UD •X" N-4. UC-NRLF $B 30fi b3T REPO BOARD FOR EXAMINATION^ OF BREECH-LOADING MILITARY SMALL ARMS. STATE OF NEW YORK. > • i 3 •» i J > > V J ALBANY: WEED, PARSONS & COMPANY, PRINTERS. 1867. /Ky REPORT- NEW YOEK STATE ARSENAL, ^ New York City, April 6, 1867. \ To Brigadier-General S. E. Marvest, Adjiitcmt-Ge7ieral, Albany, N. Y. : The Board of Officers, convened under Special Order No. 2, dated January 10, 1867, make the following EEPOET, in accordance with the following orders : General Head-quaetees, State of New York Adjutant-General's Office, Albany, October 10, 1866. Special Orders, "| No. 322. J The following named officers are hereby appointed a com- mission to make examination and trial of the recent inventions and improvements in breech-loading military small arms, and especially of such inventions and improvements as have been made for alterations of the muzzle-loading militaiy arms now in use, viz. : Brigadier-General William Irvine, Adjutant-General. Brigadier-General George W. Palmer, Commissary-General of Ordnance. Colonel "William G. Ward, Twelfth Eegiment National Guard. Colonel George M. Baker, Seventy-fourth Eegiment Na- tional Guard, Colonel Silas W. Burt, Assistant Inspector-General. The said Board will convene at such time and place, and as often as circumstances may require, and make such tests and exper:rjeats a^sti^ll be calculated to prove the superiority of the difierent inventions and improvements which shall be 'tf&eted fo'- exandnation and trial, and make report thereof with all convenient dispatch. By order of the Commander-in-Chief, William Irvine, Adjutant-General. General Head-quaetees, State of New York, Adjutant-General's Office, Albany, November 29, 1866. $) Special Orders, ' No. 361. The Board of Officers, organized by Special Order No. 322, current series, to examine and test the inventions and improve- ments in breech-loading military small arms, of which Briga- dier-General "William Irvine, Adjutant-General, is j)resident, is hereby ordered to convene at the State Arsenal, corner of Thirty-fifth street and Seventh avenue, in the City of New York, on the 18th day of December next, 1866. By order of the Commander-in-chief, Jno. B. Stonehouse, Assistant Adjutant- General. The officers therein named assembled at the State Arsenal at New York City on the 18th day of December, 1866, and continued their sessions on the 19th, 20th, 21st, 22d and 24th days of the same month, all the members being present. A number of arms were presented and subjected to a few tests, and on the 24th day of December the Board, in reporting pro- gress to the Commander-in-Chief, submitted the following re- commendation : " In conclusion, the Board would respectfully represent that as there are many improvements being made in breech-loading arms, which may present new and desirable features, and as the Board feel no hesitation in saying that they have not had such full time and opportunity to make such examination in the premises as would be desirable, it respectfully recommends that further tests and examinations be ordered." Appreciating the representations made by the Board, the Commander-in-Chief caused the followino; order to be made : — 'to General Head-quarters, State of New York, Adjutant-General's Office, Albany, January 10, 1867. Special Orders, ") No. 2. J The Board appointed by Special Order ISTo. 322, for the " ex- amination and trial of the recent improvements and inventions in the breech-loading military small arms, and especially of such inventions and improvements as have been made for alter- ations of the muzzle-loading military arms now in use," will re-conveno at the State Arsenal on the 22d inst., at 10 A. M., to continue the examination of such arms as may be brought before it. The following officers comprise the Board : Brigadier-General George AV. Pahuer, Commissary-General of Ordnance. Brigadier-General William G. "Ward, commanding First Brigade, National Guard. Colonel George M. Baker, commanding Seventy-fourth Regi- ment, National Guard. Colonel Silas W. Burt, Assistant Inspector-General. Brigadier-General AVilliam Irvine retiring on account of the expiration of his term of ofKce. The Board will meet from time to time, as circumstances may require, and after their examination shall have been con- cluded, make a full report of their investigations, with such recommendations as they may deem proper, to these head- quarters. By order of the Commander-in-Chief, S. E. Marvin, Adjutant- General. 6 In pursuance whereof, the officers therein named assembled on the date and at the place ordered, having previously given, by publication of the order in the leading journals of New- York city, such notice as would secure a full representation of the most approved breech-loading arms yet devised. The Board held sessions on the 22d, 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, 28th, 29th, and 30th days of January, the 19th, 20th, 21st, 22d, 23d, 25th, 26tli, 27th, and 28th days of February, the 4th, 5th, 6th, 12th, 29th, and 30th days of March, and the 6th day of April. It being ascertained that all the arms entered at the Decem- ber session would be again presented, subject to such renewed and additional trials as might be established, it was, in view of the unsatisfactory results of the December trials, owing to want of time and preparation, deemed best to disregard those results, and commence de novo. In establishing a programme of examination, after extended consideration, it was concluded to confine the tests to such as would have a practical relation to the results in actual service. ISTor was it deemed necessary to consider, the conditions of twist and form of groove, or trajectory and accuracy at long range, all of which affect or are affected by the barrel simply. Neither was any limit fixed as to weight of arm, length and calibre of barrel, character of lock or ammunition, but these sev- eral points were noted in each arm and their merits and demerits taken into consideration. It therefore remained to subject the breech mechanism and appendages to such tests and examinations as would fully develop th(v qualities of those parts, and the following programme was adopted for all arms, converted and original single loading guns, as well as U.ugazine arms : 1st Test. Strength of breech mechanism, or resistance to recoil and continued service — to be tested by firing rapidly one hundred rounds — Avith at least sixty grains of government powder (stand- ard strength) and four hundi'ed and fifty grains of lead for muskets and rifles, and forty-five grains of powder and three hundred and fifty grains of lead for carbines — ninety-nine rounds w'^'i one ball and the one hundredth round with two balls ; the 4 »n to be fired from a fixed rest. The time expended in firing the ninetv-nine rounds will be recorded. 2d Test. Penetration, — to be tested by firing one cartridge of sixty grains of powder (standard government strength) and four hundred and fifty grains of lead, into a target of pine boards, one inch in thickness and placed one inch apart ; at a range of one hundred feet. When there is used a larger charge or different quality of powder, or greater weiglit of ball, or hardened by alloy of other metals than lead, these matters will be taken into consid- eration. 3d Test. Rapidity of fire from the shoulder at a target, with range of one hundred feet. Each arm to be fired by some person designated by the Board. The accuracy of fire will be consid- ered in this test. In addition, each exhibitor will be allowed to select a person to fire his arm for rapidity. 4th Test. Simplicity of mechanism and liabilities to derange- ment in ordinary service. 5tii Test. Liabilities to derangement by accidents common to the service or by defects in the ammunition. Gtii Test. Security against premature discharge or loss of cart- ridixc from the loaded arm in service. 7tii Test. Least obstruction to execution of the manual of arms, arising from peculiar mechanism of the breech-piece and appendages. 8th Test. Effects of moisture upon the action of the breech- piece. The arms will be subjected to the alternate action of moisture and exposure to the air, under the exclusive direction of the Board and for such time as tliey may consider satisfactory. 9tii Test. Effects of the introduction of extraneous matter (sand etc.,) into the open breech. IOtii Test. The different arms shall be exhibited by a distribu- tion of the several parts and reassembling them, the time of each operation being noted, at the same time the functions of the several parts will be explained by the exhibitor. Some explanatory remarks in regard to these several tests are necessar}^ to a full comprehension of the record of the several arms, and will materially abridge that record by obviating repetition : 1st. In testing the resistance of tlie breech-piece to recoil, the system of many charges of ordinary size, fired continuously and rapidly, was deemed preferable to largely increased charges of powder and lead, as being more in accordance with the trial of T- 8 actual service. It is one of the valuable peculiarities of tlie breech-loading system that no more than one charge can be contained in the gun, and until that is discharged it is impossi- ble to insert another. In service, the arm will have to sustain simply the test of service charges frequently fired — the ultimate resistance being a single charge exi^elled through a foul barrel. Seldom, if ever, will the discharges in actual service reach one hundred without opportunity of cleaning the barrel. But to simulate the action of further discharges a second ball was superadded on the one hundredth round. By firing the hun- dred rounds as rapidly as possible, the effects of a heated barrel were also obtained, while rapidity of movement detected any special disadvantages in the operation of the breech machinery. Imperfect lubrication in the cartridges subjected the Lamson and Hubbell guns to extraordinary tests, as will be noticed by the record, and induced the Board to investigate more carefully the matter of ammunition as a most important element in the proposition to be solved. 2d. Penetration depending as much, if not more, on the ammunition than the gun, the relative results are unimport- ant, as different kinds of cartridges were used, but the general result is satisfactory ; and, indeed, there is no reason why a breech-loader with metallic cartridge case should not equal in penetration a muzzle-loader with same barrel, both being loaded with similar charges. This test was principally valuable in ascertaining quality of the ammunition used by each exhibitor. 3d. In firing for rapidity it was deemed proper to make accuracy so much of an element as would induce an aim over the sights. Rapidity without aim has no practical value. Each arm was fired for this test at the public sessions by some person designated by the inventor, the target being 15^ inches in diameter. But to place all upon the same level, at the private sessions of the Board the arms were fired by privates from the National Guard, who had never handled a breech-loader before, «n and were given before firing five minutes to examine and work "^ the gun, after having the mechanism explained by a member of the Board. LL 9 The 4th, 7th and lOth points of the programme were also examined at the private sessions, and any defective or objection- able parts noted. The 5th point had in view the stability of the arm as a whole to resist the rough nsage of active service, the possibility of exploding cartridges in the magazine of a repeating arm, and also the stability of the piece and the immunity of the person firing if the cartridge case should burst at the head or split in the cylindrical part. To test the result of such defects in the ammunition, each gun was fired with the proper cartridges filed on the rim of the head, so as to burst with the explo- sion ; other cartridges were filed or cut longitudinally, so as to split when fired. These tests were deemed very important by the Board ; for while improved machinery has produced a more perfect cartridge, it is not only possible, but probable, that, in the manufacture of large quantities, imperfect cases will not be detected, no matter how carefully the metal may be inspected. In the rim-fire cartridge there is also danger of an excess of fulminate. In the determination of the 8th point, the efiects of moisture, the arms were carefully cleaned and the working parts thor- oughly washed with a strong solution of caustic soda to remove every trace of grease ; they were then placed side by side on a rack and occasionally moistened with snow water, being allowed to dry in the intervals, this being continued for thirty-six hours, after which common salt was dissolved in the water used, and the operation continued for twenty-four hours. The arms were then thoroughly dried before being tested. This experiment may be considered severe as compared with any j)robable expo- sure to moisture in service without protection by grease or opportunity to clean the arm. But the pieces being new and clean, and many of the parts polished and case-hardened, it was only by an exposure so thorough that all the possible con- tingencies of future service could be reached. When in this test it was found that rust impaired the action of any portion of the gun, it was in every case attempted to overcome it by simply working the parts, and if this failed, oil was applied and worked in until the rust was softened. 2 10 The 9tli Test was intended to stimulate tlie conditions possi- ble in the explosion of shells casting showers of sand and earth over troops, or of riflemen in pits or trenches, in all of which contingencies sand and dirt might fall into the open breech and possibly disable the arm. In the test, the breech of each gun, immediately after firing, and consequently fouled and greasy, was opened and a handful of fine dry white sand thrown into the breech and connected machinery. The exhibi- tor was then allowed to remove the sand without the use of instruments, by percussion and wiping oft' the parts with the fingers, the piece was then loaded, if possible, and discharged, and the ejection of the case noted. In further explanation of the descriptions of arms and record of tests it may be noted that the '* length of barrel " denotes the distance from the muzzle to the face of breech-block when breech is closed. The weight of arms is given in pounds and ounces avoirdupois. In the description is noted that the arm as presented was adapted to rim or center-fije cartridges as the case might be. It mav be remarked that anv of the suns examined could be adapted to either system of cartridge. The term '• recoil seat " has been applied to the abutment forming the back of receiver as being more exact than the terms '• breech " or " breech-pin.'' In the 10th test, the taking apart the several separate pieces of the breech mechanism and appendages has been termed " distributing " in contradistinction to " assembling "* or re-ad- justing and securing the parts into the complete arm. The letters in brackets refer to the table of cartridges on page 56. ARMS ADAPTED TO CONVERSIOX OF MUZZLE-LOADERS. I.— THE ALLm GUK Entered by A. H. Almy, Norwich, Conn. DESCRIPTION. Alteration or conversion of the U. S. Springfield Rifled Musket. Length of barrel, 36^ inches. Calibre, .50. Arranged for central-fire cartridges. Weight of entire arm, 91bs. 15oz. The original barrel of .58 calibre is re-enforced by the introduction of a tube of iron of such size after proper turning, reaming, etc., as to reduce the calibre to .50 ; this tube being brazed to the original barrel. In rifling, the twist is made one revolution in 40 inches, and the chamber has a taper of .075 inch. The breech-block revolves on a hinge at its forward end, and is attached by a strap soldered and screwed to upper part of barrel. No ^ claim is made as to form or action of breech-block, nor of the lock, nor of the positive extractor ; but peculiar advantage is claimed for the locking device of the breech-block attached to it, and by means of a bolt, which enters the recoil face firmly fastening the breech when closed, and more specially is advantage claimed for the re -enforcement and reduction of the calibre of the barrel, by wliicli greater accuracy, penetration and range are secured. 12 TESTS, 1st Test. — Ninety-nine 70-grain cartridges [H] fired in 6 min- utes and 10 seconds, during which time three additional cartridges missed fire. Two balls [480 grains each] were then fired with VO grains powder. The gun operated well, the ejector throwing out the empty cases with considerable and excessive force ; in firing in two ranks the rear rank would be discomjjosed by a shower of cases. This objection could be obviated by reducing the elastic force of the ejector. 2d Test. — With 70 grains powder and 480 grains lead [cart- ridge H] penetrated the fifteenth board. 3d Test. — Fired for exhibitor nine shots in one minute, of which seven struck the target. Fired by private soldier seven times in one minute. 4th Test. — Simj)licity and stability of mechanism approved. 5th Test. — Fired with a cartridge [H] filed thin on the head, three-quarters around ; the cartridge head w^ell bursted ; breech- block firm; the gas escaping through the orifice in the barrel, through which the ejector-spring works, split the stock immedi- ately beneath the orifice, driving off two jjieces. This difiiculty could be removed by using j^roposed improved ejector. Another similar cartridge filed in same manner was then fired, the breech remaining unaffected and no derangement of machinery. A simi- lar cartridge cut so as to split longitudinally was fired without affecting the gun. 6th Test. — This piece can be fired only when the breech is fully closed, and the peculiar lock of the breech-piece prevents loss of cai'tridge. Vth Test. — No more than muzzle-loader. 8th Test. — Breech opened and closed readily. Three cartridges [H] fired with satisfactory result. 9th Test. — Sand easily dislodged by percussion and cleansing with the fingers. 10th Test. — Distributed in four minutes and assembled in five minutes and thirty seconds. II.— THE ARONSON GUN. Entered by J. H. Aronson, No. 225 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Some tests were applied to this gun at the December ! 13 session, when it was withdrawn for improvements and changes. It w^as entered again February 19th and again withdrawn for proposed changes, and not returned in time for trial. TESTS. No tests. III.