FR. cornet cor/ictlc, dimin. of FR. cor7ie 'a horn'. 48 cornice — country cornice a loanword from ofr. cornice fr. it. cornice 'a cornice, border, ledge' (lat. type comix 'a border' contr. of med. - lat. coronix a square frame ). corps :\IE. corps: a loanword from FR. corps cors from lat. corpus. corpse :me. corps: borrowed from OFR. corps cors ■= laT. corpus. corset dimin. of :me. cors 'a body'; cp. corpse. — corslet corselet: a loanword fr. fr. corse- let , dimin. of ofr. cors with suffix -ct. cost vb. :n[E. coste: borrowed fr. OFR. coster {= fr. coutcr, LAI", constare), whence also DU. G. kosten. costume me. custdme (and custome): adapt, fr. ofr. costufne FR. coiitume =^ IT. costutne (med.- LAT. costuma = lat. consuctu- dineni). Cp. custom. cot ME. OE. cot = LG. DU. ON. G. kot 'hut': TEUT. base Jmta-. cote (in comp. dove-cote, sheep- cot'-) j\iE. cote OE. cot = G. kote. The TEUT. word passed into SLAV. (oSLOV. /v/zV/ 'cella'). Akin to cot. cottage ME. cotage fr. ofr. co- tage: deriv. of TEUT. kota- under cot and cote. cotton ME. cotoun : a loanword fr. FR. coton =■ rr. cotone : source AK.VH. qoton 'cotton. couch vb. ME. couche: adapt, fr. FR. couchcr (earlier colcher = IT. colcare) fr. lat. collocare. couch-grass sb.; see quitch- grass. cough ME. coughe (oe. cohhcttan) = DU. kugchen, mhg. kitchen. council adapt, fr. fr. concile 'a council, an assembly, session' from lat. concilium 'an assembly called together'. — counsel jME. conseil counseil: loanword tr. FR. conseil (lat. consiliuvi 'deli- beration'). count sb. (:me. ^counte is not recorded, but inferred fr. me. countesse K. countess) loanword fr. FR. con/te 'a count, an earl'. Source lat. comiteni (comes) 'a companion, a count'. « count vb. ME. countc: borrowed fr. FR. conter (source lat. co77i- putare compute, reckon). countenance :me. countenaunce : loanword fr. ofr. contenance 'be- havior, carriage' (lat. contincntia 'abstinence ). counter 'contrary' fr. fr. contre = LAI', contra 'against'. counterfeit :^ie. 'counterfeit : borrowed fr. ofr. contrefait, part, of contrefaire 'imitate'. counterpane 'a coverlet for a bed' earlier counterpoint: loan- word fr. OFR. contrepoinct 'the quilting stitch'; prop, connected with OVK. contr epoincter 'quilt'; con- trepoinct 'm a corruption oi contre- poinct coiitepoint 'a counterj)ane' (source lat. culcita puncta 'a stitched quilt'). country me. cuntrc contre: loanword fr. FR. contrie {= it. contr ada). Source MED. - lat. county — crab ' 49 (■ontrata derived fr. lat. contra (Cp. c;. gege/id from gegeri). county :me. countc: borrowed fr. OKK. lonti 'county' (deriv. of FR. conitc = count sb.). couple ME. couple', adapt, fr. FR. couple {= LAT. copuhi) 'a bond, band'. courage .me. cordge: adapt, fr. FR. courage (lat. type coraticuni). court ME. curt: borrowed fr. OFR. curt cort (source lat. cortis 'a court-yard, palace'). — Hence courteous transformed fr. me. rurtcis — - OFR. cortcis fr. courtois. cousin ME. cosin cousin: adaj)t. fr. FR. cousin (iiED.-LAT. cosinus for LAi". consobrinus 'a cousin). cove ME. ah'e O'E. co/a 'a chamber, <;avc' = ON. koji 'Imt'. goth. ''kuban- is wanting. covenant yiv..convenant covenant: loanword fr. FR. convcnant cove- najit\ne?>. part, oi couT'cnir 'agree . cover vb. aie. covere: borrowed fr. OFR. covrir cueuvrir Yv^.couvrir. Source LAT. cooperire 'cover. covet vb. :me. cuveite: adapt, fr. oi'R. cuveiter covoitcr = fr. convoitcr (Lat. type *cupitiitare desire'). covey borrowed fr. OFR. covde = FR. cou7'i'e 'a covey of par- tridges', pro]), part, of fr. couver hatch' ^^source LAi'. cubare lie down). cow sb. ME. cu (plur. kie kye) (JE. cii (i)lur. cy) = ON. kyr, l)U. koe, MLG. ko, OHG. MHG. kuo G. kuh : TEUT. base ko- 'cow' English Etymology. from an Aryan stem gow- (go-) in SKR. gaus (ace. gam) , gr. /^or^ (stem jt?o/), LAT. bos. CO'W vb. (me. *cou7cie earlier *ciigen are unrecorded) : loan- word fr. SCAND. kuga 'cow, tyran- nize over' = DAN. kue 'cow', sw. kufva 'check, curb'. coward :me. couanl coward: borrowed fr. ofr. couard coart coard = IT. codardo (formed with suffix -ard and ofr. coe fr. queue = LAT. cauda 'tail'). cow^er vb. me. coure: borrowed fr. ON. kilra (sw. kura , DAN. kure^ 'lie quiet, rest'. cowP a monk's hood, a cap, hood' ME. coucl earlier cuivcl OE. cugle a cowl' (= mhg. kuget) : loanword fr. LAT. cucullus 'hood . cowl- "a vessel carried on a pole': borrowed fr. ofr. ctwel = FR. cuveau, prop, 'a little tub' (source LAT. cupa 'a vat, butt'). cowslip OE. ciislyppt cilsloppe. coxcomb corrupted fr. cock's comb 'cock's crest'. Cp. cock and comb. coxswain, cockswain 'steersman of a boat' from cock 'a boat' and S7vain 'the person in com- mand of the boat". coy: adapted fr. ofr. m (coit). Source lat. quietus 'quiet, still'. cozen vb. 'Hatter, beguile': adapt, fr. FR. cousiner 'call cousin, sponge' fr. FR. (Tt^WiV//. Cp. cousin. crab ^ ME. crabbc oe. crabba = ON. krabbi, sw. krabba, dan. 4 50 cracK cream krabbe, DU. krab, mlg. krabbe (whence G. krabbe) : akin to OHG. krcba"!^ = G. krebs fr. crabe fr. TEUT. — Ident. w. crab- 'a kind of apple' me. crabbe; a Scand. loanword; ciu'i.w. krabb- dple. — crabbed 'peevish, cramp- ed'; perh. fr. ciab^. crack vb. me. crake krake oe. era dan = du. kraken^ ohg. kra- chon chrahhbn G. krachen : teut. sf krak fr. pre-TEUT. g!'g\ cp. SKR. grg 'rustle, crackle'. cracknel formerly crakenel cor- rupted fr. FR. craqiielin 'a crack- nel'. cradle me. cradel oe. cradol: a Celt, loanword, cp. IR. craidhal, GAEL, creat/iairst. cradle, a grate'; cp. crate. craft ME. craft oe. crcsft = OSAX. craft, DU. kracht, g. kraft, on. kraptr. — crafty me. crafti oe. cro'ftr^ = OHG. chreftig G. kraftig. crag :siE.crag: borrowed fr. w\ craig, GAEL, creag. crake 'a bird' so named fr. its cry; cp. ME. crake 'cry out' under crack. cram vb. i\ie. cramme oe. cratn- mian = on. krcvija, .s^v. kratna, DU. krannne 'squeeze'. cramp inie. cratnpe oe. '^crp?np (inferred fr. crgmpeht full of wrinkles') ^ DU. LG. kra?/ip, G. kranipf: a common ^vest-teut. term for spasm, cramp'. crane inie. crane oe. rr^;/ = OLG. krano, du. kraan, mhg. kratie; with formative guttural oe. cornuc, ohg. chramih chranih(h) g. kranich; cp. the cogn. gr. ysoavoc, CYMK.garan; oslov. zeravi, lith. gcrwe. LAT. ^r/^i' (gen. gru-is) agrees with ohg. chreia 'crane'. crank sb. me. cranke. teut. base krajik'XyNVS,^ allied to cramp. cranny me. crany; formed by adding e. -y to FK.cran 'a notch'. crape borrowed fr. fr. crepe (oFR. crespc = lat. crispiis). crash vb. a var. of craze and crack: a Scand. loanword; cp. sw. krasa, dan. krase 'crackle'. Cp. crack. cratch yc&.cracche crecche: bor- rowed fr. ofr. creche (fr. creche) which is of Teut. origin; cp. oSAX. kribbia 'crib' under crib. crate borrowed fr. lat. crates 'a hurdle'. cravat (^ g. kravatte) bor- rowed fr. FR. cravate (from Cra- vates 'a Creation'). crave vb. :me. crave oe. crafan = ON. krefja 'crave, demand', sw. krdfva "demand', dan. krave 'crave, exact'. Perh. the E. word is borrowed from Scand. craven me. cravant 'beaten, overcome' shortened fr. ofr. crai^anti 'oppressed', partic. of cravantcr (source a lat. type *crepantare 'crack, break). craw (by-form crag 'neck, crop') :\ie. crawe oe. *craga', GOTH. *kraga is wanting. cream :me. crcme from fr. crane (ofr. crcsNie, i,at. cremor). creed crown 51 creed sb. me. crede oe. crcda : loanword fr. lat. credo I believe' (»crcdo in deum patrem« etc.) ; cp. the origin of dirge. creek me. creke crike (oe. '^creoca '■''cricii)', peril, a Scand. loanword from OM. krike 'crack, nook'. creep vb. me. crepe oe. creopan str. vb. ; cp. DL'. kruipeu, LG. krupen, ON. krjiipa. Akin to G. kricchen ohg. kriohhaii : teut. \f krhp kricq. Cp. cripple. cress ME. cresse earlier kerse oe. ccrse cccrse; ident. with G. krcsse OHG. krcssa, du. kers and FK.cresso/i, rr. crescionc. Phono- logy, history and origin quite obscure ; common base a lat. type * crexo(ne}fi) ? crest :me. crcste from ofr. creste ER. cre/e (lat. cristii). crib ME. cribhe OE. cribb crybb = OSAX. kribbia, DU. /^r//?, G. krippe OHG. krippa: teut. base kribjo {lirubjo) akin to ohg. kr'eba. Cp. cratch. crimson .me. crimosin from cfr. cramoiain = fr. cramoisi. cringe vb. me. crcngc oe. fz-ff/^- /a«: teut. base krangjan, deriv. from oe. cringan 'sink, fall in battle', cogn. \v. g. krank 'sick'. cripple ME. cripcl oe. crypel = DU. /{•/Y///<'/ 'cripple'; prop, 'a man who creeps'; teut. base krupila-, deriv. fr. \'~ krup in creep. crisp ME. OE. crisp = ohg. krisp : an early loanword fr. lat. crisp us 'curled'. croak vl). me. croke oe. *crdcian (inferred from OE. crdcetung 'croaking ) : TEUT. base krekoii krakon; akin to crackl crock ME. crocke oe. crocca; borrcnvcd fr. OIR. crocca/i-, perh. cogn. with G. knig OH(;. krnog, L(;. krfike, OE. crd/i crog. croft ME. OE. crofi 'small field' = ODU. krochlc high and diy land' DU. kroft 'hillock'. crook sb. ME. crok OE. '"crik = ON. krokr krdkr 'hook, ODU. croec, DAN. krog 'hook'. Akin to OHG. krako 'hook' (as E. hook is to G. hakcii). crop MK. cropp OE. cropp. crosier me. croser croiser. cross :me. cross (whence scand. kross, .sw.-DAN. kors^ : borrowed from on<.. cross (cymr. crocs'). Source lat. crux whence also fr. croix (:\ie. crcis from ofr. crois) ; OIR. crock and ohg. osax. knhi G. kreuz point to the inll. lat. crilceni. crow \h. :me. crckve oe. crdivau = DU. kraaic/!, G. kriihcn oh(L kraen : teut. base a str. vb. kr^jaii, Init orig. not restricted to tlie cock's crowing as shown by the sb. crow mi% crgwc of. crdwc = G. krdhc ohg. krdia. crow^d vl). Ml':, croudc ok. crudaii str. vb. crowd, press' = ODU. criidcn 'push, thrust' (i)U. kruie/i), MLG. kruden krodcu \'b. 'molest': teut. \~krnd. crow^n MK. criine (whence ox. kri'ina, cp. odu. criinc du. kruiii) earlier by-form coroune corune : borrowed during the reign of A* 52 cruel curb William the Conqueror fr. ofr. coroiie = FR. conrotine 'crown'. Source "lat. corona 'crown', whence also oe. corenb(ag crown' and OHG. korona G, krone. cruel ME. criicl (crm'c'i^ fr. FR. cruel = LAT. crtidelis 'severe' in a vulgar form crudalis. crumb = me. cromhe short for croiime oe. cnlma (cp. thumb OE. fiimd) = DU. kruim ODU. cnhne, L( ;. G. krume (oSAX. '''kriimd). The m is derivative; cp. the rEUT. Y^ ^^'''' ii"^ G. krauen ohg. kroutvon vb. 'scratch'. cruse :\IR. crouse oe. ^;7if.it' (cp. E. /■6'<''W oe. riUti) = ODU. kruis, MHG. /Cvv/jTi? G. krause\ akin to ODU. DU. /Cv-t;)?.?, :\IE. crps. crust ME. crnste fr. ofr. crusie FR. crotite =r LAT. crusta 'crust of bread'. crutch :me. crucche oe. ^rj^^V = DU. kruk, OHG. cruccha G. kriicke 'crutch': TEUT. base krukjd-\ ident. w. it. croccia 'crutch', fr. crosse , which rest on a LAT. crucea , deriv. of crux criicis 'cross'. Therefore crutch krukja cj-ucea meant originally 'stick having a cross'. cry vb. .me. crie: adapted fr. FR. crier 'cry'. cuckold :\rE. cukewold: trans- formation of FR. COUCOU ' CViC\.o6 , whence also e. cuckoo me. cuckou. cudgel OE. cycgcl; dimin. of a lost primitive OE. *cycs^: base kugja- ? cuff sb. ME. cuffe coffe 'sleeve'; perh. ident. w. late OE. citffie 'coif under coif. cull vb. ]ME. cuUe {cole coille) vb. 'gather, select' fr. ofr. cotllir = FR. cueillir 'collect' (source LAT. colligere). culver ME. culver {colver) oe. culfre culufrc 'dove" ; not found in the other teut. languages, prob. of LAT. origin : lat. coluinba 'dove' in a vulgar form *colubra ? cumber vb. me. cumbre vb. 'annoy' fr. ofr. combrer, whence also G. kuinmer mhg. kmnber ; the base med.-lat. combrus 'rubbish, bank of earth, rains' rests ^n a GALL. -LA r. co7nbero- 'that which is carried together'. cummin -Me. comin late oe. cumin (=^ DU. komijii) fr. ofr. comin = fr. cumin. Source LAT. cit?/iinum, whence also a teut. Imviin in oe. cymen, ohg. kumi/i kuviil G. ki'mwiel. cunning :\ie. of oe. cunnan cunninge : =: know. deiiv. cup ME. oe. CUppe cup = ]MHG. kopf, ODU. kop 'beaker, cup': loanword fr. lat. cuppa (cf/pa), whence also OE. me. cop (copp) 'summit, head', G. kopf 'head'. cur 2\iE. curre corre = ODU. korre 'watch-dog', swed. (dial.) kurra 'a dog'; cp. lg. g. (dial.) kurrcn vb. 'growl'. Therefore cur prop, 'a growler'? curate see cure. curb vb. ME. curbe 'to bend' fr. FR. courber 'bend'. curd — dagger 53 curd vb. \v, metathesis fr. me. crudde vb. : a celt, loanword, deriv. fr. IR. gruih 'curds'? or cogn. with crowd'i cp.LAT. coagu- iiwi fr. cogerel cure ME. care fr. fr. cure = LAT. cura. — curate me. cnrcfi = :\IED.-LAT. curatus (in FR. pronunciation; cp. curious ME. ciirioiis fr. lat. curiosusT). curfew :^IE. curfeu {ctirfeu') fr. OFR. covrefeu (cp. poor fr. ofr. povrc^ : prop, the sign for put- ling out iires. curious see cure. curl vb. deriv. fr.ME. crul {If) adj. 'curly' = du. krul\ west- rEUT. krtill- for kruzl- krusl- is cogn. with ODU. kruis , g. kraus JIHG. kriis 'curly' (aso :me. crous 'curly'). curlew me. curletv (cor/ew) fr. ofr. corlieu = fr. courlieu 'a bird's name' ('scolopax ar- quata'), composed of ofr. corre 'to leap' and heu 'lightly'. curry vb. me. currie cur rate vb. fr. ofr. coiireier; lat. type con-rcilare} curse vb. ME. curse oe. cilrsian 'to curse' ; cogn. with oiR. ctirsa- chaim 'I curse'. Source and history unknown. curtain si). iiE. curtin cortin fr, OFR. cortine = lat. (also it. span.) cori'nia 'curtain'. curve adj. fr. lat. curvus 'crooked'. cushion me. cusshiu {ctcsshen — cusslwii) cussin quissin {(/uiss/ie/i) fr. OFR. coissin = fr. coussi/i 'cushion'; cj). span, coxi/i , it. cusci?io and ident. w. du. kusscn oi^M. cussi/i, G. kiissen Jdsseii ohg. kussm 'cushion'. Source a med.- LAT. coxviuvi prop, deriv. of lat. coxa hi}), haunch' = fr. cuissc 'thigh, whence E. (Shakcsp.) cuissc 'piece of armor for the thighs'. custom ME. custome earlier form (c. I lOo) custiivie fr. ofr. ciisiuvie {YXK.coutume) = it. prov. costuma: source a lat. type "^'cousuctumcn instead of lat. consuetiido. cut vb. MK. cutte (by-form with umlaut kiite^ : a me. vb. of celt. origin; cp. CYMR. cwtan vb. 'shorten' — cwta adj. 'short'. cutlas fr. FR. coutelas = IT. coltellaccio prop, 'a large knife' : ro:m. deriv. of lat. culter 'knife'. Cp. FR. couteau = ofr. coutel 'knife' fr. la r. cultellus. Hence FR. coutelicr = me. cuteli'r e. cutler 'maker of knives'. D dace from jie. darce darse'.\c2\\Q6. from its swiftness). See from OFR. dars, nom. also spelled dart, dart 'a dart', also 'a fish' (so dagger me. dagger =-- ox. dag- 54 dainty — dandelion gardr, uu. daggcrt: of Celt, origin, borrowed from w. dagr = IR. daigear\ BRET, dag = GAEL, daga : all synon. dainty me. deinte: borrowed from OFR. dein!e 'dignity, im- portance, value' (the ME. by- form dainUth is an anglo-norman debited 'pleasure'). Source lax. dignitatem {liainty and dignity are doublets). dairy me. deierie 'room for a milk-woman' ; ME.i'/: of the sun, tlie hot part of the j day or year'. ! dawn vb. late me. daune earlier dawe OE. dagian = on. daga, OHG. tageii G. tagen become day'; cp. E. dawning me. dawbige: deriv. of teut. daga- under day. ' daze vb. ME. dase 'stupefy' from ON. *dasa, refl. dasask {sk represents the refl. 'oneself') 'daze oneself = dan. dase, sw. •dasa 'lie idle'. From daze is deriv. the dimin. dazzle vb. 'overjiower with light'. deacon me. dcken from oe. [ *dcaa>// for diacon {= DU. deken, G. : diako/i, on. djdkn, ofr. diacne \ FR. diacre, span. it. diacond) : source lat. diacoiius (gr. KSiav.o- coi,-) a servant, a deacon'. dead adj. ime. dcd oe. dead = GOTH, dau/s, OHG. INIHG. lo/ G. to{d)t, ON. daudr, OSAX. dod, DU. dood. The common base dait-da is prop, partic. (d/iaii-td-) belonging to the TEUT. verbal \'^ dau dis- cussed under die. Cp. death. deaf ME. //;•/ OE. deaf =zz osAX. dof, DU. doof, OHG. MHG. toup{b) 'hearing or feeling nothing, dull, foolish' G. taub, goth. daufs[b) 'deaf, oK.daii/r. The meanings of OHG. MHG. toup{b) bordering on those of ohg. mhg. tu7np g. dttmvi, connection of both groups is sure ; prob. akin to gr. Tv(f)}>6g 'blind'. Cp. diunb. deal vb. 'divide, distribute, negotiate in' me. dele oe. dcela7i = OSAX. d^lian, du. decleii, lg. delen, G. ieilen, goth. dailjaii : de- nominatives of daili- (cp. deal) like OSLOV. deli/i 'divide'. deaPsb. 'part, portion, indelinite quantity, degree or extent, bar- gain etc' ME. df'l OE. ddl (ddl) = OSAX. del, DU. deel, lg. decl, OHG. MHG. G. leil, goth. duils m. da/la f. teut. dai-li{la-) seems to point to an ARYAN \'~ dhai, proved by osLOV. delii part. deal'^ sb. 'a board , pfenk' borrowed from DU. deeT'd board, threshing floor' = mlg. d^le board LG. dele 'a board, floor, a room'. The corresponding OHG. dili G. diele 'boarded floor' corresponds to on. fUJa, o£. pel 'board'. LiTH. //// 'plank in the boat', osLOV. lilo 'bottom, SKR. tala-m 'surface' are cc)g- nate. dean me. den (contr. of *deiai) borrowed from ofr. deie/i = FR. doyen : source lat. decdnus 'the chief of ten soldiers or monks' (== it. deeano , ohg. techdn g. dechant). dear^ yiY.. dere o^. ^/tvr^' beloved, precious, of great ,'alue' = OSAX. diu7-i, DU. dier, ohg. tluri 'dear, beloved, esteemed, costly' G. ieuc)-. dear- (in Shakesp.) 'fierce, ferocious' me. der oe. deor 'wild' : dearth — deep 57 tlift'erent from dear^. Ideut. with E. deer, G. tier\ cp. deer. dearth iiE. derthe 'scarcity, dcarncss' (= OSAX. diurida, OHG. tiiirida, ox. dyrd, OLc;. diurthd) : deriv. oi dear^ -p -///formative of abstract nouns. death me. deth ok. deaf' = GOTH. daup7lS, OSAX. doth, OHG. ibd iIHG. tot{d) G. tod, 1)U. n = lat. SKR. ///- (Aryan base dhau-tu-s). debate vb. :me. debate: borrow- ed from OIK. dehatre "fight, contend , debate fr. dibattre 'contend , debate' {^ span. debatir, IT. dibattere). debt sb. earUer det me. dette: from OFR. debte dctte fr. dette (i r. dettd) = r.Ai". debita f. sing., orig neut. ])hir. of i.Ar. debitiiin. debtor imf. dettur from ofr. iieio)- deteiir fr. detteur (if, debitore) = lai". dcbitorcin ace. of debitor 'debtor'. decay vb. from ofr. deeaer (si'AX. deeaer, it. deeadere) = i-AT. type *decadere (instead of decidere) fall away, perish'. decease sb. :mk. (^Aryan dhelM dhelpT) is unknown elsewhere. demijohn from the synon. fr. dame-jeanue = Arab, damagan (orig. the town Damghaii in northern Persia, once famous for its glass-works). den short for ME. dc'/ie OE. denii dene 'valley'; akin to mdu. dan 'woods, wilderness' and o. tann 'woods'? denizen me. deneseyn denesein: source anglo-fr. ofr. densein deiiiseiu: deriv. of ofr. dciiif. (= FR. dans) 'within' and suffix -ein (= LAT. -aims); cp. eitizen. The FR. word means 'a trader witliin the privilege of the city- franchise as opposed to foreign . deny vb. me. denie: from fr. di/iier (span, denegar, it. dene- gare = lat. denegar e 'deny'). depaint vb. ue. depeinte: from FR. dipeiiidre. Cp. paint. depict vb. ME. only in part. depiet = LAT. depictus , whence also OFR. depieter 'depict'. deploy vb. from fr. deployer (oFR. despleyer despleier, whence E. display). Source lat. dis- plicare. depth ME. dipthe : an abstract sb. from the :\IE. adj. d(p; du. diepte, on. dypt, goth. diupif>a point to an OE. *dypp ; cp. deep. derrick 'a kind of crane' from DU. Dierryk, short Dirk, also •». descry — dike 59 Diederik corresp. to G. Dietrich, OE. f)^odric 'chief of the people'. Orig. derrick signified 'gallows' named from a Dutch hangman. descry vb. me. descrie discrye 'discern' from OFR. descrier {des- crive dcscrivrc fr. dicrire) 'de- scribe'. desire vb. .mi:. desire from fr. disirer (it. desirare = lat. desiderare 'long for'). desk from fr. disque (it. desco 'a table' = med.-lat. discits 'a table' sec under disJi). despair vb. me. despcire from OFR. desperer fr. disesp^rer {= lat. it. desperarc) 'lose hope'. despatch, dispatch vb. from OFR. despccher (fr. depecher') 'discharge, expedite'. despise vb. me. despise from OFR. despiser despicer 'despise' (lat. despicer e 'look down upon, despise). despite sb. by aphercsis spite ME. despit from ofr. despit despeit FR. dipit (it. dispetto = LAT. despectus 'contempt' see despise). Despite prep, abbrev. for />/ despite of. despoil vb. ME. despoile from OFR. dcspoillcr (fr. d^pouil/er, IT. despogliare, span, despojar 'de- spoil') : source LAT. despoUare 'plunder, rob'. See spoil. destiny destenye destinee: bor- rowed from FR. desiint'e (it. lat. destinatd). deuce a two at cards or dice' early mod. also dcwce dt'us = FR. deux. devil :me. devei of. di'ofol = OSAX. dinfial, du. dinvei, ohg. tiuval tioval mhg. tiuvel (tievei) G. tcufel; GOTH, diahai'dus points to LAT. (gr.) diabolus. dew ME. dew OE. demv = OSAX. dau, OHG. MHG. tou (gen, touwes) G. tan, du. dauu>, ox. dggg (goth. '^dnggtoa- is wanting). Perh. cogn. with the 9cc dike and ditch. dike -MF. dik(e) of. die 'a ditch, channel, dike, wall' =^ mhg. tich g. teich 'fishpond, pond. 6o dill dissever E. dike and ditch are doub- lets, dill 'the two-seeded tare' me. dille OE. dile =^ DU. dille, ohg. ///// MHG. ////(' G. dill. Of obscure origin. dim ME. OE. dim (w;;/) =OFRis. dim, oy.. dimmr: perh. by-form of the synon. OSAX. ihitn (f/u/i). A TEUT. \^ pern (whence G. diifti- meni) corresponds to skr. tauias 'gloom', LAT. tcncbrae (for temesid) 'darkness'. For the initial gram, change from th — ^/see doughty. A PRE -TEUT. sf dhe?n may be found in OIR. deme 'darkness'. dime me. dime 'tithe from fr. dime (=: LAT. deci7na 'tenth'). dimple me. dimpel =-^ g. tiimpcl OHG. tiwijilo m. 'whirlpool': deriv. with nasalization from the teut. \f dup 'be depressed' in deep and dip\ cj). lith. dumbu 'be- come hollow'. din sb. ME. dine oe. dyne {= on. dynr^ 'a din'. Cp. OE. dynnan = DU. dcunen , oSAX. dtmnian, ON. dynja and the skr. v'~ dhvan dhii/i 'rush'. dine vb. :me. dine: from fr. dvuT (= IT. disinarc) 'dine'. See dinner. dinner :me. diner: from fr. dhier] ident. witli dine: the infinitive is used as sb. See dijie. dint ME. (///// OE. dynt 'a blow' =r ON. dyntr dyttr 'a dint, stroke'. dip vb. ME. dippe OE. dyppan; cp. G. iaufen ohg. ionffan (from *toufja/i) 'baptize' and deep. dirge me. dirige oe. (i i'^ cent.) dirige 'watches' (cp. » dirige for ford-farenum<' = vigilia pro de- functis). »dirige, Dominus meus, in conspectu tuo vitam meam« Psalm 5^^ was used in the office for the dead in medieval service. dirt ME. drit excrement' fr. oe. j^edritan str. \b. =r on. drita, DU. drijten 'to void excrement : TEUT. v^^//7/. dish ME. dish disch oe. disc a dish, plate' =i osAX. disk 'table', DU. disch, OHG. tisc g. tisch 'table'. LAT. discus, the source of 'ieut. diskuz, has the meaning 'dish only post-class, (prop. '^'vzr^, MED.-LAT. displicare 'unfold', wlience also fr. diployer = e. deploy'). dispute vb. ME. dispute: from FR. disputer (= lat. it. disputare). dissever vb. :\ie. dissevere desc- vere : from ofr. dcssevrcr (rr. dis- ceverare fr. a lat. type dissepararc 'sever'). distaff — dole 6i distaff ME. distaf orig. dis-staf; OE. ''i/Is-sf^r/ 'staff bedizened with flax' points to a teut. disS- in MLG. disc f. 'distafif, the bunch of flax on the distafif'. Cp. lat. /ih'Ks 'spindle' for an Aryan \'~ (i/i/s d/iois pointing to a pre- LA 1'. d hoi so-. distinguish vb. me. distingwe disiinge: borrowed from fr. j distiiigncr (eat. distinguere). distrain xh.wii.distreine' com\>Q\, \ constrtiin': borrowed from ofr. destraindre (lat. distringere 'pull asunder'). distress me. distresse destresse: from OFR. destrccc 'distress' = i-R. ditresse. disturb vb. me. disturbe dcsiurbe'. from OFii. dcstourber (span. disturbar , it. disturbare = lat. disturbare 'disturb'). ditch 'a dike' me. dkhe oe. die: cquiv. to OSAX. dik 'dam', wVience G. dcich: related to or. tsT/Ol; \vair ? ditty me. di/('; borrowed from OFR. 1///1' 'a story, poem' (lat. dictatiuii) . dive vb. MK. dive oe. dyfaii = ON. dyfa, DU. beduiven, lg. beduven : tf.ut. \^ dfib (a by-form of the TF.i'T. \~ diip) under deep. dizzy adj. me. d/sy oe. dysi^ foolish , stui)id' = OHG. fusig, MDU. a ay sigh: \^ dtis {lihtis). Another form of the \f dtis appears in oe. dwds {= mdu. dwacs DU. dwaas^ 'foolish' and in G. tor OHG. tbro (teut. base dauza-^. do vl). ME. OE. don =^ DU. doeii, OSAX. diian , OHG. mhg. tuon G. t/iuu. For the teut. \^do:dc cp. also deed and the suffix -do 711. The pre-teut. \'^o/i- 'dove' is based on a pre-TEUT. adj. dhfi.bho- 'black' in OIR. dub 'black'. down sb. 'soft plumage': a Scand. loanword of the me. period (iME. douti), borrowed from on. dilnii = SW. duu, DAN. duuri, whence also G. daiine, DU. dons. down prep, and adv., orig. adown {c\).backiox abacJi): short- ened for ME. adoiuic adoitn OE. of dune'. OE. diin is hill' and of- di'mc 'off the hill, downwards'. A TEUT. dtina- 'hill' (in mod. LG. dcil is 'dale' and 'down), oe. dun survives in the Kentish do70/is; cp. DU. diiin. Peril, the word is a Celt, loanword, cp. IK. diin 'a fortified hill', GAEL, dun, w. din and the Celt, place-names such as Tarodiimmi, for which cp. also town. doze vb. prob. borrowed from ON. diisa 'doze'. dozen me. dozcine dusain = fr. douzaine (oi'R. dosaine), whence also G. dutzend, du. dozijn. The Fr. word is deriv. from douze (oFR. doze = T.AT. duodecivi). draff ME. draf oe. drcef\ cp. OHG. ~trab in the plur. trcbir G. trdbcr 'grains, husks' and du. ON. s w . draf. Cogn . w. i.X'i.f races : xvc< x^sf dhrak; cp. also dregs. dragon me. dragon drago{ii)n\ from Fk. dragon 'dragon, stand- ard' = IT. dragone, lat. draco{n-) 'dragon. See drake. drain vb. me. drcine oe. drcag- nian; a teut. \'^drau^ appears in NORTH -FRis. druughe 'sieve, strainer' d^wd dm ug in vb. 'strain, sieve' (nfris. ti from teut. ati) and in ditmarsh dorchdroven 'drain', HESS, drancn 'drain'. drake ^ in drakcfy oe. draca ■'dragon'; cp. synon. ohg. trahho G. drachc = oe. draca borrowed fr. LAT. draco. Cp. dragon. drake- 'male of the duck' me. drake oe. '^draca = lg. (dial.) drake mlg. ant-drake, which points to identity with icel. andriki, GERM, enterich ohg. antr'ehJio an- trahho (orig. '"anut ^ trahho). The TEUT. drakon- occurs only in this compound and in the sub- stituted simple form (the Teut. word for 'duck' was oe. icned, OHG. anut G. ente). draw vb. me. drawe oe. dragan = ON. draga; perh. ident. with GOTH, dragan 'bear, carry', OSAX. dragan, du. dragcn, ohg. tragan G. tragen 'carry, bear'. The teut. \f drag 'bear' (aryan dhrag/i) has been compared witli OSLOV. drii-' zati 'hold'. dream 'vision' me. drem\ an equiv. OE. dream is not recorded (the synonym is sicufi), ])ut is to be inferred from oSAX. drom, du. droom, ON. dranmr , ohg. mhg. troum G. trauin 'dream'. The meaning 'dream , vision* attaching to these forms may be deduced from 'deception, vision' so that teut. drauma- (for *draugma- or *dhroughwnid-l) would belong to the teut. Sj'^drug, seen in oSAX. bidriogau ^= OHG. triogan G. triigen 'deceive'. 64 dreary — chop dreary adj. me. dreri 6k. drcorii 'sad' : corresponding' to mhg. inure g. tranrig\ OHC. triiren G. traucr?i 'mourn' belongs i^erh. to OE. drihiaj! v.. droivsc drowze 'be sliiggisb'. dregs 'lees' a Scand. loanword of the ME. period (me. dregges) borrowed with the plur. form fr. the equiv. on. dregg. The teut. base dragjo- may be a pre-TEUT. dhraki- which is also ])()ssible of LAT. /races 'dregs' (lat. / = ARYAN (^//; as \\\\(S.bx distaff^; cp. also PRU.ss. dragifls 'dregs' (perh. Teut. loanword?). dress vb. me. dirssc borrowed from FR. dresser (oFR. dreseer drecier ; lat. type dirediare). drift sb. 'driving, impulse' me. drift 'act of driving, drove, im- pulse': dcriv. from drive with t- suftix; cp. DU. drift 'drove, flock, course, current, ardor', G. irift pasture", on. drift dript 'snow- drift'. See drive^ drove. drink vb. me. drinke oe. drincan =^ OSAX. drinkan, DU. LG. drinkgfi, OHG. trinchan mhg. g. tritiken, on. drekka , goth. drigkan : a common teut. str. vb. From teut. comes the Roman group IT. triiicare, fr. triiiqucr 'hol)nob'. The TEUT. \f draik (Aryan dhre/ig^ does not appear outside of Teut. drip vb. ME. drippc OK.dryppan: associated with OE. *dreopan .ME. drepe 'drop, fall' = osAX. driopan., DU. druipen, ohg. triufan MHG. G. triefeii, ON. drjilpa 'droj), drip'. drive me. drive oe. drifau str. vb. ^ o.SAX. drlban 'drive, banish, perform', DU. drijven drive, do, fly, swim' , on. drifa 'hasten', GOTH, drciban 'drive', OHG. tribaii MHG. trihcn g. treihen. For the teut. sfdrlb (ARYAN dhribh'> dlirfp}^ cp. also drift. droll adj. peril, borrowed fr. ¥K. dro/e 'otld, queer, funny'. Cp. G. drollig from lg. druliig, du. drollig\ not found in the older languages, drone si). me.^/;7/;;oe. dran (plur. drchi). The synon. ovlg. ^trcno MHG. trene G. drohne, osAX. dran plur. draiii (dan. drone is a con- tinental loanword) are evidently related, but not phoneticall}' identical; oe. dran points to GO'iH. '''drainiis, while ohg. ireno points to GOTH, ''drina. An Aryan \f dhrcn cp. in gr. Xh\- i)g}]Vi] 'a species of wasp' — also (IvOqiJvi] 'woodbee' — Laco- nian dp(OVn^ 'drone'. drop vb. me. droppe oe. droppian also dropian and droppetian {= DU. droppen, G. tropfeii): a frequent, deriv. of the orig-. str. vb. OE. dreopan me. drepe = osAX. drio- pan, DU. drnipen, ohg. triufan MHG. G. triefe/i, on. drjiipa 'drop'. See drip and drop. drop sb. 'a globule' me. drgpc oe. dropa ^= OSAX. dropo, DU. drop, ON. drope, ohg. troffo; the ohg. by-form tropfo (g. tropfeii). points to a teut. base druppon-. dropsy — dung 65 All derivatives of tlie teut. \^ ilnip. See drop'^. dropsy me. dropsy dropcsie short for idropsie hydropsie: borrowed from FR. hydropisie (lat. hydro- pi sis) . drought ME. drought older drougth driight OE. dri'/god 'dr}'- ness': deriv. from OE. drilgian 'become dry' and teut. adj. driigi in dry. drouse (droivze) vb. me. '^'drotisc OE. drus{i)an 'become slow or sluggish' = mdu. droosen 'doze'; ^ cp. 'LG.driinse(lyn 'slumber' driinsen j 'low' (of cattle) ; akin to OE. I drcosan = goth. driusan 'fall'. 1 See dreary. drove sb. 'herd , road for sheep or cattle in droves' me. drove earlier drpf oe. ^//v//"drove' : deriv. from W\^\~ drib in drive. • drown vb. mk. drou/ie; short for ME. druuc/w (also dissimil. drtmkle^ oe. drunaiian 'sink' : a passive formation of the teut. verb drink. dry ME. dric drye oe. dryj^e from TEUT. drf/gi-, as shown by oe. driigod = mod. e. drought. A TEUT. by -form draugi- (or draugii-) is seen in oe. drdj^e .\iE. dreic and in du. droog, LG. dnPge (by the side of lg. dryge, north-fris. driiilgJi). All with the same meaning, which appears also in the related G. trockcn (oh (J. truckaii). Cp. on. draugr 'a dry log'; ohg. jiroper nouns e. g. DriVii-kliiiga prove a teut. drithi 'dry'. An Aryan English Etymology. y/^dhriik is probable and ohg. truckan would point to a by- form Aryan dhrfig. duck sb. ME. doiike oe. diice: akin to oe. *duc(7Ji under duck vb.; hence //«<:/; prop. 'the diving one, diver'; cp. DA'S, dukaud 'sea- duck, G. tmichente. duck vb. ME. doukc ; an oe. *dikan may be inferred fr. du. duikcn, OHG. tuhhan mhg. tuchen G. tauchen. due adj. me. dUe from fr. du m. due f. OFR. deu m. deue f. (= IT. debutd) ; cp. med.-lat. 'uiebu- tu?fi debuta for debitu?/i. duke ME. dilke from fr. dtic; w'ith the deriv. duchess mk. dicchesse short for duchesse = fr. duchesse. — duchy (cp. me. ducherie instead of ''duchie) from FR. due hi. dumb adj. me. domb duvih oe. duf/ib ; GOTH, dumbs, on. dumbr have essentially the same meaning while the corresponding G. duvun (ohg. ^\iiG. tujfip') signifies 'stupid, foolish'. Perh. deaf without nasal (= oe. deaf, goth. dau/s) belongs to the same Aryan \'^dhuhh, which may be found also in gr. rv(/Xng 'blind'. dun adj. 'dark, swarthy' me. don donne oe. dun (nn) : an earlv Celtic loanword (oiR. gael. donn, gall, donuos) ; therefore not found in other teut. lan- guages. dung ME. dung dong; cp. org. tunga 'dung' G. dung. OHG. MHG. tunc 'subterranean weaving 66 dungeon ear room'. If 'cave, underground room' is the orig. meaning, GR. TUifOc from an Aryan dhnghivos may be allied. dungeon sb. me. dougeoti don- jou?i\ loanword from ofr. do7i- geo7i dongon donjon FR. donjon (iMED.-LAT. domnionevi 'a com- manding tower' fr. a lat. type dommionem; cp. lat. dondnmm under domain^. dusk ME. dosk OE. dose (of rare occurrence, but also seen in the deriv. vb. duscian^. Akin to the sw. dial, duskug 'misty'. A TEUT. base dnska- admits of relation to lat. fnscus 'blacldsli, dark' (base dlmsko-1^. Dutch orig. meant German including Dutch \ for down to 1600, Dutch was considered a dialect of Germany. Dutch corresponds to G. dcutsch = mlg. diidesch, MHG. diutsch tiutsch tiusch OHG. diutisk (osAX. thiudisce liudi 'Germania'). dwarf ME. dwergh dwtrugh OE. d7veorh(g) = DU. dwcrg, OHG. MHG. tw'erc(g) getw'crc G. zwerg, ox. dwei-gr m., sw. dan. dvcrg. TEUT. base dw'crga- belongs prob. to the TEUT. \^ drug 'deceive', hence dwarf prop, 'deception, vision'. dwell vb. ME. dwcllc late OE. dwelian : scand. loanword from ON. dvelja 'delay, stay' = ohg. twellan (and tivalai) 'linger'. dye vb. ME. die deic dcy: oe. dcagian : derived from oe. dc'ah(g) ; a TEUT. dauga is not found elsewhere. E each ME. (eh earlier (leh OE. die orig. d-gilic = OHG. ioginh MHG. iegelich G. jegUch\ cp. ohg. vmnno-giUh 'every man' — • ^mbo- gilih 'every woman' etc. eager me. (gre : adapted from OFR. eigre 'keen, sharp'. Source lat. acre (accr). eagle me. c'gle: loanword from FR. (ligle; source lat. aqu'da. eanling'lamb'(Shakesp.) points to an OE. cjin 'lamb'; c^. yeaji. ear^ sb. me. ere oe. rV?r<' = teut. base auzon- in goth. ausb, osax. OHG. ora G. ohr , uu. oor. An Aryan base aus- cp. in lat. auris, GR. oiit,-, Russ. SLOV. ueho 'ear' ; perh. cogn. with hear. — Hence earwig me. (r-wiggc ok. car-7C'igga. ear- sb. (of corn) me. ;';- oe. car contr. from *eahor (Northumbr. ehh€i-')^'x:KiiT. base ahaz-\ ident. w. OHG. ahir G. iihre, GOTH, ahs, ON. ax. Perh. akin to invns. ear vb. .me. ere oe. eriaji ^^^ earl eight .67 GOTH, arjan, ohg. crian 'plough'; cogn. with LAT. arare, or. uodftv, OIR. arabn 'l plough': Aryan \f ar ill LAT. arvutn 'field' and in earth. earl .me. erl oe. corl = on. jarl, OSAX. crl. Perh. ident. witli tVie TEUT. tribe-name Heruli. early me. (rli OK.cerlke; cp. ere. earn vb. me. erne oe. earnian = OHG. arnon. Perh. traceable to the Aryan \/~, lat. octo, SK.R. astaii, OIR. <^W//. 5* 68 eisel — emmet eisel ME. aisil late oe. aisil (^= ODU. aisijt) fr. ofr. aisil. Source a LAT. type acdulum; cp. oe. cccd 'vinegar' fr. lat. acidmn 'sharp.' either me. either oe. ceyter shortened for ceyiwcrder orig. a -\- iihwceder\ cp. ohg. io-giwe- dar 'each of two' and in'hcthei-. eke ME. ek OE. ec earlier (ac fr. a TEUT. auk = GOTH auk., OHG. ouh G. auch. Prop, imperative of the str. vb. goth. aukan 'add' (=1 LAT. augere). elbow ME. elbpwc oe. elhoga earlier eln-hoga r=^ ohg. dinbogo g. elbogen, du. elleboogy on. gin- hogi: a GOTH, compound *aleina- buga 'the bow of the cubit' is wanting. Cf). ell and bow. eld'oldage, antiquity'(Shakesp.) me. i'lde OE. eldo yldo 'antiquity' : abstract of old = OE. did. — elder adj. me. elder oe. eldra: compar. of old. elder sb. (a tree) me. eldre eller OE. ellarn. eleven me. enlevene oe. infl. cndleofane csnlifane; oe. endlufon corresponds to on. ellifn, OSAX. clleban ; cp. goth. ai/ilif, ohg. einlif G. du. elf 'eleven'. The TELJT. numeral ain-lif- is a com- pound of ain = one and lif = pre-TEUT. -lika in lith. i^dio- lika 'eleven' (cp. tioelve^. The orig. meaning of the numeral was peril, 'ten + one'. elf (with the older by-form ouphe Shakesp.) me. elf oe. eelf: TEUT. base alba- also in on. dlfr\ the word occurs in proper names as OE. u^lfrid = ohg. Alp-rdt. An Aryan alhhu- is found in SKR. rbhu 'the name of a certain kind of deity'. ell ME. elk earlier elne oe. eln Tzrz- OHG. cli7ia G. DU. elle, ON. alin, GOTH, aleina 'ell, cubit'. A pre-TEUT. olend- is found in lat. ulna, GR. (oXivrj, OIR. uile 'cubit\ Cp. elbow. elm ME. OE. elm\ akin to on. dlmr and lat. ulmus (g. ?/;/«f is a lat. loanword, du. f?/;// is ofr. olme) . else ME. OE. elles adv. 'other- wise' : genet, of the pron. gk)th. aljis 'an other' (=^ lat. alius, GR. «AA.oc, OIR. aile, armen. ail) ; cp. OE. ele-lende 'a foreign land , OHG. eli-lenti 'being abroad' and ohg. elles 'elsewhere', lat. alias 'otherwise'. ember-days me. imbri-daives oe. ymbren-dagas prop, 'days of pro- cession'? embers 'ashes' me. ejnmeres cfueres plur. OE. cemyrian plur. :=: OHG. eimuria , ON. eimyrja 'embers'. Prob. a compound of a TEUT. type aim-uzjon \ cp. on. cimr 'steam, vapor' and icsli a conflagration' , mhg. usel ftsel 'ashes, embers' fr. an Aryan \" us in LAT. urere vb. 'burn' (cp. on. ysja. 'fire'). emmet 'ant' i\ie. efnet oe. cenicie: TEUT. base atnaitjon- =■ ohg. amei-a g. anirise: prob. cogn. with ohg. imi--f G. etnsig 'in- dustrious'. emperor — ewe 69 emperor me. emperour fr. afr. CJiipcrur = LAT. imperator-C7n (but OE. Cdsere 'emperor' = G. kaiser fr. LAT. Caesar')\ cp. empire me. empire fr. fr. empire = lat. impcrium and empress me. e^n- pcresse earlier form efiiperice fr. OFR. cDipcrice = lat. imperatriccin. empty me. empti emii short for OE. cemtij^ 'empty'. enchant vb. me. enchaunte fr. FR. enchanter = lat. incantare. end me. oe. ende = goth. andeis, OHG. enii G. e?ide, DU. einde, on. endi: teut. base andja-, pre-TEUT. antyo-; cp. SK.R. dnta 'end, limit' and oiR. tV. engage cogn. w. gage. enough me, inough {iiimve) OE. -^enoh {l^enpg earlier y-npg') : teut. base ga-noga- in du. genoeg, osax. gi'iog, OHG. ginuog G. ^•^^ww^ 'enough'; cp. goth. ganohs and the goth. vb. ganaiihan 'to suffice' — ganailha 'sufficiency': ARYAN v'^-'i'^'i' {juli). enter vb. me. entre vb. fr. fr. -, ohg. osax. er G. f//r. ermine sb. me. ermine fr. ofr. ertnine fr. hermine, whicii is of Teut. origin; cp. ohg. harmhi mhg. /lerj/ihi 'fur'. The primitive OHG. har7no (corresp. to lith. czanniT) means 'weasel'. err vb. me. erre vb. fr. fr. crrcr = lat. crrare; hence errant fr. errant. errand me. e7'nde e?-ende short for OE. (krcnde = OSAX. drundi, OHG. drunti 'message'; uncertain whether cogn. w. corn, aims, ox. drr, OE. dr, osax. <7' 'messenger'. escape vb. me. escdpe vb. fr. OXFR. escapcr = fr. dchapper. lat. type ex-cappare deriv. from cappa 'cloak'. evening UY..eveni7ige O'^.dfnung: deriv. of eve me. eve(n) OE. d/en efen\ cp. ohg. dlmnd G. abend, OSAX. dband , du. avond; ox. aptann (swed. afton, dan. afteii) and OE. .a^/^// 'evening' belong- to tlie same group : teut. base ebnd-} eftn-l ever me. 'd\e' — pullus 'dark', gr. nnhoQ 'gray', skr. palita 'gray';. the teut. adj. has the same suffix as OSLOv. plavii, I.ITH. pak>as 'fallow^'. false adj. mk. late oe. fals fr. OFR. fals =^ FR. faux; source LA'i". falsiis 'false'. fame .me. fame fr. fr. fihiic -=-- i.AT. fama 'report'. famine me. fa?nin(e) fr. fr, famine: deriv. fr. L.vr. fames hunger'. fan ME. OK. fan {nn): borrowed during angi,o-sax. times fr. l.\t. T'annus (in the vulgar pro- nunciation /!///;/«.<■; c\>. G. vers = LAT. versus) ; G. wanne is an earlier loanword fr. l.^t. vannus. fancy short for me. fantasie = OFR. fantasie (lat. phantasiei). far adv. me. fer frre oe. feor feorran] cp. GOTH. fairra adv., OHG. ferro G. fern, du. ver, on. //'(?rr/ 'far' : cogn. w. GR. nsQui- 'beyond', skr. para 'distant', ARM en. lieri 'far'. fardel me. fardel fr. ofr. fardel = fr. fardeau 'burden, load. fare vb. me. fire oe. far an str. vb. = GOTH, y^^r^?/;, o^.fara, OHG. OSAX. farati mhg. varn G. fahren, uu. varen: teut. \'~far = ARYAN \fpor in GR. TTOOcvoiiai I travel, I go'. farm me. ferme 'repast, banquet, rent, farm' OE. feorni 'banquet, food, subsistence'; cp. OE.feortnian vb. 'sustain, feed, support' bor- rowed fr. LAT. firmare 'to make strong' (firmare akpn. cibo atque potione). farrow me. farli 'young pig' OE. fearh 'pig' = OHG. farah (g. ferkel, du. varke/i) : teut. base farha- = pre-teut. porko- in GR. Tioo/.og, L.AT. parens, lith. pdrszas, OSLOV. prase, OIR. ore 'pio'- farthing y\E. ferthing short for ferthing oe. feordung (/eording feordling') 'the fourth part, farth- ing': deriv. t)f OE. feor da 'fourth', cp. four and OHG. for dung. fashion .me. fagioun (^fassouii) fr. FR. fafon = LAT. faetio{nem). fast adj. ME. fast oe. feest = OS.faslr, du. vast, OHG. festi ad], (fasto adv.) g. fest 'fast': teut. 72 fast feeble fastu-, Aryan postu in armen. hast 'fast". — fastvb. u^.fasteOK.fcestan = GOTH, fastaii , G. fasten, du. vasten, ox. fasta: prop, derived from the adj. with the orig. mean- ing 'make firm, observe'. fat adj. ME. /(?/ (tt) short for-OE. fcztl prop. fcEtcd = TEUT. base faitida- in ohg. feiyt G. /d7>/, OSAX. /cV/V/ LG. G. fett 'fat', du. vet: prop, partic. of a teut. vb. '"^faitjaii. The base is a teut. adj. faita- 'fat' in mhg. vei Aryan \j''pd cogn. 3' w. ON. />//?- : \/~J>t in GR. 7t/o)1/ TTiapdg 'fat' ^ SKR. /Z2'a« — pivara 'fat' (skr. \^ pya). fatal ME. /(?/(// fr. FR. fatal; cp. fate me. /(//r = OFR. fate. Source lat. fatuin — fatalis. father me. fider oe. feeder = GOTH, fadar (commonly atta^, OHG. fater G. vater, osax. fadar, DU. vader, on. fadir: teut. base fader- = Aryan base pater- in lat. pater, gr. naTijp, skr. ///(^zr and oiR. r//////-, armen. //t///-: all equivalent. fathom iME. fdthem oe. /^^^w 'embrace, extended arms, fathom, cubit': ident. \v. on. fadmr, du. vadciii 'a fathom' ^=: OHG. fadiim G. fiden 'a fathom, a thread': TEUi'. base fapma- fr. an Aryan \fpet in GOTH. /^7/« 'hedge' = MHG. vade fence' and in gr. nhxdvvvia 'I extend'. fault :me. faute fr. fr. faute. favor ME. favour =r fr. faveur. fawn sb. me. faun •\^xo-<^.fa-ouii fr. FR. faon 'a fawn': source a LAT. type/(r/(7///,!j-, deriv. o{ fvtus. fay fr. fr. fie\ cp. mhg. feie fr. OFR. /(v>: source a lat. /^/^ ^ fatiwi. fear me. ///v oe. /lir 'a sudden peril, fear' = osax. far, ohg. fara 'treason, danger' G. gefahr 'danger'; goth. '^fera is the source oi ferja 'a spy' : Aryan \fper also in lat. periculum 'danger', gr. nsTon 'trial . feast ME. frste fr. ofr. feste =^ FR. fete: source lat. festa. feat ME. fct by-form feit fait fr. FR. fait ^= LAT. factum. feather short for me. fc'ther OE. feder r=r du. veder , osax. fethara, ohg. fedara G. feder, ON. 75'^^r 'feather': teut. base fepro-, Aryan petra-; cogn. w. GR. TiTfoov feather, wing', skr. pdtatram 'wing' — patra 'feather' : ArA'an sfpet in skr. \rpat 'to fly', also in lat. pemia (prop. '"petsncf) 'feather'. feature WE..fc'tiire fr. ofr. friture ==- LAT. factura. fee sb. me. /f' o^.feoh (gen./kw dat. feo^ prop, 'cattle, property in cattle' ; ident. w. goth. fai/ni, ON. /if 'cattle, property', ohg. fhu G. vieh 'cattle': teut. fiihu Aryan pi^ku neut. in skr. pd(u neut. 'cattle ; cp. skr. pa(ii masc, LAT. pceus 'cattle' (hence peciijiia 'money') . feed vb. me. fede oe. fedan fedan : teut. base fodjan under food. feeble adj. me. fcble fr. ofr. feible foible = fr. faible. feel fetlock 73 feel vb. ME. fde oe. felan fiilan wk. vb. fr. a teut. base foljan in os.^x. gifoljan, du. voden, ofris. fcla, MHG. vilekn G. filhleii vb. 'feel'. Perh. cogn. \v. i,at. pahiia, 03.\x. OE. yy//;/ 'hand': \^J>aL feign vb. me. feine fr. fr. feindre 'to feign' : source lat. fingere. fell sb. ME. OE. /t'/(//) : teut. base fella- in goth. y?//, on. fell. OHG. fel(ll) G. /('/Z, UU. {7^/. Cogn. \v. LAT. /r///jr skin' : \^pel also in film. fellow sb. ME. fclawe late OE. fc'oliiga: borrowed h. on. fdage] cp. ON. fe-lag 'companionship, association', lit. 'a laying to- gether of property' (on. f 'pro- perty' ^=- E. fee'). felly (felloe) me. /d'/Zc (felwe) OE. yl'/j^ (felgan) r=^ OHG. /t'4'-r? G. felge, DU. radvelge. skr. par(u 'rib' is compared. felon ME. felouii borrowed fr. KR. /;Ver fefre oe. fifor {= OHG. ficbai- G.feber') : borrow- ed fr. LAT. febris febrevi, whence also FK. fevre (= it. febbre). few adj. ME. fewe OE. fcaive phir. represents a teut. ''fauwai and is idem, with ohg. foJie plur. of a '\:'ex.'vffauh(T^v)a-: Aryan adj. paicqo- in lat. paiicus. Cp. also GOTH. fa7LJo/a. Source a vulgar LAT. vitnla (in a late pronun- ciation fdida'{). field ME. OE. fcld; e stands for teut. /before ///r7 'a fin'; cogn. w. EAT. penna pinna 'feather'. finch ME. fineli oe. fine fr. a TEUT. base fi'nki-; cp. DU. 7'ink, OHG. 7'inkfl G. y^wX.'. Observe the similarity of sound of the Rom. words for 'finch : it. pineione, FR. pinson and e. dialect, pink \pineli. 1 find ViY.. finde oy.. fin dan str. vb. = synon. goth. finpan , ox. finna, osax. findan fiihan, DU. vinden, ohg. findan G. fin den: TEUT. \'~fenp finp or by Verner's law fend find is pre-TEUT. /^//z' in the synon. IR. vb. *'/^7/w 'I find'. fine adj. me. fine borrowed fr. FR. fi^n (whence also mhg. 7'm G. fein, DU. fipfi). Source lat. p'nire vb. 'complete'. fine sb. ME. fine from lat. finis 'a fine', lit. 'a final pay- ment'. finger me. oe. p'nger = goth. figgrs, 0)s. fi^igr, MV.vinger, ohg. fingar G. finger : teut. base///^;v/-, perh. allied to five (Aryan penqe^ . finish vb. me. fimsshe fr. ofr. finiss- base of some forms of fr. \fim7- (lat. finire) 'end, finish'. fir ME. firre\ perh. a Scand. loanword : on. fyra rare by-form oi fnra 'fir'. There is a teut. name of the tree furh-\ oe. furh, ohg. forlia g. fdhre\ cp. pre-TEUT. perk qerq in la'l. quer- cus 'oak'. fire ME. //;• ov..fyr: contr. of WESiTEUT. fiiir = OSAX. ohg. /////- commonly osax. ohg. fiur mhg. 7>iur G. feuer , du. ruur. The ir of osax. ohg. fiiir (cp. ON. fiirr fyrr)^ is suffix; /// fr. pre-TEUT. ///- is the root : on. ftir-r, GR. ni;-(), Umbrian //--'', ARM EN. ku-r point to a common 76 first fleam base pii-i", SKR. sTpii- 'flame', whence pavaka 'fire'. first ME. first OE. fyi'it fr. '^fyrcst = TEUT. f arista- in ohg. fiu'ist (cp. G. filrst, du. f'(?-''iV 'prince'), on. fyrstr 'first'; the original word for iirst' is OSAX. fonno = OE. forma witii 7na- suftix (goth. fru-ma) from indo- EUR. //' ; cp. GR. TlpOUOC, SKR. purva-s, o~:U}v.pruz!u^ LU'U. pirwas 'first'. Cp. former. fish ME. fs/i OE. ^".y^: (and /?.iv) = GOTH, y^i'/^.f, ON. fs/ir, OHG. OSAX. _/?J"/5 G. ywr/i. TEUT. fska-z from pre-TEUT. pisko-s agrees with L \T. //Vm ; the corresponding oiR. iasc points to pre-historic '^pciskos. fist iME. fist siiort for fist OE. /)It/ fr. TEUT. *fiisti(z) r= OHG. /}2i'/' G. faiist, DU. 7^«W/ 'fist'. If connected with synon. lat. pug- TJVyilirj, WESTTEUT. = pre- nus and GR. fusti- stands for fuhsti 'I'EUT. piik-sti piig'Sti- ? five i\iE. five OE. fife; without inflection OE. fif irom 'VEVT. fmf = CQ-iH. fmf OSAX. /{/", uu. wy/, OHG. fnf MHG. Z'//;//' G. fH^if ON. ///;/« (dan. sw. fem) : pre- TEUT. p^7npe pinqe (fortlie shifting of INDO-EUR. q to / see fir ^ four., wolf)\ cp. SKR. pafica, GR. TllvXh {ni:.(.lVf: Tltf.niT.OC) , LAT. quinquc (for '^piiique^, lii'H. penki, OIR. /wV, CYMR. //;///>. flag sb. 'an ensign' = ^•- J^t^Sg<^) DU. t'/^i'', DAN. _//c?^'', s\v. plagg: a modern word, not found in the OTEUT. periods. flail ME. flail fleil oe. '^fej/l (once recorded as Jlil^l) =^ OHG. fegil G. fegel, du. vlcgel: a WESTTEUT. loanword from lat. fageUum 'whip, flail', whence also FR. fliau (also OIR. sraigclt). flask OE. flasce = on. fa ska, DU. fesch, OHG. flasca g. flaschc ; corresponding to the synon. it. fiasco, OFR. flasche fr. fiacon (med.- LAT. fiasco fr. LAT. vasculmnT). flat me. y/(;/: borrowed fr. ox. y/^i/r = sw. y?rr/, dan. y?f?<^/; cp. OHG. y^^z^ 'flat'; cp. oe. fict, osax. y7od- changing with ARYAN pod- ped- in the declension; cp. GR. TTOcT- in TTodu, nom. sing, ttovl; (aeol. nroc) ; eat. pcd-em (nom. sing. /i'i"); GR. 7ie*SiXov 'sole' — TTBLOi^ (for '^'/rf J/oc) 'i^edestrian', SKR. pad 'foot' and /(f*^/-;/ 'step, print'. fop vb. borrowed fr. DU. foppeti 'prate, cheat' {fopper 'a wag', foppcrlj 'cheating') : orig. a word of G. slang. for me. OE. for prep. = goth. fa lira 'before, for', ohg. for a G. vor 'before', du. voor; cogn. w. EAT. pro 'before', GR. von 'be- fore'. forbear \\v,. forbore oiL.forberan str. vb.; cp. bear vb. forbid y\v.. forbede oe. forbcodan confounded with MV^forbidde OE. forbiddan; cp. bid. 8o force — foul force sb. me. force fors: bor- rowed fr. FR. force (lat. type fortia 'strength' derived ix.fortis 'strong'). ford ME. OE. ford (me. also fortJi) = DU. voert, osax. "^ford in Heriford (prop, 'ford of an army'), ohg. vurt G. fur t {Frank-, Er-, Sc//7('c/n-) ; cp. OE. Oxenaford (lit. 