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 (Ju^' 
 
 
MR KINGLAKE'S HISTORY OF THE INVASION OP THE 
 CRIMEA. 
 
 Just published, Vol. V. 
 
 THE INKERMAN VOLUME. 
 
 With Maps and Plans, price 17s. 
 
 CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME. 
 
 1. THE ENGAGEMENT OF THE LESSER INKERMAN. 
 
 2. SIR GEORGE CATHCART AND THE "DORMANT COMMISSION." 
 
 3. THE RETENTION OF BALACLAVA. 
 
 4. THE BATTLE OF INKERMAN. 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 A New Edition of the First Four Volumes of the Work, price £3, 6s. 
 Vol. I. THE ORIGIN OF THE CRIMEAN WAR. 
 Vol. II. THE ALMA CAMPAIGN. 
 Vol. III. SEBASTOPOL. 
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 Each Volume may be had separately, with a distinctive title-page, 
 forming a work complete in itself. 
 
 A New Edition, being the Third. 
 
 THE OPERATIONS OF WAR EXPLAIN^ED ANB 
 
 ILLUSTRATED. By EDWARD BRUCE HAMLEY, Colonel 
 in the Royal Artillery, Companion of the Bath, Knight of the 
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 BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 This day is published, price 2s. 
 
 ON OUTPOSTS. 
 
 This day is published, in 8vo, with Plans and a general Map, price 5s. 
 STAFF COLLEGE EXERCISES, 1874 : Being the 
 
 MORE EXTENDED RECONNAISSANCES WHICH .FORMED THE FINAL 
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 THE STORY OF THE CAMPAIGN OF SEBASTO- 
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 THE WAE EOE THE EHINE EEONTIEE, 1870. 
 
 Its Political and Military History. By Colonel W. RUSTOW. 
 Translated from the German by JOHN LAYLAND NEEDHAM, 
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 PRIZE. Selected for Publication, by his Grace's desire, from 
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 JOUENAL OF THE WATEELOO CAMPAIGIJ^ 
 
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 ON AEMY OEGANISATIOK By Sir Archibald 
 
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 unattached, Companion of the Bath. Fcap. 3s. 6d. 
 
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 FEOM SEDAN TO SAAEBEtTCK (A Narrative 
 op a Journey through the North op France during the 
 Franco - Prussian War.) By an Artillery Officer (Captain 
 HENRY KNOLL YS). Price 3s. 6d. 
 
 KERBY & ENDEAN, 190 Oxford Street, London. 
 
INCIDENTS 
 
 IN 
 
 THE CHINA WAR 
 
I N Cl&E N'T S--'-''^ '■•■■'• 
 
 IN 
 
 THE CHINA WAR 
 
 OF 1860 
 
 COMPILED FROM THE PRIVATE JOURNALS OF 
 
 GENERAL SIR HOPE GRANT 
 
 v» 
 
 G.C.B. 
 
 COMMANDER OF THE ENGLISH EXPEDITION 
 
 BY 
 
 HENRY KNOLLYS 
 
 CAPTAIN ROYAL ARTILLERY 
 
 AUTHOR OP 'from SEDAN TO SAARBRUCK,' AND EDITOR OF 
 
 'INCIDENTS IN THE SEPOY WAR' 
 
 WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON 
 
 MDCCCLXXV 
 
Qrl 
 
 Y MORSE STEF 
 
xJt. 
 
 W^\% Folume is 3In0cribetJ 
 
 TO 
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL F. C. A. STEPHENSON, C.B. 
 
 LATE COMMANDING SCOTS FUSILIER GUARDS, 
 
 AND WHO SERVED IN THE CHINA CAMPAIGN 
 
 OF i860 
 
 AS DEPUTY ADJUTANT-GENERAL TO 
 
 THE BRITISH FORCES. 
 
 51 4288 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Judging by opinions expressed both by the 
 Press and by private individuals, there is reason 
 to believe that the narrative of Sir Hope Grant's 
 military services in * Incidents in the Sepoy War' 
 has been read with some little interest. Sir Hope 
 Grant has therefore once more been persuaded to 
 intrust to me his private journals and his corre- 
 spondence relating to the China War of i860, 
 and has allowed me to publish such portions as 
 appeared to me to merit special attention. 
 
 It is necessary to explain that, in accordance 
 with the General's directions, I have abstained 
 from narrating certain facts, and from inserting 
 certain correspondence, closely affecting public 
 individuals still living ; and this reservation has 
 particularly applied to the share taken in the 
 campaign by our French allies. Even with this 
 drawback, however, it has appeared to me de- 
 sirable to make further public the little-known 
 
viil PREFACE. 
 
 incidents of the war, and the little-realised suc- 
 cesses then achieved by our troops, ere an addi- 
 tional lapse of years shall have entailed on the 
 subject the proverbial indifference belonging to 
 the feats of a bygone age. 
 
 This book has no pretensions to being a com- 
 plete history of the Expedition. As in the case 
 of ' Incidents in the Sepoy War/ the present 
 diary was no after-thought composition. Day 
 after day the events of the preceding twenty-four 
 hours were committed to paper while fresh in the 
 writer's memory. 
 
 HENRY KNOLLYS, 
 
 Captain Royal Artillery. 
 
 17 Eaton Square, London, 
 February^ 1875. 
 
 POSTSCRIPT. 
 
 During the interval between the delivery of 
 the manuscript of this volume to Messrs Black- 
 wood and its publication, Sir Hope Grant died — 
 March 7, 1875. During the month of February, 
 however, he went over with me, carefully, the 
 
7 
 
 . PREFACE. ix 
 
 proof-sheets ; and as he was then in the same 
 possession of his mental faculties as though he 
 were in perfect health, it may with certainty be 
 asserted that this book contains precisely the 
 same matter the General would have desired had 
 he lived to witness its publication. 
 
 HENRY KNOLLYS, 
 
 Captain Royal Artillery. 
 
 17 Eaton Square, London, 
 March 15, 1875. 
 
MAPS, &c. 
 
 Page 
 
 THE EAST COAST OF CHINA, I 
 
 SKETCH OF THE OPERATIONS BETWEEN THE 1ST AND 
 
 21 ST AUGUST 1860, 5 1 
 
 PLAN OF THE COUNTRY BETWEEN PEKIN AND THE 
 
 GULF OF PECHILI, at the end 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 JOURNAL. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sir Hope Grant appointed to command China Expedition — 
 Sir William Mansfield declines post of second in command — 
 Arrival at Hong-Kong — Acquisition of Kowloon — Expedi- 
 ent for quieting Canton — Proceeds to Shanghai — War de- 
 clared — Consultation with French concerning plan of opera- 
 tions — Seizure of Chusan — Interview with mandarins — 
 How to allot quarters— The French and the flag-staff— 
 Return to Hong-Kong— Composition of the English ex- 
 pedition—Delay on the part of the French— Their want of 
 transport — English troops sail for Gulf of Pechili — The 
 new Armstrong guns — Remarks by the Editor — Letters 
 and returns, ...... 1-32 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 Sails for Shanghai— Conference with the French— Sir Hope 
 Grant's and General de Montauban's respective plans of 
 attack— Delay on part of French— Deplorable condition 
 of China— General Ignatieff — Visits Wei-hei-wei and 
 Che-foo — The new French gun — Disembarkation of British 
 troops at Ta-lien-w^an — Arrival of Lord Elgin — Sir Hope 
 
Xll CONTENTS. 
 
 again urges on General de Montauban the necessity 
 for quickly beginning active operations — Splendid condi- 
 tion of our troops — Inspection by French — General de 
 Montauban abandons his original plan, and resolves to 
 act with us in attack on Peh-tang — Embarkation of troops 
 for Peh-tang — Strength of force, . . . 33-50 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Disembarkation near Peh-tang — Advance through the mud 
 — Surrender of the town — The hidden shells — Tales of vio- 
 lence — Dread of fire — Reconnaissance and search for water 
 — Sir Hope Grant resolves to continue march, and General 
 de Montauban at length acquiesces — Measures for attack- 
 ing the Sin-ho forts — Fresh struggles through the mud — 
 Gallant attack of Tartar cavalry against Stirling's guns — 
 Repulsed by Probyn's Horse — Capture of the Sin-ho forts — 
 French advance against Tang-ku, but are forced to retire — 
 Prisoners captured by the Tartars — Attack and capture by 
 the allies of Tang-ku on 14th August — Incidents in the 
 engagement — Despatch from Lord Elgin, . . 51-73 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Description of the small north Taku fort — Petitions for 
 peace — General de Montauban's plan of attack — His formal 
 
 ^ letter of remonstrance against Sir Hope Grant's scheme, to 
 which he finally yields under protest — Cannonade against 
 the fort — Explosion of magazine — The storming and capture 
 of the Taku fort — Bravery of the Chinese — Capture of the 
 large north fort — Surrender of the southern forts — Admiral 
 Hope steams with his gunboats up to Tien-tsin — Sir Hope 
 Grant proceeds there likewise — The inhabitants conciliated 
 — Chinese rebels threaten Shanghai — Arrival of plenipoten- 
 tiaries at Tien-tsin — Comfortable quarters — Remarks by 
 the editor on the plan of attack on the Taku Forts, . - 74- 100 
 
CONTENTS. xiii 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 March from Tien-tsin to Ho-si-wu — Concentration of troops 
 at latter place — Chinese open negotiations for peace — Ad- 
 vance towards Chan-chia-wan — Symptoms of treachery — 
 Hairbreadth escape of Colonel Walker's party — Allies re- 
 solve to attack Chinese army — Engagement of Chan-chia- 
 wan — Probyn's charge — Demand for the release of the 
 envoys — Sir Robert Napier ordered up from Ho-si-wu — 
 Engagement at Pa-le-chiao — Sir Hope Grant nearly cap- 
 tured by Tartar cavalry — Charge of English cavalry — 
 Gallant French attack on canal bridge — Chinese overtures 
 for peace — Allies refuse to treat until the envoys are given 
 up — Probyn's reconnaissance — General Ignatieff lends a map 
 of Pekiu — Diversity of opinion between allied commanders- -^ 
 in-chief as to true pomt of attack of Pekin — Arrival of Sir 
 Robert Napier's division at Tang-chow — Siege-train comes 
 up — Probyn's second reconnaissance — The allied ultimatum 
 — Intermediate depots established — Letters from Parkes — 
 Further advance — French "miss" our track — Fruitless 
 search for them — They are discovered at the Summer Palace 
 — Sir Hope visits Summer Palace — Looting — Chinese con- 
 sent to release the envoys, who return to camp — Their sad 
 story — Hospital returns — Description of Pekin, . 101-136 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Letters from Lord Herbert — Chinese official correspondence 
 relating to the war, .... 137-189 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 British troops directed to give up "loot" from Summer Palace 
 — Their ready compliance — Auction to insure an equal divi- 
 sion — Subsequent confirmation of the step by the Home 
 Government — Han-ki's search for the governor of the Sum- 
 
XIV CONTENTS. 
 
 mer Palace — Establishment of batteries to breach Pekin 
 walls — Inhabitants warned of approaching conflict — Prince 
 Kung's complaint of the looting of the palace — He promises 
 that our terms shall be agreed to — The prisoners given up 
 — Detail of the batteries — Extraordinary strength of the 
 walls — Funerals of the murdered prisoners — Burning of the 
 Summer Palace— Rumours of treachery, and Probyn's con- 
 sequent reconnaissance— Entry of Sir Hope Grant, Lord 
 Elgin, and British troops into Pekin— The signing of the 
 treaty — Prince Kung's terror of the photographic apparatus 
 — Preparations for departure — The town of Pekin — The 
 troops begin their return march to Tien-tsin and Taku — 
 Remarks by the editor on the march to, and destruction of, 
 the Summer Palace — Results attained by the war, 190-227 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 JOURNAL OF A VISIT TO JAPAN. 
 
 Sir Hope Grant sails for Japan — Arrives at Yokohama — Pro- 
 ceeds to Yedo — Arrest of the Jew — Description of Mr Al- 
 cock's residence — The feudal power — The Daimios and the 
 Government — Murder of the Tycoon — The royal conjuror 
 — Prosperity of Japan — Visit to the Japanese ministers — 
 Dwellings of the Daimios — System of universal espionage — 
 Japanese defences — Their knowledge of war — Return voy- 
 age to Hong-Kong — The Granada nearly founders — Ship- 
 wrecked Malays — Leave to return to England — Interview 
 
 /with Napoleon — Funeral of the Emperor, . 228-25 1 
 
 Appendix, ...... 252-263 
 
,r:ii-' £ast coast: ," 
 
 or 
 
 CHINA 
 
 I BjTths>ljitLen:lt!din 
 
INCIDENTS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 CHINA WAR OF 1860. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 JOURNAL. 
 
 SIR HOPE GRANT APPOINTED TO COMMAND CHINA EXPEDI- 
 TION — SIR WILLIAM MANSFIELD DECLINES POST OF 
 SECOND IN COMMAND — ARRIVAL AT HONG-KONG — ACQUI- 
 SITION OF KOWLOON — EXPEDIENT FOR QUIETING CANTON 
 — PROCEEDS TO SHANGHAI — WAR DECLARED — CONSUL- 
 TATION WITH FRENCH CONCERNING PLAN OF OPERA- 
 TIONS — SEIZURE OF CHUSAN — INTERVIEW WITH MAN- 
 DARINS — HOW TO ALLOT QUARTERS — THE FRENCH AND 
 THE FLAG-STAFF — RETURN TO HONG-KONG — COMPOSI- 
 TION OF THE ENGLISH EXPEDITION — DELAY ON THE PART 
 OF THE FRENCH — THEIR WANT OF TRANSPORT— ENGLISH 
 TROOPS SAIL FOR GULF OF PECHILI— THE NEW ARM- 
 STRONG GUNS — REMARKS BY THE EDITOR — LETTERS 
 AND RETURNS. 
 
 In consequence of the severe reverses we had 
 met with in the attack on the Peiho Forts in 
 1859, the English Government determined to 
 
v2:.':iNeipENj'S/.i]sr-yrHE china war, i860. 
 
 send out an expedition to China to demand 
 redress, and to secure the provisions of the trea- 
 ties made by the Earl of Elgin 1 and Baron Gros ^ 
 respectively on 26th and 27th June 1858. The 
 French likewise resolved to despatch a force to 
 act in conjunction with ourselves. 
 
 Her Majesty, on the recommendation of his 
 Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, was 
 pleased to nominate me to the command of the 
 British troops, with the rank of Lieutenant- 
 General — a mark of favour which I appreciated 
 the more, because I had sought for it neither 
 directly nor indirectly. Indeed, I heard from 
 home that, in the first instance, Sir Charles 
 Wood,^ Secretary of State for India, had offered 
 great opposition to my appointment, and had 
 requested that Sir William Mansfield,* whom he 
 considered much superior to myself, might be 
 selected instead. But the Duke urged my fitness 
 for the command, and at the same time pointed 
 out the injustice of passing over a senior and 
 competent officer who, his Royal Highness was 
 
 1 Afterwards Governor- General of India ; died 1863. 
 
 2 Since dead. 
 
 ^ Now Viscount Halifax. 
 
 * Now General Lord Sandhurst, G. C. B. , commanding the forces 
 in Ireland. 
 
A SECOND IN COMMAND. 3 
 
 good enough to say, had always done his 
 duty. 
 
 I received private letters from the Duke, and 
 from Mr Sidney Herbert,^ Secretary of State for 
 War, notifying to me my appointment, and ex- 
 plaining that Sir William Mansfield would be 
 nominated my second in command, in conse- 
 quence of his being a first-rate diplomatist and 
 French scholar. Mansfield and myself had 
 always been the best of friends, and I felt sure 
 that we should continue to work together har- 
 moniously; but it was hardly to be expected 
 that he would consent to act as my junior, for he 
 was considerably senior to me as a local Major- 
 General, though below me in army rank. Ac- 
 cordingly, in course of time, he wrote to tell me 
 that he had declined the appointment, provided 
 the Government approved of his refusal. I re- 
 plied that I thought the view he had taken of 
 the matter a mistaken one ; but, of course, he 
 adhered to his opinion, which was subsequently 
 fully endorsed by the home authorities. On 
 26th February i860, I sailed on board the screw- 
 steamer Fiery Cross from Calcutta for Hong- 
 Kong, where we arrived on 13th March. Admiral 
 ^ Afterwards Lord Herbert ; died 1862. 
 
4 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Hope/ who was there in command of the fleet, 
 carried his flag on board the Chesapeake, and 
 I at once proceeded to make his acquaintance. 
 He was a tall noble-looking man, with a prepos- 
 sessing and most gentlemanlike appearance, and 
 we were not long in becoming excellent friends. 
 From him I learnt that Lieutenant - General 
 Cousin de Montauban,^ the French military com- 
 mander-in-chief, had gone to Shanghai, but that 
 their senior naval officer, Admiral Page, was liv- 
 ing on shore at Hong-Kong. I was most hos- 
 pitably welcomed at Government House by the 
 governor. Sir Hercules Robinson,^ whose resi- 
 dence was beautifully furnished in English fashion, 
 and well warmed with blazing coal-fires. Although 
 we were in the same latitude as in Calcutta, the 
 climate was entirely diff'erent — in Hong-Kong the 
 weather in March was bitterly cold. 
 
 On the opposite coast, and within three-quarters 
 of a mile of Victoria, was the promontory of Kow- 
 loon, a spot of which I was most anxious to gain im- 
 
 1 Now Admiral Sir James Hope, G.C.B. 
 
 2 Now Count Palikao. After the fall of the Ollivier Ministry 
 in July 1870, he was head of the Government, until the battle of 
 Sedan, September i, 1870, overthrew the French Empire. 
 
 3 Now Sir Hercules Robinson, K.C.M.G., Governor and Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of New South Wales. 
 
ACQUISITION OF KOWLOON. 5 
 
 mediate possession — firstly, because its occupation 
 was absolutely essential for the defence of Hong- 
 Kong harbour and the town of Victoria ; secondly, 
 because it was an open healthy spot, admirably 
 suited for a camping-ground on the arrival of our 
 troops ; thirdly, because at the conclusion of the 
 war it would be a salubrious site for the erection 
 of barracks, required for the Hong-Kong garri- 
 son; and lastly, because if we did not take it, the^ 
 French probably would. This tract was about two 
 miles in length and two miles in breadth, and was 
 particularly healthy, owing to its being exposed 
 to the south-west monsoon. There were, how- 
 ever, difficulties in the way. Mr Bruce,^ our 
 plenipotentiary, had sent an ultimatum to the 
 Chinese Government, allowing them a month to 
 reply, and war had not as yet been actually de- 
 clared ; so the forcible seizure of the promontory 
 would not have been quite legal. Meanwhile, Mr 
 Bruce directed Sir Hercules Robinson to apply 
 to the governor of the two large provinces of 
 Kwang-tung and Kwang-si, for a lease of a por- 
 tion of the ground, about two square miles in 
 extent. The mandarin governor was at that 
 
 ^ The Hon. Sir Frederick Bruce, G.C.B., British Minister in 
 the United States, died 1867. 
 
6 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 time resident in Canton ; and Sir Hercules Rob- 
 inson charged our consul at that town, Mr Parkes/ 
 a clear-headed and able young man, with all his 
 wits about him, to take steps for the attainment 
 of our object. This, to my surprise and satisfac- 
 tion, he accomplished most successfully. The 
 mandarin agreed to give us a lease of Kowloon, 
 together with " Stone-Cutter's Island," in perpetu- 
 ity, on our engaging to pay a yearly rent of ^160. 
 Of course we instantly closed with these terms, 
 and the lease was signed by both parties. On 
 1 8th March, the promontory was occupied by a 
 detachment of the 44th Regiment. The 8th 
 April was the day fixed on for the reply to our 
 ultimatum ; and I decided that if war were de- 
 clared I would at once despatch a force of 2000 
 men, comprising 67th and 99th Regiments, 
 Rotton's battery of artillery, and a company of 
 Engineers, &c., to take possession of Chusan, 
 which would serve as a base of operations. Ad- 
 miral Hope agreed to aid me with 600 marines ; 
 and Admiral Page, with the permission of General 
 de Montauban, likewise promised to send 500 
 marines and sailors. The Frencli regulations 
 
 1 Now Sir Harry Parkes, K.C.B., Envoy Extraordinary and 
 Minister Plenipotentiary in Japan. 
 
VISIT TO CANTON. 7 
 
 differ from our own with regard to command 
 when the sea and land forces co-operate. The 
 military officer, if he happens to be the senior, is 
 empowered to employ the navy as he thinks fit, 
 and vice versa. 
 
 I was anxious to start at once for Shanghai, 
 that I might proceed without delay to Chusan, 
 should the answer to our ultimatum prove un- 
 favourable ; and Admiral Hope placed at my 
 disposal a nice little steamer of about 800 tons 
 called the Granada. Before setting off, I paid a 
 visit to the town of Canton, where were stationed 
 the 3d Buffs, the 67th Queen's, and the 65th and 
 70th native infantry regiments, under Major- 
 General Sir Charles Straubenzee,^ who had com- 
 manded the troops in China previous to my 
 arrival, but who was now about to return to 
 England — a very gentlemanlike active officer, and 
 young for his rank. 
 
 Canton had been in a very disturbed state 
 for some time ; and on one occasion a gingal 
 had been fired by some Chinese in concealment 
 upon a party of fourteen military police as they 
 were going their rounds, killing seven of their 
 
 ^ Now Lieut-General Sir Charles Straubenzee, K.C.B., Gover- 
 nor and Commander-in-Chief of Malta. 
 
8 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 number ; whereupon the General, in reprisal, de- 
 molished the whole street in which the outrage 
 had taken place, and thus effectually put a stop 
 to a repetition of such occurrences. Canton was 
 now very fairly quiet; and Lady Straubenzee, 
 MrsStraubenzee, wife of the aide-de-camp, and my 
 wife, were carried in sedan chairs through the 
 crowded streets and by -lanes without meeting 
 with any incivility. On 31st March i860, we set 
 sail from Hong-Kong for Shanghai, where we 
 arrived on 6th April ; and I at once went to 
 call on General de Montauban and Mr Bruce. 
 The latter was our plenipotentiary in China ; but 
 his brother. Lord Elgin, was shortly expected 
 to take over the management of affairs during 
 the war. 
 
 I had formerly known Frederick Bruce well. 
 In disposition he was a fine, upright, honourable 
 fellow, and in appearance tall and strong made, 
 with a remarkably good expression of counte- 
 nance. I was sorry to find that the chief diplomatic 
 power was to be taken out of his hands ; but Lord 
 Elgin had more experience, and had been in 
 China before. General de Montauban was a fine, 
 handsome, soldier-like-looking man, apparently 
 under sixty years of age, with a pleasant expres- 
 
A CHINESE REPLY. 9 
 
 sion, and in general appearance quite the " beau 
 sabreur." 
 
 On 8th April/the official reply to our ultimatum 
 arrived from Pekin, and was *^ cheeky " in the ex- 
 treme, refusing point-blank all our demands. No 
 doubt one reason for this was that our conditions 
 were too moderate, and led the Chinese Govern- 
 ment to think that we were frightened. Their 
 answer was, however, quite what we expected, and 
 war was at once declared.-^ [The following are 
 the concluding words of the Chinese official reply: 
 " The despatch written on this occasion is in 
 much of its language too insubordinate and extra- 
 vagant for the Council to discuss its propositions 
 more than superficially. For the future the 
 British Minister must not be so wanting in 
 decorum. ... It will behove (him) not to 
 adhere obstinately to his own opinion, as so doing 
 he will give cause to much trouble hereafter."] 
 
 On 14th April, Mr Bruce, MonsieurBourboulon,^ 
 the French plenipotentiary — afterwards suc- 
 ceeded by Baron Gros — General de Montauban, 
 Admiral Page, who had arrived from Shanghai, 
 Admiral Jones,^ second in command to Admiral 
 
 ^ See despatch at end of chapter. ^ Since dead. 
 
 ^ Now Admiral Sir Lewis Jones, G. C. B. 
 
10 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Hope, and myself, assembled to arrange about 
 the preliminaries of the war, and to decide on a 
 few points bearing on the blockade of the Gulf of 
 Pechili, and the immediate occupation of Chusan. 
 We all agreed that it would be inexpedient to 
 blockade the gulf — the war was not being waged 
 against the poor inhabitants ; we had not thought 
 it necessary to seize their junks ; and indeed, had 
 we done so, our interests would probably have 
 suffered more than those of the Chinese Govern- 
 ment. We were likewise unanimous, with the 
 exception of General de Montauban, in favour of 
 •^immediately seizing Chusan. The French general, 
 however, objected so strongly, that our conference 
 lasted three hours ere we could reconcile our 
 differences of opinion. 
 
 On 1 8th April, we set sail with the troops I have 
 before mentioned ^ for Chusan, and the next day 
 anchored at King-tang, at the mouth of the river 
 Ningpo, the appointed rendezvous of our little 
 force. On 20th, all our vessels got under way, 
 some towed by steamers, and the rest sailing 
 vessels, and on 21st we entered the beautiful 
 harbour of Chusan. The batteries had all been 
 
 1 See page 6. The numbers were 2CXX) English, and about 200 
 French marines. 
 
CAPTURE OF CHUSAN. II 
 
 dismantled since the last war in 1841, and no 
 opposition was offered to us. A summons was at 
 once sent to the chief mandarin to surrender to -us 
 quietly the town of Ting-hai ^ and the island ; and 
 it was also explained that all we required in addi- 
 tion was that the Chinese military forces should 
 deliver up to us their arms and guns, which would 
 be kept in safety and returned to them at the con- 
 clusion of the war. Mr Parkes, a very fearless 
 man, was appointed our interpreter, and was 
 sent into the town with the summons, and with 
 instructions to endeavour to persuade the chief 
 ' mandarins to come on board ship. Accordingly, 
 in about a couple of hours he returned to the 
 Granada, accompanied by the two chief men, a 
 military and a civil representative. I notified 
 their arrival to Admiral Page, and he at once 
 joined our conference. The poor mandarins were 
 humble and submissive, chiefly owing, I believe, 
 to the kind manner with which they had been 
 formerly treated when our people held possession 
 of their island. But I was much vexed with the 
 French admiral, whose manner to the Chinese 
 was harsh and overbearing. They soon came to 
 terms, and agreed to all our demands ; and after 
 
 1 The population of which was 4CX),ooo. 
 
 y 
 
12 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 disposing of a good number of glasses of cherry- 
 brandy, they took their departure. 
 
 The next difficulty was in housing our troops. 
 The French, after all, only brought with them 
 about 200 marines, and Admiral Page had selected 
 a joss-house at the north gate, near the French 
 Roman Catholic mission, which had for a long 
 time been established there. I supposed, there- 
 fore, that they were all comfortably located ; and 
 I forthwith allotted the other available buildings 
 in the town to my own troops, of which I had over 
 a thousand to every hundred of the French. I 
 then went with Admiral Jones to Admiral Page's 
 ship, and laid before him my proposed detail. He 
 looked askance at the paper for some time, and 
 I perceived that an explosion was gurgling up. 
 " What is this I see .?" he broke out at last; "nine, 
 ten, eleven, twelve places for your men, and I have 
 not one ! I will not stand this. No, no ; this must 
 not be ;" and he got up and stamped about the 
 room as if I had grossly insulted him. I laughed, 
 let his excitement calm down, and then asked him 
 what he wanted. I told him I was most anxious to 
 meet his wishes ; but that in consequence of the 
 number of troops I had with me it was necessary 
 for me to avail myself of all the accommodation 
 
THE FRENCH AND THE FLAGSTAFFS. 1 3 
 
 which he did not himself require, and that not- 
 withstanding all my efforts, I had still been com- 
 pelled to leave the 67th Regiment on board ship. 
 "Only write down," I wound up by saying, "what 
 you require." He flew to pen, ink, and paper, put 
 his hand to his head, and began to consider. At 
 length, after some dehberation, he wrote down 
 that he required a building for the officer com- 
 manding the French marines, and a small hospital. 
 Of course I instantly acceded to his demand. We 
 also agreed that the joss-house on the hill, a 
 building invested with a sort of official dignity, 
 should be occupied by a force of twenty men from 
 the English and French troops. And here another 
 difficulty arose. Under such circumstances, cus- 
 tom prescribes that the national ensigns shall be 
 hoisted. The French got hold of a good \ong^/^ 
 pole and fixed their flag to it. Our men, after 
 considerable difficulty and search, laid their hands 
 on a stout beam which was considerably loftier, 
 and from the top of which our standard floated in 
 the breeze as if looking down contemptuously on 
 its ally. I have no doubt that herein our seamen 
 were actuated by some little malicious feeling; but 
 the commotion created amongst our allies did not 
 tend to promote the good feeling which I was so 
 
14 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 anxious to establish. At last the French soothed 
 their feelings by hoisting their banner on a still 
 higher beam, and the rivalry of the poles 
 ceased. 
 
 All these small troubles having been at last 
 smoothed over, on 23d April I set sail ^ and re- 
 turned to Hong-Kong, where there was a great 
 deal of work awaiting me. Admiral Hope was 
 an excellent officer and a first-rate colleague, and 
 we got on together admirably. Nearly all our 
 force was now concentrated on the newly- acquired 
 promontory of Kowloon. Its composition was as 
 follows : ^ — 
 
 Queen's Regiments. 
 
 Infantry, six battalions. 
 
 King's Dragoon Guards. 
 
 Military Train. 
 
 Royal Artillery — 5 field-batteries and 2 siege- 
 batteries ; the whole under the command 
 of Brigadier Crofton, R.A.^ 
 
 1 A small garrison was left behind to hold Chusan. 
 
 2 For detailed return see p. 29. In addition, there were the 
 87th Regiment, the 13th Punjaub Infantry, some marines, &c., 
 stationed at various garrisons. 
 
 3 Major-General Crofton died 1863. 
 
STRENGTH. 1 5 
 
 Royal Engineers — 3 companies, under Colonel 
 Mann, R.E.1 
 
 Native Troops. 
 
 Sikhs — Loodianah Regiment. 
 
 4 regiments of Punjaub infantry. 
 
 Madras Sappers. 
 
 A company of Goolundaz.2 
 
 2 Bombay native infantry regiments. 
 
 2 1 St Madras Native Infantry Regiment. 
 
 2 Irregular Sikh cavalry regiments. 
 
 The total strength was 13,116 men, of whom 
 about 1000 were cavalry. 
 
 The two irregular cavalry regiments were really 
 magnificent. They were composed of fine handsome 
 men — Sikhs — becomingly dressed, well mounted, 
 and commanded by two excellent officers — Major 
 Fane ^ and Major Probyn,* both of whom I had 
 known well in India during the Mutiny. The 
 
 ^ Now Colonel Mann, C.B,, commanding Royal Engineers at 
 Malta. 
 
 ^ Native Sappers. 
 
 ■^ Now Lieut. -Colonel Fane, C.B., Commandant of the 19th 
 Bengal Cavalry (late Fane's Horse). An irregular cavalry officer 
 of great repute during the Indian Mutiny. 
 
 * Now Major-General Probyn, V.C., C.B. The services of this 
 
l6 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 King's Dragoon Guards was also one of the 
 finest regiments in the service ; and, altogether, I 
 had reason to be proud of my little cavalry force. 
 It was commanded by Brigadier Pattle,i of the 
 King's Dragoon Guards. 
 
 My staff consisted of Colonel Stephenson,^ 
 Scots Fusilier Guards, Deputy Adjutant-General. 
 I consider myself most fortunate in this appoint- 
 ment, as not only was he in every respect a 
 first-rate staff officer, but he possessed a pecu- 
 liarly conciliatory manner, which smoothed over 
 many difficulties, and specially qualified him for 
 the post of an adjutant-general. 
 
 Major Hon. C. Dormer,^ Assistant Adjutant- 
 General. 
 
 distinguished cavalry officer are almost historical, especially in the 
 annals of Indian military operations, where, during the Mutiny, 
 his exploits mark him as the beau-ideal of a leader of irregular 
 horse. (Vide 'Incidents of the Sepoy War.') After the China 
 campaign, he held various appointments, his last post being Com- 
 mandant of the Central Indian Horse, and Political Agent in West 
 Malwa. On returning to England, he was gazetted in 1872 
 Equerry to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. 
 
 1 Now Major-General Pattle, C.B. 
 
 2 Now Major-General F. C. A. Stephenson, C.B., to whom this 
 volume is dedicated. 
 
 ^ Now Lieut. -Colonel Dormer, Assistant Adjutant - General, 
 Dover. 
 
THE STAFF. 1 7 
 
 Major Taylor,^ Deputy Assistant Adjutant- 
 General. 
 
 Colonel Kenneth Mackenzie,^ Deputy Quarter- 
 master-General. This skilful and valuable officer 
 performed his onerous duties with a judgment 
 and ability which merited my warmest appro- 
 bation. 
 
 Colonel Ross,^ Assistant Quartermaster-Gen- 
 eral. 
 