— THE BERDAN BEEECII-LOADING RIFLE. Entered by Hiram Berdan, New York City. DESCRIPTION. Presented as a conversion of the Springfield and Enfield muzzle-loading Rifles, and also for manufacture of new arms. Two arms presented : 1st — Converted Springfield Rifle ; length of baiTel, 37 inches ; calibre, .58 ; arranged for central-fire cartridges ; w^eight of en- tire arm, 9lbs. 14oz. 2d — Converted Enfield rifle ; length of barrel, 37^ inches; calibre, .577 ; arranged for central-fire cartridges ; weight of entire arm, 91bs. 4oz. Breech-block of one solid piece of metal, falling into the breech-receiver, which is formed by cutting away upper part of barrel immediately in front of breech- pin. The block revolves in a vertical plane, and is hinged on its forward end to a strap, which is attached to the top of barrel, but not permanently, having a sliding motion in line of bore of .04 of an inch. The recoil shoulder being perpendicular to line of bore, the motion of the strap admits the closing of the breech, and locks it without any additional device. The breech- block and strap can be instantly detached from the barrel, exposing to inspection the entire mechanism. The cartridge case is withdrawn by positive motion, by a projection on one of the knuckles of the hinge, and is flipped by the agency of a disc, like a cam, working on the hinge pin, to which, at a certain point, sudden 14 and strong motion is given by a spring, located under the strap. Same lock retained as in original piece. A lip on the breech block, projecting under the hammer when closed, effectually prevents premature explosion. The firing-pin passes through the breech-block. In addition, peculiar advantages are claimed for the car- tridges used with this gun. TESTS. 1st Test. — Ninety-nine YO-grain cartridges [B], fired by Mr. George Wilson, in six minutes and twenty seconds, during which time eight additional cartridges missed lire, the primers being fresh and not perfectly dried. Two balls of 460 grains each were then fired with 70 grains of powder. The breech-strap was then detached from the barrel, and the breech-block put in place, with- out attachment to the gun, and a 70-gi"ain cartridge [B] fired, the breech-block not being moved by the explosion. One hundred rounds of 100-grain cartridges [A] were fired in five minutes and thirty-five seconds, by Colonel Berdan, both hands being used to load and fire. 2d Test. — On first trial cartridge [B], the ball penetrated the ninth board ; on second trial, passed through the eleventh board. 3d Test. — Seven shots fired in one minute by Mr. Wilson, all of which entered the target. By a private soldier, seven shots were fired in one minute. 4th Test. — Simplicity and stability of mechanism approved. 5th Test. — Fired an altered Enfield with 100-2;rain cartridgre [A] filed half round the head, the breech-block not being attached ; it was blown out. On second trial, the breech-block beins attached, the block Avas torn from the barrel and blown off", and the hammer broken. It subsequently appearing that the above piece was made upon an old model, and its sustention of above test not claimed, the exhibitor Avas allowed to substitute an altered Spring- field, the breech-block differing from the former, by enterino- the chamber of the barrel one-ciorhth of an inch. This s:un, the breech-block being attached, was fired with a VO-grain cartridge [B] filed half way round, the breech-block remaining undisturbed by the discharge. Two more trials of same character Avere made, with satisfactory results. Fired with a 100-grain cartridge [A], 15 split longitudinally, -without affecting the breech or ejecting me- chanism. 6tii Test. — This gun can be fired only when the breech is closed. A strong lip is attached to the breech-block, and in case the breech is open slightly, the hammer strikes this lip and closes the breech, or if ojien wider, the hammer, striking the lip, is arrested, and lails to reach the firing pin. The lock of the breech, as far as loss of cartridge is concerned, is secured by the hammer when down. When the latter is cocked, the breech is kept closed. When the gun is held with the breech downward, by the friction of the surfaces simply. To prove that the locking of the breech does not depend on the hammer, the gun Avas fired with 70-grain cartridges several times, without dropping the ham- mer, the cartridge being exploded by a long firing pin, driven in by a forcible blow. 7th Test. — No more than muzzle-loader, 8th Test. — Breech o^^ened and closed easily. Six 100-grain cartridges [A] were fired, the cases being drawn by the retractor, but not ejected, the rust having impaired the action of the ejector spring. Such a result would not be apt to occur from any moist exposure in ordinary service. 9th Test. — Sand removed readily by percussion and cleansing with the fino;er. 10th Test. — Distributed in eighteen seconds, and assembled in forty-two seconds. ly.— THE CHABOT BREECH-LOADING MUSKET. Entered by Fitch, Van Vechten & Co., New York City. DESCEIPTION. An altered Springfield musket. The breech-receiver is made by cutting away more than half the barrel from the top downward and directly in front of breech- pin. The breech-block swings on trunnions attached to a strap fastened on top of the barrel, the revolution being in a vertical plane and toward the muzzle. The breech is locked when closed, the block being operated by a projecting liandle opposite the hammer. The 16 retractor is operated by the movement of the breech- block and the case is flipped by a spring placed beneath the barrel. TESTS. The exhibitor being absent, no tests were applied to this arm after the December session. Y.— THE COCHRAN GUK Model exhibited. Not prepared for trial. YI.— THE EMPIEE BREECH-LOADING RIFLE, NO. 1. Entered by George B. Walter, No. 64 Broadway, New York City. DESCRIPTION. An original arm, though adapted to conversion of muzzle-loaders. Length of barrel 33 inches. Calibre, .50. Arranged for rim-fire cartridges. Weight of entire arm, 9 lbs. 12 ozs. Breech-block of one solid piece of metal semi-circular in form, hinged to the bar- rel on left hand side and operating at right angles to the barrel, and dropping into a receiver between the cartridge chamber and recoil shoulder, and locked in position by a spring bolt operated by knob on right hand side of the block. The retractor, retracting bar at right angles to bore of barrel, and retractor lever and spring are located in the under part of breech- receiver and operated by the movement of the breech- block. In alteration of muzzle-loaders, the barrel would be cut off and a new breech-receiver screwed on. The lock is peculiar. TESTS. 1st Test, — Fired with 45-grain cartridges [X] uinety-uine times in six minutes and forty-five seconds. During the firing a diffi- culty in fully opening the breech, and so extracting cartridge case, was noticed ; otherwise the trial was satisfactory. Then fired with 45 grains of powder and two balls of 335 grains each, with- out any derangement. 17 2d Test, — With 00 griiins powder and 350 grains lead pene- trated tlie eleventh board. 3r> Test. — Fired on behalf of exhibitor by Mr. Smith, times in a minnte. 4tii Test. — Mechanism siini)le and stron<^. Stii Test. — Fired with a 45-grain cartridge [N] iiled lialf way round without effect on the breech. With a 60-grain cartridge [LJ with the same result, though chamber and breech machinery were much fouled. A 'ZO-grain cartridge [I] filed half way round, the head bursting Avell, raised the breech-block and hammer about one-tenth of an inch and the retractor cap was moved out about same distance. Fired with a 00-grain cartridge sjdit longitu- dinally without affecting the breech. 6tii Test. — This gun can be fired only Avhen breech is closed, and the lock bolt on breech-block prevents loss of ammunition, Ttii Test. — Equal to Springfield muzzle-loading rifle. 8th Test. — Rusted so that retractor would not play in its groove and resisted the closing of the breech-cap. Could not be moved until after being well oiled, when the retractor was loosened and the cap closed. The gun was then fired twice with 45-grain cart- ridges [X] the machinery working well. 9tii Test. — Sand removed by percussion and brushing out Avilh the fingers, the breech was th.en readily closed, but the retractor worked with difliculty — this piece plays in a groove, Avhich retains the sand. After working the retractor to and fro for a short time, the sand in groove was mostly dislodged. 10th Test. — Dismounted in two minutes and five seconds, and assembled in four minutes. YII.— THE EMPIRE BREECH-LOADING RIFLE, NO. 2. Entered by George B. Walter, No, 64 Broadway, New York City. description. A Converted Springfield rifle. Length of barrel, 39 inches. Calibre, .58. Arranged for rim-fire cartridges. Weight of entire arm, 9lbs. 4oz, The barrel of the muzzle-loader is cut through immediately in front of breech-pin and swings on a hinge 32^ inches from the muzzle and G's inches from the breech, the stock being 18 divided at same point to allow motion. Tlie barrel drops down at the muzzle, the breech rising- about two inches to insert the cartridge, the limit of motion being controlled by a bridle attached to the breech and the stock. The stock underneath the breech is re-enforced by a plate of iron inserted in it. The breech is locked by a bolt passing- from the breech-pin under the barrel and operated by a spring. The original barrel, stock and lock are retained, and the gun presents about the same appearance as before the alteration. The motion of cocking the piece opens the breech and retracts the cartridge-case. TESTS. 1st Test. — Fired with two 60-grain cartridges [D] ninety-nine times in four minutes and forty seconds ; then fired with 60 grains powder and two balls of 480 grains each. The gun withstood this test well. 2d Test. — With cartridge [D] of GO grains powder and 480 grains lead penetrated into the twelfth board. 3d Test. — Paired for exhibitor by Mr. Isaac Smith eighteen shots in one minute, four of which were in the target. Fired by private soldier six times in one minute. 4Tn Test. — The breech mechanism very simple, but the connec- tion of the barrel to the stock at 6f inches from the breech by a single pin of comparatively small diameter, and the division of the stock at that point, are deemed elements of weakness. 5th Test. — Fired with a 60-grain cartridge [D] filed thin on one side, failed to derange the breech, but slightly bent the extractor. On second trial with similar cartridge the stock immediately in front of guard was split into several pieces. Permission havino- been granted, the gun was Avithdrawn for repairs, and another and superior stock put in and again presented. Fired twice with 60- grain cartridges filed half round, without affecting the gun. Upon third trial with similar cartridge the stock split in same manner as on former trial, several pieces being driven ott*, but the gun other- wise unimpaired. Fired with a GO-grain cartridge split longitudi- nally without aftecting the gun. 19 Gth Tkst. — No danger of cxplodinj^ tlu' cartridge before the breecli is closed, nor of loss of aninuinition. 7x11 Test. — Equal in this respect to niu/zlc-loader. 8tii Test. — Rusted so that extractor and l)reech-lock would not operate. Upon application of oil the rusted parts were loosened, and thiee CO-grain cartridges tired, the parts working well. 9tii Test. — Sand was easily dislodged by percussion. IOth Test. — Distributed in thirty seconds and assembled in forty-live seconds. VIII.— THE FIT( II 6c POWEKS GUN. Entered by Fitch, Van Veciitex & Co., Fifty-second street, New York City. DESCRirXION. Tliis gun was exhibited in reference simply to the retractor, which, for example, was attached to an Allin Gun [I]. As the patent had not been secured, the description is omitted ; but it may be stated that the Board considered the improvement well worthy of con- sideration, though being merely an element in a prac- tical breed i-loader, it could not enter into full competi- tion with arms presented as complete combinations. To exhibit the action of the retractor the gun was sub- mitted to a few tests and tlien withdrawn. tests. 1 ST Test. — Xinety-nine rounds of 60-grain cartridges were fired in eight minutes and fifty-two seconds. Then fired Avith 60 grains powder and 960 grains of lead. The retractor worked well during this test, drawing and expelling the empty cases without failure. 2d Test. — With 60 grains of powder and 480 grains of lead penetrated the twelfth board. 3d Test. — Fired by the exhibitor, Mr. J. P. Fitch, twelve times in one minute, two balls in the target. 9tii Test. — The action of the breech-piece was somewliat dis- abled at first, but being finally freed from sand by percussion and wiping, it worked more satisfactorily. 20 This gun having been entered simply as an inii^rovement on the Allin Gun [I] as for as retractor is concerned, it was not submitted, to further test. IX.— GKAY'S BREECH-LOADING RIFLE. Entered b}^ Joshua Geay, Boston, Mass. DESCRIPTION. For conversion of muzzle-loading arms and also as an original arm. Length of barrel 38^ inches. Calibre .50. Adapted to rim-fire cai'tridges. Weight of entire arm, 9 lbs. 14 ozs. The gun presented was a converted Springfield. The barrel of the original gun is cut off just in front of the breech-pin and screwed into a breech-receiver, in which works the breech-block, composed of two parts, the breech pin which closes the breech and receives the direct recoil, transmitting it through the breech lever to the recoil seat which is perpendicular to the axis of the barrel. A handle to the lever extends back over the stock, which being raised lifts the recoil shoulder above the receiver (the breech-pin and lever being hinged together), the lever is then drawn directly back, bring- ing the breech- pin to the rear of receiver, the cartridge is then dropped into the space in the receiver vacated by the pin, and the motions above described being reversed, the cartridge is inserted in the chamber and the breech closed. The retractor plays in a recess in the bottom of the receiver with a positive motion— the motion of the lever in operating tlie breech-pin. The cartridge flipper is placed beneath the barrel. There is only one spring that locks the breecli. TESTS. 1st Test. Fired ninety-nine 60-grain cartridges [FJ in eight minutes. Then fired with 60 grains powder and 960 grains lead. All parts of the mechanism worked well during and after this trial. 21 '2\) TicsT.— With GO-o;rain cartridge [F] iicnctrated the twelfth board, 3i) Tkst. — Eight rounds were fired by the exhibitor (Mr. Gray) ill fifty-five seconds, seven balls entering the target. Private sol dier fired six rounds in one minute. 4x11 Test. — The breech-block strong and simple, the knob for working is however small and difticult to manipulate. The retrac tor is strong and positive in motion, operated by the breech-lever. oTii Tkst. — Fired Avith a GO-grain cartridge [E] filed round one- lialf the head, Avhich slightly raised the breech-lever. A similar cartridge on second trial raised tlie lever entirely above its bearing. A similar cartridge not filed on the head, but split lon- gitudinally did not aflfect the arm. 6tii Test. — Security against premature discharge is perfect, as hammer cannot strike firing pin till the breech is entirely closed, nor would cartridge be lost from the chamber by accidental open- ing of the breech. Ytii Test. — Unobjectionable under this test. 8th Test. — Impossible to raise the breech-lever except by means of a rod placed through orifice immediately below the knob [see 4th test.] After oiling the working parts, three 60-grain cart- ridges [E] were fired with satisfactory result. 9x11 Test. — Sand easily dislodged by percussion and cleaning with the fingers. lOxH Tesx. — Distributed in thirty seconds and assembled in fifty-five seconds. X.— IIUBBELL'S BEEECII-LOADIXG RIFLE. Entered by James H. Orxe, Philadelphia, Pa. DESCRIPTION. For conversion of mnzzle-loading arms or as original arm. The gun presented was an altered Springfield rifle, Calibre .50, and adapted to central-fire cartridges. The barrel of original gun is cut off in front of the breech- pin, and screwed into a new breech-receiver. The breech-block consists of two parts, one of them is hinged to back part of receiver and opens upward, moving in a vertical plane. The other works back and oo forth in grooves in the receiver find is attached to the former part by two slotted hnks. The first part being raised (working upon the hinges in its rear) draws back the second part which leaves sufficient space in the receiver for the cartridge w^hich is dropped in and the hinged block being depressed, drives the front block forward, forcing the cartridge into the chamber, when the two blocks occupy the receiver and transmit the recoil in the line of axis of the -barrel to the square recoil seat. The cartridge is retracted by a small steel hook attached to the front block and workino- in a slot in the receiver. It is flipped by suddenly opening the breech which gives a rapid movement to the case, when it strikes a projection in the bottom of receiver which tilts it and throws it out. The lock of ori^-inal g-un is retained, the percussion being transmitted to the cart- ridge by means of a firing pin composed of three parts — two parts in the back block, wliicli change the line of motion, and the other j^art in the front block. TESTS. 1st Test. — Fired ninety-nine 60-grain cartridges [K] in thirteen minntes and thirty-two seconds. An extra ball taken from cart- ridge [K] was then placed in the nuizzle and driven down with a ramrod, the resistance was very great and it was only after coiv tinued eifort by driving the rammer with heavy blows that the ball was rammed down. It finally dislodged from the interior of the barrel, about thirteen inches from the muzzle, a mass of mingled burnt powder and lead amounting to half a gill, which had graduall}^ adhered to the bore. The ball finally driven through was entirely disfigured, being elongatctl, its greatest diameter reduced from .52 to .49, while the ])art that first met the obstruction and Avas driven into it before the mass was dislodged was reduced to an average of .38 of an inch in diameter for a length of .2 of an inch. From this it is evident that a por- tion of the barrel was practically reduced in calibre to .38 of an inch, through which small aperture balls of a calibre of .50 of an inch were driven by 60 gi*ains of powder. The strenotli of tlic breech, and especially of the barrel, ^vere well attested by this un]»rrmedit:i(ed result. Upon an examina- tion of the cartiidii;es, it Avas evident that the folding was occa- sioned by inadequate lubrication of the cartridges, although manu- factured at an United States arsenal. Tlie gun was not submitted to the test of two balls, the test being considered unnecessary after the above-described endurance of the parts. 2d Test. — With 60-grain cartridge [K], penetrated the twelfth board. 3d Test. — Fired by Mr. J. M. Cooper, on behalf of exhibitor, eiirht times in fiftv-six seconds; three balls in the target. The gun was withdrawn before being submitted to firing by private soldier, or to the other tests. XI.