'ford of the oxen) = Oxford. TEUT. '"fordii- forpu- from the 'i"EXii:.\'~far in farr\ \\q.vlCQ ford prop, 'passable, practicable pass- age'; cp. A VEST, pcretu 'bridge', LAT. portus 'haven', on. fjordr 'bay' ; also celt. -lat. -ritntn (for "prtoni) in Augiistoritum, CVMR. rhyd 'ford'. foreign mk. forchie: adapted {x.ov\<.fordiii\ LAT. \.y}^^ foraneus derived fr. foras adv. 'out of door'. forfeit sb. MK.forf'ie: borrowed fr. OFR. forfait 'a fine' part, of forf aire fors fair e 'trespass' (med.- LAT. forisfactuvi j^art. of foris- facere 'trespass', lit. 'do beyond'). forge ME. forge borrowed fr. FR. forge from lal. fabrica 'a workshop'. forget vl). ME. forgetc oe. for- gitan str. \b. T^o?>Ky.. fargetan, DU. vergeten, mlg. 7'orgeten, ohg. fir- g'e"jiin G. vergesscn. The comp. vh. is the remnant of a str. verbal -y'^^iY, whence e. get 'ob- tain, reach'; cp. GOTH, bigitan 'find', ON. geta 'obtain'. Cp. get and the arvan \f ghcd : ghend in- LAT. prae-hendere , gr. y^avdaiOJ seize'. fork ViY.. forke oy.. forca = DU. vork, OHG furcha furka G.fitrkc, ON. forka: borrowed fr. lat. furca 'a fork', whence also fr. foil re lie, span, /lorca, it. forca. forlorn 'quite lost' .me. forlorn oe. for lor en part. oio%. forleosan 'lose utterly'; cp. lose and G. DU. vcrloren, dan. for lor en. former formed by adding the com})ar. suffix -er to me. fortnc OE. forma = osax. for7no 'first' ; cp. first. forsake vl>. me. forsake oe. forsacan str. vb. 'oppose'; cp. sake. forth ^\Y.. forth OY.. ford :=^osax. forth, OHG. '^ford G. fort, goth. compar. faiirpis adv. earlier. oteut. forp from older /);^t' //'A? is allied to before a.\\d further. {ortnightME. f our tenight four ten- night horn me. fourtene 'fourteen' and night (old plur.) 'nights'; cp. oe. feowertync niht and also E. sennight = seven night. It was usual to reckon by nights in pre-hist. periods. — forty me. fourty OE. feowertii = du. veertig, G.vierzig, GOTH. fid7c>ortigJus ; cp. OE. feower = four and oe. ti^ = ten. foster vb. ME. fostre short for OE. fpstrian irom. fostor 'nourish- ment'; akmio food', teut. Y^/iv/. foul ME. foul oe. fill = DU. Vuil, OHG. //// G. fiul, on. ///'//, GOTH, ////y; la- is suffix, and the teut. \'^fti is inferred fr. on. fiienn rotten' and from the fac- titive vb. ON. fcyja 'cause to found freeze 8i rot'. An Aryan verbal \'^ pti appears in skr. ///j rot, stink'; cp. LAT. ////tv 'stink' — piitcr 'de- cayed', GR. TTv-^M 'cause to rot', GR. 77VO)' — LAT. pus 'pUSs'. found ' vb. 'lay the foundation of' ME. foiinde : adapted fr. fr. fonder from hkT. fiwdare 'found'. found - vb. 'cast metals' bor- rowed fr. FR. fondre from lat. fundere 'cast metals'. fount ism.founi fr. OVB.. font = LAT. font-em. four ME. fourfowcr OE. feozver (^feowerT) ^= osAX.f war, du. g. jner OHG. for, on. f/orir. The OE. by- form fyder- (in com}), as fyder- fetc 'four-footed ) and GOTH, fd- wbr i^fdur-') j)oint to a pre-TEUT. bz.se peiwor petur for qetzvor qetur; ident. w. skr. catiir, lat. quattiior, GR. rsaauQsc {Triffvoec) , oslov. cetyri 'four'. fowl ME. foul earlier yww/ OE. fugol = OSAX. fugal, DU. vogel, OWG.fogal MHG. G. VOgel, ON. ftigl, GOTH, fug Is: teut. h&se fugla-. fox ME. OE. fox = OHG. fuhs G. fuchs, DU. vos, OX. fox ; the s of the TEUT. base fuh-s- is suffix as is shown by gotu. fat/ho, ON. foa 'fox' = OHG. foha mhg. vohe 'she-fox' (and o^.focge 'she- fox'?). Cp. vixen. frail (.\1E. fr^ie) borrowed fr. OFR. /raile (fr. frc/c) 'brittle' ^ LAT. fragilis. frame vb. me. f rente oe. frem- nian 'promote, do" (= on.fretiijij, OHG. frenunati , oSAX. frcnwiian English Etymology. 'perform'): derived fr. oe. frani strong, good', ident. w. from. franchise me. fraunchise: bor- rowed from VK. franc/iise 'privi- leged liberty' from VK.franchiss-, stem of some forms of franchir 'free' from fr. franc 'free'. fraught part, of me. fraughte vb.= DU. bevrachten, g. befrachten; cp. G.fracht oylg. freht 'earnings, gain'. Properly a compound ; cp. OE. ceht, OHG. eht 'property' under oxvn. freak 'a whim, caprice' me. frek 'quick, vigorous' OE. fric 'bold, rash' =T ON. fr'ekr, ohg. fre/i 'greedy' G. frech 'pert', goth. faihu-friks 'avaricious' : teut. base frcka-. freckle from on. freknur plur. 'freckles'; cp. .sw. friikne plur. frdkfiar, fris. (Am run) friakan 'freckles'. Perh. cogn. w. GR. veoy.voc spotted'. free :me. frc ok. freo fri: teut. base frija- = goth. freis, osax. ohg. f-i G. frei. The pre-teut. priyo- is the base of cvmr. rhydd 'free' and of skr. priyd-s dear, beloved'; cp. the .skr. verbal \^prt 'rejoice, render favorable' with GOTH, frijon 'love' under friend and Friday. freeze vb. me. frese oe. freosan str. vb.; cp. synon. on. frjosa, DU. vriczen, ouG.friosan G. frier en\ cp. goth. frius 'frost, cold : teut. \ffreus fruz from a pre-teut. preusprus, which seems to exist in LAT. priirio for *prt/sio 'itch', if 'itch, frostburn' is the inter- 6 82 freight — frock mediate meaning, and in skr. \(~prus 'spurt out'; prusva 'drop, frozen drop, frost'. Cp. frost. freight ident. w. fraught. fresh adj. me. fresh fresch oe. fersc = OHG. frisc G. frisch, du. versch 'fresh'; cogn. w. oslov. prcsinil 'fresh' from Aryan prais- kino-\ cp. LiTH. preskas 'sweet, unsoured' with finn. rieska 'fresh, unsoured'. The Rom. family of IT. fresco, FR. frais comes from WEST-TEUT. freska-. fret^ vb. 'eat up, devour' short for ME. frete oe. fr'etan str. vb. ^=- DU. LG, vreten, ohg. fr'exian G.fressen 'eat up, consume'. The corresp. GOTH. fra'itan (jtrel. fret) 'consume' shows that west-teut. fretan is a compound of ctan = eat\ fra is a common prefix in GOTH. {cY>. fr might send fret). fret^ vb. 'ornament, variegate iviE. fretie oe. fmtwan 'adorn': from o^.fmtwe plur. 'ornament'^ OS.A.X. frataha 'ornament': source perh. a Teut. compound fra Ar GOTH, tcwa 'arrangement'. friar ME. /r!?^^: adapted fr. fr. frere 'a brother'. Friday me. frUiay oe. frliedcei = DU. vrijdag, OHG. friatag mhg. vritac G. freitag , ON. Frjddagr: really 'day of the Teut. goddess Frija Frijjo in imitation of lat. dies Veneris {Fria and Venus correspond). ON. FriggMke OHG. Fria is prop, 'the goddess of love'; cp. SKR. /rzy^? 'wife, loved one' (OSAX. fri, oe. freo 'wife). Cp. free. friend -ME. frend oe. freond = OSAX. fritmd 'friend, relative', du. vriend, ohg. friunt mhg. vriunt (d) G. freund, goth. frijonds 'friend' : teut. frijond- (formed like fiend) is pres. partic. of an old teut. vb. frijon 'love' = goth. frijon, ov.. fr^oian'\ove.\ O^.free. frieze (of a column) fr. fr. frise (=^ IT. fregio' frieze), whence also G. DU. fries. fright :\iE. fright oe. fyrhtu fyrhto; cp. the synon. GOTH. faurhtei ' 'fright' and osAX. ohg. for{a)hta mhg. 7'orht(e) G. furcht 'fright'. — frighten xh.ME./righie OE. fyrhtan = goth. faiirjitjan , OSAX. forhton , ohg. furihten forahtan G. furchte?i. fringe me. fringe', loanword from OFR. ^fringe = fr. frange (source lat. fimbria 'fringe'), whence G. franse, du. franje. frisk vb. formed from the adj. OFR. frisque =r SCAND. fris'kr 'frisk}', brisk'. frith firth ^k. firth: a Scand. loanword; cp. on. fjgrdr (plur. firdir) 'bay'; v>kh. fiord, sw.fjdrd 'a firth': teut. base/ijr/?^-, aryan pertu- cp. LAT. portus'ha.vevi. For the Aryan \fper cp. ford. fritter late me. fritoure: bor- rowed fr. FR. friture 'dish of fried fish', also 'a fragment' from OFR. frit 'fried (source lat. frig ere); c^. fry. fro me. fro earlier //vz : adapted fr. G^.frd 'from', xdewl.w.from. frock ME. frok: borrowed fr. OFR. froc =1 med.-lat. frocus 'a fro a; fuize 83 monk's frock'; source osax. hroc 'coat'. frog M'£../rogge oe. frogga; the OE. parallel form frocca (mod. dial, frock) points to the synon. ON. fraukr. Prob. oe. forsc, OHG. frosk G. frosch, OK. froskr show the same root, if derived fr. TEUT. */ruhsqa-. frolic borrowed fr. DU. vrolijk 'merry ; cp. mho. vrolokefi 'rejoice', prob. after mho. vro-sanc 'merry song'' supplanting an older froldchen. from ME. OE. from frafn :=. OSAX. OHG. fram mug. 7)ram prep, 'forth, from' — adv. 'forth', ON. fram adv. 'forward — frd prep, 'from' — adv. 'fro', goth. fratn prep, 'from' adv. 'further, forward'. frost ME. frost OE. forst = on. DAN. sw. G. frost, DU. vorst: derived fr. \f friis = freeze. froth sb. ME./>7///;. petform furrow me. furwe forwe oe. firrh: teut. base furh- also in OHG. furha G. furchc 'furrow', DU. 7wor, ON. for 'drain'. A pre- TEUT. prk pork is evident in lat. porca 'a ridge between two furrows', CYMR. rhych 'furrow', armen. herk. — furlong me. oe. furious; lit. 'furrow-long'. further me. further o^. fur dor] \ cogn. w. for and OHG. furdir. \ furze ME. frse oe. fyrs earlier \fyres : Teut. base furisa- ? 6* 84 gab — gall ' gab ME. gabbe 'talk idly, jest, lie': borrowed fr. on. gabba, whence also Y^.gaber, ir.gabbare. Cp. gabble gibber. — gabber 'gabble', var. of gabble both of which are frequent, verbs oi gab. O^.jabber BXid gibber. — gabble var. of gabber. gabel 'a tax, impost, esp. the tax on salt': borrowed fr. fr. gabclle {= SPAN, gabela, it. gabella, med.-lat. gabella gab(u)- Iwii). Source a teut. sb. gabnla- in OE. gafol 'tribute'. gable ME. gable : borrowed fr. OFR. gable 'a gable', which is of LAT. origin; cp. lat. gabalus, whence on. gafl 'a gable' (but GOTH, gibla, G. giebel 'a gable' akin to GV..y.e(pa'krj 'head': Aryan base ghebhald- gheb/ilo-^. gad ME. gad', borrowed fr. on. gaddr 'a goad, pike' ; teut. base gazda- ident. w. lat. hasta from an Aryan h?i'&Q, ghazdha-\ \)\\X. gad in gadfly stands for goad. gag ME. gagge 'suffocate'; prob. imitation of the sound of choking. gage' ME. gage: borrowed fr. FR. gage = SPAN, gage, it. gaggio (lat. type ivadimn). Source a TEUT. sb. cp. GOTH. wadi\ cp. wed and wage. gage''' also gauge me. gauge: adopted from ofr. ganger later jauger 'measure the contents'. Source uncertain. gain sb. uk. gain: borrowed fr. ON. sw. gagn = DAN. gavn 'gain'. gain vb. late me. gaine: bor- rowed fr. FK. gagner ofr. gaagnier gaaigner 'cultivate, gain': source a TEUT. vb. (oHG. *weidan/an — weidenon 'pasture'). gain- pref. me. gein oe.^ geyt gin gedn (^ G. gegen, on. gagn-). — gainsay me. geinseie 'contra- dict'. Cp. against oe. ongeanes. gait ident. w. gate\ gaiter borrowed fr. fr. gu^tre (ofr. guestre, perh. loanword fr. MHG. wester 'a child's chrisom- cloth'; cp. GOTH, wasti, lat. vestis 'clothing). gale sb.a Scand. loanword; akin to DAN. gal, sw. galen 'furious, mad', NORW. galen "furious, wild, mad' (of wind and storm). gall' ME. galle oe. gealla = OSAX. OHG galla G. galle, du. gal, on. gall. GOTH. *gallin- (hardly *galzin-) from pre-teut. glial- is cogn. w. GR. /0I.1] /6)^og, lat. fel fellis 'gair (whence it. fiele^ span, hiel, FR. fiet). Many think it allied with yelloiv so that gallvi3iS named from its yellowish color. gall^ — garden 85 gall 2 'a sore on the skin me. gallc OE. gealla 'a g-all' (on a horse) = DU. gal 'a windgall', MHG. G. galle 'a foot -disease in horses'; perh. borrowed fr. LAT-ROM. galla a gallnut, an oak- apple' =^ IT. galla, SPAN, agalla 'windgalls'. But a confusion of galla with a teut. word of similar phonology is possible, since in sw". dialects too there exists a grdssgaller 'a swelling on a horse's hoof. gair^ 'a gall-nut': borrowed fr. FR. gale from lat. galla 'a gall- nut, an oak-apple ? galley me. galeie: adapted fr. FR. galie gaUe (ri'. galea = med.- LAT. galea 'a galley'). gallon ME. galouii'. a fr. loan- word: FR. gallon =^ IT. gallone. galloon borrowed fr. fk. galo/i. gallop ME. galope: borrowed fr. FR. galopcr; cp. also wallop. gallows (the plur. used as sing.) ME. galwes plur. oe. galga gealga 'cross, gibbet' = ohg. osax. galgo, DU. galg, G. galgen, ON. galgi, GOTH, galga : a common TEUT. word, TEUT. galga/i- from Kxy-AW ghalghan-; cp. lith. zalga 'pole'. gamble appar. a frequent, of an unrecorded me. *gatn(e)ley commonly me. gamene OE. ga- menian play at games . Deriv. of gaf/ie. For the change of ti to / cp. MHG. gamel gamen 'pleas- ure. — game 'amusement' me. game OE. gamen gomcn = ON. OHG. gavian (mho. gamen garnet) 'play'; prob. ident. w. goth. ga- -man 'communion of men'. The pref. ga- is used collectively ; for niafi cp. 7nan. gander me. gander oe. gandra; akin to OE. gos from a teut. base gan-s in goose and cp. gannet. gang ME. gang 'a going, course, way, passage' oe. gang 'a going, way, privy' = osax. du. g. gang 'a going, walk, way, passage', ON. gangr 'a going, a crew'. gannet me. *ganet OE. ganot 'swan'; akin to du. ge?tt 'gander', OHG. ganaz,~o 'gander'; cp. a primit. teut. base gan- also in TEUr.-LAT. ganta 'goose'; see gander and goose. gantlet prop, gantlope 'a mili- tary punishment' corrupted fr. sw\ gatlopp 'running down a lane' (sw. gata 'a lane' and lopp 'a running' fr. lopa 'run =^ E. leap). gaol see jail. gap ME. gap : borrowed fr. o\. gap 'opening, breach, chasm . — gape vb. .ME. gape adapted fr. SCAXD. gapa 'yawn' = du. gapen, G. gaffen 'gape, yawn'. gar see garlie and gore. garb borrowed fr. ofr. garbe 'good fashion' from ohg. garaun 'dress' = OE. gearwe 'preparation, dress'. Cp. gear. garden mk. gar din fr. ofr. (Pi- card.) gardin = fr. jardin, which is of Teut. origin : ohg. garto (gen. and dat. gariiti) g. garten, 86 gargle gaunt OSAX. gardo, goth. garda m. 'a fold'; akin to yard. gargle borrowed fr. Ofr. gar- goiiilk}- 'gargle' fr. gargouille 'windpipe'. garland me. gerhnmd: borrow- ed fr. OFR. garlande FK.guiriande, whence du. g. dan. guirlande. garlic ME. garlek garlick oe. gdr-lcac; for lie = oe. Ic'ac cp. leek. The first element of the compound is oe. gar 'a spear' (cp.^^r^). Hence garlic prop. *spear-leek'. garment short for me. gar- nement: borrowed fr. fr. ^ar- 7ienicnt , deriv. of fr. garnir 'garnish'. Cp. garnish. garner me. gemer'. adapted fr. OFR. gernier fr. grenier (it. granaro = lat. type grana- riiini) . garnet me. gernet: borrowed fr. FR. grcfiat (= SPA^. granate, IT. granato) : source lat. grana- ius 'having man}^ grains or seeds'. garnish vb. me. garnisshe: borrowed fr. fr. garniss-. the stem of certain forms of garnir (= IT. guarnirc^ 'avert, warn, garnish', which is of Teut. origin: teut. base warnjan. — garrison me. garnison : borrowed fr. fr. gar- nison ; deriv. of fr. garnir 'pro- vide, fortify'. Cp. garnish. garret .me. garite: borrowed fr. OFR. garite fr. guerite 'a watch- tower': derived fr. ofr. garir zcnirir save, keep' fr. giUrir (= IT. gnarire). Source a teut. wai'jan = goth. warjan 'hold, defend'. garrison see garnish. garter me. garter e: borrowed fr. OFR. gar tier jar tier fr. jarrc- tiere: deriv. of fr. jarret 'the small of the leg behind the knee'. gash ME. garse garge : borrow- ed fr. OFR. garser 'scarify'. gasp vb. ME. gaspe oe. ^gdspian: TEUT. base gaispon = on. geispa 'gasp'. The E. word is not borrowed fr. Scand. gate^ (cp. gait) 'a way, road' ME. gate : borrowed fr. ON. gata (ace. ggtti) 'way, path, road' = sw. gata 'a street , lane', dan. gade 'a street' ; ident. w. ohg. ga-T^yx g. gasse 'a street' , goth. gatwo 'a street'. gate'- 'door, gate, opening' ME. gate ydte oe. ^eat (plur. gatu leatii) ^= osax. du. gat 'a hole, opening, gap', on. gat 'an opening . gather me. gadere oe. gaderian (= DU. gaderen, G. dial, gatteni) : deriv. of oe. geador (cp. to- gether). Prob. akin to oe. gcede- ling 'cousin, G. gatte 'husband' from the same root as good. gaud a show, ornament' me. gaude: borrowed fr. lat. ^aii- diiini. — gaudy 'merry, bright, showy' fr. gaud and the suffix -y. gauge see under gage'^. gaunt prob. from Scand. ; cp. aoKW. gand 'a thin pointed stick; a tall and thin man'. gauntlet gibber 87 gauntlet borrowed fr. ofr. gautdet, dimin. of gant = fr. gant (= IT. guantd) 'a glove'. Source a teut. (med.-lat.) wantus the long sleeve of a tunic, a glove'; cp. DU. 7<.'V7///, T)X^.van/e, OK. zwtir 'a mitten'. gauze borrowed fr. fr. gaze 'cushion-canvas, tiffany' = span. gasa 'gauze'. gawk (cp. gowk) 'a cuckoo, fool' ME.' gouke: loanword from O'H.gaukr (whence sc. gowli) = onG. g(mh{hh)UYiG. gouch G.gauch, OE. "^(ac 'cuckoo'. gay ME. gay : borrowed fr. fr. gai (= IT. gajo)^ 'gay, merry'. Source OHG. gahi 'quick, sudden" G. gdhe — jiih. gaze vb. ME. gdse, prob. of Scand. origin: sw. dial, gasa 'gaze, stare'. gear me. gar points to an oe. *gcere or *gcero, ce being vowel mutation of <7 = teut. ai. Perh. akin to OE.^ar'spear [c^. garlic, g or c)l gem me. gemtne: adapted fr. FK. gemme [=vv.ge»ima). Source LAT, gemma 'a swelling bud, a jewel, a gem', whence also oe. ymm, OHG. gimvia 'gem'. gender me. gender : borrowed fr. OFR. gcndre genre fr. genre 'kind , genus , style' (= .span. ginerv, IT. getiere 'kind'). Source LAT. gencr- in genus 'race, stock'. german germane adj. formerly geriiiain ; borrowed fr. fr. ger- main (source lat. germanus). gesture borrowed fr. med.-lat. gestiira 'a mode of action' from gerere 'carry, behave'. get ME. gete borrowed fr. ON. geta; oe. y,tan would be me. yite ite\ cp. GOTH, gitan from a teut. \f get , pre -TEUT. glicd ghend-^ cogn. w. LA'i-. praehendere, gr. /avdcii'eiv. C\). forget gewgaw corrupted fr. me. giuegoue prop, gone gone (pron. gugu(): adapted of fr. joujou- ghastly me. gastly oe. gdstlic fr. oe. gckstan 'frighten' and lie = E. -ly; cp. aghast. gherkin = du. agurkje , dan. agurke, G. gurke : borrowed as orig. '^•agnrike fr. POL. ogurlk, BOHEAL okiirka fr. late gr. ayyov- (jior a cucumber, gherkin'. ghost ME. gpst OE. gdst (gcest) = synon. ohg. g. dan. geist, OSAX. gest : a common Teut. word with the same meaning for which alima is used in Goth. The orig. meaning of the word ('excitement?) is not establish- ed; yet ON. gezsa 'rage' (of fire and passion) and goth. tisgaisjan 'terrify' seem allied. For the dental formative of teut. gaist (pre-TEUT. ghaisdos) cp. the skr. yfhid (from *ghizd') be angry', liedas 'anger' with which agrees E. aghast 'angry, excited'; cp. also ghastly. giant ME. giaunt prop, geaiint fr. FR. giant =rr LAT. gigant-em, wlicnce also oi<:.OHG.^/^'-(////'giant'. gibber and with other var. gahhcr gabble, frequentatives of gab of which jabber and 88 giddy — gist Jahblc are the assibil. frequent- atives. giddy ME. gidy oe. gydii : orig. perh. 'having a demon, possessed of a demon': deriv. oigod; cp. OE. ylfii 'deranged, crazy' prop, 'possessed of elves'. gift ME. gift yift OE. gift plur. gifta 'nuptials' =' du. ohg. gift G. gift in viitgift 'a dowry' and in ohg. g. du. gift 'poison', lit. 'that which is given, GOTH. gifts in fra- 'promise' with the abstract formative -/ from gifan = git^e. The initial g in e. me. gift points as in give to Scand. influence. gig ME. gigge 'a whirling thing'; prob. Scand.: on. gciga 'rove at random' ; cp. jig. gild vb. short for me. glide OE. gyldan: derived with vowel- mutation (teut. gulpjaii) fr. gold. gill' iME. gille: borrowed fr. DAN. gjcellc, s\v. giil; icel. gjglnar \)\\\x. gills'. gill'- 'one-fourth pint' me. ^/'//t' : borrowed fr. ofr. gellc 'a sort of wine-measure' (lat. \.y\^Q, gella gillo a wine-vessel). gillyflower corrupted fr. ofr. girofie fr. clou de girofc; lat. type caryophyllum 'a clove-tree'. gimlet borrowed fr. ofr. gim- helct FR. gibelet] of Teut. origin, dimin. of the form represented by E. 7vinible 'a gimlet' cp. w ivi b Ic. gimp adapted fr. fr. gnimpc (ofr. gniniplc fr. ohg. wimpal 'a light robe' = e. wittiple). gin^ 'a trap, snare' me. (c. i 200) gin and ginn shortened fr. me. engin ^=^ fr. engiii 'a contrivance'. Source lat. ingenium. gin2 'a kind of spirit' shortened fr. earlier fr. genevre (= fr. genievre) 'juniper' (lat. juniper us 'an evergreen shrub'). ginger me. gingir.^ earlier gingi- vere from ofr. gengibre fr. gi?i- gembre (it. zenzero, mhg. ginge- bere from the synon. late lat. gingiber = gr. tiyyi^fgi<;). gingerly a Scand. loanword ; sw. dial, gingla gcingla 'go gently, totter': frequent, of on. ga7tga 'go'. * gird short for me. girde oe. gyrdan = OSAX, gurdian , du. gordcii, ohg. gurten gurtan G. gilrten, on. gyrda: all weak verbs (teut. gurdjan), ident. w. the str. vb. GOTH, bi-gairdan 'begird'. girdle me. girdcl oe. gyrdel = synon. ohg. gurtil G. giirtely DU. gordel, on. gyrdill: deriv. of gird. — girth me. gcrth: adapted fr. on. gjord 'a girdle' {gerd 'girth round the waist', GOTH, gairda 'girdle'). girl ME. girl gerl; akin to lg. g&re 'boy, girl' which is of late occurrence (first record 1652). The / of the E. word (oe. *gyrel , teut. base gtirila-) is dimin. gist borrowed fr. OFR. gist = FK. git from OFR. gesir = fr, gi'sir lie'. Source lat. jacere 'lie'. give glisten 89 give ME. give fr. on. gefa ; ident. w. MiL.yeve oe. li/aft %efan = osax. gctxiir, DU. geven, ohg. g'eban g. geben, goth. giban: a common Teut. verb ; cp. also Oir. gabim 'I take', LITH. gabinti 'bring, procure', gobinti fetch'? Cp. gift. gizzard me. giscr: adapted fr. FR. gi^sier; source lat. gizeria 'gizzard'. glad ME. glad OE. glad 'shining, bright, cheerful, glad' ; ident. w. OHG.^/c?'/G.^'-Ai'/'/'smooth, shining', DU. glad 'smooth', on. gladr glad, bright'. TEUT. *glada- for aryan ghladho-. agrees with . OSLOV. gla- dilkii 'smooth', lat. glaber (for ghlad/iro-') 'smooth'. The meaning of the E. word is secondary when compared with the orig. meaning smooth'. glair ME. gleire: adapted fr. ofr. glaire 'the white of an egg' = it. chiara d'un ovo, whence also G. eicrklar (med.-lat. clara ovi). glance vb. a Scand. loanword; cp. swED. glans , dan. glands 'brightness, splendor'. glare \\y.yi^. glare; o^.'^gldrian is unauthorized. ^•SiSS y\'^.glas o^. glees: a com- mon Teut. word, (not verified in GOTH.)- = DU. MHG. G. OSW. s\v. DAN. glas (ohg. glas glass', also 'ar*.ber); but on. ^7^;- with change from jr to r, thus proving the word to be primit. Teut. (^^glaza-*glasa-). Perh. the OTeut. name of the 'amber' (lat. glcsiwi) IS cognate. gleam me. glcm oe. glmn 'splendor, brightness, gleam ; akin to osax. gli-mo 'splendor and to G. glinijner; cp. ohg. glimo gleitfio 'glow-worm'. An ARYAn \fghli cp. in IR. gU (fr. base^/«Vf-) 'shining, clear' under glee. glean vb. me. gl^ne borrowed fr. 0¥K. glener (fr. glaner^ 'glean'. glede ME. glide glede oe. glida 'a kite' = on. gledi: deriv. of the teut. \f glfd in glide (the name of the bird means prop, 'the glider). glee mirth, joy' me. gle oe. gleo with the by-form gliia = on. gly : teut. base gllwa-, perh. akin to IR. gld (base gleizi'o-') 'clear, shining. Cp. gleaf/i. gleed (E. dial.) me. glede oe. gled (*gl(id (r. glodi-) = DV.gloed, OHG. gllWl G. glut, ON. glod, GOTH. *gld-di- : TEUT. \'~g/o under glow. glen of Celt, origin; cp. gael. IR. glean?i 'valley (cymr. Corn. gfyfi) . glide vb. me. glide oe. glidan = synon. osAX.^/iVaw, v>\s.glij{d)en, OHG. glitati g. gleiten, SAV. glida, DAN. glide glide, slide'. Cp. glede. glimmer vb. me. glimere --= G. glimmern, dan. glimre; akin to sw. gUmma and osax. glimo 'splendor under gleam. glimpse vb. ME. glitnse vb.; akin to gli?ntner. glisten vb. me. glistne OE. glis- nian 'gleam' ; akin to oe. gUsiati -- OFRis. glisa 'shin c" : teut. \'~ glit go gloat — goal in glitter me. glitere (oe. *glito- riaii) vb. 'shine' = O^.glitra, G. glitzern. A corresp. strong vb. is ON. gUta, OSAX. glitan = ohg. gli^Zfin shine' (cp. G. gleissen and GOTH, glitmunjan shine'). gloat vb. akin to G. glotzen, ICEL. glotta ; an oe. glotian is un- recorded; cogn. w. M'E..gloute(p^. "^gliiiiaii) look sullen'. gloom ov^.glpm iglmiung) 'gloom, twilight'; the m is formative (as in bloom, doo7fi)\ for the teut. y/~glo cp. glow. glory me. glgrie glgrie from ofr. glorie ^ i^KT. gloria ; cp. fr. gloire. gloss vb. akin to mhg. glosen glow . glove IME. glozie short for glove OE. ^/(^Z" = ON. glo/i 'glove'. glow vb. ME. glpwe OE. glpwan str. vb. ; cp. du. gloeijen, ohg. gluoen G. gliihen, on. ^/^<-? 'glow, glitter, shine': teut. Y"^/(5 ^/^ under gloom and e. dial, gleed. glue me. ^//V(? borrowed fr. OFR. gill 'birdlime'; source lat. gliis g Intern. glum adj. from me. glomme glojiibe vb. 'be gloomy ; as gloomy shows, connected with gloom and sw. gldmig 'languid of look'. glut sb. ME. glut sb. borrowed fr. OFR. glut glout (it. ghiotto^ 'a glutton'. — glut vb. ME. glote glide vb. borrowed fr. ofr. glotir gloutir (cp. FR. engloutir 'swallow up') ; source lat. ^'7/////>r 'swallow'. — glutton ME. gliitoun glotoun: borrowed fr. fr. glouton ofr. gluto7i\ source lat. glutio-gluttonem 'glutton'. gnarl akin to oe. gnyrran. gnash vb. iiE. gnastc 'gnash the teeth'; oe. ""gndstian is akin to on. gnista 'gnash the teeth'. gnat me. gnat(it) oe. gmett: TEUT. base gnatta-. gnaw vb. me. gnawe oe. gnagan = OSAX. gnagan, ohg. (g)nagan G. nagen, on. gnaga\ cp. a by- form with initial k: du. knageii, OS. HG. knagan 'gnaw; the G. form nagen arose from gtiagen. go ME. go OE. gdn = OSAX. gdn, DU. gaan, ohg. gdn gen G. gehen. The TEUT. Y" ghai- (= oE. gd-, OHG. ge-') supplanted the aryan \fi 'go' in LAT. ire, gr. isi'ai, SKR. \^i. Since teut. gai- has no old primit. noun-derivatives in Teut. and takes the place of the ARYAN \r/ (the aorist goth. iddja = OE. e'ode still remains) and as it is inflected after the w/-conjugation, the supposition arises that teut. *gaim "gais ''^'gaip are contracted fr. the verbal particle ga and the inherited ini iz ip == skr. bni csi Hi; cp. GR. Bi(.u. goad ME. god OE. gad; ident. with LANGOBARD. gaida 'spear': TEUT. base gaido- = pre-TEUT. I *g/iai-td ; akin to oe. gar, ohg. ger 'spear' under gore, aryan sfghi ghai'xw v,\<. /(aoc, 'shepherd's rod' goal borrowed fr. VR.gau/e ofr. waule. Source teut. walu =^ ON. voir, GOTH, walus 'a staff'. goat gossamer QI goat u^. gdte oE.^tf7=DU. on. geit, OHG. get- G. geiss, sw. get, DAN. ged, GOTH, gaits 'a goat': cogn. w. LAT. hcedus fr. Aryan ghaido-s. gobble a frequent, with suff'. -le fr. FR. gober 'devour'. god MK. OE. god = OSAX. DU. ^ersom?ner, mdd- clicnsotnmer. 92 gossip — grave gossip ME. gossip earlier gossib OE. god-sibb prop, 'relationship in God' ; see the end of the article on god. oe. sibb ^=^ ohg. sippa, GOTH, sibja means 'relation- ship'. gouge from FR. gouge. gourd ME. gourde: borrowed fr. FR. gourde (orig." ofr. gouhourde cougourde; source lat. cucurbita 'a gourd'. gout sb. ME. goutc borrowed fr. FR. goutte 'dropsy': source lat. gutta. gowk ident. w. gawk. gown ME. goune gowi fr. ofr. gone 'a gown', which is of Celt. origin (gall. - lat. gunna 'fur- coat'). grab vb. cp. sw. grabba, mlg. grabben' grasp'. An arya'N y/^g/irb/i 'to grasp' is found in SKS.. y/^grb/i 'grasp, seize' — grapsa 'bunch, tuft' and OHG. garba G. garbe 'sheaf'. grace me. grace fr. fr. grace = LAT. gratia 'favor'. grade borrowed fr. fr. grade: source LXT.gradus a step, station'. graft (Shakesp. graff) vb. me. graffe 'graft' : deriv. of OFR. graffe 'a style for writing' (fr. grejfe 'graft'?). Source "Lky:. graphium 'a style for writing'. grail 'tine .sand' fr. ofr. graile 'tine, small' = lat. gracilis. grain me. grain grein from fr. grain: source lat. granum 'a grain, corn'. grammar me. granunire gram- fnaire from fr. grammaire. grange me. graunge: adapt, of FR. grange (l.at. type granea granary deriv. oi granum corn). grant me. graunte vb. adapt, fr. ofr. granter 'caution, secure' (source a lat. type '^credentare vb. — *credcntia sb.). grape me. grcipe : loanword fr. ofr. grape grappe 'cluster of grapes'. The fr. word is con- sidered to be of Teut. origin (teut. *kr appal). grasp me. grapse perh. for *grapse oe. ^grdpsian: possibly an intensive deriv. of oe. grd- pian =-- grope. grass me. gras oe grcesgc^rs = GOTH. ON. OSAX. UU. OHG. G. graS 'herb, growth'. The final s is formative, the \f is gr a meaning 'sprtmt, grow'; cp. grow and green. grasshopper .me. grashoppcr or xg. grashoppe OK. gcers-hoppa (= DU. grashupper lg. grashiipper') : 'an insect which hops about in the grass'. Cp. hop. grate sb. me. grate: source LAT. crates a hurdle'. — grate vb. WE., grate vb. from OFR. grater 'scratch' (fr. gratier'), which is prob. ofTeut. origin (p^G.krazzdn G. kratzeti) . grave vb. me. grdve oe. grafan 'dig' = GOTH. OHG. graban G. gra- ben, DU. graven dig , ON. grafa : TEUT. y/^grab = ARYAN ghrab/i, orig. related to OSLOV. grebq 'dig' and grobii grave'. grave adj. from fr.- grave 'stately'. gravel — grizzly 93 gravel me. gravil borrowed fr. OFV.. gravele, dimin. o{ ovk. gfave 'rough sand' r'R. greve 'strand'. gravy earlier orthography ^-^r^f^?- vy, akin to greavesl gray grey me. gray grey oe. grd'i ; akin to DU. grama, ohg. grdo (infl. grower') G. gran, on. grdr, which represent a Taut, base gnhva- grewa- (oe. grcej^ pointing to a hSi?,&grdga-grega- ?). graze vb. 'feed cattle' me. grdse OE. grasian = G. grasen : deriv. of TEUT. grasa- = grass. grease me. grcse gr^'fe : adapted ixomovv^. gresse (fr. graisse) 'fat- ness'. Source lat. crassus 'fat. great me. gr{t oe. great; cp. OSAX. grot, DU. groot, ohg. ^r^5 G. ^rt'w 'great': teut. grauta-. greaves cogn. w. G. griebe ohg. griiibo 'greaves'? greedy me. gredy oe. gredi^ p-eefil -= OSKyi.grddag, onG.grd- tag, ON. grddugr, goth. gredags 'hungry' : derived from a teut. grcdu- hunger = GOTH, gredus, ON. grddr hunger'. Perh. akin to the SKR. \fgrdh 'to be greedy': A'R.YA.^ \P ghredh ghrdh. green me. oe. grene : Teut. base groni- = osAX. ^/'^«/, ohg. gruoni G. griln 'green', on. grxnn, sw. DAN. gron : deriv. of the teut. \fgrd in grow and grass. The adj. orlg. means 'growing. greet vb. me. grete oe. greta?/ = OSAX. grotian, DU. groeten, ON. grata, OUG. gruoi.'Zfiin G. griissen: TEUT. type grotjan 'greet . grey see gray. — greyhound ME. greihound formed after ON. greyhimdr 'greyhound'; cp. on. grey 'dog'? griddle me. gredel 'griddle': a CELT, loanword; cp. IR. greideal 'griddle' (fr. a lat. ^crdtelld). grief ME. gref (= odu. grief) : adapted fr. ofr. gref 'heavy' — FR. grief 'injury' (source lat. grevis for gravis). — grieve vb. \vs.. greve \\). 'burden, injure' fr. OFR. grever. grill vb. adapted fr. fr. griller broil on a gridiron'. grim ME. OE. grim {nun): teut. base grinwia- ^ OSax. ohg. grim G. grimm, ox. grimvir: cogn. w. OE. OHG. gram 'angry' G. gram. grin vb. me. grinne grenne OE. grennian 'show the teeth, snarl, grin'; cogn. w. grind. grind vb. me. grinde oe. grindan str. vb. : teut. \fgr'end = aryan ghrendh in lat. frendere 'gnash'. gripe 'XXK. gripe o^.gripan str. vb. = (d%ky..gripan, DU. grijpen, ohg. grfan G. greifcn , goth. greipan gripe, seize'. Outside of Teut. cp. the related \~ghrih in lith. greihiu greibti 'seize' and lett. griha will' — gribet 'to will'. grisly ME. grisly short for oe. gryslic {angryslic) 'terrible, hor- rible'. grist ME. grist short for oe. grist lit. 'a grinding': deriv. of grind. grit 'gravel' me. gret oe. great = ohg. grioi^ G. gries, ON. grjot. grizzly fr. me. grisel 'a gray- haired man': deriv. fr. fr. gris 94 groan — gudgeon 'gray'. Source a teut. gris- 'gray' in G. greis. groan vb. me. grgne oe. grdnian 'moan' : intensive deriv. of a str. vb. ^'grt-nan == OHG. grma/i G. greincn 'weep', DU. grijnen. groat sb.ME.^r^Vc^: a continental TEUT. word: MLG. OV)Xl. grote, DU. groot, G. grosche?!. grocer borrowed fr. OVR.. grassier (lat. type grossarius 'a wholesale dealer', cp. fr. engros'^\vo\e sale'). groin corrupted fr. ofr. gri7ie FR. grain 'the fork of a tree or of a river, a groin'. groom yx^-gribn hoy : borrowed fr. OFR. gramme gourme, whence OFR. gramet 'servant'. groove ME. grove 'a pit' = du. groeve graef ohg. gruoba G. grube, ON. grof, GOTH, graba; from oe. grafan = grave. grope vb. \\-^. grope oe. gr apian; intensive formation of gripe = oe. gj-ipan. ground me. ground oe. grt'md orig. grUnd = osax. g. grund, DU. grand, ohg. grimt, on. grund 'meadow' —grunnr (fr. ^'grunpus) 'bottom of the sea', GOTH.grzmdus in grund/ twaddjus 'foundation', lit. 'a ground-wall'. group borrowed fr. fr. groupe {= IT. grappa). grove ME.grpz'e oe. grd/ 'grove ; TEUT. base graiba- graifa-. The me. by-form gr^'ve greve 'grove, wood' corresponds to OE. grafe ^= TEUT. base graibjon- ? grovel vb. with the a.dw. grave ling ME. graveling(es) gi-ufiing{es) ; akin to ME. agriif agrauve 'groveling' and ON. a grtlfu groveling' — grilfa vb. 'bow down'. The e. word seems to be a Scand. loanword. grow vb. ME. grgwe oe. grpwan = DU. groeijen, OHG. gruaan mhg. griiejen, on. groa, sw. dan. gro: TEUT. \fgra, whence green and perh. also grass. growl ViY..growle from THJ.grallen =; g. gro lien. grub vb. ME. grubbe 'dig': teut. sl^grab under grave; cp. ohg. grubilbn (g. grilbeln 'brood, pour over). grudge vb. ME. grugge earlier grucche (short for '^grauc/^en ?) : borrowed fr. OVK. groiicher groucer murmur'. gruel ME. griiel: borrowed fr. OFR. gruel = fr. gi'uau (lat. type grutellum , dimin. of med.- LAT. grutum 'meal'). gruff borrowed fr. du. grof = sw. grof, dan. grov G. grob. grumble loanword fr. fr. grom- meler ; akin to mdu. gronnnelen, frequent. of mdu. grummen grommen 'murmur'. grunt vb. me. griinte gronte OE. gricnnettan ; ident. w. G. grunzen, dan. grynte, sw. grynta. A more primit. stem appears in OE. grunian 'grunt'. The \fgrun is imitation of sound; c]). lat. grunuire. guarantee see ivarra?it. guard vb. borrowed fr. fr. guardcr, see ward. gudgeon borrovv'ed fr. YK.gouJon (me. *gugeon *gaugeou7i}'). Gypsy 95 guess vb. AiE. gesse: prob. not a native word, but borrowed fr. the continent (du. lg. gisse/i) or fr. the Scand. (dan. gisse, sw. gissd). A native me. gesse would point to an OE. *getsian (cp. bless OE. bletsiaii) = tel't. base "Egotism ? guest ME. gest borrowed fr. SCAND. gestr 'guest'; there was a native OE. yst pest, which was supplanted by the Scand. loan- word. SCAND. gesir oe. list = OHG. OSAX. G. DU. gast represent a TEUT. base gasti-z ;= lat. hostis 'enemy ,,oSLOv. ^6) jV/" 'guest' : aryan base ghostis. guide vb. me. gide borrowed fr. FR. guider (ofr. also guier = ME. gie vb.). guild me. gilde OE. gyld; cp. DU. gild, G. gilde. guile sb. me. gile borrowed fr. OFR. guile 'treachery', which is of Teut. origin; cp. wile. guilt sb. ME. gilt OE. gylt 'a crime': teut. base gulti; a \'^ gult is unknown elsewhere. guise ME. glse fr. ofr. guise 'way, wise', which is of Teut. origin; cp. wise. gulf adapted fr. fr. golfc, whence also G. golf. The Rom. group Span. it. golfo 'a gulf, bay' is based on gr. /.nhpnc y.oknog 'bosom, laj), a deep hollow'. gullet sb. 'throat' mk. gullet golet borrowed fr. fr. goule 'throat' = LAT. gula. gum 1 short for :\IE. gome OE. gpma 'palate'; cp. on. gonir, OHG. guonio 'palate'; cogn. with the equival. lith. go?nurys: aryan \fglid {ghdu'i^. gum 2 ME. gomme gmnme: bor- rowed fr. fr. gomme = it. gomma : source lat. gtimtni (or. y.oufti^ gun ME. gunnc goniie ; the me. word was first applied to a cata- pult or machine for throwing stones; perh. shortened for ofr. 7)iangomie, which is the base of OFR. ME. mangonel 'machine for throwing stones'. gush vb. 's\'E..gusche prop.gouse/ie; akin to on. gusa vb. 'gush', odu. guisen gush': TEUT. \fgut in GOTH. giutan, OE. ^eotan, ohg. gio"^an G. giessen 'pour out'. gut ME. o^.gut (plur. ME. guttes OE. giittas) : Teut. base guttu-. gutter AiE. gutdre gotire fr. FR. goiittierc (ofr. goutier, lat. type guttarium : deriv. of lat. gutta drop'). Gypsy short for me. Egipgi(n Egyptian ; cp. span. port, gitano Gypsy' from Aegyptianiis ; mod.- greek lvcfr6ca.us Aiyvmoc. The Gypsies were popularly supposed to be Egyptians. 96 habergeon — hale H habergeon me, habergeon haw- bcrjoun: borrowed fr. ofr. hauber- gon hauberjon, dimin. of ofr. haiiberc; see hauberk. habit .ME. abit: adapted fr. fr. habit garment, habit, a custom': source lat. habitus 'condition, habit, dress'. hack vb. me. hakkc oe. haceian ijicecceaii) ^= nvJiakken, G. hacken, sw. hakka, dan. hakke; possibly from the Y~ hatvw haw seen in oe. hcawan = e. he^t:'. hack-; see hackney. hackle hatchel sb. me. hekel hechcl; cogn. w. du. hekel, G. hechel; sw. hdckla , dan. hegle (goth. ^hakila'). hackney me. hakency. borrow- ed fr. FR. haquenie 'an ambling horse' {= ODU. hackeneye, span. hacanea a hacloiey). haft me. haft oe. ha^ft; cogn. w. DU. heft, on. hepti, ohg. hefti G. heft: TEUT.y^ A^ (cp. heavy) ^ ARYAN V~irt^ in LAT. capio 'take'. hag me. hagge short for oe. hapesse = mdu. haghetissc, ohg. haga-zussa: the first part of the compound is perh. ident. w. haw, the second part still un- exy)lained. haggard ' adj. adapted fr. fr. hagard 'wild , lit. 'of the woods'; formed fr. ohg. haga with the Fr. suffix -ard from G. -hart; cp. hag. haggard ^ adj. 'lean, meager' (earlier spelling haggcd) prop, 'hag-like'. hail sb. ME. hail (haul) oe. heeiel {hagof) = du. g. sw. dan. hagel, OUG. hagal, on.hagl: Teut. bases hagla- and hagala-. Perh. cogn. w. gr. Y.dvXrjS, 'a round pebble'. A single pebble is called stone' : e. hailstone oe. ha'^elstdn, = on. haglsteifin. hail adj. (ident. w. hale adj.) me. ^^// 'healthy, sound': Scand. loanword (on. heill) superseding the native oe. hdl ^=^ e. whole. — hail vb. 'greet, salute' me. heile, formed fr. the me. adj. heil, which was borrowed fr. ON. heill. — hail (an exclamation of greeting) .ME. heil from ON. heill 'hale, whole' (esp. used in greeting as far heill 'farewell'). hair (earlier spelling hear heare in the i6. cent.) me. Mr oe. hir hcer = on. Jidr, osax. ohg. mhg. hdr, bu. DAN, G. haar, sw. hdr: Teut. base hera- Qieza-T). Orig. allied are on. haddr, oe. heord (goth. '^hazda-) 'hair'. Outside of Teut. cp. OSLOV. kosmtl kosa (Lith. kasa) 'hair' — e'esati vb. 'comb'. hale adj. (ident. w. hail adj.) fr. on. heill sound'; cp. whole. hale haul vb. 'drag me. hale oe. (j^eholian and) '^ichalian = osx'^.haldn, ofris. halia,'a\5. haleny ohg. Iiolbn (Jialbii) G. holen. The half — hamper 97 TEUT. \f hal hoi answers to lat. calare, GR. •aoKhv 'summon'. half ME. half oe. healf^= goth. halbs , ON. hdlfr, ohg. g, halb, osAX, DU. sw. half, DAN, halv: Teut. base halba- , perh. cogn. w. SKR. klpay 'arrange, divide'. halibut holibut ime. halilmi; from ME. holy 'holy' and butte 'a plaice'; cp. du. heilbot 'halibut', sw. helgflundra, dan. hellefynder ; the fish is so called because it is excellent eating- for holydays; cp. SCANT), heilagr fiskr , lg. heilige butt and heilbutt. hall ME. halle oe. hcall = on. hall ho II, osAX. halla, du. hal. teut. \fhdl hel in oe. hcla/i 'hide' = DU. helen, ohg. h'elan g. hehlen; cp. ARYAN 'V'"-^^/ 'conceal, cover' in LAT. celare occulerc, gr. V~j<«/1 in y.uXvTTTO) hide' — y.uXvliri 'hut', oiR. celim 'I hide'; skr. (dla 'house'. hallow vb. ME. hdlwe short for OE. hdl^ian: from oe. hdli-^ ^= E. holy. — hallowmass 'feast' shortened from All Hallows Mass 'mass of all saints'; hallo7vs' is the gen. of hallojcs, plur. of ME. hal{o)we 'a saint' = OE. hdlga 'a saint' from oe. hdli-^ 'holy'. Cp. holy. halo borrowed fr. lat.-gr. halos 'circle around the sun or moon'. halt adj. me. halt oe. healt = GOTH, halts, ON. haltr, oSAX. halt, OHG. hals: Teut. base luilta-, pre-TEUT. koldo — klodo in LAT. claudus halt", GR. xAatV«^oV English Etymology. 'brittle'. — halt vb. me. halte oe. healtian (= ohg. *halzen ]mhg. halzen 'limp') from oe. healt = halt adj. 'lame'. halter me. halter oe. hcelftre =: MDU. halftcr DU. halster , ohg. halftra g. halfter; closely allied to OE. /zy// m. = e. helve 'handle*, ohg. half. From the same root are derived with ^/-formation aiE. halvie 'handle', ohg. halmo mjioh- 'rope fastened to the yoke to guide the oxen'. halyard halliard 'a rope for hoisting sails' shortened from hale-yard, because the ropes haul the yards into their places. Cp. hale vb. and yard. ham ME. hamme OE. hamm lit. 'bend of the leg'; Teut. base hatfima- from an Aryan kamnd- kndmd- in gr. ■Avr^uyj ? OIR. cndim (base kndnii-^ bone'. hame 'horse-collar' me. home (oE. *ha?na) = DU. Jiaam, g. hamen : Teut. base haman- cogn. w. GR. y.Tjfioc, LAT. cdtnus 'muzzle'. hamlet me. ha7)ielet; formed with dimin. suftix -et from ofr. hamel {= Fr. hameaii) : source a Teut. word ofris. hd7n =r e. home (with dimin. suffix -ef). hammer me. hamer oe. hanior = ON. hamarr , oSAX. hamur, OHG. Jiamar G. hamf/ter; on. hamarr denotes also 'rock, cliff", pointing to relationship with OSLOV. kajfiy 'stone'. hamper vb. me. hampere hampre vb. hamper sb. borrowed fr. ofr. 98 hand hard hanapier, orig, 'a vessel to keep cups in' from ofr. ha nap (Lat. type hanapiis) 'goblet'. The Fr. hanap is of Teut. origin; cp. OE. hiiap , OHG. hnapf G. napf, JNILG. DU. ?iap. hand me. oe. hand hand = GOTH, handus , ON. hpnd , ohg. hant g. osax. du. hand: prob. derived fr. teut. goth. hinpan 'catch' (cp. hound and hunt). — handle vb. me. handle oe. handlian = du. handclen , on. hgndla, ohg. hantalon g. handeln : frequent, vb. derived fr. ha?td. — handle sb. me. handcl oe. handle from handle vb. — hand- cuff 'a cuffiox the ,^(rW adopted fr. ME. handcops 'a handcuff' from oe. handcops 'a handcuff' from OE. hand 'hand' and cops 'a fetter'. — handicraft with unorig. in- serted i (after ha n diworJi) from OE. handcra-ft. — handiwork me. handiwerc oe. hand-i^cxveorc from OE. hond and ^en'corc ident. w. wcorc. The z is due to the prefix OE. le. handsome me. handsom prop, 'easy to handle'. — handy me. hendy OE. hendij^ in listhendij^ ? Akin \v. GOTH, handugs clever', DU. handig 'handy, expert'; perh. not derived fr. hand, but akin to GR. y.evvi(0 'prick, spur'; cp. OHG. hantag 'sharp', hang vb. me. hange oe. hangian = OHG. hangen G. hangcn: deriv. of a str. vb. teut. *hanhan =^ GOTH. OHG. hahan = OE. hp'n (for */whi7?i); cp. hunger. hanker vb. akin to du. hunkeren (dial, hankei-eti) long after'; prob. akin to hang and hunger. hap sb. ME. hap borrowed fr. scand. happ 'chance, good luck'; cp. OE. lehcep 'fit'. — Hence happen vb. me. happene ex- tended for ME. happen (cp. SW^ed. happii). — Cf). perhaps. harass vb. loanword fr. fr. harasser 'vex'. harbor sh. 'ME. herl>erwe, earlier (i2. cent.) herJierge inn, lodging, guest house": Scand. loanword, cp. ON. herherge 'inn, lodging' = OHG. Jicri-berga 'guest house' (prop, 'sheltering place fQr the army) G. herberge, du. herberg. The first part of the compound is OE. here = ohg. osax. her/, GOTH, harjis 'army . The second part is derived fr. a lost str. vb. TEUT. bergan 'shelter'. — harbinger me. herbcrgeour 'one who provides lodgings : deriv. of OFR. herbej-ger vb. 'lodge, quarter' which is a deriv. of OFR. herberge (= FR. auberge). This is ident. w. OHG. heribcrga (see harbor'). hard adj. me. hard oe. heard; perh. the ME. phonology points to its being borrowed from ON. hardr. Cp. osax. du. hard, ohg. herti hart G. hart 'hard, solid, heavy, painful", on. hardr, sw. hard, dan. haard, goth, hardus 'hard, severe': Teut. base hardu- =^ ARYAN karti'i- in GR. Y.oarvq {y.d(jTa). — hardy adj. me. hardy borrowed fr. FR. hardi which \z hards — hasp 99 of Teut. origin ; cp. ohg. harti hei'ti under hard. hards sb. 'the refuse or coarse part of flax' me. herdes OE. hear dan plur. 'hards of flax; akin to OE. heord, on. haddr 'hair ? hare me. hdi-e oe. hara = OHG. haso G. hase; for the rhotacism in E. cp. ox. here: Teut. base hasan- haza/i-; an ARYAN kaso- is represented in the synon. skr. (a(a, opruss. sasins 'hare'. The Aryan name of the animal points perh. to the OE. adj. haso hasu gra}'. hark vb. me. hcrke (oe. "^hircian *hyrdaft) from a Teut. base *hauzi(/on = OFRIS. herkia, mlg. horken G. horchen mhg. hSrchen late OHG. horechen from *hdrah- hon: derived fr. the teut. \f hauz in GOTH, hausjan = E. hear. — harken vb. me. her/we short for OE. hircnian hyrcnian; an E. derivative of the verb hear; cp. ta/k and iel/, lurk and lower. harlot ME. harlot a disorderly person' (of either sex) : loan- word fr. OFR. harlot vagabond". harm me. harm, oe. hearm = OSAX. hart?i ohg. hara?n 'insult, mortification'; cogn. w. OSLOV. sramii (fr. *sormii) 'shame, dis- grace'.^ harness me. harncis; borrowed fr. oiR. harncis armor', whence also g. harnisch. harp ME. harpe oe. hearpe; cp. synon. on. harpa, du. harp, ohg. ha7pfa harfa G. harfc. The Teut. word occurs first in the 5'^ cent, as LAT. harpa; fr. harpe is of Teut. origin. harpoon adopted fr. fr. harpon, whence also du. hatpoen (g. har- piine). Source LAT. harpago(nem). harrow sb. me. harwc (point- ing to OE. *hearwe or *hearge^ ; perh. akin to the synon. G. harke, DU. hark, on. ha-Ji, dan. harv, SW. harf 'harrow'. harry vb. me. herie herien oe. her^ian herigan 'overcome with an army' (= goth. *harjon, on. herja 'go on a plundering ex- pedition', ohg. herion g. ver- heeren): derived fr. teut. harja- army' under harbor. harsh adj. late me. harsk: a Scand. loanword; cp. dan. osw. harsk 'rancid. hart sb. me. hert oe. heort (heorot) =^ du. hert, ohg. /;/r?^- hirz G. hirs now hirsch, on. hjgrtr, sw. hjort , dan. hiori: Teut. base *h'eriit- from ARYAN kerud-, cogn. with lat. cervus 'hart' and GR. xf (^ao'^' (Ht. 'horned' from y.tga^- 'a horn ), kymr. earw hart, pruss. sirrt'is, osloy. stirna roe . harvest :me. hervest oe. hcerfest ^= du. herfst, ohg. her hist G. herhst: related to lat. carpere 'pluck', GR. y.aono:^ 'fruit', y.oio- TTiov 'a pruning-knife', skr. krpaua 'sword', lit. klrp-ii shear'. hash sb. from fr. hacher vb. 'hack' (of Teut. origin , cp. hack vb.). hasp ME. haspe oe. haps (for lOO haste hawk *hcesp) = DAN. SW. G. MHG. haspe, ON. hespa 'hasp'. haste vb. me. haste: loanword fr. OFR. haster (fr. hater), whence also DU. haasteti, G. hasten 'make haste'. The fr. vb. is prob. a Teut. loanword. hat sb. ME. hat (plur. hattes) OE. hcEt (plur. hcettas) = ON. Apttr 'hood, cowl', sw. hatt, dan. hat 'hat' : Teut. base hattu- cogn. w. hood sb. and perh. also with LAT. cassis (fcjr ^^cat-tis) 'helmet'. hatch vb. me. hacche; cp. MHG. hccken 'produce young from eggs by incubation' G. aushecken 'hatch', sw. hdcka 'breed', dan. hcekkebiiur 'breeding cage'. hatch sb. 'halfdoor' me. hacche OE. hcBcc'^ cogn. w. DU. hek'^ hatchel see hackle sb. hatchet sb. me. hacchet: loan- word from FR. hachette, dimin. of FR. hache 'axe': source a TEUT. hakka cp. hack vb. hate vb. ME. fidte older hdtieii OE. hatiaii = GOTH, hatan, DU. haten, OSAX. haton, ohg. haxipn G. hassen. — hate sb. me. hate influenced by the vb. hate ; earlier isiE. hcte OE. hetc = OSAX. hcti, DU. haat, ohg. ha-^ G. hass, ON. hatr, sw. hat, dan. had, GOTH, hatis. The teut. \f hat 'hate' is perh. ident. w. the Teut. \^ hap in OE. heado- 'war' = OHG. hadu and G. hader 'quarrel'. hatred me. }uitride{n): abstr. noun from the vb. hate', cp. ki/idred. hauberk me. hauberk borrowed fr. OFR. huuberc; source OHG. halsb'erc prop, 'neck-defence'. haughty adj. me. hautein 'arro- gant' from OFR. hautain; source OFR. haut = LAT. alius 'high'. haul see hale vb. haunch sb. me. haunche: loan- word from FR. hanche (oFR. hanke of Teut. origin ; cp. ohg. anka ?) . haunt vb. me. haunte borrowed fr. FR. hanter 'haunt, frequent'. have JSIE. have oe. habban = OSAX. hebbian, du. hebben, * ohg. haben G. haben, on. hafa, goth. haban: Teut. base habai-^ ident. w. LAT. habere! Aryan base khabhey ? haven me. haven late oe. hcefene, prob. a Scand. loanword; cp. on. hgfn 'haven' ; perh. allied to OE. hcef, on. haf 'ocean'. haversack borrowed fr. fr. havresac 'a knapsack' from G. habcrsack hafcrsack 'a sack for oats'. haw jME. hazve oe. haga 'an inclosure' = ON. hagi\ cp. OHG. hag 'an inclosure' G. hag 'a hedge', DU. haag 'a hedge, garden'. A corresponding Aryan \f kagh is evident' in cymr. cae, corn, ke 'hedge'. — Hence hawthorn OE. hagu-porn. Cp. hedge. hawk ME. hauk oe. heafoc; cp. OSAX. *habiic in the proper name Habiic-horst , DU. havik , OHG. habuh G. habicht with secondary hawser — heart lOI /, ON, haukr (for hptnikr) , SW. Aok, DAN. Mg-; GOTH, "^habuks with formative -ka- as in ahaks 'dove'. The \f haf is seen in OE. hebban e. heave orig. 