 Lieut. -Colonel Wolseley/ Deputy Assistant 
 Quartermaster-General — a very excellent officer. 
 
 Dr Muir/ principal medical officer.. A great 
 deal of responsibility devolved on him, and he 
 performed his duties with great zeal and ability. 
 
 Major Reboul^ was appointed French Com- 
 
 ^ Now Colonel H. D. Taylor, Madras Staff Corps, Inspector- 
 General of Police, Central Provinces, India. 
 
 2 Colonel Mackenzie, C.B., late Assistant Quartermaster- 
 General, Horse Guards, died from the results of an accident met 
 with while fording a river, in the performance of his duties during 
 the Dartmoor manoeuvres of 1873. 
 
 3 Since dead. 
 
 ^ Now Major-General Sir Garnet Wolseley, K.C.B., K.C.M.G. 
 Inspector- General of Auxiliary Forces. 
 
 ^ Now Sir William Muir, K.C.B., Director- General of the 
 Medical Department. 
 
 ® Major Reboul was afterwards appointed to the Chasseurs of 
 the Guards, and was taken prisoner at the battle of Sedan, Sep- 
 
 B 
 
1 8 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 missioner with the English headquarters. He 
 was a very agreeable gentlemanlike officer, and 
 spoke English like an Englishman. 
 
 Lieutenant Biddulph,^ Royal Artillery, was my 
 military secretary. He carried on the duties of 
 this responsible position with zeal and ability, 
 and I entertained a high opinion of him. Captain 
 Hon. A. Anson,^ Captain F. Grant,^ Major Sarel,* 
 and Captain Farquharson,^ were my aides-de- 
 camp. They were all excellent staff officers, and 
 were frequently intrusted with important duties, 
 which they invariably carried out to my satis- 
 faction. 
 
 Colonel Mann was the commanding officer 
 of the Royal Engineers. He carried out his 
 duties most ably. 
 
 • The two Generals of Divisions were Major- 
 General Sir John Michel^ and Major-General Sir 
 
 tember 1st, 1870. In consequence of the personal application of 
 Sir Hope Grant to the Prussian authorities, the rigours of his con- 
 finement were much modified. 
 
 ^ Now Colonel Biddulph, Assistant Adjutant-General for the 
 Auxiliary Forces. 
 
 2 Now Lieut. -Colonel Anson, V.C, C.B., retired. 
 
 3 Now Lieut. -Colonel Grant, retired. 
 
 ^ Now Colonel Sarel, C.B., Assistant Adjutant-General, Dover. 
 
 5 Now Major Farquharson, 60th Rifles. 
 
 « Now Lieut. -General Sir John Michel, G.C.B. 
 
THE STAFF. I9 
 
 Robert Napier ^ — both excellent officers. Cap- 
 tains Green 2 and Allgood^ were Deputy Assistants 
 Adjutant-General and Quartermaster-General to 
 Sir John Michel. Major Dillon* and Lieutenant 
 Lumsden^ filled the same positions on Sir Robert 
 Napier's staff. 
 
 The Brigadiers were Sutton/ Jephson,^ Stave- 
 ley,^ and Reeves.^ 
 
 About the middle of May the French troops 
 began to arrive at Shanghai ;^^ but they had not 
 yet made any arrangements to procure horses for 
 their guns, and had organised little or no com- 
 
 1 Now General Lord Napier of Magdala, G.C.B., G.C.S.I., 
 Commander-in-Chief in India. 
 
 ^ Afterwards succeeded by Captain Stuart, 1st Royals. 
 
 3 Now Major-General Allgood, retired, Chief of the Constabu- 
 lary in Northumberland. 
 
 4 Now Colonel Martin Dillon, C.B., C.^.I., Military Secretary 
 to the Commander-in-Chief in India. 
 
 5 Now Major-General Lumsden, C.B., C.S.I., A.D.C. to the 
 Queen, and Quartermaster- General of the Bengal Army. 
 
 * Since dead. 
 
 ^ Now Major-General Jephson, C.B., retired. 
 
 8 Now Lieut. - General Sir Charles Staveley, K.C.B., Com- 
 mander-in-Chief at Bombay. 
 
 ® Since dead. 
 
 1" Some of the French troops lay at anchor at Hong-Kong for 
 a short time on their way to Shanghai. See return at the end of 
 this chapter. 
 
20 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 missariat/ Upon hearing this, I offered General 
 de Montauban to let him have 170 ponies, which 
 we had collected at Shanghai, and were in ex- 
 cellent condition, provided he paid their cost. 
 He was much pleased with my offer ; but after 
 consulting with his staff, he declined it, consider- 
 ing the price of the ponies excessive. This little 
 piece of economy was more expensive in the end, 
 and did not further the main object in view — viz., 
 to bring the war quickly to an end. The ideas of 
 the French on this subject evidently differed from 
 ours, for his officers stated that they did not 
 expect to be able to get to work this year. I 
 [Understood, however, that instructions had been 
 received from the Emperor to delay as little as 
 possible, and they then set to work with vigour. 
 In course of time they obtained a number of 
 ponies from Japan, and began breaking them 
 into harness. 
 
 By 1st June the whole of the British force had 
 sailed for the Gulf of Pechili. Unfortunately, the 
 Assistance, a fine steam-transport, commanded 
 by Captain Balfour, R.N.,^ struck upon a rock 
 going into "Deep Bay" and went down. No one 
 
 1 See remarks at the end of this chapter. 2 Since dead. 
 
LOSS OF FRENCH SHIPS. 21 
 
 was drowned, and nothing was lost except some 
 provisions. The French sustained a severe loss 
 in two large transports. One, the Isere, laden 
 with harness for their gun-horses, and 400 tons of 
 gunpowder, struck upon a rock entering Amoy, 
 and sank ; and the other, the Queen of Clippers,^ 
 containing stores of various kinds, and especially 
 a quantity of warm clothing for their soldiers, 
 took fire off Macao and was burnt. Our troops 
 had scarcely sailed when a severe north-east gale 
 set in so strongly that thirty of our vessels were 
 obliged to put back into Hong-Kong, where they 
 remained until the 8th June, when the wind 
 shifted to the south-west, and the expedition 
 started afresh. Admiral Hope sailed on the 9th 
 June ; but I remained behind to meet Lord Elgin, 
 who was daily expected. 
 
 Thus far everything had gone wonderfully well 
 with us. The men were in excellent health ; and 
 our cavalry and artillery horses were assembled 
 in capital condition. We had purchased and col- 
 lected, from various places, numbers of ponies 
 and mules ; and had also organised a coolie corps. 
 
 ^ An English transport hired by the French, and designated by 
 them Reine des Clipph-es. 
 
22 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 I must also mention that two batteries ^ of the 
 newly-invented Armstrong guns had arrived from 
 England ; and, to judge from some experiments 
 made with them at Kowloon, we had every rea- 
 son to consider them a great improvement upon 
 the old smooth-bore 9-pounder. 
 
 [Sir Hope Grant, in his journal, here gives a 
 minute description of these weapons, which at 
 that time had been recently introduced into our 
 service. Great importance was then attached to 
 the fact that they were loaded at the breech ; and, 
 as will be seen in the sequel, they fully came up 
 to the expectations formed of them. Of late 
 years, however, breech-loaders have, in the British 
 Royal Artillery, been discarded in favour of 
 muzzle-loaders, contrary to the conclusions arrived 
 at by the great majority of European States. — 
 H. Knollys.] 
 
 At last I determined to wait no longer for 
 Lord Elgin, and I once more embarked on board 
 the Granada. My wife remained behind me 
 in the Commander-in-Chief's residence, over 
 which had been established a guard of native 
 soldiers — but for these the Chinese care little. 
 On one occasion, one of these sentries was pacing 
 
 ' Viz. , Lieut. -Colonel Barry's and Major Milward's. 
 
REMARKS ON THE PRELIMINARIES. 23 
 
 up and down in front of Government House, when 
 a Chinaman crept up behind, tripped up the sen- 
 try by means of a long stick with a crook at the 
 end of it, wrested the musket out of his hands 
 and bolted. 
 
 Remarks by the Editor, — In all military opera- 
 tions beyond Europe, the provision of transport 
 has invariably been a gigantic difficulty, and the 
 present instance proved no exception. Native 
 horses, mules, and ponies were with much diffi- 
 culty and expense collected from India, Manilla, 
 and Japan. In one instance the fittings of a ship 
 conveying ponies from Japan gave way, and 70 
 out of 270 died. It was in a great measure owing 
 to the scarcity of draught animals experienced 
 by the French that the armies were unable to 
 take the field until so late a date that, as will be 
 subsequently seen, Pekin was captured but just 
 before the severe winter set in. But for the stren- 
 uous effi)rts which were made to hasten the pre- 
 parations, there is reason to suppose that the 
 operations of the expedition would have been 
 prolonged into another year. Our embarrass- 
 ments were increased by the ignorance of all for- 
 eigners as to the resources of the country — thus 
 requiring an accumulation of every sort of sup- 
 
24 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 plies. Our English practice of protecting the in- 
 habitants, and of paying for whatever we con- 
 sumed, once more met with its reward. When 
 we landed in Ta-lien-wan Bay/ proclamations in 
 the Chinese language were distributed through- 
 out the adjacent villages, assuring the inhabitants 
 that we intended to pay them liberally for their 
 supplies ; and that if any of them received ill- 
 treatment at the hands of the English, the in- 
 jured parties would obtain redress by represent- 
 ing their cases to certain indicated civil officers 
 v/ho understood Chinese. At first all the inhabi- 
 tants fled ; but after a few days, realising the fact 
 that our reign was a reign of order, honesty, and 
 justice, they gradually returned, bringing with 
 them every description of provisions into our 
 camp. These were bought up by the commis- 
 sariat at a fair rate, and a plenty prevailed which 
 more or less attended the English army through- 
 out the campaign. So great was our solicitude 
 on this point, that in one of the semi-official, 
 semi-private documents with which I have been 
 furnished I find the following entry : '' June 30th, 
 compensation ordered for the crops destroyed by 
 the camps." Now, had we pursued an opposite 
 
 1 Vide chapter 2. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE. 25 
 
 course — had we acted on the somewhat brutal 
 theory of making war support war — full surely 
 would our economy have proved false and un- 
 just, and full surely should we have rued the evil 
 consequences. — H. K. 
 
 Despatch from Mr R Bruce to 
 Sir Hope Grant. 
 
 " Shanghai, i^th April i860. 
 
 " Sir, — You are aware that the Imperial Com- 
 missioner Ho has communicated to me a docu- 
 ment emanating from the Great Council of State 
 at Pekin, and purporting to be a reply to the ulti- 
 matum sent by me. 
 
 " Not one of the demands made is accepted ; and 
 the language in which the document is couched 
 convinces me that the course most likely to con- 
 duce to a speedy and satisfactory termination of 
 existing differences, is to treat the reply as alto- 
 gether unsatisfactory, and to call upon her Ma- 
 jesty's military and naval authorities to prosecute 
 with vigour and despatch the military prepara- 
 tions for an advance on the north. It is possible 
 that when the Pekin Government becomes more 
 alive to their magnitude than it is at present, 
 more moderate counsels may prevail ; but I am 
 
26 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 led to conclude, from the most reliable sources of 
 information, that such will not be the case, unless 
 the hostile party now dominant feel that they are 
 unable to resist on land the force brought against 
 them ; and I fear, after the unsuccessful attempt 
 at the Peiho last year, that they will not be con- 
 vinced of that fact by anything short of actual 
 defeat. 
 
 " I will keep you informed of any fresh overtures 
 of the Imperial Government which may seem 
 deserving of consideration, as I know that you, as 
 well as myself, would willingly see the question 
 terminated with as little effusion of blood, and as 
 little disturbance of peaceful relations with the 
 industrious classes of China, as possible. The 
 latter consideration is of the highest importance 
 with reference to our future position in this 
 country. 
 
 " Monsieur de Bourboulon has taken a similar 
 view of the reply received by him from the 
 Chinese Government to the French ultimatum, 
 and has informed me that he will to-day call 
 upon the French military and naval authorities 
 to act. — I have the honour, &c., 
 
 "Frederick W. A. Bruce." 
 
CORRESPONDENCE. 2/ 
 
 Despatch from Viscount Canning,^ 
 Viceroy of India. 
 
 " Umballa, 9//z May i860, 
 
 " Dear Sir Hope Grant, — I was very glad 
 to get your letter of the 27th March, which reached 
 me as I was leaving Simla a few days ago. It is 
 a great relief to find that, notwithstanding the 
 outcries from home, and the early presence on 
 the scene of General de Montauban, we are not 
 behindhand. It is an excellent thing that the 
 material force should, at starting, be mainly at 
 your back and not at his. I hear a good account 
 of General de Montauban as a sensible, concilia- 
 tory man ; but nobody in England seems to know 
 much of him as a soldier. 
 
 " The despatch which I was obliged to send you 
 last month respecting the (supposed) undue ex- 
 cess of our force will, I hope, give you no trouble. 
 The truth is that, as therein shown, we exceed 
 the prescribed 10,000 by very little, when garri- 
 sons are deducted; and that little can, if you think 
 right, be sent back to us, either to Singapore, or 
 Calcutta, or whatever Indian port may best suit 
 the remanded men. It was not until many weeks 
 after our Indian force had been warned for ser- 
 
 ^ Earl Canning, K.G. ; died 1862. 
 
28 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 vice, and much of it despatched, that I heard of 
 any agreement with the French Government that 
 it should not exceed 10,000 ; and up to that time 
 the cry had been, * send all you can.' 
 
 " Probably Lord Elgin's arrival with a French 
 colleague, and fresh from Paris, will do away with 
 ^ all risk of a misunderstanding of our exaggerated 
 strength, either in France or on the spot. I 
 should like much to know whether you have as 
 yet had any questionings or heard of any remarks 
 upon it from the French staff. Bruce has done 
 well in securing the Kowloon peninsula. If the 
 readiness of the Governor-General to treat for it 
 may be taken as an indication of a disposition to 
 peace on the part of his superiors, it will be still 
 better ; but I suppose Pekin did not know what 
 Canton was doing when the bargain was made. 
 
 " The only part of your letter which makes me 
 a little uneasy, is what you say of the French not 
 contemplating to begin work until the middle of 
 August. I am glad that they should not be ready 
 before ourselves ; but this surely will be very in- 
 conveniently late. The northern coast is, I be- 
 lieve, untenable by troops or ships after the begin- 
 ning of November — that is, for active operations. 
 
 " Good-bye, my dear Sir Hope Grant. I hope 
 
RETURNS. 29 
 
 you will continue to let me know how you get 
 on ; and, believe me, very faithfully yours, 
 
 " Canning. 
 
 ** Lieut, -General Sir Hope Grant, 
 K.C.B., Hong-Kong." 
 
 Summary of Expeditionary Force, as embarked at 
 Hong-Kong up to 7th June i860. 
 
 Regiments and Corps. 
 
 Officers. 
 
 Strength. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Horses, 
 
 Barry's ^ Armstrong battery, 
 
 7 
 
 220 
 
 195 
 
 Milward's ^ n n 
 
 7 
 
 220 
 
 145 
 
 Desborough's 3 battery, 
 
 8 
 
 197 
 
 135 
 
 Moubray's ^ 1. 
 
 6 
 
 224 
 
 150 
 
 Govan's ^ „ 
 
 9 
 
 242 
 
 150 
 
 Rotton's « 
 
 6 
 
 142 
 
 ... 
 
 Guns of position, 
 
 9 
 
 280 
 
 ... 
 
 Madras mountain-train. 
 
 10 
 
 219 
 
 67 
 
 1st King's Dragoon Guards, 
 
 8 
 
 126 
 
 146 
 
 Fane's Horse, . 
 
 14 
 
 352 
 
 372 
 
 Probyn's Horse, 
 
 18 
 
 454 
 
 466 
 
 Fisher's company (No. 10) 
 
 
 
 
 Royal Engineers, . 
 
 2 
 
 94 
 
 ... 
 
 Half of No. 8 company, 7 
 
 
 
 
 Royal Engineers, . 
 
 2 
 
 46 
 
 ... 
 
 1 Now Colonel Barry, C.B. 
 
 2 Colonel Milward, C.B,, A.D.C. to the Queen, and Superin- 
 tendent Royal Laboratory, Woolwich; died Dec. 2, 1874. 
 
 3 Now Colonel Desborough, C.B. 
 
 * Commanded by Captain Stirling throughout the campaign. 
 ^ Now Lieutenant-Colonel Govan. 
 ^ Now Colonel Rotton. 
 
30 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Regiments and Corps. 
 
 Officers. 
 
 oirengin. 
 Men. Horses 
 
 Graham's company, No. 23 
 
 
 
 Royal Engineers, . 
 
 4 
 
 90 
 
 Madras Sappers, 
 
 8 
 
 236 ... 
 
 2d battalion ist Regiment, 
 
 29 
 
 541 
 
 1st II 2d II 
 
 27 
 
 625 ... 
 
 ISt 1. 3d II 
 
 27 
 
 816 
 
 31st Regiment, . 
 
 30 
 
 973 
 
 44th II 
 
 25 
 
 942 
 
 2d battalion 60th Rifles, 
 
 29 
 
 773 
 
 67th Regiment, . 
 
 29 
 
 752 
 
 99th II . 
 
 30 
 
 899 
 
 Regiment of Loodianah, 
 
 10 
 
 633 ... 
 
 8th Punjaub Infantry, 
 
 20 
 
 783 
 
 15th II ,1 
 
 15 
 
 929 
 
 19th ,1 
 
 14 
 
 661 
 
 Military train, . 
 
 21 
 
 250 
 
 Chinese Coolie Corps, 
 
 . 15 
 
 297 
 
 Total, . 
 
 439 
 
 13,116 1826 
 
 Besides troops stationed 
 
 at various garrisons. 
 
 Return of French ] 
 
 Forces 
 
 in China. 
 
 Seep. 
 
 19. 
 
 
 expeditionnaire de chine. 
 
 Etat Major- General. 
 
 Situation Sommaire de Tarmac Frangaise en Chine. 
 
 G^ndral Commandant en chef les forces de terre et 
 de mer — Cousin de Montauban. 
 
RETURNS. 31 
 
 Chef d'Etat Major-Gdndral— Lt.-Colonel Schmitz. 
 Commandant de rartillerie — Colonel de Bentz- 
 
 MAN. 
 
 Commandant du Gdnie — Lt-Colonel Livet. 
 Chef des services administratifs — Sous Intendant 
 
 BUBUT. 
 
 Prdvot — Capitaine Tanissat. 
 Payeur Gdndral — M. Laffage. 
 
 Troicpes. 
 Commandant la i^re Brigade et commandant en 
 
 second de I'Expddition — Gdndral de Brigade 
 
 Jamin. 
 2^me bataillon de Chasseurs k pied, environ 850 
 loi^me Regiment de ligne, . . . 1550 
 I compagnie du ler Regiment du genie, 142 
 
 I II 3^me II II 140 
 
 Commandant la 2^me Brigade — General de 
 
 Brigade Collineau. 
 io2eme Regiment de ligne, . . . 1600 
 Regiment d'Infanterie.de marine, . . 1500 
 
 Total approximatif pour ITnfahterie, 5782 
 (y compris 2 compagnies du genie qui figurent 
 dans la premiere brigade pour le combat.) 
 
 Artillerie, 
 Une compagnie de pontonniers. 
 4 batteries k six pieces chacune. 
 Une section de fuseens. 
 
 II II d'ouvriers. 
 
 II II d'armuriers. 
 
 Total approximatif, . . ... 1200 
 
32 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Ginie. 
 
 2 compagnies qui figurent dans la premiere 
 
 brigade. 
 I section d'ouvriers, environ . . . 320 
 
 Gendarmerie. 
 J Detachement, 30 
 
 Services Administratifs. 
 Service du train, et autres, environ . . 300 
 
 Shanghai, 
 Le 15 Avril i860. 
 
 Le Chef d'Etat Major-General, 
 
 J. S. SCHMITZ. 
 
33 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 SAILS FOR SHANGHAI — CONFERENCE WITH THE FRENCH — 
 SIR HOPE grant's AND GENERAL DE MONTAUBAN'S 
 RESPECTIVE PLANS OF ATTACK — DELAY ON PART OF 
 FRENCH — DEPLORABLE CONDITION OF CHINA — GENERAL 
 IGNATIEFF — VISITS WEI-HEI-WEI AND CHE-FOO — THE 
 NEW FRENCH GUN — DISEMBARKATION OF BRITISH TROOPS 
 AT TA-LIEN-WAN — ARRIVAL OF LORD ELGIN — SIR HOPE 
 AGAIN URGES ON GENERAL DE MONTAUBAN THE NECES- 
 SITY FOR QUICKLY BEGINNING ACTIVE OPERATIONS — 
 SPLENDID CONDITION OF OUR TROOPS — INSPECTION BY 
 FRENCH — GENERAL DE MONTAUBAN ABANDONS HIS 
 ORIGINAL PLAN, AND RESOLVES TO ACT WITH US IN 
 ATTACK ON PEH-TANG — EMBARKATION OF TROOPS FOR 
 PEH-TAN^;— STRENGTH OF FORCE. 
 
 On nth June I sailed from Hong-Kong for 
 Shanghai. After we had proceeded about 500 miles 
 on our journey, we came upon the last division of 
 our ships at anchor behind a little island called 
 Lam-yit. They had been detained there by a 
 wind blowing so strongly from the north-east 
 that the towing steamers could make no way 
 against it. We had reason to suppose, however, 
 that the monsoon would soon change to another 
 
 C 
 
34 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 quarter. We therefore sailed on, and reached 
 Shanghai on the i6th June; and I immediately 
 went on shore, and arranged with Mr Bruce for a 
 conference with General de Montauban the fol- 
 lowing day, that we might concert plans for our 
 further proceedings. Colonel St George Foley,i 
 the English Commissioner with the French, Major 
 Reboul, and Monsieur Bourboulon, were likewise 
 present at the conference. General de Montauban 
 laid before us his plan of attacking the Taku 
 defences. He proposed to land at a spot 25 
 miles south of the large fort which had done so 
 much damage to our fleets the previous year, and 
 then to march up along the coast through a 
 wretched semi-barren country, taking with him 
 his light guns only. For provisions and water 
 he would rely upon his ships. This scheme ap- 
 peared to me very hazardous. The difficulties of 
 landing would be great ; heavy winds might very 
 probably arise, and prevent communication with 
 his ships for days ; and, above all, it was most un- 
 likely that the large fort, which was armed with 
 about sixty very heavy guns, could be compelled 
 to yield to the fire of light field-pieces only. 
 
 1 Now Major - General Foley, C.B., Lieutenant-Governor of 
 Guernsey. 
 
ENGLISH PLAN OF ATTACK. 35 
 
 Before attending the conference I had consulted 
 with Admiral Hope, and we both came to the 
 conclusion that our most judicious course would 
 be to proceed up the river Peh-tang, eight miles 
 north of the Peiho, capture the town of Peh-tang, 
 and there establish a base for future operations. 
 The Taku forts were four in number, two small 
 upper, and two large lower works — a large and a 
 small fort being on each side of the river. ^ In 
 front of the lower forts, near the mouth of the 
 Peiho, were fixed two very strong chain-barriers, 
 impassable for ships under fire ; and on each side 
 of the river was a salt-marsh. The plan which I 
 proposed to the French general was first to attack 
 Peh-tang, the defences of which were, so far as we 
 could ascertain, of a less formidable description. 
 Here, too, there was, it is true, a fort on each side 
 of the river, but there were no barriers thrown 
 across; and by landing near the town of Peh-tang 
 we could attack in rear the Taku forts, which 
 would thus probably fall after a short resistance. 
 
 General de Montauban remained wedded to . 
 his opinions, and proposed that we should each 
 of us carry out our own scheme independently, 
 as far as possible. To this I readily agreed. I 
 
 ^ See plan. 
 
36 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 had an amply sufficient force for my purpose, and 
 we should thus avoid many causes for disagree- 
 ment. My satisfaction was marred by the French 
 general's statement that he could not be ready to 
 begin operations until the 15th July. This delay 
 was serious, as by that date the rainy season 
 would in all probability have set in, and would 
 have so inundated the country as to render it 
 almost impassable for troops. We were prepared 
 to open operations on 1st July, but the French 
 very naturally insisted on a simultaneous start ; 
 and as I had received strict injunctions from 
 home to act in unison with our allies, I had no 
 alternative but to wait patiently. 
 
 The long-haired rebels ^ who had risen against 
 the Chinese Government were now becoming very 
 formidable. They had taken Foo-Chow, the 
 great emporium for silk, and had treated the 
 inhabitants with great brutality, murdering women 
 and children wholesale, and committing great 
 destruction of property. They next began to 
 make their appearance in the neighbourhood of 
 Shanghai, where the panic amongst the native 
 population was excessive, and the trade was 
 stopped in consequence. Ho, the governor of 
 ^ The insurgents were distinguished by the length of their hair. 
 
CONDITION OF CHINA. 37 
 
 the province, applied to us to protect the town ; 
 and we therefore took possession of the gates, and 
 I brought up the Loodianah Regiment from Hong- 
 Kong. The garrison then consisted of 1030 men, 
 which, with 600 French marines and a party of 
 their sailors, was sufficient to insure tolerable 
 safety for the place. China was indeed in a de- 
 plorable condition, with rebellion and misgovern- 
 ment within, and a war with two great European 
 nations from without. About this time General 
 Ignatieff,^ the Russian ambassador, arrived at 
 Shanghai from Pekin. He spoke English very 
 well, and appeared to me a straightforward, gentle- 
 manlike man. The Emperor of China, a young 
 man, 32 years of age, I was informed, had worn 
 out his intellects and brought on paralysis, which 
 deprived him of the use of his legs, by debauchery.^ 
 The government was in the hands of a party of 
 civilians, who were determined to wage war to — ^ 
 the last extremity. They overruled their famous 
 general Sang-ko-lin-sin and the military manda- 
 rins, who were inclined for peace. 
 
 [The intestine strife which was then raging in 
 
 ^ Now Russian Ambassador at Constantinople. 
 ^ He died, in 1862, and was succeeded by his son, who died 
 while this work was in the press, aged 25. 
 
38 • INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 China materially complicated the difficulties of 
 the expedition, so far at least as the English 
 were concerned, and powerfully influenced the 
 ultimate result. On the one hand, the Imperial 
 Government were unable to resist us with their 
 whole force, owing to the necessity imposed on 
 them for employing a large portion of their army 
 in attempting to suppress the rebellion. But for 
 this diversion, it is probable that by the mere 
 force of numbers they would have succeeded at 
 all events in rendering our subsequent march to 
 Pekin a more perilous and a more protracted 
 undertaking. On the other hand, the last thing 
 to be desired was the overthrow of the ruling 
 dynasty, or the flight of the Emperor from Pekin, 
 whereby there would be no responsible Govern- 
 ment with which we could negotiate, or from 
 which we could take guarantees for the fulfilment 
 of a treaty. A certain consequence of the above 
 contingencies would be a complete state of anarchy 
 and the cessation of our trade. Even so early as 
 June, the rebel forces, fully appreciating the diffi- 
 culties entailed upon the Imperial Government by 
 our threatened descent upon the shores of Pechili, 
 began to throng around Canton ; and one large 
 Taeping ^ army was reported to be within sixty 
 ^ Chinese rebels. 
 
OPPOSING CONSIDERATIONS. 39 
 
 miles of the city, spreading universal terror and 
 paralysing commerce. It therefore became the 
 business of the English military and diplomatic 
 authorities intrusted with the conduct of the war 
 so to hit off the happy medium, that the Pekin 
 Government might be rendered so weak as to be 
 unable to offer to us further resistance, but so 
 strong as to be capable of suppressing the formid- 
 able rebellion. Hence our wise anomaly of smit- 
 ing them in the north at Taku, and serving them 
 in the south at Canton. These complications 
 little affected the French, as their commercial*/ 
 interests were small, and their longing for laurel- 
 leaves in the shape of victory over the Imperial 
 hosts of China great. — H. Knollys.] 
 
 On 22d June I sailed from Shanghai for Wei- 
 hei-wei, a town situated on the promontory of 
 Shan-tung, at the commencement of the Gulf of 
 Pechili, as I wished to ascertain whether it would 
 be a suitable spot for the formation of a depot. On 
 the way we touched at Woosung, about ten miles 
 north of Shanghai. Here I made the acquaintance 
 of Admiral Charner, who had been sent out from 
 France in the Renommee to supersede Admiral 
 Page. He was an elderly gentlemanlike person, 
 had been a long time in the service, and I at once 
 
40 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 saw we should get on well together, as he did me 
 the justice to believe that I was most anxious to 
 promote good feeling and cordiality between the 
 nations. Altogether I welcomed the change very 
 gladly, for his predecessor was a person with 
 whom it was difficult to harmonise. 
 
 We continued our voyage, and after two days 
 and a half reached Wei-hei-wei, where we at 
 once landed and walked up to the gates of the 
 town, which was small, containing about 2000 in- 
 habitants, and, like all Chinese cities, walled in. 
 The people were civil. We entered the gate un- 
 molested, and after a short search discovered the 
 residence of the chief mandarin. By means of 
 an interpreter, I told him that I proposed estab- 
 lishing a force in Wei-hei-wei ; and that if he 
 would bring in supplies he should be well paid 
 for them, and every consideration and kindness 
 shown to the inhabitants. The mandarin, a 
 humble fellow, declared that he would do his 
 best, but that the resources of the town were 
 very slender. Upon further investigation, I found 
 that there was deficiency of good fresh water and 
 of anchorage, and I therefore abandoned my in- 
 tention of forming a depot at this place. 
 
 We next sailed for Che-foo, 35 miles higher up 
 
THE NEW FRENCH GUNS. 41 
 
 the coast,^ where the French had established 
 large magazines under the supervision of General 
 Baron Jamin, a most civil obliging officer, and 
 particularly popular with his men. He showed 
 me over his lines, formed round a conical hill, 
 where his soldiers had pitched their tentes d'abri, 
 which looked fairly comfortable on a fine day. 
 He also directed my attention to the new French 
 rifled guns 2 of the same description as those 
 which had been used with so much effect in the 
 late war with Austria. They were so light, that 
 four Japanese ponies could easily draw them, and 
 their range was considerable ; but they had not the 
 carefully adjusted sights which made our Arm- 
 strongs so formidable, and their fire was not 
 particularly accurate. I told Baron Jamin that 
 General de Montauban had stated he hoped 
 to be ready to take the field by the 15th July ; 
 but he laughed at the notion, and declared it to 
 be utterly out of the question. The number of 
 ponies required for the artillery and other pur- 
 poses was, he said, 620. As yet they had only 
 1 14, and these were still unbroken to harness. 
 
 ^ And opposite the English rendezvous of Ta-lien-wan. 
 ^ Commonly called the Napoleon gun — a converted muzzle- 
 loading bronze gun with studded projectiles, rifled. 
 
42 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 The English forces had been collected at Ta- 
 lien-wan, a magnificent bay to the west of a 
 promontory in the large province of Manchooria, 
 in the Gulf of Pechili, and opposite Che-foo. I 
 now betook myself to this spot, and arrived there 
 on the 26th June, where I found that our whole 
 army, with the exception of 120 of the King's 
 Dragoon Guards, had arrived in 73 vessels. 
 This splendid fleet rode at anchor in the bay. 
 The French force had not yet made its appear- 
 ance ; so, without any further delay, I landed all 
 my troops and encamped them on three sides of 
 the bay — the cavalry and artillery on the east, 
 near the entrance, at a place called by us Odin's 
 Bay, after the name of a vessel commanded by 
 Captain Lord John Hay.^ On the north was the 
 2d Division under Sir Robert Napier at Hand 
 Bay ; and on the west the ist Division, Sir John 
 Michel's, at Victoria Bay : the baggage animals 
 were stationed near Sir John Michel's position. 
 The men were in excellent health, and the horses 
 in first-rate condition ; and though they had 
 travelled so far over a troubled sea, there had 
 been scarcely a casualty amongst them. At first 
 
 ^ Now Captain Lord John Hay, C.B. 
 
READY AT LAST. 43 
 
 we apprehended a deficiency of fresh water, but 
 in course of time we discovered one or two small 
 streams flowing into Odin's Bay and Bustard's 
 Creek ; reservoirs were formed, and we were thus 
 enabled both to supply the troops and to keep 
 the ships well stored. The inhabitants were 
 Tartars ; and though at first surprised and fright- 
 ened at our large ships of war and red-coats, 
 soon became friendly, and brought us in abund- 
 ance of supplies. 
 
 About this time I received an official letter 
 from General de Montauban, in which, to my 
 great satisfaction, he stated that his force would 
 be ready to begin operations by the 25th July at 
 the latest.' 
 
 ^ The following despatch serves to point out one of the diffi- 
 culties attendant on carrying out military operations in conjunction 
 with an allied power : — 
 
 " Headquarters, Ta-lien-wan, 
 ^th July i860. 
 