— JOSLYN'S CAP BEEECII-LOADIXG EIFLE. Entered by Mr. William Hekrick, New York Citj. DESCRIPTION. As an orio'Inal arm, and also for conversion of muz- zle-loaders. Length of barrel, 28 inches ; calibre, .50 ; adapted to rim-fire cartridges ; weight of entire arm, 9 lbs. 8 ozs. For conversion of muzzle-loaders, the original barrel is cut off and screwed into a breech- receiver. The breech-block is a semi-circular cap, hinged upon the left side of receiver, and revolving at right angles to axis of barrel, and when closed, a projecting rim falls in front of the rim of receiver, where barrel is screwed in and fits closely to the barrel. The rear of the cap, when closed, rests against the recoil-seat, which, together with the projecting rim, gives a recoil support in front and rear ends of cap ; a simple spring-bolt, operated by a knob on right side of receiver, secures the cap when closed. The retractor is worked b^' a screw on the liino-e of the cap, drawing the shell directly back. There is no 24 peculiarity in the lock, the firing-pin being in usual shape and remarkably strong. TESTS. ]ST Test. — Ninety-nine 45-grain cartridges [N] fired in seven minutes and forty-five seconds. Fired then with 45 grains powder and two balls of 355 grains each. The gun bore this test well. 2d Test. — With 45 grains powder and 355 of lead, penetrated the eleventh board. 3d Test. — Ten shots fired in one minute by Mr. Joslyn, of which eight struck the target. Eight shots in one minute fired by a private soldier. 4th Test. — Mechanism simple and retractor especially strong. Stii Test. — A 45-grain cartridge, filed half way roimd, failed to disturb the breech. Another similar cartridge fired with same result. The gun was withdrawn by exhibitor, and gas vent bored through the toj) of cap. It was then fired with a CO-grain car- tridge [L], filed half way round, and the breech was midisturbed. The hinge pin and lock catch of the breech-cap were then removed, the ca^) simply resting in place unattached, and the gun was fired with a 60-grain cartridge [L] without affecting the cap. Fired with a 60-grain cartridge split longitudinally, without affecting the gun or its mechanism. 6tii Test. — The hammer, in falling, strikes the breech-cap in such manner as to prevent premature dischai'ge, and the lock catch secures the breech in any position of the gun. Yth Test. — The mechanism of the breech being compact, it offers no obstructions. 8th Test. — Unaffected by moisture, the working j^arts being well case-hardened, resisted the action of water. 9th Test. — Sand dislodged by percussion of the gun and cleansincc with the fin2jers, though not without some labor. IOth Test. — Distributed in forty seconds, and assembled in one minute. 25 XII.— THE JOSLYN" SAVING-BREECII GUN". Entered by Mr. William IIerrick, New York City. DESCRIPTION. As an original arm and also for conversion of muzzle- loaders. Length of barrel, 36^ inches ; calibre, .50 ; adapted to rim-fire cartridges ; weight of entire arm, 10 lbs. 8 ozs. For conversion of muzzle-loaders, the barrel is cut off and screwed into a breech-receiver. The breech- block is a solid piece of metal (weighing about a pound), which revolves in a horizontal plane, on a large pivot in rear of receiver, the motion being to the left in opening the breech. There is a shoulder on the lower face of the block, toward the rear, which revolves on a corresponding shoulder on the bottom of receiver, which shoulders resist the recoil, none being sustained by the point of revolution. The breech, when closed, is locked by a spring-bolt, operated by a knob on the right-hand side. The re- tractor, working in the bottom of the receiver, and operated by the swinging of the breech-block, has a positive motion. No peculiarity in lock or firing-pin. TESTS. 1st Test, — Ninety-nine CO-grain cartridges [L] fired in eight minutes and thirty seconds; tlien fired witli GO grains powder and two halls of 380 grains each without aftecting the mechanism or free working of the gun. 2d Test. — Penetrated tenth board with GO grains powder and 380 grains of lead [L]. 3d Test. — Fired by Mr. Joslyn eight shots in one minute, all of Avhich struck the target. Seven shots in a minute fired by private soldier. 3 26 4th Test. — Breecli-picce being a solid piece of metal is very stable ; the other mechanism is strong and simple. 5th Test, — Fired with a 60-grain cartridge [L] filed half way- round, the breech and mechanism were iinaifected, but the escape of gas between face of block and barrel would have severl}^ burned the hand of a person firing. A second cartridge [L] filed in same manner was fired and opened the stock slightly, and jammed the breech so tightly that it required the blows of a hammer to open it. Fired with a similar cartridge split longitudinally without aifecting the gun. 6th Test. — Secure from premature discharge or loss of cart- ridge when loaded. Tth Test. — No obstructions. 8th Test. — The retractor groove being much rusted the retrac- tor could not play and breech could not be closed. After the breech had been partially closed and opened full, several times, the retractor moved and breech was closed. Three 45-grain cart- ridges were then fired satisfactorily. 9th Test. — Sand easily removed by percussion. 10th Test. — Distributed in two minutes and thirty-five seconds- and assembled in four minutes and fifty-five seconds. XIII.— THE LAMS0:N^ BREECH-LOADING RIFLE. Entered by the Windsor Manufacturing Company, Windsor, Vt. DESCRIPTION. For conversion of muzzle-loading arms or as an original arm. Two arms entered, both converted Springfield muskets and similar in all respects, except one adapted to rim-fire and the other to central-fire cartridges. Length of barrel, 37 inches. Calibre, .58. Weight of entire arm, 9 lbs. 14 oz. The breech-receiver is formed by cutting away the upper part of the barrel in front of the breech-pin. The breech-block is rebated longitudinally to the car- rier-block, which is hinged on its front end to a strap firmly secured by means of lugs and screws to the top 27 of tho barrel in front of the receiver. Tlie firing-pin passes through both blocks and is retained by a small screw on top of t:ie carrier-block, Avhich screw also limits the slidino- motion of the blocks on each other to 0.05 inch. This motion is necessary to obtain the square recoil shoulder combined with rotary motion on the hinge. The retractor is rotary, consisting of a small disk or cam working- on the pin of the hinge, the cartridge case being drawn by a positive motion as the breech is opened, when at a certain point a sudden accelerated motion is given to the retractor by a flat spring on top of the strap, which motion ejects the case over-ways in back of receiver. A lip on the carrier- block projects beneath the hammer when closed, and prevents accidental explosion before breech is closed, and by aid of the hammer assists in locking the breech. TESTS OF Em-FIRE GUN. 1st Test, — Fired ninety-nine 60-grain cartridges [D] in six minutes and forty-six seconds. It Avas noticed that the barrel be- came unusually hot and the recoil gradually increasing as the firing progressed. On ramming down a ball from the muzzle great difficulty Avas experienced, and it was only by long-continued blows with a hammer that the ball was forced to the breech, Avhen it brought out a largo qmmtity of burnt powder and lead. This result, as in the Ilubbell gun heretofore mentioned, was occasioned by lack of lubricant on the bullets, and as in that case United States cartridges were used. The piece was then fired with 60 grains powder and two balls of 480 grains each. The entire test was satisfactory, and the gun successfully sustained a greater strain than that proposed. 2d Test. — With V2 grains powder and 480 grains of lead [C] the ball penetrated the eleventh board. With similar charge, on second trial, penetrated the tAvelfth board. 3d Test. — Fired by C. S. AVight on behalf of exhibitor twelve times in one minute, four balls striking the target. Fired by pri- vate soldier seven times in one minute. 4tii Test. — Mechanism simple and strong. 28 5th Test. — Fired with a 60-grain cartridge [E] filed on the head half way round, the breech-block was blown open, the lip beneath the hammer being broken off and the hinge broken, the strap attached to the barrel was also loosened. [The gun being completely disabled by Test No. 5 was not submitted to further trials, except that Test No. 9 had been ap- plied previously.] 9tii Test. — Sand readily removed by ordinary means, though some difficulty was encountered in inserting cartridge. teets of centre-fire. 1st Test. — There were fired 16, IG, 15, 15, 15, 11 and 7 cart- ridges [60 grains] in successive minutes, with a number of mis- fires. After the 86th dischai'ge the cases became fixed in the chamber and the retractor would not draw them. The remaining 13 cartridges were fired at irregular intervals, two and a half min- utes beinf? taken at one time to draw a case. It was not deter- mined whether this resulted from any defect in the chamber or mechanism of the breech or use of unsuitable cartridges. The tests applied to the Lamson rim-fire gun, in all respects similar excejDt in position of the firing-pin, were satisfactory as to this test. 2d Test. — With 60 grains powder and 480 grains lead pene- trated into the eleventh board. 3d Test. — Fired on behalf of exhibitor twelve times in one minute, eleven balls entering the target. Fired by private soldier seven times in one minute. 4th Test. — Same as Lamson's rim-fire. 5th Test. — Fired with a 60-grain cartridge filed on the head half way round ; the breech blown open, bending up the hinge- strap attached to barrel so that breech could not thereafter be closed. [This gun being disabled by the last-named test was not sub- jected to further trials.] XIY. — MILBANK'S SIDE-GATE BEEECII-LOADER. Entered by J. M. Milbanks, Greenville Hill, Conn. DESCRIPTION. A converted Springfield rifle ; also intended for original arms. Length of barrel, 36| inches. Calibre, .58. Adapted to rim-fire cartridges. Weight of entire 29 arm, 9 lbs. 4 oz. The barrel cut out in front of breecli- l)in on top and rig-lit-liand side to receive breech-block, Avhich is hinged to front of receiver, moving in a hori- zontal plane to the right in opening tlie breech. Locks by the hammer catching over projection on rear end of breech-block, the hammer being secured by a notched bolt let into lock-plate. Lock of original gun retained. Retractor worked by movement of breech-block, and on the principle of a cant-hook, working in a recess cut in the face of the breecli-block, seizing the flange of the shell and being kept fed to its grasp by the action of a spring, draws the shell fully seven-eighths of an inch, insuring its entire release. Rapid movement secures ejection. TESTS. 1st Test. — Fired ninety-nine 60-grain cartridges [E] in six min- utes and fifty-five seconds ; then fired with 60 grains powder and 9G0 grains lead ; the gun not aftected in any part. 2d Test. — With 60 grains powder and 480 grains of lead [cart- ridge E] the ball penetrated the eleventh board. 3d Test, — Fired by Mr. S. H. Pennoyer for exhibitor nine shots in one minute, all of which struck the target. By private soldier, eight rounds in sixty-one seconds. 4tii Test. — Simple and stable. 5TII Test.— Fired with a 60-grain cartridge [E] filed half Avay round without affecting the mechanism. Fired with similar cart- ridge filed three-quarters way round ; breech-block blown open, but gun not otherwise affected nor mechanism deranged. Fired with similar cartridge split longitudinally without in any way disabling the piece. 6th Test. — Cannot be fired except when breech is closed, nor can cartridge be dropped from chamber as the breech-block is locked in position. 7th Test. — No more obstructions than in muzzle-loading arms. 8th Test, — Breech opened and closed, but Avith great difficulty at first, but more readily after being worked to and fro. Three 60-grain cartridges then fired with satisfactory result. 30 9th Test. — The breech readily cleansed from sand with the fingers. 10th Test. — This gun was not dismounted. TESTS OF CENTKE FIKE, Only tested for rapidity by Mr. S. II. Pennoyer for the ex- hibitor. Eight shots (and tAVO misfires from imperfect cartridges) in one minute. XV.— MEIGS' BEEECPI-LOADIXG EIFLE. Entered by Mr. J. V. Meigs, Lowell, Mass. DESCRIPTION. For conversion of muzzle-loading arms. The gun presented was a converted Springfield rifle. Lengtli of barrel oil inches. Calibre .58. Adapted to rim-fire cartridges. Weight of entire arm 9 lbs. 4 ozs. The original barrel has a vertical mortise about two inches in length cut through it at the breech, into which a rectangular breech-block is fitted. A plate is put on the mider side of the neck of the stock, taking the same curve ; to this plate the old guard plate with trigger and bow is so attached that it can slide to the rear. To the front end of the guard plate an elbowed con- necting piece is pivoted, which has a pin on one side at or near the elbow, working in a horizontal slot in the side of the rectangular block. Upon the other side of the connecting piece there is another pin working in a guide slot in a plate attached to the slide plate. Draw- ing the guard backward, this connecting piece at its pivoted end moves with it and by* means of the pin on the side Avorking in the slot assisted by the pin on the other side working in the guide slot, pulls the block down to the rest, at the same time the disengaged end of the elbow hooks over the rim of the shell in the barrel, and then slides, following the slots in the block and guide, horizontally to the rear, retracting the shell I 31 and tlirowina" it out of the receiver. The method of loading reverses the above operation, the cartridge being dropped into the receiver is inserted in the chamber by tlie retractor in its return movement. [Since the above description and the tests given below, the gun has been shown informally to members of the Board, with certain important improvements.] TESTS. 1st test. — Ninety-nine GO-grain cartridges [D] fired in five minutes and forty seconds — tlien fired with GQ^rariis powder and two balls of 480 grains eaeli. Mechanism not in any respect affected. 2d test. — With 60 grains powder and 480 grains lead the hall penetrated the eleventh board. 3d test. — Fired by the inventor sixteen times in one minute, seven balls striking the target. Fired by private soldier eight times in one minute. 4tii test. — Mechanism simple and from peculiarity of the move- ments Avell adapted for rapid manipulation in firing. A large friction surface in the moving parts requiring care in manufacture to prevent undue wear. oTii TEST. — Fired twice with CO-grain cartridges [E] filed half and three-quarters Avay round without in any way aflecting the mechanism. Fired with similar cartridge split longitudinally without aftecting the gun. Gtu TEST. — Can be fired only when breech is closed and an efficient lock of breech-piece prevents loss of cartridge from cham- ber. Ttii test. — Xo obstructions. Stii test. — It was impossible to move the breech-block, the large sliding surfaces being rusted produced a friction which it [was impossible to overcome. A liberal application of oil which I was allowed to penetrate to all the working surfaces enabled [the breech to be moved and after a little working to and fro, the mechanism Avorked freely. Three GO-grain cartridges [E] were then fired with satisfiictory results. 9tii test. — After repeated ])ercussion, most of the sand was removed, the mechanism being slightly obstructed by what 32 remained, but after some difficulty its efficiency was restored and a 60-grain cartridge exploded and case ejected. IOth test. — Distributed in two minutes and forty-five seconds, and assembled in one minute and fifteen seconds, XYI.— MONTSTOEM BREECH-LOADIXG RIFLE. Entered by Mr. Poultney, Baltimore, Md. DESCRIPTION. For conversion of Muzzle-loading arms. The gun presented was an altered Springfield rifle. Length of barrel 06] inches. Calibre .58. Adapted to rim-fire cart- ridges. Weight of entire arm, 9 lbs. 4 ozs. The receiver formed by cutting away the upper part of barrel in front of breech-pin, in which the breech- block lies, being hinged on its forward end to a strap attached firmly to the barrel in front of receiver and having a motion in a vertical plane. The breech-block is locked by a bolt which enters its rear end and moved by the mechanism of the lock — i. e. — entering and withdrawing from the block as the hammer is dropped or raised. The retractor is positive in its action and the firing-pin in usual form and passing through the breech block. The lock of original gun is retained. TESTS. 1st Test. — Fired ninety-nine 60-grain cartridges [E] in seven minutes and nine seconds. Then fired with 60 grains jjowder and two balls of 480 grains each. The mechanism worked well. 2d Test. — With GO grains powder and 480 grains lead, pene- trated through ten boards. 3d Test. — Fired by Mr. A. G. Sinclair, for exhibitor, eleven times in fifty-seven seconds, seven balls entering the target. Fired by private soldier seven times in one minute. 4tii Test. — Mechanism stable and strong. 5tii Test. — Fired twice with 60-grain cartridges [E], filed two- thirds round the rim, without opening the breech or aftecting the 33 mechanism. Fired witli siinihir cartritlge split loiigitiulinally, with same result. 6tu Test. — Can only be fired when breech is closed, and breech- lock secures the cartridge. Itu Test. — No obstructions. 8tii Test. — Breech opened and closed with difficulty, the lock- bolt of breech moving stiffly from rust. Three 00-grain cartridges tired with satisfactory result. 9tii Test. — Not aflected by sand, which is readily dislodged by ordinary means. IOth Test. — Distributed in three minutes, and assembled in three minutes and twenty seconds. XYII.— THE ROBERTS BREECH-LOADING RIFLE. Entered by General A. H. Pleasanton, President Roberts B. L. Arms Co., New York. DESCRIPTION. For conversion of muzzle-loading arms and as an original arm. The gun presented was an altered Springfield rifle. Length of barrel, 37] inches. Calibre, .58. Adapted to rim-fire cartridges ; weiglit of entire arm, 9 lbs. 13 ozs. For conversion, the barrel of original arm is cut off in front of breech-pin, and screwed into a receiver. In the receiver works the breech-block, which moves upon the recoil seat by means of a shoulder, the seat being semi-cylindrical and the shoulder fitting it. The breech- block extends back over the neck of the stock, form- ing a lever by which tlie block is depressed to open the breech, or raised to close it, the lever having reverse motions. To the back end of this lever is attached a finger-piece and catch, which, when the breech is closed, locks it securely. Tlie breech-block is hollowed out, spoon-like on its top, to guide the cartridge in loading, and its face is composed of a steel plate, which presses 34 against the cartridge and has a slight motion on the block, being, as it were, hinged to it horizontally and on its centre. By means of a projection on the lever, which is struck by the hammer in firing, the breech is closed and locked in cocking the piece. The retractor is a simple elbow lever, worked by the breech mechan- ism, and having a positive action, and the cartridge is ejected by the sudden movement in opening the breech. The firing pin passes down in recess in the receiver beside the block. The recoil is transmitted in the line of the axis of the barrel to the recoil seat. The cham- ber is made slightly conical, and cartridges of corre- sponding form are used, whereby an advantage in the ease of retracting the case is secured. (See G in table of cartridges.) TESTS. 