'take, seize' as in lat. capere. hawser 'a tow-rope' borrowed fr. the OFR. vb. haulser 'raise, tow a boat' (Lat. type altiare 'elevate, raise'). hay ME. hey oe. he^ hli : Teut. base hauja- = goth. hawi (gen. haiijis) 'hay, grass', OHG. hewi houwi G. heu, on. hey, sw. DAN. ho, DU. hooi; orig. verbal adj. of the Teut. verbal \^ hau seen in //6'7i'. Hence hay 'grass to be hewn' (orig. hatija- sc. grasa-^. hazel ME. hdsel on. h^esel = DU. hazel, OHG. hasala G. //^i'.?/, ON. y^rt'.y/: from pre-XEUX. koslo-, hence in Lat. with rhotacism coriilus for '^cosulics 'hazel' ; cp. also oiR. coll 'hazel' for *cosll he ME. OE. he = OS AX. hL head short for me. hed fuller form hcved OE. hgafod=^ on. haufup {hp/iif), GOXH. haubip , OSAX. hobid, DU. hoofd, ohg. houbit G. haiipt: Teut. base hatibida- hau- buda- is closely allied to oe. hilfe, OHG. hiiba G. ^a/^/^6' 'cap, hood'. This n-xoo\. (ARYAN kiip-l') may be connected with lax. caput, if this is traceable to an hypo- thetical *caii.put *copui. — head var. suffix of -hood. heal vb. me. hc'l^ oe. luela?i; cp. the synon. oSAX. hclian, du. j heelen, ohg. heilan G. heilen, ON. ' hcila, GOXH. hailjaii 'heal': deriv. of the Teut. adj. haila- := E. whole (cp. also hail adj. — hale adj.). — health me. helthe oe. htklp 'healing, cure' = ohg. heilida : an abstract formation from the adj. hdl 'whole, hale' (see whole). heap ME. hep OE. heap 'heap, troop, crowd' = OSAX. hop, DU. hoop, OHG. hoiif 'crowd, troop' G. haufe 'crowd , troop , pile' {GOT^.'^haups). OSLOV. kiipii and LiTH. kaupas 'heap' are prob. allied. hear vb. me. here oe. her an (wESX-SAX. hyran) = oSAX. horiafi, du. hooreti, OHG. horan G. horen, on. hcyra, sw. hora, DAN. h'&re: all with rhotacism versus goxh. haiisjati 'hear' (cp. harkKXidhearke/i). The xeux. \Phatcz = ARYAN kous may be connected with gr. a-y.nvco for d-y.ov6(o (with prefix a- = SKR. sam) and with xeux. rt:/^^'^ 'ear' = ear. hearken var. oi hark en', cp. hark. hearse sb. me. lursc herfe orig. 'a triangular harrow' , then a carriage for a dead body': adopted fr. ofr. herce 'a harrow' = FR. herse 'a harrow'. Source LAX. hirpex — hirpicem a harrow'. heart me. herie oe. heortc', equivalent to osAX. hcrta, on. hjarta, goxh. hairto (ohg. hcrza g. herz by the second sound- shifting): Teut. base herton- or hertan- = Aryan base kerd krd in LAX. cor cordis, gr. /aodin I02 health — heel and y.iig for '^arjgd, IR. cride, OSLOV. sridicc 'heart'. hearth me. herth oe. heorp = DU. heet'd^ OSAX. herth, G. herd: a TEUT. \fher 'burn' (cp, lat. cre-7nare 'burn?) may be as- sumed as the base of E. hearth and GOTH, hauri' coaV plur. ham-ja 'fire', ON. hyrr 'fire'. heat sb. ME. hcte oe. hxeto, the abstract sb. from the adj. OE. hat {= E. /;/ 'a waste', ON. heidr. Hence heathen me. hcthcn oe. hcedcn corresponding to on. heidinn, DU. ]\ihg. hcideii G. //dvVr. In goth. we find only a femi- nine haipnb 'a heathen woman', whereby the existence of tlie common Teut. masculine haipina is secured for the fourth cen- tury. It seems to be a trans- lation of the synon. lat. pagairus occurring in the latter half of the fourth century of the Chris- tian era. heave vb. me. hcve earlier hcbbe OE. hebban str. vb. = on. hefja, OSAX. hebbian, DU. heffen, OHG. heffan hcvati G. heben, GOTH, hafjan 'lift, raise' : ARYAN. \P" kap in lat. capio seize'. See heavy. heaven me. heven oe. heofon = OSAX. heban (lg. hcroeti) with a by-form himil, ohg. hiffiil, DU. hetnel, G. sw. dan. himniel'. the /-suffix stands by dissimilation for the older ^-suffix after goth. himins, ON. himhm, whilst in the Saxon forms the orig. 7}i is dis- similated to b. The common Teut. word is prob. a deriv. of a more primit. teut. haiman- 'clearness , brightness' (oeris. hmnlicht 'bright as the sky'): TEUT. \f hai in G. heiter, OE. ha-dor 'serene'. Cp. hoar. heavy me. hevy oe. hefi^ -= OHG. hcbig, ON. hgfugr 'heavy': deriv. of the TEUT. \P^ haf in heave. hedge me. hegge oe. hecg (oe. also hei^e me. heye haye') : Teut. base hagja-\ cp. ohg. hecka G. he eke, DU. hegge heg. Cp. haiu. heed vb. me. hede oe. hedan = OSAX. hodian, ohg. huoten G. hiiteny DU. hoeden. The teut. \f hod from ARYAN kddh {JwdhT) or kdt is regarded as orig. cogn. w. LAT. cassis (for *eat-tis) 'hel- met'; cp. hood sb. heel sb. me. hele oe. hela hcela shortened from "^'hdhila = east- FRIS. hela (whence DU. hiel)y dimin. of oe. hoh 'heel'; a Teut. base hanha- cp. in on. hdll 'heel', DAN. ha-p SW. hiil, and in E. hough. heel vb. 'incline' shortened from ME. heI4e OE. hddan hyldan = OHG. he/dan w. vb. 'incline': Teut. base halpjan derived fr. the Teut. adj. halpa- 'inclined heifer — hen 103 in OE. niderheald 'bent down- wards'. heifer me. haifer (heck/re) OE. heahfore heahfre (^hcegfreT) 'a young cow': apparently a com- pound, but of obscure elements, the first element seems to be heah- hce-y- = teut. haha- haga- cp. G. dial, hagen hegeVhnW, ox'; the second element is perh. OE. fearr 'bull, ox' (gr. tiomc. heifer). height U¥..heg/ite earlier heghthe OE. hchpo hyhpo = goth. hau- hipa 'lieight', on. hdd: abstr. formation from the teut. adj. hauha- = high formed with suff. ■ipa (cf. length, strength^. heinous me. heinous from ofr. hdinos ^= FR. haineux 'hateful'. heir me. heir eir from ofr. heir eir = LAT. heres 'an heir'. hell ME. helle oe. hell\ cp. GOTH, halja, OSAX. hell — hellia, one. hc'lla G.holle: common Teut. Christian name for 'Hades, in- fernum'; on. hcl shows that the older orig. word was also used in pre-Christian times for heathen 'infernum'. Cp. also ON. //el 'goddess of death'. Usually con- nected with v^ hel hal 'conceal' (cp. half), hence //^// 'the hid- ing place, the unseen place'. helm sb. me. helnie oe. hcbna', cp. on. hjalm a rudder'. helmet dimin. of me. oe. helm. In the form helma- 'helmet' com- mon to the Teut. langs.; cp. GOTH, hilms, ON. hjalvir, SW. DAN. hjelm, OSAX. DU. G. hehn with the same meaning that may be derived fr. the verbal \f hel in OE. OHG. helan, goth. hilan 'hide, conceal' (aryan sT kel in lat. celare , occukre , skr. (arman protection'). help vb. ME. helpc oe. helpmi = GOTH, hilpan, on. hjalpa, svv. hjelpa, DAN. hjcelpe, osAX. helpan, DU. LG. helpen, ohg. h'elfan G. helfen. teut. \f^ help from pre- TEUT. sfkelb- (lith. szelpti vb. paszalpa 'help' pointing to an ARYAN yfkelp). helve sb. me. helve oe. help hylf: Teut. base halhi-; cp. mlg. i!iiDU. helve, ohg. halba helba mho. help ha Ip 'a handle. S>&e halter. hem sb. me. /lem (plur. heinmei) OE. hem (plur. hemt/ias): Teut. base hamja-. hemlock me. heinlok huvilok OE. hcmlic hymlec: the second part of the compound seems to be explanatory (cp. leek), the first part points to a Teut. base *haumi- ? hemp ME. hefnp oe. hanep; cp. ON. hampr, DU. hennep, ohg. hanaf g. hanf'. ident. w. the synon. lat. cannabis, GR. Y.dvva(it(^. The Teut. word cannot be borrowed from GR. or LAT. Perh. the Teutons adopted the word and the thing from the Scythians whence the word came also to Greece. hen ME. oe. hen (stem henn-): the fem. of OE. hana 'cock' = OHG. henna G. hcnne (goth. *han/o-) derived fr. hana m. 'cock'). ON. h(vna (sw. hbna I04 hence hidei 'hen') points to goth. '^•Jionjo. The common teut. masc. hafian- (goth. oe. hana, ohg. hand) orig. meant 'singer', primit. re- lated to LAT. cantre 'sing'. hence me. hcnnes with secon- dary -s (as in thence, otice) for an earlier henne, which by syn- cope stands for late oe. heo7iane mostly OE. heonan ^ OSAX. ohg. hinan (g. von hhmen). An origi- nal stem ///- 'this' is evident also in here and hither. herald me. herald {JieraiuV) : borrowed fr. fr. hh-aut (lat. type heraldus), which is of Teut. origin [heri-wald}). herb me. herbe adopted fr. fr. herbe: source lat. herba 'grass'. herd' 'a flock' short for me. herde OE. heord = goth. hairda, ON. hjgrd, sw. dan. hjord ohg. herta G. herde, teut. herdo- from ARYAN kerdha is cogn. w. SKR. (cirdhas fdrdha-s 'troop'; also OSLOV. creda 'herd, flock', lith. kerdzns 'shepherd'. See herd-. — herd^ 'shepherd' now usually compounded [shep-, cow-, swine-,) ME. herde oe. hyrde {Jiiorde), GOTH, hairdcis, on. hirdir, OHG. hirti G. hirtc: with formative ja- from TEUT. herdo- 'herd, flock'. here ]\ie. here oe. her ^ goth. ON.' OSAX. her ohg. hiar g. hier: adv. of place (formed like goth. aljar 'elsewhere', f>ar 'there' cp. there) from the pronom. stem hi- in goth. hi-?/ima daga 'to- day' und hi-na dag 'till to-day (cp. hence and hither). The j stem hi- is cogn. w. lith. szis, OSLOV. si 'this one', lat. ci-s ci-tra 'on this side'. heron istE. heiroun from ofr. hairon ^= fr. hiro7i. . herring me. hering oe. hdring = ohg. haring mhg. hcerinc G. hering, du. haring. westteut. hdring is the source of fr. harejig. hest 'a command' me. histe Mst with inorganic t from OE. hczs 'a command' = teut. haisi- orig. hait-ti TEUT. \'^hait in OE. hdtan 'command'. See behest and hight. hew vb. ME. have oe. heqwan = OSAX. hauwaii, ohg. houwa?i g. hauen, du. houwen ; on. hgggva points to GOTH, '^haggwan in place of TEUT. hawwan. The verbal \^ hawzn haw (cp. >^a;') is allied to the Aryan \^ho7ei in OSLOV. >^(??'rtr — kovati 'forge', lith. kctuju 'I strike' — /^///VV "hammer. heyday orig. i^^")' rt'rt'_>' = e. high day. hiccough hiccup, also hick-et looks like a dimin. of hick or hik 'a catch in the voice', imi- tative of sound? hide ' sb. ME. hide oe. hyd (by- vowel mutation fr. a Teut. base hu- di-); synon. in all Teut. languages except Goth,; cp. ohg. hiit a. hatit, ON. hud, dan. sw. hud, DU. huid. ARYAN ktiti-s answers to LAT. ciitis 'skin'; cp. GR. y.vxog 'skin, hide'. The \f ku appears in LAT. scii-timi 'shield', GR. (T/i'-ros' 'skin, hide' with a prefix s. hide2 hipi 105 hide- sb. 'a measure of land' OE. hid cox\ir. of OE. /;/^/V/ 'enough land for a household'; prop. *hiwida- 'family' allied to hifid'^. hide vb. ME. hide oe. hydan: Teut. base Mdjan, perh. cogn. w. CYMR.«/!r/^/ 'hidden, concealed' and GR. Y.iv&w 'hide': Aryan .^kndhl hideous by change of suffix for me. hidoiis adopted fr. ofr. hidous = FR. /u'dfux: source a lat. type hispidosus, extension of lat. hispi- dtis 'rough, shaggy, bristly'. hie vb. 'hasten' me. /dc earlier hiie higen oe. higiaii. Teut. base hl-gai- perh. a reduplication of an ARYAN \^ki in lat. ci-io 'quickly', g^.yahv go'? Or cogn. w. SKR. (ighra 'quick'? high adj. me. heigh earlier hch \ OE. hcah = GOTH, hduhs, on. hdr, DU. hoog, osax. ohg. hoh, G. hoch: TEUT. hauha- from an ARYAN kouko-. OTEUT. possessed a sb. formed from the adj. meaning 'hill (base kouko-s) ; cp. ON. hang)- 'hill' (whence e. hoiv in proper names) and with ablaut G. hiigel; cp. LirH. kaii- kara 'hill'. hight vl). me. highte heghte oe. heht QiihtT) 'was called : pret. to OE. hdtan = goth. haiian, G. heisLii. hill me. Ml (plur. hillcs) oe. hyll (plur. hyllas): Teut. base huUi- or hulja- cogn. w. goth. hallus 'rock' and ON. hallr 'hill'; an ARYAN \fkol cp. in lat. collis 'a hiir, culmefi 'a top', lith. kattias kalva hiir, GR. y.oXaiVoC' hilt ME. OE. ///// = ON. hja/^, OHG. heha 'a sword-hilt'. hind ^ ME. hinde oe. hind = ON. DAN. sw. hiffd, DU. hifide, OHG. hinia G. hindin. goth. *hindi (gen. ^hindjos) is perh. connected with GR. y.fu-dg 'youngdeer'. hind*^ 'a peasant' me. hine OE. hina 'a domestic'. Cp. hide^. There is a Teut. base hhoa- in GOTH, heiwa-frauja 'husband', OE. hiwrdden 'family, household' = OHG. hirat 'marriage' G. heirat. hind in behind and hind-feet akin to the oe. adv. hi7idan 'at the back of — hiftder 'backwards' ^ GOTH, hindar prep, 'behind', G. hinter prep, 'behind'. — hin- der vb. ME. hindre oe. hinderian = ON. hindra OHG. kintiren hin- taron G. hindern. — hindmost corrupted fr. hindtnest (confused with 7nosi) = goth. hindufnists 'hindmost'. hinge me. hmge; oe. *hencge (for TEUT. *hangjdn-') is not re- corded: deriv. of the TEUT. \f hanh hang (see hang^\ cp. MLG. mdu. henge 'rack for hang- ing up things'. hint sb. shortened fr. ]ME. hinted part, of hinte (Jienie) = OE. hentan 'seize, hunt after' fr o m \^ henp seen in hunt! hipi sb. 'ME. hipe oe. hype; cp. GOTH, hiips (nom. plur. hilpeis), DU. heup, G. hilfte ]vmG. huf (plur. hiiffe) OHG. hiif (plur. hu/fi): TEUT. hiipi- from Aryan kiiOi-. io6 hip^ — hog hip- sb. 'the fruit of the dog- rose' ME. hepe OE. heope = OSAX. hiopa, OHG. hiiifo mhg. hiefe. hip vb. ME. hippe OE. *hyppan = AfflG. hup fen hilpfeti G. hupfen\ allied to OE. hoppian ^ E. hop vb.; o^. hoppcttan, G. hopfai, on. hoppa. hire vb. me. /z//-(? oe. hyrian vb. = DU. hurcn, OFRIS. /^/r^r, sw. Avvv?, DAN. /yr^ mlg. huren, cheuern 'hire, rent': West-Teut. base hiirjon. hiss vb. ME. hisse: prob. an onomatopoetic word as ODU. hisschen 'to hiss'. hit vb. ]\IE. hitte: adopted fr. ON. hitta, DAN. /z///^'; perh. cog. w. GOTH, hinpan 'catch'. hitch vb. me. hicche 'move' ; OE. *hyccanl hither me. oe. hider: derived from a Teut. pronoun hi- 'this' in here and hence; cp. goth. hidre, ON. hedra 'on this side'; cogn. with LAT. ci-tra 'on this side'. For the suffix cp. thither. hive ME. hive oe. hyf: Teut. base hubi- in mlg. hiive 'hive', DU. huif; cogn. w. LAT. cupa 'bowl? hoar adj. i\ie. hor oe. hdr ^ GOTH, "^haira-, on. hdrr 'hoary', OSAX. OHG. her g. hehr 'distingui- shed', also 'venerable'. The orig. meaning of the adj. was prob. 'venerable', on. and E. have the meaning 'gray with age'. A teut. \'~hai 'glitter, shine' is supported b}' heaven and ON. //if/V/ 'clearness of the sky' ; teut. hai from ARYAN koi is cogn. with skr. ke-tti-s 'light, lustre, torch'. hoard me. oe. hard =^ osAX. hord iJioriJi) , goth. huzd, on. hodd n. — hoddr m., OHG. G. hort. teut. hozda- from ARYAN kuzdho- for kudhto- part, 'that which is hidden'; cp. gr. y.svdio under hide vb. Hoarhound me. hgrhoutie oe. sio hare hiine 'the hoar hound' ; OE. hilne is a plant-name. hoarse me. horse prop, hgs, oe. has pointing to goth. '^haisa- = OHG. heis heisi MHG. heis heise; the r of MHG. G. heiser seems to be the same r as in E. iioarse = jMdu. heersch (mod. DU. heescli) ; perh. originating from the OE. dat. has re (tnid hdsre stefne) transposed to hdrse ^= ME. horse} hobble vb. ]\IE. ho/de for * hopple; frequent, of hop vb. hobby sb. 'a toy like a horse, ambling nag, a favorite pursuit'; ME. hobin 'a nag': borrowed fr. OFR. hobin 'a little horse'? hock corruption of Hochhcim: the name of a German town on the river Main, famous for wine. hoe sb. from FR. houe 'a hoe' : source OHG. houwa = G. haue 'hoe'. hog ME. hog (plur. hogges') OE. hocg (plur. hoggas): a Welsh loanword, cp. w. h7iich 'a sow' (bret. corn, hoch 'pig'). — hogs- head cp. the equiv. mlg. hukes- hbvet huxhovet du. okshoofd (earlier also hokshoofd') g. oxho/t, sw. oxhu/vud, DAN. oxehoved: origin hoist — hooil 107 and history of this compound are unauthorized. hoist vb. earlier hoise akin to the equivalent lg. his sen , DU. hijscheti, dan. heise, sw. kissa, G. hissen, fr. hisse?-, it. issare. hold vb. ME. hplde OE. hdldan {Iicaldari) = OHG. haltan (Jwlt/ui/i) G. ha/ten , OSAX. goth. haldan, DU. Jwuden, on. halda : a common TEUT. vb. Cp. behold. hold sb. (the hold of a ship) prop, hole: ident. w. hollotv and hollow, cp. DU. hoi's, hole, cave'. — hole sb. ME. hole hoi oe. hoi 'a cave' = on. holr, ohg. mhg. //(^/ G. hohl, DU. /?. 'army' me. host pst: host' hull 109 loanword fr. OFR. hoste 'army' (source LAT. hostis — hosteni), host^ sb. 'entertainer iviE. hgste: loanword fr. ofr. hostc (= lat. hospiteni). Hence hostess me. hgstesse from ofr. hostesse and hostler ime. hostUi- 'innkeeper' from OFR. Jiosielier 'innkeeper'. host'^ sb. (in the mass) me. hgste gste : source lat. liostia, FR. hostie. hot adj. ME. hot OE. hat'. Teut. base haita- = on. heitr, DU. hc.et, OSAX. het, ohg. hei-^ G. heiss 'hot'; the TEUT. \^ hit cp. in GOTH, heito 'fever' and in on. /////, OSAX. hittia, G. hitze 'heat' ; cp. heat sb. hough sb. ]ME. hough (Jig) OE. hgh 'the heel'; hence the dimin. heel. Teut. base hanha- in on. hitll 'heel'. hound ME. hound OE. hand hund = GOTH, hunds, on. hundr, DAN. SWED. hund, DU. houd, OSAX. G. hund OHG. hunt: Teut. base hunda- prop, 'the hunter', derived fr. the teut.-GOTH. vb. hinpan 'seize, capture' (oe. hup 'booty'); see hunt. hour 2kiE. houre oure borrowed fr. OFR. {h)ure (h)ore {^= fr. heui-), whence also DU. uur, g. uhr (dial. auer). Source lat. hora. house ME. hous oe. hus: Teut. base hiisa- in goth. gud-kus 'house of God', osAX. ohg. hits G. haus, DU. huis, ON. hiis. housings earlier houss (of a horse), borrowed fr. fr. housse'i hovel me. hovel 'small hut': dimin. with suffix -el from oe. hof z= ON. hof 'a temple, a hall' ; cp. G. hof 'a yard'. — hover vb. intensive derivative of ME. hove vb. 'tarry, wait'; cp. OFRis. hovia 'receive in one's house : derived fr. teut. hofa- 'hall, yard'. how ME. how OE. hu (for "^hwii *hwg) : Teut. form hwo in OSAX. hwo 'how', OHG. WHO ; du. hoe for hwo, ofris. hu: formed from the Teut. stem hwa- in who\ cp. GR. TlbZq. how in local names cp. high. howl vb. iiE. houlc; cp. du. huilen, G. heulen. huckster me. huckstire (oe. '^huccestre); orig. 'a female re- tailer ; akin to mhg. hucke hocke 'a retailer'; derived from MHG. hocken vb. 'squat', on. hokkinn 'bowed, bent. Cp. du. heiilien vb. 'huckster, retail' — heuker huckster, retailer'. hue ^ sb. ME. hewe hew oe. heow 'appearance': ident. w. GOTH. Iiiwi (g. hiujis) 'form, appearance', sw. hy 'skin, com- j plexion'. I hue 2 sb. 'outcry' l\rE. hit derived fr. KR. huer 'hoot, hiss'. huge adj. ]\rE. hiige {Jiouge)'. loanword fr. OFR. ahugc 'huge'. hull husk' ME. hule OE. hulu 'hull, husk'; cp. synon. G. hulse OHG. hulsa for ''Piulisa (goth. *hulisi or "^huluzi) : formed from the sj^hel hul (g. hiille) under no humble hutch hell, hollow and holster. — hull body of a ship' ident. w. hold sb. humble adj. me. humble bor- rowed fr. FR. humble {= lat. humilis) . humblebee sb. me. hombel-be; an equivalent OE. *hu7nbol is to be assumed for ohg. hnmbal G. hummel, DU. hotmncl 'humble- bee'. humor jnie. hiitnour from ofr. humor = fr. hmtieur. hundred me. oe. hundred {hundrep), ident. w. OSAX. hun- darod, G. hundert, on. humlrad\ the word is appar. a comp., the second part of which belongs to GOTH, rapjan vb. 'count'; the first part GOTH. OE. hund is cogn. w. LAT. cenium, GR. hy.fxrov, SKR. (atdm. hunger am. hunger honger OE. hu/igor ; cp. synon. osAX. ohg. hungar g. hunger, ON. hungr] GOTH, hfihrus (for *hunhrus) 'hunger' with the derived hiig- grjan 'hunger' : common teut. hunhru- hungru- hunger' from ARYAN, kdnkru- ? cp. lith. kanka 'torture' with on. hd vb. 'torture' (from TEUT. *hanhbn). hunt vb. ME. hunte oe. huntian: a secondary verb from a primit. vb. shown in goth. frahinpan 'take prisoner'. From the same root E. hound and hand. hurdle me. hirdel oe. hyrdel, dimin. of an oe. *hyrd z=. ohg. hurt (plur. hurtt) G. hi'irde; cp. on. hurd 'door', GOTH, hatirds door'. The meaning 'door' is developed from the common meaning 'wickerwork'. Teut. base hurdi- = aryan krti in LAT. crates, GR. y.vgzf] 'a fishing- basket' — yi.d(}raXng 'a (woven) basket'; cp. skr. k/'t 'spin' — cri 'bind, connect'. hurl vb. me. hurle earlier hurtle vb. hurricane sb. akin to the synon. du. orkaan, dan. sw. g. orkan, fr. ouragan, IT. uracano, SPAN, huracan 'a hurricane' ;,after the discovery of Americaadopted fr. Caribbean hurakan 'a hurri- cane'. hurry vb. me. hurie horie vb. 'hasten'. hurt vb. ME. hurte hirte vb. 'offend' borrowed fr. OFR. hurter (fr. heurtei-). husband sb. am. husbonde oe. (about \o^o) hilsbonda'. a Scand. loanword, cp. ON. hilsbondi, sw. DAN. husbonde from his 'house' and ON. bondi biindi 'husband. husk ME. huske oe. *huseca 'a small house' (?); cp. G. gehduse. hussy short for housewife. hut aiE. hutte from fr. hutie. Source OHG. hutta = G. hiitte. hutch sb. 'a box' me. hucche prop. hucche (whence atE. whicche^ : loanword fr. fr. huche 'trough, bin'. I inquest III I ME. / earlier ich ic OE. ic = DU. ik, OSAX. ic, OHG. ih G. ich, GOTH, ik: common teut. ik ek from ARYAN. egotn\ cp. lat. ego, GR. fyc(', SKR. ahdm, aslov. azii, LiTH.<7s. The oblique cases were formed in all Aryan languages alike from a stem 7ne-\ cp. me and mine. ice ME. OE. is = OHG. ZS G. eis, ON. iss, DU. //> (goth. *eisa-^ : a common Teut. word, not found elsewhere. — icicle ME. isikel: prop, a compound, OE. is-pcel (isesycel) ; ycel is dimin. 'a small piece of ice' (cp. MLG. isjokel 'icicle' , on. igkiilt). idol ME. idgle borrowed fr. FR. idole (lat. tdolufii, gr. ndioXov 'an image, likeness'). idle adj. me. oe. idel 'empty, vain, useless' = oSAX. idal 'empty, useless', ohg. ital 'empty, vain, boastful' G. citel 'vain', DU. ijdcl 'empty'. if ME. // OE. y/ =r OSAX. ef of, DU. of if 'whether, but', OHG. o/>a with the older by-form ibu 'if, whether' G. ol) 'if, as if, even if, whether', ox. if ef ^\{ , GOxn. i had) 'whether, perhaps'. Prop. dat. instr. of ON. if ef m. and if ef n. doubt', ohg. iba f. 'doubt, condition'. ill ME. /// il/e'. Scand. loan- word from on. ////-; the native E. synon. is evil (oe. yfef). imp sb. ME. OE. iffipe 'graft, scion' with the vb. ME. impe OE. iftipian 'graft'; cp. OHG. itnpfon G. itnpfe/i , dan. ympe, sw. ympa. Source a lat. type iniputare, whence also fr. e?iter, DU. enten vb. 'graft'. impair vb. me. empeire bor- rowed fr. OFR. empcirer = FR. empirer (lat. type impeiorare 'make worse'). impeach vb. prop, 'hinder' for me. apcche vb. 'hinder' bor- rowed fr. FR. empecher (lat. type impedicare 'fetter' iroinpedica sb. 'fetter'). imply cp. ply. in prep. me. in oe. in ^= OSAX. G. DU. GOTH, in, ON. /, sw. DAN. /. Orig. related to LAT. in, GR. Sv{i), LITH. /, LETT. C. inch sb. me. inche oe. ynce: early loanword from lat. imcia 'an inch', also an 'ounce'. ingot me. ingot = fr. lingot ingot'i Source and history doubt- ful. ink :me. enke from ofr. enque (fr. encre, DU. inkt, lg. inkei) : source lat. encaustum 'the purple red ink'. inkling sb. from the vb. me. i?ikle "hint . inn :me. oe. in inn sb. 'house, lodging - house' = on. injii mn . inquest me. enqucste from ofr. 112 ire jail eiiqueste {= FR. enqiicti). Akin to inquire vb. me. aiquere from OFR. enquet-rer {^= FR. enquirir 'inquire') ; source lat. inquirere, ire ME. ire 'anger' from ofr. ire (lat. ird). irk vb. ME. irke 'tire' with the adj. irksome extended fr. me. irk 'distasteful'. iron ME. OE. iren oldest oe. form isern = goth. eisarn, OSAX. ohg. isarn G. eisen, DU. ijzer, on. isarn (jam): Teut. base isarna- perh. borrowed fr. a Celt, isartio- {= OIR. iarn 'iron'); gall. Isarno- dorn7n a placename. island me. ilotid oe. i'^lond (ij^land) island'; the first part of the compound represents the oe. /j <^j 'isle' (cp. ON. eyland, OFRis. DU. «A?//^/'island'), blended w. OFR. isle. The word starts from a TEUX.a?^'^- (in Scandin-avia Bat-avid), which is a derivative of TEUT. -GOTH, ahwa 'stream, flowing water' OHG. aha = OE. ia = LAT. aqua 'water'. isle ME. i/e borrowed fr. fr. t/e (source LAT. insula) 'an isle'. Cp. island. issue ME. issiie from ofr. issue 'end, event' (derived fr. issir = LAT. ex ire). it ME. it earlier me. oe. hit neuter to E. he (oE. AIE. he). itch vb. ME. icche for peche OE. lyccan : Teut. base jukja?i = DU. jeuken, osAX. Jukkian, ohg. juckan g. jucken. teut. \j^ juk. ivory me. ivory (ivoire) borrowed fr. OFR. ivorie — FR. ivoire, whence also DU. ivoor. Source lat. eboreus 'made of ivory' — ebur 'ivqry'. ivy ME. ii!y oe. ifi'^ short for ^if-hi~^ t/-hei = OHG. eba-hewi MHG. ep-hou (g. epheii) with the by-form ohg. ebah: perh. akin to GOTH, ibuks 'backwards' ? It is uncertain, whether the 2"** ele- ment of OHG. eba-hewi = OE. iji^ is ident. w. hay. iwis 'certainly' ME. iwis OE. lewiss ^= OHG. gi7vis G. geiviss, DU. gewis: Teut. base ga-wissa- prop. part, of the Teut. vb. •witan 'know' (cp. wot). jabber variant of e. gabber. jacket from fr. Jaquet; cp. ME. jakke = ofr. jaque (g. jacke). jade UY..Jdde 'old horse'. Source and history unknown. jail with the by-form gaol ME. gail jaiole gaihgl borrowed fr. OFR. gaiole gaole (fr. geble) 'a prison, bird-cage'. Source lat. caveola from cavea (= E. cage, G. kdfig). jamb journal 113 jamb from fr. jambe 'a leg', also 'a jamb' (source lat. gai)ibd). jar sb. 'an earthen pot' from FR. Jarre. jaundice \YS..jaundis jaunis from FR. Jaunisse prop, 'yellowness'; source fr. jauiic 'yellow' =- LAT. galbuius 'greenish yellow'. javelin sb. from fr. javelin: of Celt, origin , cp. cymr. ga- flach (whence OE. gafeloc') 'spear'. jaw aiE. chaul {choul) earlier chavel OE. (plur.) cedfias\ akin to OSAX. kciflos plur. 'jaw' and with other formatives on. kjaptr, G. kiefer 'jaw' : teut. \f kef kef fr. an ARYAN gcph, perh. cogn. w. AVEST. zafrn 'mouth, jaw'. jay ME. jai from fr. geai (ofr. jai gai). jealous ME. jelous gelous from OFR. gelous (fr. jaloux, whence DU. Jalocs). jelly sb. late me. gelid from FR. gelee. jeopardy sb. me. jilperdi orig. jiiparti 'hazard, hazardous feat borrowed fr. FR. jeu parti 'risk, hazard' (orig. 'a game, in which the chances are equally divi- ded'). jest prop, 'a merry tale' JIE. geste (also g(stc) 'a story' from OFR. geste romance'. jet sb. (a mineral) short for ]ME. git contracted fr. gey^t: loanword from ofr. gaiet (Jaet jet') : source lat. gagates. jew j\iE. jew earlier gi7v bor- rowed fr. ofr. Gill Jiii: source English Etymology. LAT. Judaeus. In OE. we find Judeas plur. 'the Jews' from the Latin. jewel :me. jouel juel from ofr. jouel (whence G. juwel, DU. juweet) = FR. joyau. Source a LAT. type gaudiale from gau- ditmi. jig sb. ME. gigge 'a fiddle' from OFR. gige (= aiHG. gige G. geige) 'a fiddle'. jingle iNiE. gingle. job sb. cp. ME. gobet 'small piece' and ofr. gob 'a mouth- ful'. jockey ident. w. Jackey: dimin. of Jack. jog yb. iME. jogge vb. 'go hastily'. join vb. ME. joine borrowed fr. FR. joindre (= lat. jimgere). — Hence e. me. joint sb. from FR. joitit. joist sb. ME. glste 'joist' from OFR. giste (= FR. gite ? derivative of FR. gdsir 'lie'). jolly ME. jolt earlier jolif; loanword from fr. joli (oFR. jolif)- jostle justle vb. intensive for- mation from AiE. jouste 'tilt' = ofr. jouster (me. jouste 'tour- nament' fr. OFR. jouste = MHG. tjostt^. journal from fr. journal. — journey :me. journe journde 'a day's travel, a day's work' from FR. journc'e 'a day, a day's work' (it. giornata, lat. type diur- natii). 8 114 joy kettle joy ME. jo/e from YK.Joie (source LAT. gmidia ^= gaiidmni). judge sb. sh(^rt ME. ji'ige from FR. jii.ge (source lat. judex — judice7ii) 'a judge'. — judge vb. ME. jiige from FR. jnger ^= LAT. ju die are. juice ME. jilse ji'ice from fr. jus (source lat. jus) 'juice'. July ^lE.jiili from LAT. Julius. — June ME. jiine earlier jiinie from OFR. gimie} (fr. Juiii) = LAT. Junius. just ME. just (short for jiistl') from FR. juste (= lat. Justus). — justice isiE. justice orig. justice = 'SK. justice: source ijArcJustitia. — justify vb. ME. justifie from FR. justijier. K keel sb. ident. w. on. kjglr (Teut. base kelu-) "keel of the ship' = synon. dan. kjbl, sw. kol, G. DU. kiel. Source and history unknown. keel vb. 'cool' ME. kele OE. celan: Teut. base koljan derived fr. the adj. teut. kolu- = E. cool. keen adj. me. kene 'sharp, bold, brave' OE. cene orig. aini 'bold, brave, wise' : Teut. base kmi- = OHG. kuoni G. ki'iht, DU. koen 'bold , daring ; the original meaning is evident in on. k&nr 'wise', which points to the teut. \f kan 'know' in can, ken and know. keep ME. kepe OE. cepan cd^pan 'keep' : from a Teut. base kop- jafi; no \f~ kop exists in the other Teut. languages. keg sb. Scand. loanword : on. kaggi 'a keg'. ken vb. 'know' me. kenne bor- rowed fr. ON. kenna vb. 'know' = G. kennen, GOTH, kanujan ; causative of teut. kuntian 'know'. Cp. can vb. kennel 'a house for dogs' ME. kencl: adopted fr. onfr. kenil {chenil); source onfr. ken (fr. chieii) 'dog' with sutf. -il (lat. type *canile from canis 'dog'). kerchief sb. earlier spelling curchief ME. coverchef'. borrowed fr. OFR. courechef lit. 'a head- covering'. OFR. covrir (= FR. couvrir) 'cover' and chef 'head'. kernel me. kirnel OE. cyrnel (Teut. base kurnila-) : dimin. of cor?i (with the Teut. dimin. suif. -ila). kettle jNIE. ketcl borrowed fr. ON. ketill = GOTH, katils, ohg. kf—fl G. kessel, DU. kctel; corre- sponding to OE. cetel me. chetel, which was superseded by ON. ketill. The Teut. word was key kitchen "5 early borrowed fr. lat. cathms 'kettle', whence also ohg. ke':^y,n. key sb. me. keie oe. ccb-^ ccej^e = OFRis. kcV a key': Teut. base /^(I/g^ ? kid sb. ME. kie;^ borrowed fr. ON. h'd; cogn. w. ohg. kizzin chiizt G. kitze 'a young goat' ; a native E. word cogn. w. scand. kid would begin with ch. kidney sb. me. kid-nere (oe. *c}'deneore *cyd/ieora}^; the second part of the compound is me. na'e {= ox. /lyra, du. nier, ohg. ttioro G. nicre 'kid- ney'). The first part is ob- scure. kill vb. ME. kille ; a corresp. OE. '^■cyllan is wanting: Teut. base kuljan akin to oe. cwellan = ME. i) =. odu. laken 'be wanting', ofris. lakia. Teut. \^ lek in leak. lacquer lacker sb. adopted fr. fr. laque varnish' ? cp. G. lack, IT. lacca. lad ME. ladde borrowed fr. IR. lath 'a youth, champion'; cp. lass. ladder me. Idddre short for OE. hlctdder: Teut. base hlaidrjo- = DU. ladder leer, ohg. leitara g. leiter; goth. '^'hlai-dri (gen. '•'hlai-drids): TEUT. \^ hlai hli in lean vb., ARYAN V" kit in gr. y.XT-iiiuE 'ladder'. The Teut. suffix -dr- in ladder answers to a gr. -rotu. lade sb. ME. lade oe. hladan = OSAX. hladan, du. g. laden ohg. (h)ladan, on. hlada, goth. hlapan 'load, lade': teut. \f hlad Map from an ARYAN s/^klat; perh. cogn. w. \(^ klad in OSLO v. kladq I lay'. — The vb. oe. hladan ME. lade signifies also 'draw water', hence E. ladle me. Iddel OE. hlcedel. lady ME. lady earlier lafdi I Idfdi-^ OE. hlcefdiie 'a lady, mistress'; cogn. w. lord oe. hldford. The first part of both words is oe. hldf = e. loaf , the second part in oe. hlcef- diie is connected with goth. \ deigan vb. 'knead' (see dough). Therefore OE. hlcefdiie (teut. '^hlaiba-digjb-') meant orig. 'the kneader of bread'. lair :me. leir oe. le^er 'lair, couch, bed' = OSAX. Icgar 'couch, sick-bed', du. leger 'a couch, bed, lair', ohg. Icgar g. lager (for leger) 'a couch, bed, place of lying, storehouse', GOTH, ligrs 'a couch' : Teut. base legra- from \f leg in lie and lay. laity sb. from the adj. lay. lake ME. Idke 'lake' oe. lacu 'lake' and 'stream': early loan- word fr. LAT. lacus 'a lake, pool'. OE. lagu 'sea, ocean' is ii8 lamb — lap the genuine E. correspondence of the LAT. word and of IR. loch 'lake'; cp. loch. lamb sb. ME. OE. lamb hnnb =^ OSAX. lamb, DU. law, OHG. laf/ib G. hmmi, GOTH. on. la rub: Teut. base lamba- {lambaz- in the plur. OE. lomhru aie. loffibren, lambiz- in the plur. OHG. lembir G. Icimt/iei-). lame adj. me. lame OE. lama = OSAX. lamo, DU. lam, ohg. MHG. lam (gen. lames) G. lahm, ON. lami, sw. DAN. latfie. The commoner meaning "bruised, maimed' is prob. the orig. one, though the meaning 'lame' is very old (goth. used halts cp. halt). Cp. OSLOV. hmiiti vb. 'break, bruise', ON. lama 'bruise' ? lammasME. lammasse shortened fr. late oe. hldmnuvsse, commonly OE. hldf-mcesse: lit. 'loaf-mass' from lildf 'loaf, bread' and mousse 'mass'. See loaf. lamp short for me. huimpe adopted fr. fr. lampe, whence also DU, la7>/p, DAN. G. lampe, sw. lampa. Source lat.-gr. lampas 'a torch, lamp' (= IT. lampa). lamprey sb, me. laumprcie bor- rowed fr. OFR. lampreie (= fr. laniproie), whence also DU. Ia7fi- prei. Source lat. lampetra 'lamprey' in a vulgar form la}n- p7'eda (= IT. lamprcili), wl)ence also OE. lempedu lampreta' and perh. the synon. pride (oE. "^pride short for '^laj/ipridel). lance me. lau/jfe borrowed fr. FR, lance, whence also du. la/js, G. lanze. Source lat. lancea {= IT. lancia); cp. launch. land sb. ME. OE. land (Ipnd) = OSAX. DU. G. ON. SW. DAN. land from a Teut. base landa-; cogn. w. IR. land la/in , cymr. llan, CORN. Ian (from ""landhd) 'open space, surface', bret. Ian 'heath', oslov. ledina 'heath, untilled land' (russ. IJada IJa- dma). — land vb. me. lande = DU. G. landen, dan. lande, sw. landa from la7id sb. — land- scape borrowed fr. DU. land- schap 'a landscape'. lane sb. me. oe. lane (lone) = ofr;s. lona lana, du. laan a lane, a narrow passage': Teut. base lanon-. language me. langdge adopted from FR. langage: deriv. of FR. langue ^- lat. lingua 'tongue, speech'. languish vb. me. languisshe from FR. languiss- stem of langinr 'languish (lat. la?iguere 'be weak). lank adj. me. lank oe. hlanc; perh. cogn. w. G. schlank, which points to a teut. slanka- : aryan klang- s(k)lang ? lantern me. lantertie launterne borrowed from fr. lanterne: source LAT. laterna lanterna, whence also G. laterne. lap sb. ME. lappe 'lap, border' OE. lce.ppa a loosely hanging portion'; cogn. w. DU. lap, OFRIS. OHG. lappa G. lappen 'rag, tatter' and lith. / lean vb. me. Ic'ne oe. hlcBnan cause to lean': Teut. base hlain- jan = OHG. leinan : factitive of oe. hlionian 'lean' = osax. hlinon, OHG. hlinen 'lean'; cp. G. lehnen, DU. leunen. The teut.V"^'' (cp. ladder^ corresponds to an ARYAN sfkli; cp. LAT. inclindre 'incline', GR. '/.Xivco 'I lean' — y.\i- Tl'c 'hiir, LAT. cll-VUS 'hill', GOTH. hlai-w (oe. hldiv) 'mound'. leap vb. ME. Icpe oe. hlcapan str. vb. 'leap, run' = du. loopen, osax. hlopan, OHG. louffan G. laufen, ON. hlaupa, GOTH, hlaupan G laub leaves, foliage, on. lauf -^ ^^^^,. teut.V^M/.//, pcrh. leaf , GOTH, lau/s (plur. laulm) ^^^,^^_ ^^_ ^^.^^^^ ^^^ ^^. ^^_ ^^^^g. leaf: Teut. base /.«//;..- orig. ^^^^ stumble', the smgle leaf (used as a col- j^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^.^.^^^ lective sb. the foliage). o^, Icorman-. from a base Ar/;.^// league sb. 'an alliance' adopted ^eut. liznon = ohg. lirnen Irncn from FR. ligiie 'a league': source ^ g. lernen 'learn'; cp. osax. linon LAT. //i^./rt- 'bind'. | from a base Ihnon. Akin to league , sb. 'about three miles' : the primit. str. vb. GOTH, lais late ME. lege borrowed fr. ofr. 'I know' and the deriv. oe. ohg. 122 lense' leisure Us-t, GOTH, lis-ts 'art, cunning'. See lore for the TEUT.y~A?/s liz. lease ^ vb. 'let tenements' bor- rowed from FR. laisser. lease^ vb. 'gather, pick, glean' ME. l(se OE. lesan 'gather' = OSAX. I'esan,- DU. lezcn 'gather, read', OHG. I'esan G. lesen 'gather, read', ON. Icsa 'gather, pick', GOTH, lisa/i 'gather'; cogn. w. LITH. ies/i 'pick up'. least ME. i['st OE. Icht shor- tened fr. Ichest (by-fcjrm Iccrest): Teut. base laisista- superl. to the compar. teut. laisiza- = less. leather me. lether oe. I'eder ^ ON. ledr, DU. leder, OHG. ledar G. leder 'leather': Teut. base lepra- = pre-TEUT. letro- in ir. lethar, cymr. lledr, bret. lezr 'leather'. leave vb. ^me. Ic've oe. Id/an tr. 'leave — intr. 'remain': Teut. base laibjan; cp. osAX. far- lebian 'remain', OHG. mhg. leiben 'leave', on. leifa 'leave' : causat. of a str. vb. liban in OE. belifan me. belive , oSAX. biliban, DU. blijven , ohg. biliban G. bleibe/i, on. Ufa (orig. str.), goth. bi- leiban 'remain'. For the root see li2'e. leave sb. me. Ic've (leve) 'per- mission' OE. leaf 'permission'; cp. OE. dlyfan dlefan 'permit', OHG. irlouben G. erlauben. leaven me. Icvahi from fr. levain 'ferment'. Source lat. lev amen. lee ME. le from ON. hli (»sigla a hl6« 'to stand to leeward')' prop, 'shelter, protection' (oe. hleo, OSAX. hleo 'shelter'). Cogn. w. ON. ////' 'warmth' — hlyr 'warm; and G. lau ohg. hlao', cp. luke- warm. leech 1 'physician' (Shakesp.) ME. leche OE. lece Ickce 'physician' = GOTH, lekeis, OHG. Idhhi 'phy- sician': Teut. base lekja- lakja-. Perh. allied to OiR. liaig (gen. liga^ 'physician'. leech'- 'hirudo' me. '^Uche (not recorded) OE. Idee hirudo': prop, 'physician' and ident. w. leech''. Cp. ODU. lake 'leech'? leek ME. lek oe. l^ac =s= du. look, OHG. loiih G. laiich, ON. laukr leek': Teut. base lauka- pre-TEUT. lougo-. , leer me. ler oe. kleor 'cheek = OSAX. Mar, on. klfr 'cheek': Teut. base hleuza-. If the orig. meaning was 'ear', listen miglit be allied. lees 'dregs of wine' from fr. lie 'lees : base a late Gallo-Latin lia for '^liga 'sediment' (aryan \f~ legh in //V). left ME. left lift allied to the synon. ODU. Ineht lift, lg. lucht^ NFRis. leeft; the orig. meaning was perh. 'faint, weak' in oe. lyft 'inanis': Teut. base lufti-1 liimfti-l perh. allied to ohg. lenka 'the left hand' G. liriks 'left'? legend me. legende from ofr. Ugende. leisure me. lisiire (commonly Icisifr) fr. ofr. leisir ^= fr. loisir. Source lat. licere. I lemman liei 123 lemman 'sweetheart' me. lenwian shortened fr. an earUer Icfman: prop. y>Hef ma/t«. lemon from fr. limon; cp. lime''\ lend vb. ME. h'fte oe. Icenan vb. lend' from oe. Icbh 'a loan'; cp. loan. length :\IE. lengthe oe. lengp from a Teut. base langipb- =■ on. le?igd\ abstract formation of teut. langa- ; cp. long. lent ME. lente lentcn oe. Icnpen 'spring' = OHG. lenzin with the b)'-form Icngiy^n Icngizo Icnzo G. lenz 'spring', DU. leiite. ohg. lenzin (= oe. lenpen) points to a teut. langa-tina- 'the long day'; for the second element cp. goth. sin-teins 'daily, SLOV. dmi, skr. dina 'day'. lentil ME. lentil fr. fr. lentille; source the synon. LAT, lenticula {lens — Icntis lentil'). leper me. lepre 'leprosy' fr. fr. lepre 'leprosy' (la.t. lepra). less :me. Icsse lasse oe. Idssa smaller' fr. a Teut. base laisizan- = OFRis. lessa\ the adv. e. less ME. les OE. lcl;s answers to OSAX. les (teut. laisiz). For the superl. cp. least. A primitive adj. laisa- is LITH. Icsas little, small'. -less suffix = ME. -l{s OE. -leas: prop. adj. meaning loose. lesson jNIE. lessoun fr. fr. Icfon: source LAT. leetio(neni). lest "that not' ME. leste shor- tened for the list the OE. py Ids pe 'for the reason less that'; for OE. Ices = ME. les cp. less. let ^ vb. ME. lete OE. li-tan lci>tan str. vb. ^=. GOTH, letan, on. lata, OSAX. Idtan, OHG. Idz-^an g. lassen, DU. laten: texjt.^/^ let Idt 'permit'. let- vb. 'hinder' ME. lette OE. lettan fr. a base latjan 'to make slow' (teut. lata- 'slow' see un- der late) = GOTH, latjan tarry' ON. letja, OSAX. lettian, ohg. Iezza7i (g. verletzeii), DU. lette n. letter :me. lettre fr. fr. lettre (lat. litter a). lettuce late me. letiife; allied to fr. laitue = lat. Idctiica (whence OHG. lattiili). levy fr. FR. levie (fr. Itver = LAT. Ie7uire). lewd me. Idwed oe. Icewed 'un- learned' fr. I.AT. laic us cp. lay'-^. lick vb. ME. likke OE. liccian = OSAX. likkbn, OHG. leckbn G. Iccken, GOTH. *likkon. teut. likkbn belongs to the Aryan \f Ugh 'lick' in GOTH, laigbn, gr. Xh/o 'lick' — hyysrvm 'taste secretly', SKR. sfrih lih lick', OSLO v. lizq {lizati) and lith. Icziit 'lick', lat. lingo and perhaps LAT. lingua LITH. I'eziivis 'tongue', oir. ligim 'lick'. lid sb. {eye-lid') me. lid oe. hlid 'cover, lid' = DU. lid lid, cover', OHG. /// (older hlii) G. lid (in augenlid 'eyelid'), on. lid 'cover, gate'. Cp.the teut. \f hlid in the str. vb. OE. osAX. hlidan cover'. lie' vb. 'speak falsely' me. lie earlier lie Id^e oe. leogan = OSAX. OHG. liogan, DU. liegen, G. liigen, ox. Ijuga, GOTH, liugan 124 lie 2 — like str. vb. 'tell a falsehood. The TEUT. \fleiig answers to an Aryan \f leiigh - high in OSLOV. luzq {Jugati) vb. 'lie' — liiza sb. lie'. lie^ vb. 'rest, repose' :me. lie I/n OE. licgaji = OSAX. liggian, DU. iiggen, OHG. licken G. liegen, ON. liggja, GOTH, ligan str. vb. 'lie'. The str. vb. teut. ligjan is derived fr. the Aryan \P legh in GR. XsxT(jov h'/OL; bed' — ct/Lo/oc 'wife' — Af'/ro 'bedridden woman' — Xo/sto 'bear' — Xo/oc 'ambush, lair', lat. lectns 'bed', OSLOV. legq {lezat'i) 'lie'. Cp. lay and lair. lief adj. me. lef OE. Icof (cp. leniviaii) = oSAX. liof, du. lief, OHG. /zVi!^ [liub) G. //>^ 'dear, lief, ON. Ijilfr, GOTH, liufs dear : Teut. base Icnba- adj. 'lief from the TEUT. \f lub in love. liege ME. lege (by-form lige^ fr. OFR. liege lige fr. lige. life ME. OE. lif = OSAX. /!/■, ON. hf, OHG. //7^ 'life' (g. leib, DU. /z// 'body) ; allied to the TEUT. \j^ lib in li7ie; a lost str. vb. liban cp. under leave vb. Outside of TEUT., gr. hua^ea) 'remain' points to an ARYAN \f lip. lift vb. ME. lifte fr. SCAND. lypta\ cogn. w. loft. light sb. ME. light OE. li'oht = OSAX. OHG. lioht , DU. G. //V/^/ 'light. The dental of the word is formative as seen in GOTH. liith-ap 'light; cp. the Aryan \l^ Ink: leitk in lat. liiceo 'shine', GR. Xtvy-OQ 'white', skr. rnc 'shine'. — Hence lighten vb. me. lungs'. Ught(e)ne (where the n is formative) 'become light" and lightning verbal sb. 'an il- luminating flash' (with the suffix -i)ig). light adj. me. light OE. ///// leoht = DU. ligt, OHG. liht G. leicht, ON. littr , GOTH, leihts: Teut. base linhta- for le7ikto-^^ Perhaps cogn. w. GR. IXayyc. 'small', LITH. Ieng7mis leng7aas light . See lung. Hence also lights 'animal's — light vb. 'alight, descend' me. lihte OE. lihtan. lit. 'make light, relieve a horse of his burden' fr. OE. liht = light. — lighten vb. ident. w. ^light vb. (w. formative -eft). — light in tlie phrase "to make light of somebody" represents me. lite OE. lyt 'little, small, which is cogn. w. little. like vb. me. like OE. lician wk. vb. 'please' ^ goth. leikan (pret. leikaida') 'please', du. lijkefi 'suit', ON. lika 'please': deriv. of like adj. or cogn. w. oiR. ligach 'beautiful' — lig 'color, splendor'? like adj. me. lik earlier ilik OE. ■^elic = GOTH, galeiks, ON. glikr, OSAX. gilik, DU. geli/k, OHG. gilih {hh) G. gleich. The Teut. adj. ga-lika- is a comp. of the particle GOTH. ^'V7- and a sb. lika- 'body', the comp. meaning having the same body'; cp. goth. Icik, OSAX. ON. lik 'body', OE. lic-hotna 'body , G. leiche — leichnam 'corpse . Cp. -ly , 7ohich and such. — Hence liken vb. me. likne 'compare'. lily — lion 125 lily aiE. lilie oe. lilie (plur. Ulia?i) r= OHG. lilia cj. liUe, DU. lelie: source lat. plur. rdia 'lily', whence also OSAX. ///// 'lily'. limb JME. Ihn oe. lim (plur. leomii) = ox. //wr 'limb' : Taut, base li-ma- cogn. \v. Goth. li-f>us, OHG. li-d, OSAX. U-th , OE. //-/ 'limb'; cp. also lith. lemu 'stature, growth': ARYAN \^ It. lime^ sb. 'viscous substance, bird-lime' ME. OE. lltn 'cement, glue' = DU. Ujm, G. lehii OHG. Im, ON. lim 'glue': teut. Ihna- is allied to teut. lahna- (see loani). LAT. llmus 'slime' cor- responds to lime in form, to loam in meaning. \(" lai It is attested by ON. leir (Teut. base lai-z-a-^ 'clay, loam' and lat. li-no 'rub over, daub'. lime sb. the linden-tree', cor- rupted fr. earlier line-tree for lind-t7-ee; see linden. lime'^ sb. 'a kind of citron' borrowed fr. er. lif/tc 'a lime'; ident. w. letnon. linch-pin earlier lins-pin jME. lifts oe. lynes = osAX. lunisa, DU. lims lens, o. liinse\ allied to OHG. liming and ohg. ifflG. lun 'linch-pin'. The primit. base liini-, if fr. an ARYAN ////-, is perhaps ident. w. skr. dni 'linch- pin';' cp. oe. d-lynnan 'loosen'. lindentree me. Unde oe. Und 'lime-tree' = OHG. Unta G. DU. Unde, ON. sw. DAN. Und: Teut. base Undo pre-TEUr. lentd-, if allied to GR. IXdri] 'fir-tree' or LITH. lentd 'board'. line ME. OE. line = du. lijn, OHG. Una aniG. in.G. line G. leine, ON. Una 'cord, rope' : Teut. base Ihi-jofi- prop, 'the thing made of flax ; cp. linen. lineage me. linage adopted fr. lignage : source lat. linea a line . linen adj. and sb. (orig. only adj.) ME. OE. Une/i adj. = osAX. OHG. linin G. leinen litinen, du. linen 'made of flax' : deriv. of OE. lin flax' = OSAX. ohg. ////, GOTH, lein sb. 'linnen'; cogn. w. LAT. linum , GR. livov , OSLOV. Itmi 'flax'. linger vb. extended fr. me. lenge vb. 'tarry' w. the frequent suffix -er; OE. Icngan prolong' fr. long. link sb. 'ring in a chain' fr. an unrecorded jme. ''dcnk '^Unlr. scand. loanword fr. an orig. hlenk- cp. ON. hlekkr (ior'" hie ttkt-), sw. lank, dan. Icenke 'link'. There was a genuine oe. hlencc 'link' fr. a base hlankjon-; but the guttural of link shows that the word may not be the develop- ment of oe. hie nee. linnet sb. ilE. linet adopted fr. FR. linot(te) 'a linnet' fr. FR. //// 'flax' so called from feeding on the seed of flax or hemp; cp. G. hdnjUng 'linnet' fr. hanf 'hemp'. Cp. OE. linece 'carduelis' and linetwige 'linnet'. linseed short for me. lin-sed prop, 'flax-seed ; cp. linen. lion ME. lloiin earlier leun : bor- rowed in the 12''' cent. fr. fr. lion; source lat. leonem (leo^. 126 hp loath lip ME. lippe OE. lippa = OSAX. ^7ippM, DU. Zip, MLG. /zppe (whence G. /ippe) ; cogn. w. the synon. OSAX. iepur = ohg. /e^ir and OHG. /e/s 'lip'. LAT. labium 'lip' with the Teut. group points to an ARYAN \[~ leh lab. lisp vb. (Scotch wlisp) me, lispe (lipse) formed fr. the adj. OE. 7vlisp wlips 'lisping' ^ OHG. I'efs (for *tvlc/s) 'stammering'; akin to DU. lispen, G. lispeln 'lisp': T'EU"S:.\fwlifs — pre-TEUT. 7iv/^j-, list ' sb. ME. list short for OE. list = DU. li/st, G. leiste 'list, border' OHG. liste 'border'. — Ident. w. list^ 'catalogue' fr. FR. liste, which is of Teut. origin (ohg. Ihta 'border, strip'). list vb. ME. liste OE. lystan 'desire' derived fr. lust. listen vb. ME. listetie earlier form liste OE. hlystan 'hear'; allied to OE. hlos-nian , OHG. {h)losen 'hear", ON. hlera (goth. ^hluza/i) 'listen'. An aryan yf^klus 'hear' is evident in skr. (rus-fi 'obe- dience', OSLOV. slysati vb. 'hear', LITH. klausyti 'hear', ON. hlus-t 'ear ; cymr. dust 'ear'. Cp. leer. litter me. lith-e fr. ofr. Iitic7-e (fr. litiere) 'a horse-litter' (lat. type lectaria fr. lectus 'bed'). little short for aiE. OE. litel ^ GOTH, leitils 'small', on. litill 'little'. Relation to the synon. DU. luttel, OSAX. ///////, OHG. luzzil, OE. lyttcl 'little' is obscure. live vb. iNiE. Ii7'e earlier form li7ie libbe oe. libbaii {lifiati) wk. vb. ^ GOTH, liban, ohg. I'cben G. leben, DU. leven, osAX. libbian] cogn. w. OE. belifan = ohg. biliban G. bleiben: teut. \^ lib see under leave vb. and life. liver me. livre oe. lifer = du. Z??w, OHG. libara I'ebara G. leber, ON. Ufr. Connection of teut. libro- w. the synon. GR. rj-nao, LAT. jecur , SKR. yakrt and the two assumed stems *//^ and "^Ijek is doubtful. livery :me. liveri fr. fr. livrie. lizard me. lesarde fr. fr. Uzard 'lizard' (= LAT. lacertd). lo interj. ME. lo OE. ld\ a pre- historic OE. *ldw for T'S.MH.Jaiw is warranted by ohg. Icw-es 'lo'! Perhaps TEUT. lai-wa- is con- nected with lai-pa- in loath. loadstar see lode- star. loaf ME. Igf OE. hldf: Teut. base hlaiba- in GOTH, hlaifs bread', on. hleifr, OHG. leib G. laib; akin to lith. kl'cpas 'bread*. See lady, la?nmas and lord. loam ME. Ipm OE. Idm = ohg. leim G. Ichm , DU. Icem : Teut. base lai-nia- fr. the aryan \f It under lifuc. loan ME. Ion fr. on. Idn 'a loan'. There was a genuine OE. Idn fr. a TEUT. laihniz; cp. ohg. lehan 'a thing granted' and on. Idn fr. a teut. lai/i'ia-(z?): teut. \flihw (goth. leilnvan 'lend', OHG. lihan G. leihen, oe. /^'(?;/ pret. /(?/; 'lend, give ) ^^ aryan \^ liq in LAT. linquere 'leave', GR. Isin^tv, sw. ;-zV leave". loath adj. me. loth oe. lap 'hateful' ^ ON. leidr 'loathed', lobster — lore 127 OHG. kid 'odious', OSAX. leth\ cogn. w. OHG. lidati G. leiden 'sutFer'. Perhaps there was an ARYAN \f li lai cp. lo. lobster me. lopstre oe. loppestre earlier lopnst 'lobster': adoption fr. LAT. locusta 'lobster, locust'. loch OE. loh lake' : a Gaelic word; cp. GAEL. IR. loch 'lake' (ident. w. lat. lacics , OE. lagu 'sea' under lake). lock 1 sb. fr. the vb. me. Igke loiike OE. Itican 'lock, enclose' ^= GOTH, galf/kafi 'shut up', OHG. luhhan, du. Iniken. lock- (of hair) me. lok (plur. lockes) OE. locc (plur. loccas) = DU. lok, ON. lokkr, OHG. lok G. locke : Teut. base lokka- cogn. w. GR. Xvyltro 'I bend . lode-star me. Igde-sterre con- tains OE. "^eldd way, course' (cf. ON. leidm'stjar?ia = G. leitsterti), which is cogn. w. lead vb. = TEUT. laidjan 'guide, lead'. Cp. ME. Igdes7nan 'pilot' and E. lode- stone. lodge vb. ME. logge vb. adopted fr. FR. loger; e. lodge me. logge 'lodge, tent' fr. fr. loge orig. 