 ** My Lord, — I have the honour to inform your Excellency that 
 the British land forces at this place amount to about 12,000 
 men. 
 
 "By a despatch from Lord Canning, I learn that the Home 
 Government had arranged that the British expeditionary force 
 should not exceed 10,000 men, and his Lordship requested me to 
 act in accordance with this arrangement. To effect this reduction, 
 it will be necessary for me to leave 2000 men at Ta-lien-wan. 
 
44 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 On the 9th July, Lord Elgin arrived in the 
 Feroze, and I immediately went on board to 
 pay my respects. My eldest brother was 
 married to his sister, Lady Lucy Bruce, and 
 in former days I had known him well. Twenty 
 years at least had intervened since we had last 
 met, and we were, of course, both much changed ; 
 his hair had become perfectly white, and mine 
 was well sprinkled with grey. We renewed our 
 old acquaintance, and he told me how he and 
 
 As the aim of the expedition is a speedy success with as small 
 loss as possible, it seems unwise thus to throw away the services 
 of these men — the expense of bringing them to China having been 
 already incurred ; whilst the stronger the force, the fewer in all 
 probability will be the casualties in action. 
 
 ** From what I can gather, I understand that the French effec- 
 tive force will not greatly exceed 6700 men, including the garrison 
 of Che-foo. 
 
 " Having informed Mr Herbert that the wishes of H.M. Govern- 
 ment as expressed to Lord Canning will be attended to, and that 
 the surplus force would be left at Ta- lien-wan, I venture to request 
 that your Excellency will, if you think fit, obtain the concurrence 
 of H.I.M.'s Plenipotentiary to the English force exceeding the 
 limit of 10,000 laid down, in which case I would propose to leave 
 only 600 men to guard the depot at Ta-lien-wan. — I have the 
 honour, &c. 
 
 **J. Hope Grant, Lt.-Gen., 
 Commander of the Forces. 
 ** His Excellency the Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, 
 K.T., K.C.B., &c., &c., &c." 
 
 The authority requested was granted. 
 
FRESH DELAY. 45 
 
 Baron Gros, the new French ambassador, had 
 been wrecked in the harbour of Galle. Just as 
 his ship, the Malabar, was preparing to sail, a 
 severe squall suddenly came on and bumped her 
 fifteen times on a rock, which knocked a hole 
 in her bottom. Her steam was up, and they 
 managed to run her ashore ere she sank ; but 
 nearly all the property of the passengers was lost. 
 After Lord Elgin had made me acquainted with 
 his views bearing on the politics of the war, I 
 determined to start at once for Che-foo, in order 
 that we might fix on a day for both armies to 
 begin their movQ. I arrived there the next day, 
 and proceeded to confer with the French general 
 and admiral. Admiral Hope had been obliged 
 to remain at Ta-lien-wan, in consequence of an 
 injury he had sustained on the shin-bone. 
 
 I impressed upon General de Montauban the 
 expediency of getting to work at once, and I 
 showed him his own letter to me, binding himself 
 to be ready by the 25th July. He seemed to 
 have forgotten the existence of such a document, 
 and declared his present inability to fix a day ; 
 but added that by the 20th July he would, at all 
 events, let me know the exact date when he v/ould 
 be prepared to start. I dined with him that 
 
46 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 evening, and then returned to Ta-lien-wan. On 
 13th July, General de Montauban and Admiral 
 Charner came to pay an official visit to Lord 
 Elgin and myself, and I took the two French 
 officers to Odin's Bay to inspect the portion of 
 our troops stationed there. On disembarkation 
 we found the King's Dragoon Guards, and 
 Probyn's and Fane's Horse, with a field-battery 
 on ^ach flank, drawn up to receive us. A salute 
 was fired in honour of our guests, and we pro- 
 ceeded along the line. Though the force of 
 cavalry and artillery was small, the sight in such 
 a distant land was undoubtedly one to be proud 
 of showing to the representatives of a great 
 foreign power. It must be remembered that 
 this force had been conveyed a distance of 5000 
 miles from India ; that they had been embarked 
 and disembarked several times during the process ; 
 and that, though frequently unprovided with pro- 
 per landing-places, scarcely a casualty had oc- 
 curred. Each English soldier was a splendid 
 fellow, and looked as though he were a thorough- 
 bred gentleman — powerful and strong enough to 
 contend with any rrren the world could produce. 
 'The Sikhs, too, with their beautiful turbans wound 
 gracefully over their ears and drooping down the 
 
REVIEW OF BRITISH TROOPS. 47 
 
 backs of their heads, were almost equally splendid, 
 and looked as if they intended to vie in acts of 
 daring with the British. I need scarcely add that 
 the Royal Artillery was, as usual, in the most 
 beautiful order. And then the horses were turned 
 out in a manner which did credit to both branches 
 of the service. They had been taken from the 
 stud - depots of India ; and having recently had 
 plenty of rest and good food, they looked hand- 
 some, imposing, and full of breeding. 
 
 The French general walked down the line with 
 me, and frequently expressed his admiration of 
 our troops. Such a sight, he said, would not 
 have been extraordinary in Hyde Park or in the 
 Tuileries, but he could never have expected to 
 witness it in China. In the evening. Lord Elgin, 
 General de Montauban, and Admiral Charner, 
 dined with me ; but I am sorry to say that I can- 
 not report so favourably of my dinner as of my 
 parade. 
 
 Very plentiful supplies, in the shape of bullocks, 
 sheep, goats, and vegetables, were daily brought 
 in to us at Odin's Bay, so I determined to estab- 
 lish here a depot for supplying the rest of our 
 army, and to leave a small force to protect it. 
 
 Lord Elgin had gone over to Che-foo to see 
 
48 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Baron Gros ; and he wrote me word that the 
 French had discovered the impracticability of 
 landing a force south of the Taku forts. On 
 hearing this, I at once went to Che-foo to see 
 General de Montauban, who told me that he had 
 sent a ship to reconnoitre the coast where he had 
 proposed disembarking ; but the report was so 
 unfavourable that he had relinquished his original 
 intention. He now wished to ask me whether I 
 had any objection to his men landing at the place 
 I had selected— viz., Peh-tang. I told him that 
 he was at perfect liberty to do so, as it was my 
 sincere wish to keep up a good understanding 
 between the two nations. He then said that he 
 should be quite ready to start by the 26th July. 
 We afterwards rode out together into the country, 
 which appeared fertile, well wooded, and culti- 
 vated. Here, too, the people were bringing in 
 supplies freely, and also numbers of capital mules. 
 Baron Gros allowed me to purchase two of these 
 animals for my private use, which, from my expe- 
 rience during the Indian Mutiny would, I knew, 
 prove most serviceable. During my last campaign 
 in India, many a good breakfast had my old mule 
 carried for me on the line of march. 
 
 On returning to Ta-lien-wan, we set to work in 
 
EMBARKATION FOR TA-LIEN-WAN. 
 
 49 
 
 earnest preparing for the real business of fighting. 
 We had no difficulty in embarking the infantry, 
 but the cavalry and artillery proved a more onerous 
 affair. Thanks to Admiral Hope's judicious ar- 
 rangements, and to the care and energy displayed 
 by all the officers concerned in the operation, the 
 whole of the horses were got on board safely, with 
 the exception of one officer's charger, which broke 
 its leg, and had to be destroyed. Our force 
 amounted, in round numbers, to about ii,ooo 
 men ; that of the French to 6700. 
 
 Summary of Expeditionary Forces, as arrived at 
 Ta-lien-wan Bay up to 9th July i860. 
 
 Regiments and Corps. 
 
 Officers. 
 
 Strength. 
 Men. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 1st King's Dragoon Guards, 
 
 8 
 
 190 
 
 i8s 
 
 Probyn's Horse, 
 
 17 
 
 446 
 
 433 
 
 Fane's Horse, 
 
 15 
 
 347 
 
 327 
 
 Royal Artillery, . 
 
 50 
 
 1515 
 
 747 
 
 Madras mountain-train. 
 
 7 
 
 168 
 
 39 
 
 Royal Engineers, 
 
 11 
 
 224 
 
 ... 
 
 Madras Sappers and Miners, 
 
 8 
 
 245 
 
 
 Military train, . 
 
 28 
 
 260 
 
 
 2d battalion ist Royals, 
 
 28 
 
 539 
 
 
 1st u 2d Queen's, . 
 
 28 
 
 617 
 
 
 1st „ 3d Buffs, 
 
 27 
 
 823 
 
 
 31st Regiment, . 
 
 30 
 
 970 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
50 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Regiments and Corps. 
 
 Officers. 
 
 Strength. 
 Men. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 44th Regiment, . 
 
 25 
 
 940 
 
 
 60th ti (2d battalion), 30 
 
 772 
 
 
 67th II 
 
 32 
 
 818 
 
 
 99th 1. 
 
 22 
 
 584 
 
 
 8th Punjaub Infantry, 
 
 15 
 
 763 
 
 
 15th II II 
 
 15 
 
 943 
 
 
 19th II II 
 
 19 
 
 463 
 
 
 Chinese Coolie Corps, 
 
 14 
 
 264 
 
 
 Total, . 
 
 419 1 
 
 10,491 
 
 I73I 
 
 (Signed) 
 
 Fredk. Stephenson, 
 
 
 
 B.A.G. 
 
 1 Of this number about 70 were native officers belonging to the 
 regiments from India. — H: K. 
 
/ 
 
 SKETCH 
 of tiw> 
 
 operatio:ns 
 
 betweea the I'.'* 21"August 1860. 
 Scale -Halfbidi, *> OneMU* 
 
 d—jSr- *-iSr-< i 
 

 
SI 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 DISEMBARKATION NEAR PEH-TAl^G — ADVANCE THROUGH 
 THE MUD— SURRENDER OF THE TOWN — THE HIDDEN 
 SHELLS — TALES OF VIOLENCE — DREAD OF FIRE' — RE- 
 CONNAISSANCE' AND SEARCH FOR WATER — SIR HOPE 
 GRANT RESOLVES TO CONTINUE MARCH, AND GENERAL 
 DE MONTAUBAN AT LENGTH ACQUIESCES — MEASURES 
 FOR ATTACKING THE SIN-HO FORTS — FRESH STRUGGLES 
 THROUGH THE MUD — GALLANT ATTACK OF TARTAR 
 CAVALRY AGAINST STIRLING'S GUNS — REPULSED BY 
 PROBYN's HORSE — CAPTURE OF THE SIN-HO FORTS — 
 FRENCH ADVANCE AGAINST TANG-KU, BUT ARE FORCED 
 TO RETIRE — PRISONERS CAPTURED BY THE TARTARS 
 — ATTACK AND CAPTURE BY THE ALLIES OF TANG-KU 
 ON I4TH AUGUST — INCIDENTS IN THE ENGAGEMENT — 
 DESPATCH FROM LORD ELGIN. 
 
 On 26th July i860, our fleet got under way. 
 It consisted of 73 vessels, some of which were 
 sailing ships, and the others steamers, drawn up 
 in two lines. The French fleet, composed of 40 
 transports and men-of-war, formed the third line. 
 On 27th and 28th July we anchored within 20 
 miles of the Taku forts, which loomed large in the 
 
52 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 distance ; and on 30th we approached to within 
 10 miles of Peh-tang. We had intended to cross 
 the bar the following day, and to anchor within 
 2000 yards of the forts ; but owing to the stormi- 
 ness of the weather, we deferred our further ad- 
 vance until 1st August. The depth of water over 
 the bar proved to be only 13 feet, and at low tide 
 only 3 feet, in consequence of which large vessels 
 could not cross ; and the admiral determined to 
 ship the troops in men-of-war boats, towed by 
 gunboats. This was effected with admirable pre- 
 cision, and we anchored on ist August just out of 
 fire of the batteries. It had been originally settled 
 to land on the left bank of the Peh-tang river; but 
 on further examination the muddy state of the 
 beach deterred us, and the troops disembarked on 
 the right or south bank.^ Even here the ground 
 appeared to be little better than slush ; and Gene- 
 ral de Montauban, just as he had set foot on 
 shore, suddenly found the river rising, and the 
 water surrounding him. There were close at hand 
 two or three high mounds of earth, apparently 
 serving as a guide for navigation, and on one of 
 these the French general placed himself; but 
 even here he was in a few minutes surrounded by 
 
 ' ^ * About a mile and a half east of Peh-tang. 
 
LANDING NEAR PEH-TANG. 53 
 
 a sea of water extending for miles. The two forts 
 on the river-banks looked very imposing. They 
 were constructed of mud and straw, with a high 
 cavalier^ in the centre of each. That on the 
 right bank was armed, so far as we could see, 
 with 13 guns; the one on the left bank with 11 
 guns. No notice was taken of our approach be- 
 yond that of a few " Braves " ^ looking at us from 
 the parapets. 
 
 A total of 2000 troops, in equal numbers of 
 French and English, were forthwith landed ; and 
 as we had the prospect of wading through at least 
 two miles of mud, I took off my boots and stock- 
 ings, tucked up my trousers, and pushed forward 
 at the head of my men towards a raised causeway, 
 which led apparently from the gate of Peh-tang 
 to the Taku forts.^ On our way we came across 
 a deep water-course, concealed by the high tide, 
 and many were our cooling tumbles therein. The 
 French Chief of the Staff had landed on his pony, 
 and both came to terrible grief in this briny bath. 
 
 Some Tartar cavalry were seen moving along 
 the road, but on our approach they retired in the 
 
 ^ A raised terreplein with parapet. 
 
 2 The term adopted for themselves by the Chinese army, 
 
 ^ See plan. 
 
54 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 direction of the Taku forts. At last all our 
 wading difficulties were got over; our men reached 
 the causeway, which was found sound and dry, 
 and were ordered to bivouac on it for the night. 
 I arranged with Admiral Hope and the French 
 that at daybreak we should make a simultaneous 
 attack on Peh-tang from the road. At the same 
 hour the gunboats were to steam up past the 
 forts and support us with their fire.^ During the 
 night the admiral sent up one of his small boats 
 to find out whether any barriers impeded the 
 passage of the river ; and having ascertained that 
 all was clear, we felt confident of being able to 
 establish ourselves in the town without much 
 difficulty. 
 
 When we laid down for the night in the open 
 on the road, we had no apprehensions of being 
 attacked during the darkness, as there was no- 
 thing but water and swamp on our flanks, which, 
 moreover, were guarded by a few pickets. At 
 midnight, to my surprise, firing commenced in the 
 centre of our line, and it was reported that some 
 Tartar cavalry had ridden close up to us. How- 
 ever, it soon ceased, and next morning a Tartar 
 
 ^ Preparations were also made for landing the remainder of the 
 troops the next day. 
 
THE HIDDEN SHELLS. 55 
 
 pony, fully accoutred, was found within a stone's- 
 throw shot dead by a rifle-bullet. Not far from 
 Peh-tang was a bridge, which was occupied by 
 one of our pickets ; and as everything appeared 
 perfectly quiet, I sent a flag of truce with an 
 interpreter to demand the surrender of the town. 
 A respectable-looking old man came up and said 
 that no opposition would be offered to our 
 entrance, and that no Chinese soldiers were in 
 the place ; but he warned us that inside the fort 
 were concealed some large shells filled with gun- 
 powder, which would explode on being touched. 
 This information, so kindly given, proved of great 
 importance. The party with the flag of truce 
 followed the old man into a deserted fort, and 
 were there shown where the gunpowder was 
 buried. The top surface was scraped away for 
 about an inch, and revealed several small gun- 
 locks, so placed that the weight of the foot would 
 cause them to go ofl", and, by means of some 
 trains of gunpowder, would have exploded the 
 shells. These missiles, sixteen inches in diameter, 
 were placed in two mines, ten in each, and would 
 have caused a pretty commotion had a company 
 of soldiers marched over the spot. 
 
 Very early in the morning, we entered Peh- 
 
56 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 tang, and found that our gunboats had taken up 
 the position previously assigned to them. On 
 examination, it was ascertained that there was 
 no site outside the walls suitable for the encamp- 
 ment of our troops. All around was swamp, or 
 covered with water at high tide ; and now com- 
 menced the miseries of war. We were compelled 
 to lodge the men of both armies in the town, 
 which was densely populated. The unfortunate 
 Chinese women all had the small deformed feet 
 common to the females of their nation, and were 
 scarcely able to move. The Chinese coolies, of 
 whom we had a large number — about 2500^ — were 
 for the most part atrocious villains, though ex- 
 tremely useful ; and in the first instance, when 
 they could be comparatively but little controlled, 
 the robberies and crimes they committed in the 
 town were fearful. In one respectable -looking 
 house which some of our officers entered, were 
 found the corpses of two young women, and their 
 father apparently at the point of death. The 
 latter turned out to be the same kind old man 
 who had received our interpreter and had pointed 
 
 ^ A large number of coolies had been temporarily engaged in 
 addition to the regular Coolie corps. 
 
EXODUS OF INHABITANTS. 57 
 
 out to us the existence of the loaded shells. 
 They were all taken to the hospital, where it 
 was ascertained that they had swallowed opium. 
 After some difficulty, the father was brought 
 round again, and he told his sad tale. A party 
 of coolies came to his house, and demanded ad- 
 mission. He was obliged to let them in, where- 
 upon they plundered and ransacked his dwelling. 
 They had scarcely taken their departure when 
 fresh coolies came with the same intention, which 
 so terrified the unhappy family that they resolved 
 upon suicide, and took a quantity of opium. 
 
 The inhabitants evacuated the town as quickly 
 as possible, the men carrying their helpless, foot- 
 less wives and their children on their backs, and 
 other poor females hobbling along as best they 
 could, supporting themselves upon sticks to the 
 river-side, and then getting into boats, or toiling 
 along the banks to some other village. Some 
 French soldiers were removing a box out of a 
 house to increase the available space, when on 
 opening it were discovered the bodies of two 
 young girls about fourteen and fifteen years old, 
 who, there was reason to suppose, had been 
 strangled by their relations. 
 
58 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 At last the place was cleared of its population ; 
 one half of the town was allotted to the French 
 and the other half to ourselves, and we forthwith 
 began disembarking the main body of our troops. 
 
 I took up my abode in one of the bastions of the 
 fort, which was cool and airy : perhaps too much 
 so, for I shall never forget one night when a storm 
 of thunder, lightning, wind, and rain broke over us, 
 flooding the place, and converting our beds into 
 the appearance of tubs filled with dirty clothes, 
 and ourselves into half-drowned rats. I had a 
 slight attack of fever during the two following 
 days. The occupation of this town was fraught 
 with the most fearful risks it has ever fallen to my 
 lot to encounter, and had we not been protected 
 by that great Being who rules above, terrible and 
 fearful consequences would have ensued. The 
 town was very small, not much more than 500 
 yards square, and in it were crowded 1 1,000 of our 
 men, exclusive of the French force amounting to 
 above 6700 more, and about 4000 of our horses, 
 mules, and ponies, all stowed away in houses and 
 in narrow lanes. The buildings were almost all 
 thatched, fires burning, dinners cooking, men 
 smoking ; in fact, all the accessories for the out- 
 break of a blaze. After the storm, the weather 
 
FIRE AND PESTILENCE. 59 
 
 became very hot, and the thatched roofs as dry 
 as tinder. Had a spark fallen on one of them it 
 is difficult to say what would have been the re- 
 sult. Probably almost all our fine horses and ponies 
 would have been destroyed; and many of the men 
 would have been unable to effect their escape out 
 of the narrow thickly-thronged lanes. At length 
 heavy rain set in, and the danger of fire was much 
 lessened; but the streets became almost impassable 
 from the mud, filth, and dead animals. These 
 latter seemed to cling to us persistently ; for when 
 thrown into the river the returning tide cast them 
 back on to the bank where, they decomposed in 
 the sun, creating a horrible stench. Nevertheless, 
 notwithstanding the pestilential nature of the 
 place, our troops, wonderful to say, never en- 
 joyed better health. During the whole period of 
 our occupation we had not above one and a half 
 per cent sick. The French likewise were remark- 
 ably healthy. 
 
 I had brought four excellent horses with me 
 from India, and my favourite mule. I am sorry 
 to say that the latter on being landed fell 
 upon a post in the river, and staked himself so 
 badly that I was obliged to shoot him. I had 
 likewise my favourite little Arab pony which did 
 
60 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 me such good service in India during the 
 Mutiny/ 
 
 On 3d August, General de Montauban and 
 myself arranged to send out reconnoitring 
 parties of 1000 men each, on the road to the 
 Taku forts, to ascertain the position of the enemy. 
 Brigadier Sutton commanded the British force ; 
 and General Collineau,^ an excellent officer who 
 had commanded a regiment with great gallantry 
 during the attack of the Redan in the Crimea, 
 the French. The party advanced along the nar- 
 row road for about four miles, with water and 
 swamp on both sides, and on their way met with 
 a picket of Tartar cavalry which retired on our 
 approach. The ground now sloped upwards and 
 about a mile to the front ; an intrenched position 
 became visible, whereupon General Collineau de- 
 ployed his whole force. The troops had hardly 
 got into line when the enemy opened on them 
 with a heavy fire of gingals, wounding several 
 of their number. This weapon is a species of 
 long heavy duck-gun, carrying a ball weighing 
 
 1 It died at Aldershot, April 1873, after a happy and an hon- 
 oured old age — a splendid little animal to the last. 
 
 '' General Collineau died at Tien-tsin the following November 
 of small-pox. 
 
A RECONNAISSANCE. 6 1 
 
 about two pounds : its range is at least looo 
 yards. Placed upon a tripod, from which toler- 
 able aim can be taken, it is very handy and effec- 
 tive in a country where, owing to innumerable 
 large ditches, water-courses, and marshy ground, 
 field-artillery would be useless. The enemy ap- 
 peared to be in considerable force ; and Gene- 
 ral CoUineau having reconnoitred their position, 
 thought it advisable to retire : my force followed 
 his example. The Tartar cavalry, however, har- 
 assed the retreat. On 4th August, we occupied 
 with a strong picket the position abandoned the 
 previous day by the Tartar cavalry. 
 
 Probyn's Horse had been landed, and I had 
 posted them within the fort of Peh-tang. On 5th 
 August, heavy rains and violent squalls flooded 
 the horses up to their knees in mud, and, more- 
 over, we were in great straits for drinking-water. 
 There were a few wells in the town yielding a 
 very brackish supply, and in each house were 
 five or six earthen jars large enough to hold a 
 man, in which fresh water had been stored away ; 
 but in a short time, with the number of horses to 
 be provided for, these sources became exhaust- 
 ed, and it was a matter for anxious considera- 
 tion how we could meet this grave impending 
 
62 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 difficulty. On the spot where at first landing we 
 had found the dead Tartar pony, a cart-track was 
 perceived; and anxious to discover to where it 
 led, I sent out a reconnoitring party, consisting 
 of two squadrons of Probyn's Horse, and a troop 
 of the King's Dragoon Guards — the whole under 
 Colonel Wolseley, Deputy Assistant Quartermas- 
 ter-General, and a most excellent officer. They 
 started on the morning of the 9th August; and on 
 their return the same day, Wolseley reported to 
 me that for the first two miles the track was very 
 muddy and difficult, but that afterwards it be- 
 came sound, and well adapted for the passage of 
 cavalry and artillery. Above all, he discovered 
 several large pools of excellent rain-water, at 
 which the horses drank greedily. This informa- 
 tion was most satisfactory, because, provided the 
 difficulties of the first two miles' mud could be sur- 
 mounted, I could send a division by the newly- 
 discovered track, and thus attack the enemy in 
 flank as well as in front. I was also much relieved 
 at the discovery of this additional supply of water, 
 though we had now begun to eke out our re- 
 sources by distilling, which was carried on on 
 board our steamers by Admiral Hope's orders. 
 Once more the rains came down in constant 
 
ANXIETY TO PUSH FORWARD. 6^ 
 
 heavy showers, and in the intervals the sun shone 
 with an intense heat. Great indeed was my 
 anxiety lest, in consequence of the stench and 
 crowded state of the town, disease should break 
 out ; and I resolved at all hazards to march off 
 and attack the enemy the instant the country 
 should become passable after a few days' dry 
 weather. 
 
 General de Montauban and myself had come 
 to an agreement that our forces should take pre- 
 cedence of march by turns, and that the British 
 should have the first right to the privilege. The 
 arrangements for the start, therefore, devolved 
 upon me, and I went to tell him of my wish to 
 march off on the morning of the 1 2th August. 
 The French general objected strongly, and urged 
 that the state of the country would be the de- 
 struction of his men. To this I replied that we 
 had had several days of fine weather, which had 
 rendered the ground much sounder, and that 
 every moment we remained in Peh-tang was 
 fraught with danger. Indeed so strongly was I 
 impressed with the latter consideration, that I 
 urged my point with all the force in my power. 
 General de Montauban, I am happy to say, was 
 not in the least offended, and merely replied ; 
 
64 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 " Very well : if you go I must go with you/' The 
 force he detailed for immediate advance, however, 
 amounted only to 1000 men. 
 
 On 1 2th August, therefore. Sir Robert Napier 
 was directed to start with his division an hour 
 before the rest of the troops, to cross the salt- 
 marsh by the cart-track turning to the right, and 
 to attack the enemy's intrenchments on their 
 left. He was reinforced by the cavalry under 
 Brigadier Pattle, one battery of Armstrong guns, 
 three 6 -pounders, smooth bore, and a rocket- 
 battery. Sir John Michel was ordered to advance 
 with his division, and to attack the enemy posted 
 behind their earthworks, in front, as soon as Sir 
 Robert Napier should have cleared off the cause- 
 way. 
 
 I accompanied Sir Robert Napier's division in 
 order that I might assure myself that he had 
 succeeded in crossing the marsh, and here we 
 encountered great difficulty in dragging the artil- 
 lery along. The horses got bogged, the guns 
 sank up to their axle-trees, and the waggons stuck 
 fast. At last we were compelled to leave the 
 waggon -bodies behind us, and to content our- 
 selves with the gun and waggon limbers.^ The 
 
 1 The limber and body when hooked up together form a four- 
 
STRUGGLE THROUGH THE MUD. 65 
 
 cavalry likewise were much embarrassed in strug- 
 gling through the mud, and even the infantry- 
 found it hard work, and lost many a good pair of 
 boots. At one time I really thought we should 
 be obliged to give up the attempt ; but Sir Robert 
 Napier was full of energy : the struggle was con- 
 tinued, and, by means of drag-ropes and perse- 
 verance, the artillery was hauled over the two 
 miles of mud, and sound ground reached. I then 
 retraced my steps, and accompanied Sir John 
 Michel's division along the causeway, and on 
 reaching the high ground deployed the whole 
 line, the French force of 1000 men being formed 
 upon our left. From the roof of a house a little 
 to our front I obtained a good view of the whole 
 system of the intrenchments. They appeared to 
 consist of several small redoubts, open at the 
 gorge, and weak in profile, but connected with 
 each other by crenelated walls. 
 
 The enemy soon began to open fire upon us, to 
 which we replied with 18 guns at a range of 900 
 yards, consisting of Desborough's smooth-bore 
 9 -pounders, Barry's Armstrongs, and a battery 
 of French artillery. Govan's rocket-battery also 
 
 wheeled carriage. The limber can be moved separately without 
 the body, but not vice versd. 
 
 E 
 
66 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 came into action. Every one of our shot pierced 
 right through the slight mud Chinese walls, and 
 in half an hour the forts were all evacuated. 
 
 Meanwhile, Sir Robert Napier had been en- 
 gaged, two miles to our right, with the enemy. 
 A body of about 4000 Tartar cavalry attacked us 
 in the most gallant style, very nearly captured 
 Stirling's ^ three 6 - pounders, and surrounded 
 the whole of our column in the manner custom- 
 ary with Eastern horsemen ; but the Armstrong 
 guns opened, and our own cavalry was let loose 
 upon them with great effect. The Sikhs under- 
 stood this style of warfare, and committed great 
 havoc amongst the Tartars — driving them event- 
 ually off the field. They took refuge in the vil- 
 lage of Tang-ku, on the north bank of the Peiho. 
 We followed up our success to the village of Sin- 
 ho, which was also covered by intrenchments ; 
 but the enemy had received such a thrashing that 
 they did not wait to defend it. 
 
 General de Montauban now wished to attack 
 another fortified position inclosing the large vil- 
 lage of Tang-ku. The distance between this post 
 and Sin-ho was about three miles ; the enemy had 
 
 1 Now Lieut. -Colonel William Stirling, commanding B Battery, 
 B Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery. 
 
FUTILE ATTACK OF FRENCH. 6/ 
 
 retreated by a causeway, and the fortifications were 
 large enough to have contained 40,000 men. The 
 ground along each side of this single road ap- 
 peared to be very marshy, and consequently the 
 whole of our deep columns of infantry would be 
 exposed to an overwhelming fire of artillery from 
 behind the walls, to which we could make no 
 reply, as there was not sufficient breadth - of 
 ground for even half a battery in line. I there- 
 fore strongly objected to advance any further 
 until, by a reconnaissance, we could mature our 
 plans with greater safety. The French general, 
 however, was resolute, and I at length consented 
 to follow his troops in support. He accordingly 
 moved forward with his columns massed on the 
 highroad, and when within 1700 or 1800 yards 
 of the forts managed to bring a few guns to the 
 front, with which he opened fire. The enemy 
 responded with vigour; but, fortunately for the 
 French, the range was too great to be effective ; 
 otherwise their loss would have been heavy in- 
 deed. General de Montauban at last recognised 
 the futility of the attempt, and withdrew his 
 force. 
 
 On the morning of the 13th August we care- 
 fully inspected the position. The river Peiho ran 
 
6S INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 parallel to the road, and at a perpendicular dis- 
 tance from our right flank of about a mile. A 
 water-course likewise flowed alongside the road. 
 This was bridged, and I then rode up to the river- 
 bank, where the site proved to be at a much 
 higher elevation, and far sounder than in the 
 direction of our original advance. In fact, we 
 found that, by throwing bridges over several little 
 intervening streams, we could march on an ex- 
 tended front up to the very walls of the fort of 
 Tang-ku. 
 
 I am sorry to say that, during the fight, two of 
 our men, with several coolies, were taken prison- 
 ers as they were conveying a cart with rum to the 
 2d Division by the track across the salt-marsh. 
 The mishap occurred owing to the carelessness of 
 the Europeans, who had not exerted themselves 
 to keep up with the column, and were captured 
 by some of the Tartar cavalry who had attacked 
 Sir Robert Napier, 
 
 [In a journal of the operations kept by an 
 officer on Sir Hope Grant's staff, the following 
 entry occurs, characteristic of the nation with 
 which we were at war: " Ati^gust ^th. — A man- 
 darin brought a letter for Lord Elgin this morn- 
 
CHINESE ANOMALIES. 69 
 
 ing from the governor-general of the province, 
 saying they wished for peace, but recommended 
 us to keep off, as they were very strong." This 
 same nation, who at a later date violated the laws 
 of nations and of humanity by murdering some of 
 our envoys,^ captured during our advance on Sin- 
 ho several enlisted coolies, actually assisting an 
 army of foreigners against their own countrymen. 
 The instant execution of the captives could not 
 have been possibly condemned ; but the Chinese 
 merely cut off their tails — a mark of degradation 
 — and sent them back to us under a flag of truce. 
 — H. K.] 
 
 The 14th of August was a hot dry day ; and at 
 an early hour, all our preparations having been 
 completed, the British and French troops filed 
 across the bridges, and were deployed in two 
 lines. The enemy opened on us from the other 
 side of the river with some guns, in two junks, 
 hauled up on the mud near a village called Ta- 
 leang-teze, close to the bank on the other side, 
 and with a battery on some rising ground, about 
 1200 yards distant from us. Our guns opening 
 upon them soon silenced their fire, and Captain 
 1 See page 134. 
 
70 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Willes/ Flag-Captain of Admiral Hope, crossed 
 the river with a few men, and spiked the guns in 
 the village. 
 
 The two Armstrong and the two 9-pounder 
 batteries then came into action, and with two 
 French batteries, 36 guns in all, opened fire upon 
 the fort. The enemy's intrenchments were traced 
 in the form of a square, one face of which rested 
 on- the river, and the other three were strengthened 
 with a crenelated wall, with two wide ditches in 
 front. Our attack was directed against the side 
 of the work at right angles to the river, where the 
 ditches and walls were of weaker profile. The 
 heavy fire from our 36 guns soon knocked the in- 
 trenchment to pieces ; and by advancing by alter- 
 nate batteries up to within 350 yards — a movement 
 which was skilfully executed by the officer com- 
 manding the Royal Artillery, Brigadier Crofton — 
 the enemy's pieces were dismounted, and their 
 parapets ruined. The flags with which the walls 
 had at first been bedecked were fast vanishing. 
 One brave fellow mounted on the battlements, 
 and proudly waved a red banner in the air, until 
 a shot from one of our guns struck him, and he 
 
 1 Now Admiral Willes, C.B. 
 
ATTACK ON TANG-KU. 7 1 
 
 disappeared. Meanwhile some companies of the 
 1st Royals and 6oth Rifles crept through some 
 sedges along the banks of the river, reached the 
 foot of the fort, and succeeded in forcing their 
 way in. An entrance once effected, the Chinese 
 abandoned the whole of their works, turned, and 
 fled. 
 
