THE 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
 
 OF 
 
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 PHILADELPHIA 
 
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 ^ATISTICS- 
 
 HISTaRICAL 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 STATISTICAL 
 
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 Public Schools of PniLflDELPHifl 
 
 HISTORICAL, BIOGRAPHICAL, STATISTICAL 
 
 JOHN TREVOR CU8TIS 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 BURK & McFETRIDGE CO., 
 
 Publishers, 
 
 306-308 Chestnut Street, 
 
 1807. 
 

 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1897, 
 
 by 
 
 BuRK & McFktridge Co., 
 
 in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
Preface 
 
 This work, as now presented to the pubHc, 
 is the result of careful research and laborious 
 effort. While it is not to be expected that it 
 will escape criticism, the author would re- 
 spectfully call attention to the fact that it 
 fulfills to the letter the promise of the pros- 
 pectus, which was so highly endorsed when 
 it was circulated last spring. 
 
 It has been extremely difficult to obtain 
 many of the historical facts contained herein. 
 Tn many Sections the records have been lost 
 or destroyed. In others they have never been 
 properly kept. With this poor Snd insuffi- 
 cient material to work from, we have with 
 difficulty compiled the necessary facts, except 
 in a few Sections, where we have been sub- 
 stantially aided by directors and others in 
 gathering absolutely essential data. 
 
 We believe that the method adopted, of 
 giving the history of the schools under differ- 
 ent classifications, is a wise one. In the 
 general history of the First School District of 
 Pennsylvania, which follows the introduction, 
 we have not gone into detail concerning the 
 history of individual schools, but have re- 
 served such for subsequent chapters. 
 
 In compiling this work we have not 
 ^deemed it within our province to make per- 
 gonal comment upon men or events. It has 
 
 been the aim to present facts and not to ad- 
 vance opinions. 
 
 For assistance in gathering the facts in- 
 cluded in this book our acknowledgments 
 are due to many persons. Among those to 
 whom we are especially indebted are Mr. 
 Henry W. Halliwell, Secretary of the Board 
 of Public Education ; Dr. Edward Brooks, 
 Superintendent of Schools ; Prof. George W. 
 Fetter, ex-Principal of the Girls' High 
 School; Mr. George H. Cliff, Principal of the 
 Philadelphia Normal School for Girls, and 
 Harry S. Hopper, Esq., Historian of the Asso- 
 ciated Alumni of the Central High School. 
 
 Our warmest acknowledgments are due to 
 our most esteemed friend, Mr. Joseph D. 
 Murphy, of the Board of Public Education, 
 but for whose encouragement and practical 
 assistance we should probably never have 
 undertaken this work. It is no mere figure 
 of speech to add that we cannot find words 
 with which to adequately express our appre- 
 ciation of his friendly offices. 
 
 To all our friends who have given us assist- 
 ance or encouragement in the preparation 
 of this work, we extend our hearty thanks. 
 
 JOHN TREVOR CUSTIS. 
 February i, 1897. 
 
 M17G622 
 
Introduction 
 
 It seems strange that with the expansion of 
 educational thought, and the marvelous de- 
 velopment of our public school system, there 
 have not before been collated such facts as 
 this volume now gives to the public. That 
 a history of the public schools of the first city 
 in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has 
 long been needed is evidenced by the state- 
 ments made by members of the Board of 
 Public Education, who, in letters of endorse- 
 ment printed in the prospectus of this work, 
 have stated that it was only by giving much 
 time and efifort to the task that they have 
 been able to obtain data for their own use and 
 that of their committees. 
 
 It is highly gratifying to know that the 
 wide dissemination of information, historical 
 and otherwise, regarding our public schools 
 is now not only a possibility, but an assured 
 fact. Every Philadelphian may well be proud 
 of our public schools, and in telling the world 
 of their development and status we are telling 
 a story of the greatness of our city. Nor can 
 too high an estimate be placed on the impor- 
 tance of impressing upon our own citizens the 
 ever-increasing usefulness of our public 
 schools. For, strange as it may seem, there 
 are many who apparently do not realize the 
 completeness and excellence of our educa- 
 tional facilities. 
 
 Comparatively few of our citizens under- 
 stand the details of the administration of our 
 public school system, and fewer still realize 
 the vastness of the work which devolves upon 
 
 those who are engaged in educating the 
 youth of our city, and in thus laying the 
 foundations upon which shall be built the 
 structure of our future prosperity. It is well 
 that the time has come when a better concep- 
 tion of these things is made possible, and it 
 is with the greatest pleasure that I witness 
 the advent of this work, so well calculated to 
 fill a long existing need. 
 
 I trust that it may abundantly fullill the 
 purposes of its publication and that it may 
 arouse within our citizens a greater pride and 
 a deeper interest in the public schools of 
 Philadelphia. Further than this, I hope 
 it may impress each reader with a 
 sense of responsibility touching the af- 
 fairs of public education, and inspire in each 
 a greater solicitude for the welfare of the chil- 
 dren of to-day, who are to be the men and 
 women of the future. 
 
 If these ends shall be accomplished they 
 will be amply repaid whose painstaking labor 
 has resulted in the publication of this work, 
 while we who labor for education shall enter 
 upon the twentieth century with brighter 
 prospects of success, because of the added 
 encouragement which we shall thus receive. 
 
 Superintendent of Public Schools. 
 
History of the First School District of 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 The history of the First School District of 
 Pennsylvania dates back to the year 1818, 
 when it was organized by an Act of Legisla- 
 ture, and the first free schools were estab- 
 lished. These early schools were not public 
 schools, however. They were solely for the 
 instruction of children of the indigent. The 
 free school system of that day must not 
 be confounded with the public school system 
 of the present, which is maintained at great 
 cost by the citizens themselves for the educa- 
 tion of their children. 
 
 Prior to the year 1818 meagre provision 
 was made by the State for the education of 
 its youth. The principal schools were pri- 
 vate, endowed institutions, which admitted a 
 limited number of indigent pupils free of 
 cost. Some of these private schools were not 
 unimportant factors in the history of educa- 
 tion in Philadelphia, being the stepping 
 stones to the adoption of a system of public 
 schools. The establishment of the Friends' 
 Public School, now the William Penn Charter 
 School, Twelfth street, below Market, is 
 generally considered as one of the impor- 
 tant steps leading up to the establishment of 
 the public school system. It was opened in 
 1689 ^^^d chartered in 1697. It was con- 
 ducted by Quaker citizens, but received chil- 
 dren of every creed, giving gratuitous instruc- 
 tion, elementary and higher, to all indigent 
 children willing to receive it. 
 
 Another private institution deserving of 
 mention was the " Academy and Charitablt; 
 School of the Province of Pennsylvania," 
 
 which was the nucleus from which the great 
 University of Pennsylvania was developed. 
 This academy was organized by a Board of 
 Trustees, of which Benjamin Franklin was 
 president, and was chartered in 1753. The 
 charity school was under the same manage- 
 ment, and in it the children of the poor were 
 educated free of cost. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION FOR 
 FREE SCHOOLS. 
 
 The convention which revised the State 
 Constitution in 1789-90, amended the article 
 which provided for the establishment of free 
 schools, in which it was stated that the 
 masters were to be paid stich salaries as should 
 " enable them to teach at low prices," to read 
 as follows : — 
 
 "The Legislature shall, as soon as conven- 
 iently may be, provide by law for the estab- 
 lishment of schools throughout the State, in 
 such a manner that the poor may be taught 
 gratis." 
 
 LEGISLATION FOR FREE 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 The Constitution of 1838 contained a 
 similar article, and this was the only constitu- 
 tional provision for free education up to the 
 year 1873. 
 
 With this as a basis a number of Acts of 
 Legislature were passed prior to 1818, provid- 
 ing for the education of poor children at the 
 public expense in existing schools. The 
 broadest of these acts was that of 1809, 
 
A\hicliw^s supplemented, in 1812, with a pro- 
 vision which gave the County Commissioners 
 power to erect and establish schools under 
 the direction of Councils. 
 
 In the meantime the private and charity 
 schools, including Sunday schools, in which 
 children who worked during the week were 
 given secular as well as religious instruction 
 on Sunday, increased in number. Schools 
 were also organized by the various churches. 
 
 INCEPTION OF THE LANCASTERIAN 
 SYSTEM. 
 
 A few years before the law was passed 
 which provided for the organization of the 
 First School District of Pennsylvania, the 
 Lancasterian System was introduced into 
 some of the private schools of the city. The 
 system took its name from Joseph Lancaster, 
 who established it in England at the close of 
 the last century. 
 
 Joseph Lancaster was born in London, 
 November 2^, 1778. He organized a school 
 in 1798, and as neither he nor the parents of 
 his pupils could afiford to employ a sufficient 
 number of teachers to assist him, he conceived 
 the plan of making certain of the pupils moni- 
 tors to instruct other pupils. By this plan 
 one master supervised an entire school. 
 
 A LANCASTERIAN SCHOOL 
 ROOM. 
 
 The accompanying illustration showing the 
 inside view of a Lancasterian school is taken 
 from Wickersham's "History of Education in 
 Pennsylvania," as is also the following ex- 
 planation of the cut: — 
 
 "The room represented in the engraving is 
 a Lancasterian school room, designed to ac- 
 commodate four hundred and fifty pupils, 
 divided into three classes, each class consist- 
 ing of three sections. The dotted lines rep- 
 resent curtains or movable partitions, sepa- 
 rating the room into three divisions. These 
 divisions consist of a gallery, with the seats so 
 arranged that those behind are higher than 
 
 those in front, for oral class or collective in- 
 struction; desks for writing, drawmg, etc., and 
 drafts, semi-elliptical forms, marked on the 
 floor, around which the pupils stand to receive 
 instruction from the monitors. From the 
 teacher's platform at one end of the room, 
 when the curtains are drawn, the whole school 
 can be overlooked. The figures i, 2 and 3 
 represent the position of the first class divided 
 into sections. A, B and C. The sections re- 
 cite simultaneously, and the arrows indicate 
 
 4.3 t+6 t+d t 
 
 u 
 
 X) u 
 
 / * 
 
 u 
 
 X 
 
 INSmE VIEW OF A LANCASTERIAN SCHOOL ROOM 
 
 how the pupils change places at given inter- 
 vals. The figures 4, 5 and 6, and 7, 8 and 9, 
 indicate in a similar way the position of the 
 other classes and sections. The monitors 
 stand at the open ends of the 'drafts,' and each 
 has charge at one time of about fifteen 
 pupils." 
 
 Many schools conducted on the Lancas- 
 terian plan were established under the con- 
 trol and management of Lancasterian socie- 
 ties, organized by the disciples of Lancaster. 
 This system was introduced into American 
 schools during the first decade of the present 
 century, and was adopted by manv of the 
 
charity schools in Philadelphia before the 
 public schools were opened. 
 
 A FAMOUS SOCIETY'S WORK. 
 
 An organization in Philadelphia known as 
 the Society for the Promotion of Public 
 Economy, which aimed to ameliorate the con- 
 dition of the poorer classes, appointed, in 
 1816, a committee on public schools, of which 
 Roberts Vaux was made chairman. This 
 committee inquired into the workings of the 
 Lancasterian system and was largely instru- 
 mental in securing the passage of the law of 
 1818. 
 
 While the law of 1809, with its supplement 
 of 1812, authorized the erection and establish- 
 ment of schools, it was not until after the pas- 
 sage of the law of 1818 that buildings exclu- 
 sively for free schools were actually erected, 
 under the direction of a Board of Control. 
 The laws of previous dates simply paved the 
 way for the important legislation of 18 18 
 just as this act was in turn the forerunner of 
 the school laws on which the present system 
 is based. 
 
 CHARACTER OF THE EARLY 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 Let it not be supposed that the schools of 
 1818 were public schools in the present sense 
 of the term. There were no public schools, 
 open to the rich and poor alike, until after the 
 law was amended in 1836. So great is the 
 chstinction and so odious has become the idea 
 of free schools that the latter name, which is 
 frequently misapplied to the public schools of 
 the present day, is warmly repudiated by the 
 leaders in public school control. 
 
 THE ACT OF 1818. 
 
 By the Act of March 6, 1818, "for the edu- 
 cation of children at public expense, within 
 the City and County of Philadelphia," the city 
 and county were to be known as the First 
 School District of Pennsylvania. The Dis- 
 trict was divided into four Sections, as fol- 
 lows: First Section, the city proper; Second, 
 
 Northern Liberties and Kensington; Third, 
 Moyamensing and Passyunk; Fourth, Penn 
 Township. 
 
 City Councils were empowered to elect 
 twenty-four directors, the Commissioners of 
 Northern Liberties twelve directors, and the 
 Commissioners of Southwark, Moyamensing 
 and Spring Garden six directors each. The 
 directors thus chosen were to elect one out 
 of every six of their number to a central 
 board, which was to be organized under the 
 title, ''The Controllers of the Public Schools 
 for the City and County of Philadelphia." 
 
 POWER OF CONTROLLERS AND 
 DIRECTORS. 
 
 The Controllers were empowered to deter- 
 mine the number and limit the expense of the 
 schools; to establish a Model School for the 
 purpose of qualifying teachers for the sec- 
 tional schools and for schools in other parts 
 of the State; to provide suitable books; to 
 have the superintendence of all schools in the 
 District and to make rules for their own gov- 
 ernment and for the District. 
 
 The directors were empowered to erect 
 and estabHsh schools, determined upon by the 
 Controllers; to appoint teachers; to provide 
 all things necessary for and to superintend 
 the schools; to meeet at least monthly and to 
 divide themselves into as many committees 
 as there were schools. They were to report 
 to the Controllers the state of the schools 
 every six months. They wxre to be allowed 
 no compensation, but were to be exempt as 
 jurors, arbitrators and overseers of the poor, 
 and from miHtia duty. 
 
 LANCASTERIAN SYSTEM 
 INTRODUCED. 
 
 The adoption of the Lancasterian system 
 was provided for in the schools of the First, 
 Second, Third and Fourth Sections, but it was 
 deemed inconvenient for the townships of Ox- 
 ford, Byberry, Moreland, Lower Dublin, Ger- 
 mantown, Bristol, Roxborough, Blockley and 
 Kingsess. 
 
THE OUTLYING SECTIONS. 
 
 It was provided that the townships of 
 Lower DubHn, Byberry and Moreland were to 
 constitute the Fifth Section, and the Court of 
 Quarter Sessions was empowered to appoint 
 twelve directors: four for Oxford, four for 
 Lower Dublin and two each for Byberry and 
 Moreland. Germantown, Bristol and Rox- 
 borough were to constitute the Sixth Section, 
 with eight directors: four for Germantown 
 and two each for Bristol and Roxborough. 
 Blockley and Kingsess were to form the 
 Seventh Section, with five directors: three for 
 Blockley and two for Kingsess. 
 
 Provision was made for the establishment 
 of still other Sections in the future, through 
 the petition of taxpayers to the Court of 
 Quarter Sessions. 
 
 In the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Sections 
 the directors were empowered to superintend 
 the education of poor children, to determine 
 what children came under that head, and to 
 what schools they should be sent. Their 
 powers in all essential respects were identical 
 with those of the directors of the first four 
 Sections. 
 
 Provision was made for the employment of 
 assessors, when required by Controllers or di- 
 rectors, to receive the names of all indigent 
 orphan children or children of indigent 
 parents. The list was to include only boys 
 between six and fourteen years of age and 
 girls between five and thirteen. The assessors 
 were to inform the parents or guardians that 
 such children might be sent to school free of 
 expense. The children thus returned, if ap- 
 proved by the Controllers or directors, were 
 to be admitted to the schools. 
 
 BOARD OF CONTROL 
 ORGANIZED. 
 
 The first Board of Control was composed of 
 nine of the representative men of the city. 
 Roberts Vaux, Thomas Stewardson, Joseph 
 Reed and William Fry represented the First 
 Section; George Boyd and Peter Keyser, the 
 
 Second Section; Ebenezer Ferguson and 
 James Ronaldson, the Third Section, and 
 David Woelpper, the Fourth Section. 
 
 The Controllers were organized April 6, 
 1818, and elected Roberts Vaux president. 
 Willie Birnie was chosen secretary. The 
 headquarters were in the City Hall. The 
 members lost no time in entering upon their 
 duties, and at once proceeded to establish 
 and open schools as follows: — 
 
 Adelphi School, Pegg's street, between 
 Front and Second, taught by John Ely and 
 Eliza Allison. 
 
 Kensington School, taught by Joseph Ket- 
 ler and Jane Proudfit. 
 
 Moyamensing School, organized in Paul 
 Beck's School House, taught by Peter 
 McGowan and Maria Wilson. 
 
 Southwark School, Commissioners' Hall, 
 Second street below Queen, taught by Samuet 
 F. Watson and Elizabeth Millard. 
 
 Spring Garden School, Buttonwood Lane,, 
 taught by Moses Taylor. 
 
 MODEL SCHOOL OPENED. 
 
 A Model School was next organized on 
 Chester street above Race, and was opened 
 December 21, 1818. It was placed under the 
 charge of Joseph Lancaster, who had been in- 
 vited here to assist in operating the schools 
 under his own system. The Model School 
 building was the first school-house erected 
 by the Board of Control. 
 
 THE FIRST YEAR. 
 
 At the close of the first year the total num- 
 ber of pupils in the schools was 2,845, ^i 
 whom 1,507 were boys and 1,338 were girls. 
 Both boys and girls were instructed in read- 
 ing, writing and arithmetic, and the girls were 
 also given instruction in needle work. The 
 schools were visited regularly by the Control- 
 lers and directors, who in their reports ex- 
 pressed themselves satisfied with the order 
 maintained and the evident moral influence of 
 the schools. 
 
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While they made an excellent beginning it 
 must not be supposed that the Controllers 
 entered upon their duties without a great deal 
 of difficulty. They had not the popular sym- 
 pathy and encouragement which is given to 
 their latter-day successors. President Vaux 
 spoke of the Controllers and their work in 
 his first annual report as follows: — 
 
 "They entered upon the discharge of their 
 official duties at a period and under circum- 
 stances by no means propitious to the experi- 
 ment contemplated to be made in the new 
 system of free public education. For nearly 
 ten years previous to the enaction of the law 
 
 ROBERTS VAUX. 
 
 under which they are organized, several well- 
 intended but inadequate and unsuccessful 
 legislative provisions had been applied to this 
 district for the free instruction of indigent 
 children. It was natural, in so far as the 
 public mind had become familiar with the in- 
 efficiency and expensiveness of the plans 
 formerly adopted, that doubts of the success 
 and want of confidence in any untried scheme 
 should be manifest, whilst unworthy jealous- 
 ies and illiberal prejudices did not fail to 
 cast their influence into the scale against this 
 efifort to produce reform. 
 
 "With these combined objections and diffi- 
 culties to encounter, the Controllers began 
 their labors, without (they confess) the ani- 
 mating expectation that in so short a space 
 of time they would have been enabled to over- 
 come them. Yet such is the gratifying re- 
 sult." 
 
 SCHOOL DIRECTORS OF 1818. 
 
 The directors, besides those who were 
 chosen to constitute the Board of Control 
 above named, were : — 
 
 First Section — 
 
 Robert Wharton, 
 Jonah Thompson, 
 John Sergeant, 
 Clement C. Biddle, 
 Joseph M. Paul, 
 Daniel B. Smith, 
 Thomas F. Leaming, 
 Rev. Philip H. Mayer, 
 Jonathan Fell, 
 Daniel H. Miller, 
 William Ashbridge, 
 Richard C. Wood, 
 William J. Duane, 
 Robert M, Lewis, 
 Joseph Cloud, 
 Thomas Latimer. 
 Reuben Haines, 
 WiUiam Smith, 
 Rev. D. Neil, 
 John Claxton. 
 
 Second Section — 
 
 John E. Brown, 
 Jesse Cleaver, 
 John Kessler, 
 William Binder, 
 Jacob G. Tryon, 
 George F. Goodman, 
 George Knorr, 
 John Harrison, 
 Jacob Johnson, 
 James S. Stuber. 
 
Third Section — 
 
 Benjamin Martin, 
 Robert M'Mullin, Jr., 
 George C. Snyder, 
 George M'Leod, 
 John Turner, 
 Daniel Guiry, 
 Thomas Dixey, 
 James M'Cam, 
 Joshua Raybold, 
 John Lesher. 
 
 Fourth Section — 
 
 William Warner, 
 Georgfe Esher, 
 George Lautenslager, 
 Martin Ludie, 
 Joseph B. Norbury, 
 
 The directors appointed by the Court of 
 Quarter Sessions for the outlying Sections 
 were : — 
 
 Fifth Section — 
 
 John Keen, 
 John Lardner, 
 Nathan Harper, 
 Abraham Duffield, 
 Joshua Jones, 
 Samuel Swift, 
 William Maghee, 
 Benjamin Walmsley, 
 James Paul, 
 James Thornton, 
 Edward Duffield, 
 Jacob Shearer. 
 
 Sixth Section — 
 
 Samuel Harvey, 
 Samuel Johnson, 
 Joseph Bockius, 
 William Keyser, 
 John M. Williams, 
 Dr. George DeBenneville, 
 Horatio G. Jones, 
 Peter Robinson. 
 
 Seventh Section — 
 
 Samuel Breck, 
 Nathan Jones, 
 Joseph George, 
 William Hill, 
 James Bartram. 
 
 PROGRESS OF 1819. 
 
 During the year 18 19 it became necessary 
 to procure lots and erect two new buildings, 
 one on Lombard street for the children in the 
 southern part of the city and the other for the 
 pupils in Kensington and part of the District 
 of Northern Liberties. By the close of the 
 year the total number of pupils had reached 
 3,268, an increase of 423 over the preceding 
 year. 
 
 CONTEMPT FOR "CHARITY 
 SCHOOLS." 
 
 But already the general contempt in which 
 the "charity schools," as they were called, 
 were held, began to make its influence felt. 
 An effort was made by President Roberts 
 Vaux, in his second annual report, to smooth 
 away this unpleasant conception. He said: 
 "Individual admonition to parents on the 
 utility of sending their children to school, as 
 well as endeavoring to remove from their 
 minds any prejudice which the illiberal and in- 
 terested may attempt to produce, by asserting 
 that the establishments under the law of the 
 State are merely a reluctant charity, would 
 essentially aid the important work. A just 
 conception of the design of the constitution 
 and of the aims of philanthropy would rather 
 authorize the opinion, that in making this 
 wise provision for education it was intended 
 to gather every indigent child under the 
 parental wing and genial care of the Com- 
 monwealth." 
 
 In subsequent reports President Vaux re- 
 ferred again and again to this subject, show- 
 ing that it was one about which the school 
 Controllers felt greatly concerned. 
 
Another building was erected in Southwark 
 in 1820 to accommodate the rapidly in- 
 creasing number of pupils. At the end of 
 this year the number in the public schools was 
 5,369, an increase of 2,101 over the preceding 
 year. But there was a great falling off in 
 attendance in 182 1, the annual statement at 
 the close of the year showing a total of only 
 2,969 pupils. This marked decrease in at- 
 tendance was commented upon by President 
 Vaux as follows: — 
 
 "Each successive year confirms the utility 
 of the mode of instruction which has been 
 adopted, and it is only to be regretted that 
 many parents whose children might be 
 brought under its auspices, remain regardless 
 of the advantages from the enjoyment of 
 which they criminally withhold their offspring. 
 * * * Within the last six months another 
 cause has operated to lessen the number of 
 our pupils. The increase of manufactories in 
 Philadelphia and its vicinity has produced a 
 great demand for the labor of young persons, 
 and has consequently withdrawn many chil- 
 dren from the public schools." 
 
 COMPULSORY EDUCATION 
 FAVORED. 
 
 Following these statements was the first 
 suggestion on record that education be made 
 compulsory in Philadelphia. It reads thus: 
 "Without wishing to interfere with subjects 
 not properly within the sphere of its office, 
 the Board would suggest the propriety of 
 adopting such legal restraints as should pre- 
 vent the employment of children in manufac- 
 tories until they shall have had an oppor- 
 tunity to obtain the rudiments of education 
 in the public schools, or require the proprie- 
 tors of all establishments of the kind alluded 
 to, to furnish moral and scholastic instruction 
 to the children engaged in those departments 
 of industry." 
 
 COLORED SCHOOL ESTABLISHED. 
 
 In the year 1822 the Board of Control 
 established on Mary street, in the First Sec- 
 
 tion, a school for the instruction of colored 
 youth. There were some doubts at first as 
 to the propriety and even as to the legality of 
 this step, but after careful consideration the 
 Controllers decided that they were justified 
 in establishing such a school. It opened with 
 over two hundred pupils and proved to be a 
 great success. A few years later a colored 
 school was opened in Northern Liberties. 
 
 DEFECTS IN THE SYSTEM. 
 
 By this time the defects in the Lancasterian 
 system were becoming more apparent. One 
 of the worst features was the incompetency of 
 the monitors. Almost as soon as the older 
 pupils were fitted to teach they were ready to 
 leave the schools, having completed the 
 course. This made it necessary to make 
 monitors of pupils who were not qualified to 
 teach. 
 
 With a view to improving these conditions, 
 the Controllers tried the experiment of train- 
 ing persons in the Model School for the duties 
 of permanent monitors or teachers. The 
 results were decidedly satisfactory. 
 
 INFANT SCHOOLS ESTABLISHED. 
 
 The establishment oi infant schools, out of 
 which grew the prerent system of primary 
 schools, was authorized by an Act of Legis- 
 lature in 1828.* The idea of infant schools 
 was not a new one when the Act of 1828 was 
 passed. By what were known as Infant 
 School Societies, and, in some cases, by pri- 
 vate individuals, schools for children under five 
 years of age had previously been organized. 
 The teaching in these schools, however, was 
 principally of a moral and religious nature. 
 
 The good results thus effected led to an 
 effort, which was successful, to have the 
 infant schools incorporated into the public 
 school svstem. 
 
 * ' ' The said Controllers be and they are hereby authorized, 
 when they shall think proper, to establish schools for the 
 instruction of children under five years of age, and that the 
 money expended in the establishment and support of these 
 schools shall be provided for in the same manner as now, or 
 shall hereafter be directed by law, with respect to the other 
 public schools." From the Act of 1828. 
 
Four years elapsed before the Controllers 
 took any action under this act. In 1832 
 however, they established a Model Infant 
 School in one room set apart for the purpose 
 in the Model School Building on Chester 
 street. The school was placed in charge of 
 Anna Maria Williams. 
 
 The Controllers were so much gratified 
 with the success of the experiment that two 
 years later they opened infant schools in 
 rooms designated for the purpose in four of 
 the other schools, and these led the way to the 
 establishment, in 1836, of no less than thirty 
 primary schools. 
 
 RESIGNATION OF ROBERTS VAUX. 
 
 The latter part of the year 1831 was marked 
 by the resignation of Roberts Vaux as presi- 
 dent and as a member of the Board of Control. 
 Mr. Vaux had been continued as president 
 since his election in 1818, and his determina- 
 tion to give place to some one else was re- 
 ceived with deep regret by his colleagues in 
 the Board. 
 
 THOMAS DUNLAP ELECTED 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 A successor to Mr. Vaux was at once 
 chosen in the person of Thomas Dunlap, who 
 had been a member of the Board since 1827, 
 and who proved most ef^cient in the office of 
 president. 
 
 The other members of the Board of Control 
 at the time of Mr. Dunlap's election were 
 William W. Fisher, John Steele, James 
 Gowen, Joseph Warner, John Oakford, 
 Morton McMichael, Jonathan Thomas, 
 Joseph Bockius, Evan W. Thomas, Jr., 
 Alexander Parker and Charles Norris. 
 
 STEPHEN GIRARD'S BEQUEST. 
 
 In the first annual report of President 
 Dunlap he acknowledged in behalf of the 
 Board the bequest of $10,000 made to the 
 pubHc schools by Stephen Girard. The 
 money was invested and the income from it 
 
 or a part thereof is now used each year by the 
 various Sections for the purchase of library 
 books. Girard also provided in his will for 
 the establishment of funds to procure medals 
 for deserving pupils. 
 
 SCHOOLS USED AS HOSPITALS. 
 
 From 1832 to 1836 there was little of note, 
 aside from the erection of several school build- 
 ings and the establishment of more new 
 schools. During the summer of 1832, when 
 yellow fever was prevalent, the school-houses 
 were used for the accommodation and relief 
 of the sick. 
 
 The year 1836 marked the close of an 
 epoch in the history of the public schools. 
 The following year saw the opening of the 
 schools to rich and poor alike, and tin aban- 
 donment of the Lancasterian system of in- 
 struction, which had come to be regarded as 
 extremely faulty and even pernicious. 
 
 THE SCHOOLS OF 1836. 
 
 As a matter of reference the following list 
 of the schools existing at the close of 1836 is 
 given : — 
 
 Model School. 
 Model Infant School. 
 
 First Section — 
 
 Locust? Street School. 
 North Western School, 
 North Western Infant School, 
 South Eastern School, 
 South Eastern Infant School, 
 Lombard Street School (colored). 
 Schuylkill School. 
 
 Second Section — 
 
 Northern Liberties School, 
 Apple Street School (colored). 
 
 Third Section — 
 
 Southwark School, 
 Second Street School. 
 
Fourth Section — 
 
 Penn Township School, 
 Fairmount School. 
 
 Ninth Section — 
 
 Moyamensing School, 
 Moyamensing Infant School. 
 
 Tenth Section — 
 
 Marlborough Street School, 
 Master Street School, 
 Master Street Infant School, 
 
 Twenty-six Primary Schools. 
 
 Among the pre-existing schools not in- 
 cluded in the above list was one in the Sixth 
 (Germantown) Section, and the Coates Street 
 School, both of which were closed in 1836. 
 
 It will be seen from the classification in the 
 above list that the boundaries of the Sections 
 at this time were very different from w^hat 
 they were in 18 18, when, for instance, Moya- 
 mensing was included in the Third Section, 
 and all but four Sections were outside the city 
 proper. There were also a great many 
 changes in the personnel of the Board of Con- 
 trol and the various Boards of Directors. 
 Space will not permit an enumeration of these 
 changes. 
 
 The total number of pupils in the schools in 
 1836 was 7,127. This number included the 
 2,500 pupils in the twenty-six primary schools 
 above mentioned. 
 
 SCHOOL LAW OF 1836. 
 
 These facts bring the historian to the tran- 
 sition period of 1836-7, when a new school law 
 went into efifect. The question of the estab- 
 lishment of free schools for all the children of 
 the State had been before the Legislature for 
 several years. A free school law, superior in 
 many respects to all former legislation of 
 the kind, was enacted in 1834, and it w^as dur- 
 ing a hard fight in the Legislature against 
 the repeal of this law, in 1835, that Thaddeus 
 
 Stevens made his reputation as a friend of the 
 free schools. 
 
 The school law of 1836 was passed under 
 the title, "An Act to Consolidate and Amend 
 the Several Acts Relative to a General System 
 of Education by Common Schools." This 
 was not a supplement to the law of 1834, as 
 has sometimes been stated, although consider- 
 able material from the latter and previous 
 acts of Legislature was used in its construc- 
 tion. It w^as a new law and a great improve- 
 ment over all previous legislation of that kind. 
 
 The Act of 1836 may be regarded as the 
 corner-stone of the public school system. 
 Indeed, many of its important provisions are 
 still in force. Regarding the formation of 
 
 THADDEUS STEVENS. 
 
 school districts, the election of school direct- 
 ors and their powers and duties, the organiza- 
 tion of school boards, the levying and collec- 
 tion of taxes for school purposes, and the 
 duties of the State Superintendent, the law 
 is substantially the same now as under the 
 Act of 1836. 
 
 In many other respects, however, this act 
 was faulty, as experience proved. It provided, 
 among other things, for the holding of elec- 
 tions in the various Districts every three years, 
 to give the people an opportunity t3 say by 
 vote whether there should be schools or no 
 schools during the three years following. It 
 fixed the minimum age for admission to the 
 pubhc schools at four years. 
 
FOR RICH AND POOR. 
 
 What especially distinguished the Act of 
 1836, and stamped it as an admiralile piece of 
 legislation, was that it was the means of 
 doing away w-ith the system of charity 
 schools, for the schools up to this time were 
 little better than charity schools. It elimi- 
 nated the distinction between rich and poor by 
 throwing open the doors to aH children, of 
 whatever class or condition. The effect was 
 at once apparent, and from being looked upon 
 with contempt the public schools came to be 
 regarded with the highest respect. 
 
 "The stigma of poverty, once the only title 
 of admission to our public schools," said 
 
 MORTON McMICHAEL. 
 
 President Dunlap, "has at the solicitation of 
 the Controllers been erased from our statute 
 books, and the schools of this city and county 
 are now open to every child that draws the 
 breath of life within our borders." 
 
 CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL CORNER- 
 STONE LAID. 
 
 In September of 1837 the corner-stone of 
 the Central High School, the establishment 
 of which was authorized by the above law, 
 was laid. During the previous year a com- 
 mittee of the Controllers, consisting of 
 George M. Justice, Morton McMichael, T. G. 
 Hollingsworth and President Thomas 
 
 Dunlap, had visited the schools of New York 
 and Boston, and had returned with ideas 
 which proved useful in the establishment of 
 the High School and the improvement of the 
 elementary schools. 
 
 IMPROVEMENTS EFFECTED. 
 
 The Lancasterian system having been abol- 
 ished, the number of teachers in the various 
 schools was greatly added to. The number 
 of pupils in the schools increased from a few 
 over 7,000 to 17,000 in a single year. Of this 
 number nearly 6,000 were pupils in sixty 
 primary schools. Several new buildings were 
 erected, and old buildings were enlarged and 
 renovated. The Model School was entirely 
 rebuilt and refurnished. 
 
 A BRIGHT OUTLOOK. 
 
 The year 1838 appears to have been a pro- 
 gressive and exceedingly satisfactory one in 
 the history of the public schools. In his an- 
 nual report at the beginning of 1839, Presi- 
 dent Dunlap said: — 
 
 "The past school year has run its course in 
 undisturbed health, entire prosperity, abun- 
 dant means, augmented facilities, and, it is 
 confidently believed, in extended usefulness. 
 A marked and striking feature of improve- 
 ment is the general favor with which the sys- 
 tem is now received by the community. 
 Long neglected, and almost unknown to our 
 citizens, it has quietly worked its way to 
 notice and approbation. Every successive 
 modification, suggested by this Board and 
 adopted by the Legislature, has, in practice, 
 evinced its own necessity and usefulness, and 
 instantly won the approval of all. 
 
 "Thus the change in the monitorial system, 
 as originally introduced into Lancasterian 
 schools, the release from many of the tram- 
 mels and impediments of that early and crude 
 plan, the employment, even at greater ex- 
 pense of assistant teachers, the salutary in- 
 fluence of female teachers in aid of the master, 
 in the boys' school, the infant schools and 
 
OLD CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL, 
 Juniper Street, near Market. 
 
primarv schools at one end of the scale, and 
 the noble completion of a High School, pre- 
 senting facilities for full academical education, 
 all now bear the seal of successful and 
 triumphant experiment." 
 
 An event which made the year 1838 a mem- 
 orable one in school history was the comple- 
 tion and opening of the Central High School. 
 [See chapter on Central High School.] 
 
 PRESIDENTS FROM 1840 TO 1854. 
 
 January i, 1840, Thomas Dunlap was suc- 
 ceeded as president of the Board by George 
 M. Wharton, whose first term was of a year's 
 duration. From 1841 to 1844 Henry Leech 
 was president, and from 1844 to 1847 Jo^" 
 Miller held that oflfice. Wharton was elected 
 president again in 1847, ^"<^^ remained in office 
 imtil 1850. He was succeeded by Daniel S. 
 Beideman, who was president until 1853, and 
 then Mr. Wharton once more took the chair 
 and remained president until January i, 1854. 
 
 HIGH SCHOOL FOR GIRLS 
 CONTEMPLATED. 
 
 In 1840 a committee was appointed to look 
 into the advisability of establishing a High 
 School for girls. A Normal School for the 
 training of teachers was also thought of, for 
 although the Model School was originally in- 
 tended to serve this end, it had not answered 
 the purpose since the Lancasterian system 
 had been done away with. 
 
 BACHE SUPERINTENDS THE 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 In 1 84 1 Alexander Dallas Bache, Principal 
 of the Central High School, assumed tem- 
 porarily the duties of general superintendent 
 of the public schools, acting under the direc- 
 tion of the various Sectional Boards. At the 
 close of the year he made a report giving in a 
 general way the result of his observations. 
 
 PARSON'S ENCOMIUMS. 
 
 Appended to the annual report for 1842 was 
 a letter received bv the Board from A. V. 
 
 Parsons, State Superintendent of the Com- 
 mon Schools, who during the year had 
 visited the schools of Philadelphia in company 
 with Governor Porter. Extracts from the 
 letter follow: — 
 
 'T think the system of public education 
 adopted and now in actual operation in your 
 city and county one of the best which is 
 known in any civilized country and perhaps 
 it excels any other. * * * 
 
 **From an examination of your Central 
 High School * * * it gives me pleasure to 
 say that my anticipations of its excellence and 
 superiority were more than realized. * * * 
 I cannot avoid suggesting the propriety, nay, 
 the absolute necessity, of establishing a High 
 School upon the same plan as the present one, 
 for the education of females, giving to them 
 those high and equal advantages of a finished 
 education which are now enjoyed by the 
 males." 
 
 A communication of a similarly encourag- 
 ing nature was received the following year 
 from Charles McClure, who succeeded Mr. 
 Parsons as State Superintendent of Common 
 Schools. Thereafter the different State Su- 
 perintendents continued to visit the schools 
 and report favorably upon their condition. 
 
 CONTROLLERS MADE A BODY 
 POLITIC. 
 
 By an Act of Legislature of April 16, 1845, 
 the Controllers were made a body politic 
 under the name of "The Controllers of the 
 Public Schools of the First School District of 
 Pennsylvania," and all the property held for 
 school purposes in the county was vested in 
 them as a corporate body. 
 
 NORMAL SCHOOL ORGANIZED. 
 
 The Model School was reorganized and con- 
 verted into a Normal School February i, 
 1848. The object of the school was "th- 
 thorough training of the pupils in the 
 branches taught in the public schools, with 
 reference to teaching them." The School of 
 
Observation and Practice was established the 
 same year. 
 
 STATISTICS OF 1850. 
 
 The middle of the century found the schools 
 growing rapidly. In reviewing^ their progress 
 it may be well to pause and note a few figures. 
 In June, 1850, the number of schools in the 
 District was 2,560. There were yiy teachers 
 and 45,383 pupils. The schools were desig- 
 nated as follows: i High School, i Normal 
 School, 53 Grammar. 29 Secondary, 130 Pri- 
 mary and 40 unclassified schools. They were 
 under the direction of 23 controllers and 210 
 directors, scattered through the eleven Sec- 
 tions into which the District was then 
 divided. 
 
 NIGHT SCHOOLS OPENED. 
 
 At the beginning of 1850 the Controllers 
 resolved to o])en night schools in each of the 
 Sections for male adults, the same having been 
 authorized by an act of March 12, 1842. Thus 
 was started one of the most important fea- 
 tures of public school life. The attendance 
 by the beginning of 1855 had reached over 
 50,000. 
 
 In 1853 the brick building at Broad and 
 Green streets was erected for the Central High 
 School. A new building was also erected for 
 the Normal School on Sergeant street above 
 Ninth. 
 
 ACT OF CONSOLIDATION. 
 
 The Act of Consolidation, approved Feb- 
 ruary 2, 1854, which united all the boroughs 
 and villages of Philadelphia County into one 
 municipality, provided that each ward in Phil- 
 adelphia should constitute a school section. 
 The directors in each Section were empow- 
 ered to elect one of their number a Controller 
 for a term of one year. By this act all school 
 property was vested in the City of Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 FIRST BOARD OF CONTROL AFTER 
 CONSOLIDATION. 
 
 The members of the Board of Controllers 
 in 1854-5 were: — 
 
 First Section — William H. Sickels. 
 Second Section — James W. T. McCallister. 
 Third Section — Alexander Greaves. 
 Fourth Section — George P. Mercer. 
 Fifth Section — George M. Wharton. 
 Sixth Section — Joseph T. Thomas. 
 Seventh Section — Samuel Ashmead. 
 Eighth Section — Thos. G. Hollingsworth. 
 Ninth Section — William Curran. M. D. 
 Tenth Section — Benjamin M. Dusenbery. 
 Eleventh Section — Samuel Taylor. 
 Twelfth Section — Charles J. Sutter. 
 Thirteenth Section — George P. Henszey. 
 Fourteenth Section — Edwin Booth. 
 Fifteenth Section — Andrew H. Manderson. 
 Sixteenth Section — Charles Cline. 
 Seventeenth Section — George W. Burr. 
 Eighteenth Section — Edward W. Gorgas. 
 Nineteenth Section — Saml. S. Warthman. 
 Twentieth Section — James Peters. 
 Twenty-first Section — Nathan L. Jones. 
 Twenty-second Section — Spencer Roberts. 
 Twenty-third Section — Henry Herbert. 
 Twenty-fourth Section — Benj. F. Warren. 
 
 PRESIDENTS FROM 1854 TO 1869. 
 
 From 1854 to 1857 Thomas G. Hollings- 
 worth was president of the Board of Control- 
 lers. His successors were William J. Reed, 
 1857-9; Henry Bumm, 1859-61; Benjamin M. 
 Dusenberry, 1861-2; Leonard R. Fletcher^ 
 1862-4, ^"^l Edward Shippen, 1864-69. 
 
 POOR CONDITION OF SCHOOL- 
 HOUSES. 
 
 In 1856 the Controllers became impressed 
 with the necessity of improving and enlarging 
 the school buildings, and the City Councils 
 were asked to appropriate $150,000 for this 
 purpose. The report made to Councils in 
 that vear bv its Committee on Schools. 
 
graphically described the then existing condi- 
 tions. The report is interesting, as showing 
 the contrast between school accommodations 
 then and now. Extracts from it follow: — 
 
 "The location of the school-houses near the 
 Delaware front will soon have to be changed; 
 only such repairs as cannot be avoided, there- 
 fore, have been recommended to be made in 
 these localities. But with regard to the re- 
 pairs of those houses which are permanentlv 
 located, the representations of the directors 
 were found to be correct in the main. * * * 
 In many houses there was found but one 
 flight of stairs. * * * The arrangements 
 for heating many of the establishments were 
 found very faulty; not only was the heat in- 
 sufificient in quantity but bad in quality. 
 Frequently the schools have to be dismissed 
 for want of warmth; end at all times, in some 
 of the schools, teachers and scholars are 
 troul)led with coughs and headaches occa- 
 sioned by the poisoned atmosphere of the 
 rooms. * * * 
 
 "Three years have been allowed to pass by 
 without a single new school-house having 
 been constructed; and this, notwithstanding 
 the rapid growth of our population, and the 
 cheerfulness with which the school tax is paid 
 by most of our citizens. So many thousands 
 of children are clamoring for admission into 
 our schools, and the room is so circumscribed 
 that temporary arrangements have had to be 
 made, and, certainly of very questionable 
 economy as regards the health of the pupils, 
 and of questionable propriety as regards the 
 safety of life and limb. A small two-story 
 house on Juniper street above Race is made 
 to accommodate (?) some 125 children. * '•' * 
 In Filbert street over 250 pupils are cooped up 
 in the second and third-story rooms of the 
 building, the lower floors of which are oc- 
 cupied by carpenters, coach makers, coopers 
 and a camphene establishment." 
 
 Notwithstanding the pressure brought to 
 bear upon the city authorities with the view to 
 obtaining additional funds for the schools, it 
 appears from the records that, owing to the 
 
 condition of the city's finances, only one new 
 school-house was erected in 1857, at a cost of 
 $3,500.* The lack of good, well-ventilated 
 school-houses began to be more severely felt, 
 too, during this year, as the attendance was 
 increased by nearly 2,500 pupils, and it was 
 believed that the number would be swelled by 
 an increase of many thousands were there 
 sufficient and suitable school accommoda- 
 tions. Some 3.300 children were represented 
 as waiting for admission until such time as 
 they could be accommodated. 
 
 GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOL OPENED. 
 
 In June, 1859, the Normal and Model 
 Schools were abolished by a resolution of 
 the Board of Control, and a Girls' High 
 School was organized in their stead. It was 
 opened August 29, and embraced all the 
 studies of the former Normal School, with 
 new and enlarged departments. The last two 
 years of the course were set apart for the 
 training of teachers. 
 
 NEW BUILDINGS OBTAINED. 
 
 In 1861 four new school buildings were 
 erected under the direction of the Control- 
 lers, three more were built bv private parties 
 and rented to the Board, and a church build- 
 ing was fitted up for school purposes. Dur- 
 ing the next few years more new buildings 
 were erected, and while the country was in 
 the midst of the Civil War the public schools 
 
 * At this point let it be noted that the position then taken 
 by City Councils regarding expenditures for public school 
 purposes has been maintained very much through all the inter- 
 vening time up to the present day. The Board of Public 
 Education each year reiterates the growing, pressing needs 
 of the public school system. It is represented now, as it was 
 in 1857, that if the amount appropriated by the State could be 
 devoted exclusively to the erection of new school-houses, the 
 demand for which is constantly increasing, there would be no 
 difficulty in maintaining adequate school accommodations. 
 Each year after these representations are made to City Coun- 
 cils, the estimate of expense presented by the Board is cut 
 down to a most alarming extent, some of the most important 
 items often being reduced one-half. Thus the Board of Pub- 
 lic Education is continually in the position of supplicant, 
 crying for more and yet more money. The necessity of 
 taking steps to provide the necessary funds for the education 
 of all the children in Philadelphia is freely admitted by the 
 members of City Councils, who have again and again within 
 recent years expressed their regret that more could not be 
 done for the schools and have then deliberately voted to 
 reduce the appropriation, including even the items for repairs 
 and new buildings. 
 
in this city appeared to progress quite as expressly conferring the power on this 
 satisfactorily as in former years. Board." 
 
 SHIPPEN ON THE QUALIFICATIONS 
 OF TEACHERS. 
 
 Edward Shippen was elected president of 
 the Board in 1864. The subject of the quali- 
 fications of teachers began to be earnestly dis- 
 cussed about this time, and in his annual re- 
 port, presented at the beginning of the year 
 1865, President Shippen said: — 
 
 "The Board of Control having, by law, the 
 general supervision of the schools, the char- 
 acter of the studies, etc., etc., have deemed 
 it within their province to regulate the sub- 
 ject of qualification of teachers in such a 
 
 EDWARD SHIPPEN. 
 
 manner as will best conduce to the public 
 good. * * * The Board of Control in no 
 wise desire to interfere with the right of 
 directors to select and elect their own teach- 
 ers, but they feel compelled to exercise their 
 supervisory powers when they find that a 
 practice prevails in a few Sectional Boards of 
 electing teachers with little or no regard to 
 their qualifications — from motives of favorit- 
 ism or from affinity. * * * 
 
 "The power of the Controllers to examine 
 into the qualifications of those who seek ap- 
 pointments as teachers in our schools having 
 been questioned, the Legislature at the pres- 
 ent session has placed all doubts at rest by 
 
 ACT OF FEBRUARY 17, 1865. 
 
 The act referred to, by which the Board was 
 given authority to determine the qualification 
 of teachers, was approved February 17, 1865, 
 Following are its provisions: — 
 
 "The Controllers of Public Schools of the 
 First School District of Pennsylvania shall 
 establish a system for the examination and 
 qualification of all persons who may desire to 
 become teachers in the public schools of said 
 District; the said examinations to be held at 
 such time and places, and under such system, 
 rules and regulations, as the said Controllers 
 shall from time to time adopt. 
 
 "No person shall, from and after the passage 
 of this act, be elected to the position of 
 teacher in any of the public schools of said Dis- 
 trict by any of the Sectional Boards of school 
 directors within the same unless such person 
 shall have been found duly qualified for the 
 position to which he or she shall have been 
 elected, nor unless he or she shall have received 
 a certificate of qualification, duly issued by 
 the authority of said Controllers, after his 
 or her examination provided for in the first 
 section of this act. Provided, the exclusive 
 right of the several Sectional Boards of school 
 directors within said District to elect the 
 teachers of their respective Sections shall be 
 and remain unimpaired, except in so far as 
 the same is qualified by this act.* 
 
 "It shall be the duty of the several Sectional 
 Boards of school directors within said District 
 to certify to the said Controllers, within 
 thirty days from the passage of this act, a 
 complete list of the names and grades of all 
 teachers in the respective Sections who had 
 been duly elected as such prior to the passage 
 of this act, which said list shall be, within 
 
 ♦"The Sectional Boards have the exclusive power of 
 appointing teachers, subject only to the restriction that 
 persons appointed shall be duly qualified. The Board of 
 Public Education cannot refuse to confirm a teacher appointed 
 by the Sectional Board, if the teacher appointed sustains the 
 necessary qualifications." — Opinion of the City Solicitor, 
 
sixty days from the passage of this act, duly 
 certified by said Controllers under their com- 
 mon and corporate seal to the Controller of 
 the City of Philadelphia. 
 
 "It shall be the duty of the directors of the 
 public schools of the several Sections in like 
 manner, from time to time, to certify to the 
 Controllers of the public schools of said. Dis- 
 trict the names and grade of all persons quali- 
 fied as aforesaid who shall hereafter be elected 
 to the position of teacher in said District, 
 which said names and grades shall also be cer- 
 tified by said Controllers to the said City Con- 
 troller." 
 
 SHIPPEN ON TEACHERS' 
 SALARIES. 
 
 The increasing and grading of teachers' sal- 
 aries was seriously considered about the time 
 the above law went into effect. In view of 
 the recent discussion as to the relative salaries 
 paid to men and women teachers, another ex- 
 tract from President Shippen's first report is 
 of interest: — 
 
 "In this District all the teachers are 
 females, except the Principals of boys' gram- 
 mar and some unclassified schools, and we 
 have reason to congratulate ourselves on 
 having a corps of teachers so worthy and ca- 
 pable as those now in our service. 
 
 "It has ever been the case that female labor 
 has failed to obtain a just appreciation in com- 
 parison with male labor. The work per- 
 formed by females, just as well, faithfully and 
 effectively executed as when performed by 
 males, has not been fairly estimated or com- 
 pensated. 
 
 "For instance, take the duties of a female 
 Principal of a grammar school and compare 
 them with those of a male Principal. They 
 are identical, and both well performed. The 
 one receives double the pay of the other. Is 
 this fair? Is it right? Some reply very 
 speciously that the males have families to pro- 
 vide for and that their expenses are hence 
 larger. If compensation is to be measured 
 by home demands, or bv the extent of a 
 
 man's family, we must adopt a sliding scale. 
 We must examine closely into the demands 
 of every teacher's family, and his salary, by the 
 same reasoning, must be increased for everv 
 addition to his family and diminished for 
 every death. May not the female teacher 
 have her aged mother to care for? May she 
 not be the sole stay and support of an infirm 
 father and a father's family? May she not. 
 too, have a thousand home demands, as men 
 have? The argument for the increase of 
 salaries of male teachers and kindly letting 
 salaries of females remain just wdiere they are 
 is simply absurd." 
 
 CURRICULUM LIGHTENED. 
 
 About this time there was a great deal of 
 talk concerning the "undue pressure" on the 
 pupils in the public schools, and the curricu- 
 lum was lightened somewhat in response to 
 the popular outcry. 
 
 COMPULSORY EDUCATION 
 FAVORED. 
 
 Compulsory education was favored by 
 President Shippen in his annual report for the 
 year 1865: "Wholesome laws for compul- 
 sory education," he said, "have been enacted 
 elsewhere with marked success, and may we 
 not follow in the improved track? The sub- 
 ject is a delicate one for legislation, and yet 
 for such a reason it should not be avoided. 
 We need truant laws, authorizing the ap- 
 pointment of truant officers, as well as a care- 
 fully devised and judiciously arranged system 
 of compulsory education." 
 
 Mr. Shippen, all of whose reports were full 
 of happy suggestions and recommendations, 
 said in the same year: — 
 
 "It may seem an idle dream, but neverthe- 
 less it is a dream of those who have watched 
 the progress of education in this country, and 
 the tide of events, that the time is not distant 
 when a gigantic National High School shall 
 be organized to receive, educate and perfect, 
 at Government expense, so far as men may 
 
perfect, those whom God has endowed with 
 pecuHar talent for art, science or literature, 
 rich and poor alike; that this school shall 
 have within its scope, science in all its depths 
 and in every branch, and art in all its varied 
 forms, and not the least among these paint- 
 ing, statuary and music, to the end that 
 America shall have no rival: that her people 
 may have no need to send her talented sons 
 and daughters to foreign lands for the full 
 development of the choice treasures which 
 Providence had showered upon them; and 
 that America may be what Europe is, the seat 
 of art, literature and science, and add to it, 
 withal, we trust, morality." 
 
 TEACHERS' SALARIES 
 INCREASED. 
 
 An increase of 20 per cent, was made in 
 1866 in the salaries of the teachers receiving 
 $450 and under, and 10 per cent, in all salaries 
 over that amount. 
 
 In this year $1,000,000, which had been 
 appropriated for the erection of new school- 
 houses in 1865, was divided among the Sec- 
 tions, and the erection of twenty-one new 
 school buildings was begun. 
 
 METHOD OF APPOINTING CON- 
 TROLLERS ALTERED. 
 
 By an act approved in April, 1867, the Leg- 
 islature changed the mode of appointment of 
 Controllers, establishing the system now in 
 operation, of appointment by the judiciary. 
 Previous to this time the Controllers were 
 elected by the various Boards of Directors. 
 
 CONTROLLERS OF 1868. 
 
 The members of the Board of Controllers 
 in 1868 were: — 
 
 First Section — A. S. Jenks. 
 
 Second Section — Andrew Nebinger, M. D. 
 
 Third Section — Washington J. Jackson. 
 
 Fourth Section — P. A. Fagen. 
 
 Fifth Section — Lewis C. Cassidv. 
 
 Sixth Section — M. R. Harris. 
 
 Seventh Section — John Samuel. 
 Eighth Section — Edward Shippen. 
 Ninth Section — ^James Freeborn. 
 Tenth Section — John Price Wetherill. 
 Eleventh Section — James S. Hinkel. 
 Twelfth Section — M. Hall Stanton. 
 Thirteenth Section — John B. Green. 
 Fourteenth Section — Albert C. Roberts. 
 Fifteenth Section — John W. Clark. 
 Sixteenth Section — Stephen H. Smith. 
 Seventeenth Section — J. Macavoy, M. D. 
 Eighteenth Section — Charles M. Lukens. 
 Nineteenth Section — Stephen Taylor. 
 Twentieth Section — Henry C. Hickok. 
 Twenty-first Section — Wm. B. Stephens. 
 Twenty-second Section — Edw. Armstrong. 
 Twenty-third Section — John G. Brenner. 
 Twenty-fourth Section — Norris J. Hoffman 
 Twenty-fifth Section — Jas. H. MacBride. 
 Twenty-sixth Section — Charles Harmer. 
 Twenty-seventh Section — Danl. Steinmetz. 
 Twenty-eighth Section — Chas. F. Abbot. 
 
 SENIOR CLASSES ESTABLISHED. 
 
 In 1867 senior classes were established in 
 the grammar schools, being designed chiefly 
 for such pupils as did not enter the higher 
 schools. Their purpose was to fit the pupils 
 for business life. They were not a very great 
 success and were not long continued. 
 
 TEACHERS' INSTITUTE 
 ORGANIZED. 
 
 Another important event of this year was 
 the organization of the Teachers' Institute. 
 [See chapter on Teachers' Institute.] 
 
 CONTROLLERS AND COUNCILS 
 AGAIN. 
 
 Under the head of "Relative Duties and 
 Rights of Controllers and Councils," Presi- 
 dent Shippen made a statement in his annual 
 report for 1867, of which certain parts have 
 been quoted hundreds of times since, having 
 appeared frequently in the public press within 
 
the past few years. Extracts from this state- 
 ment follow: — 
 
 "There seems to be in the public 
 mind an idea that the Councils of 
 the City of Philadelphia have in 
 some form or shape a supervisory con- 
 trol over the educational affairs of the city. 
 This is a great and serious error, and the sooner 
 it is made manifest to the public mind, and to 
 Councils also, the better it will be for the 
 interests of our schools. The Board of 
 School Controllers is not a department of the 
 city government, as the Highway Depart- 
 ment, for instance, is. This Board by law 
 makes no report to Councils as does the 
 Highway Department. Its members do not 
 hold their appointments from Councils. The 
 Councils of the City of Philadelphia are elected 
 pursuant to the Act of Consolidation. The 
 Controllers hold their appointments pursuant 
 to a supplement to the Act of Consolidation; 
 and therefore it is justly said that each holds 
 appointment pursuant to the will of the peo- 
 ple as expressed through the Legislature. 
 
 "Each has its own exclusive privileges, its 
 own exclusive powers, its own exclusive juris- 
 diction, its own exclusive duties, and its own 
 heavy and exclusive responsibilities. The 
 Councils are not responsible to the School 
 Board for their actions, nor is the School 
 Board responsible to Councils. Councils and 
 the School Board are alike responsible to the 
 people. The Councils of the City of Phila- 
 delphia have no more right to instruct the 
 Board of School Controllers in respect to 
 educational affairs than has the Board of 
 School Controllers the right to instruct 
 Councils in regard to details of municipal 
 management. In all respects, save one, they 
 are utterly and entirely independent of each 
 other and they should be so. This one ex- 
 ception is with reference to finances. The 
 power of levying taxes has since consolida- 
 tion been given directly to the City Councils, 
 and they are charged with the duty of includ- 
 ing in the levy so much as will be requisite for 
 the public schools. * * * 
 
 "It has been well said by the Supreme 
 Court in the case of Johnson's Appeal, 1 1 
 Wright, 384: 'From an examination of the 
 Acts of Assembly to which our attention has 
 been directed in this case, it is apparent that 
 everything pertaining to public schools, within 
 the City and County of Philadelphia, has been 
 committed to the Board of Controllers, ex- 
 cepting only the public purse, which has been 
 kept carefully in the hands of the City Coun- 
 cils. The Controllers have power to establish 
 schools, to provide school books, make rules 
 and regulations, to appoint teachers and fix 
 their salaries, but have no right to raise or 
 appropriate revenues. The Legislature of 
 the city was not a body fitted to descend into 
 the minute details of the system and to meas- 
 ure out the exact sum each teacher was to 
 receive, but they could classify the general 
 objects of the expenditure, of which teachers*^ 
 salaries would be one, leaving to the Control- 
 lers the sub-divisions of the sums appropriated 
 to that object among the several individuals 
 entitled to share it.' * * * 
 
 ''The decision in the case of Johnson's Ap- 
 peal, before referred to, holds that Councils 
 have the right to fix the gross amount which 
 the Controllers shall expend for teachers' sal- 
 aries and that the Controllers alone have the 
 power of sub-division of the same. * * * 
 
 "The foregoing statement is not made in a 
 spirit of fault-finding, but as a matter of justi- 
 fication. It is not designed to imply for an 
 instant that the Councils of Philadelphia, as 
 bodies, are opposed to universal education, or 
 that they purposely endeavor to impede this 
 co-ordinate branch of city government, be- 
 cause the community has reason to con- 
 gratulate itself on many acts of liberality 
 on the part of Councils toward public edu- 
 cation. * * But we do submit that there 
 is not sufficient deference paid to the de- 
 mands of this Board; that this Board is 
 the best judge of the public need in re- 
 spect to educational affairs, and that the 
 time is at hand when some legislative 
 action is imperatively needed to enable this 
 
Board to carry out its measures without let 
 or hindrance." 
 
 CENSUS OF CHILDREN TAKEN. 
 
 In March, 1867, at the request of the Board 
 of Controllers, Morton McMichael, who was 
 mayor of the city, caused a census of children 
 between the ages of six and eighteen to be 
 taken by the police. The figures thus ob- 
 tained were considered inaccurate, as in many 
 cases it was impossible to get the desired 
 information. The total number of children, 
 according to this census, was 142,517, of 
 whom 70,674 were boys and 71,843 were girls. 
 There were 76,419 children in the public 
 schools at the close of 1867. 
 
 PROGRESS MADE IN 1868. 
 
 The work accomplished by the Board in 
 1868 was summarized by President Daniel 
 Steinmetz, who was the chief executive officer 
 in 1869, as follows: "A thorough reorganiza- 
 tion of divisions, a careful examination and re- 
 duction of text-books, a classification of all 
 unclassified schools, the formation of a new 
 code for the qualification of teachers, the 
 adoption of a new set of laws and rules for the 
 government of the Board and the schools, 
 and the completion of twenty-one new school 
 buildings, at a cost of $272,866.65." 
 
 BUILDING INSPECTOR ELECTED. 
 
 At thetime the twenty-one school buildings 
 above mentioned were being erected, the office 
 of inspector of school buildings was created, 
 and Lewis H. Esler was chosen to fill this 
 position. He had a supervision over all the 
 building operations, similiar to that now ex- 
 ercised by the architect of the Board. His 
 title was changed the following year to "Su- 
 perintendent of Public School Buildings and 
 Repairs." This was virtually the establish- 
 ment of the Architect's Department. 
 
 STUDY OF MUSIC INTRODUCED. 
 
 An appropriation of $6,000 was made in 
 1869 for the purpose of introducing instruc- 
 tion in vocal music into the public schools. 
 On May 8th of that year an examination was 
 held at the Normal School, and nineteen 
 young women out of thirty-nine who pre- 
 sented themselves secured averages which 
 enabled the Board to confer upon them certifi- 
 cates of proficiency to teach. On May 24th 
 instruction in music was begun in all the 
 grammar and secondary schools, one lesson 
 being given each week. Professor Louis was 
 appointed Superintendent of Music. 
 
 M. HALL STANTON. 
 
 ARTISANS' NIGHT SCHOOL 
 OPENED. 
 
 The Artisans' Night School was opened on 
 the evening of November 2, 1869. [See 
 chapter on Night Schools.] 
 
 NAME OF THE BOARD CHANGED. 
 
 The name of the Board of Controllers was 
 changed by an Act of Legislature, approved 
 March 15, 1870, to the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation of the First School District of Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 M. Hall Stanton was elected president or 
 the Board January i, 1870, and served for 
 seven vears. 
 
 28 
 
An act to prevent freqnent changes in text- 
 books was passed by the Legislature in 1871. 
 
 TWENTY-NINTH SECTION 
 FORMED. 
 
 By the division of the Twentieth Ward, in 
 1871, the Twenty-ninth Ward was formed, 
 and James Long was made Controller for the 
 Twenty-ninth Section. The Twentieth Ward 
 had in January, 1869, been divided into two 
 school sections, and was represented by two 
 Controllers from that time until the for- 
 mation of the new ward out of the western 
 part of the Twentieth. From 1869 to 1872 
 Peter A. B. Widener represented the Twen- 
 tieth Section west. 
 
 THEORY OF MUSIC TAUGHT. 
 
 At a meeting of the Board of Public Educa- 
 tion in February, 1872, resolutions were 
 adopted providing that under the supervision 
 of the Superintendent of Music the theory of 
 music should be introduced into the schools, 
 and taught by the regular teachers for periods 
 of fifteen minutes, twice each week. The 
 theory of music was made a subject of ex- 
 amination at the semi-annual examination for 
 promotion in all grades. 
 
 COMPULSORY EDUCATION AGAIN 
 FAVORED. 
 
 Another plea for compulsory education was 
 made by President M. Hall Stanton in his 
 report covering the year 1873: "While there 
 are many repugnant features to a compulsory 
 law," he said, "it seems to be the only efficient 
 means for the redemption of the thousands 
 of children of this city who are drifting into 
 the first stage of a criminal career, vagabond- 
 ism." 
 
 GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING 
 ERECTED. 
 
 At the close of 1873 Councils passed an or- 
 dinance creating a loan of $1,000,000 for 
 additional lots and school buildings. Out of 
 
 this ai)propriation the Board purchased a lot 
 at Seventeenth and Spring Garden streets, 
 and erected a building for the Normal School. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION FOR 
 PUBLIC EDUCATION. 
 
 The State Constitution of 1873 contained 
 the following article in reference to public 
 education: — 
 
 "Section i. The General Assembly shall 
 provide for the maintenance and support of a 
 thorough and efficient system of public 
 schools, wherein all the children of this Com- 
 monwealth above the age of six years may be 
 educated, and shall appropriate at least one 
 million dollars each year for that purpose. 
 
 "Sec. 2. No money raised for the support of 
 the public schools of the Commonwealth shall 
 be appropriated to or used for the support of 
 any sectarian school. 
 
 "Sec. 3. Women twenty-one years of age 
 and upwards shall be eligible to any office of 
 control or management under the school laws 
 of this State." 
 
 UNIVERSITY SCHOLARSHIPS 
 ESTABLISHED. 
 
 An important event of the year 1875 was an 
 arrangement made between the University of 
 Pennsylvania and the city by which fifty free 
 scholarships in that institution were per- 
 manently estabHshed for the benefit of public 
 school pupils. A similar arrangement was 
 made the next year with the Philadelphia 
 School of Design for Women, and, in 1880, 
 with the Pennsylvania Museum and School 
 of Industrial Art. 
 
 TWO MORE NEW SECTIONS. 
 
 Two new wards were formed in 1875, the 
 Thirtieth, which was previously part of the 
 Twenty-sixth, and the Thirty-first, taken from 
 the Nineteenth. The Controllers appointed 
 for the two new Sections were William J. 
 Pollock and James Milligan, Jr. 
 
OFFICE OF THE BOARD. 
 
 In 1876 the office of the Board of PtibHc 
 Education was removed from the Athenaeum 
 Building, at Sixth and Adelphi streets, where 
 it had been for many years, to the present 
 quarters in the school-house on Filbert street 
 above Seventh. 
 
 CENTENNIAL YEAR. 
 During the Centennial Exposition the public 
 schools received no little notice from visitors 
 from other cities and other countries. "Amid 
 the vast concourse of people," said President 
 Stanton in reviewing the year, "who visited 
 Philadelphia during the Centennial period, 
 were very many distinguished ladies and 
 gentlemen who are recognized as leaders in 
 the cause of popular instruction in this and 
 foreign countries. England, Germany, Rus- 
 sia, Austria and the smaller European states, 
 as well as the older but less advanced govern- 
 ments of Asia, sent commissioners to make 
 special' study of the common and collegiate 
 systems of training observed in the United 
 States; and our city, with her extended chain 
 of free schools and higher institutions of learn- 
 ing, presented them a most favorable held for 
 their labor. Our method of gratuitous 
 popular instruction was conceded by all to be 
 one of the best, if not the very best, exponents 
 of the general common school system adopted 
 in this country, and which, in the estimation of 
 foreign nations, has been most potential in 
 raising it to its enviable position of enlight- 
 ened citizenship." 
 
 NORMAL SCHOOL BUILDING 
 DEDICATED. 
 
 The most important event of centennial 
 year was the completion and dedication of 
 the new Normal School (now the Girls' High 
 School) building, at Seventeenth and Spring 
 Garden streets. The dedicatory exercises 
 were held on the evening of October 30th. 
 
 In 1877 James Long succeeded M. Hall 
 Stanton as president of the Board of Public 
 
 Education, 
 years. 
 
 He continued in office for two 
 
 A REVISION OF STUDIES. 
 A joint committee consisting of the 
 Committees on University, Revision of 
 Studies, Central High School and 
 Girls' Normal School, in 1877, took 
 into consideration the subject of a 
 readjustment of the course of study in the 
 elementary schools. They were aided by 
 members of the Board of Public Trusts, the 
 Franklin Institute and the Pennsylvania 
 Museum, beside teachers and other persons 
 interested in popular education. The joint 
 
 EDWARD T. STEEL. 
 
 committee consisted of Richardson L. 
 Wright, Simon Gratz, Dr. Andrew Nebinger, 
 Charles F. Abbot, James S. Whitney, Alex- 
 ander Adaire, James H. MacBride, George W. 
 Cox, James Freeborn, Thomas R. Davis, Dr. 
 M. P. Hutchinson, M. Hall Stanton, Edward 
 T. Steel and John M. Campbell. They ar- 
 ranged a revised course of study and sub- 
 mitted it to the Board in November, 1877. It 
 was adopted and soon after put into opera- 
 tion. 
 
 STEEL BECOMES PRESIDENT. 
 
 Edward T. Steel was elected president of 
 the Board January i, 1879, and for ten years 
 
ATHENAEUM BUILDING, 
 Sixlh and Adelphi Streets. 
 
thereafter performed the duties of that of!ice 
 with energy and intelHgence. 
 
 NEW SALARY SYSTEM ADOPTED. 
 
 The most important work of the year 1879 
 was the adoption of a new basis and system 
 for the payment of teachers' salaries. Prior 
 to that time salaries were paid according to 
 the grade, the smallest pay being given to 
 the teacher instructing in the lowest primary 
 grade, with higher compensation to teachers 
 of each advancing grade. By this new system 
 compensation was based mainly upon the 
 length of service, as at present. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF SUPERINTEND- 
 ENCE ORGANIZED. 
 
 In April, 1881, the Board of Public Educa- 
 tion decided "that skilled specialists in the 
 science of education were necessary to super- 
 intend and supervise the schools." An ap- 
 propriation was granted by Councils for the 
 purpose, and the Department of Superintend- 
 ence was created. It was organized by the 
 election of Professor James MacAlister, now 
 president of the Drexel Institute, as Superin- 
 tendent, and Andrew J. Morrison, James F. C. 
 Sickel, Lydia A. Kirby and May Haggen- 
 botham as assistants. 
 
 SUGGESTIONS MADE BY 
 MR. STEEL. 
 
 In his report for 1879 President Steel urged 
 the appointment of Supervising Principals, 
 and also suggested that assembly rooms be 
 provided, wherever possible, in the schools. 
 He also advocated the need of a competent 
 Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 LMI'ROVEMENTS IN SCHOOL 
 BUILDINGS. 
 In 1879 the first fire-proof stairways, a 
 feature of school buildings required by ordi- 
 nance of City Councils, passed in May, 1877, 
 were placed in the new school buildings. 
 Marked improvements in the general con- 
 struction of school buildings followed. Ad- 
 dison Hutton, a leading architect, prepared 
 plans for a number of school-houses arranged 
 in accordance with modern ideas as to light, 
 ventilation and safety. 
 
 SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ART 
 ESTABLISHED. 
 
 By permission of the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation the Public School of Industrial Art was 
 established as an e.xperiment, in 1880, by 
 Charles G. Leland, in a public school building. 
 [See chapter on the School of Industrial Art.] 
 
 UK. JAMES Mai ALISTER. 
 
 TEACHING OF SEWING 
 INTRODUCED. 
 
 The teaching of sewing was begun in the 
 public schools in 1881. when it was introduced 
 in the Normal School. This study was in- 
 cluded in the course adopted in 1879, but sew- 
 ing was not taught in the elementary schools 
 until December, 1884, when eleven special 
 teachers were engaged and detailed to teach 
 in the secondary and grammar schools of 
 nine Sections. The experiment proved so 
 successful that instruction in sewing was soon 
 begun in all the girls' grammar schools. 
 
MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL 
 ESTABLISHED. 
 
 In 1884 Councils made an appropriation 
 for manual training, and in September, 1885, 
 a Manual Training School was established as 
 a part of the public school system. Philadel- 
 phia was the second city in the United States 
 to organize such a school, Baltimore having 
 taken the lead. [See chapter on the Manual 
 Training Schools.] 
 
 SUPERVISING PRINCIPALS' 
 EXAMINATION. 
 
 In May, 1885, the first examination for the 
 Supervising Principal's Certificate was held. 
 Thirty-two candidates attended, of which 
 number twenty-three were successful. In 
 February of the following year nineteen 
 schools were reorganized and placed under the 
 charge of Supervising Principals. 
 
 TRANSFER OF FREE KINDER- 
 GARTENS. 
 
 Free kindergartens had already been estab- 
 lished through private contribution and had 
 been controlled by an organization known as 
 the Sub-Primary School Society. In Jan- 
 uary, 1887, these kindergartens, thirty-two in 
 number, passed from under the direction of 
 the society to the Board of Public Education. 
 Miss Constance Mackenzie was elected 
 Director of Kindergartens. 
 
 INSTRUCTION IN COOKING 
 INTRODUCED. 
 
 Cooking was added to the curriculum of the 
 Girls' High School in 1887, and cooking 
 schools for girls in the grammar grades were 
 subsequently opened. There are now seven 
 of these schools: Edward Shippen School, 
 Cherry street above Nineteenth street ; James 
 Forten School, Sixth street above Lombard 
 street; Rutledge School, Seventh and Norris 
 streets; U. S. Grant School, Seventeenth 
 and Pine streets; George G. Meade School, 
 Eighteenth and Oxford streets; Newton 
 
 School, Ludlow street below Thirty-sixth; 
 Jackson School. Twelfth and Federal streets. 
 
 MR. SHEPPARD ELECTED 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 Isaac A. Sheppard was elected president of 
 the Board of Public Education. January i. 
 1889, when he entered upon the duties of his 
 office in the energetic manner which has char- 
 acterized his every effort in other directions. 
 He found that additional school buildings 
 were greatly needed, and earnestly urged an 
 appropriation sufficient to cover the expense 
 of their erection. [For portrait and biographi- 
 cal sketch of Mr. Sheppard see Chapter on 
 Schools of the Sixteenth Section.] 
 
 FOUR NEW SECTIONS. 
 
 The Thirty-second and Thirty-third Wards 
 were formed in 1888 by the division of the 
 Twenty-eighth and Twenty-fifth Wards. 
 William B. Gill was appointed to represent the 
 Thirty-second Section in the Board of Public 
 Education, and George W. Crouch, the Thirty- 
 third. In 1889 the Thirty-fourth Ward was 
 formed by the division of the Twenty-fourth, 
 and the following year a part of the Twenty- 
 third Ward was made the Thirty-fifth. 
 Joseph R. Rhoads and Thomas Shallcross 
 were respectively chosen to represent these 
 two new Sections. 
 
 NEED OF NEW TEACHERS 
 ADVOCATED. 
 
 During Mr. Steel's term as president he had 
 again and again urged the advisability of in- 
 ducing men to enter the schools as teachers. 
 He held that in certain grades of boys' schools 
 it was highly important to have men teachers 
 exclusively. Mr. Sheppard followed Mr. 
 Steel in advocating this idea. In his report 
 for the year 1889 Mr. Sheppard said: — 
 
 "In my last report, in calling attention to 
 this subject, I expressed the opinion that boys 
 of twelve years of age and upwards ought to 
 be under the tutelage of a master. The ex- 
 perience and close observation of another year 
 
have fully confirmed me in the belief that the 
 position then taken was correct. Thoughtful 
 men will generally admit that the period indi- 
 cated is the most critical of a boy's life, and 
 that boys are therein exposed to temptations 
 of which women, and young women especi- 
 ally, know nothing; and the existence of 
 which they, perhaps, do not even suspect. 
 Moreover, the public welfare demands that 
 the large number of boys who never get 
 beyond the grammar schools should have re- 
 ceived clear and forcible instruction in those 
 elementary ])rinciples of government upon 
 which our national life depends, and in the 
 <luties and responsibilities of citizenship. * * 
 A woman, no matter how painstaking and 
 conscientious, will, by reason of her natural 
 limitations, teach from a woman's point of 
 view. Woman's method of thought and 
 illustration differ from those of man, and, 
 upon the larger boys, make less impression, 
 and are more easily forgotten by them when 
 they come in contact with the world. Suc- 
 cessful teaching springs out of actual personal 
 experience in the duties and dangers of life; 
 and a good man, out of the treasures of his 
 experience as a man, can bring forth much 
 that the boys under his care surely need to 
 know, but which a woman could never impart 
 because of her wholly different experience." 
 Superintendent MacAlister said on this 
 subject in one of his reports: "It is my con- 
 viction that the Board has now before it no 
 more important question than the best means 
 to bring into the service a sufficient number 
 of young men, possessing the education, 
 character and ambition to make successful 
 teachers." 
 
 SCHOOL OF PEDAGOGY 
 ESTABLISHED. 
 
 The agitation of years resulted, in Septem- 
 ber, 1 89 1, in the establishment of the School 
 of Pedagogy for the training of youns: men as 
 teachers. Professor Henry Clark Johnson, 
 then president of the faculty of the Central 
 High School was made president of the 
 
 faculty of the new school, and the entire corps 
 of instructors was composed of High School 
 professors. 
 
 DR. BROOKS ELECTED SUPER- 
 INTENDENT. 
 
 In the spring of 1891 Dr. Edward Brooks, 
 an educator of note, was elected Superin- 
 tendent of Public Schools, to succeed Dr. 
 James MacAlister. [See chapter on Depart- 
 ment of Superintendence.] 
 
 JAMES FORTEN SCHOOL 
 ORGANIZED. 
 
 The following September the James Forten 
 Elementary Manual Training School was 
 opened in the building on Sixth street above 
 Lombard. [See chapter on James Forten 
 Elementary Manual Training School.] 
 
 INCEPTION OF THE FREE 
 LIBRARIES. 
 
 City Councils appropriated $15,000 to the 
 Board of Public Education, with which to 
 begin the establishment of free libraries, in 
 1 89 1. The first library was formally opened 
 on October 17, 1892, at the Wagner Free In- 
 stitute of Science, Seventeenth street and 
 Montgomery avenue. [See chapter on Pub- 
 lic Libraries.] 
 
 TWO MORE SECTIONS 
 REPRESENTED. 
 
 The Board of Public Education received 
 two new^ members in 1892 when the Thirty- 
 sixth and Thirty-seventh Wards were formed 
 by division of the Twenty-sixth and Twenty- 
 eighth. George Haig and Dr. William K. 
 Mattern were appointed to represent the two 
 new Sections. 
 
 NEW NORMAL SCHOOL 
 OPENED. 
 
 The handsome edifice of the Philadelphia 
 Normal School for Girls, Thirteenth and 
 Spring Garden streets, was completed in 
 
1893, and in November of that year the new 
 school was opened. George H. Cliff was 
 chosen Principal. The completion of this 
 building enabled the Board of Public Educa- 
 tion to properly organize a high school for 
 girls, in the old Normal School building at 
 Seventeenth and Spring Garden streets. 
 
 EXHIBITION AT THE WORLD'S 
 FAIR. 
 
 There was an excellent exhibition of school 
 work from Philadelphia at the World's 
 Columbian Exposition, in Chicago, in 1893. 
 City Councils made an appropriation of $6,000 
 to defray the expenses. "Although the space 
 allotted was somewhat inadequate," said 
 President Sheppard in his annual report for 
 that year, "the entire exhibit was creditable 
 to the city, and won high commendation from 
 prominent educators." 
 
 HIGH SCHOOL CORNER-STONE 
 LAID. 
 
 The chief event of the year 1894 was the 
 laying of the corner-stone of the new building 
 for the Central High School, at the south- 
 west corner of Broad and Green streets. 
 
 MR. GRATZ ELECTED PRESIDENT 
 PRO TEM. 
 
 In January, 1895, Isaac A. Sheppard tend- 
 ered his resignation as president of the Board 
 of Public Education, on account of ill-health, 
 but the Board declined to accept it, granting 
 him, instead, an extended leave of ab- 
 sence. Simon Gratz, member of the 
 Board from the Eighth Section, was 
 elected president pro tern., to serve un- 
 til such time as Mr. Sheppard might feel 
 able to resume his duties as president. 
 
 SUMMER PLAY-GROUNDS. 
 
 During the summer vacation of 1895 the 
 yards of public schools in thickly-settled sec- 
 tions of the city were kept open as play- 
 grounds for poor children. They proved so 
 
 popular and were apparently productive of so 
 much good that twelve yards were thrown 
 open the following summer. The custom has 
 doubtless come to stay. The credit for put- 
 ting this most excellent plan into successful 
 operation is largely due to Paul Kavanagh, 
 member of the Board of Public Education 
 from the Twenty-sixth Section, to whom, as 
 chairman of the Committee on Property, the 
 matter was referred, and who spared no 
 pains to make the yards attractive to the chil- 
 dren. 
 
 COMPULSORY EDUCATION ACT. 
 
 In 1895 the Legislature passed a compul- 
 sory education bill. Compulsory education 
 had been talked of since the time of Roberts 
 Vaux, and several unsuccessful efforts were 
 made, previous to 1895, to secure legislation 
 concerning it. 
 
 In placing his signature on the Act of 1895, 
 Governor Hastings wrote: — 
 
 "By giving my approval to this measure, 
 there will appear upon our statute books for 
 the first time in the historv of the Common- 
 wealth a compulsory educational law. 
 
 "The General Assembly in the sessions of 
 1 89 1 and 1893 passed a compulsory educa- 
 tional act somewhat similar to the present 
 measure, each of which met with Executive 
 disapproval. There appears to be throughout 
 the Commonwealth a general desire for such a 
 law. I have not received a single protest 
 from any citizen against this bill so far as I 
 recall. The unanimity with which it was 
 passed by the Legislature, as well as the large 
 number of requests made upon me to sign it, 
 clearly indicate the general desire on the part 
 of the people for a compulsory educational 
 law. Under these conditions, I am convinced 
 that I should not obtrude any individual judg- 
 ment which I may have on this question of 
 public policy. This measure provides for 
 compulsory education in perhaps the lear.t 
 objectionable form to those who oppose it on 
 principle, and offends as little against the 
 
 36 
 
personal rights of the citizen as possible. I, 
 therefore, approve the bill, but, if by experi- 
 ence the expectations of the people are not 
 realized, future legislation dc^uhtless will meet 
 their demands." 
 
 The act is called "An Act to provide for 
 the attendance of children in the schools of 
 this Conunonwealth and making an enumera- 
 tion of children for that purpose; also provid- 
 ing compensation for the assessors making 
 the enumeration, and providing penalties for 
 violations of this act." 
 
 The first section of the act reads as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 "Be it enacted, etc.. That everv parent, 
 guardian or other person of this Common- 
 wealth, having control or charge of a child or 
 children between the ages of eight and thir- 
 teen years, shall be required to send such child 
 or children to a school in which the common 
 English branches are taught, and such child 
 or children shall attend such school during 
 at least sixteen weeks of each year in which 
 schools in their respective districts shall be in 
 session, unless such child or children shall be 
 excused from such attendance by the board of 
 the school district in which parent, guardian 
 or other person resides, upon the presentation 
 to said board of satisfactory evidence showing 
 such child or children are prevented from at- 
 tendance at school, or application to study, by 
 mental or physical or other urgent reasons: 
 provided, that in case there be no public 
 school in session within tw'O miles of the near- 
 est traveled road of any person within the 
 school district, he or she shall not be liable to 
 the provisions of this act: provided, that this 
 act shall not apply to any child that has been 
 or is being otherwise instructed in the com- 
 mon English branches of learning for a like 
 period of time: and provided further, that the 
 certificate of any principal of any school or 
 educational institution, or of any teacher, that 
 any child has been or is being so instructed, 
 issued to such child or its parents or guardians 
 shall be sufficient and satisfactory evidence 
 thereof." 
 
 The other sections provide a penalty for 
 violation of the act, and also provide for the 
 appointment of attendance officers, the assess- 
 ment of children, etc. 
 
 LAW NOT ENFORCED IN 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 In the spring of 1896 a census of children of 
 school age was taken by the assessors, but the 
 lists are defective, in that they give the names, 
 age, etc., but do not tell whether or not a 
 child attends school. Moreover, there are 
 not sufficient school buildings at the present 
 time to properly accommodate the children 
 who attend, and it would be practically impos- 
 sible to enforce the compulsory education act 
 before some substantial provision was made 
 to accommodate the thousands of additional 
 children who would thus be brought into the 
 schools. The matter is being agitated, and 
 as soon as arrangements can be made to pro- 
 vide suitable accommodations for the new 
 pupils the law will be enforced. 
 
 INSUFFICIENT SCHOOL ACCOM- 
 MODATIONS. 
 
 The lack of proper school accommodations 
 is keenly felt at the present time, and has been 
 for some years past. At the close of 1895 
 there were 129 classes, containing 6,521 
 pupils, on half-time, as it is called. That is, 
 part of the children in a class attend school 
 only in the morning and others only in the 
 afternoon.* The adoption of this pernicious 
 system was made necessary by the lack of 
 school accommodations. There is no alterna- 
 tive between putting pupils on half time and 
 turning some away from school altogether. 
 Of the two evils the Board of Public Educa- 
 tion has chosen the less. 
 
 Regarding this matter President pro tem. 
 Gratz said, in his annual report for the year 
 
 18 95:- 
 
 *In the primary and secondary grades the "half-time" 
 pupils are in school three hours a day. Those in the gram- 
 mar grades have a session of three and one-half hours. 
 Pupils on full time are in school five hours a day. 
 
"If it be asked why the Board does not pro- 
 vide for them [children on half time] by rent- 
 ing additional buildings, the answer is. that 
 even if we had an adequate appropriation, 
 there is extreme difficulty in obtaining build- 
 ings that are at all suitable for this use; and 
 that, wherever it is possible to rent buildings 
 in which children can be placed with due re- 
 gard to their safety and health, they are 
 invariably secured if the means of the Board 
 will permit. But rented buildings are, at 
 best, to be tolerated only as makeshifts; and 
 proper permanent relief cannot be had until 
 Councils shall make appropriations which will 
 enable the Board to erect the school-houses 
 now so urgently needed, and to exercise proper 
 foresight with regard to the future wants 
 of sections which are rapidly increasing in 
 population. It is believed that Councils fully 
 recognize the force of the request we have so 
 repeatedly made; and that, as soon as the 
 municipal finances shall warrant a liberal ap- 
 propriation for this purpose, it will be made." 
 
 WELL-CONSTRUCTED 
 BUILDINGS. 
 
 A reference made by Mr. Gratz in a subse- 
 quent paragraph to the construction of school 
 building is worthy of a place here: — 
 
 **I gladly embrace this opportunity to quote 
 the unsolicited testimony of Messrs. John S. 
 Stevens, D. H. Watts and Allen B. Rorke, in 
 regard to the construction and character of 
 our recently erected school-houses. These 
 gentlemen, all of whom are known as builders 
 of large experience and high repute, were re- 
 quested by the City Controller to report to 
 him in regard to a single item involved in the 
 construction of the buildings. The thorough 
 examination that they made led them to send 
 the Board a written communication, in which 
 they say: 'During our visit to the new school- 
 houses, in company with City Controller 
 Walton, we were much impressed with the 
 marked improvement in the mode of construc- 
 tion, the character of the workmanship, and 
 the general convenience of the buildings, as 
 
 compared with those erected some years since. 
 * * * We extend our congratulations, with 
 hopes that your efforts in furnishing healthful, 
 convenient and attractive school-houses may 
 continue until every child in this great city 
 may have ample accommodations to obtain a 
 good and thorough education.' " 
 
 STUDY OF MUSIC RESTORED. 
 
 The study of vocal music was restored to 
 the course in the elementary schools in 1895. 
 It had been adopted some twentv-eight years 
 previous, but in 1879 was dropped. A lack of 
 funds has made impossible the election of a 
 superintendent of music, but the study is 
 being gradually introduced in the schools and 
 taught by the regular teachers. 
 
 PUBLIC LIBRARIES TRANSFERRED. 
 
 The public libraries were transferred from 
 under the supervision of the Board of Public 
 Education on Januarv i, 1896, to the control 
 of a newly organized Board of Trustees. 
 
 SCHOOL OF PEDAGOGY 
 REORGANIZED. 
 
 In the spring of i8q6 the Board of Public 
 Education passed resolutions authorizing the 
 Committee on Central High School to create 
 a department in that school to be called the 
 Department of the Science of Pedagogies, the 
 course of instruction to be two years. The 
 virtual effect of this action was to improve 
 and extend the course in the School of Peda- 
 gogy- 
 
 CHANGES IN THE CURRICULUM. 
 
 In April, 1896, a resolution was of-l 
 fered in the Board by A. M. Spangler,] 
 member from the Fourteenth Section, 
 which resulted in instructions being givei 
 to the Committee on Revision of Studies 
 to examine the graded course of in- 
 struction and report to the Board whether 
 any and what changes should be mac 
 in it. In July the committee reported t( 
 the Board that after a thorough investieatioj 
 
it had been led to the conchision that the 
 curricuUim needed no radical change. It 
 suggested a number of minor improvements 
 however. The report was adopted by the 
 Board. 
 
 PROSPEROUS CONDITION OF 
 THE SCHOOLS. 
 
 The public schools are now flourishing as 
 never before in all their history, notwithstand- 
 ingdifticulties in thewayof their advancement, 
 such as the lack of sufficient accommodations. 
 At the close of the year 1895 there were 425 
 schools, with 3,161 teachers and 132,052 
 pupils. When these figures are compared 
 with those of earlier years the marvellous 
 growth of the schools can be readily noted. 
 [See Statistics.] 
 
 GRATZ ELECTED PRESIDENT. 
 At the close of 1896 Isaac A. Sheppard re- 
 signed his seat in the Board of Public Educa- 
 tion; and in January, 1897, Simon Gratz, who 
 had been President pro tem for two years, was 
 elected President. At the same time Samuel 
 1j. Huey was elected Vice-President. 
 
 INTROSPECTIVE. 
 
 The outlook is a bright one. With the ap- 
 priation of sufficient money to properly care 
 
 for all the children who will become pupils 
 when the compulsory education law is en- 
 forced, the public schools will be increased in 
 number and improved in many ways. Altera- 
 tions in the course of study are being made 
 from time to time, with a view to increasing 
 the efficiency of the schools, and new and im- 
 proved methods are being engrafted in the 
 system. 
 
 Never have the schools received so much 
 notice from the public press, the reflector of 
 the public mind, as at present. This is surely 
 an indication that the citizens of Philadelphia 
 are awakening to a more lively realization of 
 the importance of maintaining in its best form 
 a system of public schools. It is to be hoped 
 that public sentiment in this direction may 
 extend an influence over City Councils so 
 great that these honorable bodies may be 
 brought in the near future to see the neces- 
 sity of providing more liberally for the needs 
 of the schools. 
 
 If the same energy and care shall be exer- 
 cised in the administration of the public 
 school system during the coming century that 
 has been displayed during that which is now 
 drawing to a close, the historian for the 
 twentieth century shall add to the facts here 
 chronicled the recital of still greater ends ac- 
 complished and a mighter work well done. 
 
Courses of Instruction' 
 
 The last twenty-five years have witnessed 
 many changes in the curriculum of the ele- 
 mentary schools. The present curriculums 
 of the elementary schools of the various cities 
 of the country are a growth determined by 
 the clearer conception of educational doctrine 
 and the improvement of the work of the class 
 room. 
 
 The growth of the curriculum in Philadel- 
 phia is an interesting chapter in educational 
 history. Prior to 1868 there seems to have 
 been no fixed course of instruction in the ele- 
 mentary schools. In that year the Commit- 
 tee on Revision of Studies of the 
 Board of Public Education prepared the 
 first graded course of studies used in 
 the elementary schools of the city. Two 
 years later, in 1870, this course was re- 
 vised by the Committee on Revision of Stud- 
 ies in connection with a committee of 
 grammar school Principals, consisting of F. F. 
 Christine, Edw^ard Gideon, Edgar A. Singer, 
 James F. C. Sickel and George W. Schock. 
 The grammar school Principals, referring to 
 the difficulty of having teachers carry out the 
 course of study, recommended the appoint- 
 ment of a superintendent of schools for each 
 Section to enforce the system of instruction. 
 They also recommended that the name "divis- 
 ion" be abolished and the term "grade" be 
 substituted in its place, which recommenda- 
 tion was adopted by the Board in 1877. In 
 1875. through the oflfer of a number of 
 scholarships in the Tow^ne Scientific Depart- 
 ment of the University of Pennsylvania, it 
 became necessary to revise the curriculum of 
 the so-called Senior Classes of the grammar 
 
 schools; and this task was entrusted to a com- 
 mittee of the Board of Public Education 
 acting in connection with a committee of 
 grammar school Principals, consisting of 
 Messrs. Singer, Sickel, Gideon, Sayre and 
 Maguire. 
 
 In attempting the revision it w^as found that 
 they had begun at the wrong end of the sys- 
 tem, and that to give unity to the work of 
 instruction the entire course should be 
 revised. This work was entrusted to a joint 
 committee composed of the Committees on 
 the University, Revision of Studies, Central 
 High School and Normal School, acting in 
 connection with the Principals of grammar 
 schools named above, and the course prepared 
 was adopted by the Board on November 29, 
 1877. In presenting their report to the Board 
 it was stated that the committee had been 
 "aided by the counsel of prominent members 
 of the Board of Public Trusts, the Franklin 
 Institute and the Pennsylvania Museum of 
 Industrial Arts; of eminent private gentlemen 
 interested in the subject of general and 
 popular education, and of teachers of ability 
 and of experience in our schools ; and the com- 
 mittee had also carefully examined the graded 
 courses of study then in use in the schools of 
 Philadelphia, together with the courses of 
 study adopted in other large cities of the 
 United States." This course of 1877, with a 
 
 *The review here given of the various courses of instruc- 
 tion in the Philadelphia public schools since 1868, is taken 
 almost word for word from the annual report of the Super- 
 intendent of Public Schools for 1895. The author believes 
 this sketch to be the most clear and at the same time the 
 most concise review of the subject that has been written. It 
 purports to be simply a history of the changes made and 
 does not pretend to be a dissertation on the courses them- 
 selves. 
 
slight revision made January, 1880, remained 
 in operation until the organization of the De- 
 partment of Superintendence, in 1883. 
 
 One of the earliest acts of the Superintend- 
 ent was the revision of the Course of Instruc- 
 tion in the primary and secondary schools, 
 with the purpose, as the Superintendent 
 stated, of "simplifying the work of the pupils 
 and introducing methods of teaching more 
 in harmony with the natural laws which regu- 
 late the growth and development of a child's 
 being," Nothing new was claimed for the 
 course, but that "its principles had been 
 thoroughly tested in the best schools of this 
 country and Europe, and had received the 
 approval of the ablest teachers and the highest 
 authorities in education." This course for 
 the primary and the secondary schools was 
 adopted by the Board, and went into opera- 
 tion in 1884. Ill 1886 a corresponding revis- 
 ion of the Course of Instruction in the gram- 
 mar schools was made, which was approved by 
 the Board and introduced into the schools. 
 A leading object of the course in the mind of 
 the Superintendent was the improvement of 
 the methods of teaching, which in many re- 
 spects were antiquated and mechanical, such 
 as singing the multiplication table, singing or 
 
 chanting lists of words in the spelling book, 
 and lists of cities, towns, rivers, etc., in geog- 
 raphy. While the course was received with 
 feelings of dissent on the part of some teach- 
 ers, it was taken hold of with interest by many 
 others, and resulted in banishing many bad 
 practices from the schools and in introducing 
 many improved methods of instruction. 
 
 This Course of Instruction Dr. Edward 
 Brooks found in use in the schools when he 
 entered upon his duties as Superintendent in 
 1 89 1. It was the result of a careful study of 
 the systems in use in the more progressive 
 cities, and represented in the main advanced 
 and generally accepted ideas of elementary 
 instruction. A thoughtful study of its pro- 
 visions, combined with observation and testi- 
 mony in respect to its working in the class 
 room, enabled him to advise certain changes, 
 which, in his judgment, would simplify and 
 improve the work of the schools. All the 
 changes which he has made have been in the 
 direction of eliminating difficulties from the 
 course and rendering it more practical and 
 still more in harmony with the natural laws of 
 the development of a child's mind. Changes 
 which are still contemplated by him are in the 
 same direction. 
 
Department 
 
 — of— 
 
 Superintendence 
 
Department of Superintendence 
 
 For many years Philadelphia stood alone in 
 having no executive officer in the adminis- 
 tration of its school affairs, but the weakness 
 and incongruity of the public school system 
 without responsible management gradually 
 became evident to the members of the Board 
 of Public Education and to others interested 
 in the welfare of the schools, and a movement 
 was begun to secure a system of school 
 supervision similar to that which had long 
 been established in other cities throughout 
 the United States. After ten years of effort 
 the necessary appropriation was secured from 
 Councils, and a Superintendent was chosen, 
 who entered upon his duties May i, 1883. 
 
 From the first the Department of Superin- 
 tendence directed its efforts to the revision, 
 improvement and extension of the courses of 
 instruction; to the introduction of better 
 methods of teaching, based upon sound educa- 
 tional principles; to the training of teachers 
 and the elevation of the standard of the teach- 
 er's work, and to the cultivation of a greater 
 interest in the public mind in behalf of the 
 schools. 
 
 COURSES OF INSTRUCTION 
 REVISED. 
 
 The first work of the Superintendent was 
 the revision of the courses of instruction. 
 Early in 1884 a new course for primary grades 
 was prepared, and was adopted by the Board of 
 Public Education. This was followed in 1885 
 by a revised course for the secondary grades, 
 and in 1886 by a revised course for grammar 
 grades. These courses completely changed 
 
 the methods of instruction which had been in 
 use in the elementary schools for many years. 
 
 In 1892 the course in arithmetic was again 
 revised, and specific directions were presented 
 for carrymg it out. In 1893 an experimental 
 course in drawing was issued, from the results 
 of which a permanent course has recently 
 been prepared. In 1895 a new and ex- 
 tended course in language was introduced, 
 the purpose of which was to develop facility 
 and accuracy in the use of the English lan- 
 guage, and also to train the pupils of the 
 schools to appreciate and read good litera- 
 ture. This course was accompanied by a list 
 of books suitable for reading by pupils of the 
 different grades. 
 
 In 1895 the Superintendent presented a re- 
 port upon the methods of teaching music, 
 recommending its introduction into the ele- 
 mentary schools. The recommendation was 
 adopted by the Board of Public Education, 
 and a course of instruction in music was pre- 
 pared, which is now ready for presentation to 
 the Board. Penmanship has also received the 
 special attention of the department, and ex- 
 periments which -are being made with the 
 vertical system of writing give promise of 
 gratifying results. Other modifications and 
 readjustments of the course of instruction 
 are under consideration. 
 
 SYSTEM OF SUPERVISING PRIN- 
 CIPALS INTRODUCED. 
 
 Next in importance to the revision of the 
 course of instruction was the introduction 
 of the system of Supervising Principals, the 
 
success of which was greatly facilitated by the 
 Superintendency. Under the old plan of or- 
 ganization the Principal taught a class, 
 instead of supervising and directing the work 
 and discipline of the entire school. This ar- 
 rangement was unsatisfactory, and the Board 
 of Public Education had attempted an im- 
 provement in school administration by the 
 appointment of Principals in certain schools 
 whose duty it was to direct the work of the 
 schools rather than to teach. 
 
 In 1883 the present system of organization 
 luider Supervising Principals was adopted by 
 the Board, and the first examination of can- 
 didates for the special certificate required for 
 the new position of Supervising Principal was 
 held in May, 1885. At present there are one 
 hundred and three schools under Supervising 
 Principals in thirty-one Sections of the city. 
 
 EXAMINATIONS AND 
 PROMOTIONS. 
 
 School examinations and promotions early 
 received the attention of the Superintendent. 
 Formerly the Principals formulated the ques- 
 tions for their own schools, and in a building 
 containing several separate school organiza- 
 tions there were often as many different 
 standards for promotion as there were 
 Principals. Candidates for admission into the 
 higher schools were examined upon different 
 sets of questions, and there was no uniformity 
 of qualifications at any stage in the course. 
 
 The adoption of the revised courses of in- 
 struction led to a plan of uniform examina- 
 tions for promotions. Questions are now pre- 
 pared by the Department of Superintendence, 
 and these are delivered in sealed envelopes to 
 the Principals, who assign them to the pupils 
 of the various grades. The tabulated results 
 of the examinations are sent to the Superin- 
 tendent's office, and cases which require in- 
 vestigation receive special attention. A 
 uniform examination is given to all twelfth 
 grade pupils applying for admission to the 
 
 higher schools and uniform standards of ad- 
 mission are required. 
 
 ADMISSION TO THE HIGHER 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 The interests of both the grammar and the 
 high schools have been promoted by the 
 raising of the standards for admission to the 
 latter. A general average of 60 was form- 
 erly all that was required for admission to the 
 high schools; the class average in arithmetic 
 seldom reached 50, and the pupils were occa- 
 sionally admitted with a zero in this branch of 
 study. In 1884 the general average for ad- 
 mission was raised to 65, with a required per- 
 centage of 50 in reading, language and arith- 
 metic, and in 1892 the general average was 
 fixed at 70. 
 
 The Superintendent in his report upon this 
 subject, in 1892, said: "High .tandards always 
 exercise a stimulating and invigorating effect 
 upon the work of both pupils and teachers, 
 and tend to promote the interests of educa- 
 tion." The results of the examinations held 
 since the change was made show that as large 
 a percentage of candidates pass the examina- 
 tion as formerly. 
 
 ATTENTION TO INDUSTRIAL 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 In 1885 the Board of Public Education de- 
 cided to establish a manual training school, 
 in which movement the Superintendent 
 rendered efficient aid. The same motives 
 which prompted the establishment of the 
 manual training school led, in 1884, to the in- 
 troduction of sewing into all girls' schools; 
 while, in 1887, cooking was added to the cur- 
 riculum of the Girls' High School, and a little 
 later cooking schools for girls of the grammar 
 grades were established and placed under the 
 supervision of the Superintendent. 
 
 In order to further extend the industrial 
 element of education, the Superintendent, in 
 1893, presented a report on wood- working in 
 
 46 
 
grammar grades to the Board of Public Edit- 
 cation, but for lack of money to fit up rooms 
 and pay teachers the work has not been intro- 
 duced by the Board. 
 
 SUPERVISION OF KINDER- 
 GARTENS. 
 
 The public kindergartens were organized 
 by the Sub-Primary School Society in 1879, 
 and in 1887, Councils having made an appro- 
 priation for their support, they were placed 
 under the charge of the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation, and became a part of the educational 
 system of the city. In 1893 they were trans- 
 ferred to the care of the Department of 
 Superintendence and have since been under 
 its supervision. 
 
 COURSES OF STUDY 
 FORMULATED. 
 
 In 1 89 1 the Board of Public Education de- 
 cided to separate the normal training depart- 
 ment from the Girls' Normal School, and to 
 organize two separate institutions, a Girls' 
 High School and a Normal School, and the 
 Superintendent, at the request of the Board, 
 prepared the necessary courses of study. The 
 scheme of normal training prepared by him 
 has recently been adopted by the National 
 Educational Association, the highest educa- 
 tional authority in the land. 
 
 PLAN OF THE SCHOOL OF 
 PEDAGOGY. 
 
 In 1 89 1 the Superintendent prepared a plan 
 for the organization of the School of Peda- 
 gogy, which was established in connection 
 with the Central High School, to provide for 
 the training of young men for the profession 
 of teaching. Owing to the limited period of 
 one year, fixed by the Board of Public Educa- 
 tion for the work, only a part of the cource 
 could be carried out, but it has recently been 
 decided to organize the school with a two 
 years' course, in the broad and comprehensive 
 lines indicated by the Superintendent. 
 
 REGULATING THE ABSENCE 
 OF TEACHERS. 
 
 In 1893 a new series of rules was formulated 
 by the Superintendent to regulate the absence 
 of teachers and to provide for and pav com- 
 petent substitutes. In approval of this plan 
 President Sheppard, in a subsequent report, 
 said: "The rules established by the Board in 
 regard to the absence of teachers and the em- 
 ployment of substitute teachers have been 
 beneficial by diminishing the number of absen- 
 tees." His figures show "an improvement of 
 25 per cent, under the operation of the new 
 rules.'' 
 
 CULTIVATING A SPIRIT OF 
 PATRIOTISM. 
 
 Realizing the vast importance of the cul- 
 tivation of a ispirit of patriotism on the part 
 of the pupils of the public schools, the Super- 
 intendent, in 1893, recommended the com- 
 memoration by appropriate exercises of the 
 landing of William Penn, in 1682, and of the 
 adoption of the American flag, in 1777, two 
 important events connected with the history 
 of Philadelphia. The celebration of Penn 
 Day, October 27th, and of Flag Day, June 
 14th, has become a regular custom in the 
 schools of the city, the exercises being varied 
 to suit the pupils of the various grades. 
 
 ELEVATION OF STANDARDS. 
 
 One of the most important results of the in- 
 fluence of the Department of Superintendence 
 has been the gradual elevation of the stand- 
 ards of scholastic and professional qualifica- 
 tion among the teachers of the public schools. 
 In 1884 the duty of conducting the examina- 
 tions for certifying teachers was assigned to 
 the department, and by the advice of the Su- 
 perintendent the examinations were made 
 annual and the requirements for certificates 
 modified and enlarged. In 1892, upon the 
 recommendation of the Superintendent, psy- 
 chology and plane geometry were added to 
 the requirements for the certificates for Prin- 
 cipals and assistants. 
 
IN TOUCH WITH THE 
 TEACHERS. 
 
 The creation of the Department of Superin- 
 tendence for the purpose of directing the work 
 of the schools was an acknowledgment of the 
 dignity and importance of the teacher's duties 
 and responsibilities. The discussion of edu- 
 cational principles and methods, of improved 
 school management, and of the history of 
 education, developed a new interest in school 
 matters and a desire for professional improve- 
 ment, and the courses of lectures upon educa- 
 tional topics which have been given by the 
 Superintendent have been attended by en- 
 thusiastic teachers. These lecture courses 
 have been continued from time to time, as 
 the duties of the Superintendent would per- 
 mit, and the large audiences at the Normal 
 School during the winter of 1895-96 on the 
 evenings of the Superintendent's lectures on 
 Psychology attested the general interest of 
 teachers in educational study. 
 
 PEDAGOGICAL LIBRARY. 
 
 The desire for study and the demand for 
 educational literature led to the foundation of 
 the Pedagogical Library. It was thought 
 desirable to have at command the best authori- 
 ties on the history, science and art of edu- 
 cation for the use of those connected with the 
 Superintendent's office, and for the teachers 
 and others engaged in educational work con- 
 nected with the public school system of the 
 city. A number of books were gradually 
 brought together through the liberality of the 
 Board of Public Education, and the City 
 Councils now make an annual appropriation 
 to sustain it. 
 