'a small house'? Source a lat. type lanhia fr. ohg. louba 'an arbor' (g. laube 'a covered hall'; allied to leaf). loft ih. ME. loft 'an upper room' borrowed fr. ON. /t^^ 'upper story, balcony', which has also the meaning 'air, sky' = goth. liiftus , g. luft, OE. lyfi 'air'. Hence lift vb. loin late :me. loine : adopted fr. ofr. log/ie now longe (lat. type *lumbea fr. LAT. lumbus loin'). loiter vb. me. loitre. loll vb. me. lolle. lone short for alone. long adj. aiE. oe. long (Jang) = OSAX. lang, DU. OHG. G. la?tg, on. langr, GOTH, laggs; cogn. w. synon. lat. longus (whence it. lungo, FR. long) ; cp. linger. — long vb. ME. longe OE. langian 'long after, long' ^= osAX. langoian, G. verlangen 'wish for'. look vb. ME. Igke earlier Igkie OE. Igcian = OSAX. lokon (oHG. luogen G. lugen). The early history of the teut. sJ^ lok (log) is obscure; cp. skr. Inks 'notice, perceive' and cymr. llygat corn. lagat 'eye'. loom sb. ME. Ignie oe. "^e-lgma {imdlpvid) 'a tool, implement'; perh. akin to oe. lelgme = ohg. giluomo gilavio 'frequently', oHG. gastluomi 'hospital'. loose adj. me. Igs (lotis) bor- rowed fr. ON. loHSS ^= GOTH. laiiSy oe. l^'as (cp. less), du. los, OSAX. OHG. los G. los. The common teut. adj. lausa- is a deriv. of the \f Ins 'be loose' under lose. lord ME. lord short for Igverd OE. hldford prop, hlaf-weard loaf-ward' — 'keeper of bread' (cp. OE. /i/^//" under loaf)', the masc. corresponding to the fem. formation lady = OE. hl(hf-di^e. Both compounds are peculiar to English. lore ME. lore OE. Idr infl. Idre 128 lose lump = OHG. OSAX. Icra, G. Ichre, du. leer : Teut. base laizo-, wiience GOTH, laisjan, OE. Icfran, OHG. lera?!. g. lehren, du. leeren 'teach'. See also learn for the teut. \f Uz laiz. lose ME. Ipse mostly forUse oe. forleosan str. vb. ■=. goth. fra- liusan, osAX. OHG. farllosan G. verlieren str. vb. lose'. An aryan Y^ Ifis (cp. loose) may be an extended form of v'" lu in gr. Aiuij 'I release', lat. liure. — loss sb. ME. OE. los 'destruction'. lot ME. lol OE. //lol = DU. lol; ident. w. oe. lilfi = goth. hlauts, OHG. loz, G. loos : Teut. base hlauti- : teut. \/^ hlut hlaut in ON. hljota str. vb. 'get by lot', OE. hlcotan, OHG. {h)lio"^an, loud adj. iME. /tiW OE. hli'id = OSAX. /////^/, DU. luid, OHG. (/?)/?// G. A?///: the Teut. base hlti-da- (cp. cold, old, coutli) was orig. a part, with suftix -to (lat. -tus, GR. -roc, SKR. -tas) ; pre-TEUT. klu-to-s (sKR. (rutds, GR. xAf roL,', LAT. inclittus 'famous') fr. an ARYAN -yT klu in SKR. /r// hear, GR. xAucti — y.Xto^. lough 'lake' fr. iR. gall. A't'/?.; see loch. louse ME. Ions (plur. /w) OE. his (plur. lys) = du. luis, OHG. lus G. /a//j', ON. A^i' (plur. lyss) : Teut. base lils-, derived perh. fr. the teut. \f lus 'destroy' under loose and lose] cp. GR. qiii^eio 'louse' — q)&fi^(o 'I de- stroy'. lovage fr. FR. livcche mixed w. ME. luvestiche oe. lufestice. Source of the whole group lat. ligusiicuni 'lovage'. love ]ME. love oe. lufii = goth. lubo , OHG. luba 'love': Teut. base liibon- allied to the TEUT. adj. leuba- ^= lief. An ARYAN \f lubh 'desire' is evident in LAT. lubido, skr. lobha 'desire' and SKR. \f lubh 'to desire'. low adj. ME. low earlier lag late OE. lag: borrowed fr. on. Idgr 'low' (SM^. lag, dan. lav) = du. laag, which are derived from the teut. \'^ leg lag 'lie'. Hence low prop, lying flat'. low vb. ME. Igwe oe. hlowan 'low' ; cp. DU. loeien, ohg. luoien low': TEUT. \f hid , pre-TEUT. kid in LAT. cld-mare 'cry. lower vb. jvie. loure = jmhg. liiren G. lauerii 'lurk ; cp. lurk. luck found since the is*'' cent.; ident. w. du. luk geliik 'good fortune', mhg. gelilcke G. gliick, OFRis. luk. Akin to G. lockeii, DU. lockeii 'entice, allure'. lucre me. lucre fr. fr. lucre = LAT. lucrimi. lug vb. me. lugge 'drag, lug'; cogn. w. sw. lugga. luke\varm fr. me. leuke {Hike) earlier hleuk; perh. contr. fr. an unrecorded oe. *hleowoc 'lukewarm'; cogn. w. me. lewe oe. hleowe 'lukewarm' =^ ON. hlyr 'warm' (oHG. hldo G. lau 'lukewarm ). lull me. lulle = DU. lullen, DAN. lulle, sw. lulla. lump sb. ME. lutnpe lonipe; lung — magpie 129 ident. w. DU. lovip 'a lump', G. lumpen 'rags'. lung ME. lunge longe OE. lungen \ = ON. lunga, DU. long, ohg. lunga G. lunge 'lung': Teut. base lungon-j-, allied to an ARYAN I adj. bnghu- 'light' = gr. iXa/vc, J SKR. laghii 'light'. Cp. lights \ as synon. with lungs. See lighi for the ARYAN \'~ lengh. 1 lure sb. jnee. liire fr. fr. leurre 'bait'; source a teut. lopra- = ^fflo. luoder 'bait' (o. luder^. lurk vb. ME. lurke: derived fr. iiE. lour en (= lowe/-) as hark fr. hear, talk fr. /ialleus 'a hammer'. — Hence mallet sb. iiE. 7/iaillet borrowed fr. fr. fiiaillet a mallet'. mallow ME. 7/ialwe oe. 7/iealwe = DU. 7/ialmve: borrowed fr. LAT. tnalva, whence also fr. 7nauve, span, it. 7nalva, G. 77\alve. Cp. mauve. malt sb. ME. 7nalt oe. mealt ■=- osax. on. 7nalt , DU. 77lOUt, G. 7/ialz. The Teut. base 77ialta- man many 13^ fr. a TEUT. \/"mc/f in OE. m'eltan 'dissolve, melt' with which is allied the on. adj. maltr 'rotten' =: OHG. malz 'melting- away, soft' so that *malt is perh. the adjectival neut. sb. meaning 'that which is soft'. Cp. melt. man sb. me. oe. fnan mon{7iri) = OSAX. OHG. DU. MLG. man G. fnaiiii, ON. inadr, GOTH, manna 'mankind, man'. In OE., man vign {ii = mi) denotes 'man' and 'woman' (cp. OE. wifmon = e. womati). GOTH.-TEUT. man?!- is based on older matiw- tnanu- (as chin is based on an aryan kcnw- genii-^. indo-eur. mdnii 'mankind' appears in skr. as Mami, but it signified also the 'father of mankind'; cp. also SKR. ?naniis and mannsa 'homo' and OSLOV. mqzi 'man'. mane sb. me. mane OE. mami == OHG. n:ana G. fnahne, DU. maan, ON. mgn, s\v. dan. 7?ian. The Tent, base ma/io- 'mane' shows a later development of meaning; the older meaning was 'neck'; cp. ON. men, OE. fnene, OHG. menni 'necklace', cogn. with lat. monile 'necklace*, ocelt. t.iavid-/.)]q = oiR. mttince 'necklace . In lieu of ARYAN wrtwa 'neck' occurs skr. inanya 'nape', closely allied to OIR. viuin mnindl 'nape'. mange sb. shortened fr. the adj. ME. *maunge whicVi is bor- rowed from the fr. part, mangi lit. 'eaten ; cp. fr. mangaison 'mange'. — manger sb. me. maungi'r borrowed fr. fr. tnan- geoire 'manger, stable' (fr. maii- ger 'eat =i lat. itiandiicare^. mangle vb. me. wa«f^/(? frequent, and weakened for *mankele fr. ME. manke OE. lemancian, \vhich was prob. formed from an adj. OE. *7nanc^=^'D\j.tnank\ loanword fr. lat. manais adj. 'maimed'. mangle sb. borrowed fr. du. mangel (= sw. G. fnangel); dimin. of a simple word represented by G. fnange 'a mangle' = it. mangano 'a machine for smoothing linen, a war-engine' fr. lat. 7nan- ga7tum ^= GR, fidyyavov 'a war- machine'. manikin ma7iaki7i borrowed fr. fr. 77ian/iequi7i = DU. f/ian/iekcn', cp. G. 7nd7i7ichen, DU. 7na7i/i.etje'. all diminutives of 7na7i. mankind sb. me. 77iankinde earlier 77ia7i-kin oe. 7710/i-ey/in. See 77tan and ki7i, also kind. manner me. tna7i4i-e borrowed fr. OFR. 7nanere = fr. 77ianie7-c. mantle me. 7na7ilel (a form 7nauntelis, unrecorded) ^= du. s^v. DAN. ma/iiel; on. mptitill and OE. 7nentel rest on a lost Lat. 77ia/itu- hwi 7nantilu7/i (fr. LAT. 77ia/itu77i = FR. 7/iante, it. 7tianto 'a cloak'), whence also G.77ia/itel oiiG.7na>iial •. cogn. w. FR. 7nanteau, ir. 7/iantello (lat. type ^77iantellu77i). many ^ie. 7na7ii 7/umy oe. 7na/ii'^ 7/ionex^: Teut. base 7nanaga- = OSAX. OHG. 7/ianag G. 7/ta7ich, du. 7/ienig, on. 77ia7-gr. Cogn. w. oiR. 77ienicc IR. 7ninic 'frequently' (base 7nenecci- ?) and CYMR. 7nai/it, bket. j 77ieht (celt, base 77ui7iti-'). 132 map — marsh map sb. borrowed fr. fr. mappe = IT. LAT. fnappa prop, 'a nap- kin, table-cloth'. maple sb. me. mdpel oe. *mcppel *fnapul in mapoltrco 7)iapulder 'a maple-tree': perh. ident. w. ohg. ma'yy.iltra (g. massholder), which points to TEUT. matlii-, whilst the E. word points to a base map III-. mar vb. :\ie. f/icrre oe. dtnerran dmyrran wk. vb. 'to hinder, ob- struct' =^ GOTH, marzjan 'offend', OHG. marren, DU. marren 'tarry': TEUT. -ARYAN \f mavz viars. marble me. marble mdrbre fr. FR. f/iarbre; source LAT. martnor. march sb. me. fndrche 'march, boundary' fr. FR. viarche 'bound- ary'. The Fr. word is of Teut. origin; cp. GOTH, marka, oe. mearc, OSAX. OHG. marka 'bound- ary' which are primitively related to LAT. margo 'border, edge', AVEST. tncrezu 'border', IR. mruig 'shire' (Celt, base mrogi-'). Cp. mark. march vb. fr. fr. jnarcher. March (the month) me. (since the 12"' cent.) March fr. fr. mars} Source lat. Martius mensis (whence ohg. me/zo G. miirz, lg. merte) . mare me. tnirc oe. mire myre: Teut. base marhjon- (= ohg. merihha G. mdhre, DU. f/ierie, on. merr^, deriv. fr. teut. mar/ia- 'horse' in oe. mearh, ohg. marah, ON. marr horse' (see marshal). There is a pre-TEUT. marka- in the Celt, languages; cp. gall. j?iarca , ir. gael. marc, cymr. CORN, jfiarch 'horse'. margin me. mdrgin{e) fr. lat. marginem (nom. sing. lat. fnargo = FR. 7narge). mark! sb. 'line, dot, cut' me. marke oe. mearc = DU. on. mark, mhg. marc (gen. markes') G. marke (goth. marka 'boundary'). — Hence mark vb. me. marke oe. mearciaii = on. ?narka, osAX. 7)iarkdn\ cp. DU. G. ?/ierken ^= GOTH. *markjan. mark '- sb. 'a unit of weight, a coin' me. mark late OE. tnarc: borrowed fr. ON. mgrk, whence also DU. G. mark (med.-lat. marcci). market sb. me. market late OE. (ii'*' cent.) fmwkit mar cat: bor- rowed fr. OFR. "^market fr. marcM (it. mercatd) = lat. mercdtus 'market', whence also ohg. j/iarkdt merchdt g. du. jnarkt. See mart. maroon adj. 'chestnut-colored' borrowed fr. FR. marron ^= it. marrane 'a chestnut'. marrow me. maro7i> mary oe. mearh mearg = osAX. ?/iarg, OHG. mar(a)g G. mark, DU. merg, ON. mergr: Teut. base mazga- = ARYAN *mazgho- in oslov. mozgil, ZEND mazga, skr. ?/iaJJati 'marrow'. The root is skr. ?najj 'immerge' = lat. mergere. marry vb. me. marie vb. adopt- ed fr. FR. tnarier: source lat. maritare 'marry'. — Hence mar- riage ilE. 7naridge ^ fr. tnariage. marsh :\le. 7/iersh oe. tnersc earliest form merisc = mdu. marshal — mastiff 133 tnaersche , lg. g. inarsch, dan. niarsk: Teut. base mariska- = ]MED. - LAT. mariscus 'swamp', whence ofr. maresc fr. marais. Source teut. jnari- 'ocean (= LAT. marc) in oe. viei'e, OHG. nieri G. 7fice7-, ON. marr, goth. marei. marshal me. 7narie)schal adopt- ed fr. OFR. marcschal ^= fr. marichal^ span, niariscal, it. ma- r/j^rt/i9 'a marshal, farrier. Source a teut. fnarha-ska/kaz 'horse- thane' = OHG. 7)iarah-scalc (ohg. Tuarah 'a horse' = E. mare and OHG. scalch = OE. scealc jme. schalk, ON. skdlkr , OSAX. skalk, GOTH, skalks 'servant'. mart sb. short for ?narket. marten short for martern orig. inartre :me. 7/iarire adopted fr. fr. 7/iartre (=^ it. 7/iariora, span. martci). The Fr. word, which supplanted a genuine oe. 7nearp, is of Teut. origin : ON. 77iprdr, OHG. 7/iardar G. 7tiarder , du. 7nartcr\ osAX. '^77iarthar inferred fr. the adj. 77iarth7-m. martin sb. borrowed fr. FR. 7/iartiii, orig. the proper name Martin, which was applied to various birds and animals; cp. robin red-breast. martyr sb. z^ie. Jiiartir oe. 77iar- tyr = OS AX. 77iartir, OHG. 7/iartyr, GOTH; 77iartyr (with suffix DU. 77iarte/aar, ohg. 7>iartirari G. 77idr- tyrei-): fr. lat.-gr. 7/iariyr 'a w'it- ness". marvel vb. :me. tiierveile bor- rowed fr. FR. 77ierveiller; source LAT. 7/iirabilia 'wonderful things'. mash vb. 77iasche vb. 'mix' (oe. (^7}idscia7iT) = G. 77ieische7i: prob. cogn. w. OSLOV. i7iezga 'sap of trees' (osLOV. 2^ = teut. j--^?). Cp. mix. mask sb. borrowed fr. fr. 77iasque, whence also G. du. dan. maske sw. 7/iask. mason me. 77idsoun adopted fr. FR. 7nafoii ; source a type 7natio 'a maison' = OHG. 77iezzo G. ste'm77ictz a stone- mason'. mass^ sb. a lump of matter' late ME. 77iasse borrowed fr. fr. i7iasse (= IT. 77iassd) : source LAT. 7/tassu 'a lump, a mass', whence also ohg. 7nassa G. 77tasse. mass^ sb. 'the eucharist me. 7/iasse OE. 77Ui'sse; evidently identical w. oSAX. 77iissa, du. 7/iis, OHG. 77iessa 7nissa g. 7nesse: a Christian word from med.- LAT. 77iissa 'mass' = fr. 7/iesse (whence ME. 7nessc). mast aiE. 77iast OE. 77uest = du. lg. g. sw. dan. 77iast, ON. mastr. In accordance with Grimm's law, the Teut. base 7>iasta- is based on pre-TEUT. mazdo- = LAT. 77ialus (for *7nddiis) 'a mast'. master sb. ;me. 7naister late OE. 7/iiEX^ester borrowed fr. ofr. maistre^^. 7naitre (= IT. 7naestrd) : source LAT. 7/tagister , whence also OSAX. 77iestar, du. 7neestcr, OHG. 7/uistar G. 77ieister. See 77iister. mastiff ME. ;«^i-/i/^OTrt!.$-/i/'adopted fr. OFR. 7iicstif prop, an adj. fr. 134 mat — mayor the sb. OFR. f)iastiii (fr. matiii) 'a mastiff'. mat ]M£. matte oe. meatta = DU. 7nat, OHG. ynatta G. matte, IT. ?natta borrowed fr. LAT. matta 'a rug', whence fr. nattc. match 1 sb. me. ?nacc/ie oe. y:mcccca 'a companion' ident. w. OE. lemaca sb. = E. make. match- sb. 'the wick of a candle, a match' me. macche borrowed fr. fr. tneche 'matcli of a lamp' : source lat. niyxa 'the nozzle of a lamp'. mate sb. 'a companion' me. mate = DU. f/iaat, OSAX. *gimato, OHG. gimai^y) mhg. gemai,2,e, oe. ''^j^etndta (wanting) " would be derived from OE. mete = meat; hence mate prop, 'mess-mate'. mate adj. me. mate mat 'con- founded, dejected borrowed fr. OFR. fr. 7mit (= SPAN. 7nate, IT. ?)iatto). Source the Arab.- Pers. expression in the chess- play schdh tridt 'the king is dead'. miatins, mattins 'morning prayers' ilE. matin{e)s\ borrowed fr. FR. fiiatins plur. of matin 'morning': source lat. matntinus 'belonging to the morning'; cp. LAT. hora matutuia in ohg. tnettina g. mette 'matutinal service'. matter sb. me. tnatere adopted fr. FR. ffiatiere; source lat. materia 'materials'. mattock :\ie. viattok oe. mattoc prob. fr. CYMR. viatog 'a hoe'; but OSLOV. f/iotyka and lith. matikas 'mattock' point to a Teut. word. mattress iiE. materas (= du. 7natras) borrowed fr. ofr. 7nate- }-as = FR. 77iatclas ^ MED. -lat. 77iat7-atiu7ii\ source ARAB. 77iatra/i prop, 'a place where something is thrown'. maudlin adj. corrupted fr. ]ME. Maiuielei7i = Magdelai7ie = OFR. Magdelei/ie, lat.-gr. Mag- daleiia. Ma7-ia Magdaleiia was considered a type of sorrowing penitence. maul vb. me. malle 'strike witli a mail' formed fr. the iiE. sb. 7nalle 'a mall' borrowed fr. ir. 77iail 'a mail', whence also meill. Maundy Thursday :me. 77iau7ide ihu7'sdai fr. ofr. 77ia.7idi (= ohg. mhg. f7iaiiddt^ 'the ceremony of Clirist's washing his disciples' feet': source lat. 7na7iddtu7n ac- cording to John XIII 34. mauve 'mallow color' borrowed fr. FR. 7/iauve 'a mallow' = lat. 77ialva\ ident. w. 77iallow. maw ME. 7nawe oe. maga 'stomach' = ohg. 77iago 'sto- mach' g. 77iage>i, DU. 7/iaag, on. 77iagi 'stomach'. may vb. me. 77iai oe. mcB^ = OSAX. OHG. G. DU. 77iag, ON. 77td, GOTH. mag. TEUT. \f 7nag {jtuig) fr. ARYAN magh is closely allied to OSLOV. 77iogq 77iosti 'be able*. May ME. 7nay 7nai fr. FR. Mai (lat. Mains 7/ie/isis). mayor sb. me. 7/iaii-e adopted fr. FR. 7/iai7-e: source lat. 7/iajor 'greater'. me mean 135 me pers. pron. dat. and ace. ME. OE. me fr. a Teut. and ARYAN stem mc- in GOTH, mis fni-k, G. mi-r mi-c/i, LAT. mihi 7hc ; GR. Lioi i^ioi fis tas; skr. ma/iyam 7ne dat., imwi 7/id ace; base tna- . mead' sb. j*ie. w;v/ 7>ied, con- nected w. LAT. 77icto 'I mow, reap' and showing a shorter form 77ie in E. mow. But the (iOTH. ^/7ie might represent the root and twa the suffix. — meadow ^ie. 7/iedwe oe. 7n(kd yre n . 77uhdwe. Me ad an d ;// e a do w O are related as shade and sha- dow. Cp. mead. meagre adj. :me, tricgi-e bor- rowed fr. er. 7/iaigre (= span. IT. 77iar7'o): source lat. 7/iacer. 'lean, thin, meagre', oe. 77iaier {= DU.MLG. G. 77iagCI- OHG. 7liaga7', ON. mag/- is common Teut.). The Teut. forms with LAT. macer, GR. /<«/''"''' 'think' in 1 77iiiun mean adj. me. 77ic7ie adj. 'middle' contracted fr. '^77iejat ^^ OFR. 136 measles mercy mcyen FR. inoyen 'intermediate : source LAT. mcdidnus. measles sb. me. mesel sb. 'leper' — adj. leprous': loan- word fr. OFR.w^iY/:=:LAT. misellus. measure sb. me. fnf'sure bor- rowed fr. FR. fuesiire (^ span. fnesnra , IT. viisurd) from LAT. niensura. meat :me. mete oe. mete fr, a Teut. base mati- = OSAX. meti, DU. met (in -wurst), OHG. //ia%, ON. W(7//-, GOTH, mats 'food'. medal borrowed fr. FR. mif- daille {= span, medalla , it. medagliii); source a lat. type vretallca fr. LAT. metal/iif/i. mieddle mr. med/e {?!icie) 'mix' borrowed fr. ofr. medler mesler = FR. w?iiglia'). The more frequent plur. i/iilia was adopted in Rom. and G. as a fem. sing, (omitting passutwi). milfoil ME. 7nilfoil fr. fr. 7nille- fcuille = LAT. 7nillefoliu7n. milk ME. 7)iilk OE. fneoloc 7/tilc = OSAX. ftnluk, DU. 7nclk, OHG. 7/iiluh G. 77iilch, ON. mjolkr, goth. 7uilnlis. It is remarkable that a common Aryan or at least a West -Aryan term for 'milk' is wanting, although the V~ 7/ielg ^^ teut. 7?iclk 'to milk' occurs in all the West-Aryan languages. From a common Indo-Eur. vb. : OE. 77i'elcan, du. 7/telke/i, ohg. 7nelchatt G. t/telken, goth. *7fiilkan. Cp. LAT. 7nulge7-e , gr. af.isXyeiv , oSLOV. 7filesti (pres. 7nliizq), lith. 7nilsti (pres. 77i6lzii) oir. 7tibligifn (t/ilichi and 7nelg 'milk'). — milk vb. ME. 7/iilke oE. 7/teolcia/i {= ofris. 77ielka, ON. 7/ijdlka) fr. OE. 7/ieolc. mill ME. 7nille earlier 77nl/ie OE. tttyln (whence on. 7)iyliid) = DU. 77iolen meiilen , OHG. 77mli{n) G. 7>iiihle; borrowed fr. late LAT. common ROM. ttiolma 'mill' (for class. LAT. 7)iohi), whence also IT. midino, fr. 7nouliii. millet fr. FR. 7/iillet', source lat. 7nilium 'millet'. milt MK. OE. 7nilte = du. milt, ORG. 7)iilzi G. 7iiilz, ON. 77iilti: from the teut. \f7iiclt seen in 771 alt. E. and nu. iinlt soft roe of fishes' is a corruption of 77iilk (sw. 7njdlke 'milt' fr. iiijiilk 'milk', dan. niince mire ' 139 fiskcmclk "soft roe of fishes', lit. 'fish-milk). mince vb. me. imnce oe. viin- sian \vk. vb. 'make small' deriv. fr. OE. ?nin(nii) = du. vii/i 'smaller; cp. FR. mincer 'mince' from mince 'small' of Teut. origin. mind sb. me. minde oe. j^e-fnynd 'memory, mind': Teut. base ga-mundi- = GOTH, ga-munds 'memory' from goth. ga-munan ^= OSAX. (/(ir)munan "despise', ON. muna, OE. lenmnan, cp. GOTH. 7nuns purpose , desire , mind', ON. mimr 'mind, desire, love', OE. myne 'memory, love'. Allied to ON. niin/ii 'remembrance, mind', OSAX. minna , ohg. minnia and OHG. minni G. niinne 'love', orig. 'remembrance'. All belong to the common Aryan and teut. \f7nen man 'think'; cp. gr. ukvoc 'courage, mind', /iiiuv7Jay.(o 'I remember', lat. memini reviiniscor 7nens tnoneo, SKR. \j'~fnan 'think, believe'. mine possessive pron. me. ok. min = OSAX. OHG. min, DU. tnijn, G. fncin (also ohg. nan G. meinc/-), ON. niinn y GOTH, nicins'. derived fr. the stem mc- of the pers. pron. cp. me and for the suffix cp. SKR. niakuia 'mine and i hi tie. mine sb. u^.mine = du. tnijn, G. DAN. mine: borrowed from fr. /nine (= span. it. mind): of Celt, origin; cp. IR. gaei.. wtV// 'metal', BRET. 7nen 'stone , metal , cvmr. rmvyn 'metal' : celt, base tnena mci/ia ? mingle a frequent, vb. from me. mi/igc nienge oe. jtiengan ^ osax. maigian, du. fnengen, OHG. mengan G. niengen, goth. '^maggjan. Cp. afnong. minnow 'a fish' me. minowe oe. *niyfnve (and w>7/d^'capito ) ^ ohg. mimiwa 'capedo'; cp. westphal. mane, hess. mcehn} Etymology unknown. minster me. minster oe. mynster fr. a base mnnistirja- = du. munster , ohg. miinistri prop, 'monastery' then convent-church' G. ?niinster : after lat.-gr. fnona- sterium, whence also fr. ?nouiier 'monastery, convent'. minstrel me. miiiistral menestral borrowed fr. fr. fndnesirel: source lat. ?ninisierialis an artisan, jester, buffoon'. raiint 1 sb. me. mint oe. ?nynet = DU. tnunt, OHG. 7)iitni-^ //nuu-^zfl g. 7/iHnze: teut. t/umita- t/uuiito- borrowed fr. lat. f/w/ieia 'place of coinage, money', whence also FR. 7/n)7inaie under 7iioney. mint- sb. 'a plant' me. oe. 7ni7ite ^= DU. 77m77t, OHG. tni/iza G. mime : adapted fr. lat. 7>ie7itha 77ie7ita (gr. f^iivda) , whence also fr. 7ne7tthc, IT. SPAN. me7ita. mire^ 'deep mud* me. mire oe. myrc from west-teut. 77iiu/-jdn = ON. 7nv/r 'slime' ; the r of these words is orig. z = s; cp. OE. 77/eos 'moss' by the side of oe. 7/i(7s 'moss, swamp ; g. 77100s also signi- fies 'marsh'; cp. 7noss. Hence e. fnire prop, 'mossy soil'. mire'- cp. pis77iire. 140 mirth — mole mirth me. mirthe earlier nmrJide OE. f/iyrgd deriv. fr. oe. myryi = merry with formative -th (as in length, strengtJi). mis ^ prefix me. oe. mis- = du. Mis-, OHG. f/iissa- viissi- G. miss-, ON. mis-; GOTH, viissa- for '^tnipta- (prop. 'lost') is an old part, in to- from a \l^7nip seen in oe. midan me. mit/ie 'shun, avoid' (= OS AX. mtdan, ohg. midan G. meideii). Akin to oir. vii in mi- gnitn 'misdeed' ? mis 2 prefix older mes- borrowed fr. OFR. mes- (t'R. ?n^-') : source LAT. minus 'less'. — mischief ME. mes-chef borrowed fr. ofr. mes-chief 'a bad result, damage' fr. mis- and chief (cp. me. bon- chef 'happiness'). — miscreant borrowed fr. ofr. mescreant (source lat. credcnt-eni). miss vb. ME. misse OE. missan = DU. G. missen, on. missa, goth. missjan. Evidently connected with WEST-TEUT. mtpan 'avoid' in OE. 7nidan, ohg. midan G. meiden 'avoid. Cp. 7/iis. miss contr. of mistress. mist ME. OE. mist = du. fnisi, LG. mist 'darkness , iog , mist', ON. mistr 'darkness, mist. mister me. maister = 7naster. mistle ME. fnistcl oe. mistel = ohg. mistil G. mistel , on. mistel 'mistletoe'. — mistletoe oe. misteltdn (= on. mistilsteimi) fr. w/jr/// bird-lime' and tdtt 'branch. mite ^ sb. 'a small insect me. oe. mite = LG. mite, OHG. miz,n 'a midge, fly: teut. ^^w/V 'cut small', whence goth. maitan ^ on. ?neita 'cut'. mite- sb. 'a very small portion' ME. mite borrowed fr. odu. ?nijt a small coin'. mitten me. mitaine borrowed fr. FR. mitaine 'a mitten'. mix vb. ME. mixe oe. miscian = ohg. miskan from '^miskjatt MHG. MLG. G. misihen: all prob. borrowed fr. lat. tniscere 'mix'. mizzen sb. borrowed fr. fr. misai/ie = IT. 7)iezzana\ source LAT. medius. Ident. w. G. bezaan- scgel. moan vb.ME. tnme (oe. *fftdniatt) with the by-form me. 7nd/ie oe. mchia/i 'moan'. moat sb. ME. fnote borrowed fr. OFR. f/iote 'dike'. mock fr. FR. se 7Hoquer. mode fr. fr. 7node. moiety borrowed fr. fr. 7noitid (lat. type 77iedietdteni). moist adj. me. fnoiste 'moist, fresh': borrowed fr. ofr. ftwiste {r= FR. 77ioite). Source lat. 7)iusteus 'belonging to new must or wine', also 'new, fresh' (rfiustns 'new wine'). mole^ sb. 'a mark on the body' ME. 7nple OE. mdl = OHG. 7neil also 7neUa, goth. mail 'a spot'. mole- sb. 'breakwater' bor- rowed fr. FR. mole 'a bank' (= it. 7nole 7>ioh>) : source LAT. moles 'a great heap, a vast pile'. mole^ sb. 'an insectivorous animal' ME. 7nolIe = DU. 7/101} Prob. short for ME. 7/ioldezverJ> inonday — more 141 == OHG. moltiv'erf G. mauhmirf. From ME. inolde OE. viglde 'earth' = ON. mold, OHG. fiiolta, goth. w?i- miitian: borrowed fr. LAT. inn tare 'change', whence also DU. muiten, OHG. 7nii"J>n G. mausern 'change the feathers or skin, moult'. mount vb. adapted fr. fr. j/io/itcr 'mount'. mount sb. me. tnoiuit: loanword from fr. 7)iont. Ident. with OE. munt iVcjm lat. montetn (fnons). The ME. ou = u is not the oe. I'l, but substitution for the fr. nasal vowel. — mountain me. mountaine fr. ofr. ?nontaine = fr. montagne (lat. type man- ia nca). mourn vb. me. viownc oe. miirnan str. vb. = OSAX. mornian, OHG. inornen, ON. morna, GOTH. ffiailr?ian : ARYAN \^ jne?- in GR. fitfjinra sorrow' and lat. 7?iemor. mouse ME. mous (plur. m/s) OE. mils (plur. mys) = DU. muis, OHG. 7/ius G. maus, on. miis. The base mi/s- occurs in almost all ARYAN languages. Cp. skr. miis 'mouse' with the V~ mus' mus fHusdy 'take away, rob'; also GR. i-ivq, LAT. mfis, OSLOV. mysi. mouth ME. fuouth oe. ?mid = OSAX. ffiiid, DU. viond, OHG. 7nU7ld G. mUTld, ON. 77lim7ir 7/lud7-, GOTH. 77iu7ips 'mouth'. The teut. 77iunpa-z 'mouth' is based on pre-TEUT. 77Wito-s and connected with LAT. 7/ie7itu7/i 'chin'. move vb. me. 7/iGve with the by-form 7tioeve fr. ofr. 77iovoir mevoir fr. 77iouvoi7- = lat. 77iove7'e. mow sb. ME. 77iowe 77iouwe oe. 7/mga 7/iiiwa = on. 7/iugi 'heap'; cp. OHG. 77iii-w'erf 'mole' orig. 'maker of mole-heaps'. mo^A^ vb. ME. 7)igwe oe. 77idiva7i str. vb. = DU. 77iaaije7i, ohg. 77iden MHG. 7/iceje7i g. 77idhen. A common west-teut. \(^7ne 'mow' appears in oe. 7nci'p (e. math in after-, latter-), OHG. 77idd G. 7/iahd "mowing, swath', and in GR. cc-uiiTOQ 'harvest' — d-^unidi I mow' and in lat. 77ietere 'reap . much ME. i7ioche 77iuche for earlier 7/iuchel oe. 77iycel fr. a Teut. base mukila- {7/ukila-)\ cogn. w. GR. f.itydXrj and fisyac, SKR. 77idha7i 'great'. Cp. 7/iickle. muck ME. 7/iuck borrowed fr. a SCAND. *77iuk- = ON. 77iyllt 77iykr 'dung'. mud ME. 7/iud = OLG. 7/iudde 'mud'. muff vb. DU. 77iof LG. G. sw. 7/iuff\ DAN. 77mffe a new teut. word derived fr. fr. 77iouflc 144 mulheriv — muzzle 'mitten', med.-lat. muffula (9*^ cent.). Cogn. w. muffle vb. 'cover up warmly' fr. ofr. moufe 'mitten'. mulberry me. oe. miirberie oe. mor-berie ^^ du. moerbes 7noer- besie , OHG. inurberi morberi G. fiiaidbeei-e; the / of the first part of the compound for r is the effect of dissimilation ; mdr is LAT. ?nbrufn 'a mulberry". The second part is an explanatory addition. mule ME. milk borrowed fr. FR. mule; source LAT. mulus 'a mule', whence also it. mulo, o. ?naulesel (ohg. w/?/, oir. oe. mut). murder sb. me. morthei- oe. mordor ^ goth. ?nati?fr; from \f7nr mar 'die' and suffix -pra; cp. oe. mord = on. tnord, OSAX. morth, DU. moord, ohg. g. mord 'premeditated murder'. teut. morfa- 'murder' is based on pre-TEUT. mrto-7n 'death': \fmor widely diffused through all the Aryan languages signified 'die'. Cp. the SKR. ■\fvir 'die' (?nrtd-7ti 'death' — mrtas 'dead' — mdrta-s 'mortal') mrtyus 'death'; LAT. mori 'die' — 7norluus' dedid' — mors 'death'; os,i.OY.f/ireti 'die' — ?noru- su-i)iriiti 'death' — fnrutvic (lat. mortuus) 'dead ; lith. inlrti 'die' — mirth 'death' ; gr. (j^orog (for *«porc't,") 'mortal' -- du^^ioTog'im- mortal'; OIR. marb 'dead'. — murder vb. me. tnurthre mirthre OE. myrdrian = ohg. murdiren, GOTH. 7naurfrjan 'murder, kill'. murky me. tnirke ?nirk bor- rowed fr. ON. 7/iyrkr and ident. w. OE. 7nirce 77iyrce. OE. myrce, OSAX. tnirki and on. 77iyrkr 'dark' represent a Teut. base 7}urkwi-. murmur vb. me. 7fiu7'mure adopted fr. fr. mu7t7iurer (^ SPAN. 77t2ir?7turar, it. 77ior77torare, ohg. 77inr7}iurd7i o. 77iur77ielii) : source lat. 7riU7'murare. muscle adopted fr. fr. 77iuscle\ source lat. musculus 'a muscle, a little mouse', dimin. of 77ius 'a mouse' (gr. /.ivg) 'a mouse, a muscle'. From the same source also DU. G. 77iuskel 'a muscle'. must sb. ME. oe. f/iust 'new wine' (= DU. G. 7/iosi, on. 77ncsi) adopted fr. lat. ?/iusiuf7i 'new wine', whence also ofr. 77iousl, FR. 77m(t, IT. 77wsto. See 7/iusty, 77ioist etc. must vb. ME. OE. 77ipste pret. of OE. 77ipta7l = OSAX. 77ldta7l, DU. 77ioeten, ohg. 77iuo':^i^a7i g. 7/i!isse7i, GOTH. t7tdta7i. mustard me. 7/iustard f7iostard {=^ DU. 7nosterd 7710s taard, G. 77iostcrt {7/iostricJi) : borrowed fr. OFR. 7/ioustard = fr. 77wutard. Source OFR. ?//6'«j/ = LAT. 77lUStUS 'new wine'. mute ]ME. 77nlet fr. fr. 7nuet. Source LAT. 77iutus 'dumb'. mutton ME. 7notou7i mutotm adopt- ed fr. OFR. 77lOt07l (fr. 7/lOUt07l). muzzle :me. 77ioscl borrowed fr. OFR. 7uusel = FR. 77iuscau 'muzzle'; perh. orig. identical w. 7/iorcel = E. 7/iorsel. H iimshrooni nap 145 mushroom late yiE. musherflun fr. the enuiv. ofr. ynoiisseroii. muster sb. a show; review, array; pattern' etc. short for ME. moustrc from OFR. monstrc (fr. niontre=: it. niostra): source LAT. vionstrare, whence also DU. monster, mlg. initnster, g. tmisicr. \ SW, DAX. tnonstcr. — Hence the vb. j muster vb. 'exhibit, review' etc. :me. inust(e)re <. ofr. mojistrer (fr. nioiitrer = SPAN, mostrar, IT. tnostrare) from lat. jnonstrare\ cp. DU. nionsteren, MLO. munstcren, G. muster 71, sw. monstra, DAN. monstre. N nag ME. nagge 'horse'; cp. odu. negge 'a small horse'. nail -ME. nail oe. 7i(Pi^el = osax. OHG. nagal DU. G. nagel , ox. //(Tf/'tinger-nail' — nag li'\i 00 Aq.w, iron nail'; GOTH. *nagis inferred from the vb. nagljan 'nail', teut. luigla- arose from Aryan noghlo- or nokhld-\ cp. skr. nakhd 'nail of a finger or toe, claw of a bird , GR. ovvyj (nom. ovvt) 'nail of a finger or toe, claw, hoof, hook', LAT. unguis 'claw, talon', oiR. ingen (cymr. ewi?i) from Jng/mihia , OSLOV. nogiiti 'nail, claw (fr. OSLOV. noga 'foot'); LITH. ndgas 'finger-nail' — nagci 'horse's hoof. ARYAN \f nokh npg/i. naked adj. mi;, naked oe. ndcod = DU. naakt, ohg. nackut nahhut G. nacht, on. noklwidr , goth. nai/a/>s: Teut. base naqo-da- naqa-da- from a pre-TEur. nogoto- nogeto-; cp. oir. ^^^r^/'naked' from a base nokto- and skr. nagnd ■naked' with suflix na for ta\ English Etymology. without consonantal suffix are formed OSLOV. nagii, lith. nu gas naked'. Allied also lat. nudus for *tioz>dus *nogvnius. - - aryan \'^nog} name sb. me. name oe. ndfna noma =^ oSAX. ohg. namo, DU. naam, g. name, ox. na/n (for *jtamn~), GOTH. natnd\ synon. with SKR. ndma, gr. o-voua, lat. nomen and perh. also ident. with OSLOV. im( fr. *in-fnen ^'?n-men, PRUSS. emmans, oiR. ainm. The ARYAN base was no-men-, which perh. was orig. *gn<1-men- fr. the ARYA^sP gno in know. Then name prop, meant 'name by which a thing is known'. napi sb. from the vb. me. nappe oe. hnceppian hnappian 'doze'; cp. ohg. hnaffezen mhg. nafzen vb. 'slumber'. Perh. cogn. w. OY.Jmipian, o^.hnipna vb. 'droop'. nap- sb. earlier nop me. noppi nap', OE. hnoppa ('villus') 'nap of cloth* = uu. nop, MLG. DAN. noppe, osw. nop 'nap of cloth or 10 146 nape — neck wool'; cogu. w. NORAVEG. nuppa, GOTH, dishniupan to break'. nape me. iidpe 'knob'; pcrli. with inner labial for guttural and cogn. w. neck. napkin :\ie. napckin adopted fr. FR. nappe 'table-cloth' with diuiin. suffix -/'///. Source a vulg. lat. *nappa = i.at. mappa 'a cloth'. See map, nard me. nard borrowed fr. FK. nard {=l span. it. nardo) = LAT. nardits, whence also G. narde. narrow adj. me. narowe narwe OE. nearu = OSAX. nam, du. Jiaa)-) from a teut. adj. namui- (used as fem. sb. in ohg. nar7va G. narbe 'scar'). Cp. Lri'H. ijcr-ti vb. 'thread' (a needle) — narva 'cell of the queen-bee". narwhal (= g. narwal) adopt- ed fr. DAN. sw. narhval ^^ on. nd-hvalr 'sea-unicorn'. The se- cond element see under w/iaie; the first part is obscure. nasty adj. corruption of an earlier nasky\ perh. borrowed fr. sw. dial, naskitg 'nasty, dirty'. naught me. naught oe. ndht earlier ndn'iht = osAX. niowiht OHG. niozviht G. nicld, du. niet, GOTH. /// wai/its 'no thing'; cp. 70 hit. nave' sb. 'the body of the church' borrowed fr. ofr. nave FR. ?ief (= SPAN. IT. /lave^ 'a ship' — 'the body of the church': MED. -LAT. ndvis 'the nave of a church' = lat. rnh'/s 'ship'. nave 2 sb. 'the hub of a wheel' me. ndz'e oe. ndfii = du. naaf aaf nave , OHG. na/>a G. nah, ON. no/, GOTH, '^naba: an old ARYAN word (liase nobhcf); cp. SKR. ndbhi f. and nabhya n. 'the nave (of a wheel); cogn. w. navel. See auger, navel sb. me. ndvel(e) oe. nd- fela = DU. navel, ohg. nabulo G. tiabel, ON. najli; goth. '^nabala : a common AKYANword with a base nobhalo-: onbhalo-; cp. the synon. GR. oiKfakog, LAT. umbiFicus (tor "unbil'irus *nobilkns), skr. ndbli'ila, oiR. i?nbliu 'navel'. These words are very old /-derivatives of ARYAii, ON. hnakk'r. Tent, base '"hnakkaii- for ON. hiiakki and '^hnekkan- for oe. huccca. oiR. cnocc , OBRET. (;«(?^/; 'hiir (stem cnocco-') may be cognate, perhaps also nape. need sb. me. ned (^nai) oe. //<'V/ ?r)''rt^ {tie'ad) fr. a Teut. base naudi = OSAX. ?;<7^/, DU. 7W0d , OHG. //^V G. -'/^/, on. iiaudr, GOTH. naups: pre-TEUT. naiit't- has been connected with pruss. nauti- (Hstress'; pre-TEUT. sTnaii. needle me. ncdle oe. ncdl jid.dl (oldest form tuedl) — osAX. fiadla, DU. 7ia\:. fniezcn 'to sneeze' and \'~sneus in sneeze. neif neaf me. n&oe 'fist' bor- rowed from ON. Imcfi 'fist (sw. inifve, DAN. ncene). neigh vb. me. //fn-), T)\3.nalmur, ohg. ndh-gibiir G. nachhar; a ct)m- mon West-Teut. compound of «/^''// and bower, pointing to GOTH, '■'nehiva-gabur. neither see eitlier\ :me. iiouther OE. ndwder earlier form //(?- /ncurdcr. nephew me. neviw borrowed from FR. ueveu; supplanting the genuine me. fic've oe. ?ic/a 'grand- son, nephew' = on. neji 'relative', DU. //!?<'/ 'grandson, nephew, cou- sin', OHG. /I'evo G. nepfe 'sister's (or brother's) son': Teut. base n'efan- from a pre-Teut. base ni-pot- ap- pearing in SKR. ndpdt (stem ndptr') 'descendant, son, grand- son', GR. dvsiL'iOQ 'a first cousin, kinsman' — VBnodeg 'offspring', LAT. 7iepos (the source of fr. neveii , whence e. nepheio) 'a grandson, also a nephew', oiR. Ilia 'a sister's son'. nest :me. oe. nest = ohg. g. DU. nest: TEUT. nes/a- = pre-Teut. form nizdo- confirmed by skr. tiida-s 'lair of animals' also 'dwelling', armen. nist 'seat', OIR. nei 'nest', l.\t. nuius 'nest' for *nizdos. The aryan ni-zdo- is prop, a compound of the Aryan yj'^sed sit, seat oneself, and the verbal particle ni preserved in SKR. (see nether') ; nizdo- from n'l-sedd- means lit. 'settle- ment'; cj). .SKR. ni-sad 'sit down, 10* 148 net — night settle'. — nestle vh, me. nest{c)le OE. nistrian {= du. iiestelen, g. nistebi): a frequent, form, lit. 'frequent a nest'. net ME. OE. net (it) fr. a Teut. tiaija- = OSAX. 71 ft {/iftti), DU. ON. net, OHG. nezzi g. netz, goth. nati; allied to on. //c;7 'a lari^e net' and lat. nassa 'net'. nether adj. me. net/iere oe. ?ieodera\ cogn. w. osAX. nitkiri, DU. neder, ohg. ?^/>//>-/ g. nieder and OE. w//i?;- = osax. nithar, DU. «(?i'/(?r, OHG. ;z/^/r?r g. nicder, ON. ///ar: deriv. from the Aryan verbal particle /// 'downward' mentioned under nest and the comparat. suftix LAT. -ter, GK. -T(:(JO^, .SKR. -/^/V?. nettle :me. nettle OE. //,f/,f/e' = DU. MLG. netet, OHG. ne—^ila G. nessel', with thrain. suffix -//^//!- from a more (original form seen in OHG. >ia--^a 'nettle', goth. *nata and *natild; possibly connected with net and with the redupli- cated OIK. 7ienaid (base nenat-) nettle'; cp. lith. notere 'nettle'. never adv. me. 7iever oe. 7tcef7-e from 7ie 'not' and cef/'e = ever. new adj. me. /laoe oe. 7ieowe {/tkve) = osax. ohg. 7iiuwi, DU. niemu, G. /ten, on. ny)-, goth. niujis. The common teut. /liiija- from pre-TEUT. niuyo- answers to skk. ndvyas 7iaviyas (and 7idvas), lith. nanjas 7iavas (oslov. //t'?'/?, lat. novns, GR. I'foc); prob. connected with the ARYAN particle //// 'now', so that that which is new' means now, recent'. Cp. 7in-,v. newt with secondary // from ME. eute evete oe. efcte; not found in the other Teut. languages. Teut. base aditon-} next adj. me. 7iext oe. niehst nrhst =^ OSAX. OHG. /lahist G. /idehst: superl. of OE. 7iiah = e. 7iigh. See also nea7\ nice ME. til(e 'foolish' fr. ofr. 7ii(;e 'slothful, idle, dull'; source LAT. /leseius 'ignorant'. niche borrowed fr. kr. niche =■ IT. niechia 'a recess in the wall'. nickname sliort for earlier 7iekend/ne me. eke-7idtne prop, ad- ditional name'; cp. on. an^nafn, DAN. dgnav7i 'nickname'. For oe. ica/iycean 'to add' cp. eke. The initial // of 7iickna7ne is secon- dary as in 7iewt. niece me. 7ie(e fr. fr. niece: source med.-lat. neptia 'a niece' = lat. neptis a' grand-daughter, niece'. niggard sb. me. nigard with the by-form me. nigoun 'niggard'; the formation of the Me. words points to Fr. influence. nigh adj. adv. and prep. me. 7ieig/i OE. neh earlier nrah = osax. 7/d/l, OHG. 77d/l G. 7M//e, ON. 77.d-7-, GOTH. 7te/mis 'nigh, near': Teut. base /le/iwa- = pre-TEUT. 7teko- 7iecje-. Cp. near, 7iext and neighbour. night ME. night (jiaiighi) oe. 7iiht i^/ieaht) = osax. ohg. naht, DU. G. /lacht, ON. ndtt nott, goth. 7iahts : TEUT. naht- from pre- TEUT. 7iokt-\ cp. LAT. nox (stem nightingale — nose 149 fiocii-), GK. viiS. (I'j'xr-), skr. 7mkta — naktan — nakti, lith. naktis, OSLOV. nosti. See fori- nig/it, sennight. nightingale me. nightcngdle oe. nihte-gale = OSAX. ohg. nahti-gala, DU. nachtegaal, G. luuhtigall 'a nightingale': from oe. niht (gen. nihte) = night and 'lEU'i'. galan str. vb. 'sing'. Cp. stauycl. nightmare me. nighlcvidre; oe. j OHG. ON. mara 'a night-mare'; (du. nach'-77ierric 'niglitmare'). nightshade oe. niht-sceadu from OE. niht = E. night and OE. sceodu :=: E. shade. nimble adj. me. «/;//<'/ lit. 'ready to catch' from OE. niman vb. 'take, seize'; for tlie suffix cp. brittle. nine me. 7iine oe. nigonc without inflexion nigon neogon =r oSAX. nigiin, T)\:.negen\ cp. goth. ohg. «/«// G. neun, on. ///V/ 'nine' : the forms with g are based on teut. '''n'egun for ""navirn, whilst GOTH. and OHG. ninn are based on^nm'n. The numeral is common to all Aryan languages in the form 7ieui?n 7icwn ; cp. skr. n(wan, lat. /im'evi, GR. i'n'f'w, OHi. ;7<7/. nit ME. wV^ OE. hnitu = du. //f^"/, .MLG. nete 7iit, ohg. /«'; G. 7tiss. ' 3R. ; or/c (plur. , nvidfc) c^^'^ of lice, bee-bugs and fleas" may be allied , if y.{n)vid is t;ommon to both languages. Cp. also SL.w. g7iida antl ai.uan. ih/n from *ke7iida. no adv. me. no oe. «]^ 'oarsman' — spar/nog 'oar' might be cognate, cp. ro7i:'. oast ME. ps^ OE. dsf 'kiln, dry- inghouse' = du. ees/: teut. aistn- cogn. w. LkT.aestus 'glowing heat'; .w<.\K'ti \^ aidh 'burn' in GK.aiiioq heat'. oath ME. pih OE. df> = goth. ai/s, ON. d{/r, Dv. ecd , ohc. g. eid 'oath': teut. aipa- fr. a pre- TEUT. oito- in oiR. oeth 'oath'; perh. \'^ ai in oho. hva 'law'. oats ME. (Hes \A\\x. of ote oe. dta. oblige vb. ME. oblige = fr. obliger, lat. obligare. obtain fr. kr. obtoiir. odd .ME. odde 'distinguislied, special': loanword fr. on. oddi 'a triangle', which also means 'an odd number' {standask i odd a 'be at odds, quarrel'). of ME. OE. of = GOTH. ON. DU. af, OHG. aba G. ab: aryan apo in j GR. ano, SKR. dpa 'away'. — • off I orig, ident. w. of. I offend vb. ME. offende fr. fr. 1 offendre =:= lat. offender e. offer vb. ME. offre oe. offrian wk. vb. 'offer': loanword fr. lat. offerre 'offer'; cp. du. offer sb. offering' and osax. offro/i vb. offer'. office .ME. offite fr. er. offce = eat. offciuni 'dut}'. often earlier oft me. ofte oe. oft = ON. opt, GOTH. «/?(?•, OHG. ofi<> G. ^/ 'freciuently . The adv. points to a Teut. adj. of-ta-, which is perh. part, of an aryan \~ Hi] = SKR. He 'to be wont'. oil ME. oile (yo/ie) fr. ofr. oi/e = KR. /ii/i/e 'oil' (lat. oletwi). ointment .me. oincmcnt fr. oer. oignemeni: deriv. of fr. oindre = lat. ungere vb. 'anoint . I old me. old OE. did (fald) : Teut. base alda- =^ osax. aid, ohg. g. all, ON. rt'/i'//-, du. oud 'old'; cogn. w. GOTH, al-pcis 'old' and usalpan 'grow old'. A primitive teut. and ARYAN v^d'/'grow' cp. in GOTH ala7i = LAT. alcre 'nourish . on ME. OE. on =^- GOTH, ana 'on', G. an ohg. ana, DU. «■?. aryan oino-s may be inferred fr. lat. iinus (for oinoi), iR. ^^/z, cymr. ?^?/, gr. of'/'o'c; cogn. w. SKR. e-ka 'one'. onion me. onioiui fr. fr. oignon whence also flam, anjoen DU. ajnin fr. 0'D\j,onJunn: source lat. fi/iw(netn) , whence also o^. ynne 'onion' fr. \vest-teut. *unnjon- = TEUT. iinjon-. only ME. on// earlier on/k oe. dn/k 'unique'. From^one. ooze me. 7e'p'se oe. 7i:'p's (infl. 7vp'se) 'juice'; perh. fr. a Teut. base 7va7isa- in on. zw 'wetness'; cp. MLG. ivbse 'juice'. or conj. ME. or shortened fr. an earlier od^-, which supplants OE. odde 'or' under the influence of OE. divder dJnvccder =^ me. anther outlier 'either' ('one of two') or adv. 'ere'ME. or late oe. (i^are) dr\ commonly oe. chr me. er 'ere'. See ere. orange me. oreiigc fr. ofr. orcnge = FR. oraiige. open ME. open oe. open. fr. a Teut. base opana- = ohg. offan. G. offen, OSAX. opan, du. open, ON.opinn. The adj. has the form of a participle and points to a lost verbal root {eupl wepl^. orchard me. orchard oe. orcerd \ older ort-j^eard (= goth. atirti- gards 'garden ) : adoption of lat. horttis (for the mute // cp. it. orto); GOTH, aurtja 'gardener' and OHG. orzon 'cultivate' point also to i^kT.hortus. Tlier/? of the E. word is owing to a fusion oi t -\- j^ (oe. ort -\- yard). OE. yard 'garden' (cp. yard and garde fi) is added in explanation of lat. hortus (= TEUT. ort). ordain vb. me. ordainc fr. ofr. ordener = lat. or dinar e. — ordre ME. ordre fr. fr. ordre = lat. ordineni (nom. or do). ordure (vShakesp.) 'excrement- ME. ordure fr. fr. ordure. ore ME. or OE. dr 'brass' =^ goth. ais 'brass' {ciiza-sviipa 'copper- smith), on. eir, ohg. er 'lirass'; cogn. w. lat. aes 'ore, bronze',' SKR. ay as 'iron. origin me. origine fr. fr. origine. orison 'prayer' me. oreisoun fr. FR. oraison 'prayer': source lat. oratio-nejn. orts ME. ortes plur. of a sing. ^ort OE. '^oret for '"or-cet; cp. LG. ort 'what is left by the cattle in eating' and goth. tizeta 'crib : prefix or 'out and v^''^ i^^ ^"^• ostrich ME. ostriche fr. ofr. ostruche = fr. auirnehe; source LAT. avis struthio 'ostrich', whence OE. stryta , OHG. struT^ (g. 7'Oge/ Strauss) and also it. struzzo. other ME. other oe. pder fr. a Teut. base anpera-^=GO'vii.afif>ar, ohg. G. du. under, on. annarr \ cogn. w. lith. antras, sk.k. antara and anya 'other'. otter me. otcr oe. otor = du. g. otter ohg. ottar, on. otr : base teut. \^otra- = aryan udro- cogn. ouch pack 153 w. zvater; otter prop, 'the water animal'. Cp. gr. vdga 'a water- snake and closely allied to the Teut. group OSLOV. vydra, lith. tidra 'otter'. ouch ME. (?//r//i'coii!monlv noiichc 'necklace, collar' fr. ofr. nouche prop, nosche (= OHG. nusca). ought = might. ounce ME. oun{e fr. fr. once.\ source lat. uncia, whence also i?ic h. our ME. oiire oe. lire for '^tlsre = GOTH, unsara: from the Teut. pron. uns\ cp. us. ousel ME. p'se/ OE. psle (or *of//s/e TEUT. avisla r= OHG. avisala o. iwisel 'ousel'. out ME. oute OE. jite earlier lit = GOTH. ///, ox. lit, OHG. f/T^ G. atis, DU. uit. Cp. SKR. lid 'up, out'. outlaw ME. outla^ve late OE. litlaga fr. on. litlagi; cp. lat. £xlex and see iajc. outrage me. outrage fr. vk. ou- trage (= source a i.at. type ultra-ticuvi). oven ME. m'cn oe. of en = ohg. ozer ohg. ui>iri. Outside of the Teut. languages, GR. vTTfp and SKR. updri 'above' are cognate. owe vb. ME. owe oe. agan possess' = GOTH, aigan, OHG. eigan 'possess' : aryan \^ aik in SKR. If 'possess'. — ought me. pughte OE. dhte is the pret. tense of OE. dgati and own me. mven oe. dgen is part. ^ ohg. eigan G. eigen, osax. egan. The vb. own me. pune OE. dgnian 'possess' is a deriv. of the adj. own. owl ME. ouk OE. lile fr. a Teut. base uunvaldn-\ cp ohg. uwila G. (7//r; on. sw. ugia points to a GOTH. *ugg7(.ialdn-. The word is sound-imitation. ox ME. ox OE. OXa = GOTH. aiihsa, ohg. ohso g. ochse, on. ^av ?m, DU. f?^' ox : Teut. base ohsan-, ARYAN iikson- in SKR. uksan 'ox', CYMR. ych. oyster me. oistre fr. ofr. oistre = FR. hiiitre 'oyster': source LAT. ostrea, whence also oe. pstrc, g. austcr, ]ju. oester. pace ME. /rf/^ /^w borrowed i.x.\paquet\ bret. /^/^': source and FR. /(7jr = LAT. passiis 'a step'. history of the group unknown. pack sb. ME. packe = du. pa/i, — package formed by adding ON. pakki, g. pack, it. pacco, fr. the fr. suffix -age = lat. -aticum 154 pact pall to the sb. pack. — packet formed fr. the fr. dnnxw. paquet. pact adopted fr. fr. pacte =^ LAT.pac/uw, whence also it. paf/o, DU. G. pacht 'rent-contract'. paddock ME./<:z^M>/('; the ending -ock is a dimin. suffix as in bul- lock, hillock. Primit. ME. /«c/^/^ 'frOg'=SCAND./\J. pauw, oy<. pdfugl\ cp. FR. paon peacock". pear me. pere oe. p'eru 'a pear' = ODU. pere, DU. lg. peer : loan- word fr. the equival. 'LKI. pirimi (whence also G. birne) = fr. poire 'a pear'. Cp. perry. pearl .me. pi'r/e fr. fr. per/e =^ OHG. perala G. perk, IT. perla : source lat. pirula (for pilula 'a little ball'?). peasant fr. fr. paysan; cp. pheasant fr. fr. faisan and see parehment. peat for beat (see purse for the cliange of b to /). '58 pebble penny pebble sb. me. pibbel-stgn and pubic -sign OE. papol-stan popol-stiin 'a pebble-stone' peck vb. a var. of pick. peck sb. ME. pekke 'a measure'; perh. akin to fr. picotin 'a mea- sure'. pedant sb. {-= du. g. dan. sw. pedant) borrowed fr. fr. pidant, ir. pedantc, the ultimate source of which is gr. naidiveiv educate'. pedigree late me. petegrcw petigrif. perh. adopted fr. fr. pied de grite 'a crane's foot'? peel vb. adopted fr. fr. pcler. Source lat. peUis 'skin'. peep' vb. 'chirp ME. *pepe pipe borrowed fr. FR. piper. Source LAT. pipai-e = GR. vmniQ^iv chirp': sound - imitation; for variant in form see pipe. peep^ vb. 'look pryingly'; cp. Oi'K.piper 'peep' — la pipe du jour 'the peep of day'. peer sb. uv.. pere per borrowed fr. OFR. per peer fr. pair. Source LAT. par 'equal'; see pair. peer' vb. 'appear' me. pere short for ME. apperc = appear. peer'- vb. 'pry' me. pire =^ lg. piren look closely'. peevish adj. MR. pevisch peviche pevdge. The ending (cp. par- tridge and parisli) points to fr. origin. peg sb. ME. OE. pegge; akin to DAN. pig, sw. pigg 'spike', lg. pigge 'peg'. pellitory sb. late me. paritorie fr. FR. paritoire, which goes back to a LAT. type "^parietaria 'the plant of the walls'? pelt sb. ME. pelt 'a sheep-skin" (e. peltry =r du. pelterij, mlg. peltrte fr. ¥K. pelletrie); ident. w. G. pelz OHG. peWiz,. Source a Rom. \.y\>e. pellieia = fr. pelisse, IT. pelliccia. Cp. pi Ich. pelt vb. ME. pelte also pilte pulte, the latter forms corresponding to OE. piltan pyltan. Source LAT. pultare 'beat, strike'? pen sb. borrowed fr. fr. pcnne. Source lat. pe^ua 'a feather'. pen vb. ME. peuiie oe. onpennan 'impound, enclose': prob. con- nected with poiind'^ and lg. topeunen 'bar, bolt* — fippcuiieii 'open'. penance me. penaunce fr. ofr. penance older pen'eance = lat. poenitcntia 'penitence'. pencil orig. 'a hair-brush* me. penfcl fr. ofr. pincel FR. pinceau a brush'. Source lat. penicillus 'a painter's brush', whence also G. piiisel. pennon pennant me. penoun borrowed fr. ofr. pennon 'a flag, streamer' (for the secondary / of pennant see pageant, parch- tnent). Source x.KX. penna 'wing, feather . penny me. peni plur. penies (contr. pens, whence e. pence) OE. petii\ pennii^ penning pending = osax. pending penning , du. people — pester 159 penuifig, OHG. phantinc pfenting pfenning G. pfamig, on. penningr. The word may be derived fr. pan, so that the form of the pennies may have suggested the word or it may have been asso- ciated with the base "^pand under pawn'^. For the suffix -ing cp. s/iilling, farthing. people MK. peple pdple bor- rowed fr. ovK.piieple fr. peuple, wlience also Q,. p'obel. Source lat. populus 'people' (cp. also DU. peiipel. pepper me. peper piper oe. pipor ^ DL-. peper, OHG. pfcffar G. pfeffer, on. piparr: borrowed fr. LAT. piper (whence also it. pepe, FR. poivre). Cp. OSLOV. pipru 'pepper'. perceive vb. me. perceive fr. OFR. percevcrvK. apercevoir. Source LAT. percipere 'apprehend'. perch' 'a rod' me. pirche fr. the synon. fr. pcrche. Source L.AT. pertica 'a pole, bar? perch'- 'a fish' .me. pc'rc/ic bor- rowed fr. FR. perche. Source lat. perca = gr. nBQv.ri a perch', perchance cp. perhaps. — perdy (Shakesp.) by God' ME. par lie = FR. par dieu 'by God'. perform vb. me. perfourtne ear- lier parfourne borrowed fr. OFR. parfournir 'perform . perhaps (late me. perhappous [5'*'cent.) and perchance have the FR. preposition par (per) in imitation of me. pera7\!.pleister^ cp. fr. platre. Source GR.-LAT. ltf.ivXaGt()nv = IT. etnpiastro, fr. C7}iplatre 'plaster'. LAT. emplastrutn ^= med.-lat. plastrum 'gypsum, wlience OHG. pjfastar G. pfastcr. plat plot ME. OE. plot (tt). See plot. plate ME. plate borrowed fr. OFR. plate plaite 'plate - armor, ingot, silver' 'EB.. plat , whence DU. plat, G. platte. Source a MED.