 The French met with obstinate resistance at 
 the point they had selected for their attack, a 
 little to our left ; but, gallantly led by Colonel 
 Schmitz,^ the French chief of the stafl", they scaled 
 the walls about the same time as ourselves. Ten 
 guns in good condition fell into our hands. One 
 of them which had been troubling us considerably 
 was found dismounted by a shot from an Arm- 
 strong gun, and around it were lying thirteen dead 
 Chinamen. Our rocket battery was also used 
 with great effect. The enemy on the other side 
 of the river fired the same sort of missiles at us, 
 with an arrow attached to them. Their range 
 was great, and they were well directed, but they 
 did us no harm. During the engagement Sir John 
 Michel -had his horse killed under him. We were 
 
 1 Served as General Schmitz under General Trochu during the 
 early part of the siege of Paris in 1870. 
 
72 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 now well sheltered in the large village of Tang- 
 ku, which lay within the enceinte of the works. 
 I directed Sir Robert Napier to occupy it with his 
 division, and from the roof of the house wherein 
 he lived, we could make out the distant outline of 
 the Taku forts. I was convinced that the capture 
 of the small upper northern work would entail the 
 surrender of the three others, and I determined to 
 reconnoitre it carefully, availing myself of the 
 assistance of Sir Robert Napier, whose opinion 
 was, as an engineer officer, particularly valuable. 
 In Tang-ku we found a number of capital boats, 
 which were very useful to us in bridging the river. 
 The next day I visited our poor wounded 
 fellows, whom I found doing well, and comfort- 
 ably cared for in the village of Tang-ku. 
 
 Despatch from Lord Elgin. 
 
 " The Granada, i6tA August i860. 
 
 " My dear Grant, — The Chinese authorities 
 are very desirous to put a stop to further military 
 operations. I have received three despatches 
 from them on the subject. As I am of opinion 
 that the forts should be in our hands, and the 
 
LORD ELGIN'S LETTER. 73 
 
 Peiho river opened before their terms are accepted 
 I shall do what I can to keep things going till 
 you are ready to effect these objects. But of 
 course it becomes every day more difficult for me 
 to do so. My last despatches from the Governor- 
 GeneraP inform me that an Imperial Commis- 
 sioner is on his way from Pekin. — Yours very 
 sincerely, Elgin and Kincardine." 
 
 ^ Of the province of Pechili. 
 
74 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE SMALL NORTH TAKU FORT— PETITIONS 
 FOR PEACE— GENERAL DE MONTAUBAN'S PLAN OF AT- 
 TACK — HIS FORMAL LETTER OF REMONSTRANCE AGAINST 
 • SIR HOPE grant's SCHEME, TO WHICH HE FINALLY 
 YIELDS UNDER PROTEST — CANNONADE AGAINST THE 
 FORT — EXPLOSION OF MAGAZINE — THE STORMING AND 
 CAPTURE OF THE TAKU FORT — BRAVERY OF THE CHINESE 
 — CAPTURE OF THE LARGE NORTH FORT — SURRENDER 
 OF THE SOUTHERN FORTS — ADMIRAL HOPE STEAMS WITH 
 HIS GUNBOATS UP TO TIEN-TSIN — SIR HOPE GRANT 
 PROCEEDS THERE, LIKEWISE — THE INHABITANTS CON- 
 CILIATED — CHINESE REBELS THREATEN SHANGHAI — 
 ARRIVAL OF PLENIPOTENTIARIES AT TIEN-TSIN — COM- 
 FORTABLE QUARTERS — REMARKS BY THE EDITOR ON 
 THE PLAN OF ATTACK ON THE TAKU FORTS. 
 
 On the 20th August I made a reconnaissance in 
 company with Sir Robert Napier, and advanced 
 to within 600 yards of the north fort without 
 being molested. I then sent forward Mr Parkes 
 and Captain Graham/ Royal Engineers, with a 
 flag of truce, with a view of demanding a sur- 
 
 1 Now Colonel Graham, V.C., C.B. 
 
THE TAKU FORT. 75 
 
 render; but the Chinese showed no signs of yield- 
 ing, and my two envoys were compelled to retire. 
 The fort was enclosed with the usual crenelated 
 walls, and with two broad ditches. On the space 
 between the walls and the ditches, corresponding 
 to our berm, the ground was thickly studded with 
 upright bamboo spikes. The adjacent country 
 consisted of a salt-marsh, with innumerable broad 
 deep water-courses intersecting it in all direc- 
 tions. By following a winding course, however, 
 ground could be picked out sufficiently sound to 
 admit of the passage of artillery. I arranged 
 with Sir Robert Napier where the ditches were to 
 be bridged, and where the batteries for our heavy 
 guns were to be placed. A bridge of boats was 
 also nearly completed across the Peiho, when the 
 Chinese, discovering our purpose, established a 
 battery to oppose the passage ; whereupon Gene- 
 ral de Montauban sent a force across which suc- 
 ceeded in driving the enemy away. The whole 
 of the Tartar cavalry, so far as we could ascer- 
 tain, had crossed over to the right bank, by 
 means of a bridge of boats in their possession, 
 lower down. 
 
 Flags of truce now came in to us from the vice- 
 roy Hang-foo ; and the unfortunate inhabitants 
 
^6 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 sent deputations begging for the cessation of hos- 
 tilities. As these overtures in no way emanated 
 from the Emperor, Lord Elgin wrote a letter to 
 the viceroy saying that it was now too late to 
 think of peace. This letter was taken across the 
 river under a flag of truce, by Mr Parkes and 
 Augustus Anson, my aide-de-camp. Hang-foo, 
 to our surprise, sent back two of our men and 
 thirteen coolies who had been captured by the 
 Tartars.^ 
 
 As a proof of the swampy condition of the 
 country at the time of which I am now writing, 
 I may mention that some days before, the river 
 had risen so high that the ground in the vicinity 
 of our camp was flooded, and the headquarter 
 tents of the ist Division were a foot under water. 
 
 The French general now proposed to me that 
 both our armies should cross the river, and attack 
 the town of Taku, which was intrenched, and the 
 large southern fort on the right bank. This plan, 
 upon further consideration, appeared to me very 
 hazardous, as our right flank would thereby be 
 uncovered and exposed to the attacks of cavalry ; 
 while even were the main fort, with its numerous 
 and powerful armament, to fall into our hands, 
 ^ See page 68. 
 
DE MONTAUBAN'S PROTEST. 'J'J 
 
 the remaining defences would give us much 
 trouble. I therefore determined to adhere to my 
 original intention, and endeavoured to convince 
 General de Montauban that by gaining posses- 
 sion of the upper northern fort, we should be able 
 to command all the others. In vain; he remained 
 unmoved, but told me that if I was determined to 
 carry out my plan, he of course would give me 
 his assistance-^but that he should feel obliged to 
 write a protest against it. Accordingly, in course 
 of time, I received the following letter : — 
 
 •* DU El VAC DE SiN-HO, 
 Le2oe ASuf iS6o. 
 
 ♦*R£PONSE AU MEMORANDUM. 
 
 "i^- L'attaque des forts qui restent sur la rive 
 gauche me semble completement inutile, ainsi 
 que le General Grant I'a reconnu lui-meme il y a 
 trois jours, lorsque nous etions convenus de ne 
 pas nous occuper de ces forts qui tomberont tout 
 naturellement lorsque ceux de la rive droite 
 dans lesquels sont reunis tous les moyens de de- 
 fense seront tombes eux-memes.^ C'est done 
 
 ^ In the first instance it had been contemplated to act on both 
 sides of the Peiho, and with this view a bridge of boats had been 
 constructed across the river at Ta-Wang-teze. 
 
yS INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 centre les forts du sud que tous les efforts d'ac- 
 tion doivent etre diriges. Tout ce qui sera tente 
 contre les forts du nord, n'aura pour resultat que 
 de retarder les operations de Tarmee de mer. 
 
 " 2^- Le fort exterieur du nord dtant a peu 
 pr^s de trois mille metres ^ du fort interieur, le feu 
 des cannonieres n'atteindra pas le but que Ton se 
 propose. 
 
 " Quant a reduire le feu des forts du sud, les 
 cannonieres trouveront dans la riviere des ob- 
 stacles qui ne leur permettront pas de venir assez 
 pres pour obtenir ce resultat. La veritable at- 
 taque des forts du sud est par terre, et dans ce cas 
 seulement Ton congoit que la marine puisse y 
 concourir. Laisser les cannonieres exposes au 
 feu des forts du sud, sans que ces forts soient 
 inquietes par terre, me semble une faute capitale 
 contre les regies les plus simples de I'art de la 
 guerre. 
 
 " 3^- La distance ou se trouveront les cannon- 
 ieres du fort interieur du nord ne me permet pas 
 de comprendre comment elles pourraient ouvrir 
 leur feu sur ce fort. 
 
 " 4f- Aucune communication par la riviere entre 
 I'armde de terre et I'armee de mer ne me parait 
 
 ^ 3280 yards. 
 
DE MONTAUBAN'S PROTEST. 79 
 
 possible, meme par les cannonieres, tant que les 
 forts du sud seront debout ; et pour debarrasser 
 la riviere des obstacles du cote de la rive nord, il 
 faudrait que ces obstacles fussent a une telle dis- 
 tance des forts du sud que ceux-ci ne puissent pas 
 atteindre les travailleurs — ce qu'il est impossible 
 d'admettre. 
 
 " En resumee, de deux choses I'une : ou les 
 forts du nord seront defendus ou ils seront aban- 
 donnes. Dans le premier cas, I'operation de leur 
 attaque ne donnera aucun resultat serieux pour 
 la solution de la question, ni meme aucune satis- 
 faction pour la marine ; on y perdra peu de 
 monde peut - etre, mais inutilement. Dans le 
 second cas, de quelle utilite sera leur occupation ? 
 
 " De tout temps les forts du sud ont ete consi- 
 deres comme le veritable siege de la puissance de 
 la defense, et c'est contre I'attaque de ces forts de 
 concert avec I'armde de terre que notre brave 
 marine alliee trouvera I'occasion d'une revanche 
 glorieuse. 
 
 " Tout en considerant le plan propose comme 
 contraire a ce qui avait ete convenu d'abord, et 
 comme oppose a mes idees sur la maniere de con- 
 duire cette operation, je n'en enverrai pas moins 
 une force frangaise de terre pour agir concurre- 
 
80 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 ment avec nos allies, et temoigner par sa presence 
 du desir que j'ai de concourir a toutes les opera- 
 tions. 
 
 " Mes observations ont surtout pour but de dd- 
 gager ma responsabilite militaire vis-a-vis de mon 
 gouvernement dans le cas ou il jugerait la question 
 sous le point de vue ou je I'envisage moi-meme. 
 
 " Le General de Division, 
 
 Commandant-en-Chef, 
 
 C. DE MONTAUBAN." 
 
 ( Translation^ 
 
 ** Bivouac at Sin-ho. 
 20th August i860. 
 
 "Answer to the Memorandum. 
 
 " I. The attack of the forts situated on the left 
 bank appears to me completely useless, as was 
 admitted by General Grant himself three days ago 
 — ^when we agreed to pay no heed to these forts, 
 which will fall in the natural course of events, as 
 soon as those which are on the right bank, and in 
 which are combined every means of defence, shall 
 have given way.^ Consequently, all our active 
 
 ^ See note page 77. 
 
DE MONTAUBAN'S PROTEST. 8 1 
 
 measures should be directed against the southern 
 forts. Every attempt against the northern forts 
 will only result in retarding the operations of the 
 sea forces. 
 
 " 2. The northern exterior fort being about 
 3000 metres [3280 yards] from the inner fort, the 
 fire of the gunboats will not attain the proposed 
 object. 
 
 " As for silencing the southern forts, the gun- 
 boats will encounter in the river obstacles which 
 will not allow them to approach sufficiently close 
 to obtain this result. The true attack of the 
 southern forts is by land, and in this case only 
 can it be supposed that the navy will be able to 
 assist. To leave the gunboats exposed to the 
 fire of the southern forts, without distracting their 
 attention on the land side, appears to me a radi- 
 cal error, opposed to the most elementary rules 
 of the art of war. 
 
 " 3. Considering how great must be the distance 
 of the gunboats from the inner northern fort, 
 I cannot understand how they can open fire 
 against it. 
 
 "4. River communication between the land 
 and the sea forces appears to me impossible, even 
 with the aid of gunboats, so long as the southern 
 
 F 
 
Sz INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 forts hold out ; and, in order to clear the river of 
 the obstacles on the northern bank, these obstacles 
 must be assumed to be at such a distance from 
 the southern forts that the workmen would be out 
 of range — a fact which I cannot for one moment 
 admit. 
 
 " To sum up, "there are two alternatives : either 
 the northern forts will be defended or they will 
 be abandoned. In the first case, to carry out an 
 attack against them will not seriously affect the 
 solution of the question — will not even give any 
 satisfactory result to the navy. The loss of life in- 
 volved will, perhaps, be small, but useless. In the 
 second case, of what use will be their occupation ? 
 
 "At all times the southern forts have been con- 
 sidered as the true basis of the power of defence, 
 and it is in attacking these forts in concert with 
 the land forces that our brave allied navy will find 
 an opportunity for a glorious revenge. 
 
 " Notwithstanding that I consider the proposed 
 plan as contrary to what we had previously agreed 
 on, and opposed to my ideas of the method of 
 conducting this operation of war, I shall neverthe- 
 less send a French land force to work conjointly 
 with our allies, and to prove by its presence my 
 desire to co-operate in all the operations. 
 
SIR HOPE grant's REPLY. S^ 
 
 "The object of my observations is, above all, to 
 free myself from military responsibility with refer- 
 ence to my own Government, in the event of its 
 judging the question from the same point of view 
 as that from which I myself regard it. 
 
 " The General of Division 
 Commanding in chief, 
 C. DE MONTAUBAN." 
 
 I sent the following reply to General de Mon- 
 tauban's memorandum; but I did not alter my 
 opinion, and I arranged that the attack should 
 take place on the 21st August. 
 
 " Headquarters Camp, Sin-ho, 
 20//5 August i860. 
 
 " Sir, — I have the honour to acknowledge the 
 receipt of your Excellency's memorandum of this 
 date, which embraces so many distinct points, that 
 it becomes necessary to reply to it in detail. 
 
 "Your Excellency observes that in the forts on 
 the right bank are collected all the means of 
 defence. To this I cannot assent ; for, from per- 
 sonal observation, I find that the north forts do 
 not only in themselves possess great means both 
 of offence and defence, but also, from their posi- 
 
84 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 tion, their fire can sweep that part of the right 
 bank along which an army must pass to attack 
 the south forts. Nor can I see how their ^ capture 
 would delay the operations of the army ; for the 
 bridge is being equally advanced across the Peiho,^ 
 and is not being delayed by this measure, whilst 
 the bridges which have been constructed over the 
 creeks beyond Tang-ku will be ample for both 
 French and English. 
 
 " It has never been proposed by the admirals 
 to bring the fire of the gunboats to bear on the 
 inner forts ; on the contrary, it was expressly 
 stipulated that they should fire only on the outer 
 forts. 
 
 " I fully agree with your Excellency in thinking 
 that it would be a grave error to expose the gun- 
 boats to the fire of the south forts without any co- 
 operation from the land forces ; but I have yet to 
 learn that this is proposed to be done. It has not 
 been part of my plan, of which I shall 'treat more 
 fully below. 
 
 " I think it most probable that when the north 
 forts are in our possession, the obstacles in the 
 river can be removed ; but, of course, this may be 
 
 ^ I.e.^ of the north forts. 
 2 See note, page 77. 
 
SIR HOPE grant's REPLY. 85 
 
 doubtful. At all events, we ought to be able to 
 silence any fire they can bring to bear on our 
 working parties. In short, the case resolves itself 
 to this : the bridges over the Peiho will not be 
 completed for three or four days at the soonest. 
 Should we wait for this, and make the great move- 
 ment down the right bank, the troops would be 
 exposed to such severe fire from the north forts, 
 that the losses would be increased to a very serious 
 extent — losses not only serious, but unnecessary. 
 Nor could the fleets act with any better effect by 
 this plan. I imagine rather the reverse. 
 
 "I have already expressed my opinion that 
 the co-operation of the navy is not a military 
 necessity — their object can only be to harass the 
 enemy and divert his attention. No risk should 
 therefore be run by them of losing vessels. It is 
 true that after the capture of Tang-ku I mentioned 
 my opinion that a move to the south bank would 
 be good, but that was before any reconnaissance 
 had*been made to the front ; and it is still my 
 wish to cross the river as soon as the bridge is 
 completed, and co-operate with your Excellency 
 in the attack of the south forts. 
 
 " Much as I regret that my opinion should 
 differ from that of your Excellency, I must still 
 
86 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 remind you that I never agreed to any plan to 
 which the present is opposed ; and I can only 
 repeat that my object is to cause the forts to fall 
 speedily and with little loss, and to avoid that 
 hazard which every day's delay at this late season 
 of the year must incur, when it is taken into con- 
 sideration how much yet remains to be done by 
 the allies before the end of the season. — I have 
 the honour, &c., 
 
 "J. Hope Grant." 
 
 The nature of the ground prevented our draw- 
 ing up a large force, and our total strength 
 amounted to 2500 men, in addition to which 
 General de Montauban stated he would contri- 
 bute 1060^ and two field-batteries. Our heavy 
 guns were placed in position, and consisted of 
 four 8-inch guns, two 8-inch howitzers, two 32- 
 pounders, and three 8-inch mortars. We also 
 had in the field two Armstrong batteries, two 
 9-pounder batteries, and one rocket battery. 
 
 1 Such is the number stated in Sir Hope Grant's diary. Other 
 sources of information, however, lead to the conclusion that the 
 actual strength of their infantry on this occasion did not exceed 
 400 of all ranks ; and Sir Hope himself, on being appealed to, 
 is inclined to consider the latter estimate correct. — H. K. 
 
ATTACK ON THE TAKU FORTS. 8/ 
 
 At five o'clock on the morning of the 2ist 
 August, the enemy opened on us a heavy fire 
 from the two upper forts, one on either side of the 
 river. Our guns quickly responded, and a cannon- 
 ade from our forty-seven pieces was maintained 
 with great vigour for three hours. Our shot fell 
 thick upon the doomed fort, and at about 6 o'clock 
 A.M., an eight-inch shell falling on their powder 
 magazine blew it up with a terrific explosion. 
 For some time the fort was so shrouded in dense 
 clouds of vapour and smoke, that it appeared to 
 have been entirely destroyed ; but by degrees it 
 cleared away; the enemy recommenced fire, and 
 seemed determined not to give up the place with- 
 out a desperate struggle. Inside the work was a 
 high cavalier from which heavy guns were opened 
 on us, but we soon succeeded in silencing them. 
 The general direction of our attack was against 
 the enemy's rear — a fact on which they had by no 
 means calculated, as they were thus almost entirely 
 exposed to our fire. 
 
 Our marines now brought up the pontoons for 
 the purpose of forming a bridge across the broad 
 ditches. They were baffled in their endeavours 
 owing to the heavy matchlock-fire from the walls, 
 and sixteen of them were knocked over. The 
 
88 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 French were more successful. By means of scaling- 
 ladders carried by Chinese coolies, they constructed 
 a way across the ditch. The Chinamen jumped 
 into the water up to their necks, and supported 
 the ladders upon their hands and shoulders, to 
 enable the men to get across. These poor fellows 
 behaved gallantly, and though some of them were 
 shot down they never flinched in the least. 
 
 The allied forces now pushed forward. Our 
 storming- party consisted of the 44th and 67th 
 Regiments. Some of our men swam across the 
 ditch, and others got over with the French. On 
 reaching the escarp they were sheltered from 
 fire. The French placed their ladders against the 
 parapet and endeavoured to get over; but the 
 defenders offered a vigorous resistance with their 
 swords and pikes, and knocked them off the crest 
 as soon as they showed themselves. At last my 
 aide-de-camp, Anson, gallantly succeeded in 
 clambering across a drawbridge which had been 
 hauled up over the ditch in front of my force, and 
 with his sword cut the supporting ropes. In this 
 operation he was nobly aided by Lieut-Col. Mann 
 of the Royal Engineers. The bridge fell into its 
 proper position, and afforded to our men a means 
 of crossing. Some of our oflficers perceived a 
 
STORMING OF THE TAKU FORTS. 89 
 
 small breach which we had effected in the wall 
 close to the gate, and here Lieut. Burslem of the 
 67th Regiment forced his way in, but was driven 
 back. Lieutenant Rogers^ was the next to enter, 
 but was wounded. 
 
 The French, who behaved as gallantly as pos- 
 sible — worthy of the great nation to which they 
 belonged — entered the breach at the same time as 
 our men, and their great ambition was to plant 
 their standard first upon the walls ; but young 
 Chaplin ^ of the 67th Regiment, who carried the 
 colours of his corps, outdid them, and placed the 
 British standard upon the highest part of the 
 works. He was wounded in three places. 
 
 Our combined navies had brought up gunboats 
 to within 1800 yards of the two forts at the mouth 
 of the river and commenced firing. Their practice 
 was excellent, and one of their shells exploded a 
 large magazine in the lower fort on the left bank 
 of the river. The damage inflicted we were un- 
 able at first to ascertain. The poor Chinese now 
 had a sad time of it ; they had fought desperately 
 and with great bravery, few of them apparently 
 having attempted to escape. Indeed they could 
 
 1 Now Major Rogers, V.C., 90th Foot. 
 
 2 Now Captain Chaplin, V.C., 8th Hussars. 
 
90 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 hardly have effected their retreat by the other side 
 of the fort — the wall was very high, and the 
 ground below bristled with innumerable sharp 
 bamboo stakes. Then intervened a broad, deep 
 ditch, another row of stakes, and, finally, another 
 large ditch. The only regular exit, the gate, was 
 barred by ourselves. Numbers were killed, and 
 I saw three poor wretches impaled upon the 
 stakes ; and yet, notwithstanding all the diffi- 
 culties which I have pointed out, a considerable 
 number succeeded in getting off. ^ The upper 
 fort on the southern side of the river was com- 
 pletely commanded by the guns on the northern 
 bank, only about 400 yards distant. The enemy 
 was therefore compelled to abandon it. The fort 
 we had captured presented a terrible appearance 
 of devastation. The explosion of the magazine 
 had ruined a large portion of the interior; many 
 of the guns were dismounted, and the parapets 
 battered to pieces. Seventeen of our men were 
 killed, and 184, including twenty-one officers, 
 wounded. Sir Robert Napier, whose conduct 
 was very gallant, was struck by shot in five places, 
 
 1 It was afterwards ascertained that the garrison of this little 
 fort was 500 men, of whom about 100 succeeded in effecting their 
 escape. 
 
3T0RMING OF THE TAKU FORTS. 9 1 
 
 but was not actually wounded. Shortly after 
 the fall of the work, Lord Elgin rode down and 
 examined it. ^ 
 
 During the early part of the day numerous war- 
 flags had waved defiantly over the other intrench- 
 ments, but about this time we suddenly perceived 
 that they had been replaced by white banners. I 
 sent Mr Parkes and Major Sarel, one of my 
 acting aides-de-camp, to summon the defenders 
 of the other northern fort to surrender ; but the 
 garrison returned a very insulting answer, to the 
 effect that only one of their works had fallen, and 
 there still remained four more to be captured. I 
 therefore made arrangements with General Col- 
 lineau, who commanded the French force, at once 
 to proceed to the attack. With this view I 
 moved two 8-inch guns up to within about 900 
 yards of the work, and caused three heavy 
 guns which had been captured in the cava- 
 lier, and which were not more than 1600 yards 
 distant, to be turned in the same direction. The 
 French, however, would not wait for us, hurried 
 forward, reached the fort without a shot being 
 
 1 See also the very brilliant account of the storming of the 
 Taku forts, in Sir Garnet Wolseley's Narrative of the China 
 War, p. 132. 
 
92 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 fired at them, marched in by one of the large em- 
 brasures, and thus ^ the place was captured with- 
 out resistance. The fortification was strong to- 
 wards the sea, but weak on the land side, by which 
 an entrance had been effected, and unenclosed, 
 save by a thin wall, which was not shot-proof. In 
 it were two cavaliers ; and it also completely com- 
 manded the large fort on the right side of the 
 river about 200 yards distant ; and though this 
 latter work was likewise strengthened with two 
 cavaliers, a few shot from our last capture would 
 have silenced all their guns. This showed that I 
 was justified in assuming beforehand that the plan 
 of attack which I had projected would prove suc- 
 cessful. About 2000 prisoners fell into our hands, 
 and much to their surprise they were allowed to 
 go away in peace. We likewise captured some 
 enormous brass ordnance, and several of the iron 
 guns lost by our navy during their severe engage- 
 ment of 1859. We now sent flags of truce across 
 the river to Hang-foo^ by Mr Parkes and Anson, 
 and demanded the surrender of all the remaining 
 forts with their guns and other military stores. 
 After a long delay this was agreed to, upon condi- 
 
 ^ About two hours after the capture of the first fort. 
 2 Governor- General of the province. 
 
SURRENDER OF THE SOUTHERN FORTS. 93 
 
 tion of the inhabitants being protected, and their 
 property spared, to which, of course, we instantly 
 assented.^ 
 
 That afternoon heavy rain commenced to fall, 
 which ere long swamped the whole country, ren- 
 dering the task of removing our guns a difficult 
 one. Several sank up to their axle-trees, and 
 had to be left for the night. 
 
 The next day, 22d August, I sent over Sir 
 Robert Napier to take possession of the forts on 
 the right bank. They were all handed over to 
 him in due form, including 600 guns. The same 
 day Admiral Hope broke away the chains and 
 barriers which had been placed across the river. 
 He was now able to get his gunboats up, and on 
 the 23d he started for Tien-tsin, about sixty miles 
 distant. He met with no opposition, and on ap- 
 proaching the town he found a deputation inviting 
 us to occupy it. I accordingly sent forward the 
 1st Foot (the Royals), the 67th Regiment, and an 
 Armstrong battery of artillery, under Brigadier 
 Staveley, to take possession of it ; and on the 24th 
 August, I myself started up the Peiho river in 
 the Granada for the same destination, which we 
 
 1 For Sir Hope Grant's official despatch relating to the capture 
 of the Taku forts, see Appendix II. 
 
94 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 reached in four hours' time. Before setting out 
 I left a small garrison in the large southern fort. 
 Tien-tsin was a much larger town than we had 
 anticipated. 
 
 About two and a half miles south of the town, 
 and on the river-banks, were two strong newly- 
 constructed forts, but their guns had been re- 
 moved, and were afterwards found buried close 
 at hand. On 26th August, we procured some 
 Tartar ponies by the aid of Mr Parkes, and rode 
 out into the adjacent country to select a site for 
 an encampment. Our choice fell on some ground 
 near the temple where Lord Elgin had signed the 
 treaty in 1858. The building was turned into a 
 commissariat " Godown." ^ The Tartar general, 
 Sang-ko-lin-sin, had constructed a crenelated wall 
 round Tien-tsin, which, with a broad ditch, he 
 had expected would keep us at bay. But after 
 our easy conquest of all his other forts, he thought 
 it wiser to retreat forthwith with his army, and 
 the place was denuded of troops. The inhabitants 
 at first were frightened ; but finding that so far 
 from molesting them we treated them with kind- 
 ness, they soon gained courage, and brought us 
 in plentiful supplies, amongst which were fine fat 
 
 ^ A " Godown" is a large storehouse. 
 
CHINESE DWELLINGS. 95 
 
 sheep weighing 70 or 80 lb. each, fat oxen, apples, 
 pears, grapes, peaches, and the great luxury of 
 enormous blocks of ice. 
 
 Information reached us from Shanghai that the 
 rebels intended to attack that town; so, on the 
 24th August, I sent the 44th Regiment from the 
 Taku forts, under Brigadier Jephson, to strengthen 
 the force at Shanghai. Lord Elgin and Baron 
 Gros came to Tien-tsin, and we all three took up 
 our quarters in an excellent clean house, the pro- 
 perty of a wealthy and important grain merchant. 
 Around the main building were courtyards, along 
 the sides of which were ranged small rooms with 
 the peculiar circular entrance, showing that they 
 were the ladies' apartments. The couches inside 
 were so constructed as to admit of fires being lit 
 underneath them in winter. As may be supposed, 
 extreme care was necessary in the indulgence of 
 this luxury. The good people of the house seemed 
 quite to approve of our having taken possession 
 of their domicile. 
 
 Some additional remarks on the plan of attack on 
 the Taku Forts. By the Editor. 
 
 General de Montauban was so strongly opposed 
 
96 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 to the projected plan of attack, that he declined 
 to give any countenance to the undertaking be- 
 yond assisting with a single battalion of 400 men 
 of all ranks, with a feeble force of artillery ^ — our 
 own force so employed amounting to 2500 men. 
 Moreover, in order to mark still further his disap- 
 proval, he did not appear on the scene of conflict 
 — as I am informed by English staff officers who 
 were eyewitnesses — until after the fight for the 
 north fort had been brought to a successful con- 
 clusion. He was then unprovided with his sword. 
 Seldom indeed have commanders been willing 
 to assume the amount of responsibility which Sir 
 Hope Grant so readily took upon himself Had 
 there been the slightest miscarriage, had the re- 
 sult been even indecisive, the military reputation 
 of the projector would have received a death- 
 blow. The war had never been popular in Eng- 
 land ; and an outburst of censure would have 
 
 1 After careful investigation and numerous inquiries, I am led 
 to the conclusion that the French furnished one field-battery, of 4 
 guns only, and not two field-batteries, as promised the previous 
 day by General de Montauban. Moreover Captain (now Colonel) 
 Desborough informs me, — " Assistance from General Collineau was 
 asked to support his storming columns, and two howitzers of my 
 own battery, under Sir John Campbell, were placed so as best 
 to attain this object." — H. K. 
 
DIFFICULTIES OF SIR HOPE GRANT. 97 
 
 arisen, based on the fact that our allies had 
 emphatically condemned the course we had 
 adopted. It must be remembered that in i860 
 there was attributed to the French a knowledge 
 of, and aptitude in, the science of war which was 
 supposed to leave every other nation far in the 
 rear, similarly as in 1875 any Prussian military 
 practice is lauded as perfection, for the sole 
 reason that it is a Prussian military practice. 
 On the other hand, in the event of a successful 
 issue, the hazards attendant on the assumption 
 of responsibility would be forgotten in the feeling 
 that " all's well that ends well " — were, in point 
 of fact, forgotten in the anxiety to smooth over 
 the susceptibilities of our allies. I trust, there- 
 fore, it will not be unbecoming in me to enlarge 
 upon one or two points connected with the most 
 critical operation in the campaign, which want 
 of time prevented Sir Hope dwelling on in his 
 despatch. The works south of the Peiho were 
 in themselves much stronger; they had numerous 
 guns mounted on cavaliers ; they were surrounded 
 by two, and in places by three, wet ditches, to- 
 gether with abattis and pointed stakes ; the escarps 
 were 15 feet high, and the parapets were liter- 
 ally bristling with cannon, and enormously thick. 
 
 G 
 
98 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 From the river side the only means of approach 
 was across a muddy open expanse; and General 
 de Montauban himself admitted that an attack 
 from this direction was not to be thought of 
 But supposing that we had split up our army, 
 and had brought the greater part of it across 
 the Peiho in the very face of the enemy — thus 
 repeating on a small scale the operations of the 
 Russians at Friedland — our next step must have 
 been the capture of the works about Suku, after 
 which we must have marched against one of the 
 main southern forts, each of which was far more 
 susceptible of defence from the guns on the 
 opposite side of the river, than were the north 
 forts capable of being aided by the south. More- 
 over, in our advance over the open country, we 
 should have been especially liable to be surround- 
 ed by the numerous Tartar cavalry, which had so 
 nearly performed that feat in front of Sin-ho, and 
 which we knew had crossed the Peiho in a body. 
 This danger would have been a formidable one. 
 We should have been cut off from our base, and 
 from our suppHes at Peh-tang ; and the Chinese 
 would always have had it in their power to harass 
 us in our rear by forces sallying forth from the 
 northern forts. Lastly, it was made manifest 
 
ADVANTAGES OF SIR H. GRANT'S PLAN. 99 
 
 that the fall of the southern works would not 
 have involved the surrender of those on the other 
 bank. 
 