 CO-OPERATION WITH TEACHERS' 
 ORGANIZATIONS. 
 
 The cordial co-operation of the Teachers' 
 Institute with the Department of Superin- 
 tendence has been a decided impetus to educa- 
 tional progress. Another important factor in 
 the uplifting of the teacher's profession was 
 the organization, in 1892, through the in- 
 
 fluence of the Superintendent, of the Educa- 
 tional Club. 
 
 TEACHERS' POST-GRADUATE 
 COURSE. 
 
 In 1892 the Superintendent effected an ar- 
 rangement with the authorities of the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania for the admission of 
 teachers desirous of pursuing higher courses of 
 study to the classes of that institution. 
 Special afternoon and Saturday classes were 
 formed for the accommodation of these teach- 
 ers, and sixty-five were in attendance the first 
 year. At the present time over two hundred 
 men and women, teachers in the public 
 schools, are attending various courses of 
 L^niversity lectures. 
 
 SPECIFIC DUTIES OF THE 
 DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The duties of the Superintendent of Schools 
 and of his assistants are stated definitely in 
 the By-Laws of the Board of Public Educa- 
 tion, as prepared at the time of the adoption 
 of the Superintendency, in 1883; but the work 
 of the Department has so increased that no 
 series of rules could adequately set forth the 
 duties and responsibilities of the Superintend- 
 ent and his corps of assistants. Some of the 
 most important of these duties are here 
 given : — 
 
 1. To visit and inspect schools and assist 
 weak and inexperienced teachers by suggest- 
 ing and illustrating better methods of work; 
 to counsel with Principals and Supervising 
 Principals as to methods of teaching and 
 discipline, examinations and promotions, and 
 to render help in other matters pertaining t<> 
 the efficient management of the schools. 
 
 2. To hold meetings of teachers for the 
 purpose of assisting and guiding them in their 
 work, and to explain definitely the meaning 
 and application of the course of study. 
 
 3. To prepare uniform questions for the 
 examination of all pupils of the elementary 
 schools, and to make the necessary arrange- 1 
 ments for conducting such examinations, and | 
 
lor the promotion of all pupils who shall he 
 found prepared to go on with a higher grade 
 of school work. 
 
 4. To see that the courses of study and all 
 rules and regulations adopted by the Board of 
 Public Education for the government of the 
 schools are carried out. 
 
 5. To give information to the proper com- 
 mittees of the Board of Public Education con- 
 cerning the manner in which teachers perform 
 their duties, reporting the names of such 
 as after due trial shall prove to be incom- 
 petent or neglectful of their duties; to report. 
 when necessary, upon the sanitary condition of 
 
 Miss A. S. HOOVER, 
 Superintendent's Clerk. 
 
 school buildings; to meet with committees of 
 the Board of Public Education for the inspec- 
 tion of monthly reports of schools; to report 
 schools requiring additional teachers and rec- 
 ommend the dropping of teachers when 
 schools fall below the required numbers; to 
 make suggestions for the improvement of the 
 schools and their better classification and 
 management. 
 
 6. To meet with members of the sectional 
 boards and counsel with them upon matters 
 pertaining to the best interests of the schools. 
 
 7. To prepare the forms of all reports, reg- 
 isters, record-books, blanks and cards used 
 in the schools. 
 
 8. To examine the monthly and annual re- 
 ports of schools, to see that all mistakes in 
 
 them are corrected, and to prepare statistics 
 for the use of the Board of Public Education 
 and for the State and National Governments. 
 
 9. To keep the records of the absence of 
 teachers and of applications for leave of 
 absence, and make necessary reports upon the 
 absence of teachers to the proper committee 
 of the Board of Public Education. 
 
 10. To make such special reports upon any 
 matter of school interest as the Board of 
 Public Education or the committees of the 
 Board may call for. 
 
 11. To make such changes in the graded 
 course of instruction as may from time to 
 time be thought conducive to the best in- 
 terests of the pupils, and to make such educa- 
 tional experiments as may be thought wise in 
 determining the educational values of new and 
 special subjects of training or instruction. 
 
 12. To visit and inspect the work of the 
 High Schools, the Manual Training Schools 
 and the Normal School; to confer with the 
 Principals and committees in charge thereof 
 in relation to the work of these schools, and 
 to suggest such changes in the courses of 
 study as may be considered advantageous to 
 the interests of the schools or necessary to 
 secure the more efficient training of their 
 pupils. 
 
 13. To organize and superintend the w^ork 
 of the teachers of sewing and of cooking. 
 
 14. To superintend the Pedagogical Li- 
 brary of the Department of Superintendence; 
 to select suitable works on the subject of edu- 
 cation, and to advise teachers with respect to 
 courses of reading and the proper use of the 
 library. 
 
 15. To conduct the annual examinations of 
 teachers, in accordance with the rules of the 
 Board of Public Education, and to hold such 
 special examinations as the Board may from 
 time to time direct. 
 
 The department consists of the Superin- 
 tendent and eight assistants, including a di- 
 rector of drawing and director of kinder- 
 eartens. 
 
DR. EDWARD BROOKS. 
 
 Dr. Edward Brooks, Superintendent of 
 Public Schools in Philadelphia, was born at 
 Stony Point, New York, in 1831. By means 
 of superior common school advantages, in 
 connection with private tuition and a natural 
 love for study, he had at the age of fifteen 
 completed quite a thorough academic course 
 of study. He then spent three years in his 
 father's factory, devoting his leisure moments 
 to the study of literature, mathematics, 
 natural science and the practice of literary 
 composition. At the age of eighteen he 
 began his career as a teacher in a village 
 school in the State of New York. The fol- 
 lowing year, in order to prepare himself more 
 fully for educational work, he entered the 
 Liberty Normal Institute, and at the close of 
 his course graduated as valedictorian of his 
 class. 
 
 While attending the Normal School he was 
 invited to enter the University of Northern 
 Pennsylvania as an assistant teacher, with the 
 opportunity of continuing his studies in 
 higher mathematics and literature. In these 
 studies he so distinguished himself that before 
 the end of the year, the professor being ill, 
 
 he began to teach the classes in higher mathe- 
 matics; and the following year he was elected 
 professor of the department. The year after 
 he had charge also of the department of litera- 
 ture and aided in introducing and developing 
 the new system of grammatical analysis which 
 was just being introduced. A change in the 
 administration led him to take the chair of 
 literature and mathematics in the Monticello 
 Academy, N. Y., and the following year he 
 accepted an invitation to go to Millersville, 
 Pa., on the establishment of the Normal 
 School, in 1855. He was Professor of Mathe- 
 matics in this institution for eleven years, 
 during which time he developed a system of 
 mathematical instruction that gave the Mil- 
 lersville School a national reputation. His 
 series of mathematical text-books aided in 
 revolutionizing the methods of mathematical 
 instruction throughout the country and be- 
 came models for many other series of works 
 upon the subject. 
 
 In 1866 he was elected president of the State 
 Normal School, and under his control the in- 
 stitution achieved a reputation second to 
 none in the country. His course of instruction 
 
in pedagogy was thorough and progres- 
 sive and anticipated much that is now known 
 as the New Education. The teachers he 
 trained were sought for far and wide, and 
 many of them now occupy leading educational 
 positions in the state and country. Out of 
 his lectures on pedagogy grew his two works 
 on education, "Normal Methods of Teaching" 
 and ''Mental Science and Culture." These 
 works have been widely used in the education 
 of teachers. His treatise on the "Philosophy 
 of Arithmetic" is a unique and masterly pro- 
 duction, and shows the author to be a philo- 
 sophic thinker of rare powers of analysis and 
 generalization. 
 
 During the last twenty years Dr. Brooks 
 has been regarded as one of the foremost 
 educators of the country. While at Millers- 
 ville he was frequently invited to the presi- 
 dency of other educational institutions at an 
 increase of salary. In 1858 the degree of 
 Master of Arts was conferred upon him by 
 Union College. In 1868 he was unanimously 
 elected to the presidency of the Pennsylvania 
 State Teachers' Association. In 1876 the 
 honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy was 
 conferred upon him by three different institu- 
 tions. During the same year he was presi- 
 dent of the normal department of the Na- 
 tional Teachers' Association. At the Cen- 
 tennial Exposition in Philadelphia he had 
 charge of the normal department of the 
 Pennsylvania exhibit; and his mathematical 
 I works which were on exhibition were favor- 
 ! ably noticed by the French Commissioners of 
 Education in their report to their govern- 
 ment. 
 
 In 1883 he resigned his position at Millers- 
 ville to take a much-needed rest and settled 
 in Philadelphia. The following year he was 
 elected president of the National School of 
 Oratory, but resigned at the end of a year to 
 engage in literary and more general educa- 
 tional work. His services as a lecturer were 
 in demand from all parts of the country. He 
 gave courses of lectures in all parts of Penn- 
 sylvania, was connected with summer schools 
 for the education of teachers at Saratoga, 
 Round Lake, Glenn Falls, etc., and for two 
 years had charge of the normal department of 
 the Florida Chautauqua. 
 
 In the spring of 1891 he was elected Super- 
 intendent of Public Schools in Philadelphia. 
 His most important work, so far, has been the 
 reorganization of the Girls' High School, with 
 its three distinct courses of study, the estab- 
 lishment of a separate Normal School for Girls 
 with a two years' course of pedagogical train- 
 ing, the revision of the course of instruction 
 in arithmetic for the elementary schools, the 
 revision of the course in language, the re- 
 vision of the course in drawing, the intro- 
 duction of music into the public schools and 
 the organization of the Educational Club. 
 
 In 1893 he was president of the Depart- 
 ment of Superintendence of the National 
 Educational Association, and the meeting 
 held in Boston w^as a notable one in the his- 
 tory of the Association. In 1894 he was a 
 member of the "Committee of Fifteen," ap- 
 pointed by the National Educational Associa- 
 tion to report on courses of study for the pub- 
 lic schools of the country. 
 

 ANDREW J. MORRISON. 
 
 Andrew J. Morrison, Assistant Superin- 
 tendent of Public Schools, was horn on Feb- 
 ruary 14, 1844, in Bucks County, and has 
 devoted all his manhood years to educational 
 work. From the Roxborough Grammar 
 School he entered the Central High School, 
 and subsequently Tennent Academy. In 
 later years he was Principal of the following 
 schools: Tillyer, Wheat Sheaf, Thirty-fifth 
 Section; Landreth, Thirty-sixth Section; 
 South Ward Grammar School, Camden, N. J. ; 
 Irving, Twenty-fifth Section, and Northern 
 Liberties, Eleventh Section. From 1881 to 
 1883 he was Professor of Mathematics in the 
 Central High School. 
 
 When the Department of Superintendence 
 was organized, in 1883, Mr. Morrison was 
 among the first selected for the important 
 
 post of assistant. His character as a teacher, 
 his executive ability and his winning person- 
 ality combined to make him the ideal man for 
 the place. His executive ability was par- 
 ticularly shown from January i to September 
 I, 1891, during which time he was Acting 
 Superintendent. 
 
 As Senior Assistant Superintendent, con-^ 
 nected with the department since its organiza- 
 tion, at a time when it was regarded by edu- 
 cators in all parts of the country as at least a] 
 doubtful experiment and likely to prove 
 failure. Professor Morrison has seen the de- 
 partment grow in importance, influence and 
 usefulness, until it commands respect at home 
 and abroad; and to his untiring energy and 
 indefatigable work a great measure of its 
 phenomenal success is due. 
 
JAMES F. C. SICKEL. 
 
 James Fenimore Cooper Sickel, Assistant 
 Superintendent of Public Schools, was born 
 in Bucks County, Pa., October lo, 1834. He 
 was educated in the public schools of Bucks 
 County and Philadelphia, and at Plainfield 
 Academy, Carlisle, Pa. In 1857 he assumed 
 control of the George K. Heller School, 
 Cheltenham, Pa., remaining there for two 
 years. In 1859 he took charge of the Evans- 
 burg Public School, Montgomery County, 
 Pa.^ 
 
 In 1 86 1 he became Principal of the Barren 
 Hill Public School, Barren Hill, Montgomery 
 County, but resigned the same year to take 
 charge of the High School in Milford, Del. 
 When the Civil War broke out he returned to 
 Philadelphia and became Principal of the 
 \Vheat Sheaf Consolidated School, sub- 
 sequently becoming Principal of the Forest 
 Consolidated School at the Falls of Schuylkill. 
 In 1869 he was chosen Principal of the New- 
 ton Boys' Grammar School, Twenty- seventh 
 Section, which position he held until he was 
 elected an assistant superintendent of public 
 schools, in 1883. 
 
 Mr. Sickel has, during the last thirty-iive 
 years, been in the front ranks of those who 
 have most earnestly favored, at all times, edu- 
 cational progress and reform. He was presi- 
 dent of the Teachers' Institute in 1875, was 
 re-elected in 1876; was chairman of the Com- 
 mittee on Centennial Matters in 1876, and 
 w^as chairman of a committee that organized 
 systematic instruction in drawing for all the 
 teachers in the elementary schools. 
 
 Mr. Sickel has always been progressive 
 whether as teacher, as principal or as assis- 
 tant superintendent. As an evidence of this, 
 in 1881, while Principal of the Newton School, 
 he proposed to the Committee of the local 
 Board of Directors of the Section, that pro- 
 motions in the school should be made on the 
 plan of exempting from examinations those 
 W'ho were manifestly qualified for promotion, 
 while conditioning or examining only those 
 concerning whom there w-as a doubt. This 
 idea, however, was too much in advance of the 
 times. 
 
 He also endeavored to bring about the 
 adoption of "minimums" in the fundamental 
 
branches as a condition for promotion in the Mr. Sickel was a member of the committee 
 
 final examination. About this time the Su- of principals that made the first detailed 
 
 perintendent of Schools of St. Paul put into course of instruction adopted for use in the 
 
 practice Mr. Sickel's plan of making promo- Philadelphia public schools. He has always 
 
 tions, and it has remained to the present time, been an active advocate of supervision of the 
 
 and with most beneficial results. public schools. 
 
^I^f^jj^ 
 
 LYDIA A. KIRBY. 
 
 Lydia A. Kirby, Assistant Superinteiulent 
 of Public Schools, was born in Philadelphia, 
 her family having^ resided in this city since the 
 time of the Revolution. Her great-grand- 
 father was a drummer boy in the War of 1812, 
 and he served his country during the War of 
 the Rebellion. Miss Kirby was educated in 
 the public schools of Philadelphia, and in the 
 Friends' School on W^alnut street, entering 
 the Normal School from the latter. After 
 graduating from the Normal School, she was 
 appointed to an assistant's position in the 
 secondary department of the school on Seven- 
 teenth street above Fairmount avenue. From 
 that position she was transferred to the Lin- 
 coln Boys' Grammar School and afterward 
 obtained the position of principal of the 
 primary school at Nineteenth and North 
 streets. Transferred then to the boys' gram- 
 mar school as first assistant she subsequently 
 became first assistant in the girls' grammar 
 
 school. When the Principal of the Lincoln 
 Girls' Grammar School was married Miss 
 Kirby was selected for that position. 
 
 While Miss Kirby was Principal of the Lin- 
 coln School the number of divisions was 
 doubled and the number of pupils became 
 more than twice as great as when she took the 
 school. 
 
 No pupils sent by her to the High School 
 were rejected, and no one sent to the 
 examination held by the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation for applicants for teachers' certificates 
 failed to pass. This is a record of which she 
 is pardonably proud. Her acknowledged 
 ability brought the request from the commit- 
 tee that she should become teacher of 
 Methods of Instruction in the Philadelphia 
 Normal School. She held this position less 
 than two years, leaving it, in 1883, to become 
 one of the Assistant Superintendents of 
 Schools. 
 

 "prl'^pp'' 
 
 EDGAR ARTHUR SINGER. 
 
 Edgar Arthur Singer. Assistant Superin- 
 tendent of Public Schools, was born in Dear- 
 born County, Ind., April 13, 1841. He re- 
 moved to New Orleans, afterward to the 
 vicinity of Cincinnati, then to Philadelphia. 
 He attended the Fayette School, Bustleton. 
 and was admitted to the Central High School. 
 February, 1855. He then returned to the 
 Fayette School and studied Latin and mathe- 
 matics under George W. Fetter, after- 
 ward Principal of the Girls' Normal School. 
 Subsequently he became teacher of the God- 
 frey School, Byberry, 1857; of the Franklin 
 School, near League Island, i860; Principal of 
 Central School and of North Ward School, 
 Camden, 1862- 1865; of Zane Street Grammar 
 School and of Keystone Grammar School. 
 Philadelphia. 1865- 1872; of Halliwell Gram- 
 mar School. 1 872- 1 886. He was elected As- 
 sistant Superintendent of Schools in 1886 
 and entered upon his duties January i, 
 1887. 
 
 Mr. Singer is a member of the Teachers* 
 Institute, the Educational Club, the State 
 
 Teachers' Association, the National Educa- 
 tional Association and the National Council 
 of Education. He was representative to the 
 National Educational Association, 1880 and 
 1 88 1, and was a member of various commit- 
 tees on courses of study. In order to estab- 
 lish a closer relation between the public school 
 system of Philadelphia and the University, and 
 to secure the advantages of the higher educa-^ 
 tion offered by the University, he entered upoi 
 a post-graduate course, in 1893, in philosophy/ 
 English literature and pedagogy, and, in lune. 
 1896. obtained the degree of Doctor of Phi- 
 losophy. 
 
 The success achieved by Mr. Singer is at- 
 tributed by him to interest in his profession, 
 and to patient, continuous hard work. He 
 has always performed faithfully the duties in- 
 cumbent upon every position that he has 
 occupied, and while waiting for calls to higher 
 places, he has striven to qualify himself 
 for the proper discharge of the duties con- 
 nected with those higher positions. Early in 
 life he "learned to labor and to wait." 
 
CHARLES HENRY KAIN. 
 
 Charles Henry Kain. Assistant Superin- 
 tendent of Public Schools, was born in 1840, 
 at Pemberton, X. J. He was educated in the 
 public schools and afterward attended the 
 New Jersey State Normal School, at Trenton, 
 and prepared for college at Trenton Classical 
 Academy. From Lewisburg (now Bucknell) 
 University he received the honorary degree of 
 A. M., in 1868. For five years Mr. Kain 
 taught in the district schools of New Jersey. 
 He conducted a private school for three years 
 and became Principal of the North Ward 
 School, Camden, in 1868; of the E. A. Stevens 
 School, in 1872. Two years later he came to 
 Philadelphia to take charge of the Northwest 
 Boys' Grammar School. 
 
 In 1886, three years after the Department 
 of Superintendence was organized, the force 
 of assistants was increased by the selection of 
 Mr. Kain, and the wisdom of the choice was 
 soon made apparent. He was imbued with an 
 
 intense love of the work, and his previ- 
 ous experience as teacher and Principal 
 gave him a thorough mastery of the 
 duties assigned him. He modestly attri- 
 butes his success to the fact that for 
 several years he was in close touch with 
 primary work, always having a deep inter- 
 est in the study of the mental development 
 of the young child. The knowledge thus 
 acquired proved of incalculable value to him 
 during his experience in the grammar grades 
 and of still greater benefit when he was called 
 to a higher sphere. 
 
 The schools of Philadelphia, and especially 
 those in the sections under his immediate 
 direction, owe much to the sympathetic effort 
 of Assistant Superintendent Kain. He is a 
 man who adheres firmly to his convictions, 
 and his thorough sympathy with the teachers' 
 work and his deep sincerity always beget 
 respect for his principles. 
 
MARY WRIGHT. 
 
 Miss Mary Wright, Assistant Superintend- 
 ent of Public Schools, was born in Philadel- 
 phia and received her early education in a 
 Friends' school in this city. Later she 
 entered a grammar school, from which she 
 went to the Girls' High School, graduating 
 with distinction at the completion of the 
 course. 
 
 Soon after her graduation she began her 
 work as a teacher in the first grade of the 
 public schools, advancing gradually through 
 various grades of the primary, secondary and 
 grammar schools, in each position distinguish- 
 ing herself as an intelligent and skillful 
 teacher. 
 
 In the summer of 1881 Miss Wright was 
 offered the principalship of the Lincoln Girls' 
 Grammar School, which she accepted, entering 
 upon the duties of the position the following 
 September. The high standing which this 
 school had already acquired was fully main- 
 tained during Miss Wright's principalship. 
 The ability of her management and the 
 success of the school under her administration 
 
 were so conspicuous as to attract wide at- 
 tention and placed her in the first rank of 
 public school principals of the city. 
 
 In October, 1882, Miss Wright was elected 
 teacher of Methods of Instruction in the Girls' 
 Normal School. A careful student of educa- 
 tional principles for many years, with a 
 natural aptitude for the training of teachers, 
 her work in this department was characterized 
 by its sympathy with the best educational 
 thought of the times. She introduced into 
 her classes the most approved methods of 
 teaching, and rendered efficient service in the 
 cause of educational reform in Philadelphia 
 by her intelligent interpretation to her pupils 
 of the new courses of study. The high char- 
 acter of her work in this position was 
 recognized by the Superintendent of Public 
 Schools, and upon his recommendation, in 
 1889, she was appointed one of the assistant 
 superintendents. 
 
 Miss Wright has charge of the schools of 
 the Second, Third, Thirteenth and Twenty- 
 ninth sections and also of part of the schools 
 
of the Nineteenth andTwenty-ninth sections. Superintendent of Public Schools, in which 
 
 She also has supervision of the cooking her literary taste and familiarity with authors 
 
 schools, organizing them annually in Septem- and books, the results of years of reading and 
 
 ber and overseeing their work throughout the study, have been of great value in the sclec- 
 
 year. In addition to her other duties she has tion of works and the direction of the reading 
 
 charge of the Pedagogical Library of the of the teachers who use the library. 
 
WILLIAM ALBERT MASON. 
 
 William Albert Mason, Director of Draw- 
 ing in the Public Schools, was born in Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., December 25, 1854. After a 
 preparatory course of study at the local 
 schools, he entered the Cambridge High 
 School, but left it before the time for his 
 graduation in order to enter the Massachu- 
 setts Institute of Technology, where he 
 took a two years' course in civil engineer- 
 ing. He afterward completed a course at 
 the Massachusetts Normal Art School, 
 Boston, from which he graduated as Art 
 Master. 
 
 Following his perfect training for the life- 
 work he had selected, Mr. Mason became a 
 teacher of art in the school from which he had 
 graduated, remaining during 1876-7. He was 
 Supervisor of Drawing in the Worcester 
 schools, 1877-8; Director of the Art Depart- 
 ment of the Ohio State University, Columbus, 
 
 1880-83; Vice-Principal of the Pennsylvania 
 Museum and School of Industrial Art, 1883- 
 87; Professor of Drawing in the Central High 
 School, 1 887- 1 892. In October, 1892, the 
 Board of Public Education elected Mr. Mason 
 as Assistant Superintendent, with especial 
 supervision of drawing. 
 
 The work assigned to Mr. Mason is differ- 
 ent from that exacted from his associates. 
 Having a particular branch to oversee, his 
 time is given not only to the instruction of 
 children, but of teachers as well. He visits 
 every school throughout the city and has de- 
 livered over two hundred lectures on drawing 
 to principals and assistants. Every fall he 
 gives a course of lectures and supplements 
 them with additional lectures in the spring. 
 In his school visits he gives model lessons in 
 one or more grades and inspects the work in 
 drawing. 
 
The Kindergarten System 
 
 The kinderg-arten system of Philadelphia 
 comprises ii8 kindergartens, distributed over 
 a territory of 130 square miles; 160 teachers 
 are employed and there are 5,500 children en- 
 rolled. The practical part of the organiza- 
 tion of this system comprises the life-work of 
 Miss Constance Mackenzie, Director of Public 
 Kindergartens. 
 
 In 1 88 1, Miss Anna Hallowell, now a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Public Education, ap- 
 pointed Miss Mackenzie principal of the first 
 
 CONSTANCE MACKENZIE. 
 
 free kindergarten then in operation. The 
 movement was clearly an experiment, and its 
 success or failure depended in no small meas- 
 ure upon the work done by the new Principal 
 and her sister. Miss Adele Mackenzie, who 
 was named assistant. 
 
 In three years Miss Hallowell and her 
 friends had made the Sub-Primary Society an 
 
 active influence in the educational affairs of 
 the city. Sub-primary schools, as the kinder- 
 gartens were called, had multiplied and the 
 need for further extension had been demon- 
 strated by the real missionary work done by 
 the pioneers in the more densely crowded dis- 
 tricts. Intelligent centralization and practi- 
 cal direction had become a necessity, and, be- 
 cause of her success in her work among the 
 children and her own growth along its special 
 lines. Miss Mackenzie was selected for the 
 position of superintendent. 
 
 In January, 1887, the kindergartens were 
 adopted as a part of Philadelphia's public 
 school system and Miss Mackenzie was invited 
 to continue her work. The position of Di- 
 rector of Public Kindergartens was created, 
 to which she was elected. 
 
 The change from a private system increased 
 the burdens and responsibilities of the work 
 as well as its honors. A new and uniform 
 standard of requirements for kindergartens 
 had to be established. Lectures carefully 
 prepared for the unification of the work and 
 bearing on the many special features of the 
 kindergartner's relations to her pupils, re- 
 quired attention. Regular and frequent visits 
 to the classes were necessary in order that the 
 Director might comprehend an intimate 
 knowledge of each kindergartner's capacities 
 and needs. New kindergartens were to be 
 opened and the inexperienced guided during 
 their initiate, that period so important in its 
 bearing on the future usefulness of every 
 teacher. The exhibition craze which afflicted 
 Philadelphia, as well as other educational 
 centres, also demanded the expenditure of 
 much time and energv. 
 
Apart from this physical strain and the con- 
 stant drain on the sympathies of the Director, 
 there was another important and difficult 
 duty. The work of the lowest primary grades 
 was to be accommodated to take up that of 
 the Kindergarten; and this was not within the 
 official province of the Director. Fortunately. 
 Miss Hallowell had been made a member of 
 the Board of Public Education. She had a 
 new vantage ground for continuing her agita- 
 tion, while Miss Mackenzie encouraged the 
 primary teachers to attend her kindergarten 
 meetings. It may be safely said that, to-day, 
 owing to their co-operation and the wise en- 
 couragement of Superintendent Brooks, there 
 is a marked and general tendency toward the 
 application of Froebel's principles to the 
 teaching in the lower grades and toward the 
 blending of the work into a compact system of 
 easy and natural gradation. Incalculable 
 benefit has been derived from the ready co- 
 operation of the primary teachers and the 
 sagacity of the Board of Public Education in 
 modifying the course at the Normal School. 
 The establishment of kindergarten training 
 as a part of the curriculum and the ex- 
 cellent work of Miss Anna W. Williams, 
 its trainer, leaves the impress of the im- 
 portance of the new education upon the 
 mind of every new teacher entering the public 
 service. 
 
 Miss Mackenzie was born in Philadelphia, 
 and her antecedents imply the teaching spirit. 
 Her grandfather, a Lutheran clergyman of 
 Tubinger University, was a teacher of recog- 
 nized ability. Her father, Dr. R. Shelton 
 Mackenzie, was widely known as an author, 
 editor and critic, and for a quarter of a cen- 
 tury was eminent among the literary men of 
 Philadelphia. Her early education was di- 
 rected at home, and she grew up in her 
 father's library. On leaving school she 
 was cjuick to recognize the value of the 
 
 kindergarten system, and she entered the 
 Philadelphia Training School, then, as now, 
 under the direction of Mrs. M. L. Van Kirk. 
 
 Since her graduation the scope of the sys- 
 tem has extended and broadened, and she has 
 had her share in contributing to its develop- 
 ment. A glance at a few of the subjects on 
 which she has written during the past ten 
 years indicates the philosophical and 
 economic value with which she regards the 
 work. At the invitation of Commissioner 
 Harris, she read before the Educational Con- 
 gress, at Chicago, two papers, ''Character 
 Building in the Kindergartens" and "The 
 Place and Value of Song in the Kindergar- 
 ten." At the annual Confereiice of Charities 
 and Corrections, held at St. Paul in 1886, she 
 read a very thoughtful contribution, "The 
 Kindergarten as a Preventive of Pauperism 
 and Crime." "Practical Psychology in the 
 Kindergarten" was read at the Educational 
 Convention at Saratoga, in 1892. She wrote 
 the report on the work in Philadelphia for the 
 International Kindergarten Association, in 
 the Council of Women, Chicago, and the 
 general article on the subject for the "Inter- 
 national Encyclopedia." Owing to the con- 
 tinued ill-health of the president of the Kin- 
 dergarten Department of the National Edu- 
 cational Association, Miss Susan E. Blow, the 
 duties of the office were assumed by Miss 
 Mackenzie, as vice-president, with Miss 
 Blow's cordial co-operation. Miss Mackenzie 
 is also president of the Philadelphia Branch of 
 the International Kindergarten Union, having 
 held that office since the founding of the 
 organization, in 1892. 
 
 Apart from this strictly professional work, 
 Miss Mackenzie takes the liveliest interest in 
 social and literary affairs in Philadelphia. 
 Hers is a busy life and one of achievement, one 
 which is an inspiration to young women en- 
 gaged in the profession of teaching. 
 
state Department of Superintendence 
 
 The relation which the State Department 
 of Public Instruction bears to the public 
 
 DR. NATHAN C. SCHAEFFER, 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 school system of Philadelphia has been well 
 stated as "rather statistical and advisory 
 
 than administrative." Reports of attend- 
 ance, etc., are annually transmitted to the 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 who, however, has no authority over the 
 Philadelphia schools, further than to see that 
 such of the general laws touching the schools 
 of the State as apply to the First School Dis- 
 trict are enforced. 
 
 The State Superintendent issues orders to 
 the State Treasurer for the payment to the 
 Philadelphia authorities of the share of the 
 annual appropriation from the State that is 
 due this District, the basis of distribution to 
 the various Districts being the number of tax- 
 able citizens residing therein. This number 
 is certified to the Superintendent triennially 
 by the County Commissioners. 
 
 The present Superintendent of Public In- 
 struction in Pennsylvania is Dr. Nathan C. 
 Schaeffer, an educator of renown, whose 
 administration has been a most auspicious 
 one. 
 
Board of Public Education 
 
Board of Public Education 
 
 BOARD OF PUBLIC EDUCATION. 
 
 The Board of Public Education is com- 
 posed of thirty-eight persons, each represent- 
 ing a Ward or Section. The memoers are ap- 
 pointed by the Judges of the Court of Com- 
 mon Pleas, and by virtue of their ofhce as 
 members of the Board of Public Education 
 they are members of the boards of school di- 
 rectors in the Sections which they represent. 
 To be eligible for membership in the Board 
 a candidate must possess the qualifications of 
 a State Senator.* According to a provision 
 in the Act of Consolidation no member of the 
 Board can, at the same time, serve as a Coun- 
 cilman, Guardian of the Poor, a member of the 
 Board of Health, or an Inspector of the 
 County Prison. This provision, however, has 
 not always been regarded in the appointment 
 of members. 
 
 The terms of service of one-third of the 
 members expire each year, but the incum- 
 bents are almost invariably re-appointed 
 except at their own desire to retire. No com- 
 pensation is attached to the office. The 
 Board meets annually for organization on the 
 first Monday in January, elects a President 
 and Vice-President from among its own num- 
 ber, and elects also its Secretarv, Assistant 
 Secretary, Architect, Superintendent and sub- 
 ordinate salaried officers. Regular meetings 
 
 *" Senators shall be at least twenty-five years of age. 
 « * * They shall have been citizens and inhabitants of the 
 State four years, and inhabitants of their respective districts 
 one year next before their election (unless absent on the 
 public business of the United States or of this State), and 
 shall reside in their respective districts during their terms of 
 service. * * * No person hereafter convicted of embezzle- 
 ment of public moneys, bribery, perjury, or other infamous 
 crime, shall be eligible to the General Assembly or capable 
 of holding any office of trust or profit in this Commonwealth." 
 Constitution of 1874, Article II, Sections 6 and 7. 
 
 are held on the second Tuesday of each month 
 and are open to the public. 
 
 A DEPARTMENT OF THE CITY. 
 
 Being a department of the city government 
 the Board makes a report to the Mayor each 
 year. It is the only one of the municipal de- 
 partments which is not .subject to the estab- 
 lishment and regulation of Councils. The 
 Committee on Schools of Councils is author- 
 ized to "exercise a general supervision over 
 the department for the exposure and correc- 
 tion of evils and abuses." But according to 
 an opinion of the City Solicitor, in 1884, there 
 is no law^ which gives Councils the right, after 
 an appropriation has been made, to control 
 the manner in which school buildings shall be 
 erected and repaired.** 
 
 GENERAL POWERS OF THE 
 BOARD. 
 
 The Board is authorized by law to deter- 
 mine upon the number of school-houses and 
 to limit the expense of their establishment; to 
 provide suitable text-books; to have a general 
 superintendence over all the schools in the 
 District, and to make rules and regulations 
 for their own government and that of the Dis- 
 trict. The Board is required, when requested 
 by the State Superintendent of Common 
 
 ** " The Committee [on Schools of Councils] has a right to 
 investigate and familiarize itself with the woik of said Board, 
 and report thereon to Councils, with a view of correcting 
 and exposing any evils and abuses existing therein. It has, 
 however, no right to assume control of the business of said 
 department after appropriations have been made. Your 
 committee cannot, nor can Councils, control or direct the 
 Board of Public Education in its contracts and building im- 
 provements. Contracts, details of construction and money 
 expenditure are for the determination of the Board." — Ex- 
 tract from City Solicitor's opinion. 
 
 67 
 
Schools, to furnish reports touching the con- 
 dition and management of the schools in the 
 district. 
 
 The Board elects the teachers of the higher 
 schools and determines the qualifications of 
 teachers in the elementary schools. It also 
 prescribes the course of study. 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD. 
 
 The President of the Board is its ofificial 
 head. He annually appoints the standing 
 committees. Until recently the President 
 was obliged to sign all warrants for the pay- 
 ment of bills and salaries, but the Assistant 
 Secretary of the Board is now empowered to 
 perform that duty for him. 
 
 STANDING COMMITTEES. 
 
 The Board of Public Education is divided 
 into twenty-three standing committees. To 
 these committees are referred nearly all 
 matters which come before the Board. After 
 careful consideration of such matters the 
 committees agree to make certain recom- 
 mendations thereon, and report them to the 
 Board. The recommendations of committees 
 are generally adopted. 
 
 Following is a list of the standing commit- 
 tees: — 
 
 Central High School, Philadelphia Normal 
 School for Girls, Girls' High School, Central 
 Manual Training School, Northeast Manual 
 Training School, James Forten Elementary 
 Manual Training School, Revision of Studies, 
 Text-Books, Industrial Art Education, Uni- 
 versity; Grammar, Secondary and Primary 
 Schools, Supplies, Of^ce, Night Schools, 
 Legislation, Qualification of Teachers, Ac- 
 counts, Estimates, Audits, By-Laws and 
 Rules, Property, Superintendence, Hygiene. 
 
 COMMITTEES ON THE HIGHER 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 The Committees on the Higher Schools, 
 namely, the Committees on Central High 
 School, Philadelphia Normal School for Girls. 
 
 Girls' High School, Central Manual Training 
 School and Northeast Manual Training 
 School have a general supervision over those 
 schools. Each committee is expected to visit 
 the school under its care semi-monthly, and 
 in case of a vacancy in the faculty to recom- 
 mend to the Board a suitable person to fill the 
 same. 
 
 The duties of the Committee on the James 
 Forten Elementary Manual Training School 
 are analogous to the duties of the above com- 
 mittees. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF 
 STUDIES. 
 
 The Committee on Revision of Studies re 
 ports from time to time whatever changes it 
 deems expedient in the graded course of in- 
 struction. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON TEXT-BOOKS. 
 
 The Committee on Text-Books considers 
 the applications of publishers or their agents] 
 for the introduction of new text-books. Itj 
 guards against the introduction or retention 
 in the schools of any book improper or not! 
 well adapted to school use. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL 
 ART EDUCATION. 
 
 The Committee on Industrial Art Educa- 
 tion has the general direction of the Public] 
 School of Industrial Art and recommends the 
 award to public school pupils of free scholarl 
 ships in the School of Design and the Penn-J 
 sylvania Museum and School of Industrie 
 Art. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON UNIVERSITY. 
 
 The Committee on University apportion! 
 the free scholarships in the University o| 
 Pennsylvania among the higher schools, an( 
 recommends to the Board the election ol 
 meritorious pupils to be the recipients of sucl 
 scholarships. 
 
OFFICE OF THE BOARD OF PUBLIC EDUCATION, 
 
 713 Filbert Street. 
 
 (Also known as the Zane Street School. Ninth Section.) 
 
 69 
 
COMMITTEE ON GRAMMAR. SECON- 
 DARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOLS. 
 
 The Committee on Grammar, Secondary 
 and Primary Schools considers all applications 
 for the establishment of new schools, addi- 
 tional divisions and kinderj^artens. It acts 
 upon applications for altering the salaries of 
 teachers and janitors. It has general charge 
 of the study of sewing in the schools and de- 
 termines the qualifications of candidates for 
 the position of sewing teachers, transmitting 
 the names of the competent candidates to the 
 Committee on Qualification of Teachers. 
 The Superintendent reports to the Committee 
 on Grammar, Secondary and Primary Schools 
 any unsatisfactory schools, divisions of schools 
 or teachers, coming under his notice, and 
 action in regard thereto originates with this 
 committee. The committee also examines 
 the monthly reports of all schools and reports 
 to the Board those in which the attendance is 
 below the required average. It also investi- 
 gates charges against teachers. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON SUPPLIES. 
 
 The Committee on Supplies advertises for 
 proposals for furnishing books and stationery 
 and for printing, and awards contracts for the 
 same. It also advertises for bids and awards 
 ; contracts for fuel. At the beginning of rach 
 j year it apportions to each school its propor- 
 • tion of the appropriation for books and sta- 
 tionery for the current year, basing the appor- 
 tionment on the number of pupils in the vari- 
 ous schools. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON OFFICE. 
 
 The Committee on Ofiice has the gener:.l 
 supervision of the ofiice and rooms of the 
 Board and a general oversight over the man- 
 ner in which the business of the ofiice is trans- 
 acted. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON NIGHT 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 The Committee on Night Schools has full 
 control over the night schools. The commit- 
 
 tee examines the weekly reports, recommends 
 the election and the dropping of teachers, and 
 attends to all the details of night school 
 management. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION. 
 
 It is the duty of the Committee on Legisla- 
 tion to watch legislation affecting the First 
 School District, and to use proper means to 
 l)ring before the Legislature any measures 
 deemed desirable by the Board. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON QUALIFICATION 
 OF TEACHERS. 
 
 The Committee on Qualification of Teach- 
 ers holds annual examinations for candidates 
 for certificates of qualification to teach in the 
 public schools, and reports to the Board the 
 names of successful applicants. It awards 
 certificates of qualification to teach to those 
 entitled to receive them. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON ACCOUNTS. 
 
 The Committee on Accounts examines and 
 reports all bills and accounts. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON ESTIMATES. 
 
 The Committee on Estimates prepares each 
 year an estimate of the amount of money 
 needed for the proper conduct of the public 
 schools during the subsequent year. This 
 estimate, after being approved by the Board, 
 is transmitted to the City Councils. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON AUDITS. 
 
 The Committee on Audits examines and 
 certifies the warrants for the payment of all 
 bills and salaries. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON BY-LAWS 
 AND RULES. 
 
 The Committee on By-Laws and Rules 
 considers and reports on all proposed changes 
 in the By-Laws and Rules of the Board, but is 
 not empowered to originate legislation. 
 
COMMITTEE ON PROPERTY. 
 
 The Committee on Property has the super- 
 vision of the erection of all school-houses, also, 
 of all repairs and alterations, where the cost 
 exceeds one hundred dollars. It negotiates 
 for the renting- of such buildings as are tem- 
 porarily needed, inspects school buildings, 
 confirms the election of janitors. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON SUPERIN- 
 TENDENCE. 
 
 The Committee on Superintendence reports 
 on the necessity of increasing the number of 
 Assistant Superintendents, and considers sug- 
 gestions of the Superintendent regarding the 
 
 selection of such persons and the re-appoint- 
 ment of Assistant Superintendents. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON HYGIENE. 
 
 The duties of the Committee on Hygiene 
 are of an advisory nature. The committee 
 consults with the Committee on Property 
 upon matters pertaining to hygiene and sani- 
 tation in the construction and improvement 
 of school buildings. 
 
 THREE NEW COMMITTEES. 
 
 Three new committees are to be added t< 
 the list this year, on Music, Compulsory 
 Education and Cooking Schools. 
 
PHILIP S. HORTZ. 
 
 The residents of the First School Section 
 could not have selected a man better fitted to 
 look after their interests in the Board of Pub- 
 lic Education than was chosen for them by 
 the Board of Judges in the person of Philip S. 
 Hortz, who succeeded the late A. S. Jenks as 
 the representative of this growing district. 
 Mr. Hortz is not only a thorough Philadel- 
 phian, but he is what has been aptly termed, 
 in newspaper parlance, "3. down-towner 
 through and through.'' 
 
 He comes of an old Philadelphia family. 
 His father was Charles Hortz, for many years 
 a member of the State Legislature and a 
 Southwark alderman, who is remembered as 
 having made a successful effort to check the 
 religious riots of 1844. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was born in the 
 old Southwark district. May 5, 1840, about 
 fourteen years before the consolidation of the 
 city. At an early age he entered the Mt. 
 Vernon School, Catharine street above Third, 
 but was unable to finish his studies there, 
 owing to ill-health. He was next sent by his 
 parents to Clarksboro, N. J., where he re- 
 mained for several vears. Returnins: to this 
 
 city, he worked for a time in a printing office, 
 and later served an apprenticeship in the 
 paper-hanging business. In 1861 he estab- 
 lished himself, with his brother, William R. 
 Hortz, in that business, and the partnership 
 was continued with good results for nineteen 
 years. 
 
 At the end of that period Mr. Hortz became 
 a member of the dry goods firm of John M. 
 Taylor & Co., but retired from business in 
 1883. He is now president of the Frank 
 Queen Publishing Co., publishers of the 
 "New York CHpper,"he having succeeded his 
 brother-in-law, the late Mr. Queen, in that 
 position. 
 
 He was appointed a member of the Board 
 of Public Education December 2, 1895, and 
 took his seat in that body on December 12th 
 of the same year. He is a member of the 
 committees on Northeast Manual Training 
 School, James Forten Elementary Manual 
 Training School, Night Schools and Accounts. 
 He is always present at the meetings of 
 the Board, and, while not a participant in 
 debate, votes conscientiously tipon every 
 question. 
 
Mr. Hortz is a director of the Soiithwark 
 National Bank, treasurer of the South 
 Branch of the Young Men's Christian As- 
 sociation and secretary of the Southwark 
 Soup Society, and is prominent in church and 
 Sunday-school work. Beside being president 
 of the Board of Trustees of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Mariners' Bethel, Moyamensing 
 
 and Washington avenues, he is superintend- 
 ent of the Sunday-school of that church. 
 Among other organizations he is connected 
 with Melita Lodge, No. 295, F. and A. M.; 
 Southwark Lodge, L O. O. F.; Knights of 
 Birmingham; Reliance Lodge, Ancient Order 
 of United Workmen, and Logan Tribe, Red 
 Men. 
 
AVERY DRAPER HARRINGTON. 
 
 Avery Draper Harrington was born on a 
 farm in the western part of Kent County, 
 Delaware, February ii. 1858. He attended 
 the pubHc school near his home until he 
 reached the age of eleven years, when his 
 parents removed to Dover, and he studied in 
 the public schools there until 1874. In the 
 fall of that year, he entered Wyoming Insti- 
 tute, Wyoming, Del., and was graduated as 
 the valedictorian of his class in 1877. 
 
 Shortly after his graduation, Mr. Harring- 
 ton began to teach in one of the district 
 schools near his birth place, and was subse- 
 quently elected Principal of the Odessa Public 
 Schools. New Castle County, where he re- 
 mained four years. 
 
 Mr. Harrington was the first to pass a pre- 
 liminary examination as a student at law in 
 Kent County, and registered under the Hon. 
 James L. Wolcott, who was subsequently 
 Chancellor of the State. A little later he 
 came to Philadelphia, continued his studies in 
 the office of Francis Shunk Brown, Esq., and 
 was admitted to the bar in July, 1884. He 
 has since been steadily engaged in the prac- 
 tice of his profession. 
 
 He was elected a school director in the 
 Second Ward, in 1886, and was ap- 
 pointed to represent that Section in the 
 Board of Public Education in Decem- 
 ber, 1889. During his connection with 
 the Board, he has served on a number 
 of important committees and has taken 
 an active part in debates upon the floor 
 of the Board. When a member of the Night 
 School Committee, he was instrumental in 
 having the weekly sessions reduced in numoer 
 from four to three. He was the author of 
 the rule permitting pupils from private 
 schools to enter the higher schools, and 
 secured an amendment to the rules whereby 
 pupils below^ the required average are admit- 
 ted to the higher schools to the extent of 
 their capacity. 
 
 He is chairman of the Committee on 
 Northeast Manual Training School, and a 
 member of the Committees on Girls' High 
 School, Revision of Studies, Text-Books and 
 Supplies. W^hen the public libraries were 
 under the control of the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation, he was a very active member of the 
 Committee on Libraries. 
 
Mr. Harrington has been connected for more 
 than tweny-three years with the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church. He is president of the 
 Philadelphia Conference Laymen's Associa- 
 tion, a manager of the Philadelphia Confer- 
 ence Tract Society, the Conference Missionary 
 Society, the Educational Board, and the City 
 Missionary and Church Extension Society. 
 He is also a manager of the American 
 
 Sunday-school Union and the Magdalen 
 Home; was superintendent of Arch Street 
 M. E. Sunday-school and is a trustee of 
 Ebenezer M. E. Church. 
 
 He is a member of the Young Men's 
 Democratic Association and the Artisans' 
 Order of Mutual Protection, and is a 
 Past Grand of Apollo Lodge, No. 296, L O. 
 O. F. 
 
 76 
 
JOSEPH D. MURPHY. 
 
 Joseph D. Murphy, who represents the 
 Third Section in the Board of Public Educa- 
 tion, was born in Philadelphia on August 13, 
 1850. His early school life was spent at St. 
 Joseph's College, on Willing's alley, an 1 at 
 fourteen he was sent to the University of 
 Notre Dame, near South Bend, Ind., to finish 
 his studies. At the age of eighteen he grad- 
 uated as honor man of his class. On his 
 return to Philadelphia he secured a position 
 on "The Age," a daily paper, and there laid 
 the foundation of a most successful career in 
 journalism. 
 
 In 1 88 1 Mr. Murphy was elected a meml)er 
 of the Third Section School Board. Although 
 educated in private schools he took great in- 
 terest in the public school system and became 
 a most valuable member. In 1883 he was 
 elected a member of the City Councils and 
 served two terms, declining a third nomina- 
 tion. He was appointed Chic' Clerk in the 
 office of the Surveyor of the Port, in 1885, 
 subsequently becoming Special Deputy Sur- 
 veyor. 
 
 In 1889 1^^ resigned to accept an edi- 
 torial position tendered him on "The Times," 
 subsequently taking a similar place on "The 
 Inquirer," then forging to the front as Phila- 
 delphia's leading daily. In 1896 he was ap- 
 pointed Cashier of the United States Mint at 
 
 Philadelphia, one of the most important 
 offices in the Government service. 
 
 Mr. Murphy was appointed a member of the 
 Board of Public Education in 1891. He is 
 one of the leading members of that body, 
 being a ready debater and always evincing 
 great interest in educational work. He has 
 served on many important committees', 
 notably that on Supplies, his work thereon 
 characterizing him as a model committeeman. 
 He is also one of the most active members of 
 the Committee on Night Schools, a work in 
 which his interest has been shown by the 
 establishment of two additional schools in the 
 Third Section since his entrance into the 
 Board, those two now having the largest at 
 tendance of any in the city. He is also a 
 member of the Committee on University, the 
 Committee on the James Forten Elementary 
 Manual Training School and the Committee 
 on Industrial Art Education. 
 
 Frank and outspoken, having the courage 
 of his convictions, and with a public record 
 which leaves no doubt as to his honesty of 
 purpose and his fearlessness in action, Mr. 
 Murphy is one of the most highly respected 
 men in the City of Philadelphia, and his ster- 
 ling qualities, manly personality and genial 
 bearing have won for him a veritable host of 
 friends. 
 
WILLIAM J. MANNING. 
 
 William J. Manning-, who represents the 
 Fourth Section in the Board of Public Educa- 
 tion, was born in Philadelphia, April i8, 1843. 
 He received his elementary education in paro- 
 chial and public schools, and, in 1857, gradu- 
 ated from St. Charles College, near Ellicott's 
 Mills, Maryland, at the head of his class. 
 
 He went into the wholesale drug business 
 with William H. Shively, at 41 North Front 
 street, and three years later entered the retail 
 branch of the business with Dr. John De 
 Lacey at Fourth and South streets. When 
 the Civil War broke out he enlisted in a com- 
 pany of young men known as the Southwark 
 Guards, and was soon mustered in as a mem- 
 ber of Company K, Second Regiment, Penn- 
 sylvania Reserves, under the command of 
 Colonel William B. Mann. 
 
 The regiment went into camp near Easton, 
 Pa., and was soon thereafter ordered to Sandy 
 Hook, opposite Harper's Ferry, and became a 
 part of the Army of the Potomac, under the 
 command of Colonel William McCandless. 
 Mr. Manning participated in every battle 
 until, at Antietam, he received a shell wound 
 
 in his right arm. After two months in the 
 hospital he returned to his regiment and con-^ 
 tinned in active service for two years and si: 
 months. In recognition of his bravery he was 
 commissioneti Captain of Company C, Om 
 Hundred and Ninety-sixth Regiment, Penn- 
 sylvania Volunteers, and came to Philadelphij 
 to recruit the company. He served in this 
 regiment until the close of the War. 
 
 In 1866 Mr. Manning was appointed secren 
 tary to the Commandant at the League IslaiK 
 Navy Yard, and has held that position to th( 
 present day. Since April, 1889, he has been 
 notary public. 
 
 For twelve years Mr. Manning has been 
 member of the Fourth Sectional School 
 Board, and is serving his ninth consecutiv( 
 term as president of the Board. His earnest 
 attention to the duties devolving upon him as 
 a school director, and his solicitude for th( 
 welfare of the schools, have won for him th< 
 high esteem of his constituents, and when h( 
 was chosen by the Board of Judges to succeec 
 P. A. Fagen, who resigned from the Board of 
 Public Education, his appointment caused 
 
verv general satisfaction. He serves on the was incorporated in 1890. As a director of 
 
 following committees: Central Manual Train- building associations he has been active in pro- 
 
 ing School, James Forten Elementary Manual moting the usefulness of these organizations. 
 
 Training School, Revision of Studies and He is past president of Lever Lodge, No. 
 
 Legislation. 150, Sexennial League; a member of the 
 
 Mr. Manning was one of the organizers of Volunteer Firemen's Association and a di- 
 
 the Southern Electric Light Company, which rector of the Samuel J. Randall Association. 
 
JOHN MARIE CAMPBELL. 
 
 The member of the Board of PubHc Edu- 
 •cation from the Fifth Section, John Marie 
 Campbell, is the son of the late Judge James 
 •Ca?mpbell, who was Postmaster-General in the 
 •cabinet of President Franklin Pierce. Jndg^e 
 Campbell was actively concerned in the cause 
 of education in this city, and was the first to 
 propose the establishment of a normal 
 school for girls. The son has followed in the 
 footsteps of his father, and when occasion 
 offered he nobly championed the rights of 
 "women teachers. 
 
 Mr. Campbell was born in this city May 30, 
 1 85 1, and received his early education in 
 private schools. He graduated from the 
 University of Pennsylvania in 1870, and after 
 three years of study in his father's of^ce he 
 was admitted to the bar. In 1875 he was 
 appointed a member of the Board of Public 
 Education, to succeed the late Lewis C. Cas- 
 sidy. He has also served as the president 
 ■of the Fifth Section School Board. From 
 1884 to 1889 he was Surveyor of the Port, 
 and in 1895 the judges showed their apprecia- 
 tion of his services in the Board of Public 
 Education and elsewhere by appointing him 
 
 to succeed the Hon. Richard Vaux as a mem- 
 ber of the Board of City Trusts, in which his 
 father had been for twenty-five years an active, 
 energetic and sagacious member. 
 
 During his twenty-two years of service in 
 the Board of Public Education Mr. Campbell 
 has served on almost all of the important com- 
 mittees. At present he is chairman of the 
 Committee on University, and a member of 
 the James Forten Elementary Manual Train- 
 ing School Committee, the Committee on 
 Night Schools and the Committee on Phila- 
 delphia Normal School for Girls, and was 
 President of the Board of Education in 1890. 
 
 He is a member of the Hibernian Society, 
 Art Club, Lawyers' Club, the Catholic Club 
 and the Philopatrians' Institute, and he is also 
 connected with the management of St. 
 Joseph's Orphan Asylum, the oldest Roman 
 Catholic Orphan Asylum in the United 
 States, having been incorporated December 
 31, A. D. 1807. Judge Campbell, the father 
 of Mr. Campbell, was a manager for forty-five 
 years of this asylum, and Mr. Campbell has 
 been Secretary of the Board for sixteen years, 
 and other benevolent institutions, none of 
 
which have reason to be ignorant of his 
 benefactions. 
 
 Presidential Elector upon Democratic elec- 
 toral ticket in 1880. 
 
 Delegate to the Democratic National Con- 
 ventions of 1884, 1888, 1892. 
 
 Member of the Catholic Congress at Chi- 
 cago, 1893. 
 
 Has been one of the recognized leaders of 
 the Democratic party for years. Has long 
 been prominent in politics. Has been a mem- 
 ber of nearly every Democratic State Conven- 
 tion since 1874. Has been chairman of three 
 Judicial Conventions, and of the Mayoralty 
 Convention of 1881, and of the Receiver of 
 Taxes Convention of 1884. 
 
 To him and to his management was the 
 successful campaign of Mayor King due, 
 and the City of Philadelphia was benefited 
 to an extent that the people properly appre- 
 ciate. 
 
 The Board of City Trusts is the most im- 
 portant board of its kind in the United States. 
 It has control of the vast Stephen Girard 
 
 estate, amounting to nearly fifteen miUions 
 of dollars and the care and management of 
 sixteen hundred orphan children at Girard 
 College. 
 
 Besides, the Board of City Trusts has the 
 custody and control of every trust estate 
 given to the City of Philadelphia, including 
 the Wills Eye Hospital Trust, the Boudinot 
 and Grover Coal Trusts, for the distribution 
 of free coal among the deserving. 
 
 There are about forty other trusts, for 
 coal, wood, the entertainment of the insane, 
 etc., entrusted to the care of this Board. 
 
 The duties and responsibilities of this board 
 are most exacting and onerous. 
 
 The practice of Mr. Campbell is chiefly in 
 the Orphans' Court, which has the charge of 
 the estates of decedents. His practice is 
 large and some of the most important cases 
 have been in his charge, cases involving large 
 amount of money, and many very interesting 
 legal questions. 
 
 Mr. Campbell was a member of the Consti- 
 tutional Convention of Pennsylvania. 
 
JOHN PHILIP GLONIGER. 
 
 John Philip Gloninger, who represents the 
 Sixth Section in the Board of PubHc Educa- 
 tion, was born in Philadelphia, November 30, 
 1857. He is a son of the late David Stanley 
 Gloninger, M. D. He received his earlv edu- 
 cation at the German Reformed Church 
 School, at Fourth and Race streets, and later 
 in the pubHc schools; also in Patterson's 
 Select School and the Polytechnic College, 
 where he took a course in civil engineering 
 and for a year pursued this profession. 
 
 He then took up the study of law, under 
 the preceptorship of Charles Philips, Esq., 
 and later under George Northrup, Esq. He 
 was admitted to the bar in May, 1881, and has 
 since devoted nearly all of his time to the prac- 
 tice of his profession. 
 
 In 1883 he was elected a member of the 
 Sixth Section School Board, to fill an 
 
 unexpired term and was afterward re-elected. 
 In 1893 he was appointed a member of the 
 Board of Public Education to fill an unexpired 
 term, and the following year was reappointed 
 for a full term. 
 
 Mr. Gloninger comes of old Dutch stock, 
 many of his ancestors, both on his father's 
 and his mother's side, being well known men. 
 His great-grand-father, Hon. John Glonin- 
 ger, was a staff officer under Washington, 
 Judge of the Dauphin County Court, member 
 of the Twelfth Congress and one of the 
 framers of the Constitution of Pennsylvania. 
 His grand-father and father were both emi- 
 nent physicians. 
 
 Mr. Gloninger is a member of the Commit- 
 tees on James Forten Elementary Manual 
 Training School, Industrial Art Educati >ii. 
 Legislation, Estimates and Audits 
 
ANNA HALLOWELL. 
 
 Miss Anna Hallowell, who represents the 
 Seventh Section in the Board of PubHc Edu- 
 cation, stands for one of the most notable feat- 
 ures of the educational system of Philadel- 
 phia, and it would be im]:»ossible to speak of 
 i that most excellent institution, the James 
 Forten Elementary Manual Training School, 
 I without telling of a great work which she, 
 'almost single-handed, has accomplished. Nor 
 1 has her work been confined to the Forten 
 School. To her is due the credit for inaugu- 
 ! rating in the city the system of free kindergar- 
 tens. 
 
 Miss Hallowell belongs to a representative 
 Quaker family. She is a daughter of the late 
 Morris Longstreth Hallowell. Her education 
 was pursued under the care of Mary Anna and 
 Susan Longstreth, then prominent in educa- 
 tional annals 
 ;classmates many 
 known women. 
 
 During the Civil War Miss Hallowell was 
 jactive in nursing wounded soldiers, both at 
 jlier own home and in the local hospitals. 
 Later she was actively interested in the 
 |:oundation of the Woman's Hospital and 
 
 and she numbered among her 
 who have become well- 
 
 Medical College. She was a student in the 
 first small medical classes and a member of 
 the board of managers. She instituted the 
 Harvard examinations for women in Philadel- 
 phia, and remained secretary of the organiza- 
 tion having this matter in hand until, in 
 1 88 1, it was disbanded. 
 
 In the fall of 1879 Miss Hallowell organized 
 the first free kindergarten in Philadelphia, in 
 the public school building at Twenty-second 
 and Locust streets. This was the beginning 
 of the system of public kindergartens, which 
 now number over one hundred, and that they 
 have steadily grown in number, and in efifici- 
 ency as well, is in a large measure due to her 
 untiring efforts. 
 
 In 1 882 Miss Hallowell was appointed chair- 
 man of the First Committee of Women Visi- 
 tors for Philadelphia County of tha Board of 
 Public Charities. This office she still retains. 
 As chairman of the Sub-Committee on the 
 Care of Dependent Children of the Charity 
 Organization, she organized the Sub-Primary 
 School Society, incorporated June 9, 1881, 
 This organization organized and controlled a 
 number of free kindergartens, which, in 1887, 
 
it turned over to the Board of Public Educa- 
 tion. 
 
 Miss Hallowell was the founder of the Chil- 
 dren's Aid Society, in 1882, and served for 
 several years as president. About the same 
 time she aided in the establishment of a kin- 
 dergarten and industrial school on St. Mary 
 street. Later she came into the possession of 
 Starr Garden, which she subsequently pre- 
 sented to the City Parks Association, and 
 which has recently been enlarged and im- 
 proved for the purposes of a public park. 
 
 Miss Hallowell was appointed a member of 
 the Board of Public Education, January i. 
 1887, at the time when the Sub-Primary 
 School Society turned over thirty-two kinder- 
 
 o^artens to the care of the Board. She was 
 the first woman who had ever received an 
 appointment in this city. She has since per- 
 formed excellent service on important com- 
 mittees. She is chairman of the Committee 
 on the James Forten Eementary Manual 
 Training School, and a member of the Com- 
 mittees on Normal School, Qualification of 
 Teachers and Estimates. 
 
 She is a member of the New Century 
 Club and chairman of the Advisory 
 Board of the College Settlement^ St. 
 Mary street; of the Advisory Board of 
 Women of the Drexel Institute, and of 
 the Educational Department of the Civic 
 Club. 
 
 84 
 
SIMON GRATZ. 
 
 Simon Gratz. President of the Board 
 of Public Education, has been a meml)er 
 of that 1)ody since January i, 1870, when 
 he was appointed to succeed Robert N. Will- 
 son. Esq. [now Judge Willson]. His contin- 
 uous service of twenty-six years exceeds, with 
 a single exception, that of any other member 
 of the Board. 
 
 Mr. Gratz is descended from an old Phila- 
 delphia family. He received his preparatory 
 education at the classical school of Mr. Henry 
 D. Gregory, and before he had reached the age 
 of thirteen was admitted to the Freshman 
 class of the University of Pennsylvania. He 
 completed the four years' course in the De- 
 partment of Arts of that institution, and was 
 graduated with the degree of A. B. Four 
 years afterwards he received from his Alma 
 Mater the degree of A. M. 
 
 He then entered the law offices of Hon. 
 Garrick Mallery and Furman Sheppard, and 
 the law department of the University of 
 Pennsylvania, as a student of law. After 
 
 completing his preparation for the legal pro- 
 fession, he was admitted to practice in the 
 courts of this city. Prior to his admission to 
 the bar, and while yet in his minority, he was 
 elected a member of the House of Represent- 
 atives of Pennsylvania. He served one term, 
 and declined to be a candidate for re- 
 election. 
 
 Shortly after his admission to the bar, he 
 received the appointment of Assistant City 
 Solicitor, and held this position for three 
 years. During this time he was admitted to 
 practice in the Supreme Court of the United 
 States. 
 
 At the close of the year 1869 he was ap- 
 pointed as the representative of the Eighth 
 Section in the Board of Public Education. 
 Soon after taking his seat as a member of the 
 Board, President Stanton placed him upon 
 the Committee on the Girls' Normal School. 
 In 1876 he was made chairman of that com- 
 mittee, and ever since has held this posi- 
 tion. Under these circumstances it was 
 
quite natural that the Normal School 
 should be the particular object of his 
 care, and that its interests should claim 
 his chief attention. At the time of his 
 appointment on this committee, the school 
 was located in a small building on Ser- 
 geant street, had a curriculum of two years 
 only, and was without a school of prac- 
 tice. How great a change has been accom- 
 plished since then is known to all. To-day, 
 instead of having a single small school which 
 attempted to do the work of a High as well as 
 of a Normal school, the city prides itself on 
 the possession of a splendid High School for 
 girls, with three distinct courses of study, 
 and a separate Normal School, perfectly 
 equipped, with a large school of practice, and 
 a course of study at least equal, if not supe- 
 rior, to that of any other Normal school in the 
 United States. 
 
 Those who best know how much persist- 
 ent energy was needed to accomplish this re- 
 sult also know how large a share of the credit 
 for final success is due to the indefatigable 
 efforts of Mr. Gratz. While, however, he has 
 taken special interest in this particular 
 school, he has always given full and close at- 
 tention to the general work of the Board. No 
 one has been more active in securing the 
 adoption of the great educational advances 
 that have been made in the public schools 
 during the last twenty years. No one has 
 more strenuously and effectively advocated 
 them in debate. 
 
 Mr. Gratz has uniformly declined to 
 be a candidate for the presidency of the 
 Board. Twice he was chosen Presi- 
 dent pro tem. He served in this capacity 
 from April to November, 1884, during the 
 
 absence of President Steel. In February 
 1895, he was again chosen to this position, in 
 consequence of the ill-health of President 
 Sheppard; and for two years he discharged 
 the duties of the chair as President pro tem 
 When Mr. Sheppard resigned from the Board 
 Mr. Gratz was urged for the presidency, but 
 refused to become a candidate. Notwith- 
 standing this refusal, however, he was unani 
 mously elected at the meeting for organiza- 
 tion in January, 1897, and his election is re- 
 garded as an honest tribute of the high es 
 teem in which he is held in the Board of Pub 
 lie Education. Besides being elected presi 
 dent he was further honored by the passage 
 of a resolution, requesting him to retain th< 
 chairmanship of the Committee on the Phila 
 delphia Normal School. 
 
 About twelve years ago, on receiving ar 
 appointment as a member of the Board o 
 Revision of Taxes, Mr. Gratz retired from th< 
 active practice of his profession. He has beer 
 continuously reappointed to this ofifice, and is 
 now the president of the Board. He has foi 
 many years been a member of the board O' 
 trustees of Jefferson Medical College of Phil 
 adelphia, and is chairman of its college com* 
 mittee. 
 
 He is also a member of the board of trustee! 
 of the Free Public Library of Philadelphi 
 and of the board of trustees of the Philadel 
 phia Public Museums, in both of which insti 
 tutions he takes a deep and active interest. 
 Having a fondness for historical and anti- 
 quarian research, he has been elected a life 
 member of a number of State historical so- 
 cieties, and is the honorary vice-president for 
 Pennsylvania of the State Historical Society 
 of Wisconsin. 
 
 86 
 
DR. THOMAS G. MORTON. 
 
 One of the most prominent physicians of 
 Philadelphia is Dr. Thomas G. Morton, who 
 represents the Ninth Section in the Board of 
 PiibHc Education. Dr. Morton was born in 
 Philadelphia, August 8, 1835. His father 
 was Samuel George Morton, M. D., also a 
 well-known physician, who was President of 
 the Academy of Natural Sciences, and author 
 of "Crania Americana," etc. etc. 
 
 Dr. Morton received his early education in 
 the Academic Department of the University 
 of Pennsylvania, and he was matriculated in 
 the freshman class of the University in 1850. 
 He received the degree of Doctor of Medicine, 
 in 1856, from the Medical Department of the 
 >ame institution. He then served as resident 
 >urgeon successively in St. Joseph's Hospital, 
 A\ ills Eye Hospital and the Pennsylvania 
 I fospital. 
 
 In 1859 1^6 became attending surgeon in the 
 Wills Eye Hospital, and continued in this 
 position until 1874, when he resigned and was 
 made emeritus surgeon. In 1862 he was 
 ^elected consulting surgeon to the Pennsyl- 
 vania Institution for the Blind. Two years 
 previous he had been elected pathologist and 
 curator to the Pennsylvania Hospital, and in 
 
 this capacity he founded the Pathological 
 Museum. In 1863 he was appointed curator 
 of the Mutter Museum, of the College of Phy- 
 sicians of Philadelphia, and the following year 
 was elected surgeon to the Pennsylvania Hos- 
 pital, and in this institution he has been the 
 senior surgeon and president of the medical 
 and surgical staff since 1893. 
 
 At dififerent periods during the past forty 
 years, Dr. Morton has been surgeon to the 
 Jewish Hospital, surgeon to the Howard 
 Hospital and Howard Home; consulting sur- 
 geon to the Pennsylvania Institution for the 
 Deaf and Dumb, to the Woman's Hospital 
 and the Elwyn Training School for Feeble 
 Minded Children; professor of orthopaedic 
 surgery in the Philadelphia Polyclinic and 
 College for Graduates in Medicine, and assis- 
 tant demonstrator of anatomy in the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania. He founded the Ortho- 
 paedic Hospital in 1867, and has been senior 
 surgeon of the same since that time. 
 
 In the Civil War, Dr. Morton nerformed 
 noteworthy service. He was acting assistant 
 surgeon in the army from 1862 to 1864; con- 
 sulting surgeon to Mower U. S. A. Hospital, 
 Chestnut Hill, in 1863; acting surgeon, U. S. 
 
A., 1864, as such organizing the U. S. A. Hos- 
 pital at Twelfth and Buttonwood streets, 
 Philadelphia, and continuing in charge of the 
 same until it was closed. He also served in 
 several other hospitals during the War. 
 
 Dr. Morton was appointed a Commissioner 
 of Public Charities by Governor Pattison and 
 served for fifteen years through reappoint- 
 ments by succeeding governors. He was 
 chairman of the Committee on Lunacy from 
 1886 to 1895. He was appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Hartranft a member of the commission 
 for the erection of the State Hospital for th: 
 Insane, Norristown, Pa., and was chairman of 
 the Committee on Plans and Building. 
 
 He was appointed a member of the Board 
 of Public Education in 1890. He has been 
 chairman of the Committee on Girls' High 
 School for a number of years. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Committees on Philadelphia Nor- 
 mal School for Girls, and on Supplies, Office 
 and Hygiene. 
 
 He was president of the Society for the 
 Restriction of Vivisection, 1885-86; vice- 
 president and surgeon of the Society to Pro- 
 tect Children from Cruelty; Fellow of the 
 
 College of Physicians of Philadelphia, since 
 1861; member Academy of Natural Sciences, 
 1856; American Medical Association, 1864; 
 Philadelphia County Medical and Pathol- 
 ogical Societies; Fellow of the Phila- 
 delphia Academy of Surgery, and presi- 
 dent since 1895. American Surgical 
 Association, 1880 to date. He is one 
 of the Vestry of the Epiphany Episcopal 
 Church, member of the Colonial Society, and 
 a companion of the First Class of the Military 
 Order of the Loyal Legion of the United 
 States; a member of the Society of Colonial 
 Wars, Sons of the Revolution, Union League, 
 since 1864, also of the Historical Society of 
 Pennsylvania; an original member of the 
 Committee of One Hundred, an Honorary 
 Member of the Societe de Medicine Mentale 
 of Belgium and Corresponding Member of 
 the British Orthopaedic Society. 
 
 In 1854 he was elected a member of the 
 Philadelphia Cricket Club. In October, 1896, 
 he was elected a member of the British Or- 
 thopaedic Society; and in December was 
 elected consulting surgeon of the Pennsylva- 
 nia Epileptic Hospital and Colony Farm. 
 
Thomas A. Robinson, who represer.ts the 
 Tenth Section in the Board of PubHc Educa- 
 tion, was born in Burlington, N. J., December 
 1, 1820. He was educated in private schools 
 and came to Philadelphia at the age of fifteen. 
 He engaged first in the dry goods and then 
 in the grocery business, retiring in 1874. 
 
 Mr. Robinson is well known for his deeds 
 of charity, and is actively interested in many 
 enterprises having for their object the 
 amelioration of the condition of the poor. 
 He is also treasurer and a member of the 
 board of managers of the House of Refuge; 
 vice-president of the Magdalen Society and 
 a member of the Prison Discipline Society. 
 He is a member of the Council of the 
 
 Academy of Natural Sciences. He- is also 
 active in church work, being a vestryman in 
 Grace Church. 
 
 Mr. Robinson was appointed a member 
 of the Board of Public Education in 1884, 
 after serving several years as a school 
 director. He is a member of the Committees 
 on Central High School, Central Manual 
 Training School, Text Books, Industrial 
 Art Education and Qualification of Teachers. 
 
 Mr. Robinson is not only a public man of 
 high reputation and a philanthropist — he is 
 also an extremely modest man. The absence 
 of his portrait in this volume testifies to his 
 possession in an eminent degree of this 
 quality. 
 
 
WILLIAM H. K. LUKENS. 
 
 William H. R. Liikens, member of the 
 Board of Public Education from the Eleventh 
 Section, was born in Philadelphia, May 17, 
 1857. He was educated in the public schools 
 of the Eleventh and Twefth Sections and later 
 attended a business college, after which he 
 went into the stationery business at the 
 northwest corner of Second and Brown 
 streets. He subsequently gave up mercantile 
 life to enter the law offices of Lewis D. Vail, 
 Esq. In June, 1883, he graduated from 
 the Law Department of" the University 
 of Pennsylvania, was admitted to the 
 bar and has been in active practice ever 
 since. 
 
 In 1892 Mr. Lukens was appointed a mem- 
 ber of the Eleventh Section School Board 
 and was afterward re-elected. In December, 
 1895, he was appointed a member of the 
 Board of Public Education and is now serving 
 on the Committees on the Central Manual 
 Training School, Night Schools, Estimates, 
 Audits and By-Laws and Rules. 
 
 He is a thirty-second degree Mason, Past 
 Master of Integrity Lodge, No. 187, F. & A. 
 M.; a member of Columbia Chapter, Past 
 Commander of Kensington Commandery, 
 No. 54, K. T.; member of Lulu Temple, A. A. 
 
 0. N. M. S. ; also Philadelphia Consistory. 
 He is a member of FideHty Lodge, No. 138, 
 
 1. O. O. F., and has represented that lodge in 
 the Board of Trustees of the Odd Fellows' 
 Cemetery Company for the past twelve years. 
 He has been chairman of the Finance Com- 
 mittee for the past nine years. He is also 
 treasurer of The Grand Fraternity. Mr. 
 Lukens is a member of the Fourth Baptist 
 Church and assistant superintendent of the 
 Sunday-school connected therewith. 
 
 He is one of the most punctual members of 
 the Board, never missing either a meeting of 
 the main body, nor of any committee of which 
 he is a member. Though seldom partici- 
 pating in debate, he is not slow to point 
 out any defects that he finds existing in school 
 management. 
 
THOMAS A. GRACE. 
 
 Thomas A. Grace, who represents the 
 Twelfth Section in the Board of PtibUc Edu- 
 cation, was born in Philadelphia, in the dis- 
 trict of the Northern Liberties, December 4, 
 1819. He was educated in private schools. 
 For forty-two years he was in active business 
 in Philadelphia, and retired in 1884. He has 
 lived in his present home for fifty-four years. 
 
 Mr. Grace was elected to membership in the 
 board of directors of the Twelfth Section in 
 1859. He served in this capacity for eighteen 
 years. In 1865 he became a member of the 
 Board of Public Education, being chosen to 
 fill the unexpired term of W. W. Levick. He 
 was president of the Twelfth Section School 
 
 Board for one year and secretary for three 
 years. 
 
 In October, 1896, he was again appointed 
 a member of the Board of Public Education, 
 this time to fill the unexpired term of the late 
 Dr. A. H. McAdam. 
 
 Mr. Grace is a remarkably well-informed 
 man on matters of public education, his long 
 experience being of much value to him. He 
 takes great interest in the schools of his Sec- 
 tion, and from present indications will soon be 
 counted among the active workers of the 
 Board. His selection as the representative of 
 the Twelfth Section is a most fortunate one 
 for the school interests of that Section. 
 
DR. MARTIN HENRY WILLIAMS. 
 
 Dr. Martin Henry Williams, who repre- 
 sents the Thirteenth Section in the Board of 
 Public Education, was born in Philadelphia, 
 August 6, 1862. He was educated in the 
 public schools of this city, and at the age of 
 seventeen, after a short experience as a sales- 
 man for a wholesale shoe house, he entered 
 into business on his own account as manu- 
 facturer of shoe uppers, his capital consisting 
 of his own earnings and savings. Before he 
 had reached his majority he had accumulated 
 sufficient funds to enable him to take up the 
 study of medicine, and he relinquished the 
 business in which he had so successfully en- 
 gaged. 
 
 He graduated from Jefiferson Medical Col- 
 lege in 1887, and at once entered upon the 
 active practice of his profession. He was 
 made Assistant Demonstrator of Pathology 
 at Jefferson shortly after his graduation, and 
 also assistant in the anatomical department. 
 He is now Assistant Surgeon in the Jefferson 
 College Hospital. 
 
 He was for three years Instructor of Clin- 
 ical Microscopy, and for some time Assistant 
 Physician to the Philadelphia Sanitarium. 
 He is also Consulting Pathologist to the Phil- 
 adelphia Lying-in Charity, physician to the 
 
 Franklin Reformatory Home, and director of 
 the Laboratory of Pathology and Bacteriol- 
 ogy at Jefferson College. 
 
 Dr. Williams has the record of administer- 
 ing anaesthetics to over six thousand per- 
 sons. For several years he has been assistant 
 to Dr. W. W. Keen, Professor J. H. Brinton 
 and Professor Joseph Hearn. 
 
 He takes an active interest in the Philadel- 
 phia Tumgemeinde, of which he is a member, 
 and was instrumental in bringing about the 
 establishment of the first German school 
 opened under its auspices. 
 
 He was appointed a member of the Board 
 of Public Education in 1895, ^"<^^ ^^ a member 
 of the Committees on Central Manual Train- 
 ing School, Office, Legislation. Property and 
 Hygiene. WHiile he is a good committeeman 
 he is never forgetful of the schools of his Sec- 
 tion, and is successfully endeavoring to bring 
 about improvements in them. 
 
 Dr. Williams is a member of Washington 
 Lodge, No. 59, F. and A. M.; a representa- 
 tive of the National Council, Jr. O. U. A. M.; 
 a Past Grand Commander, Legion of the 
 Red Cross; a member of the Improved 
 Order of the Heptosophs and of the Royal 
 Arcanum. 
 
ANDREW M. SPANGLER. 
 
 Andrew M. Spangler, who represents the 
 Fourteenth Section in the Board of Pubhc 
 Education, was born in the town of York, Pa., 
 December 13, 1818. At the age of eleven he 
 was taken from school and apprenticed for 
 seven years in the tanning and currying busi- 
 ness. Subsequently he served an additional 
 year and a half under instruction in the city of 
 Baltimore. Failing health compelled him to 
 abandon the trade. 
 
 Mr. Spangler taught school for nearly two 
 years on the Eastern Shore of Maryland and, 
 returning to his native place, for two years he 
 taught one of the public schools there, and 
 read medicine with Dr. James W. Kerr. He 
 was elected lieutenant-colonel of the Ninety- 
 fourth Regiment, First Brip-ade, Fifth Divis- 
 ion, P. M. 
 
 Realizing the need of a better education he 
 left York, entered the preparatory school of 
 Marshall College, at Mercersburg, Pa., w^as 
 promoted to the Sophomore class after six 
 months' preparatory training, and continued 
 his studies to the end of the collegiate course, 
 graduating September 9, 1846. 
 
 In 1850 he engaged with his brother in the 
 book and stationery business. He then be- 
 came editor of the "Lancaster Gazette," and 
 
 subsequently commenced the publication of the 
 "Farm Journal." He has been actively con- 
 nected with journalism for fifty-six years, and 
 has been editorially associated with "The 
 Evening Star" of this city for the past 
 thirty years. He moved to Philadelphia 
 in 1852, and in 1883 was appointed a member 
 of the Board of Public Education. During 
 his membership he has pioneered several im- 
 portant measures, notably that of changing 
 the system of seating in the public school- 
 rooms. He has been chairman of the Com- 
 mittee on Industrial Art Education for eleven 
 years, and has always been an earnest advo- 
 cate of educational reform, especiallv in the di- 
 rection of greater attention to practical train- 
 ing in the lower grades. 
 
 Mr. Spangler is a member of the Commit- 
 tees on Northeast Manual Training School, 
 James Forten Elementary Manual Training 
 School, Legislation and Superintendence. 
 
 Mr. Spangler was for three years one of the 
 Board of State Fishery Commissioners, and 
 is the author of several books on fishing. One 
 of these volumes is entitled "Paradise for Gun- 
 ners and Anglers," another, "Near-by Fishing 
 in Fresh and Salt Waters within a Radius of 
 One Hundred Miles of Philadelphia." 
 
HENRY REEVES EDMUNDS. 
 
 Henry Reeves Edmunds, who represents 
 the Fifteenth Section in the Board of Public 
 Education, was born in Philadelphia, January 
 17, 1840. He was educated in the public 
 schools, graduating from the Central High 
 School in 1856. For a short time thereafter 
 he engaged in the drug business and later 
 began the study of law in the offices of John 
 O'Brien. He was admitted to the bar on 
 January 19, 1861, and has ever since engaged 
 in active practice. 
 
 In 1883, Mr. Edmunds was appointed 
 United States Commissioner for the Eastern 
 District of Pennsylvania, and in 1885 
 Commissioner for the United States Court 
 of Claims. When Judge Cadwalader died 
 Mr. Edmunds was urged for appointment as 
 his successor, and he has several times been 
 solicited to become a candidate for a judge- 
 ship in the Common Pleas Court. As an 
 admiralty lawyer he has attained a most 
 enviable reputation. 
 
 Mr. Edmunds was appointed a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Public Education in 
 1889, and has performed most excellent 
 
 service in connection therewith. His chief 
 work, perhaps, was the estabhshment and 
 successful conduct of the public libraries 
 while they were under the control of the 
 Board, he being chairman of the Committee 
 on Public Libraries. His sketch as a mem- 
 ber of the Board should not be read except 
 as supplemented by the chapter on Pu1)lic 
 Libraries, in which somewhat of the scope of 
 the work which he, as chairman of the com- 
 mittee, had to perform is portrayed. He 
 purchased the major portion of the books, 
 and in many ways contributed largely to the 
 success of the libraries. 
 
 Mr. Edmunds is at present chairman of the 
 Committee on Text-Books and a member of 
 the Committees on Central High School,! 
 Girls' High School, University and Qualifica-j 
 tion of Teachers. 
 
 He has been a member of the Five O'Clock^ 
 Club since its organization, and was at one 
 time president. Is a director of the Chil- 
 dren's Homeopathic Hospital and vice-presi- 
 dent of the American Hospital for Diseases of 
 the Stomach. 
 
JAMES HUGHES. 
 
 James Hughes who represents the Seven- 
 teenth Section in the Board of Pul)lic Educa- 
 tion was born in 1834 in the town of 
 Ballycastle, County Antrim, Ireland. He re- 
 ceived his education in the schools of his native 
 town, and in 1852 he came to this country, 
 arriving in New York on the first day of June. 
 I Coming to Philadelphia, he found employ- 
 ment as a clerk in a grocery store on Market 
 street, and continued to fill similar positions 
 until 1859. 
 
 In June, 1859, he started in business as a 
 grocer at his present location, at the north- 
 west corner of Third and Thompson streets, 
 where he succeeded Henry Crilly, a well- 
 known citizen of Kensington. At the spring 
 election of 1868 he was elected a school di- 
 rector in the Seventeenth Section, and being 
 re-elected he continued to serve until the end 
 of 1881. During that period he served first as 
 secretary and then as president of the Board. 
 
 He was appointed a member of the Board of 
 Public Education, succeeding the late Dr. 
 
 John MacAvoy. He has served as a member 
 of the Committee on Accounts, of which he 
 was chairman for a number of years, and also 
 on the Committees on Revision of Studies and 
 Music. At the present time he is member of 
 the Committees on Superintendence, By- 
 Laws and Rules, Grammar, Secondary and 
 Primary Schools, Northeast Manual Training 
 School and Night Schools. He has been a 
 member of the last named committee for 
 fourteen years. 
 
 He was a member of the delegation that 
 accompanied the late President Edward T. 
 Steel to Boston and Quincy, to inquire into 
 the Quincy methods of teaching. 
 
 Mr. Hughes is a charter member of Zion 
 P. E. Church, northeast corner of Eighth 
 street and Columbia avenue, and served as a 
 vestryman for a number of years. He is also 
 a director of the Northern Soup Society. 
 For a number of years he has taken an interest 
 in the American merchant marine, and is a 
 part owner in several vessels. 
 
ALEXANDER ADAIRE. 
 
 Alexander Adaire, member of the Board of 
 Public Education from the Eighteenth Sec- 
 tion, was born in Philadelphia, May 7, 1834, 
 and was educated in the Philadelphia public 
 schools. He has lived in Kensington all his 
 life, where he is well known and highly re- 
 spected. After he left school Mr. Adaire be- 
 came a builder. For the last twenty-five 
 years he has been engaged in the lumber busi- 
 ness, and has been eminently successful. 
 
 He was appointed a member of the Board of 
 Public Education in 1874, and has served on 
 the most important committees. His chief 
 work has been in connection with the night 
 schools. He has for many years been chair- 
 man of the Night School Committee, and it is 
 largely through his efforts that these schools 
 have been made so efficient. Three years ago 
 he was instrumental in bringing about the 
 successful introduction of sewing in the night 
 schools, and has been identified with nearly 
 every improvement effected in them within 
 recent years. 
 
 Mr. Adaire performed most notable service 
 as chairman of the Committee on Revision of 
 Studies, at the time of Dr. MacAlister's super- 
 intendency, when the present graded course 
 of study was adopted. His earnest efforts 
 
 in this connection to accomplish such results 
 as would be to the best interests of the 
 schools, won for him the admiration of mam 
 persons who were watching with interest the 
 proceedings of the committee. After Dr. 
 MacAlister had severed his connection with 
 the public schools he wrote to Mr. Adaire, ex 
 pressing his warm acknowledgments for tlie 
 encouragement and assistance he had received 
 in his work. 
 
 The committees of which Mr. Adaire is no 
 a member are the following: Central Hig 
 School, University, Night Schools, Esti 
 mates and Property. 
 
 Mr. Adaire was for a number of years a 
 member of the State Legislature, representing 
 the district in which he has always resided. 
 He is a member of the Board of Trade, Lum- 
 bermen's Exchange and other organizations. 
 
 He has always endeavored to conscienti- 
 ously and consistently discharge his duties as 
 a member of the Board of Public Education. 
 He has stood fearlessly for what he has believed 
 to be right and in the interests of the public 
 schools. The night schools, in particular, 
 testify to the care with which he attends lo 
 the work which falls to him in connection 
 with public education. 
 
 96 
 
 311 J 
 
 1^ 
 
DR. MATTHEW J. WILSON. 
 
 Dr. Matthew J. Wilson, member of the 
 Board of Public Education from the Nine- 
 teenth Section, was born in Philadelphia, May 
 31. 1861. He was educated in the public 
 schools of this city, including" the Price and 
 William H. Hunter Schools. After leaving 
 school he studied pharmacy with his brother, 
 and in 1881 graduated from the Philadelphia 
 College of Pharmacy. 
 
 He afterward studied medicine with Dr. 
 ; Francis X. Dercum, now Professor of Neu- 
 [rology in Jefferson Medical College. He also 
 began a course in medicine in the University 
 of Pennsylvania, but at the end of his first 
 year was obliged to leave college on account 
 of ill-health. He subsequently resumed his 
 studies, taking a course in the medical depart- 
 ment of the University of Vermont, and grad- 
 liating with honor in 1883. Since that time 
 he has been engaged in a general practice in 
 piiladelphia. 
 
 He was appointed a member of the Board of 
 ^ublic Education in March, 1895, to fill the 
 mexpired term of the late William F. Miller, 
 
 and has since attended conscientiously to his 
 duties in connection with the Board. He is 
 a member of the Committees on Philadelphia 
 Normal School for Girls, Northeast Manual 
 Training School, Night Schools, Qualifica- 
 tion of Teachers and Hygiene, being chair- 
 man of the last named committee. He 
 takes especial interest in the night schools 
 and the Normal School, and is an earn- 
 est advocate of improved methods of 
 teaching and the higher education of 
 teachers. 
 
 He is a member of Radiant Star Lodge, No. 
 606, F. and A. M.; Harmony Royal Arch 
 Chapter, No. 52; St. Alban Commandery, 
 No. 47, K. T. ; Lu Lu Temple, A. A. O. N. 
 M. S.; Cincinnatus Lodge, No. 206, I. O. O. 
 F. ; Tohickon Tribe, I. O. R. M.; Phoenix 
 Castle, K. M. C; the Anti-Cobden Club and 
 the Pennsylvania Branch of the Scotch-Irish 
 Society. 
 
 Dr. Wilson has written a number of papers 
 for medical magazines and is a regular con- 
 tributor to the ''Codex Medicus." 
 
J^^ 
 
 THOMAS EDWARD MERCHANT. 
 
 Thomas Edward Merchant, who represents 
 the Twentieth Section in the Board of PubHc 
 Education, was born in Philadelphia, April ii, 
 1844. He entered private school at the age 
 of five years, and public school a year later. 
 He was admitted to the Central High School 
 in July, 1857, having been refused admission 
 in January on account of not being of the re- 
 quired age. After leaving the High School 
 he studied conveyancing. 
 
 When the Civil War broke out Mr. Merchant 
 dropped his studies and entered the service of 
 the United States as a private in the Eighty- 
 fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers. 
 He was soon after promoted to the rank of 
 corporal and was assigned, on the field of 
 Chancellorsville, to duty in the color guard, 
 on the 3d of May, 1863. He so continued 
 until December, being then promoted to the 
 rank of sergeant. Bravery and attention to 
 duties were followed by quick advancement, 
 he being made sergeant-major on the ist of 
 June, 1864; second lieutenant, to rank from 
 September ist; first lieutenant, to rank from 
 September 6th; assigned to duty as adjutant 
 October 12th. Upon the consolidation of the 
 Eighty-fourth and Fifty-seventh Pennsyl- 
 vania Regiments, on the 13th of January, 
 1865, he was transferred to the latter rep-i- 
 ment; then promoted to adjutant, to rank 
 
 from April 5, 1865; breveted captain United 
 States Volunteers, and mustered out with his 
 regiment June 29, 1865. 
 
 Mr. Merchant was admitted to the Phila- 
 delphia bar, January 29, 1870, and subse- 
 quently to the bar of the State Supreme Court 
 and the United States Courts. He was ap- 
 pointed a member of the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation on June 6, 1887, and has served upon 
 the following committees: Central High 
 School, Girls' High School, Grammar, 
 Secondary and Primary Schools, Night 
 Schools, Industrial Art School, Public Libra- 
 ries, Text-Books, SuppHes, Office, Accounts, 
 Estimates and By-Laws and Rules. He is 
 now serving on the Committees on Girls' 
 High School, Grammar, Secondary and 
 Primary Schools, Night Schools and By- 
 Laws and Rules. He is chairman of the 
 Committee on Estimates. 
 
 Mr. Merchant is a member of the Military 
 Order of the Loyal Legion; Past Commander 
 of Post No. 2, Grand Army of the Republic 
 and Past Master of Washington Lodge, No. 
 59, F. and A. M. 
 
 He is one of the most forceful and convinc- 
 ing speakers on the floor of the Board of Pub- 
 lic Education, and his courteous bearing and 
 unquestioned honesty of purpose have won 
 for him manv friends. 
 
 98 
 
RUDOLPH S. WALTON. 
 
 Rudolph S. Walton, who represents the 
 Twenty-first Section in the Board of Public 
 Education, was born in Philadelphia on De- 
 cember 28, 1826. He received his education 
 in private schools, save for a short period 
 spent in what is now the Madison Combined 
 School. New Market street above Noble. 
 
 He served an apprenticeship in the hat 
 finishing business, and soon after reaching 
 manhood established a business of his own. 
 In April. 1876, when John Wanamaker was 
 about to open his establishment at Thirteenth 
 and Market streets, Mr. Walton w^as induced 
 to transfer his business to that place. His 
 <lepartment was the first of any now in con- 
 nection therewith to open. 
 
 Mr. Walton retired from active participa- 
 tion in business in February, 1896, but -till 
 retains an office in the Wanamaker establish- 
 ment, holding an honorary and advisory 
 relation to the house. 
 
 He was appointed a member of the Board 
 of Public Education in May, 1892, and has 
 served upon the following committees: Text- 
 
 Books. University, Supplies, Girls' High 
 School and Industrial Art. He is now serv- 
 ing upon the Committees on Philadelphia 
 Normal School for Girls, Central Manuel 
 Training School, Grammar, Secondary and 
 Primary Schools, Revision of Studies, Night 
 Schools and Accounts. He is chairman of 
 the last named committee. 
 
 In addition to his interest in public educa- 
 tion, Mr. Walton has been active in the man- 
 agement of the Walton School, a private 
 school for girls at Twenty-first and Spruce 
 streets, and is actively interested in Bethany 
 College, Twenty-second and Pine streets, 
 of which he is one of the vice-presi- 
 dents. He is also a manager of St. Timothy's 
 Memorial Hospital, of Roxborough, being a 
 charter member. 
 
 For over forty-eight years Mr. Walton has 
 been actively and continuously engaged in 
 Sunday-school work in connection with the 
 Presbyterian Church, and he is now one of the 
 associate superintendents of Bethany Sunday- 
 school. 
 
^ 
 
 CHARLES E. MORGAN, JR. 
 
 Charles E. Morgan, Jr., member of the 
 Board of Public Education from the Twenty- 
 second Section, was born in Philadeh)hia in 
 1844. He was educated in this city and 
 graduated from the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania in 1864. 
 
 He studied law in the office of the 
 late Hon. William A. Porter, and was ad- 
 mitted to the bar early in 1868. In Jan- 
 uary, 1878, he was appointed First Assistant 
 
 City Solicitor of Philadelphia, and served 
 in that capacity for two terms of three years 
 each. 
 
 In 1893 he was appointed a member of the 
 Board of Public Education, succeeding Her- 
 bert Welsh. He is chairman of the Commit- 
 tee on Office and a member of the Commit- 
 tees on Central High School, Girls' High 
 School, University of Pennsylvania and By- 
 Laws and Rules. 
 
RICHARDSON L. WRIGHT. 
 
 In December, 1872, Richardson L. \\ ri^ht 
 was appointed a member of the Board of Pub- 
 he Education for the Twenty-third Section, 
 and the January f oho wing he took his seat in 
 that body. 
 
 In early boyhood he was a pupil in tlie Mt. 
 Vernon Grammar School under Samuel F. 
 Watson, and in the Locust Street Grannnar 
 School under Mr. Cleavinger, and subse- 
 (|uently in the private academy of Lewis \V. 
 lUirnett. As a boy and young man he had 
 access to the best libraries in the city, which 
 enabled him to indulge his taste for reading- 
 standard works of the best authors. 
 
 During his entire public career Mr. Wright 
 has taken a lively interest in the course of edu- 
 cation and in improving lines of instruction 
 and methods of teaching. Before the intro- 
 duction of the system of superintendency he 
 was chairman of a committee having for its 
 object the preparation of a new course of 
 study for the elementary schools, and took a 
 prominent part in securing its adoption by the 
 Board of Public Education. During his 
 membership in the Board he has served on the 
 Committees on Central High and Girls' High 
 Schools, Property. Supplies, Revision of 
 
 Studies and Libraries. And while giving un- 
 reserved attention to the duties pertaining to 
 the supervision of the school system through- 
 out the city, he has not been unmindful of the 
 Section he represents. 
 
 While in consultation with Dr. Charles J. 
 Stille, then Provost of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, on the subject of connecting the 
 public school system with the University, the 
 Provost expressed a desire to grant free 
 scholarships to boys from the grammar 
 schools. The present system of prize 
 scholarships had its origin in this early sug- 
 gestion of Dr. Stille. Mr. Wright was for 
 many years chairman of the Committee on 
 University. 
 
 In his political associations he belongs to 
 the Democratic organization, having received 
 inspiration and instruction from the examples 
 and teachings of Presidents Jackson and Van 
 Buren, and the statesmen of the school of 
 Silas Wright, Thomas H. Benton and Samuel 
 J. Tilden. In 1852 he was elected a member 
 of the Legislature from the County of Phila- 
 delphia, and W'as re-elected four years in suc- 
 cession. During his terms in the House he 
 served on its most important committees, and 
 
during the session of 1855 he was often called 
 to the chai^-afs ;speaker pro tern. 
 
 In the' autumn of 1853 the subject of the 
 coJisolidatiGn of the various districts of the 
 city into one municipality was discussed, and 
 at a meeting held in the Merchants' Exchange 
 a committee was appointed to take measures 
 for its accomplishment. A sub-committee, 
 composed of William L. Hirst, Esq., and 
 Richardson L. Wright was appointed to pre- 
 pare a bill for submission to the Legislature 
 embracing the objects sought for. During the 
 session of 1854 the Act of ConsoHdation was 
 submitted to the Legislature and enacted into 
 law. Mr. Wright was secretary of the com- 
 mittee of members from the city and county, 
 and adjusted pending amendments in the 
 order and form in which the Act of ConsoH- 
 dation passed both Houses and received the 
 approval of the Governor. 
 
 In 1856 he was chosen Speaker of the 
 House of Representatives, being the third 
 
 gentleman from the County of Philadelphia 
 to receive that honor in sixty-six years. In 
 the autumn of 1856 he was elected a member 
 of the Senate, serving in that body on the 
 Committee on Finances, and as chairman of 
 the Committee on Corporations. The jour- 
 nals of the House of Representatives and 
 Senate during his seven years' continuous 
 service in those bodies, bear testimony to his 
 zeal and interest in all questions submitted or 
 under discussion before them. 
 
 At the close of his term in the Senate he 
 received the nomination of his political friends 
 for the oflfice of Auditor-General of Penn- 
 sylvania. After the close of the War, 
 by the selection of the City Councils, 
 he served two years in the Board of Port 
 Wardens. 
 
 Mr. Wright is a member of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church and has served as a dele- 
 gate in its conventions upwards of thirty 
 vears. 
 
EDWARD LEWIS. 
 
 The Twenty-fourth Section is represented 
 in the Board of PubHc Education by Edward 
 Lewis, a man of long experience in business 
 and educational work. Mr. Lewis was 
 born in Wilmington, Del., February 28, 1819. 
 He received his early education in private 
 schools, mainly in Philadelphia, and has been 
 a resident of this city since 1831 For over 
 thirty years he was engaged in mercantile pur- 
 suits, but since 1875 has not been in active 
 business. 
 
 He was appointed a member of the Board 
 of Public Education in 1879. ^^^^^ ^'^^^ served 
 continuously since that time. During the ad- 
 ministration of Edward T. Steel as president, 
 from 1879 to 1889, Mr. Lewis was chairman 
 of theCommittee on Property, and was instru- 
 mental inbringingabout a number of improve- 
 ments in the construction and fitting up of 
 
 school buildings. He served on several other 
 important committees during that period or 
 portions of it, including the Committees on 
 Central and Girls' High Schools, Philadelphia 
 Normal School for Girls, Text-Books, Uni- 
 versity and Qualification of Teachers. 
 
 He is now chairman of the Committee on 
 Central Manual Training School, and a mem- 
 ber of the following committees: University, 
 Qualification of Teachers, Property and Su- 
 perintendence. 
 
 Mr. Lewis was actively interested in the in- 
 troduction of manual training into the Phila- 
 delphia public school system. He was also 
 active in bringing about the introduction of 
 cooking in the normal and grammar schools. 
 He is a very regular attendant at the meetings 
 of the Board, and looks carefully after the in- 
 terests of his Section. 
 
THOMAS W. MARCHMENT. 
 
 Thomas W. Marchment, member of the 
 Board of PubHc Education from the Twenty- 
 fifth Section, was born in Philadelphia in 
 1820. He attended private schools, and early 
 in life went into the shoe manufacturing busi- 
 ness, retiring at the age of fifty. 
 
 Mr. Marchment was appointed a member 
 of the Board of Controllers, as the Board of 
 Public Education was then known, in 1855, 
 to represent the Eleventh Section, and after 
 serving for seven years he resigned. He was 
 again appointed a member of the Board of 
 Public Education in 1884, this time to repre- 
 sent the Twenty-fifth Section, and has served 
 ever since. 
 
 Mr. Marchment was elected to Common 
 Council in 1876. He is now in the public ser- 
 vice not only as a member of the Board of 
 Public Education, but also as a real estate 
 assessor. 
 
 Mr. Marchment is a regular attendant 
 at the meetings of the Board, and faith- 
 fully performs the duties assigned to 
 him in connection wath committee work. 
 He is chairman of the Committee on 
 Qualification of Teachers, and a mem- 
 ber of the Committees on Northeast 
 Manual Training School, Grammar, Sec- 
 ondary and Primary Schools, Supplies and 
 Audits. 
 
 For more than fifty years he has been a 
 member of the Sons of Temperance, and for 
 over twenty-five years he has been Grand 
 Deputy Worthy Patriarch of Diligent Di- 
 vision, No. 122, Since the time of its organi- 
 zation Mr. Marchment has been connected 
 with the famous Philadelphia Skating Club 
 and Humane Society, and for the past 
 twenty-five years has been president of the 
 organization. 
 
PAUL KAVANAGH. 
 
 Paul Kavanagh, who represents the 
 Twenty-sixth Section in the Board of PnbHc 
 Education, was born in Philadelphia, March 
 13. 1848. He was educated in the public 
 schools, including the Locust Street Gram- 
 mar School. 
 
 His official relations with the public school 
 system began in 1876. when he was elected 
 a school director in the Twenty-sixth Sec- 
 tion to fill an unexpired term. He was 
 elected in 1877 for a full term and re-elected 
 in 1880. In 1883 he was appointed to rep- 
 resent his Section in the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation, and in 1889 he was appointed chair- 
 man of the Committee on Property. He has 
 held this position ever since. 
 
 The chairmanship of the Committee on 
 Property is one of the most important 
 posts, if not the most important, held 
 by any member of the Board, and has 
 always been so considered. To fill this chair- 
 manship acceptably requires a business man 
 of ability, experience and tact, and these 
 qualities Mr. Kavanagh possesses in an emi- 
 nent degree. In the period during which he 
 
 has been chairman of the Committee on 
 Property there has been a radical change and 
 a very practical reform in the erection of 
 school buildings. Through his efforts the 
 construction of school-houses has been 
 brought to a point of great superiority 
 and very near to perfection. Many of 
 the most handsome and well-built schools, 
 photographs of which are reproduced in 
 this volume, were erected under his di- 
 rection. 
 
 During his chairmanship forty-five build- 
 ings and thirty-three additions, containing a 
 total of six hundred and ninety-one class rooms 
 have been built in the various Sections. The 
 magnificent Normal School building at Thir- 
 teenth and Spring Garden streets, containing 
 over fifty rooms and the new Central High 
 School, not yet completed, also testify to his 
 care and ability. For all these improvements 
 $3,250,000 has been expended; for the pur- 
 chase of lots, $460,000 has been expended 
 during the past eight years, and about 
 $2,000,000 has gone for repairs, furniture, 
 heating apparatus, etc., making the total 
 
amount spent for such improvements during mended by builders; an increase in window 
 
 the time of his chairmanship between surface, giving more Hght ; the betterment of 
 
 $5,000,000 and $6,000,000. heating and ventilating facilities, and the suit- 
 
 Among the many notable improvements in able decoration of the walls. 
 
 the construction of school buildings which he Mr. Kavanagh was a member of the State 
 
 has been instrumental in introducing are the Legislature from 1882 to 1885. He is a stock 
 
 steel ceilings, which have been so highly com- broker. 
 
 106 
 
SAMUEL BAIRD HUEY. 
 
 Samuel Baircl Hiiey, member of the Board 
 of Public Education from the Twenty-seventh 
 Section, and vice-president of that body, was 
 born in Pittsburo-. January 7, 1843. He 
 comes of Scotch-English stock, and his 
 father was S. C. Huey, a prominent business 
 man of Philadelphia. 
 
 Mr. Huey received his early education in 
 private schools in this city, and graduated 
 from the Central High School as the valedic- 
 torian of his class. In 1863 he graduated 
 from Princeton College. He then entered 
 the naval service as captain's clerk on a 
 United States steamer. Through promotion 
 he afterward became successively an ensign 
 on the staff of Rear Admiral Bailev and assist- 
 ant paymaster. In attacks on Fort Fisher 
 and ^^'ilmington he took part, and was in 
 active service until the war closed. 
 
 Returning to Philadelphia he took up the 
 study of law in the office of John C. Bullitt, 
 and at the same time entered the Law De- 
 partment of the University of Pennsylvania. 
 He was admitted to the bar in 1868. In 1872 
 he was admitted to the bar of the Supreme 
 Court of the State of Pennsylvania, and in 
 1880 to that of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States. He has for years had a large 
 
 legal practice, chiefly as a corporation lawyer. 
 From 1866 to 1878 Mr. Huey was an officer 
 of the National Guard of Pennsylvania, but 
 resigned on account of the pressure of his pro- 
 fessional duties. 
 
 He was appointed a member of the Board of 
 Public Education in 1887, and has become a 
 recognized leader in public educational work. 
 As chairman of the Committee on Central 
 High School he has devoted much time and 
 attention to the proper conduct of the High 
 School, in which, as an alumnus, he takes the 
 highest interest. He is also a member of ■ he 
 Committees on Revision of Studies, Univer- 
 sity. Grammar, Secondary and Primary 
 Schools, Legislation and By-Laws and Rules. 
 In January, 1897, Mr. Huey was unanimously 
 elected vice-president of the Board, being the 
 first to hold this newly created office. 
 
 Mr. Huey is a member of the Union 
 League, the Military Order of the Loval 
 Legion, Grand Army of the Republic, the 
 Art Club, of which he has been a director 
 since its organization; the Country Club, the 
 Lawyers' Club and the United Service Club. 
 He is an elder in the Presbyterian Church. 
 He is also connected with the management 
 of many corporations. 
 
MRS. MARY E. MUMFORD. 
 
 Mrs. Mary E. Miimford, who represents the 
 Twenty-ninth Section in the Board of Pubhc 
 Education, w^as born in New Britain, Hart- 
 ford County, Connecticut. She was fitted for 
 college at the New Britain High School, and 
 graduated from the Connecticut State Nor- 
 mal School in i860. She taught for a 
 short time after 'graduating from the Nor- 
 mal School and then engaged in literar\' 
 work. She married Joseph P. Mumford in 
 1866. 
 
 Mrs. Mumford's first work of a public 
 nature was in the Charity Organization 
 Society. For some years she was vice-presi- 
 dent and secretary of the Children's Country 
 Week Association. She was appointed to 
 meml^ership in the Board of Public Education 
 in February, 1889, to fill the unexpired term 
 of Judge S. W. Pennypacker, and has served 
 upon the following committees: Qualification 
 ofTeachers, Grammar, Secondary and Primary 
 Schools, Text-Books, Revision of Studies, 
 Girls' High School, Industrial Art Education 
 and Music. At present she is chairman of the 
 
 Sub-Committee on Kindergartens, of the 
 Committee on Grammar, Secondary and 
 Primary Schools, and a member of the Com- 
 mittees on Revision of Studies, Industrial Art 
 Education and Accounts. 
 