1st Test. — Ninety-nine 60-grain cartridges [G] were fired in six minutes and fifty seconds. Then fired with 60 grains fine rifle powder and two balls of 670 grains each. This test entirely satisfactory, the mechanism operating well. The barrel was much heated. 2d Test. — With 60 grains fine powder and 670 grains lead, penetrated through fifteen boards, striking iron plate behind with some force. 3d Test. — Fired by General Pleasanton fourteen times in one minute, all the balls striking the target. Fired by pi'ivate soldier eight times in sixty-two seconds. 4th Test. — Mechanism very simple and strong. No springs connected with the breech or retractor. 5th Test. — Fired twice with 60-grain cartridges [A], filed on the flange half way round, without in any way aftecting the breech or other parts of the gun. Again fired twice with similar car- tridges filed all around the flange except quarter of an inch for firing-pin to strike on ; the result entirely satisfactory, the breech in each case remaining locked and all the mechanism in perfect working order. The residuum fouled the breech-block, so that some difticulty was encountered in moving it, but soon worked 35 clear, witliout any appliances. A similar cartridge split longitu- dinally was lired, ■without affecting any portion of the gun ; the cartridge-case, however, could not be removed by the retractor, owing to imperfect counter-bore, the shell being expanded into the inequalities. This, however, is not a fault of the system, but attributable simply to defective workmanship. 6th Test. — Cannot be fired except when the breech is nearly closed, the small distance remaining to be closed not being in any way dangerous, as was proven in the test of the Peabody rifle (see beyond), nor can cartridge be lost from the chamber, the breech-lock being very efiicient. Vth Test. — No obstructions. 8th Test. — After rusting it Avas impossible to open the bi'eech by a steady pull on the lever, but a sudden jerk opened it, and this jerk had to be continued till Avorking surfaces were freed from rust. Three 60-grain cartridges [G] were then fired, the case of the first not being retracted, the head being held by the rusted surface, but the cases of the other two retracted and throAvn out. 9th Test. — Sand easily dislodged by concussion and cleansing with the fingers. IOth Test. — Distributed in four minutes and assembled in thi*ee minutes and forty-five seconds. ARMS NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED TO CONYER- SIOI OF MUZZLE-LOADERS. I.— THE BALLAKD BKEECH-LOADING EIFLE AND CAKBINE. Entered by Merwin & Simpkixs, New York City. DESCEIPTION. Carbine presented. Length of barrel, 22 inches. Calibre .45. Adapted to rim-fire cartridges. Weight of entire arm, 7 lbs. 8 oz. Breech-receiver in shape of vertical mortise through a rectangular block into which barrel is screwed. The breech-block is in two parts, divided by a vertical plane, and containing the lock mechanism. The breech- block is operated by a lever underneath, by which the breech-block and lock are dropped beneath the cham- ber so as to insert the cartridge, the block having a horizontal movement as well as vertical. No firing-pin is used, the cartridge being exploded directly by a pro- jection on the face of the hammer. The ejector has a positive motion parallel to the barrel, and operated in- dependently of the breech mechanism, TESTS. 2d Test. — With . . . .grains powder and. . . . grains lead the ball penetrated the board. 3d Test. — Fii'ed by on behalf of exhibitor 37 times in one minute, no target being used. Fired by pri- vate soldier seven times in fifty-seven seeonds, 5th Test. — Fired with 45-graiu eartridge [X] split longitudi- nally without aftecting the mechanism. 6tii Test. — Mechanism strong, the retractor not operated by breech-lever but requiring independent movement. "Tth Test. — I^o objectionable obstructions. 8th Test. — Breech opened and closed with difficulty, and re- quired application of oil to loosen the rust. Then fired with 45- grain cartridges thrice, the several parts operating Avell. II.— THE MILLER BREECII-LOADING RIFLE. Entered bv W. H. & G. W. Miller, West Meriden Connecticut. DESCRIPTION. Length of barrel, 28^ inches. CaUbre, .50. Adapted to rim-fire cartridges. Weight of entire arm, 8 lbs. 4 oz. Barrel screwed into breech-receiver. Breech-block in the form of a segment of a cylinder, one of the plane faces resting against the. head of cartridge in the cham- ber ; from the top of this breech-face projects on either side an ear, which fits into a notch in the side of the receiver. The breech-block revolves on a pin passing through a horizontal slot in the block. The angle of the segment is rounded on a small circle and geared, two teeth extending up the vertical plane. The lever operating underneath is toothed on its short arm, work- ing an intermediate pinion whose teeth fit into those on the breech-block. By drawing down the lever, motion is communicated to the pinion, which by means of the teeth on the vertical plane of the block raises the block so as to disengage the projecting ears from the notches in the receiver, the slot allowing just this upward movement ; the teeth of the pinion then engaging those on the small circle, the block revolves to the rear, open- 38 ing" the breecli for the recejDtion of the cartridge. A reverse movement closes the breech. Retractor posi ' tive in motion and operated by the intermediate pinion. The firing-pin works through the block in usual man- ner. The lock is central. TESTS. 1st Test. — Fired ninety-nine 60 grain cartridges [M] in nine minutes and twenty-seven seconds. Then fired with 60 grains powder and two balls of 435 grains each — with satisfactory result, the several parts of the mechanism working well. 2d Test. — With 60 grains powder and 435 grains lead hard- ened with antimony the fifteenth board was penetrated. With same charge of poAvder and balls of pure lead the eighth board on first trial and the ninth board on the second trial were penetrated. 3d Test. — Fired by the inventor ten times in one minute, four balls entering the target. Fired by j^rivate soldier six times in one minute. 4th Test. — The breech mechanism very strongly and perfectly constructed, but complicated. 5th Test. — Fired with a 60-grain cartridge [L] filed on the head half way round without afiecting the breech or appendages. Exj^eriment repeated with same result. Fired with similar cart- ridge split longitudinally without detriment to the gun. 6th Test. — Peculiar construction and lock of breech-piece ren- der the gun esj^ecially secure. Tth Test. — Equal to other guns with breech operated by lever underneath — obstruction not objectionable. 8th Test. — The close fitting sliding surfaces over which breech- block revolves were so rusted that the breech could not be oj^ened. A liberal aj^plication of oil loosened the rust and three 45-grain cartridges [N] were fired. 9th Test. — Sand working down upon the gearing entirely disa- bled the gun, nor could it be removed except by dismounting the piece. 10th Test. — Distributed in five minutes and assembled in nine minutes. 39 III.— THE MOEGANSTEIN BREECH-LOADER. Entered by Mr. William Morganstein, Philadelphia, Pa. DESCHIl'TION. The gun having been withdrawn before a complete examination and application of tests could be made, no description of the gun can be given. The following tests were made before withdrawal. TESTS. 1st Test. — Fired with 60-grain cartridges thirty-eight times in four minutes and thirty seconds, when the gun was temporarily withdrawn, the cartridges not being fitted for the chamber and great difficulty experienced in retracting the cases — until finally it became impossible to insert or withdraw the cartridges except by instrumental aid. On second trial ninety-nine 60-grain cartridges were fired in nine minutes and fifteen seconds. 3d Test, — Fired by inventor and average of three trials twelve times per minute, of which five balls entered target. 9th Test. — Not materially afiected by sand. (This gun with- drawn before it could be submitted to other tests.) lY.— THE NATIOXAL RIFLE AND CARBIiS'E. Entered by the National Arms Company, Brooklyn, N. Y. DESCRIPTION. Length of barrel, 32 ^ inches. Calibre, .50. Adapted to rim-fire cartridges. Weight of entire arm, 8 lbs. 4 oz. Barrel screwed into breech-receiver. The breech- block, which presses against the cartridge-head, and the recoil-block are solid rectangular prisms, filling the receiver and transmitting the recoil directly and in line of axis of barrel to the recoil-seat. Both the blocks are operated by the same lever working beneath the receiver. Upon depressing the lever, the recoil-block is forced down until its upper surface is on the same 40 horizontal plane as the lower surface of the breech- block, when the latter block passes back horizontally and over'the recoil-block, opening the breech for intro- duction of cartridge. The retractor has a positive motion, and is operated by the breech-lever. Side lock with back action. TESTS. 1st Test. — Ninety-one CO-grain cartvidges [L] were fired (and eight tliat missed fire inserted and withdrawn) in seven minutes and fi)rty-five seconds. Then fired with GO grains powder and two balls of 380 grains each ; the result satisfactory, the mechan- ism of the piece not being afiected. 2d Test. — With 60 grains powder and 380 grains lead, pene- trated the eleventh board. 3d Test. — Fired, on behalf of exhibitors by Mr. Bergen, eleven times in one minute, seven balls striking the target. Fired by private soldier nine times in one minute. 4tii Test. — Mechanism strong and not complicated. oTH Test. — Fired with a 60-grain cartridge [L] filed three- quarters round the flange ; failed to afiect the breech or append- ages, the gas, however, escaping through aperture beneath and in front of breech-block would severely bui-n the hand or arm of person firing. In another gun, in which a larger vent for the gas was allowed, two similar cartridges, the heads of which had been filed half way round, were fired, the breech and machinery un- afl^ected, but same objection as before noticeable, the hand (especially in drawing it toward the breech, resting elbow against the body in taking steady aim) would be burned. The gun was then withdrawn, and subsequently presented with provision for escape of gas upward, and was fired by Mr. Bergen from the shoulder Avith a 60-grain cartridge, filed through. There Avas considerable escape of gas upward and a small quantity beneath. The trial Avas deemed satisfactory. Fired Avith similar cartridge split longitudinally, Avithout afi"ecting the breech. 6tii Test. — Cannot be prematurely discharged, nor cartridge dropped from chamber. Ttii Test. — In this respect same as other breech-loaders, operated by lever beneath. Not objectionable. 8th Test. — It Avas impossible to move the bi-eech-block ; the 41 rust on tlu' lar^i' slidiii'j; sui-fiicos n-sistod llie cnlire j)0\ver of tlie lover, At'ter bciny; well oileil, the rust was softened and the breech moved, and three 45-grain cartridges were tired, tlie piece working well. Otii Test. — Sand somewhat crii)])]ed the action of the breech, but after thorough concussion ami cleansing Avitli the lingers, most of it was removed, and the cartridge introduced with some difficulty, but discharged and case retracted. 10th Test. — Dismounted and distributed in one minute and forty-five seconds, and assembled in three and a half minutes. Y.— THE POULTNEY BliEECII-LOADIXG RIFLE. Entered by Mr. Poultney, Baltimore, Md. DESCRIPTION. Length of barrel, 3G inches. Calibre, .50. Adapted to central-lire cartridges. \Yeiglit of entire arm, 10 lbs. 8 oz. The barrel is screwed into a breech-receiver. The breech-block and lever are in one piece, the pivot of rotation or fulcruni being below the line of axis of barrel. The face of the breech-block is a plane, the top and rear being rounded in the arc of a circle described around the pivot. The lever being depressed, the block makes a quarter revolution, so that the face passes from a vertical to a horizontal position, parallel to the axis of barrel, and in a plane passing through the lowest line of the chamber, so that the cartridge placed upon it is guided into position. AYlien the breech is closed, by bringing the lever back and up, it is locked by a hook-catch attached to rear part of the lever, and hooking into a solid-iron receiver inserted in imder side of the stock. A spiral spring insures the action of the hook, which is disengaged by a thumb piece on the lever. The pivot of rotation is a steel ])in, which, however, does not receive the recoil, which is transmitted directly to the recoil-seat back of the 42 breech-block. The retractor is positive, without springs, and the case is ejected by sudden movement of the lever. Has a side lock, with back action. Firing-pin passes through breech-block in usual form and manner. TESTS. 1st Test. — Ninety-nine 60-grain cartridges [K] were fired in seven minutes and twelve seconds. Then fired with 60 grains powder and two balls of 435 grains lead each. The breech and appendages were not afi^ected, and the various parts worked well. 2d Test. — With 60 grains powder and 435 grains lead pene- trated the thirteenth board. 3d Test. — Fired for inventor by Mr. A. G, Sinclair thirteen times in fifty-seven seconds, four balls striking the target. Fired by private soldier seven times in sixty-two seconds. 4tii Test. — Mechanism strong and simple. 5tii Test. — Fired with a 60-grain cartridge [K] filed half way round on head ; the breech-block opened about three-sixteenths of an inch, the latch-hook on lever being loosed. The inventor having convinced the Board that this result was occasioned by imperfect workmanship, the face of the latch-hook having been filed ofl;' (as was evident on inspection), he was allowed to enter another and more perfect gun, which was fired twice Avith 60-grain cartridges filed around the flange two-thirds the circumference, Avithout open- ing the breech or otherwise deranging any part. The friction- spring was then taken out of the hook lever and the gun fired with cartridge similarly prepared and Avith result as satisfiictory. Fired Avith similar cartridge split longitudinally Avithout aftecting any part. 6tii Test. — Secure against premature discharge. The loss of cartridge Avould depend on the efliciency of the lever-hook. Vtii Test. — Unobjectionable. 8th Test. — Unaffected by rust ; breech opened and closed Avith ease. Three 60-grain cartridges fired Avitli satislactory results. 9tii Test. — Sand readily dislodged by ordinary means, IOtii Test. — Distributed in tAVO minutes and assembled in three minutes and thirty seconds. 43 YI.— THE PEABODY UKEECir-LOADIXG lUFLE. Entered by Providence Tool Company Armory, John B. Anthony, Treasurer, Providence, R. I. DESCRIPTION. Leng'tli of barrel, 35,s inches. Calibre, .50. Adapted to rim-fire cartridges. Weight of entire arm, 9 lbs. 14 oz. The barrel is screwed into a breech-receiver. The breech-block consists of a solid prism, pivoted at the upper part of rear end, the face being at right angles to axis of barrel except the upper quarter, which is slightly rounded off in order to pass readily over the cartridge-head, and also to allow revolution on the pivot so as to pass below the chamber. The upper side of block has a spoon-like groove which coincides Mith bottom of chamber when the breech is open, guiding the cartridge to its place. The guard-lever is pivoted upon the lower edge of receiver, and being an elbow- lever with the short arm directed toward fulcrum-pin of the breech-block, and terminating in a notch in the end of same, so that when the lever is thrown forward the block is depressed. The extractor is another elbow- lever ; the breech-block in moving down strikes the short arm of this lever and the other arm draws the cartridge ; the impact of the breech-block being first at the end of the lever giving power to draw the case, gradually approaches the fulcrum, giving increased mo- tion to eject it. The breech-block revolves on a rounded projection in its rear, moving in corresponding- cavity in the recoil seat, thus giving a secure bearing, the pivot serving simply to keep the block in place. A brace-lever is pivoted to the breech-block three-quarters of an inch from its face, and Iving- in a recess in under side of the block, with a strong spring between the 44 brace and block pressing the back end of the brace upon a friction roller ; the entire combination fastening* securely the breech-block and guard-lever in place when the breech is closed. The lock is an ordinary back-action lock, and firing-pin in usual shape. TESTS. 1st Test. — One hundred 60-grain cartridges [M] were fired in four minutes and fifty-five seconds. The gun barrel was highly heated and much fouled, but the mechanism of the breech worked well. Rigidly held in the fixed rest in a horizontal position, the empty cases were thrown back against the hammer and had to be removed now and then, but in actual practice this would not frequently occur, nor at the Avorst be a serious disadvantage. Fired then with 60 grains powder and two balls of 435 grains lead each — result entirely satisfactory. 2d Test. — With 60 grains powder and 4.35 grains lead pene- trated to the eleventh board. 3d Test. — Fired by the inventor twelve shots in one minute, nine of which entered the target. Fired by private soldier. 4th Test. — Mechanism strong and simple ; no springs used in the retractor. The onl}^ spring being attached to tlie brace-lever — this lever and sj^ring being removed the gun was fired several times, the breech being closed by the hand pressed on the lever and also by simply binding with a slight cord, showing that these parts are essential only as a friction or pressure lock to keep breech closed. 5th Test. — Fired twice Avith 60-grain cartridges [M] filed all around the flange so as to burst head out, without affecting the mechanism. Fired with similar cartridge split longitudinally with same result. 