 Let us now review the advantages of the plan 
 of attack which was actually carried out. The 
 works assailed were of a comparatively less for- 
 midable construction. By means of our tempo- 
 rary road, we were enabled to make a detour, 
 whereby we avoided to a great extent the fire 
 from the opposite bank. Under any circum- 
 stances we could only have been exposed to this 
 fire while crossing the portion of ground between 
 the upper and lower north forts. General de 
 Montauban miscalculated this interval in fixing 
 it at 3280 yards. A reference to the map shows 
 it to have been not more than 1500 yards. With 
 these two forts in our possession, we should com- 
 mand the similar ones on the other side ; we 
 should be able to enfilade completely the two 
 long faces of the large southern fort ; and, finally, 
 we should take in reverse the sea-defences of the 
 principal northern work, from which direction 
 alone the Chinese expected to be attacked.^ 
 
 ^ I am told by Sir Hope Grant that during the first China war 
 in 1842 there was a current statement — which seems to have been re- 
 vived for the present occasion— to the effect that, in a subsequently 
 
100 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Every single one of these anticipations were ful- 
 filled to the letter. The capture of the weakest 
 of the four largest works was followed by the 
 almost instant submission of the remainder ; and 
 if success be a test of sound reasoning, it can 
 hardly be denied that the step which Sir Hope 
 resolved upon in opposition to the counsels of 
 the French, was based on the soundest military 
 wisdom.— H. Knollys. 
 
 captured Chinese despatch, it was mentioned that " the ignorant 
 barbarians, not knowing that guns could not be fired against an 
 object behind them, came upon us in rear, and thus rendered all 
 our cannons useless, " 
 
lOI 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 MARCH FROM TIEN-TSIN TO HO-SI-WU — CONCENTRATION OF 
 TROOPS AT LATTER PLACE — CHINESE OPEN NEGOTIA- 
 TIONS FOR PEACE — ADVANCE TOWARDS CHAN-CHIA-WAN 
 — SYMPTOMS OF TREACHERY — HAIRBREADTH ESCAPE OF 
 COLONEL walker's PARTY — ALLIES RESOLVE TO ATTACK 
 CHINESE ARMY — ENGAGEMENT OF CHAN-CHIA-WAN — 
 PROBYN'S CHARGE— DEMAND FOR THE RELEASE OF THE 
 ENVOYS — SIR ROBERT NAPIER ORDERED UP FROM HO- 
 SI-WU — ENGAGEMENT AT PA-LE-CHIAO — SIR HOPE GRANT 
 NEARLY CAPTURED BY TARTAR CAVALRY — CHARGE OF 
 ENGLISH CAVALRY — GALLANT FRENCH ATTACK ON CANAL 
 BRIDGE — CHINESE OVERTURES FOR PEACE — ALLIES RE- 
 FUSE TO TREAT UNTIL THE ENVOYS ARE GIVEN UP — 
 PROBYN'S RECONNAISSANCE — GENERAL IGNATIEFF LENDS 
 A MAP OF PEKIN — DIVERSITY OF OPINION BETWEEN AL- 
 LIED COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF AS TO TRUE POINT OF AT- 
 TACK OF PEKIN — ARRIVAL OF SIR ROBERT NAPIER's 
 DIVISION AT TANG-CHOW — SIEGE-TRAIN COMES UP — 
 PROBYN's second RECONNAISSANCE— the ALLIED ULTI- 
 MATUM — INTERMEDIATE DEPOTS ESTABLISHED — LET- 
 TERS FROM PARKES — FURTHER ADVANCE — FRENCH 
 " miss" our track — FRUITLESS SEARCH FOR THEM — 
 THEY ARE DISCOVERED AT THE SUMMER PALACE— SIR 
 HOPE VISITS SUMMER PALACE — LOOTING— CHINESE CON- 
 SENT TO RELEASE THE ENVOYS, WHO RETURN TO CAMP 
 — THEIR SAD STORY — HOSPITAL RETURNS — DESCRIP- 
 TION OF PEKIN. 
 
102 INCliDENtS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 On *3 1st' August, three Commissioners arrived^ 
 from Pekin with a view to stop our advance. 
 They gave out that they were intrusted with full 
 powers ; but this turned out to be false. They 
 were only mandarins of small importance ; and 
 therefore, when on the 7th September they 
 brought forward pretended terms of a conven- 
 tion. Lord Elgin and Baron Gros instantly broke 
 off negotiations, stating their resolution not to 
 conclude a treaty before reaching Tang -chow, 
 fifteen miles from Pekin. 
 
 [Tien-tsin, on the Pekin road, is thirty-five miles 
 distant from Taku. The French advanced by the 
 left bank of the Peiho, the English by the right ; 
 and by the 5 th of September the bulk of our troops 
 had been concentrated about the above-mentioned 
 town. Throughout the camp there was a con- 
 fident anticipation that all the fighting had come 
 to an end — an expectation which was shared by 
 Sir Hope Grant, as is manifest from the following 
 despatches : — 
 
 "Headquarters, Tien-tsin, 
 3^ September i860. 
 
 "My Lord, — I have the honour to request 
 
 1 At Tien-tsin. 
 
EXPECTATIONS OF PEACE. IO3 
 
 that your Excellency will inform me what amount 
 of escort you wish to accompany the special Em- 
 bassy to Pekin; and also, in about how many days 
 they will be required to be ready to start. — I 
 have, &c. 
 
 "J. Hope Grant. 
 
 " The Right Hon. the Earl of Elgin 
 anci Kincardine." 
 
 The strength of the English escort was fixed at 
 1000 men, and a battery of artillery ; but the 
 French, for reasons best known to themselves, 
 objected to our so employing more than 150 
 men. 
 
 ** Headquarters, Tien-tsin, 
 7M September i860. 
 
 " My Lord, — I have the honour to inform your 
 Excellency that the recent operations in the north 
 of China having terminated successfully, peace is 
 about to be concluded with the Chinese Govern- 
 ment. I shall be much obliged, therefore, by 
 your ordering all further supplies of every kind 
 for the army in China, that have not yet left 
 India, to be stopped. Orders have been sent to 
 Singapore to send back everything that has not 
 
104 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 yet passed that point, unless they can be disposed 
 of on the spot. . . . 
 I have . . . &c. 
 
 " J. Hope Grant, 
 
 'Lieut-Gen.^ Commander-in-Chief in China. 
 
 " The Right Hon. Earl Canning, G.C.B., 
 Viceroy and Governor- General of India." 
 
 It had come to Mr Parkes's knowledge that the 
 Chinese General, Sang-ko-lin-sin, had organised 
 a kind of commissariat at Tien-tsin, and he im- 
 mediately offered to employ the chief officers, 
 consisting of merchants and burgesses, for our 
 own purposes. They readily responded, and 
 brought in large supplies of sheep, oxen, vege- 
 tables, fruit, and blocks of ice. — H. K.] 
 
 On 8th September, we recommenced our 
 march with a small mixed force ^ of 800 infantry, 
 600 cavalry, and two batteries of artillery. Lord 
 Elgin and I set out, and overtook them on the 
 9th. During the third night after our start the 
 rain came down in a deluge, whereupon nearly 
 the whole of our drivers, Chinese cartmen, to- 
 
 1 Viz., Stirling's and Barry's Batteries, the King's Dragoon 
 Guards, Fane's Horse, 99th Regiment, and 2QO Marines — the 
 whole under the command of Brigadier Reeves. 
 
ARRIVAL AT HO-SI-WU. 105 
 
 gether with their mules and ponies, conveying 
 our baggage, absconded. This delayed us for a 
 day, until with great difficulty we obtained water 
 transport. On the 13th September we reached 
 the pretty little town of Ho-si-wu, half-way be- 
 tween Pekin and Tien-tsin, and on the i6th I was 
 joined by Sir John Michel's division, raising our 
 force to 2300 infantry, a company and a half of 
 engineers, three batteries of artillery, and the 
 whole of the cavalry. The French with 1200 
 men marched into the town the day after our- 
 selves. Sir Robert Napier's division remained 
 behind to hold Tien-tsin, 40 miles to our rear; 
 and as there was good water communication the 
 whole way, I arranged with Admiral Hope to 
 establish a depot at Ho-si-wu, in furtherance of 
 which end he sent us up a flotilla of junks as 
 transport. I also left a regiment, three 6-poun- 
 der guns, and 25 sowars to hold the place. 
 
 On nth September despatches arrived for Lord 
 Elgin and Baron Gros from Pekin, and Messrs 
 Parkes and Wade,^ the latter consul and inter- 
 preter, started off on September 1 3th with an escort 
 
 ^ Now T. F. Wade, Esq., C.B., Envoy Extraordinary, Min- 
 ister Plenipotentiary, and Chief Superintendent of British trade 
 in China. 
 
I06 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 to meet the Commissioners at Matow, 12 miles 
 from Ho-si-wu, but found the latter had gone 
 back to Tang-chow, to which place our envoys 
 followed them. They proved to be mandarins, 
 one of whom was Tsai, Prince of I, a nephew of 
 the Emperor's, and a conference was held, which 
 lasted until past midnight ; but the Chinese had 
 to make their way back to Pekin to obtain the 
 Imperial authority. Parkes and Wade returned 
 to us on the 15th, stating that they had seen 
 about 2000 Tartar cavalry drawn up alongside 
 the road for their inspection, and that they had 
 been treated very civilly. The Commissioners 
 through them prayed us not to advance any 
 further with our army. Lord Elgin sent word in 
 reply that we must march to within five miles of 
 Tang -chow, but would not exceed this limit. 
 To this concession the mandarins agreed with 
 great reluctance. On 17th September we march- 
 ed for Matow, 12 miles distant, Lord Elgin and 
 Baron Gros remaining behind at Ho-si-wu for a 
 few days. The roads were heavy, and the bag- 
 gage did not arrive until very late. The entire coun- 
 try appeared to be in a high state of cultivation. 
 The crops of millet and maize were so lofty as to 
 close in the view to within a distance of twenty 
 
SYMPTOMS OF TREACHERY. 10/ 
 
 yards to a man on horseback. Parkes and Loch,i 
 one of Lord Elgin's staff, Mr De Norman,^ Colonel 
 Walker,^ Quartermaster-General, and Mr Thomp- 
 son/ a commissariat officer, had gone on ahead 
 to Tang-chow^ to select a site for encampment 
 and to procure supplies. 
 
 On the 1 8th September we recommenced our 
 march at 5 A.M., the French on this occasion fol- 
 lowing us. When we had proceeded about three 
 miles, to my surprise we found a strong Tartar 
 picket occupying a farmhouse on the road-side, 
 who retired on our approach. A little further on 
 were seen great bodies of cavalry and infantry, 
 the latter drawn up behind a large nullah or 
 water-course to our right front, displaying innum- 
 erable war-banners. We halted for the purpose 
 of forming up our infantry ; and seeing that we 
 were likely to meet with resistance, I massed our 
 baggage in rear near the farmhouse, where the 
 
 ^ Now Leut.-Col. Henry Brougham Loch, C.B., Lieut. -Gover- 
 nor of the Isle of Man, and commanding 2d Royal Cheshire 
 Militia. 
 
 ^ Subsequently treacherously captured by the Chinese. Died 
 whilst a prisoner in consequence of the hardships of captivity. 
 
 ^ Now Major-General Walker, C.B., Military Attache at Berlin. 
 
 ^ Since dead. 
 
 * About 65 miles distant from Tien-tsin. 
 
I08 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Tartar picket had been posted. Meanwhile 
 Loch galloped in from Tang -chow with some 
 sowars/ and brought letters from Parkes, an- 
 nouncing that the matters with which he had 
 been busied were going on satisfactorily. Lieu- 
 tenant Anderson, a very fine young fellow, had 
 been sent with Parkes in command of 20 sowars 
 as escort ; and Mr Bowlby,^ the correspondent of 
 the 'Times,' had accompanied the party. Loch 
 further stated that Mr Parkes had started on the 
 return journey with him, but finding that works 
 had been thrown up, guns placed in position, and 
 a large army assembled, had ridden back to ask 
 the meaning of these preparations, and, if neces- 
 sary, to remonstrate with the mandarins for this 
 active resumption of hostilities after the confer- 
 ence and the proposals for peace. Loch now re- 
 quested me to allow him to return, under a flag 
 of truce, to look after Parkes; and an artillery 
 officer. Captain Brabazon,^ asked for leave to ac- 
 
 1 A sowar is a native cavalryman from India. 
 
 2 Shared the same fate as Mr De Norman. See preceding page. 
 
 3 Subsequently treacherously captured and murdered by the 
 Chinese. From what Sir Hope Grant states it is evident that 
 Captain Brabazon lost his life in the performance of a duty with 
 which he was intrusted, and not through volunteering for an 
 undertaking merely to satisfy curiosity. — H. K. 
 
A PERILOUS POSITION. 109 
 
 company him. At first I refused this latter re- 
 quest ; but Brigadier Crofton, commanding the 
 Royal Artillery, pointed out how valuable would 
 be the knowledge of the ground thus obtained, 
 and I regret to say I yielded. Captain Fane, of 
 Fane's Horse, likewise applied for permission to 
 go, but I refused peremptorily — fortunately indeed 
 for him, as will be seen. 
 
 A mandarin of high rank, by name Hang-ki, 
 now came to us in his sedan-chair with a flag of 
 truce, and requested to see Lord Elgin. He was 
 told that the ambassadors were not with the 
 armies, and after a short time he went away. A 
 Chinese petty officer and three men also rode up 
 and offered to show us our camping-ground, but 
 they were ordered off. 
 
 The name of the place where the enemy had 
 taken up a position, and where we were to have en- 
 camped, was Chan-chia-wan. We looked through 
 our telescopes along the line of Chinese troops 
 and made out Colonel Walker and three of the 
 Dragoon Guards on their horses, but to our sur- 
 prise they did not come out to meet us. The 
 space of ground occupied by the enemy extended 
 over three miles, and as they were moving round 
 both our flanks, I sent a squadron out to our 
 
no INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 right and left with directions to keep a good look- 
 out, and advanced a battery of 9-pounders to 
 some high ground on our right flank, with orders 
 to prepare for action. Suddenly we heard a 
 heavy fire of matchlocks and gingals, and a num- 
 ber of horsemen were seen galloping furiously 
 towards us. They turned out to be Colonel 
 Walker and his party. They soon reached us 
 and told us their story. They had been de- 
 tained by the enemy, but were civilly treated, 
 when a French officer rode up and began to 
 dispute with some Tartars about a mule he was 
 riding. At last he drew a pistol and fired it, when 
 his mule was immediately shot, and he himself 
 murdered. Colonel Walker rode to his assistance, 
 but his sword was struck out of his hand ; and 
 though it was restored to him by a Chinese 
 officer, fresh efforts were made to wrest it from 
 him, and in his endeavours to retain it, his fingers 
 were so badly cut that his hand was disabled. 
 Then finding that their only hope of safety was 
 to force their way out, he shouted to his party to 
 ride for their lives. All charged through the 
 enemy and made their escape — viz.. Colonel 
 Walker, Mr Thompson of the Commissariat, one 
 sowar and four Dragoon Guards, one of whom 
 
SEIZURE OF OUR ENVOYS. HI 
 
 was shot through the leg. Mr Thompson re- 
 ceived several spear-wounds in the back, and one 
 horse was shot through the body, but managed 
 to convey its rider back in safety. 
 
 Loch and Brabazon had been absent for two 
 hours, and it was evident they had been detained. 
 At all events, after the treacherous conduct of the 
 Chinese, we had no option but to proceed with 
 our attack, and General de Montauban and myself 
 agreed that he should take the right and turn 
 the enemy's position. I placed at his entire dis- 
 posal a squadron of Fane's Horse, which had al- 
 ready pushed on in that direction. General de 
 Montauban accordingly advanced and soon got 
 on the left flank of the Chinese who were lining- 
 the dry water-course. He then brought up his 
 artillery and opened an enfilading fire upon them, 
 from which they must have suffered considerably, 
 as they had not apparently the power of moving 
 their guns and were unable to reply. They there- 
 fore attacked him with their cavalry, and for a 
 short time the French guns were in jeopardy. 
 Colonel de Bentzman commanding the French 
 artillery afterwards told me that he drew his re- 
 volver as a last resource to aid in endeavouring to 
 save them. Our gallant little force of cavalry with 
 
112 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 about half-a-dozen troopers which General de 
 Montauban had with him/ the whole led by- 
 Colonel Foley, the Commissioner with the French, 
 now charged the Tartars, and,*though a handful 
 compared with them, used their sharp swords with 
 such effect that the enemy was compelled to 
 retreat. 
 
 1 had already ordered the 9-pounder battery 
 to open fire, which diverted the attention of the 
 Chinese from the French flank attack, which was 
 further supported by the 99th Regiment and the 
 Dragoon Guards. Sir John Michel was sent 
 to the left with the 2d Queen's, Stirling's 6- 
 pounder battery ,2 and the native cavalry, to act 
 against the enemy's right ; and I proceeded to the 
 point with the Armstrong guns, the Musbee^ 
 Sikhs, and a squadron of the Dragoon Guards. 
 The enemy opened upon us from all points, but 
 their fire was ineffectual. 
 
 Sir John Michel encountered such heavy masses 
 on his left that he had some difficulty in holding 
 
 ^ The French expedition was unprovided with cavalry, with 
 the exception of a few mounted orderlies. 
 
 2 The present designation of this battery is B Battery 14th Bri- 
 gade. 
 
 3 The Musbee is a low caste of Sikh, really the sweeper caste. 
 
probyn's charge. 113 
 
 his position, and was attacked by a large body of 
 Tartar cavalry. Probyn, who had only 100 of his 
 regiment with him at the time, was ordered to 
 charge to the front, which he did in most gal- 
 lant style, riding in amongst them with such 
 vigour and determination that they could not 
 withstand his attack for a moment, and fled in 
 utter consternation. The Musbees then advanced 
 in a steady line carrying everything before them, 
 and taking several guns. By-and-by we were 
 joined by the 99th Regiment, the 9-pounder 
 battery and the Dragoon Guards ; and Sir John 
 Michel having sent to say that the enemy was 
 still very strong in front of him, I sent the Arm- 
 strong battery to his assistance, and shortly after 
 they retired. The whole of their position was 
 now captured, and I sent a message to the French, 
 who had made a long circuit, to say that I in- 
 tended to advance and take the town of Chan-chia- 
 wan ; but General de Montauban replied that his 
 men were so knocked up that he did not propose 
 to advance any further. The squadron of Fane's 
 Horse, commanded by Lieutenant Cattley, ^ 
 crossed over and joined Michel, and I rode on 
 
 ^ Since dead. 
 H 
 
114 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 and found the enemy had evacuated Chan-chia- 
 wan. Advancing through it with the Musbees, 
 about a mile on the other side I came to a large 
 Chinese camp in which we took several guns. 
 The total number which fell into the hands of 
 the allies that day amounted to 80. Our com- 
 bined forces did not exceed 4000 men. We 
 occupied the town.^ 
 
 During the night a fire broke out and I was 
 in great trepidation lest it should spread ; for- 
 tunately it was confined to one house. In the 
 evening I sent out a picket on the Tang-chow 
 road; and on the following day, 19th, fresh pickets 
 were pushed still more forward. Wade was sent 
 with a flag of truce into Tang-chow to find out 
 what had become of the prisoners, and to warn 
 the authorities that, if they were not given up, our 
 forces would take Pekin. The Prefect stated that 
 Mr Parkes had left the town on the day of the 
 fight, and, he supposed, had gone back to us. As 
 Wade was returning he saw a large camp to the 
 west of Tang-chow, but on trying to communicate 
 with it was fired at. Lord Elgin and his suite 
 joined our camp this day from Ho-si-wu ; and on 
 
 ^ The strength of the Chinese was estimated at about 20,000 
 men. 
 
REINFORCEMENTS. II5 
 
 the 20th September General Collineau's brigade 
 arrived, raising the French force to 3000 men. I 
 also sent an order to Sir Robert Napier to march 
 up from Ho-si-wu with two regiments, one of 
 which was to be the 60th, as soon as possible. 
 The 31st Regiment was to be distributed between 
 Ho-si-wu and Yang-tsun, half-way on the road to 
 Tien-tsin. Our head commissariat officer, Mr 
 Turner,! also arrived, and to my great satisfaction 
 reported that he had brought up the flotilla with 
 commissariat stores to Ho-si-wu from Tien-tsin. 
 
 On 2 1 St September, at 5 A.M., we resumed our 
 march. The weather had become much cooler, 
 and the country more easy for marching. When 
 two miles outside Chan-chia-wan, I had to wait 
 to enable the French to come up and take their 
 position on our right, according to their turn. 
 Our baggage was collected in two small villages, 
 and 100 infantry left to guard it. We were only 
 a short distance from the enemy; and after we 
 had advanced a mile, their guns opened on the 
 French. Opposite the latter was the canal bridge 
 of Pa-le-chiao,^ apparently strongly fortified. 
 
 "^ Since dead. 
 
 2 Whence General de Montauban subsequently derived his title 
 of Count Palikao. 
 
Il6 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Our troops were formed up with the infantry on 
 the right, artillery in the centre, and cavalry in 
 echelon on the left, and I then rode up to the 
 French to reconnoitre the position of the enemy. 
 As I was quietly riding back, I saw some cavalry 
 on the left front of our allies, which I at first took 
 for some of their skirmishers, when they suddenly 
 approached me, and I found that they were 
 Tartars. I immediately galloped off to Stirling's 
 guns,^ and opened fire with case at a range of 200 
 yards, which quickly made them retire. The 
 King's Dragoon Guards and Fane's Horse, with 
 Probyn's regiment in support, now advanced to 
 the charge ; the first-named taking a bank and 
 ditch on their way, and, attacking the Tartars with 
 the utmost vigour, instantly made them give way. 
 Fane's men followed them in pursuit, and on 
 reaching the margin of a road jumped into it over 
 an interposing high bank and ditch. The front 
 rank cleared it well ; but the men in rear, unable 
 to see before them owing to the excessive dust, 
 almost all rolled into the ditch. Nevertheless, 
 the Tartars had but a poor chance, and suffered 
 severely. The whole of their cavalry retreated, 
 and we followed them up for some time, occasion- 
 
 1 B Battery, 14th Brigade. 
 
CAPTURE OF CHINESE CAMP. 11/ 
 
 ally firing long shots at them with our Arm- 
 strongs with good effect. 
 
 We continued our advance until we were 
 stopped by a force firing at us from a strong 
 position in a village and from a tope of trees. 
 We soon, however, brought up some infantry, and 
 dislodged them without difficulty. It must have 
 formed the camping-ground of a Tartar general 
 of some importance, as we there captured two 
 yellow silk banners belonging to the Imperial 
 Guard, one of which I have now in my possession ; 
 eighteen brass guns likewise here fell into our pos- 
 session. The French attacked the bridge of Pa- 
 le-chiao with great gallantry. The dite of the 
 Chinese Imperial Guard was drawn up to resist 
 them, but had to give way before European dis- 
 cipline. The French took with the bridge twenty- 
 five guns. 
 
 The enemy had apparently disappeared, and I 
 retired towards the bridge, where our camp was 
 being pitched, when suddenly fire was opened on 
 us from the other side, whereupon the Musbees 
 crossed the canal, took the guns, and killed sixty 
 of the enemy. We finally encamped upon some 
 high ground on the right bank of the canal, and 
 the French on the other side, near the Pa-le-chiao 
 
Il8 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 bridge. The next morning, 22d September, a 
 flag of truce was sent in, with letters from the 
 highest mandarin in the empire. Prince Kung, 
 brother to the Emperor. He stated that he had 
 been appointed chief commissioner in room of the 
 last two, whose conduct had not been approved 
 of, and that he was anxious to come to terms 
 with us ; but he said nothing with regard to our 
 poor prisoners. Lord Elgin and Baron Gros re- 
 plied in strong terms, that they declined to open 
 negotiations until the captives were returned. 
 The next day another letter came from the 
 Prince, stating that our people were safe; that 
 Sang-ko-lin-sin had seized them the day of the 
 first fight ; and that the only conditions on which 
 they would be sent back were the restitution of 
 the Taku forts and the evacuation by our fleet of 
 the Peiho river. He added that the Emperor had 
 agreed to sign the treaty ; but that he could not 
 consent to Lord Elgin delivering to him in person 
 a letter from the Queen of England. Upon this 
 Lord Elgin wrote a most decided letter. He 
 told the high commissioner that if the Chinese 
 Government chose to break through the law of 
 nations with regard to flags of truce, they must 
 abide by the consequences, and that the vengeance 
 
DIPLOMATIC DIFFICULTIES. II 9 
 
 of the British and French would be visited upon 
 their country for such an act of perfidy. As for 
 delivering in person her Majesty's letter to the 
 Emperor, he would waive that point ; but that not 
 a ship or any part of the army should leave the 
 country until the provisions of the treaty had 
 been carried out. The Chinese still evaded giv- 
 ing up the prisoners ; and Lord Elgin therefore 
 resolved that our advance upon Pekin should not 
 be arrested. 
 
 [Prince Kung also threatened that the entry of 
 our forces into the capital would be followed by 
 the instant massacre of the prisoners. The perils 
 which environed these latter placed both the mili- 
 tary and the diplomatic chiefs in a position of 
 the most painful perplexity. Mr Parkes and his 
 party having been kidnapped in violation of the 
 laws of nations, when employed upon diplomatic 
 duty, could not be considered lawful prisoners of 
 war; and Lord Elgin always refused, in his corre- 
 spondence with the Chinese, to admit them to be 
 such. The cruel and treacherous people into 
 whose hands they had fallen, if irritated, were 
 quite capable of wreaking a fearful vengeance on 
 them, as subsequent events proved. And yet to 
 have yielded one iota in our demands to insure 
 
320 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 the safety of our fellow-countrymen would have 
 been the most fatal of all precedents — would 
 have been a premium on future bad faith, and 
 might almost have neutralised the successes we 
 had already gained. The plenipotentiaries, there- 
 fore, made the surrender of the prisoners a sine 
 qua non before hostilities could be suspended. — 
 H. K.] 
 
 Sir Robert Napier arrived with his deputy 
 assistant quartermaster-general, Lieut. Lumsden, 
 on the 24th September, but his division was a few 
 days' march in rear. I sent the irregular cavalry 
 to make a reconnaissance up to Pekin; and on 
 their return, Probyn, who was in command, told 
 me that, along the whole distance, he had seen 
 neither troops nor camps, but that report stated 
 that the Chinese army was in position to the 
 north of the town. He had ridden up to within 
 200 yards of the walls, which he described as 
 being very high and in excellent repair. On the 
 26th, Lord Elgin and I rode to Chan-chia-wan to 
 pay a visit to General Ignatieff, the Russian am- 
 bassador, who had throughout followed us up in 
 our march, and was now on his way to Tang-chow. 
 He received us very cordially, and showed us an 
 excellent map, which he had caused to be made, 
 
A PLAN OF PEKIN. 121 
 
 of Pekin, wherein was represented every street 
 and house of importance. This plan he kindly 
 lent me to copy, merely stipulating that it should 
 not be published, as it had not yet been sent to 
 St Petersburg.^ I had it photographed by Signor 
 Beato, whom I had specially allowed to accom- 
 pany the expedition, and who had previously 
 photographed scenes in India and the Crimea. I 
 also obtained some further very valuable infor- 
 mation from the Russians — to the effect that the 
 Tartar town, separated from the Chinese by a 
 wall, occupied the northern portion ; that the city 
 was surrounded by large suburbs and numerous 
 trees, and that the ditch was deep and broad on 
 three sides, but on the north side shallow, and in 
 many places almost dry. In this direction, more- 
 over, the ground was much more open. General 
 de Montauban was of opinion that the town ought 
 to be attacked on the south side, but in conse- 
 quence of the above information, I differed with 
 him. We wished to molest the Chinese as little 
 as possible : on the north, where it was stated that 
 
 ^ This acquisition ultimately proved of great value. The streets 
 therein laid down had been * * traversed " in a cart from which an- 
 gles had been taken, while indicators fixed to the wheels marked 
 the distances gone over. See note at end of this chapter. 
 
122 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 the Tartar streets were wide and the population 
 scanty, there would be greater facilities for forcing 
 an entrance ; and lastly, in this direction the Sum- 
 mer Palace of the Emperor was little more than 
 four miles distant from the city. 
 
 On 27th September, the two regiments of Sir 
 Robert Napier's division from Ho-si-wu, together 
 with Pennycuick's and Bedingfield's batteries, 
 marched in, and on the 29th our siege-guns 
 arrived, under the charge of Captain Dew, R.N.^ 
 He had had great difficulty in bringing them up, 
 owing to the shallowness of the river, and at places 
 had been obliged to have recourse to the company 
 of Madras sappers, which I had sent with the guns 
 in order to cut channels. The day before I had 
 ordered Probyn, with the 1st Irregular Cavalry, to 
 make another reconnaissance, and to ascertain 
 the whereabouts of the Tartar camp — a task which 
 this excellent officer performed with great judg- 
 ment. He came upon their pickets, drove them 
 in, and discovered their camping-ground to be on 
 the north-east of the town. On 30th September 
 an ultimatum was sent by Lord Elgin and Baron 
 Gros to Pekin, to which the Chinese returned an 
 
 ^ Since dead. 
 
LINE OF COMMUNICATION. 1 23 
 
 answer, that if we would retire to Chan-chia-wan, 
 they were willing to sign a treaty there. Our 
 plenipotentiaries rejoined that this reply was not 
 at all satisfactory, and that the forces should 
 march to Pekin. I left the marines and a couple 
 of guns at Tang-chow 1 to hold that place as a 
 protection to our convoys coming up, and I also 
 established a depot in some roomy old tombs, 
 near the bridge of Pa-le-chiao and the village. 
 These places were built with substantial walls, 
 and were capable of making a good defence. As 
 a temporary measure, I also left there our siege- 
 train, with 200 infantry. Several of our sowars 
 had been fired at conveying letters from Chan- 
 chia-wan down the road, and in compliance with 
 my request. General de Montauban took posses- 
 sion of the town with 100 men, to whom I added 
 25 irregular cavalry, thus enabling us to keep up 
 our communication with the south. 
 
 On the 1st October, Prince Kung again wrote 
 praying us to stay our march, and hinting that 
 Mr Parkes should be employed as a mediator ; 
 but on the 2d the allied ambassadors again re- 
 plied that they would listen to nothing until the 
 
 1 This town had surrendered without opposition. 
 
124 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 prisoners had been given up. The same evening 
 Kung sent another letter accompanied by one 
 from Parkes written in Chinese semi-officially, 
 requesting that clothes might be sent for himself 
 and Loch. In the margin were added the words 
 in English " we two are quite well treated," and 
 another sentence in Hindostani by Loch, which 
 conveyed to us a warning that the rest of the letter 
 was written under compulsion. The clothes were 
 forwarded, and a letter was written which would 
 do the prisoners no harm should the Chinese 
 choose to read it, stating what we menaced if 
 they were not given up.^ 
 
 On the 3d October we marched again, crossed 
 the canal, and halted at the depot,^ which was 
 called Chan Kia-Ying. Here we were obliged 
 to wait pending the arrival of a French convoy. 
 On the 4th the merchants of Pekin sent presents 
 of supplies to Lord Elgin and Baron Gros, en- 
 treating at the same time that we would not ad- 
 
 1 Upon some of the clothes thus sent were written m Hindostani 
 the following sentences around the name marked on them : * ' In 
 three days we shall commence hostilities again ;" and "What is 
 the name of the place in which you are confined ? " By the next 
 letter received from them, we learned that they were lodged in the 
 Kaon-meaon Temple near the Teh-shun gate. — Wolseley, p. 211. 
 
 2 See preceding page. 
 
FRENCH "MISS" THEIR ROAD. 125 
 
 vance further. We also heard from Parkes and 
 Loch, saying that they had received the clothes, 
 that they were confined in a temple near the Tey- 
 shun gate, and that only three of the remaining 
 prisoners were with them. Parkes added an 
 official note stating the wishes of Prince Kung 
 and his colleagues. On the morning of the 5 th 
 October we marched, the men carrying three 
 days' rations. The country was so intersected 
 with houses and trees, that our progress often 
 became difficult. We only accomplished about 
 five miles, and then encamped round some old 
 brick-kilns about three miles from the north-east 
 angle of Pekin. On the 6th October, after a 
 couple of hours' march we came upon a large 
 grass - covered ruined rampart where the men 
 halted for breakfast, and where General de Mon- 
 tauban and I agreed that, as the army of Sang- 
 ko-lin-sin had apparently retreated, we should 
 make for the Summer Palace, where we should 
 probably find the Emperor or principal Govern- 
 ment officials. It was the turn of the English to 
 march first, and as the country was much en- 
 closed, rendering our advance in a regulated line 
 impracticable, I pushed on in front with a strong 
 advanced-guard and with flankers. At the same 
 
126 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 time our cavalry moved off to the right, and were 
 directed to take a wide circuit on that flank. 
 When we had gone a couple of miles, it was 
 reported to me that a strong force of Tartar 
 cavalry was moving ahead of us. They retreated, 
 however, so quickly, that we soon lost sight of 
 them amongst the trees and houses ; but I was 
 determined to follow them up, and moved my 
 force along a road which led up to a rampart, 
 forming a part of the same ruined fortifications 
 before mentioned. Our troops were now much 
 fatigued ; and I gave orders for them to encamp 
 near some fine temples situated on a large open 
 plain within the line of works, while I myself 
 went in search of the French General, whom we 
 supposed to be on our left, for the purpose of 
 holding a conference with him. But he was no- 
 where to be found, and the cavalry which I had 
 sent out as flankers had also disappeared. He 
 and his force must have lost us in the enclosed 
 country. I rode all along the line of ramparts 
 to try and find them, but in vain. It had no 
 doubt been arranged between us that we should 
 ultimately march to the Summer Palace, but I 
 expected that in the first instance the French 
 would follow us. 
 