-LAT. plata 'plate of metal' (gr. TjXavvc). platoon fr. fr. peloton 'a ball, platoon'. platter me. plater fr. ofr. platel a plate' = fr. plateau also 'waiter'. play vb. ME. plaie pleie OE. pli'gian play^ and play sb. ME. plaie pleie OE. pl'ega. The other TEUT. languages have no such root as pleg play'. plea sb. ME. /// plai 'debate' fr. OFR. pie plai with the by- forms plait plaid. Source med.- lat. placittwi 'a decree, sen- tence'- - — plead vb. me. plede plaide fr. fr. plaider plead, argue', whence also DU. pleiten 'sue'. please vb. me. plese borrowed fr. OFR. plesir plaisir (fr. plaire 'please'). Source lat. placer e 'please'. — pleasure (late me. plcsilre iS'*" cent.) fr. the fr. infinit. plaisir, but influenced by abstract nouns such as nature leisure. pledge sb. me. plegge fr. ofr. plcge (FK.pleige) 'a surety', which is related to OSAX. plegan ohg. pfl'egan 'be responsible for, answer for' (cp. plight). plenty me. pleftte fr. ofr. plenty, source LAT. plenitatem. plier see ply. plight sb. me. plight oe. pliht formed by means of the abstract formative -/ from a vb. seen in oe. pldoft 'risk' (ohg. pplegan G. pfiegen whence G. pflicht 'friendly care, interest'). plot^ short for co7nplot = FR. complot 'a conspiracy'. plot 2 sb. ME. oe. plot {tt). plough ME. plough plow oe. ploh ----- DU. ploeg, OHG. pfluoh pjfuog G. pflug, ON. plogr. This Teut. group plohu- plogu- was borrowed by the Slav, (serb.- RUSS. plugu, LiTH. pliugas'). plover ME. ploz'er borrowed fr. OFR. plovier fr. pluvier. Source a LAT. type ^pluviarius 'rainy'. pluck vb. ME. plukke plokke (^pUccIic) Oi\. pluccian (oe. *plyccan') = DU. plukke?!, OHG. *pjlucchen *pflockon G. pfii'uken, on. plokka. 11* 164 plug — poll Source a lat. type *piluccdre =^ \T. pibtccare, fr. ipliicher. Vulgar LAT. *pililccarc (whence me. pilken pluck") prop, 'pluck hairs one by one' is an extension of lat. pilare. plug sb. ident, w. du. plug, LG. plugge i^plucU) late mhg. pfloc G. pflock 'plug'. plum ME. ploume oe. plmne i^plymi) = DU. pruim, LG. priime plmnc, OHG. pfruma beside p/if/mo (lat. r changed to teut. /) G. pfaume: early loanword fr. lat. prihium, whence also fr. prune, IT. prima. Cp. prune. plumb fr. FR. plotnb = lat. plumbum. plume fr. FR. plume ^= lat. pliima. plummet ^\y.. plommet borrowed fr. FR. ploinbet 'a plummet' dimin. of FR. plo7ub lead'. plump adj. borrowed fr. LG. plump, DU. plomp. plunder vb. adopted fr. mdu. plunder en = G. plunder n 'rob, pillage'. plunge vb. short for ^V¥.. p lounge: borrowed fr. fr. plonger 'duck, dive', whence also du. plcmzen. plush sb. = DU. pluis , G. pliisch; borrowed fr. f^. peluche = Yi. peluzzo. Source a lat. type *pilucia, an extension of lat. pilus 'hair. ply vb. me. pile 'bend' adopted fr. FR. plier 'fold, bend, bow'. Source lat. plicare 'fold'. poach 1 vb. 'dress eggs' fr. fr. pocher. — poach ^ vb. 'intrude into preserves' borrowed fr. fr. pocher from poche 'a pouch'. pock -siF.. pokke of., pace -=■- mdu. pocke, DU. pock, G. LG. pocke 'small pox'. — pocket me. poket fr. ofr. poquette, dimin. oi owi. pocke poche . See poke. poignant adj. uf.. poi?iant pom- j^aunt fr. FR. poignant. (Source LAT. pungere'). — point me. point fr. FR. poi7tt (source lat. punc- tuni) 'point'. poise vb. me. poise earlier peise fr. OFR. poiser peiser F^. peser 'to weigh'. Source lat. pensare 'to weigh'. poison 'MF. puisoun ix.Y's.. poison 'poison' =- LAT. potio(nem) 'a drink'. poke sb. me. poke 'a bag' =^ ODU. poke, ON. poki. FR. poche is perh. an Engl, loanword. Cp. pock. poke vb. MF. poke i^pouke pucke) 'thrust, throw' = DU. poken, mlg. puken. pole ' sb. 'a stake' MZ.pdle of. pal 'a pale, pole': source lat. pains 'a stake', whence G. pfahl ohg. mhg. pfal. See pale. pole^ sb. 'a pivot' the synon. FR. pol =^ lat. polus (GR. VOKOi^ a hinge'. polish vb. me. polisshe fr. fr. polir {poliss^ 'polish'. poll ME. pol {II) 'head' ^ lg. ODU. polle 'head'; perh. ident. w. bowll pommel — port i6' pommel iME. pomel borrowed fr. OFR. poffiel FR. ponuiican 'the pommel of a sword : prop, dimin. LAT. pomum 'apple', pomp ME. pompe fr. lat. po?npa, whence also fr. pompe. pond ME. pond pomh. ponder vb. borrowed fr. lat. pondcrare 'weigh'. pontiff fr. FR. pontif pontife, LAT. pontifcx. pontoon fr. FR. ponton, it. pontone 'a great broad bridge'. pool sb. ME. OE. pol = DU. potP, i.G. pcV, OHG. P/ko/ G. p/u/i/; |)erh. akin to OE. ///// py// 'pool' — ON. pollr 'pool, pond'. poop borrowed fr. fr. poupe = LAT. puppis 'the hinder ])art of a ship'. poor adj. .me. povrc fr. ofr. povre = pamire (source lat. pauper^ 'poor'. pope ME. pope OE. papa =: LAT. papa. The continental dialects differ from the lat.-oe. forms; cp. o.SAX. pdlws, DU. pans, mhg. I>a/>es G. pap St. popinjay late -sw.. popinjay earlier papegai (=^ DU. papegaai, mlg. papegoie, G. papaga'i) fr. fr. pape- gai OFR. papegay and papcgau = it. papagallo. Prob. derived fr. Low OR. nanayug = arab. />a- i)ag/id '(PKKS. bapga). The Lat. name psittacus agrees with or. i''tTrny.oc. poplar sb. ^\¥.. popl^r(e) -- DU. popiilier, OMXi. popelier'. borrowed fr. OFR. poplier t7= fr. peiiplier. Source fr. peuple 'poplar' = 'LA.i.popuPis 'poplar', whence also DU. pop el and G. pappel. poppy sb. ME. popy oe. popi~^ pap(Ei (about 800). The suffix / (not producing umlaut) points to an older form -ang as in body, holly. There are no Teut. equivalents. Usually considered to be borrowed fr. lat. papaver. porcelain sb. = fr. porcelaine, DU. porselein, G. porzellan (since the 1 6th. cent.); the base is it. porcellana, orig. 'the Venus- shell', 'concha Veneris'; this hav- ing much resemblance to porce- lain, the name of the shell was transferred to that of the cera- mic ware. porch sb. ME. porche borrowed ir. ^eK. porche: source l\t. porti- ciis, from which OE. portic and OHG. pforzih are earlier loan- words. porcudine occuring in the 15''' — 16"* cent's in the forms porpefitine porpoint and p07-kepin which go back to OFR. pore espin (now porc-ipic^ =- it. porco spino (porco spinoso) 'tliornbush hog. — pork 'flesh of swine' ME. pork 'pork, swine' fr. the synon. fr. pore {== hXY. porciis). port^ sb. 'harbor' me. Oe. port 'harbor fr. the equival. lat. partus (^ — fr. port, it. porta') 'harbor', whence also ODU. port 'city'. port'^ sb. a gate fr. fr. porte = lat. porta a gate', whence also OE. port or port-j^eat 'a gate', DU. poort, G. pfortc. i66 port power port 3 sb. 'behavior' me. port fr. FR. /f;/ 'behavior': deriv. of LAT. portare 'carry'. porf* ^ Port-wine orig. »\vine of Oporto in Portugal«. portray vb. me. pourtraie fr. FR. portrairc. — portrait = fr. portrait. post^ sb. a pillar' me. O'e.. post = DU. LG. post: early loanvv^ord fr. i.kT. postern (nom. sing, postis'), whence also G. pfosten ohg. pfost and FR. poieau. post^ sb. 'mail service' == DU. G. post, FR. poste, n. posta. The word is a native of Italy and was borrowed from there by the modern languages in the 16**^ cent. post'^ sb. 'a military post' = G. poster, DU. post fr. ir. posto 'guard, post'. pot me. oe. pot (tt), =^ DU. LG. pot(ttj, ON. pottr (swed. potta, DAN. potte); akin to YK. pot ^ CVMR. pot, IR. pota. potato imported in the second half of the \b^^ cent, together with SPAN, patata from America (in Hayti the name was batata about 1530). pouch me. pouche 'bag' fr. ofr. pouche i^poche) 'pocket'; akin to poke. poult sb. 'cliicken' {r=z^ pullet^ late UK.pulte fr. FK.poi//et 'chicken' (^pou/e 'hen'). — poulterer ex- tended for ME. piiltcr fr. FR. t>oulletier. — poultry ^\f.. pultrie is derived fr. ME. piUter. pounce vb. see punch. pound ' ME. pound oe. piind 'a pound' (weight and money) = OSAX. pimd, DU. pond, ohg. pfunt G pfund, ON. SW. DAN. pund GOTH, ptmd: borrowed in the second cent. fr. lat. pondo (indecl.) 'pound', not fr. lat. pondns 'weight'. pound '•^ sb. 'enclosure' me. poimd (shortened in pon-, pun- fglde 'pound'). OE. pi'ind 'en- closure' with the verb oe. pyndan ME. pindc 'impound, dam up the water' = on. pynda 'shut in' (e. pinfold MF. pinfglde 'pound' points to oe. pyndan mb. pindc^. Vr oh. pen oe. pennan is cognate, if the base *panjan goes back to an earlier form *pandjan: teut. \f pand pund. pound vb. 'beat' we. poune oe. piinian 'pound'; perh. cognate w. DU. puiti 'ruin, rubbish'. pout vb. ME. polite 'sulk' (oe. *putian}). — pout sb. (a kind of fish) OE. piita or piite (in the compound dleputan 'eelpouts'); cp DU. ///// a kind of fish. The word is derived from the vb. pout (TE[JT.\'^pf/t): the fish has its name from its pouting lips. pow^der sb. me. poudre 'hair- powder fr. FR. poudre, whence also DU. poeder, G. puder. Source lat. pulverem (^pulvis), whence G.pulver, Ti.polve 'dust, powdei-'. power me. pouc'r earlier poer fr. OFR. poer = fr. pouvoir; ident. w. it. poterc and deriv. fr. LAT. potest potui etc. praise proud 167 praise sb. me. />?-a/s />re/s fr. ofr. \piicie prdve = FR. fireu7'e^. prow me. '^proue fr. fr. prone (iT.pruaproda, h.\T. pronr) 'prow\ prowess me. prouesse fr. ofr. proucssc 'prowess', abstr. sb. of ofr. prou proud = late oe. prtid s. under proud. proxy sb. earlier prockesy for procuracy; cp. proctor late me. proketour = LAT. procurator {em). prune sb. me. prime fr. fr. prune = lat. prunum\ cp. plum. pry vb. ME. prie oe. *prhvan '"preowiaii, the root of which is evident in OE. bepriwan vb. 'wink witii the eye' — preo7voihwil 'twinkling of the eye . psalm sb. ime. psalm = lat. psalmus; already oe. salm. puck sb. short for ME. pouke OE. plica 'demon, hobgoblin' = ON. puki imp' ; cp. OE. ptkel 'demon', north-fries, puk 'mis- chievous sprite with large eyes'. pudding ME. pudding prob. borrowed fr. FR. boudin 'black- pudding' (cp. ME. cuuing fr. ofr. coniii under cony). puff vb. ME. puffe OE. '^puffian aside of 0£. pyffan 'blow': teut. base pufpon puff Jan. pull vb. 'draw'. ME. pulle oe. pullian pullet ME. polite fr. Y'S.. poulette 'a young hen', cp. poult. pulp sb. fr. fr. pulpe = lat. piclpa 'pulp'. pumpion (divnin. pumpkijt) ear- lier pompouu fr. fr. po7npon (= DU. pompoeii) 'a kind of gourde'. Source L.\T. pepo {= fr. pipon, IT. pep one popone). punish vb. me. punisshe fr. fr. puiiir (^puniss-) 'fiunish'. purblind me. purblind orig. 'blind as ?ipurl O'E.. piir means the bird 'onocrotalus'; cp. 'Saved. purblind. purchase vb. me. purchdce fr. FR. pourchasser. purge vb. ME. purge fr. fr. purger. purple ME. pjirpre fr. fr. pourpre = LAT. purpura. purpose vb. ME. pwppse fr. ofr. pourposer = fr. proposer 'propose'. purse u^.purs late oe. (c.1050) purs: loanword fr. ofr. borse — - FR. bourse; cp. la.t. bursa. pursue vb/ me. pursue fr. ofr. porsnir =; FR. poursuivre (source LAT. prosequi) 'prosecute'. purvey vb. me. porvcie fr. ofr. porvoir = fr. pourvoir (lat. providere) 'provide'. push vb. ME. posse pusse {posshe) push' fr. FR. pousser (= LAT. pulsare) 'strike, thrust'. put — quench i6g put vb. ME. piite piitte vb. throw, push, thrust' OE. (c. looo) potian 'thrust'; perh. borrowed fr. OFR. boiiter "thrust' (cp. OE. purs 'purse' fr. ofr. borsc under purse). quail sb. me. quaile fr. ofr. guaille =r fr. caile a quail'; cp. IT. quaglia. Source a vulgar LAT. quaccola, whence also du. kwakkel ^=^ ODU. quackele 'quail'. quaint adj. me. queint, earlier form coint (quoint) 'famous, well- known, clever, neat, elegant': loanword fr. OFR. comt 'neat, tine' = LAT. cognitus 'known'. quake vb. me. quake OE. ctvdcian vb. "quake"; cp. oe. civeccean 'move' = ODU. quecken "shake one's head': teut. \^qak. qualm isie. qualm 'death, pesti- lence, torture' OE. cwealm death, pestilence': derived fr. the teut. \^ qel in oe. cw'elan me. quele vb. 'die'; cp. quell. quarrel me. qucrele fr. fr. quertlle = LAT. querela 'a com- plaint'. quash vb. me. quasshe vb. fr. OFR. quasser = FR. casser 'break' ; source LAT. quassare 'to shake'. quaver vb. derived fr. me. qudve (oE. *ai>dj7a>i) vb. 'tremble'; cogn. w. me. quappe vb. 'tremble*. quay earlier spelling keie late ME. kfic fr. FR. quai. quean me. queue oe. cwene woman': perhaps a scand. loan- word cp. ON. kona G. plur. \ kvenna {= oho. qu'eua kona, GOTH, qino); cp. late OE. c^vene- fugeVz. hen-bird' fr. the equiv. on. h'enfugl. There was a genuine OE. corresponding cwine 'bad wo- j man'. The group rests on a teut. \ q'enon- 'wife' = aryan gend\ cp. GR. yvvi] , skr. gnd , OIR. ben, I OSLOV. RUSS. SERB, zena , PRUSS. gena wife'. See the following word. queen sb. me. quen oe. cwen queen, distinguished lady'; base qoni for qdni = GOTH, qbis, ON. kvdn kvcen, OSAX. qudn 'wife': TEUT. qeni- = aryan. geni- {= SK.R. jdni 'wife') is of the same root as TEUT. q'enon- (see quean) --= ARYAN gena. quell vb. ME. quelle OE. cwellan 'kill': derived fr. the str. vb. OE. cw'elan me. qu(le 'die' (cp. qualtn). They belong to the teut. y^ qel in G. qual = ohg. osax. qudla 'torment, torture': aryan V~ S^^ in HTH. geld 'grief — osLOV. zali 'suffering'. quench vb. me. quenche oe. cwcnccan wk. vb. 'extinguish': derived fr. oe. d-cwincan 'be exstinguished' = ofris. kwinka 'vanish'. It is doubtful whether OE. cwinan 'to be exstin^uislied' is I/O question — - quoth connected with e. quench (du. kwijneii 'wither'). question me. questiowi fr. fr. question. quick adj. me. qtiick oe. avicu 'living, alive' = osax. du. quik, OHG. MHG. qu'ec (g. quccksilber 'quicksilver' and erquicken vb. 'quicken, refresh) G. keck (for queck) 'pert', on. kvikr kykr: TEVT. -\/~q2q fr. ARYAN Y",f^^ in lat. vwo (znxi-vicium-7'ivere^. There exists an aryan doublet gfw in GOTH, qius (stem qkva-) adj. 'alive' =^ SKR. Jiva, lith. gywas, lat. vivus 'living, alive' (cp. GR. i^/og 'life). See quitch- grass. quill sb. ME. quille = westphal. quie/e 'quill': teut. base qi/i-, perh. ident. \v. mhg. ki/ G. kic/ 'quill'. quilt sb. ME. qui/te fr. ofr. cui/te = lat. culcita 'cushion, pillow'. quince me. coiue quine fr. ofr. coin = FR. coing 'a quince' (the ce of modern Y,. quince belongs prop, to the plural). Source lat. cydonia = ir. cotogna , ohg. kutina G. quitte , OE. godcpppel; DU. hiiee ODU. quede corresponds to MHG. quiten =-- G. quitte. quire (of paper) sb. me. quair quaier book' fr. ofr. quaier (du. kohief) = FR. cahier 'copy book'. Source a late Latin quatcrnum 'collection of four leaves' {= it. quadertio 'a quire of paper', OE. cwdtern) . quitch-grass (also quick-grass couch-grass^ me. *qjiicche; Oe. cwice 'quitch-grass' answers to DU. kweek, LG. queke, G. qu'ecke j 'quitch-grass'. The name derives ! fr. teut. quiku- 'alive' (under I quicU) , because the weed seems not clearable. quite adv. me. quite fr. FR. quit. quiver vb. derived fr. the adj. ME. quiver, late oe. cwifor 'lively, brisk, eagerly'; cp. OFR. quivrer vb. 'awaken, encourage'. quiver sb. me. quiver fr. FR. cuivre; ident. w. fr. coivre cuivrc: late Latin base cucuruni, whence also oe. cocor, ohg. kohhur g. kocher 'quiver', du. koker. quoth {i]uoth he 'he said) 3'^ sing. pret. = me. quoth earlier i quath oe. cwced pret. of me. qucthe oe. cw'edan str. vb. 'say, speak' = GOTH, qifan, ON. kveda, os\y..qu'edaft , ohg. qu'edan 'say': ARYAN \'~get (hy-iorux ged in SK.R. gad 'speak'?). Cp. bequeath and bequest. rabbit — rat 171 R rabbit cogn. w. odu. robhe robbeken 'rabbit'; perh. identical w. DU. rob, G. robbe 'phoca'? race^ aiE. rc.$- OY^.tml or bor- rowed from ON. rds 'a running': TEUT. base resa-. race 2 'family' fr. fr. race = SPAN. PORT, raza; source arab. ras 'origin'. race 3 'root' fr. ofr. rah = lat. radix. — From the same source also radish = DU. radijs (fr. radis) . rafter me. rafter oe. rccficr\ formed by suffix -tra- from the same root as on. rdf 'roof and OHG. ravo rafter'. Cp. the aryan \^reph in gr. iiiiipio — ogocfog. rag ME. ragg-e (late OE. *ragg inferred from the adj. raggii 'shaggy'): borrowed fr. ON. rpgg 'shagginess'. rage me. rage fr. fr. rage = LAT. rabies. rail ^ ME. rail reil fr. ofr. reille ; source LAT. regula, whence also G. riegel OHG. rigil, ODU. rijchel 'bar, rail'. rail 2 ME. rail OE. hrce^l 'a gar- ment'; ident. w. OHG. hregil 'a garment": TEUT. base hrag{i)la-. rain me. raiji rein OE. r'eyi= OHG. OLG. regan G. DU. regen, on. regn, GOTH, rig/is: TEUT. base r'egna-. Cp. Lith. roke 'drizzling rain'. raise vb. me. reise borrowed fr. ON. reisa 'raise': causal of on. risa = GOTH, reisan; cp. rise. raisin me. reisiti fr. ofr. raisin 'a grape, whence also DU. rozijn, G. rosine. Source lat. racetnus 'a bunch of grapes'. rake me. rake OE. rdca = DU. raak\ ident. w. OHG. rchho G. I rechen, oti.reAa: teut. base rakoii- j r'ekon-, derived fr. the str. vb. I GOTH, rikan 'gather . ram sb. me. oe. ram (fnn/) OE. ram (f//m) = OHG. MHG. DU. ram : TEUT. base ramma-; perh. cogn. w. ON. ramr 'strong. ramsons me. ramscii oe. hram- san plur. : teut. base hramusan- also in G. (dial.) ramsen, swed. rafHsidk 'bear-garlick'; further allied to gr. x(jciivoi' 'onion', IR. cref/i — CYMR. era/ 'garlick, LITH. kermusze 'wild garlick'. range vb. fr. fr. ranger. ransack vb. aiE. ransake fr. on. rannsaka prop, 'search the house': ON. rann 'house' (= goth. razn, OE. rccsn reen cern 'house); for ON. saka see seek. ransom me. raunfoim (du. rarit- soeii) fr. fr. ranfon (== lat. redemptio-neni) . rap vb. ME. rape 'rush, hasten' == ON. h'f^pa vb. 'hasten'; cp. DU. rapen, mhg. raffen 'seize': TEUT. base hrapon. rape sb. :me. rape (^ du. raap~) fr. lat. rapa 'turnip'. rat iME. rat oe. rcet {tt) = G. ratte OHG. ratta, DU. rat rot; i;; rate — reave ident. w. FR. rat, it. ratto. History of the group unknown. rate fr. fr. rate -=^ lat. ratiwi. rather me. rather oe. hrador prop, 'quicker, sooner': compa- rative form of OE. hrade 'quickly'; cp. the adj. oe. hrcTit, ON. hradr 'swift', OHG. hrad, du. rad 'quick' fr. a teut. base hrapa-. Akin to OIR. crothim 'I sliake'. rattle vb. me. ratele vb.; cp. OE. hratele sb. 'rattle wort' and Ti.G. rateien vb. 'rattle', mhg. ray^eln G. rasseln vb. 'rattle': teut. \'"^;77/ = xvxx^sl^ krad in GR. y.gctSalvco (^\^ krot in GR. nQova/JKiiv vb. 'rattle'?). raven sb. me. rdz'en oe. hrcB/ji = ON. hrafn; cp. ohg. hraban G, rate, du. raaf: teut. base hrabna- hrahn-\ perh. fr, an ARYAN \f kro : kor in lat. corvus, GR. Y.oQaS. raven'. ravish vb. me. ravisshe vb. fr. FR. raviss- in ravir 'to ravish'. raw me. raw oe. hreaw ^ OHG. hrao hro G. roh, du. rauw, ON. hrdr: teut. base hrdwa-; perh. cogn. - w. SKR. kriira 'sore* and LAT. cruor "blood". ray see roach. reach ^ vb. me. r(che oe. rcecean fr. a TEUT. type raikjan in ohg. reihhan G. reichen vb. 'reach', DU. reiken. reach 2, retch vb. me. rcche oe. hrcBcean; teut. \f hrak in oe. hrdca = on. //rc?i/ 'spittle' and OHG. rahhison' to trv to vomit'. read vb. me. rede oe. rddan vb. = on. rdda 'read'; prop. ' ident. w. goth. redan, ohg. ratan G. raten vb. 'advise', ON. rdda 'counsel, consult', read meant orig. 'to read a riddle' (cp. riddle), then 'to interprete the runes' (on. rdda gdtii 'read a riddle' — rdda draum 'read a dream' — rdda rilnar read runes'), skr. has a correspon- ding sfrddh 'perform'; cp. also OSLOV. raditi. ready adj. me. rrdi (oe. ^rcedii extended fr.) oe. rcede 'ready' = ohg. reiti 'ready'; cp. goth. garaids = on. greidr 'ready'. As G. fertig prop, meant 'ready for a journey' (g. fahrt), perh. a teut. base raida- 'journey' mav be the source of the group; cp. IR. r^id 'passable' and see ride and road. realm sb. me. riabne {rialme) fr. OFR. realme (fr. royaume'). ream late me. rpne fr. ofr. raimc fr. rufne] cp. span, resma, ITAL. risfna (g. rics) ream of paper". Source ARAB, riznia 'a bundle'. reap vb. me. ripe oe. riopan vb. fr. a teut. v^r;/ 'cut' in ripe; cp. OE. rifter 'sickle' and see ripe. rear vb. me. rire OE. rckran vb. ^ ohg. reran vb. 'raise' fr, a TEUT. base raizjan; cp. rise and raise for \fris. rear adj. me. rr';-,? oe. .^rir. reason me. resoim earlier reisoun fr. FR. raison = lat. ratio-nem. reave {J>ereave) vb. me. rfz/^ OE. rc'afian vb. = OHG. raubon G. rauhen, GOTH, {bijraiibdn 'de- receive -ric 173 spoil', o^.roufa (see also I'obe): derived fr. a primitive str. vb. OE. hereof an, ON. rjtifa to break'. Cp. SKR. \r/«/. receive vb. me. receive fr. ofr. rcce^'er =^ FR. recevoir. reck vb. me. recke {recche) short for OE. recean earlier nicean: TEUT. base rokjaii in on. rcekja, OSAX. rokian, ohg. ruohhan 'have a care for'. reckon vb. me. rekne OE. "^e- r'ecenian vb. ^=^ ohg. rehhanon G. rechnen 'reckon', DU. rekeizen; cp. the TEUT. \'"ri/^ in OHG. rahha 'subject, thing'. -red suffix in hatred', cp. OE. feondrckdeii freondrceden 'friend- ship' {Jiiwrddcn under hiiu{)\ orig. -raidht in GOTH, ga-raideins. red adj. short for ME. red OE. read = teut. rauda- in goth. ratids, ohg. rot G. rc^/, du. rood, ON. raudr 'red ; cp. OE. reodan = ON. ;y(v/^ vb. redden' and ruddock (rust). There is a corresponding ARYAN -y^ riidh reudh in GR. tfjv^ijoq, sviSi.rudhird, OSLOV. riidru, LAT. ruber 'red', LAT. riifus, IR. mad. reed sb. ]\tE. rt''^ oe. hreod = OHG. //7-?V;/ G. DU. r?>/: TEUT. baSC lireuda-. reek sb. me. rek sb. fr. the vb. oe. reocan 'reek, smoke' =^ on. rjtika, OHG. riohhan G. riechen; cp. OE. r/r' r/r', on. reykr, ohg. r. — riches sb. me. richesse fr. FR. richesse: derived fr. FR. riche ^= TEUT. riki 'powerful'. rick si), short for me. rek OE. hrcac 'a heap' = DU. rook, ON. hraiikr {Jiroki) 'a heap': teut. base hrauka-, akin to on. hriiga 'a heap' and IR. crunch 'heap'. rid vb. ME. ridde prop, redde OE. hreddan = OHG. hretta?i G. retten: teut. base Jiradjan from an ARYAN \fkrath in skr. (rathay. 'loosen'. riddle sb. me. ;vV//<^^ oe. rtv/^A rckdelse = du. raadsel, osax. radisli G. r«/i-^/ 'riddle'; cp. ohg. r(?//j''z g. raimi , DU. rii'mi, ON. ;7^w , GOTH, /i/wj 'room' : TEUT. rti-t/ia- fr. an ARYAN v""^'^ in EAT. rus (ritris) 'open country'. roost sb. me. rpst oe. hrgst = DU. roest 'hen-roost', osAX. hrost 'roof; prop, hrofsta- and cogn. w. roof} root sb. ME. rote late oe. rot borrowed fr. the equival. ON. rot: TEUT. base wrotd-, cogn. w. E. root vb. OE. wrgtan 'grub up' i ^ ON. rota 'grub up*; cp. MHG. rUcyiel G. russet. rope sb. ME. rpp OE. rap = TEUT. base raipa- in on. reip, DU. reep, ohg. g. r^//"'hoop, ring, rope'; perh. cogn. w. gr. Qai^oc. 'bent'. rose sb. ]\EE. rose oe. rose (by- form rgse^ borrowed fr. LAT. rosa, whence also fr. g. rose OHG. rosa. rosemary sb. me. rosmarine fr. OFR. rosffiarin (fr. romarifi) = LAT. ros marinus (prop, 'marin dew'); cp. G. rosviarin. rotten adj. me. roten = ON. rotinn: partic. of a vefbal\^r?^/ reut in oe. rotian, osAX. rotd>!, MHG. ro-yz^en vb. 'putrify'. rough adj. ime. rough {i-ou>) OE. riih = OHG. ruh G. rauh 'rough (du. ruig 'rough ): TEUT. base ruha- , pre - teut. riiko-, cogn. w. LITH. raukas 'wrinkle'? round vb. 'whisper' me. roune OE. ni/iian = oSAX. rihiian, OHG. rimm G. rauiien 'whisper': derivative of teut. rirno- 'secret, mystery' under rune. round adj. me. round fr. fr. rond (oFR. roond^^hKi. rotundus), whence also G. rund, du. rond 'round'. row sb. me. rgwe oe. raw 'row' fr. a TEUT. base raiwo- orig. raigwo- ; cogn. w. imhg. rihe G. reihe 'row' and the str. vb. OHG. rVian 'rank, string': pre-TEUT. \rr/^>^ reikh in SKR. rekha 'line'. row vb. ME. rmve oe. rmvan = on. roa, DU. roeijen, mhg. lowlock rye 177 ri'iejen 'to row" : common base a stroni^ verbal \^;'^5 in rudder ME. rather OE. rgdor = OHG. ruodar G. ruder, DU. roer 'rudder': TEi'T. base ro-pra-. lat. re-mus 'riulder' and OR. i-^e-r/nog belong to the same aky as \^rS : re. rowlock rollock sb. prop, hole for rowing'; cp. G. /ocA and OE. ar/oe me. orlock 'hole of oars . ruddock sb. >[e. ruddok oe. ruddiic 'red-breast'; cogn. w. ruddy me. rodi rudy (oe. *rudii) reddish' and OE. rudii 'red color'; cp. the adj. red. rude adj. me. riide fr. fr. rude = LAT. rudis 'rude'. rue vb. me. race oe. hreozaan str. vb. = OSAX. hre?mian, OHG. riuwan G. reuen, on. hryggva vb. 'distress, grieve': base a strong verbal \^/'/'c7^7t'. Cp. ruth. rue sb. (a plant) me. rite fr. FR. rue ^= LAT. ruta 'rue'. rule me. reule earlier riule fr. OFR. reule rtule : source lat. regulij, whence also oe, regol, OHG. regain G. regel, fr. regie. rump late me. ru7upe\ ident. w. MHG. (;. rumpf, DU. roinp 'trunk, body'- rumple parallel form to me. rimple OE. hrynipek and ident. w. ODU. roinpel 'ripple': derived fr. the TEUT. verbal v^ hretnp in OE. gehriwipen wrinkled' and ohg. rimpfan str. vb. 'wrinkle'. run vb. me. riiine (part, ironne^ OE. (rare) rinnati (mostly yrnaii) = ON. ri/iua, GOTH, rinnan 'run'; English Etymology. OHG. rinnan G. rinnen str. vb. run'. rune the teut. word for the old characters in writing : OE. ON. 7'un with the ori^c. meanin"- 'mystery, secret' (goth. ohg. riind) ; ident. w. oir. riin 'secret'. Cp. round vb. for the root. rung ME. runge oe. hrung (obi. hrunge) goth. hrugga 'staff", hg. LG. runge, DU. rang 'spar, bolt': teut. base hrungo-. rust ME. rust roust oe. riist fr. a TEUT. base riista-\ ident. w. HG. LG. rest fr. a teut. base rusta- : derived with st- formative from the aryan \frudh (in E. red and ruddy), whence also LAT robi^o 'rust' and OSLOV. ruzda (for *rudja) 'rust'. rush sb. ME. russhe oe. rysee; ident. w. lg. du. rusch 'rush, reed'. rush vb. :\iE. rousche = g. rauschen mhg. riischen, du. ruischen onu. ruuschen , oswed. ruska rush : TEUT. base hruskbnl There occurs also OE. hryscan. ruth sb. ME. reuthc. extended fr. a more primitive sb, OE. hremv; cp. OE. hreowan str. vb. rue' under rue. rye sb. me. rie oe. ry~^e\ TEUT. base rugi- in on. rugr 'rye'; ohg. rocko G. roggen and oSAX. rcggo 'rye' point to a teut. parallel base ruggan-. Outside of teut., OSLOV. riizi 'rye' (base rugi-) and lith. rugiai 'rye' show the same base as oe. ry-^e and ON. I rugr r= teut. base rugi-. 12 I 78 sable sand sable sb. me. sable borrowed fr. OFR. sable; ident. w. mhg. G. zobel: source a slav. word, RUSS. soholi 'sable'. sabre saber fr. fr. sabre = G. sabel, SERB. russ. sablja, HUNGAR. szablya. Source and history unknown. sack sb. 'bag' me. sakk OE. sacc ^= GOTH, sakkus, du. zak, G. sack OHG. MHG. sac : teut. base sakkii- borrowed fr. lat. sacciis, whence also ITAL. sacco, FR. sac. Source HEBR.-Phenic. sak. sad ME. sail ■Acid, quiet, serious"; the ident. oe. .t^^/ 'satiated' corre- sponds with OHG. sat G. salt, OSAX. sad, ON. sailr, GOi'H. saps 'satiated'. There is an ARYAN \j^ sd 'satiate' in lat. satur-satis and OIR. sathach 'satiated ; cp. GR. ci-f^ifvai 'satiate . saddle me. sadcl oe. sadol = ON. spdiill, OHG. satul G. saitel, DU. zadel: TEUT. base sadula-, perh. borrowed from a non- TEUT. language which might have formed a sb. sadulo- from the ARYAN \'~ scd in sit — set. safe ME. sdf earlier sauf: loan- word fr. FR. sauf = LAT. salviis; cp. save. sail sb. i\iE. sail seil oe. seiel = OHG. segal G. se^'-el, du. zeil, ON. segl: TEUT. base s'egla-. saint sb. me. seint saint fr. fr. saint = LAT. sanctus. sake sb. me. sake OE. sacii = TEUT. base sako- in OHG. sahha G. sache, DU. zaak 'matter, affair' ; perh. based on the teut. verbal sakan 'content, rebuke'. sale ME. sale oe. salii; hence sell. sallow sb. ME. salwe earlier *salge OE. sealh (*sealg-) = ohg. salaha: teut. base salhb-; cp. ON. selja 'willow' (base salhjon-). Prob. cognate w. lat. salix (base salic-) 'willow' and GR. fA/x?;. sallow adj. me. sahce o*:. sealo sale) = DU. zaluw, ON. sglr yellow- ish', OHG. salo 'sallow': teut. base salwa-. salt sb. ME. salt oe. sealt: teut. base salta- in goth. ON. oSAX. salt, OHG. G. salz salt'. Cogn. w. lat. sal, GR. d\c, osLOV. soli. OIR. salami salt'. salve sb. :\IE. salve oe. scalf (infl. sealfe^ = ohg. salba G. i7?//v, DU. zalf; cp. GOTH. W/w/ vb. ^ OE. sealfian E. salve vb. Cognate w. the aryan \f s'elp ' solp in SKR. sarpis 'butter' — srpra 'fat', GR. ilnoq, 'oil'. same sb. me. same OE. j^w == GOTH, sama, on. .y^rwr, ohg. sa7?i 'the same': pre-TEUT. soma- in GR. o,«oc, SKR. satfia 'the same . sample sb. me. saumple earlier asaiunple fr. OFR. essemple fr. exatnple = lat. exemplum. sand sb. me. oe. ya«c/ ^ osax. saml, OHG. .>•(?•///' G. i-^/; OE. scf/> = I MLG. ODU. sap, MHG. OHG. yo/j G. i'z/, OHG. i'/^i'/, OE. 5-// 'journey' = oir. iV/ 'way' (aryan base se?ito- sb. — sontejo vb.). sennight prop, 'seven night OE. seifon nild; cp. fojcrtnight. sermon me. servioun fr. fr. sermon. serve vb. me. serve borrowed in the 12'^ cent. fr. fr. servir (= 'LKT. servire). Derivative servant ME. servaunt fr. fr. servant and service :me. servise fr. fr. serviec (lat. servitium). set vb. ME. J7/^' oe. ivV/^// wk. vb. = GOTH, satjan, on. scdja, DU. S(?//^/?, OSAX. settian, ohg. sezzan G. setzen: TEUT. satjan causal vb. to sitjan = i'/7. — settle vb. ME. setle oe. setlian 'to fi.K : derived fr. oe. 5t'// 'a seat'; cp. goth. sitls, ohg. s'e-^yjl G. sessel. seven num. me. seven oe. seofone prop. .iYd?/(?/^ = goth. ohg. sibnn G. siehen DU. zeven. Oldest Teut. form sip fun in Lex Salica. I dent, w. LAT. septe?n, gr. fTjra, skr. sap tan. sever vb. me. severe fr. OFR. sevrcr = lat. separare. sew^ vb. ME. i-(7W OE. seo7C'ian l82 shackle shaw skaian] cp. goth. smjan, on. syja, OHG. siuwmi 'to sew': teut.- ARYAN \f siw in LAI", suere, skr. Siv 'to sew'; cp. scam. shackle sb. me. sc hackle oe. scedcol 'a bond'; ident.. w. on. ^/^^/^//// 'pole of a carriage', teut. \^ skak in shake. shad sb. ME. schadde oe. sceadda. Perhaps an orig. teut. skadaii- 'herring' is found in Scadin-avia, if it originally meant 'herring's isle'. Cp. yet IR. Gael, sgadan 'herring' . shade, shadow aie. schade shad- 7c>e OE. sceadii obi. sceadwe: Teut. base skadwa- in DU. schaduw, OHG. .y/^^/('' gen. skatwes, G. schatk/i, GOTH, skadus; cogn. w. oiR. .f^^YA 'shadow': pre-TEUT. \^ skat. shaft sb. ME. schaft oe. .ravr// := OS AX. shaft, OHG. .ST^?/"/ G. schaft, ON. .y^v?//: teut. skafta- prop. a 'shaven pole; cp. shave and GR. (jy.fjTTTpor 'staff, sceptre' — azrlTzToi' 'staff'. shag 'rough hair' oe. sceacga 'hair'; cogn. w. ON. iX'^'^'^^'' 'beard. shake vb. me. schdke OE. scedcan str. vb. = ON. skaka; cp. OSAX. ska kail 'to go away'. shall vb. ME. schal (prt. schoide) OE. .s-t'm/ (prt. sceolde) = goth. .f/C'a/ (skiUda), OHG. i-^^i:/ (scolda) g. .ft-// (j>v//'i'j, DU. £<;■/, ON. .jtX'^z/. Cogn. w. HTH. skelc-ti 'to be liable'. shallop see sloop. shallow ME. schalwc 'not deep' with the byform :me. schoid; not found in oe. nor in the other TEUT. languages. Base skal-ioa- (skal-da-). shambles me. schdmel 'bench' OE. sceamol 'stool': borrowed fr. LAT. scameilum , whence also OHG. OSAX. sca7/ial G. schemel. shame vb. me. schdme oe. scedmic = OSAX. skaffia, OHG. scama G. schaffi; cp. goth. sik skawati 'to shame' = oe. sccdmian. shank vb. me. schanke oe. sc'ean- ca; cp. G. schenkel 'shank' fr. a lost OHG. '^sccnkiL Cogn. w. G. schinken 'ham' OHG. scinko 'shank', which is peril, a doublet by the side of OE. sceanca. shape vb. ME. schdpe gtr. vb.; ident. w. oe. scieppan = goth. (ga)skapjan 'to create', ohg. seep- fan 'to create' (c. schajferi) : teut. \rskap. share sb. '\)artOE.scedru; cogn. w. shear. share sb. 'j)lough-share' me. schdre oe. scearu =^ ohg. scara G. pflugschaar: teut. \f sker 'cut* in shear. sharp adj. me. scharp oe. scearp = ON. skarpr, DU. scherp, osAX. sharp, OHG. scarf G. scharf adj. 'sharp', teut. verbal \'~ sk'erp in OE. sceorpan str. vb. 'to scrape', shave vb. me. scluwe oe. scedfan str'. vb. = GOTH, skaban, ON. skafa, OHG. scabaii G. schaben, DU. schaven\o shave': teut. \^.y^a^ cogn. w. LAT. scabere 'to shave' and prob. w. or. ay.dnzco 'to dig'. Cp. shaft. shaw^ ME. schawe oe. scedga 'thicket, small wood'; ident. w. shawm — shield 183 ON. skagi 'promontory' and cogn. w. ON. s/iogr 'wood' and MHG. schache 'piece of wood'. shawm me. sc/ia/?/iv borrowed It. fr. (dial.) chaleinic , whence also G. schabnei; standard fr. chalumeau fr. a lat. type cala- tnella. she ME. sche] functionally cor- respondinj^ to oe. hco (fem. of he), but phonetically to oe. seo (fem. of the article se = the). sheaf sb. me. schcf oe. sccaf: TEUT. base skauba- in ON. skauf, OHO. scoub, DU. schoof. Cogn. w. OHG. scobar G. schober rick' (of corn). All derivatives of the Teut. \'~ sktib in shove with the orig. meaning 'things shoved together'. shear vb. me. sch{re oe. sc'eran str. vb. = OHG. sc'eran DU. G. scheren, on. skera : arvan \f^skir in LiTH. sliir-ii 'separate', cogn. w. \^ ker in OR. xsi'usiv shear. sheath vb. me. schcthe oe. scedp obi. scedpe: fr. a teut. skaipjb- in OSAX. shedia, oho. sceida G. scheide, i)U. scheedc: orig. meaning that which Separates'. Cogn. w. shed vb. ME. sehcde oe. sced- da/i = GOTH, skaidan with the byform osax. shcdan = ohg. sceidan G. scheideii 'to separate": TEUT. \'^ skaip skaid, which is compared to gr. dxi'tstv, skr. chid, LA'i'. scindere 'to cleave, cut' (ARYAN \^skhid}'). See shide. sheen sb. (prop, adj.) .me. schcne oe. scene (scyne) adj. 'fair' = OSAX. OHG. skonl DU. schoon G. schon, GOTH, skanns: teut. base skau-ni-, verbal adj. to be looked at' fr. \'~skau in show. sheep sb. me. schep oe. seep (scedp) :r^ OSAX. sMp, du. schaap, OHG. scdf G. schaf: Teut. base skepa- (skdpa-). sheet sb. me. schete oe. scete (scyte), umlaut-deriv. of oe. scctit 'fold of a garment' = goth. skauts 'hem of a garment', ohg. sco":, g. schoss 'bosom, lap ; oe. siyte re- presents a teut. type skaiitjbn-. TEUT. \'~ skeut in shoot. shelf ME. schclve oe. scylf = mlg. odu. schelf, OHG. scelb; cp. ON. Hlid-skjalf. shell sb. ME. schellc oe. .yrV// obi. scelle'. teut. type skaljb- in DU. .>r/?^/, ON. skel 'shell' and in GOTH, skalja 'a tile'; cogn. w. OHG. scala G. schale 'shell'. shepherd sb. me. schepherd o^. scdp-hyrde prop, compound of OE. scip 'sheep' and oe. hyrdc E. herd 'one who tends a herd'; cp. GOTH, hairdeis, ohg. ///;// G. hirte and see herd. sheriff sb. me. schercfe earlier schir-reve oe. scir-ierefa; I^' part of the OE. compound see under shire; oe. J^erefa E. reeve is derived fr. teut. rbba rofa = OHG. ruoba ruofa 'number'? shide sb. ME. schide oe. scid = ON. skid, OHG. sclt G. sclicit 'thin board ; ident. w. (:)n<. sciath shield' (ARYAN base skeito-). Cogn. w. sheath. shield sb. me. scheld oe. sceU (byform .jy/A/) : teut. base skeldii 1 84 shift — shop ill GOTH, skildus = ON. skjgldr, OHG. scilt, DU. G. schild. Perh. cogn. w. LITH. skeliii I split'. shift vb. ME. scJiifte oe. sciftan 'to divide' := ON. skipia, du. schiften 'to divide'. shilling sb. me. schilling oe. scilliiig =- GOTH, skilliggs, ON. skilling, OHG. oSAX. scilling G. schilling: teut. base s killing a- more orig. sk'ellingo-, perh. akin to OHG. jYt*//i7 G. schelle bell'. The common Teut. name of the coin properly meant 'the tinkling money' (for the suffix -ing in names of coins see penny and farthing^. shimmer vb. me. schimcrc oe. sciviorian: deriv. of OE. scima light' ^= GOTH, skcima 'light' ; cp. G. schimnicrn aside of ohg. schno 'light'. Cp. shine for the TEUT. yfski. shin {shinbonc) sb. me. schine {schincbgn) OE. scina {scincban) = OHG. scina (mhg. schincbein') G. schicne (schienbei/i), DU. scheen (scheenheen). OE. scic shin' shows evidently the more primitive root-form ski: separate oe. ohg. sci-na. shine vb.:\iE. schi/icoR. scin\ skeotan OHG. scio-^-fi/i G. schiesscn, DU. schietc/i: teut. \'~ skeiit : skiit. shop sb. ]\te. sclwppc OE. scedppa shore — shut 185 *booth, hut'; cognate w. OE. scypen 'shed for cattle', G. schopf schiippen 'shelter'. shore sb. me. schore: fr. the lEUT. \^ sker 'shear, cut'. short adj. me. schdrt OE. sceort: ba.'se skorta-; cp. ohg. scurz fr. a base skurtu-: loanword fr. lai". *ex-airtiis, as lat. ciirtus is pre- served in G. OHG. knrz 'short', DU. kort, ON. kortr {^.e.e kirtle for OE. cyrtd and shirt for G. schiirze) . shot sb. ME. schot OE. lescedt 'a missile': deriv. from the TEUT. \f skeut skut in shoot. shoulder sb. me. schulder ok. scull/or; cp. DU. schottder , G. schnlter (ohg. scultirrci). shout vb. ME. schoiite. shove vb. MK. sclwnvc OE. scilfan == ON. skiifa, du. schui7>en\ ident. w. goth. skiuban, ohg. scioban G. schicben: teut. \'~ skfib ^= ARYAN \~ skubh\ SK.R. \'^ lisubh to be agitated' seems to be cognate. — shovel ?,b. me. scho7'el OE. scc6fl\ cp. DU. schoffel and OHG. scufala G. schaufel. show vb. ME. schcwe late oe. "^escca^uian to show'; the corre- sponding OE. scfawian means to look, behold and is iden- tical witli the equi\al. OHG. skoirtvon G. schaticn du. schoiiwen: TEUT. \'^ skau skit (sec shee;i) in GOTH, skiiggiva 'looking glass'. Cogn. w. the .ARYAN \^ hi kow in LAT. cavcrc 'to take care', GR. xofn- 'to beget'. shower sb. me. schour oe. ivv/r = GOTH, skiira 'storm', OHG. sciir G. schmier, on. .f/^//'r. shred sb. short for me. sclircde OE. scrcad (obi. screade) 'shred, piece' ; cp. OE. screadung 'shred and scrcadian 'to pare' : teut. \^ skraud in ohg. scrbtan 'to cut, pare'; perh. cogn. w. shroud. shrew sb., shrewd adj. fr. ME. schrcwe sb. 'bad person' — schrcwed adj. 'wicked, bad'; the corresp. OE. scr^awa means 'shrew-mouse'. Origin and history of the group unknown. shriek vb. me. schrtke (oe. scriciari) ; cogn. w. shrike sb. OE. scrlc 'a bird's name'. Cp. on. skrikja 'to titter'. shrine sb. me. schrin oe. scr/n; ident. w. ohg. scrmi G. schrein, DU. schrijn: loanword fr. la'I". scrmmm, whence also ital. scrig- no, FR. icrin. shrink vb. me. schriiike oe. {for)scrincan str. vb. = odu. schrinken\ cogn. w. svved. skrynka 'a wrinkle': teut. \f skrcnk. shroud sb. me. schroud oe. scnUi 'garment' = on. skrild 'or- nament, dress'. See shred. shudder vb. me. schudere (oe. '''scudorian) = LG. schuddcrn (whence G. schaiideni) , DU. schzidden 'to tremble'; cp. ohg. scutisbn to shudder'. shun vb. me. schi'uic oe. sctmian wk. vb. 'to avoid, abhor"; perh. deriv. fr. a TEUT. \'' skcn 'to flee awav' in on. skyiuia to hasten', OH(;. scuntan "to urge on'. shut vb. ME. schutte oe. scyttaii i86 shy sin = DU. schutte7i 'to shut in, to block up': Teut. base skutjaii cogn. Nv. shuttle sb. me. schitel OE. scytcls bar, liolt : Teut. base skutis/a-, \'^ skeut skut in shoot. shy adj. me. schey OE. sccoh (*suvg-) 'timid' =r mhg. schiech (g. sc/icit), DU. si/m7C': Teut. base skeo/ia- skcuha- , whence OHG. xciuhan 'to frighten' (g. scheueii). sick adj. short for ME. sek OE. seoc = GOTH, sinks , on. sjiikr, OSAX. siok, OHG. sio/i G. siec/i, DU. ziek: TEUT. seuka- adj. 'ill, sick' by the side of the str. vb. GOTH, siukan 'to be ill", wlience the verbal noun goth. saiihts, OHG. suht 'illness'. sicker (Scotch j adj. me. siker OE. .57^^;?' == OHG. sihhur G. sicher, O'SAX. s/k///', DU. zekcr: loanword (Teut. base sikfira-) fr. LAT. scciirus, borrowed during the first centuries of the Christian era. sickle sb. ME. sikfl ok. sicol: borrowed fr. lat. slriila, whence also OYLG.sih/iiia G. sichclxi'^.sikkel. side sb. me. side oe. side (obi. sidan) = on. sida, ohg. sifa g. seite, DU. zijde: Teut. base sid- jon-, perh. connected w. oe. sid adj. "long, wide' = on. sidr 'hanging down' ? siege sb. me. se^e fr. fr. siege. sieve sb. me. sive oe. sifc (oldest form sibi^ = OHG. sib G. sieb, DU. zcef 'a sieve': Teut. base sibi-, connected w. tlie I'b. sift. sift :me. sifte ok. siftan =-- du. zifie/i, LG. (g.) sichtcii to sift'. There exists a teut. \f silc in oe. seoii OHG. sihan G. seihen 'to filter, strain' , the guttural of which may have changed to a labial {sif for sih^. sigh vb. me. sighe points to an oe. '"sikhian ; cogn. w. the equivalent me. sike oe. sicaiu The root sik sVih looks like sound-imitation. sight sb. ME. sight earlier me. sighthe OE. lesihp: deriv. of the teut. \P seh- in see. sign sb. ME. sigiie fr. fr. signe. silk ME. silk OE. .y/(^/6- fr. an earlier ^siluc; cogn. w. ON. silki: source LAT. scricum (whence also on<. siric and osL€\'. selkti- i'silk'). ' sill sb. ME. sille oe. syli obL syl/c: Teut. base sidjb- borrowed : fr. LAT. solea 'sole of the foot', I whence also goth. sulja 'sole of a shoe . ON. syll is an OE. loanword. Cp. sole. silly adj. me. sely oe. selii (sdiil) 'happy, fortunate' ::= ohg. \sai'ig c. selig, DV. zalig 'blessed': ! secondary extension to GOTH. sets 'good' =■ on. scell 'happy' ! (cp. OE. sdl sb. 'happiness'). TEUT. \'~sel. silver me. silver oe. siolfor =- GOTH, silubr, OSAX. silnbar, OHG. silabar G. silber, DU. zilver , ON. silfr\ ident. w. OSLOV. sirebro RUSS. serebro, lith. sidabras. Source and Viistory uncertain. sin sb. me. sinne oe. syn?i obi. synnc: base sunjo- for an earlier sundjo- in OHG. siintea G. siindey OSAX. stmdia, DU. zonde; cp. yet since skew 187 ON. synd fr. a base snnidjd- (the | sip vb. ME. sippe\ deriv. fr. OE. dentals are suffixal). Cogn. sypc 'absorbing', which is verbal w. LAX. sons (sont-is) 'guilty'. noun to oe si'epan; see sup. since with the more original sir, sire .me. sire fr. fk. sire, byform (Shakesp.) sithence me. whence also on. sira. — sirrah, sithens prop, sithen OE. slppaif, spelt in 16'^ cant, sirrha serr/ia, the additional s of the me. form is of adverbial origin (cp. once, twice). The orig. oe. form was sip-pan (cp. the identical goth. pana-seips 'later') , resting (^\\ the -oe, adverb sip 'later', wliich is a comparative to goth. scipus 'late', on. sidan corresponds to points to orig. »sir, ah« or »sir, ha«. sister sb. .me. sister is regarded as a distinctively Scand. loan- word fr. ON. systir. The oe. equivalent sweostor stvustor me. SJister is not responsible for the modern phonology. The Teut. OE. sippan;^ cp. ohg. sid G. seit\^^^^ -^ ^^^,^,^^^. ,^,,istr-; cp. goth = OE. sip later'. sinew sb. :me. sinewe oe. {sionti pi.) sioneowe, which results fr. a Teut. base sinned- or senavS-', cp. on. sin, OHG. s'enatva G. sehne, uu. zenuw. cogn. w. skr. snava 'sinew' or w. gk. ]vt<; 'sinew'. sing vl). ME. singe oe. singan str. vb. = OHG. OS AX. singan G. singen du. zingen ; oldest Teut. swistar, OHG. swcster G. schioester, DU. zuster. The / of the com- mon Teut. word is excrescent. Aryan base swesr- (nom. s7c>esor) in SKR. svasr , lat. soror (for '^'svesot-), LiTH. sesii 'sister'. sit vb. :me. sitte oe. sittan str. vb. = DU. zitten, OSAX. siitian, OHG. sizzan G. sitzen: WESXTEur. sittjan fr. TEUT. sitjan (^ ON. sit/a) ; cp. GOTH, sitan strong form GOTH. sigg7c>an (= ON. , , , ^ ..^ w u 1 ^'^ ^ ,, I verbal \ jY'/^.y<7/ (whence a causal vb. satjan under set), aryax \(~ sed in LAT. sedeo, gr. sLo/liui (tdoQ 'seat'), skr. \f sad 'to sit', OSLOV. scsti, LrrH. sesti. Cp. syngva) : all s\nonymous. teu \'^seng7a sangw is related to j OR. 6i.i(fl] "speech , oracle' : j ARYAN \^ senghw. The cor- resp. causal is represented by singe -ME. senge oe. sencgean fr. a Teul. ground-form sang{w)jan = OHG. sengan G. sengcn 'to singe' i)rop. 'to make to sing'. sink vb. sinke OE. sincan str. vl). = OHG. sinkan G. sinken DU. ^P* S^^* •''''^■*'- zinken; oldest form goth. w^ peril, in lat. /a/'/ 'to slide'. sleet sb. me. slet\ oe. *slet {*slyt) not found ; umlaut-relation to mhg. sloi, (g. scklosse 'hail): Teut. base slauti-, whence also DU. sloot, fries, slat. sleeve sb. me. slroe oe. slefe (slyfe): Teut. base slanbjb{n-) in odu. sloove 'veil'. sleight sb. ME. sleighte earlier me. sle/ipe: borrowed fr. ON. slcegd 'slyness', which is abstract for- slice — slow-worm 189 mation to the adj. sly =^ me. sleh ON. sld'gr. slice sb. ME. slice fr. ofr. esc/ice 'a shiver, splinter' ; source the TEUT. \^slit in slit. slide vb. ME. slide oe. slidan str. vb. = MHG. slitefi 'to slide'; TEUT. \f slid under sled\ aryan \'~ slidh in LiTH. slidiis 'slipper' (cp. oe. slidor 'slippery'). slight adj. ME. slight; oe. *.?///;/ not found, but may be inferred fr. the corresp. GOTH. j-A/Z/zA" 'smooth', OHG. y/d'///" "smooth, flat' {G.schlecht 'bad' — ir^//V/// "simple') , uu. slecht, ON. slittr 'flat, smooth': Teut. base sleh-ia- prop, slih-ta- fr. the verbal \f silk in sleek (on. slih- 'sleek, smooth'). slime sb. :me. oe. sli7n = oho. :mhg. sTwi G. schleiffi , du. slijm, on. slim : Teut. type sli-ma- fr. an ARYAN v'^jr//, whence also LAT. It-miis 'mud . sling vb. ME. sliiigc str. vb. (oe. ^slingaii not recorded) 'to fling' = ON. slyngva str. vb. 'to cast, fling'; cp. mhg. slinge sb. sling', DU. slingereti vb. 'to toss' and OHG. slingan 'to swing'. TEUT. \r sleng7Ci (slenhwl). slip vb. ME. slippe oe. '^slyppan belongs to the str. vb. OE. slitpan 'to glide' =^ DU. sluipen 'to sneak'; cp. goth. sliupan str. vb. 'to slip' and oho. slnpfan G. schliipfcn 'to slip': Teut. verbal \f slCip , perh. related to lat. lubriciis slipper)''. slit vb. ME. slittc dcriv. fr. ME. slite OE. slitaii str. vb. 'to slit'; cp. ON. slita, OSAX. slitan str. vb. 'to slit', DU. slijten, ohg. sli"^an G. schlcissen'. teut. \f~ slit 'to tear. sloe sb. ME, sip OE. sld (infl. slif-//), prob. contracted fr. oe. *sl(f/ie (infl. *sldhati) ^^ ohg. sleha g. schlche; cp. du. slee, swed. shin, DAN. slaaen 'sloe' and OE.jrA?//-/(^r?«'black-thorn'. Doubt- ful whether uth. slyvas 'plum' and OSLOV. RUSS. sliva 'plum' are cognate. sloop si), fr. du. sloep; source FR. chaloupe , whence also E. shallop = g. schaluppe. slot sb. 'bar, bolt' late me. slot =r DU. LG. Slot^ OHG. sloz, G. schloss', derived fr. tlie teut. \f slut 'shut' in du. shut en, LG. sliiten, OHG. slio-~an g. schliessen (cp. G. schlilssel ohg. slu"^il = OSAX. shitil 'key'), teut. \fslut rests on an aryan \^ sklhd, cogn. w. LAT. clanderc 'shut'. sloth sb. ME. slpiithe with abstr. suffix fr. the adj. slow; cp. the umlaut-relation OE. sUkwp aie. sleuthc. slough sb. 'mire' me. slough oe. sloli mire . slow adj. -ME. slgtif oe. slaw = OSAX. OHG. sleo blunt', du. sleeiiw 'sour', on. slj'dr 'blunt': Teut. base slai^aa-, perh. cogn. w. LAT. laevus 'left', gr. Xaiog. slow-worm sb. prop. .me. slp- worvi slg -wiirm oe. sld -icy rm blindworm'; ident. w. swed. sld (oi'jnsld), NORWEG. slo {ormslo) 'blindworm'. Not compounded with slow OE. sldw, but resting I go sluice smelt on a TEUT. slaiha- blindworm'; cp. LlTH. slckas, PRUSS. slayx \ 'rainworm'. sluice sb. :=r DU. sluis, G. I schlcuse: source ofr. esc/use (fr. | icliise) fr. a low Lat. type ex-\ ciiisa 'a floodgate'. slumber vb. me. slo?nerc fre- quentative of ME. slouvie. vb. 'slumber', derived fr. the sb. OE. slil-nia 'slumber'; cp. DU. sliiwien sluimerc7i , eg. slmneren (g. schlwnmerii) vb. 'slumber'. OE. shl-ma sb. 'slumber' rests on an ARYAN ^'^slii in goth. slawan to cease, be silent'. sly adj. ME. sli (sly) prop. sliH slej^ (Orrm sick under sleight) : borrowed fr. on. sldgr adj. 'sly, cunning'; ident. w. the non-um- lauted TiV.sliiw lg. slfi (g. schlau), SAVED. DAN. slug. As seen by g. z'erschlage/i 'sly', the adj. rests on the teut. \^ slah in slay} smack 1 sb. 'taste' me. smak OE, sfficEC sb. = DU. smaak\ oho. igi)sma/r, cp. the vb. OE. smtEccan "to taste' = ODU. smaken ofries. S7nakia ; cp. OHG. smackbi smecken G. schmecken 'to taste', west- TEUT. sj'^smak smakk. smack''^ (Shakesp.) sb. 'a loud kiss' cp. G. sc/imatzeti fr. mhg. sinatze7i prop, stnacketzen , LG. smacken 'to smack the lips . smack^ sb. (a tishing-boat) fr. ODU. MLG. sviacke (du. stiiacU), whence also the equivalent G. schuiacke, fr. seviaque, ital. semac- ca, SPAN. zj(7/iaca. Source and history of the group unknown. It is doubtful whether late OE. snacc ON. snekkja (kind of ship) is cognate. small adj. me. i'w^ oe. w^^: loan- word fr. LAT. soccus (= FR. socquey ITAL. socco) , whence also ohg. mhg. soc, on. sokkr. sod sb. me. sgde: probably borrowed fr. MLG. sode, which corresponds to ofries. sdtha 'sod, turf: Teut. base saupdn-\ perhaps related to seethe. soft adj. adv. .me. softc Ihort for oe. sgfte adv. by the side of the umlauted adj. oe. sefte; ident. w. OSAX. sdfii adj. — sdfto adv. ^ OHG. senfti adj. — samfto adv. (g. sanft sacht, du. zacht). soil ' sb. 'ground' me. soile fr. OFR. soel ^ FR. sueil: source LAT. solea. soil- vb. 