 Mrs. Mumford has always been an active 
 worker for the advancement of women, and 
 she has filled the offices of president of the 
 New Century Club, vice-president of the 
 Civic Club, president of the Woman's Medi- 
 cal College of Pennsylvania and vice-presi- 
 dent of the General Federation of Women's 
 Clubs. 
 
 In 1882, under the reform movement of the 
 Committee of One Hundred, Mrs. Mumford 
 and Dean Bodlev, of the Woman's Medical 
 College, were placed upon the local ticket for 
 school directors in the Twenty-ninth Section. 
 To their own surprise they were elected by 
 handsome majorities, and the Twenty-ninth 
 Section has since that date maintained two 
 women upon its school board, thus enjoying 
 a unique distinction among the Sectional 
 Boards of the city. 
 
WILLIAM J. POLLOCK. 
 
 Williahi J. Pollock, who represents the 
 Thirtieth Section in the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation, was born in Philadeli)hia in 1833. He 
 was educated in the public schools of this city, 
 including the old Southwestern and the Cen- 
 tral High School. 
 
 Upon leaving the High School he was ap- 
 l)rent!ced in the dry goods business. When 
 the Civil War broke out he went into the 
 Quartermaster's office at Twelfth and Girard 
 streets. From there he was sent out to take 
 charge of the Schuylkill arsenal. 
 
 At the close of the War Mr. Pollock went 
 into partnership with George Campbell in the 
 manufacturing of cotton and woolen goods, 
 the firm name being Campbell & Pollock. 
 
 As a public man Mr. Pollock has had a 
 varied and interesting career. From 1865 to 
 1868 he was a member of Select Council. In 
 1868, as a presidential elector, he voted for 
 Grant, by whom he was afterward appointed 
 Collector of Internal Revenue. He held the 
 same office during Arthur's administration. 
 In 1876 he w'as appointed United States 
 General Appraiser of Merchandise. He was 
 Chief Examiner of Foreign Goods for the 
 Centennial Exhibition. 
 
 Mr. Poliock was for two terms a member of 
 the Pennsylvania Legislature. He was a 
 
 delegate to three National Republican con- 
 ventions, and was one of the famous "Three 
 Hundred and Six" who voted for Grant 
 thirty-six times in 1880. He is now serving his 
 fourth term as a member of Common Council. 
 
 Mr. Pollock is a member of the Union 
 League and president of the Cameron Club. 
 He is one of the managers of Mt. Moriah 
 Cemetery and also of Westminster Cemetery. 
 He has been an insurance broker for some 
 years past, and is well and favorably known 
 in this business. 
 
 As a member of the Board of Public Educa- 
 tion he has distinguished himself by long and 
 faithful service. For over twenty-one years he 
 has been a member of the Board, having been 
 appointed to represent the Thirtieth Section 
 when the ward was formed, in 1876, by the 
 division of the Twenty-sixth Ward. During 
 this long term he has served on important 
 committees. He is now chairman of the 
 Committee on Superintendence, and is a 
 member of the Committees on Central High 
 School, Text-Books and Night Schools. He 
 has always taken particular interest in the 
 night schools. He has also performed very 
 valuable service as a member of the Commit- 
 tee on Text-Books, and, in fact, on all the 
 committees on which he has ever served. 
 
WILLIAM McINTYRE. 
 
 William Mclntyre, member of the Board of 
 Public Education from the Thirty-first Sec- 
 tion, was born in the North of Ireland and was 
 brought by his parents to this city in 1845. He 
 attended the public schools of the Eighteenth 
 Section, and spent nearly three years in the 
 Central High School. He next took a course 
 in the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. 
 Since his graduation therefrom he has served 
 on its board of trustees and has assisted in the 
 examination of its students. He is ex-presi- 
 dent of its Alumni Association. 
 
 His membership in the American Pharma- 
 ceutical Association has afforded him an op- 
 portunity to visit nearly every State in the 
 Union and Canada, and with the Pennsyl- 
 vania Pharmaceutical Association, also, of 
 which he is ex-president, he has visited many 
 cities and points of interest. 
 
 For Kensington he has the usual local pride. 
 He is president of the Kensington Electric 
 Company. He assisted in the organization 
 and was president of the Frankford Avenue 
 Business Men's Association. The unfor- 
 tunate dependent class has received a full 
 share of his thought, and for more than 
 twenty years he has been a member of the 
 Northeast Soup Society. He also served a 
 term as superintendent of the Thirty-first 
 
 Ward Branch of the Philadelphia Society for 
 Organizing Charity. During the industrial 
 panic of 1893 he was president of the Thirty- 
 first Ward Auxiliary Branch of the Citizens' 
 Permanent Relief Committee, which, aided by 
 the Thirty-first Ward Relief Association, very 
 substantially aided the people. 
 
 His entrance into public service dates from 
 the formation of the Thirty-first Ward, in 
 1876, by a division of the Nineteenth Ward. 
 He was school director in the Thirty-first 
 Ward for seven years. When the 1880 census 
 of the General Government was taken, he as- 
 sisted in the enumeration of the inhabitants 
 of the ward, and had charge of the industrial 
 returns from the Eighteenth and Thirty-first 
 Wards. 
 
 The vacancy in the Board of Public Educa- 
 tion caused by the resignation of Frank S. 
 Christian, Esq., was filled by the appointment 
 of Mr. Mclntyre. A feature of his adminis- 
 tration of the trust has been the unification of 
 the interests of the Local Board of school 
 directors and the teachers, in securing the 
 best advantages offered by the public educa- 
 tional system. He is a member of the Board 
 of Public Education's Committees on North- 
 east Manual Training School, Nis^ht Schools, 
 Accounts and Superintendence. 
 
HARVEY H. HUBBERT. 
 
 Harvey H. Hul)bert, member of the Board 
 of Public Education from the Thirty-second 
 Section, was born in Philadelphia, in the dis- 
 trict known as the Northern Liberties before 
 consolidation, on December 28, 1844. He 
 was educated in the public schools, and has 
 resided m the city of his birth all his life. He 
 has been engaged in active mercantile busi- 
 ness for twenty years, and represents several 
 large cotton manufacturing corporations in 
 New England and elsewhere as their commis- 
 sion agent. 
 
 Mr. Hubbert has been identified with the 
 cause of public education for a period cover- 
 ing seventeen years, having been elected a 
 school director in the Twenty-eighth Ward in 
 1879. He w^as president of the School Board 
 when the ward was divided and the Thirty- 
 second Ward created. He was elected the 
 first president of the new Board, and while 
 fulfilling the duties of that of^ce was ap- 
 pointed, in 1890, to represent his Section in 
 .the Board of Public Education. 
 
 Mr. Hubbert has always evinced a deep in- 
 terest in the educational affairs of the citv and 
 has had extensive experience in official school 
 duties. He is chairman of the Committee on 
 By-Laws and Rules, in which position he has 
 rendered good service, and has familiarized 
 himself with all laws governing the school de- 
 partment. He was one of the representatives 
 to the State School Directors' Convention of 
 Pennsylvania and is chairman of the executive 
 committee of the association, formed during 
 that convention, the object of which is to 
 secure healthy legislation affecting the 
 schools of the Commonwealth. He has 
 been zealous in promoting educational in- 
 terests and in securing for his Section the 
 most modern and best equipped school 
 buildings. 
 
 Beside being chairman of the Committee 
 on By-Laws and Rules, Mr. Hubbert is a mem- 
 ber of the Committees on Central High 
 School, Grammar, Secondary and Primary 
 Schools, Estimates and Property. 
 
WILLIAM WRIGLEY. 
 
 William Wrigley, who is the Thirty-third 
 Section's representative in the Board of Public 
 Education, was born in this city on the north 
 side of Vine street above Tenth, on No- 
 vember 7, 1833. He is the son of Edward 
 Wrigley, who died when the subject of this 
 sketch was ten years old, and who was one of 
 the pioneer cloth manufacturers of Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 Mr. Wrigley was educated in private 
 schools, and at a later period in public schools. 
 He was attending Abington Seminary, when, 
 owing to a change in circumstances, he was 
 obliged to leave school and begin life as a 
 wage-earner. This was before he had reached 
 his fifteenth year. 
 
 At the age of twenty, a love of adventure, 
 coupled with a desire to better himself financi- 
 ally, led him to follow the tide of travel west- 
 ward. He settled on what was then Minne- 
 sota Territory, where he remained three years. 
 
 When a depression of values rendered a 
 longer stay in the West undesirable, Mr. 
 Wrigley returned to his native city, and fol- 
 
 lowed the vocation of salesman and commer- 
 cial traveler until a short time after the be- 
 ginning of the Civil War. He then volun- 
 teered in his country's defense, entering the 
 army as a private under Captain Biddle in 
 Company G, Eighth Regiment, Pennsylvania 
 Volunteers. A short time after he organized 
 a company for the One Hundred and Fifty- 
 seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 
 and was appointed first lieutenant, command- 
 ing. For a short time he was division com- 
 missary on the staff of General William F. 
 Smith, and afterward became captain in the 
 One Hundred and Ninety-seventh Regiment, 
 Pennsylvania Volunteers. 
 
 At the close of his term of service in the 
 army, Mr. Wrigley spent some time in the oil 
 regions. In the year 1870 he established his 
 present business, the manufacture of soap, the 
 firm being incorporated in 1877 under the 
 name of The Wrigley Manufacturing Com- 
 pany. Mr. Wrigley has for many years been 
 president of the company, and by his sound 
 business tact and ability has made the 
 
enterprise an iiiK|iialifie(l success. Mr. Wrig- 
 ley has travelled quite extensively in this 
 country and Europe. 
 
 His connection with the Board of Public 
 Education dates from March, 1893. when he 
 was appointed to represent the Thirty-third 
 Section. Ever since his appointment he has 
 manifested the greatest interest in the welfare 
 of the schools in general and has been instru- 
 mental in bringing about the improvement of 
 those in his Section. He has taken an 
 especial interest in the Central High School, 
 
 and has been a member of the committee on 
 that school for some time past. The other 
 committees upon which he is at present serv- 
 ing are as follows: Northeast Manual Train- 
 ing School, Text-Books, Night Schools and 
 Audits. 
 
 Mr. Wrigley is a Past Commander of Post 
 2, G. A. R. ; a member of Philates Lodge, 
 Corinthian Chapter, Corinthian Commandery, 
 No. 53, and Quaker City Lodge. He has 
 also membership in the Trades League, 
 Bourse and Manufacturers' Club. 
 
JOSEPH R. RHOADS. 
 
 Joseph R. Rhoads, who represents the 
 Thirty-fourth Section in the Board of PuIdHc 
 Education, was born in Philadelphia, Ausfust 
 6, 1841. He attended private schools until 
 he was twelve years old, and then entered the 
 Northwest Grammar School, where he was 
 under Aaron B. Ivins. From the Northwest 
 School he entered the Central High School. 
 from which he afterward received the degree 
 of Master of Arts. 
 
 He next took a course in the University of 
 Pennsylvania, where he studied law, and he 
 has been engaged in active practice since 
 1862. Since 1890 he has been president oi 
 the Merchants' Trust Company. 
 
 For four years Mr. Rhoads was a 
 director of Girard College. For three 
 
 years he was a member of Select Coun- 
 cil from the Thirteenth Ward and was 
 chairman of the Law Committee in that 
 body. 
 
 He was appointed a member of the 
 Board of Pu1)lic Education in 1890. He 
 was for a time a member of the Com- 
 mittee on Central High School. He is 
 at present chairman of the Committee 
 on Revision of Studies, and a member 
 of the Committees on Central Man- 
 ual Training School, University and Prop- 
 erty. 
 
 Mr. Rhoads is a member of the Law As- 
 sociation, the Penn Club, Art Club, Union 
 League, Board of Trade, Merion Cricket Club 
 and other organizations. 
 
THOMAS SHALLCROSS. 
 
 In the Board of Public Education Thomas 
 Shallcross represents the Thirty-fifth Section, 
 which in point of area is the largest in the 
 city, and contams fourteen school properties, 
 scattered miles apart. This is largely an agri- 
 cultural district. It could be represented by 
 no one more ably than by Mr. Shallcross, who 
 is both farmer and business man of the highest 
 type. 
 
 He was born in Frankford, and was edu- 
 cated in the Philadelphia public schools. He 
 left the High School without completing the 
 course, in order to go with his family to the 
 farm in Byberry, then owned by his father and 
 now by himself, where he actively engaged in 
 farming. Byberry was at that time a part 
 of the Twenty-third Ward, and Mr, Shallcross 
 represented that ward in the City Council 
 for one term, from 1880 to 1882. He was for 
 many years president of the school board of 
 the Twenty-third Section, and when the ward 
 was divided, in 1890, he was appointed the 
 member of the Board of Public Education 
 from the Thirty-fifth Section, and is now 
 serving his third term. 
 
 He has distinguished himself in the Board 
 by his manly, outspoken manner in debate, 
 arguing for or against measures without fear 
 or favor. He has opinions of his own and is 
 never afraid to express them, even though he 
 may stand entirely alone in his contention. 
 Particularly noteworthy was the effort made 
 by him a few years since to limit the choice of 
 a Principal for the Girls' High School to Phil- 
 adelphia candidates, ne has always main- 
 tained that Philadelphia has teachers enough 
 and sufficiently well educated to fill any posi- 
 tion in the higher schools, and he advocates 
 the promotion of efficient instructors. 
 
 He strongly opposed the Board's legisla- 
 tion, by which graduates of the School of 
 Pedagogy are given the most important posi- 
 tions in the elementary schools at salaries 
 much higher than those paid women teachers. 
 It may be emphatically stated, however, that 
 Mr. Shallcross is not in any way opposed to 
 the employment of the young men in the 
 schools. He simply opposes what he believes 
 to be an unwarrantable discrimination against 
 the women teachers. 
 
Mr. Shallcross is chairman of the Commit- 
 tee on Legislation, and a member of the Com- 
 mittees on Philadelphia Normal School for 
 Girls, Northeast Manual Training School, 
 Supplies, Qualification of Teachers and Esti- 
 mates. 
 
 He is one of the few public men whose 
 career has been so clean and praiseworthy that 
 it is a matter of regret that he does not fill 
 higher offices, but his inclinations lead him to 
 prefer the quiet enjoyment of suburban home 
 life to a more busy public career, and the door 
 of his splendid farm house, "The Pines," in 
 Byberry, is always open wide to his hosts of 
 friends. In the 6o's he declined a nomination 
 for the Legislature which was unanimously 
 tendered him by the convention. 
 
 Mr. Shallcross is president of the William 
 Penn Cemetery Company, vice-president of 
 the Tacony Saving Fund, Safe Deposit, Title 
 and Trust Company, director and secretary 
 of the Girard Avenue Farmers' Market Com- 
 pany, treasurer of the Farmers' New Hay 
 Market Company; director, secretary and 
 treasurer of the Independent Mutual Fire 
 Insurance Company of Philadelphia, Bucks 
 and Montgomery Counties. He is also a di- 
 rector of the Suburban Electric Companv, 
 Tacony; manager, secretary and superintend- 
 ent of the Byberry and Bensalem Turnpike 
 Company, beside being connected officially 
 with several other local corporations and or- 
 ganizations. He is a member of Tacony 
 Lodge, No. 600, F. and A. M. 
 
 116 
 
GEORGE HAIG. 
 
 George Haig, member of the Board of Pub- 
 lic Education from the Thirty-sixth Section, 
 was born in Edinburg, Scotland, in 1856. He 
 comes of the old Haig family of Bemerside, 
 who are traced back to the twelfth century 
 and are mentioned by Sir Walter Scott and 
 Washington Irving. 
 
 Early in life he came to Philadelphia and 
 settled in the southwestern section of the city. 
 He entered into business while yet a boy and 
 pursued his studies at night, devoting himself 
 to literary and lyceum work. Some years ago 
 he entered into the real estate business, in 
 which he has been eminently successful. He 
 also takes a great interest in building associa- 
 tion work. 
 
 Mr. Haig was appointed a member of the 
 Board of Public Education in 1892, when the 
 Thirty-sixth Ward was formed, and has since 
 represented his Section with marked ability 
 in the Board of Public Education. He is 
 chairman of the Committee on Audits, and a 
 member of the Committees on Central 
 Manual Training School, Industrial Art Edu- 
 cation, Night Schools and Accounts. 
 
 Mr. Haig is treasurer and a member of the 
 board of trustees of Bethany Presbyterian 
 Church. He is identified with a number of 
 organizations, including the American Pro- 
 testant Association, in which he is past 
 master. He is vice-president of the Ameri- 
 can Protestant Hall and Librarv Association. 
 
 "7 
 
CHARLES H. VANFLEET. 
 
 Charles H. Vanfleet, member of the Board 
 of Public Education from the Thirty-seventh 
 Section, was born in Philadelphia, May lo, 
 1844. He received his education in the Phil- 
 adelphia public schools, including the Manay- 
 unk Grammar School. 
 
 During the Civil War Mr. Vanfleet enliTted 
 in the Two Hundred and Thirteenth Regi- 
 ment, Pennsylvania Volunteers. He served 
 under General Hancock and other command- 
 ers for about eighteen months prior to the 
 close of the War. He then returned to Phil- 
 adelphia, and, in 1868, he started in the print- 
 ing business, in which he has been successfully 
 engaged ever since. 
 
 He has been a member of the board of di- 
 rectors of the Thirty-seventh Section since 
 the Ward was formed, in 1892, and was secre- 
 tary of the Board at the tmie of his appoint- 
 
 ment to hll the unexpired term of the late Dr> 
 William K. Mattern. This was in July, 1896. 
 
 Mr. Vanfleet is a charter member of Olivet 
 Lodge, No. 607; Philadelphia Chapter, No. 
 169, and Pennsylvania Commandery, No. 70, 
 of the Masonic Fraternity; Lu Lu Temple; 
 Washington Lodge No. 21, K. B.; A. A. O. 
 N. M. S. ; he is collector of Harmony Coun- 
 cil, No. 23, American Legion of Honor; a 
 charter member of Betsy Ross Council, Jr. 
 O. U. A. M.; a member of Post 51, G. A. R., 
 and belongs to other organizations. 
 
 For fifteen vears Mr. Vanfleet was superin- 
 tendent of the Sunday-school of the Lehigh 
 Avenue Baptist Church. He relinquished 
 this post a few years ago on account of ill- 
 health. 
 
 He is exceedingly popular in his ward and 
 has a host of friends. 
 
Oi**^ 
 
 ALBERT B. BEALE, 
 Clerk. 
 
 HENRY W. HALLIWELL, 
 
 WILLIAM DICK, 
 Clerk. 
 
 i 
 
 L. E. DRAKE, 
 Clerk. 
 
 Secretary of the Board of Public Education. 
 
 1 
 
 HENRY MOORE, 
 Clerk. 
 
Office of the Board of Public Education 
 
 The office of the Board of Public Educa- 
 tion, No. 713 Filbert street, is under the su- 
 pervision of the Secretary of the Board, an 
 official the value of whose services in connec- 
 tion with the work of public education, can- 
 not be overestimated. The position is one 
 requiring an incumbent of great tact as well 
 as ability, and it is an exceptional man who, 
 for a period extending over thirty-one years, 
 could fill it in such a way as to command the 
 admiration and respect of all who have busi- 
 ness relations with the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation. 
 
 Such a man is Henry Ward Halliwell, 
 Avhose official connection with the Board 
 dates back to 1848, and who has held the of- 
 fice of Secretary since 1865. 
 
 Mr. Halliwell was born on October 24, 
 1832. At a very early age he entered the in- 
 fant school on Race street, which was the 
 primary department of the Northwest Public 
 School. From the boys' department of this 
 school he was promoted to the Central High 
 School by William W. Wood. 
 
 In July, 1848, he entered the office of the 
 Board of Controllers of the public schools, 
 and a fewyears later he became Assistant Sec- 
 retary of the Board. In 1865 he was elected 
 Secretary, and has held that position ever 
 since. Having thus been closely connected 
 
 with the management of the public educa- 
 tional system for nearly half a century, he is 
 probably the best known man in educational 
 circles, not merely in Philadelphia, but 
 throughout the United States. His kind- 
 ness and uniform courtesy to teachers, and to 
 all who visit the office of the Board, have en- 
 deared him to thousands in this city and else- 
 where. He has outlived all those who were 
 in office when he entered the employ of the 
 Board, and he retains a vivid recollection of 
 almost all those who have at any time been 
 connected officially with the public schools. 
 
 The Assistant Secretary, Andrew F. Ham- 
 mond, has been in the employ of the Board 
 since 1868, and has been Assistant Secretary 
 since 1875. He is a painstaking and conscien- 
 tious official. 
 
 Albert B. Beale is in charge of the Supply 
 Department, in this capacity supervising the 
 handling of thousands of dollars' worth of 
 books and other school supplies each year. 
 The other clerks are L. E. Drake, William 
 Dick, Henry Moore, Edward Merchant, John 
 D. Hardin and Thomas A. Hughes. The 
 various duties in connection with the business 
 of the office are divided among them. Mr. 
 Dick, as warrant clerk, handles and distributes 
 each month over three thousand salary war- 
 rants. Mr. Merchant is his assistant. 
 
THOMAS A. HUGHES, 
 Clerk. 
 
 EDWARD MERCHANT, 
 Clerk. 
 
 ANDREW F. HAMMOND, 
 
 Assistant Secretary. 
 
 LENA A. HUMPHRIES, 
 Stenographer. 
 
 JOHN D. HARDIN, 
 Clerk. 
 
 WM. S. RUFF, 
 Messenger. 
 
Architect's Department 
 
 The Architect's Department of the Board 
 of Public Education consists of an architect 
 and supervisor of school buildings, four as- 
 sistants and an inspector of heaters. 
 
 Joseph D.Austin, Architect and Supervisor 
 of Public School Buildings, was born in Phila- 
 delphia, June 26, 1847. He received his early 
 education at Girard College, and having a 
 taste for architecture, developed it by study- 
 ing in the office of Samuel Sloan. After be- 
 coming proficient in his profession, he prac- 
 ticed it for several years, and in 1884 was 
 elected the head of the Architect's Depart- 
 ment of the Board of Public Education. 
 
 During the past twelve years no less than 
 sixty-eight school buildings have been erect- 
 ed under his direction, and these buildings 
 are the greatest possible tribute to his thor- 
 oughness and ability. The handsome Nor- 
 mal School is at present the largest and finest 
 
 of the school buildings in this city, and re- 
 fiects great credit upon Mr. Austin. He is 
 now giving much time and attention to the 
 erection of the new Central High School, 
 Broad and Green streets, which, when com- 
 pleted, will be the finest high school building 
 in the country. 
 
 Mr. Austin's work has been conscientious 
 and thorough, and he has won the esteem of 
 the Board of Public Education by the faith- 
 ful performance of his duties. That Philadel- 
 phia has such splendid school buildings as 
 those erected in recent years is a credit to 
 the man who has so ably planned and di- 
 rected the work. 
 
 The assistant architects are Joseph W. 
 Anshutz, J. H. Cook, James Gaw and Lewis 
 P. Hoopes, all of whom are experienced 
 and of unquestioned ability. The inspector 
 of heaters is John D. Cassell. 
 
JOSEPH W. ANSHUTZ, 
 Assistant Architect. 
 
 JAMES GAW, 
 
 Assistant Architect. 
 
 JOSEPH D. AUSTIN 
 Architect and Supervisor of School Buildings 
 
 JOHN D. CASSELL, 
 Inspector of Heators. 
 
 J. H. COOK, 
 Assistant Architect. 
 
 LEWIS P. HOOPES, 
 Assistant Architect. 
 
The Higfher Schools 
 
Central High School 
 
 Well has the Central High School been 
 termed the crown of the entire system of 
 public education in Philadelphia. Since its 
 establishment it has stood for all that is best 
 and most gratifying in the public school life 
 of the city. Its history has been a story of 
 steady progress. It has received over 15,000 
 pupils, and has sent nearly one-third of that 
 number out into the world equipped with the 
 best education afforded by any high school in 
 the country. 
 
 It stands pre-eminent among the nation's 
 high schools. Indeed, although having the 
 modest title of a High School, it is often 
 placed in official classifications among univer- 
 sities and colleges. In all parts of the 
 country its graduates are found, their number 
 including many well-known men in every walk 
 of life. In Philadelphia to-day many of the 
 most eminent citizens, men known and es- 
 teemed in business, professional and public 
 life, point with pride to the Central High 
 School as their alma mater. 
 
 While there has been much encouragement 
 accorded those who have labored in and for 
 this school during the past sixty years, the 
 path has by no means been an entirely smooth 
 one. Every good enterprise has its opponents, 
 and the good name of this noblest of public 
 educational institutions has at times been as- 
 sailed by those who have failed to appreciate 
 its great work. Yet, through the years, it 
 has come down to the present generation 
 revered for its history and honored for its as- 
 sociations. 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 SCHOOL. 
 
 The estabhshment of the Central High 
 School was authorized by the Act of June 13, 
 
 1836.* The following year the Board of 
 Control secured a site on Juniper street, fac- 
 ing upon Penn Square, about midw^ay 
 between Market and Clover streets, the latter 
 being a small thoroughfare which has since 
 been covered by Wanamaker's store, and on 
 September 19th the corner-stone of the first 
 high school building was laid with appropriate 
 ceremonies. The structure was opened for 
 use October 21, 1838. [For picture of origi- 
 nal High School building see page 19.] 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST 
 BUILDING. 
 
 "The building was of brick, with a marble 
 front. The side walls were painted white, 
 and, on the whole, it was a more imposing 
 structure than that in use at this day. [The 
 old brick building at the southeast corner of 
 Broad and Green streets.] It was shaped like 
 the letter 'T,' the main structure running 
 east and w-est, with a cross structure extend- 
 ing north and south. In the angle formed by 
 the wing on the south side was the play- 
 ground, while south of this stood the Pennsyl- 
 vania State Armory. North of the school 
 building a tavern stood on the corner of Mar- 
 ket and Juniper streets; and the sheds, into 
 w^iich the farmers drove their teams on mar- 
 ket davs, stood in the angle of the school 
 building, close to its walls. At the southwest 
 corner of Thirteenth and Market streets was 
 the w^arehouse of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 
 In those days Thirteenth street was lined with 
 quiet homes; in Clover street were small 
 houses, while Chestnut street in that vicinity 
 
 * " The Controllers of the public schools for the City and 
 County of Philadelphia be, and they are hereby, authorized, 
 whenever they shall think proper, to establish one central 
 high school, for the full education of such pupils of the public 
 schools of the First School District as may possess the 
 requisitequalifications."— Act of June 13, 1836, Sec. 23. 
 
was then a fashionable part of the town and 
 was filled with the residences of leading and 
 wealthy citizens. 
 
 "The first building was three stories in 
 height, each floor containing three rooms, 
 which were subsequently divided as there was 
 created a demand for more rooms. .The most 
 conspicuous feature of the new school was the 
 observatory rising from the rear of the main 
 building. This department of the new in- 
 stitution of learning was at the time the pride 
 of the city, its superior equipment being 
 famed throughout the land and well known 
 even abroad. The apparatus was finer than 
 that of Harvard Universitv, and its instru- 
 
 one of the upper windows of the United States 
 Mint. It was taken on a sheet of polished 
 metal, A seidlitz powder box with a few 
 flakes of iodine answered for a coating box, 
 while a cigar box and l^urning glass were im- 
 provised for a camera. An iron spoon served 
 to heat the mercury to develop the plate. 
 The picture which was produced is owned by 
 the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 
 
 OPENING OF THE SCHOOL. 
 
 The opening of the school was character- 
 ized by its simplicity, there being no formal 
 exercises. The first class consisted of sixty- 
 three members. Professor Samuel Mecutch- 
 en, who filled the chair of higher arithmetic 
 
 SAMUEL MECUTCHEN. 
 
 ments were often used by the observers of the 
 Naval Observatory at Washington."* 
 
 FIRST PHOTOGRAPH IN 
 AMERICA. 
 
 At this point it is of interest to note that 
 the first photograph made in America was a 
 view of the first high school building and the 
 State Arsenal on Juniper street. On Octo- 
 ber 1 6, 1839, the day after the definite account 
 of Daguerre's process was published in Phila- 
 delphia, Joseph Saxton took the picture from 
 
 ♦From "An Historical Sketch of the Central High 
 School," by George H. Cliff. 
 
 ALEXANDER DALLAS BACHE. 
 
 and mensuration from 1876 to 1880, is the 
 oldest living member of the first class. 
 
 FIRST CORPS OF TEACHERS. 
 
 The first faculty consisted of but four mem- 
 bers: Enoch Wines, A. M., department of 
 languages, who acted as Principal; John 
 Frost, LE. D., department of history; E. Otis 
 Kendall, A. M., now of the University of 
 Pennsylvania, department of higher mathe- 
 matics, natural philosophy and chemistry; 
 William Vogdes, LL. D., department of 
 mathematics. Professor Vogdes acted as 
 secretary of the faculty. 
 
PROFESSOR BACHE ASSUMES 
 CONTROL. 
 
 The followino; year Professor Alexander 
 Dallas Bache, president-elect of Girard Col- 
 lege, which was then in course of construc- 
 tion, tendered his services temporarily to the 
 Board of Control. Professor Bache was ap- 
 pointed an advisory superintendent of schools 
 and given authority to organize the High 
 School, of which he was also made acting Prin- 
 cipal. The same year Henry McMurtric, 
 M. D., w^as chosen to conduct the department 
 embracing natural history, anatomy and 
 physiology. 
 
 COURSES OF STUDY. 
 
 To Professor Bache is due much credit for 
 the good beginning made by the Central 
 High School. He outlined its policy and 
 moulded its course. In 1840 he submitted to 
 the Board of Control a plan of reorganization, 
 which was adopted. It provided for a system 
 of instruction extending over four years, with 
 semi-annual examinations. Three courses 
 were adopted for pupils to choose from: A 
 principal course, of four years, intended as a 
 thorough preparation for business life; the 
 classical course, for students intending to fol- 
 low the professions, and the English course, 
 of two years, designed for those who could 
 not afTord the time for a more thorough train- 
 ing. During the term ending December, 
 1840, the pupils were distributed as follows in 
 the three courses: Principal, 71 per cent.; 
 classical, 22 per cent. ; English, 7 per cent. 
 
 HART ELECTED PRESIDENT. 
 
 In 1842 Professor Bache retired and was 
 succeeded by John S. Hart, LL. D., formerly 
 adjunct professor of languages in Princeton 
 College. The organization of the depart- 
 nients under Professor Hart was as follows: — 
 
 DEPARTMENTS OF 1842. 
 
 Department of Belles-Lettres, Professor 
 Frost, assisted by Professors Shaw and 
 Sanderson. 
 
 Department of Ancient Languages, Pro- 
 fessor Sanderson. 
 
 Department of Modern Languages, Pro- 
 fessor Deloutte. 
 
 Department of Theorietical Mathematics, 
 Professor Kendall. 
 
 Department of Practical Mathematics, Pro- 
 fessor \^ogdes. 
 
 Department of Natural History, Professor 
 McMurtrie. 
 
 Department of Natural Philosophy, Pro- 
 fessor Frazer. 
 
 Department of Chemistry, Professor Booth. 
 
 Department of Graphics, Professor Peale, 
 assisted by Professor Becker. 
 
 Department of Mental, Moral and Political 
 Science, Professor Shaw. 
 
 JOHN S. HART, LL. D. 
 
 WRITTEN EXAMINATIONS 
 HELD. 
 
 Professor Hart was a believer in the exten- 
 sion of written examinations to all branches, 
 so far as practicable, and he called upon well- 
 know^n men who had no connection with the 
 school to conduct these examinations. 
 Among the number who responded to his 
 request were Robert Bridges, Joseph R. 
 Chandler, George M. Dallas, Dr. Richard 
 
Dungleson, Morton McMichael, S. V. Mer- 
 rick, A. V. Parsons, Richard Vaux, R. M. 
 Patterson and other prominent men. 
 
 WHOM THE SCHOOL MOST 
 BENEFITED. 
 
 It was about this time that the High School 
 began to be condemned by some as an expen- 
 sive institution, designed to benefit a favored 
 class. Professor Hart proved the folly of the 
 latter idea, giving in his annual report to the 
 Board of Control statistics showing the occu- 
 pations of the parents of the pupils, and dem- 
 onstrating that more than three-fourths of 
 the pupils in the school were such as were 
 unable to pay for their education. 
 
 AUTHORIZED TO CONFER 
 DEGREES. 
 
 By an Act of Assembly of April 9, 1849. the 
 authority to confer academic degrees was 
 given to the High School.* On September 
 I ith of the same year the Board of Controllers 
 adopted a resolution providing: "That the de- 
 gree of Bachelor of x\rts shall hereafter be con- 
 ferred upon all pupils of the High School who 
 shall meritoriously complete tlie four years' 
 course; and the degree of Master of Arts upon 
 such graduates of not less than five years' 
 standing as shall by their general merit, in the 
 judgment of the committee, entitle them- 
 selves to that distinction." 
 
 At the present time the degree either of 
 Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science is 
 conferred, according to the course of study 
 completed by the graduate. 
 
 NEW STUDIES INTRODUCED. 
 
 Among other innovations introduced by 
 Professor Hart in the High School was a 
 course in Anglo-Saxon. This, with the then 
 
 * ' ' The Controllers of the public schools of the First School 
 District of Pennsylvania shall have and possess power to 
 confer academical degrees in the arts upon graduates of the 
 Central High School in the City of Philadelphia, and the 
 same and like power to confer degrees, honorary and other- 
 wise, which is now possessed by the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania." 
 
 existing course of lectures on the early history 
 of the English language, he took under his 
 personal charge. New studies introduced in 
 the school at about the same period were 
 general history, local history, trigonometry, 
 surveying, navigation, book-keeping, phon- 
 ography and elocution. 
 
 HOLDING OF COMMENCEMENTS. 
 
 Commencement exercises were for some 
 years held in the school building, but in Feb- 
 ruary of 1848, Musical Fund Hall was selected, 
 as being better adapted for the comfort of a 
 large audience. Since then commencements 
 have been held in the Chinese Museum, Ninth 
 and Sanson! streets (July, 1848); National 
 Hall, Market street between Twelfth and 
 Thirteenth; Jayne's Hall, Association Hall, 
 the Academy of Music, the Chestnut Street 
 Opera House, the Broad Street Theatre and 
 the Chestnut Street Theatre. 
 
 The department of chemistry was enlarged 
 in 185 1 by Professor Boye, and in 1852 the 
 German Department was organized under 
 Professor Frederick A. Roese. 
 
 PRESENT BUILDING ERECTED. 
 
 By this time the building on Juniper street 
 was becoming greatly overcrowded. It had 
 been built to accommodate only 350 pupils, 
 but over 500 were in attendance in 1847. Even 
 raising the standard of admission and restrict- 
 ing the age limit failed to materially reduce the 
 number. The need of a new building became 
 imperative, and as the city was rapidly build- 
 ing up in the neighborhood of the Juniper 
 Street School-house, the latter property was 
 sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1853 and 
 a new building was erected at the southeast 
 corner of Broad and Green streets. After the 
 sale of the old Iniilding and before the new one 
 was completed, the school occupied the old 
 Model School Building on Chester Street. 
 
CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL, 
 Southeast corner Broad and Green Streets. 
 
 135 
 
CORNER-STONE LAID. 
 
 CHANGES IN THE CURRICULUM. 
 
 The corner-stone of the new building 
 was laid May 31, 1853. Bishop Potter 
 opened the ceremonies with prayer, and 
 addresses were made by Nathan Nathans, 
 chairman of the High School Com- 
 mittee; Principal John S. Hart, George M. 
 Wharton, Dr. R. J. Breckinridge, of Ken- 
 tucky; Judge John C. Knox, of the Supreme 
 Court of Pennsylvania; Harlan Ingram, Judge 
 ^^"illiam D. Kelley and Thomas B. Florence. 
 
 In the corner-stone was placed a box con- 
 taining a copper plate, which was inscribed as 
 follows: — 
 
 CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL. 
 
 Corner-stone laid May 31, 1853, erected by the Controllers 
 
 of the Public Schools of the First School 
 
 District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON PROPERTY. 
 
 Charged with the erection of the building. 
 
 Benjamin Baker, Nathan Nathans, 
 
 Joseph Cowperthwait, Jamp;s Peters, 
 
 Jacob C. Slemmkr. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON HIGH SCHOOL. 
 Nathan Nathans, George M. Wharton, 
 
 Thomas G. Hollingsworth, James Peters, 
 T. K. Collins. 
 
 Pt esident, 
 Daniel S. Beideman. 
 
 Secretary, 
 Robert J. Hemphill. 
 
 DEDICATION OF THE BUILDING. 
 
 The building was formally dedicated June 
 28, 1854. Prayer was offered by Rev. Philip 
 F. Meyer, and addresses were made by Rev. 
 Dr. Henry A. Boardman and Morton Mc- 
 Michael. 
 
 THE PRESENT BUILDING. 
 
 This building is still occupied by the High 
 School, pending thecompletion of the magnifi- 
 cent edifice in course of erection on the 
 opposite side of Broad street. It is a square, 
 dull, brick structure, its one conspicuous feat- 
 ure being the observatory, which for years 
 after the building was erected was a source of 
 great pride to Philadelphians. Professor 
 Elias Loomis said that its opening "formed an 
 epoch in the history of American astronomy." 
 
 Changes in the curriculum marked the year 
 1854, when the classical course was dropped 
 entirely. Two years later the department of 
 German was abandoned, as was also the Eng- 
 lish course. This re-adjustment of the curri- 
 culum removed the elective features. 
 
 PROFESSOR MAGUIRE ELECTED 
 PRINCIPAL. 
 
 In December, 1858, Professor Hart 
 resigned the Principalship and was succeeded 
 by Professor Nicholas H. Maguire, A. M. In 
 the short period which elapsed between the 
 
 NICHOLAS H. MAGUIRE 
 
 time Professor Hart vacated the position and 
 Professor Maguire assumed its duties, Pro- 
 fessor William Vogdes acted as Principal. 
 
 One of Professor Maguire's first acts was 
 to abolish the system of deducting from 
 scholarship the ''notes" received for miscon- 
 duct. He held that the practice destroyed 
 all incentive to study and tended to increase 
 rather than lessen the amount of misconduct. 
 
 The study of German was restored to the 
 course in 1859, under Professor Romain 
 Lujeane. 
 
 HIGH SCHOOL DURING THE 
 WAR. 
 
 During the Civil War the number of pupils 
 in the High School was greatly diminished. 
 
many leaving to go to the front. This pa- 
 triotism was encouraged, and in 1861 the 
 faculty passed a resolution providing "that 
 any pupil of the advanced classes enlisting is 
 entitled to graduate with his class, and a pupil 
 of the lower division may resume that position 
 in the school which he resigned when so en- 
 listing." 
 
 INVESTIGATION INSTITUTED. 
 
 Professor Maguire retired in 1866, and on 
 March 15th, of that year, a special committee 
 of the Board of Control was appointed to in- 
 vestigate all the departments of the school 
 and report their condition, recommending any 
 changes deemed necessary. The committee 
 consisted of Samuel Scheide, William C. 
 Haines, Wilham M. Levick, Nathan Hilles 
 and John B. Green. 
 
 REORGANIZATION OF THE 
 SCHOOL. 
 
 The result of their investigation was a 
 thorough reorganization of the school. On 
 May 8th the following resolutions were sub- 
 mitted to the Board by the special commit- 
 tee: — 
 
 ''Resolved, That the Secretary of the Board 
 be, and is hereby, instructed to notify mem- 
 bers of the faculty of the Boys' High School, 
 that their term of service will expire on the 
 first day of September next; provided, that 
 nothing herein contained shall be construed 
 so as to make any member of the present 
 faculty ineligible to the position he now 
 occupies. 
 
 "Resolved, That the committee of the Boys' 
 High School be, and are hereby, instructed to 
 proceed in the usual manner in organizn^g a 
 new faculty as heretofore has been their prac- 
 tice in filling vacancies." 
 
 NEW FACULTY CHOSEN. 
 
 The resolutions were adopted, and on 
 August 27tli a new faculty was chosen, con- 
 sisting of the following: — 
 
 George Inman Riche, Principal. 
 
 James Rhoads, A. M., Professor of Belles- 
 Lettres and History. 
 
 James McClune, A. M., Professor of Theo- 
 retical Mathematics and Astronomy. 
 
 Zephaniah Hopper, A. M., Professor of 
 Mathematics. 
 
 James A. Kirpatrick, A. M., Professor of 
 Writing and Book-keeping. 
 
 Edward W. Vogdes, M. D., Professor of 
 Moral, Mental and PoHtical Science. 
 
 Louis Angele, Professor of the German 
 Language. 
 
 Francis A. Bregy, A. M., Professor of the 
 French Language. 
 
 GEORGE INMAN RICHE 
 
 Joseph W. Wilson, A. M., Professor of Prac- 
 tical Mathematics. 
 
 Henry Hartshorne, M. D., Professor of 
 Anatomy, Physiology and Natural History. 
 
 Daniel W. Howard, A. M., Professor of 
 History. 
 
 George Stuart, A. M., Professor of the 
 Latin Language. 
 
 Isaac Norris, M. D., Professor of Natural 
 Philosophy and Chemistry. 
 
 Of the thirteen members composing the 
 new faculty ten were former professors in their 
 respective departments. The faculty was in- 
 stalled on September 3d. Shortly after it was 
 added to by the election of John Kern as Pro- 
 fessor of Drawing. 
 
 138 
 
CHANGES IN THE CURRICULUM. 
 
 Several changes in the curriculum were 
 made by President Riche when he entered 
 upon the duties of his new position, and a 
 number of reforms were instituted by him. 
 The changes were not radical nor the reforms 
 obtrusive, yet both apparently operated for 
 good. Among other things he succeeded in 
 placing the physical, astronomical and chem- 
 ical departments upon a more efficient basis. 
 The old apparatus was supplemented by new 
 and improved instruments and the observa- 
 tory was remodeled.* At this time a chem- 
 ical laboratory was also fitted up in the base- 
 ment. 
 
 conducted in his absence, however, by Pro- 
 fessor Zephaniah Hopper, the senior pro- 
 fessor, who with firmness and decision ore- 
 vented a threatened disintegration of the 
 school and handed it over in excellent condi- 
 tion to the next president, Professor Henry 
 Clark Johnson. 
 
 The value of Professor Hopper's services in 
 this critical period of the High School's his- 
 tory cannot be overestimated. It was a time 
 requiring the best efforts of an able man and 
 hrm disciplinarian, and no one could better 
 have filled the requirements than Professor 
 Hopper, whose long experience and excellent 
 judgment were of inestimable service. He 
 
 FRANKLIN TAYLOR, M. D. 
 
 PROFESSOR HOPPER'S VALUABLE 
 SERVICE. 
 
 The remainder of Professor Riche' s ad- 
 ministration saw but few changes. He re- 
 signed in February, 1886. and was suc- 
 ceeded by Franklin Taylor, M. D. Owing 
 to illness President Taylor devoted only 
 about ten months to the duties of the 
 presidency, although he was the nomi- 
 nal head of the school for two years 
 and a half. The school was most ably 
 
 * The observations taken from the High School observa- 
 tory during the transit of Venus in 1878 gave the school no 
 little notoriety. 
 
 ZEPHANIAH HOPPER. 
 
 well deserves the honor which is to-day ac- 
 corded him. 
 
 SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELE- 
 BRATED. 
 The semi-centennial of the High School 
 was celebrated, October 29th and 30th, by a 
 public meeting and reception. [See chapter 
 on the Associated Alumni.] 
 
 ADMISSIONS MADE ANNUALLY. 
 
 Beginning with the year 1888, admissions 
 to the school were made annually instead of 
 semi-annually as had theretofore been the 
 custom. 
 
JOHNSON BECOMES PRESIDENT. 
 
 Professor Henry Clark Johnson, formerly 
 professor of Latin in Lehigh University, en- 
 tered upon the duties of president in the fall 
 of 1888. He restored the elective system of 
 courses of instruction and strengthened the 
 classical course by the addition of two com- 
 petent assistants. 
 
 Through his efforts, in June, 1889, a new 
 course of study was put into effect. It em- 
 l)raced five distinct courses, viz. : The classical 
 course, including Greek, Latin, French and 
 German; the regular course, including Latin 
 French and German; a course in chemistry, 
 
 HENRY CLARK JOHNSON. 
 
 similar to the regular course but with a large 
 amount of time devoted to special work in 
 chemistry; a course in physics, giving a large 
 amount of time to higher mathematics, me- 
 chanics and physics, and the scientific course, 
 designed principally for those expectinp- to 
 remain in the school only two or three years, 
 and also for those desiring fuller instruction 
 in general science, mathematics and English. 
 
 SCHOOL OF PEDAGOGY 
 ESTABLISHED. 
 
 In September, 1890, the School of Peda- 
 gogy was organized as an advance course for 
 graduates of the High School, to prepare 
 
 them to teach. The first faculty of the 
 School of Pedagogy consisted of the follow- 
 ing:— 
 
 Henry Clark Johnson, A. M., LL. B., Presi- 
 dent and Professor of Methods in Civil Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 David Wesley Bartine, A. M., M. D., Pro- 
 fessor of School Economy and Organization. 
 
 Edwin James Houston, A. M., Professor of 
 Methods in Physics and Physical Geographv. 
 
 Frederick Foster Christine, A. M., Pro- 
 fessor of School Law. 
 
 William Houston Greene, A. M., M. D., 
 Professor of Methods in Natural Science. 
 
 George Howard Cliff, A. M., Professor of 
 Theory and Practice of Teachine. 
 
 Henry Willis, A. M., Professor of Methods 
 in History. 
 
 Albert Henry Smyth, A. B., Professor of 
 the History of Education. 
 
 William Albert Mason, A. M., Professor of 
 Modeling and Methods in Drawing. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin Lacy, A. M., Professor 
 of Psychology and Philosophy of Education. 
 
 Charles Sumner Dolley, M. D., Professor of 
 Methods in Biology and Natural History. 
 
 The school was opened on October 9th with 
 nine pupils. The course of instruction cov- 
 ered one year, most of the time being devoted 
 to psychology and philosophy of education, 
 theory and practice of teaching, history of 
 education and school management. 
 
 GROUND BROKEN FOR THE 
 NEW BUILDING. 
 
 In 1893 Councils made an appropriation for 
 the purchase of a lot and the commencement 
 of a new building for the High School, and the 
 site bounded by Broad, Fifteenth, Green and 
 Brandywine streets was secured. On the 
 afternoon of May 7, 1894, the ceremony of 
 breaking ground for the new building took 
 place. 
 
 The exercises were simple but appropriate. 
 Paul Kavanagh, chairman of the Property 
 Committee of the Board of Public Education, 
 
after making a few remarks, handed a spade to 
 John R. Fanshawe, vice-president of the As- 
 sociated Akmini and chairman of its Commit- 
 tee on New Buildings, who raised the first 
 piece of sod. Members of the faculty, Asso- 
 siated Alumni and Board of Public Education 
 and the students of the school were present 
 and joined in the ceremonies. 
 
 CORNER-STONE LAID. 
 
 The corner-stone was laid on October 20th 
 of the same y?ar. Those present included 
 city officials, members of the Board of Public 
 Education and the Associated Alumni, and 
 the faculty of the school. 
 
 The following program was carried out: — 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 PAUL KAVANAGH, Chairman Committee on Property, 
 Board of Public Education. 
 
 INVOCATION. 
 
 REV. STEPHEN W. DANA, D. D. 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 SAMUEL B. HUEY, Chairman Committee on Central High 
 School. 
 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 EX-GOVERNOR ROBERT E. PATTISON, President of 
 the Associated Alumni of the Central High School. 
 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 PROFESSOR ROBERT ELLIS THOMPSON, President of 
 the Central High School. 
 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 PROFESSOR EDWIN J. HOUSTON. 
 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 DR. EDWARD BROOKS, Superintendent of Public Schools. 
 
 LAYING OF THE CORNER-STONE. 
 
 By ISAAC A. SHEPPARD, President of the Board of Public 
 Education. 
 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 JAMES L. MILES, President of the Select Council of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 BENEDICTION. 
 
 REV. WILLIAM N. McVICKAR, D. D. 
 
 In the corner-stone was placed a copper 
 box hermetically sealed, containing the fol- 
 lowing : — 
 
 Report of the Board of PubHc Education 
 for 1893. 
 
 General Catalogue of the School from the 
 year 1838. 
 
 Annual Catalogue of the School for 1894. 
 
 Proceedings of the Semi-Centennial of the 
 School. 
 
 Reports of the Associated Alumni. 
 
 Program of the Corner-Stone Laying. 
 
 Roll of Autographs of the Faculty. 
 
 Roll of Autographs of every Student of the 
 School. 
 
 Set of Proof Coins for the year 1894. 
 
 Set of Photographs of the Elevation and 
 Plans of the New Building, with Specifica- 
 tions. 
 
 Copies of Magazines published by the Stu- 
 dents. 
 
 Copies of the Daily Newspapers. 
 
 DR. THOMPSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Dr. Robert Ellis Thompson became presi- 
 dent of the faculty, February 26, 1894, Presi- 
 dent Johnson having resigned at the close of 
 
 1893- 
 
 Upon assuming the duties of the presidency 
 Dr. Thompson at once proceeded to put -nto 
 effect many excellent plans which he had con- 
 ceived for the improvement of the school. 
 He has, during the entire term of his incum- 
 bency, been constantly on the alert to dis- 
 cover any faults in the curriculum and 
 methods of teaching and discipline, and so 
 far as possible has endeavored to eliminate the 
 faulty features and extend the usefulness of 
 the school. 
 
 The year 1894, his first year as president, 
 was marked by the abolition of numerical 
 marking, w^hich for many years was one of 
 the greatest impediments to effective work in 
 the school; exemption from examinations, 
 where thoroughness of work, regularity of at- 
 tendance, etc., warranted such exemption ;the 
 substitution of four full hours a day for the 
 five shorter periods of study formerly em- 
 ployed; the institution of a system making it 
 necessary for a student to attain a high aver- 
 age in every branch of study, which took the 
 place of a system of promotion on general 
 averages; the partial readjustment of the work 
 
with reference to the needs of the classical and 
 scientific courses, and the organization by the 
 teachers of mathematics of a mathematical 
 seminar. 
 
 The year 1895 saw a reduction effected in 
 the number of studies required of each class; 
 the better adaptation of the classical course to 
 the requirements of students preparing to 
 enter the arts course of any- university, and 
 the complete organization of the teaching 
 force under a head of each department. 
 
 SCHOOL OF PEDAGOGY 
 REORGANIZED. 
 
 Early in the year of 1896 a new department 
 was created in the Central High School, called 
 the Department of the Science of Pedagogies. 
 The School of Pedagogy as previously con- 
 stituted was made a constituent part of that 
 department, and a "Professorship of the 
 Science of Pedagogics" was instituted. 
 Francis Burke Brandt, of the High School 
 faculty, was elected to fill this chair. 
 
 The organization of the Department of the 
 Science of Pedagogics was a virtual extension 
 of the School of Pedagogy. Its object, as 
 presented in the general statement recentlv 
 published, is identical with the original pur- 
 pose of the school, "to afford young men op- 
 portunity for a thorough professional train- 
 ing in the science and art of teaching." 
 
 The course of instruction designed to give 
 this professional training extends over a 
 period of two years. It is divided into two 
 general departments, the science or theory of 
 education, and the art or practice of teachmg. 
 
 COURSES OF STUDY IN THE 
 HIGH SCHOOL. 
 
 The studies of the Freshman year in the 
 Central High School are the same for all stu- 
 dents. At the close of that year an election 
 is made between Greek and German. At the 
 close of the Sophomore year there is a further 
 election for two years for those who have not 
 
 elected Greek, between French and the con- 
 tinued study of Latin. At the close of the 
 Junior year there is also for these students of 
 the scientific sections choice between special 
 work in biology, chemistry, physics and ap- 
 plied mathematics, including laboratory prac- 
 tice in each of these subjects. In the Senior 
 year the students of the classical sections elect 
 between German and French. 
 
 Admissions to the school are ordinarily 
 made by promotions from the twelfth grade 
 of the boys' grammar, consolidated and 
 combined schools of the city. This is based 
 on the results of an examination held in the 
 month of June under the direction of the Su- 
 perintendent of Public Schools, and an- 
 nounced to the Principals of the schools and 
 to the public by advertisement. Under the 
 act passed bv the State Legislature in 1893, 
 the children of soldiers who served in the late 
 War, although not residents of the city, are 
 entitled to admission if found competent to 
 pass. All other candidates must be residents 
 of the city. The age of thirteen is required 
 for admission, but the average in recent 
 classes is over fifteen. 
 
 STUDENTS' INTERESTS. 
 
 The students of the school rid themselves 
 of the monotony with which school life is too 
 often conducted by organizing associations 
 among themselves, musical, literary and ath- 
 letic. For many years past the respective 
 graduating classes have published a bright 
 little monthly called "The Mirror," which is 
 the organ of the Associated Alumni, and con- 
 tains, besides original matter contributed by 
 the students, much valuable and interesting 
 information regarding the school and its 
 alumni. The students have adopted orange 
 and red as the school colors. 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 The number of students in the school at 
 the beginning of 1896 was 865, and there 
 was an increase during the year. From the 
 
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 5. p 
 
 s r. 
 
 1 PC 
 
 W > 
 
 3 f" 
 
 S o 
 
 a S 
 
 «) O 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 ^Wip|^^?^^J -f""'; ' 
 
opening of the school in 1838 to 1895, inclu- 
 sive, 14,655 students were admitted. Of 
 these 4,244 graduated in the full four years' 
 course of study, and over 2,500 received cer- 
 tificates of having completed partial courses 
 of two years or more, and less than four. 
 
 INTROSPECTIVE. 
 
 That the next half century will see 
 the Central High School become one 
 of the greatest educational institutions 
 of its kind in the country no one who 
 is in touch with its aims and spirit can doubt. 
 It has made great progress in the past few 
 years; it may surprise the world in the years 
 to come. With the completion of the new 
 building the High School will enter upon a 
 new and glorious epoch, and the greatest 
 dreams which its loyal graduates entertain 
 concerning it may be realized. 
 
 There is talk of enlarging its sphere and 
 raising its standard. This proposition has the 
 cordial support of every friend of public edu- 
 cation and it cannot be carried into efifect too 
 soon. There is also consideraole talk about 
 changing the name of the school to the "Col- 
 lege of Philadelphia." The president of the 
 faculty and some of the alumni are in favor 
 of it, but there are many others who as 
 earnestly oppose it. 
 
 THE NEW BUILDING. 
 
 The new building now being erected at the 
 southwest corner of Broad and Green streets, 
 will, when completed, rank among the finest 
 school buildings in the country. 
 
 The lot has a frontage of 186 feet 5 inches 
 on Broad and on Fifteenth streets, 395 feet 8 
 inches on Green and On Brandywine streets. 
 The size of the main building is 170 feet by 221 
 feet II inches, four stories in height, with a 
 basement, and the annex no feet by 150 feet, 
 also four stories high, with an interior court- 
 yard 66 feet 6 inches by 80 feet 10 inches. 
 The architecture is of the Norman type, and 
 both structures are granite. The height of 
 
 the floors of the main building follows: 
 Basement, 11 feet; first story, 16 feet; second 
 and third stories, each 15 feet; fourth story, 
 13 feet. The ridge of the roof is 92 feet above 
 the curb on Broad street. There are sixty 
 rooms in the main building, not including the 
 basement, fifty-two being class rooms. The 
 largest is 34 by 56 feet, and the smallest is 30 
 by 39 feet 6 inches; there are also eight lab- 
 oratories, a private office and president's 
 room. The basement has thirteen rooms and 
 two laboratories. On the Broad street front 
 there is a tower 32 by 38 feet, surmcunted 
 bv an astronomical dome 24 feet in diameter, 
 and the top of the stone work is 137 feet 
 above the curb line. There will be two spa- 
 cious stairways and two fire-escape stairways, 
 also three elevators in the main building, two 
 for passengers and one for frei<^ht. One of 
 the passenger elevators will run to the 
 top of the tower, and the freight elevator from 
 the basement to the fourth floor. 
 
 The basement of the annex will contain the 
 coat rooms, lunch rooms and a swimming 
 pool; the first floor consists of a lecture room, 
 seating 800 people, an alumni library and 
 reading room, and four rooms to be used a: 
 offices and retiring rooms; the second and third 
 floors are taken up by the large assembly 
 room, 80 by 144 feet, with a spacious p-allery 
 along the east side, and has a total seating 
 capacity of 2,500. The height of the ceiling 
 is 33 feet. The platform is 28 by 40 feet, with 
 retiring rooms on either side. 
 
 In the assembly hall will be the memorial 
 window to Edward T. Steel, the late Presi- 
 dent of the Board of Public Education, placed 
 there by his daughters. It will be a beautiful 
 work of art; the twelve subjects treated are 
 astronomy, instruction, wood carving, recrea- 
 tion, sewing, painting, chemistry, singing, 
 cooking, studying, forging and kindergartens. 
 The dimensions are 20 Dy 14 feet. The in- 
 scription wil read: "In memory of the iove 
 Edward T. Steel bore the children of Phila- 
 delphia." The fourth story will be devoted 
 to a gymnasium; the main room is the same 
 
size as the assembly hall, and will be supplied 
 with dressing rooms and apparatus, and the 
 height of the ceiling is 40 feet. The annex 
 has two wide stairways, also an additional 
 flight from the assembly room floor to the 
 gallery; likewise, two fire-escape stairways, 
 one at each end of the building. The main 
 building will be connected with the Fifteenth 
 street structure by an iron bridge, 8 feet wide, 
 connecting each floor of the two buildings. 
 These, together with the stairways, will 
 render the assembly room absolutely safe in 
 case of fire. The space between the main 
 building and the annex, 58 feet 3 inches by 85 
 feet, will be utilized for a boiler, engine and 
 dynamo room. 
 
 The roof of the building will be slate, the 
 skylights wire glass and the pavements and 
 cellar floor cement. The floors are of venti- 
 lated, fire-proof construction, and the stair- 
 ways are iron. The interior woodwork will 
 be quartered oak, the plastering adamant or 
 Windsor cement, and the ceiling steel. The 
 corridor floors will be laid in mosaic, and the 
 rooms and corridors wainscoted with tile, the 
 corridors 6 feet high, and the rooms to the 
 window sills. The building will be ventilated 
 and heated by the fan system, and lighted by 
 gas and electricity. The sanitary installment 
 will be complete and embrace every modern 
 improvement. 
 
 THE ADJOINING PROPERTY. 
 
 An effort will be made to have the property 
 south of the new building, bounded by Broad, 
 Fifteenth, Brandywine and Spring Garden 
 streets, secured by the city and converted into 
 a public park. This would prevent the erec- 
 tion of any noisy or unsightly factory building 
 on the site, and would be decidedly advanta- 
 geous to the High School. 
 
 THE FACULTY. 
 
 The present faculty of the school is consti- 
 tuted as follows: — 
 
 Robert Ellis Thompson, A. M., S. T. D., 
 President, and Professor of Ethics and Politi- 
 cal Science. 
 
 Zephaniah Hopper, A. M., Professor cf 
 Geometry. 
 
 George Stuart, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of 
 the Latin Language and Literature. Head 
 of the Department of Ancient and Modern 
 Languages. 
 
 David W.-ley Bartine, A. M., M. D., Pro- 
 fessor of Algebra and Secretary of th- 
 Faculty. 
 
 Edwin James Houston, A. M., Ph. D.. 
 Emeritus Professor of Physical Geographv 
 and Natural Philosophy. 
 
 Jacob Farnum Holt, A. M., M. D., Pro- 
 fessor of Anatomy and Physiology and 
 Natural History. Head of the Department 
 of Biology. 
 
 Max Straube, Professor of the German 
 Language and Literature. 
 
 George Washington Schock, A. M., Sc. D., 
 Professor of Higher Mathematics. 
 
 Frederick Foster Christine, A. M., Pro- 
 fessor of Logic and Rhetoric. 
 
 William Houston Greene, A. M., M. D., 
 Emeritus Professor of Chemistry. 
 
 Monroe Benjamin Snyder, A. M., Professor 
 of Astronomy and Applied Mathematics. 
 Head of the Department of Mathematics. 
 
 Henry Willis, A. M., Professor of History 
 and Civil Government. Head of the Depart- 
 ment of History. 
 
 Albert Henry Smyth, A. B., Professor of 
 the English Language and Literature. Head 
 of the Department of English Language and 
 Literature. 
 
 Oscar C. S. Carter, Professor of Miner- 
 alogy, Geology and Associate in Chemistry. 
 
 Harry Frederick Keller, B. S., Ph. D., Pro- 
 fessor of Chemistry. Head of the Department 
 of Physical Science. 
 
 William Francis Gray, Professor of Draw- 
 ing and Architecture. 
 
 John Mather Miller, A. M., Assistant Pro- 
 fessor of the English Language and Litera- 
 ture. 
 
 { 
 
 146 
 
Benjamin Franklin Lacy, A. M., B. S., Pro- 
 fessor of Physics and i'hysical Geography. 
 
 Samuel Ervvin Berger, A. M., Assistant 
 Professor of Latin and Greek. 
 
 Charles Sumner Dolley, M. D., Professor of 
 Biology. 
 
 Bernard Maurice, A. M., Instructor in the 
 French Language and Literature. 
 
 Ellis Anstett Schnabel, A. M., Assistant 
 Professor of Latin and Greek. 
 
 Ernest Lacy, Assistant Professor of the 
 English Language and Literature. 
 
 Howard Weidener DuBois, A. B., Assistant 
 Professor of Applied Mathematics. 
 
 Thomas Montgomery Lightfoot, M. S., 
 Ph. D., Instructor in Physics. 
 
 Harry Heston Belknap, Instructor in His- 
 tory. 
 
 Philip Maas, M. A., Instructor in Chem- 
 istry. 
 
 John Duncan Spaeth, A. B., Ph. D., Pro- 
 fessor of English Philology. 
 
 James Henry Graham, A. B., Ph. B., In- 
 structor in Mathematics. 
 
 Julius Lederer Neufeld. A. B., E. E., In- 
 structor in Mathematics and Drawing. 
 
 Frank Spencer Edmonds, A. B., Ph. B., In- 
 structor in History. 
 
 Arthur Wellesley Howes, A. B., Assistant 
 Professor of Greek and Latin. 
 
 Francis Burke Brandt, A. B., Ph. D., Pro- 
 fessor of the Science of Pedagogics. Head of 
 the Department of the Science of Pedagogics. 
 
 Jonathan T. Rorer, Jr., A. M., Instructor 
 in Mathematics. 
 
 Cheesman Abiah Herrick, Ph. B., Instruc- 
 tor in History. 
 
 John Allen Heany, A. B., Assistant in 
 Physics and Mechanics. 
 
 William John Long, A. M., Assistant to 
 the President. 
 
 Jesse Pawling, Jr., A. M., B. S., Instructor 
 in Physics. 
 
 John Stokes Morris, A. M., B. S., In- 
 structor in Mathematics. 
 
 Lewis Reifsneider Harley, Ph. D., Instruc- 
 tor in English and History. 
 
 James Miller Hill, A. M., Instructor in 
 Latin. 
 
 FORMER PRESIDENTS. 
 
 A list of the Principals and Presidents of 
 the High School from the time of its organ- 
 ization follows: — 
 
 Alexander Dallas Bache, LL. D., 1839-42. 
 
 John S. Hart, LL. D., 1842-58. 
 
 Nicholas H. Maguire, A. M., 1858-66. 
 
 George Inman Riche, A. M., 1866-86. 
 
 Franklin Taylor, M. D., 1886-88. 
 
 Henry Clark Johnson, A. M., LL. B., 1888- 
 93- 
 
 Robert Ellis Thompson, A. M., S. T. D., 
 1894. 
 
 FORMER PROFESSORS. 
 
 The following is a list of the professors of 
 the High School since its organization, bar- 
 ring those of the present faculty: — 
 
 John Frost, LL. D., 1834-45. 
 
 Enoch C. Wines, A. M., 1838-41. 
 
 E. Otis Kendall, A. M., 1838-55. 
 
 Joseph Wharton, LL. D., 1838. 
 
 William Vogdes, LL. D., 1838-61. 
 
 Henry McMurtrie, M. D., 1839-61. 
 
 J. A. Deloutte, 1840-43. 
 
 Rembrandt Peale, 1840-44. 
 
 John Sanderson, 1840-44. 
 
 Oliver A. Shaw, 1841-43. 
 
 John C. Cresson, 1842. 
 
 James C. Booth, A. M., 1842-45. 
 
 John F. Frazer, A. M., 1842-44. 
 
 Francis A. Bregy, A. M., 1843-58. 
 
 Henry Haverstick, A. M., 1844-66. 
 
 George J. Becker, 1844-53. 
 
 James Rhoads, A. M., 1845-77. 
 
 Martin H. Boye, M. D., 1845-59. 
 
 James A. Kirkpatrick, A. M., 1851-68. 
 
 Alexander J. MacNeill, A. M., 1853-62. 
 
 Frederick A. Roese, 1854-56. 
 
 James McClune, A. M., LL. D., 1855-77. 
 
 Edward W. Vogdes, M. D., 1858-S7. 
 
 George Gerard, A. M.. 1859-61. 
 
 B. Howard Rand, M. D., 1859-64. 
 
Romain Lujeane, 1859-60. 
 Lewis Angele, 1860-74. 
 Francis A. Bregy, A. M., 1862-66. 
 Henry Hartshorne, M. D., 1862-67. 
 Joseph W. Wilson, A. M., 1862-80. 
 Joseph B. Beale, 1862-66. 
 Lemuel Stevens, M. D., 1865-66. 
 Daniel W. Howard, A. M., 1866-86. 
 Isaac Norris, M. D., 1866-76. 
 John Kern, A. M., 1866-86. 
 Edwin J. Houston, A. M., 1867-94. 
 George Corliss, A. M., 1868-75. 
 EHhu Thomson, A. M., 1876-80. 
 Samuel Mecutchen, A. M., 1877-81. 
 William N. Meeks, A. M., 1878. 
 Franklin Taylor, M. D., 1878-86. 
 William H. Greene, M. D., 1880-92. 
 Andrew J. Morrison, 1881-83. 
 George Howard CHff, A. M., 1883-93. 
 William L. Sayre, 1886-87. 
 William A. Mason, A. M., 1887-92. 
 
 FORMER ASSISTANT PROFESSORS 
 AND INSTRUCTORS. 
 
 The following is a list of the assistant pro- 
 fessors and instructors of the High School 
 since its organization, barring those who have 
 been connected as professors or who are now 
 connected as professors or assistants with the 
 school: — 
 
 Elvin K. Smith, A. M., 1843-44. 
 
 Daniel Strock, A. M., 1844-45. 
 
 James Lynd, A. M., 1845. 
 
 Thomas B. Cannon, A. B., 1845-46. 
 
 Frederick G. Heyer, A. M., 1846-51. 
 
 Samuel S, Fisher, A. M., 1851-53. 
 
 Henry S. Schell, M. D., 1853-54. 
 
 James B. Fisher, A. M., 1854-58. 
 
 William H. Williams, A. B., 1858-59. 
 Jacob G. H. Ring, A. M., 1859-66. 
 John S. Hough, M. D., 1868. 
 John S. Newton, M. D., 1868-70. 
 Henry Leffman, M. D., 1876-80. 
 Chester Nye Farr, Jr., A. B., LL. B., 
 1890-95. 
 
 FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL 
 OF PEDAGOGY. 
 
 The faculty of the School of Pedagogy is 
 constituted as follows: — 
 
 Robert Ellis Thompson, A. M., S. T. D.. 
 President, and Professor of Ethical and Politi- 
 cal Science. 
 
 David Wesley Bartine, A. M., M. D., Pro- 
 fessor of School of Economy. 
 
 Frederick Foster Christine, A. M., Pro- 
 fessor of School Law. 
 
 Albert Henry Smyth, A. B., Professor of 
 the History of Education. 
 
 Charles Sumner Dolley, M. D., Professor 
 of Biology and of Methods of Teaching 
 Science. 
 
 William Francis Gray, Professor of Meth- 
 ods in Drawing and Modeling. 
 
 Henry WilHs, A. M., Professor of Methods 
 of Teaching History and Geography. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin Lacy, A. M., B. S., Pro- 
 fessor of Educational Psychology. 
 
 Ernest Lacy, Instructor in Methods of 
 Teaching Reading. 
 
 John Duncan Spaeth, A. B., Ph. D., Profes- 
 sor of Methods of Teaching English. 
 
 Monroe Benjamin Snyder, A. M., Profes- 
 sor of the Pedagogics of Mathematics. 
 
 Francis Burke Brandt, A. B., Ph. D., Pro- 
 fessor of the Science of Pedagogics, and Head 
 of the Department. 
 
 148 
 
ROBERT ELLIS THOMPSON, A. M., S. T. D. 
 President of the Faculty. 
 
 Robert Ellis Thompson was born near 
 Warino^stown, County Down, Ireland, on the 
 5th of April, 1844. He was the son of a 
 farmer and manufacturer of linens, who emi- 
 grated to America in 1857, and settled in 
 Philadelphia. He was admitted to the Han- 
 cock Grammar School, and transferred from 
 this to the Harrison Grammar School, from 
 which he went to the High School in Feb- 
 ruary, 1858, ranking third of one hundred and 
 nineteen then admitted. Finding the High 
 School did not then prepare for college he 
 withdrew to Dr. John W. Faires's Classical 
 Academy, from which he proceeded to the 
 University of Pennsylvania in i860. He was 
 the first honor man of his class for the greater 
 part of his course, and at graduation, when he 
 delivered the Greek salutatory. Three years 
 later he delivered the master's oration. 
 
 In 1868, Dr. Thompson was chosen in- 
 structor in Latin and mathematics in the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania, and in 1870 was 
 transferred to the department of history as 
 assistant to Professor Stnle. On the estab- 
 li:hment of the Wharton School he was 
 
 elected Professor of Social Science and en- 
 trusted, as dean, with its organization. On 
 the resignation of Dr. Stille he returned to the 
 department of history, being made John 
 Welsh professor of that subject, with the con- 
 currence of the founder of that chair. In 
 1 89 1 his resignation was asked for and re- 
 fused, and he was removed from the chair by 
 the trustees, he refusing to accept any other. 
 
 In February, 1893, he was elected President 
 of the Central High School, and has filled 
 that position since his inauguration in March 
 of that year. 
 
 Professor Thompson is well know-n as an 
 economist of the Protectionist School, 
 founded by Henry C. Carey. He was ap- 
 pointed Lecturer on "Protective Tarififs" in 
 Harvard University for the year 1884-85. and 
 in Yale University for the two years fol- 
 lowing. Besides his Harvard lectures he 
 has published two text-books of Politi- 
 cal Economy, as well as several pam- 
 phlets. He has lectured on the subject at 
 Princeton, Cornell, Swarthmore, Williams, 
 Amherst and Chautauqua; on ethics and 
 
 149 
 
politics in the Plymouth Summer School of 
 Ethics, and on English literature in the Penn- 
 sylvania Chautauqua. He has taken an 
 active part in University extension work, lect- 
 uring in Philadelphia and adjacent cities. 
 Since 1891 he has been a member of the 
 faculty of the Wagner Free Institute of 
 Science, lecturing on history, literature or 
 economics every winter. 
 
 Professor Thompson was ordained by the 
 Reformed Presbytery of Philadelphia in 1873, 
 and united with the Presbyterian Church in 
 1882. He has never had a pastoral charge. 
 He wrote the history of the Presbyterian 
 
 Church for the series published by the Christ- 
 ian Literature Society. In 1891, he was 
 Stone lecturer in Princeton Seminary, and 
 pubHshed his lectures under the title: "De 
 Civitate Dei: The Divine Order of Human 
 Society." 
 
 For the first ten years of its existence Pro- 
 fessor Thompson edited "The Penn Monthly," 
 but In 1880 resigned to become editor of "The 
 American," a literary and political weekly, 
 with which he continued until its suspension 
 in 1890. He has written largely for other 
 periodicals on religious, economic and histor- 
 ical questions. 
 
C/3 
 
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 2 ?: 
 
 a tfl 
 
 Ic 
 
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 5" r 
 
 c o 
 
 Si o 
 
The Philadelphia Normal School for Girls 
 
 AND 
 
 The Girls' High School 
 
 In no feature of the development of edu- 
 cation in Philadelphia has the community 
 been more progressive, more alive to the 
 necessitiesof the times, than in providing pro- 
 fessional instruction for the teachers of her 
 schools. In 1818, twenty-one years before 
 the first State Normal School was opened in 
 Lexington, Mass., Pennsylvania, in the 
 law which provides "for the education of 
 children at public expense, within the City 
 and County of Philadelphia," gave to the 
 Controllers of Public Schools the power "to 
 establish a Model School, in order to c|ualify 
 teachers for the Sectional schools and fcr 
 schools in other parts of the State." 
 
 This Model School, which was opened De- 
 cember 21, 181 8, was situated on Chester 
 street between Race and Vine streets. It 
 was, in effect, what a normal school is to-day. 
 The system at first pursued was that of the 
 celebrated English educator, Joseph Lancas- 
 ter, who was the Principal. 
 
 The Model School was really a practice 
 school, in which the pupil-teacher learned 
 through experience how to manage unruly 
 charges. The popularity of the school was 
 great, it having at one time nearly six hundred 
 pupils. 
 
 INFANT MODEL SCHOOL 
 ESTABLISHED. 
 
 An Infant Model School was added to the 
 school in 1832, and this was immediately suc- 
 cessful, the President of the Board of Control, 
 Thomas Dunlap, saying of it in his annual 
 
 report for 1834: "It has furnished an admir- 
 able seminary for the instruction of infant 
 school teachers, numbers of whom have regu- 
 arly devoted their time to the acquirement of 
 practical skill in conducting these schools." 
 Again, in 1835, President Dunlap said: "The 
 original Model Infant School, established by 
 the Controllers, continues to merit the warm 
 approbation which has heretofore been ex- 
 pressed by the Board, and in addition to its 
 direct utility to the pupils enrolled in it, has, 
 under the guidance of its experienced and in- 
 defatigable teacher, been of great importance 
 in the furtherance of the plan by the indis- 
 pensable aid it has furnished in preparing and 
 qualifying teachers for the same department 
 of instruction." 
 
 CONVERTED INTO A GRAMMAR 
 SCHOOL. 
 
 In 1836 it was found necessary to substi- 
 tute in the Model School, "an older class of 
 females, graduates of the school, as assistants, 
 in the places of the monitors selected from the 
 pupils themselves," and the school became 
 one of the grammar schools of the city, los- 
 ing its distinctive character as a training 
 school for teachers. 
 
 JUDGE CAMPBELL'S PROPOSI- 
 TION. 
 
 In 1 84 1, Hon. James Campbell, a noted 
 jurist, then a member of the Board of Con- 
 trollers, advocated the establishment of a high 
 
school for girls. The following resolution 
 was offered by him in the Board: — 
 
 "Resolved, That a nigh School and a 
 school for female teachers be established, to 
 be conducted according to the plan herewith 
 annexed : — 
 
 "Resolved, That the sum of $3,000 be ap- 
 propriated for the erection of suitable bviild- 
 ings for said school, and purchasing furniture 
 for it, and that the committee on said school 
 be authorized to have the same erected and 
 completed forthwith." 
 
 The resolution was signed by Judge Camp- 
 bell, Henry Leech and William F. Ireland. 
 The idea was too advanced for the time and 
 consideration of the matter was indefinitely 
 
 Philadelphia, feeling that the experience and 
 training of the teachers of the city schools 
 were inadequate, converted the Model School 
 into a Normal School, in 1848. While to 
 Massachusetts must belong the honor of hav- 
 ing established the first State Normal School, 
 Philadelphia is to be credited with being the 
 first city in the United States to estabHsh a 
 city school exclusively for the training of 
 teachers. 
 
 FACULTY OF THE FIRST NORMAL 
 SCHOOL. 
 
 The Normal School was opened on Feb- 
 ruary I, 1848, with Dr. A. T. W. Wright as 
 
 HON. JAMES CAMPBELL. 
 
 postponed. But the sentiment in favor of 
 higher education for girls, which was aroused 
 by the agitation inaugurated by Judge Camp- 
 bell, resulted, a few years later, in the estab- 
 lishment of the Normal School. 
 
 NORMAL SCHOOL ESTAB- 
 LISHED. 
 
 In the meantime great attention had been 
 given to normal school training in other parts 
 of the country. Massachusetts, in 1839, 
 established the first State Normal School in 
 America, and, in 1844, New York established 
 a similar school at Albany. The need of pro- 
 fessional training for teachers was recognized 
 everywhere, and the School Controllers of 
 
 DR. A. T. W. WRIGHT. 
 
 Principal, and the following corps of in- 
 structors: — 
 
 Miss Elizabeth Jackson, Teacher of Mathe- 
 matics. 
 
 Miss Emma L. Field, Teacher of History. 
 
 Miss Mary E. Houpt, Teacher of Gram- 
 mar. 
 
 Miss Mary E. Brown, Teacher of Reading. 
 
 E. W. Mumford, Teacher of Drawing and 
 Writing. 
 
 D. P. Alden, Teacher of Music. 
 
 The course of study was decidedly element- 
 ary and demanded but two years for its com- 
 pletion. Meagre as was the curriculum as 
 
,iRLS' NORMAL SCHOOL, 
 Sergeant Street, above Ninth . 
 
compared with that of similar schools to-day, 
 it was greatly in advance of other schools for 
 girls of that period. 
 
 SERGEANT STREET BUILDING 
 ERECTED. 
 
 The new school was a great popular success 
 and the old Model School building was soon 
 filled to its utmost capacity. To meet the 
 increased demand for higher education, the 
 Board of Control erected, in 1853, on Ser- 
 geant street between Ninth and Tenth streets. 
 a large building which it was expected would 
 
 efforts of Principal Wright, who devoted him- 
 self unreservedly to the interests of the school, 
 the opposition never obtained sufficient 
 strength to obstruct its progress. The 
 labor of carrying on the school, and 
 of adjusting it to meet public needs and 
 the popular conception of such a school, finally 
 proved too exhausting, and Dr. Wright was 
 obliged to resign in September, 1856. He 
 died a few years later. He was succeeded by 
 Philip A. Cregar, who w^as elected on Jan- 
 uary 13, 1857. Miss Mary E. Houpt was 
 Acting Principal between the time of Dr. 
 Wright's resignation and Mr. Cregar's ap- 
 pointment. 
 
 PHILIP A. CREGAR. 
 
 be equal to the demands of many years to 
 come. The school was transferred to the new 
 building in 1854, together with the Model 
 School, which w^as subsequently organized as 
 a School of Practice. 
 
 CREGAR ELECTED PRINCIPAL. 
 
 It was not to be expected that the estab- 
 lishment of the Normal School would meet 
 with no opposition. As in the case of the 
 Central High School, there were many com- 
 plaints that it was a needless and expensive 
 addition to the school system, not warranted 
 by any general demand. Mainly through the 
 
 CHANGED TO A GIRLS' HIGH 
 SCHOOL. 
 
 In September, 1859, occurred one of the 
 most curious events in the long history of the 
 school. It was the formal abolition of the 
 School of Practice, and the change of the name 
 of the Normal School to that of Girls' High 
 School. The Board ordered these changes in 
 June, and at the same time prescribed a course 
 of study extending over three years, and 
 including the Latin language. The cir- 
 cumstances which brought about these 
 changes grew out of the fact that the Model 
 or Practice School had for some time been the 
 object of the jealous attacks of Principals of 
 girls' grammar schools, which were in com- 
 petition with the Model School at the semi- 
 annual exammations for promotion to the 
 Normal School. The Model School pupils 
 were so uniformly successful at these semi- 
 annual tests that the school soon threatened 
 to outrank other schools of its grade in differ- 
 ent parts of the city. The Principals of these 
 schools "attributed the success of the Model 
 School to extraneous advantages, of which 
 they complained in a formal remonstrance, 
 and asked leave to have its grade reduced, so 
 as to remove it from the arena of competi- 
 tion." 
 
AGAIN A NORMAL SCHOOL. 
 
 Although the Normal School ceased to 
 exist in name, the Girls' High School, as a 
 matter of fact, still prepared teachers for the 
 schools. This end was secured by permitting 
 those who signified an intention to become 
 teachers, to teach during the last two years of 
 their course. The Sectional Boards were 
 asked to name certain of the schools under 
 their control which they were willing to have 
 used as Practice Schools. As this invitation 
 was ignored by the Sectional Boards, the 
 graduates of the High School were thus de- 
 prived of all opportunity to obtain practice in 
 teaching, except such as might be had within 
 the walls of the High School itself. 
 
 GEORGE W. FETTER. 
 
 A year's experience with this unsatisfactory 
 change convinced the Board of its error, and 
 the special characteristics of the old Normal 
 School were restored. The Senior class be- 
 came, in effect, a post-graduate class, whose 
 members taught in the "preparatory" or prac- 
 tice school. With the re-establishment of the 
 Normal class, the school was re-named, its 
 new title being "The Girls' High and Normal 
 School." This name was retained until 1868, 
 when the word "high" was stricken from the 
 title, leaving it simply "The Girls' Normal 
 School." 
 
 MR. FETTER ELECTED 
 PRINCIPAL. 
 
 In 1865 George W. Fetter became 
 Principal of the school. He was a successful 
 grammar master of experience and a gentle- 
 man of exceptional tact and abihty. Mr. 
 Fetter was born in Montgomery County, Pa., 
 January 22, 1827. He was educated in the 
 Philadelphia public schools, and at the age of 
 nineteen began to teach, continuing as a 
 teacher in grammar and other schools in Phil- 
 adelphia until his election as Principal of the 
 Girls' High School. 
 
 NEW BUILDING ERECTED. 
 
 Under his skillful management the school 
 rapidly grew in distinction and popularity. 
 The number of pupils annually increased, and 
 the demand for additional facilities and a 
 greatly enlarged scope of work became im- 
 perative. A lot of ground was purchased, 
 therefore, at Seventeenth and Spring Garden 
 streets, and upon it was erected a magnificent 
 school building, complete in all its appoint- 
 ments, the model school building of its day. 
 The school was removed to this structure in 
 November, 1876, the building having been 
 dedicated with imposing ceremonies on Oc- 
 tober 30th of that year. 
 
 With the change of location came also 
 marked changes in the curriculum of the 
 school. This was increased to cover a period 
 of four years, the last year being devoted 
 largely to professional work and to practice 
 in the practice school. Although, judged by 
 the standards of to-day, the course of study 
 was lacking in many professional branches, 
 yet it was far in advance of other schools of its 
 kind. Its course in psychology and theory 
 of teaching was an extended one for that time 
 and, in the field of English, it was far superior 
 to others. The practice in teaching was 
 thorough and valuable, and the effect of the 
 work of the new school was soon felt in the 
 elementary schools, to which it sent large 
 numbers of teachers better qualified for their 
 
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profession than ever before in the history of 
 the school system. Too miicli praise cannot 
 he given to Principal Fetter fcr his admirable 
 administration of the school. 
 
 RAPID DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 So successful was the Normal School that 
 in little more than a decade it was found in- 
 adequate to the demands made upon it. So 
 overcrowded did it become as to threaten 
 seriously to impair the efficiency of the work. 
 From a school of nine hundred and one in 
 1876, it had grown, by 1890, to a school of 
 over twice that number. From a graduating 
 class of less than one hundred in 1876, it had 
 a graduating class of over three hundred in 
 1892. Hampered by overcrowded class- 
 rooms and overworked teachers, only the 
 superior management of Principal Fetter 
 saved the school from serious failure. 
 
 NEW NORMAL SCHOOL 
 OPENED. 
 
 It was clearly recognized by the Board of 
 Public Education that something should be 
 done to provide additional facilities for the 
 school. It was finally determined to remove 
 the professional features entirely from the 
 academic work and to establish in separate 
 buildings a Girls' High School and a Normal 
 School. A lot was secured at Thirteenth and 
 Spring Garden streets, and upon this was 
 erected a fine granite building, which was 
 completed in 1893. The building was dedi- 
 cated on October 30th, just seventeen years 
 after the date of dedication of the school at 
 Seventeenth and Spring Garden streets. It 
 was decided to place the Normal School and 
 the Practice School in this building, and on 
 November i, 1893, the school was opened, 
 with George H. Cliff as Principal. Mr. Cliff 
 was formerly Principal of the Camac Gram- 
 mar School, and, later. Professor of English 
 Composition, Rhetoric and Logic at the Cen- 
 tral High School, and Professor of Methods 
 in the School of Pedagogy. 
 
 The work of the new Normal School was 
 cast on purely professional lines. The aca- 
 demic studies, which had been so conspicuous 
 and important a feature of the old school, 
 were confined to the Girls' High School, 
 whose graduates have since been and are now 
 the source of supply of the Normal School. 
 The gain to the community by this arrange- 
 ment is incalculable. It is equivalent to 
 establishing for the profession of teaching as 
 strictly a professional school as is a medical 
 or law school. In the course of time, when 
 the graduates of the school are well distri- 
 buted in the schools, the full influence of this 
 important educational advance will be felt in 
 the communit3\ 
 
 A GRADUAL ADVANCE. 
 
 Fully to appreciate the great advance made 
 by the establishment of the new Normal 
 School, it will be only necessary to compare 
 the courses of study at different periods of its 
 history. As has been seen, the curriculum 
 at the beginning (1848) embraced only the 
 studies but little beyond the elementary 
 school, mathematics, grammar, history, read- 
 ing, writing, drawing and music. Profes- 
 sional training was secured through actual ex- 
 perience in teaching and the more or less sys- 
 tematic assistance of the experienced teachers 
 of the school. Later, the last year of the 
 course was mainly given over to this practice, 
 while the theory was propounded by the head 
 of the practice department. In 1876, when 
 the school occupied the building at Seven- 
 teenth and Spring Garden streets, the course 
 in the final year had psychology strongly en- 
 trenched, and the theory of teaching occupied 
 a conspicuous place among the branches of 
 study. Emphasis was still laid upon prac- 
 tice, however, and the School of Practice was 
 themain reliance fordeterminingtheeducation 
 of the teachers. Side by side with this purely 
 professional work were geology, logic, arith- 
 metic, composition and rhetoric, elocution, 
 natural philosophy, astronomy, trigonometry, 
 
academic studies, which took up the greater 
 part of the time. Soon, however, history of 
 education made its appearance in the cuni- 
 culum, then methods of teaching- the element- 
 ary studies, and then the kindergarten phi- 
 losophy. In the meantime, psychology was 
 given more attention and school management 
 was dealt with theoretically as well as practi- 
 cally. Thus, notwithstanding the fact that 
 academic studies were taken up in the last 
 year of the course, the purely professional 
 studies were fovnid coming to the fore and 
 driving the others back to the first years of 
 the course. It only needed the separation of 
 the professional course from the academic to 
 make the divorce between the two complete 
 in name as it had been virtually in fact. 
 
 PRESENT COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 The course of study in the new school em- 
 braces in the first year, educational psychol- 
 ogy; methods of teaching the elements of 
 knowledge, (a) language, (b) number and 
 form, (c) natural objects, (d) facts in human 
 life, etc.; school economy, methods of teach- 
 ing botany, zoology, arithmetic, reading, 
 music, modeling and drawing, sewing, gym- 
 nastics and physical culture, philosophy of the 
 kindergarten and woodworking. During the 
 second year, the course is as follows: Phi- 
 losophy of education, history of education; 
 methods of teaching physics and chemistry, 
 language and literature, history; observation 
 and practice of teaching in practice school, 
 educational reading, with discussions; educa- 
 tional investigations. 
 
 A SPLENDID BUILDING. 
 
 From this brief outline it will be seen that 
 the school has a course of study, which, for 
 breadth and thoroughness, has no superior. 
 Nor are the facilities for its carrying out less 
 comprehensive and complete than the course 
 itself. The Normal School building is finely 
 adapted to its special purpose. It is mas- 
 sively constructed of granite with courses of 
 
 Indiana sandstone, the effect being strikingly 
 handsome. It is four stories high, and its 
 dimensions are 178 by 150 feet. It contains 
 a magnificent assembly room capable of seat- 
 ing nearly 1,400 persons; a handsome chapel 
 or lecture room that will seat over 450 per- 
 sons; a large gymnasium, 88 by 56 feet; two 
 physical laboratories, two chemical labora- 
 tories, a natural history laboratory and a large 
 lil^rary room, all fitted up in the most ap- 
 proved style. There are also eighteen class 
 rooms for Normal students, and sixteen class 
 rooms for the practice school and kindergar- 
 ten; a lunch room in the basement for stu- 
 dents, and another in one of the upper stories 
 for teachers. On each fioor are dressing 
 rooms for teachers, and the general accommo- 
 dations for students are complete and con- 
 venient. In the basement, which is higli and 
 well lighted, there is a large room fitted up as 
 a manual shop, also one for a modeling room 
 for the school of observation, and another for 
 a play room for pupils of this Model School, 
 Besides an excellent general equipment, 
 each department has elaborated in a special 
 way. Thus the department of botany and 
 zoology is superbly fitted with tables for actual 
 experimental work and investigation, while 
 the rooms and corridors are lined with cases 
 filled with illustrative material. Each student 
 is provided with a high and low-power micro- 
 scope and a dissecting microscooe. Not 
 less complete are the laboratories of physics 
 and chemistry, which occupy two suites of 
 rooms on the third floor. In the department 
 of methods are maps, books and other appli- 
 ances, and the department of psycho!oc>y is 
 also provided with illustrative material as well 
 as experimental devices. The woodworking 
 department, too, is completely equipped, 
 while the department of kindergarten philos- 
 ophy is abundantly supplied with material for 
 its use. Neither time nor thought has been 
 spared by the army of devoted teachers and 
 the energetic committee to make the organ- 
 ization of the school entirely efficient for its 
 purpose. 
 
 162 
 
163 
 
A BRIEF SUMMING UP. 
 
 In his annual report for 1893 Superintend- 
 ent Brooks summed up the growth and work 
 of the school as follows: — 
 
 "The school opened February i, 1848, with 
 106 pupils and 7 teachers, including the Prin- 
 cipal. In 1865 it contained 270 pupils and 10 
 teachers. Since that time the most remark- 
 able increase in numbers has been made that 
 can be found in the history of any normal 
 school in the country, Avith the possible ex- 
 ception of the one in New York. In 1893 it 
 contained 1,775 pupils, with 52 teachers. 
 Since its establishment, 6,140 pupils have 
 graduated. The whole number of pupils who 
 have attended is 12,710, and of that number 
 nearly 5,000 have been engaged in teaching 
 in the public schools of the city. At the pres- 
 ent time over 2.400 of the teachers in Phihi- 
 delphia are graduates of the school, includint^ 
 a large majority of the women Principals of 
 the city." 
 
 Since the above paragraph was written 
 there have been graduated from the new 
 school 629 students, and of these about one- 
 half have already received appointments in the 
 elementary schools. The number in attend- 
 ance in the normal department is about 700 
 and in the practice department about 450. 
 The faculty at present numbers 47 teachers, 
 including the Principals of the normal and 
 practice departments and their assistants. 
 Already the building is over-crowded and 
 means must be provided in the near future for 
 its extension or its efficiency will be seriously 
 impaired. 
 
 NEW GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOL. 
 
 AMth the opening of the new Normal 
 School, in 1893, a new curriculum was for- 
 mulated by Superintendent Brooks and 
 adopted by the Board of Public Education for 
 the Girls' High School. It embraces three 
 distinct courses, a general course, a classical 
 course and a commercial or business course. 
 
 Each course extended over a period of three 
 years. 
 
 MR. FETTER'S RESIGNATION. 
 
 In June, 1894, the school sustained a great 
 loss in the resignation of the Principal, 
 George W. Fetter, who for nearly thirtv years 
 had administered the affairs of the school 
 wisely and well. In his resignation the pub- 
 lic school system of Philadelphia sustained no 
 ordinary loss. Men such as he are few, ard 
 he left the service with the respect and est3em 
 not only of the thousandsof youngwomenwho 
 had passed through the school during his ad- 
 ministration, but of the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation and all with whom he had been associ 
 ated in school work. 
 
 DR. WIGHT ELECTED PRINCIPAL. 
 
 Mr. Fetter's successor is Dr. John G. 
 Wight, an educator of high reputation, who 
 was elected Principal in the summer of i8gzj, 
 and has since conducted the school with 
 marked success. 
 
 DR. WIGHT'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 A literal system of marking class recitations 
 and test examinations was adopted in 1894. 
 During the same year the classical course was 
 modified to maks it more distinctively a col- 
 lege preparatory course, and the business 
 course was slightly altered to make it meet 
 the requirements of a strictly business educa- 
 tion. 
 
 In 1895 the previous crowded condition of 
 the school and of class sections was very 
 considerably relieved by the establishment of a 
 branch school for the business department in 
 the Odd Fellows' Building, at the southeast 
 corner of Broad and Spring Garden streets. 
 This annex is in charge of Miss Emily L. Gra- 
 ham, who is the head of the business depart- 
 ment. 
 
 165 
 
To facilitate the working of the school the 
 teaching force was organized into depart- 
 ments, in 1895, and a teacher was designated 
 as the head of each. 
 
 In 1896, the general course was extended 
 from three to four years, and the title of l)usi- 
 ness course was changed to commercial 
 course. 
 
 It is believed that within a year or two it 
 will be absolutely necessary to erect an ad- 
 ditional building for the Girls' High School. 
 In such an event the edifice will probably be 
 located in another section of the city for the 
 convenience of the pupils. 
 
 FACULTY OF THE NORMAL 
 SCHOOL. 
 
 The faculty of the Philadelphia Normal 
 School for Girls is constituted as follows: — 
 
 George Howard Cliff, A. M., Principal, and 
 Professor of the Philosophy of Education. 
 
 Margaret S. Prichard, Teacher of Psychol- 
 ogy. 
 
 Sydney T. Skidmore, A. M., Professor of 
 Physics and Chemistry. 
 
 Grace E. Spiegle, Teacher of Physical 
 Training. 
 
 Mary A. Campbell, Teacher of Drawing. 
 
 Mary E. Dwier, Critic Teacher. 
 
 Pauline W. Spencer, Teacher of Literature 
 and History of Education. 
 
 x\nna W. Williams, Teacher of Kindergar- 
 ten Philosophy. 
 
 Sophia W. Burmester, Teacher of Methods. 
 
 Elizabeth S. Tait, Teacher of Methods. 
 
 Anna W. Cheston, Teacher of Music. 
 
 Helen Baldwin, Teacher of Reading. 
 
 Fannie Patton, Teacher of Sewing. 
 
 Lucy L. W. Wilson, Teacher of Biology. 
 
 Elizabeth N. Woolman, Assistant, Depart- 
 ment of Physics and Chemistry. 
 
 Adeline F. Schively, Assistant, Department 
 of Biology. 
 
 M. Louise Nichols, Assistant, Department 
 of Biology. 
 
 R. Winifred Blake, Assistant, Department 
 of Physical Training. 
 
 Mary P. Harmon, Teacher of Psychology. 
 
 Lucy C. Gendell, Assistant. Department of 
 Biology. 
 
 Bertha L. Bartlett, Assistant, Department 
 of Physical Training. ¥ 
 
 Elizabeth P. Tawresey, Assistant, Depart- 
 ment of Drawing. 
 
 Linda M. Whitaker, Assistant. Department 
 of Physics and Chemistry. 
 
 Mary C. Peacock, Assistant, Department 
 of Physics and Chemistry. 
 
 Anne L. Turner, Assistant, Department of 
 Physics and Chemistry. 
 
 Caroline L. Pratt. Teacher of Woodwork- 
 ing. 
 
 Alice H. Beckler, Assistant, Department cf 
 Biology. 
 
 C. Geraldine O'Grady, Teacher of Kinder- 
 garten Philosophy. 
 
 A. H. Hall, Principal of the School of Ob- 
 servation and Practice. 
 
 Maria P. Ryan, Assistant, School of Obser- 
 vation. 
 
 Lily Lamborn, Assistant, School of Obser- 
 vation. 
 
 Margaret M. Perkins, Assistant, School of 
 Observation . 
 
 Annie C. Eaton, Assistant, School of Ob- 
 servation. 
 
 Emma C. Harte, Assistant, School of Ob- 
 servation. 
 
 Katharine R. Thompson, Assistant, School 
 of Observation. 
 
 Edith A. Turner, Assistant, School of Ob- 
 servation. 
 
 Harriet L. Smith, Assistant, School of Ob- 
 servation. 
 
 Margaret J. McCoy, Assistant, School of 
 Observation. 
 
 Hannah M. Crowell, Assistant, School of 
 Observation. 
 
 Lizette J. Morgan, Assistant, School of Ob- 
 servation. 
 
 Anna R. Gilchrist, Assistant, Kindergarten. 
 
 Rebecca VanHaagen, Assistant, Kinder- 
 garten. 
 
 166 
 
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 167 
 
Helen Grice, Assistant, Kindergarten. 
 
 Elizabeth O'Neill, Assistant, Kindergarten. 
 
 Grace White, Assistant. Kindergarten. 
 
 Mary P. Farr, Assistant, Department of 
 Literature. 
 
 Alouise C. Longstreth, Assistant to the 
 Principal of the School of Observation. 
 
 Viola Howard, Assistant to the Principal of 
 the Normal School. 
 
 FACULTY OF THE HIGH 
 SCHOOL. 
 
 The faculty of the Girls' High School is 
 constituted as follows: — 
 
 John G. Wight, Principal and Instructor in 
 Latin. 
 
 Katharine A. Hoffman, Principal's Assist- 
 ant. 
 
 Emma V. McLoughlin, Teacher of History 
 and English. 
 
 Sarah A. Edwards, Teacher of English and 
 Physical Geography. 
 
 J^Iary A. Kereven, Teacher of English. 
 
 Louise H. Haeseler, Teacher of History. 
 
 Clara J. Hendley, Teacher of Mathematics. 
 
 Sophia Maffitt, Teacher of Sewing. 
 
 Amelia C. Wight, Teacher of Mathematics. 
 
 Louisiana T. Scott, Teacher of English. 
 
 Louise Kromer, Teacher of Physiology and 
 Hygiene. 
 
 Margaret Sproul, Teacher of Mathematics. 
 
 Ada V. Hubbs, Teacher of Drawing. 
 
 Elizabeth H. DuBois, Teacher of Latin. 
 
 IVIargaret S. Roberts, Teacher of English. 
 
 Virginia Baldwin, Teacher of English. 
 
 Helen G. Gushing, Teacher of Cooking. 
 
 Mary G. Umsted, Teacher of French and 
 Geometry. 
 
 Emma H. Carroll, Teacher of Mathematics. 
 
 Maude M. Verner, Teacher of Drawing. 
 
 Mabel Church, Teacher of Drawing. 
 
 Imogene C. Belden, Teacher of Cooking. 
 
 Emma L. G. Thomas, Teacher of English. 
 
 F. Irene Steele, Teacher of English. 
 
 M. Ella Lyndall, Teacher of Zoology. 
 
 Mary N. Weatherly, Teacher of History. 
 
 John H. Humphries, Teacher of Latin. 
 
 Mary C. Geisler, Teacher of Mathematics. 
 
 Jessie Dalrymple, Teacher of Elocution. 
 
 Evaline Young, Teacher of Physical Exer- 
 cises. 
 
 Miriam Kuhn, Teacher of Physical Ex- 
 ercises. 
 
 Eva Dilks, Teacher of Latin. 
 
 Elizabeth W. Massinger, Teacher of His- 
 tory. 
 
 Clara Seidensticker, Teacher of German. 
 
 Ida A. Keller, Teacher of Chemistry. 
 
 Blanche Baldwin, Teacher of American 
 History. 
 
 Emma L. Newitt, Teacher of English. 
 
 Georgina H. Carruthers, Teacher of Chem- 
 istry. 
 
 Anna M. Breadin, Teacher of Mathematics. 
 
 Mary S. Berry, Teacher of Physics. 
 
 Mary D. Griffith, Teacher of Physics. 
 
 Caroline Gaston, Teacher of Latin. 
 
 Lucy Lewis, Teacher of Chemistry. 
 
 Sally H. Delano, Teacher of Latin. 
 
 Dency M. Barker, Teacher of Physics. 
 
 Carolyn Grambo, Teacher of Botany. 
 
 Catharine Suydam, Teacher of History. 
 
 Gertrude Manship, Teacher of English. 
 
 Clementine Dalcour, Teacher of French. 
 
 Emily L. Bull, Teacher of Latin. 
 
 Beulah W. Darlington, Teacher of Latin. 
 
 Frances Palen, Teacher of Latin. 
 
 Sarah H. Grof¥, Teacher of Latin. 
 
 Lois M. Otis, Teacher of Botany. 
 
 Anna W. Cheston, Teacher of Music. 
 
 Emily L. Graham, Assistant to Principal. 
 
 C. Josephine Foulke, Teacher of English. 
 
 Mary S. Holmes, Teacher of Physics, Phys- 
 ical and Commercial Geography. 
 
 Agnes H. Long, Teacher of Commercial 
 Arithmetic. 
 
 Eda May Peirce, Teacher of Business 
 Methods and Commercial Arithmetic. 
 
 Lena Klein, Teacher of Stenography and 
 Typewriting. 
 
 Mary V. Shea, Teacher of Commercial 
 Arithmetic. 
 
 Mildred B. Lament, Teacher of Stenos:- 
 raphy and Typewriting. 
 
Henrietta C. Leypoldt, Teacher of German. 
 
 Emma J. Longstreth, Teacher of History 
 and Book-keeping. 
 
 Ella C. Hilton, Teacher of Business Meth- 
 ods. 
 
 Franklin N. Close, Teacher of Stenography. 
 
 Elizabeth B. Janney, Teacher of French. 
 
 Elizabeth Lodor, Teacher of English and 
 American History. 
 
 Lucille Andrews, Teacher of Stenography 
 and Typewriting. 
 
 Mary Harshberger, Teacher of Physiology 
 and Commercial Arithmetic. 
 
 Marie A. Depue, Teacher of Elocution and 
 Algebra. 
 
 Mary B. McMullan, Teacher of Latin and 
 French. 
 
 Bertha C. Yocum, Teacher of Zoology. 
 
 Emilie Beaudoux, Teacher of French. 
 
 Ada B. Curtis, Teacher of Mathematics. 
 
 Anna O. Goepp, Teacher of German. 
 
 Emilie R. Patton, Teacher of Commercial 
 Arithmetic and Penmanship. 
 
 Avarene L. Budd, Teacher of English and 
 Business Forms. 
 
 FORMER TEACHERS OF THE HIGH 
 AND NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
 
 The following is a list of the teachers of the 
 Girls' High and Normal Schools since 1848, 
 barring those of the present faculties: — 
 
 A. T. W. Wright, 1848-55. 
 
 Elizabeth Jackson, 1848-49. 
 
 Emma L. Field, 1848-49. 
 
 Mary E. Houpt, 1848-66. 
 
 Mary E. Brown, 1848-55. 
 
 E. W. Mumford, 1848-52. 
 
 D. P. Alden, 1848-49. 
 
 Anna Vanarsdalen, 1849-50. 
 
 Mary E. Tazewell, 1849-61. 
 
 George Ringsley, 1849-52. 
 
 Renee N. Townsend, 1851-66. 
 
 Martha H. Rogers, 1851-62. 
 
 W. M. Fenney, 1852-54. 
 
 John Bower, 1854-56. 
 
 Mary M. Spackman, 1855-57. 
 
 Philip A. Cregar, 1856-64. 
 
 Thomas Bishop, 1856-59. 
 
 Matilda C. Barns, 1857-84. 
 
 Marian Ash, 1859-66. 
 
 Anna B. Duff, 1859-69. 
 
 Josephine Johnson, 1859-65. 
 
 Henrietta Thomas, 1859-66. 
 
 Mary H. Henderson, 1859-64. 
 
 Caroline Price, 1861-63. 
 
 Mary F. Ely, 1862-67. 
 
 Mary E. Durnett, 1863-66. 
 
 George W. Fetter, Principal, 1864-94. 
 
 Cornelius Everest, 1864-85. 
 
 Mary E. Tazewell, 1865-66. 
 
 Lavinia Whittaker, 1866-70. 
 
 Sarah A. Walker, 1866-72. 
 
 Ella Buzby, 1866-67. 
 
 Sarah W. Smith, 1866-84. 
 
 Mary C. Dickes, 1866-75. 
 
 Gertrude Murdoch, 1866-68. 
 
 Elizabeth W. Dickson, 1867-80. 
 
 Lydia F. Hamor, 1867-72. 
 
 Emma E. Geiselman, 1868-71. 
 
 Lelia E. Patridge, 1868-74. 
 
 Rebecca R. Bennett, 1869-73. 
 
 Margaret S. Rodney, 1870-75. 
 
 Eliza C. Bower, 1871-78. 
 
 Elizabeth A. Brown, 1872-78. 
 
 Mary Fisher, 1872-90. 
 
 Anna M. Fullerton, 1873-80. 
 
 Clara R. PhilHps, 1874-77. 
 
 M. Maria Underwood, 1874-80. 
 
 Susan R. Mitchell, 1876-77. 
 
 Elizabeth Dornan, 1876-82. 
 
 Abbie A. Hinkle, 1876-77. 
 
 Emily J. Walters, 1876-78. 
 
 Mary McCurdy, 1876-80. 
 
 Francis D. Moore, 1876-80. 
 
 Eleanor Worthington, 1876-79. 
 
 Elizabeth P. Watson, 1876-79. 
 
 Kate S. Hershey, 1877-83. 
 
 Ida E. Lever, 1877-86. 
 
 Lillie W\ Hemphill, 1877-80. 
 
 Lydia F. Hamor, 1877-88. 
 
 Anna C.Walsh, 1878-83. 
 
 Caroline W. Greenbank, 1878-82. 
 
 Jane C. Wylie, 1878-86. 
 
 Clara A. Burr, 1879-82. 
 