FRENCH DISCOVERED AT SUMMER PALACE. 12/ 
 
 Lord Elgin and I took up our quarters in a 
 handsome old temple dedicated to Confucius. 
 As soon as it became dark, I ordered large fires 
 to be lighted to indicate to the French and to our 
 cavalry the position of our camp, in the event of 
 their having lost their way ; and the following 
 morning, the 7th October, I caused a salute of 21 
 guns to be fired from some rising ground outside 
 the rampart with the same object. Even this 
 was of no avail, and so I sent a squadron of the 
 King's Dragoon Guards to find out the exapt 
 position of the Summer Palace, and to ascertain 
 if the French and our cavalry were there. 
 Wolseley, Deputy Assistant Quartermaster- 
 General, went with this party, and at 9 A.M. re- 
 turned with the information that he had found 
 them at Yuan-min-yuan — the Chinese name of 
 the Palace. The French during their march had 
 missed our track, and had therefore proceeded to 
 the Palace. After breakfast Lord Elgin and I 
 rode over to see General de Montauban. In the 
 distance we at last perceived the Palace beauti- 
 fully situated amidst gardens and woods, and a 
 range of large suburbs in front. We passed the 
 park walls by a fine old stately gateway, and 
 proceeding up an avenue, came to a range of 
 
128 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 handsome dwellings roofed over with yellow tiles, 
 turned up at the ends, Chinese fashion. In dif- 
 ferent parts of the grounds were 40 separate small 
 palaces, in beautiful situations. The park was 
 carefully kept — the footpaths and roads clean and 
 in excellent order, and there were various pretty 
 pieces of ornamental water. We found that the 
 French had encamped near the entrance of the 
 Great Audience Hall, and it was pitiful to see 
 the way in which everything was being robbed. 
 
 The principal Palace was filled with beautiful 
 jade-stone of great value and carved in a most 
 elaborate manner — splendid old China jars, en- 
 amels, bronzes, and numerous handsome clocks 
 and watches, many of which were presents given 
 by Lord Macartney^ and ambassadors from 
 other countries. In a building close to the main 
 Palace were two mountain-howitzers 2 which had 
 been made at Woolwich and likewise presented 
 
 1 Probably in the year 1793. 
 
 2 They bore the date " 1782," and were complete with carriages, 
 limbers, and ammunition. 
 
LOOT OF THE SUMMER PALACE. 1 29 
 
 by Lord Macartney to the Emperor. They had 
 apparently been kept as curiosities and never 
 used. They were afterwards sent back to Wool- 
 wich. One room only in the palace was un- 
 touched. General de Montauban informed me he 
 had reserved any valuables it might contain for 
 equal division between the English and French. 
 The walls of it were covered with jade-stones, 
 and with ornaments of various descriptions. 
 
 General de Montauban told me that the only 
 opposition the French had met with was from a 
 small guard at the palace gates, where two of his 
 officers had been wounded in forcing an entrance. 
 The Emperor and all his grandees had taken 
 flight only a short time previously, and had carried 
 little or nothing away with them. 
 
 General de Montauban and I agreed that all 
 that remained of prize property should be divided 
 between both armies. A quantity of articles 
 was set aside for us, and I determined to sell 
 them for the benefit of our officers and men, 
 The French general told me that he had found 
 two "joes," or staves of office, made of gold and 
 green jade-stone, one of which he would give me 
 as a present to Queen Victoria, the other he; 
 intended for the Emperor Napoleon. In a stable 
 
 I 
 
130 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 we found eleven of Fane's horses, two of Probyn's, 
 and one belonging to the King's Dragoon Guards, 
 all of which had been taken from the escort sent 
 with Parkes. On returning to camp we found a 
 letter from Prince Kung, evidently written in 
 great fear, saying that the prisoners would be sent 
 to us to-morrow, and that a high commissioner 
 would meet any delegate we might be disposed 
 to send at a house outside the main gate of the 
 city. The letter was signed by Parkes. A verbal 
 message was returned that Mr Wade would meet 
 the commissioner at the appointed place. Thither 
 Wade repaired, and was informed by Hang-ki, 
 the head mandarin appointed for this duty, that 
 the total number of European prisoners in Pekin 
 was eight — viz., Parkes, Loch, a sowar, and five 
 Frenchmen, one of whom was an officer. He 
 promised that they should be delivered up to- 
 morrow. The Emperor, he added, had fled with 
 the army, and he believed that the remainder of 
 the prisoners were with him. 
 
 The next day, the 8th October, a quantity of 
 gold and silver was discovered in one of the 
 temples of the Summer Palace, and a room full 
 of the richest silks and furs. This treasure was 
 divided in two equal portions between the French 
 and ourselves. 
 
STORY OF THE PRISONERS. 13I 
 
 At about 3 P.M., to our inexpressible satisfac- 
 tion, Parkes, Loch and the live Frenchmen came 
 into camp to the temple in which Lord Elgin 
 and I resided. Parkes told me their sad story. 
 On the 1 8th September, Loch and Brabazon, 
 having ridden into Tang-chow, collected all the 
 party, consisting of De Norman, Mr Bowlby 
 ('Times' correspondent). Lieutenant Anderson, 
 nineteen sowars, one man of the King's Dragoon 
 Guards — Phipps by name — and Parkes him- 
 self, and started on the way back. Ere^ long, 
 however, they were fired at from the Chinese lines, 
 and on riding round a field of high maize they 
 came across a body of infantry, who, levelling 
 their matchlocks at them, desired them to halt. 
 Parkes spoke a few words of remonstrance, but 
 was told that no one could be allowed to pass 
 without an order from Sang-ko-lin-sin, who was 
 not far distant, and to whom he was referred. 
 Loch and a sowar accompanied him, and thus 
 they became separated from the rest of their 
 party. That general, however, turned round 
 upon him, abused him, said that all the evil of 
 the war had been brought upon the Chinese 
 owing to his misconduct, and ordered both him 
 and Loch to be made prisoners. They were then 
 made to dismount and forced to kiss the ground. 
 
132 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Their arms were tied tightly behind their backs, 
 and they were taken to the rear, where their 
 custodians began to ill-treat them, and they ex- 
 pected every moment to be killed. They were, 
 however, put into a cart and driven to Pekin, 
 thrown into a common prison in company with 
 seventy-five common malefactors, murderers and 
 robbers, and loaded with chains, one round their 
 necks, one round their bodies, two round their 
 arms, and two round their legs. These were con- 
 nected by a main chain to a ring in the roof so 
 tightly, that they could not sit down. It was 
 afterwards lengthened, which relieved them con- 
 siderably. Parkes told me that they were treated 
 with the greatest kindness by the wretched people 
 who were in the same prison with them, who gave 
 them a part of their miserable food. A jailer kept 
 close to each of them day and night. In this 
 state they were kept badly fed for nine days, 
 when they were released from their chains and 
 put into a prison by themselves, where they were 
 interrogated by inquisitors as to the strength of 
 our force, and other matters connected with us ; 
 but the two Englishmen refused to answer. At 
 length they were taken away and placed in a very 
 excellent joss-house, where, up to the time thev 
 
TORTURE. 133 
 
 were brought back to us, they were fed like 
 turkeys preparatory to a Christmas feast. The 
 poor sowar was kept chained in a separate dark 
 dungeon. For three days no one came near 
 him, and he had nothing to eat. At last coarse 
 grain and some water were given him to keep up 
 life. The endurance of these poor natives of 
 India was wonderful, and they stand hardships 
 which would break down a European. Three 
 only of our prisoners had been saved, and the fate 
 of the others was not known until the 13th 
 October, when eight Sikhs and one Frenchman, 
 the sole survivors, were given up to us. They 
 were in a sad state, and their hands and wrists 
 were ulcerated from the manner in which they 
 had been tied up. They then gave us a shock- 
 ing account of the way in which they had been 
 treated. 
 
 When Parkes and Loch left to remonstrate with 
 the Chinese general, a crowd of soldiers set on 
 them, and tied their feet and hands together be- 
 hind their backs as lightly as possible, afterwards 
 pouring water on the cords to increase the tension, 
 and they were kept in this terrible position until 
 the condition of their hands and wrists became too 
 horrible for description. Poor Anderson was 
 
134 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 affected by delirium, and died after nine days of 
 captivity. De Norman suffered still more, and 
 lived for seventeen days. Anderson was a noble 
 fellow, clever, amiable, and much looked up to by 
 his brother officers. De Norman and Mr Bowlby 
 were also great favourites. In course of time all 
 the others died, or were put to a violent death, 
 with the exception of those whom I have already 
 mentioned. Private Phipps, of the King's Dra- 
 goon Guards, was especially distinguished by the 
 fortitude with which he endured his sufferings, 
 and with which, up to the day of his death, he 
 strove to keep up the courage of his fellow- , 
 captives. 
 
 The following report shows the sanitary condi- 
 tion of the British troops serving in the north of 
 China on 25th August i860 : — 
 
 Remained, . . . . . . . 482 
 
 Admitted, . . . . . . . 155 
 
 Total, . . .637 
 
 Discharged, 133 
 
 Died, 3 
 
 Remaining, 5^3 
 
REPORT ON PEKIN. 1 35 
 
 Diseases remaining. 
 
 Fevers, 91 
 
 Diseases of stomach, wounds, and injuries, 135 
 
 Other diseases, 125 
 
 Total, . . .503 
 Strength 91 15. Percentages.^ 
 
 W. M. Mum, D.T.G., 
 Principal Medical Officer. 
 
 Extracts from information concerning the city of 
 Pekin, obtained from his Excellency Gene- 
 ral Ignatieff, the Russian ambassador. 
 
 " Headquarters, Pa-le, 
 September 25, i860. 
 
 "A road runs along the parapet on the summit 
 of the thickness of the wall. This communica- 
 tion, however, is broken at intervals by large 
 towers, some of which are armed ; but many of 
 them have only guns painted on wood. It is 
 possible to breach this wall, but it would entail 
 the expenditure of time and ammunition. The 
 simpler form would perhaps be to mine and blow 
 it down. 
 
 1 I take this opportunity of mentioning that, for the returns and 
 the greater number of the statistics contained in this volume, I am 
 indebted to the kindness of Major-General F. C. A. Stephenson, 
 who, as Colonel Stephenson, served as Deputy Adjutant-General 
 to the British troops during the campaign of i860.— H. Knollys. 
 
136 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 " Outside the north-east angle of the imperial 
 city, which is in the centre of the mandarin 
 quarter, are living 6o,cx)0 men of the royal Tartar 
 Guard, with all their families. It is probable 
 that considerable street-fighting may take place 
 here, should the allied forces assault the city. 
 
 "All the preparations for defence have been 
 made along the east face of the two cities ; and 
 it is deemed very probable that an attack directed 
 at almost any other point of the city would be 
 unopposed. The Chinese city is the Paris of 
 Pekin. There are all the theatres, parks, mer- 
 chants' houses, wealthy shops, &c. It is much 
 cleaner than the Manching city, and the streets 
 are broader and better paved. 
 
 " General Ignatieff considers the north side of 
 the city the weakest point. He says that the 
 ground at this part outside the walls is very high. 
 .Here is the imperial parade-ground. A force in 
 position could entirely cut off the retreat of the 
 Emperor from the capital by the main roads run- 
 ning from north-east-by-east, north-north-west, 
 and north-west-by-west gates. The Emperor is 
 reported to have arrived in Pekin two days ago. 
 " H. Hope Crealock, 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel y Military Secretary to H.B.M.^s 
 Special Embassy in China." 
 
137 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 r4e- 
 
 LETTERS FROM LORD HERBERT — CHINESE OFFICIAL CO 
 SPONDENCE RELATING TO THE WAR. 
 
 The following correspondence has been selected 
 from amongst the numerous letters placed in my 
 hands, addressed by Lord Herbert to Sir Hope 
 Grant. Irrespectively of the fact that they deal 
 with the main points connected with the China 
 campaign, they may perhaps possess an interest 
 of their own, as illustrating the disposition of one 
 who was probably the best War Minister England 
 ever possessed. — H. Knollys. 
 
 From Right Hon. Sidney Herbert, Secre- 
 tary of State for War, to Lieut.-General Sir 
 Hope Grant. 
 
 " War Office, Nov. 26, 1859. 
 
 " Dear Sir J. Hope Grant,— I trust that an 
 early mail will bring your acceptance of the ap- 
 pointment to the command of the expedition to 
 
138 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 China. In that case, our relations will henceforth 
 be of such an intimate character that I feel I may 
 without scruple address you as I have done in this 
 letter. 
 
 " The force under your command will consist 
 of . . . [Here follows the detail of troops, 
 the total of which is estimated at 10,000 men.] 
 
 " The French send 5800 infantry, four batteries 
 of field-artillery (with a double set of guns), and 
 some ' compagnies de debarquement/ consisting 
 of seamen trained to land manoeuvres — in all, 
 about 8000 men. Your formal instructions will 
 go out by the next mail ; but it is necessary to 
 have an understanding with the French Govern- 
 ment upon them, before they are finally despatched 
 to you. 
 
 '' The command which has been offered to you 
 is one requiring, from the peculiar circumstances 
 which surround it, both temper and judgment ; 
 and I do not think the Queen could have chosen 
 an officer more likely than yourself to discharge 
 its duties successfully. 
 
 " There are ^two difficulties which beset our 
 course — one as regards our enemy, the other as 
 regards our ally. 
 
 *^ As regards the Chinese, the deplorable mishap 
 
MR SIDNEY HERBERT'S LETTERS. 1 39 
 
 at the mouth of the Peiho ^ makes retaliation un- 
 avoidable, unless we could in the interim receive — 
 which I fear is very unlikely — a disavowal of the 
 act and some offer of reparation. 
 
 " But our quarrel is not with the people, but 
 with the Government. At the ports where we trade 
 our peaceful relations have remained unimpaired. 
 Our object in going to China is to trade ; and 
 they trade with us uninterruptedly, though the 
 central Government fires on our ships, and arrests 
 the progress of our ambassador. It is important 
 to maintain, if possible, this good understanding 
 with the Chinese people at the trading ports. 
 
 *' The pressure, therefore, whatever it be, should 
 be as far as possible confined to the central Gov- 
 ernment. They can be approached by the Gulf 
 of Pechili and the Peiho. I trust that the reduc- 
 tion of the forts at the mouth of the river, or if 
 that operation, though successful, should fail to 
 bring them to terms, an advance up the Peiho 
 to Tien-tsin would probably enable us to dictate 
 a peace to the Chinese emperor. 
 
 " Our object is to get our peace ratified without 
 being obliged to have recourse to an advance on 
 Pekin itself. With the numbers which the Chinese 
 1 In 1859. 
 
140 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Government have at their command, the advance 
 of what, after all, is but a handful of men, into an 
 enormous capital, is hazardous; and the opera- 
 tion, if successful, might possibly in the present 
 disorganised state of the Chinese empire, end in 
 upsetting the existing dynasty, and throwing the 
 whole country into a state of anarchy, fatal to 
 the interests of commerce, because destructive of 
 all production. 
 
 " Again, the Chinese capital is so situated that 
 it is, first, from ice, and, secondly, from the north- 
 east monsoon, almost unattackable till the begin- 
 ning of May ; and the great heats of June and July 
 are almost as powerful for its defence. Add to this, 
 that the Government are most anxious, whether 
 from China or from India, to effect a greater con- 
 centration of our troops in England as soon as 
 possible. 
 
 " An early termination of our Chinese difficulty 
 is therefore most desirable. Our allies probably 
 have different views. They have no great com- 
 mercial interests at stake. The goodwill of the 
 Chinese or the stability of the Chinese empire is 
 not important to them ; but the prestige of a 
 bulletin dated from Pekin would give great satis- 
 faction to the French people. 
 
MR SIDNEY HERBERT'S LETTERS. 14I 
 
 " Our plenipotentiary, Mr Bruce, may therefore 
 have difficult cards to play. I need scarcely im- 
 press upon you the necessity of a most open, 
 cordial, and conciliatory bearing towards the com- 
 manders of the French forces. Although the twol 
 Governments are on perfectly friendly terms, it isl/ 
 impossible to deny that there exists between the! 
 two nations a jealous and uneasy feeling.^ A 
 perfectly frank and unreserved course of conduct 
 is, as in all such cases, the best and safest. 
 
 " I enclose two memoranda which will form 
 part of the letter of instructions, which you will 
 receive by a later mail. 
 
 *' The first was one which was issued as a guide 
 for the conduct of the general and admiral when 
 General Ashburnham was sent to China,^ and 
 which is a copy of the memorandum drawn up by 
 the Duke of Wellington for the guidance of Lord 
 Gough and Sir William Parker in the previous 
 China war. The second . . . [Here follow 
 general instructions and information relative to 
 rendezvous, transport of troops, tonnage, &c.] 
 
 " I will now only further add, that at this dis- 
 
 1 This was written shortly after the attempt of Orsini to asassi- 
 nate the Emperor Napoleon. The consequent excitement against 
 England gave rise to the first formation of Volunteer corps. 
 
 ' Previous to the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny in 1857. 
 
142 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 • 
 
 tance it is impossible to give directions as to the 
 operations to be undertaken. It is left to the 
 discretion and judgment of yourself and col- 
 leagues, naval and military, French and English, 
 all acting — which is most important — in concert 
 with the two plenipotentiaries, upon whojn the 
 ultimate question of peace or war must rest. 
 
 "All I can undertake is that you shall be 
 honestly and heartily supported at home. 
 
 "As regards the troops, you will have full au- 
 thority to make any alterations or additions as to 
 clothing, rations, &c., &c., which, after consulta- 
 tion with your medical and sanitary officer, you 
 may deem right. The Hst of reinforcements to 
 the existing garrison of Hong-Kong, and of all 
 stores, munitions of war, &c., sent out there, have 
 already been forwarded to you. I will write again 
 by the next mail, which I hope will carry out 
 your formal instructions, a duplicate of which will 
 be sent to Singapore and Hong-Kong. 
 
 " With every wish for your success, and a firm 
 belief that you will do all that can be done to 
 attain it, I remain sincerely yours, 
 
 "Sidney Herbert. 
 
 " P.S. — In addition to the force I have enumer- 
 
H3 
 
 ated, a siege-train of thirty guns, with propor- 
 tionate amount of ammunition, will be despatched 
 from this country forthwith." 
 
 " War Office, December loth, 1859. 
 
 " Dear Sir J. Hope Grant,— . . . The 
 battalions going to China are weaker than we had 
 assumed they would be. I see by Lord Canning's 
 letter that they numbered no more than 780 men, 
 and those now going out will not be above 850 
 men. . . . The whole force will be larger 
 than was first contemplated. Under these cir- 
 cumstances the Government have considered the 
 necessity of sending out a second general officer, 
 and have selected Sir William Mansfield to serve 
 under you in command of the infantry division.-^ 
 I have no doubt that you will find him in every 
 way most useful to the public service. 
 
 *'We expect by the next mail to hear from 
 Lord Elphinstone that he has arranged for a 
 steamer to meet the two batteries of Royal Ar- 
 tillery going out from here vid Suez, with the 
 Armstrong guns. These guns are all ready, and 
 the batteries are to be inspected by the Duke of 
 Cambridge on Friday. I am very anxious that 
 
 ^ See page 3. 
 
144 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 they should be thoroughly tested on service. I 
 have the greatest confidence in their merits ; but 
 for fear of accidents, we have sent duplicate bat- 
 teries of the ordinary brass field-pieces by long 
 sea. — Pray believe me, &c., 
 
 "Sidney Herbert. 
 
 " P.S. — I am not sure whether I mentioned in 
 my last letter that, as a matter of course, you 
 would have the local rank of Lieutenant-General 
 in China." 
 
 "War Office, April (^th, i860. 
 
 " Dear Sir Hope,— ... As regards the 
 question which you put to me, whether my state- 
 ment of the risks of an advance on Pekin ^ is to 
 be taken as an order not to go there, I thought 
 it best to consult Lord Palmerston upon it. He 
 says, * I should be for leaving to the military 
 commanders (who should, of course, consult with 
 the diplomatists as to the diplomatic bearing 
 of the question) full latitude of discretion as to 
 advancing on Pekin.* 
 
 "Lord Palmerston thinks that the belief that 
 an occupation of Pekin might lead to the over- 
 
 1 Probably referring to letter of November 26, 1859. 
 
MR SIDNEY HERBERT'S LETTERS. 145 
 
 throw of the dynasty, and by plunging every- 
 thing into confusion, destroy our trade, is un- 
 founded.^ 
 
 " It is clear, however, that we could not winter 
 there, and we should have to leave almost imme- 
 diately after our arrival. 
 
 "You, however, on the spot, will be able to 
 judge far better than we can here of the prudence 
 of the advance. I doubt now whether the French ^ 
 are much bent upon it. They have, apparently, 
 some other designs in the way of settlement in 
 some part of the China seas. I still cherish the 
 hope that the Chinese Government will see the 
 wisdom of an early concession to our demands, 
 which certainly are not immoderate after so great 
 an outrage as that perpetrated at the Taku 
 Forts.2 
 
 " Lord Elgin leaves England this month for 
 China. — Pray believe me, &c., 
 
 "Sidney Herbert." 
 
 "London, May loth, i860. 
 "Dear Sir Hope,— I am very glad to hear 
 by your letter of the 14th March that you have 
 
 1 Lord Palmerston's opinion was verified by subsequent events. 
 
 2 In 1859. 
 
146 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 formed good expectations of your French col- 
 leagues. Admiral Hope seems to have well 
 studied the coast on which he has to operate, 
 and to have a clear perception of what may be 
 done. 
 
 "We have been surprised here at the large 
 amount of native force despatched from India 
 to China, making the whole forces 18,000 or 
 19,000 men. Our agreement with France in- 
 cluded no more than 10,000 altogether, exclusive 
 of the then garrison at Canton and Hong-Kong. 
 We were of opinion that, in a country in which 
 the climate will not permit military operations by 
 Europeans for much more than three months, 
 and that period intersected by a spell of intolerable 
 hot weather, a small force, compact, but well ap- 
 pointed, would have been more effective. Almost 
 the whole operation will be on the coast or up 
 rivers. We therefore spoke of a small proportion 
 of cavalry, and a reduced number of followers. In 
 fact, I fear that you will find that you have not 
 steamers enough to move rapidly so large a force. 
 I trust you will not find difficulties as to feeding 
 them ; but we know very little of the country, 
 or of the possibility of drawing supplies from 
 Japan or the neighbouring localities. 
 
MR SIDNEY HERBERT'S LETTERS. I47 
 
 " Lord Elgin will be with you before this. He 
 is, I think, too sanguine as to the probability of 
 the Chinese yielding to mere demonstrations. 
 But his arrival — not having been mixed up with 
 the Peiho affair,^ and having successfully negoti- 
 ated before — may have a good effect on the policy 
 of the Chinese. 
 
 "We have been advised here, first, that it is 
 difficult to send furs or skins by the long sea route 
 without great risk of injury; secondly, that they 
 are very difficult to get good here, where such 
 things are little worn, and the mode of preparing 
 them therefore not understood. But excellent 
 sheep-skin clothing can be obtained at Bombay 
 in great quantities at low rates, with a compara- 
 tively short voyage. But I should think that the 
 intense cold in China itself would cause the use 
 of garments fitted to resist it, and that a supply 
 of some description of warm clothing could be 
 found there. 
 
 " Sir Edward Lugard mentions that the Military 
 Train made excellent cavalry in India^ when not 
 wanted for train purposes. You will have been 
 aware of this, and may possibly find them again 
 useful in the former capacity. 
 
 1 In 1859. 2 During the Indian Mutiny in 1857-58. 
 
148 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 " We shall soon be looking for the first indica- 
 tions of the effect of your preparations on the 
 Chinese Government. Though the war is not 
 popular here, every one sympathises with the 
 men who compose and the officer who commands 
 the expedition. — Pray believe me, &c., 
 
 " Sidney Hebert." 
 
 "London, June 10th, i860. 
 
 " Dear Sir Hope, — The Chinese are certainly 
 the most extraordinary people on the face of the 
 earth ; and your excellent arrangement with re- 
 gard to the peninsula of Kowloon^ certainly 
 would prove it had we no other evidence on 
 the subject. 
 
 " The commissariat speak of readiness to pro- 
 vide supplies ; but I fear that, as you get farther 
 north, you will meet with a more patriotic but less 
 convenient spirit on the part of the Chinese popu- 
 lation. 
 
 " I have read with the greatest interest your 
 account of the meeting and discussion with the 
 French officers ; and the Government entirely 
 approves of the arrangement you have made. 
 
 ^ See p. 4. 
 
MR SIDNEY HERBERT'S LETTERS. I49 
 
 By it you seem to have secured what is best for 
 both. Each will act on the plan they themselves 
 advocate.^ There will be complete co-operation ; 
 but each army will act under the sole direction 
 of its own general in the particular operation. 
 There will be a common object separately at- 
 tained, and no collision or jealousies on the road 
 to it. Last, but not least, you seem to have the 
 best plan and the least hazard. 
 
 " We have, I hope, removed the difficulty as to 
 pay and allowance which you have ver}^ properly 
 brought to notice. You will get by this mail 
 what, I hope, will prove a satisfactory answer as 
 to the rates to be paid on Indian allowances 
 throughout. . . . You will have received 
 a letter from the War Office, disallowing the 
 full increase of the coolie corps proposed. You 
 may, however, have reason for exceeding the 
 number fixed by the War Office, in which case I 
 send you an authority so to do, now that you 
 have so large a force under you, and may not 
 have received from India the number of camp- 
 followers, &c., you expected, as I see an account 
 
 ^ Referring to General de Montauban's intention, subsequently 
 abandoned, of landing independently on a point south of the 
 Peiho. — See p. 34. 
 
ISO INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 of difficulties experienced in inducing them to 
 embark. But I shall be glad to have reports of 
 the number raised, as it is of course difficult to 
 estimate for the forces to be employed which are 
 not included in the combatant corps. 
 
 " We shall, I apprehend, have to raise at least 
 an additional three millions sterling ; but at this 
 distance it is mere guess-work. I trust you will 
 prove right in the hopes you entertain of a blood- 
 less termination to all our preparations, and that 
 the Chinese, who have rejected rather contumeli- 
 ously the ultimatum of a distant enemy,^ will 
 yield to a visible force appearing off Taku ; but I 
 fear that their success last year, and their numbers 
 this year, may encourage them to hold out. I 
 should be very glad to have some of your bat- 
 talions home in the winter; but it is too good 
 to hope for. — Pray believe me, &c., 
 
 " Sidney Herbert." 
 
 " War Office, July iist, i860. 
 " Dear Sir Hope, — I am very glad you have 
 retained the additional force which Lord Canning 
 proposed to stop. Once the expense has been in- 
 curred of their transport to your seas, it is well to 
 ^ See p. 9. 
 
MR SIDNEY HERBERT'S LETTERS. 15 I 
 
 get all the good out of them which is possible, 
 and you have exercised a sound discretion in 
 keeping them and turning them to the best ac- 
 count. Clearly, by your account of the French, j 
 we shall have to do the work, and the more we 
 have to do it with the better. 
 
 "I regret very much the loss of thq Indian 
 commissariat. I fe^r that our people will make 
 blunders as to native caste prejudices, and so on, 
 which would be serious. It is another instance of 
 the great inconvenience of having two separate 
 civil jealous services, in lieu of one with a common 
 interest and object. 
 
 " We got our China vote not without the dis- 
 play of a good deal of dissatisfaction from all 
 parties in the House of Commons. We have 
 now taken on the ordinary estimates, about 
 ;£" 1,200,000, by a vote of credit, at the com- 
 mencement ^850,000, and ;£"3,300,ooo now. The 
 war was, in my opinion, after the Peiho affair, 
 inevitable ; but though the country was keen for 
 war on the miserable lorcha afifair,i in which we 
 were in the wrong, it is now weary of the expense 
 and unsatisfactory results, and ready for any 
 
 1 Alluding to the boarding of the lorcha Arrow by Sir John 
 Bowring in 1858. 
 
152 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 means of escape from the difficulty. There is 
 no fear, however, but that the good conduct of 
 the forces engaged will meet with all the appro- 
 bation and reward they deserve. — Believe me, 
 &c., Sidney Herbert." 
 
 " War Office, August loth, i860. 
 
 " Dear Sir Hope, — I write a very hurried line 
 before I go to the House of Commons. . . . 
 I hope you will find the Armstrong guns better 
 than you expected. We have now tried a great 
 many of them, and we have found all, in point of 
 accuracy, as near perfection as possible. They 
 have other faults, but in this respect I should 
 think the fault lay in the laying of the gun rather 
 than in the gun itself . . . — Believe me, &c., 
 
 "Sidney Herbert." 
 
 "Wilton, October la^h, i860. 
 
 " Dear Sir Hope,— Your last mail was very 
 tantalising ; and we are in a state of anxious sus- 
 pense, only knowing that your attack on the 
 Taku Forts was about to be made. God grant 
 the next may bring us good news. . . . One 
 thing has made me rather anxious — namely, the 
 
MR SIDNEY HERBERTS LETTERS. I 53 
 
 postponement of sending for warm winter cloth- 
 ing. ... I trust you may winter south ; but 
 if not, you will have a fearful climate to contend 
 with. At Bombay a great supply of sheep-skin 
 clothing can, I understand, be obtained. No 
 doubt in China the same skins or furs can be got 
 but can they be got by an enemy ? However, I 
 have no doubt you will have thought of all this. 
 
 "I earnestly trust that your operations may have 
 a good and speedy result. Every one speaks in 
 the highest terms of the admirable discipline of 
 your army, of its perfect efficiency, and admirable 
 arrangements as regards supplies. You deserve 
 success; but your difficulties are great, and will 
 require all your skill and tact to surmount. — Pray 
 believe me, &c., S. Herbert." 
 
 ** War Office, Ncnjember loihy i860. 
 
 "My dear Sir Hope, — I must add to the 
 public despatches which go out to you by this 
 mail my own congratulations on the brilliant suc- 
 cess which you have achieved.^ There is really 
 not a drawback to it. All the departments seem 
 to have been well up to their work — good com- 
 
 ^ The capture of the Taku Forts. 
 
154 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 missariat — good medical staff— good health, and 
 good discipline — things not to be attained with- 
 out vigour and vigilance on the part of the com- 
 mander. You have every, reason to be proud of 
 the force under you, and never was Grand Cross 
 better won. ... 
 " I trust no rancour is left in the minds of our 
 / allies. At any rate, the joint success should re- 
 move any if it existed. 
 
 " We are looking eagerly for your next de- 
 spatches, which will give us the complement of 
 your last one's, by specifying the names of those 
 who most distinguished themselves, and bring us, 
 I have no doubt, the account of important events 
 as regards the prospects of peace. — Pray believe 
 me, my dear Sir Hope, &c. &c. 
 
 "Sidney Herbert." 
 
 "War Office, November 10th, i860. 
 
 "My dear Sir Hope,— 
 
 " I am inclined to think that the Military Train 
 has been made too military in its organisation, 
 and too much like a combatant corps. They will 
 not consider themselves as acting under the 
 various departments whose transport they are to 
 
MR SIDNEY HERBERT'S LETTERS. I 55 
 
 carry on. They ought to be like a postmaster, who 
 supplies with post-horses any one who wants them. 
 The commissariat at Aldershot have been apply- 
 ing for a transport of their own, separate from the 
 Military Train, and entirely under their own con- 
 trol. is strongly for it ; against it. The 
 
 latter says, justly enough, why maintain a Mili- 
 tary Train if you are to have other people to do 
 their work ? But then the Military Train should 
 do it themselves, and without making difficulties. 
 I should be very much obliged if you, who have 
 now seen the practical working of the present 
 system in war, would tell me what your conclu- 
 sions are, what the defects of the system may be, 
 and what remedies you would apply, — whether it 
 should continue to be a purchase corps ; whether 
 the officers should more frequently come from 
 among the non - commissioned officers of the 
 army, &c. &c. . . . — Pray believe me, &c., 
 
 "S. Herbert." 
 
 "War Office, November i*jth, i860. 
 