6Tn Test. — To determine if the breech could be left partially open and the gun fired with impunity, the breech-block was dropped one-eighth of an inch below position when closed and secured there, then fired Avith 60-grain cartridge without any noticeable effect on the mechanism or escape of gas. The breech- block was then dropped about three-sixteenths of an inch and a 60-grain cartridge fired Avith same result as before. At any point beloAV the last the hammer Avould fail to explode the cartridge. The cartridge in chamber not likely to be lost out as the locking device secures the breech-block in place. 45 7th Tkst. — Xot more objectionable than muzzle-loaders a.s the breech-lever is about the same as ordinary trigger-guard. 8tii Test. — Breech opened and closed readily, and all parts worked freely. Fired thrice with 60-grain cartridges [M] with satisfactory results. 9th Test. — Sand was readily dislodged witliout disabling the gun and several cartridges were fired with satisfactory results. 10th Test. — Distributed in thirty seconds and assembled in one minute. YII._TnE EEMIXGTON IMPROVED BREECH- LOADING RIFLE. Entered by F. Remington & Son.s, Ilion, N. Y. DESCRIPTION. Length of Barrel 30 inches. CaUbre .50. Adapted to rim-fire cartridg-es. Weight of entire arm 8 lbs. 2 ozs. The breech mechanism and lock action are in this arm combined. The barrel is screwed into a breech receiver. The breech-block consists of a solid piece of metal revolving on a steel pin (half inch in diame- ter) the pin being bisected by a plane passing throiigli the rear of chamber and its centre .72 of an inch below axis of barrel. Immediately above the face of the block is a projecting thumb-piece for manipulating the block, back of which it is worked to a circle described from centre of pin. Tlie hammer moves upon a similar pin, the centre being 1.47 inch back of centre of block pin and 1.42 inch below the line of axis of barrel. The hammer and tumbler are in one piece. The rear of the breech-block revolves in corresponding concavity in the hammer block, and the recoil bears upon both the pivots of revolution. To open the breech the hammer is pLaced at half-cock the breech block then drawn back by means of the thumb-piece, the cartridge inserted and breech closed by means of the thumb 46 piece. When closed it is locked by the hammer which rests immediately upon the rear of the breech-block, through which the firing pin passes. The retractor is positive, without springs and operated by means of a lip on the breech-block. In a lately modified arm exhib- ited to the Board the act of cocking the hammer opens the breech without other motion, and the breech is locked independently of the hammer. The breech mechanism of tliis arm is remarkably simple, taken in connection with the lock. TESTS. 1st Test. — Ninety-nine 60-grain cartridges [L] were fired in six minutes and fifty-one seconds ; then fired with 60 grains fine rifle powder and two balls of 380 grains each. The result entirely satisfiictory, the breech mechanism not being in any way im- paired, all parts Avorking well. 2d Test. — With 60 grains fine powder and 380 grains lead pen- etrated the twelfth board. 3d Test. — Fired by Col. Squire on behalf of exhibitors eleven times in one minute, six balls striking the target. 4tii Test. — Mechanism remarkably simple and strong. 5tii Test. — Fired twice with 60-grain cartridges [L] filed on the head two-thirds around without in any Avay aifecting the gun. A similar cartridge split longitudinally Avas fired with same result. 6tii Test. — Cannot be fired unless breech is fully closed, nor can cartridge be lost from chamber. 7tii Test. — Same as muzzle-loader. 8tii Test. — Not afl:ectcd by rust, though hammer was difficult to move, but after Avorking to and fro several times recovered its ease of motion, and three 60-graiu cartridges were fired with satisfactory result. 9tii Test. — On first trial upon introduction of sand the parts were attempted to be Avorked Avithout first blowing or brushing ofl:* the sand in the manner alloAved, and did not move Avith entire freedom ; but thorough trial subsequently proved that this arm Avould stand this test to the entire satisfaction of the Board. IOtii Test. — Distributed in twenty-five seconds and assembled in forty-five seconds. 47 Yin.— THE PvOBEKTSON 6: SIMPSON BREECII- LOADIXG GUN. Entered by Messrs. Robertson & Simpson, Hartford, Conn. DESCRIPTION. Lenj^tli of barrel, 22 inches. Calibre .50. Adapted to rim-fire cartridges. AYeiglit of entire arm, 8lbs. 13oz. Barrel screwed into a breech-receiver. The breech- block pivoted to receiver at a point below the bottom of the chamber and about three-quarters of an inch back of perpendicular, falling through rear of chamber. Tlie guard-lever is pivoted on the lower edge and front end of receiver, the centre being vertically below rear of chamber ; about one-fifteenth inch back of pivot of guard-lever is pivoted to it a link, the other end of which is pivoted to the lower end of the breech-block. From centre to centre of pivots of link is about one inch, and from pivot of link on breech-block to pivot of revolution of latter is about 1] inches. The guard- lever and block are connected only by intervention of this link. When the breech is closed the centre of link pivot on the guard-lever is above and forward of a line drawn through the centre of the link pivot on the breech-block and the pivot of revolution of the guard- lever, and any recoil against the face of the block tends to draw the lever up and secure the breech. By de- pressing the lever, the breech-block revolving on its pivot falls back sufficiently for easy insertion of the carti-idge. The recoil is transmitted directly from the block to the recoil seat. There are two retractors, com- posed of peculiarly bent levers pivoted on each side of breech-block and worked from a short arm to a long: one, giving rapidity of motion to eject the shell with- out the employment of springs. 48 TESTS. 1st Test. — Ninety-nine 45-gi-ain cartridges [N] fired in eight minutes and thirty seconds ; then fired witli 45 grains powder and two balls of 835 grains lead each, the gun operating well. 2d Test. — With 45 grains powder and 335 grains lead pene- trated the eleventh board. 3d Test. — Fired by Mr. G. W. Simpson nine times in a minute, five balls striking the target. Fired.by private soldier seven times in one minute. 4th Test. — Strong and not complicated. 5th Test. — Fired twice with 60-grain cartridges [L] filed on two-thirds of the rim, without in any manner affecting the mech- anism. Same result on firing similar cartridge split longitudinally. 6th Test. — Unobjectionable. '?TH Test. — Same as other good lever guns. 8th Test. — Surfjices were well rusted, but breech opened and closed by ordinary action of lever, though working hard. Three 45-grain cartridges fired with satisfactory results. 9th Test. — On fii'St trial, gun completely disabled, the sand lodging back of breech-block, and the working parts being closely fitted, it could not be readily removed. The gun, being with- drawn, was repaired and modified, and upon reapplication of the test worked tolerably well. 10th Test. — Dismounted in one minute and five seconds, and assembled in one minute and fifty-five seconds. IX.— THE SHARP^S BKEECH-LOADING EIFLE. Entered by Sharp's Rifle Manufacturing Co., Hartford, Conn. DESCRIPTION. Length of barrel, 22] inches. Cahbre, .50. Adapted to rim-fire cartridges. Weight of entire arm, 8 lbs. Barrel screwed into breech receiver. A sliding breech- block, moving nearly at right angles to axis of barrel, operated by a lever pivoted to lower front part of receiver. As the lever is depressed, the breech-block is drawn down and slightly back from a perpendicular, drojoped from the rear of the chamber, the cartridge 49 being- inserted and the lever drawn up, the bkick moves up Avith a wedging motion, pressing the cartridge to its phice : tliis wedging motion is about one-eighth of an incli. Tlie firing-})in ])asses througli tlie breech-block in the usual manner. The retractor is an elboAV lever, with a long and short arm, operated by the end of the guard lever, and drawing the shell and ejecting it. The gun, except slight modifications to adapt to the metallic ammunition, is in all respects the same as the paper or linen cartridge guns from the same source, and possesses the same merits in regard to strength and perfection of workmanship. TKSTS. 1st Test. — Xiiioty-niiie OO-graiii cartridges [L] iired in six ininutes ami forty-oight seconds. Then Hred with 60 grains fine ritie powder and two balls of 380 grains each. The test entirely satisfactory. 2d Test. — With 60 grains electric powder and 380 grains lead, penetrated the thirteenth board. 3d Test. — Fired for exhibitors by Mr. R. S. Lawrence, thirteen times in one minute, eleven balls striking the target. Fired by private soldier eight times in lifty-eight seconds. 4th Test. — Mechanism very strong and simple. 5tii Test. — Fired twice with 60-grain cartridges [L] filed on the lim, Avithout affecting the gun. Same result with similar car- ridge split longitudinally. 6th Te.st. — In order to determine if a cartridge partially in- serted would l)e exploded by the breech-block being forced into place, a 45-grain cartridge was placed in the chamber with the head protruding three-thirty-two parts of an inch, and the breech suddenly and forcibly closed. The block crushed in the fulminated rim of the cartridge without igniting it. The cartridge can be fired only when breech is closed, and cannot be dropped from chamber. Ttii Test. — The same as other lever guns. 8tii Test. — The working parts were well rusted, but were readily moved by ordinary action of the lever, and thi-ee 45-grain cartridges were fired willi satisfactory results. i 50 9x11 Test. — Sand entirely disabled the gun, the granules work- ing behind the retractor, and preventing the breech from being closed. 10th Test. — Dismounted and distributed in fifty-si.x seconds, and assembled in one minute and twenty-six seconds. X.— THE THUNDERBOLT BREECH-LOADmG EIFLE. Entered by Howard Brothers, New Haven, Conn. DESCRIPTION. Length of barrel, 33 inches ; 6 grooves Calibre, .46. Adapted to rim-fire cartridges. Weight of entire arm, 9 lbs. Combined breech meclianism and lock. A slot is cut through the under side of the barrel (in front of the breech-pin), sufficiently large for insertion of the cartridge and to attach the guard lever to the sliding- bolt or breech-block. The guard lever at about two inches from its forward end is pivoted by the interven- tion of a curved link to the barrel just forward of the trigger, the extreme end of lever being pivoted to the breech-block, which is a circular bolt just fitting the bore of the chamber. When the lever is depressed till at right angles to the barrel, the breech is fully open and the operation of closing, cocks the piece ; by pressing slightly on the trigger, in closing the breech, the gun is not cocked, but can be cocked by depressing the guard a short distance. The lock consists of a hammer-rod and spiral spring inclosed within the receiver, back of breech block. When the block is slid back to open the breech, the sear of the trigger catches into the notch of the hammer-rod and holds it, then as the breech-block is returned, the sj^iral spring is compressed and the hammer-rod being released by pulling the trigger, the 51 spring throws it forward against the firing pin. The retractor lias a positive motion and is operated by tlie guard lever. TESTS. 1st TicsT. — Niiicty-nine 45-graiu cartridges [P] fired in four minutes and fifty seconds ; then fired with 45 grains of powder and two balls of 300 grains lead each. The mechanism of the gun operated well and was in no manner deranged. 2d Test. — With 60 grains powder and 3 70 grains lead pene- trated the eleventh board. Second trial with same charge pene- trated the fourteenth board. 3d Test. — Fired by Mr. Howard sixteen times in one minute, four balls striking the target. [The time limited by the Board for actual trials liaving expired, this gun could not be submitted to further tests.] MAGAZmE OR REPEATOG ARMS. I.— BALL'S KEPEATIXG AND SINGLE-LOADING CAEBINE. Entered by the Windsor Manufacturing Company, Windsor, Vt. DESCRIPTION. Length of barrel, 22 inches. Cahbre, .50. Adapted to rim-fire cartridges. Weight of entire arm (unloaded), 7 lbs. 12 oz. Weight with magazine charged (nine cart- ridges), 8 lbs. bl oz. The necessarily more or less complicated mechanism of a repeating arm renders a merely verbal description unsatisfactory and incomplete, as the aid of diagrams is necessary to an intelligible illustration ; brief men- tion therefore will be made, and onlv reg-ardino- the more remarkable features of the arm. The magazine is a brass tube incased in the stock, immediately be- neath the barrel, the cartridge being propelled toward the breech by the agency of a spiral spring ; at the mouth of the magazine is a " cut-off, " by which the passage of the cartridges is prevented when they are to be held in reserve and the arm used as a single-shooter. The carrier-block receives the cartridge from the magazine, and by a most ingenious movement carries it to its place in the barrel, being operated by a lever be- 53 neutli. The chamber is partly in the barrel and the remainder in the carrier-block which supports the cart- ridge during- the explosion, the recoil being transmitted through the recoil-brace to the recoil-seat, the brace being" operated by a safety-wing attached to the tum- bler of the lock, by which means also a premature ex- plosion is prevented. The ejector not only expels the cartridge-case, but also holds the cartridge in the block as it is carried into the barrel. TESTS. IstTkst. — Dischai'sfed niiu'tv-ijino 45-. o I'M.i (M 1-? to ■v^ocic;»co5«0'^xao»'C:t^-^ -I •UinoK jv •asva iV aSu«u JO jajauinia to s c 1-1 'aSuBi^i JO apisui O M -- -r "C X iCn I'- 00 cc cr OC O — h» •aSuBiji JO aptsjno •iwjare a: E- X n- (3 c C.C c - ac : P3 O «0 c c c c c = o — ■c-s-c-c'ca o » c •suiu.iS— jtiSiaAV cr one X ri ri "■? -" t- 1^ — lo Q It ^ =s CJ X ic ?t -T c: re X ?t ^ 01 X 3 r: 01 :2 l^ :o :i — ;i X X :i » :c ic lO T lO -^ 0-1 •saqaui— mSuai gi(oaoMoiooo:CQC--oo--o — w •ajBuimin J jo uonisooT i -g o B o c ^ c'^ s'^ c = o e o o (5 Ph da;5;!:5s a; ca £S u u, c o t>^X cc ■=■0 T-T) 33 CO en C C Cl 0) s:si o o fa c •C-3 %H^*JC1J,. ST* tfc-^ OJ a; - y 05-° & = *<.= if '5 2 _ c o - Co O— OJ s o c '? ^ -.2; ,5— —"^ CO ■s o 5 3 nf.S — S =• = « *J ■*-■ C OJ SJ "HS j: 3 o Oj U fc* e-o c ts -^ ■>-,&<; ■. 57 The several arms examined and tested by the Board may be divided into live distinct classes or systems, based upon the attachment and movement of the breech-block, 1st Class. — The breech-block hinged to front or rear of re- ceiver and moving in a plane parallel to the axis of the barrel : in which are included the Allin, Berdan, Ilubbell, Joslyn's swing-breech, Lamson, Milbank, and Montstorm, all adapted to conversion of muzzle-loaders. 2d Class. — The breech-block hinged to the left hand side of receiver and moving in a plane at right angles to the axis of the barrel ; including the Empire No. 1,- and the Joslyn's Cap, both being adapted to conversions, 3d Class. — The breech-ljlock moving on a pivot at its rear end, and the forward end dropping in the receiver below the chamber, for insertion of cartridge ; including the Eoberts, adapted to conversion, and the Peabody intended for original arms. 4™ Class. — The breech-block pivoted at its lower front portion, near the front of receiver and below the level of chamber, revolving in a vertical plane passing through axis of barrel, falling back to open the chamber and forward to close it; including the Miller, Poultney, Eemington and the Robertson and Simpson, all intended for original arms. 5th Class. — The breech-block sliding in the receiver, either horizontally or vertically, including the Gray and the Meigs, both adapted to conversion, and the Ballard, National and Sharps, intended for original arms. In addition to which classification is the Empire No. 2, having no moveable breech-block, the motion being in the barrel. After careful deliberation and discussion the Board has con- cluded : 1st, That in the arms included in classes 1 and 2, tliere is an objection to the extensive movement of the breech-block, upward and forward in opening the breech and vice versa in closing it. And furthermore that it is an undecided question whether the hinge attachment is sufhciently stable to withstand the trial of long continued service. 8 58 2d. Tliat breecli-bloeks liinged as in classes 1 and 2, require for tlieir efficient locking when closed, some suitable device independent of the friction of the parts or the resistance of recoil. 3d. That breech-blocks hinged as in class 2, on the left hand side of the barrel, are awkward and inconvenient for the execu- tion of the manual of arms in loading and firing. 4th. That arms of class 3, having breech-lever above the stock are objectionable as the location of the lever involves a constrained position of the arm, with consequent loss of power or an alternative change of position of the gun to readily operate the lever in loading and firing. 5th. That large sliding surfaces, as generally used in class 5, are objectionable, as being readily affected by rust, dust and sand, and probably by wear upon the bearing surfaces by con- tinued use. 6th. That any movement of the barrel is objectionable, as it should be the stable part of the arm, the " bed plate " (to borrow a term) to which the lighter parts are attached ; and that from its superior weight and the unavoidable division of the stock, its movement relative to the other parts is in itself a source of weakness, which would probably increase with con- tinued service. Ttli. That extensive lever movement is objectionable as prolonging the time occupied in its action, and the liability of accidentally bending the lever or otherwise deranging the arm, when the breech is open and the lever at its greatest angle with axis of barrel. 8th. That the retraction of the cartridge case should be by a positive motion and by strong and durable appliances, and that dependence upon springs to eject or accelerate the motion of the case is objectionable, as they are liable to breakage or loss of power and furthermore as the same result may be obtained by rapidity of motion applied to the retractor, 9th. That openings through the chamber or bottom of re- ceiver are objectionable, whether made for j^assage of retractor or ejector, or for other purposes, as affording opportunity for the passage and action of gas if cartridge case should burst, or of water when exposed to the weather. 