'to defile' me. soile fr. FR. souiller. solace sb. me. solds fr. ofr. solaz = LAT. solatium. soldier sb. aiE. soudiour properly souldicr fr. ofr. soldier (jK.soldat). Source ofr. soulde 'pay for soul- diers', whence du. g. sold. Source LAT. SOliduS (= ITAL. Soldo , FK. soil) 'piece of money'. sole^ (of a shoe) sb. me. sole OE. sole ^= OHG. sola G. sohle, du. zool: Teut. base sola, borrowed fr. a LAT. type *sola, represented by FR. sole, ital. suolo, span. suela 'sole of a shoe'. The vul- sole^ sound^ 193 f gar- L AT. sola has supplanted LAT. so/ea, whence goth. siilja 'sole' is borrowed. sole" (a flat fish) me. sole fr. fr. sole'y ident. w. sole^', cp. lat. solea 'sole-fish'. some pron. .me. su7?i sojn OE. sum =1 GOTH, sums, ON. SUf/ir, OHG. suf/i : ARYAN base s^mo- in gr. auod^sr, SKR. sama. son sb. ME. sone sune OE. sunu = GOTH. SU/IUS, ON. SUnr, OSAX. sunu, OHG. sun G. i^'//// du. s^c*//: Teut. base sunu-. An aryan base sfiiiu- is evident in skr. sunu-, OSLOV. .9V«/:, LITH. siiui/s son'. Cogn. w. GK. vioc, 'son' fr. an ARYAN base suyu- and w. OIR. suth 'foetus'. There occurs also a skr. \r su 'to beget, bear, bring forth'. song vb. ]MK. OE. sofig'. Teut. base S(ing(7ei)a- also in GOTH. saggzvs, ON. spngr, du. S(7«^^, g. sang. Cp. i■///^^ soon adv. me. siine oe. .yciV/iz; as shown by goth. suns-aiw 'soon', OE. son-a is a compound of OE. son (= OHG. OSAX. sa?i) and d (=^ GOTH, aiw OHG. /V); cp. OHG. sdr sar-io and goth. suns 'soon'. soot sb. ME. OE. sot = ODU. soct , ON. sot; derived fr. the teut. \fsci 'sit, set'; cogn. w. OIR. suide (base *sddia), lith. sodis, OSLOV. sa.iihi 'soot'. sooth adj. true' me. soth oe. spj> fr. a Teut. base sanj>- = on. sannr , ohg. sand, osax. soth; cogn. w. GOTH. sunj/s (for *sundja-) . TEUT. san/- answers to skr. sat, English Etymology. which is participle of the .\rvan \'~es 'to be' (skr. ds/I, gr. effri, LAT. t'st, G. /jV) with the suffix -onJ- in GR. qj&Qovt- (cp. tootJi). GOTH siinjis 'true' corresponds to SKR. satyd 'true'. sore adj. me. sgr OE. siw fr. a TEUT. adj. sai-ra- in ON. iW/T, OHC. ser, DU. s^ifr 'sore, wounded'; cp. GOTH, sair sb. 'pain', ohg. j^V (g. vei'sehren vb. 'to liurt). Cogn. w. LAT. sae-vus 'wild and OIR. sai-th 'pain'. Cp. sorry. sorrel (plantname) fr. ofr. sorel (fr, surelle), which is de- rived fr. FR. sur 'sour = ohg. siir (see under sour^. sorrow sb. me. sorwe oe. sorg infl. sorge: Teut. base sorgo- in GOTH, saurga, ohg. sorga G. sorge, DU. ZOrg, ON. sorg : ARYAN \^ StTg/l in LITH. sergiti 'to heed' — sh'gti 'to suffer'. sorry adj. me. sgry oe. sdrr^ earlier sdre"^: Teut. base sair-ag-, deriv. fr. teut. saira- = sore. sot sb. me. sot late oe. (c. iooo) soi't; borrowed fr. fr. sot, whence also DU. zot and isihg. sot; cogn. w. IR. suthan "a dunce'. soul sb. ME. soule prop, sgule OE. saic'ol infl. sdzole : teut. saiw- alo- in goth. saiwala, ohg. sHa (for *sewhi) G. seele, osax. .yr?//*;/, ui'. ziel. Cp. GR. at oAoi,^ 'movable'. sound ^ adj. 'healthy me. sound prop, isound OE. lesiind = OSAX. gisund, OHG. gisunt G. gesund, DU. gezond; probably cognate w. LAT. .f(?////5' 'healthy'. 13 194 sound — speak sound (of the sea)- sh. me. sound OE. sund\ the original meaning of the oe. word is 'a swimming' which affirms connec- tion w. S7(.'im'. Teut. base sunda- (ON. stiiuf) for "^swiinida-. sound ■■* sb. 'a noise' me. soim fr. FR. son: source lat. sonus. sound ^ vb. fr. fr. souder. sour ad). ME. sour oe. sih- = - in OHG. su/idau 'from the south' (= OE. Sudan, ON.sunnan). Probably allied to GR. rorog (for *(7i'6Tog) south-wind'. southern i\ie. sotlwrn oe. siideme corresponds to OHG. sundroni --r^ ON. sudrd'nn. sow ' vb. ME. sgwe ok. sdica/i str. vb. = GOTH, saian, on. sd, DU. zaaijen, OSAX. sdjan, ohg. sden G. .fc'^fv/ = ARYAN verbal v'" ^'^ in LAT. sero (ground-form '^■'siso) -shn-saium, osLOV. se-ii , lith. scti 'sow' and in lat. sc-)nen. = OHG. sd-vio G. j't/wd'. Cp. seed. SOW^ sb. ME. so7ve earlier suwe suge OE. sugu. Cogn. w. teut. sii 'sow" (under swi ne^ and w. IR. suig 'a pig. space sb. ]\ie. 5;2^(^?V^ fr. ofr. espaLC\ source lat. spatiujn. spade sb. me. spade oe. spddu infl. spddan; ident. w. on. spadi, DU. spade, OSAX. spado, G. spaten ; cogn. w. OR. (Jndd/] 'a blade of wood or metal". span vb. ME. spanne oe. spannan str vb. =^- ohg. spannan G. DU. spannen to extend". span-new adj. me. span-newc fr. ON. spdn-nyr] on. spdnn (cp. spoofi) means 'a chip, shaving'. spar sb. ME. sparre (cp. the vb. j OE. yspearrian 'to shut, bar) = j OHG. sparro (whence G. sparreti), j DU. jT/ar, ON. sparri: Teut. base I sparron-. spar 2 sb. OE. spcer-stdn; cp. G. sparkalk. spar^ vb. me. sparre ^. ofr. esparcr = FR. sparer. spare adj. me. spar infl. spare OE. spcer (infl. *spdra) in the compound spa'r-hefide (original meaning having spare, thrift}" i hands') and in the vb. spartan 'to spare'. Teut. base spara- in ON. sparr, ohg. spar (g. spar- sani) ; cp. on. spara, ohg. sparon G. sparen 'to spare'. Outside of TEUT., osLOV. .f/(?r« 'thriftv' i and OR. 6naQv6c, rare, lacking' ! are cognate. spark sb. me. sparke oe. spear ca\ Teut. base sparkon- in DU. spark, LG. sparke; cogn. w. lat. spar- ger e ? sparrow sb. me. spar^ve oe. spearwa = GOTH. sparwa : Teut. base sparwan- ; cp. ohg. sparo (g. Sperling^. speak vb. me. jr/r'X'^ oe. specan str. vb. r= ohg. spehhan with the byforms oe. sprecan = ohg. sprehhan G. sprechen, DU. spreken. spear — spit* 195 OSAX. sprekan; west-teut. strong verbal \^ sprek: spek, perhaps connected w. on. spraka 'to crackle' and lith. spragHi 'to crackle'. See speech. spear sb. me. spp-e oe. spere; ident. w. on. spjpr, OHG. sper G. DU. speer and coyn. w. lat. spams 'a dart . speck vb. ME. specke oe. specca 'a spot, mark' ; cp. DU. spikkel. speech sb. me. spechc oe. (rare) spec (spcec) with the common byform oe. sprcec: Westteut. base spdki- sprdki-; derived fr. \^ spek sprek in speak. speed sb. me. oe. sped pro- perly oe. speed fr a Teut. base spo-di- in OSAX. spod 'success', DU. s/oed 'speed' , ohg. spuot 'success' (wVicnce G. spnten to make haste') : verbal abstract to the str. vb. OE. spowaii 'to suc- ceed = OHG. spuon to succeed', which arc cognate w. OSLOV. spcjati 'to succeed', skr. sphay 'to increase': aryax \^sphe spho. spell sb. me. oe. spel (infl. spell-^ 'story, saying' (see also gospel) = GOTH, spill 'tale, m}th', ON. spjall 'a saying , ohg. spel 'a narrative' (du. spellen vb.) : Teut. base spclla-, assimilated for sqedlo-, pre-XEUT. sq-etlo- ^rz^ oiR. sc^/, CYMR. chwedl 'a story'. Derived from the ARYAN \l~ seq 'to say, tell (cp. say) ; aryan suffix -etlo- as in gr. c-xtrXov. spell vb. me. spe/le 'syllabi- care (Orrm spelldrenn 'syllabi- care'); not found in this mean- ing in OE. Cognate \v. OFR. espeler =-- fr. ipeler 'to spell'. spelt sb. OE. spelt = du. spelt, OHG. sp'elta spelza'. loanword fr. late LAT. spelta {= it. spclta, FR. ipeautre). spend vb. me. spende oe. *spendan (in the sb. spending and in the comY>on\\d?,d-, foi-spendan) : loan- word fr. LAT. dispenderewb.%\itind\ whence also G. spenden ohg. sprntan. spew vb. :me. spewc oe. spiwan ^= OHG. OSAX. sphvan o. speien, GOTH, speiwan str. vb. (on. spyja, L)U. spuwen) : strong verbal \~ spitv as in LAT. spuere, lith. spiauti 'to spew'; cp. the cognate \^ pju in GR. nrv&ii', osLOV. p/uti? spice sb. me. spife fr. ofr. esp/iY (fr.) = LAT. Species. spider sb. me. spither in Kent, for spinder OE. ^spinnire; derived fr. spin. spike sb. ME. spik 'an ear of corn' fr. lat. spica. spill vb. ME. spille late oe. spillan fr. ON. spilla; ident. w. oe. spildan, ohg. spildan 'to spill': Teut. base spiipjan. spin vb. ME. spinne oe. spinnan str. vb. rr- GOTH. OHG. spinnan, G. DU. spinnen, on. spinna: all equivalent. The str. vb. teut. spinnan rests on a \'^ spcn in spindle .mk. oe. spinel = ohg. spinila. spirit see sprite. spit ^ sb. me. spite oe. spitu 'roasting spit' ;= ohg. spiz,, du. spit (ital. spito, FR. ipois repre- 13* 196 spit^ spur sent a teut. spitus) ; derived fr. the TEUT. adj. spiiu- in OHG. spitzi G. spitz. spit- vb. ME. spitte O'E. yspyttan; ident. w. on. spytta with the by- form spyta, LG. spy ten, G. speutzen) see spout. spite sb. ME. spit for dcspit\ see despite. spleen sb. fr. lat. (gr.) splen. split vb. Scandin. loanword; cp. DAN. sp/itte; cogn. w. du. splijten = MHG. spri2,en G. spkissen (whence G. splitter^. spoil vb. ME. spoi/e fr. fr. spo- lier (lat. spoliare^. spoke sb. ME. spoke oe. spdca = OSAX. speka DU. spee/c, ohg. speihha Q. speiche. All equivalent; Teut. base spaikon-. sponge sb. me. sponge fr. ofr. esponge (fr. iponge) ; source lat. spongier, whence also osax. spunsia DU . spoils. spool sb. (not found in me. OE.) loanword fr. du. spoeP, ident. W. OHG. SpUOlo G. Spule (iTAL. spiiola is of TEUT. origin) : Teut. base spdldn-\ doubtful whetlier cogn. w. spin. spoon sb. ME. OE. spon fr. a TEUT. spdmi- {spam-) in ohg. span 'a chip, splint', DU. dan. spaan 'a chip', on. spdnn sponn 'a chip' (cp. span-new). Cogn. w. MHG. spd-t 'a chip' : \/^spe. sport sb. for disport as spend for dispend; me. disporte vb. fr. OFR. se desporter 'to amuse one- self. spot sb. ME. spot pi. spottes; not found in OE. (where splof pi. splottas 'a spot); cp. ODU. spotte DU. spot a blot'. spouse sb. ME. spouse fr. Ofr. espouse (fr. ipoiise) \ source LAT. sponsa. spout vb. .ME. spoute; cogn. w. spit. sprat sb. ME. sprot (pi. spfottes) OE. spi'ot (pi. sprottas); cp. WLG. sprot G. sprotte, DU. sprot. sprawl vb. me. spraule oe. sprcawPian fr. a teut. sprauwalon. spread vb. me. sprede oe. (le)- sprcedan 'to extend' :=- ohg. g. spreiten, DU. spreiden; deriv. fr. the str. vb. OHG. sfiriian 'to be- come extend', d'. spring str. vb. me. springe of.. spriiigan ;= osAX. ohg. spi'ingan, ON. springa (ital. springarc is a TEUT. loanword): teut. \{^ spr'eng sprang, perhaps related to gr. Gn^g^soifo.i 'to make haste. sprite sb. ME. sprite fr. fr. esprit:, ident. w. spirit. Source LAT. spiritus. sprout vb. ME. sproutc (oe. ''''spruta/i) ^= DU. spruiten, LG. spiiiten, OFRIES. spriita 'to sprout'; cp. G. spriesse?i: teut. \fsprut spreut. spur sb. ME. spure oe. spura (spora); ident. w. ohg. sporo (g. sporn)^ DU. spoor, on. spori (iTAL. sprotte FR. iperon are of teut. origin) : Teut. base spuron- sporon-. \(^ sp3r in OHG. osax. oe. spur- nan 'to kick against' under spurn and in G. spur du. spoor OE. spor a foot-track . spurge — stammer 197 spurge sb. short for me. spourge : loanword fr. ofr. espurge (source LAT. expurgare). spurn vb. jSIe. spurtie oe. spilr- nan str. vb. 'to kick against' = OHG. OS AX. spurnan 'to kick against': Aryan \f spdr in lat. sper-7iere 'to despise', lith. spirti 'to kick against', gr. aTiaiosiV, SKR. sphur. Cp. spur. spy vb. ME. spie fr. ofr. espier, which is of Teut. origin : ohg. spc/ion G. spLihen , ODU. sp/eu (aryan \f spek in lat. conspicio, speculum, skr. \^spaf). square sb. me. square fr. ofr. c'sguarrc 'a square'. squire sb. me. squire = es- quire. squirrel sb. me. squirdliox scilril fr. OFR. cscurel {-= fr. icureuiP) ; source a LtAT. type scurellus {scuriolus) for LAT. sciurus 'a squirrel . Stable 1 sb. me. stable fr. ofr. estable {= fr. itable)\ source LAT. stabulutn 'abode, stable. Stable'' adj. me. stable fr. ofr. est able —-- LAT. stabilis 'stable'. staff sb. ME. staf (pi. staves) OE. stcef (pi. std/as) ■= on. stafr, DU. staf, OHG. G. stab; cp. OHG. stabcn 'to be stiff' and the adj. eastfries. staf 'stiff', also lith. Stellas' %tz.fi. — stdbas stobras; skr. \fstabh 'be stiff. stag sb. ME. stagge late oe. stagga 'a stag'. stage sb. ME. stage fr. ofr. estage ^~ fr. t'tage (lat. type staticuni) . ME. steine fr. ofr. lat. dis-tingere. stain sb. desteindre = stair sb. me. j'/(?z> properly .$■///>;- OE. steeper ^= ODU. OLG. steger du. steiger 'stair': west- TEUT. ground-form staigir, deriv- ed fr. the Teut. verbal \'^ stig in OE. stigafz, OHG. stigan G. sttigen, DU. stijgen 'to climb'; cogn. w. GR. nrnytir 'to march' , SKR. stigh 'ascend' (cp. lat. ve-stigiuvi 'a fool-track'). stake sb. me. stake OE. stdca = ODU. stake DU. jr/(7«/^, swed. jiYa/^^"; cp. ofries. stak 'stiff, G. stachel 'a prick, goad'. stalk 1 sb. ME. stalke, a dimin. form with suffixed X' of ME. stale; cp. OE. stela, ON. stil-kr 'a stalk', OHG. G. jY//, also GR. HTsXeuv 'a handle'. stalk'- vb. ME. stalke', k is a frequentative suffix ; cp. OE. styl- lan 'to leap' (oe. *stealcia>i). stall sb. AiE. stal oe. .f/^^?// fr. a Teut. base stalla- in on. stallr, OHG. ^V(^/ G. stall, DU. .yA?/ 'stall, stable' (iTAL. stallo'Y>\-AC^ — stalla 'stable are of Teut. origin). ARYAN base stadhlo- in lat. stabulum 'stable'. stallion sb. me. stalloun fr. OFR. estalon (fr. italoii) =^ ital. stallcme: of Teut. origin (teut. stalla- 'stable' under stall). stammer vb. me. stamere deriv. fr. oii. statnor adj. 'stammering'; j cp. DU. stamereii- stamelcn , ohg. \stamalon; \'~ stam in ON. stavir 'stammering' — stama vb. 'to I stammer', ohg. statnen 'stammer'; 198 stamp — state Cp. also GOTH. Cogn. w. stamms stam- OSAX. OHG. siutn G. stwnm 'dumb'. Stamp vb. ME. sta7?ipe (e, '^slani- pian) = DU. stampen, OHG.stafnpfofi G. sta?npfen (ital. stampare fr. itampC7- are of teut. origin) : TEUT. \f stamp cogn. w. gr. arsu- [j&iv to stamp'. stanch, staunch vb. me. stauncht: vb. fr. OFR. estancher. Stand vb. me. stamie oe. standan (prt. oe. me. Stpd) = GOTH. OSAX. standan, on. standa, ohg. stantan 'to stand': a strong vb., common to the Teut. languages ; teut. Sj^stap stad; tlie nasal of the verb is orig. characteristic of the present tense). Standard sb. me. standard (-^ DU. standaard') fr. ofr. cstandart ^= FR. itandard (ital. sttndardo fr. lat. extender e spread out'). stang sb. me. stange loanword fr. ON. stpng gen. stangar ; ident. w. ohg. stanga G. stange, du. stang and the umlauted oe. steng 'pole, stake"; source the vb. Oe. stingan 'to stab, pierce' ; see sting. stanyell sb. (Shakesp.) oe. stdn- li'I/a properly 'rock-yeller' : cp. ye//. staple sb. ME. stdpe/ oe. stdpo/ 'a prop = DU. lg. stape/, ofries. stapu/ 'block'. star sb. me. sterre oe. steorra -■- OHG. OSAX. sterro, odu. mlg. sterre: Teut. base st'erron-', ident. w. GOTH, stairno , on. stjania (hence me. sterne^ , OHG. sterno (g. stern ohg. st'erti). Cogn. w. SKR. star, GR. daTi]Q, lat. ste/la (for *steru/a?). All equivalent. Starboard sb. me. sterbgrd short for oe. steorhord; cp. on. stjorbordi 'starboard' and OE. steor under steer-'. starch sb. me. '^stere/ie oe. stereo (= G. stcirke) : umlaut-derivative with palatalisation of star/i. stare vb. me. stare oe. starian = ON. stara, ohg. staren to stare'; derived fr. an adj. stara- in skr. i-M/rrz'fast, hard', GR. a rfpfo'c hard': ARYAN \f sta 'to stand' in ohg. Stan sten G. stehen, DU. staan, lat. stare, GR. 'loravui, SKR. sthd. stark adj. me. star/i oe. stearc =-^ OSAX. MHG. G. star/i; cp. ON. (with umlaut) stcr/ir and goth. gastaiir/inan "to become dry': ARYAN \~strg in LITH. str^gti 'to become stiff. starling sb. jme. stir/ing short for oe. stdr/ing: dimin. formation of oe. stdr "a starling' =r ohg. stara G. staar 'a starling' ; cogn. w. OE. steam ^^-^ lat. stiirnus. start vb. me. sterte (oe. *steortan str. vb.) ; cp. odu. DU. storten, ohg. sturzen g. stiirzen: teut. y^ ste'rt start. Starve vb. me. sterve oe. steorfan str. vb. 'die(ofhunger') = du. sterven, osax. stertmn, OHG. sterban G. sterben. str. vb. 'to die'; cp. ON. j-A?/// 'stiffness', east-fries. bestarfen 'be stiff'. The original meaning of the teut. \'~ sterb was probalily 'be stiff. State sb. AIE. estdt fr. ofr. estat fr. Hat = lat. status. stay step 199 Stay * vl). ME. siaie fr. ofr. estayer FR. ctaycr. stay- sb. oe. stcey. Teut. base staga-, whence fr. (itay; cp. DU. LG. stag. Stead sb. ^\v.. stale oe. stede fr. a Teut. base stadi- ^^ GOTH, stafs 'a stead, place', OHG. stai (o. stadt 'town), ON. stddr 'a place': ab- stract formalion of the aryan \f sia 'to stand' (see stare); cp. LAT. statio, SKR. sihiii'a. standing'. Steak sb. ME. steike (late oe. staccan vb. to roast'): borrowed fr. ON. steik 'a steak' - — stcikja 'to roast'. Steal vb. ME. stele oe. stelan str. vb. ^ GOTH, stilau , ON. stela, OSAX. OHG. stelan o. stehlen du. stelen: teut. yf stel, perhaps ident. w. OR. arspw&ai — or^Qidy.siv 'bereave'. Steam sb. me. sIi'm oe. steam fr. a Teut. base stau-jna- {\i\:i. stooni, eastfries. stoffi): \^ stau, not found elsewhere. steed sb. me. stede oe. steda 'a stallion : umlaut-derivative of OE. sidd = E. stud. steel sb. ME. i-/d?/t' OE. stele (style) : umlaut- formation by the side of the equival. OHU. stali'al G. stahl, DU. staal, ON. J-/V//: Teut. base stalila- and (for OE. style') stahlja-; ident. w. OPKUSS. stakla- 'steel'. steep adj. ME. step oe. steap adj.; ident. w. OE. steap =:t: on. staup beaker' under stoup. — Umlaut- deriv. steeple me. stepel oe. stepel stypel (fr. a Teut. base staiipila-\ cp. ON. stopull 'a steeple'). steer ' sb. me. ster oe. steor = GO rH. stiur, on. stjorr, ohg. osax. stioi' g. du. slier 'a bull' ; ident. w. on. pjorr (dan. /yr) : arvan base (s)teuro (osLOV. turn 'steer'). But GR. racgoc corresponds to oiR. A?//' (aryan base tai-wo-, not cogn. w. steer). steer 2 vb. :me. stere oe. steor an w. the umlauted byform styran = OHG. stiuran G. steuern, du. stureii\ cp. on. siyri 'a rudder'; for a non-umlauted root-form see under starboard, teut. \i^ steiir also in GOTH, stiurjan'to confirm'. stem sb. me. stem oe. stemn stefn a stem of a tree': ahlaut-relation to ON. stafii, osax. stamn = OHG. statn Q.stanim du. stani: teut. ground -forms st'cmna- stavina-. cogn. w. iR. ta?noi/ 'stem'. \'~ sta 'to stand' under stare. Stench sb. me. stench oe. stcnc fr. a tuet. base stank{7o)i-; see stink. Step vb. OE. stceppan steppan str. vb.; cp. DU. stappen, ohg. stapfon 'to step' and oe. stepe steppe 'a step, pace'; probably related to OSLOv. stopa foot-track'? The root seems to be nasalized in stamp. Step in stepfather stepf/iother etc. ME. step-fader, -nunler short for OK. steop-feeder, -nuklor ; ident. w, ON. stjiipfadir, -tiiodir -- ohg. stiof-fater, -tnnoter G. stief rater, stiefmutter: Teut. base steupa-, whence OHG. bistufcn OE. dstypan vb. 'bereave, deprive (of pa- rents)'. 200 stern stool Stern ' adj. me. sterne Oe. styrne; Teut. base stirni- prop, st'ernu-, cogn. w. LAT. strennus. stern- sb. inie. stcme fr. on. stjor/i 'a steering'; see starboard and steer vb. Stew vb. ME. stilwe vb. fr. the sb. OFR. e stave = G. stube; see stoz'e. steward sb. me. stiward (since the 1 2"' cent.) ; cogn. \v. oe. sti{^- 7vita 'house -holder'. The first element is ident. w. sty. stick sb. ME. sticke oe. sticca =^ OHG. stccko G. steckcn : Teut. base stikkon-, derived fr. the verbal \'~ stik in OHG. stchhnn o. stechen. stiff adj. short for me. oe. stif 'stiff' := on. stifr, DU. stijf, G. stcif; cogn. w. LITH. stipti \o be- come stiff and LAT. stipes 'a pole'. stile sb. ME. stile contracted from OE. jr/^Winfl. str^ele = OHG. stigila 'a stile'; derived fr. the TEUT. s^ stfg under stair. still adj. ME. OE. stille = ohg. OSAX. Stilli G. still, DU. Stil, OFKIES. stille: deriv. fr. the ■i'&M:.\'~ st'cll 'to stand tirmly' in the factitive vb. OHG. G. stellcn 'to place' and in OHG. stollo 'post'. stilt sb. ME. stilte\ ident. w. ohg. stelza G. stelze, du. stelt; all equi- valent. sting vb. ME. stinge oe. stingan str. vb. — GOTH. {us)stiggan, on. stiriga\ cp. OHG. stungon stung en 'to sting' : TEUT. \^ st'e/ig under sta/ig. stink vb. ME. stinke OE. stiiiean str. vb. =- GOTH, stigqan, OHG. osAX. stinkan G. du. stinken : TEUT. \'~ ste//// pre - teut. stengw {tengtv in GR. Tayyog 'rancid'). stir vb. ME. stire OE. styrian vb.; ident. \v. the ablauted OHG. storen G. storen, du. storen, ofries. stir a: WEST-TEUT. bases stnrjanstaurjan; \f stur also in siormf stirrup sb. me. stirop properly sti-rgp OE. stii-rdp; ident. w. OHG. stega-reif G. stegreif{p\]. steegrcep), ON. stig-reip. Second element of the compound is teut. raipa- = roap; for the i^' element (Teut. stiga- \r stig^ see stair. stitch sb. ME. sticche OE. stice early stici: Teut. base stiki- 'a pricking' by the side of oe. stieian 'to prick'; cf. OYLQ.st'ehhan G. stechen (oHG. still G. stick sb. 'pricking'), OSAX. stekan , du. steken. ARYAN \f stig in GR. oxiyfia — aviCco ; cf. SKR. \^tij 'be sharp'. stith sb. ME. stitli borrowed fr. ON. stedi 'an anvil'. stock sb. ME. stock OE. StocC 'trunk, log, pillory' = DU. stok, OHG. G. stock, ON. stokkr: Teut. base stokka- for stukka-; TEUT. \'^ stuk in DU. lg. stoken, me. stoke 'to stab ; cogn. w. skr. //{/''push'. stone sb. ME. stpn OE. stdn = GOTH, stains, ON. steinn, OHG. G. .y/^m, OSAX. st^n du. jt/^^/z : Cogn. \v. OSLOV. stena 'a wall' — stentnu Vocky', GR. Cxyov oria 'pebble- stone'. Cp. stanyel. stool sb. ME. OE. Stpl = GOTH. stbls, ON. <;tdll, DU. stoel, oSAX. stbl, OHG. stuol G. stiikl: Teut. base stb-la- deriv. fr. the ARYAN \fsthd stoop — straw-l)eny 20I 'to stand' under stead. Cp. also OSLOV. stolu 'table', gr. oTtjXrj 'column'. stoop vb. ident. w. me. stoupe OE. stupiaii 'to curve downwards' ^= ODU. stuipen 'to bow', on. stilpa SWED. stupa 'to fair. stop vb. ME. stoppe (oE. for- stoppian'lo stop up, close') , ident. w. DU. stopper!, OHG. stopfon G. stop/en and w. ital. stoppare 'to stop up with tow'. Source low LAT. stiippare (lat. stuppa 'oakum'). stork vb. ME. stork OE. store = DU. stork, OHG. stork o. storch, ON. storkr ; cogn. w. GR. rdoyoc 'a large bird'. storm sb. ME. OE. storm = on. stonnr, DU. storvi (oHG. G. stiirfri) ; derived fr. \^stur in jZ/V or cogn. w. LAT. stcrnere 'to strew'. story sb. me. 5'/r/?'7> fr. ofr. estoire = LAT. historia. stoup stoop ME. i'/<''/^: borrowed fr. ON. stoup 'beaker, cup' = stoop 'a gallon': the sb. (teut. statipa- ' beaker') rests on the adj. staupa- = steep. stout adj. ME. stout h. OFR. estout; ident. w. DU. stout, OHG., G. stolz 'proud': source lat. stultus 'foolish'. Stove sb. OE. stofa 'a bath' =r OHG. stuba 'a bathing-room' (g. stube 'a room'), du. stoof; ident. w. FR. ituve and osLOV. istuha 'a room'. Source and history uncertain. Cp. stew. Stow vb. ME. stgwe OE. stowian 'to restrain'; derived fr. OE. stow 'a place* =^ lith. stoi'a 'place'. straight adj. me. str eight oe. (d)streht; part, of OE. streccean = str etch. strain vb. me. streine fr. ofr. estraindre =^ lat. stringere and straitUY.. streit fr. ofr. estreit (fr. etroii) = LAT. str ictus. strand sb. me. oe. strand 'shore' = ON. strgnd (gen. strandar') 'margin, edge', DU. lg. G. strand 'shore' (fr. itrain of Teut. origin). strange adj. me. straunge fr. ofr. estrange (fr. itrange) : source LAT. extraneus. strangle vb. me. strangle vb. fr. 0¥i<.. estrangler = LKT.stranguiare. strap sb. me. oe. strop ipp): loanword fr. LAT. struppus 'thong, fillet', whence also du. lg. strop and FR. dtrope. straw sb. me. straw oe. streaw (with the byforms me. strc oe. strca^: Teut. \i?i%&strawa- = on. str a, DU. stroo, OHG. stro G. stroh; cp. the vb. strew OE. strewan, streyrn = goth. straujan, OHG. strouwen G. streuen, du. strooien 'to strew'. TEUT. \^strau derived fr. the ARYAN \f ster in gr. ornn^v- I'viii aTQ(6vvvi.ii and I, AT. stcrno (stravi — stratum), osLOV. strcti 'to spread out'; cp. esp. lat. stramen 'straw'. straw^-berry sb. me. straw-berie OE. streaw -berie; not cogn. w. straw. Probably connected w. h\T. fragum 'straw-berry : ARYAN base sraghwo- = Teut. base strawa-; the 2"^^ elementin straw- berry might be explanatory. 202 stray study Stray vb. me. straie fr. OFR. csiraier ; derived fr. lat. strata (^=z street^. Streak sb. me. strike oe. strica 'a line'; cp. GOTH, striks 'a stroke with the pen' and strike. stream .sb. me. sircf/i oe. stream r= OHG. stroiim (g. strof/i), DU. strooni, ON. straiimr : Teut. base' straiL-iiia-, derived fr. the ARYAN ; \f srii- to flow =r: SKR. \^srii to \ flow'; cp. GR. Qietr, oiR. sruth\ river' — sriiaim 'stream' (lat. /f/zwtv; instead o'i'^frfmien: ARYAN srou-?nen-^. Street i\ie. strete oe. stret street ^ infi. strdte (whence on. streeti is borrowed) =^- OSAX. strata, du. j straat, OHG. strdzza G. strasse : WEST-TEUT. strdia_ fr. lat. strata j (sc. rv'd'i prop, 'a paved way', 1 whence ital. strada = fr. etree 1 (OIK. srexth) 'a street'. Strength sb. me. streugthe oe. strengdu (GOTH. *straggipa) derived fr. strong. Stress sb. force' short for ME. distressc fr. oFR. dcstrcsse. Stretch vb. me. streecheo'E. stree- cean ( p art . streht under strnig h i) ; ident. w. ohg. strecchen G. strecken, DU. strekken: teut. type strakkjav; cp. OHG. straeken 'be straight and : the adj. du. lg. strak 'straight' (g. straeks 'immediately'). strew see under straic. stride vl). me. stride oe. stridan vb. -;— mlg. struien 'to stride' : \'~ sti'td. strife sb. me. strif fr. OFR. estrif, which rests on a Teut. sb. = OSAX. strid, OHG. strtt G, sireit. strike vb. me. strike oe. strican str. vb. 'to rub, wipe' = ofries. strika, DU. strijken, OHG. strlhhan G. strciehen; teut. \rstrtk, KYCiKii \'^strfg in LAT. str/gi/is, O.SLOV. sfriga — stristi 'to shear'. Cp. stroke. string sb. me. oe. streng fr. a TEUT. base strangi- in ON. strengr, DU. streng, ohg. G. Strang; cogn. w. the adj. strong. strive vb. me. strive fr. OFR. estriver vb. (oFR. estri/ under strife). stroke sb. ME. str ok and stroke vb. OE. strdeian fr. \f"strik under strike. strong adj. me. oe. strong fr. TEUT. base strangii- in OHG. Strang strengi G. DU. streng (g. sich anstrengen vb.) ; cogn. w. LAT. stringere 'to draw tight, compress . Stub sb. ME. stuhbe with the umlauted byform OE. styhh 'a stub'; cp. LG. stubbe, du. stobbe, ON. stubbi and GR. orvvog 'a stub, stump'. ARYAN \'~stuj>, nasalized in stump. stubble sb. ME. stob/e stuble fr. OFR. estoub/e ; ident. w. ohg. stupfala DU. G. stoppel: source vulgar LAT. stap{i)la instead of LAT. stipula 'stubble'. stud sb. short for ME. OE. stod 'a stud' (cp. the umlaut-deriva- tion steed) = ON. stod, OHG. StUOt. Cp. OSLOV. RUSS. staito, LITH. stodas a herd of horses. study vb. ME. stadie prop, stiidie stuff summon 203 vb. fr. OFR. estiidier (fr. itiidier^ --:- LAT. studere. stuff sb. fr. OFK, estoffe = FR. itojf'e (whence also G. stoff, du. stof). stump sb. ME. siuiiip stomp; ident. w. DU. stomp, ohg. G. stump/; probably connected \v. stub: AKYA'!^ \^ stum/) : stu(u/)p, also in ON. stu/r stufi 'a stump'. stun vb. ME. stiine stone OE. stuman 'to resound' ; cp. the umlauted on. stynja 'to groan', G. stoncn, DU. steiicn: KVCiK'ii\^ stm sten in gr. oxivtiv. OSLOV. stetijq, SKR. Stan 'to groan, resound'. Sturgeon me. stourl'eoun fr. fr. tsturgcon: source a teut. base sturjon- in ohg. sturio (g. stohr, DU. stem-) =^ OE. sty 1 in 'a stui- geon'. Doubtful whether cogn. w. stir. Stutter vb. fr. ME. stotc stutc vb. ; cp. G. stottci n 'to stammer'. All derivations of v^ staut in GOTH. stautan, on. stauta 'to beat, strike' ■=rz OHG. stoyyin G. stossen. ARYAN \^(s)tud in LAT. tundere 'to beat', .SK.R. \'~ tud 'to strike'. sty^ sb. ('sty for swine') me. stie OE. sti]^ inll. stt^e 'a pig-sty'; ident. w. ohg. stia 'a pig-sty', ON. stl (svin-sti), swed. (svin)stia 'a sty'. Sty- sb. ('sty in tlie eye') cp. OE. stolen d ; equivalent w. lg. stige, NORW. stig. subdue vb. me. subdiie properly sudi'ic tr. OFR. souduir — LAT. subdticere. subtle adj. ME. sotel suiel sutil fr. OFR. sotil (fr. subtil) = LAT. subtilis. succeed vb. me. sucfedc fr. fr. succedej- = lat. succedere. succour vb. ME. sucoure socourc fr. OFK. soccorre = LAT. succurrcre. such pron. ME. such earlier S7vuch swich OE. swylc swilc: Teut. base swuUk in OSAX. sulik, ohg. suUh (g. solcH) ; as shown by GOTH. S7valeiks , the l'^' element of the compound rests o\\ so ^^ OE. s%vd. suck vb. short for me. souke OE. siican str. vb. with the byform OE. OHG. siigan G. saugen; cogn. W. LAT. SUgCre : ARYAN \'^sug stik. sudden adj. me. sodein j)rop. sodain fr. FR. soudain (lat. type *siibitaniis for subitaneus 'sudden'). suffer vb. ME. suffre sojfre fr. FR. souffrir (lat. sujf'erre). sugar sb. ME. siigre silcre fr. FR. Sucre, whence also ODU. suker DU. suiker\ cp. G. zucker fr. ITAL. zucchero. sum sb. ME. summe somme fr. FR. somme. summer sb. me. sumer somer OE. sumor fr. a Teut. base sumaru- in OSAX. OHG. sumar g. S07nmer, DU. somer, ON. sumar. Cogn. w. AVEST. ham, OIR. sam, cymr. hatn haf, ARMEN. amarn: all equivalent. Cp. also SKR. samd 'year'. summit sb. fr. fr. sommct (rests on LAT. summus). summon vb. me. somonc fr. OFR. somoncr (lat. subinoticre 'to remind privately'). ?04 sun sweit sun sb. ME. sunn e Sonne. O'^. sunne infl. sunnan = GOTH, siinno, OHG. OSAX. sunfia o. sofine, DU. sd?/?: TEUT. base sunnon-. supper sb. me. soper super fr. FR. souper. Cp. dinner. sure adj. me. jv/r properly j-^/Vr fr. OFR. sur s'cur fr. j'z/r {■= lat. securus, whence also sicke?'). surgeon sb. me. surgen (surgein) fr. OFR. eirui-gien (lat. type chi- rurgianus). — Hence surgery me. surgcrie: LAT. chirurgia. swaddle vb. me. swathiie OE. stvcedelitin vb. : derived fr. oe. swcedel 'bandage'; ident. w. the umlauted ohg. swedil 'bandage'; see s 7a (I the. swain sb. me. jrrfvw/prop. sivein.: borrowed in the 1 1 ^"^ cent. fr. on. svcinn; ident. w. oe. swdfi 'man, warrior', OHG. swein 'servant'. swallow sb. (the bird) me. swalowe OE. swealwe ^= ohg. stvalawa G. schwaihe; ident. w. osAX. swala, ON. svala 'a swallow': Teut. base swahaon-; if for ^swal'gwon-, cogn. w. OR. uX'Kvinvl sw^allow vb. me. swel{o)we ear- lier SK'clgen OE. swelgan str. vb. ^ OSAX. OHG. swelgan (swclhan) G. schwelgen , DU. zwelgen (on. svelgja^ : Teut. verbal \^ swelh SlC'cIg, ARYAN \'^ SWclk. swamp sb. cogn. w. ohg. g. sump/, DAN. SWED. sunip 'a swamp'. swan sb. me. oe. su>a?i fr. a TEUT. swana- =- on. svanr\ cp. ohg. swana G. schwan DU. zwaan. Cogn. w. LAT. sonare (properly '''svonare), skr. \'~svan 'to sound'. sward sb. me. swarde oe. sweard infl. swearde the skin of bacon = ODU. zwaerde, mhg. swarte G. schwarte 'skin of bacon' , on. svgrdr 'skin'. The modern E. meaning 'green turf is due to Northern influence; cp. on. jardar-svgrdr 'earth-sward', gras- svgrdr 'grass-sward (and mlg. gnvnswarde, dan. grens^urr^.' sw^arm sb. me. swarm oe. swear 7)1 = on. sziarmr , ohg. S'ivarm g. schwarjji (du. zwerni) : all equivalent. Cp. the skr. \'^ svar 'to sound ? , swart adj. me. S7c>ari oe. sweart = GOTH, sivarts, ON. svartr, DU. zwart, OHG. swarz G. schwarz\ Cogn. w. LAT. sordcs (properly '^svordes) 'dirt': aryan \[~ sword. swath sb. ME. sivath oe. szvcep 'footprint, track' (with the by- form OE. swadu 'track'); cp. MLG. swat — swade, G. schwaden, DU. zwaad 'a row of mown grass': Teut. base swapa. swathe vb. me. swathe oe. swd- dian ; c p . swa ddle. swats (Scotch) 'beer' oe. swata; derived fr. \^ swot under sweet. swear vb. me. sw(re oe. szvcrian (prt. iME. oe. S7Vpr^ str. vb. = OHG. OSAX. S7verian G. sckworen, DU. zweren, on. szierja str. vb. ; cp. GOTH, swaran. The original meaning of the teut. \f sivar was probably 'to declare , as shown by the derivative answer. sweat vb. sliort for ME. swcte OE. swcetan; derived fr. OE. swat ME. swpte (e. S7c>eat sb. influenced sweep — swoop 205 hy the vh. S7C'eai) = DU. zwcet, ON. sveiti, OHG. szaeiz. G. schaeiss: TEUT. \'^ swait (swii in G- schwiizen OHG. swizzari) = ARYAN \f swoid swid in SKR. \i~ si'id to sweat', GR. \8oMq sweat' — liiUiv to sweat', LAT. j7/dgjan S7vbgatjan 'to sigh', OE. S7vggan "to sough, sigh : ARYAN \^S7C'dgh S7Vagll in LITH. svagvti 'to sound'. sw^oop vb. me. S7ugpc OE. S7mpan (identical w. S7i>eep^. sw^ord sb. UE. S7c'e'rd OE. sweord {S7vurd) — -: OSAX. OFRIES. S7verd, DU. Z7caard, on. sverd, OHO. szvert 0. schzoert: aryan base S7verdho- (in LAT. sorlms 'service-tree'?). 2O0 taljle tair/ table sb. me. table fr. fr. table r^ LAT. tabula (whence OE. tcefel 'chess-board' — - OHG. zabal 'board') ; cp. also G. DU. tafel. tackle sb. me. takcl; ident. w. MLG. takel 'equipment (g. swed. takel, DAN. takkfl). tadpole short for toad-poll. tail sb. ME. tail OE. tmi^el =^ OHG. zagal 'a tail", ON. tagl 'a tail', GOTH, tagl 'hair'. tailor sb. me. taillour fr. OFR. tailleor ^r- fk. taillcur. take vb. ME. take late OE. (ii'^ cent.) tdcan borrowed fr. ON. taka str. vb. taking the place of OE. /rhiia/i (under nimble^] cp. cast - -- ON. kasta supplanting OE. 7veorpan (under warp). Ident. w. GOTH. /d'/C'c?// str. vb. 'to touch': teut. \'' tek tak\ pre-TEUT. sf ^^^g dagl tale sb. ME. tale OE. talu =-- DU. taal language' , OHG. zdla G. zahl; cp. ON. tal 'a tale'. Cp. the TEUT. verb talja/i in OE. tellan ME. telle E. tell =-- OHG. zcllan (^c\). GOT'H. talzjan). Hence derived talk vb. ME. talke vb. (OE. '^talcian '^taleciaii) ; /J is suffixed as in liark. tall adj. ME. tal] probably OE. set/el 'swift, prompt' with the by- form geatol{lic) 'swift'. Ideiit. w. OHG. gizal: Teut. base ga-tala-. tallow ME. talugh earlier *talh :r^ MLG. talch (g. tali:;, DU. talti), ON. tolgr. Cogn. w. goth. tul- gus 'fast'? tame adj. me. tdme oe. tatn (infl. tdnui) =- on. tamr, DU. tam, OHG. za?n G. zahm: Teut. base ta?/ia- (hence derived goth. ta7>ijan 'to tame' =^ ON. te??ija, OHG. zet/itneti). ARYAN \^(iotn in LAT. domare 'to tame', gr. doLfidv, .SKR. damdy 'to tame'. tan vb. ME. tantie OE. tannian vb.; cogn. w. FR. tan 'oak-bark' (lax. tannare in the 8 ^ cent. ^-^ FR. tanner; cp. DU. /^^«'bark'). Hence e. tawny ^=. fr. tanuL tang sb. (sea-weed) fr. dan. tang =^ on. pafig {pgngull). tap sb. ME. tappe oe. tceppa 'a tap' =r OHG. ;:a/yY' G. zapfen, DU. A?'/', ON. tappi (fr. /<'7/i^ /a/i^;? are Teut. loanwords). taper sb. me. taper oe. tapor: properly */a/«;', loanword fr. LAT. papyrus, which appears in Rom. dialects as 'taper'. tar sb. ME. terre; cp. oe. teoru (tyrwe) 'tar' and DU. (g.) teer, on. tjara ; ident. w. LETT, darwa tar'. The group rests on Aryan deru = tree; tar orig. tar- wood'. tare sb. me. tare; Teut. base tar{w)dn also in ODU. tarwive DU. MLG. tarzvc. Cogn. w. skr. durva (a kind of grass) and LriH. dirva 'field'. tarn sb. me. terne fr. on. tjgrn (g. t/ar/iar) 'a tarn, pool". tarry vb. me. terie oe. terian teryin 'to vex" = du. lg. tergen . tart teen 207 tart sb. ME. tarte fr. Ofr. tarte n^ FR. tourte (whence du. taart, G. tortc). task sb. ME. idsk(e) fr. ofr. tasque ^= FR. tache; source LAT. iaxare, whence also tax. tatter sb. a Scand. k-auword fr. ON. tgtrar pi. tatters'; already .ME. tatcrcd 'ragged'. tattle vb. fr. ME. tatcre vb. taw, teiv vb. me. tewe\ OE. tdiLnaii teawian means prop, pre- pare and corresponds with du. toinven to curry leather, ohg. zomoen 'make, prepare', GOTH. taujan 'do': teut. \^ tau\ see tool. tawny see tan. tax vb. fr. FR. taxer =^ lat. taxare; ident. w. task. tea sb. T=r FR. td, G. thee: source CHINESE td; the word became European in the 2'*'^ Jialf of the 17''' cent. teach sb. me. tcche (prt. taughte) OE. t:eceaii (prt. tcehte') ; cogn. w. take /I OE. tdcen; cp. ohg. zeigon G. zeigeti. ARV.AN \'^dik. team' sb. 'family me. tcm oe. /'<'d:w family, offspring' r— mlg. ^5/^^ 'progeny' (with the um- lauted vb. teem .me. iane oe. tetna/i tyman to teem) : Teut. base taii{h)ma- fr. \ftrih in GOTH. tiuhan , oilG. ziohan G. ziehen. ARYAN \^ diik in LAT. -'/, OHG. zi'han G. sc////. Ident. w. .SKR. ^/c7p7, OR. \Ssy.a, LAT. deeevi, oiR. (^/cvV//. — The suffix -teen (in thirteen etc.) me. -A'« would have changed into me. *thicehe E. *thitch. Perhaps me. thieke is blended w. oe. piece =^ OHG. dieki G. dick DU. dik. Teut. base piqu- :=: ARYAN base tigu- in OIR. Hug 'thick'. thief sb. ME. thef (pi. theves) OE. peof (pi. peofas) — goth. piubs, ON. pjofr, ohg. diob G. dieb, DU. dicf: Teut. base peuba-, by Verner's law changed fr. original ^peufa-, as shown by OHG. diuva 'theft'. thigh sb. ME. theigh earlier theh OE. pi'oh = ohg. dioh, du. dij, on. pjo : Teut. base peuha-, ARYAN base teuko- , cogn. w. lith. taiikas 'fat of animals, marrow', osLov. tukil 'fat'. thimble sb. me. thimbel short for thimel oe. pymel 'thumb-stall': diminutive of oe. pinna = th u fn b. j thin adj. me. thinne oe. pynne I — - OHG. dunni G. dilnn, du. dun, ON. punnr: Teut. base punnii- 1 properly piinu- punw- , ARYAN base iotiu in SKR. tatiii, LA'r. I tennis , cymr. teneu; cp. GR. xavarx; (all equivalent). ARYAN [ Y~ ^^'' ill •''KR. tan 'to stretch', o^.pennan, OHG. dennan G. dehnen, GOTH, paiijan 'to stretch out'. thine thy j>ron. me. ////// oe. \ptn =;■ GOTH, peins, on. pint;, OHG. din G. r/««, du. ^///>/ ; TEUT. pina- formed by suffix -ma- (cp. SKR. tavakina 'thine') fr. teut. pit r= thou. M 2IO thing — thousand thing sb. JiE. thing OE. ping ^^ ON. ping, OHG. G. DU. liing'. Teut. base pinga- p'enga-; pro- bably ident. w. GOTB.. pi'i /is 'time' = LAT. teinpns (for *tenquus}'). think vb. me. thenke {thenchen) OE. pencc-an (3'^ sg. prs. t. pencp) = GOTH, pagkjan, ON. pckkpi, OSAX. thenkian, OHG. drikan G. denkcn. Cp. goth. pugkjan == OSAX. thunkian, ohg. dnnkan G. dilnke/i, OE. py/icea/i 'to seeiB\ AiiYA's \^ /c>ng(tjng ) in lat. (Prae- nestine) tongere 'to think". third see three. thirst vb. me. thirste oe. pyrstan and thirst sb. from the vb. ; the sb. is me. thurst OE. piirst = TEUT. purs-tu- = OHG. G. durst, DU. itorst; cp. on. porsti, GOTH, paurstei sb. 'thirst', teut. verbal \f pers in GOTH. gapairsan to be dry' — paiirsus dry' (oE. pyrre = ohg. r/w// G. diirr). ARYAN \'' ters trs in SKR. //-i^ 'to be thursty' — //'.f/i 't^ree- dy', GR. xtgaittvfo, lat. torreo. thirteen, thirty see three. this pron. me. //z/i' earlier ///^'j' OE. /('J' masc. — //.>" neutr. — /tw fern. ; ident. w. OHG. ^/^'iY G. dieser, du. ^i?0(?. The article //?^ (teut. /«- under //;(//) is extended by goth. sai '\o , as shown by on. (runic) sd-si this here' (sil-si fern.). thistle sb. ME. thistel oe. pistel -- ON. pistill , DU. distel, lg. ///V/d'/, OHG. distii G. distel. thither adv. me. thider oe. pider (orig. pceder^ ; derived fr. the stem pa- in that. Cp. GOTH, papro 'thence', ON. padra 'there'. thole sb. ME. thol OE. pol {ll)\ Teut. base pcdia- in on. pollr, DU. dol, G. rudderdolle. aryan base tslno- {= skr. tiiija 'quiver' for *tuina) fr. \f~i^l r= skr. \'~tul 'to lift up', Lvr. tollere. thong sb. ME. thong orig. thwong OE. pwong 'thong'; cp. ON. pvengi. TEUT. \'~ pUHing. thorn sb. me. thorn OE. porn sb. = ON. porn, OHG. G. ^^r;;, DU. doom Ident , cp. GOTH, baiirnus w. OSLOV. trinil 'thorn' cp. SKR. trna 'grass'. thorough ME. thorow oe. porh; orig. preposition ---= OE. purh, OHG. duruh G. durch , goth. pairh. thou pron. ME. ///(^;/^ OE. pu = goth. ///, OHG. //// (g. (/«) : ARYAN ground-form /// in lat. til, GR. TV, bKR. tic-ani. Cp. thi?te. though conj. ME. though earlier thoh: Scand. loanword of the ill"' cent. (on. po orig. *poh). \ Corresponding to OE. pcah = GOTH, pduh ; cp. OHG. doh G. DU. doch. j thought sb. ME. thought OE. I lepoht: Teut. base ga-panhtu-, derived fr. \fpank in pink. \ thousand num. me. thousand thousend oe. pusend = ohg. I diisunt G. talis end, du. duizend, ON. piisund pushund, goth. pii- \ sundi; in the Lex Salica, we find thus-chunde't\\ov\?,-dVLd\ Teut. thrall throng 21 I I base f>iis-hicrid- , compound of hund rrr h Ull dv C d \\'\\\\ ail ARYAN tus 'great, much' (cp. skr. tm'i 'much', tavas 'might'). LITH. tiikstaiitis =^ OSLOV. tysqsta 'thou- saiul' correspond to the Teut. word. thrall sb. me. thral (pi. ihralles) late OE. prall {pral) prop, prdll fr. ON. prcell 'a thrall' (Teut. base pra/iila-) ; cogn. \v. ohg. drigil 'a slave' and w. GOTH, pragjan \o run' ^= GR. Tot/fiiv 'to run'. thrash, thresh vb. me. thresshe OE. perscan str. vb. ^ goth. priskan, ohg. dreskan G. dreschen (du. dorscheri)^ ON. preskja. teut. \r presk (iTAL. trescare is of Teut. origin) ; cp. LiTH. traszkiti 'to rattle, clap'? thrave sb. me. ihrdve threve: a Scand. loanword ; cp. ON. prefi, DAN. trave 'a number of sheaves . thread sb. me. thrcd oe. prckd = ON. prddr, ohg. di di o. draht, DU. draad. The dental is suffix. Derivative of \f prd (pre) in oe. p rowan =^ throw. threat sb. short for me. pret OE. prrat; cogn. w. oe. priitian prcatian wk. vb. 'to threaten'; cogn. w. OE. prcaian wk. vb. 'to threaten' = ohg. dreweii dronwen (g. droheti), three num. me. thre oe. preo (f. n. — /;-/ra.); ident. w. goth. preis, ON. prlr, du. (^//vV, ohg. -). tire vb. me. tire oe. tyran with the non-umlauted byform me. tere oe. teorian. tit see titmouse. tithe sb. ME. tithe; prop, ordinal OE. tiieda {teogoda teopa) 'tenth'; see ten. titlark see titmouse. title sb. ME. title fr. ofr. title =-- FR. litre: source i.at. titulus. titmouse sb. (a bird's name) not connected w. mouse; the second element of the compound is ii£. jnpse OE. mdse =^ du. mees., OHG. meisa G. meise 'a titmouse' (fr. mi'sange is of Teut. origin). The first element of titmouse fas of Hilar k) is ox. //'/ 'a small bird'. to prep. ME. OE. to prep. adv. — OSAX. to adv. ( — /'/■prep.), ohg. zuo adv. ( — zi prep.); cp. DU. toe, G zu. toad sb. ME. lode oe. tdd-iie (see tadpole^; there are no further connections. toast vb. ME. taste fr. OFR. toste r^ LAT. tosta (fr. the vb. torrere). today ME. to day oe. to dceie = OSAX. te dage. — For tonight — tomorrow = ME. to night — to 214 toe — tower morwe oe. to morgne Gp. osax. te naht 'tonight'. toe sb. ME. to (pi. tgti) oe. td (pi. tail) oldest form tdhce = OHG. SC///-1 (j. se/ie: Teut. base taihon; cp. DU. teen., ON. /(?. together adv. me. togedere oe. togivdrc; cogn. w. gather. token sb. ME. tdkcn or. tdcen: Teut. base A?//J/;<7- in ohg. zeihhan G. zcichen, osax. tekan, du. tecken ; cp. GOTH, taikns (base taikiii-). Pre -Teut. base doigno- doigni- cogn. w. GR. deTyiia by the side of ()£/V.)'v/n. ARYAN x" dfk (dig) in LAX. i://V6' ( — digitus — prodigiiim). E. teach oe. tcecean belongs to the same root. toll sb. ME. oe. till ill) = OHG. zol {II) G. zoll., OSAX. DU. tol; cp. OSAX. tollia = OE, /d^/z/t' 'toll'. Source lat. telbniuni in a vulgar form tolo Ileum for teloneuin. Cp. OE. tolnirc OHG. zolandri = lat. tolo liar ins {teloiiarius) . tomb sb. ME. toiiibe toumhe fr. FR. tomhe = LAT, iuiiiba. tomorrow see today. tongs sb. ME OE, tgnge (taiige) -^ OHG, zanga G. zange, DU. A^//^, ON. /fi//,^: Teut. base tatigb-n- fr. the ARYAN \^ dak in skk. (/(^/' — GR. ddy.vHv 'to bite". tongue ME. toiige tuiigc oe. tunge =^ GOTH. tllggO, OHG. ZUIlga G. zunge , DU. /(W^'. Teut. base tungbn- fr. pre -teut. d?nghd- in OLAT, dingua {= LAT. lingua). tonight see today. too ident. \v. /s — ON. tryggr 'true. Cogn. w. OPRUSS. dru7ois 'belief — druwit 'to believe. ! ARYAN \f dru. See truth and i trust. j trump sb. me. truvipe trouipe j fr. FR. trof/ipe, whence also ODU. trompe. truncheon sb. me. trounchoun troiichoun fr. ofr. tronchon = I FR. tronfon. 2l6 trust twine trust sb. ME. trust fr. on. troust 'contidence' (:= ohg. trost G. trost 'consolation'): Teut. base trausta- fr. an ARYAN base drouz- da- ; cogn. w. ir. drnit (base drazdi-) 'firm, trustworthy'. truth ME. treuthe OE. treowp 'faith, fidelity': abstract forma- tion to triie. try vb. ME. trie fr. fr. trier. tub sb. ME. tubbe = DU. tobbe, LG. tubbe 'a tub'; cogn. w. OHG. zubar G. zuher. Source lat. tubus 'a pipe, tube' ? tuck vb, ME. tukke = OHG. zockbn zuckdi: intensive formation of \^ tuh in GOTH, till ha ?t = ohg. ziohan (see under tie^. Tuesday sb. me. Tiivesday oe Tiwesdcej^ -= on. Tysdagr, G. (Ale- mann.j Zistag: translation of lat. Martis dies. The Teut. god Tiw corresponds to Mars. oe. Tiw on. Tyr rests on ARYAN deiwos 'god' (in SKR. deva , lat. deus; cp. ON. ti7ujr 'the gods'). tumble vb. me. tumble tumble fr. OE. ti/uibiau to dance, tumble'; cp. nu. tuimelen fr. ODU. tu?tte7i. tun sb. ME. tuntie to/me oe. tuune --= DU. /cvz; ident. w. ohg. tuniia G. tontie and fr. tonne. Source and history of the group not cleared up yet. turbot sb. .ME. turbut fr. fr. turbot. turf sb. ME. ///;•/ torf ok. ///;;/ =: ON. torf, OHG. zurba, DU. //^/y 'peat : Teut. base turb- torb- fr. an ARYAN base drbh- d?rbh-; cp. .SKR. darbha 'bunch of grass'. turn vb. short for me. iourne late OE. tilrnian fr. fr. tourner. turtle sb. me. oe. turtle (=^ OHG. turtulattiba G. turteltaube) fr. LAT. turtur. tusk sb. me. tusk tuseh short for oe. tiisc {tusc); probably Teut. base tunska-, derived fr. teut. tunji- (taiip-) = tooth. twelve num. me. oe. twelf (infl. me. twelve oe. tiaelfe) t= goth. tivalif, OHG. zweli/G. zwolf, OSAX. twclif, DU. twaalf. The word rests on the num. two; the 2^^ element (cp. lith. dvylikd tJwelve') occurs again in GOTH, ainlif =^ OHG. einljf (see eleven^. — twenty me. twenty oe. twenti'^ probably contracted for *twe- lentij^ = OHG. zweinzug (o. zwanzig, DU. twintig). - - twice adv. me. twies prop, tivie OE. twiyi {twiiua tu.7c>a) . — twig sb. ME. twig pi. twigges ; cogn. w. OE. t7vi (pi. twiyi), ohg. Z7VI and also w. ohg. znng G. zweig, DU. tzvijg. Probably con- nected w. the numeral two (aryan stem dwi-). twins pi. ME. t7vinnes oe. '^ettvinnas; ident. w. ON. tvinnr 'two and two'; cp. ohg. ziaini- li?ig G. zwilling, DU. iweeling 'a twin' and lith. di'ynti 'twins'. All derived fr. the ARYAN stem^Vw'-; see tivo. twine vb. ME. twine vb. fr. the sb. OE. twin 'linen, a twisted thread' = DU. twijn, which is ident. w. mhg. g. zwirn , du. tweern: Teut. base twtzna- fr. twinckle — up 217 ^rtwis (see under ticist), cogn. \v. the num. two. twinckle vb. me. ttvincle oe. twincUan. twist vb. ME. twiste vb. fr. oe. twist sb. 'rope' = ODU. twist 'thread'; teut. \'^ twis as in G. zwirn 'thread'; see twine. twit vb. short for me. at-wite OE. (Zt-witati str. vb. 'to reproach'; cp. OE. ed-wit sb. 'reproach' and GOTH, idweitjan vb. 'to reproach', OHG. firwiT^ian G. verweisen, DU. verwijten 'to reproach' and oe. 7vite, OSAX. tviti, ohg. li-'iiT^i 'pu- nishment', GOTH. ftuuc'i'itan str. vb. twitch vb. ME. twicche (without palatalisation twicke) OE. twiccian = g. zwickeii (cp. OHG. zwecchbii) '. Teut. ground-form *twikkjon} twitter vb. me. tzvitere = ohg. zwizziron G. zuitschern ; perh. a reduplicated west -teut. *twi- twiron"? (teut. \l^twisf). XsNO num. : orig. twain masc. — tivo f. n. = ME. twein — two oe. iwe^en — iwd {tu n. for *twii orig. *twp) ; cp. ohg. zwme — zwd — zwei, OSAX. twene — two (two) — twe, GOTH, twai — ttvos — twa. ARYAN stem duo- dwo- in lat. duo, GR. 8vo (but J(f/'i)fxa for *J'/((jJ6xm), skr. dua dva. tyrant sb. me. tiraunt (with excrescent / as in pageant) fr. OFK. tiran —-- laj'. tyrannus. u udder sb. me. udder short for OE. lider =3r ORG. iitar (g. enter), ODU. OFRIES. OSAX. udcr ; ARYAN base {idlir- in skr. udluir, lat. iiber; cp. gr. ov:)«o. All equi- valent. ugly adj. ME. ui^/v fr. ON. uggligr 'dreadful'; cp. ON. ugga 'to fear'. umpire prop. ?iuvipire (as auger for orig. naugcr) me. ncnunpere fr. OFR. nonper. un-' prefix (of adjectives) me. OE. un- := G. ohg. GOTH. 7///- ; ident. w. lat. in-, GR. ««'- a-, SKR. r7//- cz- : ARYAN ground-form ?n-, cogn. w. SKR. na , lat. ne, GOTH. OHG. ni, OE. lie 'not'. un 2 prefix (of verbs) me. tm- late OE. z/«- OE. on- = goth. (7«^/-, ohg. ////- G. ent-. uncle sb. :\IE. uncle oncle fr. fr. oncle (r^ LAT. avunculus). Cp. also aunt, nevew, niece. under prep. me. oe. under ;= GOTH. OSAX. undar , on. undir, DU. onder, OHG. untar G. unter. Two different prepositions are blended in this form: LAT. inter, SKR. <7«A7/- and lat. infra skr. adhds. up prep. adv. me. /// oe. lipp ; ident. w. ohg. iif G. a///", osAX. ///; cp. the ablaut-relation goth. iup. Cogn. w. OE. ufan 'from above' = OHG. obana osAX. otnina from above'. See above and 2l8 urchin i^ery and over. Jipon me. upon OE. upp-on; cp. ON. upp a. urchin sb, me. irchoun fr. ofr. irc(on (fr. hi'rissoii) ; source a vulgar LAT. ericio{nevi). ^=^ lat. criciiis 'liedge-hog (the genuine E. word was OE. ij^el =r OHG. igii G. igfl, cogn. w. or. !}(7voc). us pron. me. lis (oiis) OE. lis for TEUT. ////i'- in G. OHG. GOTH. Itns, OSAX. US . and 7C'i\ DU, oris. Cp. (v' « r use sb. ME. Use fr. fr. us =. LAT. //JiV/J". usquebaugh sb. fr. ir. wV^'y" beatha 'water of life'; ident. w. ivhisky. utmost short for ME. ouienies/e OE. (w. umlaut) yteniest; ident. w. outmost. utter vb. aiE. uttrc outre derived fr. iME. oute vb. 