 *' My dear Sir Hope, — I have again to con- 
 gratulate you on two successful engagements.^ 
 
 1 On i8th and 2ist September.— See p. Ii2-ii6. 
 
156 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 . . . You have not much margin in the way of 
 time ; and as the Chinese, if they knew how to 
 play their game, could put you into an awkward 
 fix, we here cannot but be anxious as to the fu- 
 ture. I am glad to hear that you do not intend 
 wintering in Pekin or near it; so long as you have 
 open and clear communications with the sea, you 
 can do well. ... So much depends on the 
 conditions of the treaty that it is difficult to give 
 any positive directions at this distance. 
 
 " I expect the Duke of Cambridge in town to- 
 morrow, when we will go over your list of officers 
 recommended. I hear from Lord Cowley that 
 Colonel Foley 1 has been promoted in the Legion 
 of Honour, no communication between the Gov- 
 ernments being necessary for the promotion of 
 an officer who has already the lower grade of the 
 Order ; but that they (the French Government) 
 will communicate with us when the operations 
 shall be over as to the decoration to be bestowed 
 on the Commandant Reboul.^ The red-tapists 
 here were, I find, much shocked at your specially 
 recommending him for the Bath. I did not see 
 who else could if you did not ; but they say that 
 
 1 English military attache with the French force. 
 
 2 French mihtary attache with the English force. 
 
MR SIDNEY HERBERT'S LETTERS. 1 5/ 
 
 you should have spoken to his merits, but not 
 specified the reward. 
 
 " Your accounts of the Armstrong guns are 
 very satisfactory. The defects noticed in the re- 
 ports of your officers had, I think, nearly all been 
 discovered in practice here, and have been more 
 or less remedied. The injury to the fuses, as you 
 know, was owing to an unpardonable neglect in 
 storing on board ship, by which they got damaged. 
 The only defect which I think serious is the flying 
 out of the breech-piece, because it can only be 
 prevented by tight screwing up, and you can- 
 not depend upon this being done in great hurry 
 and excitement. Those we now are fitting have 
 a better carriage, and single block trail.^ 
 
 " I won't take your judgment on the Enfield as 
 final. At Inkerman, at close quarters, it saved 
 the day ; for its penetration was such that it killed 
 not only the front man fired at, but two, three, 
 
 1 It must be remembered that although a few converted rifled 
 guns were used by the French in the Italian campaign of 1859, 
 the breech-loading cannon on the Armstrong principle was in 
 i860 an entirely new and untried weapon, and was regarded with 
 suspicion and dislike by many of our military judges. The defect 
 in the breech-piece, which Lord Herbert points out, was remedied 
 shortly after ; the time-fuses have still much to be desired ; but 
 even in the present day the weapon is considered a most admirable 
 one.— H. K. 
 
158 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 and even four behind. But if at short distances 
 men fire high, the better the weapon, the less 
 harm they will do. The badness of Brown Bess 
 made the ball drop so soon that a bad aim if too 
 high was corrected. But it proves, I think, that 
 our men want more training still to make the 
 marksman equal to his weapon, . . . — Believe 
 me, &c. Sidney Herbert." 
 
 ** War Office, December loM, i860. 
 
 " My dear Sir Hope, — ... On Satur- 
 day we had a telegram from Ale:^andria [an- 
 nouncing the surrender of the gates of Pekin, 
 &c. . . .] Militarily everything seems to have 
 been a great success ; but the flight of the Empe- 
 ror, and the possession even partially of Pekin, 
 constitute a great difficulty. The danger most 
 apprehended has come to pass ; but I must say 
 that I do not see how under the circumstances 
 you could h^ve avoided the advance. We have, 
 however, now the prospect of a winter in the 
 north, and very little prospect of a treaty at any 
 time. A protraction of the war, with its enor- 
 mous expenditure, will, I fear, meet with a doubt- 
 ful reception in Parliament. Now, however, the 
 first thing to be done is to re-establish the amount 
 
MR SIDNEY HERBERT'S LETTERS. 1 59 
 
 of supplies, which I had checked in some instances 
 and stopped in others. I have therefore brought 
 together again a committee we had formed to dis- 
 cuss and decide these questions. 
 
 " We will take every precaution in packing the 
 Armstrong fuses so as to secure them from dam- 
 age. Medical comforts, of which half supplies 
 only have been sent lately, will be sent out in full. 
 Warm winter clothing I hope you will have got 
 either from Bombay or in China itself. I fear 
 the winter is rigid ; but with the stores of Pekin 
 under your hand, I hope there is no danger of 
 your being short. 
 
 " Of course you will keep a good force. In 
 case you want more. Lord Canning has a regi- 
 ment or two ready for you as a reserve. I don't 
 send you out reinforcements, because you had pro- 
 bably rather be without them till the season for 
 operations returns. You will, I assume, keep the 
 Arnistrong batteries, guns and men. ... I 
 write all this on the first blush of the telegram ; 
 the despatches may modify it. 
 
 " I can only wish you God-speed with all my 
 heart. I have perfect confidence in your judg- 
 ment, and will do my utmost for your assistance, 
 so far as at this distance can be done. The per- 
 
l60 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 formances of the force under your command are 
 fully appreciated here. — Believe me, &c. 
 
 "Sidney Herbert." 
 
 " Wilton, December 2$th^ i860. 
 
 " Dear Sir Hope,— We heard last week . . . 
 
 of the termination of the war in China The 
 
 announcement has given immense satisfaction 
 here. The prospect of a winter passed in China 
 by the whole force, and the necessity of a renewal 
 of the campaign next spring, was a subject of 
 serious anxiety ; and your position seemed very 
 uncertain and precarious. But the peace seems 
 to have been made with the same skill on the 
 side of the diplomatists as the military opera- 
 tions were conducted by the commanders. I 
 most heartily congratulate you on all you have 
 achieved. . . . The fate of the poor prisoners 
 has created a most painful impression here.^ Of 
 both Mr De Norman and Captain Brabazon I 
 have heard a high character. The whole pro- 
 ceeding, from beginning to end, seems to have 
 been of the most rascally character ; and its 
 wantonness and short-sightedness are even more 
 astounding than its cruelty. I see by the tele- 
 1 See p. 131. 
 
MR SIDNEY HERBERT'S LETTERS. l6l 
 
 gram that the Summer Palace was burnt to the 
 ground. I suppose this had a good deal to do 
 with the fate of the prisoners.^ 
 
 "This is Christmas- day : I wish you a happy 
 enjoyment of it, and many still to come. I hope 
 before long to have the pleasure of converting 
 our paper acquaintance into a personal friend- 
 ship. — Pray believe me, &c., 
 
 "Sidney Herbert." 
 
 "War Office, January loth, 1861. 
 
 " My dear Sir Hope, — I hope by the next 
 mail to send you the list of promotions and 
 honours for the China campaign. We were very 
 much puzzled how to select from the large list 
 you sent us, the more so as the limits of the Bath 
 have been more than reached, and there is great 
 unwillingness to exceed or add to the numbers. 
 As soon as the Queen's sanction is obtained they 
 shall be despatched to China. 
 
 "The public here are, I think, very much 
 pleased at the way in which everything has been 
 done in China — firmness, temper, skill, success. 
 But they are puzzled as to the future. They 
 
 ^ The prisoners had been murdered before the Summer Palace 
 was destroyed. 
 
 L 
 
l62 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 doubt the stability of any treaty, and have a 
 growing objection to wars which succeed in ob- 
 taining indemnities, but which cost far more than 
 the indemnities recovered. I trust, however, that 
 the severity of the lesson, the appearance of a 
 hostile force in Pekin, and the rapidity and com- 
 pleteness of the campaign, may produce a lasting 
 effect In the meanwhile, the whole thing has 
 been so well done that, provided it does not recur, 
 every one seems satisfied. A first-rate general, 
 a capital staff, an excellent commissariat, and a 
 good medical department, are four things which 
 the English public are especially pleased to see, 
 and the more so when all are got together. 
 
 " I hope when you are at Hong-Kong you will 
 look carefully over Kowloon. There is a strong 
 feeling among the Hong-Kong civilians that all 
 the advantages of the acquisition must be re- 
 served for them. I have urged on the Colonial 
 Office that merchants go out to Hong-Kong or 
 elsewhere at their own risk for their own good ; 
 but the soldier is sent out to protect the mer- 
 chant, without any option on his part, probably 
 against his will, and certainly not for his good, 
 and that the duty of the Government is to give 
 them the best chance of health and comfort. . . . 
 
MR SIDNEY HERBERT'S LETTERS. 1 63 
 
 Judging ... by the tone of your letters, you 
 are looking forward anxiously to a return home 
 as permanent relief from tropical service. If I 
 should be in office, of which my tenure is pre- 
 carious, the earliest opportunity of employing 
 you at home, if you wished it, would be taken 
 advantage of. 
 
 *' I see that your occupying force amounts to 
 something about 10,000 men. Whenever a re- 
 duction takes place, the Indian troops should, if 
 possible, be sent home first, as their employment 
 under us is an exceptional proceeding, and is 
 objected to by some on constitutional grounds, 
 as not being included in our estimates, nor under 
 our Mutiny Act, — not that the objection is worth 
 much if put in the scale against practical con- 
 venience. 
 
 " I am about to change my appellation under 
 circumstances which are far from agreeable. I 
 had a very hard session last year, and got through 
 it apparently well enough; but I have suffered 
 from it since so much that I am forbidden to try 
 another in the House of Commons, and I am 
 forced therefore to take refuge in the Upper 
 House, by the title of Lord Herbert. It has 
 been a great blow to me ; for I was fond of the 
 
1 64 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 House of Commons, and had many and old 
 friends in it, beside whom I have been fighting 
 through various fortunes for a quarter of a cen- 
 tury. — Pray believe me, &c., 
 
 "Sidney Herbert." 
 
 Extracts from Chinese Official Docu- 
 ments found in Sin-ho by Mr Parkes on 
 1 2th August i860. 
 
 Memorial from Ho - Kwei - tsing. Imperial 
 Commissioner, commenting on the ultimata 
 of England and France. 
 
 " Your servant would observe that, while there 
 is no proof that statements made in the news- 
 papers are true, it is by no means certain that 
 they are utterly without foundation, and that it 
 would not be right, when an increase of the 
 English and French force is spoken of, not to 
 be prepared against them. The report that the 
 object of the English is Tien-tsin, and that the 
 French desire to take possession of Chusan, tallies 
 with what has been observed before. . . . Bruce 
 
CHINESE DOCUMENTS. 165 
 
 and Bourboulon are inseparable in wickedness, and 
 their character is indeed sanguinary and treacher- 
 ous. Still, utterly objectionable as the eight pro- 
 positions of the Barbarians may be, your servant, 
 feeling that it would not be so easy at a moment's 
 time to dissolve the hardness of these chiefs, . . . 
 and that, if he were to keep them quite at arm's- 
 length, he would lose all chance of gaining the 
 day, had resolved on receiving the commands 
 your Majesty deigned to issue, authorising their 
 admission into Pekin to exchange treaties in the 
 same manner as the American Barbarians to Tien- 
 tsin, then to proceed in person to Shanghai, to 
 confer with them and make the necessary arrange- 
 ments." 
 
 [Ho then speaks of the sudden arrival of the 
 allied ultimatum, " the language of which he 
 found to be detestably extravagant and insub- 
 ordinate ; " and, after discussing the various con- 
 cessions demanded, thus proceeds : — ] 
 
 " Wei-hu and his colleague further confidently 
 report that the war-ships of these Barbarians have 
 indeed been despatched from their country one 
 after another, but that they are much afraid of 
 our military prowess at Tien-tsin ; that the pre- 
 sentation of the despatch beforehand is merely 
 
1 66 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 for the purpose of making it appear that the com- 
 mencement of hostilities does not lie with them, 
 the English, but with us ; and that this is another 
 empty stratagem of Bruce's, who thereby takes 
 such ground, that if, as he apprehended, another 
 defeat be sustained by him, the whole of his 
 nation will be obliged to send troops to the 
 rescue ; at the same time, that by this means he 
 constrains the Barbarian merchants not to do 
 what will serve us. 
 
 " The French Barbarian, not being in fact the 
 person who began the quarrel, is merely mixing 
 himself up in it at the instance of the other. . . . 
 As they [the Barbarians] have named thirty days 
 as the time they ought to wait for the Secretary 
 of State's reply, no smash ^ will probably take 
 place within the thirty days. It becomes the duty 
 of your servant, on the one hand, to request in- 
 structions from your Majesty ; and, on the other, 
 in obedience to your commands, to direct Sien 
 Kwan to repair before the time expires to Shang- 
 hai, and, in company with his subordinates, con- 
 fidentially to instruct the Chinese merchants to 
 get round the Barbarian merchants, with a view 
 to devising means of holding them in a pair of 
 
 ^ I.e.j Nothing serious. 
 
CHINESE DOCUMENTS. 1 6/ 
 
 pincers.i ... As regards the war-ships of the 
 English Barbarians at Shanghai, up to the 3d of 
 the 2d moon [24th February], there were in all 
 six still in port ; and since that date there have 
 come in six more, and five have left the port. Of 
 the latter, it has been ascertained that two have 
 sailed northward. 
 
 " The Heart of the troops ^ of the French Bar- 
 barians, it is ascertained, has reached Hong-Kong, 
 and, it is reported, will arrive at Shanghai imme- 
 diately. . . . This he has the honour to sub- 
 mit to your Majesty for perusal, and, prostrate, 
 he implores your Majesty's sacred glance there- 
 on. 
 
 "A Respectful Memorial." 
 
 The following are the translations made from 
 the newspaper dated the loth of the English first 
 moon, or the i8th of the Chinese 12th moon, 
 which he has the honour to submit to your 
 Majesty : — 
 
 " The reinforcements being sent out from Eng- 
 land to China will amount to 10,000 troops, white 
 
 1 A simile, meaning preventing any movement. 
 * I.e., the general. 
 
l68 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 and black. The French, in addition to the 8000 
 men already despatched, are sending 2000, which 
 will make a total of 10,000 men. The English 
 and French will land 30,000 fighting men. . . . 
 It is the purpose of England in this expedition to 
 put forth all her strength. A great brass mortar 
 will go to China. It has reached Sha-tun-tun,^ 
 and has been shipped on board the Hai-mi- 
 lei-ya.2 Thence it will go A-la-shan,^ and from 
 A-la-shan to So-ho-sy,^ as at So-ho-sy there will 
 certainly be a ship to carry this mortar to Hong- 
 Kong. 
 
 " The French force has already all started for 
 China. 
 
 " There is also an augmentation of the British 
 navy ; apropos of which there has been a discussion 
 in England, lasting several days, upon the plan of 
 campaign. One party says that the expedition 
 ought not to attack China in the Tien-tsin country, 
 as the Tien-tsin river is hard to enter, and the 
 mud-banks extend several //. Pekin, even when 
 a landing has been effected, is difficult of access, 
 as the roads are full of impediments, and the 
 
 ^ Southampton. * Himalaya. 
 
 3 Alexandria. * Suez. 
 
CHINESE DOCUMENTS. 1 69 
 
 water-ways numerous. There are bridges, but 
 these will be sure to be broken up — added to 
 which, great danger is probably to be appre- 
 hended from the Mongol cavalry making charges 
 in difficult ground. It were best, therefore, to 
 take the line followed in Tang Kwang's reign, 
 and reoccupy Nankin. No apprehension need 
 be entertained that peace will not be made. . . . 
 On the other hand, it is urged that this plan is 
 not a good one — that [here follow counter-argu- 
 ments]. . . . Admitting all these difficulties — the 
 impracticability of the mud-flats, the embarrass- 
 ments of the road, the destruction of the bridges, 
 and the impetuosity of the cavalry — the foreign ^ 
 troops are on this occasion well provided with 
 floating batteries, wooden causeways for the mud- 
 flats, scaling-ladders, and flying-bridges. If the 
 cavalry charge, the foreign soldiers have also 
 cavalry to receive them. Need any anxiety be 
 felt that with 30,000 troops Pekin shall not be 
 reached ? The foreign troops have, moreover, 
 been looking for water in the neighbourhood of 
 Peh-tang deep enough to enable them to land 
 without difficulty; and, once landed, they will 
 
 ^ I.e.. the Allies. 
 
I/O INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 take the forts in rear, destroy these, and attack 
 Tien-tsin, after which they will advance on Pekin, 
 and the business will be over. 
 
 "It is said that the newly-appointed French 
 chief, Man-tau-pan,^ has reached Hong-Kong, and 
 will arrive at Shanghai shortly." 
 
 The following documents, so characteristic of 
 the Chinese Government and nation, fell into the 
 hands of the allies at the capture of the Summer 
 Palace on the 9th of October, two days after the 
 sack of the palace by the French army. They 
 were translated from the original by Thomas 
 Wade, Esq., Chinese Secretary, whose name has 
 so frequently appeared in this volume. Some 
 complimentary and formal phrases occurring in 
 the originals are omitted in the translations. 
 
 Memorial by Sang-ko-lin-sin. 
 
 " 1th months lotk day {August 26th). 
 
 " Your slave Sang-ko-lin-sin, kneeling, presents 
 a memorial. Judging that the changeable dispo- 
 sition of the Barbarians will make it impossible 
 to carry into effect the pacific policy, he, in 
 
 * Montauban. 
 
CHINESE DOCUMENTS. 171 
 
 the name of the princes and dukes of the six 
 leagues, prays your Majesty to proceed on a 
 hunting-tour, in order that measures for attacking 
 and destroying the Barbarians may be facilitated. 
 Your slave lately lost the position at Taku, 
 where he commanded, in consequence of the un- 
 foreseen explosion of the powder-magazines at 
 two of the north forts simultaneously, and not 
 from any slackness in the defence or insufficiency 
 of means. Therefore he apprehends that now it 
 will be difficult to make the Barbarians submit ; 
 and yet that their demands can hardly be granted. 
 Your slave has made the necessary dispositions 
 along the road between Tien-tsin and Tung-chow. 
 If fighting should take place near Tung-chow, it 
 is to be feared that the minds of the inhabitants 
 of Pekin would be greatly agitated. Victory or 
 defeat may depend on the circumstances of a 
 moment. Should a reverse possibly occur, the 
 trading people who congregate in the capital 
 would desert in multitudes ; and if perchance the 
 heart of the soldiers should fail, the consequences 
 might be momentous.^ 
 
 " Your slave has received the greatest favours 
 
 1 Note by the interpreter, Mr Wade — "This means that the 
 Emperor might be made prisoner." 
 
1/2 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 from your Majesty, and has shown no return for 
 them. After the most anxious reflection on the 
 present critical state of affairs, the best course 
 which has suggested itself to him, and which 
 he has adopted, appeared to be to write to the 
 princes and others of the six leagues, desiring 
 them to repair to the capital with the elite of their 
 troops, so that they might receive your Majesty 
 on your route with the proper honours, and then 
 join the rest of the forces. He humbly begs 
 your Majesty to follow the precedent of making 
 ^ a hunting-tour in the autumn, and accordingly to 
 leave the capital for a time ; and further, that the 
 princes and state officers left at the head of affairs 
 may be commanded to see that the army keep 
 the city in the most perfect state of defence until 
 they be joined by the troops of the six leagues, 
 when all together may attack and exterminate 
 the enemy. If at that time your Majesty 
 should be in the capital, not only might the 
 execution of needful plans be impeded, but 
 also alarm might unfortunately be excited in 
 your own mind. Your slave does not shrink 
 from thus, in the name of the princes and 
 others of the leagues, expressing his and their 
 obscure views, and which he yet urgently so- 
 
CHINESE DOCUMENTS. 173 
 
 licits your Majesty to permit to be carried into 
 effect. 
 
 " He would then be at liberty to choose his own 
 time and mode of attack, and might advance or 
 retire as events should make necessary. Without 
 any doubt he would sweep the vile blood from off 
 the earth, and redeem his previous shortcomings. 
 He addresses this secret memorial to your Ma- 
 jesty for your decision thereupon, &c. &c. 
 
 " He does not venture to forward this by the 
 regular express, but, reverently sealing it, he in- 
 trusts it to Kwo-shung, to deliver it in person," 
 &c. &c. 
 
 Extracts from a semi-destroyed fragment of a 
 Decree in Vermilion,^ dated 10 P.M., 7th Sep- 
 tember, found in one of the Emperor's private 
 apartments in the Summer Palace on the 8th 
 October i860, drawn up by the Emperor of 
 China. 
 
 " As the Ministers have conceded trade [at the 
 port of Tien-tsin], the only course will be to assent 
 to the proposition under consideration, and so to 
 
 1 Decrees emanating from the direct authority of the Emperor 
 are written in vermilion-coloured pencil. 
 
174 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 keep the Barbarians in hand for the time, and 
 when negotiation breaks down altogether, to re- 
 call Kweiliang and his colleagues or degrade 
 them. ... As to their exaction of (war) ex- 
 penses, . . . such a thing is utterly out of 
 the question. From of old it has been held a 
 disgrace to make a treaty under your city wall ; 
 and if one is again^ to tender gifts while one's 
 face is ashamed, will China be still thought to 
 have a man .-* 
 
 " If Kweiliang and his colleagues have so madly 
 lost themselves as to presume on their own 
 authority to concede these last two points,^ they 
 have not only disobeyed our written commands, 
 and shown fear of the Barbarian,^ but they have 
 simply taken up the empire and put it into his 
 hands ; and we will at once vindicate the law by 
 the execution of these ministers, and then fight 
 it out with the Barbarians. 
 
 " As to the admission of the chief Fa * into the 
 capital, peace once negotiated between the two 
 countries, orders will of course have to be given 
 
 1 " Again" — viz., as in 1842 and 1858. 
 
 2 Viz., the payment by the Chinese of a war indemnity, and the 
 entry of the allied troops into Pekin. 
 
 3 Mr Parkes. * Mr Parkes. 
 
CHINESE DOCUMENTS. 1/5 
 
 to the proper departments to make satisfactory 
 arrangements for the supply of all requisites. 
 What need will there then be for Fa's personal in- 
 spection } Besides, this rebellious chief, idly yelp- 
 ing, frantically barking, is certain to bring forward 
 other restrictive conditions, and once he is come 
 will not go away. . . . Is it reasonable (of the 
 Barbarians) to exact compensation by holding a 
 knife to the throat } . . . Lastly, as to war to the 
 knife, it is essential that this should begin soon — 
 that it should not be postponed. We should 
 avail ourselves of the autumn and winter, using 
 therein our advantage, and pressing them on 
 their weak side. If we wait until the spring and 
 summer of next year, these Barbarians will of 
 course raise large bodies of black Barbarians, and 
 will bring the force of all the world to try con- 
 clusions with us. And they will league with the 
 long-haired rebels ; and then between war with 
 those from afar and those close at hand, we shall 
 have trouble enough to hold our own. 
 
 " The remarks above, which exhaust our opin- 
 ions, we have written with our own hand. . . . 
 " A special decree." 
 
176 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Memorial by Kia-ching, and signed 
 by 25 others. 
 
 "7^*/^ months 2^h day {(^th September). 
 
 " Your Ministers, Kia-ching and others, kneel- 
 ing, present a memorial, plainly expressing, in 
 obedience to the imperial command, their opinions 
 on the present critical conjuncture. 
 
 " On this 24th day of the month (9th Septem- 
 ber), they have received a vermilion decree, 
 together with a secret memorial by Sang-ko- 
 lin-sin. . . . They reverently read that their 
 Emperor proposed to command in person the 
 battalions of the empire, and to proceed to 
 Tung-chow to exterminate the vile brood of 
 Barbarians; and in this they observe the firm 
 resolution of the sacred son of Heaven. But 
 they remember that . . . (here follows a lengthy 
 allusion to some historical circumstance which 
 occurred about the year A.D. 1000). The mist 
 of the sea would be dissipated before the celestial 
 wrath ; but still they consider that the course 
 proposed is not that which would best conduce 
 to the interest of the State ; and they deem that 
 it ought not on any account to be lightly adopted. 
 
CHINESE DOCUMENTS. 177 
 
 And Sang-ko-lin-sin's proposition regarding a 
 hunting- tour your Ministers hold to be even 
 more objectionable. If the capital, which is 
 encircled by an uninterrupted line of strong for- 
 tifications, is not secure, what shelter is to be 
 looked for in open and unfenced hunting-grounds ? 
 But further, your Majesty's departure would ex- 
 cite the wildest agitation in the people's minds. 
 . . . Since the Barbarians have been able to 
 reach the port of Tien-tsin, what is to prevent 
 them from likewise penetrating to the Loan River 
 [at Gehol] ? Your Ministers cannot endure to 
 dwell on the ideas which these reflections awaken 
 in their minds. . . . They propose that your 
 Majesty should issue an edict to reassure the 
 people, and invite them to courageous action, 
 that high rewards should be promised to all who 
 distinguish themselves, and that special attention 
 should be given to placing the army in a state 
 of perfect efficiency. . . ." 
 
 [Note by the translator, Mr Wade. — " I believe 
 that Kia-ching, whose name heads this paper, 
 became Prime Minister soon after the Emperor's 
 flight, his predecessor having escaped."] 
 
 M 
 
178 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Memorial by Ai-fin, a Censor, and 74 others. 
 
 " 'Jth months 2'jth day {September I2tk). 
 
 " Your Minister Ai-fin, and others, respectfully 
 submit their opinion that the capital and Court 
 ought not to be forsaken on light grounds. 
 
 " On the 24th day of the present month, the 
 Princes and Ministers of the Inner Council re- 
 ceived a vermilion decree, stating that your 
 Majesty intended proceeding for a time on a 
 hunting-tour. Your Ministers heard of this with 
 extreme astonishment and alarm. They would 
 humbly remark that, although the Barbarians* 
 vessels may have reached Tien-tsin, the circum- 
 stance has not excited much fear in the capital. 
 The throne is that in which all things centre, and 
 to which the eyes of all men turn. One step of 
 the Emperor's foot shakes the earth. The pro- 
 ject in question, then, must have arisen without 
 due thought of the dangers which would ensue 
 therefrom. It is impossible that your Majesty's 
 household, and the princes and grandees who will 
 form your escort, and whose families lie in Pekin, 
 can be well disposed to leave a place of security, 
 even in attendance on the imperial person. Com- 
 mencing their journey in haste and confusion, the 
 
CHINESE DOCUMENTS. 1/9 
 
 crowd of followers would be alive to everything 
 which might excite their fears ; and if they 
 should disperse in mid-journey, no means might 
 be found of going back or forward. Since 1820, 
 the year in which his late Majesty discontinued 
 the hunting-tour [the 25th year of Kia-king, and 
 the year in which Tao-kwang succeeded] it is 
 said that the country has become very desolate, 
 and that the travelling palaces have fallen into 
 disrepair, and are unfit to live in. Nor do your 
 Ministers know what the character of the inhabi- 
 tants may now be, but they may safely say that 
 it cannot be as loyal as that of the inhabitants of 
 the capital city, which has been established for 
 200 years. Again, Gehol is at no great distance 
 from the Shan-hai-kwan [pass near the terminus 
 of the Great Wall] and New-chwang, and other 
 places which are quite accessible to the Barbari- 
 ans. It is also near the Russian Barbarians ; and 
 such being the case, who can deem it secure .<* Our 
 troops now are several times more numerous than 
 those of the Barbarians ; but if your Majesty 
 were to leave the Court, every one would be dis- 
 heartened ; a panic might break out ; the Barbari- 
 ans would use the opportunity to take the city ; 
 and we should become victims to their wiles. . . , 
 
l8o INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 *' From the first establishment of our dynasty, 
 there has been a great intermingling of natives 
 and foreigners, and they have flourished in mu- 
 tual prosperity. Of this we have had no previous 
 example. The Barbarians of the present day are 
 nothing comparable in ferocity to those of the 
 time of Yung-kia [a.D. 309] or Tsung-kang [a.d. 
 1 1 27]. If then, giving ear to loose gossip, and 
 on the impulse of a moment, the empire of the 
 world is thrown away like a weed, the duty to 
 the spirits of the saints in the other world will 
 have been left undone. . . . 
 
 " A puff of breath is now sufficient to decide the 
 balance in which hangs the loss or preservation of 
 the succession of your ancestors and the repose of 
 the tutelary gods. . . . 
 
 "Your Ministers ask one more act of grace. As 
 your Majesty's intention to travel was publicly 
 announced, and men's minds have been so much 
 disturbed that it would be difficult to reassure 
 them, they beg that you will promulgate your 
 intention to return to your palace, that false 
 rumours may be at once extinguished, and tran- 
 quillity be restored. The national decline may 
 be arrested, and the Government may recom- 
 mence a course of success. 
 
CHINESE DOCUMENTS. l8l 
 
 " Your Ministers, and the others, being by their 
 office obliged to call attention to national points, 
 have accordingly thus expressed their imperfect 
 views with all humility, and they await your Ma- 
 jesty's commands." 
 
 The following are Extracts from a Memorial 
 dated September 13th, in continuation of the 
 preceding. 
 
 " For the Emperor to command the army in per- 
 son is a thing which may not lightly be undertaken. 
 In 1853, when the Cantonese rebels overran the 
 country, advancing impetuously towards the north, 
 the alarm occasioned in the capital was many times 
 more serious than that manifested. Happily 
 your Majesty appointed generals able to cope 
 with the enemy, and the rampant outbreak was 
 quelled. Why should not now the Barbarians, 
 hardly 10,000 in number, be easily vanquished 
 and expelled from the country by the many 
 times larger army under our generals .!* Would 
 not the assumption of command be a derogation 
 from the imperial dignity, and likely to astonish 
 all who should hear of it ? . . . Again, the 
 tranquillity of people's minds depend upon your 
 
l82 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Majesty's presence at the seat of government. 
 . . . Again, your Majesty's proceeding to the 
 northward, while the enemy was at the south, 
 would be another circumstance producing much 
 doubt and disturbance. . . . This troublous 
 season is not at all to be compared with peaceful 
 times. It would be most difficult to find men to 
 whom the superintendence of government could 
 be safely intrusted. The gravest evils might 
 arise, ... and it is fearful to think of them." 
 
 Memorial by Isinen King, and 40 others, 
 dated 12th September. 
 
 [This State paper from the Emperor's Ministers 
 reiterates with wearisome prolixity the reasons, 
 set forth in the other documents, against his Ma- 
 jesty's quitting Pekin for the ostensible purpose of 
 proceeding on a hunting-tour to Gehol. The 
 conclusion, however, illustrates very strikingly 
 the light in which the Chinese Government re- 
 garded their invaders.] 
 
 " Granting that the whole force of the Barbari- 
 ans hardly exceeds 10,000 men, and that Sang- 
 ko-lin-sin commands more than 30,000, they [the 
 Ministers] make no question that the many might 
 
CHINESE DOCUMENTS. 1 83 
 
 not defeat the few. But they desire to notice the 
 fact, that the Barbarians, who have come far from 
 across the ocean, have hitherto shown that their 
 object was merely to trade. Their creeping into 
 Kwang - tung, Fo - kien, Shanghai, and other 
 places, was only to besiege the ports, and not to 
 take possession of the country. Nor have they 
 attempted any conquest of China. Even the 
 point of entry into Pekin is one which might be 
 satisfactorily disposed of. . . . 
 
 " Such are your Ministers' obscure views." 
 
 Extracts from a Memorial by Isinen King, 
 a President of the Board of Civil Office, and 
 signed by 26 others. Date, 13th September. 
 
 The Ministers, after attempting to dissuade the 
 Emperor from his proposed visit to Gehol, prior 
 to his taking the field in person, proceed : " They 
 admire the awe-inspiring demeanour and the well- 
 devised strategy thus displayed. But the com- 
 mon people are extremely slow of comprehen- 
 sion—they easily suspect, and with difficulty ap- 
 preciate. ... If defence and holding out in 
 words are to mean flight and dispersion in fact, 
 your Ministers, without urging on your Majesty 
 
184 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 that thus the temples of your ancestors and the 
 altars of your tutelary gods will be abandoned, 
 only ask. Where else could your Majesty's per- 
 sonal safety be better assured than'at the capital ? 
 Beyond the Hoo-pe-kow pass [in the Great Wall] 
 is the haunt of numbers of Russian Barbarians, 
 some of whom have been for a long time pretend- 
 ing to deliver communications at Pekin for the 
 furtherance of some treacherous designs. ... If 
 commotions were to arise within [the capital], the 
 authors of our calamities would be not the Bar- 
 barians but ourselves. . . . Your Majesty is 
 well familiar with the maxim, that the prince is 
 bound to sacrifice himself for his country. But 
 far be it from your Ministers, at such a time as 
 this, to desire to wound your Majesty's feelings 
 by adverting to such thoughts ; and, indeed, the 
 crisis is in no degree so serious as to make it 
 necessary. The great danger now to be avoided 
 is that of disturbances arising from within. . . ." 
 
 Extracts from a Memorial by Tsai-tang- 
 YUNG, ex-Censor of the Hoo-kwang Pro- 
 vinces, dated 13th September. 
 