59 lOtli. That the firing pin slionld be strong and in not more tlian two parts, acting as nearly as possible in the same straight line, bnt preferably in a single piece. And furthermore the Board would specially report : 11th. That in the conversion of arms now owned l)y the State, the re-enforcement of the barrels of .577 and .58 calibre in order to reduce them to .45, or .50, or other smaller calibre, by reaming out the grooves and inserting a tube, is not desirable ; for while it is conceded that such reduction may, in some degree, increase the accuracy, penetration and range, it is concluded that such increased efficiency is not commensurate with the additional cost and weight required to insure it, nor is the Board entirely satisfied that the processes thus far adptead for such reduction of calibre are such as to secure a permanent adhesion of the two tubes after prolonged service. But in the manufacture of new arms the Board recommends the adoption of the calibre of .50, as o-ivino; the best results in reofard to range, accuracy and penetration, combined with the most convenient form of cartridije. 12th. Tliat the experiments made by the Board were not sufficiently extended to determine the result of reduction of the size of working parts by continued wear in service, which could not be simulated by filing or other artificial means, and that such result could be obtained only by actual trial, b}'^ sub- mitting the arms to the established maximum of discharges, combined with such rusting and cleaning as such number would properly represent. Of the arms presented to and tested by the Board, it reports as follows : I. Of those adapted to the conversion of muzzle-loaders, they deem the Allin, the Berdax, and the Roberts as superior in all respects to any and all the others. But each of these arms possessing distinctive features, more or less meritorious in them- selves and in their combination, the Board recommends a further and more extended competitive trial of these several arms, under such rigid regulations and requirements as the Board may establish, to which regulations and requirements the several com petitors shall consent and subscribe before entering their arms. 60 Of tlie remaining arms adapted to conversion, the Board would place in order of merit, as follows : 4tli. Joslyn's Cap Gun, Objecting to insufficiency of recoil seat, and to tlie weakening of stock, by cutting away. 5tli. Meigs' Alteration. Eeference being made to the 6th point in the conclusions above recited ; to failure under the 8th test, and also to the slightness of guard plate and appendages which are liable to bending and consequent increased friction in operation. 6tli. Gray's Gun. Objection being made to extensive move- ment of lever and breech-l)lock, and to failure under the 5th test. Tth. Milbank's Alteration. Objection being made to cut- ting away the barrel too much to form receiver, and weakening same, and failure under the 5th test. 8th. Lamson's Gun. Serious failure under the fifth test. (Since the close of trials by the Board, this gun has been ex- hibited to the members with such improvements as would obviously appear to avoid the serious objections made to it, and render it capable of resisting the explosion of an imperfect cartridge case.) 11. Of original arms not adapted to conversion, the Board would report in order of merit, as follows : 1st. The Bemington Kifle, with latest improvements as ex- hibited to the Board. 2d. The Peabody Rifle. 3d. The Poultney Rifle. Objection being made to depend- ence on hook-catch to secure the locking of breech. 4th. The National Rifle. Reference being made to 5th conclusion of the Board and failure under 8tli test. 5th. Robertson & Simpson. Reference being made to the 6tli conclusion of the Board and partial failure under 9th test. 6th. Sharps Rifle. An exceedingly strong and durable arm, but failed entirely under 9th test. Better adapted to paper or linen cartridges as originally intended. Tth. Ballard's Rifle. Liable to be clogged by sand or rust, and to objections recited in 6th conclusion. 8th. Miller's Rifle. Mechanism too complicated and entirely deranged by 9th test. 61 ITT, In i-eu;anl to ^fa^azinc or Ivcpeating Anns, the Board is convinced that, tbr tlie present, their nse shonld he confined to the cavah'j service, as an examination of the record shows that single breech-loaders are capable of being fired at least as many times per minnte as a repeating arm, and are more simj^le in construction and less liable to derangement. In cavalry service, the proper management of the horse in action may render the repeating arm desirable, as relieving the soldier from the embarrassment of loading in critical periods. The limited force of cavalry in the State service renders a deci- sion on this point nnimportant, and the Board recommends a delay in the selection and purchase of repeating arms, as several new inventions are now being perfected and will soon be pre- sented for trial and competition. CARTRIDGES. The metallic case cartridge being the most important element in modern breech-loading arms, as providing an efhcient gas check and abbreviating the time and simplifying the process of loading, the Board has carefully examined the varions kinds used in the respective arms and have formed certain conclu- sions, as follows : 1st. That the cartridge case shonld be considerably conical, as beino; more readily inserted and retracted from the chamber, which shonld be made conical to correspond with the case. 2d. That the fulminate should be confined to the centre of the head of the case, and not in the rim ; this sj^stem known as tlie " central fire " is preferable, as producing a more regular ignition of the powder; not being liable to excess of fulminate and consequent danger in explosion; greater thickness of metal is allowable in the rim, where the greatest strength is required; being less hazardous in transportation ; admitting of greater strength and simplicity in the firing pin, and allowing the cases to be readily reloaded if desirable. 3d. That brass is the preferable material for the cases of central-fire cartridges, as it can be used without an anvil for impact of fulminate, the metal being stifier ; from its elasticity the case resumes its shape and size after explosion, and is more readily retracted, and can be reloaded ; and it is a cheaper ma- 62 terial, and is not liable to be cut through by retractor when, on account of any friction or derangement, the oase resists its action. 4th. That rifle powder is preferable to musket powder in metallic cartridges, and that sixty grains is a sufiiicient charge with four hundred and eighty grains of lead. It was noted that when seventy grains of jnusket ]30wder were used, a por- tion was expelled from the barrel unconsumed, and after many discharges, the arm was disproportionately fouled. 5th. That the balls should be well lubricated in the grooves, and also that provision should be made for a lubrication and cleansing innnediately after the passage of the ball. The lubri- cant should be so constituted as to resist, without melting, a heat of 140° Fahr. Several minor points were elucidated by the trials of the Board, and reference is made to the record of the Hubbell and Lamson ffuns under trial of the first test, as exhibitinsr the effects of insufficient lubrication. It will also be noted that none of the arms were affected by the split cartridge in the fifth test. In order to determine whether central-fire cartridges in the magazine of a repeating arm could be accidentally exploded by percussion, as in the movement of " order arms " in infantry, or the dropping of a carbine by a mounted cavalry soldier, such percussion driving the apex of the bullet of one cartridge into the centre of the head of the next, the following experiment was made : ' Into the barrel of a musketoon, calibre .69, and the entire arm weighing 9j pounds, there were dropped, with the heads down, six cartridges (II, Table of cartridges, page 56). The musketoon was then dropped a distance of four feet, the butt striking forcibly the floor, and, subsequently, several bricks placed beneath, to obtain a more inelastic impact. The experi- ment having been repeated several times without producin^^ explosion, it was found upon examination that the apex of the bullets had been flattened so as to present a plane of over 3-16 of an inch in diameter, and consequently with reduced liability to produce explosion. It is, therefore, a reasonable deduction that central-fire cartridges, with bullets of unalloyed lead, are G3 not liiible to explosion by violent percussion in the magazines of repeatino; arms. In concluding the subject of cartridges, the Board desires to eonnnend the system of II. Berdan, whose brass-case central- iire cartridges possess peculiar merits, combining in a high degree many of the requisite points hitherto mentioned. The powder nsed in these cartridges deserves special mention, as being very superior. It is the Orange Kifle Powder [F], man- ufactured by Messrs. Smith & Rand. Several improvements have been made in tlie Berdan cartridges since those described in the table were used. In this connection the Board desires to specially commend the new cartridge box, adapted to metallic cartridges, invented by Brevet Major-General "William II. Morris, late U.S. Vols., and exhibited by that gentleman to the Board. This cartridge box is intended not only as a model for the manufacture of new ones, but is adapted to the conversion of those made in the present pattern, and at a moderate expense. As the adoption of breech-loaders will require a modification of cartridge boxes, it is recommended that the two operations should be simulta- neous. In presenting this report before the final trials and decision as to the best model for conversion of muzzle-loaders, the Board is constrained by the approaching adjournment of the Legislature, before whom it may be deemed necessary to bring the whole subject, in order to secure the necessary ai:>propria- tions. GEO. W. PALMER, Com.- Gen. of Orel. S. N. Y. W. G. WARD, Brig. -Gen. N. G. S. iV. Y. GEO. M. BAKER, Col. ComcVg Uth Regt. N. G. S. N. Y. SILAS W. BURT, Col. and Asst. Inspector- Gen. S. N. Y. 64 GENERAL HEAD-QUARTERS, STATE OF NEW YORK, Adjutant-General's Office, Albany, May 18th, 1867. 1 special orders) No. 126. j The Board of Officers directed by Special Orders No. 2, current series, to make an examination of breech-loading small arms, hav- ing recommended a further test of the Allin, the Berdan, and the Roberts methods of conversion of muzzle-loaders, the Board is hereby directed to make such further examination and trial of the above named arms as may be deemed proper, to determine the best method of conversion. The Board is also authorized to admit to such trial such other arms as upon exhibition to it may appear to possess sufficient merit to entitle them to competition, upon the same terms, and subject to the same conditions as the arms above named ; and will make report of its proceedings and decisions to these Head-Quarters. By order of the Commander-in-Chief, S. E. MARVIN, Adjutant- General. SUPrLEMENTAHY R;^I%, OP THE BOARD FOR EXAMINATION OF |rrtt]^-t0airiitg ©ilit^rg ^mall ^rms* STATE OF IN'E^V YORK. I ALBANY: WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY, PRINTERS. 1868. REPORT, NEW YORK STATE AESENAL, ) Kew York City, January 30, 1808.) To Brigadier-General S. E. Marvin, Adjutant- General, Albany, W. Y. : The Board of Officers, convened by Special Orders No. 2, and reassembled by Special Orders No. 126, both of series of 1867, makes tlie following REPORT, in accordance with orders, as follows : General Head-Quarters, State of New York, Adjutant-General's Office, Albany, May 18, 1867. Special Orders, J No. 126. S The Board of Officers directed by Special Orders No. 2, current series, to make an examination of breecli-loading small arms, having recommended a further test of the AlHn, the Berdan and the Roberts methods of conversion of muzzle- loaders, the Board is directed to make such further examina- tion and trial of the above named arms as may be deemed proper to determine the best method of conversion. The Board is also authorized to admit to such trial such other arms, as upon exhibition to it, may appear to possess suthcient merit to entitle them to competition, upon the same terms and subject to the same conditions as the arms above named, and will make report of its proceedings and decision to these Head-Quarters. Bj order of the Commander-in-Chief, (Signed) S. E. Mauyin, Adjutant- General. The Board having previously experienced great difficulty in a proper relative estimation of the action of the several arms on account of differences of ammu- nition used in each, and being further desirous of establishing common conditions, applicable to all com- petitors and binding upon them, published the follow- ing programme : Conversion of Muzzle-Loading Small Arms into Breech- Loaders. !N^Ew York, June 6th, 1867. In accordance with tlie following orders — [ Special Orders No. 126, as above], the Board of Examination hereby gives notice that it will pro- ceed to make competitive trials of methods of conversion, at the State Arsenal, Tth Avenue, corner of 35th street, on July 9tli next, at ten o'clock A. M. All arms presented, other than of the three methods speci- ally mentioned in the above orders (whether the same are improvements of arms hitherto tested by the Board, or arms not so tested), will be examined by the Board, and if, in its opinion, possessing sufficient merit to entitle them to compe- tition, will be accepted for trial upon the same conditions as the above-named arms. The following conditions of entry have been adopted, and all arms accepted will be subject thereto : 5 I. Tlic arm must be a Spriii2;field Eiflcd Musket, converted into a breech-loader, the barrel to be of the calibre .58. Additional guns of the same class, with calibre reduced to .50, may be exhibited, and will be tested at the discretion of the Board. Alleged improvements in rilling (number, depth and width of grooves, character of twist, &c.), will be con- sidered. II. Each gun must be accompanied with a full and detailed description of the arm and its merits, giving dimensions of the principal parts, as (A) length of barrel, or distance from muzzle to face of breech-block, when breech is closed ; (B) length and diameter of chamber, and, if the chamber is coni- cal, the maximnm and minimum diameters ; (C) dimensions of receiver, breech-block and appendages, retractor, and all other parts connected with the breech mechanism. The ma- terial of •which the several parts are made must be specified ; also, whether the specimen arm was made by hand or ma- chinery. The description mnst be full and accurate, and must specially set forth the merits, absolute and relative, claimed for the arm. The cost of converting Springfield Rifled Muskets on the proposed plan must be given, the quan- tities being 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, 40,000 and 50,000, and the exhibitor must be prepared, upon demand, to furnish an undertaking, with approved sureties, that contracts will be made at the rates specified should the method of conversion be approved and the State authorities prepared to entertain proposals. Such prices will be considered as sealed proposals, and will not be disclosed until after a decision is made by the Board. III. In order that the several arms may be subjected to the same conditions of trial, each exhibitor must be supplied with fifteen hundred (1,500) rounds of ammunition for each arm, as follows : The cartridge cases to be of brass and " central fire." The projectiles to be of unalloyed lead, and to weigh four hundred and eighty grains for guns of calibre .58, and four hundi'ed and fifty grains for calibre .50. In order to 6 conform to the United States standard charge, as now adopted, the charge of powder will be seventy grains. The powder to be the "Orange Eifle Powder, F. G.," manufactured by Smith & Kand (office 170 Broadway, New York City). Par- ticular attention is directed to the proper lubrication of the cartridges. In special tests, the Board reserves the right to use such other quality of powder as it may deem proper, but not exceeding the established charge of seventy grains ; and also the right to use such form of jjrojectiles as may be deemed proper. IV. The several guns accepted for competition will be sub- jected to exactly the same tests, and no other, except upon unanimous consent of the competitors and aj^proval of the Board. The arms, after entry and acceptance, will remain in the exclusive charge and control of the Board, and, except with its consent, shall not be withdrawn. Y. The guns Avill be subjected to the following tests : 1st. For endurance — to be tested with one thousand (1,000) rounds, in series of one hundred rounds each, discharged rapidly, the arm to be cooled, cleaned and inspected in the intervals, and the ivear and tear, absolute and relative, care- fully noted. 2d. To be fired fifty rounds with ammunition prej)ared by the Board. 3d. To be fired with defective cartridges such number of times as the Board may deem necessary. 