 170 
 
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Emma T. Mann. 1880-83. 
 Emily S. Dinnin, 1880-85. 
 H. Kate Murdoch, 1880-85. 
 Lydia A. Kirby, 1882-83. 
 Elizabeth H. Greenbank, 1882-86. 
 Mary Wright, 1883-90. 
 Elizabeth V. Blodget, 1883-84. 
 Hannah M. Cheyney, 1885-89. 
 Marcia Wilson, 1885-90. 
 Ella Buckman, 1886-88. 
 Caroline E. Spencer, 1886-88. 
 Helen M. Spring. 1887-91. 
 Mary E. Driver, 1888-93. 
 Blanche T. Peirce, 1888-90. 
 Margaret J. McVeagh, 1888-90. 
 
 Helen A. Wilder, 1888-92. 
 Sarah A. Stewart, 1888-89. 
 Isabella M. Wilbur, 1889-95. 
 Leah W. Steer, 1889-90. 
 Clara P. Peeler, 1890-95. 
 Emily Paige, 1890-91. 
 Gratia Cobb, 1891-92. 
 C. Stockton Gaunt, M. D., 1893-94. 
 Eniilie Klaisi, 1893-96. 
 *]\Iary E. LaForge, 1893-94. 
 '•'Elizabeth McCandless, 1893-94. 
 *Mary E. Mumford, 1893-95. 
 *Anna E. Collins, 1894-95. 
 
 * Teachers in the new Normal School, Thirteenth and 
 Spring Garden streets. 
 
GEORGE H. CLIFF. 
 
 George H. Cliff, Principal of the Philadel- 
 phia Normal School for Girls, was born at 
 Tobyhanna, Pa., May 3, 1859. He was edu- 
 cated in the public schools of Philadelphia and 
 was graduated from the Central High School 
 with the highest honors of his class, in June, 
 1878. He began the study of law, but in 
 order to secure the funds necessary for the 
 further prosecution of his studies, he took up 
 teaching as a temporary expedient. 
 
 Mis first school was at Wallineford, Pa. A 
 term's work demonstrated his ability as a 
 teacher, the WalHngford school in Mr. Cliff's 
 brief period of service achieving more than a 
 local reputation. Mr. Cliff was appointed 
 Principal of the Camac Grammar School in 
 1 88 1, the Board of Public Education suspend- 
 ing its rules to confirm his election, he lacking 
 the prescribed three years' experience for such 
 a position. 
 
 In 1884 Mr. Cliff was promoted to the Cen- 
 tral High School, becoming at first the Pro- 
 fessor of Higher Arithmetic and Mensuration 
 and subsequently filling the chair of Rhetoric 
 and Logic. In 1890 when the School of Peda- 
 gogy was organized he was selected to take 
 charge of the department of methods. In 
 May, 1893, he was unanimously elected by 
 the Committee on Normal School of the 
 Board of Public Education to the position of 
 
 Principal of the Normal School, the present 
 building of which was then in course of erec- 
 tion. 
 
 Mr. Cliff did not abandon his determination 
 to be a lawyer until some time after his elec- 
 tion to the High School position, and for 
 some time pursued his legal studies, although 
 he was never admitted to the bar. He has had 
 considerable experience in journalistic work. 
 He is a member of the University Club, the 
 Educational Club, the American Academy of 
 Political and Social Science, the National 
 Educational Association, the Teachers' Insti- 
 tute of Philadelphia, the Historical Society 
 of Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Society 
 of the Sons of the Revolution, the Con- 
 temporary Club and the Geographical 
 Club. 
 
 The Normal School, under Mr. Cliff's man- 
 agement, has achieved exceptional success, 
 and has already sprung to the front rank of 
 normal schools in thiscountry, being without a 
 rival in many points of equipment and method. 
 The school's success is due not only to 
 the fact that Mr. Cliff is an energetic organ- 
 izer and that the times were propitious for a 
 successful educational movement in Philadel- 
 phia, but also and more especially to the 
 fact that he has a keen, intuitive sense of what 
 is good and worthy of his energies. 
 
DR. JOHN G. WIGHT. 
 
 Dr. John G. Wight, Principal of the Girls' 
 High School, was born in Gilead, Oxford 
 County, Me., March 2, 1842. At the age of 
 twelve years he removed to Gorham. N. H. 
 His earlier education was received in the com- 
 mon schools, with a few terms in private 
 schools. He was fitted for collegre at Gould 
 Academy, Bethel, Me., and at the Maine State 
 Seminary, now Bates College, Lewiston. He 
 graduated from Bowdoin College in 1864. 
 
 In the fall of that year he read law for a 
 short time at Lancaster, N. H., and during 
 the following year continued his legal studies 
 while teaching. In the spring of 1865 he was 
 an assistant teacher in Bridgeton Academy, 
 North Bridgeton, Me., and in May of the same 
 year was called to a similar position in Coop- 
 erstown Seminary, at Cooperstown, N. Y. 
 
 In the fall of 1867 he was recalled to Bridge- 
 ton Academy as Principal, and in 1870 returned 
 to Cooperstown as Principal of Cooperstown 
 Academy and Union School, a position he 
 held for over twenty years. In 1890 he was 
 elected Principal of the Worcester High 
 
 School, at that time the large :t mixed high 
 school in New England. He was chosen 
 Principal of the Girls' High School in 1894. 
 
 In 1887 he received the degree of Doctor of 
 Philosophy from Hamilton College. 
 
 For a period of thirty years, during which 
 time Dr. Wight has been Principal of a 
 secondary school,* his professional duties 
 have been essentially executive and supervis- 
 ory. During nearly all this time, however, 
 some actual class-room instruction has been 
 given by him daily, his favorite branches being 
 Latin and mathematics. 
 
 Decidedly literary in his tastes, Dr. Wight 
 has always been a student and passionately 
 fond of reading, especially of reading books 
 that are but little read. He has been a more 
 than ordinarily close student of Shakespeare. 
 His literary work, while not extensive, has 
 found acceptance in educational and other 
 periodicals, and includes papers read before 
 
 *The term "secondary school," in this sketch, is not 
 used in the local sense, as it invariably is elsewhere in the 
 book, but in its broader meaning. It here indicates an 
 academy or high school. 
 
■educational bodies and several lectures on 
 literary and biographical themes. 
 
 Dr. Wight is an active member of various 
 educational organizations, among them the 
 Head Masters' Association, composed of the 
 Principals of about sixty secondary schools, 
 chiefly in the Eastern and Middle States, 
 whose annual meetings are held successively 
 in Boston, New York and Philadelphia. In 
 1882 Dr. Wight was secretary and treasurer 
 of the Inter- Academic Literary Union of New 
 York State, a society representing over 
 three hundred secondary schools of that 
 State, and the succeeding year he was its 
 president. 
 
 He belongs to the Masonic Order and to 
 the Grand Army of the Republic, having 
 served for a year in the navy during the Civil 
 War. 
 
 The following, relating to Dr. Wight at the 
 close of his residence in New York State, is 
 from ''Reminiscences of Cooperstowai," by 
 Elihu Phenney, Esq.: ''As a scholar, critical, 
 polished and exact; as an instructor, well 
 equipped for his high calling ])y exceptional 
 acuteness of intellect, by generous acquaint- 
 ance with belles-lettres, by a justly discrim- 
 inating taste, by sound literary judgment, 
 and, perhaps chiefly, by a more than German 
 diligence." 
 
 176 
 
The Manual Training Schools 
 
 A manual training school, the one now 
 known as the Central Manual Training 
 School, was established in 1885. in a building 
 at the corner of Seventeenth and Wood 
 streets. Its organization was the result of 
 years of agitation on the value of industrial 
 training as a part of the public school sys- 
 tem, and it has abundantly fulfilled the high- 
 est expectations of its founders. 
 
 As far back as 1875 the subject of the in- 
 troduction of manual training was brought 
 to the attention of the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation by the then President, M. Hall Stan- 
 ton, but the first definite action looking to- 
 ward the establishment of a manual training 
 school was taken in 1884. In his annual re- 
 port, presented at the beginning of that year, 
 President Steel said: — 
 
 "The interest with which the subject of 
 manual training instruction is regarded by 
 the members of the Board may be said to be 
 fully shared by the community, and it cannot 
 be doubted that the time has come for the 
 Board to take the initiative step which must 
 be made by it, and submit to Councils an esti- 
 mate of the cost for such a school as Phila- 
 delphia should possess." 
 
 After the reading of the report, Isaac A. 
 Sheppard offered the following resolution, 
 which was adopted: — 
 
 ^'Resolved, That that part of the Presi- 
 dent's report which refers to the erection of a 
 High School building, with adjoining build- 
 ings and equipments for an industrial school, 
 be referred to the Committee on Property, to 
 make a general estimate of the cost of such 
 buildings and equipments, for the purpose of 
 
 including the amount in the schedule of esti- 
 mates to be furnished Councils this year." 
 
 At the meeting in April, 1885, on motion 
 of Richardson L. Wright, a Committee on the 
 Manual Training School was appointed. This 
 committee consisted of Isaac A. Sheppard, 
 James S. Whitney, Andrew M. Spangler, 
 James Freeborn and Edward Lewis. 
 
 0' 
 
 LIEUTENANT ROBERT CRAWFORD. 
 
 OPENING OF THE SCHOOL. 
 
 In September, 1885, the schoolwas opened, 
 with one hundred and thirty-two pupils. 
 Lieutenant Robert Crawford, of the United 
 States Navy, Superintendent of the mechani- 
 cal department of the Spring Garden Insti- 
 tute, was chosen director, and William 
 L. Sayre, Principal of the Vaughan Gram- 
 mar School, Principal. Their titles w^ere af- 
 terward changed to principal and vice-princi- 
 pal, respectively. 
 
LIEUTENANT CRAWFORD'S 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 In 1887, Lieutenant Crawford was ordered 
 by the Secretary of the Navy into active 
 duty, and Mr. Sayre was elected Principal. 
 Much credit for the auspicious beginning 
 made bytheschool is due to Lieutenant Craw- 
 ford. The conclusions as to the educational 
 value of manual training reached by him at 
 the end of the first few months of the school's 
 existence have been shared by nearly all who 
 have watched its progress, and who under- 
 stand its work. The result of his observation 
 led him to write of the system as follows: — 
 
 "First. — That it relieves school life of 
 much of the tedium incidental to purely men- 
 tal effort; that the alternation of hand with 
 head work makes them mutually restful and 
 beneficial. 
 
 "Second. — It gives the pupil a clearer con- 
 ception of the purposes of education, and of 
 what really constitutes it. 
 
 "Third. — It teaches habits of accuracy, in- 
 dustry and physical activity; dignifies and 
 elevates labor, develops the creative and be- 
 gets a feeling of confidence and independence 
 based upon the conscious possession of use- 
 ful, practical knowledge. 
 
 The history of the school has been one of 
 steady progress. At the Paris Exposition it 
 was awarded a gold medal for having the best 
 American exhibit of manual training, and at 
 the request of the French Pedagogic Mu- 
 seum, the Board of Public Education donated 
 the exhibit to them. 
 
 An exhibition of the work of the pupils, in 
 June, 1890, inaugurated a custom which has 
 since been observed annually. 
 
 NORTHEAST SCHOOL OPENED. 
 
 The increasing number of qualified appli- 
 cants for admission to the Manual Training 
 School necessitated the establishment of a 
 second school, and the Northeast Manual 
 Training School was opened, in a building on 
 
 Howard street below Girard avenue, on Sep- 
 tember 17, 1890. It was at first under the 
 same management and the same principal as 
 the Central School, John W. Moyer, teacher 
 of English literature, being placed in charge 
 of the new school, with the title of Vice-Prin- 
 cipal. In 1892 Dr. C. Hanford Henderson, a 
 teacher in the Central School, was elected 
 Principal of the Northeast School. 
 
 COURSE OF STUDY REVISED. 
 
 In 1893 ^ joint meeting of the committees 
 on the two schools was held to consider the 
 revision of the curriculum, and to formulate 
 a post-graduate course, which would more 
 
 JOHN W. MOYER. 
 
 consistently continue the under-graduate 
 work than a course suggested the year pre- 
 vious. As a result of this conference, two 
 changes were made in the under-graduate 
 curriculum, and the post-graduate course was 
 improved. 
 
 The Manual Training Schools were repre- 
 sented at the annual meeting of the Manual 
 Training Teachers' Association (an organiza- 
 tion that was an outcome of the World's Ed- 
 ucational Congress), which was held in this 
 city July 17-19, 1894, when teachers of the 
 Philadelphia Manual Training Schools read 
 papers and took an active part in the discus- 
 sions that were held. 
 
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SCHOOL BUILDINGS IMPROVED. 
 
 COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 In 1895 an annex to the Central Manual 
 Training School, containing four well-lighted 
 rooms, was completed, and an annex built 
 in 1886 was remodeled. The same year an 
 addition was built to the Nytheast School, 
 to take the place of a small south wing. 
 
 The curriculum in both schools was added 
 to in 1895 ^y the introduction of French as 
 an option with German, and the extension of 
 both languages to the first year. 
 
 MR. WILLARD'S ELECTION. 
 
 In 1896 Dr. C. Hanford Henderson re- 
 signed as Principal of the Northeast School, 
 his resignation taking effect July ist. A suc- 
 cessor was chosen in the person of James 
 Monroe Willard. who at the time of his elec- 
 tion was Supervising Principal of the Ger- 
 mantown Combined School, and who entered 
 upon the duties of his new position in Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Both schools are now in a most prosperous 
 condition, although they are hampered by a 
 lack of proper accommodations. The man- 
 ual training movement is constantly receiving 
 fresh impetus from the success of the Phila- 
 delphia schools. 
 
 OBJECTS OF THE SCHOOLS. 
 
 Lest the scope of the Manual Training 
 Schools should not be fully understood, it 
 maybe stated that they are not trade schools, 
 although in them the principles that under- 
 lie all trades and occupations are taught. 
 They are high schools, in that they afford an 
 opportunity to students to pursue a High 
 ^ School course in literature, science and math- 
 R ematics, but there is added to this a most 
 thorough course in drawing and in the use and 
 appHcation of tools in the industrial arts. 
 The object is the training of all the faculties. 
 
 The course of study embraces five parallel 
 lines, as follows: — 
 
 First. — A Course in Language and Litera- 
 ture, including the Structure and Use of Eng- 
 lish; Composition, Literature, History, Econ- 
 omics and German or French. 
 
 Second.— A Course in Science and Applied 
 Mathematics, including Geology, Physics, 
 Chemistry, Physiology, Economic Botany, 
 Mechanics, Steam Engineering, Applied Elec- 
 tricity, Mensuration, Book-keeping and Sur- 
 veying. 
 
 Third. — A Course of Pure Mathematics, in- 
 cluding Arithmetic, Geometry, Algebra and 
 Plane Trigonometry. 
 
 Fourth. — A Course in Freehand, Mechan- 
 ical and Architectural Drawing, Designing 
 and Clay Modeling. 
 
 Fifth. — A Course in Tool Instruction, in- 
 cluding joinery, pattern-making, wood-turn- 
 ing, wood-carving, forging, soldering, mould- 
 ing and casting, vise-work (chipping, filing 
 and fitting), and mechanical construction. 
 
 FACULTY OF CENTRAL SCHOOL. 
 
 The Faculty of the Central Manual Train- 
 ing School consists of the following: — 
 
 William L. Sayre, A. M., Principal. 
 
 Edward S. Zieber, A. M., M. D., Teacher 
 of Mathematics. 
 
 Lino F. Rondinella, B. S., M. E., Teacher 
 of Constructive Drawing. 
 
 Herbert C. Whitaker, Ph. D., Teacher of 
 Mathematics. 
 
 Edward A. Partridge, B. S., Teacher of 
 Physics. 
 
 Gerrit E. H. Weaver, A. M., Teacher of 
 History and Economics. 
 
 Albert Paul Willis, Teacher of Freehand, 
 x\rchitectural Drawing and Designing. 
 
 Robert H. Bradbury, A. M., Ph. D.. 
 Teacher of Chemistry and Natural History. 
 
 James H. Donnelly, A. B., Ph. B., Teacher 
 of English Language and Literature. 
 
Walter Koenig, Ph. D., Teacher of Ger- 
 man. 
 
 M. A. Grillon, Teacher of French. 
 
 Louis Sayre, Teacher of Natural Science. 
 
 Albert B. Entwistle, Teacher of Joinery, 
 Turning and Parquetry. 
 
 George Astley, Teacher of Moulding, 
 Smithing and Ornamental Iron Work. 
 
 J. Logan Fitts, Teacher of Chipping. Filing 
 and Fitting. 
 
 Vincent A. Clarke, Teacher of Construct- 
 ive Work (Machine Tools). 
 
 John B. Alker, Teacher of Pattern ^Making, 
 Turning and Wood-Carving. 
 
 John Brackin, Assistant in Laboratories. 
 
 FACULTY OF THE NORTHEAST 
 SCHOOL. 
 
 The Faculty of the Northeast Manual 
 Training School is composed of the follow- 
 ing:— 
 
 J. Monroe Willard, Principal. 
 
 John W. Moyer, Teacher of Mathematics. 
 
 John L. Stewart, A. B., Ph. B., Teacher of 
 Literature, Historv and Economics. 
 
 Lycurgus L. Ford, A. M., Teacher of 
 Mathematics. 
 
 George D. Firmin, B. S., Teacher of Natu- 
 ral History and Chemistry. 
 
 George F. Stradling, Ph. D., Teacher of 
 Physics. ' 
 
 Lemuel Whitaker, A. M., Teacher of Eng- 
 lish Language and Literature. 
 
 Adolph H. Pfeil, Teacher of Drawing and 
 Design. 
 
 Charles C. Heyl, B. S., Teacher of Con- 
 structive Drawing. 
 
 George Burnham Beaman, A. B., Ph. D., 
 Teacher of German. 
 
 Hubert J. J. Bertrand, L. D., Teacher of 
 French. 
 
 William H. Odenatt, Teacher of Steam En- 
 gineering and Alechanical Construction. 
 
 William B. Gumphert, Teacher of Pattern- 
 Making and Wood-Turning. 
 
 Frank Roselle, Teacher of Smithing and 
 Ornamental Iron Work. 
 
 Jacob L. Wildemore, Teacher of Joinery, 
 Parquetry and Wood-Carving. 
 
 Thomas Ascough, Teacher of Moulding, 
 Tinsmithing, Chipping, Filing and Fittmg. 
 
 Thomas Moore, Principal's Assistant. 
 
 184 
 
WILLIAM L. SAYRE. 
 
 William L. Sayre, Principal of the Central 
 Manual Training School, was born in By- 
 berry, now part of the City of Philadel- 
 phia, in 1840. He was educated in the 
 Philadelphia public schools, being ad- 
 mitted to the Central High School in 
 
 1854. 
 
 He commenced teaching in Bucks County 
 in 1857, and in 1863 came to Philadelphia and 
 became a teacher in the Glenwood School, 
 Thirty-third street and Ridge avenue. He 
 went from there to the Mantua School, in 
 1864, and removed to Camden in 1865. He 
 was elected Principal of the Vaughan Gram- 
 mar School in 1872. 
 
 When the Central Manual Training School 
 was organized, in 1885, Mr. Sayre was elected 
 vice-principal. He was professor of drawing 
 in the Central High School in 1886, and was 
 
 elected Principal of the Central Manual Train- 
 ing School in 1887. 
 
 Since that time he has labored indefatigably 
 to build up the school along the lines of pro- 
 gressive educational thought. He has en- 
 deavored to arouse public interest in, and 
 public sympathy with the manual training 
 movement, and has been eminently successful 
 in his efforts to make the Manual Training 
 School of the highest practical value. The 
 gradual enlargement of the school and the 
 strengthening of the manual training move- 
 ment have characterized his administration. 
 
 Mr. Sayre attributes his success to hard 
 work and a profound belief in the educational 
 value of manual training. 
 
 He is a member of the Penn Club, the His- 
 torical Society, Educational Club and Univer- 
 sity Lodge, F. and A. M. 
 
 185 
 
JAMES MONROE WILLARD. 
 
 James Monroe Willard, Principal of the 
 Northeast Manual Training School, was born 
 in Northampton, Bucks County, Pa. He re- 
 ceived his early education mainly in the 
 schools of his native county and the Central 
 High School of Philadelphia. He began his 
 professional career in Montgomery County, 
 but soon after took charge of the Washington 
 School in the Twenty-third Section. Two 
 years later he was appointed Principal of the 
 Randolph Consolidated School, without the 
 formaHty of an application. In less than a 
 year after that he was unanimously elected 
 Principal of the Forest School, Falls of Schuyl- 
 kill. Here an entirely new field presented 
 itself. The work was congenial and the pros- 
 pects of abundant success were fully realized, 
 not only in the scores of pupils whom he sent 
 to higher schools, but more, even, in the cul- 
 tivation of a healthful and sympathetic senti- 
 ment in the school itself, and in the awaken- 
 ing of a generous spirit of co-operation and 
 confidence on the part of the public. 
 
 When, in 1880, the Principalship of the 
 Germantown Boys' Grammar School became 
 
 vacant, Mr. Willard was urged to take the 
 position. He entered upon the work with 
 great ardor, and under his administration the 
 school won a distinct position among the 
 schools of this city. He was the first to give 
 attention to the system of rewards and 
 punishments, common in the schools of fif- 
 teen years ago. Marking, ranking, dement- 
 ing and other forms of the vicious system then 
 in vogue, were abolished in his school, and 
 he devised a series of reports to parents, 
 which have since been extensively adopted. 
 Through his efforts a well equipped pedago- 
 gical and reference library was added to the 
 school. 
 
 In 1886 the schools of Germantown were 
 reorganized, and about one thousand boys 
 were placed under his direction as Supervising 
 Principal. Thus, again, the field of his labor 
 was enlarged, and the child of the tender years, 
 as well as the advanced student, felt the 
 kindly and healthful influence of his sympa- 
 thetic nature. He was surrounded by a body 
 of trained assistants, whose loyalty and devo- 
 tion to their chief have rarely been equaled 
 
among persons associated under similar con On June 20, 1896, the Committee on the 
 
 ditions. Northeast Manual Training School unani- 
 
 Mr. Willard was twice elected President of mously recommended to the Board of Public 
 
 the Teachers' Institute of Philadelphia. He Education his election to the Principalship of 
 
 was one of the founders of the Educational that institution. This action of the commit- 
 
 Club. He became its first president and at tee was confirmed by the Board and Mr. Wil- 
 
 each annual meeting since he has been unani- lard was formerly installed in this position on 
 
 mously re-elected to the position. September 8th, following. 
 
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 187 
 
special Schools 
 
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 191 
 
James Forten Elementary Manual 
 Training School 
 
 A unique place in the system of public edu- 
 cation in Philadelphia is filled by the James 
 Forten Elementary Manual Training School, 
 located on Sixth Street above Lombard. The 
 building was formerly used as a secondary 
 and primary school for colored children, and 
 owing to a great decrease in attendance was 
 closed in February, 1891, only to be opened 
 the following September for its present pur- 
 pose. 
 
 The idea of the formation of an elementary 
 manual training school in this locality origi- 
 nated with Miss Anna Hallowell, member of 
 the Board of Public Education from the Sev- 
 enth Section, who believed that if in a school 
 so situated attractive features of educational 
 value were to be introduced, there would be 
 a large attendance. Accordingly, Miss Hal- 
 lowell was appointed chairman of a special 
 committee to organize the school. 
 
 The building was thoroughly renovated 
 and remodeled, and a corps of experienced 
 teachers were engaged. Miss Hannah A. 
 Fox, who was at that time Principal of the 
 school at the House of Refuge, assumed the 
 principalship. All the teachers were trained 
 kindergartners. 
 
 The school opened with fifty children, just 
 about one-tenth of the number now enrolled. 
 At first the attendance was limited to col- 
 ored children, but before the end of the first 
 year white children were enrolled, and now 
 only about twenty-five per cent, of the pupils 
 are colored. The others are mostlv children 
 
 of foreign parentage. The pupils are of both 
 sexes. 
 
 The school follows closely the course of in- 
 struction laid down for the elementary 
 schools. It has all the grades of a secondary 
 and primary school and four kindergartens. 
 The manual training features are pursued in 
 addition to the regular elementary studies. 
 
 HANNAH A. FOX. 
 
 The boy passes from kindergarten work to 
 the class in Sloyd, which is a Swedish system 
 of carpentering. This work is under the di- 
 rection of Frederick P. Porter, who is a grad- 
 uate of the Central Manual Training School, 
 and a most successful teacher. So attractive 
 is the Sloyd work that boys have voluntarily 
 remained at the school as late as six o'clock 
 
in the evening, and have then begged to be 
 allowed to return after the evening meal. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE SLOYD 
 SYSTEM. 
 
 Mr. Porter has been quoted in "Woman's 
 Progress" as follows: — 
 
 "All the exercises result in a finished and 
 useful article. It has been claimed that the 
 making of useful articles is a defect in the 
 Sloyd system, and that more attention is 
 paid to the selecting of an object of use than 
 to the grading of the exercises. This is not 
 so. The exercises are always considered be- 
 fore the models. The true teacher of Sloyd 
 first decides upon the exercises he wishes to 
 incorporate in a model and then searches for 
 an object to fit them. 
 
 "Principles, unless applied in a practical 
 way, are frequently forgotten almost as soon 
 as learned, but if they interest the pupil and 
 impress themselves upon his mind in an at- 
 tractive manner, the remembrance of them is 
 clearer. The child of thirteen or fourteen 
 years of age sees little value in abstract exer- 
 cises, and is very apt to execute them in a 
 careless and indifferent manner, merely for 
 the sake of finishing his task. He wishes to 
 make something, something that will be of 
 use when finished. In order that the models 
 may be attractive to the child, it is necessary 
 that they should be objects with which he is 
 familiar, or with whose use he is acquainted." 
 
 SEWING, COOKING AND SINGING 
 LESSONS. 
 
 The girls are taught sewing, as are also the 
 boys in the lower grades. Both girls and 
 boys are instructed in cooking, although 
 it is not compulsory with the latter. A 
 teacher of singing is present one hour each 
 day, and conducts the vocal exercises. 
 
 No effort is spared to make the school at- 
 tractive to the children. A part of the base- 
 ment is fitted up as a gymnasium. There is 
 also a lunch room, where lunches are fur- 
 nished at the nominal cost of one or two 
 
 cents by the women connected with the Col- 
 lege Settlement, a neighboring enterprise of 
 a charitable nature. 
 
 ITS EDUCATIONAL VALUE. 
 
 If the James Forten School was conducted 
 as a charitable institution it would abun- 
 dantly fulfill its mission, but it is not so con- 
 ducted, and in looking at the splendid work 
 accomplished by it as a mission among poor 
 children, its great educational value must not 
 be overlooked or underrated. It fills a place 
 distinctively its own in the public educational 
 system. It is reaching and educating a class 
 of children that could be attracted and held 
 by no other school. It is taking the children 
 of immigrants, many of them from wretched 
 and depraved homes, and is not only giving 
 them the elements of a popular education, 
 but is training them to use their hands to 
 good purpose. It is, moreover, instilling in 
 their young minds valuable lessons of indus- 
 try and patriotism, and is teaching them haD- 
 its of neatness, accuracy, truth and honesty. 
 
 Its educational value is no longer ques- 
 tioned, as was the case when it was first or- 
 ganized, and bore the name of "Miss Hallo- 
 w^ell's experiment." It is no longer in the ex- 
 perimental stage. It has demonstrated its 
 usefulness. It needs no apology. Indeed, the 
 time will come, and before very long. too. in 
 the opinion of educators, when the move- 
 ment thus unostentatiously started in Phila- 
 delphia will spread all over the country, and 
 will work a reform of almost inestimable 
 value. 
 
 The building up of the James Forten 
 School has been no easy task. It has been 
 accomplished only by faithful and persistent 
 efifort, in the face of indifference and even 
 ridicule. To Miss Anna Hallowell belongs the 
 credit for its successful and permanent estal)- 
 lishment. As chairman of the Board of Public 
 Education's Committee on the James For- 
 ten School, she is to-day energetically work- 
 ing in the interests of the school which she 
 was instrumental in organizing and bringing 
 
to its present condition of usefulness. To 
 Miss Hannah A, Fox, the Principal, much 
 credit is also due. 
 
 TEACHERS OF THE FORTEN 
 SCHOOL. 
 
 Following is a list of the teachers of the 
 James Forten School: — 
 Hannah A. Fox, Principal. 
 Agnes M. Fox, First Assistant. 
 Belle Elder, Assistant. 
 May A. Weidley, Assistant. 
 Martha B. Donaghy, Assistant. 
 Francis I. Dalpe, Assistant. 
 
 M. Bertha Braley, Assistant. 
 Mary B. Weild, Assistant. 
 Margaret Heritage, Assistant. 
 Margaret Hertfelder, Assistant. 
 Florence L. Ingle, Assistant. 
 Frederick P. Porter, Teacher of Slovd. 
 Sarah M. Wilson, Teacher of Cookery. 
 Daniel Batchellor, Teacher of Music. 
 Mary E. Keech, Teacher of Sewing. 
 M. Inez Cassey, Kindergarten. 
 Florence H. Couzzins, Assistant, Kinder- 
 garten. 
 
 Grace Yardley, Assistant, Kindergarten. 
 Margaret Hulett, Kindergarten. 
 
 197 
 
199 
 
School of Industrial Art 
 
 For some years prior to the establishment 
 of the PubHc School of Industrial Art, the 
 subject of the introduction of industrial train- 
 ing in the public schools was considered, and 
 a Committee on Industrial Art Education 
 was one of the standing committees of the 
 Board of Public Education. Nothing definite 
 was accomplished, however, tmtil 1880, when 
 Charles G. Leland, a well-known public- 
 spirited citizen, placed before this committee 
 a system of manual training which he had 
 been instrumental in successfully introducing 
 into schools in England. 
 
 There was no appropriation for the estab- 
 lishment of a school such as was contemplated 
 by Mr. Leland, and the only assistance which 
 the Board could render him was to give him 
 the use of a public school building for the 
 purpose of demonstrating the feasibility ar.cl 
 practicability of simultaneously training the 
 mind and hand of the child. Accordingly, a 
 part of the Hollingsworth School building. 
 Fifteenth and Locust streets, was devoted to 
 this purpose. 
 
 SUCCESS THE FIRST YEAR. 
 
 The school was opened with 120 chil- 
 dren, who came for two hours twice 
 each week to receive instruction, having, 
 first gained the necessary permission from the 
 Principals of the schools which they attended. 
 The results of the first year were highly satis- 
 factory, and the following year the Board of 
 Public Education assumed control of the 
 school, appointing regular teachers and plac- 
 ing the school on a permanent basis . 
 
 STEADY PROGRESS. 
 
 Each year since then has seen a steady and 
 highly gratifying progress along lines similar 
 to those mapped out when the school was 
 started. The growth in the number of pupils 
 has been very marked. According to the last 
 annual report, that for the year 1895, the 
 number of grammar school pupils in attend- 
 ance was 936 and the number of teachers re- 
 ceiving instruction was 171. 
 
 It is authoritatively claimed that the estab- 
 lishment of the Public School of Industrial 
 Art was the first practical and successful at- 
 tempt made in Philadelphia or elsewhere to 
 incorporate manual training as an integral 
 branch of common school education. Other 
 cities established manual schools, with fixed 
 prices for instruction, before Philadelphia 
 took up the matter at all, but the first system 
 of free industrial training, successfully planned 
 and carried out, is to be credited to this city. 
 
 SYSTEM OF INSTRUCTION. 
 
 As stated by the Director of the school. 
 
 "The fact that we tried seventeen different 
 methods of hand-work proved the earnest- 
 ness with which we struggled with the prob- 
 lem of hand-training in the public schools. 
 The mechanical methods had to go, one after 
 the other, after trial in various directions. 
 Only after striving and struggling up above 
 the use of instruments of precision, rules, 
 compasses, mechanical methods, etc., could 
 we recognize their futility in developing 
 the mind, judgment, the eye and the hand. 
 Only by trying and testing the old methods 
 
and thus proving their fallacy did we emerge 
 into the light of better ways. Flat copies, 
 feeble art methods, abuse of geometric forms 
 and blocks, false, artificial and unnatural sys- 
 tems devised for money-making purposes, 
 were tried and proved wanting. A number 
 of trade processes were tested with similar 
 results, until we actually, and by experience, 
 came down to fundamental facts, and on these 
 have built up a system, reasonable, feasible, 
 without great cost, perfectly adapted to all 
 grades, from the Kindergarten to the Univer- 
 sity; a system that can be applied without 
 friction to every kind of educational institute, 
 only limited to the capacity of the individual: 
 a system governed by natural law, working 
 with the absolute precision of nature itself; a 
 system that unfolds the capacities of the 
 children as unfolds the leaves of flowers; a 
 system that teaches the pupils that they are 
 in the plan and part of life, and enables them 
 to work out their own salvation on the true 
 lines of design and work as illustrated in every 
 natural thing." 
 
 "What is manual training?" To some it 
 means an exercise for muscles, like gymnas- 
 tics, and to others a process of making boys 
 merely handy; others think it a way of teach- 
 ing trades to children, and nearly all confound 
 it with mechanical training and suppose a 
 drill is necessary in sawing and planing, chip- 
 ping, filing, wood-turning, plumbing, etc., 
 very few dissociating it from the use of ma- 
 chinery and from slow, tedious, trade proc- 
 esses, or dream that it has anything to do 
 with women and girls. 
 
 Manual training for the education of indi- 
 viduals cannot be obtained by mechanical pur- 
 suits similar to carpentry, plumbing, chipping, 
 filing, etc. Manual training is not a matter of 
 simply doing different things; it is the intel- 
 ligent selection of modes from the many 
 operations and pursuits most suited to pro- 
 duce the effect desired. Swinging dumb-bells 
 or pushing a plane or saw produces muscles, 
 but it does not require the constant use of the 
 intellect; the thinking powers are not 
 
 increased in ratio. There are many exercises, 
 then, more fit for our purpose. We must 
 select for manual training purposes, w^ork and 
 methods that in addition to giving muscular 
 activity, will exercise the peripheral nerves as 
 tools pf the sense. 
 
 It includes all processes that train the mus- 
 cles and the mind to w^ork in harmony. In 
 some of its applications it gives skill in plan- 
 ing boards and shaping iron; but just as legiti- 
 mately does it make the hand cunning to 
 dissect a nerve, to engrave an etching or 
 to fingrer a violin. And as no school of man- 
 ual training is obliged to teach anatomy, en- 
 graving and music, so no school of the kind 
 must necessarily teach joinery or chipping 
 and filing. What it must teach is this: proc- 
 esses that wall make the pupil muscularly as 
 ready to begin any kind of work when he is 
 grown as arithmetic and geography made him 
 mentally ready. Those who believe that such 
 processes are inseparable from the use of saws 
 and hammers have not looked all around the 
 subject. At the Industrial Art School they 
 would find a dexterity taught, not looking 
 directly toward this or that trade, but under- 
 lying success in any of the two hundred and 
 forty trades. 
 
 AIM OF THE SCHOOL. 
 
 The aim of the school is the development of 
 the perceptive and creative faculties of the 
 whole individual, and the training of the 
 muscles into facile dexterity; accustoming the 
 pupil to the evolution of original ideas of 
 form, and giving the power to execute these 
 ideas in any material. 
 
 'Tn all this training the individuality alone 
 of the child is called into play. There are no 
 artificial aids to the result. No marks, no con- 
 struction lines, no rulers, no calipers are em- 
 ployed; only the mincU the eye and the hand." 
 
 THE PUPILS. 
 
 Two pupils from every division of the ele- 
 mentarv schools are given instruction in the 
 
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Industrial Art School, they being excused one 
 afternoon of each week from their own 
 schools. The hours of instruction are from 
 2.30 to 4.30. 
 
 Between the hours of five and six each day, 
 after the children are dismissed, public school 
 teachers take their places as pupils. The 
 courses for teachers are elective. They are 
 attended voluntarily, and the classes are 
 usuallv crowded. 
 
 A SPLENDID TRIBUTE. 
 
 The importance of this school in the estima- 
 tion of educators outside of Philadelphia may 
 be judged from the following extracts from an 
 address by W. N. Hailman, Superintendent of 
 Indian Schools, Washington, D. C. : — 
 
 "During the Exposition at Chicago, one of 
 my chief delights was the discovery of this 
 school. * * * I had passed from school to 
 school; everywhere I had found the stereo- 
 typed conventionalism, everywhere the same 
 unreasoning endeavor to subject art which is 
 intensest and freest life to arbitrary formal- 
 isms, everywhere the pupil's gaze turned to so- 
 called rules and legitimacies, instead of search- 
 ing out the laws that live in his own soul, 
 everywhere the same ruthless efforts to tie the 
 pupil's hand with arbitrary mannerisms, in- 
 stead of liberating conditions that might 
 enable his ideas and ideals to live themselves 
 forth upon some recording surface or into 
 some plastic material. From booth to booth 
 I had gone and had seen the walls plastered 
 over with weak imitations of the thoughts or 
 no-thoughts of some system-maker until my 
 soul grew sick with the musty odors of dark- 
 ness and decay, when at last the display of the 
 work of this school burst upon my weariness. 
 
 "It came to me as a reproach and prophecy, 
 a reproach for my despondency, a prophecy 
 of a new eureka. Here there was not a stroke 
 of work that did not embody a complete 
 thought clearly elaborated in the learner's 
 mind. Every achievement rested upon the 
 pupil's personal experience and seemed 
 
 consciously related to some spontaneous pur- 
 pose that had had its birth and growth in the 
 pupil's heart. In the light of their handiwork 
 the students had explored the contents of 
 their own minds, judging at every step the 
 value of their work by criteria grown on the 
 soil of their own experience and lifted into 
 consciousness by their own efforts. At every 
 step I saw them intently and yet without 
 strain gaining at the same time clearer com- 
 prehension of the object of their work and 
 greater confidence in their powers of accurate, 
 lucid self-expression. And this seemed to be 
 managed so adroitly by the school, and with 
 such clear-visioned consistency and unfailing 
 respect for the learner's thought, that weari- 
 ness of spirit and the rebellious desire to be let 
 alone, so common in the traditional school, 
 could not enter here. 
 
 'Tn the ordinary school, which labors to 
 force all minds into the same arbitrary molds 
 of traditional mediocrity, the teacher is for- 
 ever dictating, directing, holding up effete 
 patterns and obsolete ideals that have no vital 
 meaning in the life of the child, forever re- 
 inforcing his efforts with books and charts, 
 systems and formulas, recipes and dogmas, 
 never affording the learner an opportunity to 
 become acquainted with himself and to gain 
 the conviction that there is within him a 
 life teeming with possibilities far beyond the 
 reminiscence of past and the incongruities of 
 foreign attainments. 
 
 "In this school as I saw it at the Exposition 
 this was not the case. Here the pupil seemed 
 to lead. He fairly felt himself growing. New 
 revelations of his power came to him at every 
 turn. He lived himself into confidence in his 
 own power to think and to express thought. 
 Whereas the ordinary traditional school is ever 
 busy in dryest exercises to establish detached 
 automatisms as to how to do this and how to 
 do that, directing the child's chief attention to 
 the mechanism of himself, the automatisms 
 of the required w^ork were here so closely tied 
 up with the pupil's thought and purpose that 
 they took care of themselves, growing with 
 
the growth of thought and purpose, leaving 
 the child free to devote himself wholly to 
 these most important things. 
 
 "Elsewhere, I had seen the child weighted 
 ■down with cubes and balls, with cylinders and 
 cones, with lines straight and curved, parallel 
 and diverging, loading himself with weari- 
 some definitions of these things or investing 
 them with an unhealthy mysticism in ac- 
 cordance with a sadly perverted reading of 
 Froebel's thought; here I found practical 
 comprehension and free control of these 
 things, attained without weariness and sup- 
 pressed sorrow, a loving application of 
 Froebel's living thought ; cubes and cylinders, 
 squares and circles becoming familiar friends 
 through the service they gave in the expres- 
 sion of thought and in the achievement of 
 purpose. Here I saw the so-called principles 
 of parallelism and perpendicularity, of radia- 
 tion and balance, of circle and involute, of per- 
 spective and shadow, discovered by the chil- 
 dren in the needs of their own souls, clearly 
 put forth and thoughtfully applied in spon- 
 taneous work, shining in the lucidity of 
 an art rooted deeply in the child's own con- 
 tinuously growing experience, vitally con- 
 nected with his every interest and line of study, 
 fed by every other subject of instruction and 
 establishing in the child's organic self the in- 
 come of all these subjects; an art which is 
 capable of enhancing the utilities of life by 
 clothing them in beauty, capable of rendering 
 the materialities of life lucid with their recog- 
 nized latent spiritualities, capable of weaving 
 into the now and here the life-ideals that come 
 to us from the past or are brought to us from 
 afar, not in servile imitation, but in free as- 
 similation and development. Here I saw the 
 promise of a new descriptive art, stimulating 
 observation and discovery, inviting to the 
 study of the inner reasons of outer form, re- 
 vealing the deeper laws and conditions of our 
 
 environment. Here I saw the promise of a 
 new creative art. shall I say of a truly national 
 and specifically American art, in full accord- 
 ance with the subjective needs and aspirations 
 of this new nation, free from Egyptian and 
 Persian petrifactions, from Japanese triviali- 
 ties, from French frivolities and pessimisms, 
 free from all that is extraneous and efifete; an 
 art which is not meant to tickle the idle and 
 dissolute, but to sustain the earnest, which 
 does not revel in the bizarre, but strives to 
 reveal the unity of the true and the beautiful, 
 of joy and vigor; an art which does not drag 
 man into the bogs of self-indulgence, but lifts 
 him to the heights of self-assertion in the ser- 
 vice of holiest ideals. 
 
 "I congratulate this beautiful city on the 
 proud distinction of being the home of such 
 a school. I congratulate the nation upon the 
 fact — significant in its coincidence — that the 
 City of Brotherly Love, from which was pro- 
 claimed our national independence, is thus 
 generously preparing to secure for us a new 
 independence in the realms of art." 
 
 FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL. 
 
 The faculty of the Public School of Indus- 
 trial Art is constituted as follows: — 
 
 J. Lil)erty Tadd, Director. 
 
 Herman Uhle, Instructor in Wood Carv- 
 ing. 
 
 Bernard Uhle, Instructor in Wood Carving. 
 
 Frank R. Whiteside, Instructor in Drawing 
 and Designing. 
 
 Katharine Ringwalt, Instructor in Draw- 
 ing and Designing. 
 
 Helen Dunlap, Instructor in Clay Model- 
 ing. 
 
 Ef^e F. Braddock, Instructor in Clay 
 Modeling. 
 
 Caroline Van Gilder, Instructor in Draw- 
 ing and Designing. 
 
 Carvl S. Parrot t. Clerk. 
 
CLAY MODELING, 
 Industrial Art School. 
 
J. LIBERTY TADD. 
 
 To the unswerving devotion to his work 
 that has characterized the director of the 
 school, J. Liberty Tadd, is due in no small 
 measure the success of the Public Industrial 
 Art School. His every effort is in the line of 
 improvement. His work is to him as sacred 
 as any mission undertaken by religious 
 devotee. 
 
 Mr. Tadd is of English parentage and was 
 born May 7, 1854. His early education was 
 obtained in private and endowed schools in 
 England and Canada. As soon as the Acad- 
 emy of the Fine Arts in this city was com- 
 pleted, Mr. Tadd came to Philadelphia, and in 
 1876 commenced his studies here, continuing 
 three or four years. He made a number 
 of trips abroad in order to become ac- 
 quainted with the work of foreign insti- 
 tutions, and has visited schools in Eng- 
 land, Germany, France and other European 
 countries. 
 
 Mr. Tadd is director of manual training in 
 the Roman Catholic High School. He also 
 conducts night classes for St. James' Guild 
 and other organizations. He is a member of 
 the Educational Club, Academy of Natural 
 Sciences, Vital Art Association, National 
 Educational Association, Philadelphia Sketch 
 Club and artist member of the Philadelphia 
 Art Club. 
 
 He was one of the vice-presidents of the 
 Department of Manual Training and Indus- 
 trial Art of the Congresses at the World's 
 Fair. He also received an award and medal 
 for "excellence of unique method of teaching 
 drawing and work in wood and clay;" also an 
 award and medal for exhibit of work, from 
 Roman Catholic High School. 
 
 Mr. Tadd worked in conjunction with Mr. 
 Leland in organizing the Public School of In- 
 dustrial Art and has been the head of the 
 school since 1884. 
 
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The Elementary Schools 
 
The Elementary Schools 
 
 Under the rulesof the Boardof PubHc Edu- 
 cation the elementary pubHc schools in the 
 First School District of Pennsylvania, or all 
 public schools except the higher and other 
 schools under the immediate and sole charge 
 of the Board of Public Education, are classi- 
 fied under fourteen different heads, being des- 
 ignated as follows: — 
 
 I. A boys' grammar school. Such a school 
 has as its pupils boys only who are pursuing 
 the studies of the ninth, tenth, eleventh and 
 twelfth grades. 
 
 II. A girls' grammar school. Such a school 
 has as its pupils girls only, who are pursuing 
 the studies of the ninth, tenth, eleventh and 
 twelfth grades. 
 
 III. A mixed grammar school. Such a 
 school has as its pupils both boys and girls, 
 who are pursuing the studies of the ninth, 
 tenth, eleventh and twelfth grades. But in 
 no case are grammar divisions organized as 
 mixed divisions where there are suf^cient 
 boys and girls of the same grades to form 
 separate divisions. 
 
 IV. A consolidated school. Such a school 
 has as its pupils both boys and girls, who are 
 pursuing the studies of any or all of the 
 grades. 
 
 V. A boys' secondary school. Such a 
 school has as its pupils boys only, who are 
 pursuing the studies of thefifth, sixth, seventh 
 and eighth grades. 
 
 VI. A girls' secondary school. Such a 
 school has as its pupils girls only, who are 
 pursuing the studies of the fifth, sixth, sev- 
 enth and eighth grades. 
 
 VII. A boys' and girls' secondary school. 
 Such a school has as its pupils both boys and 
 
 girls who are pursuing the studies of the fifth,, 
 sixth, seventh and eighth grades. 
 
 VI II. A secondary school of higher grade. 
 Such a school has as its pupils boys or girls 
 only, or both boys and girls, who are pursu- 
 ing the studies of the fifth, sixth, seventh and 
 eighth grades, and any or all of the four next 
 higher grades. 
 
 IX. A boys' primary school. Such a school 
 has as its pupils boys only who are pursuing 
 the studies of the first, second, third and 
 fourth grades. 
 
 X. A girls' primary school. Such a school 
 has as its pupils girls only who are pursuing 
 the studies of the first, second, third and 
 fourth grades. 
 
 XI. A boys' and girls' primary school. 
 Such a school has as its pupils both boys and 
 girls who are pursuing the studies of the first, 
 second, third and fourth grades. 
 
 XII. A primary school of higher grade. 
 Such a school has as its pupils boys or girls 
 only, or both boys and girls, who are pursu- 
 ing the studies of the first, second, third and 
 fourth grades, and any or all of the higher 
 grades. 
 
 XIII. A secondary and primary schooL 
 Such a school has as its pupils boys or girls 
 only, or both boys and girls, who are pursu- 
 ing the studies of the first eight grades in the 
 graded course of study. 
 
 XIV. A combined school. Such a school 
 is a combination, under the charge of a Super- 
 vising Principal, of any two or more of the 
 schools above named, excepting consolidated 
 schools. 
 
 According to the statistics of 1895, there 
 were thirty-five grammar schools, thirty-five 
 
combined grammar, secondary and primary 
 schools, three combined grammar and sec- 
 ondary schools, four combined grammar and 
 primary schools, thirty-four consolidated 
 schools, forty-two secondary schools, sixty- 
 seven combined secondary and primary 
 schools, eighty-seven primary schools, and 
 one hundred and five kindergartens, making 
 
 a total of four hundred and twelve elementary 
 schools. This number, added to the number 
 of high schools (5), special schools* (3), and 
 cooking schools (5), make the grand total of 
 four hundred and twenty-five public schools 
 in the District. 
 
 * Under this head maybe considered the James Forten 
 Elementary Manual Training School, School of Industrial 
 Art, and School of Observation and Practice. 
 
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Schools of the First Section 
 
 The boundaries of the First Ward of the 
 City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 First Section of the First School District of 
 Pennsylvania, are Wharton street, along the 
 River Delaware to the Back Channel, to 
 Broad street, to Passyunk avenue, to Whar- 
 ton street. 
 
 The schools of the First Section are as 
 follows: John H. Taggart Combined Gram- 
 mar, Secondary and Primary School, Fifth 
 and Porter streets, H. L. Noble, Supervising 
 Principal; Charles S. Close Combined Gram- 
 mar and Primary School, Seventh and Dick- 
 inson streets, Edward Neville, Supervis- 
 ing Principal; John P. Baugh Grammar 
 School, Dickinson street above Sixth, 
 Matilda Hand, Supervising Principal; Wil- 
 liam Welsh Combined Grammar, Secondary 
 and Primary School, Thirteenth and Jackson 
 streets, Mary E.Elsea, Supervising Principal; 
 Weccacoe Combined Secondary School, 
 Second and Reed streets, Margaret J. 
 Neville, Supervising Principal; Francis Read 
 Combined Secondary and Primary School, 
 Eleventh and Moore streets, Anna M. Lash, 
 Supervising Principal; Calhoun Combined 
 Secondary and Primary School, Tenth street 
 and Snyder avenue, Lydia McStocker, Super- 
 vising Principal; L. H. Smith Combined 
 Secondary and Primary School, Fifth street 
 and Snyder avenue, Mary G. Brown, Super- 
 vising Principal; Tasker Combined Second- 
 ary and Primary School, Ninth and Tasker 
 streets, Mary J. Colwell, Supervising Princi- 
 pal; David Foy Combined Secondary and 
 
 Primary School, Eighth and Wolf streets, 
 Nellie C. Graham, Supervising Principal; Mor- 
 ris Combined Primary School, Morris street 
 below Second, Lydia D. Myers,- Supervising 
 Principal; Henry Clay Primary School, 
 Lancaster street above Reed, Mary G. 
 Edmunds, Principal; Henry Clay Kinder- 
 garten, Lancaster street above Reed, M. 
 Elizabeth Clifton, teacher. 
 
 At the time of the consolidation of 
 the various districts and boroughs in the 
 County of Philadelphia, in 1854, the ter- 
 ritory now comprising the First Section 
 contained but three schools, the Weccacoe, 
 White Hall and Buck Lane. The two latter 
 have since been replaced by newer schools. 
 The Tasker and the Morris Schools were 
 built about 1868, and were named in honor 
 of two very prominent residents of the First 
 Ward. The David Foy and Charles S. Close 
 Schools were named in honor of former mem- 
 bers of the board of directors of the First 
 Section. 
 
 The newest and largest school in the Sec- 
 tion is the John H. Taggart, which is located 
 in a handsome building opened early in 1896. 
 It is splendidly equipped and is considered 
 one of the finest school buildings in the city. 
 
 The schools of the First Section are in a 
 crowded condition and efforts are being made 
 to obtain a new building for the Section at 
 Thirteenth and Porter streets. 
 
 Before the appointment of the present 
 member of the Board of Public Education 
 from this Section, Philip S. Hortz, the 
 
Section was represented in the Board by A. S. 
 Jenks, who died in 1895, after serving as a 
 member for twenty-eight years. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The president of the board of directors of 
 the First Section in 1896 was Thomas F. 
 
 CorneHus Alexander, Jr., was born in Phila- 
 delphia, March 22, 1857; elected a director in 
 1896. 
 
 Otto Arthur Bihn was born in Philadel- 
 phia, August 1, 1865; elected a director in 
 1894. 
 
 Charles E. Davis was born in Philadelphia, 
 January 30, 1836; elected a director in 1882. 
 
 THOMAS F. DULING. 
 
 JOHN H. PETERSON. 
 
 Duling; born in Philadelphia. January 31, 
 1847; elected a director in 1884; chosen presi- 
 dent in 1895. 
 
 The secretary of the board was John H. 
 Peterson; born in Philadelphia, September 
 27, 1838; elected a director in 1880; chosen 
 secretary in 1880. 
 
 John Neill Fort was born in Philadelphia, 
 April 23, 1844; elected a director in 1896; is 
 editorially connected with "The Item." 
 
 Other members of the board were John 
 Allen, John M. Gleeson, William S. 
 Molineaux, Conrad Muhly, William P. 
 Naglee and Andrew J. Toland. 
 
WILLIAM WELSH CU.MLIM.D GRA.MMAi.. .;L^„:\i..U,\ AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, 
 
 Southeast corner Thirteenth and Jackson Streets. 
 
 First Section. 
 
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Schools of the 5econd Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Second Ward of the 
 City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Second Section of the First School District 
 of Pennsylvania, are the Delaware River, 
 Broad street. Wharton street to Passyunk 
 avenue, to Ellsworth, to Broad, to Christian. 
 
 The schools of the Second Section are as 
 follows: George W. Nebinger Combined 
 Grammar and Primary, Carpenter street 
 above Sixth, William L. Welsh, Supervising 
 Principal; Washington Combined Secondary 
 and Primary, Carpenter street above Ninth, 
 Beulah H. Fenimore, Supervising Principal; 
 Wharton Combined Secondary and Primary, 
 Fifth street below Washington avenue, Jen- 
 nie L. Russell, Supervising Principal; John 
 Stockdale Secondary and Primary, Thir- 
 teenth and South Marshall streets, Josephine 
 Ritchie, Principal; Watson Primary School, 
 Mary street below Second, Lidie Minton, 
 Principal; Kindergarten No. i, 924 South 
 Ninth street, Julia M. Gregg, Principal; Kin- 
 dergarten No. 2, Mary street below Second, 
 Anna S. Hunterson, Principal; Kindergarten 
 No. 3, Thirteenth street and South Marshall, 
 Martha Swartz, teacher. 
 
 The Watson School, famiUarly known as 
 the Mary Street School, is the oldest school 
 in the Section. It was erected about the 
 middle of the present century, and was named 
 in honor of Samuel F. Watson, who was 
 among the first public school masters in Phil- 
 adelphia. Previous to the establishment of 
 this school there had been a primary for girls 
 in the upper stories of the Southwark Engine 
 House, of the old Volunteer Fire Depart- 
 ment, Third street north of Washington ave- 
 nue. Miss Anna Wilson was its Principal. 
 
 This school was moved to the Watson build- 
 ing. Shortly after a school for boys was or- 
 ganized in the same building, Mary Johnson 
 being the first Principal. 
 
 About twelve years ago the boys' and girls' 
 schools were consolidated, and Miss Louisa 
 J. Lindsay was elected Principal. She was 
 succeeded, in 1894, by the present Principal, 
 Miss Lidie Minton. 
 
 The Wharton School was in former 
 years called the Washington School. On 
 the site of the present Wharton School 
 the summer residence of the old Whar- 
 ton family was at one time located. 
 Between the time of the destruction of 
 this house and the erection of the present 
 Wharton School, the site was occupied by a 
 building used first for an orphan asylum, later 
 as a carriage factory, and then as a school. 
 From this building the school obtained the 
 title of "The Old Coach Factory School," a 
 name which is sometimes applied even to the 
 present building by the older residents of the 
 section, although it has been about thirty- 
 five years since the factory building gave 
 place to a regular school edifice. 
 
 Prior to the erection of the Wharton 
 School building, and during its earlier his- 
 tory, there were a number of small schools lo- 
 cated in the eastern end of the Section, most 
 of which were afterward removed to this 
 building. 
 
 In 1890 the Wharton School was com- 
 bined, and Miss Jennie L. Russell became 
 Principal. 
 
 A grammar school, which was afterward 
 called the George W. Nebinger School, in 
 honor of an esteemed and influential control- 
 
ler, was established in 1864, in the Wharton 
 School building. This was not the first gram- 
 mar school in the Section, although there was 
 none other at the time of its organization. 
 Away back in the '30's there was a school 
 equivalent to a grammar school, although 
 not so called, in this locality. The Principal 
 was A, Thomas Smith. 
 
 Some of the classes of what was afterward 
 the Nebinger School were located in other 
 buildings during the early history of the 
 school, the accommodations being exceed- 
 ingly poor. The present building was erected 
 in 1868. The first Principal was Samuel Me- 
 cutchen, who was afterward a professor in 
 the Central High School. 
 
 The erection of this building relieved 
 crowded schools in the Section, and the pu- 
 pils of a school located on Newton street, a 
 small thoroughfare west of Fourth street, 
 above Washington avenue, were transferred 
 to the Wharton building, as were also those 
 of the secondary department of a school lo- 
 cated on Sixth street north of Carpenter. The 
 primary department of the latter school was 
 transferred to a rented building on Fifth 
 street below Washington avenue, which has 
 since been known as the Robert Raikes 
 School, this being the name of the old build- 
 ing on Sixth street. The classes in the rented 
 building are under the same supervision as 
 the Wharton School, and are not organized 
 as a separate school. 
 
 The Nebinger School was combined in 
 1893 under the present Supervising Princi- 
 pal, William L. Welsh. 
 
 The Washington School building was 
 erected in 1870, and the school was formed by 
 the transfer of several small schools to the 
 new building, among the number being the 
 Robinson School, located in the basement of 
 a Methodist Church, near Eleventh street 
 and Washington avenue, and a school in a 
 private house in the same locality. 
 
 There were four separate schools in the 
 Washington building, two secondaries and 
 two primaries, until 1891, when it was 
 
 combined under the present Supervising Prin- 
 cipal, Miss Beulah H. Fenimore. 
 
 The John Stockdale School building was 
 erected in 1885, and was named in honor of a 
 schoolmaster who had formerly taught 
 Dr. Andrew Nebinger, then Controller 
 of the Section. The school which was 
 placed in this building had previously 
 been known as the Western Secondary 
 and Primary School, and had been lo- 
 cated successively on Temple street, a small 
 thoroughfare south of Carpenter street, be- 
 tween Twelfth and Thirteenth, and in a pri- 
 vate house at 1007 South Twelfth street. It 
 
 MRS. JOSEPHINE RIICHIE. 
 
 was generally known as the Temple Street 
 School. At that time Mrs. Josephine Ritchie 
 was Principal of the Secondary School, and 
 when the secondary and primary grades were 
 consolidated in 1895, she was elected Prin- 
 cipal. 
 
 For many years Dr. George W. Nebinger, 
 above referred to, was Controller of the Sec- 
 tion. At his death his brother, Dr. Andrew 
 Nebinger, succeeded him, and he, in turn, 
 was succeeded by Dr. Robert Nebinger, an- 
 other brother. Dr. A. W. Duval next repre- 
 sented the Section, and was succeeded by the 
 present member of the Board of Public Edu- 
 
S.,.,/. .s*^/?-^'0^-- . 
 
 WHARTON COMBINED SECONDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, 
 
 Fifth Street, below Washington Avenue. 
 
 Second Section. 
 
cation from the Second Section, x\very D. 
 Harrington. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Second Section in 1896 was Dr. Joseph 
 L. Mann, born in Philadelphia, February 17, 
 1858; elected a Director in 1887: has served 
 as President for the last four years. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board in 1896 was 
 George N. Lowery; born in Philadelphia in 
 
 DR. JOSEPH L. MANN. 
 
 1857; elected a Director in 1887; chosen 
 Secretary in 1888; was for three years an at- 
 tache of the City Controller's office. 
 
 George B. Blizzard was born in Chester, 
 Pa.; elected a Director in the Second Section 
 in 1893. 
 
 John Irving Dillon was born in Wilkes- 
 Barre, Pa., October 25, 1870; elected a 
 Director in 1895; is editorially connected with 
 'The Call." 
 
 Thomas F. McMahon was born in County 
 Clare, Ireland, October 30, 1847; elected a 
 Director in 1886. 
 
 Alonzo North was born in Philadelphia 
 August 29, 1843; elected a Director in 1891, 
 and again in 1895. 
 
 Robert Kern was born in Philadelphia Feb- 
 ruary 3, 1856; elected a Director in 1895. 
 
 John Augustus Reade was born in Cecil 
 County, Md., May 28, 1846; elected a Di- 
 rector in 1894. 
 
 GEORGE N. LOWERY. 
 
 Gustavus A. Ricketts was born in Philadel- 
 phia January 20, 1854; elected a Director in 
 1890 and again in 1894; was printer in Phila- 
 delphia Post Office during Harrison's ad- 
 ministration. 
 
 John W. Schaal was born in Philadelphia 
 in 1856; elected a Director in 1894. 
 
 Other members of the Board were David 
 Phillips and William Welsh. 
 
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Schools of the Third Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Third Ward of the 
 City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Third Section of the First School District of 
 Pennsylvania, are Broad street to Fitzwater, 
 to Passyunk avenue, to German, to Second, 
 to Mead, to Svvanson, to Catharine, to the 
 Delaware River, to Christian, to Broad. 
 
 The schools of the Third Section are as fol- 
 lows: Mt. Vernon Grammar School (for boys), 
 Catharine street above Third, Geoffrey Buck- 
 waiter, Supervising Principal; Grammar 
 School for Girls and Primary Schools, same 
 building; Florence Combined Secondary and 
 Primary School, Catharine street below 
 Eighth, Kate H. Bunting, Supervising Princi- 
 pal; Fletcher Combined Secondary and Pri- 
 mary School, Christian street above Front, 
 Elizabeth A. McGuire, Supervising Principal; 
 Lyons Combined Secondary and Primary 
 School, Catharine street above Tenth, and 
 Christian street below Sixth, Mary G. Des- 
 mond, Supervising Principal; Beck School, 
 Catharine street above Sixth, Helen B. Beg- 
 ley, Principal; Kindergarten No. i, Catharine 
 street above Sixth, Virginia B. Jacobs, 
 teacher; Kindergarten No. 2, Catharine street 
 above Tenth, Anna M. Duncan, teacher. 
 
 In conformity with the provisions of the 
 Act of 181 8, four schools were established 
 that year in the Third Section, which included 
 the Districts of Southwark and Moyamen- 
 sing. Two of these schools met in Paul Beck's 
 school-house and two in Commissioners' 
 Hall, Second street below Queen. In 1821, 
 the last named schools were moved to Catha- 
 rine above Third, and were designated the 
 Catharine Street School, the name. Mount 
 
 Vernon, not being given until 1848. The first 
 Principal was Samuel F. Watson, in the boys' 
 and Mary Nagle, in the girls' school. The 
 teaching was in accordance with the Lancas- 
 terian system. 
 
 In 1828 a change was made by the Board of 
 School Controllers, and the District of South- 
 wark alone became the Third Section, while 
 the District of Moyamensing was called the 
 Ninth Section. Joseph Patrick, still living, 
 relates that in 1832, during the cholera epi- 
 demic the pupils of the Catharine Street 
 School were notified oy the Principal that the 
 city authorities had taken possession of the 
 building for a cholera hospital and that there 
 would be no school until the disease had 
 abated. 
 
 This occurred early in June, and it was not 
 until late in the year that the pupils returned 
 to school. 
 
 The Beck School on Catharine street above 
 Sixth, used originally for free school purposes, 
 was secured by the public school authorities 
 in 1895, and is occupied entirely by primary 
 grades and a kindergarten. Mrs. Helen B. 
 Begley, one of the leading teachers in the city,, 
 was unanimously elected the first Principal 
 and already has made it a model school. 
 
 The schools of the Third Section have always 
 held a foremost place in the City of Philadel- 
 phia, and to the Third Section is due the 
 credit of recognizing the worth of women as 
 teachers of boys. In 1868 the Board of Di- 
 rectors elected Mrs. M. A. McManus Prin- 
 cipal of the Boys' Grammar School, she hav- 
 ing held a corresponding position in the girls^ 
 school for five vears. W^hen her confirmation 
 
was asked for from the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation, that body refused to grant it because 
 it was an "innovation." The local Board ap- 
 pealed to the courts for a mandamus, which 
 was issued, and the confirmation was 
 secured. Mrs. McManus occupied this posi- 
 tion until December 31, 1895, when she re- 
 tired. 
 
 During her term of service in the 
 Mt. Vernon School Mrs. McManus was 
 recognized by school authorities and 
 parents as one of the best teachers 
 in Philadelphia. Of a kindly, genial 
 disposition, ever ready to personally help the 
 
 To the last named belongs the credit of 
 having the various schools of the Third Sec- 
 tion placed under the control of Supervising 
 Principals. The first to be so organized was 
 the James W. Fletcher, in 1892, followed the 
 next year by the Thomas B. Florence. In 
 1895, two school buildings, the Lyons and 
 Springer, were placed under one Principal, and 
 finally, at the beginning of 1896, the Mt. 
 Vernon Schools were united under the pres- 
 ent Principal, GeofTrey Buckwalter. 
 
 MRS. M. A. McMANUS. 
 
 backward pupil and to encourage the bright 
 one, she gained the regard of all who were 
 fortunate enough to spend their earlier school 
 days with her, while as a disciplinarian she 
 possessed the rare faculty of enforcing order 
 without incurring the ill-will of the pupils. 
 Her voluntary retirement from the school was 
 the occasion of a farewell scene that will prob- 
 ably never be duplicated. 
 
 The members of the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation from the Third Section, since the Act 
 of Consolidation, are as follows: Alexander 
 Greaves, Washington J. Jackson, Charles 
 Welsh, James W. Fletcher, Washington J. 
 Jackson, Samuel F. Flood and the present 
 incumbent, Joseph D. Murphy. 
 
 MRS. HELEN B. BEGLEV. 
 
 Some of the Principals of the Mt. Vernon 
 School have become distinguished in other 
 educational institutions, notably Thomas May 
 Peirce, deceased, and H. Y. Lauderback, who 
 established business colleges in this city; 
 George W. Fetter, who left the Mt. Vernon 
 School to become Principal of the Normal 
 School, and George W. Schock, who resigned 
 to become Professor of Mathematics in the 
 Central High School. 
 
 Graduates of the schools of the Third Sec- 
 tion are eminent in every walk of life, and it 
 will not be amiss to mention a few of them. 
 In the U. S. Navy are James McQ. Forsyth, 
 
 336 
 
Commander; John Borthwick. engineer, and 
 W. P. Simon, surgeon. Among Philadel- 
 phia's prominent lawyers are Henry R. 
 Edmunds, U. S. Commissioner; Michael F. 
 McCullen, Assistant United States District- 
 Attorney, and Thomas W. Barlow, Assistant 
 District-Attorney for the City of Philadel- 
 phia. This section also has the honor of 
 having graduated Rev. Ignatius F. Horst- 
 
 185 1 ; elected a member of the Board in 1887; 
 chosen secretary in 1894. 
 
 Joseph C. Cree was born in Philadelphia, 
 August 2, 1861; elected a director in 1894. 
 
 Thomas A. Cullen was born in Philadelphia 
 June 20, i860; elected a member of the Board 
 in 1895. 
 
 Frederick J. Cuneo was born in Philadel- 
 phia, September 24, 1870; elected a director in 
 1896. 
 
 JOSEPH D. MURPHY. 
 
 man. Catholic Bishop of Cleveland, O., and 
 Henry George, of Single Tax fame. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Third Section in 1896 was Joseph D. 
 Murphy, member of the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation from that Section. [For biography 
 see page yy.] 
 
 The secretary of the Board was Harry T. 
 Kingston; born in Philadelphia, February 9, 
 
 ^^pf^^^pTO 
 
 HARRY T. KINGSTON. 
 
 Dr. John H. Remig was born in New York, 
 October 25, 1870; elected a director in 1895; 
 is district physician. 
 
 Dr. David A. Rosenthal was born in 
 Odessa, Russia, in 1868; elected a director in 
 1896. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Victor 
 Fermani, Joseph M. Gore, C. A. Harris, John 
 S. Kennelly, Jr., James McGucken and Henry 
 J. Trainer. 
 
 239 
 
BECK SCHOOL, 
 
 Catharine Street, above Sixth. 
 Third Section. 
 
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Schools of the Fourth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Fourth Ward of the 
 City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Fourth Section of the First School District 
 of Pennsylvania, are Broad street, along Fitz- 
 water street to Passyunk avenue, to German 
 street, to Mead street, to Swanson street, 
 to Catharine street, to the Delaware River, 
 to South street, to Broad street. 
 
 The schools of the Fourth Section are as 
 follows: Ringgold Grammar School (for 
 
 School No. I, Guilford and Bainbridge 
 streets. Rose McNeill, Principal; Primary 
 No. 2, same building, Mary A. Byrne, Prin- 
 cipal; Primary No. 3, Fifth street above 
 German, Ella F. Hasson, Principal; Primary 
 No. 4, same building, Mary T. Mullin, Prin- 
 cipal; Primary No. 5, Nos. 605-9 Fitzwater 
 street, Susan A. Ferry, Principal; Primary 
 No. 6, same building, Caroline Creth, Prin- 
 
 WM. HENRY PARKER. 
 
 boys). Eighth and Fitzwater streets, W. 
 Henry Parker, Principal; Grammar School 
 for girls, same building, Mary Maxwell, Prin- 
 cipal; Ringgold Secondary School, Eighth 
 and Fitzwater streets, Mary E. Helmbold, 
 Principal; Fagen Secondary School, Twelfth 
 street above Fitzwater, Mary T. McGet- 
 tigan, Principal; William M. Meredith Sec- 
 ondary School, Fifth street above German 
 Mary F. Belcher, Principal; Primary 
 
 MISS MARY MAXWELL. 
 
 cipal; Primary No. 7, Twelfth street above 
 Fitzwater, Annie Newgarden, Principal; 
 Primary No. 8, same building, Margaret T. 
 Steen, Principal; Primary No. 9, Eighth and 
 Fitzwater streets, Lizzie McKeown, Princi- 
 pal; Kindergarten No.i, No. 921 Bainbridge 
 street, C. Jessie Buggy, teacher; Kinder- 
 garten No. 2, Zella R. Nicholson, teacher; 
 Kindergarten No. 3, No. 703 South Twelfth 
 street, Emilie O'Donnell, teacher. 
 
The first school organized within the Hmits 
 of what is now the Fourth Section, was 
 established in a rented building in 1818, and 
 called the Moyamensing School. The first 
 teachers were Peter McGowan and Ann 
 Dolby, and they continued in service in this 
 school for a number of years. William 
 Roberts was later the Principal of the boys' 
 department. 
 
 The Ringgold School is the outgrowth of 
 this old Moyamensing School. In it a 
 
 WILLIAM J. MANNING. 
 
 number of Philadelphia's well-known men 
 received their early education. 
 
 The history of the Fagen and Meredith 
 Schools dates back a number of years, the 
 building of the former being erected about 
 1867 and that of the latter in the early '70's. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The president of the board of directors of 
 the Fourth Section in 1896 was William j. 
 Manning, the Section's representative in the 
 
 Board of Public Education. [For biography 
 see page 78.] 
 
 The secretary of the board was John F. 
 Snyder; born in Philadelphia, February 5,. 
 1857; elected a director in 1891; chosen 
 secretary in 1894. 
 
 William H. P. Barnes was born in Philadel- 
 phia, February 19, 1834; elected a director 
 in 1895; is an ex-member of Common Coun- 
 cil. 
 
 Richard Hazard was Ijorn in Philadelphia, 
 February i, 1856; elected a director in 1896; 
 is an ex-membei of Common Council. 
 
 JOHN F. SNYDER. 
 
 James Mealey was born on August 20, 
 1834; elected a director in 1894. 
 
 William Notson Seary was born in Phila- 
 delphia, February 21, 1867; elected a di- 
 rector in 1896. 
 
 Isaac Wright was born in Parkesburg, Pa., 
 in 1837; elected a director in 1890. 
 
 Other members of the board were Thomas 
 B. Brown, Henry K. Bunting, John D. 
 Kessler, James Mclntire, Thomas Smyth, Jr. 
 
 246 
 
BURK ac M?FrrRlD5t Co 
 
 RINGGOLD GRAMMAR SCHOOL, 
 
 Northeast corner Eighth and Fitzwater Streets. 
 Fourth Section. 
 
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Schools of the Fifth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Fifth Ward of the 
 City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Fifth Section of the First School District of 
 Pennsylvania, are Seventh street, the Dela- 
 ware River, South and Chestnut streets. 
 
 The schools of the Fifth Section are as fol- 
 lows: Horace Binney Combined Grammar, 
 Secondary and Primary. Spruce street below 
 Sixth, Alfred V. Sayre, Supervising Principal; 
 George M. Wharton Combined Secondary 
 and Primary, Third street below Pine, Rosa- 
 lie J- Dunton, Supervising Principal; Kinder- 
 garten No. I, 307 Lombard street, Louise 
 Kimmell. Principal; Kindergarten No. 2, 
 Spruce street below Sixth, Alice E. Rahn, 
 teacher; Kindergarten No. 3,100 Pine street, 
 Alice D. Campbell, teacher. 
 
 The Horace Binney School had its origin 
 in the Southeast School, which was opened 
 in a brick building on Front street below 
 Pine, February 4, 1834. The PHncipal of the 
 boys' department was James M. Bird and the 
 girls' department was under the principalship 
 of Susan D. Johnston. 
 
 In 1861 the latter department was re- 
 moved to a private house at 254 South Sec- 
 ond street, noted as the birthplace of Gen- 
 eral George B. McClellan, and ten years later 
 both the boys' and girls' schools were re- 
 moved to the school building on Third street 
 below Pine, forming the George M. Wharton 
 School. Li 1874 the pupils of the grammar 
 departments were removed to the Horace 
 Binney School. 
 
 The Horace Binney building was not a new 
 one at that time. It had formerly been a 
 church. In 1873 the body chosen to revise 
 
 the Constitution of Pennsylvania met in this 
 building. After the convention had con- 
 cluded its sessions the city obtained posses- 
 sion of it, and remodeled it for school pur- 
 poses. To-day the grammar grades occupy 
 that part of the building which was the body 
 of the church, and the primary grades are in 
 the Sunday-school portion. 
 
 The two departments of the school were 
 united in 1887, and Professor Nicholas H. 
 
 MISS ROSALIE J. DUNTON. 
 
 Maguire was elected Supervising Principal- 
 He was succeeded, in 1895, by Alfred V. 
 Sayre, the present Principal. 
 
 When the grammar grades were removed 
 from the Wharton to the Binney School 
 building, in 1874, two secondary and three 
 primary schools were placed in the Wharton 
 building. In 1894 these schools were reor- 
 ganized as a combined secondary and primary 
 
school, under the present Supervising Prin- 
 cipal, Miss Rosalie J. Dunton. 
 
 For many years a school was conducted in 
 the building now occupied by the James For- 
 ten Elementary Manual Training School, un- 
 der the control of the Directors of the Fifth 
 
 JOSEPH GEORGE BOYD. 
 
 Section. It was originally a grammar and 
 primary school. 
 
 Since 1854 the Fifth Section has been rep- 
 resented in the Board of Public Education 
 successively by Richard Montgomery, John 
 
 R. Angney, M. D.. Thomas Fitzgerald, 
 Michael McGeoy, James H. Gaw, Jacob 
 Reed, Lewis C. Cassidy and John M. Camp- 
 bell. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors 
 of the Fifth Section in 1896 was Joseph 
 George Boyd; born in Milton, Pa., August 
 II, 1852; elected a Director in 1893; chosen 
 President in 1896. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Joseph E. 
 Lipman. 
 
 Cadwallader D. B. Balbirnie was born in 
 England, September 28, 1869; elected a Di- 
 rector in 1896. 
 
 Robert Cottingham was born in Ireland, 
 August 28, 1848; elected a Director in 1894. 
 
 Edward F. Meanywas born in Norristown, 
 December 8, 1852; elected a Director in 1890. 
 
 Dr. William H. Wells was born in Philadel- 
 phia September 25, 1859; elected a Director 
 in 1896. 
 
 Other members of the Board of Directors 
 were John F. Doyle, Charles Ebert, Henry S. 
 Martin, Thomas Mongiven, Samuel Ray and 
 George J. Brodwater. 
 
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Schools of the Sixth Section 
 
 The boiiiularies of the Sixth Ward of the 
 City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Sixth Section of the First School District of 
 Pennsylvania, are Seventh street, the Dela- 
 ware River, Chestnut and Vine streets. 
 
 The schools of the Sixth Section at the 
 beginning of 1896 were as follows: North- 
 eastern Grammar School, Crown and Race 
 streets. Andrew Macfarlane, M. D., Principal; 
 Secondary No. i. Crown street above Race, 
 
 DR. ANDREW MACFARLANE. 
 
 Elizabeth A. Fitzpatrick, Principal; Second- 
 ary No. 2, same building, Margaret C. Mead, 
 Principal; Primary School No. i, New street 
 above Front, Susan E. Patterson, Principal; 
 Primary No. 2, Crown and Race streets, 
 Elizabeth Wright, Principal; Kindergarten 
 No. I, Crown street above Race, Margaret J. 
 Parke, Principal; Kindergarten No. 2, New 
 street below Second, Grace W^hite, Principal. 
 
 The New Street School was established 
 some years before consolidation under the 
 name of the Northeast Public School. The 
 building was destroyed by fire in 1850, and re- 
 built the following year. 
 
 In 1868 the Northeastern Grammar School 
 was erected on a site formerly occupied by a 
 soldiers' home, and the grammar department 
 of the school on New street was transferred 
 to the Crown and Race streets building. The 
 New Street School then became Primary 
 No. I. 
 
 In 1889 the boys' and girls' departments 
 of the Northeastern School were organized 
 as a mixed school, under the principalship of 
 Dr. Andrew Macfarlane, and in September, 
 1896, the Northeastern School and the Sec- 
 ondary Schools on Crown street above Race 
 were combined as a mixed grammar, second- 
 ary and primary school, with Dr. Macfarlane 
 as Supervising Principal. 
 
 The number of distinguished men who were 
 pupils in the Sixth Section included the late 
 Congressman Samuel J. Randall, the late ex- 
 Mayor Richard Vaux, the late ex-Governor 
 of New Jersey, Leon Abbett, and ex-Governor 
 of Pennsylvania Robert E. Pattison. 
 
 The following have represented the Sixth 
 Section in the Board of Public Education 
 since 1867: Madison R. Harris, John Shed- 
 den, Dr. H. S. Deputy, Charles H. Le Fevre, 
 Casper W. Findley, Theodore A. Freeman and 
 John P. Gloninger. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Sixth Section in 1896 was C. Augustus 
 Widmayer; born in Baltimore, Md., August 
 
2, 18395 elected a Director in 1878; chosen 
 President in 1886. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Frank P. 
 Sheeran; born in Philadelphia, February 15, 
 1856; elected a Director in 1882: chosen Sec- 
 retary in 1884. 
 
 Thomas Kennedy was born in Ireland, Au- 
 gust 22, 1847; elected a Director in 1893. 
 
 Aaron G. Krause was born in Pottsgrove. 
 Pa., in 1842; elected a Director in 1896. 
 
 John P. Sidle was born in Lisburn, Cum- 
 berland County, Pa.; elected a Director in 
 1890. 
 
 C. AUGUSTUS WIDMAYER 
 
 Dr. William R. Gieser was born in Dover, 
 Del., January 9, 1859; elected a Director in 
 1896. 
 
 Charles A. Getzinger was born in Balti- 
 more, Md., October 18, 1855: elected a Di- 
 rector in 1887; is clerk in the office of the City 
 Controller. 
 
 FRANK p. SHEERAN. 
 
 Other members of the Board of Directors 
 were John A. Addis, Charles L. Hartman, 
 George W. Holzworth, Dr. A. P. Kellar and 
 James Nolan. 
 
 258 
 
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Schools of the Seventh Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Seventh Ward of the 
 City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Seventh Section of the First School District 
 of Pennsylvania, are Seventh street, the 
 Schuylkill River. South and Spruce streets. 
 
 The schools of the Seventh Section are as 
 follows: U. S. Grant Combined Grammar and 
 Secondary. Seventeenth and Pine streets. 
 Thomas G. Gentry. Sc. D.. Supervising Prin- 
 cipal: J. S. Ramsey Combined Secondary and 
 Primary. Pine and Quince streets. Agnes 
 Martin, Supervising Principal; Secondary and 
 Primary School. Twenty-third street above 
 Lombard, Kate L. Caldwell. Principal: Alice 
 Lippincott Secondary School, Nineteenth and 
 Addison streets, Annie J. Crosby, Principal: 
 Octavius V. Catto Secondary School (col- 
 ored), Lombard street above Twentieth. 
 Caroline R. Le Count. Principal: Alice Lip- 
 pincott Primary School No. i. Nineteenth 
 and Addison streets, Elizabeth W. Guy, Prin- 
 cipal; Alice Lippincott Primary School No. 
 2, Nineteenth and Addison streets, Julia B. 
 Harper, Principal: Kindergarten No. i. 1120 
 Pine street. Anna J. McDonough, Principal: 
 Kindergarten No. 2, Twenty-third street 
 above Lombard, Amelia Sage, Principal; 
 Kindergarten No. 3. Lombard street above 
 Twentieth, Melinda J. Amos. Principal; Kin- 
 dergarten No. 4. Nineteenth and Addison 
 streets, Sarah S. Rawlins. Principal. 
 
 The first school that was organized in what 
 is now the Seventh Section was located on 
 Spruce street near Rittenhouse square, and 
 was opened in 1826 under the name of the 
 Southwestern School. The first teacher 
 mentioned in the records was John D. Bird. 
 In 1838 the school was transferred to the 
 
 building which is still standing near Twenty- 
 third and Lombard streets. This build- 
 ing was used exclusively as a boys' school. 
 William Wallace Wood was its first Principal, 
 and the school soon came to be called 
 "Wood's School." The name has clung to it 
 to the present day. 
 
 There was an infant school established in 
 this liuilding. Jt afterward became a primary 
 and still later a secondary school. In 1843, 
 Primary No. 3 was opened on Lombard street 
 above Eleventh, and in 1848 a school known 
 as Primary No. 18 was established on Lom- 
 bard street west of Thirteenth. In this year 
 the Southwestern Schools w^re called the 
 Hamilton Schools. 
 
 At the time of Consolidation, 1854, a new 
 primary known as No. 5 was organized in a 
 building on Lombard street near Twentieth, 
 and Secondary No. 4 was opened in the 
 Wood's building. 
 
 During the year 1861 the Southwestern 
 Grammar Schools were transferred to the 
 building at Nineteenth and Addison streets. 
 
 In 1895 Primary No. 3 became known as 
 Primary No. 2, and Primary No. 5 became 
 Primary No 4. In June of the same year the 
 schools at Twenty-third and Lombard streets 
 were consolidated under the principalship of 
 Miss Kate L. Caldwell. 
 
 For more than forty years the. John S. 
 Ramsey School was known as the Pine and 
 Quince Streets School. In the year 1850 the 
 sum of $6,275 was appropriated for the erec- 
 tion of the building. In the records of 1854 
 the following schools are mentioned as oc- 
 cupying the building: Secondary No. 2 (for 
 boys); Secondary No. 3 (for girls), and 
 
Primary No. i. Primary No. 6 was organ- 
 ized in the same building about 1868, and the 
 following year Secondary No. 2 was trans- 
 ferred to the Seventeenth and Pine streets 
 building. Agnes Martin became Principal of 
 the Pine and Quince Streets School in 1888. 
 
 In 1893 the school was organized and 
 placed under supervision. In 1894 the name 
 was changed to that which it now bears, in 
 honor of the late John S. Ramsey, M. D., who 
 was prominently identified with the school 
 interests of the Seventh Section. 
 
 The Alice Lippincott Schools were formerly 
 called the Nineteenth and Addison Streets 
 Schools. They were organized early in the 
 
 Owing to the increase in population in the 
 Seventh Section, and the consequent increase 
 in the number of pupils desiring admission tO' 
 the schools, a school was established in 1869, 
 in a new building at Seventeenth and Pine 
 streets. It was then called the Southwest- 
 ern School. Edward Gideon was the first 
 Principal of the Boys' Grammar School in 
 the new building. There were several 
 changes in the principalship, and in 1884 the 
 present Supervising Principal, Thomas G. 
 Gentry, Sc. D., became the head of the school. 
 
 Dr. Gentry is a native of Holmesburg, Pa.,, 
 and was educated in the Central High School 
 of this city. Soon after graduation, 
 
 JOHN S. RAMSEY, M. D. 
 
 THOMAS G. GENTRY, Sc. D. 
 
 '50's, and were probably formed by the group- 
 ing of a number of small schools in that local- 
 ity. The schools in this building were Pri- 
 maries No. 2 and No. 3 (both for boys), and 
 Primary No. 4 (for girls). Since that time 
 other schools have been transferred to the 
 Nineteenth and Addison streets building, and 
 in 1895 the school-house was named the Alice 
 Lippincott School, in honor of the late Mrs. 
 J. Dundas Lippincott, a leading society 
 woman of Philadelphia. During the summer 
 of 1896 the building was entirely remodeled, 
 and now presents an imposing appearance. 
 
 he entered upon what has proved to- 
 be a most successful career as a 
 teacher. He is a scientist and scholar of 
 splendid attainments and high repute. He is 
 the author of several books on scientific sub- 
 jects, and is connected with the Academy of 
 Natural Sciences and other organizations of a 
 similar character." In 1888 he received the 
 degree of Doctor of Science from the Chicago- 
 Academy of Sciences. 
 
 In 1885 the name of the Southwestern 
 School was changed to the U. S. Grant 
 School. In 1890 the schools in this building: 
 
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 263 
 
were combined and placed under supervision. 
 Dr. Gentry being chosen Supervising Princi- 
 pal. 
 
 The first cooking school established in an 
 elementary public school was in the Grant 
 School. It was organized in October, 1893. 
 
 The Octavius V. Catto Colored School had 
 its origin in a private school, taught by Mrs. 
 C. A. Atwell, nee Jennings, in the early '6o's. 
 Miss Jennings was a graduate of the Institute 
 for Colored Youth, and started a school for 
 colored children at her home. South street 
 above Tenth. It grew^ rapidly in numbers, 
 and she applied to the Board of Directors of 
 
 street, a small thoroughfare running east 
 from Twelfth street, below Pine. Here 
 the school was opened as a Colored Unclassi- 
 fied School, with Miss Jennings as Principal. 
 In 1867 the latter resigned and Miss Caroline 
 R. LeCount, the present principal of the 
 Catto School, was chosen to succeed her. 
 
 In 1878 the present building was erected. 
 It was named in honor of Octavius V. Catto, 
 who was at one time connected with the In- 
 stitute for Colored Youth. 
 
 The Principal, Miss LeCount, is the veteran 
 public school teacher among her people, and 
 was the first among them to receive from the 
 
 STRICKLAND KNEASS SHEDAKER. 
 
 THOMAS DURHAM. 
 
 the Fourth Section, in which she resided, to 
 take the school under its control. The di- 
 rectors would consent to take it only on the 
 condition that Miss Jennings would relinquish 
 the principalship and take an assistant's posi- 
 tion. This she declined to do, and later a 
 similar application was made by her to the 
 Seventh Section School Board, and was favor- 
 ably acted upon. 
 
 In 1863 a room was rented in Ma- 
 sonic Hall, Eleventh below Pine, and 
 to this the school was transferred. In 
 1864 a building w^as rented on Ohio 
 
 Board of Public Education a certificate of 
 qualification to teach. 
 
 The representative of the Seventh Section 
 in the Board of Public Education for many 
 years, prior to the appointment of the present 
 member. Miss Anna Hallowell, was Lewis 
 Elkin. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Seventh Section in 1896 w-as Thomas 
 Durham; born near Belfast, Ireland. February 
 
 265 
 
I, 1823; elected a Director in 1872; chosen 
 President in 1880 and asrain in 1886. 
 
 MRS. C. A. ATWELL. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Strickland 
 Kneass Shedaker; born in Philadelphia, 
 
 b^brnary i, 1863; elected a Director in 1890; 
 chosen Secretary in 1893. 
 
 William H. Fagen was born in Philadelphia 
 November 26, 1856; elected a Director in 
 1896; is an inspector of customs. 
 
 Dr. Edwin Clarence Howard was born in 
 Boston, Mass., October 21, 1846; elected a 
 Director in 1892. 
 
 Frank J. Pryor, Jr., was born in Pottsville, 
 Pa., July 22, 1866; elected a Director in 1894. 
 
 James Alexander Russell was born in Phil- 
 adelphia, September 12, 1852; elected a Di- 
 rector in 1893; is chief bill clerk in the Bureau 
 of Water. 
 
 Edwin Jaquett Sellers was born in Philadel- 
 phia, July 25, 1865; elected a Director in 
 ]895. 
 
 Other members of the Board were William 
 J. Barton, Louis K. Esray, M. D., Robert 
 Hastings, Charles L. Leiper and William P. 
 Price. 
 
OCTAVIUS V. CATTO SECONDARY SCHOOL-COLORED, 
 
 Lombard Street, above Twentieth. 
 
 Seventh Section. 
 
 267 
 
Schools of the Eighth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Eighth Ward of the 
 City of Pliiladelphia. which comprises the 
 Eighth Section of the First School District 
 of Pennsylvania, are Seventh street and the 
 Schuylkill River, Chestnut and Spruce streets. 
 
 The schools of the Eighth Section are as 
 follows: Locust Street Combined Grammar 
 School, Twelfth and Locust streets, S. 
 Matilda Scott, Acting Principal; Hollings- 
 worth Combined Secondary and Primary 
 Schools, Locust street above Broad, Anna L 
 McCormick. Supervising Principal; Garfield 
 Primary School, Twenty-second and Locust 
 streets, Sallie A. Long, Principal; Kinder- 
 garten No. I, Twenty-second and Locust 
 streets, Adele W.Mackenzie, teacher; Kinder- 
 garten No. 2, Locust street below Fifteentli. 
 F. M. Kellogg, teacher. 
 
 The Locust Street School is one of the old- 
 est in the city and has graduated many who 
 have become distinguished citizens. It was 
 originally located near Sixth and Loml:)ard 
 streets, and was removed to the building at 
 Twelfth and Locust streets in October, 1828. 
 William S. Cleavenger was the Principal of 
 the boys' school until 1857. He was succeed- 
 ed by William Stirling, who was followed by 
 Miss S. Matilda Scott. 
 
 The Principal of the girls' school up to 1842 
 was Eliza R. Eastburn, and her successors 
 were Elizabeth H. Cox, Catharine Gillingham 
 and Sarah McGonegal. Miss McGonegal wan 
 Principal from May, 1854, until December, 
 1895, when the schools were combined. She 
 is in every way a remarkable woman, and 
 thousands of pupils who passed through the 
 school during her forty-one years as Principal 
 
 refer with enthusiasm to her beneficent influ- 
 ence.* The teachers under her were also im- 
 pressed by her personality, and one of them, 
 Miss Anna H. Hall, now Principal of the 
 School of Observation and Practice, recently 
 stated that she felt she ow^ed whatever success 
 she had attained as a teacher to the training 
 which she received under Miss McGonegal. 
 
 MISS S. MATILDA SCOTT. 
 
 The following are the names of a few of the 
 many prominent men who were pupils in the 
 Locust Street School: Mayor Charles F. War- 
 wick; Richardson L. Wright and Paul Kava- 
 nagh, of the Board of Pubhc Education; 
 Professor George Inman Riche, a former 
 Principal of the Central High School; Pro- 
 fessors James A. Kirkpatrick, a former pro- 
 fessor, and Zephaniah Hopper, who is still 
 
 * The author of this work is indebted to Miss McGonegal 
 for the facts herein relating to the Locust Street School. 
 
 369 
 
-connected with the faculty of the Central 
 High School; Rev. T. B. Neely, Rev. Jesse Y. 
 Burk, Charles Atherton, George Hancock, 
 Col. Cecil Clay, Alfred L. Clay, Col. George 
 H. North, Ensign John S. Griscom, Dr. 
 Charles S. Turnbull. ex-Sheriff Horatio P. 
 Connell and Thomas J. Hunt. 
 
 The Hollingsworth School, at Fifteenth 
 and Locust streets, was built in 1867. The 
 school was organized by the consolidation of 
 a girls' secondary, at Broad and Walnut 
 streets; boys' secondary that had been in the 
 American Protestant Association's Hall, on 
 Locust street; boys' primary. T>ocust street 
 
 born in Philadelphia, October 19, 1853; 
 elected a director in 1889; chosen president in 
 1896; was assistant United States District 
 Attorney from 1875 to 1885. 
 
 The secretary of the board was J. Lewis 
 Good: born in Philadelphia, February 4. 1853; 
 elected a director in 1880: chosen secretary in 
 1882. 
 
 Louis Alexander Biddle was born in Phila- 
 delphia, March 12, 1863; elected a director in 
 
 1895. 
 
 Col. Wendell Phillips Bowman was born in 
 Philadelphia; elected director over eight years 
 
 HOOD GILPIN. 
 
 J LEWIS GOOD. 
 
 near Twelfth, and girls* primary, 221 South 
 Sixteenth street. The Principals of these 
 different departments of the Hollingsworth 
 School have been Lucy McCuUough, Martha 
 Hollis, Margaret Thompson, Georgiana 
 Lewis, Elizabeth Kennedy, Anna H. Hall and 
 Anna L McCormick. When the school com- 
 bined, in June, 1891, Miss McCormick be- 
 came Supervising Principal. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The president of the board of directors of 
 the Eighth Section in 1896 was Hood Gilpin; 
 
 ago; is an officer in the National Guard of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Thomas J. Fahy was born in Philadelphia, 
 July 31, 1850; elected a director in 1895; is 
 connected with "The Evening Telegraph." 
 
 Horn R. Kneass was born in Philadelphia, 
 February 10, 1846; elected a director in 1889; 
 was a member of the Board of Health for 
 eight years. 
 
 Other members of the Board were James J. 
 Breen, James Burns, Jr., Thomas P. Cahill, 
 Dr. J. M. Henry, Dr. Clara Marshall and John 
 F. Schiedt. 
 
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 13 
 
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 273 
 
LOCUST STREET GRAMMAR SCHOOL, 
 
 Northeast corner Twelfth and Locust Streets. 
 
 Eighth Section. 
 
 (From an old wood cut.) 
 
Schools of the Ninth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Ninth Ward of the 
 City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Ninth Section of the First School District of 
 Pennsylvania, are Seventh street and the 
 Schuylkill River, Chestnut and Arch streets. 
 
 The schools of the Ninth Section are as 
 follows: Keystone Grammar School, Nine- 
 teenth street above Chestnut, Henry B. 
 Whittington, Principal; Keystone Secondary 
 School, same building, Margaret Robinson, 
 
 HENRY B. WHITTINGTON. 
 
 Principal; Primary No. i. Filbert street above 
 Seventh, dementia F. Hutchinson, Principal; 
 Primary No. 2, Nineteenth street above 
 Chestnut, Isabella Kirkpatrick, Principal. 
 
 The oldest school building in the Section is 
 the Zane Street School, as it was called 
 for many years, located on Filbert street 
 above Seventh. This is the buildins: in which 
 
 the Board of Public Education now has its 
 offices. It was erected in 1841, and was origi- 
 nally called the Washington School. In this 
 building two schools were organized, one for 
 boys and the other for girls. The first Prin- 
 cipal of the boys' school was William G. E. 
 Agnew, while Lydia C. Smith was the first 
 Principal of the girls' school. In 1868, owing 
 to the depopulation of the eastern end of the 
 Ward, the grammar departments were re- 
 moved to the Keystone building, on Nine- 
 teenth street, in which were also placed n 
 boys' secondary and girls' secondary. The 
 two grammar schools were under two differ- 
 ent Principals until 1896, Miss Mary M. Con- 
 way being Principal of the girls' department 
 for several years. When they were consoli- 
 dated Mr. Whittington was elected Principal. 
 
 Other schools organized in the Ninth Sec- 
 tion, but which were closed owing to the de- 
 population of the ward, included a primary 
 school at Seventeenth and Market streets, 
 one at Fifteenth and Market, a primary and 
 secondary at Twentieth and Filbert streets, 
 a primary school on Eleventh street above 
 Market and a school on the south side of Fil- 
 bert street above Eighth. 
 
 Among the prominent citizens of Philadel- 
 phia who were formerly pupils in the schools 
 of the Ninth Section are Mayor Charles F. 
 Warwick and Judge Abraham M. Beitler. 
 
 The Ninth Section was fortunate in being 
 represented for many years in the Board of 
 Public Education by James Freeborn, ex- 
 member of the Legislature, who was a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Directors for over thirty 
 
years, and who still acts as Secretary, although 
 he is not a member of the Board. Mr. Free- 
 born, while in the Legislature, introduced and 
 brought about the passage of the bill provid- 
 ing for the appointment of the members of 
 the Board of Public Education by the judici- 
 ary. He was also the author of the bill pro- 
 viding for the examination of teachers by the 
 Board, and was instrumental in having the 
 Teachers' Institute incorporated. 
 
 The first President of the Board of Direct- 
 ors, after consolidation, was Stephen Far- 
 rand. Other prominent members of the 
 
 of December, was ]\Iordecai Dawson Evans; 
 born in Philadelphia, June 12, 1834; elected a 
 Director in 1891; chosen President in 1893; 
 resigned in December, 1896. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors at 
 the close of 1896 was Edward D. Wadsworth; 
 born in Hallowell, Me., March 28, 1864; 
 elected a Director in 1890; chosen President 
 in December, 1896. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was James 
 Freeborn, above mentioned; born in Phila- 
 delphia in 1823; elected a Director in 1857; 
 chosen Secretarv in 1862. 
 
 MORDECAI DAWSON EVANS. 
 
 Board have been Dr. Daniel Steinmetz, 
 Dr. S. B. Wylie Mitchell, John L. 
 Young, Benjamin F. Kern, Dr. C. Camp- 
 bell Cooper, Dr. William S. Stewart, 
 Richard Ludlow, Joel Thomas, Francis Black- 
 burn, Dr. Simeon Dillingham, John Fareira, 
 Dr. Joseph R. Smith and Francis Newland. 
 Some of these represented the Section in the 
 Board of Public Education. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Ninth Section in 1896, up to the month 
 
 JAMES FREEBORN. 
 
 J.Fletcher Conrad was born in Huntingdon 
 County, Pa., in 1840; elected a Director in 
 1890. 
 
 Alban B. Lynch was born in Philadelphia 
 in 1845; elected a Director in 1892. 
 
 Theodore Smith was born in Philadelphia 
 June 19, 1837; elected a Director in 1885. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Charles 
 J. Drumond, Mahlon D. Young, Arthur Ehr- 
 stein, Emil J. Hertz, Nicholas F. Kline, Joseph 
 W. Lewis and William W. Longstreth. 
 
 378 
 
^■tiiiiirjpttritT 
 
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Schools of the Tenth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Tenth Ward of the 
 City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Tenth Section of the First School District of 
 Pennsylvania, are Seventh street and the 
 Schuylkill River, Arch and Vine streets. 
 
 The schools of the Tenth Section are as 
 follows: Northwestern Combined Grammar. 
 Secondary and Primary, Race street below 
 Fifteenth, Oliver P. Cornman, Supervising 
 Principal; John Agnew Combined Secondary 
 and Primary, Cherry street below Eleventh, 
 Katharine A. Lacy, Supervising Principal; 
 Edward Shippen Primary School, Cherry 
 street above Nineteenth, Emma M. Davis, 
 Principal; Kindergarten No. i. Race street 
 below Fifteenth, Lilian Gaston, teacher; 
 Kindergarten No. 2, Cherry street above 
 Nineteenth, Ursula Chapman, teacher. 
 
 The Northwestern School is one of the old- 
 est in the city. The original building was 
 erected in 1833, an addition being built in 
 1 87 1. Hiram Ayres was the first teacher, and 
 was assisted by Martha C. Hallowell. A num- 
 ber of well-known teachers have since been 
 connected with the Northwestern School, 
 either as principals or assistants. The num- 
 ber includes James Rhoads, afterward a pro- 
 fessor in the Central High School; William 
 W. Wood, Aaron B. Ivins, Philip A. 
 Cregar, afterward Principal of the Girls' High 
 School; H. Y. Lauderbach and C. Henry 
 Kain, now Assistant Superintendent of 
 Schools. 
 
 In March, 1891, OHver P. Cornman, a for- 
 mer pupil of the Northwestern School, was 
 elected Principal of the boys' grammar de- 
 partment. In 1892 the schools in this build- 
 ing were reorganized as a combined grammar 
 
 and secondary, and in 1894 the boys' second- 
 ary and primary, located in a building on 
 Cherry street above Fifteenth, were combined 
 under the same supervision, the Cherry street 
 building being considered as an annex to the 
 other school, half a block distant. 
 
 In the summer of 1896 the main building 
 was so altered and remodeled that it became 
 possible to accommodate the classes from the 
 
 OLIVER p. CORNMAN. 
 
 annex, so that the entire school is now housed 
 in the one building. The Cherry street build- 
 ing is used as an annex to the Central Manual 
 Training School. 
 
 This building on Cherry street is over fifty 
 years old. It is said to be the first building 
 in which glass sashes between the class rooms 
 were used. Miss Margaret Struthers was for 
 many years the able Principal. 
 
The girls' department of the Northwestern 
 School had but three principals during the 
 nearly sixty years of its existence, prior to the 
 time when it was placed under supervision as 
 a part of a combined school. Miss Jane 
 Mitchell was Principal until 1848, Miss E. B. 
 Bond from that time until 1876, and Miss 
 Helen L. Biles until 1892. 
 
 The John Agnew School was erected in 
 1870. Previous to this time a building was 
 rented, on Cherry street below Eleventh, and 
 used as a boys' and girls' primary school. The 
 new building was at first occupied by a boys' 
 primary, but afterward a girls' primary was 
 orofanized in it and a secondarv school was 
 
 school has also graduated many men promi- 
 nent in business, professional and public life. 
 Indeed, the number of these is so great that 
 it would be impossible to enumerate them 
 without danger of omitting some. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Tenth Section in 1896 was Samuel B. 
 Davis; born in Philadelphia in 1853; elected 
 a Director in 1881; chosen President of the 
 Board in 1890. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Harry F. 
 Freeston; born in Wilmington, Del., May 16,. 
 
 SAMUEL B. DAVIS. 
 
 added a few years later. In May, 1894, these 
 three schools were reorganized as a combined 
 secondary and primary. 
 
 The Edward Shippen School was built in 
 the latter part of the '6o's, and occupied by a 
 boys' and girls' primary. It was partly de- 
 stroyed by fire in 1878, and soon rebuilt. In 
 1894 the primary schools were reorganized as 
 a combined primary. The building was 
 named in honor of a former President of the 
 Board of Public Education. 
 
 A number of prominent men have served as 
 Directors in the Tenth Section, the number 
 including the late William R. Leeds, M. Hall 
 Stanton and Robert Coulton Davis. The 
 
 HARRY F. FKEEoTON. 
 
 1855; elected a Director in 1886; chosen Sec- 
 retary in 1889. 
 
 Henry Irwin was born in Ireland, August 
 8, 1853; elected a Director in 1893. 
 
 James Frederick McNichol was born in 
 Philadelphia, September, 1868; elected a Di- 
 rector in 1896. 
 
 Dr. Charles Alfred Page was born in 
 Philadelphia in i860; elected a Director in 
 1889. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Thomas 
 W. Gillespie, Dr. William H. Bricker, James 
 R. Dever, Robert Harper, Charles Hart, Dr. 
 John Shembs and Dr. Edwin C. Warg. 
 
BU'RK &M?FtTRlOC£ Co. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN COMBINED GRAMMAR, SECONDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL. 
 
 North side of Race Street, below Fifteenth. 
 
 Tenth Section. 
 
JOHN AGNEW COMBINED SECONDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, 
 Cherry Street, below Eleventh. 
 
 Tenth Section. \ 
 
 285 
 
Schools of the Eleventh Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Eleventh Ward of 
 the City of Philadelphia, which comprises 
 the Eleventh Section of the First School Dis- 
 trict of Pennsylvania, are Third street and 
 the Delaware River, Vine and Poplar streets. 
 
 The schools of the Eleventh Section are as 
 follows: Northern Liberties Combined Gram- 
 
 Anna Ashton Milligan, teacher; Kindergar- 
 ten No. 2, New Market street above Brown, 
 May S. Willard, teacher; Kindergarten No. 
 3, Third street below Green, Mary E. Bitner, 
 teacher; Kindergarten No. 4, New Market 
 street above Noble, Maria L. Higgins, 
 teacher. 
 
 RINALDO ABRAM LUKENS. 
 
 BERNHARD G. MULLER. 
 
 mar and Primary School, Third street below 
 Green and St. John street below Button- 
 wood (two buildings), Daniel W. Hutchin, 
 Supervising Principal; Madison Combined 
 Secondary and Primary School, New Market 
 street above Noble and New Market street 
 above Brown (two buildings), Barbara 
 Brown, Supervising Principal; Kindergarten 
 No. I, St. John street below Buttonwood, 
 
 At the time the first free schools were es- 
 tablished there was a private school at New 
 Market and Pegg's street, known as the Adel- 
 phi School. This building was rented by the 
 Controllers in 1818, and one of the first 
 schools opened was that established in it. In 
 1825 the building now known as the Mififlin 
 School, in the Twelfth Section, was erected 
 and the school was organized by the transfer 
 
 287 
 
of some of the pupils from the school at New 
 Market and Pegg's streets. What was left 
 of this school was taken some years later to 
 form the Madison School, which is still in 
 existence under that name. 
 
 The present Northern Liberties School 
 was formed of classes taken from the Madison 
 School. 
 
 period have been George S. Lare, Charles S. 
 Austin, Edward Geary, C. William Geissel 
 and B. G. Muller. The Section has been 
 represented in the Board of Public Education 
 by Samuel Taylor, Thomas W. Marchment, 
 Charles Abel, James S. Hinkle, Thomas A. 
 Fahy, Charles S. Austin, Samuel T. Child and 
 William H. R. Lukens. 
 
 DANIEL W. HUTCHIN. 
 