'to put out' OE. litian 'to put out'. Source out. vain adj. me. 7ahia = GOTH, wahtno 'a watching'. For the root see wake and 7vatch. wake vb. me. wake oe. wdcian -- OSAX. wakpjan, du* waken, on. vaka, OHG. 7vahhe.n G. wac/ien wk. vb. (only GOTH, wakan str. vb.). Cp. also OE. iveccean, ohg. weckan, osAx. wekkian, du. wekken, GOTH, wakjan. 'to awake'. ARYAN \^e<.w> in LAT. vegere 'to excite, arouse' (?^/^«7 'awake') and skr. vdjay 'to incite'. See watcJi (and waif). walk vb. ME. walke: intensive formation (cp. lurk, stalk) of OE. weaUian 'to wander' =^ OHG. wallchi G. walkfi. wall sb. ME. 7C'«/ (pi. walks) OE. 7£'m// (pi. weallas) =- du. 7w;/, OSAX. yc'c?/ (pi. wallos) ; not found in ohg. (but tJ. 7t:v?// borrowed fr. LG.). Source lat. vallum 'a rampart'. wall-eyed adj. fr. oe. wealden- i'i^e --- ON. vald-eygdr 'wall-eyed'? wallow vb. ME. walwe OE. 7veal- wian 'to wallow'; cp. goth. -ival- wison 'to wallow' and walwjan 'to roll". Cogn. w. lat. volvere (gR. f^iXhSlv) 'to roll'. ARYAN \f~wel7v tvohv. walnut sb. me. walnote walnute oe. 7oealh-hnutu =^ ON. valhnot, DU. walnoot G. walnuss (not found in OHG,). The former element (teut. loalha-) see under Welsh (jvalnut prop, meant 'French nut'; cp. LAT. mix Gallica = FR. gauge). walrus sb. ^= du. ivalms iml- ros, G. 7valross, dan. hvalros; cp. ON. hrosshvalr (whence oe. hors- kivo'iy. lit. 'a horse-whale'. See 7v h a le. wan adj. me. 7van{nn) oe. ivann {70 on/!). w^and sb. me. 7vaiid fr. on. wander — was 22 1 vgnd (gen. vandai-) = goth. wandus 'a rod'. Cogn. w. LITH. -tcantal or w. wind vb.? wander vb. me. wandre oe. wandrian; cp. MHG. o. wandern waiidclii (oHG. ivaiitalofi) 'to wander'. Cogn. v>'. wend vb. wane \"b. me. 7vdne oe. wdnian = OHG. wanoii, ON. fvz«ahr) : ARYAN \^ K'^^r also in GR. nour 'to observe'. was (I, he) — 7jefere (we) me. was-wEre OE. 7vas-weron (wceroh): forms of the preterite of OE. wcsan — DU. 7vczen, OHG. 7C'esan, GOTH. 7C'isan (g. 7c>esen sb. 'a 222 wash — wean being'). ARYAN \'^7cj£s in skr. 7'as 'to stay in a place'. wash vb. ME. wasshe OE. wascan =-= ON. vaska, OHG. wascan G. waschcn. ARYAN sfwask in IR, faiscwt, w. gwasgii 'I press', wasp sb. ME. waspe oe. 7£'<2'/j fr. a Teut. base 7vafsa- in ohg. ivafsa; cogn. w. lat. ?'^-/7 (cp. FR. gater \o make waste'). Source lat. vastus, influenced by teut. 7t'dsti 'waste' (oe. weste, ohg. wuosti G. wilst fr. an ARYAN wasiii- in OIR. fas, LAT. vastus "waste'). watch vb. me. wacche oe. *w(?c- can (in the pres. partic. wa:ccende) z= OE. 7vdcian under zvake. water sb. me. water oe. wceter veikr veykr; ident. w. OE. 7W^ ^nr OSAX. watar, DU. water, ohg. 7vazr^ar G. 7vasser: west-teut. base 7i,/.? 'water'. ARYAN ^^"wod-.ud. f'/a'j.- 'change'. ARYAN \r7w^ 7<:'r^. wattle sb. me. 7vatel OE. watol weal sb. me. 7e)(le oe. 74;'^/a hurdle, tile'. \A/ave sb. derived fr. the wk. {7veo!a) 'prosperity , riches' OSAX. welo 'happiness , riches' vb. 7vave ME. wave OE. 7vdfian ' (oHG. 7C'eta — 7C'o/a G. 7Vohl wel- 'wave, fluctuate'; cp. ox. 7w/a:fare). Cogn. w. tc^// and ?*:'///. 'to vibrate to and fro'. j — wealth ME. 7velthe extension wax sb. ME. 7vaxe oe. 7veaxan oi weal = DU. 7c>eelde. str. vb. r^ OHG. OSAX. 7vahsan ' wean sb. me. 7vaie OE. wenian G.7vachsen,v>\j.7msse7i\ c\^.GOTVi.. 'to wean a child prop, 'to ac- 7vahsjan. aryan \f7veks uks in custom'; ident. w, osAX. wennian, weapon — week 223 (g. geiuohneti), on. venja 'to ac- custom'. Derived fr. the adj. 7uaiia- in on. vanr 'accustomed' (cp. OUG. giwo?i OE. jif^cw/? 'usual'). weapon sb. me. wc'pen oeu wcepcn = ON. vapn, OSAX. wapan, DU. wapeu , OHG. wajfaii o. 7<;'d^(? (goth. wcpna plur.). wear vb. me. yt'iVY oe. iierian wk. vb. 'to clothe' r= goth. tiujsjan 'to clothe', OHG. werian, ON. f'^r;'« 'to cloth": teut. \fwaz was (also in goth. was-ti 'gar- ment'), ARYAN y~rt/-i\v in LAT. f^ery oe. we'ri^ {'ic'th-ii) = OSAX. 7i'drig 'tired', OHG. wuorag 'intoxicated': TEUT. \'^wdrl or ivoz} w^easand sb. me. tvcsend oe. 'H.'cescnd umlauted byform of OE. wdsend 'throat, gullet' ^-=- ofries. wasende 'windpipe', OHG. wcisimt 'veins . w^easel sb. me. wisel oe. wesuk r^ OHG. wimla G. wiesel, DU. wezel 'weasel'. Perhaps cogn. w. lat. visio 'bad smell', whence OFR. voison foumart'. weather sb. :me. ^vc'de?- oe. w'edcr -- OSAX. iv'cdar, du. weder, OHG. w'eiar G. wetter, ox. vedr: Teut. base w'edra-, aryan base wedhro- in OSLOV. vedi-ii clear' (weather) -— vedro 'clear weather. w^eave sb. me. ivroe oe. 7t>'efan str. vb. =; ON. viifa, du. weven, OHG. w'eban G. niebeii. aryan \'" webh ii/'h (see 70 asp, 70 a fer and zveevii) also in GR. v(^ ij-vcfoc a web' — vr/aivfn' 'weave'. — w^eb ME. OE. 7i'eb {bb) fr. TEUT. 7ciabja- in OHG. 7veppi, du. 7veb, on. vefr "a web'. wed vb. prop, 'to engage' me. 7s.iedde OE. 7veddian =^ goth. gn- 7vadjdn 'to pledge' , ON. vedja. Derived fr. the sb. OE. wedd ■=^ goth. 7iHrdi, OHG. 7vetti 'a pledge' and cogn. w. lat. vas — vadis 'a pledge'. Further relations see under gage and 7vage. — wed- lock me. 7vedl(>k OE. 7vedldc (oE. lac gift, offering). wedge sb. me. 7ve'gge oe. 7uccg ^ OHG. 7Vecki (G. 7ieggr : Teut. base 7iiagja-; cogn. w. LiTH. 7C'agis, lett. 7C'adsis 'a wedge. wedlock see 7cied. Wednesday ME. 7ved?tes-day vtvo.- lauted byform of oe. PVddnes-dcei = LG. 7i>ddnesdach, du. 7voensdag\ prop, 'day of Woden': translation of LAT. Mercurii dies. Tlie Teut. god IVodeft (oHG. IVuotan, on. Oditui) is identified w. Mercurius. weed 1 sb. (plantname) me. 7ved i OE. 7veod -^ OSAX. 7viod 'weed'. I weed - sb. garment me. 7vede OE. 7VCd 7V:Bd (infl. -e) = ON. vdd, i OSAX. wad, OHG. 7iidt 'clothing, garment': Teut. base 7ve-di- fr. an ARYAN y~ 7i'e to weave' in I SKR. 7'd to weave'. week sb. me. 7i.>eke 7vike oe. 7vtcu — OSAX. 7f'//Ja, on. vika, OHG. 7&ehha 7cio/i/ia G. 7aoche 'week'; cp. GOTH. 7i'/Xv5 'order, succession'. 224 ween were Derived fr. \^ wv/C' in OE. wican 'to give way' see under weak. ween vb. me. wcne oe. tcc/ian (prop, lod-nan) 'to hope, expect' = GOTH, wenjan, on. vchia, OHG. wdn(n)a/i G. wdhnen: derived fr. OE. wen (wcin) sb. hope' = ohg. wan G. wahfi, ON. van, goth. wens: Teut. base weni-. weep vb. prop, a str. vb. me. wepe (prt. 7cep) oe. wepan wd'pan (prt. weop~) = GOTH. 7vdpjan wk. vb., OSAX. wopian, OHG. wuoffan mhg. wiiefen 'lament', on. lipa (orig. *vapa) 'to cry', teut. V* 7vdp. weevil sb. me. wevel wivel oe. wifel = osAx. wit)iL ohg. 7^''/'!'//, ON. ji^7/; derived fr. the TEUT. yfweb in weave; cp. lith. fc^?- balas 'weevil'. — From the same root also weft ME OE. weft = on. vcptr. weight sb. ME. wci]Jit fr. ON. vdM orig. *vcBht\ cp. OE. wiht 'weight fr. OE. wegan (see way). weird sb. 'fate' cp. me. wirde oE. wyrd 'fate' = ON. //rrf', osAX. ivurd 'fate'. Derived fr. teut. tverpan =^ OE. weordan, OSAX. w'erdan, OHG. w'erdan G. werden, ON. vcrda, goth. wairpan to be- come'. ARYAN yfwert in LAT. ?w- AvT to turn', SKR. f'// 'to turn'. welkin sb. me. welkne welken ; umlauted byform of me, ivolkne oE. woken, 'cloud' ;= osAX. ohg. tvolkan, OS AX. wiilka, OHG. tvolka G. zoolke 'cloud'. Perhaps cogn. w\ osi.ov. vlugiikii 'humid' — vlaga 'humidity' , lith. vilgyti 'to miMsten'. arvan \fw3lg. w^ell adv. ME. OE. wel ^ du. Zi'cl, OSAX. lUti, ON. V'el; cp. OHG. w'ela wola G. wohl (goth. waila). Origin doubtful, but connection w. weal and will certain. well sb. ME. welle oe. 7c>elle wella (wylle wylla): Teut. base walljon- : umlaut-relation of oe. weallan str. vb. 'boil, flow' = OSAX. OHG. wallan str. vb. 'boil, flow'. ARYAN \fwcl wal in oe. wylm 'boiling, flowing' = .'^kr. drfni 'flood', OHG. wella \i. welle 'wave' = OSLOV. vliina, lith. vilnis 'wave'. Welsh adj. me. welsh oe. wylisc umlauted fr. a teut. walhiska-; derived fr. oe. Wealh 'foreigner', prop, 'a Celt' (cp. walnut). The corresponding adj. OHG. walhisc — sb. Walah means an inhabitant of a Ro- mance country, teut. Walha- rests on the Celtic tribe name Volcae. wen sb. me. iven oe. ivenn 'tu- mor' =r- DU. ive7i, LG. wene: Teut. base wanja- (perhaps cogn. w. W 71 n d?) . wench sb. me. wenche older wenchel prop, 'infant'; ablaut-re- lation of oe. wincel 'child . wend vb. (only in the prt. tvcnt) fr. me. wende prt. wente oe. zaendan prt. wende] orig. meaning 'to turn' = GOTH, wandjan, OSAX. wendian, ohg. zventafi G. zvenden. Causal of wind. were see was. west — whey 225 west Sb. ME. OE. 7VCSt = ON. 7iestr, DU. G. west (fr. onesi of Teut.- origin). wet adj. short for ME. wcf OE. 7('^i WcH = ON. V(Ur, OFRIES. 7^/^/: Teut. base 7C'f/a- fr. tiie same root as 7vater. wether sb. me. wether oe. weder = GOTH. 7viprus, ON. vedr, osax. loHhar wethar, DU. rt^'^^/rr rc.rr, OHG. widar G. 7oidder. Cogn. w. LAT. vitidits 'calf and skr. ?'a^vz V^alf. whale sb. me. 7i.ihal (pi. whales) OE. //7£/tf-/(pl. h^udlas) = on. hvalr, OHG. 7tW (G. Walfisch, DU. ?£/(?/- ?vV<;/; = ON. hva/fskr). Cogn. w. GR.7i£7>,ri>(> 'monster'. Cp. ivalrus. w^hat pron. me. ivhat OE. hioczt = OHG. //7t'd'- G. 7iiaS, DU. 7^'rtr/, OSAX. hwat; cp. the Teut. stem //7i'w- under 7vho. wheat sb. me. whete oe. hrvckte = GOTH, hwaiteis, ON. hveiti, DU. 7(:'^/V^, OHG. 7tieizsi G. weizen. Cogn. w. ivhite =■ TEUT. hivlta- (in me. we find white 'wheat' by the side of 7vh(te). wheel sb. me. whel oe. hweol (\v. the byforra hwco7vol htveogol) = ON. hjo/ (for *hvjdl) — hvil, DU. 7wV/ (OFRIES. fial): TEUT. base hweula- (for hw'cgivla-) and hiv'ehwla-, ARYAN base qeqlo- in SRK. cakra wheel', GR. y.vy.'Ko'; 'wheel'. By the side of the re- duplicated word qe-ql-o- cp, OSLOV. kolo 'wheel'. w^heeze vb. me. 7vhese oe. hwesa?i (for *h7C'(isan) 'to wheeze'; cogn. w. OE. h^vpsta, ON. hosii , ohg. EiNGLisH Etymology. h{7v)uosto g. husten, DU. /^i?^.?/ 'coughing'. TEUT. \/" //7i'<5.f = ARYAN \/~ kas in SKR. kas, IK. casad, LITH. /Cw6'// 'to cough . whelk sb. cp. ME. 7i'ilk oe. wiolc 7veolc (older Tviliic) 'whelk' = DU. 7vulk 7velk wdlok. Ident. w. ofr. 7iiielke. whelp sb. me. 7vhelp oe. h7velp 'whelp, cub' = ON. hv'elpr , du. 7velp, OHG. hwelf 7velf. when conj. me. when o^JnucE/i/ie fr. stem htva- in 7oho. whence adv. me. 7vhenne-s prop. 7vhantfie oe. hwanone older h7cdr MHG. 7C'dr G. 7f'(7, DU. 7vaar: teut. base //7t'vV (cp. GOTH, /var); derived fr. stem h7i.ia- under 7vho. whet vb. ME. 7vhette oe. h7vettajt 'to sharpen' = ON. hvetja , DU. 7vetten, ohg. hwezzan G. 7vetzcn 'to shaipen': Teut. ground-form hwatjan. Cogn. w. on. hvatr, OSAX. h7oat, OHG. hwa-^ 'sharp' : teut. \^h7oat. w^hether pron. me. 7vhether oe. h7VCBder 'whicli of two' = goth. hapar ; corresponding by ab- laut to OHG. hwi'dar 'which of two'. GR. nvxsQO^ (skr. katara) 'which of two" is more closely allied to goth. oe. The word is orig. comparative to stem h7va- (h7oe-) in 7ciho. whey sb. me. 7('hey OE. h7vd-'\ = DU. LG. 7c>ei (byform mlg. hiiy hole du. /////). 15 226 which wide which pron. me. which oe. hwylc (prehistoric form *hwilic) = GOTH, hileiks, OSAX. hwilik; cp. OHG. helih G. 7V€lch: Tout, base hwilika- ihtvclika-) and for OHG. hwdih a base hwalika- . Derived fr. stem ]m'a- liw'c- under wlio. while sb. ME. while oe. hwil infl. hwile ^= goth. beila, OHG. OSAX. hwi/a, G. ivcile, du. wij7. ON. hvila 'bed' (cp. OHG. hwilen 'to rest') points to connection w. LAT. quietus 'quiet' and OSLOV. pociti 'to rest'. ARYAN sf qi. whine vb. me. whine oe. hivinan str. vb. 'to make a shrill sound' = ON hvitia 'to whiz'. w^hisky ident. w. usque baugh. whisper vb. me. whispere OE. hwisprian 'to murmur' ; cp. OHG. hwispalon G. wispeln. Sonnd-imi- tation? or cogn. w. i^'histle? whistle vb. me. whistle oe. )rwistHaii\ perh. akin to whisper. whit ident. w. 7i'ight. w^hite adj. (short in IVhit- siniday lit. 'white sunday'j me. 7C'hit OE. hwit = GOTH, h'cits, ON. hvitr , OHG. Irii'l-^ G. weiss: Teut. base hwita-, cogn. w. skr. (veta 'white' — \'~ (vit "to shine'. ARYAN \f hmd hwit. See also 7vheat and whittle. whither pron. me. whider OE. hwider; cp. goth. badre whither'; derived fr. the stem hica- hwe- in who. whittle sb. short for me. whitel OE. hwitcl blanket ; derived fr. ivhitc. who pron. me. who prop, who OE. hwd ^ goth. ba-s\ cp. OHG. Jnc'C-r G. 7iier : stem h^ca- Mvc-, also in 7c> hat and ho7ci and in 7cihich, ichithe/-, 7vliether. ARYAN base qo- in tat. quo-d, SKR. ka-s who', LTfH. ka-s 'who'. w^hole adj. me. hoi oe. hal (hence the abstract formation health) = goth. hails, on. hcill (see hail), OHG. G. licil , osax. Ml, DU. heel: Teut. base haila- (whence derived hailago- -=-- holy). Ident. w. osr.ov. celil complete, whole' (ground-form kailo-) ; cp. OPRUSS. kailustikau 'health'. whore sb. me. oe. hore 'pro- stitute' ^ ON. hora, OHG. huora 'adulteress'; cp. goth. hers 'adulterer', aryan \f kdr 'to love' in oir. cara 'friend' — caraifH I love (Gallo-LAT. carisa 'prostitute') and lat. carus 'dear . why pron. me. 7vhi oe. h7tn -- ON. hvi: instrum. of the stem h7aa- in 70 hat. w^ick sb. short for ME. 7iiekc OE. 7veoce = ohg. 7viohha. \.G.7vekc, DU. 7viek: Teut. base 7veukdn, perhaps reduplicated for 7i.'c- 7vkoii, as made probal)le by the equiv, OE. 7vccca = G. (dial.) wicke; cogn. w, mhg. g. wickell wicked adj. extended for me. 7viclie. wicket sb. ME. 7i.ja- (pi op. la'elfja-) = GOLH. 7ccis, ON. villr , OSAX. OHG. 7Cellian, OHG. 7vellan (g. 7vollcn) fr. a TEUT. 7valjan. aryan V" iv'el ic ol in lat. vel-le, osLO v. voliti, LITH. velyti. All equivalent. Perhaps cogn. w. Zf^/Zand 7veal\ also GOTH. 7valjan 'to choose' = OHG. 7vellan G. 7C'iihlen, ohg. 7fYi:/e oe. 7oylig (infl. ''^7c>il!{e?); ident. w. nu. rc/^-- ODU. LG. 7c>ilge oSAX. 7vilgia, MHG. 7i.nlge. wimple sb. me. oe. joirnpel OE. 7i.>iupel 'neck covering' = DU. G. 7C'iffipel OHG. winipal. Source and history unknown (ofr. guimplc FR. i^ui?npc are of TEUT. origin ; see gimp). win vb. ME. 7vinnc oe. 7vinnan str. vl>. == GOTH. 7iiinnan 'to suffer', OHG. OSAX. 7C'innan 'to 15* 228 wind — wise Struggle' (g. ^ewinnen, DU. jvinneii), ON. vinna: Teut. verbal \p wenn, cogn. w. SKR. van 'obtain, ac- quire'. •wind sb. ME. OE. 7ciind:=^ OSAX. DU. wind, OHG. wi/it G. wind, ON. vindr, goth. winds: Teut. base win da- prop, wendo- = ARYAN base wcnto- in lat. ventus, skr. vata 'wind'. Derived fr. the ARYAN V" wc ill OE. wdwan^ = GOTH, waian, DU. waaicn, ohg. waen G. wehen 'to blow'; cp. lith. e;^'^.y 'wind', OSLOV. vctrti 'wind' — vejati 'to blow', skr. xTe-^ 'to blow', GR. ai]Ti^c 'wind'. Cp. window. wind vb. ME. windc oe. windan str. vb. = GOTH. OSAX. windan, ON. vinda^ ohg. wintan G. DU. winden : TEUT. \fwend wand. — windlass sb. (machine forraising heavy weights) transformed fr. ME. windas : loanword fr. on. vind-dss prop, 'a winding pole'. w^indow sb. me. windmve bor- rowed fr. ON. vind-auga 'window', lit. 'wind-eye'. See ivind sb. and eye (on. aiiga). wine sb. ME. OE. ivin = goth. locin, on. vin, OSAX. ohg. 7vm G. 7ciein DU. 7£'^V2 : Teut. base 7C'/na-, early loanword fr. lat. vinmn (cp. vine and vintage), whence also ITAL. vino — fr. vin and oiR. fin, oSLOV. vino. wing sb. ME. winge sliort for older wcnge: loanw(jrd fr. ON. vdngr. wink vb. me. winkc oe. wincian wk. vb. 'blink, wink' ; ohg. winkan str. vb. (g. winken) 'to give a sign' ^ ME. winke str. vb. 'wink'. winnow vb. me. windwe oe. windwian ; ident. w. OHG. winton (for '^wintwon) 'to winnow'; cp. GOTH, imnpi-skaiirb 'a winnowing fan', LAT. ventilare 'to winnow'. All cogn. w. wind sb. w^insome adj. me. tvin-som oe. wyn/i-su?n = ohg. wuntii-sani (G. wonne-sam) : derived fr. oe. 7C'y/in = OSAX. OHG. wunnia (cp. G. wonne) 'joy'. winter sb. me. oe. ivinta- = GOTH, wintrus, OSAX. OHG. wintar DU. G. wintei' , ON. e'^/Zr: Teut. base winir-. Perhaps cogn. w. CELT, vindo- 'white' in oiR. find 'white' ? w^ipe vb. ME. ivipc OE. wipian', cp. LG. wip sb. 'wisp of straw' and GOTH, vipja 'garland' — 7iae interj. woe': grountl- form ARYAN 7vai. wold sb. ME. 7i.iold oe. "(('did {7V('ald in 'Weald of Kent) fr. a Teut. base 7valpu- ; c]). os.vx. OHG. G. 7aa/d 'wood', dl'. ^ooiid wood', ON. 7>gllr plain, Held : pre-TEUT. 7valtu-s, cogn. w. SKK. vafa (for *vdlta?) 'garden'? See wild. wolf sb. ME. 7aol/ (pi. 7c>o/ves) OE. 7VUl/ (pi. XVulfas) :=: GOTH. 230 woman worse 7i'Hlfs, ON. tllfr (for *vul/r) , OSAX. wulf; cp. OHG. G. nwlf: Teut. base imdfa- wolfa-, aryan base wjlqo- in SKR. vrka, OR. Pa'zoc, LAT. lupus ^ LITH. Z'ilkas, OSLOV. vlfiku. All equivalent. woman see wife. womb sb. ME. wonihe oE. ivdvib (wgmh) 'stomach' = GOTH. OHG. 7i.ianiha, on. ■i'pmb, DU. ri'v?//;' 'belly, stomach' : Teut. base 7vambd-. wonder sb. me. wonder oe. ivundor ^ OSAX. 7vundai\ OHG. wuntar G. wiinder , ON. ii/idr: Teut. base wundra-. wont adj. for me. waned p. par- ticiple of ME. wane oe. ■wunian. 'to be used to'; cp. OE. lewu/ia 'custom, use' and ON. 7'anr, OHG. giwon G. geivohnt 'accustomed . .See weati. woo vb. ME. Wihih- OE. wogiau 'to woo'; no further relations known. 'I'sur. \^wdg. wood sb. ME. Wodc OE. Wudu oxV^.widu = ON. evV/;' 'tree, wood', OHG. wiiu 'wood' (also in OHG. witu-]iopfa G. wide-hopfy. Teut. base widii-, pre-Teut. base widlui- in CEET. vidu- (gall. \'idu-Casses\\ cp. OIR. fid 'tree'. wool sb. ME. wollc OE. Willi iiiil. wulle = GOTH, wulla, on. //// (for '■'vull'); cp. OHG 7volla G. wollc: Teut. base wiillo 7C'ollb, ARYAN base WJlnd in skr. itr/ia, osLOV. vlii/ui, LITH. zdlna 'wc^ol'; co,ij;ii. w. LAI", villus vellus 'fleece' and SKR. sf vr (var) to cover', w^ord sb. me. OE. 7vord = goth. waurd, ON. ord (for *vord), osAX. word, DU. woord, ohg. g. wort: Teut. base ivorda-, pre-Teut. base woi-dho- in lat. 7erk ; Teut. base werka-, ARYAN base w'ergo- in GR. soyov. ARYAN \f w'erg in GR. {UCf-iv 'to do' — ooyavov 'instrument', skk. vrjana 'labor ; cp. GOTHMiaiirkJan, OHG. 7vurkan = OE. wyr^eaii vb. 'to work'. See 7vright. world sb. ME. world ivcrld oe. 7vorold 7ucorold = OSAX. wer old, DU. zvereld, ohg. 7&eralt (7vorolt) G. 7uell, ON. v'ergld. First element of the compound {^ver-ald-) is TEUT. 7vera- man' in goth. 7vair, OSAX. OHG. OE. wer, ON. vcrr (aryan base 7viro- in lat. tnr, SKR. 7Hra, LITH. vyras 'man'). 2'"^ part of the compound is TEUT. aldi- in goth. aids 'world', OE. i'ld (eld) 'period, age'. worm sb. ME. 7Vorm for 7vur})i prop. 7vir7ii OE. 7vyi'm fr. a Teut. base 7vurnii- in OSAX. OHG. G. 71''// 7)1, GOTH, tvaurms; ident. w. LAT. vermis 'worm'; cp. ON. oruir (for *7crsff wursU' orig. wirste OE. ivyrsta fr. a TEUr. superl. wirsistan- in goth. wairsista, OSAX. OHG. icursisto. worship sb. me. worschip dlder wurpschipc OE. weordscipe: derived fr. worth. wort' sb. (a plant) me. wort wurt older wirt OE. wyrt fr. a Teut. base 7f '«;-//- in goth. waiirts, ON. //;-/, OSAX. wurt, OHG. G, wurz '])lant, herb': ARYAN \^iv3rd in LAT. radix (for "^vraaic-) see under rt^t*/. wort^ sb. (a kind of drink) ME. avert wurt for tvirt oe. wyri for *7£/^7 = ON. virtr, mhg. 7i'vrs wort': TEUT. ground-form wirtiz (pre-TEUT. base amcrdcs- wentos). wovXh ad). ME. worth wurth OK. wyrdf. umlauted l^yform of OE. wcorf) =1 GOTH, walrps, o.sAX. w'crth, ON. 7''erdr, ohg. 7C>crd (g. acurt): ident. w. Lrrn. 7'crtas, OPRUSS. werts 'worthy'. wound sb. ME. wounde oe. 717,7/^/ infl. wunde = oSAX. wunda, OHG. wuTita G. wunde, on. uiid (for *rund) : Tout, base wundb-. Cogn. w. the adj. goth. wunds = OE. wund, OSAX. wund, ohg. wunt G. wund. teut. \'~%vun, ARYAN \(^wjn in GOTH, wimiaii 'to suffer, feel pain' (see 70 in)} wrath sb. me. luraththe short for OK. zarcpppu (Teut. base 7vraipipP]\ uinlaut-al)stract ofoE. 7i'rdp adj. =1 7C'roth. \vreak vb. me. 7C>r(kc oe. ivr'ecan str. vb. = GOTH. 7vrikan ("to persecute'), oSAX. lurckau, DU. 7vreken, org. rehhan (for ^avr'ch- han) G. rdchen 'to revenge. ARYAN \f7vreg urg in lat. urgerc 'to urge', SKK. ?'/7 'to remove'. wreath sb. me. 7C'rethe oe. 7vrcep', cogn. w. 7vrithe. wren sb. me. 7vre?ine oe. 7vrenna\ ident. w. OSAX, wrendio and pro- bably w. OHG. OSAX. {7v)renno 'a stallion' (medieval lat. 7iHnannio'). wrench sb. me. rw^^^/z 'deceit' OE. 7crenc 'deceit, trick' fr. a Teut. base 7vranki- (also in MHO. rank 'trick' G. rdnke plur.). The modern E. meaning 'twist, sprain' seems to be older than the metaphorical sense in me. OE. and 0. See also 7vrong. wretch sb. me. 7vrecche oe. 7vreccea 'outlaw, exile' ^= OHG. osx^.7vrekkio (g. rccke 'warrior'); derived fr. \'~wrek in goth. 7vrikaii ■persecute' (see 7circak'). wright sb. me. turighte oe. 7Ciyrhta = OS AX. 70urhtio, oiiG. 7Vurhto (mhg. -imirhle) 'worker'; derived fr. teut. 7vurhtwJan-\ cp. GOTH. 7vaurst7vja 'worker by llic side of 7vaiirst7i< 'work'. For the root see ivorlz. wring vb. me. 7vringe oe. 7vrin- gan str. vb. 'to press out' = DU. LG. 7t>ringen, OHG. ringan, (for *7i:'ringan) 'to pressout'(G. ringa/). wrinkle sb. me. 7tirinkcl oe. tvrinkle = odu. wrinckel\ cogn. w. MHG. runke and OHG. runza (for *7vriinka — *7cirunkza). wrist sb. ME. 7C'rist OE. 7iyrst 232 write — ye = MHG. G. rist{Jox*wrisi), ON. rist SWED. ?'r/5-/ 'instep, wrist'; perhaps cogn. w. G. re///c/iMHG. rihc wrist ? write vb. ME. write OE. ivritan str. vb. = OSAX. writan, ON. rita 'to write'. (^rig. sense 'to engrave, scratch, tear, split' in OSAX. writan = ohg. rvp^an (for '^wrtyi^aii) G. reissen. Cp. GOTH, writs a stroke of a pen'. TEUT. sfwrit. writhe vb. me. writhe oe. wi idan str. vb. 'to twist' =^ ohg. ridan, ON. rida str. vb. 'to wind, twist'. Cogn. w. 7vroth. I wrong adj. me. wrong (wrang) late OE. (i I '' cent.) wrang bor- rowed fr. ON. rangr (older '*7 'to twist in ■aireath and writhe. ^ wry fr. me. wrie vb. 'to twist'. yacht sb. fr. du. jacht prop. jachtschip; du. jacht corresponds to G. jogd 'hunting (oHG. jagon G jagcn. 'to chase). yard' sb. me. j^vv/prop. ji'n/oE. icard 'fence, enclosure' = on. gardr: Teut.base^'Y?/-^/(i'- :^ ARYAN base^'-//6'r/6'- in lat. hortus (oR./op- rot,') 'garden'. Allied to gar den. yard- sb. (a measure) me. ycrde oe. yrd {^yrd) 'rod, rood' = OHG. gerta G. gerte 'a rod, switch'; cp. GOTH, ^azds 'a stick, goad' ^= ON. gaddr 'goad' and LAT. hasta 'a spear' (common base ghazdha-). yarn sb. me. lern prop. K'rn. oe. learn = on. ohg. g. gam (du. gar en) ; perhaps cogn. w. ON. go. n 'guts' and LirH. zartia 'entrair? yarrow sb. me. larivc oe. ^earive = OHG. gar-ica G. gar he, DU. ger7a 'millefolium'. yawl vb. me. loule by the side of goule vb. (change of j and ^-^ unexplained) ; source ON. gaula (gpiila) 'to bellow'. yaw^n vb. me. gdne gone oe. gdnian (the phonology of the ME. word is dark) — ohg. geinon (g. gdhne/i) ; derived fr. OE. tci- pnan str. vb. 'to yawn' = ON. gina; cogn. w. ohg. gten giwen 'to yawn': aryan sfghi in lat. hiare, OSLOV. zijati, lith. zivti 'to yawn'. ye pron. j\ie. j^c oe. y; fr. a prehistoric jiz =^ DU. gij, OSAX gi, OHG. ir {for */»j G. ihr oldest TEUT. form jiiz in goth jiis 'ye . Ident. w. skr. yi/y-am 'ye': aryan stem iw —yii. year — yolk 233 yea adv. me. 3/ oe. led (for ''^lie) = OSAX. OHG. ja G.ja 'yes'; oldest form goth. Ja 'yes'. — yes ME. vts OE. ^esc for *lc'ir- swd prop, 'yea so' (cp. me. nese fiir tie-swa). yean older ean vb. ME. me OE. e'anian (le-eanian) 'to yean': derived fr. a teut. anna- (for ag7vna-) 'lamb' = lax. agnus, OIR. ?/(7«: ARYAN base aghno-. year vb. me. yr oe. j^>' f^s'''"' lor ^IfBr) =: OHG. yVw- G. jahr, T>\j. Jaar,o^. cir, GOTH.y?r: Teut. basey?/'^-; cogn. \v. tlie ablauted GK. u)0(K 'year' — lopa 'season' and w. AVEST. jar^ 'year'. yearn vb. 'desire' me. yernti fr. ME. yer/i OE. Jtwv/ 'desirous' (whence also the umlauted oe. li'rnan 'desire') = GOTH, gairns, osAX. OHG. gem 'desirous': teut. \^ger in OHG. geron G. begehren — OHG. g'er 'desirous' — giri (o. gier) sb. 'desire'. ARYAN \'^gher in SKR. /wrj vb. 'desire'. yell vb. ME. lelle oe. lellan ijillan) = OHG. g'ellan G. gellen, DU. gillen, ON. gjalla 'to resound'. Cp. stanycll. yellow adj. me. j^/w^ oe. j^f^/f (inil. leolw-) fr. a Teut. base g'elwa- in oSAX. ohg. ^'t'/t" G. ^<'/<^, DU. gcel: ARYAN base ghUwo- in LAT. hclvus 'light yellow', aryan \~ghd also in ON. ^v//r 'yellow', GR. xX(o(jnc: 'green', OSLOV. zelenii 'yellow'; from the same root also gold (and glowT). — yellow-hammer la bird's name) rests on the equiv. oe. aviorc =. OHG. a7nero G. ai/i?ner. yelp vb. me. lelpe oe. yilpan {ylpan) str. vb. 'to boast' = on. gjalpa, OHG. gelpfan. yes see yea. yesterday adv. me. yesterday OE. leostrandeei dystrandcBi) prop, only geostra{n) = ohg. gesiaron G. gestern, du. gisteren (gister- avond); cp. GOTH, gistra-dagis with the sense of 'tomorrow'. Teut. base gest7-a-, cogn. w. on. i-gcer and lat. hei-i; gr. X'^^'i and SKR. hyas 'yesterday' point to an ARYAN base ghyes 'yester- day . yet adv. me. let short for oe. lit (i}>t, pt); ident. w. ofries. iela eta 'yet'. yew vb. me. ew oe. eow iw = OHG. m'a g. ezde, on. yr: Teut. base kca-, ident. w. OE. eo/i 'yew' — OHG. i/ia yew', fr. //"(whence borrowed DU. (if) is of Teut" origin. Cp. also cymr. yw 'yew'. yield vb. me. le'tde oe. leldan {pldan) str. vb. 'to pay' = goth. gildan, ON. gjalda , OHG. geltan str. vb. 'to pay': teut. sf^ geld. yoke sb. me. lok (pi. ipkes) oe. lede (pi. leocu) = goth. juk, ON. ok (for *jok), DU. jtik, OHG. joh G. y't*^/?: Teut. base joka-, ARYAN base jiigo- in lat. Jugii/ii GR. Lvyov, SKK.yugd^yokQ. aryan yfjug in GR. Cfvyi'vui, lat. jungere, skr. jv// 'to yoke'. yolk sb. ME. lolke dclke) oe. leoleca for teut. gel{w)ukan-\ !34 yon — yule derived fr. teut. gelwa- ^=^ yel- low. yon pron. me. yiti j^on oe. icon (see beyonc{)\ cogn. w. goth. jains, OHG. jencr G. jener. yore adv. me. j^ore oe. -^edra (pron. yc/ra) prop, 'of years' gen. plur. of OE. jfdr = yeai'. yow pron. me. i07v ace. dat. of ^e {= ye), OE. eow ace. dat. of ^e (= ye); ident. w. ohg. OSAX. eii OHG. ///: ARYAN base /Vi' under ye. young adj. me. ^oui,'- ying oe. yong (prop, jung) 5= GOTH, juggs, osAX. OHG. G.jung, ws.jong, ON. iingr (for *jungr): TEUT. Jiinga-, contracted fr. Jmcungo- = LAT. JHvenciis , SKR. yuva(a 'young : ARYAN l^ase jimij/iko- (ablauted byform in CYMR. ieuanc 'young'). Cogn. w. 'LKT.juvenis, aK.\<. yin'a/i, osLOV.ju/w, lAT'a. jdunas 'young'. — youth sb. ME. louthe older -ynvede for pigede oe. jugod (yo- god) = OSAX. jugud fr. a base jugH?if>- in OHG. Jugund G. jiigend: TEUT. jiigunp- probably for ju- ivunp- cp. LAT. juvcn-t-a (and GOTH, junda contracted for */'«- wimda) \ derived fr. AYdA^juwen- in LAT. jiroenis, skr. yuvan etc. yule sb. me. ^ol fr. on. jdl\ ident. w. oe. jtW (contracted fr. leohol) Christmas'. Cogn. w. GOTH, jiuleis 'november' = ON. ylir (oe. Giiili in Beda). Teut. base jeula- (in ON. jot) and jiiil- ja- (in GOTH. jiuUis): oe. yohhol 'Cliristmas' points to fSA^i. j'ehw- la- (by the side of jeula- for jegwla-]; probably related to ON. il 'snow-storm' (teut. base jehwld). Hence Yule 'the time of snow-storms' and goth. jiuleis 'the month of snow-storms'. Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg ber beutfdjen @prad)e Hon ^rtebrid) 2\lu0e, orb. ^Prcffffor fc«v bcutfiben ©pradie an btr Uiii>-«iritfii gteibura t. 9r. ■Oiiiiftf oerliflfnte mib flork ofrmpl)rlf J^uOngf. 2cp8. XVI, 491 S. 1894. m. 10. ~, in^albfrg. geb. W}. 12. -. Der Verfasser des vorlieg-endeii Werkea hat es uiiternoraraen, auf Grund der zerstreuteii Einzelforschun'jen und seiner eigenen niehrjahrigen Studien eiu etymolog:isches Worterbuch des deutschen Sprachschatzes auszuarbeiten, due dem g'eseiiwartigeii Staiide der Wissenschaft entspricht. Er hat es sich zur Aufgabe g-emacht. Form und Bedeutung jedes Wortes bis zu seiner Quelle zu verl'olgeu, die Beziehuiigen zu den klassischen Sprachen in g-ieiohem Masse betonend, wic das Ver- wandtschaftsverhaltnis zu den iibrigen g'ermanischen und den romanisehen Sprache . Seibst die Vergleichuiig mit den entferntoren orientalischen (Sanskrit und Zend), den keltisfhen und slavischen Sprachen ist in alien Fallen horangczog-en, wo die Forschung eiue Verwand.schaft festzustellen verniag und wo diese Verv/andtschaft zugleich Licht auf die Urzeit des gfermanischen Lebens wirft. Eiiie allg-empine Einlciiung behandelt die Geschichte der deutschen Sprache in ihren Umrissen. Die Verbesserungen der neuen Aufl age bes tehen in der Verwertung- der ueuestea Forschungaerg'ebnisse auf dera Gebiete der germ anise hen Etymolog-je; die Ver- melirungen in der Aufnahme einer grossen Anzahl solcher Fremdworter, welcheseit demlG. Jahrh. aufgokomraen sind.und seitdeni eineu unzweif-ilhaften Bestandtcil der deu':schen Sprache ausniaclken. In den meisten Fallen Ist es dein Verfasser gelungen, genau fest- zusteUen, wann und auf welchem Wege das einzelne Fremdwort in unsere Sprache eingedrung-en und damit Nachweisungen zu bieten, welche ausserdemsprach- liclien, eiu hohes culturgeschichtliches Interesae beanspruchen. (Ankiindigung des Verlegcrs.) „Das Klugescho Worterbuch nimmt durch seine hervorragenden Eigenschaften anerkanntermassen den ersten PJatz unter alien ahnliehen Werken ein. Eine noun Aufiage bcdiirfte keiner besondcren Empfehluug, vrenn nicht das bewiihrte Hilfsmittel seit seinera ersten Erseheinen und vor allem seit der vierten AuHage in mehrfacher Beziehung ein veran- dertes Aussehen oihalten hiitte. Dass die Forschungen der letzten zehn Jahre, an deiien Kiuge seiber einen bedeutenden Anteil gehabt hat, i^ewissenhaft verwertet, dass zahllose Verbesserungen und Erganzungen im einzelnen vorgenommen sind, braucht nicht besonders versichert zu werden ; jede Seiie zcugt von dem unermiidlirhen Streben, zu bessern, Unsicheres zu stiitzen oder durch Neues zu ersetzen. mbglichst viele Einzelheiten in den Zusiimmeiihaug der grossen Sprachbewegungeu ein- zugliedern« . . .* Zeitschrift d. a. d. Sprach^iereins li'QJ Nr. 3. 2 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. £seut[d)e Stut)entenfprad)e bon ^vofenor an bev Unitierfitat fjreiburg i. SSr. 3nl)alt: I. Ubcr bic StubentcnfliracOc. ©tiibeutcn imb ^^tiilil'ter. — Sntnfenlitaiici. — 3lntife ®Icnieiite. — 23ui: fcf)ifofe 3oolociie. — i8iblt)di=t^eoIofliidie !:)Jad)f!diuie. — 3m Sann be§ 3tDttt)e(fd). — ^'laiijofifije ^iiifluffe. — Ci5raiinna= tifd)e ©tgenart. — Uvfpriiug unb SSerbreitiiiicj. II. aSorterfiutf) bcr (&tubentcnH)io(!5e. 8«. XII, 136 g. 1895. ©ekftet m. 2.50, iit i?einroanb gcbunben m. 3.50. „Beim Lesen dieses Buches fiihlt man sich oft von einem Hauche frischen, friihlichen Studentenlebens beriihrt, und selbst das anscheinend so trockene M'orterbuch reizt durch seinen manchnial recht huraoristischen Inhalt zu einem herzlichen I.achen. Es war in der That eine dankb|ire, fieilich auch recht schwierig-e Aufgabe, das fiir die altere Zeit so sparliche und vielfaoh sehr versteckte Material zu sammeln und daraus in g-rossen Ziigen eine Geschichte der deuischen Studentensprache zu entwerfen, die um so gTosseren Dank verdient, als sie nicht nur der erste umfassende und auf •wirklichem Quellenstudium beruhende Versuch der Art ist, son- dern auch mit grossem Geschick sich auf jenem Grenzgebiet zwischen popularer und streng wissenschaftlicher Darstellung bewegt, das einzu- haiten nicht jedem Gelehrten gegeben ist. Gerade auf diesem Gebiet hat sich Kluge durch sein musterhaftes etymologisches Worterbuch grosse Verdienste erworben; denselben Weg betritt er jetzt mit gleicheni Erfolg auch in der vorliegenden Schrift, die ihre Entstehung zumeist den Ar- beiten zu jenem anderen Werke verdankt. . . ." Liter. CentrnlO/ntt li'gj. Nr. iS. „Prof. Kluge hat mit vielem Fleisse, wie die zahlreich eingestreuten Belegstellen beweisen, sowie gestiitzt auf eine ausgedehnte Lnkturc und auf eigene Beobachtung die Spracbe der Studenten in alter und neuer Zeit nach ihreni Ursprung und ihrer Verbreitung dargestellt und seiner Ab- handlung ein reichhaltiges Worterbuch der Studentensprache beigegeben. Ist das Buch als Beitrag zur deutschen Sprachgeschichte und Lexiko- graphie von grossem Werte, so ist es auch fur den Akademiker, der die eigenartige Sprache seines Standes nach ihrer Entstehung- und Geschichte kennen und verstehen lernen will, ein interessantes Buch und besonders zu Dedikationszwecken geeignet, wofiir wir es bestens empfohlen haben wojlen." Akad. Monatshe/te i6gs z'- 2b. AIni. In Kiirze erscheint: Kluge, Friedr., und Friedr. Lutz, English Ety- mology. A select Glossary serving as an Intro- duction to the history of the English language. 8". VIII, 234 S. M. 4. — . Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 3 Von Cutbcr bis Ccffing. boil JFrieSriri} IRIunc *l?rofef|ov nn ber Utiibevfitnt jjveiburn i. 93r. Orittf l^uflngf. unb ^umaniSmuS. - 'COerbciitfrfjIanb utib bie ift'ntljotifen. 8". VI u. 15(1 13. mit eiiiem aiivtc^cn. 1897. ^vcii 9JcL 2.50, gebunben 9Jtf. 3.50. „S)n§ lebenbige Snterelfe ber ©cbilbetcn ftir bie beutjd^e ©^jrac^e unb i[)re @e)d)iei)k' ift, mie mnn mit @emiflt()uunfl tiin()riicl)men faun, auiicn= blirtlicl) lebliafter beiin jc. 3)ie Sdftrift .vvhicica, in Uiclcfiev bie Unrf)tifli"tcit, fiir bie a>ilbiini5 uiijcvev neul)orf)beuticI)en Scf)ri|tipfcicf)c mnisflebenbeii 9.1iomeiite genicfnlu'ritniiMicf) befin'ortien luevbeii, bnif bal)ev nuf einen aiigaebcbnt'eu baiifbaven yeicrfrei^ vecfinen." (5d)luab. mcxhix II. ^Ibt. 1. ii*l. b. 9. Sej. 1887.) „®c^iiii ber ©ecieiiftnnb nil Jid), beii l)ier eiii nitd) Utciteren Streiien bereitg biird) jein 'tvefflidje* „(*tl)iiu)liuiiid)eC' aiUivterbiid) bev beiitjdjeii ebrnd}e" befmuitcr (SK'lclivtor uid)t blnf-, mit ber .•^iilierlnjiiciteit beS ^nd)iiianued, fotibcni mirf) mit bem (iU'jd)icf unb ®eid)ninrt eiueS geltinnbteii £d)riftfteUevs bel)aiibelt lint, joUte nmljl baviind) ntuictbnii jeiti, bem 3>iirt)leiii iiiitev beu iiid)t gelebvteii Jvveunben ber beutjdjeu v^t)rnd)c t'iebbnber unb — .Miiufer .^ii erUievben. 2'cnn bafi bie (^vnflen, beven ■i^eantnuntiinq ben o'lbnlt biejer Scbvijt nuj-mndjt, in ben '-i^ereid) be§ Jinteveijev bev bbber Ok-biibeten fallen, bvnud)t bem nid)t crft beluiejen Su irerben, bev lueifi, line tveu flerabe bie Wejdiidite unjevev ©tJvadje, mc()r liiot)! ali inieub etU'iiiS nnbeve-j, ben .siantpf unb ben isieg unjeves i5[)li;*= tuiuii Uiiebevipiecielt. 3~ieie 9tunnffuug, Hon ber bee jyevfnfievS iyebnnblnna unb ^nvftellung bielfnd) evft ved)teS i.'id)t unb bolle aVavme empfaunt, ift es, looriu biejeniqeu ^ejer einen bejonbeven iReij unb iBovjUfl bee 58ud)e« evbliden luer'ben, lueldje (leluotjut finb, bie Bev)d)iebeniuticien UJorfliiurte in nnievm .suiltinieben, Uiic fie fid) in I'lttevntur unb sVunft, '^solitit unb Itieliiiion funbaeben, utd)t iiejonbevt fitv fid), fonbevn in il)rcr ai*cd)ielUiivfuna ;,ii betvad)ten, bie ein^^iiic 9lrt, tuie fid) un-S bod) evft bn? UJSevftanbniS fiiv S^ert unb JvnnUtcite cincc- jeben ein.U'tnen berfelben iunrnm >;^afob (iJrimm unfrc Sd)riftfpvnd)c einen pvoteftautifdien 3)in(ett flennunt bnt, mnnim erft feit l.Wfi i.'utl)eve ebrad)e eiue autoritatibe Stellunn evliiuiieu fonnte, limvum bev («eflenfnt3 Hon '2d|viftfbvnd)e unb fflhmbnvt evft nndj ber fieflveidjen iyefniubfuiHl ^"^^ iinteinifc^eu au8= qcfllidien U'ovben ift." „<)iid)t mit bem '•}luipvud)e, eiue bollftiinbifle Wefdiirfitc ber beutfd)en ©brad)e sn bieten, tvitt .M Uuu' nuf. i-'r toill in einev ..iKeibe unberbunbener 91ufintu'" niir ..^nifammenfaffen, lim* ("Vadilente bov unb feit C^nfob (ftvimm iiber ein bmiv fpviid)Uiiffenfriiaftlid)e i'vobleine evmiltelt bnben." Tiefe 9aiffntu' abev fiiiien fid) bon felbev :,n eiueni inucvliib .vifnutmenbiiniieuben ©nu.U'ii, fobnn loir biev in bev 3bnt, eine bi'dift nn;,iebenbe ^arftelluufl bev l?eben-5i-iefd)id)te unfeve'? ^ieubodibeutfd) bon feinen 9lnfnnrteu urn bie ^!i*enbe be* fiinf.U'bnten unb fcd),^ebnten ^^nbvbunbert<5 bi* ,yir *.yeflriiubunii feinev ^J(lleinbevvfd)(ift urn bie Witte bee nd)t,U'hnteu C^abvbnubevtH- bov uui- biiben " (Xie («veiiiboteu 1H8h. 'Jiv. l».) 1* 4 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. Soeben erschien : Vorgeschichte der altgermanisehen Dialekte von Friedrich Kluge. Zweite Auflage. Mit einem Anhang. Geschichte der gotischen Sprache. Sonderabdruck aus der zweiten Auflage von Pauls Grundriss der germanisclien Philologie. Lex. 8. VIII und S. 823—517 und lO S. Register. M. 4.50. Urteile der Presse: Das g-rosste Interesse der Fachraanner diirfte unter den verschie- dcnen Aufsaizcn dieser iieuen Lieferung [des Gruudrisses] wohl Kluges Vorgeschichte der altgermanischPii Dialekte erwecken, Ma es der erste in Deutschland gemachte Versuch ist, niit Benutzuiig der in den letztea Jahr- zehnten gelung-enen Entdeckung-en und angestellten Einzeluntersuehungen ein Bild von der urgermanischen Sprache und ihren grossen Gruppen zu zeichnen . . . Sehr dankenswert ist die Einleitung, in welcher die Ue- ziehungen der gerniauischen zu den Sprachen der benachbarten Volker dargelegt werden, vor alleni die Liste der Entlehnungen aus deni Latei- nischen, ebenso die Verwertuug der germaniscben W'orter riimischer lu- schriften, der malbeigischeu Glosse, denen man sonst nur selten in o-ram- matischen Darstellungen begegnet. Hemzel, Zeitschr. f. d. osteyreich. Gvnmasien i8go S. 440. Mit Meisterschaft hat Kluge die noch schwerere Aufgabe gelost, die „ Vorgeschichte der altgermanisehen Dialekte", d. h. die aus der Sprach- vergleicliung erschlos.Rene alte.ste (vorhistorische) Gestalt der germaniscben Sprache auf 100 Seiten so darzustellen, dass neben den als sicher zu be- traehtendea Ergebnissen der bisherigen Forschung auch noch schwebende Fragen und kiinftige Aufgaben beriihrt werd^_. L. Tobler, Litteraturblatt f. germ. n. rom. Philologie iSgo S. 13 j Kluge liefert eine Vorgeschichte der altgermanisehen Dialekte ; dieser Abschnitt diirfte fiir den Benutzer des Buches mit zu den voll- kommensten gehoren. Der Verfasser stellt hier zusamraen, was sich aus der neuesten idg. Sprachforschung an einigerniassen gesicherten Resul- taten fiir die altesle Geschichte des Germaniscben ergeben hat. Dabei geht er auch solchen Fragen, welche bisher noch kaum angef.isst worden sind, nicht aus dem Wege und vermag uns hier recht schatzban- Ergeb- nisse seiner eigenen Forschung Torzulegen. Ref. erwiihnt. ohne auf Einzel- heiten einzugehen, die Ausfiihrungen iiber den Einfluss fremder Sprachen auf das Germanische, iiber den Accent, die Chronologic der Lautentwiek- lung u. s. w. von Bahder, Liter. Centralhlatt j8qo, Sp. 282. Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 5 Soelieu erschien : Worterbuch der Elsassischen Mundarten bearbeitet von E. MARTIN und H. LIENHART IM AlIFTRAGE DER LANDESVERWALTUNG VON ELSASS-LOTHRINGEN. 1. und 2. Lieleruiig. Lex. -8**. Preis pro Lieferung M. 4.—. Dieses Worterbuch ist die Fruchl jahrelangen Samniel- eifers und angestrengter wissenschaftlicher Thatigkeit. Es soil nach dem Vorbild des schweizerischen Idiotikons den Sprachschatz der heiitigen elsassischen Mundarten, soweit diese sich zuruck verfolcen lassen, zusammen- fassen und nach dem gegenwartigen Stand der Sprach- wissenschaft erklaren. Dabei wind die Eigentiimlichkeit des elsassischen Volkes in Sitte und Glauben, wie sie sich in Redensarten, Sprichwortern, Volks- und Kinder- reimen kund gibt, so weit als moglich zur Darstellung gebracht werden. Das sprachliche Gebiet wurde nach den Bezirksgrenzen von Ober- und Unterelsass abge- steckt. Das Worterbuch der elsassischen Mundarten wird in ungefahr t) Lieferungen von je lo Bogen zum Preise von je M. 4.— erscheinen und voraussichtlich schon im Jahre 1898 voUstandig vorliegen. „. . . Das elsassische Worterbuch ist keiiie Aufspeiclieruug' sprachwissen- schafdicher Kariliilcn. Es ist eine lebensvolle Darstellung- (lessen , wie das Volk spiicht. In sclilichten Siilzen, in Fragen und Antworteu, in Anekdoleu und tiesohiolitchen kommt der natiirlicbe Gedankenkreis des Volkes zu Unniittclbarer Uellung. Die Kinderspiele und die Freuden der Spinnsliiljeu irotfii niit ilirom Forjiiela))parat auf. Die Mchrzahl der Arlikcl spiegeln das eigentliche Volksleben wieder und gewahreu dadurch eiueii wiibren Geiiuss. Weun uiun Artikel wie Esel oder Fuchs liest, wird man l)iild verstehen lerneu , dass in der Schlichtheit und Scbmuck- losigkfit der Aitikel der Erforseher deutschen Volkstums eine selir wert- voUo Quelle fiir das Elsass tindet . . ." Strassburger Post i6()7 Nr. 344. 6 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. Deutsche Grammatik Gotisch, Alt-, Mittel- imd Neuliochdeutsch von W. Wilmanns o. Professor der deutschen Sprache u. Litteratur a. d. Universilat Bonn. Erste Abteilung : Lautlehre. 2. verbesserte Auflage. gr. 8". XX, 425 S. 1897. M. 8.—. In Halb- franz gebunden M. 10. — . Zweite Abteilung: Wortbildung. i.Halfle. gr. 8'*. S. I — 352. 1896. M. 6.50. — 2. Halfte. gr. 8«. S. I— XVI u. 353 — 663. 1896. M. 6.—. Beide Halften zusammen in eineni Band , in Halbfranz ge- bunden M. 15. — . * Das Werk wird in vier Abteilungen erscheinen: Lautlehre, Wortbildung, Flexion, Syntax. Eine fiinfte, die Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, wird sich vielleicht anschliessen. „ . . . Es ist sehr erfreulich, dass wir nun ein Buch haben werden, welches wir niit gutem Gewissen demjenigen empfehlen ki)nnen, der sich in das Studium der deutschen Sprachgeschichte einarbeiten will, ohne die Moglichkeit zu haben, eine gute Vor- lesung liber deutsche Grammatik zu horen; in Wilmanns wird er hierzu einen zuverlassigen. auf der Hohe der jetzigen For- schung stehenden Fiihrer finden. Aber auch dem Studierenden, der schon deutsche Grammatik gehort hat, wird das Buch gute Dienste leisten zur Wiedeiholung und zur Erganzung dei' etwa in der Vorlesung zu kurz gekommenen Partien. Jedoch auch der Fachmann darf die Grammatik von W. nicht unberiick- sichtigt lassen. Denn alle in Betracht kommenden Fragen sind hier mit selbstiindigem Urteil und unter voller Beherrschung der Literatur erortert. Und nicht selten werden Schliisse gezogen, die von der gewohnlichen Auffassung abweichen und zuni Min- desten zur eingehenden Erwagung auffordern, so dass niemand ohne vielfache Anregung diese Lautlehre aus der Hand legen wird. Besonders reich an neuen Auffassungen ist uns die Lehre von den Konsonanten erschienen. Aber auch die iibrigen Teile unter denen die bisher weriiger oft in Grammatiken dargestellt, Lehre vom Wortaccent hervorzuheben ware , verdienen Be- achtung ..." W, B., Literarisches Centralblatt iS^j Nr. ^o. Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 7 Geschichte der Deutschen Litteratur bis znm Ausganjie des Mittelalteis von Rudolf Koegel, ord. Prof, liir deutsche Sprache und Litteratur a. d. Uiiiversitiit Basel. Erster Band : Bis zur Mitte des elften Jahrhunderts. Erster Teil: Die stabreimende Dichtung und die gotische Prosa. 8". XXIII u. 343 S. 1894. M 10.— EiKiinzungsheft zu Band I: Die altsachsische Genesis. Kin BeitRig zur Geschichte der altdeutschen Dichtung und Verskunst. 8". X, 71 S. 1895. M. 1.80 Zweiter Teil: Die endreimende Dichtung und die Prosa der althochdeutschen Zeit. 8°. XX, 652 S. 1897. M. 16.— Der II. (Schluss-) Band ist in Vorbereltung. ., . . . Koegel hat eine Arbeit unternommen, die schon wegen ihres grossen Zieles dankbar begriisst werden muss. Denn es kann die For- schuiig auf demGebiete der altdeutschen Litteraturgeschichte nur wirksamst unterstutzen, wenii jeniand den ganzen voi'handenen Bestand von That- sachen and Anslchten genau durchpriil't und verzeichnet, dann aber auch an alien schwierigen Punkteu niit eigener Untersuchung einsetzt. Beides hat K. in dem vorliegenden ersten Bande fUr die alteste Zeit deutschen Geisteslebens gethan. Er beherrscht das bekannte Material vollstaiidig, er hat nichts aufgenommen oder fortgelassen. ohne sich dariiber sorgfaltig Rechen.schaft zu geben. Kein Stein auf dfem Wege ist von ihm unurage- wendet verblieben. K. hat aber auch den StolT vermehrt, eiunial iudem er selbstandig alle Hilfsquellen (z. B. die Sammlungen der Capitularien, Coneilbeschliisse u. s. w.) durchgearbeitet, neue Zeugnisse den alten bei- gcfugt, die alten berichtigt h;.t, ferner dadurch, dass er aus dem Bereiche der iibrigen germanischen Litteraturen herangezogen hat, was irgend Aus- beute fiir die Aiifhellung der altesten deutschen Poesie versprach. In alien diesen Dingen schreitet er auf den Pfaden Karl Miillenhoffs, dessen Grosse kein anderes Buch als eben das seine besser wurdigen lehrt . . . ." Anton E. Schonlaih hn Ocstefreich I.iteraturblatt I^g4 Nr. /S. „Koegel bietet Meistern wie JQngern der Germanistik eine reiche, willkommeno Oabe mit seinem Werke ; vor allem aber sei es der Auf- merksamkeit der Lehrer des Deutschen an hoheren Schulen enipfohlcn, fiir die es cin unentbehrliches llilfsmittel werden wird durch seinen eigenen Inhalt, durch die wohlausgewahlten bibliographischen Fingerzeige und nicht zum wenigsten durch die Art und Weise, wie es den kleinsten Frag- menten ein vielseitiges Interesse abzugewinnon und sie in grossen gesehicht- Ifchcn Zusammenhang zu stellen versleht Wie es mit warmer Teilnahme fiir den Gegenstand gearbeifet ist, wird es gewiss auch, wie der Verfasser wUnscht, Freudc an der nationalon Wissenschaft weckon und mittelbar auch zur Belebung des deutschen Liieraturuuterrichts iu wissenschaftlich- nationalem Sinne beitragen." Beilage zur Allgem. Zdtung i8g4 Nr. zSs, 8 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Stkassburg. iefd)id)te bev ($ngllfi-^en Sttteratur ^cni^arb ten ^rinh , ©rfter ^onb : m 311 Siclif^ ^iiftrctcii. 80. VIII, 470 @. 1877. (35ergriffen ; neiie 5(uflage iit SSorberettung.) 3nl)alt: I. Slid). S?ot ber (Srobening II. 33ud). ®ie Uebergang§scit- HI- 23iid), i^oii fieme^ bi§ ©red). IV. 93u(^, aiorfptcl ber Skforniation unb ber 9f{eitaiffnnce. 3it3etter 33anb: 23i^ pr ^icformatioii. §eraii§gegeben bon 3ilois |5raii6l. 8'. XV u. 658 @. 1893, 9Jh 13.— geb. 2^. 15.—., ,siif)alt: IV. 23uc^. 2Sorfptel ber Sieformatioii unb ber Sfeiiaiffaiice (iVoi'tfe^nnn). V. 53iid}. Smicaflcr unb glorf. VI SBudj. 3)te J)ffuaiffauce bt§ s" ©urrci)'s Sob. ®arQU§ eingelu: bie 2, §a(fte. 8». XV u. (5. 353-058. 1893. Tl. 6.50. „Die Fortsetzung' zeigt alle die glanzenden Eigenschaften des ersten Bandes nach meiner Ansicht iibch in erhUhtem Masse; griiadliohe Qelohr- samkeit, weiteu Blick, eindringfenden Scharfsiim, feines asthetisches Qe- fiihl iind gescbmackvoUe DarsteUung." Berlin. Julius Zupitza, Deutsche Litteraturzeitung 1889 Nr. 19. Bernhard ten Brink's Litteraturgeschichte ist ohne Zweifel das grossartigste Werk. das je eineni englischen Philologen geluiigen ist. Mehr noch ; es ist eine so meisterhafte Le^stung, dass es jedem Litteralur- historiker zum Muster dieiieii kanii. Und dies Urtlieil liat seine voile Kraft trotz der unvoUendeten Gestalt des Werkes. Ware es deni Yer- fasser vergonnt gewesen, es in derselben Weise zu Ende zu biingen, 80 wiirde es leicht die hervorrageiidste unter alien Gesammtlltteratur- geschichten geworden sein .... Museum, /JVi". J^r. 7- Die Bearbeitung der zwei weiteren Bande hat Herr Professor Dr. Alois Brandl iibernommen. Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 9 Soeben eischien : Deutsche Heldensagen von Otto Luitpold Jiriczek, Privatdozent an der Univeriitiit Breslau. Erster Band: Gr. H^., XII, 326 Seiten. M. 8.