4th. The Board reserves the right to subject all the arms to such other practical trials as may be deemed necessary to fully test their merits. YI. Each exhibitor will be required to execute an agree- ment to submit his arms to the tests and conditions herein set forth. Entries of arms may be made at any time, prior to July 8th, with Col. Silas W. Burt, Assistant Inspector-General, 4G University Place, New-York City. GEORGE W. PALMER, Brig. GenU cb Comm''y GenHof Ordnance. WILLIAM G. AVARD, Brig. GerCl CoimmVg Ist Brigade^ JV. G. GEORGE M. BAKER, Col. Commanding 1-ith Begiment, JV. G. SILAS W. BURT, Colonel <& Assistant Insjiector- GeneraL The Board convened on the 9tli day of July, and continued its sessions on the 10th, 11th, 12th, 15th, 16th, ITtli, 18th, 19th, 23d, 24th, 29th, 30th and 31st days of that month; the 17tli, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 23d and 2-4th of September; the 2d, 3d, 4tli and 5th of October ; the 20th of November, and the lOtli and 11th of December. The guns presented for competition embraced the best systems invented, and the Board is convinced that all practicable methods of breech-block movement have been already applied, and that future efforts in this direction must be confined to details or combina- tions. Including both sessions of the Board, thirty-six distinct systems have been tested and seven others examined, and as these have comprehended every general principle applied in this country or abroad, the Board feels confidence in expressing the opinion, that no radical improvement over present systems is probable, and that fiitm-e advance must be made in the direction of improved ammunition, or by a com- plete abandonment of present armaments and a sub- 8 stitntion of entirely novel weapons of warfare. Our own great recent war, and the hostile complications in Europe, have stimulated and directed into this channel the inventive skill of both continents, and thus pro- duced a rapid development. The arms tested at this, session were, the Allin, the Berdan No. 2, the Roberts, the Allin, cal. .50, the Ber- dan No. 1, the Lamson, cal. .58 and .50, the Miller, the Needham, the Conroy, the Remington and tlie Burton. Several other guns were exhibited, as noted beyond. The tests were applied as in the programme, except that in the second test, the fifty rounds of prepared ammunition were reduced to four rounds of seventy grains each of • Orange Lightning Powder and four hundred and eighty grains of lead. The tests with this strong powder being applied immediately after the first test of one thousand rounds, it was concluded that four charges, fired successively and rapidly, would demon- strate any weakness as certainly as the greater number. In the first test the guns were cooled as rapidly as practicable after each round of one hundred discharges, the barrels cleaned, and the firing recommenced with- out delay. The prescription of the ammunition by the Board somewhat embarrassed exhibitors, as it could be pro- cured at only one factory, and there the sudden demand soon exhausted the supply of seasoned cart- ridges, and exhibitors were forced to take those in which the fulminate was, in some cases, damp, and frequent misfires were the result. The cartridges were the Berdan, as described in the previous report. The guns are clpssified in accordance with the method adopted in the report of April 6tli, last. Guns Spscically Designated for Trial in the First Clause of the Orders. THE ALLIN BREECH-LOADER, Entered by the AUin Patent Fire-Arms Manufacturing Company New York City, Description. The rear upper part of the barrel is first cut away, forming' an opening for the breech-block to be inserted, three and one-fourth inches in length. The Breech- block consists of a solid piece of iron (case-hardened) which fills up the portion of the barrel cut away, as well as the bore of the same, and is hinged at its front end to a piece called the hinge-strap, firmly attached to the barrel over the rear end of the bore wdiere the cartridof-e is inserted. Wlien the cartridore is to be inserted the breech-block is swung upwards and for- ward, exposing the end of the bore, wliicli is formed into a chamber sufiiciently large to allow tlie shell of a metallic cartridge of the proper calibre to be inserted. The device for locking the breech-block at its rear end 2 10 consists of a solid steel cam and shaft, the latter of which projects out at the side, through a cut formed in the barrel in the place of the cone-seat. To the pro- jecting end of the shaft is attached a lever or thumb- piece, which operates the cam, so that by placing the thumb on the lever and turning it back, the end of the cam enters a notch formed in the breech-pin made to receive it ; and by turning up and forward this lever, the cam is withdrawn from the notch and the breech- block is free to be raised. The cartridge is exploded by a blow from tlie hammer, arranged as ordinaril}^, the force of the blow being received, however, through the medium of a firing-pin, arranged in the upper part of the breech-block, resting upon the rear end of the car- tridge, and the rear end projecting out from the rear end of the breech-block, to receive the blow from the hammer. In order to prevent the possibility of the hammer falling upon the firing-pin when the breech-block is not down and locked, a projection is arranged upon the end of the lever or thumb-piece, operating the cam-lock, in such a manner that when the lever is entirely up the hammer shall strike this projection and be prevented from reaching the firing-pin ; and when the lever is partially down the nose of the hammer shall strike on this projection, forcing the lever down entirely and locking the breech-block. For the pur- pose of preventing the hammer from striking the firing-pin before the breech-block is down entirely, a pro- jection is arranged on the rear end of the breech-block, just beneath the end of the firing-pin, and upon this projection the hammer would strike in such an instance. 11 A latch-spring is so arranged under the cam-lock, that by closing down the breech-block in place it locks itself. The front end of the breech-block, forming when shut the rear end of the cartridge chamber, is slightly beveled so as to project forward at its lower part, and the end of the barrel at this part is formed to correspond to it ; thus the breech-block is held firmly in place when shut, even though the hinge should be broken, as no strain is produced upon the hinofe in firing". An extractor for the cartridge case is formed by extending a small projection on the breech-block in front of the hinge, so that when the breech-block is raised and thrown ' forward, this projection passing through a groove formed for it, catches in front of the rim of the shell, at the top or upper side, and starts it back, leaving the ejector (if such be used) to throw it out. When the breech-block is down the projection is thrown up above the line of the bore, and does not interfere with the cartridge case. The method of eject- ing the case entirely from the barrel is as follows, viz : A lever is inserted across the breech-block in rear of the hinge in a groove (secured by a screw), in such a manner that when the breech-block is turned upward and forward so far that the ejector will start the shell, a sudden blow will be given to the ejector, having a projection on the upper side, by the breech-block upon the end of the lever, which gives the ejector, conse- quently, an accelerated motion sufficient to expel the shell from the barrel. 12 Tests. JFirst Test. — 1st Round — 100 fires and 22 misfires. This large proportion of misfires was attributable to the use of an experimental cartridge, which was disapproved by the Board. 2d Round — 100 fires and no misfires. 3d " 100 " " 4th " 100 " " 5th " 100 " " 6th " 100 fires and 2 misfires. Vth " 100 fires and no misfires. 8th " 100 " " One cartridge case split at base and sides, and one split in the side ; the gas, thus escaping, fouled the receiver and block, but not otherwise affecting the piece. 9th Round — 100 fires and no misfires. One cartridge case split at base and sides. 10th Round — 100 fires and 1 misfire. The gun operated well during this test, and no wear of the working parts, except a slight battering of the ejector, nor any derangement of any part, was jjercej^tible at the close. Second Test. — Four cartridges of TO strains " Liofhtnina;" Pow- der, fired without affecting the arm. Third Test. — Four cartridges, the heads being well filed all around, were fired without starting the breech-block or otherwise deranging the mechanism. A cartridge filed two-thirds around was fired with similar result. THE BERDAN BREECH-LOADING RIFLE, No. 2. Entered by the Berdan Arms Manufacturing Co., New York City. Description. The exhibitor not having furnished any detailed dimensions, &c., as required by paragraph two of the 13 jorogrammo, reference is made to the description of this gun given in the report made April Gtli hist (page 13), as no material change has been made in the meantime. Tksts. First 2"est.—\&t \l ound — 100 fires and no misfires. 2d u 100 (( a 3d li 100 C( 1 11 4th a 100 a no a 5th (< 100 (( 1 (( 6th « 100 a 3 (C 7th (( 100 (( 2 (( 8th (( 100 It, 2 u 9th a 100 u 2 u 10th a 100 u 5 u The gun worked well. The intcrva s between the rounds were short, the gnu being cooled by 2)assing a str( 3am of cold water through the barrel. No aj^prec iable wear of working parts or deransjement of mechanism. Second Test. — Four " Lightning " cartridges were fired, with results entii-ely satisfactory. Third Test. — Four cartridges fired, the heads of which were filed all around, and one cartridge with head filed two-thirds around, without affecting the working of the gun or deranging it in any way. THE ROBERTS BREECH-LOADIXG RIFLE, Entered by the Roberts Breech-Loading Arms Co., New York City. Description. Calibre, .58 inch ; distance from muzzle to face of breech-block, when closed, 37 inches ; length of cham- 14 ber, 1.25 inch. The chamber has a uniform taper for its entire length ; maximum diameter, .64 inch ; minimum diameter, .58 inch. Receiver, 2 inches in leng-th ; breech-block, .75 inch wide. Breech-block and all its appendages assembled from one piece 5 inches in length. The musket presented is of the United States " Springfield " pattern, made by machinery. The breecli-loading parts, five in number, were made by hand, and constitute " the Roberts breecli-loading attachment." The first piece is an iron breech-frame or receiver, into which the barrel, having been cut off at proper point, is firmly screwed. This receiver is imbedded in the stock in the place of the old breech- pin. The barrel is cut oft' about one inch in front of the cone, and a male screw cut, reaching nearly to the rear sight on the barrel. Tlie breech-block is inserted through this receiver, and supported against the rear end on a semi-circular shoulder, forming the back of receiver, the centre around wliicli this semi-circle is described being in the prolongation of the axis of the barrel. The rear of the breech-block is turned to fit with exactness this semi-circle, and is played around it as a fulcrum. The cheeks of the receiver support the breech-block laterally. When the breech-block is in place in the receiver, it forms a curved lever, the handle projecting backward, and it then is moved about the solid abutment of the receiver, instead of being pivoted by any system of points or pins, thus affording great solidity and strength. The forward end of the breech-block has a semi- circular groove cut transversely through it, for the purpose of receiving a corresponding tenon formed on 15 .1 block of steel, termed the recoil-plate. The front face of this block is flat, so that when in position it fits squarely against the vertical face of the chamber and the rear end of the cartridge case. A small space is left between the tenon on the rear of this block and the front surface of the breech-block above the trans- verse groove, to admit of a slight rocking motion of recoil-plate, so that it will descend to expose the breech of the barrel and admit the cartridore into the chamber. This small open space permits the recoil-plate to descend perpendicularh', when the rear of the lever is raised until the top of the plate passes below the axis of the barrel, after which it swings with the arc of the circle on the rear end of the receiver. AVhen the rear of the lever is raised, the recoil-plate ascends to its position by the exact reverse motion, up to the axis of the barrel on a circular motion and afterward to close the chamber, ascending vertically and closing squarely against the head of the cartridge case and the vertical face of the chamber. The firing-pin is located on the right side of the breech-block, and runs through both this block and the recoil-plate, directed to the center for center-fire cartridges, and grooved into the sides for rim-fire car- tridges. It is so set on a shoulder that the force of the blow of the hammer cannot drive it a greater distance than is necessary to insure fire. The retractor is a curved lever, fixed on the left side of the chamber, with one arm behind the flange of the cartridge-case, and the other operating in a vertical groove on the left side of the recoil-})late. When the breech-lever is raised and the recoil-plate descends, 16 the arm in the groove is not touched imtil the top of this plate reaches the bottom of the chamber ; the shoulder at the upper end of the groove then strikes the lever and ejects the cartridge case. Tests. First Test- —1st Round - — 100 fires and 5 misfires, 2d (( 100 (( 4 3d li. 100 a 4 ^th (( 100 a B 5th (C 100 u 3 During the last round it was noticed that the firing-pin was broken, occasioned by a flaw in the metal, and had been appa- rently broken during the most of this round. As the gun con- tinued to operate well, the exhibitors concluded to continue firing without repairing the jiin, and permission so to do was granted by the Board. 6th Round — 100 fires and 10 misfires. 7th u 100 a 6 8th a 100 a 1 9th a 100 a 1 10th u 100 (( 1 The gun withstood this test well, no w^ear or derangement of the mechanism being apparent, except the broken firing-pin, which was attributable to defective metal, as was manifest by the appearance of the fracture. Second Test. — Four cartridges of 70 grains " Lightning " pow- der and 480 grains of lead, were successively fired, without afiecting the gun. Third Test. — Fired one cartridge with head filed all around ; mechanism not affected, except the broken firing-pin driven for- ward so as to render opening of breech difficult. By permission, a new pin was substituted, and four cartridges with heads filed all around, and one cartridge Avith head filed two-thirds around, w^ere fired, without in any way affecting the breech-block or deranging the mechanism of the gun. 17 Guns entered under provisions of second clause of Special I Orders. I " The Board is iilso authorized to admit to such trial such other arms, as upon exhil)ition to it, may appear to possess sufficient merit to entitle them to competi- tion, upon the same terms and subject to the same conditions as the above named." iln accordance witli the above provision, and also ■with the following- clause in parngra[)h I, of the pub- lished programme of trials : " iVdditional guns of the same class, with calibre reduced to .50, may be exhibited, and will be tested at the discretion of tlie P Board," the following- guns were admitted to competi- tion and tested by the Board : t THE ALLIX BREECH-LOADER, CALIBRE .50. Entered by the AUin Patent Arms-Manufacturing Co., New York City . Description. The breech-mechanism and appendages of this arm are the same as those of the .58 calibre gun, on the same system previously described. The barrel origi- nally of .58 calibre is reduced to .50, by the following process : The barrel is first bored out to remove the lands, if it be a rifled barrel, leaving it of the desired decrease inside from breach to muzzle. Into this is forced a tube of iron or steel, which is also made with a taper 3 18 to suit the seat formed for it in the barrel. This rein- force, so placed by being forcibly driven in, is firmly fastened there as follows : A slot is cut throujrh the outside tube to the surface of the inner one ; both are then heated and bi-ass Avire inserted in the slot, borax being- used as a flux. The wire melting, the fluid brass runs in between the two tubes, filling up the imper- ceptible space between them in the vicinity of the slot, for the distance of two or three inches. (These braz- ings may be repeated throughout the length of the bar- rel, but are not necessary.) The brazing at the muzzle is effected by placing a ring of brass wire, well fluxed, around the extended end of the inner tube, the barrel being placed in a vertical position, the wire is then heated to the melting point, when it penetrates between the two tubes. Each end of the barrel being thus firmly brazed, forms a solid barrel ; it is then bored and rifled in the usual manner. The following are some of the principal dimensions of the .50 calibre Allin gun : Length of barrel from muzzle to face of breech-block, 36 5-8 inches ; length of chamber, 1.76 ; diameters of chamber, maximum .57 inch, minimum .54 inch ; iron breech-block, length 3.25 inches ; iron breech-block caj), length .87 inch ; width of receiver .7 inch ; length of iron hinge-strap, 2 inches ; locking device, steel cam-latch, length .62 inch ; shaft, length 1.5 inch ; iron thumb-piece, length 1.37 inch ; steel firing-pin, 3.12 inches in length. Tests. First Test. — First round — 100 fires and no misfires. Upon the 78th discharge the back sight (soldered to the barrel) was detached by melting of the solder. 19 2il Kouud — 100 fires and 1 misfire. 3d " 100 " no " 4th " 100 " " 5th " G8 " " Upon the G8th dlscliai'ge tlie breech -was blown open so vio- lently as to bend up tlie rear portion of the hinge-strap, partially tearing it in two, and deranging the parts so that the breech could not be closed. The cartridge-case was driven back vio- lently against the rear of receiver and thrown out, but not burst, though deformed. The person firing the gun was not in any way injured. After careful examination, it was discovered that the screw which retains the firing-piu in position had been turned out, so as to allow the pin to jn-ojcct backward 1-32 of an inch beyond its proper position, and so that the thumb piece of the breech-lock would, in revolving, strike the pin. In the hurry of rapid firing, the breech was not entirely closed when the trigger was pulled, and the hammer striking the thumb-piece, drove it against the firing-pin, thus exploding the cartridge before the bi'eech was closed. Liability to such accident has since been obviated by a change in the manner of securing the firing-pin, not readily deranged, and by lengthening the lever of breech-lock, so that, under no circumstances, can it strike the firing-pin. The gun, being disabled as above, was, by permission of the Board, withdraAvn, and not again jiresented, as the exhibitors substituted the .58 calibre gun described on a j^revious j^age. BERDAN'S BREECH-LOADIXG RIFLE, No. 1. Entered by the Berdan Arms-Manufacturing Co., New York City, Description. The exhibitors not liaving complied with paragi'aph II of the programme, no detailed description ^vill be given. Col. Berdan calls it a "jointed breech-piece" 20 gun, and in its general features it resembles the Allin gun, being provided with an independent locking device, as recommended in the previous report of the Board. The workmanship of the gun was very fine and noticeable. Tests. First Test. — 1st Round — 100 fires and no misfires. 2d 100 a 4 u 3d 100 u no a 4th 100 u no a 5 th 100 (( 2 ii. 6 th 100 a 5 a Vth 100 a 2 u 8th 100 a 8 a 9th 100 u 5 u 10th 100 a 8 a The gun Avorked well during this test ; the mechanism not being in any way deranged, nor any appreciable wear. Second Test. — Four of the " Lightning " cartridges fired with- out affecting the gxm. Third Test. — Four cartridges with the heads filed all around and one filed two-thirds around fired without deranging the gun. Afterwards fired two similar cartridges, the thumb piece of breech-lock lever bcinir cut oif. to demonstrate that hammer does not assist in the efficient locking of the breach — results satis- factory. THE LAMSON BREECII-LOADING RIFLE (CAL. .50). Entered by the Windsor Manufacturing Co., Windsor, Vt. Description. This gun is in all respects similar to the gun of same system and calibre .58, described beyond, except in 21 Iiavino' a barrel reinforced or reduced in calibre to .50, as described previously. Tests. First Test. — 1st round — 100 fires and 21 misfires. The car- tridges were very imperfect, and the fubninate evidently damp. 2d Round — 100 fires and 7 misfires. nd 100 11 4th 100 12 5 th 100 13 6th 100 25 Vth 100 26 8tli 100 22 9th 100 19 10th 100 21 Tlie gun worked well, without perceptible wear or derange- ment of any part. Second Test. — Tried four "Lightning" cartridges with results entirely satisfactory. Third Test. — Fired one cartridge with head filed all around, blowing ojjen the breech-block one and a half inch, but the gun not in any way disabled. The exhibitor claimed that this result was occasioned by neglect to plug the old cone-vent, the Board ordered this to be done, and Avhen completed, and a cartridge with head filed all around being fired, the breech-block Avas blown open one and three-quarters inch. Two similar cartridges were then fired and breech blown open two inches each time. The gun was apparently not otherwise aftected by these results. A cartridge with head filed half Avay around Avas then placed in the chamber with filed portion down and fired, the breech-block was blown open .13 inch. After carefully cleaning the gun, three perfect cartridges Avere fired Avithout opening the breech, and the gun appeared to be in as good Avorking order as Avhen first pre- sented. Then fired a cartridge with head filed one-third around, and breech-block was bloAvu open ,17 inch. Without cleaning, two perfect cartridges were fired, and then one with substitution of "Lightning" powder, the breech remaining closed and the cjun otherAvise workinsc Avell. 