 The presidents of the board of directors 
 since consolidation have been Samuel Megar- 
 gee, Reuben Hanse, James D. Brown, Wil- 
 son Kerr, Thomas A. Fahy, Edward 
 Matthews, J. Christian Miller and R. A. 
 Lukens. The secretaries during the same 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Eleventh Section in 1896 was Rinaldo 
 Abram .Lukens; born in Philadelphia, No- 
 vember 16, 1836; elected a Director in 1870; 
 chosen president in 1873; is a member of the 
 Board of Revision of Taxes. 
 
 The Secretary was Bernhard G. Muller; 
 born in Germany, January 12, 1841; elected 
 a Director in 1878; chosen secretary in 1895. 
 
 Edward Cunnie was born in Ireland, May 
 9, 1855; elected a Director in 1891. 
 
 Emerson W. Custis was born in Washing- 
 ton, D. C; elected a Director in 1896. 
 
 William Krouse, Jr., was born in Philadel- 
 phia, May 9, 1855; elected a Director in 1889. 
 
 John R. Marlin was born in Philadelphia, 
 February i, 1855; elected a Director in 1887. 
 
 Decatur Milligan was born in Lewisburg, 
 Pa., in 1834; elected a Director in 1878. 
 
 Other members of the Board were George 
 W. Apple, Christian Bier, Michael J. Lena- 
 han, Louis C. Michaelsen and Peter Schlaefer. 
 
 a88 
 
NORTHERN LIBERTIES COMBINED GRAMMAR AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, 
 
 Third Street, below Green. 
 
 Eleventh Section. 
 
 289 
 
BEIDEMAN SCHOOL, 
 
 St. John^Street, below Buttonwood. 
 
 Eleventh Section. 
 
 (From an old wood cut.) 
 
 391 
 
Schools of the Twelfth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Twelfth Ward of 
 the City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Twelfth Section of the First School District 
 of Pennsylvania, are Sixth and Third, Vine 
 and Poplar streets. 
 
 The schools of the Twelfth Section are as 
 follows: Mifflin Secondary School No. i. 
 Third street above Brown, Josephine H. 
 Davis, Principal; Mifflin Secondary No. 2, 
 same building, Martha Josephs, Principal; E. 
 M. Paxson Secondary School No. 3, Noble 
 street below Sixth, Caroline A. Stout, Prin- 
 cipal; E. M. Paxson Secondary No. 4, same 
 building, Ella V. Dare, Principal; Rovoudt 
 Primary School, Fairmount avenue below 
 Fifth street, Kate M. Berlin, Principal; E. 
 M. Paxson Primary School, Noble street be- 
 low Sixth, Regina C. Donovan, Principal; 
 Saunders Primary School, Dillwyn and Cal- 
 lowhill streets, Elizabeth Hogan, Principal; 
 Kindergarten No. i, Fairmount avenue below 
 Fifth, Elizabeth Stokes, Principal; Kinder- 
 garten No. 2, Dillwyn and Callowhill streets, 
 •Gertrude Cahill, Principal; Kindergarten No. 
 3, Noble street below Sixth. Carrie Kuhn, 
 Principal. 
 
 The Mifflin School building is the second 
 oldest school edifice in Philadelphia, the only 
 building erected before it being the Model 
 School, on Chester street. The Mifflin build- 
 mgwas erected in 1825, at a cost of $8,142.60. 
 It has continued in use, with but slight alter- 
 ations, to the present day. There is a space 
 of five feet between the ceiling of the first 
 story and the floor of the second, the object 
 being, presumably, to prevent the pupils 
 down stairs from being disturbed by the noise 
 made by those above. 
 
 This is the only school of historic interest 
 in the Twelfth Section, the others having been 
 established from time to time since consolida- 
 tion. In 1867 the building at Dillwyn and 
 Callowhill streets was erected, and in 1868 
 the school on Fairmount avenue below Fifth 
 was built, facing on Maria street. In 1871 a 
 lot was purchased on Noble street below 
 Sixth, and on it the Paxson School was 
 erected. 
 
 Among the men who have been identified 
 with school management in the Twelfth Sec- 
 tion, as Controllers or Directors, are Alder- 
 man Peter Hay, Thomas James, Charles M. 
 Wagner, John F. Belsterling, James S. Wat- 
 son, Magistrate Albert H. Ladner, William 
 E. Littleton, Thomas M. Locke, ex-Con- 
 gressman Frederick Halterman, George H. 
 Horn, Peter Rovoudt, George K. Zeigler, 
 Joseph Reakhart, Macpherson Saunders, Wil- 
 liam M. Levick, Charles J. Sutter, M. Hall 
 Stanton, Edwin McCalla and Bettle Paul. 
 
 The Twelfth Section was represented in the 
 Board of Public Education for many years by 
 M. Hall Stanton, who was President of that 
 body fom 1870 to 1877. Dr. A. H. McAdam, 
 now deceased, succeeded Mr. Stanton as 
 member from the Twelfth Section, and held 
 his seat in the Board until his death, in 1896, 
 when he was succeeded by Thomas A. Grace. 
 
 Dr. McAdam was born in Philadelphia, 
 December 7, 1839. He was educated in pri- 
 vate and public schools in this city, and grad- 
 uated from the medical department of the 
 University of Pennsylvania in 1863. He was 
 a member of Select Council fom 1874 to 1877. 
 
 Dr. McAdam was elected a School Director 
 in 1869, and was President of the Board for a 
 
short time, but resigned to go into Councils. 
 At the time of his death he was President of 
 the Board, as well as the representative in the 
 Board of Public Education. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Twelfth Section at the close of 1896 was 
 
 Dr. Louis Denime Bauer was born in Phil- 
 adelphia, September 9, 1868; elected a Di- 
 rector in 1895. 
 
 Henry J. Emenecker was born in Philadel- 
 phia in i860; elected a Director in 1894. 
 
 George W. Joerger was born in Philadel- 
 phia, July 4, 185 1 ; elected a Director in 1882. 
 
 Oliver G. J. Schadt was born in Allentown,. 
 Pa., May 23, 1858; elected a Director in 1895; 
 
 DR. A. H. McADAM 
 
 Emil Jungmann; born in Heidelberg, Ger- 
 many, June 2, 1859; elected a Director in 
 1896; chosen President in 1896. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Oscar E. 
 Rother; born in Baden, Germany, September 
 9, 1863; elected a Director in 1895; chosen 
 Secretary in 1896. 
 
 OSCAR E. ROTHER. 
 
 is principal of a college and business prepara- 
 tory school. 
 
 Other members of the Board were John 
 Maxwell, Fred. W. Haussman, Dr. T. Hamp- 
 ton Moore, Charles Nagle, John Frank and 
 Frederick A. Schmidt. 
 
MIFFLIN SECONDARY SCHOOL, 
 
 Third Street, above Brown. 
 
 Twelfth Section. 
 
\ ai 
 
 297 
 
Schools of the Thirteenth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Thirteenth Ward of 
 the City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Thirteenth Section of the First School Dis- 
 trict of Pennsylvania, are Sixth and Tenth, 
 Vine and Poplar streets. 
 
 The schools of the Thirteenth Sec- 
 tion are as follows: Wyoming Gram- 
 mar School (for boys). Sixth street 
 and Fairmount avenue, Martha F. Bav- 
 ington. Principal; Grammar School for 
 Girls, same building, Alabel McClure, Prin- 
 cipal; Wyoming Secondary School, same 
 building, Rebecca S. Wright, Principal; J. O. 
 Adams Secondary and Primary, Garden 
 street below Buttonwood, Daisy T. Wright, 
 Principal; Warner Combined Secondary and 
 Primary, Eighth street above Parrish, Ella 
 Jacobs, Supervising Principal; Kindergarten 
 No. I, Garden street below Buttonwood, 
 Minnie C. Atwood, Principal; Kindergarten 
 No. 2, Eighth street above Parrish, Harriet 
 E. Farrand, Principal; Kindergarten No. 3, 
 Sixth street and Fairmount avenue, Alice G. 
 Fox, teacher. 
 
 The first grammar school in the Thirteenth 
 Section was organized about 1850, in the 
 building on Perth street above Parrish, and 
 was called the Warner Grammar School, in 
 honor of Henry Warner, who was at one time 
 controller of the Section. Among the early 
 principals were James G. Barnwell, William 
 Sterling, H. R. Smith, Dr. William S. Ste- 
 phens, Martha R. Brodie and Mrs. S. A. 
 Henzey. The grammar schools were after- 
 ward removed to the Garden street building 
 and called the J. O. Adams Schools, and still 
 
 later they were transferred to the Wyoming 
 building. 
 
 The latter was erected in 1868 and dedi- 
 cated on November 5th of that year, with in- 
 teresting exercises. Addresses were made 
 by Edward Shippen, then President of the 
 Board of Public Education, and Rev. Dr. T. 
 DeWitt Talmage. Dr. Stephens was Prin- 
 cipal of the boys' school until 1887, when he 
 was succeeded by the present Principal, Miss 
 
 J\V 
 
 MISS ELLA JACOBS. 
 
 Bavington, a teacher of long experience. 
 Mrs. Sarah A. Henzey resigned as principal of 
 the girls' school in 1892, and was succeeded 
 by the present Principal, Mabel McClure. 
 
 The Wyoming School was enlarged in 1889 
 by the addition of an annex. 
 
 The J. Q. Adams School was reorganized in 
 1885, with Miss Sophia Burmeister, now a 
 teacher in the Normal School, as Supervising 
 
 299 
 
Principal. She was succeeded l)y Miss Daisy 
 T. Wright. 
 
 The Warner School formerly consisted of 
 three separate schools, the principals being 
 Julia B. Jackson, Mary Byrnes and Mary A. 
 Jeffries. The latter taught in the Section for 
 thirty-seven years. She died in April. 1896. 
 
 HENRY JOHN STAGER. 
 
 The school-house was built facing on 
 Perth street, which is east of Eighth, but in 
 1886 two properties were purchased on 
 Eighth street, and the entrance was changed. 
 Other improvements have recently been 
 effected. 
 
 In 1890 the Warner School was reorganized 
 and Miss Ella Jacobs became Supervising 
 Principal. Under her management the 
 school has been greatly improved, and is rec- 
 ognized as one of the most progressive in the 
 city. 
 
 Among the prominent men who have been 
 Directors in the Thirteenth Section are 
 Henry Warner, George Rockenburg, George 
 Henzey, John Fry, Samuel Allen, James V. 
 Watson, John C. Kelly and Ellsworth H. 
 Hults. The Section has been represented in 
 the Board of Public Education by John B. 
 Green, James V. Watson, John L. Kinsey, 
 now City Solicitor, and Dr- Martin H. 
 Williams, the present member from the Thir- 
 teenth. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors cf 
 the Thirteenth Section in 1896 was Samuel D. 
 Lit; elected President in 1895. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Henry John 
 Stager; born in Schuylkill Haven, Pa., August 
 27, 1842; elected a Director in 1895; chosen 
 Secretary in 1896. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Max 
 Brueckmann, James Buckman, Alexander P. 
 Dutton, Dr. D. W. Fleming, A. S. Giles, 
 Albert M. Hicks, Dr. H. C. Paist, Dr. E. L. 
 Smith, Brock Watson and James H. Wolfe. 
 
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Schools of the Fourteenth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Fourteenth Ward of 
 the City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Fourteenth Section of the First School Dis- 
 trict of Pennsylvania, are Tenth and Broad, 
 Vine and Poplar streets. 
 
 The schools of the Fourteenth Section are 
 as follows: Hancock Grammar Schools (for 
 boys), Fairmount avenue above Twelfth 
 street, Charles A. Randall, A. M., Principal; 
 Grammar School for Girls, same building, 
 Annie E. Williams, Principal; Roberts Vaux 
 Consolidated School (colored). Wood street 
 below Twelfth, Miss Mary F. Durham, Prin- 
 cipal; Hancock Secondary School, Fairmount 
 avenue above Twelfth street, Ella E. Clay, 
 Principal; John M. Ogden Secondary School, 
 Twelfth and Wistar streets, Emma J. Sallade, 
 Principal; Robert T. Conrad Secondar}^ 
 School, Melon street below Twelfth, Annie G. 
 Stretch, Principal; Primary School No. i, 
 Twelfth and Wistar streets, Laura V. Biga- 
 low, Principal; Primary No. 2, Twelfth and 
 Ogden streets, Anna E. Lindsay, Principal; 
 Primary No. 3, same building, Eliza F. Le- 
 Maistre, Principal; Primary No. 4, Melon 
 street below Twelfth, M. Gertrude Slemmer, 
 Principal; Kindergarten No. i. Melon street 
 below Twelfth, Emma F. Mingus, Principal; 
 Kindergarten No. 2, Twelfth and Ogden 
 streets, Margaret P. Wilkins, Principal. 
 
 As early as 181 9 there was a school in wdiat 
 is now the Fourteenth Section, located on 
 Buttonwood lane, now Buttonwood street. 
 This school was located in a rented building 
 for a number of years and later the Monroe 
 Grammar Schools were organized in a new 
 building at the same location, Buttonwood 
 
 street below Eleventh. These schools were 
 disbanded in 1876. Many well-known citizens 
 received their early education in the Button- 
 wood Street School, under such well-known 
 principals as Alexander H. Laidlaw, Thomas 
 May Peirce, Philip A. Cregar, Richard 
 Glassen, George M. Sayre, George H. Stout 
 and Dr. Andrew Macfarlane. 
 
 The Hancock Schools were established in 
 1842, with Professor Nicholas H. Maguire 
 and Rachel Brodie as principals. Some very 
 prominent citizens were educated in these 
 schools and when the fiftieth anniversary was 
 celebrated, it brought together a notable as- 
 semblage, including such men as Judge 
 Hanna, Judge James Gay Gordon, George H. 
 CHfT, Principal of the Normal School; Dr. 
 Robert Ellis Thompson, President of the 
 Central High School; Dr. Edwin J. Houston 
 and Professor Elihu Thompson, the noted 
 electricians; Professor George H. Stuart, of 
 the Central High School; Alfred H. Love, 
 and many others equally well known. 
 
 The principals of the Hancock Boys' Gram- 
 mar School have been Professor Nicholas H. 
 Maguire, James H. Eldridge, Professor 
 George Stuart and Charles A. Randall, who 
 has been at the head of the scliooi since 1866. 
 
 The Robert T. Conrad School was named 
 in honor of a former mayor of Philadelphia, 
 and the John M. Ogden School in honor of a 
 school director, who served many years ago. 
 
 One of the most notable schools is the col- 
 ored school, named in honor of the first Presi- 
 dent of the Board of Public Education. This 
 school was originally organized in the Twelfth 
 Section, and was removed to what was then 
 
called the William D. Kelley building, on 
 Wood street, in 1876. Under an able Prin- 
 cipal, Jacob C. White, Jr., the school had a 
 most successful career for many years. As 
 colored pupils have been received into all the 
 other schools in recent years, however, the 
 Roberts Vaux School has decreased greatly 
 in numbers. When Mr. White resigned the 
 principalship, in 1896, the school was reorgan- 
 ized, with Miss Mary F. Durham as Principal. 
 
 EUVVARD NICHOLS. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Fourteenth Section, in 1896, was Edward 
 Nichols; born in Philadelphia, December 27, 
 1834; electeda Director in 1880; chosen Presi- 
 dent of the Board in 1882. 
 
 The Secretary was Alexander Abrahams; 
 born in Cambridge, Mass., December 22, 
 
 1861 ; elected a Director in 1893; chosen Sec- 
 retary of the Board in 1895. 
 
 Charles P. Hart was born in Philadelphia, 
 October 21, 1863; elected a Director in 1895. 
 
 Washington Huttenlock was born in Phil- 
 adelphia in 1843; elected a Director in 1895; 
 is janitor of the Central High School. 
 
 Edwin M. Johnson was born in Philadel- 
 phia, July 24, i860; elected a Director in 1894. 
 
 ALEXANDER ABRAHAMS. 
 
 Charles Henry Joyce was born in Philadel- 
 phia, November 24, 1845; elected a Director 
 in 1885. 
 
 Peter Schmitt was born in Germany, in 
 1852; elected a Director in 1895. 
 
 George Warren Weaver was born in Phil- 
 adelphia, March 9, i860; elected a Director 
 in 1895. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Charles 
 J. Dittess, James H. Miller, Edward F. Swift 
 and Joseph B. Vankirk. 
 
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Schools of the Fifteenth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Fifteenth Ward of 
 the City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Fifteenth Section of the First School District 
 of Pennsylvania, are Broad street and the 
 Schuylkill River, Vine and Poplar streets. 
 
 The schools of the Fifteenth Section are 
 as follows: Thaddeus Stevens Combined 
 Granmiar, Secondary and Primary School, 
 Seventeenth street above Fairmount avenue, 
 Louis A. Ridge, Supervising Principal; Lin- 
 coln Combined Grammar, Secondary and Pri- 
 mary, Twentieth street and Fairmount ave- 
 nue, Emilie M. Crease, Supervising Principal; 
 Livingston Secondary, Twenty-third street 
 abov<^ Callowhill, Sarah A. Evans, Principal: 
 A. D. Bache Secondary, Twenty-second and 
 Brown streets. Miss Emma R. Farrand, Prin- 
 cipal: Primary School No. i. Twenty-third 
 street above Callowhill, Annie M.McQuiggan, 
 Principal; Primary No. 2, same building, 
 Emma Graham, Principal; Primary No. 3, 
 Twenty-second and Brown streets, Anne L. 
 Croasdill, Principal; Primary No. 4, same 
 building, Emilie Martin, Principal; Kinder- 
 garten No. I, Twenty-third street above Cal- 
 lowhill, Frances J. Stephenson, Principal; 
 Kindergarten No. 2, Seventeenth street above 
 Fairmount avenue, May McKnight, Prin- 
 cipal. 
 
 There were two public school buildings in 
 the Fifteenth Section at the time of consol- 
 idation, one at Twenty-third and Callowhill 
 streets, and the other at Seventeenth and 
 Coates. The former had been a church build- 
 ing, and had been purchased by the Commis- 
 sioners of Spring Garden District in 1848, and 
 remodeled for school purposes. It was called 
 
 the Fairmount Grammar School, and was af- 
 terward named the Livingston School. The 
 other building, which contained one second- 
 ary and two primary schools, was called the 
 Francisville School. This building was used 
 until 1874, when it was torn down and the 
 Thaddeus Stevens School was erected on the 
 same site. 
 
 The Principal of this school at the time of 
 consolidation was George Yeager. Other 
 
 LOUIS A. RIDGE. 
 
 Principals have been James G. Barnwell, 
 George R. Bradford, Francis S. Belden, 
 George W. Schock and Louis A. Ridge, the 
 present Principal. 
 
 In 1861 a new building was erected at 
 Twentieth and Coates streets, which later be- 
 came known as the Lincoln School. Those 
 who have been Principals of the Lincoln 
 School are Miss A. M. Clayton, Miss Gilling- 
 ham. Miss Bradbury, Miss Lydia A. Kirby, 
 
Miss Snyder, Miss Mary Wright, Miss Sarah 
 E. Wolf and Miss Crease. 
 
 The A. D. Bache School building was 
 opened in September. 1868. The same year 
 a school house at Seventeenth and Wood 
 streets was built, which was used as a Fif- 
 teenth Section School until 1885, when it was 
 vacated and the Central Manual Training 
 School was organized in it. Miss Margaret 
 M. Farrand, sister of the present Principal of 
 the Bache School, was a teacher in the Fif- 
 teenth Section for fifty years. She resigned as 
 Principal of the Bache School in July, 1896. 
 
 The old building occupied by the Living- 
 ston School was torn down in 1871, and a 
 
 In 1868 a colored school was organized irt 
 a building on Brandywine street above Fif- 
 teenth, and called the Bethany School. In 
 1874 it was named the Charles Sumner 
 School, and so continued until July, 1896,. 
 when, owing to the continued decrease in at- 
 tendance, it was abolished. Emma R. Far- 
 rand was the Principal at the time the school' 
 was abandoned. 
 
 The following have represented the Fif- 
 teenth Section in the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation: A. H. Manderson, William Matthews,. 
 John J. Kersey, Joseph M. Hancock, Aaron 
 Ivins, Thomas Wood, Thomas Potter,. 
 Charles Adams, Mr. Hoffman, John W. Clark,. 
 
 WILLIAM H. CARSON. 
 
 new structure was built on the same site, on 
 Twenty-third street above Callowhill, and 
 opened in May, 1872. 
 
 Previous to the erection of these various 
 school-houses, a number of rented buildings 
 were used at different times for school pur- 
 poses, including one called Logan Hall, on 
 Vine street above Seventeenth; two churches, 
 one at Twentieth and Buttonwood streets, 
 and the other at Twenty-second and Callow- 
 hill streets; the house of the Western Fire 
 Engine Company, on Callowhill street; a 
 building at Broad and Barclay streets, and 
 one at Sixteenth and Pearl streets. 
 
 S.MITH D. COZENS 
 
 J. J. Harkman, James S. Whitney, H. S. God- 
 shalk and Henry R. Edmunds. 
 
 Mr. Ivins was particularly active in his en- 
 deavors to secure for the schools properly 
 qualified teachers. Before the law providing 
 for the examination by the Controllers of per- 
 sons desiring to become teachers had been 
 passed, he urged the necessity of having a 
 higher grade of work done in the schools. 
 Through his efforts the custom of holding an- 
 nual examinations for teachers was instituted 
 by the Board of Directors of the Fifteenth 
 Section, and continued until the regular an- 
 nual examinations were begun by the Board 
 of Public Education. 
 
Among the proniinent men of Philadelphia 
 who were pupils in the Fifteenth Section 
 schools were Joseph L. Caven, ex-City Treas- 
 urer ^^'illiam B. Irvine, Alexander Crow, Jr., 
 Sheriff of Philadelphia; and Professor E. V. 
 Seeler, of the University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Fifteenth Section in 1896 was William 
 H. Carson; born in Montreal, Canada, Mav 
 
 Public Buildings Commission, and ex-mem- 
 ber of the Legislature. 
 
 Dr. Charles Ouram was born in Philadel- 
 phia, April 14, 1853; elected a Director in 
 1884. 
 
 Dr. Justus Sinexon was born in Philadel- 
 phia, September 24, 1861; elected a Director 
 in 1893; is a United States Pension Surgeon. 
 
 George F. Sturgis was born in Lancaster, 
 Pa., November 3, 1850; elected a Director in 
 1887. 
 
 THOMAS ELWOOD GASKILL. 
 
 23, 1849; elected a Director in 1894; chosen 
 President of the Board in 1896. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Smith D. 
 Cozens; born in Philadelphia, July i, 1842; 
 elected a Director in 1893; chosen Secretary 
 in 1893. 
 
 Thomas Elwood Gaskill was born in Phila- 
 delphia, January 11, 1830; elected a Director 
 in 1870; was a Director in the Second Sec- 
 tion from 1858 to 1867; is a member of the 
 
 THOMAS WOOD. 
 
 Thomas Wood was born in England, Janu- 
 ary 22, 1814; elected a Director in i860; he 
 was a member of the Board of Pulilic Educa- 
 tion in 1862; although past eighty-two years 
 of age he still visits the schools regularly, and 
 is one of the most active members of the 
 Board. 
 
 Other members of the Board were James 
 Crombargar, Anna Longstreth, James Mc- 
 Anirland, Melville B. Parker and J. Addison 
 Woodruff. 
 
THADDEUS STEVENS COMBINED GRAMMAR, SECONDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, 
 
 Seventeenth Street, above Fairmount Avenue. 
 
 Fifteenth Section. 
 
Schools of the Sixteenth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Sixteenth Ward of 
 the City of Philadelphia, which comprises 
 the Sixteenth Section of the First School 
 District of Pennsylvania, are Laurel street 
 and the Delaware River, to Frankford avenue, 
 to Girard avenue, to Sixth street, to Poplar 
 street, to the Delaware River. 
 
 The schools of the Sixteenth Section are 
 as follows: Jefferson Grammar School (for 
 boys), Fifth street above Poplar, J. Fletcher 
 Sickel, Principal; Grammar School for girls, 
 same building, Mary S. Rainier, Principal; 
 Landenberger Secondary School No. i, 
 
 J. FLETCHER SICKEL. 
 
 Fourth street above George, Elizabeth E. 
 Wark, Principal; Landenberger Secondary 
 School No. 2, same building, Mary C. Brous, 
 Principal; Primary No. i, Fifth street above 
 Poplar, Kate E. Carey, Principal; Pri- 
 mary No. 2, Charlotte street above Poplar, 
 Minna L. Bitting, Principal; Primary No. 3, 
 same building, Elizabeth Reville, Principal; 
 
 Primary No, 4, Girard avenue and Leopard 
 street, Elizabeth K. Brous, Principal; Kinder- 
 garten No. I, Girard avenue and Leopard 
 street, Alice K. Hall, teacher; Kindergarten 
 No. 2, Fourth street above George, Lillie G. 
 Flanigen, Principal. 
 
 The history of the Jefiferson Boys' Gram- 
 mar School dates back to 1843, when it first 
 appeared on the records, with Ellen Knox, 
 as teacher. Later, for several years, Zephan- 
 iah Hopper, now senior professor in the 
 Central High School, was Principal of the 
 school. The Landenberger Schools were 
 organized in 1868, L. A. Engard being first 
 Principal of the boys' department, and Rachel 
 Briggs of the girls.' 
 
 From 1879 to 1896 the Sixteenth Section 
 was represented in the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation by Isaac A. Sheppard, who was presi- 
 dent of that body from 1889 to 1896. 
 
 Isaac A. Sheppard was born in Cumber- 
 land County, N. J., July 11, 1827. His 
 ancestors moved from Connecticut and 
 settled in New Jersey in 1696, and here Mr. 
 Sheppard received such educational advan- 
 tages as a country school, held for three 
 months in the year, afforded. 
 
 He came to Philadelphia in 1839, and at 
 the asfe of sixteen entered a brass and iron 
 foundry to learn the trade of a moulder. His 
 evenings were given to study. After sixteen 
 years of hard labor and diligent application, 
 he determined to commence business for him- 
 self, and, with others, established in this city 
 the Excelsior Stove and Hollow Ware Foun- 
 dry, under the firm name of Isaac A. Shep- 
 pard & Co. The business grew so rapidly 
 that some years later the firm established the 
 
Excelsior Stove and Hollow Ware Foundry 
 in Baltimore, and business is now carried on 
 in both establishments. 
 
 Beside managing a large business. Mr. 
 Sheppard has for many years taken an active 
 part in religious, financial, educational and 
 benevolent enterprises. In early life he be- 
 came connected with the Protestant Episco- 
 pal Church, and for thirty years was a Sun- 
 day-School Superintendent. 
 
 He served three years in the Pennsylvania 
 Legislature, where he was particularly active 
 in procuring the passage of the general law- 
 relating to building associations, thus mak- 
 
 ISAAC A. SHEPPAKl). 
 
 ing his name honored by thousands of work- 
 ing people. During the session of 1861 Mr. 
 Sheppard was unanimously elected speaker 
 pro tem., and satisfactorily performed the 
 duties of the office for more than one-third 
 of that session. 
 
 In 1867 the Councils of the city elected 
 him to represent the city's interests in the 
 Northern Liberties Gas Co. By unanimous 
 vote of Councils he continues to hold that 
 trust. 
 
 In 1870 he took a leading part in organ- 
 izing the National Security Bank, and served 
 as director and vice-president until 1886, 
 when he was unanimously chosen president, 
 an office which he still holds. 
 
 Mr. Sheppard was appointed a member of 
 the Board of Public Education in January, 
 1879. He rendered effiicient service for nine 
 years on the Committee on Property, and for 
 six years as chairman of the Committee on 
 Night Schools. He also served for some time 
 on the Committee on Central High School 
 and on other important committees. He was 
 appointed a meml)er of the committee to or- 
 ganize the School of Industrial Art. and was 
 alsochosen asoneof thecommittee to organize 
 the Central Manual Training School. He has 
 particularly identified himself with the estab- 
 lishment of public libraries and the introduc- 
 tion of manual training in the public schools. 
 
 In 1889 he was elected President of the 
 Board and by unanimous re-elections con- 
 tinued in that office until the close of 1896, 
 when he resigned his seat in the Board, be- 
 cause of ill-health. 
 
 Among the benevolent organizations with 
 which Mr. Sheppard is affiliated is the Inde- 
 pendent Order of Odd Fellows. He is a Past 
 Grand Master of the Order in Pennsylvania, 
 and is also Grand Treasurer of the Sovereign 
 Grand Lodge of the Order. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Sixteenth Section in 1896 was Thomas 
 G. Barrett. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was George W. 
 Ruhl. 
 
 Philip Blank was born in Holly Springs, 
 Miss., September 2. 1861; elected a Director 
 in 1896. 
 
 Carl H. Bohn, Ph. G., was born in Philadel- 
 phia, May 7, 1859; elected a Director in 1894. 
 
 Edward F. Noon was born in Philadelphia, 
 October 3, 1842; elected a Director in 1895. 
 
 Dr. William Egbert Robertson was born 
 in Camden, N. J., July i. 1869; elected a Di- 
 rector in 1896. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Charles 
 G, Hays, Henry Hoffman. Thomas S. Morris, 
 William McBride, A. S. Steigerwald and 
 Lewis Obermiller. 
 
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LANDENBERGER SECONDARY SCHOOL, 
 
 Fourth Street, above George. 
 
 Sixteenth Section. 
 
 (From an old wood cut.) 
 
 321 
 
WILLIAM A LEE SCHOOL, 
 
 Howard Street, below Girard Avenue. 
 
 (From an old wood cut.) 
 
 This building was formerly a Sixteenth Section School, but is now occupied by the Northeast Manual Training School. 
 
Schools of the Seventeenth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Seventeenth Ward 
 of the City of Philadelphia, which comprises 
 the Seventeenth Section of the First School 
 District of Pennsylvania, are Oxford street, 
 Frankford avenue, Girard avenue and Sixth 
 street. 
 
 The schools of the Seventeenth Section are 
 as follows: John MofTet Grammar Schools 
 (for boys), Second and Oxford streets, David 
 
 DAVID R. BAER. 
 
 R. Baer, Principal; Grammar School for Girls, 
 same building, Alice E. Clark, Principal; J. R. 
 Ludlow Secondary School No. i, Master and 
 Lawrence streets, Ellen Streper, Principal; J. 
 R. Ludlow Secondary School No. 2, same 
 building, Sallie Sherry, Principal; Webster 
 Secondary School, Hancock street above 
 Girard avenue, Mary A. Murphy, Principal; 
 
 Primary School No. i, Hancock street above 
 Girard avenue, Sarah E. Hill, Principal; Pri- 
 mary No. 2, same building, Mary E. Slater, 
 Principal; Primary No. 3, Master and Law- 
 rence streets, Kate Brasington, Principal; 
 Primary No. 4, same building, Sarah J. Quinn, 
 Principal; Primary No. 5, Second and Ox- 
 ford streets, Mary J. Lloyd, Principal; Kin- 
 dergarten No. I, Master and Lawrence 
 streets, Virginia L. Crawford, Principal; Kin- 
 dergarten No. 2, Second and Oxford streets, 
 Amelia S. Dutt, teacher; Kindergarten No. 
 3, Hancock street above Girard avenue, Zetta 
 B. Cundy, Principal. 
 
 The first school built in what is now the 
 Seventeenth Section was located on Master 
 street west of Second, being erected by the 
 Commissioners of Kensington in 1832. It 
 was first called the West Kensington School, 
 afterward the Master Street Grammar 
 School, and later the Harrison Grammar 
 School. Among the Principals of the boys' 
 department were Dr. A. T. W. Wright, sub- 
 sequently Principal of the Normal School; 
 Professor James McClune, afterward a pro- 
 fessor in the Central High School; Professor 
 Conley Plotts, James H. MacBride, Philip 
 Cressman, Miss Sarah Mills, M. P. Sharp and 
 W. W. Brown. 
 
 Many former pupils of the Harrison School 
 have gained distinction in business and pub- 
 lic life. Its graduates include some of the lead- 
 ing citizens of Philadelphia, among the num- 
 ber being John Russell Young, ex-Minister 
 to China; Judge Thomas K. Finletter, Judge 
 Joseph C. Ferguson, Joseph Robinson, City 
 
Editor of "The Philadelphia Inquirer," and 
 one of the best known and most highly re- 
 spected newspaper men of the city; Dr. Rob- 
 ert Ellis Thompson, President of the Central 
 High School; Major John M. Carson, Wash- 
 ington correspondent of the "Public Led- 
 ger;" Robert Dornan, ex-President of the 
 Kensington National Bank, and of the Manu- 
 facturers' Club; Receiver of Taxes William J. 
 Roney, James Pollock, for many years a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Public Education from 
 
 JAMES HUGHES. 
 
 the Thirty-first Section; the late Dr. John 
 Jackson, Dr. Thomas J. Beatty, ex-Secretary, 
 and Robert Graham, the present Secretary of 
 the Board of Directors of the Seventeenth 
 Section, and the late Magistrate Johnson 
 Roney, who was shot in the battle of Freder- 
 icksburg in 1862, when, as Color-Sergeant of 
 Company G, Ninetieth Pennsylvania, he was 
 carrying to the front a silk flag presented to 
 the regiment by the students of the Normal 
 School. 
 
 The first Principal of the girls' school was 
 Miss Louise Bedford. The next Principal 
 was Mrs. Hutchinson, who was succeeded by 
 Miss Emeline Weigner, who resigned in 1886. 
 
 When the John MofTet building was 
 erected, in 1891, the Harrison School was re- 
 moved to it, the old Harrison building having 
 become unfit for use. 
 
 The Webster school-house was built by the 
 Commissioners of Kensington in 1852, and 
 is now occupied by one secondary and two 
 primary schools. 
 
 Previous to the year 1868 there were five 
 primary schools in rented buildings scattered 
 over the Section, but in that year the Ludlow 
 building was erected and the various schools 
 in rented buildings were transferred thereto. 
 
 The following are the names of some of 
 those who have represented the Seventeenth 
 Section in the Board of Public Education: 
 James McManes, the late Joseph C. Hookey, 
 the late Dr. John MacAvoy and the present 
 member, James Hughes. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Seventeenth Section in 1896 was James 
 Hughes, member of the Board of Public Ed- 
 ucation. [For biography see page 95.] 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Robert 
 Graham; elected a Director in 1872, serving 
 for nine years, and again elected in 1893; 
 chosen Secretary in 1893. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Dr. 
 Thomas J. Beatty, John J. Campbell, Edward 
 J. Devlin, Charles H. Dwyer, M.D., Robert B. 
 Gilbert, Christian F. Gramlich, Dr. William 
 Moffet, Charles J. Mullen, William Schmidt^ 
 George Q. Spiel and Andrew J. Steif. 
 
 326 
 
327 
 
329 
 
Schools of the Eighteenth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Eig^hteenth Ward of 
 the City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Eighteenth Section of the Eirst School Dis- 
 trict of Pennsylvania, are Laurel street and 
 the Delaware River, to Erankford avenue, 
 Norris street to the Aramingo Canal, to 
 Lehigh avenue to the Delaware River. 
 
 The schools of the Eighteenth Section are 
 as follows: Vaughan Combined Grammar. 
 Secondary and Primary School, Marlbor- 
 ough street above Thompson, William H. 
 McLaughlin, Supervising Principal; Alex- 
 ander Adaire Combined Grammar, Secondary 
 and Primary, Palmer street above Thompson, 
 Sarah A. Gilbert, Supervising Principal; T. K. 
 Finletter Secondary and Primary, Montgom- 
 ery avenue and Gaul street, Eliza Windle, 
 Principal; Chandler Combined Secondary and 
 Primary, Montgomery avenue above Rich- 
 mond street, Mary A. Miller, Supervising 
 Principal; Douglass Secondar^^ and Primary, 
 Edgemont and Huntingdon streets, Hannah 
 J. Graham, Principal; Edward Gorgas 
 Combined Secondary and Primary, Bel- 
 grade street and East Susquehanna ave- 
 nue, Clara Bowen, Principal; Primarv No. 
 2, 1014 Schackamaxon street, Maggie V. 
 Fisher, Principal; Kindergarten No. i, 
 Marlborough street above Thompson, Caro- 
 line P. Broom, Principal; Kindergarten No. 
 2, Montgomery avenue and Gaul street, 
 Augusta R. Johnson, teacher; Kindergarten 
 No. 3, Montgomery avenue and Richmond 
 street, Sallie H. Williams, teacher; Kinder- 
 garten No. 4, Huntingdon and Edgemont 
 streets, Sarah H. Newkirk, teacher. 
 
 The earliest record of a school within the 
 limits of what is now the Eisfhteenth Section 
 
 was about the year 1826, when a school for 
 boys and girls was organized in a building 
 long known as the "Yellow School-house." 
 The first teachers were Master Chadwick and 
 Miss Beechey. In 1832 the building was con- 
 verted into a cholera hospital, and was sub- 
 sequently used again for school purposes. 
 The "Yellow School-house" stood on the site 
 of the present Vaughan School, which was 
 built in 1867, and named in honor of a mem- 
 ber of an old Kensington family. The present 
 
 WILLIAM H. McLaughlin. 
 
 Supervising Principal, William H. McLaugh- 
 lin, is a most able and efficient teacher. 
 
 The site of the Alexander Adaire School 
 was formerly occupied by the Morris School 
 building, w'hich was opened as a public school 
 building in 1837, under the principals wdio 
 had at first had charge of the school in 
 the "Yellow School-house." This school was 
 transferred to the Vaughan building in 1867, 
 
and later the Morris building was torn down 
 to make way for a new structure, the Alexan- 
 der Adaire School, which was opened in 1892. 
 It was named in honor of the father of the 
 present member of the Board of Public Edu- 
 cation from the Eighteenth Section. 
 
 This is one of the most handsome school 
 buildings in the city. It was erected at a cost 
 of nearly $70,000, and was dedicated on Sep- 
 tember 28, 1892. There are now twenty 
 classes with an enrollment of over one thou- 
 sand pupils. The school is under the very 
 excellent management of Miss Sarah A. Gil- 
 bert, Supervising Principal. 
 
 The Adaire School building is a model in 
 point of construction, and is fitted up in the 
 
 The idea is to give the pupils clearer con- 
 ceptions of the objects thus represented than 
 could be gathered from a laborious study of 
 natural history. These objects are carefully 
 selected and graded, and the drawing and 
 coloring are true to nature. 
 
 The Chandler school-house was built in 
 1863. The school had its beginning in the 
 Sunday school building of the George Chand- 
 ler Presbyterian Church, on Palmer street. 
 When it had greatly increased in numbers it 
 was divided and removed to two other build- 
 ings, one a rented building on Palmer street 
 above Richmond, and the other, the Kensing- 
 ton Hose Company's house, also on Rich- 
 
 CHARLES A. UPPERMAN. 
 
 CHARLES K. VViGNALL. 
 
 most modern and approved style. A notable 
 feature which this building has in common 
 with several other of the modern school- 
 houses consists of wall maps and pictures, an 
 innovation which has been introduced with 
 excellent satisfaction. Philadelphia took the 
 initiative in this mode of decorating the walls 
 of school buildings. The idea was conceived 
 by William R. Boswell, a Philadelphia artist, 
 and has been elaborated by paintings repre- 
 senting animals and specimens of vegetable 
 life from all parts of the world, as well as 
 maps. 
 
 mond street. These schools were transferred, 
 in 1863, to the new Chandler building. 
 
 The Finletter School was erected in 1873. 
 
 The Gorgas building is the oldest school- 
 house in the Section. For many years it was 
 known as the Wood and W>st Street School, 
 but in 1884 it was given the present name in 
 honor of an old Kensington resident. 
 
 The Douglass school-house was built in 
 1865, and named in honor of another well- 
 known man. Stephen A. Douglass. 
 
 The schools of the Eighteenth Section are 
 all of a high standard and have the advantage 
 of being comfortably housed. They are being 
 
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constantly improved, through the unceasing- 
 efforts of the member of the Board of PubHc 
 Education from that Section, Alexander 
 Adaire, who is one of the most earnest work- 
 ers for the advancement of the public schools 
 in the City of Philadelphia. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Eighteenth Section, in 1896, was Charles 
 A. Upperman. a well-known resident of the 
 
 ward and an active business man, who has 
 been a Director for a number of years. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Charles F. 
 Wignall; born in Philadelphia, December 26, 
 1856; elected a Director in 1895; chosen Sec- 
 retary in 1895. 
 
 Other members of the Board were William 
 H. Baker, David S^ Clunn, Jacob S. Cramp, 
 Isaac S. Doherty, David K. Gilbert, James 
 Moonev, Robert M. Paist, Henry V. Row- 
 land, Dr. H. L. Sidebotham and John Baker 
 Tut tie. 
 
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CHANDLER COMBINED SKCOXDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, 
 
 Montgomery Avenue, above Richmond Street. 
 
 Eighteenth Section. 
 
 (From an old wood cut.) 
 
S. A. DOUGLASS SECONDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, 
 Edgemont and Huntingdon Streets. 
 Eighteenth Section. 
 (From an old wood cut. 
 
Schools of the Nineteenth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Nineteenth Ward of 
 the City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Nineteenth Section of the First School Dis- 
 trict of Pennsylvania, are Frankford avenue 
 and Norris street, to Oxford, to Sixth, to 
 Germantown avenue, to Lehigh avenue, to 
 Kensington avenue, to Front street, to Nor- 
 ris, to Frankford avenue. 
 
 The schools of the Nineteenth Section are 
 as follows: William H. Hunter Cirammar 
 
 Kate J. Geisler, Supervising Principal; Wil- 
 liam F. Miller Combined Secondary and Pri- 
 mary, Howard street above Diamond, Mary 
 S. Hearder, Supervising Principal; Megargee 
 Combined Secondary and Primary, Susque- 
 hanna avenue and Lawrence street, Anna J. 
 McKinney, Supervising Principal; Wilham 
 Adamson Secondary and Primary, Fourth 
 street below Lehigh avenue, Georgiana Buck- 
 ley. Supervising Principal; Cumberland Com- 
 
 ROBERT J. Mclaughlin. 
 
 School (for boys), Dauphin and Mascher 
 streets, S. E. B. Kinsloe, Principal; Grammar 
 School for Girls, same building, Sarah J. Key- 
 ser. Principal; John Welsh Combined Gram- 
 mar and Secondary, Fourth and Dauphin 
 streets, Robert J. McLaughlin. Supervising 
 Principal; Hartranft Combined Secondary 
 and Primary, Seventh street above York, 
 
 MISS SELENA ALLEN. 
 
 bined Secondary and Primary, Hancock and 
 Cumberland streets. Isabella R. Caskey, Su- 
 pervising Principal; Cohocksink Secondary 
 School, Fourth street and Montgomery ave- 
 nue, Annie Lyle, Principal; William H. Hun- 
 ter Secondary, Mascher and Dauphin streets, 
 Laura V. Duncan, Principal; Primary School 
 No. I, Fourth street and Montgomery ave- 
 nue, ]Mary M. Harris, Principal; Primary No. 
 
3, American street above Columbia avenue, 
 Selena xA.llen, Principal; Kindergarten Xo. i, 
 Howard street above Diamond, Jessie H. 
 Vache, Principal; Kindergarten Xo. 2, Fourth 
 and Dauphin streets, Esther G. Tomkinson, 
 Teacher; Kindergarten Xo. 3, American 
 street above Columbia avenue. Miss Emma 
 Cook, Teacher. 
 
 The Megargee building was opened in 
 1 861, and at first contained three schools, one 
 secondary and two primaries. These schools 
 were combined in 1894 under the present Su- 
 pervising Principal, Miss McKinney. 
 
 A school-house called the Price School was 
 built on the site of the present William F. 
 
 removed to the Price building in 1862, and to 
 the new building named in honor of William 
 H. Hunter, a noted teacher, in 1874. The 
 principals since 1861 have been Marma- 
 duke Watson, H. Michener and S. E. B. 
 Kinsloe. 
 
 The John Welsh School building was 
 erected in 1887, and was first occupied in 
 1889. In 1894 the schools in this building 
 were combined, with Robert J. McLaughlin 
 as Supervising Principal. 
 
 The Cumberland school-house was built in 
 1876. In 1894 the secondary and primary 
 schools in the building were combined, under 
 
 HENRY W. SMITH. 
 
 FREDERICK J. SHOYER 
 
 Miller School in 1862, and contained a boys' 
 and a girls' grammar school and a primary 
 school. The Principal of the grammar school 
 was Marmaduke Watson. These schools 
 were transferred in 1874 to the William H. 
 Hunter building, and in 1894 the old Price 
 school-house was torn down and the Miller 
 building erected on the same site. The latter 
 school was organized in December, 1895, ^"" 
 der the present Supervising Principal. Miss 
 Hearder. 
 
 The William H. Hunter School had its 
 origin in a school that was organized in 1861, 
 
 the Supervising Principalship of Miss Caskey. 
 
 What is now the John F. Hartranft School 
 was organized in a building on Fifth street 
 above Huntingdon in 1886, and was removed 
 to the Hartranft building when the latter was 
 erected in 1892. 
 
 The Adamson school building was erected 
 in 1880. The secondary and primary schools 
 in the building were combined in 1894, with 
 Miss Buckley as Supervising Principal. 
 
 The Cohocksink School was formed from 
 two other schools, one a secondary, 
 located on American street above Co- 
 lumbia avenue, called the Franklin 
 School, and the other a primary on 
 Cadwalader street above Columbia avenue. 
 
 348 
 
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The Cohocksink biiikling was erected in 1867, 
 when these schools were transferred thereto. 
 Miss Annie Lyle was Principal of the second- 
 ary at that time, and has so continued to the 
 present day. 
 
 Primary No. 3, also called the Franklin 
 Primary, was organized in 1850. It was for 
 a time simply a primary school, and after- 
 ward a secondary and primary were con- 
 ducted in the same building. In 1867, how- 
 ever, the secondary was removed to the build- 
 ing at Fourth street and Montgomery ave- 
 nue. Miss Selena Allen has been the very able 
 Principal of the primary for some years past. 
 
 Among those who have represented the 
 Nineteenth Section in the Board of Public 
 Education were George Cox, James Milligan 
 and William F. Miller, all deceased, and Dr. 
 Matthew J. Wilson, the present member of 
 the Board from the Nineteenth. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Nineteenth Section in 1896 was Fred- 
 
 erick J. Shoyer; born in Philadelphia, Sep- 
 tember 23, 1868; elected a Director in 1892; 
 chosen President in 1895. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Henry W. 
 Smith; born in Philadelphia, May 29, 1857; 
 elected a Director in 1885; chosen Secretary 
 in 1888. 
 
 Charles J. Buchner was born in Germany, 
 July I, 1838; elected a Director in 1895. 
 
 Robert Drummond was born in Philadel- 
 phia, April 7,1850; elected a Director in 1895. 
 
 Dr. Harvey J. Fiet was born in Allentown, 
 Pa., June 10, 1869; elected a Director in 1894. 
 
 John Harper was born in Ireland, Decem- 
 ber 28, 1845; elected a Director in 1895. 
 
 Dr. William Peacock was born in Camden, 
 N. J., October 11, 1858; elected a Director in 
 1896. 
 
 William H. Walter was born in Philadel- 
 phia, June 26, t86o; elected a Director on 
 September 18, 1895. 
 
 Other members of the Board were J. Ben- 
 jamin Miller, Albert Bechtold, James C. Big- 
 lev and Robert Culbert. 
 
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Schools of the Twentieth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Twentieth Ward oi 
 the City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Twentieth Section of the First School Dis- 
 trict of Pennsylvania, are Broad and Poplar 
 streets, to Sixth street, to Susquehanna 
 avenue, to Eleventh street, to Montgomery 
 avenue, to Broad street, to Poplar street. 
 
 The schools of the Twentieth Section are 
 as follows: Park Avenue Grammar vSchool 
 {for boys), Park avenue below Master street. 
 
 Cordery Supervising Principal; Daniel Web- 
 ster Combined Secondary and Primary 
 School, Eleventh street below Thompson, 
 Amelia J. Allen, Principal; Secondary School 
 No. I, Eighth and Thompson streets, Emma 
 J. Cossart, Principal; Secondary School No. 
 2, Franklin and Norris streets, Ella Kucher, 
 Principal; Secondary School No. 3, same 
 building, Laura Macintosh, Principal; Pri- 
 marv School No. i. Park avenue below Web- 
 
 WILLIAM C. HAINES. 
 
 M. WEBSTER MYERS. 
 
 J. Morton Thomas. A. M., Principal; Gram- 
 mar School for girls, same building, M. Annie 
 Todd, Principal; Rutledge Grammar School 
 (for boys). Seventh and Norris streets, Har- 
 rison Walton, Principal; Grammar School 
 for girls, same building, Sarah L. Rumble, 
 Principal; James Lynd Combined Grammar, 
 Secondary and Primary School, Twelfth 
 street above Columbia avenue, Deborah L. 
 
 ster, Annie H. Snyder, Principal; Primary 
 Schools Nos. 2 and 3 (consolidated), Mervine 
 street above Jefferson, Hester J. Neely, Prin- 
 cipal; Primary School No. 4, Eighth and 
 Thompson streets, Laura Kramer, Principal; 
 Primary School No. 5, Ninth street above 
 Montgomery avenue, Elizabeth Knipe, Prin- 
 cipal; Primary School No. 6, same building, 
 Mary I. Keeler, Principal; Kindergarten No. 
 
I, Franklin and Master streets, Augusta 
 Stevens, teacher; Kindergarten No. 2, Twelfth 
 street and Montgomery avenue, Ella F. 
 Adair, teacher; Kindergarten No. 3, Eighth 
 and Thompson streets, Mary L. Lodor, 
 teacher; Kindergarten No. 4, 1752 North 
 Twelfth street; Kindergarten No. 5, Seventh 
 and Berks streets, Mary M. Knipe, teacher. 
 
 The Park Avenue School building was 
 erected in 1864 and was originally called the 
 Mary Street School. In it were placed pupils 
 from the old Penn Grammar School, at 
 Eighth and Thompson streets, which was a 
 much older school, and was converted into a 
 secondary when the Park Avenue School was 
 
 fully passed the first examination held in 
 Philadelphia for the supervising principal's 
 certificate. 
 
 Among the oldest schools in the Section 
 are the primary on Mervine street and that 
 at Ninth street and Montgomery avenue. 
 
 The Webster School was organized only a 
 few years ago, the first Principal being Miss 
 Elizabeth Lodor, and the second Miss Allen. 
 
 The following are among those who have 
 represented the Twentieth Section in the 
 Board of Public Education: William C. 
 Haines, Henry C. Hickok, Robert J. Leh- 
 man, William Y. Colladay, Judge Joseph C. 
 Ferguson and Thomas E. Merchant. 
 
 Miss DEBORAH L. CORDERV. 
 
 organized. The Rutledge School was at that 
 time a consolidated school, under the Princi- 
 palship of J. Morton Thomas, and the latter 
 was transferred to the head of the new school. 
 Harrison Walton succeeded Mr. Thomas as 
 Principal of the Rutledge School. 
 
 The largest school in the Section is the 
 James Lynd, named in honor of Judge Lynd. 
 It was opened in 1877 and in it were placed 
 the pupils of the Warnock School, located on 
 Warnock street above Oxford, which had 
 been organized ten years previous. Miss 
 Cordery was the Principal of the school until 
 it was combined, when she was elected Super- 
 vising Principal. She attended and success- 
 
 WILLIAM H. BUCK. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Twentieth Section in 1896 was WilUam 
 C. Haines; born in Philadelphia, January 13, 
 1828; elected a Director in 1857; chosen 
 President in 1868; was a member of the Board 
 of Public Education from 1864 to 1868. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was M.Webster 
 Myers; born in Philadelphia, December 11, 
 1841; elected a Director in 1892; chosen Sec- 
 retary in 1893. 
 
 \\'illiam H. Buck was born in Montgomery 
 County, Pa., November 19, 1834; elected a 
 Director in 1867. 
 
 358 
 
PARK AVENUE GRAMMAR SCHOOL, 
 
 Park Avenue, below Master Street, 
 
 Twentieth Section. 
 
Walter S. Ridgway was born in Philadel- rector in 1894; is a daughter of Thomas A. 
 
 phia, February 22, 1848; elected a Director in Grace, of the Board of Public Education. 
 
 1892. David Simpson Smith was born in Phila- 
 
 Mrs. Llewellyn A. Sawyer was born in delphia, June 16, 1861; elected a Director in 
 
 Philadelphia, January 10, 1848; elected a Di- 1896. 
 
 361 
 
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DANIEL WEBSTER COMBINED SECONDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, 
 
 Eleventh Street, below Thompson. 
 
 Twentieth Section. 
 
 365 
 
RUTLEDGE GRAMMAR SCHOOL, 
 
 Northwest corner Seventh and Norris Streets. 
 
 Twentieth Section. 
 
 (From an old wood cut.) 
 
 367 
 
Schools of the Twenty =first Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Twenty-hrst Ward 
 of the City of Philadelphia, which comprises 
 the Twenty-first Section of the First School 
 District of Pennsylvania, are School lane and 
 the Schuylkill River; School lane to Township 
 line, to County line, to the Schuylkill River. 
 
 The schools of the Twenty-first Section are 
 as follows: Manayunk Grammar School, 
 Green lane below Wood street, Manayunk, 
 
 ROBERT T. MURPHY. 
 
 Robert T. Murphy, Principal; Fairview Com- 
 bined Grammar Secondary and Primary, 
 Manayunk avenue below Green lane, Mana- 
 yunk, Emma B. Budd, Supervising Principal; 
 Washington Combined Secondary and Pri- 
 mary, Shur's lane above Cresson street, and 
 Ridge avenue and Kalos street (two build- 
 ings), Retta H. Thompson, Supervising Prin- 
 cipal; Schuylkill Combined Secondary and 
 
 Primary, Washington street below Jefferson, 
 Manayunk, Catharine C. Conway, Supervis- 
 ing Principal; Levering Consolidated School, 
 Ridge avenue and Martin street, Rox- 
 borough, Emma V. Thomas, Principal; 
 Andora Consolidated School, Shawmont 
 avenue, west of Ridge avenue, Matilda J. 
 Chambers, Principal; Alfred Crease Second- 
 ary, Wissahickon avenue and Walnut lane, 
 Mary A. Conway, Principal; Manatawna 
 Secondary School, Ridge avenue between 
 Ninth and Tenth Mile Stones, M. Louisa 
 Harper, Principal; Manayunk Primary School, 
 Green lane below Wood street, Laura A. Hull, 
 Principal; Roxborough Primary School, 
 Ridge and Parker's avenues, Martha Woerner, 
 Principal; Kindergarten No. i, Wissahickon 
 avenue above West Walnut lane. Amy Olive 
 Lewis, teacher; Kindergarten No. 2, Green 
 lane, Manayunk, Mary J. Kurtz, teacher. 
 
 One of the most interesting schools from an 
 historical standpoint in the City of Philadel- 
 phia is the Levering School.* When Rox- 
 borough was first settled there was no school 
 of any kind nearer than Germantown. In 
 1748, however, William Levering and 
 Hannah, his wife, conveyed a lot of land to 
 seven trustees for school purposes. The lot 
 was the one on which the present Levering 
 public school stands. 
 
 A school-house was soon built on this 
 piece of ground. It was a small one-story 
 stone building and in it the rudiments were 
 taught. 
 
 *For the facts herein contained regarding this old school, 
 the author is indebted to Mrs. Emma V. Thomas, who, a few 
 years ago, prepared an exhaustive historical sketch of the 
 same. 
 
 369 
 
The number of pupils increased year by year, 
 and in 1771 additional land was donated by 
 Andrew Wood and Elizabeth, his wife, south 
 of the first lot. William and Hannah Lever- 
 ing also donated additional land to the north. 
 In 1798-9 the school-house was enlarged and 
 an adjoining building was erected to accom- 
 modate a resident teacher and his family. 
 
 It has been impossible to ascertain the 
 names of the earliest teachers. The first per- 
 sons named in the record were a Mr. Sefton 
 and a Mr. Broderick. Another of the early 
 teachers was Mathias Maris, a nephew of 
 William Levering. Among the subsequent 
 teachers were John Holgate, John Righter, 
 Joseph Dickinson, Thomas Grant, Curtis Gil- 
 bert, Tilman Gulp, James Satterson, Joseph 
 H. Hoffman, Frank Boutcher and Mary F. 
 Garner, 
 
 The Lancasterian system was adopted in 
 181 8 and continued for only one year, when 
 a return was made to the former methods of 
 instruction. 
 
 In 182 1 the school was incorporated. Prior 
 to 1840 the teachers were paid by the parents 
 of the pupils, although indigent children were 
 taken free of cost, at the expense of the 
 county. 
 
 By an Act of Assembly, approved April 1 7, 
 1846, the school directors ofRoxborough were 
 empowered to perform all the duties previ- 
 ously performed by the trustees of the school. 
 Further legislation, in 1854, vested the powers 
 of trustees in the trustees of the Roxborough 
 Lyceum, and in 1857 the school-house and 
 property was vested in the City of Philadel- 
 phia, to hold in trust for school purposes. 
 A new edifice was erected in 1857, 
 
 The old building had not only been us d as 
 a school, but for mmierous other purposes. 
 Elections had been held in it, it having been 
 for some years the only public l:aiilding in 
 Roxborough. It had also been used for relig- 
 ious services before the Roxborough Baptist 
 Church was built, and when that structure 
 was burned down. During the Revolution- 
 ary W^ar, when orders came for drafting of 
 
 men, the citizens assembled in the school- 
 house to enroll themselves for service. 
 
 In 1 86 1 the school appeared on the records 
 as the Levering Unclassified and Levering 
 Primary School. In 1864 the name of the 
 Levering Unclassified School was changed to 
 Levering Consolidated School, the name by 
 which it has been known ever since, and in 
 1868 this school and the primary were con- 
 solidated as one school. 
 
 Mrs. Enmia V. Thomas, the ])resent Super- 
 vising Principal, was elected in September, 
 1886, and is one of the most capable and pro- 
 gressive of Philadelphia's teachers. 
 
 In 1896 the present building of the Lever- 
 ing school was completed on the site of the 
 historic edifice. 
 
 The second oldest school in the Section is 
 the Roxborough Primary School, which cele- 
 brated its semi-centennial, December 22, 
 1896. It was for many years a grammar 
 school and was at one time called the Dickin- 
 son Grammar School, in honor of an old resi- 
 dent and former school director in Roxbor- 
 ough. 
 
 The old colonial style school-house, still 
 standing, was erected in 1846, and bears the 
 inscription: ''Roxborough Public School, 
 SixthSection, First District, of Penna., 1846," 
 The school was organized some time during 
 that year, but the records are meagre as to 
 its early history. 
 
 \\^illiam H. Hunter was the first Principal 
 of the grammar department, with Miss Mar- 
 garet M. Morrison as his assistant, while 
 Miss Catharine Worrell was the first Princi- 
 pal of the primary department, with Miss 
 Eliza E. Stott as assistant. 
 
 There have been numerous changes in the 
 school, it being now a primary. From it 
 have gone some of the best known cit- 
 izens of Roxborough, and some who have 
 won distinction elsewhere. Among the grad- 
 uates is Andrew J. Morrison, Assistant Su- 
 perintendent of Public Schools. 
 
 The building in which the Manayunk Pri- 
 mary School is located was erected in 1845, 
 
and was occupied by the Manayiink Gram- 
 mar School until a new school-house was 
 built in 1893, to which the grammar depart- 
 ment was removed. 
 
 The Manatawna School building was 
 erected in 1 851, and for many years con- 
 tained a grammar school. Being at the ex- 
 treme end of the Section, it has rapidly de- 
 creased in numl)ers, and has been reduced to 
 a single division. 
 
 The Washington School is located in two 
 buildings, one called the Wissahickon and 
 the other the Shur's Lane School. The latter 
 
 Sr.. John J. Thomas, Charles Thomson Jones 
 and William H. Lewis. Edward T. Steel rep- 
 resented the Section in the Board of Public 
 Education for manv years. Rudolph S. Wal- 
 ton is now the member from the Twenty-first 
 Section. Among the prominent ex-Di- 
 rectors who are still living are Joseph M. 
 Adams, William F. Dixon, Josiah Linton, 
 Howard M. Levering, Magistrate Maurice F. 
 Wilhere, A. El wood Jones and L. M. Jones. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors oi 
 the Twenty-first Section in 1896 was Wil- 
 
 LEVI C. HART. 
 
 WILLIAM RING. 
 
 building was erected in 1854, and the Wissa- 
 hickon school-house was built in 1888. The 
 Andora school building was erected in 1870, 
 and the Fairview in 1878. 
 
 Former Directors of the Twenty-first Sec- 
 tion who were particularly prominent and who 
 are now deceased, include Joseoh H. Hoff- 
 man, Alfred Crease, H. N. Uhler, M. D., Wil- 
 ham H. Hill, David T. Trites, M. D., James B. 
 Winpenny, John B. Moyer, John Markle, 
 John S. Davis, Benjamin Schofield, William 
 Dawson, Anthony D. Levering, N. L. Jones, 
 
 liam Ring; born in Chester County, Pa., 
 April 4, 1830; elected a Director in 1871 ; was 
 President of the Board, 1874-8, and again 
 elected President in 1896. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Levi C. 
 Hart; born in Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, 
 February 5, 185 1; elected a Director in 1889; 
 chosen Secretary in 1894; is Crier in the 
 Court of Quarter Sessions No. i. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Harry 
 Gill, Isaiah T. Ryan, Johnson Hughes, John 
 J. Foran, John W. Dodgson, John H. Mur- 
 ray, Dr. C. A. Frame, Andrew Flanagan, John 
 J. Foulkrod and James L Cooke. 
 
375 
 
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Schools of the Twenty=second Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Twenty-second 
 Ward of the City of Philadelphia, vvhicli com- 
 prises the Twenty-second Section of the First 
 School District of Pennsylvania, are County 
 line road, on the northeast and northwest; 
 Wissahickon and Roberts avenues on the 
 southwest and Wingohocking and Tacony 
 creeks on the south and southeast. 
 
 The schools of the Twenty-second Section 
 are as follows: Germantown Combined Gram- 
 mar, Secondary and Primary School, Adams 
 and Lafayette streets, Germantown, William 
 H. Arnhold, Supervising Principal; German- 
 town Girls' Grammar School, Rittenhou^e 
 street, Germantown, Anna M. Smith, Prin- 
 cipal; Joseph C. Gilbert Consolidated School, 
 Twenty-ninth street and Highland avenue. 
 Chestnut Hill, Henry C. Payne, Principal; 
 Mt. Airy Consolidated School, Allen's lane, 
 Mt. Airy, Milton C. Cooper. Principal; F. D. 
 Pastorius Consolidated School, Woodbine 
 avenue and Sprague street, Germantown, 
 R. L. Burns, Principal; Olney Consolidated 
 School, Tabor street, Olney, William H. 
 Sowden, Principal; Elwood Consolidated 
 School, Oak lane, near Old York road, 
 George W. Bickel, Principal; Morton Con- 
 solidated School, Green lane, Branchtown, 
 Xenia B. Clampitt, Principal; Crescent Con- 
 solidated School, Adams street near Second, 
 Crescentville, Elizabeth J. Rook, teacher; 
 Rowland Consolidated School, Row^landville, 
 Helen L. Mac^Iillan, teacher; Feltonville 
 Consolidated School, Second street and 
 Fisher's lane, Feltonville, Anna M. Duncan, 
 Principal; Central Combined Secondary and 
 Primary, Centre street above Evans, Ger- 
 mantown, May R. Caroland, Super\ising 
 
 Principal; Daniel L. Keyser Secondary and 
 Primary School, Morris and Coulter streets, 
 Kate W. Shaffer, Principal; C. W. Schaeffer 
 Combined Secondary and Primary School, 
 Germantown and Wyoming avenues, Willis 
 N. Parker, Supervising Principal; Andrew G. 
 Curtin Secondary School, Musgrove and 
 Horter streets, Letty W. Shourds, Principal; 
 Joseph E. Hill Secondary School (colored). 
 Price street, Germantown, Miranda C. Ven- 
 ning, Principal; Logan Secondary and Pri- 
 mary, Fisher's lane near Logan Station, 
 Hester J. Bickley, Principal; Carpenter Sec- 
 ondary and Primary, Green and Carpenter 
 streets, Margaret D. Bockius, Principal; 
 Bringhurst Primary School, Bringhurst 
 street, Germantown, Elizabeth J. Hemphill, 
 Principal; Pittville Primary and Secondary 
 School, Haines street near Limekiln pike, 
 EHzabeth H. Mears, Principal; Andrew G. 
 Curtin Primary School, Musgrove and 
 Horter streets; Coulter Street Primary 
 School (colored). Coulter street near Mor- 
 ris, Germantown, Isabel T. Woodson, 
 Principal; Kindergarten No. i, Pulaski 
 avenue and Coulter street, Germantown, 
 May L Wright, Principal; Kindergar- 
 ten No. 2, Morton street above Haines, Ger- 
 mantown, Mary Beatty, teacher; Kindergar- 
 ten No. 3, Centre street above Evans, Elsie 
 M. Johnson, teacher; Kindergarten No. 4, 
 No. 38 Bringhurst street, Germantown, 
 Mabel R. Simms, Principal; Kindergarten 
 No. 5, Allen's lane, Mt. Airy, Ida D. Potts, 
 teacher; Kindergarten No. 6, Price street, 
 Germantow'n, Julia E. Nutter, teacher; Kin- 
 dergarten No. 7, Twenty-first and Mill 
 streets, Lillian Myrtle Clarke, teacher; 
 
 385 
 
Kindergarten No. 8, Twenty-ninth street and 
 Highland avenue. Chestnut Hill, Sue C. 
 Lemley, teacher; Franklin Kindergarten No. 
 9, Church street, S. Ida Walker, Principal. 
 
 The largest and most important school in 
 the Twenty-second Section is theGermantown 
 Combined Grammar. Secondary and Primary 
 School, the building of which was erected in 
 1875. For a number of years, up to the 
 summer of 1896, James Monroe Willard, 
 who is now at the head of the Northeast 
 Manual Training School, was the Principal, 
 and under his most excellent management it 
 maintained its very high standard. In- 
 cluded in the corps of teachers are some of 
 
 Schools, located on Cottage street. The 
 present building was erected in 1871 and the 
 Harmony Schools became the Chestnut Hill 
 Consolidated School. The name has recentlv 
 been changed and it is now the Joseph C. Gil- 
 bert School. 
 
 The Mt. Airy School, the building of whicli 
 was erected in 1872, was in existence at the 
 time of consolidation, under the name of the 
 West Unclassified School. Among the other 
 schools of the Section which date back to of 
 before the time of consolidation are the 
 Olney, Elwood, Morton Consolidated, Cres- 
 cent, Rowland. Feltonville and Bringhurst. 
 
 WILLIAM H. ARNHOLD. 
 
 OSCAR NEWTON MIDDLETON. 
 
 the best to be found in the city and the 
 school is noted for its thoroughness in work 
 and its excellent discipline. Mr. Willard was 
 succeeded by William H. Arnhold, formerly 
 Principal of the F. D. Pastorius School. 
 
 The Germantown Girls' Grammar School 
 was in existence at the time of consolida- 
 tion, and in the same building was the boys' 
 grammar school, since removed to the Adams 
 and Lafayette streets building. 
 
 Before the Joseph C. Gilbert Consolidated 
 School was built there were schools in Chest- 
 nut Hill called the Harmonv Grammar 
 
 In the building in which Primary No. 7 is 
 located, a school known as the Spencer 
 Roberts School was organized in 1874. The 
 Pittville Primary School was organized in 
 1875. The Central Combined School, Miss 
 Caroland, Principal, was organized soon after 
 consolidation. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Twenty-second Section in 1896 was Wil- 
 liam D. Kinsler; born in Philadelphia, in 1838: 
 
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elected a Director in 1870; chosen President 
 in 1880. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Oscar 
 Newton Aliddleton; born in Philadelphia, 
 August 3, 1863; elected a Director in 1891; 
 chosen secretary in 1892. 
 
 George H. Bickley was born in Montgom- 
 ery County, September 20. 1830; elected a 
 Director in 1874. 
 
 Thomas Meehan was born in England, 
 March 21, 1826; elected a Director in 1879; 
 has been a member of Common Council since 
 1882. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Eli 
 Rorer, William G. Carroll, Howard E. Finley, 
 Davis Jarvis, John McNeil, Charles H. 
 Topham. John S. Warner and Samuel 
 Wood. 
 
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Schools of the Twenty=third Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Twenty-third Ward 
 of the City of Philadelphia, which comprises 
 the Twenty-third Section of the First School 
 District of Pennsylvania, are Frankford 
 Creek, Castor road, Dark Run lane and the 
 Delaware River. 
 
 The schools of the Twenty-third Section 
 are as follows: Marshall Grammar School, 
 Franklin and Sellers streets, Charles A. 
 Singer, Principal; Alexander Henry Com- 
 bined School. Paul and Unity streets. Lurana 
 
 Church, Frankford. Margaret P. Sinnott, 
 Principal; Henry Herliert Primary School 
 No. 2, Frankford avenue below Foulkrod 
 street. M. Clara Markle, Principal; Mary 
 J. Pfenning, Principal; Henry Herbert 
 Primary School No. i, Frankford ave- 
 nue below Foulkrod street, Susan B. 
 Wright, Principal; Wilmot Consolidated 
 School (colored), Meadowand Cherry streets, 
 William H. Cooper. Principal; Kindergarten 
 
 CHARLES A. SINGER. 
 
 ALEXANDER HENRY. 
 
 J. Williamson, Supervising Principal; White 
 Hall Secondary and Primary, Tacony road 
 and Pratt street, Whitehall. Sarah O'Con- 
 nor, Principal; James Seddon Secondary, 
 Hedge and Brown streets. Isabella M. 
 Otter, Principal; Henry Herbert Sec- 
 ondary, Frankford avenue below Foulk- 
 rod street, Rebecca T. Shallcross, Principal; 
 Decatur Primary, Orchard street below 
 
 No. I, Franklin and Sellers streets. Bertha C. 
 Wright, Teacher; Kindergarten No. 2, same 
 building, Emma L. Morris, Teacher; Kinder- 
 garten No. 3, Tacony road and Pratt street, 
 Mary A. Vanhorn, Teacher; Kindergarten 
 No. 4, Franklin and Ruan streets, Annie L. 
 Gilbert, Teacher; Kindergarten No. 5, Frank- 
 ford avenue and Foulkrod street, Maggie M. 
 Aitken, Teacher. 
 
The first school in the Twenty-third Section 
 of which there is any record was in a small 
 stone building at the corner of Spring and 
 Wain streets, Frankford, the funds for the 
 erection of which were subscribed by residents 
 in that vicinity. The building was erected in 
 1768, and the property was held by a board 
 of trustees. There were a number of other 
 schools prior to the establishment of the pub- 
 lic school system, to the history of which much 
 interest attaches. 
 
 The first public school building in the Sec- 
 tion was the Marshall School, which was 
 erected in 1840, and named in honor of the 
 late Chief Justice John Marshall. The De- 
 
 FRANKLIN SMEDLEY. 
 
 ■catur School was given its name in remem- 
 brance of Commodore Stephen Decatur, who 
 received his early education in the Frankford 
 schools. Henry Herbert, after whom an- 
 other school was named, represented the Sec- 
 tion for many years in the Board of Public 
 Education. The Meadow and Cherry streets 
 building was named in honor of David Wil- 
 mot, the eminent statesman, and author of 
 the famous "Wilmot Proviso." 
 
 The Alexander Henry School Building, 
 which was dedicated in 1870, was named in 
 lionor of the city's chief executive during the 
 period of the Civil War, who was considered 
 a model mayor and was a highly-esteemed 
 citizen. 
 
 During the last half century the following 
 have represented the Section in the Board of 
 Public Education: John Foulkrod, Jacob 
 Shearer, Paul K. Hubl)S, Henry Herbert, Ed- 
 ward G. Lee. Thomas W. Dufiield, William 
 H. Flitcraft, ^Villiam C. Crans, Nathan Hil- 
 les, John G. Brenner, Samuel Wakeling and 
 Richardson L. Wright. 
 
 The schools of the Twenty-third Section 
 are all of a high standard. The present mem- 
 ber of the Board of Public Education, Mr. 
 Wright, is very thoroughly alive to the needs 
 of his Section, and takes a most active and 
 practical interest in the schools. 
 
 WILLIAM WELLS AXE. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Twenty-third Section in 1896 was Frank- 
 lin Smedley; born in Frankford; elected a Di- 
 rector in 1885; chosen President in 1891. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was William 
 Wells Axe; born in Germantown, December 
 6, 1833; elected a Director in 1866; chosen 
 secretary in 1874. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Frank- 
 lin D. Brown, Mathias Coats, Thomas 
 Creighton, Joseph P. Deal, Daniel R. Green- 
 wood, William H. Hunter, Michael Quirk, 
 Harvey Rowland, Jr.; John Shallcross and 
 Theodore M. Wilson. 
 
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Schools of the Twenty=fourth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Twenty-fourth Ward 
 of the City of Philadelphia, which comprises 
 the Twenty-fourth Section of the First 
 School District of Pennsylvania, are the 
 Schuylkill River, Market street. Meadow, 
 Haverford, Forty-fourth street, Belmont ave- 
 nue and City avenue. 
 
 The schools of the Twenty-fourth Section 
 are as follows: E. Spencer Miller Combined 
 Grammar, Secondary and Primary School, 
 Forty-third and Ogden streets, Jacob H. 
 Sides, Supervising Principal: Belmont Com- 
 bined Grammar, Secondary and Primary, 
 Forty-first and Brown streets, Sarah H. Wil- 
 son, Supervising Principal: Morton Mc- 
 Michael Combined Grammar and Secondary. 
 Thirty-fifth street and Fairmount avenue, 
 Ellen G. Abernethy, Supervising Principal: 
 Haverford Combined Secondary and Pri- 
 mary, Haverford street above Thirty-fifth, 
 Sue A. Gaskill, Supervising Principal: Joseph 
 Leidy Secondary and Primary, Forty-third 
 and Jefferson streets, Elizabeth D. Barndol- 
 lar, Principal; Warren Secondary and Pri- 
 mary, Thirty-eighth street below Warren, 
 Laura J. Ashmore, Principal: Astenville Sec- 
 ondary and Primary, Ford road below Monu- 
 ment road, R. M. McCarroll, teacher; Mantua 
 Primary No. i. Thirty-eighth and Mt. Ver- 
 non streets, Elizabeth D. Culbertson, Prin- 
 cipal; Mantua Primary No. 2, same building, 
 Mary E. Lane, Principal: Kindergarten No. 
 I, Forty-third and Jefferson streets, Sophie 
 E. Burgess, teacher; Kindergarten No. 2, 
 Haverford street above Thirty-fifth, Beatrice 
 H. Borst, Principal; Kindergarten No. 3, 
 Fortieth and Warren streets, Violet May 
 
 Mackenzie, teacher; Kindergarten No. 4, Ida 
 I. Donecker, Principal; Kindergarten No. 5, 
 Thirty-eighth and Warren streets, Marie D. 
 Sterr, teacher. 
 
 The first grammar school in the Section 
 was opened in the Belmont building, on 
 March i, 1869. The first Principal of the 
 boys' department was Jacob H. Sides, and 
 Miss Mary F. Garner was at the head of the 
 girls' school. The E. Spencer Miller build- 
 
 JACOB H. SIDES. 
 
 ing was erected in 1887, and the following 
 year the boys' department of the Belmont 
 School was transferred to the new building, 
 the Belmont School being reorganized as a 
 girls' school. Both schools were placed un- 
 der supervision in 1892. 
 
 When the boys' department was trans- 
 ferred Professor Sides became Principal of the 
 E. Spencer Miller School, and when the 
 schools in that building w^ere combined he 
 
was elected Supervising Principal. He has 
 been connected with the public schools in 
 West Philadelphia since March, 1857, and is 
 one of the most efficient Principals in Phila- 
 delphia. Combining the observations of a 
 long experience with progressive ideas and 
 common-sense principles, he has been suc- 
 cessful in building up one of the best schools, 
 not only in West Philadelphia, but in the 
 entire city; one noted for its excellence along 
 every line of public school work. While he 
 is no longer a young man, he is as hale and 
 vigorous as he ever was, and is ably support- 
 ing his excellent record by his capable man- 
 agement of the E. Spencer Miller School. 
 
 1876, and in 1890 the schools in it were com- 
 bined as the Haverford School. Miss Aber- 
 nethy was elected Supervising Principal, and 
 was succeeded, in 1892, by Miss Gaskill, the 
 present incumbent. 
 
 Three grammar classes were removed from 
 the E. Spencer Miller School to the Haver- 
 ford building in 1894, to relieve the crowded 
 condition of the former, but the organization 
 of the Haverford School was left unaltered. 
 
 The Warren building was erected in 1873,. 
 and the school was organized January i, 1874, 
 with one secondary department and two pri- 
 maries. The three were combined in 1895. 
 
 CHARLES H. CLARKE. 
 
 CHARLES FRANKLIN SCULL. 
 
 The Belmont School is another very large 
 school, and is ably conducted by Miss Sarah 
 H. Wilson, who has been Principal and Su- 
 pervising Principal since 1886. 
 
 The Morton Mc Michael School was organ- 
 ized in March, 1892, as a girls' grammar and 
 secondary school, the first pupils being trans- 
 ferred from the Belmont and Haverford 
 Schools. Miss Abernethy was elected Super- 
 vising Principal. The building was dedicated 
 in February, 1892. 
 
 The Haverford School grew out of the old 
 Mantua School, which was organized o\»er 60 
 years ago. A new building was erected in 
 
 The present building of the Astenville 
 School was erected in 1847, but the history 
 of the school dates back much further. Pre- 
 vious to the erection of this building the 
 school was housed in a frame structure at the 
 intersection of Monument, Ford and Falls 
 roads, and was called, from its locality, the 
 "Five Points School." It occupied a part of 
 a large tract of land, owned by the Aston 
 family, by whom the lot on which the present 
 building stands was donated. When the lat- 
 ter was built the old frame school house was 
 moved to an adjoining lot, and is now occu- 
 pied as a dwelling house. 
 
 406 
 
The present building of the Mantua Pri- 
 mary School was erected in 1872, but the 
 school was organized several years previous. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Twenty-fourth Section in 1896 was 
 Charles H. Clarke; elected a Director in 1893; 
 chosen President in 1896. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Charles 
 Franklin Scull; born in Columbia, N. J., in 
 1856; elected a Director in i8qo. for one 
 
 term, and again in 1896; chosen Secretary in 
 1896. 
 
 Rev. John Brooks was born in England, 
 November 28, 1847; elected a Director in 
 1894. 
 
 Charles E. Graves was born in Watertown, 
 X. v.. May 24, 1836; elected a Director in 
 1891. 
 
 Other members of the Board were John J. 
 Daly, William Hammersley. Lafayette Hor- 
 ter. Dr. William B. Jameson. Dr. William G. 
 Leaman, Thomas McCullough. Dr. A. H. C. 
 Rowland and Millard D. Wimer. 
 
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 HAVERFORD COMBINED SECONDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, 
 Haverford Street, above Thirty-fifth. 
 Twenty-fourth Section. 
 
Schools of the Twenty=fifth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Twenty-fifth Ward 
 of the City of Philadelphia, which comprises 
 the Twenty-fifth Section of the First School 
 District of Pennsylvania, are Lehigh avenue, 
 Kensington avenue, the Delaware River and 
 Frankford Creek. 
 
 The schools of the Twenty-fifth Section 
 are as follows: John H. \\'ebster Grammar 
 School. Frankford avenue and Ontario street, 
 
 Supervising Principal; Bridesburg Combined 
 Grammar, Secondary and Primary School, 
 Richmond and Jenks streets. Bridesburg, T. 
 Worcester Worrell. Supervising Principal; 
 Sherman Combined Secondary and Primary 
 School, Frankford avenue and Somerset 
 street, and Frankford avenue and Hart lane 
 (two buildings), Mattie Marsden. Supervis- 
 ing Principal; John H. Webster Secondary 
 
 >nSS JOSEPHINE HAMILL. 
 
 Josephine Hamill, Principal; James Martin 
 Combined Grammar. Secondary and Primary 
 School. Richmond and Ontario- streets, 
 Charles F. Michener. Supervising Principal; 
 Henry W. Halliwell Grammar School. 
 Frankford avenue below Allegheny avenue. 
 L. K. Sterne. Principal; George B. McClellan 
 Combined Secondary and Primary School, 
 Thompson and Nefif streets, Annie G. Engell, 
 
 CHARLES F. MICHENER. 
 
 and Primary School. Frankford road and 
 Ontario avenue, Anna E. Frank, Principal; 
 Barton Secondary and Primary School, 
 Frankford avenue and Buckius street, Sallie 
 E. Todd. Principal; Carroll Primary School. 
 Salmon street above Somerset. Ellie J. Brady, 
 Principal; H. W^ Halliwell Primary School, 
 Frankford avenue below Allegheny avenue, 
 Maria P. Keeler, Principal; Kindergarten No. 
 I, Richmond and NefT streets, Sallie B. 
 
Sproul, Principal; Kindergarten No. 2, Ken- 
 sington avenue and Harrowgate lane, Flor- 
 ence J. Reynolds, teacher; Kindergarten 
 No. 3, Richmond and Jenks streets, Adah 
 Lettinger, Principal; Kindergarten No. 4, 
 Salmon and Somerset streets, H. A. R. 
 Phillips, teacher. 
 
 In 1861 the Twenty-fifth Ward was formed, 
 the Nineteenth and Twenty-third Wards 
 being divided, and a part of each going to 
 make up the new Twenty-fifth Ward. In 
 1888 the Twenty-fifth Ward itself was di- 
 vided and a part of it became the Thirty- 
 third Ward. 
 
 J. Morrison, now Assistant Superintendent 
 of Public Schools. J. Emory Byram, the 
 present Select Councilman from the Twenty- 
 third Ward, followed Mr. Morrison and was 
 succeeded by T. Worcester W^orrell. 
 
 The building now occupied was erected in 
 1889, when the old Irving building was 
 abandoned. 
 
 The Carroll School was originally in the 
 Ninetenth Section. At the time the change 
 was made Marmaduke Watson was the Prin- 
 cipal. It was then a grammar and secondary 
 school, but it is now a primary. The Princi- 
 pals since the time of Mr. Watson have been 
 
 SAMUEL N. OLWINE. 
 
 In 1 86 1 there were four public schools 
 within the present limits of the Twenty-fifth 
 Section: the Irving School, Bridesburg; Bar- 
 ton School, Aramingo; Carroll School, Rich- 
 mond, and a small primary school at Frank- 
 ford avenue and Somerset street. 
 
 The Irving School, from which the present 
 Bridesburg Combined School was created, 
 was fortunate in having some very excellent 
 Principals. At the time the Section was 
 formed, in 1861, Edward J. Brodie was Prin- 
 cipal. He was succeeded in 1865 by George 
 H. Stout, now Supervising Principal of the 
 Newton School, in the Twenty-seventh Sec- 
 tion, who, in turn, was succeeded by Andrew 
 
 ALBERT WEBSTER. 
 
 Eugene Smith, E. L. McGowan, Sarah J. 
 Brady, R. R. A. Brady, Kate Brady, Lizzie 
 Morris and Ellie J. Brady. 
 
 The Barton School is located in a small 
 two-story building, and is a primary of 
 higher grade. In 1895 Miss Lever, who had 
 been the Principal of the primary department 
 for thirty-five years, resigned. A testimonial 
 was presented to her by the Board of Di- 
 rectors, "for her faithful and untiring devo- 
 tion to her duties, her patience and firmness 
 and the good results produced through her 
 teaching." 
 
 In the records of 1861 a school of two 
 divisions is mentioned as l)einfr located at 
 
 418 
 
419 
 
Frankford avenue and Somerset street, in 
 what was termed the "Tyndale Mansion." 
 This building was remodeled in 1868, and 
 the school was reorganized as the Sherman 
 Consolidated School. The first Principal 
 after reorganization was David Boggs. In 
 1872 the school was changed to a secondary 
 and primary. The two departments were 
 combined under the Supervising Principal- 
 ship of Miss Marsden in 1892. An annex on 
 the opposite side of Frankford avenue was 
 rented in 1884, and the school now occupies 
 both buildings. 
 
 The Halliwell girls' grammar school build- 
 ing was erected in 1872, and the school w^as 
 formed by the union of the girls' grammar 
 departments of the Sherman. Barton and 
 McClellan Schools. Mrs. K. C. Evans was 
 the first Principal. She was succeeded in 
 1883 by the present Principal, Miss Sterne. 
 
 The school was named in honor of the 
 popular secretary of the Board of Public 
 Education, Henry W. Halliwell, before the 
 rule was passed which prevents the naming 
 of school-houses after living persons. 
 
 The Halliwell PVimary School is the out- 
 growth of a small school opened in March. 
 1875, *" the Episcopal church edifice, at 
 Emerald street and Cemetery lane. Miss 
 Maxwell was its first Principal, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Miss Keeler, the present Principal. 
 In April, 1879. the school was transferred to 
 the Halliwell building. 
 
 The John H. Webster School was opened 
 in 1873, and until 1896 was called the James 
 Martin School. Edgar A. Singer, now 
 Assistant Superintendent of Public Schools, 
 was Principal for fifteen years, resigning to 
 take up his new duties in 1887. Miss 
 Josephine Hamill. the present Principal, was 
 elected to succeed him. 
 
 In 1893 the boys' grammar school in the 
 Halliwell building was transferred to the 
 Webster. This school now ranks very high 
 among those of the city. During Miss 
 Hamill's Principalship 155 pupils have been 
 promoted to the higher schools. 
 
 The John H. Webster Secondary and Pri- 
 mary School was first called the Tioga School 
 and afterward the James Martin School. It 
 was originally located in a dwelling house, 
 and was later transferred to the basement of 
 a church at Frankford avenue and Ontario 
 street. The present building was erected in 
 1893, and the school has grown so rapidly 
 in numbers that the building is already too 
 small. 
 
 In 1868 the McClellan ijuilding was erected 
 and the school organized, the first Prin- 
 cipal being George F. Wilson. A building 
 erected on an adjoining lot in 1884 was for 
 
 GEOKGE L. HORN. 
 
 a time called the McClellan School No. 2, 
 being under the same Principal as the other, 
 Mrs. Anna M. Spallen. In 1885 the school 
 in the annex was changed to a secondary of 
 higher grade. 
 
 The McClellan School is now^ a combined 
 secondary and primary, the Supervising Prin- 
 cipal being Miss Annie G. Engell. 
 
 The James Martin School was organized 
 in 1896, when the erection of the building 
 was completed. Most of the classes of which 
 it was formed were transferred from the 
 McClellan School, and Charles F. Michener, 
 who was at that time Supervising Principal 
 
of the McClellan School, was placed at the 
 head of the new school. 
 
 The first Controller appointed by the Board 
 of Judges for the Twenty-fifth Section was 
 James H. MacBride. His successors have 
 been John Fitz-Patrick and the present 
 member, Thomas W. Marchment. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Twenty-fifth Section in 1896 was Samuel 
 N. Olwine; born in Chester County, Pa., 
 October 25, 1836; elected a Director in 1885; 
 chosen President in 1886. 
 
 The Secretary was Albert Webster; born 
 in Philadelphia in 1850; elected a Director 
 
 in 1875; chosen Secretary in 1881; is a son of 
 John H. Webster, in whose honor the Web- 
 ster School was named. 
 
 Taylor Faunce was born in Philadelphia, 
 March 29, 1853; elected a Director in 1893. 
 
 George L. Horn was born in Hunterdon 
 County, New Jersey, July 19, 1825; elected 
 a Director in 1859 and has served con- 
 tinuously ever since. 
 
 James McGowan was born in Philadelphia, 
 August 25, 1845; elected a Director in 1873. 
 
 Fred. M. Wagner was born in Germany, 
 February 13, 1848; elected a Director in 1889. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Dr. A. 
 H. Boyer, Lewis S. Campbell, John T. Daly, 
 Theo. O. Dost, Frank Lower and Robert 
 McCov. 
 
 432 
 
HENRY W. HALLIWELL GRAMMAR' SCHOOL, 
 
 Frankford Avenue, below Allegheny Avenue. 
 
 Twenty-fifth Section. 
 
GEORGE B. McCLELLAX COMBINED SECONDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, 
 
 Thompson and NefF Streets. 
 
 Twenty-fifth Section. 
 
 42s 
 
BARTON SECONDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, 
 
 Frankford Avenue and Buckius Street. 
 
 Twenty-fifth Section. 
 
 (From an old wood cut.) 
 
Schools of the Twenty=sixth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Twenty-sixth Ward 
 of the City of Philadelphia, which comprises 
 the Twenty-sixth Section of the First School 
 District of Pennsylvania, are Passyunk 
 avenue and Ellsworth street, along Passyunk 
 avenue to Broad street, to Back Channel, to 
 Eighteenth street, to Washington avenue, to 
 Broad street, to Ellsworth street, to Pass- 
 vunk avenue. 
 
 Twelfth and corner of Twelfth and Federal 
 streets, (two buildings). Viola W. Daltry, 
 Supervising Principal; Federal Hall Com- 
 bined Secondary and Primary School, Seven- 
 teenth and Federal streets. Sallie Morri- 
 son, Supervising Principal; Francis M. 
 Drexel Combined Secondary and Primary 
 School, Sixteenth and Moore streets, 
 Martha H. Dunn, Supervising Principal; 
 
 MISS MARY J LAMBERTON. 
 
 The schools of the Twenty-sixth Section 
 are as follows: Jeremiah Nichols Combined 
 Grammar, Secondary and Primary School, 
 Sixteenth and Wharton streets, Clarence 
 Hampton, Supervising Principal; George W. 
 Childs Combined Grammar, Secondary and 
 Primary School, Seventeenth and Tasker 
 streets, Mar}^ J. Lamberton, Supervising 
 Principal; Jackson Combined Secondary and 
 Primarv School, Federal street below^ 
 
 JOHN SIMMOiNS. 
 
 Primary School No. i, Wharton street, below 
 Eighteenth, Mary Allwright, Principal; Pri- 
 mary No. 2, same building, Hannah Maull, 
 Principal; Kindergarten No. i. Grace T. 
 Bagg, Principal; Kindergarten No. 2, 
 Twelfth and Federal streets, Elizabeth 
 Donahue, teacher; Kindergarten No. 3. 
 Seventeenth and Tasker streets, Emma L. 
 Muller, teacher. 
 
The oldest school in the Twenty-sixth Sec- 
 tion is the Jackson Combined School, which 
 was organized a few years before consolida- 
 tion. The secondary school of the same 
 name in the Section was organized as a gram- 
 mar school about the year 1879, Watson 
 Cornell being the first Principal. 
 
 The Jeremiah Nichols School was organ- 
 ized as a boys' and girls' secondary in 1875, 
 the first Principals being Mary J. Lamber- 
 ton and Caroline Freed. The Francis M. 
 Drexel School was organized as a boys' and 
 girls' primary in 1888. The most recently 
 
 Thomas R. Allen; born in Philadelphia, June 
 24, 1853; elected a Director in 1878; chosen 
 president in 1890. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Thomas 
 Elliott Berger; born April 14, 1845; elected 
 a Director in 1892; chosen Secretary in 1894 
 and again in 1896. 
 
 Theodore M. Carr was born in Smyrna, 
 Del., January 19, 1854; elected a Director in 
 1894. 
 
 Edwin W. Dougherty was born in Phila- 
 delphia, June 21, 1843; elected a Director in 
 1 89 1 and again in 1896. 
 
 THOMAS R. ALLEN. 
 
 organized school in the Section was the 
 George W. Childs, the building of which was 
 erected in 1894. 
 
 The Federal Hall School is in a rented 
 building that was formerly used as a market 
 house, and the primary schools known as No. 
 I and No. 2 are in a rented church building on 
 Wharton street below Eighteenth, 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Twenty-sixth Section in 1896 w-as 
 
 THOMAS ELLIOTT BERGER. 
 
 Robert McFadden was born in Philadel- 
 phia in 1835; elected a Director in 1893; was 
 also a Director from 1870 to 1875. 
 
 John Simmons was born in Ireland, April 
 16, 1833; elected a Director in 1893; was a 
 member of Common Council from 1881 to 
 1883; has been actively engaged in business in 
 Philadelphia since i860; is a resident of the 
 ward for over twenty-five years. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Walter 
 W. Bell, P. J. Halpin, John J. Mulrenan, 
 George J. Pollock, A. Frank Stull and Henry 
 B. Widener. 
 
GEORGE W. CHILDS COMBINED GRAMMAR, SECONDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, 
 
 Seventeenth and Tasker Streets. 
 
 Twenty-sixth Section. 
 
 431 
 
435 
 
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Schools of the Twenty=seventh Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Twenty-seventh 
 Ward of the City of Philadelphia, which com- 
 prises the Twenty-seventh Section of the First 
 School District of Pennsylvania, are the 
 Schuylkill River on the east, and Market 
 street on the north. 
 
 The schools of the Twenty-seventh Sec- 
 tion are as follows: Newton Combined Boys' 
 
 Guy Gundaker, Principal; Greenway Consol- 
 idated School, Fifty-second street and Wood- 
 land avenue, Elizabeth J. Riley, Principal; 
 Boons Dam Consolidated School, Island road 
 below Bell road station, Martha McFarland, 
 Principal; Woodland Avenue Secondary and 
 Primary, Forty-sixth street and Woodland 
 avenue, Sarah L. Wiler, Principal; Elmwood 
 Secondary and Primary, Holstein avenue be- 
 
 MISS CORNELIA W. ELMES. 
 
 Grammar. Secondary and Primary. Thirty- 
 sixth and Chestnut streets, George H. Stout, 
 Supervising Principal; Newton Combined 
 Girls' Grammar. Secondary and Primary, 
 Thirty-eighth and Spruce streets, Sarah E. 
 Bradshaw, Supervising Principal; Paschal- 
 ville Consolidated School, Woodland avenue 
 above Seventieth street, Cornelia W. Elmes, 
 Supervising Principal; West End Consoli- 
 dated School, Sixtieth and South streets, 
 
 GEORGE H. STOUT. 
 
 low Eighty-fifth street, Mary G. Connell, 
 Principal; T. C. Price Secondary School, 
 Forty-seventh and Locust streets, Lena P. 
 Wiler, Principal; Newton Primary School, 
 Ludlow street below Thirty-sixth, EHzabeth 
 R. Smith, Principal; James Miller Primary 
 School, Forty-second and Ludlow streets, 
 Anna E. Rambo, teacher; John K. Lee 
 Primary, Fifty-third street and Baltimore 
 avenue, Martha G. Campbell, Principal; 
 
John H. Bartram Primary, Greenway avenue 
 and Sixty-second street, May Kenney, Prin- 
 cipal; Clearview Primary School, Seventy- 
 eighth street and Buist avenue, Lidie U. 
 Smith, Principal; Kindergarten No. i, Forty- 
 second and Ludlow streets, Esther L. Drake, 
 teacher; Kindergarten No. 2, Thirty-sixth 
 and Ludlow streets, Ada H. Wardle, Prin- 
 cipal; Kindergarten No. 3, Sixtieth and South 
 streets, Carrie Benkert, teacher; Kindergar- 
 ten No. 4, Forty-sixth street and Woodland 
 avenue, Adele Snyder, teacher. 
 
 The earliest substantial records of the 
 schools in that part of the city which is now 
 the Twenty-seventh Section are those of the 
 
 of the Section, and derived its name from a 
 different source. 
 
 In the Bartram School, Alexander Wilson, 
 who afterward became famous as an ornithol- 
 ogist, was a teacher for many years. The 
 Principal of the boys' grammar school above 
 referred to, in 1845, was L Ortlipp, while the 
 girls' grammar school was under Elizabeth 
 W. Clark. 
 
 In 1854 the Greenway Union School, as it 
 was then called, was organized, and the fol- 
 lowing year the Newton Primary School was 
 formed. The Miller Primary School was es- 
 tablished in 1865. 
 
 GEORGE p. BLAND. 
 
 year 1845, when the schools were as follows: 
 Boys' Grammar, Girls' Grammar, Secondary, 
 Blockley Union, Paschalville, Paschalville 
 Colored and West Philadelphia Coloied. In 
 1848 the Paschalville School was called the 
 Davidson Unclassified, and in 1861 it became 
 the Kingsessing Boys' and Girls' Unclassified 
 School. 
 
 The year 1850 saw the establishment of the 
 Boons Dam, the Bartram Unclassified and 
 the Price Unclassified Schools. The present 
 Price School, however, did not grow out of 
 the Price Unclassified School, but was organ- 
 ized twenty-five years later in a different part 
 
 GEORGE J. VAN HOUTEN. 
 
 The building at Thirty-eighth and Spruce 
 streets was erected in 1872, and both the 
 boys' and girls' grammar schools were re- 
 moved to it. The Principal of the boys' 
 school at this time was J. F. C. Sickel, now 
 Assistant Superintendent of Schools, and the 
 Principal of the girls' school was Miss L. D. 
 Elmes. Jn 1875 the present Price School 
 building was erected, and two years later the 
 West End School-house was built. 
 
 The Newton Boys' School building was 
 erected in 1890, and the boys' department of 
 the school at Thirty-eighth and Spruce streets 
 was removed thereto. George H. Stout is 
 

 NEWTON COMBINED BOYS' GRAMMAR, SECONDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, 
 
 Thirty-sixth and Chestnut Streets. 
 
 Twenty-seventh Section. 
 
the Supervising Principal. The same year the 
 John K. Lee School was established, with 
 Miss Pentridge as Principal. 
 
 In 1892 the girls' schools in the Thirty- 
 eighth and Spruce streets building were com- 
 bined as the Newton Combined Girls' Gram- 
 mar, Secondary and Primary School, with 
 Miss Bradshaw as Supervising Principal. 
 
 The Elmwood Primary and Bartram Pri- 
 mary Schools were established in 1893. The 
 newest school building in the Section is that 
 of the Woodland Avenue Secondary and Pri- 
 mary, which was opened in the autumn of 
 1895. 
 
 The Twenty-seventh Section has been rep- 
 resented in the Board of Public Education 
 since consolidation by the following: B. F. 
 Warren, Isaac Leech, William F, Cooper, J. 
 N. Marks, W. Ellwood Rowan, Daniel Stein- 
 metz, B. B. Comegys, Professor G. F. Barker, 
 W. M. Smith and Samuel B. Huey. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Twenty-seventh Section in 1896 was 
 George P. Bland; born in Philadelphia, De- 
 
 cember, 1851; elected a Director in 1891; 
 chosen President of the Board in 1895. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was George J. 
 Van Houten; born in Jersey City, N. J., No- 
 vember II, 1844; elected a Director in 1872; 
 chosen Secretary in 1895; was President of 
 the Board, 1878-9, also 1891-4; is a court of- 
 ficer in the Orphans' Court. 
 
 Amos Bonsall was born in Fernwood, Del- 
 aware County, Pa., January 20, 1830; elected 
 a Director in 1877. 
 
 John S. Callaghan was born in Scotland,^ 
 August 2, 1849; elected a Director in 1895. 
 
 J. Penrose Collins was born in Philadelphia, 
 April 30, 1842; elected a Director in 1896. 
 
 Henry Drake was born in Montgomery 
 County, Pa., July 23, 1849; elected a Director 
 in 1880. 
 
 George I. M'Leod was born in Philadel- 
 phia; elected a Director in 1870. 
 
 Samuel Stanhope Stryker was born in 
 Trenton, N. J., May, 1842; elected a Director 
 in 1872. 
 
 Other members of the board were Dr. 
 Frank T. Anderson, Edward A. Beaumont,. 
 Dr. Albert A. Ghriskey and James A. StovelL 
 
25 
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NEWTON PRIMARY SCHOOL. 
 Ludlow Street, below Thirty-sixth. 
 
 Twenty-seventh Section. 
 
 (From an old wood cut.) 
 
Schools of the Twenty=eighth Section 
 
 Up to the close of 1896, when the Twenty- 
 eighth \\'ard was divided, its boundaries were 
 from Broad street and Susquehanna avenue 
 to Germantown avenue, to Roberts avenue, 
 to Wissahickon avenue, to School lane, to 
 the Schuylkill River, to Susquehanna avenue, 
 to Broad street. When the ward was divided 
 Lehigh avenue was made the separating line, 
 and the northern of the two parts became the 
 Thirty-eightli Ward, while the other remained 
 
 Primary School, Fifteenth and Ontario 
 streets, John P. Garber, Supervising Prin- 
 cipal ; Glenwood Combined Grammar, Second- 
 ary and Primary School, Thirtieth and Her- 
 man streets, John S. Lawrence, Supervising- 
 Principal; M. Hall Stanton Combined Gram- 
 mar, Secondary and Primary School, Cum- 
 berland and Sixteenth streets, William J. 
 Caskey, Supervising Principal; George H. 
 Boker Combined Grammar, Secondary and 
 
 JOHN S. LAWRENCE. 
 
 the Twenty-eighth. The schools of the 
 two Sections will herein be considered under 
 the one head. 
 
 The schools of the Twenty-eighth and 
 Thirty-eighth Sections are as follows: Forest 
 Combined Grammar, Secondary and Primary 
 School (two buildings). Falls of Schuylkill, 
 Oliver P. Ely, Supervising Principal; Ken- 
 derton Combined Grammar. Secondarv and 
 
 WILLIAM J. CASKEY. 
 
 Primary School, Twenty-second and Ontario 
 streets, Ella Al. Lukens, Supervising Prin- 
 cipal; Belview Combined Higher Grade, Sec- 
 ondary and Primary School, Twenty-sixth 
 and Cumberland streets, Edward W. Havi- 
 land, Supervising Principal; Kindergarten 
 No. I, Twenty-sixth street above Clarence, 
 Anne K. Casselberry, Principal; Kindergar- 
 ten No. 2, Falls of Schuylkill, Emily M. 
 Hanna, Principal. 
 
When the Twenty-eighth Section was 
 formed in 1868, the Forest, Kenderton and 
 Glenwood were the only schools within its 
 boundaries that are still in existence under 
 the same names. Ten years later the Belview 
 School was opened, with David H. Stout as 
 Principal, and in 1889 the George H. Boker 
 School came into existence. The latest 
 school to be organized was the M. Hall Stan- 
 ton, named in honor of a president of the 
 Board of Public Education, which was 
 opened in 1891. 
 
 CHARLES FREDB:R1CK ABBOT. 
 
 From the time the Twenty-eighth Section 
 was formed, in 1868, until the ward was 
 divided, it was ably represented in the 
 Board of Public Education by Charles F. 
 Abbot. After the division of the ward had 
 been agreed upon in 1896, Mr. Abbot was 
 appointed to represent the new Thirty-eighth 
 Section in the Board, his residence being 
 within the new Thirty-eighth Ward. In Jan- 
 uary, 1897, his death occurred. 
 
 Charles Frederick Abbot was born in Bos- 
 ton, Mass., April 5, 182 1. He received his 
 education in the public schools of that city 
 
 and afterward under private tutors. At the 
 age of seventeen Mr. Abbot entered a mer- 
 cantile house in Richmond, Va., and was 
 afterward similarly engaged in Newburgh and 
 Buffalo, N. Y., the line of business being the 
 shoe and leather trade. 
 
 In January, 1845, ^""^ removed to Philadel- 
 phia, which city he has since made his home. 
 With his brother he became interested in the 
 manufacture of cotton goods at ]\Ianayunk 
 and Fairmount, and continued in this business 
 for four years, when he withdrew to devote 
 himself to real estate and building operations, 
 so continuing ever since. 
 
 Some years ago Mr. Abbot acquired a con- 
 siderable tract of ground in the vicinity of the 
 Falls of Schuylkill and extending toward 
 Germantown, a large portion of which he has 
 since developed and improved. The new- 
 Queen Lane reservoir occupies fourteen acres 
 of his landed property. His residence near 
 the Falls of Schuylkill is an historic mansion, 
 built before the Revolution, and was garri- 
 soned by Hessian soldiers during the British 
 occupancy of Philadelphia. The present resi- 
 dence embraces nearly all the original struct- 
 ure, but it is enlarged and modified. 
 
 In 1858 Mr. Abbot was elected to the Penn- 
 sylvania Legislature, in which he served until 
 1862. The period during his term of 
 legislative service was a critical one in the 
 history of State improvements in Pennsyl- 
 vania, and a transition period in the progress 
 and development of the State system of trans- 
 portation. Mr. Abbot's term of legislative 
 service also covered the period of the incipi- 
 ency and early progress of the Civil War. He 
 served on the Committee on Federal Relations 
 and was one of the commissioners appointed 
 l)y Governor Curtin to inquire into the alleged 
 frauds incidental to the furnishing of suppHes 
 to the army. He served the Government both 
 at home and as a volunteer in the Thirty-third 
 Pennsylvania Regiment, with which he saw 
 active service. 
 
 Since 1853 he has been a member of the 
 Board of Directors of the American Baptist 
 
Publication Society, and for ten or twelve 
 years was one of the trustees of Bucknell 
 University at Lewisburg, Pa. 
 
 In April, 1868, he was appointed a member 
 of the Board of Public Education and con- 
 tinued in active service up to the time of his 
 death. As a member of the Board he dis- 
 tinguished himself by faithful, painstaking 
 service. He was a regular attendant at Board 
 and Committee meetings and was very active 
 in the work assigned him. He was for many 
 
 Joseph E. Beckhaus was born in Philadel- 
 phia, Januarv 20, 1858; elected a Director in 
 1894. 
 
 Theodore H. Copeland was born in Phila- 
 delphia. November 7, 1867; elected a Director 
 in 1896. 
 
 D. H. Gordon was born in Marlboro, N. J., 
 December 26, 1853; elected a Director in 
 1895. 
 
 Edward S. Jackson was born in Wilming- 
 ton. Del., in 1869; elected a Director in 1895. 
 
 DR. DUDLEY W. LANE. 
 
 years chairman of the important Committee 
 on Grammar. Secondary and Primary Schools. 
 