—. Der zweile Band ist in Vorbereitung. Der Verfasser beliandelt eine Reihe vmi deiitschen lleldtnsagcn, niclit in grundrissartiger Form, sondern monograpliisch iinter Ilauiit- betonung der entwickelungsgeschichtlichen Detailprobleme. Das Bucli will weniger den Stoff der Sagen reproduzieren iind iiber die Resiiltate der bisherigen Foischung referieren, als vielmehr bei deni Bekannten einsetzen und die Detailforschung , soweit es sich im Ralimen einer grosseren Gesamtdarstelliing thun liess, fordern, doch ist durch stete Ri'icksichtnahnie auf den Stand der Forschung und durch cursorische Vorfilhrung des Stofles filr die Ubersichtlichkeit und leichte Orientierung gesorgt, so dass es in seiner Anlage eine gewisse Vollstiindigkeit erstreht und nicht in Einzelheiten aufgeht. Nach dem Wunsche und der Absicht des Verfassers soil es nicht bloss fi'ir den engsten Kreis spezieller Fachgenossen auf dem Gebiete der Sagenforscluing bestininit sein , sondern aiich den Bediirfnissen von Benutzern entgegenkommei), denen an eingehenderer Orientierung viber die hier behandelten Problenie der Stoffgeschichte deutscher Helden- sagen gelegen ist. Der vorliegende Band behandelt die Wieland- sage, die Ermanarichsage und den grossen Komplex der Dietrich- sagen. Der zweite Band wird den Ortnit-Wolfdietrichcyclus und eine Reihe von deutschen Heldensagen aus der Sphare des Brautwcrhungsniotives behandein und in eineni Schlussabschnitte sich niit einigen allgenieinen Problemen der Stoffgeschichte be- schaftigen. Ein ausfiihrliches Register i'lber das ganze Werk wird uiit dem zvveiten Bande foij'en. lo Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. Unter der Presse: fjFoiidi'iss k piaiilsclien Piiilologie unter Mitwirkung von K. von Amira, W. Arndt, O. Behaghel, A. H. Jellinghaus, K. Th. von Inama-Sternegg, Kr mann, F. Kluge, R. Koegel, R. v. Liliencron, K. J. Meier, E. Mogk, A. Noreen, J. Schipper, H. Th. Siebs, E. Sievers, B. Symons, F. Vogt, Winkel, J. Wright herausgegeben Brandl, O. Bremer, . Kalund, Fr. Kauff- Luick, J. A. Lundell, Schiick, A. Schultz, Ph. Wegener, J. te I. H. II. IW. II. lid I. Abschn. ; II. Abschn. Abschn.: Abschn. Abschn. : H E,R MANN PAUL ord. Professor der dentschen Sprache und Literatur an der Universitat Miinchen. Zweite verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage in drei Banden. Diese neue Auflage soil ebenso wie die erste in Lieferungen iu ]e M. 4- — erscheinen und iin Laufe des Jahres 1898 voU- standig warden. INHALT: BEGRIFF UND AUFGABE DER GER- MANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE. GESCHICHTE DER GERMANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE. METHODENLEHRE. SCHRIFTKUNDE. SFRACHGESCHICHTE. (Mil Anhang: Die Behandlung der lehenden Mundarlen.) Abschn.: LITERATURGESCHICHTE. (Mit Anhang: Obersicht i'lber die aus mi'indlicher Ober- lieferung geschopften Sammlungen der Volkspoesie.) METRIK. WIRTSCHAFT. RECHT. KRIEGSWESEN. MYTHOLOGIE. SITTE. Anhang: Die Behandlung der volkstiiiiilichen Sitte der Gegenwart.) KUNST. IlELDENSAGE. ETHNOGRAPHIE. [NAMEN-. SACH- UND WORTVERZEICHNIS. Bis jetzt erschienen : I. Band, l.— 3. Lief, und III. Bd., I. Lief, a M. 4.— . III. IV. V. VI. VII. Abschn.: VIII. Abschn.: LX. Abschn.: X. Abschn : XI. Abschn. : XII. Abschn.: (Mit XIII. Abschn. : XIV. Abschn. : XV. Abschn.: Verlag von KARL J. TRCBNER in Strassburg. i i Gndriss k mmiukw Pliilologie unter Mitwirkung von G. Baist, Th. Braga, H. Bresslau, T. Casini, J. Cornu, C. Decurtins, W. Deecke, Th. Gartner, M. Gaster, G. Gerland, G. Jacobsthal, F. Kluge, Gust. Meyer, W. Meyer, C. Michaelis de Vasconcellos, A. Morel-Fatio, Fr. d'Ovidio, M. Philippson, A. Schultz, W. Schum, Ch. Seybold, E. Stengel, A. Stimming, H. Suchier, H. Tiktin, A. Tobler, W. Windelband, E. Windisch herausgegeben von gustavgrOber, o. 6. Professor der roinanischen Fhilologie an tier Universilat Strassburg] 1, Bd. l!.Bd. i.Abt. II. Bd, I.Abt, II.B.I. 3.Abt. Plan des Werkes : I. einfOhrung in die romanische philologie. GESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE. IHRE AUFGABE UND GLIEDERUNG. II. anleitung zur philologischen forschung. DIE QUELLEN DER ROMANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE. DIE BEHANDLUNG DER QUELLEN. 111. DARSTELLUNG DER ROMAN. PHILOLOGIE. ROMANISCHE SPRACHVVISSENSCHAKT. a. Die vorromanischen Volkssprachen der roinanischen Lander, b. Die romanischen Sprachen. LEHRE VON DER ROMANISCHEN SPRACHKUNST. LITTERATURGESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER. Die latein. Litteratur. — Die franzbs. Lilteratur. Die provengalische Litteratur. — Die catalanische Litteratur. — Die portugiesische Litteratur. — Die spanische Litteratur. Die italienische Litteratur. — Die ratoromanisclie Litteratur. — Die rumanische Litteratur. IV. GRENZWISSENSCHAFTEN. GESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER. CULTURGESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER. KUNSTGESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER. DIE WISSENSCHAKTEN IN DEN ROMAN. LANDERN. Bis jetzt sind erscliienen: I. Band, Lex.-8". XM u. 853 S. mit 4 Tafeln u. 13 Karten. 1888. I'reis M. 14.—, in Halljfranzband : M. 16. — . Audi noch in einzelnen Lieferungen zu M. 4. — , M. 4. — und M. 6. — zu haben. I. Band, 2. Abteilung, Le.x. 8". VIII, 496 S. 1897. Preis M. 8. — . in Halbfranzband : M. 10.— Audi noch in 4 Lieferungen a M. 2. — zu hftben. n. Band, i. Abteilung, i. Lieferung, 16 Bogen. 1893. M. 4.—. „ I. „ 2. „ II „ 1893. M 2.80. 3- .. 16 „ 1898. M. 4.-. 3. „ '• .. 8 „ .895. M. 2. -. „ 3. „ 2. ,, 8 „ 1897. M. 2.-. 1 2 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. I. Bel. i.Abt. I Bd. j.Abt. I.Bd. fiiiiiidi'iss t iranisdieii Pliilologie unter Mitwirkung von F. K. Andreas, Chr. Bartholomae, C. H. Ethe , K. F. Geldner, P. Horn, H. Hubschmann, A. V. W, Jackson, F. Justi, Th. Noldeke, C. Salemann, A.^Socin, F. H, Weiss- bach, E. W. West und V. Zukovskij hetausgegeben von Wilh. Geiger und Ernst Kuhn. Der Grundiiss der iranischen Philologie wird in Liefeiungen von durchschnittl. lo Bogen in moglichst kurzen Zwischenraumen ersclieinen. Die Kiiufer verpflichten sich mindestens zur Abnahme eines Bandes. Einzelne Lieferungen werden nicht abgegeben. Flan des Werkes; EiNLEiTUNG. GESCHICHTE DER IRANISCHEN PHILO- LOGIE Prof. Dr. £. Kuhn. fl. Abschnitt. SPRACHGESCHICHTE. 1) Vorgeschichte der Iran. Sprachen Prof. Dr. Chr. Bar- tholomae. 2) Awesta.sprache und Altpeisisch ^lofDi. Chr. Bartholomew. 3) Mittelpersisch Akademiker Dr. C. Salemann. 4) Neupersische Schriftsprache Privatdozent Dr. P. Horn. 5) Die ubrigen modernen Sprachen und Dialekte. A. Afvanisch, B. BalQcI Prof. Dr. IV. Geiger. C. Kur- disch Prof. Dr. A. Socin. D. Ossetisch Prof Dr. H. Hubschmann. E. Pamirdialekte, F. MazandaranI, Gllaki etc. Akademiker Dr. C. Salemann. G. Dia- lekte in Persien Prof. V. Zukovskij. II. Abschnitt. LITTERATUR. 1) Awestalitteratur Prof. Dr. K. F. Geldmr. 2) Die altpersischen Inschriften Dr. F. H. Weissbach. 3) Die Pahlavilitteratur Dr. E. W. West. 4) Das Iran. Nationalepos Prof. Dr. Th. Noldeke. 5) Neupersische Litteratur Piof. Dr. C. H. Ethe. III. Abschnitt. GESCHICHTE UND KULTUR. 1) Grundlagen. Geographic von Iran Prof. Dr. IV. Geiger. 2) Geschichte Irans von den altesten Zeiten bis zuni Aus- gang der Sasliniden Prof. Dr. F. Jitsti. 3) "Geschichte Irans in ishimitischer Zeit Privatdozent Dr. P. Horn. 4) Die Iranische Religion Prof. Dr. A. V. IV. yackson. 5) Miinzen, Gemmen Privatdozent Dr. P. Horn. 6) Schriftkunde Dr. F. K. Andreas. Bis jetzt erschicnen: I. Band, 1. Lief. M. 8.—, 2. Liefg. M. 4.50. II. „ 1., 2. u. 3. Liefg. a M. 8.—. Noldeke, Das i r a n i s c h e Nationalepos. (Separatabdruck). IV, 82 S. I8y6. M. 4-50 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. i 3 Grundriss der indo - arischen Philologie unci Altertumskunde. Herausgegeben von Georg Biihler, K. K..Hofrat und ord. Professor des Sanskrit an der Universitat Wien. In diesem Werk soil zum ersten Mai der Versuch g-emacht werden, einen Gesamtuberblick iiber die einzehien Gebiete der iiido-arischen Philo- logie und Altertumskunde in knapper und systematischer Darstpllung- zu geben. Die Mehrzahl der Gegenstande wird damit Uberhaupt zum ersten Mai eine zusamnienhangende abgerundete Behandlung- erfahren ; deshalb darf von dom Werk reicher Gewinn iiir die Wissenschaft selbst erhofft werden, trotzdeni es in erster Linie fiir Lernende bestimmt ist. Gegen dreissig Gelehrte aus Deutsehland , Ostorreieh , England, Holland, Indien und Anierika haben sich mit Hofrat G. Biihler in Wien vereinig't, uin dicse Aufgabe zu liisen , wobci eiu Teil der Mitarbeiter ihre Beitrage deutsch , die Ubrigen sie englisch abfasscn werden. (Siehe nach- folgenden Plan.) Besteht sohon in der raumlichen Enkfernung vieler Mitarbeiter eine grbssere Sohwierigkeit als bei anderen ahnlichcn Unternehmung-en, so schiuu es auch geboten, die Unzutraglichkeit der meisten Samnielwerke, wolche durch den unberechenbareu Abliet'erungstormin der einzelnen Bei- trUg'p entsleht, dadurch /u vernieiden, dass die einzehien Abschnittc gleich naoh ihrer Ablieferung- einzeln gedruckt und ausgegebeu werden. Durch einen geineinsamen Tiiel und ein ausiuhrliches Xaiuen- und Saeliregister am Schluss .jedes Bandes werden die einzelnen Hefte zu einem geniein- schaftlichon Ganzen zusammengcfasst Das Werk wird aus drei Baiiden Lex. -8" ini ungefahrcn CInifang- von je 1100 Sciten bestehen, in der Ausstattung dcs in demselben Verlag er- scheinendeu GritniYrisxi.'s der iraiti'schen I'hilologie. Der Subskriptions- preis des ganzen Werkes betragt durchschnittlich G.t Pf pro Druokbogcn von 16 Seiten ; dei Preis der einzelnen Hefte durchschnittlich 80 Pf. pro Druokbogen Auch fiir die Tafeln und Karten wird den Subskribenten eine durchschnittliehe Ermiissigung von 20"/,, auf den Einzelpreis zugesichert. Uber die Einteiluiig des Werkes giebt der naehfolgende Plan Auskunft. Band I. Allgemeines und Sprache. 1) Ge.scliiclite der indo-iirischen Philologie und Altertumskunde von Ernst JCuhn. 2) Urgescliiclite der indo-ari.schen Sprachen von J^. JMerlnger. 3) A. Die indisclien Systeme der Granimatik, Phonetik und Etyiuologie von B. Liebich. *b. Die indisclien Worterhi'icher (Ko.s'a) von Th. Zachariac. Suhskr. -Preis M. 2.—, Einzel-Prcis M. 2.50. 4) riraniniatik der vedischen Dialekte \'on C. R. Lanman. (engl.) 5) (Irainniatik des klassisclien San.skrit der Giamniatikcr, der l.,illeratiu' luid der Inscliriften sovvie dei" Misclidialekte (epischer und nordbuddhistisclier) von 0. Franke. Fortsetzung s. nachste Seit«, 14 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. Grundriss der Indo-arlschen Philologle und Altertumskunde (Fortsetzung) ; *6) Vedische und Sanskrit-Syntax von J. S. Speyer. Subskr.-Preis M. 4. — , Einzel-Preis M. 5.— 7) Paligrammatiker, Paligrammatik von 0. Franke. 8) Prakritgrammatiker, Prakritgranimatik von R. Pischel. 9) Grammatik und Litteratur des tertiaren Prakrits von Indien von G. A. Grierson (englisch). 10) Grammatik u. Litteratur des Singhalesischen v. Wilh. Geiger. *ll) Indische Palaeographie (mit 17 Tafeln) von G. Buhler. Subskr.-Preis M. 15. — , Einzel-Preis M. 18. 50. Band IL Litteratur und Geschichte. 1) Vedische Litteratur (^ruti). a. Die drei Veden von K. Geldner. b. Atharvaveda von M. Bloomfield (englisch). 2) a. Epische Litteratur von H. Jacobi. b. Klassische Litteratur (einschliesslich der Poetik und der Metrik) von H. Jacobi. 3) Quellen der indischen Geschichte. a. Litterarische Werke und Inschriften von G. Buhler (engl.). *b. Indian Coins (with 5 plates) by E. J. Rapson (englisch). Subskr.-Preis M. 5- — ■, Einzelpreis M. 6. -^. 4) Geographic von G. Buhler und M. A. Stein. 5) Ethnographic von A. Baines (englisch). 6) Staatsaltertiimer | von G. Buhler, J. Jolly und 7) Privataltertumer | Sir R. West (englisch). *8) Recht und Sitte (einschliessl. der einheimischen Litteratur) von J. Jolly. Subskr.-Preis M. 6.50, Einzel-Preis M. 8. — . 9) Politische Geschichte bis zur muhammedanischen Er- oberung von G. Biihler (englisch). Bd. in. Religion, weltl. Wissenschaften u. Kunst. l)*a. Vedic Mythology by A. A. Macdomll (engl.). Subskr.-Preis M 7.50, Einzel-Preis M. 9 — . b. lipische Mythologie von M. Wititernitz *2) Ritual-Litteratur, Vedische Opfer und Zauber von A. Hille- brandt Subskr.-Preis M. 8.— , Einzelpreis M. 9.50. von G, Thibaut. Jnanamarga ) " ■^•, ^'^^^': / ., J \ \ hubskr.-rrcis M. 2.50. (orthodox) Einzelpreis M. 3.-, .3) Vedanta unji Mimamsa *4) Samkhya und Yoga 5) Nyaya und Vaisesika j ( „ A. 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Professor des Sanskrit und Sprachwissenschaft in Leipzig der verg). Sprachkunde in Jena. I. Bd. : EINLEITUNG UND LAUTLEHRE von Karl Brug- mann. Zweite Bearbeitung. l. Halfte (§ 1 — 6g4). Gr. 80. XL, 628 S. 1897- M. 16.-. — — 2. Halfte (§ 695 — 1084 und Wortindex ziim 1. Band) Gr. 80. IX u. S. 623—1098. 1897. M. 12.—. II. Bd.: WOKTBILDUNGSLEHRE (Stammbildungs - und Fle.xionslehre) von Karl Brugmann. l. Halfte. Vor- bemerkungen. N o ni in al c o ni p osita. Redu- plicierte Nomina Ibildungen. Nomina mil stammbil den den Suffixen. W u rz e 1 n o m ina. gr. 8", XIV und 462 S. 1888. M. 12. — . — — 2. Halfte, 1 . Lief. : Z a h 1 w o r t b i 1 d u n g , C a s u .s - bildung der Nomina (Nominaldeklination), Pro- nomina. gr. 8". 384 S. 1891. M. lo — . 2. Halfte (Schluss-jLief. gr. 80. XII und 592 S. 1892. M. 14.—. INDICES (Wort-, Sach- und Autorenindex) von Karl Brug- mann. gr. 8'. V, 2.36 S. 1893- M. 6—. III. Bd.: SYNTAX von B. Delbruck. 1. Teil. gr. 8". Vlll, 774 S. 1893. M. 20.—. IV. Bd,: 2. 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Stolz (Neue philologische Rundschau /O'd'7. Nr. 3.) 1 6 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. [ndogermanische Forschuiiseii. Zeitschrift fiir indogermanische Sprach- und Altertumskunde herausgegeben von Karl Brugmann und Wilhelm Streitberg ord. Prof, der indogerm. Sprach. ord. Prof, der indogerm. Sprach- wissenscTiaft in Leipzig wissenschaft in Freiburg i d. Schweiz mit dem Beiblatt : Anzeiger fiir indogermanische Sprach- u. Altertumskunde redigiert von Wilhelm Streitberg. I. Band, 1891/92. X u. 54^ S., IV u. 206 S. ▼ II. „ 189U/93. IV u. 513 S., IV u. 223 S. III. „ 1893/94. IV u. 527 S. mit einer Tafel, IV 11. 268 S. IV. „ 1894 (Festschrift zura 25 jahiigen Professoi- Jviliilauni August Leskien's). VI u. 478 S mit einer Tafel und einer Karte, IV u. 172 S. V. „ 1895. IV u. 4n9 S., IV u. 288 S. VI. „ 1896. IV u. 390 S., IV u. 232 S. Vri. „ 1896/97. IV u. 423 S., IV u. 270 S. VIII. „ unter der Presse. Preis jeden Bandes M. 16 — , in Halbfranz geb. M. 18. — . Die Original-Arbeiten erscheinen in den In do ger ma- tt isc hen Fors c hungen ; die kritischen Besprechungen, eine referierende Zeitschriftenschau, eine ausfi'ihrliche Bibliograpliie sowie Personalmitteilungen von allgemeinerem Interesse werden als „Anz eiger fiir indogermanische Sprach- und Altertumskunde" heigegeben. Die Zeitschrift erscheint in Hetten von 5 Bogen 8". Filnf Hefte bilden einen Band. Der Anzeiger ist hesonder.s paginiert und erscheint in 3 Ileften, die zusammen den Umfang von unsefiihr 15 Bosren haben • dieses Beiblatt ist nicht einzeln kauQich. Zeitschrift und Anzeiger erhalten am Schhiss die er- foidcrlichen Register. ^ Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. i 7 Soeben erschien: NORDISCHE ALTERTUMSKUNDE NACH FUNDEN UND DENKMALERN AUS DANEMARK UND SCHLESWIG GEMEINFASSLICH DARGKSTELLT VON D^ SOPHUS MOLLER DIKKKTOR DES NATIONALMUSEUMS ZU KOPENHAGEN. DEUTSCHE AUSGABE IINTER MITWIRKUNG DES VERFASSERS BESORGT VON DR OTTO LUITPOLD JIRICZEK I'KIVATDOZENTEN DER GERMANISCHKN PHILOLOGIE AN DER UNIVERSITAT BRESLAU. 1. B:ind: Steiiizeit — Bronzezeit. Mit 2f,:? Al)l)il(liingen iiii Text. 2 Tafeln uiid einer Kaite. 8^. Xll, 472 S. 1897. Broschiit M. 10.—, in Leinwand ge- hunden M. 11. — . 1 n h a 1 1 : I. Steinzeit. l. Wohnpliitze der alteren Steinzeit. 2. Alter- ti'imer aiis der Zeit der Muschelhaufen. 3. Chronologie der alteren Steinzeit. 4. Die Periode zwischen der Zeit der Muscliel- liaufen und der Steingraber. 5. Die itleineren Steingraber, Rund- griiber und Hiinenbetten. 6. Die grc-^sen Steingraber oder Riesen- .stuben. 7. Das Innere der Steingraber, Begriibnisbrauche und Grabbeigaben. 8. Die jungsten Graber der Steinzeit: Kisten- und Einzelgraber. 9. Das Studium der Steingraber, eine historische Obersicht. lo. Altertihner aus der jiingeren Steinzeit. 11. Kunst und Religion. 12. Da.s Studium der Steinaltertiimer, eine histo- lisclie Obersiclit. 13 Die Herstellung.stecbnik der Gerale und Waffen. 14. Woli.iplat/.e, Lebensweise luid Bevolkerung. II. Bronzezeit. 1. Aufkomuieii und Kntwickelung des Studiuius der Bronze/eit. — Die aitere Bionzezeit: 2. Aitere F"onnen aus Mannergrabern, Waffen und Schmuck. (Fortsclzung s. nachsle Seite.) 2 1 8 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. Nordische Altertumskunde (Fortsetzung). 3. Toilettegeratschaften aus der Bronzezeit. 4 Manner- und 5. Die alteste Orna- 6 Die alteste Bronze- Abb. 121. Kamm aus der jiingeren Bmnzezeil. Frauentrachten. Feld- und Moorfunde. mentik im Norden und ihr Ursprung. zeit in Europa. 7. Be- ginn der Bronzezeit im Norden. Die Be- deutung des Bernstein- liandels. 8. Die Grab- hugel und Graber der iiltesten Bronzezeit. 9. Der .spatere Ab- schnitt der alteren Bronzezeit. lo. Die Leichenverbrennung, Ursprung, Verbreitung und Bedeutung des Brauches. — Die j ii n g e r e Bronze- zeit: 11. Einteilung, Zeitbestimmung und Funde. 12. Graber und Grabbeigaben. I3. Feld- und Moorfunde. Eikliirung dieser Funde, Prachtstiicke, Werkzeuge. 14. Innere Zustande, Hand- werk und Ackerbau, Kunst und Religion. Der II, Band, die Eisenzeit enthaltend, niit ca. 180 Illustrationen und 2 Tafeln , wird in 7 Lieferungen a 3 Bogen (bezw. in Doppel lieferungen a 6 Bogen) ersclieinen. Die Darstellung Miillers beruht auf umfassender Kenntuis der Fuiulc und auf einem griindlichen Verstandnis der Entwicklung;, die aich aus ihnen erschliessen lasst ; die Ubersetzung' ist gut. Die beideu erslen Lieferung-en fiihren den Leser zuuiichst sicher und behaglich durch die uralten gewaltigen Zeugen der Steiiizeit. Sie erlilaren ihm dieMuschelhaufen, die altesten erkenn- baren Wohnplatze von Menschen im Norden Deutsehlands, zeig-en ihm die Altertiimer, die sich darin gefunden haben, und weisen ihm ihre Herstellung und wahrscheinliche Verwendung nach , sie besprechen die Frage dor Chronologie der iil/ern Steinzeit, fiihren dann den Leser an der Hand der Altertiimer in die Ubergongszeit zwischen Muschelhaufen und Steingrabern und schlies.slich hin zu den zahlreichen kleinen Steingrabern, den Ruud- grabern und Hiinenbetten , und zu den gewaltigen KiesonStuben. Kin- gestreute Abschnitte iiber die Geschichte der Forschung geben wohlthatige Ruhepunkte in der Arbeit des Aufnehmens ab , andre Ibsen das Auge von dem gespannten Eindringen in das kleine Gebiet und lenken den Blick auf die Verbreitung entsprechender Funde in ausserdeutschen, ja au>sereuropa- ischen Landen , und Uberall erhoht eine grosse Anzahl guter llolzsehnitto die Anschaulichkeit der Darstellung. Das Werk wird ausser der Steinzeit, der Bronzezeit und der Eisenzeit auch die Kultur in der Periode der Vblker- wanderung und der Vikingerfahrten umfassen : kein Lehrer des Deutsclien, der deutschen Geschichte , der deutschen Geographic darf es also unver- arbeitet lassen, wir denken iiberdies, dass es auch viele Laien zu Freundcn bekommen wird. Grenzboten 1896 Nr. 28 ^ Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 19 Soeben erschien: Deutfd?e Polfsfunbe. Von ProfcfTor tifv ijcniianifdjfn Altirtnmskiiuiic an 6cr KniDerfitat i-rrtbnrg t. £v. Wit 17 '^lObiiDungeii uub etner ^arte. 3nf)alt: r. Don" inib is-liir; II. 3)a§ §nu§ fmit 16 9lb-. bilbiingen); III. ©itte iinb invalid) (mit 1 21bbtlbiing); IV. ^iirpcrlid]e i'eldinffciilieit unb Xradit; V. ©pvad)e imb 3Uhmb= art (mit einer Scute); VI. ®piid)H)ort, ©dimanf, ^Hatfet unb i'ieb; VII. ®ie £nae. b". VIII, 8()2 S. 5jirei§ biofdiirt 9}^. 6. — in Seiinuaub cie= bunbcii m. 6.50. Dem immer wachsenden Betriebe der deutschen Volkskunde bietet sich dieses Buch als ein Fiilirer an. Ks will das ausgedehnte Gebiet dieser jugendlichen Wissenschaft scharfer umgrenzen, die leitenden Gesichts- punkte fur die weirere Erforschung desselben festzu- stellen suchen und iiber ei.ie blosse Ansammlung von allerhand Einzelheiten hinaus eine zusammenhangende Schilderung aller seiner Teile anbahnen. Die Haupt- abschnitte: Dorf und Flur, das Haus. Sitten und Brauche, Volkssprache und Mundarten, Spriichwort , Ratsel, Schwank und l.ied , Sage und . Marchen bringen ein reiches bald kurz charakterisiertes , bald des Beispiels halber breiter entfaltetes Material, wie es durch lang- jahriges Studium des deutschen Volkes im Norden wie im SLiden unseres Vaterlandes gewonnen worden ist. Diesc Skizze des ganzen deutschen Volkstums wendet sich nicht nur an die Fachleute, sondern auch an weitere Kreise. 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XL, 382 S. 1884 M. 9 - L1I. Laurence Minots Lieder. Mit grammatisch-metrisolier Eiu- leitung von Wilh. Scholle. 8. XLVII, 45 S. 1884. M. 2 - LIU. Der zusamraengesetzte Satz bei Berthold von Regensburg. Ein Beitrag zur mittelhochdeutschen Syntax vou Hubert Roetteken. 8. XI, 124 S. 1884. M. 2 50 LIV, Konrads von Wiirzburg Klage der Kunst. llrsg. vou Eugen Joseph. 8. X, 92 S. 1885. M. 2 - LV, 1. Das friesische Bauernhaus in seiner Entwicklung wahrend der letzten vier Jahrhunderte. Von Otto Lasius. Mit 38 Holzschn. 8. 34 S. 188,5. il. 3 — LV, 2. Die deutschen Haustypen von RudolfHenning. 8. 34 S. ^ 1880 M. I - LVl. Die galante Lyrik. Von Max Freiherr v. Waldberg. 8. XII. 152 S. 1885. M. 4 — LVII. Die altdeutsche Exodus brsg. V. Ernst Koss man u. 8. 150 8. 1886. M. 3 — LVIII. Grundlagen des mittelhochdeutschen Strophenbaus von Richard M. Meyer. 8. XII, 136 S. 1886. M. 3 — LIX. Ueber die Sprache deP>^"WandaIen. Ein Beitrag zur gerina- nischen Namen- u. Dialectforschung von For d in and Wrede. 8. VI, 119 S. 1886. M. 3 — LX. 'Die Poetik Gottscheds und der Schweizer. Littorar.-histor. untersucht von Franz Servaes. 8. X, 178 S. 1887. M. 3 50 LXI. Der Vers in Shaksperes Dramen von Goswin Konig. 8. VIII, 138 S. 1888. M. 3 50 LXII. Beowulf. Untersuchungen von B. ten B rink. 8. Vllf, '247 S. 1888. M. 6 — LXIII. Geschichte der Ablaute der starken Zeitworter innerhalb des Siidenglischen von K. D. Biilbring. 8. 140 S. 1889. M. 3 50 LXIV. Zur Lautlehre der grinchischen, lateinischen und romanischen Lehnworte ira Altenglischen von A. Pogatseher. 8. XII, 220 S. 1888. M. 5 - LXV Neue Fragraente des Gedichts van den vos Reinaerde und das Bruchstiick van here Wisselauwe, herausgeg. von Ernst • Martin, 8. 73 S. 1889. M. 2 — LXVI. Kaspar Scheidt, der Lelirer Fischarts, Abriss der grobia- nischen Litteratur in Dcutschlaud von Adolf Hauffcn, . 8. 135 S. 1889. M. 3 — LXVII. Ulrichs von Hutten deutsche Schriften, Untersuchungen mit einer Nachlese zu Huttens Werken v. S. Szamstolski. 8. IX, 180 S. 1891. M. 4 — LXVIII. tjber die Sprache der Ostgoteu in Italien vou Ferd. Wrede. 8. 208 S. 1891. IW. 4 - Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 23 Quellen und Forschungen (ferner). LXIX. Prothese und Aphaerese des H im Althochdeutscheni Ton H. Garke. 8. X, 126 S. 1891. M. 3 — LXX. Studien z. Gesch. d. italien. Novelle in der engl. Literatur des XVI. Jahrh. Ton E. K o e p p e 1. 8. 100 S. 1892. M. 2 50 LXXI. Judith. Studies in metre, language and style with a view to determining the date of this old-english fragment and the home of its author. By T. Greg. Foster. 8. X, 103 S. 1892. M. S - LXXII. Der althochdeutsche Isidor. Facsimileausgabe des Pariser Codex nebst kritischera Text der Pariser und Monseer Bruch- stiicke. Mit Einleitung, grammatischer Darstellung und einem ausfiihrlichen Glossar herausgegeben von Georg A. Hench 8. XIX, 195 S. mit 22 Tafeln 1893. M. 20. — LXXIII. Zur Entwickelung der historischen Dichtung bei den Angel- sachsen von Daniel Abe gg. 8. XII, 126 S. 1894. M. 3 - LXXIV. Studien iiber das deutsche Volksbuch Lucldarius und seine Bearbeitungen in fremden Sprachen. Von Karl Schor- bach. 8. XII, 277 8. 1894. M. 6 50 LXXV. Die Spraehe der Langobarden. Von Wilh. Bruckner. 8. XVI, 338 S. 1895. M. 8 — LXXVI. Huchown's Pistel of swete Susan. Kritische Ausgabe von Hans Koster. 8. 98 S. 1895. M. 3 - LXXVII. Studien iiber die altesten deutschen Fastnachtsspiele. Von Victor Michels. 8. XII, 248 S. 1896. M. 50 LXXVIII. Place Names in the English Bede and the Localisation of the Mss. By Thomas Miller. 8. 80S. 1896. M. 2 - LXXIX. Die Friihzeit des deutschen Minnesangs von Eugen Joseph. I. Die Lieder des Kurenbergers. 8». VIII, 88 S. 1896. M. 2. 50 LXXX. Quellen zur Geschichte des vorshakespeareschen Dramas Von Alois B r a n d 1 ca. 40 Bogen (unter der Presse). LXXXI. William Browne. His Britannias Pastoral's and the Pastoral Poetry of the Elizabethan age. Von Frederic W. Moor- man. X, 159 S. 1897 M. 4 50 ^XXXII. Quellenstudien zu den Dramen George Chapman's, Philip Massinger's uid John Ford's. Von E m i 1 K o e p p e 1. IX, 229 S. 1897. Mk. 6 - LXXXIII Lydgate's Fabula duorum mercatorum aus dem Xachlasse des Ilerrn Professor Dr. J. Zupitza, Litt. D. nach samtlichen Handschriften herausgegeben von Dr. Gustav Schleich. VIII, XCI, 154 S. 1897. M 6. 50 Becker, Ph. Aug., Jean Lemaire. der erste humanistische Dichter Frankreichs. KI. 8. XII, 390 S. l89.3- M. 12.— Fischer, Rudolph, Professor der engl. Philologie an der Universitat Innsbruck. Zur Kunstentwicklungder englischen Trag6die von ihren ersten Anfangen bis zu Shake.speare. 8. XIII. 192 S. 1893- M. 5-- Kahle, Bernh., Die Spraehe der SkaTden, auf Grund der Binnen- und Endreime, verbunden mit einem Rimarium. 8. VIII. 308 S. 1892. M. 7.— Solmsen, Dr. Felix, Studien zur la tein is eh en Laut- geschichte. 8. VIII, 200 S. l894- M. 5.50 Tappolet, Ernst, OberdieromanischenVerwandt- s c h a f t s n a m e n. Mit besonderer BerQcksichtigung der fran- zosischen und italienischen Mundarten. Ein Beitrag zur ver- gleichenden Lexikologie. 8. VII, 178 S. mit 2 Karten. 1895. ^'- ^•-' 24 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. Sl?affpere. gihif 2[lorlefungen au§ bem 9^ac^(a6 Don ^crn^arb ten ^rinf. aJJit bem SBilbiiife be§ 5Serfaffer§, rabtevt Don 2B. ^rau^fopf grftc unb jmette ^luflagc. tiein 8". 166 @. 1893. 9}L 2.-, gebunben 2R. 3. - . 3ni)alt: ®rfte S8orIefiing: 2)er 3)id)ter unb ber aWenfd). — 3n)eite S^orlefung: S)ie 3«itfol9e fon ©f)affpere§ ^Berfett. — 2)ritte i^orlefunij : ©ijaffpere al§ 2)ramattfer. — 23terte- SSovIefmig; @{)affpere al§ fomifdier S;id)ter. — giinfte SSorlcjung: @t)affpere oI§ Xvagifer. „Es ist ein hoher und heirlicher Geist, der aus diesen Vortragen spricht. Flammende Begeisterung , philosophische Bildung und strenge Wisseiischaftlichkeit, feinstes Verstandniss und Nachfijhlen des Dichters , das sind die Vorzijge , die sich hier miteinander vereinen." Seemanns Litterar. Jahresbericht 1893. „Bedarf es eines Beispiels fijr die Art von Wissenschaft, wie wir sie uns denken , so sei nur im Augenblick auf das kostliche Buch Ciber „Shakspere" verwiesen, das aus deni Nachlasse von ten Brink, eines der hervorragendsten Gelehrten unserer Zeit, durch die Sorgfalt Edward Schroders zuganglicli geworden ist. Was psychologische Synthese und nachfCihlende Aesthetik zu leisten vermag, dari'iber helehrt dieses kleine Werk besser, als es der weitlaufigsten Tlieorie gelange." Antoti E. Schonhach in Vom Fels zum Meer 1893/94 Heft 1. Dieses Buch ten Brinks ist bei Schonbach {Uber Lesen and Bildung, 4. Aufl.) unter den besfen deutschen Prosawerken genannt. Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 25 Geschichte der Musik in England. Von Dr. Wilibald Nagel. Erster Teil. 8». VII, 154 S. 1894. M. 4. — Zweiter Teil. 8". VII, 304 S. 1897. M. 8. — . „ . . . Das Ergebnis der Untersuchungen N.'s lasst sich in den Satz zusammenfassen: die Entwickeiung der englischen Musik zeigt viel starker als in anderen Landern volkstumliche Einflilsse. Sie aussern sich gleich stark in den Theorien der englischen Trac- tatisten, wie in den Compositionen, soweit sie erhalten oder beschriebfen sind. Sie aussern sich, niochten wir hinzufugen, auch in der neuesten Zeit und das i>t der Standpunkt, von deni aus die englische Musik auch nach dem Tode Handel's Bedeutung gewinnt. ..." . Literarisches Centralhlatt iSg^. Nr. 32. „Anfangs i8Q3 begab sich Dr. Wilibald Nagel, der geist- volle und schnrfsinnige Musikgelehrte, der bekanntiich vor einigen Jahren sein Doniizil in Zurich genommen hat, nach England, um fiir seine damals schon begonnene Musikgeschichte dieses Landes an Ort und Stelle weitere Studien zu mnchen und das Werk zum Abschluss zu bringen. Von dieser hochverdienstlichen, wissen- schaftlich bedeutsamen Arbeit, welche niit H. Purcells_^Leben, d. h. mit dem Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts und dem epochemachen- den, aber bereits durch Chrysander ausfuhriich dargestellten Auf- treten H.nndels in England ihren Abschluss finden soli, liegt nun der erste ohne die Anmerkungen 128 Seiten umfassende Teil vor. Derselbe behandelt ini Wesentlichen die Musikgeschichte des Mittel- alters d. h. die Zeit von den ersten Anfiingen musikalischer Kunsl- pflege in dem Inselreich bis ungefahr Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts und beweist nicht nur, wie griindlich der Autor die Quellen be- herrscht, sondern auch wie erfolgreich er bemiiht gewesen isf, wissenschaftliche Genauigkeit]undScharfe mit moglichst anzielien- der und gemeinverstandlicher Darstellung zu verbinden Doch man lese das Buch selbst, das eine bis dahin ziemlich dunkel gebliebene Fartie der Musikgeschichte in das ihr gebuhreiide Licht setzt und wesentlich dazu beitragen wird, das lang verbreitete Vor- urteil zu zerstreuen, als wiire den Englandern von jeher der Sinn fiir hohere Musik abgcgangen und batten sie keinen wesentlichen Teil an deren kiinstlerischer Entwicklung genommen". A. N. Schweizerische Afusikzeitutig iSg4. Nr. ij. 26 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Stkassburg. itl^c, Tkari (?arof. a. b. Unit). aae a. ©.). ^ovb Bi)ron. 2)rittc Derb. Sluflafle. gr. 8o. VI, 516 6. 1886. 2;?. 7.50 get). 3}}. 9.- 3n{)alt: I. f^amitie iinb ^tiibfieit; — II. ©d)ule unb Unttterfitat. — III.9lciufteab ^2lbbel).— IV.®ie^ihicr= faf)rt. - V. Sonbon. - VI. S)te (Jbe. - VII. '®te Sd[)it)et§ unb a^cuebig. — VIII. ^nDeutia, ^i^a, ©enua. — IX. ©ried^enfanb. — X. Qnx (5f)arnf= teriftif. — XL 93l)rou'§ @teCintg tu ber i.'ttteratur. - XII. gffaditrdge unb 3lbfcf)luffe. — Slnfiange: I. ®er 5J3rDge& gcgeu SStltiam 2orb 33t}ron. — II. '2)ie Fugitive Pieces. — III. 2JJr§. ©Deucer ©niitl). — IV. Sftaraftertftif Don ber ©raftn 21I» brijjt. — V. S)te Si^eruiditung ber 2)Jemoireu. ^ranbl, ^Hoie C^xof. a. b. Unib.Strafeburg), Snnuiel 9[ni)lot ©oUribge unb bic englifdje Jloniantik. S"'. XII, 437 S. 1886. 93rofd)irt m. 7.- geb. 3K. 8.- Sn^alt: I.^ap. 5?inber= unb l??nabeniaf)re (1772-90). - II. ^ap. 3luf ber Hiiiuerfitat (1791-94). - III. tap. $antifofratie. 33ri[tol (1795-96). - IV. tap. 3tt ^etber Stomel). 2Borbgmort{) (i)Job. 1796 bi§ ©cptember 1798). — V. tnp. 2)te bentic{)e Sfieit'e. SBaUenftein (Sept. 1798 bi§ I'tpril 1800). - VI. tap. 2In belt @een. tranf nnb unftat. (©omtner 1800 bi§ §erbft 1810). — VII. tap. 3n §ainmerfmitb unb Sabe. Slcfttietifcfie »aupt= leiftuugen (§erb[t 1810 bi§ grul)ial)r 1816). 2)ru0Fotx>ii3, ^,, ^ercij ^ijljfljc Sljellei). 8». xii, 387 a 1884. m. 6.- — — Hrei encilifd)c 9l(i)terinncn. 3o^anna SatCfie. -- (5Iifabctti ©arret 23rolDntug. — ©eorge (5ltot. (Sffa^S. 8». 244 @. 1885. m. 4.— @4>ipper, ;;5. ($i^of. 0. b. f. f. Uuib. in men), Pilliom |3unbar. ©eiu 2tttn unb feinc @ebid)te in 3TnaIt)fen unb au§(3eiDa()lten Ueberfe^nngen uebft einent 2lbrl^ ber altfd)ottii"d)en 5)Soefie. (Sin i^eitrag gur fd)ottifd):en(]Iildieu 2itteratur= unb tulturge)d)td)te. 8". XVIII, 412 ®. 1884. 23rDfd)irt Wl. 7.—, geb. m. 8.- Die Dichtun^en William Dunbars, des genialsten, einem Chaucer ebenbiirtigen, Dichters des schottischen Volkes, siuU bisher in Dewtschlnnd go gut wie unbekaont gebUeben. Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 27 ©oeben erfd)icii : ©ebraud) ladjevlic^er, aiiftbfeiger, oft iinanftanbicicr ©ortc imb SRebcngavtcu won Scitcit euglili^ ipredjeiiber £'cutfrf)ev. ©in ^iimori[tifd)cr 2?ortvofl ge{)aUeu iiii Sonboiier bciitidjen 2(t{)enaum Bon O'Clarus Hiebslac, Esq., M. A. Fellow of the German Athenaeum in London etc. aJMt eiiiem 2liil)ang iiber beiitfdie (5'amiltennameu in ©uglnitb, 3?erI)aUiiiig§regcIn in engUfd)er (ScfeHfdiaft , SLitel, 3Inrebc, 23viefabvcffcn , cnglifdje 5tbfitr§ungen. 3?terte Slnflage. 8". X, 156 @. 1896. 2}f. 2.-, „In der Form eines humoristischen Vortraffs wird hier eine wiH- kommene Belehrung: Allen geboten, die sich niit Eng-land in irg-end einer W'eise bescbafcigen, sei es sprachlich. brietiich. gescbaftlich oder in person- lichem Umgang-. Das Hauptgewicht ist auf die Sprachschnitzer gelegt, d. h. auf die K6nnzeichen lacherlicher, anstossiger, oft unanstandig:er Worte uud Redensarten, die von eng-lisoh sprechenden Deutschen gebraucht werden. Derlei fiiidet man in keiner Grammatik; nur langerer, niit grosser Aufmerksanikeit verbundener Aufentbalt in England kann iiber die Schwie- rigkeiten in diesem Punkte binwegbelfen. Um so dankenswertber ist die Anleitung dazu in dem vorliegenden Werkchen. Dasselbe enthalt aber auch noch eine willkommene Zugabe : eine Studie iiber deutsche Familien- namen in England, Verhaltungsmassregeln in der englischen Gesellschaft, Titel, Anrede und Briefadressen, sowie ein Verzeichniss der gebrauch- licbsten englischen Abkiirzungen, lauter Dinge, in denen sich der Deutsche nicht leicht zurecbt findet und iiber die er sonst nirgends die Belehrung 80 nahe beisammen hat wie in diesem Biichlein. Miige auch dessen dritte Auflage recht viel beniitzt werden." ?'rankfnrier Zcitttng /S60 Nr. 2^4. „In diesem Biichelchen weist der Verfasser seine Landsleute auf die Gefahr bin, die in dem Gebrauch lacherlicher, anstossiger, oft unanstan- diger englischer AVorte und Redensarten oder in der unrichtigen Aus- sprache einzelner Buchslaben und Worte liegt, die er in ausserst humo- ristischer, wenn auch mitunter etwas drastischer Weise durch zablreiche Beispiele illustrirt und es so Allen, die in der englischen Sprache noch nicht ganz satfclfest sind, ermiiglicht, manch arge Bocke, manch peinlicbe Verlegenbeiten zu vermeiden. Und ganz vorlrefflich hat der Verfasser es verstanden, seine durcbaus nicht leichte Aufsrabe zu liisen. und indem er eine sebr delicate Sache in buinoristiscbem Gewande behandelte, ist es ihm geluugen, auch das etna Anstiissige raundgerecht zu machen, ohne das AnstandsgefUhl zu verletzen ... Im Ganzen bildet das Biichelchen einen ausserst werthvollen Beilrag zur englischen .Spracbkunde, und konnen wir dem Verfasser zu dem Oeschick, mit welchem er seine schwierige Aufgabe geliist hat, sowie zu der griindlicberi Kenntniss der englischen Sprache, Sitten und Oebraucbe, die er in dem Schriftchen entwickelt, nur gratulireu. Loiidoney Zeitntig /SS6 Nr. 14JJ. 2 8 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. Sammlung indogermanischer Worterbucher. 1. Hubschmann, H., Etymologic und Lautlehre der ossetischen Sprache. 8". VIII u. 151 S. 1887, M 4.-. II. Feist, S., Grundriss der gotischen Etymologic. 80 XVI u. 167 S. 1888. M. 5.-. III. Meyer, Gttstav, Etymologise hes Worterbuch der al ban esischcn Sprache. 8". 524 S. 1891. M. 12. — . IV. Horn, Paul, Grundriss der neupersischen Etv- mo logic. 8". XXV, 386 S. 1893. M. 15.—. V. Leumann, E. u. J., E t y m o lo g i so h cs Sanskrit- wortcrliuch (unter der Presse). Grammatik der Oskisch-llrabrischoii Dialekte \'0I1 R. von Planta. Erster Band ; Einleitung und Lautlehre. 8". VIII u. 600 S. 1892. M. 15 —. Zweiter Band: Formenlehie, Syntax, Sammlung der In- .schriften und Glossen, Anhang, Glo'^sar. 8". XX, 765 S. 1897. M. 20 — . Nachdem die Sprachwissenschaft die oskisch-umbrischen Dialekte langere Zeit zieralic^ abseits hat lieg'en lassen, herrsclit jetzt auf diesem Forschungrsgebiet wieder ein erfreulich reg-es Leben. Fast gleichzeitig siud drei grossere Arbeiteii erscTiieuen, die sich mit der Lautg-esohichte dieser Mundarten beschaftig-en. Davon ist die unifassend.ste und bedeutondste das uns vorliegende Buch eines jung'ea Schweizcrs. Die Einleitung' g^iebt zu- nachst cinen g'eschichtlichen Ueberbliek iiber die Erforscbung' der oskisch- umbrischen Miindarteu ; darauf wird die Stellung der letzteren ira Kreis der altilalischen Spraclien uud ihr Verhaltnis unter sicb beliandelt ; waiter werden die Denkmaler (hauptsiichlieh Inschrifteni aufg-ezahlt und charak- terisiert. Ira erstea Kapitel der Lautlehre werden die Alphabete der In- schrlften und die orthographischen Fragen jBezeichnung' der Cousonanten- dehnung, der Vocallange etc.) eriirtert. Darauf folgt die Darstcllung der Lauterscheinunj,en, die sowohl dem slatistisch-descriptiven als auch dcm entwickelungsg'e.schicbtliohen Betrachtungsstandpunkt gerecht wird. . . . Wir behalten uns vor, auf das Werk nach Erscheiuen des zweiten Bandes etwas ausfiihrlicher zuriickzukommen. FUr jetzt sei nur noch be- merkt, dass wir es mit einer auf griindliehstem Studinm beruhenden, durch- aus soliden und in manchr-n Beziehungen geradezu musterhafteu Arbeit zu thun haben, die als ein die gcsammte bisherige Forschung zusamnien- fassendes Handbuch fUr jeden, der sich mit den altitalischen Sprachen bcscliaftigt, uQcntbehrlich sein wird. Liierarisches Cfiitrn/ilatt /6g3 Nr. lo. Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 29 (£ffa^2 unb @tubitn ©|)rQd^gefrf)i(i)te unb ^olfSfimbc tton ^rcfenot an ber UniWtRtJt ©raj. I. 23aiib. 8«. VIII, 412 ©. 1885. 2^. 1.-, geb. 37?. 8.-« 3 n 6 alt: ^m S^rac^geft^iti&te. I. ®a§ iuboacnuauifdie llvbDlf. II. SDle ctru§fifd)e ©prad)frafle. III. Ueber ©pracfie uiib i^iterntur ber 2llbanefen. IV. ®a» l)eiitige ®rtecf)ifd). V. ^onftaiittn Satfia§ imb bie ©labenfrnge in ©vtecbenlaub. 3urDet9lcid^enben9Jlarf^enfuube. I. Jolttore. II. S0?arcf)en= forfd)unn niib 5(Ucrtf)um§rot[fcnf(^aft. III. !?regt)i3tiiche 2)?ard&eii. IV. 2h-abifd)c 3JJard)en. V. 2Imor unb ^ft)c^e. VI. S)ie Ouetten be§ 2)ecamevone. VII. @iibf(oDif(^e a)Jard)en. VIII. ®er 9{atten= fangcrbon.'oamedt. IX.®er5)3atbebe§3:obe§. X.Siib banSBInfle. 3ut ftcnntnift beS SJolISlicbcg. I. 3nbifd)e i^iergeilen. IT. 9'ieu(jned)ifd)e a^olfspoefie. HI. ©tubien iiber ba§ ©d)naber= ^iipfel. 1. 3"r Citevatur ber ©d)iiaber{)itpfel. 2. SSterjeile unb me{)rftropI)ifd)e§ fiteb. 3. Ueber ben Dktureingang beg Sdinaber: i)iipfel§. — Slnmerfungen. II. a3anb. 8«». VI, 380®. 1893. m.%.-, geb. 3«. 7.-. 3nt)alt: I. %xa\\^ S?oDp. — II. ©eorg Snrtiii^. — III. SBtltfpra^e unb SBellfprodicn. — IV. (Struetii'dieS on§ 2legi)pten. — V. %\t 5Iusiprad)e be§ @ried)ifdien. — VI. $Gan ber fd}Iefifd)en 9JJnnbart. — VII. 3uv S^arafteriftif ber inbifdicn fitteratur. 1. Snigetueine ©runblageu. 2. S)er 3?eba. 3. .^ali^ bflfa. — Vlir. 3igeunerpi)UoIo9te. — IX. a3oIf«tieber ou§ ^Isiemont, — X. 9feugriediif^e ^od)jeU§brand)e. — XT. ^wt 23olt^funbe ber JUpeuIanber. — XII. "5innt)die a.'olf§Iiteratur. — XIII. 2)a§ 91aubent)efen auf ber i^alfnnbalbini'el. — XIV. ®ine @efd)id)te ber bi),^antinifd)eu Citeratur. — XV, Srtbeu im aifittelalter. — XVI. 2)a§ beatige (i5ried)enlaub. — XVII. @rted)tfd]e 9kiiemomente. 1. 5Qou Sforfu nad) 9{tl)eii. 2. Sltben. 3. 3m Sanbe ber ^Belopiben. - XVIII. 3ante. — XIX. 5(piinfd)e Jicifetage. 1. 23on ^Srinbift nad) ^ecce. 2. 2ecce. 3. S?n[imern. 4. Sarent. — XX. 23ei ben iHlbaucfen 3taHen«. — XXI. 3)a§ 3ubilaum ber UniPerfitat in 53oIogna. — ?(n= merfungeii. Der wissenschaftliche Wert eines Werkes von Gustav Meyer 1st stets liber allem Zweifel erhaben ; das vorliegende ist aber ver- moge seiner glanzenden Darstellung von Anton Schonbac'' fiir wilrdig befunden worden, in seinem Buche ,Uber Lesen und Bildung, 4. Auflage" unter den Werken aufgefiihrt zu virerden, die einen Ehren. platr in dem geistigen Haushalt jedes Gebildeten verdienen. 30 Veriag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. Haridbuch der neugriechischen Volkssprache. Grammatik, Texte und Glossar. Von Dr. A. Thumb, a. o. Professor an der Universitat Freiburg i. Hr 8«. XXV. 240 S. mit einer Schrifttafel. 1896. Broschiit M. 6. — , in Leinwand gebunden M. 7. — . „Endlich einmal eine brauchbare Grammatik der neugriechischen Volkssprache, ein Buch, das nicht jenes aus alien mog-lichen Formen zu- sammengebraute Kauderwelsch der Zeitungen und Blicher, soudern die in gesetzmassiger Entwicklung entstandene lebendige Sprache der Gegen- wart lehrt! Th. hat es verstanden, den wichtigsten Sprachstoff auf sehr kuappem Raume mitzuteilen, indem er slch auf die Verzeichnung der That- sachen mit den unentbehrlichsten Erklarungeu beschrankte ; die gram- matische Abteilung des Handbuches umfasst nur 124 Selten ; dann folgeu gemeinneugriechische und dialektische Texte in Poesie und Prosa (S. 127 bis 194), endlich ein Glossar (S. 19"i — 239). Hundertmal bin ioh nach einem praktischen H.nndbuch der neugriechischen Volkssprache gefragt wordeh, und stets war ich in Verlegenheit, was ich den Leuten eigentlich nennen sollte ; die gleiche Verlegenheit driickte raich jedesmal, wenn ich eine \ or- lesung Uber neugriechische Grammatik hielt und den Zuhilrern zur Ver- einfachung und Erleichterung deS Unterrichts etwas Gedrucktes in die Hand geben wollte. "Wer die Xot so an eigeuster Haut gefiihlt hat, wird dem Verfasser fUr seine schone Arbeit doppelt dankbar sein und gerno darauf verzichten, ihm einzelue Unebenheiten aufzumutzen. Mochte nun auch eine historische Grammatik des Neugriechischen, die dem byzan- tinischen Studienkreise noch naher liegen wUrde , uns bald bescheerl werden!" K. K. (Byzantim'sc/ie Zeitschri/t inqs .S. 220). Berneker, Dr. Erich, Die preussische Sprache. Grammatik, Texte, etymologisches Worterbuch. B**. XII u. 335 S. 1896. M. 8.— Luick, Karl, Untersuchungen zur engllschen Lautgeschichte. 80. XVII 1, 384 -S. 1896. M. 9. - Viljoen, W. J., Beitrage zur Geschichte der Cap-hollan- dischen Sprache. 8". 58 S. 1896. M. \.ho. Wiedemann, Dr. Oskar, Handbuch der litauischen Sprache. Grammatik, Texte, Worterbuch. 80. XVI, 35o S. 1897- M. 9.— In Vorbereitung sind: Fortunatow, Philipp F., (Prof. a. d. Univ. Moskau) , Vor- lesungen iiber die Lautlehre der altslavischen (alt- kirchen.slavischen) Sprache. Deutsch von Hr. Krich Berneker. 8". ca. 18 Bogen. Simonyi, Sigmund (Prof. a. d. Universitat Budape.st) , Die ungariches Sprache. Geschiclite und Gramntatik. 8'*. ca. 3U Bogen. i Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 3 1 Griechische Geschichte Julius Beloch. I. Band: Bis auf die sophislische Bewegung und den peloponnesischen Krieg. gr. 8". XII, 637 S iSy;^. Broschirt M. 7.50, in Halbfranz gebunden y.50. II. Band : Bis auf Aristoteles und die Eroberung Asiens. Mit Gesanitregister und einer Karte. gr. 8". XIII, 720 S. 1897. Broschirt M. 9. — , in Halbfrz. gelmnden M. 11.—. I. u. II. Band coniplet in 2 Halbfranzbande gebunden M. 20. — . „ . . . Das Ganze ist fliessend geschriebeii, von durclisich- tiger Klarheit, gleich ahgerundet in Form und Fassung. So tritt das Buch mit deni An.spruch auf, dem deutsclien Publikuni zu bieten, was es bis jetzt noch nicht besitzt: eine von wirklich liistorischem Geist getragene und zugleich lesbare Ge.schichte Griechenlands. J\ef. steht nicht an zu erkliiien, dass es diesen Anspruch in weitem Unifang erfiillt. Duich einen freien und weiten Blick, durch umfassende histori-sche Kenntnisse, durch griindliche Durcharbeitung des Materials war der Verf. fur seine Aufgabe vorbereitet. Von der Selbstandigkeit und der vor keiner Consequenz zurilckschreckenden Energie seines liistorischen Ur- teils hat er schon fri'iher vielfach Proben abgelegt . . ." Eduard Meyer itn Literarischen Centralblatt iSg^, Nr. ./. Der eigentliche Vorzug des Werkes liegt auf deni Ge- biete der Darstellung der wirtsc ha ft lichen und socialen Grundlagen desLebens, in denen B. die materiellen Grundlagen erkennt, auf denen sich die grossartigen Umwalzungen, auch der geistigen und politischen Entwickelung vollzogen. Da B. gerade in dieser Beziehung das Material be- herrscht , wie nicht leicht ein anderer Forscher, so durfte man hierin von seiner Darstellung Ausfiihrliches und Vorzugliches erwarten .... Glanzpunkte sind der VII. Abschnitt: Die Urnwalzung im Wirtscbaftsleben (vom 7. zuni 6. Jahrh.) und der XII.: Der wirtschaftliche Aufschvvung nach den Perserkriegen .... Ueber die Bevolkerungsverhaitnisse, uber die Getreide- einfuhr, ijber das Aufhoren der Natural- und den Beginn der Geldwirtschaft, die Ertriignisse der Industrie und des Handels. fiber Zinsen. Arbeitsluhne etc. erhalten wir die eingeliendsten Aufschlusse und vvundern uns. wie diese wichtigen Dinge bei der Darstellung der griechischen Geschic hte bis- her unberiicksichtigt l)leiben konnten. . . . Die Form der Darstellung ist eine ausserordentlich gewandte und flicssende. Bl. f. d. Gymnasialschuhvesen, XXX. Jahrg. S. 6ji u. ff. ^2 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. Soeben erschien: Gescllicllte der Griechischen Plastlk Maxime Collignon Mitglied des Instituts, Professor an der Faculte des Lettres in Paris. Erster Band : Anfange -- Friiharchaische Kunst - Reifer Arcbaismus — Die grossen Meister des V. Jahrhunderts. Ins Deutsche ubertragen und niit Aiimerkungen begleitet von Eduard Thraemei, a. o. Professor an der Universitat Strassburg. Mit 12 Taleln in Chromo- lithngraphie oder Heliogravure und 281 Abb. im Text. Lex. 8". XV, 592 S. 1897. Broschirt M. 20. - , in eleg. Halbfranzband M. 25. - . Zweiter Band : Der Einfluss der grossen Meister des V. Jahrhunderts — Das IV. Jahrhundert. — Die hellenistische Zeit. — Die griechische Kunst unter romischer Herrschaft. Ins Deutsche iibertragen von Fritz Baiimgarten, Professor am Gymnasium zu Freiburg i B. Mit 12 Tafelu in Chromolithographie oder Heliograviire und 377 Ab- bildungen im Text. Lex. 8°. XII, 763 S. 1898. Broschirt M. 24. - , in eleg. Halbfranzband M. 30. — . „Collignon's Histoire de la sculpture grecque, . . . hat mit Recht Uberall eine sehr giinstige Auf- nahme gefunden. Der Verf. steht von vorn herein auf dem Boden, der durch die urawalzenden Ent- deckungen der letzten Jahrzehnte geschaffen ist, und betrachtet von diesem neu gewonnenen Stand- punkte aus audi die alteren That- sachen und Forschungsergebnisse. Er beherrscht die einschlagigeLite- ratur, in der die deutsche Forsch- ung einen bedeutenden Platz ein- nimmt, und weiss die Streit- fragen oder die Thatsachen in geschmackvoller Form und ohne ermiJuonde Breite darzustellen. Eine grosse Anzahl gut aus- gefiihrter Textillustrationen, nach zum grossten Teil neu ange- fertigten Zeiehnungen, dient dem Texte zu anschaulicher Belebung und bietet eine vornehme Zierde des Buches, sehr verschieden von jenen oft nichtssagenden Unirissen, welchen vfir in ahnlichen Biichern so oft be- gegnen. So war es ein gliicklicher Gedanke, Collignon's Werk dem deutschen Publikum, nicht bios dem gelehrten, durch eine deutsche Ueber- setzung naher zu bringen. Der Uebersetzer, Dr. Ed. Thraemer, hat seine nicht gaiiz einfache Aufgabe vortrefflich gelost: die Darstellung liest sich sehr gut und man wird nicht leicht daran erinnert, dass man eine Uebersetzung vor sich hat. Hier und da ist ein leichtes thatsaehliches Versehen stillschweigend berichtigt, anderswo durch einen (als solcher bezeichneten) Zusatz ein Hinweis auf entgegenstehende AutTassungen, auf neuerdings bekannt gewordene Thatsachen, auf neu erschienene Literatur gegeben ... Im Ganzen jedoch handelt es sich um eine Uebersetzung, nicht um eine durchgehende Bearbeitung des Originalwerkes, so dass der Leser Uberall Collignon's Auffassungen ohue fremde Aenderungen kennen lernt .... /s. {L/ifr. Centralblatt iii4(). Nr. JS-J UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This book is DUE on the last dave stamped below APR 9 I945i P-^- ^P/? 7 « ,Qg^. /iPft 1 9 ,95, f^ JUL 1 8 1963] ! ^'''? i 5 f|fT . .„ .;Al95i KAR 2 6 RECB — - 1953 xtt^ \ 9 JiJL 6 1853 ^^^ Z 8 J955 OEC 3 19Sf. % im 2 5 1952 lb Form L-9 257n-2,*43(520o) #P^ at f^fCElVED WAV 20 1965 BECD LDUKl URl 1972 OCT IfT 19/^2 FEB 22 1^79 FM uiUYERsrry of cAiiroRRi-. AT l/yS ANGELBB i 3 1158 00433 8421 M(-- UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 000 352 600