22 By permission the gun was withdrawn, and again presented with certain modifications, greater space around the sides of the breech-block being allowed for escape of gas, and the hammer having a more secure hook upon the projecting lip of the breech- block. Two cartridges with heads filed all around were fired without opening the breech or otherwise aflTecting the gun. The Board considered this test sufficient as the principles involved were to be more fully tested in the .58 calibre gun of same system. THE LAMSOX BREECH-LOADIXG RIFLE (CAL. .58). Entered by the Windsor Manufacturing Co., Windsor, Vt. Description. The breech receiver is formed by cutting away the upper part of the barrel immediately in front of the breech-pin. The breech Ksystem is composed of nine pieces, viz : the carrier-block, the sliding breech-block, the firing-pin, the firing-pin screw, the ejector, the ejector spring, the hinge-band, the joint-screw and the spring-screw. Length of barrel from muzzle to rear of chamber, 37 inches ; calibre of bore, .58 inch ; diameters of chamber, maximum .65 inch and mini- mum .62 inch; length of chamber, 1.76 inch. The mean dimensions of the carrier-block, are 3 inches by 1.09 inch by .42 inch, and of the breech-block, 2.43 inches by .7 inch by .48 and .75 inch. Length of hinge-band 2.06 inches and thickness outside of barrel .07 inch ; width of hinge, 1.1 inch ; of spring slot, .56 inch, and of the spring^ .55, with average thickness of .05 inch. The ejector, .13 inch thick, and greatest length .8 inch. Length of firing-pin, 3.37 inches, with body diameter of .21 inch and .08 at point. 23 Since previously exhibited to the Board in January, 18G7, marked modifications have been made in this gun. The previous attachment of breech-bh)ck liinge to the barrell by a strap or sadde, has been changed to a band, clasping the barrel and reinforcing at a desir- able point. The breech-block now enters the chamber like a stopple. The peculiarity of this gun, as com- pared -with others of its class, is in the division of the breech-block into the carrier-block, and the breech- block proper, sliding longitudinall}^ on each other. The breech-block has two motions relative to the cartridge-chamber, a longitudinal slide and a lateral motion at the forward end, to allow it, when entering the chamber, to follow the straight line of the bore, as otherwise it Avould continue to describe the arc of a circle, whose centre would be that of the liinge screw. By these combined movements, it is claimed that the breech-block is well inserted in the chamber, fitting closely the mouth thereof; that compensatory movement is allowed for variations in the thickness of cartridge- case heads ; that the rear end of the block, when cart- ridge is inserted, rests firmly in the recoil-seat, cut perpendicularly to the axis of the bore, and in the stable-breech of the gun, preventing it from upsetting by recoil, and removing all strain from the hinge of the carrier-block. To prevent the carrier-block from uprising in case of bursting of cartridge-case, the forward end is secured by entry into the cartridge- chamber, while it is firmly locked down in the rear by the double friction concave and convex surfaces, respectively described by the one and the co-ordinate center on which the hammer swings ; the swing of the 24 carrier-block beino- different therefrom. The retractor rotates upon the hinge-pin of the carrier-block, and gradually draws the case till entirely loose, when a sud- denly accelerated motion is given by means of spring, and ejecting the case entirely from the chamber. One of these ejector-springs, snapped at the rate of two hundred and eighty times per minute, endured till the 27,1 GOth " snap " before fracture. The firing-pin oper- ates in the usual manner, and the hammer, when down, locks over a projecting lip on the rear of the carrier- block, thus securing the breech from accidental opening. The cartridges used with this gun were carefully charged at Windsor, and lubricated by Ball's patent machine, and form a good illustration of careful pre- paration and manufacture. Tests. First Test.- —1st Round - -100 fii res and no r nisi 2cl (( 100 u 3d (( 100 (( 4tli a 100 (( 5tli a 100 (C 6th a 100 li Vth (( 100 (( 8tli a 100 (( 9th a 100 u 10th C( 100 1 (C This test was entirely satisfactory. Second Test. — Four cartridges of " Lightning " powder fired without affecting the gun. Third Test. — Four cartrido;es with heads filed all around and one with the head filed two-thirds around, were fired without opening the breech or deranging the gun. It was apparent that the hammer held the breech-block down. 25 THE MILLER CONVERTED BREECH-LOADER. Entered by W. H- & G. "W. Miller, West Meriden, Ct. Description. Tliis g-un resembles very closely the Allin gun, being claimed as an improvement thereon, by means of a new locking device for the breech-block. The breech receiver is formed by cutting away the upper part of barrel in usual manner. Length of barrel from end of breech-block, 37 inches ; length of cham- ber, 1.5, with maximum diameter of .65 and minimum of .63 inch. Diameter of receiver, .76, and length 2.5 inches. The breech-block is made with a round solid plug fitting the receiver, with flanges projecting over the top even with the outside of the barrel. (This tight fit was modified during trial — see 3d test.) The block is hinged at forward end in usual manner, and at its rear end in a vertical slot is fitted the slidinof bolt which locks the breech when closed ; tliis bolt, or more properly, " key," has a bearing against the breech- pin .5 inch by .37 inch, and a sliding motion of about .2 inch. It is manipulated by a shaft, lever, and thumb - piece, very similar to those parts in the AlHn gun. TJie retractor is the same as that used in the latter gun, reference to which (page 11) is made for descrip- tion. Tests. First Test. — 1st round — 100 fires and no misfires. At the close of this round a flaw was discovered in the breech- block, extending across the hinge, and occasioned by an imper- fect weld, and by permission the gun was withdrawn for the 4 26 substitution of perfect parts. LTpon the gun being returned it was concluded to recommence this test. 1st Round — 100 fires and 5 misfires. 2d 100 (( 4 (( 3d 100 u 2 u 4th 100 u 6 cc 5th 100 u 5 (C 6 th 100 ii Y cc Vth 100 li 4 cc 8th 100 u 3 cc 9th 100 u no cc 10th 100 a (( cc The cartridges (external primers) used in the first six rounds leaked about the cap orifice, and fouled the chamber very much. The gun worked well, and the test was satisfactory. Second Test. — Four " Lischtningf " cartrid sees were fii'ed without affecting the gun. Third Test. — Fired a cartridge with head filed all around; the breech-block was blown open and the hammer cocked by the explosion ; the tumbler of the lock was also broken, but no other appreciable injury. A new tumbler having been placed in the lock, a similar cartridge was fired, and the breech was again blown open, the hammer remaining down, but the key or bolt of the locking device was broken into two pieces. Permission being granted, the gun was repaired by a substitution of a new key, and the breech-block, the close fit of which in the receiver had been considered an advantage by the exhibitors, was cut aAvay on the sides to allow a free escape of gas. No other changes were made. It was then fired with four cartridges, the heads of which were filed all around, and one filed two-thirds around, without affecting the breech or appendages. 27 THE NEEDIIAM BREECH-LOADER. Entered by James Graham Gray, New York City. DESCRirxiox. The barrel of original gun is cut off about three inches in front of the breech-pin, and screwed into a new breech-receiver. Tlie breech-block consists of a solid piece of iron hinged to the front of receiver, and moving in a horizontal plane to the riglit in opening the breech. The original lock is retained, but the hammer is prolonged into a wedge-formed key, wliicli, in firing, descends into a vertical slot, cut into the rear of the breech-block, thus locking it in place, and at the same time the wedge drives forward the firing-pin. To open the breech, the hammer is cocked, thus releasing the block, which is, however, retained in place by the back pressure of the firing-pin acted upon by a spiral spring. By a projecting handle on upper and back part of the block, it is swung laterally and forward, and strikes a spur attached to the extractor, working on the same liinge, and thus drawing out the cartridge- case. Length of barrel, 37 inches; length of chamber, 3 inches ; length of breech-receiver, 4 inches, with width of 1.25 inch. Tests. The Board, after a careful examination of this gun as first pre- sented, being of opinion that the locking device would not witli- stand the third test, concluded to save time by such a trial at the outset. Four cartridges with heads filed all around were consecu- tively fired, and the breech was on each occasion blown open, the hammer being partially thrown up and the projecting Avedge bent. Tlie exhibitor claiming that this result was occasioned by 28 a defect in the workmanship and not in the principle, permission was granted him to withdraw the gun and changes to be made. This being done, the gun was again presented, and withstanding tlie successive action of three filed cartridges, was admitted to the recrular routine of trial. .\^ J.\^iiVlXC».X JLV f \^yj±.yx\j \^ * First Test- -1st R( bund- -100 fii res ar id 1 misfi 2d le 100 5 3d a 100 6 4 th a 100 6 " 5 th a 100 6 6 th (( 100 3 7th ii. 100 3 8th (( 100 10 " 9th u 100 22 " 10th u 100 22 " The large proportion of the misfires in the last two rounds is attributable to the imperfect system of driving the firing-pin. This being done by the wedge motion of the prolonged hammer, is confined to a motion of less than one tenth of an inch, and indirect, i. e., not the direct full blow from the hammer ordinarily received, and consequently readily afiected by gradual loosening and play of the hammer or debility of the spring. The cartridges that missed fire Avere successfully exploded in another kind of gun. Second Test. — Four " Lightning " cartridges were fired, with percejDtible effect upon the gun. Third Test. — Fired four cartridges with heads filed all around and one with head filed two-thirds around, without blowing open the breech or deranging the gun, though the strain upon the hammer was very perceptible. 29 THE CON ROY BUEECII-LOADER. Entered by General E. L. Molineux, New York City. Description. This gun lias a separate breecli-receiver into wliicli tlie barrel is screwed. The receiver, breech-block, hammer, trigger, guard lever and recoil block are of wrought iron case-hardened. The lock spring and retractors are of steel. Length of barrel 37f inches. Distance from centre of butt-plate to face of breech- block 14f inches. Calibre of barrel .58 inch. The breech-block is a quarter of a circle, whose radius is 1.75 inches, and it has a thickness of .81 inch. Through the center of the block is an opening, into which the hammer is fitted ; in the lower end of the hammer there is a suitable slot to receive the upper portion of the trigger, which portion is cone-shaped. The guard lever has a pair of lugs on its forward end, and enters up into the walls of the receiver which is formed to receive them. Through the lower portion of the receiver, and in line with the face of the breech- block when closed, there is a hole to receive the pin, which passes through the center of revolution of the breech-block, the hammer and the trigger, thus these three pieces swing on a common center. In connec- tion with this pin is a sleeve, serving a double purpose ; before the parts are placed in the receiver, they are placed in position and the sleeve passed through them, thus securing their centers, so that when j)laced in the receiver the passage of the pin is facilitated ; it also 30 a reduces friction. The main spring is placed forward and beneath, nearly in line with the center pin, the npper limb of which serves as a stop when the hammer is cocked. By pulling- on the trigger the upper limb of the spring is raised by the action of the cam, and the hammer being liberated is brought down by the lower portion of the main-spring, which has been pre- viously kept in tension by the cocking of the hammer. The recoil block is a short piece of the same thickness as breech-block, its rear end is semi- circular, and it rests in a corresponding seat in the upper and rear end -of the receiver, and is kept in position by a pivotal pin. The forward end of this block is fitted against a shoulder formed in the breech-block, and which thus braced transmits the recoil in a direct line to the recoil seat. In bringing down the guard lever, its first ope- ration is to raise the recoil block sufficiently (and no more) to release the breech block, wdiich then revolves, its movement being accelerated by a spring. The retractor may be single or double ; in the gun pre- sented it was double, having a positive motion and operated by the guard lever. Tests. First Test. — 1st Round — 100 fires and 5 misfires. 2d " 100 " 4 " 3d " 100 " 9 " 4th " 100 " 5 " 5th " 100 " 3 " 6th " 100 " 9 " Vth " 100 " 4 " 8th '• 100 " 9 " 9th " 100 " 9 " 10th " 100 " 6 " The gun M'ithstood this test without any ijerceiDtible wear of the working parts or their derangement. I 31 Second Test. Fired lour " IJiililuiiif?" cartridsjes witliout alVoctino- the c'lin. T/ilnl 2esf. Fired four cartridges Avith llie heads filed all around, and one with liead tiled two-thirds around. The breccli remained stable and tlic mechanism unatiected. As this gun liad not been examined at the previous session of the Board, it was submitted to several of the tests at that time prescribed (See pages G and 7, lleport of April G.) For rcqndity it was fired at a target 15:^ inches in diameter, at range of one hundred feet, thirteen times in a minute, by Mr. Conroy, three balls entering the target. It was then fired by 3[r. \. G. Sinclair sixteen times in a minute, five balls in target; seventeen times in a minute and two balls in target ; and fifteen times in a minute and eleven balls in target. It was then subjected to the " sand-test " (Xo. 9 of previous report ), and was readily cleansed by percussion and wiping with the fingers. This test repeated with same result and the gun w^as fired several times, operating satisfactorily. THE REMINGTOX IMPR0\T:D BREECH-LOADER. Entered by E. Remington & Sons, Ilion, N. Y. Description. This is au adaptation of the "Remington breecli- system " to the Springfield Rifle Musket. Tlie system is manufactured by machinery, and is the same in all essential respects as used in the original gun tested by the Board at its former session (page 45 of Report). The parts, material, and dimensions of the system are as follows : Receiver, iron, case-hardened ; length through the body at center, 4.25 inches ; the thickness from out- 32 side to outside, 1.32 inch; thickness of sides, .29 inch. Guard-strap, iron, case-hardened ; length, 8.25 inches. Breech-block, steel; thickness, .735 inch; body, .837 at face ; diameter at axis, 1.04 inch. Hammer, steel ; thickness, .735 inch ; distance from recoil shoulder to center of axis, .92 inch. Two pivotal pins, steel ; diameter, .42 inch. Retractor, steel; length, 1.16 inch. Mainspring, steel ; simple curve. Friction lever, steel. Friction lever spring, steel. Trigger, trigger-spring, firing-pin, firing-pin S])ring, button and two small pins, all of steel. Eight screws and one small pin of iron, case-hardened. The barrel of the Springfield gun is cut off in front of its old breech-pin, a screw cut on outside at breech so as to fit the Remington breech receiver. Outer edge at breech is beveled on under side so as to conform to that portion of breech-block swinging underneath the barrel ; and in this respect tlie same as entirely new guns of this system. The cliamber is conical, w'ith length of 1.95 inch ; maximum diameter, .67 inch, minimum diameter, .62 inch ; deplh of counter-bore, .09 inch, diameter ,77 inch. Length of barrel from muzzle to face of breech-block, 39-i-o" inches, same as Spring- field muzzle-loading gun. Outside of barrel is same as Springfield gun, Avith addition of a recoil stud for front stock ; diameter at screwy .97 inch, and at bottom of thread .915 inch. The stock of the Springfield gun has a section removed at locality corresponding to the Remington system, eliminating part adapted to Spring- field lock and leaving the stock in tw^o parts, these being fitted to the breecli-receiver and barrel precisely as in new guns of this S3^stem. Ram-rod secured by screw- ing into lug in breach receiver, and head milled for 33 easy Avitlidrawal. All the other parts same as in unconverted g-un. For further description of operation of this gun, reference is made to previous report, page 45. Tests. J^irst 2 est. — 1st Round — 100 fires and 3 misfires. 2d - corps and a world-wiilc reputation. Tlit' lal)orions winter drills of oiii- Xationai (-fuard sei'\ e an excellent end, l)nt the nitiniate l)ur|)ose of the soldier is the eti'ective use of his \vea]>ons, and while we dix'ijiliiie and drill liim in all the nian especiallv desirable in the use of hrei'chdoailiui:' arms, as cond)ined with ra])iditv of tire and loui;; range, it gives thi> im])ro\('d wea])on tlie full measure of its extraordinarily (U'sti'ucti\ e power. The Kuii'lish s\stem wouhl furnish the model and genei'al details upon wliieh could be based a system more particularly adapted to our requirements. GEO. AV. PALMKK, Com.-Gen'l Onl. S. .\ . )'. W. G. AVARD, Brigadier- General. GEO. M. BAKER, Col. Com. Uth Regt. N. G. S. ^. )'. SILAS AV. BURT, Col. ct" Asd. /n!