 HAMILTON W. SHERLOCK 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Twenty-eighth Section in 1896 was Dr. 
 Dudley W. Lane; born in Zanesville, O., June 
 3, 1859; elected a Director in 1893; chosen 
 President in 1893. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Hamiltcn 
 W. Sherlock: elected a Director in 1893; 
 chosen secretary in 1893. 
 
 Albert De Prefontaine was born in Phila- 
 delphia, March 24, 1852; elected a Director in 
 1896. 
 
 William A. Stuckey was born in Burling- 
 ton, N. J., November 11, 1861; elected a Di- 
 rector in 1896. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Harry 
 Cain, A. L. Egolf, D. P. McGonigle and J. J. 
 Sites. 
 
GLENWOOD COMBINED GRAMMAR, SECONDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL. 
 
 Thirtieth and Herman Streets. 
 
 Twenty-eighth Section. 
 
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 461 
 
KENDERTON COMBINED GRAMMAR, SECONDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, 
 
 Fifteenth and Ontario Streets. 
 
 Twenty-eighth Section. 
 
 (From an old wood cut.) 
 
 463 
 
Schools of the Twenty=ninth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Twenty-ninth Ward 
 of tlie City of Philadelphia, which comprises 
 the Twenty-ninth Section of the First School 
 District of Pennsylvania, are Broad street and 
 the Schuylkill River, Poplar street and 
 Montgomery avenue. 
 
 The schools of the Twenty-ninth Section 
 are as follows: George G. Meade Combined 
 Grammar School, Eighteenth and Oxford 
 
 Primary, Twenty-sixth and Jefferson streets, 
 Virginia C. Piper, Supervising Principal; 
 Reynolds Combined Secondary and Primary, 
 Twentieth and Jefferson streets, Annie S. 
 Jones, Supervising Principal; Edward Gratz 
 Combined Secondary and Primary, Twenty- 
 third and Jefferson streets, Helen W. Anstice, 
 Supervising Principal ; Muhlenberg Combined 
 Secondary and Primary, Seventeenth and 
 Master streets, Sarah J. Overn, Supervising 
 
 MISS VIRGINIA C. PIPER. 
 
 EDWARD GIDEON. 
 
 streets, Edward Gideon, Supervising Prin- 
 cipal, and Lucille Cropper. Vice-Principal; 
 Robert Morris Combined Grammar, Second- 
 ary and Primary, Twenty-sixth and Thomp- 
 son streets, George W. Flounders, Supervis- 
 ing Principal; William D. Kelley Combined 
 Grammar, Secondary and Primary, Twenty- 
 eighth street and Columbia avenue, C. S. 
 Boyer, Supervising Principal; Elisha Kent 
 Kane Combined Grammar, Secondary and 
 
 Principal; Primary School No. i. Twenty- 
 sixth street and Columbia avenue, Annie E. 
 Ring, Principal; Kindergarten No. i. Twenty- 
 sixth and Jefferson streets, C. Belle T. Clay, 
 Principal; Kindergarten No. 2, South Col- 
 lege avenue above Nineteenth street, Frances 
 E. Still, teacher; Kindergarten No. 3, 2331 
 Oxford street, Ida Florence Slemmer, teacher; 
 Kindergarten No. 4, Seventeenth and Master 
 streets, Emma Kimes, teacher. 
 
 465 
 
The first school organized within the Hmits 
 of what is now the Twenty-ninth Section was 
 estabhshed in the basement of an uncom- 
 pleted church edifice, on Twenty-eighth street 
 above Girard avenue. What is now Twenty- 
 eighth street was at that time a dirt road 
 w^hich led to Turner's lane, passing through 
 the district called Morris City. The school 
 was called the Snyder Unclassified School, 
 being named in honor of Simon Snyder, a 
 former Governor of Pennsylvania. Its teach- 
 ers were G. W. B. Felton and James Leonard. 
 The building was burned down in 1852, and 
 the school was transferred to a frame buildine 
 
 the new building it was known as the 
 Reynolds School, and as such exists to-dav. 
 
 About the same time a school-house was 
 built on the site of the present Robert Morris 
 School, Twenty-sixth and Thompson streets. 
 It was called the Morris City School. 
 
 After consolidation, up to 1869, that part 
 of the city in which the above-named schools 
 were located was within the limits of the 
 Twentieth Ward. In that year the Twentieth 
 Ward was divided and became known as the 
 Twentieth Ward East and the Twentieth 
 Ward West. P. A. B. Widener became the 
 Controller for the Twentieth Section West. 
 
 DR. W. M. L. ZIEGLER. 
 
 DR. WALTER ROACH. 
 
 located along the same road, a little nearer to 
 Morris City. 
 
 The first building erected for school 
 purposes in the Twenty-ninth Section, then 
 the Eleventh Section, by the county 
 authorities was the Muhlenberg School, 
 Seventeenth and Master streets, which 
 was built before consolidation. About 
 the year 1865 a school-house was built at 
 Twentieth and Jefferson streets, and to it was 
 transferred what had originally been the 
 Snyder Unclassified School, which had been 
 located for some time in a rented building on 
 Nicholas street near Twenty-second, and 
 called the Benton Consolidated School. In 
 
 which was subsequently, in 1871. made a new 
 ward, the Twenty-ninth. 
 
 In November, 1870, the Board of Directors 
 of the Twentieth Section West adopted a 
 resolution providing that beginning January 
 I, 1 87 1, the Principal of the boys' grammar 
 school should act as Superintendent of the 
 schools of the Section. This was the first 
 experiment of the kind in Philadelphia, and 
 was eminently successful. Edward Gideon, 
 now Supervising Principal of the Meade 
 School, was elected to the Superintendency, 
 being at the same time Principal of the Rey- 
 nolds Bovs' Grammar School. 
 
 466 
 
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In 1875 the George (1. Meade School build- 
 ing was erected, and the Reynolds Grammar 
 School was transferred thereto. The Reyn- 
 olds School was then reorganized as a second- 
 ary and primary, the boys' department under 
 A. S. Jones, and the girls under A. B. Thomas. 
 
 The schools of the Twenty-ninth Section 
 are among the best in the city. They are for- 
 tunate in having good Principals and are 
 mostly well housed. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Twenty-ninth Section in 1896 was Dr. 
 W. M. L. Ziegler; born in IMount Joy, Pa., 
 in 1851; elected a Director in 1890; chosen 
 President in 1896. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was John H. 
 Yearsley; born in Philadelphia, February 9, 
 
 1842; elected a Director in 1869; chosen Sec- 
 retary in 1 87 1. 
 
 Walter Graham was born in Philadelphia, 
 October 5, 1851; elected a Director in 1888. 
 
 Dr. Lambert Ott was born in Independ- 
 ence, Mo., September 25, 1856; elected a 
 Director in 1888. 
 
 Dr. Walter Roach was born in Scranton, 
 Pa., June 3, 1866; elected a Director in 1896. 
 
 David H. Shourds w'as born in Philadelphia 
 in 1837; elected a Director in 1894. 
 
 Jacob Frederich Wacker, Jr., was born in 
 Philadelphia July 2, 1866; elected a Director 
 in 1896. 
 
 Clement A. Woodnutt was born at Salem, 
 N. J., July 28, 1852; elected a Director in 1895. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Richard 
 H. Graham, Dr.. Annie B. Hall, Dr. John S. 
 Miller. Henry P. Nutter and James H. 
 Young. 
 
 469 
 
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REYNOLDS COMBINED SECONDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, 
 
 Twentieth and Jefferson Streets. 
 
 Twenty-ninth Section. 
 
 (From an old wood cut ) 
 
Schools of the Thirtieth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Thirtieth Ward of 
 the City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Thirtieth Section of the First School District 
 of Pennsylvania, are Broad and South streets, 
 along South to the Schuylkill River, to Ells- 
 worth street, to Gray's Ferry road, to Wash- 
 ington avenue, to Broad and South streets. 
 
 The schools of the Thirtieth Section are as 
 follows: E. M. Stanton Grammar School (for 
 boys), Seventeenth and Christian streets. 
 
 mary. Twenty-fourth and Christian streets, 
 Mary A. Wallace, Supervising Principal; Kin- 
 dergarten No. I, Christian street above Sev- 
 enteenth, Katherine McClellan, teacher; Kin- 
 dergarten No. 2, Twenty-fourth and Chris- 
 tian streets, Emily F. Campbell, teacher. 
 
 At the time of the formation of the Thir- 
 tieth Ward, in 1875, by the division of the 
 Twenty-sixth, there were live schools within 
 
 WILLIAM J. POLLOCK. 
 
 John M. Murray. Principal; Grammar School 
 for Girls, same building, Emma Christopher, 
 Principal; James Pollock Combined Second- 
 ary and Primary, Fitzwater street above Fif- 
 teenth, Mary Fite, Supervising Principal; 
 Chester A. Arthur Combined Secondary and 
 Primary, Twentieth and Catharine streets, 
 Sara M. Irwin, Supervising Principal; Wil- 
 liam S. Peirce Combined Secondary and Pri- 
 
 ANDREW B. WALLACE. 
 
 the limits of what is now the Thirtieth Sec- 
 tion. Four were in school houses owned by 
 the city, and the other one was in a rented 
 building. These schools were the Edwin M. 
 Stanton, James Pollock, Andrew G. Curtin, 
 W illiam S. Peirce and the Western School. 
 The latter was located on Bainbridge street 
 below Nineteenth, and was abandoned when 
 the Chester A. Arthur School was built. 
 
The schools of the Thirtieth Section have 
 always attracted attention by reason of the 
 progressive spirit displayed by the teachers 
 and directors of the Section. 
 
 In the early history of the Section the late 
 Francis Gwynn, was a prominent figure. He 
 was president of the board of directors for a 
 number of years. Another very active worker 
 in the board for many years was William J. 
 Milligan, who served as secretary. As the 
 result of his efforts the Section is able to 
 boast of being the pioneer in two notable 
 movements, sewing and map modeling, both 
 
 was the formation of a pedagogical library 
 for the use of the teachers of the Section. 
 
 The girls' grammar school has been under 
 the charge of ]\Iiss Emma Christopher for 
 many years. 
 
 The boys' secondary department of the 
 Pollock School has been under the charge of 
 Julia Warwick and T. C. Watson; the boys' 
 primary under T. C. Watson and Margaret 
 Hirst, and the girls' primary under Miss Pret- 
 tyman. When these departments were com- 
 bined, Mary Fite was elected Supervising 
 Principal, and has so continued to the present 
 dav. 
 
 JOHN M. MURRAY. 
 
 / 
 
 WILLIAM J. MILLIGAN. 
 
 being introduced by the teachers without out- 
 side assistance. His faithful work in the 
 interests of the pubhc schools of this Section 
 deserves to be long remembered. 
 
 The Principals of the Stanton Boys' Gram- 
 mar School have been Moses Peirce, J. S.Law- 
 rence and J. M. Murray. Mr. Lawrence was 
 instrumental in perfecting an organization 
 known as The Teachers' Institute of the Thir- 
 tieth Section, which was formed at the in- 
 stance of Mr. Milligan, and has been most 
 helpful to the teachers. It is still in existence. 
 One of the earlv results of its establishment 
 
 The Principals of the Arthur (formerly the 
 Curtin) School have been: Boys' primary. 
 Miss M. A. Wallace and Miss E. L. Erskine; 
 girls' primary, Miss M. E. Snodgrass and 
 Miss Barbara Brown; girls' secondary. Miss 
 Snodgrass. Sara M. Irwin succeeded the lat- 
 ter as Supervising Principal of the coml^ined 
 school. 
 
 The Principals of the William S. Peirce 
 School have been: Boys' secondary, Miss L 
 Hinds and Miss Philippa V. Chapin; girls' 
 secondary, Miss J. Hinds and Miss Mary Fite; 
 
 480 
 
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 481 
 
bu}>' primary. Miss McAlpine; i^irls' primary. 
 Miss Carre. Since these departments were 
 first combined, Mary A. Wallace has 1)een 
 Supervising Principal. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Thirtieth Section in 1896 was William J. 
 Pollock, the member of the Board of Public 
 Education from that Section. [For biogra- 
 phy see page 109.] 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Andrew B. 
 Wallace; born in Philadelphia, September zj. 
 
 1856; elected a Director in 1887; chosen Sec- 
 retary in 1890. 
 
 John J. Jack was born in Ireland, in 1848; 
 elected a Director in 1889. 
 
 George F. Nellins was born in Philadelphia, 
 June 18, 1861 ; elected a Director in 1895. 
 
 Joshua Russell was born in Ireland, in 1836; 
 elected a Director in 1872. 
 
 Joseph E. Young was born in Philadelphia, 
 January 17, 1858; elected a Director in 
 1889. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Ben- 
 jamin P. Ashmead, Joseph W. Catharine, 
 Thomas A. Ferry, Joseph Fite, James Kater 
 and Dr. Bavard Murray. 
 
 483 
 
485 
 
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 487 
 
A. G. CURTIN SCHOOL, 
 
 Twentieth and Catharine Streets. 
 
 Thirtieth Section. 
 
 (From an old wood cut.) 
 
 (Site now occupied by the Chester A. Arthur School.) 
 
 489 
 
Schools of the Thirty=first Section 
 
 Tlie hoiiiularies of the Thirty-first Ward of 
 the City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Thirty-first Section of the First School Dis- 
 trict of Pennsylvania, are Front street, Xor- 
 ris, Kensington avenue, Lehigh avenue and 
 Aramingo avenue. 
 
 The schools of the Thirty-first Section are 
 as follows: John S. Hart Combined (irammar 
 
 WILLIAM H. SAMUEL, A. M , Ph. D. 
 
 School, York and }ilemphis streets, W^illiam 
 H. Samuel, A. M., Ph. D., Supervising Prin- 
 cipal, and Sarah \V. Dungan, Vice-Principal; 
 Witte Combined Secondary and Primary, 
 York and Tulip streets, Sallie F. Simpson, 
 Supervising Principal; Adams Combined Sec- 
 ondary and Primary, Adams street alcove 
 Amber, Alary M. Gabrylewitz, Supervising- 
 
 Principal; Lucretia Molt Combined Second- 
 ary and Primary, Huntingdon street below 
 Sepviva. Martha McAlpine, Supervising Prin- 
 cipal; Henry Armitt Brown Combined Sec- 
 ondary and Primary. Sergeant and Jasper 
 streets, Helen Jones, Supervising Principal; 
 Primary School No. i, Emerald street below 
 Front, Emma M. Kimble, Principal; Primary 
 No. 2, Dauphin and Belgrade streets, Ella W. 
 Reese, Principal; Kindergarten, Dauphin 
 street below Belgrade, Emma L. Gross, 
 teacher; Kindergarten. Adams above Amber 
 street, Lillian Ashton, teacher; Kindergarten, 
 Huntingdon street below Sepviva, Grace P.. 
 Hermann, teacher. 
 
 The Thirty-first Ward was formed in 1875 
 by the division of the Nineteenth. At this 
 time the schools within the limits of what is 
 now the Thirty-first Section were not com- 
 fortably housed in regular school buildings, 
 .but were mostly located in inferior rented 
 structures. The organization of the new 
 Section, however, being at a time when the 
 progress which the Centennial was designed 
 to illustrate was l^eing talked about in con- 
 nection with the public schools, there was to 
 a certain extent an awakening of the people 
 in that Section to the school requirements. 
 
 When the new Section was formed the 
 W'itte and Adams Schools were within its 
 bovmdaries, as were also the primaries on 
 Emerald street below Front and at Dauphin 
 and Belgrade streets. Li 1878 the John S. 
 Hart School was organized, and in 1882 the 
 Lucretia Mott School was established. The 
 Henry Armitt Brown School was established 
 in 188;. 
 
BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors in 
 1896 was John P. MacBean; born in Scot- 
 land, April 4. 1864; elected a Director in 
 1894; chosen President in 1895. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was All^ert 
 Pearce; born in Philadelphia in October, 1847; 
 elected a Director in 1881; chosen Secretary 
 in il 
 
 Dr. Edwin Hellyer was born in Bucks 
 County, Pa., in 1840; elected a Director in 
 the Nineteenth Section in 1868, and has 
 served ever since on the Board of the Nine- 
 teenth and Thirty-first Sections, with the ex- 
 ception of two years. 
 
 William Rogers was born in Ireland, March 
 27, 1856; elected a Director in 1893. 
 
 David H. Ross was born in Ireland, April 
 16, 1844; elected a Director in 1880. 
 
 JOHN p. MacBEAN. 
 
 William C. Bird was born in Philadelphia 
 in 1843; elected a Director in 1893. 
 
 Francis M. Brower was born in Philadel- 
 phia, April 3, 1856; elected a Director in 
 1888. 
 
 Franklin P. Buckley was l)orn in Philadel- 
 phia, Octol)er II, 1856; elected a Director in 
 1893. 
 
 Dr. Henry Fisher was born in Philadelphia, 
 September 19, 1856; elected a Director in 
 1884. 
 
 ALBERT PEARCE. 
 
 Oscar E. Smith was l)orn in Allentown, 
 Pa.. November 22. 1855; elected a Director 
 in 1895. 
 
 Cornelius S. Smullen was born in Philadel- 
 phia. March 29. 1853; elected a Director in 
 1889. 
 
 Stephen J. Donovan was born in Consho- 
 hocken, Pa., December 15, 1859; elected a 
 Director in 1894. 
 
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Schools of the Thirty=second Section 
 
 Tlie boundaries of the Thirty-second Ward 
 of the City of Philadelphia, which comprises 
 the Thirty-second Section of the First School 
 District of Pennsylvania, are the Schuylkill 
 River, Montgomery avenue, Eleventh street 
 and Susquehanna avenue. 
 
 The schools of the Thirty-second Section 
 are as follows: James L. Claghorn Combined 
 Grammar. Secondary and Primary School, 
 
 WILLIAM W. BROWN. 
 
 street, M. Elizabeth Newhouse, Supervising 
 Principal; Fontaine Secondary and Primary, 
 Seventeenth and Fontaine streets, Lavinia 
 Van Dusen, Principal; Kindergarten No. i, 
 1840 North Twentieth street, Louise A. Bru- 
 nelle, Principal; Kindergarten No. 2, 2554 
 Ridge avenue, Cora E. Hussey, Principal, 
 
 CHARLES H. BRELSFORD. 
 
 Charles H. Brelsford. Supervising Principal; 
 Joseph Singerly Combined Grammar, Sec- 
 ondary and Primary, Twenty-second and 
 Berks streets, William W. Brown, Supervis- 
 ing Principal; James G. Blaine Combined 
 Grammar, Secondary and Primary, Thirtieth 
 and Norris streets, George Wheeler, Super- 
 vising Principal; Caniac Combined Grammar, 
 Secondary and Primary, Thirteenth street 
 and Susquehanna avenue, Elizabeth Caskey, 
 Supervising Principal; Thomas H. Powers 
 Combined Higher Grade Secondary and Pri- 
 mary, Susquehanna avenue and Woodstock 
 
 MISS ELIZABETH CASKEY. 
 
The Thirty-second Ward was formed in 
 1888 by the division of the Twenty-eighth. 
 There were then three schools within the 
 limits of the present Thirty-second Section, 
 the Camac, Claghorn and Powers Scliuools. 
 
 When the Twenty-eighth Ward was divided 
 an important question arose in connection 
 with the school boards. Seven members of 
 the Board of Directors of the Twenty-eighth 
 Section, by virtue of their places of residence, 
 became members of the Board in the new 
 Section. They claimed the right to organize 
 the new board, and to make appointments to 
 bring the list of members up to the full 
 complement. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Thirty-second Section in 1896 was 
 Abraham L. Allen ; born in Philadelphia, Sep- 
 tember 30, 1857; elected a Director in 1890. 
 
 The Secretary was Charles G. Saul ; born in 
 Philadelphia in 1849; elected a Director in 
 1892; chosen Secretary in 1895. 
 
 John Minor Bailey was born in Richmond, 
 \^a., March 31, 1858: elected a Director in 
 1896. 
 
 Albert A. Bliss was bom in Philadelphia, 
 April 9, 1855; elected a Director in 1896. 
 
 ■!fP(NSS^!l*W*~ 
 
 ABRAHAM L. ALLEN. 
 
 City Solicitor Warwick, now Mayor W^ar- 
 wick, gave a decision, declaring that such ac- 
 tion was not lawful. The Legislature was 
 accordingly appealed to and a bill was passed 
 early in the season of 1890, providing for the 
 commencement of the terms of office of 
 councilmen, school directors and constables 
 in the new wards. 
 
 Since the formation of the new Section the 
 Joseph Singerly and James G. Blaine School 
 buildings have been erected and those schools 
 organized. Still another new building is likely 
 to be erected before very long, as the schools 
 of the Section are crowded, and many pupils 
 are on half time. 
 
 CHARLES G. SAUL. 
 
 William H. Gray was born in Philadelphia, 
 March 12, 1849; elected a Director in 1891. 
 
 Abraham L. Hirscli was born in Philadel- 
 phia, September 25, i860; elected a Director 
 in 1895. 
 
 William Spratt was born in Philadelphia, 
 September 22, i860; elected a Director in 
 1894. 
 
 Isaac Sweeton was born in Ireland, Octo- 
 ber ID, 1855; elected a Director in 1896. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Joseph 
 Butler, George A. Cotton and Robert M. 
 Linton. 
 
 408 
 
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Schools of the Thirty=third Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Thirty-third Ward 
 of the City of Philadelphia, which comprises 
 the Thirty-third Section of the First School 
 District of Pennsylvania, are Lehigh and Ken- 
 sington avenues, Frankford and Wingohock- 
 ing Creeks, Bristol Township line, German- 
 town avenue and Lehigh avenue. 
 
 The schools of the Thirty-third Section are 
 as follows: Thomas Potter Ciranmiar School, 
 Fourth and Clearfield streets, Charles G. 
 Freed, A.M., Principal; Asa Packer Consoli- 
 dated School, Broad and MacFerran streets, 
 Charles M. Colladay, Principal; Boudinot 
 Combined Secondary and Primary, Indiana 
 avenue and D street, Mary E. Buggy, Super- 
 vising Principal ; Fairhill Combined Secondary 
 and Primary, Marshall and Somerset streets, 
 Jennie Pittman, Supervising Principal; Bay- 
 ard Taylor Combined Secondary and Primary. 
 Turner street above Venango, Emma J. 
 Hearder, Supervising Principal; William 
 Cramp Secondary and Primary, Howard and 
 Tioga streets, Sarah Mills, Principal; Hopkin- 
 son Primary, Green street. Rising Sun, Kate 
 Potter, Principal; Cayuga Primary, Six- 
 teenth and Cayuga streets, Susan A. Bockius, 
 Principal; L P. Morris Primary, K street 
 above Kensington avenue. Belle W. Ewing, 
 Principal; Thomas Potter Primary, Fourth 
 and Clearfield streets, Elizabeth S. Myers, 
 Principal; Kindergarten No. i. Second street, 
 Cooperville, Anna B. Finch, teacher; Kinder- 
 garten No. 2, No. 41 71 Germantown avenue, 
 Katharine W. Dewald, Principal. 
 
 The Boudinot School grew out of a private 
 school, opened in 1814 in a building which 
 was erected on ground donated by Elias 
 
 Boudinot. It was located on Hart lane, and 
 was managed by a board of trustees. In 1842, 
 however, it became a public school, with 
 Josiah Kerper as Principal. In 1848 the 
 name was changed from the Hart Lane School 
 to Liberty Unclassified School. 
 
 This building was abandoned in 1874, when 
 the present structure of the Boudinot School 
 
 CHARLES M. COLLADAY. 
 
 was erected. In 1882 the school was con- 
 solidated under the Supervising Principal- 
 ship of Miss Elizabeth L. Hall, who was suc- 
 ceeded in 1883 by Miss Buzby. In 1889 
 the building was enlarged, and the school 
 now has fifteen divisions. 
 
 When the Liberty School moved into the 
 Boudinot building the distance to the new 
 structure was found to be too great for the 
 
 509 
 
pupils living in or near Cooperville, and a 
 building was rented on Second street above 
 Tioga, and given the name of the Liberty 
 School. In 1896 this school was transferred 
 to the new l)uilding at Howard and Tioga 
 streets and called the William Cramp School, 
 being reorganized as a secondary and pri- 
 mary. Miss Mary L. Keer was Principal from 
 1874 to 1896, when she was succeeded by 
 Miss Sarah Mills. 
 
 In 1891 the Thomas Potter School building 
 was erected. 
 
 The Fairhill School was organized in a 
 building on Indiana avenue near Sixth street, 
 that was originally intended as a stable, and 
 
 and Sarah Heft. This became a public school 
 in 1842, and Miss Sarah Heft was the first 
 Principal. The school was named the Ran- 
 dolph School, in 1848. and in 1851 became 
 the Randolph Consolidated. In 1880 the 
 school was transferred to the building at 
 Broad and MacFerran streets, and the name 
 was changed to Asa Packer. Charles M. Col- 
 laday has been Principal since 1874. 
 
 The Hopkinson School also started as a 
 private school, being established about 1825, 
 by Mrs. Susan Passmore, in a building on 
 Green street. Rising Sun. It became a public 
 school in 1842, and was given its present 
 
 DR. ROBERT RODGERS. 
 
 was rented by the Board of Public Education 
 in 1875. Miss Mary J. D. Ealer was the first 
 Principal. In 1879, the building becoming 
 dilapidated, the school was removed to a 
 dwelling-house at Fairhill and Cambria 
 streets, and in 1887a new building was erected 
 for the school at Fairhill and Somerset 
 streets. In 1892 the school was reorganized 
 as a combined secondary and primary, with 
 Miss Pittman as Supervising Principal. 
 
 The Asa Packer School grew out of a pri- 
 vate school which was opened some sixty 
 years ago in a house on Germantown avenue 
 opposite Brunner street, by the Misses Kitty 
 
 THOMAS NOON. 
 
 name in 1848. Miss Potter has been Principal 
 since 1874. 
 
 In 1856 the Franklinville Consolidated 
 School was organized in the Franklin Baptist 
 Church, Rising Sun Lane and North Pennsyl- 
 vania Railroad. The first Principal was Hen- 
 rietta Woodruff. In 1869 the school removed 
 to the building on Turner street above 
 Venango, and was called the Enterprise Con- 
 solidated School. The name was changed to 
 Bayard Taylor Consolidated in 1872, and the 
 school was reorganized as a combined second- 
 ary and primary in 1891. 
 
What is now the Tliirty-third Section has 
 since consoHdation been respectively a part 
 of the Twenty-third Section and the Twenty- 
 fifth Section. It was formed as the Thirty- 
 third Section in 1888. The members of the 
 Board of Pubhc Education representing the 
 Section since that time have been George W. 
 Crouch, Daniel Collamer and William 
 Wriolev. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Thirty-third Section in 1896 was Dr. 
 Robert Rodders; born in Philadelphia, August 
 31, 1863; elected a Director in 1890; chosen 
 President in 1894. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Thomas 
 Noon; born in Leicester, England, October 
 22, 1843; elected a Director in 1880; chosen 
 Secretary in 1894. 
 
 Dr. J. Howard Evans was born in Hatboro, 
 Pa., January 2t,, 1848; elected a Director in 
 the Twenty-fifth Section in 1872, and with 
 the exception of one year has been a member 
 of either the Twenty-fifth or the Thirty-third 
 Section school board ever since that time. 
 
 Charles Kaufmann was born in Philadel- 
 ])hia, January 8, 1859; elected a Director in 
 1896. 
 
 Robert A. Linton was born in Philadelphia, 
 February 14, 185 1 ; elected a Director in 1895. 
 
 James Moffet. Jr., was born in Philadel- 
 phia, Octo1)er 17, 1861; elected a Director in 
 1 89 1 and again in 1895. 
 
 George Rickards was born in Delaware, in 
 1842: elected a Director in 1889. 
 
 George W. Ruch was born in Philadelphia, 
 October 4. 1862; elected a Director in 1894. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Henry 
 F. Creely, John J. Husband, Martin M. Riehl 
 and Charles Rittenhousc. 
 
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Schools of the Thirty=fourth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Thirty-fourth Ward 
 of the City of Philadelphia, which comprises 
 the Thirty-fourth Section of the First School 
 District of Pennsylvania, are Market street, 
 Meadow, Haverford, Forty-fourth, Belmont 
 avenue, City avenue and Cobb's Creek. 
 
 The schools of the Thirty-fourth Section 
 are as follows: Norris J. Hoffman Combined 
 Grammar, Secondary and Primary School, 
 Fifty-fifth and Vine streets, William C. Ja- 
 cobs, Supervising Principal; Alartha Wash- 
 
 Mary F. Suplee, Principal; Heston Pri- 
 mary No. I, Fifty-fourth street and 
 Lansdowne avenue, Martha Brookmyre, 
 Principal; Heston Primary No. 2, same build- 
 ing, Sarah E. Countiss, Principal; Kindergar- 
 ten No. I, Fifty-second and Master streets, 
 Helen Victorine Ray, Principal; Kindergar- 
 ten No. 2, Forty-ninth and Parrish streets, 
 E. Elizabeth Bevan, teacher; Kindergarten 
 
 JESSE H. MICHENER. 
 
 ington Combined Grammar, Secondary and 
 Primary, Forty-fourth and Aspen streets. 
 Jesse H. Michener, Supervising Principal; 
 Jesse George Combined Grammar, Second- 
 ary and Primary, Sixty-third and Hamilton 
 streets, J. Frank Byler, Supervising Prin- 
 cipal; James Rhoads Secondary and Pri- 
 mary, Forty-ninth and Parrish streets, Anna 
 B. Miller, Principal; Heston Secondary, 
 Fifty-fourth street and Lansdowne avenue, 
 
 JAMES RHOADS. 
 
 No. 3, No. 4500 Westminster avenue, Laura 
 V. Taylor, teacher. 
 
 The Thirty-fourth Ward was formed in 
 1889 by the division of the Twenty-fourth 
 Ward. 
 
 The oldest school edifice in the Section is 
 the Heston School, which was built in 1867 
 and named in honor of Matilda Heston, the 
 original owner of the ground on which the 
 building stands. This site was part of an 
 
estate inherited through her ancestors di- 
 rectly from William Penn. An adjoining- 
 piece of the same property had been granted 
 to the school authorities some forty years 
 previous, and on it there had been erected a 
 rough stone school-house, called the Heston- 
 ville School. This building bore the date of 
 1829, and was in use as a school-house until 
 the newer structure was ready for occupancy. 
 It was removed in 1873. 
 
 A small frame school-house, also of early 
 date, accommodated an unclassified school 
 for perhaps half a century. 
 
 The Heston School was opened as an un- 
 classified school, and has seen a number of 
 
 and primary, three di\isions from the Hoff- 
 man School helping to form the new organ- 
 ization. The school was named in honor of 
 Jesse George, a highly respected citizen. 
 
 The Martha Washington school-house 
 was erected in 1875. The school originally 
 contained primary and secondary grades. 
 In 1893 it became a combined grammar, 
 secondary and primary. 
 
 The Norris J. Hoffman school building 
 was erected in 1881 and was opened with 
 four grammar divisions. In 1883 the build- 
 ing was enlarged, and secondary and primary 
 grades were added. These departments were 
 
 GEORGE HAUSMAN. 
 
 changes during the intervening time since 
 its organization. Miss Margaret Furey, who 
 resigned as Principal in 1887, had a record of 
 forty years' service in the public schools. 
 
 The Jesse George school building was 
 erected in 1874. It was opened with two 
 secondary and three primary divisions taken 
 from the Haddington School, Sixty-sixth 
 street and Merion avenue. The latter was 
 organized in 1850, Miss Annie Culin being 
 the first Principal. The first Principal of the 
 primary department of the Jesse George 
 School, Miss Elizabeth McCoy, is still a 
 teacher in this school. In 1895 it was reor- 
 ganized as a combined grammar, secondar}'- 
 
 WILLIAM F. MAGUIRE, 
 
 all combined in 1890. In 1894 the l)uilding 
 was still further enlarged. Norris J. Hoff- 
 man, for whom the building was named, was 
 a member of the Board of Public Education 
 from the Twenty-fourth Section for fourteen 
 years. 
 
 The James Rhoads School, named 
 in honor of the late Professor James 
 Rhoads, at one time a professor in 
 the Central High School, and father 
 of Joseph R. Rhoads, the present 
 member of the Board of Public Education 
 from the Thirtv-fourth Section, was erected 
 
'ftiiifeW 
 
in 1891, and formally opened with interest- 
 ing exercises on November 20th of that year. 
 For about two years the school con- 
 tained grammar as well as secondary and 
 primary grades, but the grammar grades 
 were transferred in 1893 to the Washington 
 School. 
 
 For about twenty years a school for 
 colored children was maintained at Fifty- 
 eighth and Race streets, called the Union 
 Colored Secondary School. It was removed 
 to the Jesse George building and in 1893 was 
 discontinued. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Thirty-fourth Section in 1896 was George 
 Hausman; born in Germany, February 13, 
 1842; elected a Director in 1892; chosen 
 President in 1895. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was William F. 
 Maguire; born in Philadelphia, November, 
 1831; elected a Director in 1894; chosen Sec- 
 retary in 1896. 
 
 William D. Kunkle was born in Chester 
 County, Pa., in 1839; elected a Director in 
 1896. 
 
 Benedict T. Lawrence was born in Phila- 
 delphia, June 7, 1854; elected a Director in 
 1894. 
 
 Charles A. Mann was born in Camden, N. 
 J., July 30, 185 1 ; elected a Director in 1894. 
 
 William H. Pavitt was born in Ardmore, 
 Pa., February 9, 1865; elected a Director in 
 1896. 
 
 M. Henry O'Neill was born in Phila- 
 delphia, November i, 1847; elected a Director 
 in 1890. 
 
 Linnaeus A. Prince was born in Flushing, 
 N. Y., September 30, 1849; elected a Director 
 in the Twenty-fourth Section in i88i,and has 
 been a Director in either the Twenty-fourth 
 or Thirty-fourth Sections continuously since 
 that time. 
 
 Jacob C. Strode was born in Chester 
 County, Pa., July 10, 1842; elected a Director 
 in 1894. 
 
 Other members of the Board were Alfred 
 T. Lister, William F. Martin and Robert 
 Mars. 
 
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Schools of the Thirty=fifth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Thirty-hfth Ward of 
 the City of Philadelphia, which comprises the 
 Thirty-fifth Section of the First School Dis- 
 trist of Pennsylvania, are Bucks County line, 
 the Delaware River, Chester road, Dark Run 
 lane, Tacony Creek and Montgomery County 
 line. 
 
 The schools of the Thirty-fifth Section are 
 as follows: Henry Disston Combined Gram- 
 mar, Secondary and Primary School, Long- 
 shore and Ditman streets, Tacony, William J. 
 Moran, Supervising Principal; Joseph Brown 
 Consolidated School, Main street, Holmes- 
 burg, Robert G. Swift, A. M., Principal; 
 Fayette Consolidated School, Bustleton, 
 Franklin F. Cartledge, A. M., Principal; 
 Wissinoming Consolidated School, Van Kirk 
 and Jackson streets, Wissinoming, Abel J. 
 Evans, Principal; Fox Chase Consolidated 
 School, Second street road, Fox Chase, 
 Oscar Gerson, Principal ; Washington Con- 
 solidated School, Lawndale Station, William 
 C. Marvin, Principal; Watson Comly Con- 
 solidated School, Somerton, Percival S. 
 Woodin, Principal; Holme Consolidated 
 School, Academy road, Collegeville, Joseph 
 S. Briggs, Principal; Wheat Sheaf Consoli- 
 dated School, Bustleton Turnpike and Town- 
 ship Line, Elizabeth Baillie, Principal; Ben- 
 jamin Rush Consolidated School, Cresson's 
 Corner, Byberry, Henry S. Longaker, 
 teacher; Mechanicsville Consolidated School, 
 Byberry, Stephen W. Bartine, teacher; Maple 
 Grove ConsoHdated School, Red Lion and 
 Academy roads, Byberry, Samuel D. Parry, 
 teacher; Tillver Consolidated School, Red 
 
 Lion road above Bustleton, Edwin Y. Mon- 
 tanye, teacher; Godfrey Consolidated School, 
 Comly and Byberry roads, E. A. Heilman, 
 teacher; Henry Disston Kindergarten, 
 Tacony, Katharine B. Harrison, teacher; 
 Joseph H. Brown Kindergarten, Holmes- 
 burg, M. C. Smith, teacher. 
 
 The Thirty-fifth Ward, comprising as it 
 does nearly one-third of the area of the entire 
 city, is largely an agricultural district, and its 
 school system is very different from that ex- 
 isting in the built-up portions. Some of the 
 teachers are obliged to instruct the entire 
 twelve grades instead of one each. There are 
 fourteen different school properties, situated 
 miles apart. 
 
 In the old townships of Byberry and More- 
 land, comprising the extreme northeastern 
 section of the ward and of the county, the 
 principal school previous to the Revolution 
 was at Byberry, near the Meeting House, 
 and was under the care of the preparative 
 meeting of the Society of Friends. On the 
 site of what is now the Tillyer School, chil- 
 dren have been taught since 1790, at what 
 was for many years a pay school. The pres- 
 ent school, together with the Patrick Henry 
 at Somerton, the Benjamin Rush and the 
 Godfrey were built in 1847. 
 
 A school has for many years been main- 
 tained at Mechanicsville, on the extreme 
 edge of the county. About 1849 ^ difificulty 
 arose in regard to the attendance of colored 
 children in the public schools, and the 
 Mechanicsville School was changed into a 
 colored school and called the James Forten 
 
School. Few of the colored children at- 
 tended, however, most of them being sent to 
 the Friends' School at Byberry, 
 
 In the year 1800 a log school-house was 
 built at Powelton, on the Byberry and More- 
 land line, and in 1854 the Controllers had the 
 lot conveyed to them. A new stone build- 
 ins: was then erected near the site of the old 
 one, and called the Maple Grove School. 
 
 John Comly was probably the most prom- 
 inent of the early teachers in this Section, and 
 his reputation as an educator and as a 
 preacher in the Society of Friends was wide- 
 spread. 
 
 The Henry Disston's Sons Co., saw manu- 
 facturers, had just located at this point, and 
 it remained for them to supply the adequate 
 accommodation for the children of those 
 whom their establishment had attracted 
 there. They erected a frame building suit- 
 able for school purposes, which was imme- 
 diately taken possession of by another 
 division of the Tacony School. It was rented 
 by them to the city until 1883. 
 
 Two or three societies were organized in 
 the Tacony School under the direction and 
 encouragement of its Principal, T. Worcester 
 
 WILLIAM J. MORAN. 
 
 The history of the Tacony schools dates 
 back to the middle of the present century, 
 when a little frame structure still standing on 
 Tacony street was built. The Principal of 
 this school for many years was Robert T. 
 Murphy, now Principal of the Manayunk 
 Grammar School. This building was used 
 until 1872, when a substantial stone building 
 was erected by the city. This structure is 
 still standing and is now used as an annex to 
 the Police Station. It had scarcely been 
 completed, when it was filled to its utmost 
 capacity by the steadily increasing number of 
 children, and it was soon discovered that an 
 additional room could be filled. 
 
 MISS ELIZABETH BAILLIE. 
 
 Worrell. The number included the famous 
 Sorosis, the first women's club organized in 
 the United States. A scientific and literary 
 association, numbering among its members 
 such persons as M. Louise Thomas, Dr. R. J. 
 Wright, Jacob Mills, Esq., Thomas Disston 
 and John H. Currier was also founded here. 
 From this society sprang the Henry Disston 
 Library, the first book of which was donated 
 i)y a piipil of the school, Charles Shallcross. 
 A building and loan association was also 
 organized. All of these organizations were 
 closely associated with the early schools. 
 
 During the period between 1875 and 1885, 
 Tacony made rapid strides in population, and 
 it became necessarv for the school authorities 
 
HENRY DISSTON COMBINED GRAMMAR, SECONDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, 
 
 Longshore and Ditman Streets, Tacony. 
 
 Thirty-fifth Section. 
 
to procure still another building. The Diss- 
 ton's then came forward and donated the 
 ground at the corner of Longshore and 
 Ditman streets, and the city erected thereon, 
 in 1883, a fine stone structure of ten divisions. 
 This building was very properly called the 
 Henry Disston School. In 1889 an addition 
 was built to it. Tacony School, up to this 
 time, had been one of the schools of the 
 Twenty-third Section, but the ward was 
 divided in 1890, and this portion became a 
 part of the Thirty-fifth Ward. The Henry 
 Disston School was combined under a Super- 
 vising Principal in 1890. 
 
 School life in Bustleton began with the 
 settlement itself, there being several private 
 schools in the vicinity at an early date. 
 These schools flourished until the free schools 
 were established by the Board of Controllers. 
 
 John Neville was the first Principal of the 
 Bustleton School. A man named Crispen and 
 another, Walter Hibbs, were the next Princi- 
 pals successively. In 183 1 Joshua B. Smith 
 conducted the school, and he was followed by 
 Charles Hoag, one of the founders of the city 
 of Minneapolis and the friend and associate of 
 John G. Whittier. About this time the name 
 of the Bustleton Grammar School or Acad- 
 emy was changed to the Fayette, George 
 W. Fetter, afterwards Principal of the Nor- 
 mal School, being Principal. 
 
 During Mr. Fetter's incumbency a new- 
 school was built, in 1854, upon the site of the 
 old one. Among the different Principals 
 were Dr. Joseph C. Martindale, Charles H. 
 Rainier, Charles A. Singer, James F. C.Sickel, 
 James W. Bunting, Henry C. Payne, William 
 Jacobs, William L. Balentine, S. E. B. 
 Kinsloe and Franklin F. Cartledge. 
 
 The Wissinoming School is a monument 
 to the intelligence and energy of Ameri- 
 can workingmen. In 1884 not a dozen 
 houses marked the present town site. In 
 December of that year, at a large meeting of 
 workingmen held in the Thirty-first Ward, 
 was instituted a corporation taking the name 
 and title, Wissinoming ^lutual Land and 
 
 Improvement Association. Its object was 
 the attainment for its members of the owner- 
 ship of a sufficient quantity of land to build 
 comfortable homes. Sixty acres of land were 
 purchased in the then Twenty-third Ward, 
 extending westward from Torresdale avenue 
 to Erdwick street and northward from Dark 
 Run lane to Comly street. This area was 
 'subdivided into lots containing from 5,000 to 
 7,000 square feet each. Streets were opened 
 and rapidly graded. 
 
 The year 1887 found sixty-nine houses and 
 one chapel comprising the town. A dona- 
 
 WATSON COMLY. 
 
 tion of a lot, which is the present site of the 
 school, and the few hundred dollars of an 
 unexpended balance in its treasury, were 
 made to the town for educational purposes 
 by the Land Association. 
 
 On October 8, 1888, the school was opened 
 and fully established with eighty-two scholars 
 under the charge of W. H. Hollis as Principal. 
 In 1890 William J. Moran succeeded as Prin- 
 cipal. In 1 89 1 Elmer E. Michener became 
 Principal and was succeeded by A. J. Evans, 
 the present Principal. 
 
In pursuance of the action of a public 
 meeting of the citizens of Fox Chase and 
 vicinity, held on March 21, 1891, to organize 
 a movement to secure the erection of a new 
 school-house upon the Old (Octagon) 
 School-house Lot, Fox Chase, of which 
 the Rev. Samuel J. Milliken was chair- 
 man, and W. Austin Yerkes was secre- 
 tary, the chairman appointed the fol- 
 lowing freeholders as trustees of the lot: 
 William H. Rhawn, Joseph U. Crawford, 
 Richard W. Clay, Dr. Chandler Weaver, 
 Robert W. Ryerss, Dr. John Sibbald, William 
 F. McFarland, Dr. Ludwig S. Filbert, Joseph 
 Ashby and Kennedy Crossan; and as treas- 
 
 Until 1 89 1 the school had only one division, 
 but since 1892 there have been three. 
 
 By a clause in Thomas Holme's will, dated 
 1694, he gave £4 for the good of Dublin 
 Township. In 1723 his heirs set apart 
 a lot of ground for a school. In 1793 Strick- 
 land Foster, Principal of the old log school- 
 house, witha numberof citizens of thevicinity, 
 obtained from the State authorities a charter 
 for the Lower Dublin Academy, and imme- 
 diately subscriptions were opened to enable 
 the trustees to build a larger and more con- 
 venient building for the uses of the Academy. 
 On November 5, 1844, the board of directors 
 of public schools made a proposition to the 
 
 DR. H. A. p. NEEL. 
 
 WILLIAM E. ERVIN. 
 
 urer, Edward S. Handy, Jr. The l)oard of 
 trustees of the Old School-house Lot, Fox 
 Chase, organized on March 28th by the elec- 
 tion of William H. Rhawn as president, and 
 Joseph U. Crawford as secretary. Charles 
 E. Pancoast, Esq., was subsequently retained 
 as counsel. 
 
 By deed of dedication, executed January 
 29, 1892, the trustees conveyed the lot to the 
 city, and in 1894 a school-house was built. 
 
 The Washington School was opened as a 
 private school in the early part of the cen- 
 tury. It became a public school in 1827. 
 The present building was erected in 1867. 
 
 trustees to lease the academy for a term of 
 years, with privilege to so alter it as to make 
 it adaptable for the purposes of a grammar 
 school. Six days later a lease was signed. 
 
 The teachers of the academy were Strick- 
 land Foster, Timothy R. Ryan, Talbot 
 Hamilton, James W. Chapman, James 
 Tathem, Benjamin Hopkins, Joseph Lock- 
 head, James W. Chapman, William B. Hill 
 and Thomas Shallcross. 
 
 One of the most interesting features of 
 this noted 1)uilding is the old clock now seen 
 in the dormer window. Edward Duffield, a 
 resident of the vicinitv. who was an associate 
 
 536 
 
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 5- K C 
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 5- KoQ 
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of Jefferson, Washington and Franklin, was 
 a clockmaker at the corner of Second and 
 Arch streets. At FrankHn's sug^gestion he 
 made a large clock with two faces and hung 
 it obliquely from the corner of the store so 
 that it could be seen by persons approaching 
 from any direction. This clock was after- 
 wards presented to the academy by the 
 maker. 
 
 In 1 85 1 the public school authorities 
 erected the Wheat Sheaf school-house on the 
 site of a private school conducted by Charles 
 Shallcross. There is a cupola on top of the 
 liuilding in which there is a large bell that is 
 still used to notify the pupils that the school 
 hour has arrived. It was frecpiently rung 
 during the Civil War to call the farmers to 
 mass meetings. The Principal of the school 
 is Miss Elizabeth Baillie. 
 
 The old Columbia school-house, which was 
 vacated upon the completion of the hand- 
 some new Joseph Brown School in 1895, ^^'^'^ 
 built in 1846. The hrst Principal of the 
 boys' grammar department was Humphrey 
 J. Waterman. 
 
 The late Watson Comly, after whom the 
 school at Somerton. built in 1893, was named, 
 was one of the best-known citizens of north- 
 ern Philadelphia. He was a direct descend- 
 ent of Henry Comly, who came to this 
 
 country with W^m. Penn in 1682. He was 
 the father-in-law of Thomas Shallcross, who 
 has represented the Thirty-fifth Section in 
 the Board of Public Education since the 
 Thirty-fifth Ward was first formed. [See 
 Board of Public Education.] 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Thirty-fifth Section in 1896 was Dr. H. 
 A. P. Neel; born in Philadelphia, January i. 
 1855: elected a Director in 1887 (then in the 
 Twenty-third Section Board); chosen Presi- 
 dent in 1892. 
 
 The Secretary was William E. Ervin; born 
 in Philadelphia; elected a Director in 1888; 
 chosen Secretary in 1891. 
 
 T. Miles Brous was born in Philadelphia, 
 November 20, 1837; elected a Director in 
 1887. 
 
 Isaac Tomlinson was born in 1832; elected 
 a Director in 1874. 
 
 William Bender Wilson was born in Harris- 
 burg, Pa., April 5, 1839; elected a Director in 
 1894. 
 
 Other members of the Board were H. H. 
 Barton, Barton Castor. Charles G. Freed, Z. 
 T. Kirk, Horace B. Rowland, Frank Shall- 
 cross and Augusta T. Tomlinson. 
 
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 543 
 
Schools of the Thirty=sixth Section 
 
 The boundaries of the Thirty-sixth Ward 
 of the City of Philadelphia, which comprises 
 the Thirty-sixth Section of the First School 
 District of Pennsylvania, are Washington 
 avenue and Eighteenth street, to Gray's 
 Ferry avenue, to Ellsworth street, to Eight- 
 eenth, to the Schuylkill River. 
 
 The schools of the Thirty-sixth Section are 
 as follows: James Logan Combined Gram- 
 mar, Secondary and Primary School, Nine- 
 teenth and Reed streets, Watson Cornell, 
 Supervising Principal, and Lurana J. 
 Williamson, Vice-Principal; Gustavus A. 
 Benson Combined Grammar, Secondary 
 and Primary, Twenty-seventh and Whar- 
 ton streets, William L. Balentine, Super- 
 vising Principal; Landreth Combined Sec- 
 ondary and Primary, Twenty-third and 
 Federal streets, Lillie Wallace, Supervis- 
 ing Principal; James Alcorn Combined 
 Higher Grade Secondary and Primary 
 School, Thirty-fourth and Wharton streets, 
 Ella S. Braden, Supervising Principal; 
 McDaniel Combined Secondary and Pri- 
 mary, Twenty-first and Moore streets, Mary 
 McConnell, Supervising Principal; Point 
 Breeze Consolidated School, Twenty-seventh 
 street and Passyunk avenue. Sue A. Lowery, 
 Principal; Girard Consolidated School, Pass- 
 yunk avenue and Eighteenth street, Jessie 
 S. Bagg, Principal; Franklin Consolidated 
 School, Rope Ferry road, Lottie K. Siddons, 
 Principal; Kindergarten No. i. Thirty-third 
 and Wharton streets, Louisa B. Renshaw, 
 teacher; Kindergarten No. 2, Twenty-third 
 and Federal streets, Rebecca S. Van Haagen, 
 teacher; Kindergarten No. 3, Twenty-seventh 
 
 street and Passyunk avenue, Lidie L. Garvin, 
 teacher. 
 
 An interesting old landmark is the Girard 
 Consolidated School, at Passyunk avenue and 
 Eighteenth street, facing Rope Ferry road. 
 It is a substantial brick building, and in its 
 time was an adornment to Passyunk Town- 
 ship, as that part of the city was known in 
 the early days. It is now regarded with 
 veneration by reason of its history, but for 
 practical school purposes is no longer a de- 
 sirable building, and a new structure, modern 
 in all its appointments, is to be erected on 
 an adjoining lot. 
 
 The Girard School was erected in 1833. 
 It was not organized as a public school, but 
 was provided for by Stephen Girard in his 
 will. What is known as the old Girard 
 homestead, which was Mr. Girard's country 
 residence, is located only a short distance 
 from the school. 
 
 By the terms of his will there was 
 bequeathed "unto Philip Peltz, John Lentz, 
 Francis Hesley, Jacob Baker and Adam 
 Young, of Passyunk Township, in the 
 County of Philadelphia, the sum of 
 $6,000 in trust, that they, or the sur- 
 vivors, or survivor of them shall pur- 
 chase a suitable piece of ground, as near 
 as may be in the centre of said township, 
 and thereon erect a substantial brick building, 
 sufficiently large for a school-house, and the 
 residence of a schoolmaster, one part thereof 
 for poor male white children, and the other 
 part for poor female white children of said 
 township; and as soon as the said school- 
 house shall have been built, that they, the 
 
said trustees, or the survivors or survivor of 
 them, shall convey the said piece of ground 
 and house thereon erected, and shall pay over 
 such balance of said sum as may remain un- 
 expended to any board of directors and their 
 successors in trust, which may at the time 
 exist or be by law constituted, consisting of 
 at least twelve discreet inhabitants of the 
 said township, and to be annually chosen by 
 the inhabitants thereof; the said piece of 
 ground and house to be carefully maintained 
 by said directors and their successors, solely 
 for the purposes of a school as aforesaid for- 
 ever, and the said balance to l)e securelv in- 
 
 WATSON CORNELL. 
 
 vested as a permanent fund, interest thereof 
 to be applied from time to time toward the 
 education in said school of any number of 
 such poor white children of said township; 
 and I do hereby recommend to the citizens 
 of said township to make additions to the 
 fund whereof I have laid the foundation." 
 
 The building was erected, and the school 
 was opened in 1833, with about 30 pupils. 
 The provision for the residence of the school- 
 master was evidently not appreciated by the 
 early masters, none of whom lived in the 
 fchool. The janitor or housekeeper, how- 
 
 ever, has always occupied the residence por- 
 tion of the building. 
 
 No one responded to Mr. Girard's recom- 
 mendation that additions be made to the 
 fund founded by him, and the trustees dis- 
 covered that they had insufificient means with 
 which to properly carry on the school for any 
 length of time. It struggled along for 
 several years, but was finally closed. In 1867 
 the building was turned over to the Board of 
 Public Education and was reopened as a 
 public school with about 60 pupils. 
 
 Notwithstanding the fact that new schools 
 have been located not far from the Girard 
 School, its attendance has increased in recent 
 years, there being at present over 200 pupils 
 enrolled. This is believed to be largely due 
 to the interest felt in the old school by 
 residents of that section. 
 
 The Point Breeze School was organized in 
 1795 as a private school, being originally 
 located in a small frame building. A new 
 school-house was erected in 1826, and was 
 used until 1879, when the present building- 
 was erected. 
 
 The following are among those who have 
 been Principals of the Point Breeze School: 
 John C. Hutton, John S. Furey, Davis 
 Moore, Charles Gilbert, Watson Cornell, 
 William J. Rogers and Miss S. A. Lowery. 
 
 In 1845 the Landreth family ceded to the 
 city for school purposes a lot of land on 
 Federal street. On this lot stood an old 
 brick farm house, which was altered consider- 
 ably and converted into a public school. It 
 was called the Landreth School. It was 
 destroyed by fire in 1865, and the following 
 year an appropriation for a new building at 
 Twenty-third and Federal streets was secured. 
 The year 1889 saw the erection of a still 
 larger building for the Landreth School. 
 
 The original building of the Franklin Con- 
 solidated School was erected in 1842, and 
 opened as a public school in January, 1843. 
 This was the first public school in the old 
 Passyunk Township. Of those who attended 
 the school when it was first opened very few 
 
 546 
 
are still living^. The number includes Charles 
 Singley, Joseph Shisler and William Toms. 
 
 Owing to the distance from the school to 
 the city proper there was more or less 
 difficulty experienced in securing and retain- 
 ing teachers for the Franklin School, and it 
 was frequently closed temporarily. The first 
 teacher was William Cushman. Among 
 others who have taught there are Edgar A. 
 Singer, now Assistant Superintendent of 
 Public Schools; Charles Brelsford and Henry 
 B. Whittington, who are Principals in other 
 Sections, and the present incumbent. Lottie 
 K. Siddons. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Thirty-sixth Section in 1896 was William 
 MacDonald; born in Philadelphia, September 
 28. 1852; elected a Director in 1893; chosen 
 President in 1893. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Alexander 
 J. Whittingham; born in Philadelphia, in 
 1861; elected a Director in 1888, chosen Sec- 
 retary of the Twenty-sixth Section Board in 
 1890 and of the Thirty-sixth Section Board 
 in 1893. 
 
 Robert P. Crouse was born in Philadelphia, 
 January 28, 1846; elected a Director in 1893. 
 
 WILLIAM MacDONALD. 
 
 Tne Delaplaine McDaniel School Avas 
 opened in 1892, and the building was en- 
 larged in the following year. Miss McCon- 
 nell has been the Principal since the school 
 was first organized. 
 
 In 1896 the Gustavus A. Benson School 
 was organized in the handsome new* building 
 at Twenty-seventh and Wharton streets. 
 
 The largest school in the Section, and, in 
 fact, one of the largest in the city, is the 
 James Logan School, which, under Supervis- 
 ing Principal Watson Cornell, has attained a 
 high reputation. 
 
 ALEXANDER J. WHITTINGHAM. 
 
 Robert J. Hewlett was born in Philadel- 
 phia, January 22, 1868; elected a Director in 
 1894. 
 
 John W. Conner was born in Philadelphia, 
 April 8, 1862; elected a Director in 1893. 
 
 John A. McCaughey was born in Coates- 
 ville. Pa., October 9. 1842; elected a Director 
 in 1893. 
 
 John C. O'Keefe was born in Philadelphia, 
 January 19, 1861; elected a Director in 1896. 
 
 Joseph Russell was born in Philadelphia, 
 August 31, 1863; elected a Director in 1893. 
 
 James W. Smith was born in Philadelphia, 
 November 7, 1857; elected a Director in 1893. 
 
 Other members of the Board were John F. 
 Glenn, James McCracken and John Milligan. 
 
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 561 
 
Schools of the Thirty=seventh Section 
 
 The l)oun(laries of the Thirty-seventh 
 Ward of the City of Philadelphia, which com- 
 prises the Thirty-seventh Section of the First 
 School District of Pennsylvania, are Broad 
 street, Germantown avenue and Susquehanna 
 avenue. 
 
 The schools of the Thirty-seventh Section 
 are as follows: Cambria Combined Grammar, 
 Secondary and Primary School, Thirteenth 
 street below Cambria, David H. Stout, 
 
 Pilkington, teacher; Kindergarten No. 3, 
 No. 2847 North Eleventh street, Susan E. 
 Sensor, teacher. 
 
 The Thirty-seventh Section was organized 
 in 1892, when the Thirty-seventh Ward was 
 formed by the division of the Twenty-eighth. 
 The school-houses are of comparatively re- 
 cent construction. They are very much 
 
 DAVID H. STOUT. 
 
 DR. WILLIAM K. MATTERN. 
 
 Supervising Principal; Oakdale Secondary 
 School, Eleventh and Huntingdon streets, 
 Kate E. Stevens, Principal; Oakdale Primary 
 School No. I, Eleventh and Huntingdon 
 streets, Olivia Schlecht, Principal; Oakdale 
 Primary No. 2, same building, Laura S. 
 Thomas, Principal; Kindergarten No. i, 
 Tenth and Tahasa streets, Katie Jane Kant- 
 ner. Principal; Kindergarten No. 2, German- 
 town avenue near Tioga street, Sarah J. 
 
 over-crowded and efforts are being made to 
 secure an addition to the Cambria School. 
 
 The late Dr. William K.Mattern, Coroner's 
 physician, was appointed to represent the new 
 Section in the Board of Public Education in 
 1893, and continued as a member of that body 
 until his death, in April, 1896. 
 
 Dr. Mattern was born in Berks County on 
 August 5, 1847. He came to Philadelphia 
 when a young man, and in 1870 entered the 
 
 563 
 
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, from 
 which institution he was graduated four 
 years later. Soon afterward he opened a 
 drug store, and also began the study of 
 medicine. Entering Jefferson College, he 
 took the full course, and was graduated in 
 1882. 
 
 The following year he was elected a mem- 
 ber of the Twenty-eighth Section School 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 The President of the Board of Directors of 
 the Thirty-seventh Section in 1896 was 
 William D. Spencer; born in the State ot 
 Delaware, September 9. 1850; elected a Di- 
 rector in 1893; chosen President in 1896. 
 
 The Secretary of the Board was Charles H. 
 Vanfleet, the Section's representative in the 
 
 WILLIAM D SPENCER. 
 
 CHARLES H. VANFLEET. 
 
 Board, of which he soon became President 
 and later Secretary, holding the former ofBce 
 for a term of one year and the latter for a 
 term of five years. 
 
 Charles H. Vanfleet, who had 1)een Secre- 
 tary of the Board of Directors of the Section 
 since its organization, was appointed, in June, 
 1896, to succeed Dr. Mattern in the Board of 
 Public Education. 
 
 Board of Public Education. [For biography 
 see page 1 18.] 
 
 Other members of the Board were Charles 
 Coates, John E. Balderston, P. Oliver Derr, 
 D. Edward Moore, Jacob W. Reiff, H. L. 
 Roat, C. J. Schock, William F. Siegener, 
 Charles Walker, Ormond Rambo and William 
 L. Young. 
 
 564 
 
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 565 
 
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 567 
 
School Organizations 
 
The Associated Alumni of the Central 
 
 High School 
 
 Graduates of the Central High School first 
 orj^anized an association in 1842, under the 
 name of "The AUunni Association of the 
 Central High School of Philadelphia." It 
 thrived for a number of years, during which 
 period what was called the Alumni address 
 was delivered annually on the evening of the 
 February commencement day by some mem- 
 ber elected bv the Association. 
 
 A move to increase the efficiency of this 
 Association was made in 1886, when a reor- 
 ganization took place and new by-laws were 
 adopted. The membership soon increased 
 largely in number, and with the celebration 
 of the semi-centennial of the High School, in 
 1888, the Associated Alumni became firmly 
 established as an influential and efficient or- 
 ganization. 
 
 ROBKRT E. PATTISON, 
 President Associated Alumni of the Central High School. 
 
 "The Alumni Institute of the Central High 
 School" was the title under wdiich an asso- 
 ciation of the graduates was organized in 
 1867, as an adjunct to the former association. 
 These organizations were succeeded in 1873 
 by the Associated Alumni of the Central 
 High School of Philadelphia, under which 
 title the present Association w^as incorpo- 
 rated. 
 
 JOHN F. LEWIS. 
 Vice-President Associated Alumni of the Central High School. 
 
 The semi-centennial celebration included a 
 pul)lic meeting at the /\cademy of Music on 
 October 29, 1888, under the auspices of the 
 Associated Alumni, and a reception on the 
 evening of October 30th, at St. George's 
 Hall. 
 
 The Academy meeting w^as a most notable 
 affair. Colonel Robert P. Dechert presided. 
 Seated on the stage w'ere the faculty of the 
 
school, members of the Board of PubHc Edu- 
 cation and of City Councils, and many other 
 prominent men, including ex-Governor Rob- 
 ert E. Pattison, President of the Associated 
 Alumni; ex-Governor Curtin, ex-Governor 
 Pollock, General Louis Wagner, then Di- 
 rector of Public Works; William Pepper. M. 
 D., then Provost of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania; William V. McKean, Colonel Wil- 
 liam B. Mann, General George R. Snowden, 
 Professor James MacAlister, then Superin- 
 tendent of Public Schools; Judges William B. 
 Hanna, D. Newlin Fell, Joseph C. Ferguson, 
 James Gay Gordon and F. Amadee Bregy 
 
 JOHN R. FANSHAWE, 
 Vice-President Associated Alumni of the Central High School. 
 
 Colonel M. Richards Muckle, James M. For- 
 sythe, U. S. A.; General James W. Latta, 
 Major William H.Lambert, Professor George 
 D. Fetterolf, President of Girard College; 
 Professor Samuel Mecutchen, Professor 
 James McClune, Professor George J. Becker. 
 Professor George W. Fetter, then Principal 
 of the Normal School; Henry M. Dechert, 
 Dr. Henry Hartshorn, Joel Cook, Professor 
 Daniel W. Howard, Charles H. Cramp, Ed- 
 ward Shippen and Benjamin F. Teller. 
 
 The music was furnished by the Germania 
 Orchestra. After prayer by Rev. John E. 
 Cookman, D. D., of New York, Colonel 
 Dechert opened the meeting with an address. 
 
 in which he traced the origin and advance- 
 ment of public education in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Judge Michael Arnold followed with an ad- 
 dress on "The Administration of Professor 
 John S. Hart," and Dr. S. Solis-Cohen spoke 
 about 'The Central High School as a Teacher 
 of Science." 'The A^alue of the Central High 
 School in Its Relation to the Public Schools" 
 was the topic upon which Judge William N. 
 Ashman addressed the meeting. He replied 
 to the criticisms which were at that time be- 
 ing made concerning the High School, show- 
 ing them to be uncalled for and untrue. In 
 closing he spoke of a prevalent undesirable 
 tendency in educational institutions from 
 which the High School is free, and gave an 
 eloquent exposition of what the High School 
 boy is not. An extract of this speech will 
 not be out of place: — 
 
 "Grant, if you will, that the studies in that 
 school are superficial; may there not be, nay, 
 is there not, such an evil as overtraining? Re- 
 member, the portals of our colleges are prac- 
 tically barred against the children of the poor; 
 and the material upon which these institu- 
 tions work is taken from among the wealthy 
 and the well-to-do. And what is the result? 
 Why, hundreds of American youth, of the 
 laissez-faire order, enter these seminaries for 
 the same reason that they wear a silk hat — 
 because it is respectable to do so. Every day 
 that I live I see young men blushing — I was 
 about to say, but young men in this age do 
 not blush — over the honors of the class room 
 and the greater honor of the sheepskin, but 
 out of whose small brains the mills of the 
 schools have ground all capacity for self- 
 thought and independent endeavor. 
 
 "These men annoy me. They have learned 
 by rote certain axioms of philosophy, and, in 
 what may be termed the mechanics of learn- 
 ing, they are above criticism. In the realms 
 of the imagination, where thought is creative, 
 they are beneath all criticism. The little 
 learning they have gotten is as cumbrous an 
 implement in their hands as a steam plough 
 in the hands of a dentist. They are simply 
 
and only respectable. If there is one being in 
 the world for whom I have an abiding, an im- 
 movable and an unntterable contempt, it is a 
 respectable man. 
 
 "In an age panting with brave thoughts 
 and ringing with braver deeds, he floats above 
 the struggle — an insect in the sunlight. 
 What matters it to him that great problems 
 on which the destiny of the State depends 
 must be solved; would you have him descend 
 to the turmoil of politics? He is too respect- 
 able! What matters it that capital cries out 
 against labor, and labor against capital, and 
 
 GEORGE BARCLAY HAWKES, 
 Recording Secretary Associated Alumni of the Central High School. 
 
 that wise counsels are needed to avert the 
 ominous conflict? His wealth is assured, and 
 he is respectable! What matters it that great 
 wrongs appeal for vengeance, that the starv- 
 ing ask for food, and the ignorant for knowl- 
 edge, and the erring for help — shall he go 
 down to the slums, or confront the criminal 
 in his lair? Why, he is a respectable man! 
 
 'Thank God, the High School could not if 
 she would, and would not if she could, give 
 birth to such a nerveless spectre of manhood. 
 Her men may be scantily decked with the in- 
 sig-nia of learning, but they are to be found 
 
 where the work is hardest and the battle un- 
 certain. Against all the obloquy which may 
 l)e heaped upon her, our school will point to 
 the lives of these, her children, as the vindi- 
 cation of her fair name and the reason for her 
 being." 
 
 A notable feature of the celebration was 
 the reading of an original poem by George 
 Alfred Townsend, the well-known author and 
 journalist. The poem: — 
 
 "The High School man his mother knows, 
 Whate'er his stature, now or then 
 As yonder city tower grows 
 Toward the feet of WilHam Penn. 
 
 " Plain as his form above the throng, 
 To such a patron we refer — 
 Though we are many thousand strong, 
 We look not down but up to Her. 
 
 " Prim Quaker Dame, her strength we bless 
 Who culled us with her shepherd's crook ; 
 She found us straying purposeless, 
 And in our hands she put a book. 
 
 " It saves us half our fathers' pains, 
 It gave us some career to see — 
 The world flew wide and opened lanes 
 Of golden opportunity. 
 
 " That bare brickyard, almost as hard 
 As Pharaoh's brickyard to the Jews, 
 Now seems to us the palace yard 
 Where Pharaoh's daughter let us choose. 
 
 " God bless the sunny corner spot! — 
 
 The cool wide halls, the basement paves, 
 The livmg men requited not, 
 
 The old professors in their graves. 
 
 " The forethought like the glance of Mars, 
 Where'er the Philadelphian rules, 
 That built a dome to seek the stars 
 Among his constellated schools. 
 
 " From ihis reunion, brethren, let 
 God-like imagination grow 
 Above the sneering earth, and set 
 Our standard lofty as the snow. 
 
 " Goodwill, good words for fellow-friend ; 
 Appreciation warm and fond ; 
 As if this world were at an end, 
 And we were graduates beyond." 
 
 Colonel Charles H. Banes spoke on "The 
 High School During the War," giving- many 
 interesting reminiscences of war times and of 
 the High School boys who went to the front. 
 
William M. Smith, President of Common 
 Council, who was to have delivered an ad- 
 dress on "The Reasons Which Led to the Or- 
 ganization of the Central High School," was 
 unable to be present. William H. Staake, 
 Esq., read Mr. Smith's letter of regret at his 
 inability to take the part assigned him, and 
 also read several other letters from absent 
 graduates. 
 
 Professor lienry Clark Johnson, the newly- 
 elected president of the faculty, made a brief 
 speech, and was followed by John F. Lewis, 
 Esq., who spoke in the place of Hon. Lewis 
 C. Cassidy, ex-Attorney-General of Pennsyl- 
 vania, who was absent by reason of illness. 
 
 published by the Associated Alumni, and a 
 general catalogue of the school from the time 
 of its organization, was published by the 
 Board of Public Education. 
 
 As a memorial of the occasion the Alumni 
 Memorial Library was formed by the contri- 
 butions of individual alumni. It now con- 
 tains about 2,oco volumes. 
 
 The objects of the incorporators of the As- 
 sociated Alumni, as stated in the charter, are 
 to perpetuate the friendly relations and at- 
 tachments formed while fellow-students, to 
 unite their energies and influence in promot- 
 ing the interests of the school and of the pub- 
 lic school system of Pennsylvania, and to 
 
 WILLIAM JOHN LONG, 
 Corresponding Secretary Associated Alumni of the Central High School. 
 
 CHARLES BIDDLE, 
 Treasurer Associated Alumni of the Central High School. 
 
 The last speaker was ex-Governor Robert E. 
 Pattison, whose topic was "The Duty of the 
 State to Furnish Gratuitous Higher Educa- 
 tion." The exercises were closed with the 
 benediction, pronounced by Rev. Samuel 
 Laird, D. D. 
 
 The celebration was concluded on the fol- 
 lowing evening, October 30, 1888, with a re- 
 ception held at St. George's Hall, under the 
 auspices of the Associated Alumni. Every 
 graduating class was represented. 
 
 At the time of the semi-centennial a report 
 of the proceedings, with an historical sketch 
 of the High School by George H. Cliff was 
 
 contribute to each other's welfare and ad- 
 vancement in life. 
 
 There are three divisions of membership: 
 active, corresponding and honorary. Grad- 
 uates who have received the degree of Bach- 
 elor of Arts and members of the former as- 
 sociation are eligible to active membership: 
 and partial-course students to corresponding 
 membership, as regulated by the by-laws. 
 Provision is also made for life membership. 
 
 Stated meetings of the Associated Alumni 
 are held in February and June. The board 
 of managers, composed of nine officers and 
 fifteen managers, has stated meetings in Feb- 
 
ruary, March. June. C)ctol)er and December. 
 For some years past a reunion of the mem- 
 bers has been held annually in December. 
 
 The board of managers make semi-annual 
 reports to the association, and reports are 
 also made by the treasurer, master of archives, 
 librarian, historian and committees. 
 
 The greater part of the practical work of 
 the Associated Alumni is of a suggestive and 
 advisory nature, and is accomplished in a 
 quiet way without boast or flourish. All 
 movements and projects afifecting the insti- 
 tution in any way receive the careful consid- 
 eration of the association and of the board of 
 managers, and by consultation and co-opera- 
 tion with the school authorities of the city, 
 active efforts are made to advance the cause 
 of higher education and of the public school 
 system in general. The association was par- 
 ticularly active in securing appropriations fo^* 
 the new building, now being erected. 
 
 For a number of years it has been the cus- 
 tom of the Associated Alumni to award prizes 
 for scholarship to students of the school. To 
 insure the permanency of this custom a prize 
 fund has been created. As this fund increases 
 the number of prizes to be awarded can be 
 enlarged. Any alumnus or friend of the in- 
 stitution may designate a donation as a spe- 
 cial fund to be invested as a memorial, and 
 the income used for such prizes as he may di- 
 rect. The prizes are publicly awarded on 
 Commencement Day. 
 
 High School graduates stand foremost 
 among respected business and professional 
 men in Philadelphia. Many have been ele- 
 vated to positions of trust in the service of the 
 city, State and Nation.* 
 
 Prominent among those who have occupied 
 pubHc office and positions of prominence are: 
 Ex-U. S. Senator Charles F. Manderson, of 
 Nebraska; ex-Governor of Pennsylvania, 
 Robert E. Pattison; ex-Governor and Su- 
 preme Court Justice of New Jersey, Leon 
 Abbet, deceased; ex-Lieutenant-Governor of 
 
 Washington Territory. Judge Elwood Evans; 
 ex-Commissioner of Patents, Samuel S. 
 Fisher, deceased; George Davidson, who has 
 served the United States Coast Survey on the 
 Pacific Coast for over fifty years; James Cog- 
 gins, who was a member of the California 
 Legislature; General James W. Latta, Secre- 
 tary of Liternal Affairs of Pennsylvania; 
 William V. McGrath, deceased, who was State 
 Treasurer of Pennsylvania; Congressman 
 Ignatius Donnelly, of Minnesota, also a fa- 
 mous author; William WilkinsCarr, lawyer and 
 Postmaster of Philadelphia; Charles S. Lin- 
 coln, Clerk of United States District Court; 
 
 *For the accompanying compilation of graduates' names, 
 the author is indebted to the able historian of the Associated 
 Alumni, Harry S. Hopper, Esq. 
 
 DANIEL W. HOWARD, 
 Master of Archives Associated Alumni of the Central High School. 
 
 Cyrus Newlin, deceased. United States Dis- 
 trict Attorney of Virginia; Clinton Roger:^ 
 Woodruff, Secretary of the Municipal 
 League; George Harding, the expert patent 
 lawyer. 
 
 Harry R. Comly, District Attorney of 
 Helena, Montana; Adam Everly, ex-Consul 
 to Birmingham, England; Alexander P. 
 Colesberry, United States Marshal; Dominic 
 L Murphy, United States Commissioner of 
 Pensions; Lewis A. Kershaw, who became a 
 barrister of London; John J. Ridgway, ex- 
 Collector of the Port; Henry C. Parsons, ex- 
 Mayor ofWilliamsport, Pennsylvania; William 
 Nelson West, deceased, City Solicitor; George 
 
E. Kirkpatrick, Superintendent of the Girard 
 Estate; Harry L. Neall, Secretary of City 
 Civil Service Board; George A. Bullock, ex- 
 Chief of Bureau of Highways; John L. Ogden, 
 ex-Chief of Water Department; Alfred S. 
 Eisenhower, Chief of Bureau of City Prop- 
 erty; William J. Roney, Receiver of Taxes; 
 Park Commissioners David W. Sellers and 
 John G. Johnson, also eminent lawyers; James 
 L. Miles, President of Select Council; Wencel 
 Hartman. President of Common Council; 
 John R. Stevens and Richard Peltz, of the 
 Building Commission. 
 
 Ex-Congressman John V.Creely; Walter E. 
 Rex. ex-Register of Wills: District Attornev 
 
 DR. EDWIN JAMES HOUSTON, 
 Librarian Associated Alumni of the Central High School. 
 
 Henry S. Hagert, deceased; David H. Lane, 
 €x-Recorder of Philadelphia; William Mc- 
 Michael. deceased. Assistant U. S. x\ttorney; 
 General Robert P. Dechert, deceased, County 
 Controller of Philadelphia; William H. James, 
 deceased. District Attorney of Venango 
 County. Pennsylvania, and Councilman of 
 Philadelphia; John P. J. Sensenderfer. County 
 Commissioner; Lewis C. Cassidy, deceased, 
 Attorney-General of Pennsylvania; Andrew 
 Mason, U. S. Assay Officer, New York; 
 ex-Judge Henry J. McCarthy, of the Superior 
 Court of Pennsylvania; Justice James T. 
 
 Mitchell, of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, 
 Judges James Gay Gordon, Michael Arnold, 
 Mayer Sulzberger and Abraham M. Beitler 
 and ex-Judge Theodore F. Jenkins, of the 
 Courts of Common Pleas; Judge James Lynd. 
 deceased. Judges William B. Hanna, William 
 N. Ashman and Joseph C. Ferguson, of the 
 Orphans' Court; Justice Edward Patterson, 
 of the Supreme Court of New York; James B. 
 Sheridan, deceased. Justice of New York 
 Marine Court. 
 
 P. A. B. Widener. Thomas Dolan and 
 David W. Dickson, of the city railway cor- 
 porations, were students in the school; also 
 Captain John P. Green. Joseph S. Harris. 
 Clinton G. Hancock. Stephen W. White, John 
 R. Fanshawe. James G. McCollin, officers of 
 railroad corporations; also shipbuilders 
 Cramps and Dialogue; William P. Henszey, 
 of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, and 
 Clement A. Griscom, of the great navigation 
 companies. 
 
 Other prominent Alumni are James L. 
 Hays, President of the State Board of Educa- 
 tion of New Jersey; T. Guilford Smith, of the 
 Board of Regents of the Universitv cf New 
 York; George Inman Riche, for many years 
 President of the High School; George 
 Howard Cliff, Principal of the Philadelphia 
 Normal School for Girls; Dr. William H. 
 Wahl, Secretary of the Franklin Institute; 
 Thomas May Peirce, deceased, Principal of 
 the well-known business school; Alfred Hem- 
 bold, Jr., Secretary of the Williamson School: 
 the late John Edgar, President of Wilson 
 College at Carlisle, Pennsylvania; Andrew J. 
 Morrison, Assistant Superintendent of 
 Schools of Philadelphia; Professor William L. 
 Sayre, Principal of the Central Manual Train- 
 ing School; Samuel Mecutchen, formerly a 
 Professor in the High School. 
 
 The famous electrical investigators and in- 
 ventors, Edwin J. Houston and Elihu Thomp- 
 son are graduates, and both were also Pro- 
 fessors in the school. Among other scientific 
 men are Dr. Henry Leffman, S. Lloyd Wie- 
 gand, J. Vaughan Merrick, Albert R. Leeds, 
 
 576 
 
Charles F. Kroeh. Dr. Charles M. Cresson, 
 deceased; Dr. B. Howard Rand, deceased. 
 
 A number of High School graduates are 
 teachers in the grammar and other grades of 
 schools. Others are professors and instruct- 
 ors in colleges and universities, including the 
 University of Pennsylvania, Lehigh Univer- 
 sity. Cornell University, the Medico-Chirur- 
 gical College, Hahnemann Medical College, 
 Jefferson IVIedical College, the Stevens Insti- 
 tute of Technology, of Hoboken; Lafayette 
 College and others. Thomas M. Drown is 
 President of Lehigh University. 
 
 Several members of the present City Coun- 
 cils and the State Legislature were students 
 at the institution. Eight members of the 
 Board of Public Education and its secretary 
 were students also. In the faculty of the 
 High School twelve professors and instruct- 
 ors, two professors emeritus and twenty-eight 
 former professors and instructors were High 
 School men. 
 
 Among the journalists and authors are Joel 
 Cook, C. Cathcart Taylor, deceased; James S. 
 McCartney, James W. King, James Rankin 
 \'oung, for many years also Executive Clerk 
 of the United States Senate; George Alfred 
 Townsend, Russell P. Jacoby, of Newark. 
 N. J.; Colonel Stephen N. Winslow, Charles 
 F. School, William M. Singerly, J. Barclay 
 Harding, Henry C. Titus, Rev. Robert M. 
 Patterson, George J. Erennan. Alexander J. 
 McCleary, Frank R. Stockton, Henry George, 
 Ignatius Donnelly, William H. Samuel. 
 Edwin J. Houston, Stockton Bates, Dr. 
 Bushrod W. James and many others. 
 
 Among the bankers and brokers are Edward 
 W. Clark, George S. Fox, George I. Bodine. 
 DeHaven Brothers and John Sailer. Joseph 
 Drexel, deceased, was also a student. 
 
 Upwards of two hundred lawyers engaged 
 in active practice in Philadelphia, many phy- 
 sicians, clergymen, a few artists and musicians, 
 beside hundreds of merchants, manufacturers 
 and other business men are also alumni. 
 
 The president of the Associated Alumni is 
 Robert Emorv Pattison, ex-Governor of 
 
 Pennsylvania, now a business man in this city. 
 He graduated from the High School in Feb- 
 ruary, 1870, as the valedictorian of his class. 
 The vice-presidents are John R. Fanshawe 
 and John Frederick Lewis. The former 
 graduated in February, i860. He is offi- 
 cially connected with the Lehigh Valley 
 Railroad Company. He is chairman of the 
 Alumni's Committee on New Buildings. Mr. 
 Lewis is an attorney-at-law, is solicitor of the 
 Bourse and a director in many financial in- 
 stitutions. He graduated from the High 
 School in 1879, the first honor man of his 
 class. 
 
 HARRY SHELMIRE HOPPER, 
 Historian Associated Alumni of the Central High School. 
 
 The recording secretary is George Barclay 
 Hawkes, who is connected with a coal ship- 
 ping firm in Philadelphia. He graduated in 
 February, 1886, and was admitted to the bar 
 in 1894. He was largely instrumental in 
 l)ringing about the reorganization of the As- 
 sociated Alumni, in 1886. 
 
 The corresponding secretary is William 
 John Long, who graduated in February, 1891. 
 He was for three years in the office of the 
 Pullman Palace Car Company, later register- 
 ing as a student-at-law, and is now secre- 
 tary to Dr. Robert Ellis Thompson, presi- 
 dent of the faculty of the Central High 
 School. 
 
The treasurer is Charles Biddle, who grad- 
 uated in June, 1878. He was admitted to 
 the bar in 1880, and is engaged in active prac- 
 tice as a lawyer. 
 
 The master of archives is Daniel W. 
 Howard, who graduated in 1849, ^"<i was pro- 
 fessor of history in the High School from 
 1850 to 1886. 
 
 The librarian is Dr. Edwin James Houston, 
 who was a member of the faculty from 1867 to 
 1894. and who is now a professor emeritus. 
 Dr. Houston is a disting-uished scientist and 
 electrician of wide renown. 
 
 The historian is Harry Shelmire Hopper, 
 a son of Professor Zephaniah Hopper, the 
 senior professor in the High School. Mr. 
 Hopper is a lawyer and is well and favorably 
 known in his profession. He is perhaps more 
 
 thoroughly identihed with High School in- 
 terests than any other man. He has collected 
 all documents bearing upon the history of the 
 school, and keeps a record of all the professors 
 and students since the establishment of the 
 school. He unselfishly devotes much time 
 and attention to this work, and the value of 
 the results of his endeavors in the interest of 
 the school cannot be overestimated. 
 
 The board of managers is composed of 
 the officers and the following members: 
 Charles S. Crowell, Daniel W. Gratiy, Jacol) 
 Singer, William H. Staake, Clinton Rogers 
 Woodrufif, George J. Brennan, Judge James 
 Gay Gordon, John Story Jenks, David H. 
 Lane, Frederick Schober, S. Solis Cohen. 
 George E. Kirkpatrick, James W. Latta. 
 Louis J. Lautenbach and Stephen W. White. 
 
 57P 
 
Alumnae Association of the Girls' High 
 and Normal Schools 
 
 In response to a notice signed by Hannah 
 M. Cheyney, representatives of all the classes 
 that had been graduated from the Girls' Nor- 
 mal School of Philadelphia met at Seven- 
 teenth and Spring Garden streets on Saturday 
 afternoon, June 9, 1888. Miss Cheyney stated 
 that the object of the meeting was to consider 
 
 MRS. GEORGE W. KENDRICK, JR., 
 President Alumnae Association of the Girls' High and Normal School^ 
 
 the organization of an Alumnae Associa- 
 tion. The sul)ject had first been discussed at 
 a reunion of the class of January, 1874. held 
 April 30, 1887, at which a committee consist- 
 ing of Miss Hannah M. Cheyney, Miss Anna 
 B. Hall, Mrs. Caroline G. Boughton, Mrs. T. 
 H. Symonds and Miss Amelia Allen, was ap- 
 
 pointed to take the necessary preliminary 
 steps. A year passed without definite plans, 
 but the interest of other graduates had mean- 
 while been secured, and this led to the meet- 
 ing of June 9th. 
 
 At this meeting Miss Lydia A. Kirby spoke 
 in favor of an alumnae association as a 
 means of inducing continued study and pro- 
 moting the higher culture of its members. 
 
 MRS. H. W. HALLIWELL 
 
 Treasurer Alumnae Association of the Girls' High and Normal Schools. 
 
 Many others warmly advocated the proposi- 
 tion, and it was unanimously decided to form 
 such an association. Mrs. Charles M. Lukens 
 and Miss Elizabeth S. Tait were chosen tem- 
 porary President and Secretarv. A commit- 
 tee of three, consisting of Miss Anna C. 
 Webb, Miss Lydia A. Kirby and Miss V. C. 
 Piper, was appointed to draft a Constitution. 
 
By consent of the meeting this number was 
 afterward increased by the addition of Miss 
 Margaret S. Prichard and Miss Hannah M. 
 Cheyney. At the next meeting, held October 
 27, Miss Webb having resigned on account of 
 ill health. Mrs. G. W. Kendrick. Jr.. was ap- 
 pointed in her place, and by special motion 
 Mrs. Lukens was added to the committee for 
 drafting a Constitution. 
 
 On January 19, 1889, the Alumnae Asso- 
 ciation of the Girls' High and Normal Schools 
 of Philadelphia was organized with 219 mem- 
 bers. Mrs. Charles M. Lukens was elected 
 President. Miss Emilv Sartain and Mrs. 
 
 members that at no election since has there 
 been a disposition to name another president. 
 
 The objects of the Association were an- 
 nounced in the Constitution to be "the culti- 
 vation of social relations among the gradu- 
 ates, the promotion of the best interests of 
 the schools and the furthering in every way 
 of all efiforts toward the enlargement of op- 
 portunities for women." The qualifications 
 for membership were graduation from the 
 Girls' High or Normal School and the pay- 
 ment of an annual fee of $1. 
 
 Four regular meetings of the Association 
 are held each year. At the annual meeting in 
 
 MRS. JOSEPHINE RITCHIE, 
 Vice-President Alumnae Association of the (liris' High and Normal Schools. 
 
 MISS VIRGINIA C. PIPER, 
 Vice-President Alumnae Association of the (jirls' High and Normal Schools. 
 
 Henry W. Halliwell were elected Vice-Presi- 
 dents, and Mrs. George W. Kendrick. Jr., Sec- 
 retary and Treasurer. These oflficers, together 
 with fifteen members, formed an Executive 
 Board. The office of president was filled by 
 Mrs. Lukens with great satisfaction to the 
 entire Alumnae, and at her withdrawal, in 
 1893, much regret was expressed. Mrs. 
 George W. Kendrick, Jr., was then elected 
 her successor. Mrs. Kendrick, by her unfail- 
 ing courtesy, untiring energy and marked 
 ability, has so endeared herself to Alumnae 
 
 January the election of officers is held, 
 and the amendments to the Constitution and 
 By-Laws, proposed in October, are acted 
 upon. The May meeting is devoted to enter- 
 tainment and social intercourse. At the meet- 
 ings which take place in October and March 
 business is transacted and topics of general 
 interest are considered. 
 
 Almost immediately after the formation of 
 the Association the desirability of establishing 
 a home or a fund to assist teachers who. by 
 reason of ill health or advanced years, were 
 unaljle to fulfill the duties of their profession. 
 
 580 
 
was urged by Miss M.A.Campbell, of the Nor- 
 mal School, and her sister. Miss Jane Camp- 
 bell. As a result of a thorough investigation 
 of the best means to accomplish this purpose 
 it was decided to establish a fund of $25,000, 
 to be known as the Alumnae Trust Fund, the 
 interest of which should be given to assist 
 teachers who were in ill health or who needed 
 only temporary assistance. It was also re- 
 solved to advise the teachers to form for 
 themselves "The Teachers' Annuity and Aid 
 Association of Philadelphia," the Alumnae 
 promising all assistance in its power. In pur- 
 suance of this action such an association was 
 
 Teachers' Annuity and Aid Association and 
 the Alumnae Association. While the fund is 
 not large, many teachers are aided and the 
 shadows of their closing years are lightened 
 by comforts and kind remembrances. 
 
 On June 10, 1892, the Association received 
 its charter from the Legislature and became a 
 regularly incorporated body. Little change 
 was made in the government, but ten stand- 
 ing committees were established, through 
 which, with the concurrence of the Executive 
 Board, all business is transacted. These com- 
 mittees are Finance, Alumnae Fund, Lecture, 
 Entertainment, Educational, Anniversarv. 
 
 tf 
 
 MRS. B. F. JOHNSON, 
 
 Corresponding Secretary Alumnae Association of the Girls' High and 
 
 Normal Schools. 
 
 «* *-"*<. 
 
 MRS. G. L. ESTABROOK, 
 
 Recording Secretary Alumnae Association of the Girls' High and 
 
 Normal Schools. 
 
 formed and a fair was held by the two organi- 
 zations, which opened December 3d and con- 
 tinued until December 12, 189 1. By the aid 
 of a generous public, at this fair $67,587.03 
 was cleared. This amount, after deductino- 
 $3,371.93 to complete the $25,000 for the 
 Alumnae Trust Fund, was placed in the Per- 
 manent Fund of the Annuity and Aid Asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 The Alumnae Trust Fund, interest on 
 which during the four years it has been dis- 
 tributed has amounted to $5,170, is adminis- 
 tered l)y a committee representing both the 
 
 Excursion, Printing, Historical and Building 
 Fund. Under these various committees the 
 Alumnae has established classes in French, 
 German, physical culture, current literature 
 and the study of Shakespeare, which are all 
 largely attended and thoroughly appreciated 
 by the members. 
 
 On the last Saturday of January of each 
 year a luncheon is held, commemorating the 
 establishment of the first Normal School and 
 the organization of the Alumnae. The growth 
 and development of the school are here freely 
 discussed, as representatives are generally 
 
 581 
 
present from every class, from that of 1849 to 
 the last that has graduated. The hopes for 
 the future position of the public schools in 
 the educational world are announced and 
 dwelt upon. 
 
 An annual course of lectures and enter- 
 tainments has been given each year, including 
 lectures by such well-known persons as Julia 
 Ward Howe, Abby Sage Richardson. Pro- 
 fessor Davidson, Dr. Van Dyke, Elso-n Riddle. 
 Colonel Malcolm Johnson, Ruth McEnory 
 Stuart and Dr. Brul)aker. 
 
 The Alumnae maintains a scholarship at 
 BrynMawr for a graduate of the High School, 
 
 MRS. D. W HUTCHIN, 
 
 Former Corresponding Secretary Alumnae Association of the Girls' High 
 
 and Normal Schools. 
 
 and has been instrumental in securing a pro- 
 portion of the city scholarships for the High 
 and Normal Schools. In 1893 an application 
 was made by the Alumnae that the courses of 
 the University of Pennsylvania should be 
 open to women, in response to which noti- 
 fication was given that the trustees had de- 
 cided to open the biological course to all 
 desirous of following it. Thankful, but not 
 satisfied, the Association is waiting patiently 
 until some provision is made by which there 
 shall be a continued chain from the kinder- 
 garten to the degrees of Bachelor of Science 
 and Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 In 1896 the Alumnae originated the idea 
 that a course of lectures on educational topics 
 by the great thinkers of the country be given 
 annually in the city for the benefit of teachers 
 and all interested in education. In pursuance 
 of this thought, through the co-operation of 
 the Civic Club, Teachers' Institute, Friends' 
 (Orthodox) Teachers' Association and the 
 Educational Club, Miss Sarah L. Arnold, of 
 Boston, and Col. Francis W. Parker, of Cooke 
 County Normal School. Illinois, were en- 
 gaged to speak at the Philadelphia Normal 
 School for Girls. Miss Arnold's subjects were 
 "Correlation of Studies" and "Child Study." 
 Colonel Parker spoke on "The Child and 
 Nature," "Child and Man." "Modes ol Ex- 
 pression," "Attention and Objects of Atten- 
 tion." "Artist and Artisan." 
 
 This plan of having a continuous course of 
 lectures extending over an entire week having 
 proven such a success, this year the Alumnae 
 under similar co-operation has decided to in- 
 vite Dr. G. Stanley Hall, of Clark University, 
 to speak during the week of April 6th, on 
 "Study of Nature." "Motor Side of Training." 
 "Adolescence, ' "Nutrition." "General Princi- 
 ples and Physiology of Education." The 
 Alumnae Association hopes to see this course 
 of lectures become a yearly factor in the edu- 
 cational life of the city. 
 
 The present ollficers of the association are: 
 President, Mrs. George W. Kendrick. Jr. ; 
 Vice-Presidents. Mrs. Josephine Ritchie and 
 Miss V. C. Piper; Treasurer, Mrs. H. W. Hal- 
 liwell; Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. B. F. 
 Johnson; Recording Secretarv, Mrs. G. L. 
 Estabrook; Directors, Mrs. C. G. Saul, Mrs. 
 M. D. Geisler, Mrs. Isaac Remington, Miss 
 Elizabeth S. Tait, Miss E. V. McLoughlin, 
 Miss Mary Maxwell. Miss Elizabeth Dornan, 
 Miss C. Hassenplug. Mrs. J. W. Boughton, 
 Mrs. George H. Stout, Mrs. D. W. Hutchin, 
 Mrs. L. L. VV. Wilson. Mrs. David W. Hunt, 
 Miss Elizabeth B. Craven and Mrs. George 
 W. Fetter. 
 
 On January 10, 1897, there were enrolled 
 over 1.700 members, which, it is believed. 
 
 582 
 
makes this the larj^est organized body of The treasurer, at the January meeting, 
 
 women in the country. It is possible for this reported in the Fund for Current Expenses, 
 
 Association to be increasedat the rateof seven $1,025.31; in Building Fund, $2,895.14; in 
 
 or eight hundred members yearly, for that is Permanent Fund, $2,270.60; making a total 
 
 about the number annually graduated from of $6,191.05. 
 
 the two schools. \\'hat may not be accom- The Association hopes some time in the 
 
 plished by such a body of intelligent, cultured future to possess its own building. It trusts 
 
 women, working together in harmony and to the generosity of its members and friends 
 
 earnestness of purpose? to make this an early possibility. 
 
 583 
 
The Educational Club 
 
 The Educational Club of Philadelphia was 
 organized in 1892, through the efforts of Dr. 
 Edward Brooks, Superintendent of Public 
 Schools, and George H. Cliff, Principal of the 
 Philadelphia Normal School for Girls. The 
 first meeting was held November 28thof that 
 year, in the hall of the Mercantile Library. 
 Dr. Brooks made the introductory address. 
 
 Other speakers were Dr. C. Hanford Hen- 
 derson, then Principal of the Northeast Man- 
 
 these. The speakers are uniformly good; 
 many of them brilliant, and the audiences are 
 large and appreciative. The attendance is sel- 
 dom below five hundred, and is frequently as 
 high as twelve hundred. The audiences em- 
 brace all classes of society, but are mainly 
 composed of teachers. 
 
 Some distinguished educators have ad- 
 dressed the Club at its monthly meetings, in- 
 
 GEORGE H. CLIFF. 
 
 JAMES MONROE WILLARD, 
 Ex- President of the Educational Club. 
 
 ual Training School, and Dr. J. F. Holt, of 
 the Central High School faculty. There were 
 between two and three hundred present. 
 
 The Educational Club holds monthlymeet- 
 ings, at which topics are discussed which di- 
 rectly concern the teacher. Outside the as- 
 semblages of the great national organizations 
 there are few meetings of teachers that are 
 more delightful and instructive than are 
 
 eluding Professor Charles de Garnio, Dr. Ed- 
 mund J. James, Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, 
 Dr. Elmer Gates, Dr. Lightner Witmer, Pro- 
 fessor Simon N. Patton, State Superintend- 
 ent of Public Instruction Nathan C. Schaef- 
 fer, Professor Martin G. Brumbaugh, Dr. 
 Edward Brooks, Dr. Harrison Allen, Dr. J. 
 Madison Taylor and Dr. Robert Ellis Thomp- 
 son. 
 
 585 
 
The membership of the Educational Chib 
 includes many of the leading teachers of Phil- 
 adelphia. It was at first limited to men en- 
 gaged in teaching or superintendence in the 
 Philadelphia public schools, but now both 
 men and women teachers in the public and 
 private schools of the city are eligible to 
 membership. The members are not the only 
 ones who are benefited by the organization, 
 as the meetings are always open to the public. 
 
 Many of the papers read before the Club 
 have been printed in educational journals 
 throughout the country. The Clul) has also 
 had published in pamphlet form several pa- 
 
 direction of the Educational Club. The paper 
 is in the hands of an editorial committee, con- 
 sisting of George H. CHfif, chairman; Frank- 
 lin S. Edmonds, vice-chairman; Samuel L. 
 Chew, secretary; Edward Gideon, William C. 
 Jacobs, Edgar A. Singer, Mrs. Emma V. 
 Thomas, Miss Lillian AA'allace and Mrs. Lucy 
 L. Williams-Wilson. 
 
 The aim of the paper is well expressed in 
 the following extract from the introductory 
 which appeared in the first number: *'The 
 present is a period of transition in the educa- 
 tional field, and it has required strong will 
 and a spirit of enterprise not to capitulate to 
 
 ANDREW J. MORRISON, 
 President Educational Club. 
 
 CHARLES H. BRELSFORD, 
 
 Vice-President Educational Club. 
 
 pers and speches. including Dr. Brooks' in- 
 troductory, a paper by Dr. Edmund J. James, 
 on "Philadelphia's Need of a Commercial 
 High School;" one by Professor Sydney T. 
 Skidmore, of the Normal School faculty, on 
 "Evolution of Play," and two papers by Ed- 
 ward Gideon, Supervising Principal of the 
 George G. Meade School, on "The Substitute 
 Question," and "Teachers' Pensions." 
 
 The month of November, 1896, saw the 
 pubHcation of the initial number of "The 
 Teacher," a journal published monthly, ex- 
 cepting July and August, under the editorial 
 
 certain retroactive forces at work in Phila- 
 delphia. It has, therefore, seemed to the 
 Educational Club that, as incidental to its 
 work in the cause of education in Philadel- 
 phia, it should have a regular means of com- 
 munication with teachers and others in- 
 terested in education, so that the presentation 
 and discussion of important local problems, as 
 well as those of far-reaching consequence, 
 might be easy, and the form permanent. It 
 is for this reason that the Educational Club 
 has undertaken the task of editing 'The 
 Teacher.' " 
 
 586 
 
The paper may already be said to ])e one 
 of the best educational journals in the coun- 
 try. It is clean, bright and carefully edited, 
 and contains nuich matter of educational 
 value. 
 
 The Educational Club is governed by an 
 executive council of twenty members, con- 
 sisting of Andrew J. Morrison, Assistant 
 Superintendent of Public Schools. President; 
 Charles IT Brelsford. Princij^al of the 
 
 School. Germantown; George H. Cliff, Prin- 
 cipal of the Philadelphia Normal School; 
 Oliver P. Cornman, Principal of the North- 
 west School; Franklin S.Edmonds, Instructor 
 in History in the Central High School; D. W. 
 Hutchin, Principal of the Northern Liberties 
 School; George V. Z. Long, Assistant in the 
 Nichols School; Jesse H. Michener, Principal 
 of the Martha Washington School; Theodore 
 
 DAVID H. STOUT, 
 Secretary Educational Club. 
 
 EDWARD GIDEON, 
 Treasurer Educational Club. 
 
 Claghorn School, Vice-President; David II. 
 Stout, Principal of the Cambria School, Sec- 
 retary; Edward Gideon, Principal of the 
 Meade School, Treasurer; Dr. Francis Burke 
 Brandt. Professor of Pedagogy. Central High 
 School; Dr. Edward Brooks, Superintendent 
 of Public Schools; William W. Brown, Prin- 
 cipal of the Joseph Singerly School; Miss 
 May R. Caroland. Principal of the Central 
 
 L. McDowell, Assistant in the Taggart 
 School; Miss M. S. Prichard. Teacher of Psy- 
 chologv in the Normal School; William L. 
 Sayre. Principal of the Central Manual Train- 
 ing School; Edgar A. Singer, Assistant Super- 
 intendent of Public Schools; George H. 
 Stout. Principal of the Newton Grammar 
 School, and J. Monroe Willard. Principal of 
 the Northeast Manual Training School. 
 
 587 
 
The Teachers' Institute 
 
 By act of the Legislature, approved March 
 26, 1867, the Teachers' Institute of the City 
 and County of Philadelphia was incorporated, 
 and the yearly reports show conclusively that 
 it is literally fulfilling the objects and designs 
 of its formation. George Inman Riche, then 
 Principal of the High School, was its first 
 president, and among the other officials were 
 .such noted educators as Fetter, Stephens, 
 
 partments: Elocution, mathematics, geogra- 
 R. E. Rogers. Public quarterly meetings 
 were arranged, and at the first of these five 
 essays by women teachers were read. 
 
 The Institute library began with some 200 
 works, all of essential utility. Instruc- 
 tion was proposed in the form of special de- 
 phy and astronomy, history, belles-lettres and 
 
 ^- 
 
 WILLIAM H. SAMUEL, A. M., Ph. D., 
 President Teachers' Institute. 
 
 Christine, the Singers, Hopper, Mrs. McManus 
 and Miss Kereven. 
 
 The inaugural ceremonies were held at the 
 Central High School, with addresses by Rev. 
 Mr. Henson, Dr. Stille and others. Its first 
 manifestation after full organization was a 
 course of lectures, public and successful, the 
 lecturers being Rev. W. R. Alger, E. L. 
 Youmans, E. H. Chapin, Louis Agassiz and 
 
 CHARLES A. RANDALL, 
 Ex-President Teachers' Institute. 
 
 languages, philosophy, gymnastics and calis- 
 thenics, methods of instruction and discipline 
 in public schools, and natural sciences. Dur- 
 ing the second year chemistry and physics, 
 German and French, were added. These de- 
 partments afterwards l^ecame known as 
 classes. These classes meet weekly, the num- 
 ber of sessions ranging from five to twenty. 
 
 589 
 
being distributed, when necessary, in various 
 localities. 
 
 Of special enterprises the annual reports 
 show: The securing from the State of a 
 yearly appropriation of $3,000; the formation 
 of the trusts and relief fund; the invitation 
 to the State Teachers' Association for its 
 meeting at Philadelphia in 1870; the Phila- 
 delphia Teachers' reception room at the Cen- 
 tennial Exposition of 1876; the procuring of 
 the Russian and Japanese exhibits at the same 
 Exposition; the creation of a building fund; 
 the pecuniary relief afforded to teachers who 
 suffered by the Ohio flood; the movement 
 which resulted in the increase of teachers' 
 
 MISS MARY A. WALLACE, 
 Secretary Teachers' Institute. 
 
 salaries; the life directorship in the National 
 Educational Association, and the indispen- 
 sable assistance rendered in the modification 
 of methods and courses of study. 
 
 The Trusts and Relief Fund amount to 
 $24,000 of investments. In aid of necessitous 
 teachers who are members of the Institute, 
 $15,000 has been expended. The Build- 
 ing Fund now amounts to $7,340.40. The Li- 
 brary has increased from 200 volumes to 
 13,901. There are 2,200 members enrolled 
 out of a total teaching force of 3,100 in Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Any teacher may become a member of the 
 Institute upon payment of one dollar, with 
 
 formal election, that being the amount of the 
 annual dues and entitling^ the members to the 
 privilege of any class, lecture or entertain- 
 ment, to use of library, to the consideration of 
 the Relief Fund, etc. The administration is 
 vested in a Board of Manap"ers, composed of 
 all of the officers and committees elected for 
 each year. The officers for the year 1896 were: 
 President, Charles A. Randall; vice-president. 
 Dr. William H. Samuel; secretary, Mary A. 
 Wallace; treasurer, Ella M.Lukens; represent- 
 ative to National Educational Association 
 meeting, Elizabeth Caskey. Business com- 
 mittee: Robert J. McLaughlin, chairman; 
 Margaret B. Dunn, Elizabeth S. Tait, M. 
 
 Miss ELIZABETH CASKEY, 
 Representative to National Educational Association. 
 
 Anna Todd, Martha Callan, Anna Anthony,. 
 John S. Lawrence, Franklin F. Cartledge. 
 Committee on library and publication: Mary 
 J. Lamberton, Alice Clark, Jane T. Massey. 
 Committee on trusts and relief fund: Vir- 
 ginia C. Piper, Jennie Russell and Ella M. 
 Lukens. 
 
 The Institute has occupied school build- 
 ings, by permission of the Board of Public 
 Education, first on Filbert street above 
 Seventh, a tiny room, and latterly on Ser- 
 geant street above Ninth, with a promise in 
 the near future of an entire building on Cherry 
 street. 
 
OLD NORMAL SCHOOL BUILDING, 
 
 Sergeant Street, above Ninth. 
 
 (Where the Teachers' Institute meets.) 
 
 (From an old wood cut.) 
 
Teachers' Annuity, Aid and Pension 
 Fund Association 
 
 The inceptive idea of the Teachers' An- 
 nuity, Aid and Pension Fund Association 
 arose from a suggestion made by Miss Mary 
 Campbell at a meeting of the Alumnae Associ- 
 ation of the Girls' High and Normal Schools, 
 in 1889, that a home for disabled and super- 
 annuated teachers should be founded. 
 Through her efforts the Association was led 
 to start a fund of $25,000 for the aid of such 
 
 WILLIAM H. SAMUEL, A. M., Ph. D., 
 President Teachers' Annuity, Aid and Pension Fnnd Association. 
 
 teachers This was called the Alumnae Fund, 
 and as such exists at the present day. 
 
 Early in 1890 the Alumnae Association ad- 
 dressed a circular to the teachers of Philadel- 
 phia urging them to form a pension associa- 
 tion. As a result, a committee of teachers 
 met with the executive board of the Alumnae 
 for conference, and delegates were appointed 
 
 by the teachers to meet delegates from the 
 Alumnae Association and formulate a plan for 
 organizing a pension association. Responses 
 to a circular which was then sent out showed 
 that over 1,100 teachers were ready to join 
 such an organization. Accordingly, on June 
 7, 1890, a meeting of teachers was held at the 
 
 MISS CORNELIA W. ELMES, 
 Vice-President Teachers' Annuity, Aid and Pension Fund Association. 
 
 Girls' High School. Dr. William H. Samuel 
 was chairman and Miss Mary Maxwell, secre- 
 tary of the meeting. There were about 
 500 teachers present. Ten delegates, to 
 co-operate with a like number from the 
 Alumnae Association, were selected, and the 
 first practical step was taken. 
 
In January, 1891, the Association went into 
 active operation. A constitution, very like 
 those of similar societies in New York, Boston 
 and other cities, was adopted and a charter 
 was secured, the corporators being William 
 H. Samuel, W. Henry Parker, W. J. Caskey, 
 Cornelia W. Elmes and Mary Maxwell. The 
 officers under the permanent organization 
 were: President, William H. Samuel; vice- 
 president, Cornelia W. Elmes; recording 
 secretary, Mary Maxwell; financial secretary, 
 W. Henry Parker; treasurer, Mary A. Camp- 
 bell; directors, Amelia M. Ryan, Margaret 
 B. Dunn, Cora H. Collins, Ella M. Lukens, 
 
 WILLIAM J. CASKEY, 
 
 Financial Secretary Teachers' Annuity, Aid and Pension Fund 
 
 Association. 
 
 any member, not an annuitant, who dies dur- 
 ing professional incumbency. 
 
 The revenues are derived from the annual 
 dues of members, being 2 per cent, of their 
 salaries: from income on investments, from 
 donations and the proceeds of entertainments 
 and from State appropriations. In addi- 
 tion, there are a great many honorary mem- 
 bers, who show sympathy, approval and sup- 
 port by contributing $10 each to the perma- 
 nent fund. 
 
 MISS MARY MAXWELL, 
 
 Recording Secretary Teachers' Annuity, Aid and Pension Fund 
 
 Association. 
 
 Charles A. Randall, Anne H. Hall, Sarah W. 
 Dungan, Elizabeth B. Shallcross, Deborah L. 
 Cordery and John S. LawTence. 
 
 As to the workings of the Association, they 
 may be briefly summarized. Any teacher who 
 resigns, after thirty-five years of service in the 
 public schools, may claim an annuity. This 
 annuity is 60 per cent, of the salary received 
 at the time of the application for pension. 
 Any teacher rendered incapacitated for duties 
 at any time is also entitled to a like annuity, 
 which may be withdrawn upon recovery of 
 ability to perform again the duties of teach- 
 ing. A funeral benefit of $too is allowed to 
 
 WM. HKNRV PARKER, 
 
 Ex-Financial Secretary Teachers' Annuity, Aid and Pension Fund 
 
 Association. 
 
To form a substantial nucleus for the fund 
 a teachers' bazaar was held in the Third Regi- 
 ment Armory, Broad and Federal streets, 
 opening on December 3, 1891, the officers of 
 which were: Lady chairman, Mrs. Henry W. 
 Halliwell; secretary. Miss Lydia A. Kirby; 
 treasurer, George W. Fetter; committee of ar- 
 rangements, Paul Kavanagh, chairman; 
 Simon Gratz, William J. Caskey, Henry R. 
 Edmunds, H. \V. Halliwell, Mrs. George W. 
 Kendrick, Miss Lydia A. Kirby, Miss D. L. 
 Cordery and Miss Jane Campbell. The net 
 receipts from the fair were $68,897.72. This 
 
 sum, with a portion of the fees and dues, was 
 set apart to form the permanent fund, includ- 
 ing also the contributions of honorary mem- 
 bers, $4,670. 
 
 In the celerity of its progress and in the 
 amplitude of its funds and benefactions, the 
 Association is confessedly among the foremost 
 of organizations of its kind in this country. 
 
 The present officers of the Association are: 
 President, William H. Samuel; vice-president, 
 Cornelia W. Elmes; recording secretary, 
 Mary Maxwell; financial secretary, William 
 J. Caskey; treasurer, Ella M. Lukens. 
 
 59s 
 
The Public Education Association 
 
 The Public Education Association of Phil- 
 adelphia was the outgrowth of charital)le 
 work, its source being the Committee on the 
 Care of the Education of Dependent Chil- 
 dren, of the Society for Organizing Charity. 
 At a meeting of this committee, held Novem- 
 l)er zy, 1880, a sub-committee of five was ap- 
 pointed to study and report on compulsory 
 and industrial education. This su])-committee 
 con.sisted of Miss Charlotte Pendleton, Miss 
 Anna Hallowell. Mrs. Gillingham, Joseph 
 S. W^hitney and Dr. Robert Ellis Thomp- 
 son. As a result of their report an associa- 
 tion was formed, in May, 1881, the object be- 
 ing to promote the efficiency and to perfect 
 the system of education in Philadelphia. 
 
 It took up almost immediately the work of 
 supporting the Board of Public Education in 
 its desire to establish a general superintend- 
 ency of schools in the city. It next urged 
 that instruction in sewing be introduced into 
 the public schools. The Association also took 
 a very strong position in favor of the estab- 
 lishment of manual training schools, and it 
 contributed no little toward the movement 
 which resulted in the establishment of the ex- 
 cellent system of manual training schools of 
 which Philadelphia is so justly proud. 
 
 For the purpose of arousing public interest 
 in education and developing a sentiment 
 which would support the Board of Public Ed- 
 ucation in its endeavors to improve the 
 school system, a series of lectyres w^as held in 
 November and December, 1883, under the 
 auspices of the Association. The following 
 lectures constituted the course: "Public Edu- 
 
 cation," Professor James MacAlister; "The 
 Old and the New Education," G. Stanley 
 Hall; "Handwork in Education," Professor 
 John M. Ordway, of the Massachusetts Insti- 
 tute of Technology; "The Financial and Ad- 
 ministrative Aspects of Public Education," 
 Professor Edmund J. James, then of the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Association also took up with great 
 enthusiasm the project for the introduction 
 of cooking into the Normal School, and aside 
 from the work of public agitation in behalf of 
 this movement, contributed over $4,000 to- 
 ward the initiation of the work during the 
 years 1 887-1 891. 
 
 The next enterprise of the Association was 
 the promotion of an exhibition of school work, 
 which was held at Horticultural Hall, May 8- 
 
 II, 1888. Eighty thousand citizens visited 
 the exhibition. The society contributed over 
 $2,000 to this work. 
 
 The Association has always stood for a re- 
 organization of the educational machinery of 
 the city to bring it more into harmony with 
 modern educational requirements, and it has 
 done much to point out the defects and lead 
 public sentiment in the direction of a willing- 
 ness to remedy them. 
 
 Dr. Edmund J. James was President of the 
 Association for several years, preceding his 
 removal from the city. 
 
 The present officers of the xA.ssociation are: 
 President, Philip C. Garrett; vice-president, 
 George W. Hall; secretary. Judge Wil- 
 liam W. Wiltbank. The executive commit- 
 tee consists of Judge Wiltbank, Mrs. 
 
Matthew Baird, L. W. Miller, Robert C. Og For a full account of the work of the Asso- 
 
 den, Isaac H. Clothier, Professor James Mac- ciation, see "A History of the Public Educa- 
 
 Alister, Miss S. W. Janney, Philip C. Garrett, tion Association of Philadelphia," by Lewis 
 
 George W. Hall, Robert E. Pattison and R. Harley, with an introduction by Edmund 
 
 Francis Rawle. J. James, Philadelphia, 1896. 
 
 598 
 
Teachers' Photographic Association 
 
 The Teachers' Photographic .Vssociation 
 is composed of pubHc school teachers and 
 Principals who are interested in the use of 
 pictorial illustration as an aid to teaching. A 
 meeting of Principals who had been active in 
 introducing the i)rojecting lantern and helio- 
 stat in the public schools, was called at the 
 officeof the Superintendent of Public Schools 
 
 C. HENRY KAIN, 
 
 President Teachers' Photographic Association. 
 
 in December, 1895. Dr. Edward Brooks pre- 
 sided, and appointed a committee to prepare 
 a plan for a permanent organization. Th i 
 committee consisted of C. Henry Kain, As- 
 sistant Superintendent of Schools, chairman: 
 
 George H. Cliff, Principal of the Normal 
 School; George W. Flounders, Principal of 
 the Robert Morris School; William C. Jacobs, 
 Principal of the Norris J. Hoffman School ; 
 Mrs. Emma V. Thomas, Principal of the 
 Levering School; Miss May R. Caroland, 
 Principal of the Central School, and John 
 P. Garber, Principal of the Kenderton 
 School. 
 
 The committee prepared a constitution 
 and by-laws, which were adopted at a meet- 
 ing held in February, 1896. At this meeting 
 the following officers were elected: President, 
 C. Henry Kain; vice-president, George W. 
 Flounders: recording secretary, Miss Ma- 
 tilda Hand; corresponding secretary. Miss 
 Lillian Wallace; treasurer, William C. Jacobs. 
 The executive committee is composed of 
 the officers of the Association, together with 
 Miss M. S. Berry and Miss H. C. Wasserman. 
 
 During the months suitable for outdoor 
 work, Saturday field excursions are made. 
 Regular monthly meetings are held at the 
 Normal School throughout the school year, 
 at which lantern slides are exhibited, show- 
 ing the work of the members, and illustrating 
 some line of educational work. In addition 
 to these meetings occasional working ses- 
 sions are held in the Robert Morris School, 
 at which demonstrations in various lines of 
 photographic work are made. 
 
Teachers' Beneficial Association 
 
 The Teachers' Beneficial Association of 
 Philadelphia was organized and incorporated 
 in 1879. It is a mutual insurance asso- 
 ciation, paying benefits to the families or 
 assigns of deceased members. Applicants 
 for membershii) must be teachers in the 
 Philadelphia public schools, yet any mem- 
 
 of the first year, it has grown in numbers to 
 553. at the close of the seventeenth year. The 
 amount paid out in cash benefits has reached 
 a total of $32,575- 
 
 The officers are: President, Edward Gid- 
 eon; vice-president, Jacob H. Sides; secre- 
 tary and treasurer, (ieorge H. Stout. 
 
 EDWARD GIDEON, 
 President Teachers' Beneficial Association. 
 
 ber ceasing to teach may continue mem- 
 bership in the Association. Quarterly 
 meetings are held for the transaction of 
 business. 
 
 The organization is in a prosperous condi- 
 tion. From a membership of 249 at the close 
 
 GEORGE H. STOUT, 
 Secretary and Tieasurer Teachers' Beneficial Association. 
 
 The directors are: D. W. Bartine, M. D., 
 Mary A. Miller, Margaret W. Struthers, D. 
 W. Hutchin,Lou Humphrey, Ellen S. Knorr, 
 Anna J. Crosby, J. Morton Thomas, Watson 
 Cornell, David H. Stout, Edward W. Havi- 
 land and Kate W. Hofifman. 
 
Night Schools and Public Libraries 
 
The Public Night Schools 
 
 One of the most important features of the 
 system of pubHc education consists of the 
 night schools, conducted for the benefit of 
 those who are unable to attend the day ses- 
 sions. Many a young man, while obliged to 
 work to earn a living for himself and possibly 
 for others, has taken advantage of the oppor- 
 tunities thus offered of securing an education 
 by studying after his day's work has been com- 
 pleted, and has by this means succeeded in 
 substantially bettering his condition and rais- 
 ing himself in the social scale. 
 
 If there is any class which thoroughly ap- 
 preciates the educational advantages offered 
 free of cost by the State it is the class which 
 is represented by the pupils in the night 
 schools. Their presence in a school-house at 
 night, after a day's work, is in itself an 
 evidence of their desire to learn, and the spirit 
 shown by these pupils, many of whom are 
 men and women, is in marked contrast to that 
 of the average school boy, who attends school 
 from necessity. 
 
 The night schools have sessions during the 
 fall and winter months on Monday, Tuesday 
 and Wednesday of each week, from 7.30 to 
 9.30 in the evening, or from 7 to 9; the hours 
 being different in the various schools, to suit 
 the requirements of the locality. The follow- 
 ing night schools were open during the term 
 of 1896-97. 
 
 Artisans', males. Broad and Green streets. 
 
 Charles S. Close, males. Seventh and Dick- 
 inson streets. 
 
 William Welsh, males and females. Thir- 
 teenth and Jackson streets. 
 
 Nebinger, males. Carpenter street, above 
 Sixth. 
 
 Wharton, females. Fifth street, below 
 Washington avenue. 
 
 Mt. Vernon, males and females, Catharine 
 street, above Third. 
 
 Florence, males and females, Catharine 
 street, below Eighth. 
 
 ALEXANDER ADAIRE. 
 
 Fletcher, males and females. Christian 
 street, above Front. 
 
 Fagen, females. Twelfth street, above Fitz- 
 water. 
 
 William M. Meredith, males and females, 
 Fifth street, above German. 
 
 Horace Binney, males and females. Spruce 
 street, below Sixth. 
 
 Northeast, males. Crown and Race streets. 
 
 60s 
 
Union, females, Crown street, above Race. Marshall, males and females, Franklin and 
 
 O. V. Catto, males and females, Lombard Sellers streets, 
 
 street, above Twentieth. White Hall, males and females, Tacony 
 
 Keystone, males. Nineteenth street, above road and Pratt street. 
 
 Chestnut. E. S. Miller, males. Forty-third and Ogden 
 
 John Agnew, males and females, Cherry streets, 
 
 street, below Eleventh. Carroll, males, Salmon street, above Som- 
 
 Northern Liberties, males. Third street, be- erset. 
 
 low Green. Sherman, females, Frankford avenue and 
 
 German-English, males and females. Third Somerset street, 
 
 street, below Green. Nichols, females. Sixteenth and Wharton 
 
 Mifflin, males and females, Third street, streets. 
 
 above Brown. German-English, males and females, 
 
 Hancock, males, Fairmount avenue, above Twelfth and Federal streets. 
 
 Twelfth street. Paschalville, males and females. Seventieth 
 
 R. T. Conrad, females, Melon street, below street and Woodland avenue. 
 
 Twelfth. Newton, males and females, Ludlow street, 
 
 Roberts Vaux, males and females. Wood below Thirty-sixth, 
 
 street, below Twelfth. West End, males and females. Sixtieth and 
 
 Livingston, males and females. Twenty- South streets, 
 
 third street, above Callowhill. West Philadelphia, colored, males and fe- 
 
 Ludlow, males. Master and Lawrence males. Forty-second and Ludlow streets, 
 
 streets. Forest, males and females, Falls of Schuyl- 
 
 John Moffet, females. Second and Oxford kill, 
 
 streets. Kenderton, males and females, Fifteenth 
 
 Vaughan, males, Marlborough and Thonip- street, above Ontario, 
 
 son streets. Reynolds, males and females. Twentieth and 
 
 Finletter, females, Montgomery avenue and Jefferson streets. 
 
 Gaul street. E. M. Stanton, males. Seventeenth and 
 
 William H. Hunter, males, Dauphin and Christian streets. 
 
 Mascher streets. C. A. Arthur, females. Twentieth and Cath- 
 
 John Welsh, females. Fourth and Dauphin arine streets, 
 
 streets. John S. Hart, males, York and Memphis 
 
 Rutledge, males, Seventh and Norris streets. 
 
 streets. L. Mott, females, Huntingdon and Sep viva 
 
 Park Avenue, males and females. Park ave- streets, 
 
 nue, below Master. J. L. Claghorn, males and females, Seven- 
 
 Manayunk, males and females. Green lane, teenth street and Susquehanna avenue, 
 
 below Wood street. Fairhill, males and females, Marshall and 
 
 Germantown, males and females, Adams Somerset streets, 
 
 and Lafayette streets. Boudinot, males and females, Indiana ave- 
 
 Pastorius, males and females. Woodbine nue and D street, 
 
 avenue and Sprague street. Hoffman, males and females. Fifty-fifth and 
 
 Joseph E. Hill, colored, males and females. Vine streets. 
 
 Price street, Germantown. J. George, males and females, Sixty-third 
 
 Coulter Street, colored, males and females, and Hamilton streets. 
 
 Coulter street, Germantown. Disston, males and females, Tacony. 
 
 606 
 
Logan, males, Nineteenth and Reed streets. 
 
 James Alcorn, males and females, Thirty- 
 fonrth and Wharton streets. 
 
 James Forten, males. Sixth street, above 
 Lombard. 
 
 Wharton Sewing, females. Fifth street, be- 
 low Washington avenne. 
 
 Mt. Vernon Sewing, females, Catharine 
 street, above Third. 
 
 Thaddeiis Stevens Sewing, females. Seven- 
 teenth street, above Fairmount avenue. 
 
 John Welsh Sewing, females. Fourth and 
 Dauphin streets. 
 
 George W. Childs Sewing, females. Seven- 
 teenth and Tasker streets. 
 
 Fairhill Sewing, females, Marshall and Som- 
 erset streets. 
 
 L. Mott Sewing, females. Huntingdon and 
 Sepviva streets. 
 
 Manayunk Sewing, females, Green lane, be- 
 low Wood street. 
 
 At the beginning of the past term there 
 were 12,012 pupils registered, and at its close 
 24,549. The average numl)er belonging dur- 
 ing the terin was 15,936. Of the number of 
 pupils enrolled at the close of the term there 
 were 5.943 under 15 years of age; 11,875 
 between the ages of 15 and 21 ; 5,123 between 
 the ages of 21 and 30; 1,197 between the ages 
 of 30 and 40; 343 between the ages of 40 and 
 
 ZEPHANIAH HOPPER. 
 
 Landreth Sewing, females, Twenty-third 
 and Federal streets. 
 
 Germantown Sewing, females, Germantown. 
 
 John Moffet Sewing, females. Second and 
 Oxford streets. 
 
 Rutledge Sewing, females. Seventh and 
 Norris streets. 
 
 McClellan Sewing, females, Thompson and 
 Neff streets. 
 
 Reynolds Sewing, females, Tw'entieth and 
 Jefferson streets. 
 
 Stanton Sewing, females. Seventeenth and 
 Christian streets. 
 
 H. A. Brown Sewing, females. Sergeant 
 street, near Emerald. 
 
 MRS. EMMA EPLEY. 
 
 50, and 68 over 50 years of age. The average 
 age of the pupils was 19 years. No less than 
 6,253 pupils were of foreign parentage. 
 
 The night-school system was established in 
 1850, under an Act of Legislature approved 
 March 12, 1842. At first these schools were 
 "for the instruction of male adults" only, but 
 within a few years the doors were thrown 
 open to both sexes. 
 
 The growth of the night schools during the 
 past few years has been most encouraging, as 
 seen bv the following figures: — 
 
 Term of 1886-7 — 51 schools; total regis- 
 tration, 15,269. 
 
 607 
 
Term of 1 890-1 — 54 schools; total regis- 
 tration, 16,541. 
 
 Term of 1896-7 — 79 schools; total registra- 
 tion, 24,549. 
 
 The most important of the night schools is 
 the Artisans', conducted at the Central High 
 School. It was organized in 1869, since 
 which time over 12,000 pupils have been en- 
 rolled. The success of the school is lareely 
 due to its most ef^cient Principal, Professor 
 Zephaniah Hopper, well known as the senior 
 professor in the Central High School, who 
 has been connected with the Artisans' Night 
 School since its establishment, having been 
 Principal for the past twenty years. 
 
 A feature of the night-school system 
 adopted within recent years consists of sew- 
 ing schools, in which plain sewing, dress- 
 making and millinery are taught. The author 
 of the system of dress-making in use is one of 
 
 Philadelphia's own teachers, Mrs. Emma 
 Epley, who is Principal of the Henry Armitt 
 Brown Night Sewing School, and a woman 
 of rare ability. So simple, and yet so com- 
 plete, is this system that pupils who cannot 
 even handle a needle properly when they enter 
 these schools exhibit well-made gowns at the 
 close of a single term, made entirely by their 
 own hands. All the pupils in the sewing 
 schools furnish their own materials, so that 
 the articles made by them are their property 
 when the work is completed. 
 
 The night schools are operated under the 
 direction of the Committee on Night Schools, 
 of the Board of Public Education, of which 
 Alexander Adaire has been chairman for a 
 number of years. It is due to Mr. Adaire to 
 say that it is largely through his efforts that 
 the night schools have been increased in num- 
 ber and improved in many ways. 
 
 608 
 
The Public Libraries 
 
 No more important work was ever en- 
 trusted to the Board of Public Education 
 than the estabHshment and control of free 
 libraries at the city's expense. It was a task 
 requiring the time and attention of able men, 
 and the public libraries to-day, while no 
 longer controlled by the Board, testify largely 
 in their efficiency and excellence of equipment 
 to the faithful efforts of the Board's Commit- 
 tee on Public Libraries. 
 
 At the close of 1895, in his final report as 
 chairman of this committee, Henry R. 
 Edmunds, member of the Board from the 
 Fifteenth Section, gave a sketch of the incep- 
 tion and development of the system of free 
 libraries. He said: — 
 
 '"The first communication received by the 
 Board of Public Education from Councils was 
 on the ninth day of February, 1892. Councils 
 had made an appropriation to the Board of 
 $15,000, with the request that the money be 
 used to establish and maintain one or more 
 free libraries in this city for the use of its 
 citizens, it being suggested that localities 
 should be selected where no libraries then 
 existed. A Committee on Public Libraries 
 was at once appointed, but considerable time 
 elapsed before the committee was able to find 
 a suitable building in which to locate the first 
 branch. The committee, however, was 
 finally relieved of its difficulty by the offer of 
 the Wagner Institute, which permitted the 
 use of nearly one-half of its first floor on such 
 terms as your committee was glad to be able 
 to accept. 
 
 "This library, being Branch No. i, was 
 opened for public use on the fifteenth day of 
 
 October, A. D. 1892, with 4,941 volumes, and 
 was immediately successful. Councils having 
 in the succeeding years continued and increas- 
 ed its appropriations, your committee, in re- 
 sponse to the public demand, was enabled on 
 the tenth day of April, A. D. 1893, to open 
 Branch No. 2, at the northwest corner of 
 Broad and Federal streets, with 4,220 volumes; 
 Branch No. 3, on Frankford avenue below 
 Norris street, in May, 1894, with 7,412 
 volumes; Branch No. 4, at Roxborough, in 
 March, 1894, with 3,201 volumes; Branch No. 
 5, at Fortieth and Ludlow streets, in May, 
 1895, with 7,801 volumes, and Branch No. 6, 
 in Germantown, in October, 1895, with 3,460 
 volumes. 
 
 "Your committee found it necessary in the 
 interest of economy and to secure uniformity, 
 to establish a Central Bureau, where all the 
 books could be catalogued, prepared, rebound 
 and recased for all the Branches. This Cen- 
 tral Bureau was opened June i, 1894, and was 
 placed in charge of Mr. George P. Rupp, to 
 whose judgment, earnestness and zeal your 
 committee deem it a duty to testify. Mr. 
 Rupp was subsequently made Superintendent 
 of Libraries. Since the opening of the Cen- 
 tral Bureau, 32,627 books have been cata- 
 logued there, 4,132 rebound, and 2,176 re- 
 cased. 
 
 "There are at present at Branch No. i, 
 20,411 volumes and 12,890 members; at 
 Branch No. 2, 11,653 volumes and 6,460 
 members; at No. 3, 11,583 volumes and 5,665 
 members; at No. 4. 8,810 volumes and 4,456 
 members; at No. 5, 10,495 volumes and 5,019 
 members, and at No. 6, 3,646 volumes and 
 
 609 
 
1,992 members; 6,750 volumes are still wait- 
 ing at the Central Bureau to be placed. The 
 circulation for November, 1895, was 80,676. 
 Your committee is of opinion that the circula- 
 tion of these six libraries may be safely placed 
 in the coming year at one million. It seems 
 unnecessary to your committee to add any 
 additional argument as to the wisdom of the 
 city in the establishment of free libraries, or 
 of their appreciation by the public, if located, 
 maintained and conducted as heretofore. 
 
 ''The aggregrated appropriation by the city 
 has been $1 15,000. With this sum your com- 
 mittee purchased 73,348 volumes, has estab- 
 lished, equipped and maintained the six 
 
 Avery D. Harrington, Samuel B. Huey, 
 William Mclntyre and Rudolph S. Walton. 
 
 Top much cannot be said in praise of the 
 work performed in the interests of the li- 
 braries by Henry R. Edmunds, who, although 
 a very busy man, gave much of his thought 
 and his valuable time to this labor of love. 
 He purchased the major portion of the 
 volumes in the libraries, and gave to the en- 
 tire system and to each branch individually 
 the benefit of his personal supervision. To 
 him, more than to any other man, is due the 
 credit for the splendid beginning of the free 
 library system. 
 
 When the libraries were transferred to the 
 new Board of Trustees thev sustained a 
 
 HENRY R. EDMUNDS. 
 
 branches and paid the wages of fifty-one em- 
 ployees, and it now takes leave of this work, 
 which has been altogether a labor of love, 
 with the sincere hope that the work may be 
 successfully continued." 
 
 The libraries were turned over to a newly 
 formed Board of Trustees January i, 1896, 
 and are no longer controlled by the Board of 
 Public Education in any particular. 
 
 The Committee on Public Libraries, in 
 1895, consisted of Henry R. Edmunds, chair- 
 man; Simon Gratz, Richardson L. Wright, 
 Thomas E. Merchant, Harvey H. Hubbert, 
 
 GEORGE P. RUPP. 
 
 marked loss in the resignation of Mr. Rupp, 
 the "Superintendent of Libraries, who is now 
 librarian at Girard College. Mr. Rupp is one 
 of the most efficient librarians in the profes- 
 sion, being a man of experience and one who 
 thoroughly understands the details of library 
 work and management, and he contributed 
 in no small degree to the success of the li- 
 braries. Of his own volition he gave the 
 librarians under his control the benefit of his 
 wide knowledge and took pains to personally 
 instruct them in their work. Under few 
 others could the libraries have progressed so 
 satisfactorily, and under none, more so. 
 
7;- I 
 
 esa .iSSScSII 
 
 ::t::t 
 
 dH" ■- 
 
 lira 
 
 
 
 ^pwE^ 
 
 
 
 sUn 
 
 iHH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^mi 
 
 t( 
 
 aim 1 
 
statistics 
 
statistics 
 
 NUMBER OF SCHOOLS, 
 JANUARY I, 1897. 
 
 Central High School, i 
 
 Philadelphia Normal School, i 
 
 Girls' High School, i 
 
 Manual Training Schools 2 
 
 Elementary Manual Training School, . i 
 
 Industrial Art School i 
 
 Cooking Schools, 6 
 
 Grammar Schools 29 
 
 Combined Grammar, Secondary and 
 
 Primary Schools, 39 
 
 Combined Grammar and Secondary 
 
 Schools, 3 
 
 Combined Grammar and Primary 
 
 Schools, c^ 
 
 Consolidated Schools 33 
 
 Secondary Schools. 33 
 
 Combined Secondary and Primary 
 
 Schools, 74 
 
 Primary Schools, 72 
 
 Kindergartens, 122 
 
 423 
 
 Night Schools, 79 
 
 Total, 502 
 
 Number of Schools under Supervising 
 
 Principals, iii 
 
 NUMBER OF TEACHERS ON ROLL, 
 JANUARY I, 1897. 
 
 Central High School 39 
 
 Philadelphia Normal School 48 
 
 Girls' High School 78 
 
 Central Manual Training School, .... 18 
 
 Northeast Manual Training School, . . 17 
 
 Elementary Manual Training School, . 19 
 
 Industrial Art School, 9 
 
 Cooking Schools 6 
 
 Sewing Teachers, 50 
 
 Grammar, Secondary, Primary and 
 
 Consolidated Schools, 2,801 
 
 Kindergartens, 163 
 
 Total (males, 184; females, 3,071), 3,25;^ 
 
 Amount expended for salaries 
 
 of Teachers, $2,248,863 03 
 
 Average of salaries paid in Higher 
 
 Schools, $1,324 40 
 
 Average of salaries paid in Gram- 
 mar, Secondary, Primary, Con- 
 solidated Schools and Kinder- 
 gartens, 699 00 
 
 Number of qualified substitutes, 523 
 
 NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF 
 
 PUPILS 
 
 Belonging to the Several Departments of 
 
 Public Schools, etc., January i, 1897. 
 
 Number. Per cent. 
 
 Kindergartens, 6,225 .045 
 
 Primary Grades, 59-297 .428 
 
 Secondary Grades 38,497 .278 
 
 Grammar Grades, 29,742 .215 
 
 High, Normal and Manual 
 
 Training Schools, 4-774 -034 
 
 Total, 138-535 
 
 Boys, 49 per cent.; girls, 51 per cent. 
 
 61S 
 
SCHOOL PROPERTY. 
 
 Number of School Biiilding^s owned by 
 the City, 226 
 
 Number of Buildings rented for School 
 purposes, 81 
 
 Valuation of School Build- 
 ings and Lots owned by 
 the City, *$i 1,587,516 00 
 
 Amount paid in 1896 for 
 
 rentals of School Buildings, 45»828 32 
 
 Valuation of Lots used for 
 School purposes (not owned 
 by City) , 364756 00 
 
 *Based upon actual cost at time of erection. 
 
 STATISTICS 
 
 Showing the Progress of the Philadelphia 
 Public School System from Its Organiza- 
 tion (1818) to the Present Time. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Number of Schools, 6 
 
 Number of Teachers, 10 
 
 Number of Pupils, 2,845 
 
 Valuation of Real Estate and 
 
 Furniture, $18,809 00 
 
 Amount of School Expenses, . 23,049 00 
 
 Cost per Pupil 3 57 
 
 1838. 
 
 Number of Schools, 167 
 
 Number of Teachers 257 
 
 Number of Pupils, 18,794 
 
 Valuation of Real Estate and 
 
 Furniture, $396,764 00 
 
 Amount of School Expenses, 188,741 00 
 
 Cost per Pupil, 4 75 
 
 1867. 
 
 Number of Schools, 382 
 
 Number of Teachers, 1*367 
 
 Number of Pupils, 77> 164 
 
 Valuation of Real Estate and 
 
 Furniture, $2,355,322 00 
 
 Amount of School Expenses, 1.092,970 00 
 
 Cost per Pupil, 15 16 
 
 1892. 
 
 Number of Schools 427 
 
 Number of School Buildings, 274 
 
 Number of Teachers, 2,878 
 
 Number of Pupils, 1 18,268 
 
 Valuation of Real Estate and 
 
 Furniture, $9,456,239 00 
 
 Amount of School Expenses, 3,222,886 56 
 
 *Cost per Pupil, 22 75 
 
 State Appropriation 1,071.790 70 
 
 1893. 
 
 Number of Schools, 428 
 
 Number of School Buildings, 287 
 
 Number of Teachers, 2,988 
 
 Number of Pupils, 125,180 
 
 Valuation of Real Estate and 
 
 Furniture, $10,166,695 00 
 
 Amount of School Expenses, 3,461,183 05 
 
 *Cost per Pupil, 23 61 
 
 State Appropriation, 950.924 10 
 
 1894. 
 
 Number of Schools, 417 
 
 Number of School Buildings, 289 
 
 Number of Teachers, 3^095 
 
 Number of Pupils, 127.637 
 
 Valuation of Real Estate and 
 
 Furniture, $1 1,273,573 00 
 
 Amount of School Expenses, 31563,497 31 
 
 *Cost per Pupil, 24 14 
 
 State Appropriation 1,051,669 06 
 
 1895. 
 
 ** Number of Schools, 425 
 
 Number of School Buildings, 302 
 
 Number of Teachers, 3»i6i 
 
 Number of Pupils, 132,052 
 
 Valuation of Real Estate and 
 
 Furniture, $1 1,512,933 00 
 
 Amount of School Expenses, 3.965,571 17 
 
 *Cost per Pupil 23 42 
 
 State Appropriation 1,051,669 06 
 
 6t6 
 
jSgC). *Cost per Pupil 22 63 
 
 **Number of Schools 423 State App ropriation 1,051,669 06 
 
 Number of School Buildings, 307 * Cost per pupil (clay schools) based upon 
 
 Number of Teachers 3,255 annual expenses, excluding permanent im- 
 
 Number of Pupils, 138,535 provements. 
 
 Valuation of Real Estate and ** Decrease in number of schools caused by 
 
 Furniture, $1 1.587,516 00 combining schools in same building under one 
 
 Amount of School Expenses, 3,422,181 63 Principal. 
 
 617 
 
Addenda 
 
 On March i, 1897, the Board of Judges 
 met and made appointments to fill the three 
 vacancies then existing in the Board of Pub- 
 lic Education. Thomas G. Barrett was 
 appointed to succeed Isaac A. Sheppard, 
 resigned, Sijiteenth Section; John Oughton 
 was appointed the member from the Twenty- 
 eighth Section, this seat having been vacant 
 since the Section was divided, and William 
 Steele was appointed to succeed the late 
 Charles F. Abbo!;, Thirty-eighth Section. 
 
 Through an oversight the names of the 
 following members of the Board of Directors 
 of the Twentieth Section were omitted in the 
 chapter on the schools of that Section: 
 Samuel Disston, James S. Hallowell, Thomas 
 Keating, Dr. William Macintosh, William H. 
 Morris and Thomas Y. Severn. 
 
 On March 8, the Northwestern School, 
 Tenth Section, was partially destroyed by fire. 
 
 On March 16, Professor George Stuart, of 
 the faculty of the Central High School, died. 
 
 LIST OF PRESIDENTS 
 
 Of the Board of Public Education from its 
 Organization, in 1818, to 1897. 
 
 Robert Vaux, April, 18 18, to January i, 
 1830. 
 
 Thomas Dunlap, January i, 1830, to Jan- 
 uary I, 1840. 
 
 George M. Wharton, January i, 1840, to 
 January i, 1841. 
 
 Henry Leech, January i, 1841, to January 
 I, 1844. 
 
 John Miller, January i, 1844, to January i, 
 
 1847. 
 
 George M. Wharton, January i, 1847, to 
 January i, 1850. 
 
 Daniel S. Beideman, January i, 1850, to 
 January i, 1853. 
 
 George M. Wharton, January i, 1853, to 
 January i, 1854. 
 
 Thomas G. Hollingsworth, January i, 
 1854, to January i, 1857. 
 
 William J. Reed. January i. 1857, to Janu- 
 ary I, 1859. 
 
 Henry Bumm, January i, 1859, to January 
 I, 1861. 
 
 Benjamin M. Dusenberry, January i, 1861, 
 to January i, 1862. 
 
 Leonard R. Fletcher, January i, 1862, to 
 January i, 1864. 
 
 Edward Shippen, January i, 1864, to Janu- 
 ary I, 1869. 
 
 Daniel Steinmetz, January i, 1869, to Jan- 
 uary I, 1870. 
 
 M. Hall Stanton, January i, 1870, to Jan- 
 uary I, 1877. 
 
 James Long, January i, 1877, to January 
 I, 1879. 
 
 Edward T. Steel, January i, 1879, to Janu- 
 ary I, 1889. 
 
 Isaac A. Sheppard, January i, 1889, to 
 December, 1896. 
 
 Simon Gratz, pro tem., January, 189=;. to 
 January, 1897. 
 
 Simon Gratz, January, 1897. 
 
LIST OF SECRETARIES 
 From 1818 to 1897. 
 
 Willie Birnie, 1819. 
 Thomas M. Petit, 1819. 
 Daniel B. Smith, 1820. 
 Thomas M. Petit, 1 821- 1833. 
 
 Charles Petit, 1833-1835. 
 William Piersol, 1835-1837. 
 R. Pemi Smith, 1 837-1 841. 
 Thomas B. Florence, 1 841 -1849. 
 Robert J. Hemphill, 1849- 1863. 
 James D. Campbell, 1863-1865. 
 Henry W. Halliwell, 1865. 
 
 619 
 
School Directors 
 
 New Directors elected February i6, 1897 
 
 First Section. — Enoch D. Park, Edward 
 Meredith. 
 
 Second Section. — John C. Mitchell, John 
 P. Gallen. 
 
 Fifth Section. — Alfred Cavagnaro, Samuel 
 Ray, Morris Busch, Charles W. Naulty. 
 
 Seventh Section. — Henrietta Bailey, Louis 
 Britton. 
 
 Eighth Section. — WilliLm H. Ramsey. 
 
 Ninth Section. — Miss Dora Keen. 
 
 Tenth Section. — Richard T. Browne. 
 
 Eleventh Section. — Thomas J. Erbe. 
 
 Twelfth Section. — Frederick Halterman. 
 John Maxwell, Emanuel Falana. 
 
 Thirteenth Section. — Paul Jagode, James 
 H. Wolfe. 
 
 Fourteenth Section. — H. H. Ross, Henry 
 Fernberger. 
 
 Fifteenth Section. — John F. Harper, Mrs. 
 Elizabeth Riley. 
 
 Seventeenth Section. — Franklin P. Dun- 
 gan, William P. Ruhl, William J. Logan. 
 
 Eighteenth Section. — Thomas Jarvis, Wil- 
 liam C. Mohler, James Crookshank. 
 
 Nineteenth Section. — Thomas C. Benner, 
 A. George Baker, Henry Agnew. 
 
 Twentieth Section. — Charles Goldsmith. 
 
 Tw^enty-first Section. — William Aucott. 
 Dominick Martin. 
 
 Twenty-second Section. — Horatio N. Eisen- 
 brey, William J. Patterson. 
 
 Twentv-third Section. — William Veditz. 
 
 Twenty-fourth S e c t i o n. — Wesley A. 
 Looney, Morris H. Ritter, William L. 
 Smurth. 
 
 Twenty-fifth Section. — Richard R. Ander- 
 son, George L. Anderson, William J. Crosson, 
 
 Twenty-sixth Section. — Charles A. Gilling- 
 ham, George W. Steinbach, Herman Wil- 
 laredt. 
 
 Twenty-seventh Section. — William W. 
 Weaver. 
 
 Twentv-eighth Section. — Arthur A. Muth. 
 Henry Winter, B. F. Severs, William H. 
 In man. 
 
 Twenty-ninth Section. — Annie Bartram 
 Hall, William F. Berkenstock, David H. 
 Stone, George W. Davis. 
 
 Thirtieth Section. — John W. Cross, Joseph 
 A. McHenry, William R. King. 
 
 Thirty-first Section. — William Kumpf, Jr. 
 
 Thirty-second Section. — Julian P. Wright, 
 Acheson Manning. 
 
 Thirty-third Section. — William S. Jones, 
 John J. Eberhardt. 
 
 Thirty-fourth Section. — Winfield S. But- 
 land, Jonas Suplee. 
 
 Thirty-fifth S e c t i o n. — W'illiam Maier, 
 Henry Brous. 
 
 Thirty-sixth Section. — Samuel McRey- 
 nolds, William J. Beatty. 
 
 Thirty-seventh Section. — Thomas Milli- 
 gan, Ormond Rambo. 
 
 Thirty-eighth Section. — Archibald Stirling, 
 Sallie Dobson, Georgfe W. Worman, John W. 
 Ranck, Truman Auge, G. W. Zcieler. 
 
 620 
 
special riention 
 
:rW¥ 
 
 
 wn 
 
 I. H. WISLER & SON. 
 
 Among the old landmarks of Philadelphia 
 is the establishment of I. H. Wisler & Son, 
 223 and 225 North Sixth street, famous for 
 the manufacture of chairs of the highest grade. 
 Since 1839. through times of business pros- 
 perity and times of business depression alike, 
 this firm has remained firmly founded on the 
 same spot where their warerooms are now- 
 located, and through honest dealings and an 
 adherence to the principle of manufacturing 
 and selling none but the best goods, they have 
 won a most enviable reputation. 
 
 The business was established in 1839 by 
 Nathan Wood. He was succeeded in 1854 by 
 I. H. Wisler, who, by persistent effort com- 
 bined with his sound integrity, built up a busi- 
 ness second to none in that line of manufac- 
 ture. The establishment in his time grew to 
 be known as one of the most reliable in the 
 city, and he enjoyed the regard of everyone 
 who had business relations with him. 
 
 In 1880 his son, Martin I. Wisler, was taken 
 into the business, and the firm name of I. H. 
 Wisler & Son was adopted. Under this name 
 it is still known, although its senior member 
 died in 1886, and Martin I. Wisler is now the 
 head of the establishment. Mr. Wisler is well 
 and favorably known in business circles, and 
 enjoys the esteem which was accorded his 
 father. That he is possessed of the same sterl- 
 intr qualities which brought success to the 
 latter he is daily demonstrating by his wise 
 and sagacious management of the business, to 
 which he devotes all his time and energy. 
 
 The business of I. H. Wisler & Son is con- 
 ceded to be one of the largest of its kind in the 
 world. Of the millions of people using chairs 
 each day, but few, perhaps, give a thought to 
 the skill with which they are modeled and put 
 together. But when it comes to a question of 
 comfort or discomfort, then all are very much 
 alive to the merits of the chairs, and the com- 
 parison between the comfortable, luxurious 
 depositories for tired human frames to-day 
 and the ugly, straight-backed chairs of a cen- 
 tury ago is so great as to occasion a smile for 
 the simplicity of the people who would toler- 
 ate such an invention as the old arm chair 
 appears to have been. 
 
 The imitation in appearance of the old-style 
 chairs, however, is now a popular fad, the 
 difference between old and new being that the 
 imitation is vastly more comfortable than the 
 old-time model. 
 
 The firm has two spacious warerooms, each 
 36x100 feet, in which they show over one 
 thousand different styles of chairs, and, in 
 addition, a side line of office furniture. Among 
 the most remarkable useful articles in the en- 
 tire establishment are their patent extension 
 tables, which are self-adjusting, and have done 
 away with the necessity of putting in and 
 taking out leaves. These tables mav safely 
 be counted among the greatest inventions of 
 the age in the furniture business. 
 
 623 
 
REED'S WORD LESSONS, A COMPLETE SPELLER 
 REED'S INTRODUCTORY LANGUAGE WORK 
 REED & KELLOGG'S GRADED LESSONS IN ENGLISH 
 REED & KELLOGG'S HIGHER LESSONS IN ENGLISH 
 
 These four books, offering a complete and consecutive course in spelling, language lessons, grammar and 
 composition have been adopted by the Board of Education and are extensively used in the Philadelphia schools. 
 
 Maynard's English Classic Series affords the largest variety of the best literature for supplementary reading 
 at lowest cost. These books are on the Philadelphia supply list and a complete descriptive catalogue of them will 
 be sent on application to the publishers. 
 
 Merrill's Vertical Penmanship in thirteen numbers is the easiest to teach, the easiest to learn, and excels in the 
 simplicity and beauty of its letter forms. The books have recently been added to the supply list. 
 
 Correspondence regarding the use of the above books will be highly appreciated by the publishers. 
 
 MAYNARD, MERRILL, & CO., PUBLISHERS, 43, 45 and 47 East Tenth Street, New York 
 
 QcKool 
 — ' Supplies 
 
 HEADQUARTERS FOR 
 
 W. & A. K. Johnston's Celebraied Wall Maps 
 W.&A.K. Johnston's Superior Globes 
 Bock-Steger Anatomical Models 
 
 ■ix ^ ii 
 
 Natural Slate Blackboards 
 Reversible Slate Blackboards 
 Olcott's Wool Felt Blackboard Erasers 
 Seaman's Commercial Paste 
 
 •d tr i:: 
 
 Superior Drawing Paper 
 Blank Drawing Books 
 Composition Books and Note Books 
 THE BEST SCHOOL INK 
 
 i! ^ ix 
 
 Victoria Window Blinds (unequaled for all public and 
 private buildings). Write for prices. 
 
 J. M. OLCorr 
 
 Friemis' Book 
 
 70 Fifth Avenue 
 
 New York City | 
 
 624 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Located in the new building at the 
 
 Southwest Gorner 15th and I^ace ^ts. 
 
 Was incorporated in 1874, and does a 
 general business as 
 
 Publishers, Booksellers, Stationers, Blank Book 
 Manufacturers, Printers, Engravers, etc. 
 
 Besides being a depository for Friends' Books and Friendly 
 Literature, a leading feature of the business is Kindergarten 
 and School Supplies. At the close of the Centennial Exhibi- 
 tion, in 1876, we purchased the Kindergarten Stock which had 
 been there on exhibition, opened a kindergarten department, and 
 have kept pace with the improvements since. We are the 
 authorized agents and headquarters for everything in the line of 
 Kindergarten Material, Books and Furniture. 
 
0^ 
 
 II U « 
 
 lUl 13 II a 13 u ill 
 ^ iiB I iiiiiil 
 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. 
 
 This institution, whose main offices and 
 manufactory are represented in the above 
 ilkistration, has been estabHshed about seven 
 years. It acquired In- purchase the lea(Hng. 
 best-known and most su:cessful school books 
 published in the country, and thus came at 
 once into prominence as the largest house in 
 its line in America, which, of course, is equi- 
 valent to saying it is the largest in the world. 
 While steadily maintaining the high stand- 
 ing of the publications acquired, it has also 
 constantly striven to ir.iprove them from an 
 educational, as well as a mechanical, point of 
 view. But earnest as its efforts have been in 
 this direction, its pubHcation of new books 
 has been even more notable. 
 
 The Company maintains its supremacy at 
 the head of the school book publishing busi- 
 ness by meeting every reasonable educational 
 demand. New books in all departments are 
 constantly added to its list, from the primer 
 for the youngest pupils up to the remarkable 
 work on Latin inscriptions by Professor Es"- 
 bert, which was issued a few months ago, and 
 is a monument of learning as well as of the 
 publishers' liberality and enterprise. Indeed, 
 the attitude of the Company is to pub- 
 
 
 lish a new book, or series of 
 books, in any branch, whenever it 
 can be shown that such books are 
 an improvement over existing 
 texts. By the pursuance of such 
 a policy, as well as by the employ- 
 ment of acompetent editorial corps 
 to improve and perfect theirbooks 
 already in the market, the Ameri- 
 can Book Company is sure to re- 
 main headquarters for everything 
 that is best in school text-books. 
 
 To insure low retail prices to 
 the actual consumer, the Com- 
 pany sends its publications to any 
 address in the United States, pre- 
 ])aid. on receipt of its wholesale 
 list prices, a plan in which it is 
 alone among publishers. Thus 
 those unable to visit the New York office may 
 order by mail with the perfect assurance that 
 they will buy as cheaply as such books can be 
 sold anywhere in the Union. 
 
 The new fire-proof structure, represented in 
 the cut, occupies one of the finest business 
 sites in New York City. Handsome and mas- 
 sive in appearance, it was constructed strictly 
 for business occupancy, and contains what is, 
 possibly, the finest plant in this country for 
 the manufacture of books. The printing 
 presses and numerous machines used in the 
 bindery are all run by electricity, which is gen- 
 erated on the premises. The offices of the 
 president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer 
 and editorial department are on the second 
 floor; and the counting-rooms, salesrooms, 
 agents, correspondents and manager's quar- 
 ters are on the ground floor; shipping is also 
 done from the street level. 
 
 Visitors interested in educational work, in 
 text-books or their manufacture, are always 
 cordially welcome; and those who look in 
 upon the American Book Company, at loo 
 Washington Square, New York City, can 
 hardly fail to be impressed with the intelli- 
 gence, earnestness and industry that charac- 
 terizes the establishment. 
 
 6s5 
 
GINN & CO. 
 
 The house of Ginn & Co., the well-known 
 school-book publishers, has for many years 
 been second to none in the educational value 
 of its books, and in the short space of a little 
 over a quarter of a century has grown to be 
 the largest single school-book house in Amer- 
 ica. It has branch ofifices in New York, Chi- 
 cago, Columbus, Atlanta, Dallas and London. 
 
 The "Athenaeum Press," is a large five- 
 story building, located in Cambridge, Mass., 
 devoted exclusively to the printing, binding 
 and shipping of this firm's publications. In 
 this model building may be seen the most im- 
 proved machinery known to the printing and 
 binding business. The wonderful and costly 
 machines placed on every floor of this build- 
 ing demonstrate the remarkable ingenuity 
 and mechanical skill of the present age. The 
 output of the "Athenaeum Press" is at pres- 
 
 ent ten thousand volumes per day, and its 
 capacity is for double that number. 
 
 It has been the aim of this firm to make a 
 careful study of the problems of education 
 and to spare no pains to secure the best editor- 
 ial talent possible. Its list now includes books 
 by the leading educational men all over the 
 country, and in almost every town in the 
 United States some of Ginn & Company's 
 publications are used. 
 
 The text-books of this firm rank as peers 
 of any in the world. The Philadelphia High 
 Schools use extensively its publications, and 
 the lower schools use an enormous number of 
 them, such as Frye's Geographies, Mont- 
 gomery's Histories, Blaisdell's Physiologies, 
 Classics for Children, Stickney's Readers, Tar- 
 bell's Language Lessons and many others. 
 
 The Philadelphia office of this firm is at 
 1229 Arch street. 
 
 BOOKS 
 
 l^EW RfiD SECOflD flRJiD 
 
 College Text Books of every 
 description ; also Law, Medi- 
 cal, Scientific and Theological 
 Books. Civil,Mechanical Engi- 
 neering. 
 
 IvigVeY's book store 
 
 39 North Thirteenth Street 
 
 I want to buy all books I can find 
 Highest prices paid 
 
 WILLIAM CHRISTY & SON, 
 
 Contractors, Carpenters and Builders, 
 
 1709 Kater Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Residence, 1606 Wharton Street. 
 
 Since 1887 the above firm has been actively 
 and extensively identified with the building 
 business. It has, during this time, erected a 
 large number of handsome residences and 
 numerous additions to public school houses. 
 Having given special attention to this class 
 of work, the firm is well qualified for meeting 
 all requirements, and to carry out at reason- 
 able figures all contracts entrusted to it. 
 
 William Christy, the senior member of the 
 firm, served a regular apprenticeship to the 
 trade and has continuously devoted his entire 
 time to the vocation. The son, William A. 
 Christy, learned the trade with his father, so 
 that both members are thoroughly versed 
 with every detail of the business. 
 
 Besides building all classes of structures, 
 the firm also attends to repair work of every 
 description, and estimates are promptly 
 furnished whenever requested. 
 
 Both members of the firm are Philadel- 
 phians by birth, and occupy a high standing in 
 business and social circles. 
 
 626 
 
DAVID R. BURNS, 
 739 North Nineteenth Street, Philadelphia. 
 Plumbing, Gas and Steam Fitting, Hot- 
 Water Heating and Ventilating, and Gen- 
 eral Contracting. 
 
 To the plumbers of Philadelphia belong 
 the credit of having instituted the first organ- 
 ized movement among the trade toward 
 applying scientific principles to the methods 
 of drainage and ventilation, and naturally the 
 greatest advancement in that direction has 
 been made in this city. The credit of this 
 belongs to such enterprising and thorough- 
 going members of the craft as David R. 
 Burns, who has always made it a study to 
 effect improvements wherever possible. En- 
 gaged in the plumbing, gas and steam-fitting, 
 hot-water heating and ventilating business 
 since 1882. he makes specialties of the latter 
 two branches; he also does a general con- 
 tracting business, covering every line of the 
 vocation. His remarkable success is due to 
 his zealous devotion to the business and his 
 invariable fair dealing. As facts speak louder 
 than words, and ability is best proven by pre- 
 senting indisputable evidence, we make men- 
 tion of some of the many important contracts 
 he has satisfactorily fulfilled. Among these 
 are the w'orks of the Keystone Watch Case 
 Co., The People's Theatre and Winter Circus 
 Building, of which he installed the entire out- 
 put; also the plant of the Odd Fellows' Tem- 
 ple and that of Lit Brothers' building. Mr. 
 Burns did the plumbing work of the Masonic 
 Home and placed the steam plant in the Trin- 
 
 ity Baptist Church, in Camden, N. J. The 
 power and heating equipment of the Horn & 
 Brannan Manufacturing Go's building, the 
 gas fitting, plumbing and radiating apparatus 
 in the Lulu Temple Hall, the heating plant 
 of the Trocadero Theatre are also specimens 
 of his excellent work. Mr. Burns entirely 
 refitted the residence of A. H. Moore, 171 1 
 Spring Garden street, and installed the gas. 
 water, hydraulic, steam and heating plant of 
 the Cloverdale Stock Farm at Colmar, Pa., 
 belonging to the same gentleman. He re- 
 modeled the mill of William Wood & Co., and 
 did the plumbing, draining and gas fitting of 
 the mill of the Bridesburg Manufacturing Co., 
 W'hich was quite a large contract. He has 
 also installed complete equipments and 
 refitted a number of school-houses and ele- 
 gant private residences in Philadelphia, and 
 at Wayne, Berwyn, Delanco and Spring Lake, 
 N. J. He has just completed for the United 
 States Government at League Island a fire 
 service and water plant, also equipped the 
 houses with hot-water heating appliances. 
 One of his recent contracts is the heating 
 plant of the Dalsimer Building, South Penn 
 Square. Mr. Burns was awarded the con- 
 tract of heating and ventilating the New 
 Boys' High School, amounting to over $40,- 
 000, wdiich work is now in progress. 
 
 David R. Burns was born at Fall River, 
 Mass., September t.j, 1852, and he came with 
 his parents to Philadelphia in i860, who 
 settled in the section then known as the Dis- 
 trict of Southwark. Having acquired a com- 
 mon school education, he entered upon an 
 apprenticeship of five years at the plumbing 
 and gas-fitting trade. Previous to going into 
 business on his own account, he was a fore- 
 man for a prominent firm for eight years, dur- 
 ing which time he supervised a numl)er of very 
 large contracts. The wareroom and work- 
 shop are located at 739 North Nineteenth 
 street, wdiich he has always occupied, and are 
 provided with every facility for promptly and 
 efificiently meeting every possible requirement 
 appertaining to all lines of the business. 
 
 Mr. Burns w'as recently elected a director 
 of the local branch of the Master Plumbers' 
 Association, and he is prominently identified 
 with all the Masonic bodies, also a member of 
 Lulu Temple, Order of the Mystic Shrine. 
 
 627 
 
WILLIAM R. BOSWELL. 
 
 William R. Boswell. the artist, has obeyed 
 the command of the poet, "Look in thine own 
 heart and write." and distinguished himself by 
 the introduction of the painting of maps and 
 grade-work in the Philadelphia nublic schools, 
 which has been highly commended by the 
 
 teachers, the public, and endorsed by the 
 Philadelphia Board of Public Education. 
 
 It is a new feature in the school-room, 
 which furnishes the most correct, simple and 
 attractive method of cultivating the study, 
 and is eminently calculated to facilitate the 
 work of elementary instruction. 
 
 There are twelve grades of work, which 
 have been carefully arranged — map studies, 
 object lessons and graphic illustrations of the 
 animal and plant life in all lands. These illus- 
 trations are accurate and striking. The draw- 
 ing and coloring are true, and are designed to 
 excite and gratify the appetite of the young 
 for the knowledge of nature. 
 
 The interest and admiration excited by it, 
 and the advancement and general good that 
 results from it, demonstrate the extensive 
 usefulness and perceptive character of this 
 work. Schools or other educational institu- 
 tions wishing to avail themselves of this pres- 
 ent work will address 
 
 WM. R. BOSWELL, 
 1436 South Broad Street, 
 
 Philadelphia. Pa. 
 
 ®It^ Securittj STrxist 
 
 ISOO 
 
 rso-S" 
 
 INSURl 
 
 IN 
 
 mf^ Insurance Co. j 
 
 i 
 
 fl. W. Cop. Tenth and Chestnut Sts. 1 
 
 United Firemen's Insurance 60. 
 
 OFFICE, 419 WAIil^UT STJ^EET 
 
 Capital, full paid, $350,000 t 
 
 Issues Policies on Insurable Lives I 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 # » 9 
 
 Receives Deposits 
 
 Capital, full paid . 
 Assets, January i, 1897 
 Surplus to Policyholders 
 
 $300,000 
 
 1,426,021 
 
 502,569 
 
 3 PER CENT. ON TIME DEPOSITS AND SAVING 
 FUND ACCOUNTS 
 
 "2 PER CENT. ON DEMAND CERTIFICATES AND 
 CHECKING ACCOUNTS 
 
 « * • 
 
 ROBERT B. BEA'l'H, President 
 
 JOSEPH L. CAVEN, Vice-Preiident 
 
 DENNIS J. SWEENY, Secretary 
 
 % % % 
 
 SAFE DKPOSIX VAULT 
 
 ROBERT E. PATTISON, President 
 
 Henry Bumm 
 Wm. M. Singerly 
 Alfred Mooke 
 
 628 
 
 DIRECTORS 
 Chas. M. Lukrns 
 
 HOLSTEIN DeHaVEN 
 
 Henry B. Tkner 
 
 George B. Bonnell 
 William Wood 
 Jacob E. Ridgway 
 
ESTABLISHED 1850 
 
 SHARPLESS & WATTS 
 
 1522 Chestnut Street 
 
 1520, 1522 and 1527 Sansom Street and 
 
 152 1 and 1523 Moravian Street 
 
 Interior furnishings for fireplaces, Tiles and Mosaics for ceilings, walls, floors of bath rooms, 
 halls, vestibules, kitchens, pantries, laundries, etc. 
 
 Artistic Wrought Iron and Brass work — special designs furnished — Mantels m^de in Wood, 
 Stone, Onyx, Marble, Slate, Iron, etc. 
 
 We have practically 25 stores in one — 38,000 to 40,000 square feet of floor space to carry 
 on our business, and competent people to look after the different departments. We employ the 
 best artisans in their different branches. 
 
 Having all the facilities for taking the roughest work and finishing it without leaving the 
 premises — fitting, polishing, plating — and returning work on the same day when necessary. 
 
 We take pleasure in referring you to a few places where our work can be seen : — 
 
 Bethlehem Presbyterian Church, Broad and Diamond Streets— Pulpit in Mosaic, Brass 
 and Onyx; Baptismal Font in Onyx, Mosaic and Brass. 
 
 New City Hall— Tile and Brass Work. 
 
 Bank of North America— Marble and Bronze Grilles. 
 
 State Library, Harrisburg. 
 
 Buildings of the State, War and Navy Departments, Washington. 
 
 Provident and Guarantee Trust Co's Building, Chestnut Street Bank, Drexel Institute, 
 Aldine Hotel, Pennsylvania Railroad Station, Reading Terminal and White Star Line 
 Steamships, as well as the Ferry Boats plying between New York and New Jersey, 
 where will be found ample evidence of what we can do in Tile, Mosaic, Marble, 
 Wrought Iron and Brass. 
 
 We are always ready and pleased to carry out ideas of our customers in any of the branches 
 of our business. Our catalogues give you but a vague idea of what we have and what we can do. 
 We have what others have and many things that cannot be found elsewhere. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 SHARPLESS & WATTS 
 
E. H. BUTLER & CO., 
 
 Educational Publishers. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Chicago. Boston. 
 
 Among the oldest, best known, and most 
 popular school-book houses in America is that 
 of E. H. Butler & Co. In 1887 it celebrated 
 its semi-centennial — the present manager. 
 Mr. E. H. Butler being of the third genera- 
 tion of the publishers of this name who began 
 business early in the century. 
 
 A few years since this House purchased the 
 list of Cowperthwait & Co., and it now pub- 
 lishes many of the most valuable and success- 
 ful school books in the market. These 
 include, among others. Butler's. Warren's, 
 and Mitchell's Geographies, Monroe's and 
 Butler's Series of Readers, Monroe's Spellers, 
 the New American Spellers and Arithmetics, 
 the Union Series of Physiologies, Butler's and 
 
 the Business Standard Copy Books. Powell's 
 Language Series. Bingham's Latin Text- 
 books, etc.. etc.. together with a full line of 
 wall maps, charts, and other modern school 
 appliances. 
 
 E. H. Butler &; Co. have always been pro- 
 gressive. Within the last two years they have 
 added to their already extensive list of ap- 
 proved text-books a new series of Readers 
 (Hazen's) in five books, a First Year Book by 
 the same author, which is a marvel of artistic 
 color-printing, a series of Arithmetics and an 
 Algebra by Dr. George W. Hull of Millers- 
 ville, and a series of Vertical-writing Copy- 
 books (Vaile's). These books have met with 
 signal success, and it is the intention of this 
 House to meet in an equally satisfactory man- 
 ner all demands for new text-books neces- 
 sitated by the continued advance in educa- 
 tional ideas. 
 
 i-i'<i I'l •..•< •'( 
 
 I I' • I • • • 
 
 Jijii|..|..|.i|«|"|<>|>,|<i|l.| t..|.il..|J •,.■ ■••! ••<.■.• .|ir|il|il|'l|l>|>||li|l||,||j||„|,||,||||i,|H|ir||||i||i||.i|,i|ii| |l:|l<|l|li|il||||>l|ii|ii|>.|p|«..|.iri.|lj'i|i.|<i| ■-■■.M • I •• 
 
 IF YouwouhD USE ONLY THE BEST \ The Bolles' Sliding and 
 
 Revolving Safety Sash 
 
 BARNES' 
 
 NATIONAL 
 
 III III IK 
 
 A. ^. Baitne^ \ do. 
 
 New York aMPMlaielpliia 
 
 " The only sash which can be reversed for cleaning with 
 a single movement. Remains open at any angle at 
 
 which it is placed, and is absolutely air-tight. (Can be seen 
 in the new High School Building ) 
 
 I RUFUS E. EGGLiESTOH 
 
 ' SOLE AGKNX 
 
 I 675 and 576 MUTUALi liipE BUILDING 
 ^ N. W. Cor. Tenth and Chestnut Sts. 
 
 MANUFACTORY AT | 
 
 222 NORTH KIKTH STREET I 
 
 PHILADELPHIA t teLepHoNe 4080 
 
 630 
 
 PHILiRDBLtPHIA 
 
wrvi. L. nOLlER 
 
 HENRY D'OLIER, JR. 
 
 D'Olier Electric Company 
 
 No. 129 South Eleventh Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Complete InstHllations of Light and Power Plants 
 
 lii Hi IK III 
 
 PLANS ^^ CONTRACTORS FOR 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS ^^ Philadelphia Boys' High School 
 
 SUPERVISION 3E Central Manual Training School 
 
 631 
 
David R. Burns 
 
 mw% un 
 
 M^oMmg 
 
 Plans, Specifications and Propositions 
 
 Furnished for Heating and Ventilating Office Buildings, Apartment 
 Houses, Hotels, Churches, D\A^ellings, etc. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 I eadiRg ir'hotograpKers 
 
 THIB 
 
 ;E. \ i|i'l!nian-Ti'eicMei' do. 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 1030 @h|e«tnut Bt. ; 
 
 
 t F^\jgs,yM.ats, Sl^iadiiicj 
 
 3{jgK=cla£s work al popular 
 prices. Special rales to stu* 
 
 dents and teachers for cabinets. 
 
 713 IVTARKET STRKET 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 HI_SO KGENTS I=OR THE 
 
 groups and other photographs [ Oenapon, l^elianee and Falcon Bicycles. 
 
 632 
 
^(.damant VV)^^^ plaster. 
 
 a. 
 
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 00 
 
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 Pi 
 
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 B 
 
 go 
 
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 ■0 
 
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 ^ 
 
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 •j3j.SDi(»l pauiopQ putjaQ auojsj^a^ 
 
 633 
 
Founded 1880 
 
 Incorporated 1884 
 
 Mount Vernon Institute of Elocution and Languages 
 
 1336 SPRINO GARDEN STREET 
 PHILADELPHIA. F>A. 
 
 djW KJ/^\a# P-lIJtT^tW^ ^^^ demands of the School requiring more commodious quarters, 
 WW" l^y^ Tf fW"" I lU I rj^ ^^^ building at 1336 Spring Garden Street has been torn down and 
 reconstructed in such a manner that our fticilities are greatly enlarged, and our work can be performed in a 
 much more systematic and satisfactory way. On the basement floor is a banquet room, and a large hall, 
 kitchen and dressing rooms; on the first floor an auditorium, with thoroughly equipped stage, and a seating 
 capacity of one thousand ; on the second floor, school rooms, office, library and smaller auditorium ; on 
 the third and fourth floors a gymnasium, running track and school rooms. An electric elevator runs to all 
 floors, and the building is lighted by electricity and gas. 
 
 DIRECTORS 
 
 JOHN BARDSLEY JAMES MILLIGAX 
 
 F^ACULTY 
 
 ADOLPH W. MILLER, M. D. 
 
 JOSEPH B. WILLITS 
 
 FRANCES E. PEIRCE 
 
 FRANCES E. PEIRCE, Principal 
 
 Theory and Practice of Elocution, Dramatic 
 
 Action, English, Vocal Technique, 
 
 Book-keeping and Spanish 
 
 JOSEPH B. WILLITS, D. O. 
 
 Oratory , Extempore Speech, History and 
 
 Lectures 
 
 Rev. THEOPHILUS p. PRICE 
 
 Greek and Assistant in Oratory 
 
 MARGARET A. MAISCH, B. O. 
 
 Physical Culture and Assistant in Elocution and 
 
 Germa n 
 
 ELIZABETH HAYWARD 
 
 Assistiint in Dramatic Action 
 
 JOHN H. BECHTEL 
 Orthoepy and Sound Analysis 
 
 ANNA J. PHILSON 
 
 General Literature 
 
 HERBERT T. GRANTHAM 
 
 ASSO. M. AMER. SOC. C. K. 
 
 Structural Engineering and Mechanical 
 
 Drawing 
 
 SAMUEL C. WELLS 
 
 Penmanship 
 
 M'LLE ZIMERLE 
 
 French 
 
 OSCAR SCHLIEF 
 
 German 
 
 HETTIE E. WILLITS 
 
 Latin 
 
 H. J. CHAPMAN, M. D. 
 
 Scientific Branches 
 
 MABEL H. BARDSLEY, B. E. 
 
 Piano, Grnminar and Rhetoric, and Assistant in 
 
 Book-keeping 
 
 EMMA GOLZE 
 Singing 
 
 H. S. GREIMS 
 
 Violin 
 
 SHEPPARD K. KOLLOCK 
 
 Vocal Culture and Harmony 
 
 PAUL END 
 
 Banjo 
 
 ANNE BALDERSTON 
 
 China Painting, Drawing anct Modeling 
 
 W. WARD BEAM 
 
 Physical Culture and Director of Gymncisiuiii 
 
 Ernest H. Sturts 
 
 
 1 
 
 ANDREW R. POULiSOH 
 
 T^in and gheet Ipon 
 
 2525 and 2527 Ridge Avenue 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 Alterations and Jobbing of every Description 
 
 SCHOOL AND CHURCH FURNITURE 
 
 WofI^' 
 
 er 
 
 Heaters, Ranqes, 5toyes, Etc. 
 
 MADE AND REPAIRED 
 
 Tinware and House Furnishing Goods 
 ) N. W. Cop. 15th and Wharton Sts. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 ALL JOBBING PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO 
 
 63* 
 
The Pancoast Ventilator 
 
 COMPLETE VIEW 
 
 Absolutely Storm Proof 
 
 with no Back Draft 
 
 HANDSOME 
 
 EFFECTIVE dn 
 DURABLE 
 
 BROKEN VIEW 
 
 SHOWING EDGEWISE BRACES 
 
 Endorsed bij prominent; Ar^cfiitecl;? 
 
 The smaller sizes are made of the best Black Metal, and then galvanized, thus leav- 
 raw or unprotected edges to rust, and making a better and more durable job than 
 if made up from Galvanized Iron. 
 
 mo- no 
 
 NO SCHOOL=HOUSE, CHURCH OR PUBLIC BUILDING IS COMPLETE 
 
 WITHOUT THEM 
 
 GOOD VENTILATION MEANS GOOD HEALTH 
 
 You can buy Ventilators that are cheaper than the PANCOAST, but 
 
 none that are worth as much. 
 
 FREE CONSULTATION IN REGARD TO VENTILATION AND 
 REMOVAL OF SMOKE, FUMES, ETC. 
 
 OUR VENTILATORS ARE GUARANTEED OR MONEY REFUNDED 
 
 ALWAYS SEE THAT YOU GET THE 
 
 PAWeOAST VEWTILATOR 
 
 AND TAKE NO OTHER 
 
 Our Window Ventilator, for schools, offices, residences, chimney cap 
 
 etc., now being put on the market, is conceded to be the best yet 
 introduced. The price at which they are being sold is very low. 
 
 COHt^ESPONDEJsiCE SOLiICITED 
 
 The PflNcofl5T Ventilator Q2.,r\/iNgFflCTURER5 
 
 Offices, 316 Philadelphia Bourse, Philadelphia, Pa. {-= 
 
 635 
 
GEORGE W. STEWART 
 
 Gontraetor, Qarpenter and guilder 
 
 230 DIAMOND STREET 
 
 TELEPHONE CONNECTION PHILADELPHIA 
 
 George W. Stewart succeeded to the business established in 1857 by Messrs. 
 Eldridge & Stewart. Has built several buildings for the city, and has had contracts 
 from the Board of Public Education for the completion of the High School Annex, 
 and the School Fifteenth and Norris Streets. 
 
 Has also erected buildings for John Bromley & Sons, Thos. Devlin & Co., 
 Laird, Schober & Mitchell, North Bros. Mfg. Co , U. S. Grant Post, No. 5, G. A. R., 
 Hoyle, Harrison & Kaye, Wm. H. Lorimer's Sons & Co., Lutheran Church of the 
 Advent, Sharpless Bros.. Trinity Presbyterian Church. Wm. G. Warden, New Tabernacle 
 Baptist Church. 
 
 penn^ijlvania (Ja^ Fixture do. I P1CTCLE5 
 
 MANUPACTURF.KS OF 
 
 Gas and Electric Fixtures 
 
 Office and Factory, 1824-26 JVIanor St. 
 
 (Between 4th and sth Sts., Montgomery Ave. and Berks St.) 
 
 K High-grade Wheels at popular prices. Come 
 J and see our Wheels before purchasing. 
 
 CLIFTON AND 
 
 S.&S. FLYER 
 
 a Buy direct from the manufacturer and save 
 PHILADELPHIA t ^^^ dealer's profit. We have no agents. We 
 
 I sell our Wheels direct and give our patrons the 
 
 § discountthatother manufacturers give the dealers 
 
 5 by making a low price for a first-class Wheel. 
 
 Hospitals, Sehools, ©ollQges, Piibli© | 
 JBuildings arjd F^Gsidonoes fuprjished 
 at posl^-bottorrj rpaqufaetupops' ppiees. 
 
 FIRST-GLASS WORKJVIANSHIP 
 
 SGHRAGK & SHERWOOD 
 
 233 AND 235 MARKET ST. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 SPEC/AL DESIGNS FURNISHED A7 REQUEST \ IWanafaetarers of High-grade Bieyeles 
 
 636 
 
THE TEACHER 
 
 Is the only journal published in Philadelphia in the interests of public school education 
 exclusively. 
 
 Ill III III III 
 
 IT APPEALS 
 
 To teachers in a special way, because the articles are written by practical educational 
 experts, and it advocates the interests of teachers in a fearless and impartial manner. 
 
 Ill III III III 
 
 IT INTERESTS 
 
 Parents and the friends of education generally, because it keeps its readers in touch 
 with educational progress. 
 
 Ill III III III 
 
 It is able, dignified and handsomely printed. 
 
 '*Tlie Teacher" should be read by every School Director, 
 Teacher and Parent. 
 
 "The Teacher" is published every month (except July and August) under the 
 editorial direction of ^iyii: lEttxtct^tJon^tl (^Ivikt ot pi^iUaStjeX^^il^m* 
 
 III III 111 III 
 SUBSCJ^lPTIOr^S, OfJE DOlJliflR PBH VEfll^ 
 
 III III III III 
 
 Address all correspondence relating to subscriptions and advertising to the 
 Publishers, 
 
 CASTLE & HEILMAN 
 
 27 N, Second St., Pbiladelpbiii 
 
 637 
 
SAMUEL GOURLEY, JR., 
 
 Contractor and Builder. 
 
 2IOO Ridge Avenue, Philadelphia. 
 
 The connection of Samuel Gourley, Jr., 
 with the business in which he is extensively 
 engaged dates from boyhood. He therefore 
 cannot fail to have a thorough knowledge of 
 every detail of the building art. In 1861, his 
 father, Samuel Gourley, commenced on his 
 own account as a carpenter and builder, on 
 Warnock street, above Girard avenue. In 
 1870 his father's efforts had met with such 
 remarkable success that he purchased the 
 
 property at Twenty-first street and Ridge 
 avenue, and incorporated the manufacture of 
 mill work with his other operations. Owing 
 to the steady increase in the volume of busi- 
 ness, the factory was subsequently consider- 
 ably enlarged. The son, who has been actively 
 identified with the business from youth, was 
 admitted to co-partnership in 1889. Two 
 years later the firm was dissolved, Samuel 
 Gourley, Jr., since engaging exclusively in 
 contracting and building, and the father con- 
 tinuing the mill business; both branches 
 being, however, conducted in concert at the 
 same location. 
 
 L.O. HOWELL JR.j JOHN • McCARRON 
 
 plumber 
 
 ©a^ and (i)te0im "pitter 
 
 i 
 
 ('f^t^^ 
 
 g [] □ □] 3 [3 i i iiiiiii""*!'°'-J'^J^' 
 
 Houfeos HQatod by StQain ar^d 
 Hot WatQp 
 
 2013 Columbia Ave. 
 
 Telephone Connection 
 
 VHILADErPHIA 
 
 House and Sign Painter and Glazier 
 Frescoing, etc. 
 
 jSfo. 1111 (Shjpistian Stroot 
 Philadelphia 
 
 638 
 
EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE 
 
 HKS PRODUCED THE 
 
 Acknowledged 
 to be 
 
 The NEATEST 
 Most COMFORTABLt 
 Most TENACIOUS 
 
 , BORSCh 
 
 At EN 
 
 Eyeglass made 
 
 PtJESGHlPTION 
 
 Do not wear ill-adjusted 
 
 \ Spectacles or 
 
 Eyeglasses 
 
 Consult us 
 
 uiopk in alt its 
 bpanehes oup 
 
 SPECmii STUDY 
 
 J. L. BOR5Cn 6^ C2. 
 
 1324 W/ILNMT 5T. 
 
 AMERICA'S NATIONAL SONGS 
 
 COUUIVlBIAfl EDITION, PRICE lO CEflTS 
 
 USED IN MOST SCHOOLS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES 
 CONTENTS :—" The Star Spang!ed Banner," "Hail Columbia," "The Red, White ajid Blue," "Guard the Flag," 
 
 jia, my Country," " America " (with the old and new music), " God Bless our Land," " The Stars and Stripes Forever," 
 I of Liberty," " Yankee Doodle." Also the Arbor-day Songs, " Beautiful Trees of the Wayside," " Joy for the Sturdy 
 
 " Columbi 
 " A Song 
 Trees," and a treatise on " The American Flag" and " Flag Day." 
 
 Adopted by the Board of Public Education of Philadelphia, and is placed upon the list of text-books for use in the 
 schools. 
 
 SAMPLE COPY BY MAIL FOR 5 CENTS, WITH PRICES IN QUANTITIES 
 
 PARKVIEW PUBLISHING CO. 
 
 3941 MARKET ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 S. B. BENAR 
 
 Sole Agent 
 For Philadelphia and Vicinity for 
 
 1,000,000 ill use 
 
 Prescott Sliding Door Hangers, "Cross' 
 Improved Counter Balance Door for Elevator 
 Shafts, "G, & B." System of Fire Proofing 
 
 Wire Lathing, Oliver Wagon Jacks, New York ^^ ^ « r'ti Ckl TU O T 
 
 Safety Dumb Waiter, Norton Door Check '^Z /V. OL V LN I h O / . 
 
 and Spring, the "Lape" Pneumatic Doer PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Check and Spring, the Larimer Door Spring, HARDWARE SPECIALTIES OF 
 
 Banard Door Holder, Clark Door Holder. fii_i_ KH^QS 
 
 SmVER, BURDETT & CO|VIPRMY 
 
 PUBLISHERS 
 
 Approved Text-Books Embodying Progressive Educational Methods 
 
 BOSTON 
 110-112 Boylston St. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 31 H. 17th St. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 262-264 Wabash Ave. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 1328 APeh St. 
 
 H. NI. TRASK. Pennsylvania IVIanager 
 
 639 
 
J. IW. SHAPPELL 
 
 jM. McMANUS 
 
 hou^e and 
 J)ainl:in^ •: 
 
 •n f 
 
 « 
 
 ©oqtPQetop 
 
 ind IBllild-QP 
 
 1513 NORTH 2lsl STREET 
 
 J No 414: WOOD STRKET 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 D D n a 
 
 Ordeps promptly attended to 
 
 Estimates eheepfully fapnished 
 
 l^eeidense 
 
 T JSTo. 1416 Tioga Street 
 
 HENRY R 
 
 PRACTICA 
 
 . ROBERTS I RnicWockei'LimeGo. 
 
 :tical ! ^ ^ *^ 
 
 Slate, Metal, Tile and Composition ■ 
 
 ROOFER 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 l^oofing Slate, Slaek-boaPds, ]VIaPbleized I 
 
 slate JVIantels and evepything I 
 
 in the Slate Liine i 
 
 I 
 
 Office, 2025 North Carlisle Street I 
 
 OFFICE 
 
 366 North 24th Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 KEST QUALITY OF 
 
 WOOD-BURNT LIME 
 
 ALWAYS ON HAND 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 BRANCH YARD 
 
 t American and Daxaphin Sts- 
 
 HEATER AND RANGE JOBBIJMO 
 
 GAliVflNIZED IRON AND 
 
 COPPER CORNICES 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 640 
 
 WM. B. IRVINE 
 ANDREW CARTY 
 
 Proprietors 
 
l.llflg™*?'''? ■ 
 
 LEPHONE CONNCCTTON 
 
 ifractor • 
 
 i" 
 
 
 ^•OFFICE- NO-IO -NORTH ELEVENTH ST- ^ 
 
 7rrr/a€////uar 
 
 THE FOLLOWING IS A PARTIAL LIST OF 
 PROMINENT OPERATIONS 
 
 The buildings of the Philadelphia & Reading Terminal R. R. Co., which include the Stations at Twelfth 
 and Market Streets, Express Offices, Market and Train Shed, running from Market Street to Arch Street; also, 
 the Power House from Arch Street to Cherry Street, and Engine Houses and Machine Shops extending from 
 Wallace Street to P'airmount Avenue. 
 
 School-Houses.— Cambria School, 13th and Cambria Streets, 37ih Section — see page 565; Brides- 
 burg School, Richmond and Jenks Streets, 25th Section ; Landreth School, 23d and Federal Streets, 36th Section 
 — see page 555; Glenwood School, 30th and Hermann Streets, 28th Section — see page 459; and Levering School, 
 Ridge Avenue and Martin Street, Roxborough, 21st Section — see pages 371 and 375. 
 
 Institutions. — Drexel Institute, 32d and Chestnut Streets; Deaf and Dumb Institution at Mt. Airy, 
 including the Primary, Intermediate and Advanced Departments, and the Power House in connection thereto; 
 Pennsylvania Working Home for Blind Men, at 36ih Street and Lancaster Avenue; American Philosophical 
 Society's Building, 104 South 5th Street. 
 
 Banks. — Northwestern National Bank, Commonwealth Trust Co , Trust Co. of North America. 
 
 factories. — The entire plant of the 25th Ward Gas Works, The Philadelphia Rubber Works, Caleb 
 J. Milnes' Factory, loth to iith Street, on Washington Avenue; Brown & Bailey's, Franklin and Willow Streets; 
 Buck's Sons & Co., 8th and Willow Streets. 
 
 Breweries. — Entire plant of Rob't Smith Brewing Co., large Stable for J. & P. Baltz Brewing Co. 
 
 Prisons. — New County Prison at Holmesburg Junction. 
 
 Power Houses and Car Barns. — ^The entire plants, all the Power Houses, Car Barns and 
 Workshops for the People's Traction Co., Electric Traction Co., Hestonville, M. & F. Pass. R. W. Co., Union 
 Traction Co., and Power House and Car Barn for the Fairmount Park Transportation Co., at Belmont, in 
 Fairmount Park. 
 
 Store and, Office Buildings. — Dobson Building, 1007-09-11 Market Street; Pennsylvania 
 Heat, Light and Power Co's Building, N. E. Cor. loth and Sansom Streets ; Bell Telephone Co's Building, N. E. 
 Cor. nth and Filbert Streets. 
 
 Hotels. — Hotel Imperial, N. W. Cor. nth and Filbert Streets; Hotel Aberdeen, Broad Street above 
 Filbert, 
 
 And Stores, Dwelling's, etc., in the City and Suburbs, too numerous to mention 
 
f^^ Whiting paper' Gompanij 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 Writing Papers of E^ery Variety 
 
 18 South Sixth Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 MILLS AT HOLTOKE, MASS. 
 A. J. BRIGGS 
 
 True econoniv, in the long run, lies in quality, not in cheapness. This applies to papers just as forcibly 
 as it does to anything else. 
 
 Paper consumed, particularly in private and business correspondence, card, pamphlet or circular, that 
 can be depended on gives the most satisfaction to use, and makes the best impression on others. The quality 
 of paper used is, to a degree, held by the public as a test of the person or firm from whom it comes. 
 
 The Whiting Paper Co. has attained the highest reputation as paper manufacturers ; its name is a guaran- 
 tee of excellence; it uses only the best materials in ail three of its mills, and its product is the largest in 
 the world of high-grade papers, being thirty tons daily Whiting paper is used by the United States 
 Government, the leading railroads, banks, insurance companies, public schools and mercantile houses every- 
 where. Write Mr. A. J. Biiggs, manager of the P.iiladelphia warehouse, i8 South Sixth Street, for a copy 
 of a little booklet, " Weddine Etiquette." 
 
 Bool^s for Pennsylvania 
 
 gcliiocls 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING 
 
 Uroobeck's 
 
 blanks 
 
 ELOCUTION AND READING 
 
 Dr. Brooks' Manual of 
 CHARTS 
 
 Mills' Physiological and Key 
 
 GEOGRAPHY 
 
 Hoi ston's New Physical (Revised Ed.) 
 GRAMMAR 
 
 Gideon's Exercises in English 
 " Les ons in Language 
 Han's Analysis 
 " Elementary 
 " Langu.Tge Lessons 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT 
 
 Thorpe's Government of the People of the 
 
 U.S. 
 Thorpe's Government ot the U. S and Civil 
 
 Government of Pennsylvania (in i vol.) 
 
 NATURAL PHILOSOPHY 
 
 Houston's Elements (a new revision almost 
 ready) 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY 
 
 Mills' 
 
 LITERATURE 
 
 Smyth's American 
 
 COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC 
 
 Hart's 
 
 For information in regard to lhe^e Looks please write to 
 
 ELDRKDGE & BRO. 
 
 Edueatlonal Publiehers 
 17 Morth Seveiitit St. Ptilladelplila, Pa. 
 
 JOHN E. PHILLIPS 
 
 JOSEPH B. MOON 
 
 PHILLIPS & MOON 
 
 JV^erebant Trailers 
 
 1205 CHESTNUT STREET 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 SUCCESSORS TO 
 
 JOHN B. TWrORLEV St CO. 
 
 Formerly S. E. Cor. 8th and Chestnut Sts. 
 
 HIGH-GRADE WORK 
 
 AT NlODERAXf!: PRICES 
 
 6^2 
 
The following 56 Philadelphia Public Schools use our apparatus, wholly or in part, for 
 
 HEATING AND VENTlliRTiNG 
 
 Th^new Boys' High 
 old Boys' Higli 
 Ph Udelphia Normal 
 Girls' High 
 School of Praclic : 
 Alice Lippincott 
 Gus. A. Benson 
 Levering 
 Joseph Singerly 
 Central Manual Training 
 N. E. Manual Training 
 Geo. G. Meade 
 Ino. F. Hartranft 
 Wm. D. Kelley 
 
 The Henry VV. Halliwell 
 
 " Bii'le^burg 
 
 " Wharton 
 
 •' Geo. VV. Chiids 
 
 " Mount Vernon 
 
 •■ Wm. H. Hunter 
 
 " Win. Adanisun 
 
 ■• Wm. Welsh 
 Asa Packer 
 
 " Keystone 
 
 • Wm. M.Merdith 
 
 " Jas. L. Claghorn 
 
 ■• Chest' r .A. Arthur 
 
 " rii;iHdeus Stevens 
 
 The Park Avenue 
 
 " James Logan 
 
 " John Welsh 
 
 " Landreth 
 
 " Cilenwood 
 
 " James Khoads 
 
 ' ' Morris 
 
 " White Hall 
 
 " Manayunk Grammar 
 
 " Henry Armitt Brown 
 
 " N. J. Hoffman 
 
 " Fair Hill 
 
 " Wm F Miller 
 
 " Fail view 
 
 th:oivipson^ bros. 
 
 ; James Martin 
 Thomas Potter 
 Bayard Taylor 
 Germ intown Grammar 
 A. D. Biche 
 James P. Baugh 
 Henry Disston 
 Morton McMichael 
 Alexander Henry 
 M. Hall Stanton 
 Cambria 
 
 Francis D. Pastorius 
 Joseph Leidy 
 Delaplaine McDaniel 
 
 ISCINEERS. 7W^KN\JF=KCTURE RS KND C O IS T R 75CTO R S 
 
 ••i'llili<l<l|lllul"l»IM< ■"■ '( 
 
 l'.rj..|..|>r|„|>.|,i|.|..|.i|. ■ii|Mu|<>»i|«|i>|ri|i|li|ii|u|ll|ll|il|»|ll|li|il|iil l>i|ll|ll|ll|ll|ll|l,|r||ll|lllli|.l|ll|lllllllllllllllll|llllllllllll' IrliilljMlllliililli'llili.lnl.'l.il.il I 'li'loMliilllMlul'illll"! I|(I|||||'|{||1||<I|II|II|II|H||||| 
 
 «t 
 
 DO NOT STATV^TVYER" 
 
 The PHIUAnF:L,l>HIA I WiSTIXUXE, established 1884 by Edwin S Johnston, has won a world-wide 
 reputation. It has no branch anywhere, and at no time has had any connection whatever with any other school. A 
 remarkable cure of a Philadelphia lad, 11 years of age, was that o* William Shelby, No. 665 Norih Eleventh Street, Phila- 
 delphia, Pa. Before and after treatment he was presented to Prof. Horatio C. Wood, M. I)., LL. D., and the Medical Class 
 of the University of Pennsylvania. Prof. Wood pronounced the case a very extraordinary cure of Chorea. The boy has 
 been cured 12 years, and has had no return of his distressing malady, and to-day it would be impossible to see that he had 
 ever been afHicted. 
 
 BiHhnp CVRUS D. FOSS, M. E. Church, Philadelphia, writes: " 1 have seen Mr. Johnston's work, and have 
 talked with some persons he has treated, and several ministers who have known him for years. I believe him to be a 
 thoroughly reliable person. I am sure he has wrought many remarkable cures. ' Hon. JOHN WANAMAKER, ex- 
 Pnstinaster-General, U. 8., in reply to an inquirer, says : " I am acquainted with Mr. E. S. Johnston, who was a 
 frightful stammerer. He cured himself, and I have seen a great many others wliom he has cured. I have confidence in his 
 treatment. 
 
 Endorsed alsobv Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, specialist on Nervous Diseases, Philadelphia, Pa., and Prof. Harrison Allen, 
 ^L D., University of Pennsylv.4nia ; Col. M. Richards Muckle, 52 years Manager of the Philadelphia Public Ledger : H, 
 W. Halliwell, Secretary Bo.ird of Public Education, Philadelphia. Send J or bo-page book to t/i-e 
 
 EDW. 8. JOHNSTON 
 
 Stammered 40 yrs. 
 
 Founder and Principal 
 
 PhlLADELPMIA INSTITUTE 
 
 1033 Spring Garden Streer, Philadelphiifca, Pa. 
 
 <|l>lll|li|M|lllll|li|ll|»|il|ll|l|»|MI"l'l|ri|ll|»|iP|"l'll>'l<l'<|il|ii|ill"|ll|'l|il|ii|»l«llln|lll<iri|il|il|i;|ll|H|i>|iJ lllllllll 1II|IIIIIIIIIII|IIIM|II|II|II|I'I l|lllll|l<llllllllllll|nllllll|lll^lu|M|li|»|ll|il|M|ll|.i|>'|-| ||||||||||||||ii|ii|M|||||||||||{| ||||||f|||||||H||t|||||^ 
 
 Office, N. E. Cor. 13th and CJUalnut Sts. 
 
 Sshop, 2738 ^. Droad St. Telephone 4559 Ptiiladelphla, Pa. 
 
 643 
 
E. H. PETERSON & CO. 
 
 S. W. Corner Eleventh and Sansom Streets, Philadelphia 
 
 Mercli£.nf 
 
 T^xilor^ hud 
 
 ImporIer5 
 
 E. H. PETERSON 
 
 CARL A. PETERSON 
 
 Highj-OiaScS Wopl^ at F^Qasoriable Ppieos 
 
 LIBERAL DISCOUNT TO STUDENTS AND TEACHERS 
 
 ►-»—»■ ♦ » ♦ 
 
 J. H. JORDAH 
 
 Builder and Real Estate Expert 
 
 School Sapplies 
 
 OF EVERY DESCRIPTION 
 
 CAN BE HAD AT THE 
 
 2519 COLUMBIA AVE. 
 
 F»HILADHLF>HIA 
 
 ill HI III ill 
 
 Expert testimony given in all court matters, ♦ 
 for opening of streets, change of grades and \ 
 estimates furnished for all building projects, | 
 
 School Supplt ^ 
 
 ^ PUPLISHINQ Co, 
 
 No. 306 Chestnut Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 SEND F^OR CT^TT^LOGVB 
 
 644 
 
BURK & McFETRIDGE CO. 
 
 For many years the establishment of the 
 FUirk & McFetridge Co. has been known as 
 one of the leading printing houses of the 
 United States, and among Philadelphia firms 
 it is recognized as being at the head in all that 
 is best and most praiseworthy in the mercan- 
 tile life of the city. 
 
 It is eminently fitting that in such an estab- 
 lishment the public school printing, which 
 must always be the neatest and best, should 
 be done. This class of work requires especial 
 attention, while it is very frequently necessary 
 to have it done with the greatest dispatch, it 
 must not show any traces of haste in its 
 execution, and it must be characterized by 
 uniform accuracy and neatness. While mak- 
 ing no boast, the Burk & McFetridge Co. 
 might with satisfaction point to this volume 
 as an indication of the character of their 
 school printing. 
 
 Their large plant, the front view of which 
 is herewith given, comprises the spacious 
 premises Nos. 306 and 308 Chestnut street, 
 where the equipment is so complete and so 
 
 perfect in quality that they are able to turn 
 out the liest work in every branch of their 
 operations, which embrace printing, litho- 
 graphing and publishing, as thousands of 
 business houses, organizations and individuals 
 are glad to testify, and of which fact their 
 ever-increasing business gives abundant evi- 
 dence. 
 
 Nor is the success of this establishment due 
 to its sound financial basis and complete 
 equipment. It did not spring ud in a night; 
 but is the result of long years of hard work, 
 honest and enterprising methods and untiring 
 energy on the part of those who built it up. 
 
 The history of the business dates back to 
 1810, although it was not until 1893 that the 
 Burk & McFetridge Co. was chartered, under 
 the laws of the State of Pennsylvania, with 
 a capital of $150,000. It succeeded the firm 
 of Burk & McFetridge, composed of William 
 M. Burk and John R. McFetridge, who, on 
 September 15, 1877, purchased the business 
 from William W. Harding, the successor of 
 his father, Jesper Harding, the founder of 
 "The Philadelphia Inquirer" and the old In- 
 quirer Printing House. 
 
 John R. McFetridge, the President of the 
 Company and one of the best known master 
 printers in the United States, worked his own 
 way up in the business which he now controls, 
 starting out in the employ of William W. 
 Harding, and gradually rising to the head cf 
 an establishment which has greatly grown since 
 he assumed its management. The other mem- 
 bers of the Company are John R. McFetridge, 
 Jr., Vice President, Samuel Long McFetridge, 
 Secretary, both sons of the President ; Georp-e 
 Cook, Treasurer; James McPherson and Enos 
 Y. Landis in charge of letter press and litho- 
 graphic departments, respectively. 
 
 Burk & McFetridge Co. are the pub- 
 lishers of "Traffic" and "Grocery World," 
 widely and favorably known journals and val- 
 uable advertising mediums. 
 
 645 
 
Index 
 
Index — Historical 
 
 Page. 
 Academy and Charitable School of the Province of Penn- 
 sylvania 7 
 
 Act of 1809 7 
 
 Act of 1818 9 
 
 Adelphi School 10, 287 
 
 Act of 1828 . . 15 
 
 Apple Street School, Colored 16 
 
 Act to Consolidate and Amend the Several Acts Relative 
 to a General System of Education by Common 
 
 Schools, 1836 17 
 
 Act of 1836 17 
 
 Act of 184,5 21 
 
 Act of Consolidation 22 
 
 Act of 1854 22 
 
 Act of February 17, 1865 24 
 
 Artisans' Night School Opened 28 
 
 Architect's Department 28, 125 
 
 Act Regarding Changes in Text-Books 29 
 
 Appointment of Supervising Principals Urged .... 33 
 
 Appointment of Superintendent of Schools Advocated . ^:i 
 
 Assembly Rooms Suggested ^3 
 
 Admission to the Higher Schools 46 
 
 Attention to Industrial Education 46 
 
 Absence of Teachers, Regulating the 47 
 
 Appropriations to Board of Public Education, City Solici- 
 tor's Opinion 67 
 
 Alice Lippincott School 262 
 
 A. D. Bache School 309 
 
 Alexander Adaire School 332 
 
 Adamson School 348 
 
 Andora School 373 
 
 Alex. Henry School 397 
 
 Astenville School 406 
 
 Andrew G. Curtin School 479 
 
 Asa Packer School 510 
 
 Associated Alumni of the Central High School 571 
 
 Alumnae Association of the Girls' High and Normal 
 
 Schools 579 
 
 Addenda 618 
 
 Brooks, Dr. Edward, Introduction 5 
 
 Board of Control Organized 10 
 
 Birnie, Willie, Secretary of the Board of Control ■ . . . 10 
 
 Bequest of Stephen Girard to Public Schools 16 
 
 Bache, Alexander Dallas, Superintendent of Schools . 21 
 
 Board of Control (First) after Consolidation 22 
 
 Bumm, Henry, President Board of Controllers .... 22 
 
 Building Inspector Elected 28 
 
 Board of Controllers, Name Changed 28 
 
 Board of Public Education Removed to 713 Filbert St. . 30 
 
 Brooks, Dr. Edward, Elected Superintendent 35 
 
 Page. 
 
 Board of Public Education, a Department of the City . . 67 
 
 Terms of Service of Members 67 
 
 Qualification of Members 67 
 
 Election of Officers 67 
 
 Meetings 67 
 
 General Powers 67 
 
 President of the Board 68 
 
 Standing Committees 68 
 
 Committee on Higher Schools 68 
 
 Committee on Revision of Studies 68 
 
 Committee on Text-Books 68 
 
 Committee on Industrial Art Education 68 
 
 Committee on University 68 
 
 Committee on Central Manual Training School . 68 
 
 Committee on Northeast Manual Training School 68 
 Committee on James Forten Elementary Manual 
 
 Training School 68 
 
 Committee on Grammar, Secondary and Primary 
 
 Schools 71 
 
 Committee on Supplies 71 
 
 Committee on Office 71 
 
 Committee on Legislation 71 
 
 Committee on Night Schools 71 
 
 Committee on Qualification of Teachers 71 
 
 Committee on Accounts 71 
 
 Committee on Estimates 71 
 
 Committee on Audits 71 
 
 Committee on By-Laws and Rules 71 
 
 Committee on Property 72 
 
 Committee on Superintendence 72 
 
 Committee on Hygiene 72 
 
 Committee on Music 72 
 
 Committee on Compulsory Education 72 
 
 Committee on Cooking Schools 72 
 
 Bache, Alexander Dallas, Assumes Control 133 
 
 Boundaries of Sections. See Schools, Boundaries and 
 
 Directors 21910 567 
 
 Buck Lane School 221 
 
 Beck School 235 
 
 Buttonwood Street School 303 
 
 Bethany School 310 
 
 Bringhurst School 386 
 
 Belmont School 405 
 
 Barton School 418 
 
 Bridesburg School 418 
 
 Boons Dam School 440 
 
 Belview School 453 
 
 Benton School 466 
 
 Boudinot School 509 
 
 Bayard Taylor School 509 
 
 Benjamin Rush School 531 
 
 649 
 
Page. 
 
 Byberry School 53 1 
 
 Constitutional Provision for Free Schools 7 
 
 Convention to Revise State Constitution, 1789-1790 ... 7 
 
 Constitution of 1838 7 
 
 Character of the Early Schools 9 
 
 City Councils Empowered to Elect Directors 9 
 
 Commissioners Empowered to Elect Directors 9 
 
 Controllers of the Public Schools for the City and County 
 
 of Philadelphia 9 
 
 Contempt for Charity Schools 14 
 
 Compulsory Education Favored 15. 25, 29 
 
 Colored School Established 15 
 
 Central High Schooljuniper and Market Streets, Corner- 
 stone Laid 18 
 
 Corner-Stone of the Central High School Laid, Juniper 
 
 and Market Streets 18 
 
 Central High School, Juniper and Market Streets, Open- 
 ing 21 
 
 Controllers Made a Body Politic 2r 
 
 Central High School Building, South-east Corner Broad 
 
 and Green Streets, Erected 22 
 
 Controllers of 1868 26 
 
 Census of Children Taken 28 
 
 Constitutional Provision for Public Education 29 
 
 Centennial Year 30 
 
 Cooking Instruction Introduced 34 
 
 Cliff, George H., Chosen Principal of New Normal 
 
 School 36 
 
 Central High School, South-west Corner Broad and 
 
 Green Streets, Corner-Stone Laid 36 
 
 Corner-Stone Central High School. South-west Corner 
 
 Broad and Green Streets, Laid . . 36 
 
 Compulsory Education Act 36 
 
 Not Enforced yj 
 
 Changes in the Curriculum, Report to the Board of 
 
 Public Education 38 
 
 Courses of Instruction 41 
 
 Revised 45 
 
 Courses of Study Formulated ... 47 
 
 Cultivating a Spirit of Patriotism 47 
 
 Co-operation with Teachers' Organizations 48 
 
 City Solicitor's Opinion Regarding Appropriations to 
 
 the Board of Public Education 67 
 
 Central High School, Juniper and Market Streets . . 131 
 
 Establishment of the School 131 
 
 Description of the Building 131 
 
 Opening of the School 132 
 
 First Corps of Teachers 132 
 
 Bache Assumes Control 133 
 
 Courses of Study 133 
 
 John S. Hart Elected President 133 
 
 Departments of 1842 . . 133 
 
 Written Examinations Held 133 
 
 Whom the School Most Benefited 134 
 
 Authorized to Confer Degrees 134 
 
 New Studies Introduced 134 
 
 Holding of Commencements . . 134 
 
 Central High School, S. E. Cor. Broad and Green Streets, 
 
 Erected 134 
 
 Corner-Stone Laid 137 
 
 Dedication of Building 137 
 
 Changes in the Cuniculum 137, 139 
 
 Professor Nicholas Maguire Elected President . . 137 
 
 Page. 
 Central High Sc\\oo\.— Continued. 
 
 During the War 137 
 
 Investigation Instituted 138 
 
 Reorganization of the School 138 
 
 New Faculty Chosen 138 
 
 Professor Hopper's Valuable Services 139 
 
 Semicentennial Celebrated 139 
 
 Admissions Made Annually 139 
 
 Henry Clark Johnson, President 139 
 
 School of Pedagogy Established 140 
 
 Robert Ellis Thompson Elected President .... 141 
 
 School of Pedagogy Reorganized 142 
 
 Course of Study 142 
 
 Students' Interests 142 
 
 Statistics 142 
 
 Introspective 145 
 
 The Faculty 146 
 
 Former Presidents 147 
 
 Former Professors 147 
 
 Former Assistant Professors 148 
 
 Faculty of School of Pedagogy 148 
 
 Description of Building 145 
 
 Central High School, S. W. Cor. Broad and Green Streets, 140 
 
 Corner-Stone Laid 14,1 
 
 Adjoining Property 146 
 
 Cregar, Philip A., Elected President Girls' Normal 
 
 School 157 
 
 Central Manual Training School Established 179 
 
 Crawford, Lieut. Robert, Chosen Director .... 179 
 
 Course of Study 183 
 
 Faculty 183 
 
 Charles S. Close School 221 
 
 Charles Sumner School 310 
 
 Chandler School 331 
 
 Cohocksink School 347 
 
 Cumberland School 348 
 
 Cohocksink School 348 
 
 Chestnut Hill School 386 
 
 Central School 386 
 
 Crescent School 386 
 
 Carroll School 418 
 
 Clearview School 440 
 
 Chester A. Arthur School 479 
 
 Camac School 497 
 
 Collegeville School 531 ■ 
 
 Cambria School 563 
 
 Difficulties of the Controllers of 1818 13 
 
 Defects in the Lancasterian System . 15 
 
 Dunlap, Thomas, Elected President of Board of Control, 16 
 Dusenberry, Benjamin M., Elected President of Board of 
 
 Controllers 22 
 
 Dedication of Girls' Normal School, 17th and Spring 
 
 Garden Streets 30 
 
 Department of Superintendence Organized .... t,T), 45 
 
 Specific Duties 48 
 
 Description of the Central High School, Juniper and 
 
 Market Streets 131 
 
 Directors of Sections 219 to 567 
 
 David Foy School 221 
 
 Douglass School 332 
 
 Dickinson School 370 
 
 Decatur School 398 
 
 Davidson School 440 
 
 Delaplaine Mc Daniel School 545 
 
 650 
 
Page. 
 
 Establishment of Colored Schools 15 
 
 Senior Classes 26 
 
 Erection of the Girls' High School Building, 17th and 
 
 Spring Garden Streets 29 
 
 Establishment of School of Industrial Art 33 
 
 Manual Training School 34 
 
 Examinationof Supervising Principals 34 
 
 Establishment of School of Pedagogy 35 
 
 Elementary Manual Training School, James Forten, Or- 
 ganized 35 
 
 Establishment of Free Libraries 35 
 
 Examinations and Promotions 46 
 
 Elevation of Standards 47 
 
 Election of Officers of Board of Public Education ... 67 
 Establishment of Central High School, Juniper and Mar- 
 ket Streets 131 
 
 Establishment of the Central Manual Training School . 179 
 
 Elementary Schools 217 
 
 Edward Shippen School 282 
 
 E. M. Paxson School 293 
 
 Edward Gorgas School 335 
 
 Elwood School 386 
 
 E. Spencer Miller School 405 
 
 Elmwood School 439 
 
 Elisha Kent Kane School 465 
 
 Edward Gratz School 465 
 
 Edwin M. Stanton School 479 
 
 Enterprise School 510 
 
 Educational Club 585 
 
 First School District of Pennsylvania, History of . ... 7 
 
 Friends' Public School Established 7 
 
 First School District of Pennsylvania Organized .... 9 
 
 First School-House Erected ... 10 
 
 First Board of Control 10 
 
 First Board of Control After Consolidation 22 
 
 Fletcher, Leonard R., President Board of Controllers. . 22 
 
 Fire-Proof Stairways Placed in New School Buildings . 33 
 
 Free Kindergartens Transferred 34 
 
 Forten, James, Elementary Manual Training School 
 
 35. 193. 194, 197 
 
 Free Libraries Established 35 
 
 Transferred 38 
 
 First Photograph in America 132 
 
 First State Normal School, Lexington, Mass 153 
 
 Fetter, Professor Geo. W., Resignation 165 
 
 Florence School 235 
 
 Fletcher School 235 
 
 Fagen School 245 
 
 First Cooking School ... 265 
 
 Fairmount School 17, 309 
 
 Francisville School 309 
 
 Fifteenth Section Schools 309 
 
 Finletter School 331 
 
 Franklin Schools 348, 546 
 
 Fairview School ^y^ 
 
 Francis D. Pastorius School 385 
 
 Feltonville School 385 
 
 Five Points School 406 
 
 Federal Hall School 430 
 
 Francis M. Drexel School 430 
 
 Forest School 453 
 
 Fairhill School 509 
 
 Franklinville School , . , 510 
 
 Page. 
 
 Fayette School 531 
 
 Fox Chase School ... 531 
 
 Girard's, Stephen, Bequest to Public Schools i6- 
 
 Girls' High School Organized 23. 
 
 Girls' High School Building, 17th and Spring Garden 
 
 Streets, Erected 29^ 
 
 Gratz, Simon, Elected President pro tern 36, 39 
 
 Gratz, Simon, Elected President 39 
 
 General Powers of the Board of Public Education ... 67 
 
 Girls' Normal School 153. 
 
 First Faculty 154 
 
 Girls' High School 153. 
 
 Again a Normal School 158- 
 
 Faculty 169 
 
 Girls' High and Normal School 158 
 
 Girls' Normal School, New Building Erected 158- 
 
 Rapid Development 161 
 
 Opened 161 
 
 Present Course of Study i6? 
 
 Faculty 166 
 
 Girls' High and Normal School, Former Teachers . . . 170 
 
 George W. Nebinger School 227 
 
 George M. Wharton School 251 
 
 Grant, U. S., School 261 
 
 Gorgas School 332 
 
 Germantown School 386 
 
 Gilbert, Joseph C, School 386 
 
 George W. Childs School 429. 
 
 Greenway School 439 
 
 George G. Meade School 46.5 
 
 Glenwood School 453. 
 
 George H. Boker School 453^ 
 
 George, Jesse, School 519 
 
 Godfrey School 531 
 
 Gustavus A. Benson School 545 
 
 Girard School 545 
 
 History of the First School District of Pennsylvania . . 7 
 
 Hospitals, Schools used as 16 
 
 High Schools for Girls Contemplated 21 
 
 Hollingsworth, Thomas G., Elected President Board 
 
 of Controllers 22 
 
 Haggenbotham, May, Elected Assistant Superintendent ^3 
 
 Huey, Samuel B , Elected Vice-President 39 
 
 Higher Schools, The 129 
 
 Hart, John S., Elected President Central High School . 133 
 Henderson, Dr. C. Hanford, Elected Principal North- 
 east Manual Training School 180 
 
 Horace Binney School 251 
 
 Hamilton School 261 
 
 Hollingsworth School 269 
 
 Hancock School 303. 
 
 Harrison School 325 
 
 Harmony School 386 
 
 Henry Herbert School 398 
 
 Haverford School 405 
 
 Henry W. Halliwell School 417 
 
 Henry Armitt Brown School 491 
 
 Hart Lane School 509 
 
 Hopkinson School 510 
 
 Heston School 519 
 
 Hestonville School 520- 
 
 Haddington School 52a 
 
 Henry Disston School 531 
 
 651 
 
Page. 
 
 Holmesburg School 531 
 
 Holme School 53' 
 
 Henry Disston Library 532 
 
 Introduction by Dr. Edward Brooks 5 
 
 Inception of the Lancasterian System 8 
 
 Inside View of a Lancasterian School Room 8 
 
 Incompetency of Monitors 15 
 
 Infant Schools Established 15 
 
 School Societies 15 
 
 Increase of Teachers' Salaries 25 
 
 Improvement in School Buildings 33 
 
 Instruction in Cooking Introduced 34 
 
 Insufficient School Accommodations 37 
 
 Industrial Education, Attention to 46 
 
 In'lustrial Art School. See School of Industrial Art, 
 
 201 to 207 
 
 Irving School 418 
 
 Island Road School 439 
 
 James Forten Elementary Manual Training Sch.ool 
 
 Organized 35 
 
 Johnson, Henry Clark, Becomes President 140 
 
 James Forten Elementary Manual Training School, Sioyd 
 
 System 194 
 
 James Forten Elementary Manual Training School, Sew- 
 ing, Cooking and Singing Lessons 194 
 
 James Forten Elementary Manual Training Sciiool, Its 
 
 Educational Value 194 
 
 James Forten Elementary Manual Training School, 
 
 Its Teachers 197 
 
 John H. Taggart School 221 
 
 John Stockdale School 227 
 
 John S. Ramsey School 261 
 
 John Agnew School 281 
 
 J. Q. Adams School 299 
 
 John M. Ogden School 303 
 
 Jefferson School 3t7 
 
 John Moffett School 325 
 
 J. R. Ludlow School 325 
 
 John Welsh School 347 
 
 John F. Hartranft School 348 
 
 James Lynd School 357 
 
 Joseph C. Gilbert School 385 
 
 John H. Webster School 417 
 
 James Martin School 421 
 
 Jackson School 429 
 
 Jeremiah Nichols School 429 
 
 James Miller School 439 
 
 John H Bartram School 440 
 
 John K. Lee School 439 
 
 James Pollock School 479 
 
 John S. Hart School 491 
 
 James L. Ciaghorn School 497 
 
 Joseph Singerly School 497 
 
 James G. Blaine School 497 
 
 Jesse George School 519 
 
 James Rhoads School 519 
 
 Joseph Brown School 531 
 
 James Forten School 531 
 
 James Logan School 545 
 
 James Alcorn School 545 
 
 Page. 
 
 Kensington School 10 
 
 Kirby, Lydia A., Elected Assistant Superintendent . . 33 
 
 Kindergarten, Supervision of 47 
 
 System 61 
 
 Keystone School 277 
 
 Kelley, Wm. D., Building 304 
 
 Kingsessing School 440 
 
 Kenderton School 453 
 
 Legislation for Free Education 7 
 
 Lancaster, Joseph 8 
 
 Lancasterian School Room 8 
 
 Societies • 8 
 
 System Introduced 9 
 
 System Abandoned 16 
 
 Locust Street School 16 
 
 Lombard Street School (Colored) . 16 
 
 Laying of the Corner-stone of Central High School . . . 18 
 
 Long, James, Elected President 30 
 
 Lyons School 235 
 
 Locust Street School 269 
 
 Livingston School 309 
 
 Lincoln School 309 
 
 Logan Hall 310 
 
 Ludlow School 325 
 
 Levering School 369 
 
 Lucretia Mott School 491 
 
 Liberty School 509 
 
 Lower Dublin Academy 536 
 
 Landreth School 545 
 
 Model School 10, 16, 21, 153 
 
 Moyamensing School 10, 17, 246 
 
 Monitors, Incompetency of 15 
 
 Trained in Model School 15 
 
 Model Infant School Established 16 
 
 Moyamensing Infant School 17 
 
 Marlborough Street School 17 
 
 Master Street School 17, 325 
 
 Infant School 17 
 
 Method of Appointing Controllers Altered 26 
 
 Music, Theory of. Taught .• 29 
 
 MacAlister, Dr. James, Elected Superintendent .... ^3 
 
 Morrison, Andrew J., Elected Assistant Superintendent, ^3 
 
 Manual Training School Established 34 
 
 Mackenzie, Miss Constance, Elected Director of 
 
 Kindergartens 34 
 
 Meetings of the Board of Public Education 67 
 
 Maguire, Nicholas H., Elected President 137 
 
 Retired from Presidency 138 
 
 Moyer, John W., Elected Vice-Principal Northeast 
 
 Manual Training School 180 
 
 Manual Training Schools, Objects 183 
 
 Morris School 221 
 
 Mary Street School 227, 358 
 
 Mt. Vernon School 235 
 
 Meredith School 245 
 
 Madison School 287 
 
 Mifflin School 287, 293 
 
 Monroe School 303 
 
 Megargee School 347 
 
 Manayunk School 369 
 
 Manatawna School 373 
 
 Mount Airy School 386 
 
 Morton School 386 
 
 652 
 
Page. 
 
 Marshall School 397 
 
 Morton McMichael School 405 
 
 Mantua School 405, 409 
 
 Miller School 440 
 
 M. Hall Stanton School • 453 
 
 Muhlenberg School 465 
 
 Morris City School ... 466 
 
 Maltha Washington School . 520 
 
 Mechanicsville School 531 
 
 Maple Grove School 531 
 
 Northwestern Infant School 16 
 
 Northern Liberties School 16 
 
 Northwestern School 16, 281, 618 
 
 Normal School Organized 21 
 
 Night Schools Opened 22 
 
 Normal School Building, Sergeant Street above Ninth, 
 
 Erected 22 
 
 Name of the Board of Controllers Changed 28 
 
 Normal School Building, Seventeenth and Spring Gar- 
 den Streets, Dedicated 30 
 
 New Salary System Adopted 33 
 
 Need of New Teachers Advocated 34 
 
 New Normal School, Thirteenth and Spring Garden 
 
 Streets, Opened 35 
 
 Normal School . 153, 155, 157 
 
 Normal School Changed to High School 157 
 
 New Girls' High School 165 
 
 New (Jirls' High School Annex 165 
 
 Northeast Manual Training School Opened 180 
 
 Northeast Manual Training School Faculty 1&4 
 
 New Street School 257 
 
 Nineteenth and Addison Streets School 261 
 
 Northern Liberties School 287 
 
 Newton (Boys) School 439 
 
 Newton (Girls) School 439 
 
 Newton (Primary) School 439 
 
 NorrisJ. Hoffman School 519 
 
 Night Schools 605 
 
 Organization of the Model School 10 
 
 Board of Control 10 
 
 Opening of the Central High School 21 
 
 Girls' High School 23 
 
 Organization of the Teachers' Institute 26 
 
 Opening of the Artisans' Night School 28 
 
 Organization of the Superintendence Department ... ^^ 
 Opening of the New Normal School, 13th and Spring 
 
 Garden Streets • . . 35 
 
 Opening of Summer Play Grounds 36 
 
 Office Department, Board of Public Education 121 
 
 Objects of the Manual Training Schools 183 
 
 Old (The) Coach Factory School 227 
 
 Octavius V. Catto School 265 
 
 Olney School ... 385 
 
 Octagon School 536 
 
 Oakdale School 563 
 
 Preface 3 
 
 Power of Controllers and Directors 9 
 
 Progress of 1819 14 
 
 Penn Township School 17 
 
 Parsons, A. V., State Superintendent of Common 
 
 Schools 21 
 
 Parsons' Encomiums 21 
 
 Page. 
 
 Poor Condition of School Houses 22 
 
 Progress made in 1868 28 
 
 Public Libraries 35. 38, 609 
 
 Prosperous Condition of the Schools 39 
 
 Plan of the School of Pedagogy 47 
 
 Pedagogical School, Plan of 47 
 
 Pedagogical Library 48 
 
 Post-Graduate Course of Teachers 48 
 
 Pine and Quince Streets School 261 
 
 Price School 348 
 
 Park Avenue School 357 
 
 Penn School 358 
 
 Pittville School 386 
 
 Paschalville School 439 
 
 Patrick Henry School 531 
 
 Public Education Association 597 
 
 Public Night Schools 605 
 
 Presidents, 1818 to 1897 618 
 
 Qualification of Members Board of Public Education 
 
 67 
 
 Reed, Wm. J., President of Board of Controllers .... 22 
 
 Relative Duties and Rights of Controllers and Councils, 26 
 Removal of Office of Board of Public Education from 
 
 the AtheiicEum Building to 713 Filbert Street .... 30 
 
 Revision of Studies 30 
 
 Regulating the Absence of Teachers 47 
 
 Robert Raikes School 228 
 
 Robinson School 228 
 
 Ringgold School 245 
 
 Rovoudt School 293 
 
 Roberts Vaux School 303, 304 
 
 Robert T. Conrad School 303 
 
 Rutledge School 357 
 
 Roxborough Lyceum 370 
 
 Roxborough School 370 
 
 Rowland School 386 
 
 Robert Morris School 465, 466, 599 
 
 Reynolds School 465, 466 
 
 Randolph School 510 
 
 Sunday-Schools 8 
 
 Society for the Promotion of Public Economy 9 
 
 Spring Garden School 10 
 
 Southwark School 10, 16 
 
 School Directors of 1818 13 
 
 Schools Used as Hospitals 16 
 
 Schools of 1836 16 
 
 Southeastern School 16 
 
 Southeastern Infant School 16 
 
 Schuylkill School 16 
 
 Second Street School 16 
 
 School Law of 1836 17 
 
 School of Observation and Practice Established .... 21 
 
 Statistics of 1850 22 
 
 Shippen, Edward, Elected President 22, 24 
 
 On the Qualification of Teachers 24 
 
 On Teachers' Salaries 25 
 
 Senior Classes Established 26 
 
 Superintendent of Public School Buildings and Repairs. 28 
 
 Study of Music Introduced 28 
 
 Stanton, M. Hall, Elected President 28 
 
 Steel, Edward T., Elected President . 30 
 
 Supervising Principals, Appointments Urged ^^ 
 
 Superintendent of Schools, Appointment Advocated . . 33 
 
 653 
 
Page. 
 
 School of Industrial Art Established 33 
 
 Superintendent's Department Organized 33 
 
 Sickel, James F. C, Elected Assistant Superintendent, 33 
 
 Sewing, Teaching of, Introduced 33 
 
 Supervising Principals' Examination 34 
 
 Sub-Primary School Society 34 
 
 Sheppard, Isaac A., Elected President 34 
 
 Summer Playgrounds Opened 36 
 
 School Accommodations Insufficient 37 
 
 Study of Music Restored 3S 
 
 School of Pedagogy Established 35, 140 
 
 Reorganized 38 
 
 System of Supervising Principals Introduced 45 
 
 Sujjervising Principals, System of 45 
 
 Supervision of Kindergartens 47 
 
 School of Pedagogy, Plan of 47 
 
 Specific Duties, Department of Superintendence .... 48 
 
 State Department of Superintendence 63 
 
 Schaeffer, Dr. Nathan C, State Superintendent of Pub- 
 lic Instruction 63 
 
 Semi-Centennial Central High School, Broad and Green 
 
 Streets, S. E. corner 139 
 
 Sayre, William L., Chosen Principal Central Manual 
 
 Training School 179 
 
 Special Schools 189 
 
 School of Industrial Art 201 
 
 First Year's Success 201 
 
 Steady Progress 201 
 
 System of Instruction 201 
 
 Aim of the School 202 
 
 The Pupils 202 
 
 A Splendid Tribute 205 
 
 Faculty of the School 206 
 
 School Directors 219 to 567 
 
 Schools Boundaries and Directors of the : — 
 
 First Section 219, 225 
 
 Second Section 227, 233 
 
 Third Section 235, 243 
 
 Fourth Section 245, 249 
 
 Fifth Section 251, 255 
 
 Sixth Section 257, 259 
 
 Seventh Section 261, 267 
 
 Eighth Section 269, 275 
 
 Ninth Section 277, 279 
 
 Tenth Section 281, 285 
 
 Eleventh Section 287, 291 
 
 Twelfth Section 293, 297 
 
 Thirteenth Section 299, 301 
 
 Fourteenth Section 303, 307 
 
 Fifteenth Section 309, 315 
 
 Sixteenth Section 317, 323 
 
 Seventeenth Section 325, 329 
 
 Eighteenth Section 331, 345 
 
 Nineteenth Section 347, 355 
 
 Twentietii Section 357, 367 
 
 Twenty-first Section 369, 383 
 
 Twenty-second Section 385, 395 
 
 Twenty-third Section 397, 403 
 
 Twenty-fourth Section 405, 415 
 
 Twenty-fifih Section 417, 427 
 
 Twenty-sixth Section 429, 437 
 
 Twenty seventh Section 439, 451 
 
 Twenty-eighth Section 453, 463 
 
 Twenty-ninth Section 465, 477 
 
 Thirtieth Section 479, 489 
 
 Page. 
 School Boundaries and Directors. — Continued. 
 
 Thirty-first Section 491, 495 
 
 Thirty-second Section 497, 507 
 
 Thirty-third Section 509, 517 
 
 Thirty-fourth Section 519, 529 
 
 Thirty-fifth Section 531, 543 
 
 Thirty-sixth Section 545, 561 
 
 Thirty-seventh Section 563, 567 
 
 Southwestern School 261 
 
 Saunders School 293 
 
 Shur's Lane School 373 
 
 Spencer Roberts School 386 
 
 Sherman School 421 
 
 School, McClellan, No. 2 421 
 
 Snyder School 466 
 
 Sorosis Women's Club 532 
 
 School Organizations 569 
 
 Statistics 613, 615, 616, 617 
 
 Secretaries 1818 to 1897 618 
 
 School Directors (new), Elected February 16, 1897 . . 620 
 
 Special Mention 621 
 
 Teachers' Salaries Increased 26 
 
 Teachers' Institute Organized 26 
 
 Text-Books, Act Regarding Changes 29 
 
 Twenty-ninth Section Formed 29 
 
 Theory of Music Taught 29 
 
 Thirtieth Section Formed 29 
 
 Thirty-first Section Formed 29 
 
 Teaching of Sewing Introduced 2)}) 
 
 Transfer of Free Kindergartens 34 
 
 Thirty-second Section Formed 34 
 
 Thirty-third Section Formed 34 
 
 Thirty-fourth Section Formed 34 
 
 Thirty-fifth Section Formed 34 
 
 Thirty-sixth Section Formed 35 
 
 Thirty-seventh Section Formed 35 
 
 Testimony of Builders as to Construction and Character 
 
 of School Buildings 38 
 
 Teachers' Post-Graduate Course 48 
 
 Terms of Service of Members of the Board of Public 
 
 Education 67 
 
 Tasker School 221 
 
 Temple Street School 228 
 
 Thaddeus Stevens School 309 
 
 Tyndale Mansion 421 
 
 Tioga School 421 
 
 T. C. Price School 439 
 
 Thomas H. Powers School 497 
 
 Thomas Potter School 509 
 
 Tillyer School 53^ 
 
 Teachers' Annuity and Aid Association 581, 593 
 
 The Educational Club 585 
 
 The Teachers' Institute 589 
 
 The Public Education Associaiiun 597 
 
 Teachers' Photograph Association 599 
 
 Teachers' Beneficial Association 601 
 
 University Scholarships Established 29 
 
 U. S. Grant School 261 
 
 Union Colored School 523 
 
 Vaux, Roberts, Chairman 
 Schools 
 
 of Committee on Public 
 
 654 
 
Page. 
 
 Vaux, Roberts, Elected President Board of Control . . lo 
 
 Extracts from Annual Reports 14, 15 
 
 Resignation from Board of Control 16 
 
 Vaughan School 331 
 
 William Penn Charter School 7 
 
 World's Fair Exhibition 36 
 
 Well Constructed Buildings 38 
 
 Wight, Dr. John G., Elected Principal 165 
 
 Wight, Dr. John C, Administration 165 
 
 Willard, James Monroe, Elected Principal Northeast 
 
 Manual Training School 183, 186 
 
 Weccacoe School 221 
 
 White Hall School 221 
 
 Wharton School 227 
 
 Washington Schools 227, 277, 369, 373, 531, 536 
 
 Western School, Second Section 228 
 
 Wood's School 261 
 
 Wyoming School 299 
 
 Warner School 299 
 
 William D. Kelley Schools 304, 465 
 
 Page. 
 
 West Kensington School 325 
 
 Webster Scliools 326, 358 
 
 Wood and West School 332 
 
 William H. Hunter School 347 
 
 William F. Miller School 347 
 
 Wissahickon School 373 
 
 West School 386 
 
 Warren School 406 
 
 Woodland Avenue School 439 
 
 West End School 439 
 
 William S. Pierce School 479 
 
 Western School, Thirtieth Section 479 
 
 William Cramp School 509 
 
 Wissinoming School 531 
 
 Watson Comly School 531 
 
 Wheat Sheaf School 531 
 
 Yellow School 331 
 
 Zane Street School 277 
 
 f55 
 
Index — Individuals 
 
 Page. 
 
 Allison, Eliza . lo 
 
 Ashmead, Samuel 22 
 
 Abbot, Charles F 26, 30, 454 
 
 Adaire, Alexander 30. 96, 331, 335, 605 
 
 Austin, Joseph D 125 
 
 Anshutz, Joseph W 125 
 
 Angele, Lewis 138 
 
 Allen, John 222 
 
 Alexander, Cornelius .... .... 222 
 
 Angney, Dr. John R 252 
 
 Abbett, Leon 257 
 
 Addis, John A 258 
 
 Amos, MelindaJ 261 
 
 Atwell, Mrs. C. A. 265 
 
 Atherton, Charles 270 
 
 Agnew, William G. E 277 
 
 Ayres, Hiram 281 
 
 Austin, Charles S 288 
 
 Abel, Charles 288 
 
 Atwood, Minnie C 299 
 
 Apple, George W 288 
 
 Allen, Samuel 300 
 
 Abrahams, Alexander 304 
 
 Adams, Charles 310 
 
 Allen, Miss Selena 347, 351 
 
 Allen, Miss Amelia J 357 
 
 Adams, Joseph M 373 
 
 Arnhold, William H 386 
 
 Axe, William W'ells 398 
 
 Abernethy, Miss Ellen G 406 
 
 Allen, Thomas R 430 
 
 Anderson, Dr. Frank T 443 
 
 Anstice, Helen W 465 
 
 Ashmead, Benjamin P 483 
 
 Allen, Abraham L 498 
 
 Ashby, Joseph 536 
 
 Arnold, Michael 572 
 
 Ashman, William N 572 
 
 Allen, Dr. Harrison 585 
 
 Anthony, Anna 590 
 
 Agnew, Henry 620 
 
 Aucott, William 620 
 
 Anderson, Richard R 620 
 
 Anderson, George L 620 
 
 Auge, Truman 620 
 
 American Book Co 625 
 
 Artman-Treichler Co., E. R 632 
 
 Brooks, Dr. Edward 3, 5. 35> 50> 141 > 585. 599 
 
 Birnie, Willie 10 
 
 Boyd, George 10 
 
 Page. 
 
 Bockius, Joseph 16 
 
 Bache, Alexander Dallas 21, 132 
 
 Beideman, Daniel S 21, 137 
 
 Booth, Edwin 22 
 
 Burr, George W 22 
 
 Bumm, Henry 22 
 
 Blow, Susan E 62 
 
 Beale, Albert B 121 
 
 Booth, Professor 133 
 
 Becker, Professor 133 
 
 Bridges, Robert 133 
 
 Boye, ProfesFor 134 
 
 Breckinridge, Dr. R. J 137 
 
 Boardman, Rev. Dr. Henry A 137 
 
 Baker, Benjamin 137 
 
 Br6gy, Francis A 138 
 
 Bartine, Dr. David Wesley 140, 601 
 
 Brandt, Dr. Francis Burke 142, 587 
 
 Bihn, Arthur Otto 222 
 
 Blizzard, George B 231 
 
 Begley, Mrs. Helen B 235 
 
 Bunting, Kate H 235 
 
 Buckwalter, Geoffrey 236 
 
 Borthwick, John 239 
 
 Barlow, Thomas W • . . 239 
 
 Belcher, Mary F 245 
 
 Buggy, C. Jessie 245 
 
 Byrne, Mary A 245 
 
 Barnes, William H. P 246 
 
 Brown, Thomas B 246 
 
 Bunting, Henry K. . . 246 
 
 Binney, Horace 251 
 
 Bird, James M 251 
 
 Boyd, Joseph George 252 
 
 Balbirnie, Cadwallader D. B 252 
 
 Brodwater, George J 252 
 
 Bird, John D 261 
 
 Barton, William J 266 
 
 Burk, Rev. Jesse Y 270 
 
 Bowman, Col. Wendell Phillips 270 
 
 Burns, James, Jr 270 
 
 Breen, James J 270 
 
 Biddle, Louis Alexander 270 
 
 Beiller, Abraham M 277 
 
 Blackburn, Francis 278 
 
 Bond, Miss E. B 282 
 
 Biles, Miss Helen L 282 
 
 Bricker, Dr. William H 282 
 
 Brown, Barbara 287 
 
 Bitner, Mary E 287 
 
 Brown, James D 288 
 
 657 
 
Page. 
 
 Bier, Christian 288 
 
 Belsterling, John F 293 
 
 Berlin, Kate M 293 
 
 Bauer, Dr. Lewis Demme 294 
 
 Bavington, Martha F 299 
 
 Burmeister, Sophia 299 
 
 Barnwell, Jas. G 299 
 
 Brodie, Martha R 299 
 
 Byrnes, Mary 300 
 
 Brueckmann, Max 300 
 
 Buckman, James 3CX) 
 
 Brodie, Rachel 303 
 
 Barnwell, James G 309 
 
 Bradford, George R 309 
 
 Belden, Francis S 309 
 
 Bradbury, Miss 309 
 
 Briggs, Rachel 317 
 
 Blank, Phillip 318 
 
 Bohn, Carl H 318 
 
 Barrett, Thomas G 3(8, 618 
 
 Baer, David R 325 
 
 Brown, W. W 325, 497, 587 
 
 Beatty, Dr. Thomas J 326 
 
 Bedford, Miss Louise 326 
 
 Beechy, Miss 331 
 
 Boswell, William R 332 
 
 Baker, William H 335 
 
 Buckley, Miss Georgianna 347 
 
 Buchner, Charles J 351 
 
 Bechtold, Albert 351 
 
 B'gley, James C 351 
 
 Buck, William H 358 
 
 Boutcher, Frank 370 
 
 Bickley, George H 389 
 
 Brown, Franklin D 398 
 
 Brenner, John G 398 
 
 Brooks, Rev. John 409 
 
 Brodie, Edward J. 418 
 
 Byram.J. Emory 418 
 
 Brady, Sarah J 418 
 
 Brady, R. R. A 418 
 
 Brady, Kate 418 
 
 Brady, Ellie J 418 
 
 Boggs, David 421 
 
 Boyer, Dr. A. H 422 
 
 Berger, Thomas Elliott 430 
 
 Bell, Walter W 430 
 
 Bradshaw, Sarah E 439 
 
 Barker, George F 443 
 
 Bland, George P 443 
 
 Bonsall, Amos 443 
 
 Beaumont, Edward A 443 
 
 Beckhaus, Joseph E 457 
 
 Boyer, C. S 465 
 
 Brown, Miss Barbara 480 
 
 Bird, William C 492 
 
 Brower, Francis M 492 
 
 Buckley, Franklin P 492 
 
 Brelsford, Charles H 497, 549, 587 
 
 Bailey, John Minor 498 
 
 Bliss, Albert A 498 
 
 Butler, Joseph 498 
 
 Buggy, Mary E 509 
 
 Boudinot, Elias 509 
 
 Buzby, Miss 509 
 
 Page. 
 
 Byler, J. Frank 519 
 
 Briggs, Joseph S 531 
 
 Baillie, Elizabeth 531 
 
 Bartine, Stephen W 531 
 
 Bunting, James W 535 
 
 Balentine, William L 535. 545 
 
 Brous, T. Miles 539 
 
 Barton, H. H 539 
 
 Braden, Ella S 545 
 
 Balderston, John E 564 
 
 Br6gy, F. Amadee 572 
 
 Becker, George J 572 
 
 Banes. Charles H 573 
 
 Bullock, George A 576 
 
 Brennan, George J 577 
 
 Bates, Stockton 577 
 
 Biddle, Charles 578 
 
 Boughton, Mrs. Caroline G 579 
 
 Butler, Dr. Nicholas Murray 585 
 
 Brumbaugh, Martin G 585 
 
 Baird, Mrs. Matthew . 598 
 
 Berry, Miss M. S 599 
 
 Bailey, Henrietta 620 
 
 Beatty, William J 620 
 
 Butland, Winfield S 620 
 
 Berkenstock, William F 620 
 
 Browne, Richard T 620 
 
 Britton, Louis 620 
 
 Busch, Morris 620 
 
 Baker, A. George 620 
 
 Benner, Thomas C 620 
 
 Brous, Henry 620 
 
 Burns, David R 627, 632 
 
 Boswell, William R 628 
 
 Butler, E. H. & Co 630 
 
 Barnes, A. S. & Co 630 
 
 Borsch, J. L. & Co 639 
 
 Benar, S. B 639 
 
 Briggs, A. J 642 
 
 Burk & McFetridge Co 645 
 
 Curran, William, M. D 22 
 
 Cline, Charles 22 
 
 Cox, George W 30 
 
 Campbell, John Marie 30,80, 252 
 
 Crouch, George W 34, 511 
 
 Cliff, George H 36, 140, 174, 303, 574, 585, 599 
 
 Christine, Frederick Foster 41, 140 
 
 Christian, Frank S no 
 
 Cook, J. H 125 
 
 Cassell, John D 125 
 
 Chandler, Joseph R 133 
 
 Cowperthwaite, Joseph 137 
 
 Collins, T. K 137 
 
 Campbell, James 153 
 
 Cregar, Philip A 157. 281, 303 
 
 Crawford, Lieut. Robert 179 
 
 Cree, Joseph C 239 
 
 Cullen, Thomas A 239 
 
 Cuneo, Frederick J 239 
 
 Creth, Caroline 245 
 
 Campbell, Alice D 251 
 
 Cassidy, Lewis C 252, 574 
 
 Cottingham, Robert 252 
 
 Caldwell, Kate L 261 
 
 658 
 
Page. 
 
 Crosby, Annie J 261 
 
 Cleavenger, William S 269 
 
 Cox, Elizabeth H 269 
 
 Clay, Col. Cecil 270 
 
 Clay, Alfred L 270 
 
 Connell. Horatio P 270 
 
 Cahill, Thomas 270 
 
 Conway, Mary M 277 
 
 Cooper, Dr. C. Campbell 278 
 
 Conrad, J. Fletcher 278 
 
 Chapman, Ursula • . . . 281 
 
 Cornman, Oliver P 281, 587 
 
 Child, Samuel T 288 
 
 Cunnie, Edward 288 
 
 Custis, Emerson W 288 
 
 Clayton, Miss A. M 309 
 
 Crease, Emilie M 309 
 
 Clark, John W 310 
 
 Caven, Joseph L 313 
 
 Crow, Alexander, Jr 313 
 
 Cozens, Smith D 313 
 
 Carson, William H 3t3 
 
 Crombargar, James 313 
 
 Cressman, Philip 325 
 
 Carson, John M 326 
 
 Campbell, John J 326 
 
 Chadwick, Master 331 
 
 Clunn, David S 335 
 
 Cramp, Jacob S 335 
 
 Caskey, Miss Isabella R 347 
 
 Cox, George 351 
 
 Culbert, Robert 351 
 
 Cordery, Miss Deborah L 357, 594 
 
 Colladay, William Y 358 
 
 Culp, Tilman 370 
 
 Crease, Alfred 373 
 
 Cooke, James 1 373 
 
 Caroland, Miss May R 385, 599 
 
 Carroll, William G 389 
 
 Crans, William C 398 
 
 Coats, Mathias 398 
 
 Creighton, Thomas 398 
 
 Clark, Charles H 409 
 
 Campbell, Lewis S 422 
 
 Carr, Theodore M 430 
 
 Cornell, Watson 430, 545, 601 
 
 Campbell, Martha G 439 
 
 Clark, Elizabeth W 440 
 
 Cooper, William F 443 
 
 Comegys, Benjamin B 443 
 
 Callaghan, John S 443 
 
 Collins, J. Penrose 443 
 
 Caskey, William J 453, 594 
 
 Copeland, Theodore H 457 
 
 Cain, Harry 457 
 
 Cropper, Lucille 465 
 
 Christopher, Miss Emma 479 
 
 Campbell, Emily F 479 
 
 Chapin, Miss Phillipa V 480 
 
 Carre, Miss 483 
 
 Catharine, Joseph W 483 
 
 Caskey, Elizabeth 497, 590 
 
 Cotton, George A 498 
 
 Colladay, Charles M 509 
 
 Collamer, Daniel 511 
 
 Page. 
 
 Creely, Henry F ,511 
 
 Culin, Miss Annie 520 
 
 Cartledge, Franklin F 531, 535, 590 
 
 Comly, John 532 
 
 Currier, John H 532 
 
 Crispen, Mr 535 
 
 Crawford, Joseph U 536 
 
 Crossan, Kennedy 536 
 
 Clay, Richard W 536 
 
 Comly, Watson 539 
 
 Castor, Barton 539 
 
 Crouse, Robert P 549 
 
 Cushman, William 549 
 
 Conner, John W 549 
 
 Coates, Charles 564 
 
 Curtin, Andrew G 572 
 
 Cook, Joel 572 
 
 Cramp, Charles H 572 
 
 Cookman, D. D., Rev. John E 572 
 
 Cohen, Dr. S. Soils 572 
 
 Carr, Wm. Wilkins 575 
 
 Colesberry, Alexander P 575 
 
 Crowell, Charles 578 
 
 Cheney, Hannah M 579 
 
 Campbell, Miss M. A 581, 594 
 
 Campbell, Miss Jane 581, 595 
 
 Craven, Miss Elizabeth B 582 
 
 Chew, Samuel L 586 
 
 Callan, Martha 590 
 
 Clark, Alice 590 
 
 Collins, Cora H 594 
 
 Clothier, Isaac H 598 
 
 Crosby, Anna J 601 
 
 Cavagnaro, Alfred 620 
 
 Crookshank, James 620 
 
 Crosson, Wm. J 620 
 
 Cross, John W 620 
 
 Christy & Son, William 626 
 
 Castle & Heilman 637 
 
 Dunlap, Thomas 16, 18, 153 
 
 Dusenberry, Benjamin M 22 
 
 Davis, Thomas R 30 
 
 Dick, William 121 
 
 Drake, L. E 121 
 
 Deloutte, Prof 133 
 
 Dallas, George M .... 133 
 
 Dunglison, Dr. Richard 133 
 
 Dolley, Charles Sumner 140 
 
 Dana, Rev. Dr. Stephen W. 141 
 
 Davis, Charles E 222 
 
 Duhling, Thomas F 222 
 
 Duval, Dr. A. W 228 
 
 Dillon, John Irving 231 
 
 Desmond, Mary G 235 
 
 Duncan, Anna M 235 
 
 Dolby, Miss Ann 246 
 
 Dunton, Miss Rosalie J 251 
 
 Doyle, John F 252 
 
 Deputy, Dr. H. S 257 
 
 Durham, Thomas 265 
 
 Dillingham, Dr. Simeon 278 
 
 Drummond, Charles J 278 
 
 Davis, Emma M 281 
 
 Davis, Robert Coulton 282 
 
 659 
 
Page. 
 
 Davis, Samuel B 282 
 
 Dever, James R 282 
 
 Davis, Josephine H 293 
 
 Dare, Ella V 293 
 
 Donovan, Regina C 293 
 
 Dutton, Alex. P 300 
 
 Durham, Miss Mary F 304 
 
 Dittess, Charles J 304 
 
 Dornan, Robert 326 
 
 Devlin, Edward J 326 
 
 Dwyer, Charles H., M. D 326 
 
 Doherty, Isaac S. 335 
 
 Drummond, Robert 351 
 
 Dickinson, Joseph 370 
 
 Davis, John S 373 
 
 Dawson, William 373 
 
 Dixon, William F 373 
 
 Dodgson, John W 37^ 
 
 Duffield, Thomas W 398 
 
 Deal, Joseph P 398 
 
 Daly, John J 409 
 
 Daly, John T 422 
 
 Dost, Theodore 422 
 
 Dunn, Miss Martha 429 
 
 Daltry, Miss Viola 429 
 
 Dougherty, Edwin W 430 
 
 Drake, Henry 443 
 
 DePrefontaine, Albert 457 
 
 Donavan, Stephen J 492 
 
 Dungan, Sarah W 491, 594 
 
 Disston, Thomas 532 
 
 Duffield, Edward 536 
 
 Derr, P. Oliver 564 
 
 Dechert, Robert P 571 
 
 Dechert, Henry M 572 
 
 Dolan, Thomas 576 
 
 Dickson, David W 576 
 
 Dornan, Miss Elizabeth 5S2 
 
 Defiarmo, Charles 585 
 
 Dunn, Margaret B 590, 594 
 
 Disston, Samuel 618 
 
 Dungan, Franklin P 620 
 
 Davis, George W 620 
 
 Dobson, Sallie 620 
 
 D'Olier Electric Co 631 
 
 Ely, John 10 
 
 Esler, Lewis H 28 
 
 Edmunds, Henry Reeves 94, 239, 310, 595, 609 
 
 Ebert, Charles 252 
 
 Elkin, Lewis 265 
 
 Esray, Louis K., M. D 266 
 
 Easlburn, Eliza R 269 
 
 Evans, Mordecai Dawson 278 
 
 Ehrstein, Arthur 278 
 
 Emenecker, Henry J 294 
 
 Eldridge, James H 303 
 
 Engard, L. A 317 
 
 Evans, Mrs. K. C 421 
 
 Engell, Miss Annie G .... 421 
 
 Elmes, Miss Cornelia W 439, 594 
 
 Elmes, Miss L. D . . 440 
 
 Ely, Oliver P 453 
 
 Egolf, A. L 457 
 
 Erskine, Miss E. L 480 
 
 Ealer, Miss Mary J. D 
 
 Evans, Dr. J. Howard 
 
 Evans, Abel J 531, 
 
 Ervin, William E 
 
 Everlj', Adam 
 
 Eisenhower, Alfred S 
 
 Edmonds, Franklin S 
 
 Epley, Mrs. Emma 
 
 Erbe, Thomas J 
 
 Eisenbrey, Horatio N 
 
 Eberhardt, John J 
 
 Eggleston, Rufus E 
 
 Eldredge & Bro 
 
 Fry, William 
 
 Ferguson, Ebenezer 
 
 Fisher, William W 
 
 Fletcher, Leonard R 
 
 Freeborn, James 30, 179, 
 
 Frost, John, Professor 
 
 Frazer, Professor 
 
 Florence, Thos. B 
 
 Fanshawe, John R 141, 
 
 Fetter, George W 158, 165, 236, 535, 572, 
 
 Fort, John Neill 
 
 Fenimore, Miss Beulah H 
 
 Fletcher, James W 
 
 Flood, Samuel F 
 
 Forsyth, James McQ 
 
 F"ermaiii, Victor 
 
 Ferry, Susan A 
 
 Fitzgerald, Thomas 
 
 Findley, Casper W 
 
 P'reeman, Theodore A 
 
 Fitzpalrick, Elizabeth A 
 
 Fagen, William H 
 
 Fahy, Thomas J. . 
 
 Farran, Stephen 
 
 Fareira, John 
 
 Freeston, Harry F 
 
 Fahy, Thomas A 
 
 Frank, John 
 
 Farrand, Harriet E 
 
 Fox, Alice G 
 
 Fry, John ■ 
 
 Fleming, Dr. D. W 
 
 Farrand, Miss Margaret 
 
 Farrand, Emma R 
 
 Finletter, Thomas K. . . 
 
 Ferguson, Joseph C 325, 358, 
 
 Fiet, Dr. Harvey 
 
 Foran, John J 
 
 Frame, Dr. C. A 
 
 Flanagan, Andrew 
 
 Foulkrod, John J 
 
 Finley, Howard E 
 
 Foulkrod, John 
 
 Flitcraft, William H 
 
 Fitz-Patrick,John 
 
 Faunce, Taylor ... 
 
 Freed, Miss Caroline 
 
 Flounders, George W . 465, 
 
 Felton, George W. B 
 
 Fite, Miss Mary 
 
 Ferry, Thomas A 
 
 Page. 
 510 
 511 
 535 
 539 
 575 
 576 
 586 
 607 
 620 
 620 
 620 
 630 
 642 
 
 ID 
 10 
 16 
 22 
 
 277 
 132 
 133 
 
 576 
 595 
 222 
 227 
 236 
 236 
 236 
 239 
 245 
 252 
 
 257 
 257 
 257 
 266 
 270 
 278 
 278 
 282 
 288 
 294 
 299 
 299 
 300 
 300 
 310 
 310 
 325 
 572 
 351 
 373 
 373 
 373 
 373 
 389 
 398 
 398 
 422 
 422 
 430 
 599 
 466 
 480 
 483 
 
 660 
 
Page. 
 
 Fite, Joseph 4^3 
 
 Fisher, Dr. Henry 492 
 
 Freed, Charles G 509 
 
 Furey, Miss Margaret 520 
 
 Filbert, Dr. Ludwig S 53^ 
 
 Foster, Strickland 53^ 
 
 Furey, John S 546 
 
 Fell, D. Newlin 572 
 
 Forsythe, James M 572 
 
 Fetterolf, George D 572 
 
 Fetter, Mrs. George W 582 
 
 Falana, Emanuel 620 
 
 Fernberger, Henry 620 
 
 Friends' Book Association 624 
 
 Gowen, James 16 
 
 Greaves, Alexander 22, 236 
 
 Gorgas, Edward W 22 
 
 Gratz, Simon 3°, 36, 39. ''^5. 595, 610 
 
 Gill, William B 34 
 
 Gideon, Edward 41,262,465,466,586, 601 
 
 Gloninger, John Philip 82, 257 
 
 Grace, Thomas A 9', 293 
 
 Gaw, James 125 
 
 Green, John B 138, 300 
 
 Greene, William Houston 140 
 
 Graham, Emily L 165 
 
 Gleeson, John M 222 
 
 Gregg, Julia M 227 
 
 George, Henry 239 
 
 Gore, Joseph M 2;9 
 
 Gaw, James H 252 
 
 Getzinger, Charles A 258 
 
 Gieser, Dr. William R 258 
 
 Guy, Elizabeth W 261 
 
 Gentry, Thomas G., Sc. D 262 
 
 Gillingham, Catharine 269 
 
 Griscom, John S 270 
 
 Gilpin, Hood 270 
 
 Good, J. Lewis 270 
 
 Gaston, Lillie 281 
 
 Gillespie, Thomas W 282 
 
 Geary, Edward 288 
 
 Geissel, C. William 288 
 
 Giles, A. S 300 
 
 Glassen, Richard 303 
 
 Gordon, James Gay 303, 572 
 
 Gillingham, Miss 309 
 
 Godshalk, H. S 310 
 
 Gaskill, Thomas Elwood 313 
 
 Graham, Robert 326 
 
 Gilbert, Robert B 326 
 
 Gramlich, Christian F 326 
 
 Gilbert, Miss Sarah A 332 
 
 Gilbert, Daniel K 335 
 
 Grant, Thomas 37° 
 
 Gilbert, Curtis 37o 
 
 Garner, Mary F 37° 
 
 Gill, Harry 373 
 
 Greenwood, Daniel R 398 
 
 Garner, Miss Mary F 405 
 
 Gaskill, Miss Sue A 406 
 
 Graves, Charles E 409 
 
 Gundaker, Guy 439 
 
 Ghriskey, Dr. Albert A 443 
 
 Page. 
 
 Garber, John P. 453. 599 
 
 Gordon, D. H 457 
 
 Graham, Walter . 469 
 
 Graham, Richard H 469 
 
 Gwynn, Francis 480 
 
 Gabrylewitz, Mary N 491 
 
 Gray, William H 498 
 
 George, Jesse .... 520 
 
 Gerson, Oscar 531 
 
 Gilbert, Charles 546 
 
 Glenn, John F 549 
 
 Griscom, Clement A 576 
 
 Green, John P 576 
 
 Grafly, Daniel W 578 
 
 Geisler, Mrs., M. D *. 582 
 
 Gates, Dr. Elmer 585 
 
 Gillingham, Mrs 597 
 
 Garrett, Philip C 597 
 
 Gallen, John P 620 
 
 Goldsmith, Charles 620 
 
 Gillingham, Charles A 620 
 
 Ginn & Co 626 
 
 Gilbert cSc Bacon 632 
 
 Gourley, Samuel, Jr 638 
 
 Halliwell, Henry W 3, 121, 421, 
 
 Hollingsworth, T. G 18, 22, 
 
 Henszey, George P 
 
 Herbert, Henry 
 
 Hutchinson, Dr. M. P 
 
 Haggenbothani, May 
 
 Haig, George 35, 
 
 Huey, Samuel Baird 39, 107, 141, 443, 
 
 Hover, Miss Addie S 
 
 Hallowell, Miss Anna 61, 83, 194, 265, 
 
 Hortz, Philip S 
 
 Harrington, Avery D • • • 75, 
 
 Hughes, James 95, 
 
 Hirst, William L 
 
 Hubbert, Harvey H m, 
 
 Hughes, Thomas A 
 
 Hardin, John D 
 
 Hammond, Andrew F 
 
 Hoopes, Lewis P 
 
 Hart, Johns i33, i34, 
 
 Hemphill, Robert J 
 
 Haines, William C 138, 
 
 Hilles, Nathan 138, 
 
 Hopper, Zephaniah 138, 139, 269, 317, 578, 
 
 Hartshorne, Henry 
 
 Howard, Daniel W. ... 138, 572, 
 
 Houston, Edwin James 140, 141,303, 
 
 Houpt, Mary E 
 
 Henderson, Dr. C. Hanford 180, 
 
 Hailman, William N 
 
 Hunterson, Anna S 
 
 Horstnian, Rev. Ignatius F 
 
 Harris, C. A ' 
 
 Helmbold, Mary E. ... 
 
 Hasson, Ella F. . . . ' " 
 
 Hazard, Richard 
 
 Harris, Madison R 
 
 Hartman, Charles L 
 
 Holzwonh, George W 
 
 Harper, Julia B 
 
 595 
 137 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 117 
 610 
 
 49 
 597 
 
 73 
 610 
 326 
 102 
 610 
 121 
 121 
 121 
 125 
 137 
 137 
 358 
 398 
 607 
 138 
 578 
 576 
 157 
 585 
 205 
 227 
 239 
 239 
 245 
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 Hutchinson, dementia F 277 
 
 Hertz, Emil J 278 
 
 Hallowell, Martha C 281 
 
 Harper, Robert 282 
 
 Hart, Charles 282 
 
 Higgins, Maria L 287 
 
 Hutchin, Daniel W 287, 587, 601 
 
 Hinkle, James S 288 
 
 Hanse, Reuben . .« 288 
 
 Horn, George H 293 
 
 Halterman, Frederick 293, 620 
 
 Hay, Peter 293 
 
 Hogan, Elizabeth 293 
 
 Haussman, Fred. W 294 
 
 Henzey, Mrs. Sarah A 299 
 
 Henzey, Mrs. Sarah A 299 
 
 Hicks, Albert M 300 
 
 Huhz, Ellsworth H 300 
 
 Henzey, George 300 
 
 Hanna, William B 303, 572 
 
 Hart, Charles P 304 
 
 Huttenlock, Washington 304 
 
 Hancock, Joseph M ... 310 
 
 Hoffman, Mr 310 
 
 Harkman, J.J 310 
 
 Hayes, Charles G 318 
 
 Hoffman, Henry 318 
 
 Hutchinson, Mrs 326 
 
 Hookey, Joseph C 326 
 
 Harper, John 351 
 
 Hickok, Henry C 358 
 
 Ho]gate,John 370 
 
 Hoffman, Joseph H 370, 373 
 
 Hunter, William H 370, 398 
 
 Hill, William H 373 
 
 Hart, Levi C 373 
 
 Hughes, Johnson 373 
 
 Henry, Ale.xander 397, 398 
 
 Hubbs, Paul K 398 
 
 Hammersley, William 409 
 
 Horter, Lafayette 409 
 
 Hamill, Miss Josephine 421 
 
 Horn, George L 422 
 
 Hampton, Clarence 429 
 
 Halpin, P. J 430 
 
 Haviland, Edward W 453, 601 
 
 Hall, Miss Annie Bartram 469, 579, 620 
 
 Hirst, Margaret 480 
 
 Hinds, Miss 1 480 
 
 Hellyer, Dr. Edwin 492 
 
 Hirsch, Abraham L 498 
 
 Hearder, Emma J 509 
 
 Hall, Elizabeth L 509 
 
 Heft, Miss Sarah 510 
 
 Heft, Miss Kittie 510 
 
 Husband, John J 511 
 
 Heston, Matilda 519 
 
 Hoffman, NorrisJ 520 
 
 Hausman, George 523 
 
 Heilman, E. A 
 
 Harrison, Katharine R. . 
 
 Hibbs, Walter 
 
 Hoag, Charles 
 
 Hollis, William H. . . . 
 Handy, Edward S., Jr. . 
 
 Hutton, John C 
 
 Hewlett, Robert J. . . . 
 Hartshorn, Dr. Henry . 
 Harding, George .... 
 Helrabold, Alfred, Jr. . . 
 Henszey, William P. . . 
 
 Harris, Joseph S 
 
 Hartman, Wencel .... 
 Hawkes, George Barclay 
 Hopper, Harry Shelmire 
 Halliwell, Mrs. Henry W. 
 Hunt, Mis. David W. . . 
 Hutchin, Mrs. D. W. . . 
 Hassenplug, Miss C. . . 
 
 Holt, Dr.J. F 
 
 Hall, Annie H 
 
 Hall, George W 
 
 Hall, G. Stanley .... 
 
 Harley, Lewis R 
 
 Hand, Miss Matilda . . . 
 Hoffman, Kate W. . . . 
 Humphrey, Lou .... 
 Hallowell, James S. . . . 
 
 Harper, John F 
 
 Howell, L. O., Jr. . . . 
 
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 ngram, Harlan . . 
 reland, William F. 
 vins, Aaron B. . . 
 rwin, Henry . . . 
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 rvine, William B. 
 rwin, Sara M. . . 
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 acobs, Virginia B 
 
 ackson, Washington J 
 
 ohnston, Susan D 
 
 ennings. Miss C. A. See Mrs. C. A. Atwell 
 
 ames, Thomas 
 
 ungmann, Emil 
 
 oerger, George W 
 
 acobs, Miss Ella 
 
 effries, Mary A 
 
 ackson, Julia B 
 
 ohnson, Edwin M 
 
 oyce, Charles Henry 
 
 ackson, Dr. John 
 
 ones, Nathan L. , Sr 
 
 ones, Charles Thomson 
 
 ones, A. Elwood 
 
 ones, Leander M 
 
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 ameson, Dr. William B 
 
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 Jones, Helen 491 
 
 Jacobs, VV^illiam C 519. 535. 586, 599 
 
 Johnson, John G 576 
 
 Jenkins, Theodore F 576 
 
 James, Dr. Bushrod W 577 
 
 Jenks, John Story 578 
 
 Johnson, Mrs. B. Frank 582 
 
 James, Dr. Edmund J 585, 597 
 
 Janney, Miss S. W 598 
 
 Jagode, Paul 620 
 
 Jones, VV'illiam S 620 
 
 Jarvis, Thomas 620 
 
 Jordan, J. H 644 
 
 Keyser, Peter 10 
 
 Ketler, Joseph 10 
 
 Kirby, Lydia A 33. 55. 309. 579. 595 
 
 Kavanagh, Paul 36, 105, 140, 269, 594 
 
 Kain, Charles Henry 57, 281, 599 
 
 Kendall, E. Otis 132 
 
 Kno.x, John C 137 
 
 Kelley, William D 137 
 
 Kirkpatrick, James A 138, 269 
 
 Kern, John 138 
 
 Kern, Robert 231 
 
 Kennelly, John S., Jr 239 
 
 Kingston, Harry T 239 
 
 Kessler, John D 246 
 
 Kimmell, Louise 251 
 
 Kennedy, Thomas 258 
 
 Krause, Aaron G 258 
 
 Kellar, Dr. A. P 258 
 
 Kel'ogg, F. M 269 
 
 Kneass, Horn R 270 
 
 Kirkpatrick, Isabella 277 
 
 Kern, Benjamin F. . . 278 
 
 Kline, Nicholas F 278 
 
 Krouse, William, Jr 288 
 
 Kuhn, Carrie 293 
 
 Kelley, John C 300 
 
 Kinsey, John L 300 
 
 Kersey, John J 310 
 
 Kno.x, Ellen 317 
 
 Kinsloe, S. E. B 34S, 535 
 
 Kinsler, William D 386 
 
 Keeler, Miss Maria P 417 
 
 Kater, James 483 
 
 Kerper, Josiah 509 
 
 Keer, Miss Mary L 510 
 
 Kaufmann, Charles .• 511 
 
 Kunkle, William D 523 
 
 Kirk, Z. T 539 
 
 Kirkpatrick, George E 576 
 
 King, James W 577 
 
 Kendrick, Mrs. George W., Jr 580, 595 
 
 Kereven, Miss 589 
 
 Knorr, Ellen S 601 
 
 Keating, Thomas 618 
 
 Keen, Miss Dora 620 
 
 King, William R 620 
 
 Kumpf, William, Jr 620 
 
 Keystone Plaster Co 633 
 
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 Knickerbocker Lime Co 640 
 
 Lancaster, Joseph 8, 153 
 
 Leech, Henry 21, 154 
 
 Long, James 29, 30 
 
 Lukens, William H. R 90, 288 
 
 Lewis, Edward 103, 179 
 
 Loomis, Elias 137 
 
 Lujeane, Romain 137 
 
 Levick, William M 138 
 
 Lacy, Benjamin Franklin 140 
 
 Leland, Charles G 201 
 
 Lindsay, Louisa J 227 
 
 Lowery, George Nebinger 231 
 
 Lauderbach, H. Y 236, 281 
 
 Lipman, Joseph E 252 
 
 LeFevre, Charles H 257 
 
 LeCount, Miss Caroline R 261 
 
 Lippincott, Mrs. J. Dundas 262 
 
 Leiper, Charles L 266 
 
 Long, Sallie A 269 
 
 Ludlow, Richard 278 
 
 Lynch, Alban B 278 
 
 Lewis, Joseph W 278 
 
 Longstreth, William W 278 
 
 Lacy, Katharine A 281 
 
 Leeds, William R 282 
 
 Lare, George S 288 
 
 Lukens, Rinaldo Abram 288 
 
 Lenahan, Michael J 288 
 
 Ladner, Albert H 293 
 
 Littleton, William E 293 
 
 Locke, Thomas M 293 
 
 Lit, Samuel D 300 
 
 Laidlaw, Alexander H 303 
 
 Love, Alfred H 303 
 
 Longstreth, Anna 313 
 
 Lyle, Miss Annie 351 
 
 Lodor, Miss Elizabeth 358 
 
 Lehman, Robert J 358 
 
 Levering, William 369 
 
 Levering, Hannah 369 
 
 Levering, Anthony D 373 
 
 Lewis, William H 373 
 
 Linton, Josiah 373 
 
 Levering, Howard M 2>12i 
 
 Lee, Edward G 398 
 
 Leaman, Dr. William G 409 
 
 Lever, Miss 418 
 
 Lower, Frank 422 
 
 Lamberton, Miss Mary J 430, 590 
 
 Leech, Isaac 443 
 
 Lawrence, John S 453, 480, 590, 594 
 
 Lukens, Ella M 453, 590, 594 
 
 Lane, Dr. Dudley W 457 
 
 Leonard, James 466 
 
 Linton, Robert M 498 
 
 Linton, Robert A 511 
 
 Laurence, Benedict T 523 
 
 Lister, Alfred T 523 
 
 Longaker, Henry S 531 
 
 Lowery, Miss S. A 546 
 
 Latta, James W 572 
 
 Lambert, William H 572 
 
 Lewis, John F 574, 577 
 
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Page. 
 
 Laird, D. D., Rev. Samuel 574 
 
 Lincoln, Charles S 575 
 
 Lane, David H 576 
 
 Long, William John 577 
 
 Lautenbach, Louis J 578 
 
 Lukens, Mrs. Chas. M 579 
 
 Long, George V. Z 587 
 
 Logan, William J 620 
 
 Looney, Wesley A 620 
 
 Murphy, Joseph D .^,77, 236, 239 
 
 Millard, Elizabeth 10 
 
 Miller, John 21 
 
 Mercer, George P 22 
 
 Manderson, Andrew H 22, 310 
 
 Milligan, Jas., Jr 29 
 
 MacBride, James H 30, 325, 422 
 
 MacAlister, Dr. James 33, 572, 597 
 
 Morrison, Andrew J 33, 52, 370, 418, 576, 587 
 
 Mackenzie, Miss Constance 34, 61 
 
 Mattern, Dr. Wm. K 35, 118, 563 
 
 Mason, William Albert 60, 140 
 
 Mackenzie, Miss Adele 61 
 
 Mackenzie, Dr. Shelton R 62 
 
 Manning, William J 78, 246 
 
 Morton, Dr. Thomas G 87 
 
 Merchant, Thomas E 98, 358, 610 
 
 Morgan, Chas. E., Jr 100 
 
 Marchment, Thomas W 104, 288, 423 
 
 Mumford, Mrs. Mary E 108 
 
 Moore, Henry 121 
 
 Merchant, Edward 121 
 
 Mecutchen, Samuel 132, 228, 572, 576 
 
 Merrick, S. V 134 
 
 Meyer, Rev. Philip F 137 
 
 Maguire, Nicholas H 137, 251, 303 
 
 Miles, James L 141, 576 
 
 Moyer, John W 180 
 
 Molineaux, William S 222 
 
 Muhly, Conrad 222 
 
 Minton, Lidie 227 
 
 Mann, Dr. Joseph L 231 
 
 Mullin, Mary T 245 
 
 Maxwell, Miss Mary 245, 582, 593 
 
 Mealey, James 246 
 
 Montgomery, Richard 252 
 
 Meany, Edward F 252 
 
 Martin, Henry S 252 
 
 Mongiven, Thomas 252 
 
 Mead, Margaret C 257 
 
 Macfarlane, Dr. Andrew 257, 303 
 
 Martin, Agnes 261 
 
 Mackenzie, Adele W 269 
 
 Marshall, Dr. Clara 270 
 
 Mitchell, Dr. S. B. Wylie 278 
 
 Mitchell, Miss Jane 282 
 
 Milligan, Anna Ashton 287 
 
 Miller, J. Christian 288 
 
 Muller, Bernhard G 288 
 
 Marlin, John R 288 
 
 Milligan, Decatur 288 
 
 Michaelsen, Louis C 288 
 
 Maxwell, John 294 
 
 Moore, Dr. T. Hampton 294 
 
 Miller, James H 304 
 
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 Morris, Thomas S 318 
 
 Mills, Miss Sarah 325 
 
 MacAvoy, Dr. John 326 
 
 Moffitt, Dr. William 326 
 
 Mullen, Charles J 326 
 
 Mooney, James 335 
 
 Michener, H 348 
 
 Miller, William F 351 
 
 Milligan, James 351 
 
 Miller, J. Benjamin 351 
 
 Myers, M. Webster 358 
 
 Murphy, Robert T 369, 532 
 
 Maris, Matthias 370 
 
 Morrison, Miss Margaret M 370 
 
 Moyer, John B ^-j^ 
 
 Markle, John ^j^ 
 
 Murray, John H 373 
 
 Middleton, Oscar Newton 389 
 
 Meehan, Thomas . . . • 389 
 
 Michener, Charles F 417, 421 
 
 Marsden, Miss Mattie 417 
 
 Morris, Lizzie 418 
 
 Maxwell, Miss 421 
 
 Morrison, Miss Sallie 429 
 
 Mulrenan, John J 430 
 
 Marks, J. N 443 
 
 Miller, Dr. John S 469 
 
 Murray, John M 479 
 
 Milligan, William J 480 
 
 Murray, Dr. Bayard 483 
 
 MacBean, John P 492 
 
 Moffett, James, Jr 511 
 
 Michener, Jesse H • 519, 587 
 
 Miller, Anna B 519 
 
 Maguire, William F 523 
 
 Mann, Charles A 523 
 
 Martin, William F 523 
 
 Mars, Robert ■ 523 
 
 Moran, William J 531, 535 
 
 Marvin, William C 531 
 
 Montanye, Edward Y 531 
 
 Mills, Jacob 532 
 
 Martindale, Dr. Joseph C 535 
 
 Michener, Elmer E 535 
 
 Milliken, Rev. Samuel J 536 
 
 Moore, Davis 546 
 
 MacDonald, William 549 
 
 Milligan, John 549 
 
 Moore, D. Edward 564 
 
 Mann, William B 572 
 
 Muckl6, M. Richards 572 
 
 Mitchell, James T. . 576 
 
 Massey, Jane T 590 
 
 Miller, L. W 598 
 
 Miller, Mary A 601 
 
 Macintosh, Dr. Wm 618 
 
 Morris, Wm. H 618 
 
 Meredith, Edward 620 
 
 Mitchell, John C 620 
 
 Maxwell, John 620 
 
 Mohler, Wm. C 620 
 
 Muth, Arthur A. • 620 
 
 Maier, William 620 
 
 Milligan, Thomas 620 
 
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 Manning, Ach«son 620 
 
 Maynard, Merrill & Co 624 
 
 Mount Vernon Institute 634 
 
 McGowan, Peter 10, 246 
 
 McMichael, Morton 16, 18, 28, 134, 137 
 
 McClure, Charles 21 
 
 McCallister, James W. T 22 
 
 Mclntyre, William no, 610 
 
 McMurtrie, Henry 133 
 
 McClune, James 138, 325 572 
 
 McVickar, Rev. Wm. N 141 
 
 McMahon, Thomas F 231 
 
 McGuire, Elizabeth A 235 
 
 McManus, Mrs. Mary A 235, 589 
 
 McGucken, James 239 
 
 McCullen, Michael F 239 
 
 McGettigan, Mary T 245 
 
 McNeil, Rose 245 
 
 McKeown, Lizzie 245 
 
 Mclntire, James 246 
 
 McClellan, General George B 251 
 
 McGeoy, Michael 252 
 
 McDonou£:h, Anna J 261 
 
 McGonegal, Miss Sarah 269 
 
 McCormick, Miss Anna 1 270 
 
 McNichol, James Frederick 282 
 
 McCalla, Edwin 293 
 
 McAdam, Dr. Alex. H 293 
 
 McClure, Mabel 299 
 
 McAnirland, James 313 
 
 McBride, William 318 
 
 McManes, James 326 
 
 McLaughlin, William H 331 
 
 McLaughlin, Robert J 347, 590 
 
 McKinney, Miss Anna J 347 
 
 McNeil, John 389 
 
 McCullough, Thomas 409 
 
 McGowan, E. L 418 
 
 McGowan, James 422 
 
 McCoy, Robert 422 
 
 McFadden, Robert 430 
 
 McLeod, George 1 443 
 
 McGonigle, D. B 457 
 
 McAlpine, Miss 483 
 
 McAlpine, Martha 491 
 
 McCoy, Miss Elizabeth 520 
 
 McFarland, William F 536 
 
 McConnell, Miss Mary 545, 549 
 
 McCaughey, John A 549 
 
 McCracken, James 549 
 
 McKean, William V 572 
 
 McCarthy, Henry J 576 
 
 McCartney, James S 577 
 
 McCleary, Alex. J 577 
 
 McLoughlin, Miss E. V 582 
 
 McDowell, Theodore L 587 
 
 McHenry, Joseph A 620 
 
 McReynolds, Samuel 620 
 
 McVey, John Joseph 626 
 
 McCarron, John 638 
 
 McManus, M 640 
 
 McCaul, Charles 641 
 
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 Nathans, Nathan 137 
 
 Norris, Isaac 138 
 
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 Nebinger, Dr. George W 22& 
 
 North, Alonzo 231 
 
 Nagle, Mary 235 
 
 Nicholson, Zella R 245 
 
 Nolan, James 258 
 
 Neely, Rev. T. B 270 
 
 North, Col. George H 270 
 
 Newland, Francis 278 
 
 Nagle, Charles 294 
 
 Nichols, Edward 304 
 
 Noon, Edward F 318 
 
 Nutter, Henry P 469 
 
 Nellins, George F ... 483 
 
 Newhouse, M. Eliza 497 
 
 Noon, Thomas 511 
 
 Neville, John 535 
 
 Neel, Dr. H. A. P 539 
 
 Neal, Harry L 576 
 
 Naulty, Charles W 620 
 
 Oakford,John 16 
 
 O'Donnell, Emilie 245 
 
 Ogden, John M. . 303. 
 
 Ouram, Dr. Charles 31J 
 
 Obermiller, Lewis 318- 
 
 Olwine, Samuel N 422 
 
 Ortlipp, 1 440 
 
 Overn, Sarah J 465 
 
 Ott, Dr. Lambert 469 
 
 O'Neill, M. Henry 523 
 
 O'Keefe, John C 549 
 
 Ogden, John L 576 
 
 Ordway, John M 597 
 
 Ogden, Robert C 598^ 
 
 Oughton, John . 618 
 
 Olcott, John M 624. 
 
 Proudfit, Jane 10 
 
 Parker, Alexander 16 
 
 Porter, Governor 21 
 
 Parsons. A. V 21, 134 
 
 Peters, James 22, 137 
 
 Pollock, William J 29, 109, 483. 
 
 Pennypacker, Samuel W 108 
 
 Peale, Professor 133, 
 
 Patterson, R. M 134 
 
 Potter, Bishop 137 
 
 Pattison, Robert E 141, 257, 577 
 
 Peterson, John H 222- 
 
 Phillips, David 231 
 
 Patrick, Joseph 235 
 
 Peirce, Thomas May 236, 303 576' 
 
 Parker, William Henry 245, 594. 
 
 Patterson, Susan E 257 
 
 Parke, Margaret J 257 
 
 Pryor, Frank J., Jr 266 
 
 Price, William P 266 
 
 Page, Dr. Charles Alfred 282 
 
 Paul, Bettle 293. 
 
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 Payne, Henry C 385 
 
 Pollock, George J 430 
 
 Pentridge, Miss 443 
 
 Piper, Miss Virginia C 465, 579, 590 
 
 Peirce, Moses 480 
 
 Prettyman, Miss 480 
 
 Pearce, Albert 492 
 
 Piltman, Miss Jennie 509 
 
 Potter, Miss Kate 509 
 
 Passmore, Mrs. Susan 510 
 
 Prince, Linnaeus A 523 
 
 Pavitt, William H 523 
 
 Parry, Samuel D 531 
 
 Payne, Henry C 535 
 
 Pancoast, Charles K 536 
 
 Pilkinglon, Sarah J 563 
 
 Pattison, Robct E 572, 59S 
 
 Pepper, William 572 
 
 Peltz, Richard 576 
 
 Pritrhard, Miss Margaret S 580, 587 
 
 Patton, Simon N 585 
 
 Pendleton, Miss Charlotte 597 
 
 Park, Enoch D 620 
 
 Patterson, William J 620 
 
 Poulson, Andrew R 634 
 
 Pennsylvania Gas Fixture Co 636 
 
 Parkview Publishing Co 639 
 
 Philadelphia Institute 643 
 
 Pierson, Charles L 643 
 
 Phillips & Moon 642 
 
 Peterson & Co., E. H 644 
 
 Quirk, Michael 398 
 
 Reed, Joseph 10 
 
 Ronaldson, James 10 
 
 Roberts, Spencer 22 
 
 Reed, William J 22 
 
 Rhoads, Joseph R 34, 114, 520 
 
 Rorke, Allen B 38 
 
 Robinson, Thomas A 89 
 
 Roese, Frederick A 134 
 
 Rhoads, James 138, 281, 520 
 
 Riche, George Inman 138, 269, 576, 589 
 
 Russell, Miss Jennie 227, 590 
 
 Ritchie, Mrs. Josephine 228, 582 
 
 Reade, John Augustus 231 
 
 Ricketts, Gustavus A 231 
 
 Remig, Dr. John H 239 
 
 Rosenthal, Dr. David A 239 
 
 Reed, Jacob 252 
 
 Ray, Samuel 252, 620 
 
 Randall, Samuel J 257 
 
 Rawlins, Sarah S 261 
 
 Russell, James Alexander 266 
 
 Robinson, Margaret 277 
 
 Rovoudt, Peter 293 
 
 Reakhart, Joseph 293 
 
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 Rockenburg, George 300 
 
 Randall, Charles A 303, 590, 594 
 
 Ridge, Louis A 309 
 
 Rainier, Mary S 317 
 
 Ruhl, George W 318 
 
 Robertson, Dr. William Egbert 318 
 
 Robinson, Joseph 325 
 
 Roney, William J 326, 576 
 
 Roney, Johnson 326 
 
 Rowland, Henry V 335 
 
 Ridgway, Walter S ' . 361 
 
 Righter, John 370 
 
 Ring, William 373 
 
 Ryan, Isaiah T 373 
 
 Rowland, Harvey, Jr 398 
 
 Rowland, Dr. A. H. C 409 
 
 Rowan, W. EUwood 443 
 
 Roach, Dr. Walter W 469 
 
 Russell, Joshua 483 
 
 Rogers, William 492 
 
 Ross, David H 492 
 
 Rodgers, Dr. Robert 511 
 
 Ruch, George W 511 
 
 Rickards, George 511 
 
 Riehl, Martin M 511 
 
 Rittenhouse, Charles 511 
 
 Ranier, Charles H 535 
 
 Rhawn, William H 536 
 
 Ryerss, Robert W 536 
 
 Rowland, Horace B 539 
 
 Rogers, William J 546 
 
 Russell, Joseph 549 
 
 Reiff, Jacob W 564 
 
 Roat, H. L 564 
 
 Rambo, Ormond 564 
 
 Ridgway, John J 575 
 
 Rex, Walter E 576 
 
 Remington, Mrs. Isaac 582 
 
 Ryan, Amelia M 594 
 
 Rawle, Francis 598 
 
 Rupp, George P 609 
 
 Ramsey, William H 620 
 
 Ross, H. H 620 
 
 Riley, Mrs. Elizabeth 620 
 
 Ruhl, William P 620 
 
 Ritter, Morris H 620 
 
 Ranck, John W 620 
 
 Rambo, Ormond 620 
 
 Roberts, Henry R 640 
 
 Stewardson, Thomas 10 
 
 Steele, John 16 
 
 Stevens, Thaddeus 17 
 
 Sickles, William H 22 
 
 Sutter, Charles J 22 
 
 Shippen, Edward 22, 24, 25, 299, 572 
 
 Stanton, M. Hall 28, 30, 282, 293, 454 
 
 Steel, Edward T 30, 145, 373 
 
 Sickel, James F. C 33.41,53.44°, 535 
 
 Sheppard, Isaac A 34. 36, 39, 141, 179, 317 
 
 Shallcross, Thomas 34, ii5, 539 
 
 Stevens, John S 38 
 
 Spangler, Andrew M 38, 93, 179 
 
 Singer, Edgar Arthur 41,56,421,549, 586 
 
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Page. 
 
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 Schaefter, Dr. Nathan C 63, 585 
 
 Stille, Dr. Charles J loi 
 
 Saxton, Joseph 1,32 
 
 Shaw, Professor 133 
 
 Sanderson, Professor 133 
 
 Scheide, Samuel 138 
 
 Siuart, George 138 
 
 Smyth, Albert Henry 140 
 
 Sa> re, William L 179, 183, 185,576, 587 
 
 Swarlz, Martha 227 
 
 Smith, A. Thomas 228 
 
 Schall, John W 231 
 
 Simon, \V. P 239 
 
 Sleen, Margaret T 245 
 
 Seary, William Notson 246 
 
 Smyth, Thomas, Jr 246 
 
 Snyder, John F 246 
 
 Sayre, Alfred V 251 
 
 Shc-dden, Jolin 257 
 
 Sheeran, Frank P 258 
 
 Sidle, John P 258 
 
 Sage, Amelia 261 
 
 Sellers, Edwin Jaquett 266 
 
 Shedaker, Strickland Kneass 266 
 
 Stirling, William 269 
 
 Scott, Miss S. Matilda 269 
 
 Schiedt, John F 170 
 
 Smith, Miss Lydia C 277 
 
 Steinmetz, Ur. Daniel 278 
 
 Stewart, Dr. William S 278 
 
 Smith, Dr. Jos. R 278 
 
 Smith, Theodore 278 
 
 Struthers, Miss Margaret 281 
 
 Shembs, Dr. John 282 
 
 Schlaefer, Peter 288 
 
 Saunders, Macphtrson 293 
 
 Sutter, Charles 293 
 
 Stokes, Elizabeth 293 
 
 Schadt, Oliver G. J 294 
 
 Schmidt, Frederick A 294 
 
 Stephens, Dr. William S 299 
 
 Stirling, William 299 
 
 Smith, H. R 299 
 
 Stager, Henry John 300 
 
 Smith, Dr. E. L 300 
 
 Sayre, George M 303 
 
 Stout, George H 303, 418, 439, 587, 601 
 
 Stuart, George H 303 
 
 Schmitt, Peter 304 
 
 Swift, Edward F 304 
 
 Shock, George W 309 
 
 Snyder, Miss 310 
 
 Seeler, E. V 313 
 
 Sinexson, Dr. Justus 313 
 
 Sturgis, George F 313 
 
 Sickel, J. Fletcher 317 
 
 Steigerwald, A. S 318 
 
 Sharp, M. P 325 
 
 Schmidt, William 326 
 
 Spiel, George Q 326 
 
 Steif, Andrew J 326 
 
 Sidebotham, Dr. H. L 335 
 
 Shoyer, Fred'kJ 351 
 
 Smith, Henry W 351 
 
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 Sawyer, Mrs. Llewellyn A 361 
 
 Smith, David Simpson 361 
 
 Satterson, James 370 
 
 Stott, Miss Eliza E 370 
 
 Schofield, Benjamin 373 
 
 Singer, Charles A 397, 535 
 
 Shearer, Jacob 398 
 
 Smedley, Franklin 398 
 
 Shallcross, John 398 
 
 Sides, Jacob H 405, 601 
 
 Scull, Charles Francis 409 
 
 Smith, Eugene 418 
 
 Sterne, Miss 421 
 
 Spallen, Miss Anna M 421 
 
 Simmons, John 430 
 
 Stull, A. Frank 430 
 
 Steinmetz, Daniel 443 
 
 Smith, William M 443, 574 
 
 Stryker, Samuel S 443 
 
 Stovell, James A 443 
 
 Stout, David H 454, 563, 587, 601 
 
 Sherlock, Hamilton W 457 
 
 Stuckey, William A 457 
 
 Sites, J.J 457 
 
 Shourds, David H 469 
 
 Snodgrass, Miss M. E 480 
 
 Samuel, Dr. William H., A. M. Ph. D. . . 491, 590, 577, 593 
 
 Simpson, Sallie F 491 
 
 Smith, Oscar E 492 
 
 Snuillen, Cornelius 492 
 
 Saul, Charles G 498 
 
 Spratt, William 498 
 
 Sweeton, Isaac 498 
 
 Suplee, Mary F 519 
 
 Strode, Jacob C 523 
 
 Swift, Robert G 531 
 
 Smith, M. C 531 
 
 Shallcross, Charles 532 
 
 Smith, Joshua B 535 
 
 Sibbald, Dr. John 536 
 
 Shallcross, Frank 539 
 
 Singley, Charles 549 
 
 Shisler, Joseph 549 
 
 Siddons, Lottie K 549 
 
 Smith, James W 549 
 
 Stevens, Kate E 563 
 
 Schlect, Olivia 563 
 
 Sensor, Susan E 563 
 
 Spencer, William D 564 
 
 Shock, C.J 564 
 
 Siegener, William F 564 
 
 Snowden, George R 572 
 
 Staake, William H 574 
 
 Sellers, David W 576 
 
 Sensenderfer, John P. J 576 
 
 Singerly, William M 577 
 
 Singer, Jacob ^^g 
 
 Schober, Frederick 578 
 
 Symonds, Mrs. T. H 579 
 
 Sartain, Miss Emily 580 
 
 Saul, Mrs. C. G 582 
 
 Stout, Mrs. George H 582 
 
 Skidmore, Sydney T 586 
 
 Shallcross, Elizabeth B 594 
 
 Struthers, Margaret W 601 
 
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Page. 
 
 Steele, William 6i8 
 
 Severn, Thomas Y 6i8 
 
 Stuart, George 6i8 
 
 Smurth, William L 620 
 
 Steinbach, George W 620 
 
 Severs, B. F 620 
 
 Stone, David Hanly 620 
 
 Stirling, Archibald 620 
 
 Suplee, Jonas 620 
 
 Security Trust 62S 
 
 Sharpless & Watts 628 
 
 Sturts, Ernest H 634 
 
 Stewart, George W 636 
 
 Schrack & Sherwood 636 
 
 Silver, Burdett & Co 639 
 
 Shappell, J. M 640 
 
 School Supply Publishing Co 644 
 
 Taylor, Moses 10 
 
 Thomas, Jonathan . . . . • 16 
 
 Thomas, Evan W., Jr 16 
 
 Thomas, Joseph T 22 
 
 Taylor, Samuel 22, 288 
 
 Taylor, Franklin 139 
 
 Thompson, Robert Ellis . . . .141, 149, 303, 326, 585, 597 
 
 Tadd, J. Liberty 206, 209 
 
 Toland, Andrew J 222 
 
 Trainer, Henry J 239 
 
 Turnbull, Dr. Charles S 270 
 
 Thomas, Joel 278 
 
 Talmage, Rev. T. DeWitt 299 
 
 Thompson, Elihu 303, 576 
 
 Tuttle, John Baker 335 
 
 Thomas, J. Morton 357, 601 
 
 Thomas, Mrs. Emma V 369. 370, 586, 599 
 
 Trites, Dr. David T 7,77, 
 
 Thomas, John J 2)73 
 
 Topham, Charles H 389 
 
 Thomas, A. B 469 
 
 Thomas, M. Louise 532 
 
 Tomlinson, Isaac 539 
 
 Tomlinson, Augusta T 539 
 
 Toms, William 549 
 
 Thomas, Laura S 563 
 
 Teller, Benjamin F 572 
 
 Townsend, George Alfred 573 
 
 Tait, Miss Elizabeth S 579, 590 
 
 Taylor, Dr. J. Madison 585 
 
 Todd, M. Anna 590 
 
 The Pancoast Ventilator Co 635 
 
 Teacher, The 637 
 
 Thompson Brothers 643 
 
 Upperman, Charles A 335 
 
 Uhler, Dr. H. N t,72, 
 
 United Firemen's Insurance 628 
 
 Vaux, Roberts 9, 10, 14, 15, 16 
 
 Van Kirk, Mrs. M. L 62 
 
 Vanfleet, Charles H 118, 564 
 
 Vogdes, William 132 
 
 Vau.x, Richard 134, 257 
 
 Vogdes, Edward W 138 
 
 Vankirk, Jos. B 304 
 
 Van Houten, George J 443 
 
 Veditz, William 620 
 
 Page. 
 
 Woelpper, David 10 
 
 Wilson, Maria 10 
 
 Watson, Samuel F 10 
 
 Warner, Joseph 16 
 
 Williams, Anna Maria 16 
 
 Wharton, George M 21, 22, 137 
 
 Warren, Benjamin F 22 
 
 Warthman, Samuel S 22 
 
 Widener, Peter A. B 29, 466 
 
 Whitney, James S 30, 179 
 
 Wright, Richardson L 30, loi, 179, 269, 398, 6ro 
 
 Watts, D. H 38 
 
 Wright, Miss Mary 58, 310 
 
 Williams, Anna VV 62 
 
 Williams, Dr. Martin Henry 92, 300 
 
 Wilson, Dr. Matthew J 97, 351 
 
 Walton, Rudolph S 99, 373, 610 
 
 Wrigley, William 112, 510 
 
 Wines, Enoch 132 
 
 Wilson, Joseph W 138 
 
 Willis, Henry 140 
 
 Wright, Dr. A. T. W 154, 325 
 
 Wight, Dr. John G 165, 175 
 
 Wilson, Miss Anna 227 
 
 Welsh, William L 227 
 
 Watson, Samuel F 227, 235 
 
 Welsh, William 231 
 
 Welsh, Charles 236 
 
 Wright, Isaac 246 
 
 Wells, Dr. William H 252 
 
 Widmayer, C. Augustus 257 
 
 Wright, Elizabeth . . 257 
 
 White, Grace 257 
 
 Wood, William Wallace 261, 281 
 
 Warwick, Charles F 269, 277, 498 
 
 Whittington, Henry B 277, 549 
 
 Wadsworth, Edward D 278 
 
 Warg, Dr. Edwin C 282 
 
 Willard, Mary S 287 
 
 Wagner, Charles M 293 
 
 Watson, James S 293 
 
 Warner, Henry 299 
 
 Wright, Rebecca S 299 
 
 Wright, Miss Daisy T 299 
 
 Watson, James V 300 
 
 Watson, Brock 300 
 
 Wolfe, James H 300 
 
 Warner, Henry 300 
 
 Weaver, George Warren 304 
 
 White, Jacob C, Jr 304 
 
 Wolf, Miss Sarah E 310 
 
 Wood, Thomas 310, 313 
 
 Whitney, James S 310 
 
 Woodruff, J. Addison 313 
 
 Weigner, Miss Emeline 326 
 
 Wignall, Charles F 335 
 
 Watson, Marmaduke 348, 418 
 
 Walter, William H 351 
 
 Walton, Harrison 357 
 
 Walton, Harrison 358 
 
 Wood, Andrew 370 
 
 Wood, Elizabeth 370 
 
 Worrell, Miss Catharine 370 
 
 Winpenny, James B 373 
 
 Wilhere, Maurice F 373 
 
 668 
 
Page. 
 
 Willard, James Monroe 386, 587 
 
 Warner, John S 389 
 
 Wood, Samuel 389 
 
 Wilmot, David 398 
 
 Wakeling, Samuel 398 
 
 Wilson, Theodore M 398 
 
 Wilson, Miss Sarah H 406 
 
 Wimer, Millard D 409 
 
 Worrell, T. Worcester 418, 532 
 
 Wilson, George F 421 
 
 Webster, Albert 422 
 
 Wagner, Frederick M 422 
 
 Widener, Henry B 430 
 
 Wilson, Alexander 440 
 
 Warren, B. F 443 
 
 Wacker, Jacob Frederick, Jr 469 
 
 Woodnutt, Clement A 469 
 
 Wallace, Mary A 479, 590 
 
 Warwick, Julia 480 
 
 Watson, T. C 480 
 
 Wallace, Andrew B 483 
 
 Wheeler, George 497 
 
 Woodruff, Henrietta 510 
 
 Woodin, Percival S 531 
 
 Wright, Dr. R. J 532 
 
 Weaver, Dr. Chandler 536 
 
 Waterman, Humphrey J 539 
 
 Wilson, William Bender 539 
 
 Williamson, Lurana J 545 
 
 Wallace, Lillie 545 
 
 Whittingham, Alexander J 549 
 
 Walker, Charles 564 
 
 Wagner, General Louis 572 
 
 Page. 
 
 Woodruff, Clinton Rogers 575 
 
 Wahl, William H 576 
 
 Winslow, Stephen N 577 
 
 White, Stephen W 578 
 
 Webb, Miss Anna C 579 
 
 Wilson, Mrs. L. L. W 582, 586 
 
 Witmer, Dr. Lightner 585 
 
 VV'allace, Miss Lillian 586, 599 
 
 Wiltbank, William W 597 
 
 Whitney, Joseph S 597 
 
 Wasserman, Miss H. C 599 
 
 Wolfe, James H 620 
 
 Willaredt, Herman 620 
 
 Weaver, William W 620 
 
 Winter, Henry 620 
 
 Wright, Julian P 620 
 
 Worman, George W 620 
 
 Wisler & Son, L H 623 
 
 Whiting Paper Company 642 
 
 Young, John L 278 
 
 Young, Mahlon D 278 
 
 Yeager, George 309 
 
 Young, John Russell 325 
 
 Young, James H 469 
 
 Yearsley, John H 469 
 
 Young, Joseph E 483 
 
 Yerkes, W. Austin 536 
 
 Young, William L 564 
 
 Zeigler, George K 293 
 
 Zeigler, Dr. W. M. L 469 
 
 Zeigler, G. W 620 
 
 669 
 
Index — Illustrations, School Buildings 
 and School Rooms 
 
 Page. 
 
 Inside View of a Lancasterian School Room 8 
 
 Liincasterian School Room, Inside View 8 
 
 Model School 1 1 
 
 Chester Street School 1 1 
 
 Old Central High School, Juniper and Market Streets . 19 
 
 Athenaeum Building 3" 
 
 Office of the Board of Public Education 69 
 
 Board of Public Education Building 69 
 
 Zane Street School Building 69 
 
 Seal of the Board of Public Education 119 
 
 Central High School, S. E. cor. Broad and Green Streets 135 
 Central High School (New;, S. W. cor. Broad and Green 
 
 Streets 143 
 
 Girls' High School, Seventeenth and Spring Garden 
 
 Streets 151 
 
 Girls' Normal School, Sergeant Street above Ninth . . 155 
 
 Teachers' Institute, Sergeant Street above Ninth . . . 155 
 Girls' (New) Normal School, N.W. cor. Thirteenth and 
 
 Spring Garden Streets 159 
 
 Girls' (New) Normal School, N. W. cor. Thirteenth and 
 
 Spring Garden Streets, Assembly Room 163 
 
 Assembly Room, Girls' (New) Normal School 163 
 
 Biological Room, Girls' (New) Normal School . . . . 167 
 
 Girls' (New) Normal School, Biological Room 167 
 
 Gymnasium in Girls' High School, Seventeenth and 
 
 Spring Garden Streets 171 
 
 Gills' High School, Seventeenth and Spring Garden 
 
 Streets, Gymnasium 171 
 
 Central Manual Training School 177 
 
 Northeast Manual Training School 181 
 
 James Forten Elementary Manual Training School . . . 191 
 James Forten Elementary Manual Training School, Kin- 
 dergarten Department 195 
 
 James Forten Elementary Manual Training School, 
 
 Wood-working Department 199 
 
 Wood-working Department, James Forten Elementary 
 
 Manual Training School 199 
 
 Industrial Art School 203 
 
 Industrial Art School, Clay Modeling 207 
 
 Clay Modeling, Industrial Art School 207 
 
 Blackboard Drawing, Teachers' Classes, Industrial Art 
 
 School 211 
 
 Industrial Art School, Teachers' Classes, Blackboard 
 
 Drawing 211 
 
 Industrial Art School, Teachers' Classes, Freehand 
 
 Blackboard Drawing 213 
 
 Blackboard Drawing, Teachers' Classes, Freehand 
 
 Blackboard Drawing 213 
 
 John H. Taggart School 219 
 
 William Welsh School 223 
 
 671 
 
 Page. 
 
 Weccacoe School 225 
 
 Wharton School 229 
 
 John Stockdale School 233 
 
 Mount Vernon School 237 
 
 Beck School 241 
 
 Thomas B. Florence School 243 
 
 Ringgold School 2.^7 
 
 William M. Meredith School 249 
 
 Horace Binney School 253 
 
 George M. Wharton School 255 
 
 Northeastern School 259 
 
 U. S. (irant School 263 
 
 Octavius V. Catto School 267 
 
 James A. (iarfield School 271 
 
 Hollingsworth School 273 
 
 Locust Street School 275 
 
 Keystone School 279 
 
 Northwestern School 283 
 
 John Agnew School 285 
 
 Northern Liberties School 289 
 
 Beideman School 291 
 
 Mifflin School 295 
 
 E. M. Paxson School 297 
 
 Wyoming School 301 
 
 Hancock School 305 
 
 Roberts Vaux School 307 
 
 Monroe School (now Roberts Vaux School) ...... 307 
 
 Lincoln School 311 
 
 Thaddeus Stevens School 315 
 
 Jefferson School 319 
 
 Landenberger School 321 
 
 William A. Lee School ■ 323 
 
 John Moffett School 327 
 
 John Moffett School, Interior View 329 
 
 Vaughan School 3^3 
 
 Alexander Adaire School ... 337 
 
 Alexander Adaire School, Interior View 339 
 
 Alexander Adaire School, Interior View 341 
 
 Chandler School 343 
 
 S. A. Douglass School . . 345 
 
 Douglass School 345 
 
 John Welsh School 349 
 
 William F. Miller School 353 
 
 William H. Hunter School 355 
 
 Park Avenue School 359 
 
 James Lynd School 363 
 
 Daniel Webster School 365 
 
 Rutledge School 367 
 
 Levering School, Front View 371 
 
 Levering School, Rear View 375 
 
Page. 
 
 Levering School, Interior View 377 
 
 Levering School, Hallway 379 
 
 Manayunk School 381 
 
 Fairview School 383 
 
 Germantown School 387 
 
 C. W. Schaeffer School 391 
 
 A. G. Curtin School 393 
 
 Coulter Street Secondary School, Blackboard Exercises . 395 
 
 Blackboard Exercises, Coulter Street Secondary School . 395 
 
 Marshall School 399 
 
 Alexander Henry School 401 
 
 Henry Herbert School 403 
 
 E. Spencer Miller School 407 
 
 Belmont School 411 
 
 Morton McMichael School 413 
 
 Haverford School 415 
 
 John H. Webster School 419 
 
 Henry W. Halliwell School 423 
 
 George B. McClellan School 425 
 
 Barton School 427 
 
 George VV. Childs School 431 
 
 Francis M. Drexel School 433 
 
 Francis M. Drexel School, Interior View 435 
 
 Jackson School 437 
 
 Newton School (Boys) 441 
 
 Newton School (Girls) 445 
 
 Paschalville School 447 
 
 Woodland Avenue School 449 
 
 Newton School, Primary 451 
 
 Forest School 455 
 
 Glenwood School 459 
 
 M. Hall Stanton School 461 
 
 Kenderton School 463 
 
 George G. Meade School 467 
 
 William D. Kelley School 471 
 
 Elisha Kent Kane School 473 
 
 Edward Gratz School 475 
 
 Reynolds School . 477 
 
 E. M. Stanton School 481 
 
 Chester A. Arthur School 485 
 
 Page. 
 
 William S. Peirce School 487 
 
 A. G. Curtin School 489 
 
 John S. Hart School 493 
 
 Henry Armitt Brown School 495 
 
 James L. Claghorn School 499 
 
 Joseph Singerly School 501 
 
 James G. Blaine School 503 
 
 Camac School 505 
 
 Thomas H. Powers School 507 
 
 Thomas Potter School 513 
 
 Asa Packer School 515 
 
 William Cramp School 517 
 
 NorrisJ. Hoffman School . . 521 
 
 Martha Washington School 525 
 
 Jesse George School . 527 
 
 Heston School 529 
 
 Henry Disston School . . 533 
 
 Octagon School 537 
 
 Joseph Brown School 541 
 
 Watson Comly School 543 
 
 James Logan School 547 
 
 Gustavus A. Benson School 551 
 
 Gustavus A. Benson Kindergarten School 553 
 
 Landreth School 
 
 555 
 
 Delaplaine McDaniel School 557 
 
 Girard School 
 
 559 
 
 Franklin School , 561 
 
 Cambria School 565 
 
 Oakdale School 567 
 
 Teachers' Institute 591 
 
 Philadelphia Public Library No. i . 611 
 
 Free Library, Branch No. i 611 
 
 I. H. Wisler & Son 623 
 
 Friends' Book Association 624 
 
 American Book Co. . . 625 
 
 Keystone Plaster Co 633 
 
 McCaul, Charles 641 
 
 Burk & McFetridge Co 645 
 
 ^72 
 
Index — Portraits 
 
 Adaire, Alexander 96 
 
 Anshutz, Joseph W 
 
 Austin, Joseph D 
 
 Atwell, Mrs. C. A 
 
 Abrahams, Alexander 
 
 Allen, Miss Selena 
 
 Arnhold, William H 
 
 Axe, William Wells 
 
 Allen, Thomas R 
 
 Abbot, Charles F'rederick 
 
 Allen, Abraham L 
 
 Brooks, Dr. Edward 
 
 Beale, Albert B 
 
 Bache, Alexander Dallas 
 
 Begley, Mrs. Helen B 
 
 Boyd, Joseph George 
 
 Baer, David R 
 
 Buck, William H 
 
 Berger, Thomas Elliott 
 
 Bland, George P 
 
 Brelsford, Charles H 497, 
 
 Brown, William W 
 
 Baillie, Miss Elizabeth 
 
 Biddle, Charles 
 
 Burns, David R > 
 
 Boswell. William R 
 
 Briggs, A. J 
 
 Campbell, John Marie 
 
 Cook, J. H 
 
 Cassell, John D. . . . . . 
 
 Campbell, Hon. Jatnes 
 
 Cregar, Philip A 
 
 Cliff, George H 174, 
 
 Crawford, Lieut. Robert 
 
 Cornman, Oliver P 
 
 Carson, William H 
 
 Cozens, Smith D 
 
 Cordery, Miss Deborah L 
 
 Clarke, Charles H 
 
 Caskey, William J 453, 
 
 Caskey, Miss Elizabeth 497, 
 
 Colladay, Charles M 
 
 Comly, Watson . 
 
 Cornell, Watson 
 
 Dick, William . . 
 Drake, L. E. . . . 
 Duling, Thomas F. 
 
 Page. 
 605 
 127 
 127 
 266 
 304 
 347 
 386 
 398 
 430 
 454 
 498 
 
 50 
 119 
 '32 
 236 
 252 
 325 
 358 
 430 
 440 
 586 
 497 
 532 
 574 
 627 
 628 
 642 
 
 80 
 127 
 127 
 154 
 '57 
 5«5 
 '79 
 281 
 310 
 310 
 
 358 
 406 
 
 594 
 590 
 509 
 535 
 546 
 
 119 
 
 "9 
 222 
 
 Duiiton, Miss Rosalie J. 
 Durham, Thomas . . 
 Davis, Samuel B. . . . 
 
 Edmunds, Henry Reeves 94, 
 
 Evans, Mordecai Dawson 
 
 Elmes, Miss Cornelia W 439, 
 
 Ervin, William E 
 
 Estabrook, Mrs. fi. L 
 
 Epley, Mrs. Emma 
 
 Fetter, George VV^ 
 Fox, Hannah A. . 
 Freeborn, James . 
 Freeston, Harry F. 
 Fanshawe, John K. 
 
 Page. 
 ■ 251 
 . 265 
 . 282 
 
 610 
 278 
 
 593 
 536 
 58' 
 607 
 
 '58 
 193 
 278 
 282 
 572 
 
 Gloninger, John Philip 
 
 Gratz, Simon 
 
 Grace, Thomas A 
 
 Gaw, James / 
 
 Gentry, Thomr.s G, So. D 
 
 Gilpin, Hood 
 
 Good, J. Lewis 
 
 Gaskill, Thomas E^lwood ... 
 
 Gideon, Edward 465, 587, 
 
 Hover, Miss Addie S . . 
 
 Hortz, Philip S 
 
 Harrington, Avery D 
 
 Hallowell, Miss Anna 
 
 Hughes, James 
 
 Huey, Samuel Bairtl 
 
 Hubbert, Harvey H 
 
 Haig, George 
 
 Halliwell, Henry W. . . 
 
 Hughes, Thomas A 
 
 Hardin, John D 
 
 Hammond, Andrew F. . 
 
 Humphries, Lena A 
 
 Hoopes, Lewis P 
 
 Hart, John S 
 
 Hopper, Zephaniah 
 
 Hutchin, Daniel W. . . . 
 
 Hughes, James 
 
 Haines, William C 
 
 Hart, Levi C 
 
 Henry, Alexander 
 
 Hamill, Miss Josephine . 
 
 Horn, George L 
 
 '39. 
 
 85 
 91 
 127 
 262 
 270 
 270 
 
 313 
 601 
 
 49 
 
 T6 
 
 75 
 
 83 
 
 95 
 
 107 
 
 III 
 
 117 
 
 119 
 
 123 
 
 '23 
 123 
 123 
 127 
 
 133 
 607 
 288 
 326 
 357 
 373 
 397 
 417 
 421 
 
 673 
 
Page. 
 
 Hausmaii, George 520 
 
 Hawkes, fieorge Barclay 573 
 
 Howard, Daniel W 575 
 
 Houston, Edwin James 57^ 
 
 Hopper, Harry Shelmire 577 
 
 Halliwell. Mrs. Henry W 579 
 
 Hutchin, Mrs. D. W 5^2 
 
 Johnson, Henry Clark 140 
 
 Jacobs, Miss Ella 299 
 
 Johnson, Mrs. B. Frank 581 
 
 Kirby, Miss Lydia A 55 
 
 Kain, Charles Henry 57. 599 
 
 Kavanagh, Paul 105 
 
 Kingston, Harry T . 239 
 
 Kendrick, Mrs. CJeorge \V.,Jr 579 
 
 Lukens, William H. R 90 
 
 Lewis, Edward 103 
 
 I-owery, C.eorge N 231 
 
 Lukens, Rinaldo Abratn . 287 
 
 Lamberton, Miss Mary J 429 
 
 Lawrence, John S 453 
 
 Lane, Dr. Dudley W 457 
 
 Lewis, John K 57' 
 
 Long, William John 574 
 
 Morrison, Andrew J 52, 586 
 
 Mason, William Albert 60 
 
 Mackenzie, Miss Constanrc 6£ 
 
 Murphy, Joseph D 77 
 
 Manning, William J 78 
 
 Morton, Dr. Thomas G 87 
 
 Merchant, Thomas Edward 98 
 
 Morgan, Charles E., Jr 100 
 
 Marchment. Thomas W 104 
 
 Mumford, Mrs. Mary K 108 
 
 Moore, Henry 119 
 
 Merchant, Edward 123 
 
 Mecutchen, Samuel 132 
 
 Maguire, Nicholas H 137 
 
 Moyer, John W 180 
 
 Mann. Dr. Joseph L .231 
 
 Murphy, Joseph D 239 
 
 Maxwell, Miss Mary 245, 594 
 
 Manning, William J 246 
 
 Macfarlane, Dr. Andrew 257 
 
 Muller, Bernhard c; '. . 287 
 
 Myers, M. Webster 357 
 
 Murphy, Robert T 369 
 
 Middleton, Oscar Newton 386 
 
 Michener, Charles F 417 
 
 Murray, John M 480 
 
 Milligan, William J 480 
 
 Michener, Jesse H 519 
 
 Maguire, William F 520 
 
 Moran, William J 532 
 
 Mattern, Dr. Wm. K — . . 563 
 
 McMichael, Morton 18 
 
 MacAlister, Dr. James ^3 
 
 MacBean, John P. . . ^ 492 
 
 MacDonald, William 549 
 
 Mclntyre, William no 
 
 Page. 
 
 McManus, Mrs. M. A 236 
 
 McXdam, Dr. A. H 294 
 
 McLaughlin. William H 331 
 
 McLaughlin, Robert J. 347 
 
 Nichols. Edward 304 
 
 Noon, Thomas 510 
 
 Neel, Dr. H. A. P 536 
 
 Olwine, Samuel N 418 
 
 Pollock, William J 109 
 
 Peterson, John H 222 
 
 Parker, William Henry 245, 594 
 
 Piper, Miss Virginia C 465 
 
 Pollock, William J 479 
 
 Pearce, Albert 492 
 
 Pattison, Robert E 57' 
 
 Piper, Miss Virginia C 580 
 
 Peterson, E. H 644 
 
 Peterson, Carl A 644 
 
 Rhoads, Joseph R 114 
 
 Ruff, William S 123 
 
 Riche, George Innian 138 
 
 Ritchie, Mrs. Josephine 228, 580 
 
 Ramsey, John S., M. D 262 
 
 Rother, Oscar E 294 
 
 Ridge, Louis A 309 
 
 Ring, William 373 
 
 Roach, Dr. Walter 466 
 
 Rodgers, Dr. Robert 510 
 
 Rhoads, James 519 
 
 Randall, Charles A 589 
 
 Rupp, George P 610 
 
 Stevens, Thaddeus 17 
 
 Shippen, Edward 24 
 
 Stanton, M. Hall 28 
 
 Steel, Edward T 30 
 
 Sickel, James F. C 53 
 
 Singer, Edward .\rthur 56 
 
 Schaeffer, Dr. Nathan C 63 
 
 Spangler, Andrew M 93 
 
 Shallcross, Thomas 115 
 
 Sayre, William 1 185 
 
 Snyder, John F 246 
 
 Sheeran, Frank P 258 
 
 Shedaker, Strickland Kneass 265 
 
 Scott, Miss S. Matilda 269 
 
 Stager, Henry John 30*1 
 
 Sickel, J. ^"letcher 317 
 
 Sheppard, Isaac A 318 
 
 Shoyer, Frederick J 348 
 
 Smith, Henry W 348 
 
 Singer, Charles A 397 
 
 Smedley, Franklin 398 
 
 Sides, Jacob H 405 
 
 Scull, Charles Franklin 406 
 
 Simmons, John 429 
 
 Stout, Cieorge H 439, 601 
 
 Sherlock, Hamilton W 457 
 
 Samuel, William H., A. M., Ph. D 491,589, 593 
 
 Saul, Charles G 498 
 
 674 
 
Page. 
 
 Stout, David H 563. 587 
 
 Spencer, William D 564 
 
 Taylor, Franklin 139 
 
 Thompson, Robert Ellis i49 
 
 Tadd.J. Liberty 209 
 
 Uppermaii, Charles A 332 
 
 \'aiix, Roberts 13 
 
 V'anfleet, Charles H 118 
 
 Van Hoiiten, George J 44° 
 
 X'anHeet, Charles H 564 
 
 Wilson, Dr. Matthew J 
 
 Walton, Rudolph S 
 
 Wright, Richardson L 
 
 Wrigley, William 
 
 Wright, Dr. A. T. W 
 
 Wight, Dr. John G 
 
 Willard, James Monroe 1M6, 
 
 Widmayer, C. Augustus 
 
 Whittington, Henry B 
 
 Wood, Thomas 
 
 Wignall, Charles F , , 
 
 Webster, Albert 
 
 Wallace, Andrew B 
 
 Whittingham, Ale.\ander J 
 
 Wallace, Miss Mary .A 
 
 Wright, Miss Mary 5^ 
 
 Williams. Dr. Martin Henry 92 Ziegler, Dr. W. M. L 
 
 97 
 99 
 
 lOI 
 
 1 12 
 154 
 
 175 
 ,S85 
 25S 
 277 
 313 
 332 
 418 
 
 479 
 549 
 59i> 
 
 466 
 
 675 
 
Index — Special Mention 
 
 Page. 
 
 Wisler & Son, I. H 623 
 
 Maynard, Merrill iNc Co 624 
 
 Olcott, J. M 624 
 
 Friends' Book Association 624 
 
 American Book Company 625 
 
 McVey's Book Store 626 
 
 Ginn & Co 626 
 
 Christy & Son, VV'm 626 
 
 Burns, David R 627, 632 
 
 Boswell, William R 628 
 
 The Security Trust and Life Insurance Co 628 
 
 United Firemen's Insurance Co 628 
 
 Sharpless tt Watts 629 
 
 Butler cSc Co., E. H 630 
 
 Barnes it Co., A. S 630 
 
 Eggleston, Rufus E 630 
 
 D'Olier Electric Company 631 
 
 Gilbert & Bacon .' 632 
 
 Artman-Treichler Co., E. R 632 
 
 Keystone Plaster Co 633 
 
 .Mount Vernon Institute of Elocution and Languages . . 634 
 
 Sturts, Ernest H 634 
 
 Poulson, .Andrew R 634 
 
 Pancoast Ventilator Co., The 635 
 
 Stewart, George W 636 
 
 Pennsylvania Gas Fixture Co 636 
 
 Page, 
 
 Schrack & Sherwood 636 
 
 The Teacher 637 
 
 Castle it Heilman 637 
 
 Gourley, Samuel, Jr 638 
 
 Howell, L. 0.,Jr 638 
 
 McCarron, John 638 
 
 Borsch it Co., J. L 639 
 
 Parkview Publishing Co 639 
 
 Benar, S. B 639 
 
 Silver, Burdett ct Company 639 
 
 Shappell.J. M 640 
 
 McManus, M 640 
 
 Roberts, Henry R 640 
 
 Knickerbocker Lime Co 640 
 
 McCaul, Charles 641 
 
 Phillips ct Moon 642 
 
 Whiting Paper Co 642 
 
 Briggs, A. J. 642 
 
 Eldredge it Bro 642 
 
 Thompson Bros 643 
 
 Philadelphia Institute 643 
 
 Pierson, Charles L 643 
 
 Jordan, J. H 644 
 
 Peterson, E. H. it Co " . . . 644 
 
 School Supply Publishing Co 644 
 
 Burk & McFetridge Co 645 
 
 677 
 
Index — Classified 
 
 BICYCl.ES. <»AS AND KIjECTRIC FIXTURES. 
 
 Schrack .Sc Sherwood ^^^ Pennsylvania c;as Fixture Co 636 
 
 BUIIiDER ANI> REAIi ESTATE EXPERT. HARDWARE, TIN AND SHEET-IRON. 
 
 Jordan, J. H ^44 Poulson, Andrew R 634 
 
 CARPENTERS AND HUlliDERS. HEATING AND VENTILATING. 
 
 Christy .Sc Son, Wm 626 ^^^^^^^ ^^^^.^ ^ ^27, 632 
 
 Sturts, Ernest H 634 Thompson Bros 643 
 
 Stewart, Geo. W. . ■ 036 
 
 Gourley,Jr., Samuel 638 HOUSE AND SIGN PAINTER. 
 
 McManus, M 640 ^^appell, J. M 640 
 
 McCaul, Charles 041 
 
 Pierson, Charles L ^43 INKS AND MUCILAGE. 
 
 CARPETS, Olli CLOTH, MATTING, ETC. Barnes cSc Co., A. S 630 
 
 Artman-TreichlerCo.,E. R 632 INSURANCE.— FIRE. 
 
 CHAIRS-HIGH GRADE. l'"*tefl Firemen's Insurance Co 628 
 
 Wisler .Sc Son, I. H 623 INSURANCE.— LIFE. 
 
 CONTRACTORS ^ ''^ Security Trust and Life Insurance Co 62S 
 
 Christy it Son, Wm 626 LIMK. 
 
 Burns, David R 627. 632 Knickerbocker Lime Co 640 
 
 D'Olier Electric Co 631 
 
 Sturts, Ernest H 634 MAPS AND GRADE- WORK. 
 
 Stewart, Geo. W 636 y^g^^„_ ^,„ r 628 
 
 Gourley, Jr., Samuel 038 
 
 McManus, M 640 MERCHANT TAUiORS. 
 
 McCaul, Charles 641 phjnips & Moon 642 
 
 Thompson Bros. . 643 Peterson & Co., E. H 644 
 
 Pierson, Charles L 643 
 
 NERVOUS DISEASES. 
 DECORATOR. 
 
 _ , , . o Philadelphia Institute 643 
 
 McCarron, John 030 
 
 PHOTOGR A PH ERS. 
 DOOR HANGERS, CHECKS AND SPRINGS. 
 
 Gilbert ^ Bacon 632 
 
 Benar, S. B 639 
 
 PLASTER. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL JOURNALS. „ „, , _ ,„ 
 
 Keystone Plaster Co 033 
 
 The Teacher . 637 
 
 Castle & Heilman 637 PLUMBING, GAS AND STEAM PITTING. 
 
 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS. Burns, David R 627, 632 
 
 .. .„ . ^ . Howell, Jr., L. 638 
 
 D'Olier Electric Company 631 
 
 ELOCUTION AND LANGUAGES. PUBLISHERS. 
 
 Mount Vernon Institute 634 Parkview Publishing Co 639 
 
 Burk & McFetridge Co 645 
 
 ENGINEERS, MANUFACTURERS AND 
 
 CONTRACTORS. ROOFER. 
 
 Thompson Bros 643 Roberts, Henry R 640 
 
 679 
 
P^ge Page. 
 
 8APKTY SA8HKS. Butler .Sc. Co., E. H 630 
 
 Eggleston, Riifus K 630 Silver, Burdetl & Company 639 
 
 Eldredge & Bro 642 
 
 SCHOOL SUPPLIES, 
 
 Friends' Book Association 624 TIIjKS AND MOSAIC WORK. 
 
 Olcott, J. M 624 sharjiless cS: Walts 620 
 
 School Supply Publishing Co 644 
 
 SPECTACLES AND EYE GliASSES. ^ ENTILATOKS. 
 
 B , „ ^ , . ^ The Pancoast Ventilator 6^s 
 
 Borsch »Sc Co., J. 1 639 ■'^ 
 
 TEXT-BOOKS. WRITING PAPER. 
 
 Maynard, Merrill it Co 624 Whiting Paper Co 642 
 
 American Book Company 625 
 
 Ginn8:Co 626 WROUGHT IRON AND BRASS AVORK. 
 
 McVey's Book Store 626 Sharpless cSc Watts .629 
 
 680 
 
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