 This document is chiefly remarkable for the 
 manly outspoken terms in which the writer ad- 
 
CHINESE DOCUMENTS. 1 85 
 
 dresses the Emperor, who in China is generally 
 treated as a kind of divinity. After alluding to 
 the rumours of disasters which were causing so 
 much terror, Tsai writes : " The confusion and 
 alarm are indescribable. But there has been noth- 
 ing so strange as the report now heard, that your 
 Majesty intended making a tour to Gehol. This 
 has caused the utmost consternation ; but your 
 Minister does not believe in it. . . . If, indeed, 
 the report is true, the effect produced will be like 
 a convulsion of nature, and the mischief must be 
 irreparable. In what light does your Majesty re- 
 gard your people ? in what light the shrines of 
 your ancestors, or the altars of the tutelary gods } 
 Will you cast away the inheritance of your an- 
 cestors like a damaged shoe ? What would his- 
 tory say of your Majesty for a thousand genera- 
 tions henceforward ? It has never been known 
 that a sovereign should choose a time of danger 
 and distress to . make a hunting-tour, supposing 
 that thereby he would prevent trouble. If the 
 capital should be disturbed, what would there be 
 to save Gehol alone from being disturbed.^ Your 
 Majesty is besought to return without delay to 
 your palace, in order that the people's minds may 
 be reassured against the enemy. Let the Hwey- 
 
l86 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 tsin-wung [the Emperor's uncle] give orders for 
 the proper distribution of the garrison of Pekin. 
 If the enemy is met between Tung -chow and 
 Matow we shall proceed, as originally intended, 
 to the northward of the capital, and take up a 
 position with a strong force. The spirit of our 
 army leaves us no reason to fear that the hand- 
 ful of Barbarians, not amounting to 10,000, shall 
 not be completely destroyed. Let this decree 
 be read by the princes, and the other officers of 
 state. 
 
 " From the above, it appears that your Ma- 
 jesty's northern tour is positively decided on. 
 Does our Emperor, then, think nothing of his 
 people } of the temples of his ancestors ? and of 
 the altars of the tutelary gods ? . . . The grand 
 army under Sang-ko-lin-sin is quite sufficient to 
 conclude the war with success ; and why, there- 
 fore, should your Majesty expose yourself to the 
 fatigues and dangers of a campaign ? The grav- 
 ity of the crisis does not allow of much speech. 
 Your Minister only entreats that you will con- 
 sent to the advice and desires of all, and return 
 to your Court to superintend the defensive pre- 
 parations, and rejecting doubtful counsels, &c. 
 &c. . . . 
 
CHINESE DOCUMENTS. 187 
 
 " The capital is most strictly guarded ; the spirit 
 of all the inhabitants is roused to the highest pitch, 
 and even women and children are determined to 
 fight to the last. Above all, Sang-ko-lin-sin is 
 now at the head of several tens of thousands of 
 Mongol troops. . . . Your Majesty might 
 make a public confession of your own error, and 
 thus fortify the national resolution. . . . The 
 enrolment of volunteers in the Tien-tsin district 
 is a step to be recommended. . . . The Bar- 
 barians do not exceed a few thousands in number, 
 and a considerable portion of their force consists 
 of hired traitorous Chinese. ... If money 
 were judiciously employed, and an appeal were 
 made to the patriotism of the mercenaries, the 
 whole of this body might be dispersed without 
 recourse to arms. Your Minister cannot imagine 
 why this has not been attempted. . . . Post- 
 script. — While your Minister's memorandum was 
 being written, he reverently read the vermilion 
 edict of this day, as follows : — 
 
 " ' Considering that the approach of the Barbari- 
 ans, and the various circumstances of the present 
 crisis, demand from us a course of action calcu- 
 lated to fortify the resolution of our people, we 
 have directed that the arrangements for our pro- 
 
1 88 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 posed hunting-tour shall serve as preparation for 
 our taking the field in person.' " 
 
 The following is either the actual draft, or the 
 memorandum from which the draft was to be pre- 
 pared, of a decree alluded to in more than one of 
 the captured memorials. It was in the vermilion 
 . pencil, and bears no date. 
 
 " We have perused the memorial of Kweiliang 
 and his colleagues, detailing the breaking down ^ 
 of the Barbarian question, and our indignation is 
 greater than we can bear. To save the people of 
 this the territory of our capital from the perni- 
 cious effects of the poison (of war), we had in our 
 extremity obliged ourselves to assent to a scheme 
 of conciHation. These Barbarians have, notwith- 
 standing, again and again, with wanton violence, 
 insisted on various concessions, right or wrong, 
 until there is nothing left for it but to fight them 
 to the death. Besides, it is impossible but that 
 our Ministers and servants, Manchu and Chinese, 
 who have for generations received of the bounty 
 of (our family), should feel the enmity we feel, 
 and share our hatred — should unite to do justice 
 to their long accumulating wrath. 
 
 ^ Or in original, ** Grand smash." 
 
CHINESE DOCUMENTS. 1 89 
 
 " We shall now move straight to Tung-chow at 
 the head of our army, there to take the vengeance 
 heaven requires — to do an act of punishment and 
 subjugation, the effect of which shall be widely- 
 felt. 
 
 " We command the princes who have the entr^ey 
 the high officers of the guard, the members of 
 the Great Council, and high officers of the house- 
 hold, to enter upon the consideration (of this 
 question) with all speed. 
 
 " We have also perused the confidential memo- 
 rial of Sang-ko-lin-sin, for the discussion of which 
 as well, let the Ministers not having the entree^ 
 who have this day memorialised us on the same 
 question, meet in conference. 
 
 " A special command." 
 
1 90 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 BRITISH TROOPS DIRECTED TO GIVE UP "LOOT FROM 
 SUMMER PALACE — THEIR READY COMPLIANCE — AUC- 
 TION TO INSURE AN EQUAL DIVISION — SUBSEQUENT CON- 
 FIRMATION OF THE STEP BY THE HOME GOVERNMENT — 
 HAN-KI'S SEARCH FOR THE GOVERNOR OF THE SUMMER 
 PALACE — ESTABLISHMENT OF BATTERIES TO BREACH 
 PEKIN WALLS — INHABITANTS WARNED OF APPROACHING 
 CONFLICT — PRINCE KUNG'S COMPLAINT OF THE LOOTING 
 OF THE PALACE — HE PROMISES THAT OUR TERMS SHALL 
 BE AGREED TO — THE PRISONERS GIVEN UP — DETAIL OF 
 THE BATTERIES — EXTRAORDINARY STRENGTH OF THE 
 WALLS — FUNERALS OF THE MURDERED PRISONERS — 
 BURNING OF THE SUMMER PALACE — RUMOURS OF TREA- 
 CHERY, AND PROBYN's consequent RECONNAISSANCE — 
 ENTRY OF SIR HOPE GRANT, LORD ELGIN, AND BRITISH 
 TROOPS INTO PEKIN — THE SIGNING OF THE TREATY — 
 PRINCE KUNG'S terror OF THE PHOTOGRAPHIC APPA- 
 RATUS — PREPARATIONS FOR DEPARTURE — THE TOWN 
 OF PEKIN — THE TROOPS BEGIN THEIR RETURN MARCH 
 TO TIEN-TSIN AND TAKU — REMARKS BY THE EDITOR ON 
 THE MARCH TO, AND DESTRUCTION OF, THE SUMMER 
 PALACE — RESULTS ATTAINED BY THE WAR. 
 
 A GREAT change of temperature now took place, 
 and on the 9th October the rain fell, and a cold 
 north-east wind set in like the blasts of Edinburgh 
 
ENGLISH GIVE UP "LOOT." I91 
 
 in March. I went to Sir Robert Napier's quarters, 
 and in the course of conversation he told me that 
 his aide-de-camp had brought away from the 
 Summer Palace a large piece of gold, which he 
 had found lying on the ground, and which at first 
 had been taken for brass. Sir Robert asked 
 whether I had any objection to his giving it to the 
 men of his division. I did not,however, think that, 
 in justice to the other division, I could accede to 
 this request ; and I therefore decided to issue an 
 order directing the officers to give up any valu- 
 ables they might have obtained from the Summer 
 Palace for the purpose of putting them into a 
 general stock, which would afterwards be divided 
 equally. These directions were accordingly pro- 
 mulgated; and I was greatly pleased to find that 
 a quantity of articles of value were given up by a 
 number of gentlemen who, when they found the 
 French making such havoc among the treasures, 
 had thought there could be no harm in appropri- 
 ating a few things to themselves. I felt very proud 
 of their liberal and honourable behaviour ; and I 
 therefore resolved to take a great responsibility 
 upon myself, and at once to divide the spoil 
 amongst the officers and men of the British force 
 at that moment at Pekin. It was sold by auction. 
 
192 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 and, together with what had been handed over to 
 us by the French, realised a good round sum. 
 Colonel Walker, Major Wilmot,^ and Captain 
 Anson were appointed prize agents. Their task 
 was a difficult and an arduous one, but they per- 
 formed it with great ability. Wilmot took sole 
 charge of the accounts, and kept them with ad- 
 mirable regularity. I declined to take my own 
 share of the proceeds of the sale ; and the two 
 generals of division, Sir John Michel and Sir 
 Robert Napier, in the handsomest way waived 
 their claims. Strictly speaking, I had of course 
 no right to take this step; but considering the 
 lenient laws of France on the subject, and the 
 strict way in which I had as much as possible pre- 
 vented the men from plundering, I thought I was 
 justified in thus acting. I wrote to Mr Sidney 
 Herbert,^ Secretary of State for War, inform- 
 ing him of my intention, which I hoped, I said, 
 would be approved of. In course of time I re- 
 ceived an answer from Lord John Russell, saying 
 that " I had taken a grave responsibility upon 
 myself;" but her Majesty had, under the circum- 
 
 ^Now Major Sir Henry Wilmot, V.C, member for South 
 Derbyshire. 
 2 See despatch at end of chapter. 
 
DISTRIBUTION OF PRIZE-MONEY. 1 93 
 
 stances stated by me, approved of what I had 
 done. [The sum realised by the sale amounted 
 to about ;^8ooo, which with ;£" 18,000 in specie, 
 handed over to us by the French, was divided into 
 three shares. One share was reserved for distri- 
 bution among the officers at a more convenient 
 date, and the other two were on the spot divided 
 among the men, so that by the i6th October every 
 private soldier with the army before Pekin re- 
 ceived about £4.; and thus for the first time, per- 
 haps, British troops rejoiced in the speedy appor- 
 tionm.ent of the spoils of war. Probably the 
 general considerations by which Sir Hope Grant 
 was actuated, are best made apparent by the fol- 
 lowing extract from a despatch written by him 
 at the commencement of the campaign, in defence 
 of a subordinate who was supposed to have ex- 
 ceeded his powers : " . . . must be aware that 
 officers of her Majesty's army and navy are called 
 upon to take on themselves certain responsibili- 
 ties, and that an illegal act done to avert a great 
 public evil is not only justifiable, but praise- 
 worthy."— H. K.] 
 
 Numbers of beautiful ornaments were now put 
 up for sale ; and the officers, knowing they were to 
 get their prize-money, at once bid freely, and the 
 N 
 
194 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 articles sold for great prices. A small, yellow, 
 Chinese tea-cup realised ;£"22. I bought several 
 beautiful jade-stones, and also a necklace of the 
 finest green jade, with rubies, which, by a label 
 attached to it, we ascertained had been presented 
 to the Emperor by a famous Tartar chief No- 
 body seemed to take a fancy to the ornament, 
 and I paid for it only fifty dollars. I also bought 
 a fine carving of lapis lazuli. The prize com- 
 mittee secured a beautiful gold jug, from which 
 the Emperor of China used to pour rose-water 
 upon his delicate hands, and this they presented 
 to me in a very handsome manner. There were 
 two beautiful large enamel vases which had been 
 given up by Major Probyn, and they were so 
 handsome that I requested him and the prize 
 committee to allow me to send them to the 
 Queen, to which they readily agreed. 
 
 On the loth October, the Commissioner Hang- 
 ki begged to be allowed to visit the Summer 
 Palace in company with Parkes. I consented, and 
 gave him an escort. Parkes told me it was most 
 distressing to see the poor man. He seated him- 
 self upon the edge of one of the litle lakes, put 
 his head between his hands, and burst into tears, 
 saying that everything was lost, and that he should 
 
THREATS AGAINST PEKIN. 1 95 
 
 destroy himself. His principal object in coming, 
 however, was to discover the body of the governor 
 of the palace, who was a great friend of his, and 
 who was supposed to have drowned himself The 
 body was afterwards found in one of the lakes, and 
 Hang-ki returned to Pekin. 
 
 This day, loth October, General de Montauban 
 and I, with the approval of Lord Elgin and Baron 
 Gros, sent a letter to Prince Kung, informing him 
 that unless he chose to give us up one of the 
 gates of the Tartar town, we should batter down 
 an entrance for ourselves. We gave him until 
 twelve o'clock mid-day on the 13th to consider our 
 proposal, and if it were not then agreed to our 
 guns would open fire. The French general and 
 I then started off to the An-ting Gate to recon- 
 noitre. White flags were hoisted in every direc- 
 tion, and Tartar soldiers lined the parapets ; but 
 they took no notice of us, and I rode so close up 
 to the walls that I was able to let my horse drink 
 out of the ditch. Within 200 yards of the town 
 was the " Temple of the Earth," a set of hand- 
 some buildings surrounded with high massive 
 walls ; and opposite this point the water in the 
 ditch was scarcely a foot deep. I fixed on this 
 spot for my breaching batteries, and I ordered 
 
196 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 the heavy guns which had been brought up from 
 the depot to be taken within the temple, and cov- 
 ering earthworks to be thrown up. The French 
 estabHshed their batteries a little higher up, and 
 within 60 yards of the wall. They had only field- 
 artillery, brass rifled guns, throwing a 24-pounder 
 shot ; and their commanding officer of artillery. 
 Colonel de Bentzman, told me he much doubted 
 their power to effect a breach, but that they would 
 serve to distract the attention of the enemy. On 
 1 2th October, a proclamation was published for 
 the benefit of the inhabitants of Pekin, warning 
 them that if peace were not made by mid-day on 
 the morrow, the attack against the place would 
 begin, in which case they were recommended to 
 quit the town, as we could not answer for the 
 consequences. The merchants realised the peril 
 of their situation, and went in a body to Prince 
 Kung, whom they urged to give up the gate. 
 Poor Kung, in an agony of distress, replied that 
 it might cost him his life to comply with their 
 request ; but that, nevertheless, if they would sup- 
 port him, and declare their earnest desire that 
 our demands should be agreed to, he would yield. 
 Parkes accordingly went to meet Hang-ki by 
 appointment, and was informed by him that the 
 
HANG-KI YIELDS. 1 9/ 
 
 Chinese agreed to our terms, and that the An- 
 ting Gate would be given up on the following day, 
 on the understanding that if the treaty were 
 signed and the prisoners returned to us, the town 
 should be uninjured, and our soldiers should not 
 enter it in greater numbers than might be re- 
 quired as an escort for the ambassadors. To all 
 this we agreed, and then Hang-ki delivered up 
 nine of the still missing prisoners — viz., eight Sikhs 
 and one Frenchman.^ Late in the evening of the 
 1 2th, a letter arrived from Prince Kung for Lord 
 Elgin, wherein he bitterly complained of the 
 state to which the Summer Palace had been re- 
 duced — the more unjustifiable, he said, because 
 peace had been concluded. This was false, be- 
 cause it was as yet by no means even certain that 
 the terms would be agreed to. 
 
 The 13th October was the great day on which 
 the question of peace or a continuation of the war 
 was to be decided, and all was made ready to re- 
 commence hostilities should the gate not be given 
 up. At 10 A.M., Parkes set off for another inter- 
 view with Hang-ki. The guns were placed in 
 
 ^ In all probability the current report of the rebel army being 
 only 100 miles north of Pekin, and about to march on the capital, 
 powerfully influenced Hang-ki in coming to terms with us at 
 any price. 
 
198 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 position ready for breaching the wall — viz., four 8- 
 inch guns for battering, two Armstrong guns to 
 play also upon the breach, two to fire down the 
 road, and two in reserve. The 9-pounder battery, 
 about 400 yards to the right of the heavy guns, 
 was destined to keep down the fire from the 
 walls. The mortars, in the south-west angle of 
 the Temple of the Earth, would supplement the 
 fire on the breach ; and a ledge in the temple 
 Wctll served as a banquette for our infantry. 
 
 However, by noon^ on the 13th October, the 
 An-ting Gate was given up, and Sir Robert 
 Napier marched in with 300 of the 67th Regi- 
 ment, and with 100 of the 8th Punjaub Infantry. 
 Our force took possession of a portion of the wall, 
 extending from the right of the gate; and the 
 French occupied that to the left. We, both of 
 us, posted a battery so as to command the ap- 
 proaches. The gate itself was a fine massive 
 structure, with a three-storied guard-house on the 
 top of it. The wall round the town, which, as far 
 as I could ascertain, extended over a circumfer- 
 ence of sixteen miles, was indeed a wonderful sight. 
 Ancient history tells us the walls of Babylon 
 were so broad that several chariots could be 
 
 ^ At a few minutes only before twelve o'clock. 
 
THE WALLS OF PEKIN. 1 99 
 
 driven abreast on the top of them ; but I really 
 think those of Pekin must have exceeded them. 
 They were upwards of 50 feet in breadth, very 
 nearly the same in height, in excellent repair, and 
 paved on the top, where, I am sure, five coaches- 
 and-four could with a little management have 
 been driven abreast. Lieut. -Colonel Thomas,^ 
 67th Regiment, was placed in command of our 
 troops at this gate ; and the position was further 
 strengthened by Sir R. Napier, by a traverse, with 
 a couple of guns. 
 
 On the 14th October, two more sowars, the 
 only remaining survivors of our prisoners, were 
 sent in. They reported the deaths of Mr Bowlby, 
 Private Phipps of the King's Dragoon Guards, 
 and two sowars. The bodies of eight of the vic- 
 tims — six English and two French — were brought 
 in in coffins, which contained little but mere 
 bones. By the clothes, however, we were able 
 to identify the remains as those of Lieutenant 
 Anderson, Messrs De Norman and Bowlby, and 
 two sowars. General Ignatieff very kindly ex- 
 pressed his hope that the bodies of our country- 
 men might be buried in the Russian cemetery at 
 
 1 Now Colonel Thomas, C. B. , commanding a Brigade Depot, 
 Winchester. 
 
200 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Pekin, and asked to be allowed to attend the 
 ceremony. We were, of course, very grateful for 
 the offer; and on the 17th October the funeral 
 took place. General de Montauban and his staff 
 were present. The Russian ambassador was, 
 owing to indisposition, unable to attend, but was 
 represented by his suite. Lord Elgin and I were 
 the chief mourners ; and a procession, consisting 
 of a troop of the King's Dragoon Guards, a troop 
 of Fane's Horse, and one officer with 25 men from 
 each English regiment, followed in the cortege. 
 The band was furnished by the 60th Rifles. 
 
 I shall never forget the bitter cold of that day 
 — the hills were white with snow, and a north- 
 east wind blew with the cold piercing blast of 
 winter. We marched down to the cemetery, which 
 was situated just outside the walls of Pekin ; the 
 coffins were laid in one large grave ; the burial- 
 service was read without any pomp or display ; 
 and we then left the bodies of our poor country- 
 men in their last sad resting-place. 
 
 General de Montauban was not prepared for 
 such a simple ceremony, and expressed his sur- 
 prise when it was concluded. It was certainly 
 a contrast to the funeral of the French soldiers, 
 which took place on the 28th October. Of course 
 
FRENCH FUNERAL CEREMONIES. 201 
 
 I attended with many of my officers ; and I also 
 sent a squadron of the King's Dragoon Guards. 
 General Ignatieff, his staff, and that of the British 
 embassy, accompanied the procession ; but Lord 
 Elgin, owing to a severe attack of influenza, was 
 confined to his house. We passed under the 
 walls of the city — which by this time was in our 
 possession — and through the suburbs, to the old 
 French Jesuit cemetery, a handsome enclosure, 
 wherein was dug one large deep grave, with a 
 ramp down which the coffins were conveyed, thus 
 sparing the awkwardness and annoyance of lower- 
 ing by ropes, and laid side by side. Then the 
 ceremony was begun by an old French abbe,^ 
 who had been so long at Pekin that he had 
 almost forgotten his own language. Sundry 
 other priests, attended by Chinese boys, assisted 
 — all in full canonicals. One of them came for- 
 ward and made an oration on the merits of the 
 deceased ; this was followed by reading the ser- 
 vice, accompanied by continual tinklings of bells. 
 Then General de Montauban put an instrument 
 into my hands, which contained the holy water, 
 and with which I was requested to sprinkle the 
 coffins. This went rather against the grain ; but 
 ^ The Abbe de Luc. 
 
202 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 as I perceived Sir Robert Napier — an excellent 
 man — occupied with the same business, I no longer 
 hesitated. Next Colonel de Bentzman read a fune- 
 ral oration,; and General de Montauban made an 
 excellent speech, winding up by saying, " Adieu, 
 mes amis, adieu ! " Now came the most singular 
 part of the whole ceremony. Every French soldier 
 present marched past the tomb singly, firing his 
 rifle against the coffins, which in a short time 
 were covered with exploded cartridge - papers. 
 This concluded the funeral. 
 
 In consequence of the murder of the greater 
 number of our captured countrymen, and the 
 barbarities committed on all, Lord Elgin and I 
 thought it was necessary that the Tartar Emperor 
 should be visited with some severe punishment 
 and signal mark of retribution, and we therefore 
 decided to burn his splendid Summer Palace to 
 the ground. General de Montauban objected to 
 this destruction, and would not co-operate with us. 
 
 By this time the prisoners had been delivered 
 up into our hands, or had been otherA\'ise accounted 
 for, and therefore their fate could not be affected 
 by any retaliatory measures I might adopt. 
 
 [Sir Hope Grant's reasons for thus acting are 
 explained in detail in the following despatch : — 
 
JUSTIFICATION OF BURIsTING OF PALACE. 203 
 
 ** Headquarters, Pekin, 
 iZth October i860. 
 
 " Sir, — With reference to your Excellency's let- 
 ter of yesterday's date, No. 123, 1 have the honour 
 to state that my reasons for wishing to destroy 
 the palace of Yuan-min-yuan are — first, because it 
 was in that place that the prisoners were treated 
 with such barbarity, being bound hand and foot 
 together for three days, with nothing to eat or 
 drink ; and, secondly, because the English nation 
 will not be satisfied unless more lasting marks of 
 our sense of the barbarous manner in which they 
 have violated the laws of nations be inflicted on 
 the Chinese Government. 
 
 " If we were to now make peace, sign the treaty 
 and retire, the Chinese Government would see 
 that our countrymen can be seized and murdered 
 with impunity. It is necessary to undeceive them 
 on this point. 
 
 " The Summer Palace of the Emperor has cer- 
 tainly been plundered, but the damage inflicted 
 upon it could be repaired in a month. The very 
 day the French army left Yuan-min-yuan, the 
 palace was again taken possession of by the 
 Chinese authorities, and five Chinamen caught 
 plundering there were executed by them. My 
 
204 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 patrols have since found the place locked up, and 
 the houses not destroyed. 
 
 " It has been well ascertained that the palace of 
 Yuan-min-yuan is considered as a most important 
 place. The destruction of it is a blow aimed en- 
 tirely at the Chinese Government, by whom, and 
 not by the people, have these atrocities been com- 
 mitted ; and it is a blow that will be felt most 
 severely by the Chinese Government, whilst on 
 the score of humanity there can be no objection 
 urged against it. 
 
 " I beg further to add that Lord Elgin holds 
 the same opinions as I do on this subject. — I 
 have, &c. 
 
 (Signed) "J. Hope Grant, Lt-Gen. 
 
 Commander of the Forces. 
 
 "To His Excellency Lieut. -Gen. de Montauban, 
 Conimanding H.I.M.'s Forces, China." 
 
 A despatch to the same effect was written by 
 Sir Hope Grant to the Secretary of State for 
 War, London.— H. K.] 
 
 On 1 8th October, Sir John Michel's division, 
 with the greater part of the cavalry brigade, 
 were marched to the place, and set the whole pile 
 of buildings on fire. It was a magnificent sight. 
 
DESTRUCTION OF SUMMER PALACE. 205 
 
 I could not but grieve at the destruction of so 
 much ancient grandeur, and felt that it was an 
 uncivilised proceeding ; but I believed it to be 
 necessary as a future warning to the Chinese 
 against the murder of European envoys, and the 
 violation of the laws of nations. 
 
 We had written to Prince Kung stating our 
 intention to burn the palace, and demanding an 
 indemnity of 300,000 taels,^ which would be given 
 to the families of the murdered prisoners. The 
 French demanded 200,000 '^ taels for a similar 
 purpose. The money was at once paid, and the 
 signature of the treaty fixed for the 23d October.^ 
 
 [The following is the letter written by Prince 
 Kung in reply to Sir Hope Grant : — 
 
 " The Prince of Kung, Imperial Commissioner, 
 makes a communication in reply. 
 
 " The Prince is in receipt of H.E. the British 
 Commander-in-Chiefs communication of the 4th 
 
 1 ;^ioo,ooo. 2 ^66,666. 
 
 3 On 22d. October. This was in addition to the sum demanded 
 for the expenses of the war, amounting to 8,000,000 taels = 
 ;^2,666,666. It was further guaranteed on the part of the Eng- 
 lish that out of this sum, 2,000,000 (;^666,666) should be given to 
 the British Canton merchants for losses sustained by them. The 
 whole of this money was paid in. — H. K. 
 
206 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 day of the 9th moon (19th October), stating that 
 21 British officers had been sent back, but that 
 five other persons taken at the same time were still 
 unaccounted for ; and requesting an explicit reply 
 from the Prince upon this point. 
 
 " The Prince, as soon as he took charge of 
 affairs, behaved to the eight British officers in the 
 capital with all proper attention, and sent them 
 back. He had not, when he took charge, any 
 knowledge of the others, nor was it until after 
 some days of continued inquiry that he ascer- 
 tained by degrees that they had all been sent to 
 such and such places. On this he gave orders 
 that they should all be handsomely treated, and 
 he has now sent back from one place or another, 
 living and dead, 29 persons, which number, it 
 appears to him, corresponds with that given in 
 the despatch he has received from H.E. the 
 British Minister, Elgin. He has also promised the 
 British Minister, Elgin, that the sum of 300,000 
 taels H.E. has applied for as compensation 
 money shall be paid. 
 
 " A necessary reply addressed to H.E. General 
 Grant, commanding H.B.M. land forces. 
 
 " KlEN-TuNG, 1 0th year, 9th moon, 6th day. 
 (19//^ Octobei' i860.") J 
 
ANTICIPATION OF TREACHERY. 20/ 
 
 On the 22d October, a report was brought to 
 me through the French Roman Catholic mission- 
 ary, Monsieur Mahe, that treachery was intended 
 on our entering the town. He stated he had 
 heard from many Chinese converts on whom he 
 could rely, that infernal machines were placed in 
 different houses by which we should have to pass, 
 and that the guns on the walls were turned 
 against the building in which the treaty was to be 
 signed. He added that a large force of the enemy 
 was encamped on the west side of the city. As I 
 thought there might be some truth in all these 
 rumours, I sent Major Probyn, with the two 
 Irregular Cavalry regiments, to reconnoitre in the 
 direction alluded to. The force suddenly came 
 upon an intrenched camp, where further progress 
 was stopped by infantry lining a bank, and who 
 with levelled matchlocks threatened to open fire. 
 As Probyn had obtained all the information that 
 was necessary, and as nothing was to be gained 
 by bringing on a collision, he very wisely retired. 
 This decided me to make every preparation for 
 emergencies, and on the morning of the 24th 
 October, to which date the signature of the Eng- 
 lish treaty had been unavoidably postponed, I 
 directed Sir Robert Napier to march in, and with 
 
208 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 the 2d division to occupy the main street leading 
 to the ** Hall of Ceremonies," a task which he 
 performed with great accuracy and judgment. I 
 also posted a field-battery at the An-ting Gate, 
 ready for action at a moment's notice. Lord 
 Elgin started in the afternoon, accompanied by 
 myself and staff, 400 infantry, 100 cavalry, and two 
 bands playing at the head of the procession. I 
 rode alongside our ambassador, who was conveyed 
 in a richly-ornamented sedan-chair, to the hall, a 
 distance of three miles. The main street was broad 
 and handsome, but the roadway was atrocious. 
 The centre was raised high and much broken, and 
 was flanked by two minor tracks, almost impas- 
 sable from holes and pools of water. There was 
 a vast concourse of spectators, men, women, and 
 children, but none of them showed the slightest 
 animosity against us. It took us about an hour 
 to reach the Hall of Ceremonies, where the treaty 
 was to be signed, and which was quite separate 
 from the Tartar portion of the town. We entered 
 the gates of the hall, marched through gardens, 
 up the paved way, and on approaching the grand 
 entrance were met by Prince Kung and about 
 500 mandarins, some of whom were princely look- 
 ing fellows, dressed in silk robes of state. The 
 
KUNG PHOTOGRAPHED. 209 
 
 Prince came up and closed his hands in front of 
 his face, according to the Chinese salute; but Lord 
 Elgin returned him a proud contemptuous look, 
 and merely bowed slightly, which must have made 
 the blood run cold in poor Kung's veins. He was 
 a delicate gentlemanlike-looking man, evidently 
 overpowered with fear. We were placed in chairs 
 of state, in the most honourable position, the left- 
 hand side, and the convention was laid before the 
 Imperial Commissioner, who on this occasion was 
 invested with full powers. After talking over 
 several points, he signed it and ratified the former 
 treaty. Hang-ki, the other commissioner, was 
 evidently a clever and clear-headed person, old 
 in appearance, pale, delicate, and very thorough- 
 bred-looking. 
 
 In the midst of the ceremony, the indefatigable 
 Signor Beato, who was very anxious to take a good 
 photograph of "the Signing of the Treaty," brought 
 forward his apparatus, placed it at the entrance 
 door, and directed the large lens of the camera full 
 against the breast of the unhappy Prince Kung. 
 The royal brother looked up in a state of terror, 
 pale as death, and with his eyes turned first to Lord 
 Elgin and then to me, expecting every moment 
 to have his head blown off by the infernal machine 
 
 O 
 
210 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Opposite him — which really looked like a sort of 
 mortar, ready to disgorge its terrible contents into 
 his devoted body. It was explained to him that 
 no such evil design was intended, and his anxious 
 pale face brightened up when he was told that his 
 portrait was being taken. The treaty was signed, 
 and the whole business went off satisfactorily, 
 except as regards Signor Beato's picture, which 
 was an utter failure, owing to want of proper 
 light. Refreshments were offered to us, which 
 Lord Elgin declined, and, after a proper amount 
 of bowing, we took our departure. The following 
 day the French treaty was also signed. The war 
 was now at an end, and the good tidings were 
 conveyed home by my aide-de-camp, Anson. 
 
 The weather became bitterly cold, some of the 
 hills being covered with snow ; and as — according 
 to the information which General Ignatieff, with 
 his usual extreme kindness, furnished me — the 
 Peiho would soon become frozen up, and as it 
 would be unsafe to Hnger at Pekin, I was anxious 
 to return as soon as possible to Tien-tsin, there to 
 make preparations for embarking our troops. In 
 the first instance, therefore, I settled to start on 
 our return journey on the ist November; but 
 Lord Elgin was very desirous that we should 
 
PEKIN SHOPS. 211 
 
 remain eight or ten days longer — by which time, 
 it was hoped, an edict would have arrived from 
 the Emperor at Gehol, on the north side of the 
 great wall of Tartary, and 130 miles from Pekin, 
 to which he had retreated. Without this edict the 
 proclamation of peace could not be published ; 
 and Lord Elgin was very anxious that the terms 
 should be made known to the Chinese at Pekin 
 before his departure. I therefore agreed to post- 
 pone our march until the 7th and 8th Novem- 
 ber. The French General, however, would not 
 wait, and started on the ist November, ' leaving 
 a battalion of 450 men as a guard for Baron 
 Gros, who had taken up his residence in the 
 town. 
 
 As a general rule, our soldiers were not allowed 
 to enter Pekin, but commanding officers were 
 empowered to give passes to non-commissioned 
 officers and very steady men. Thus order was 
 maintained, and the inhabitants soon gained con- 
 fidence. In this, as in all Chinese cities, there 
 was a street occupied by curiosity-shops, and it 
 was amusing to see the way these houses were 
 beset with English and French purchasers ; and 
 the sums they paid away must have been very 
 great. There were quaint articles of antiquity in 
 
212 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 carved rock, jade-stones, enamels, porcelain, and 
 bronzes. 
 
 On the 2d November, the edict arrived from 
 the Emperor, giving full powers to publish the 
 treaty. The printing of it was a tedious and 
 troublesome affair ; but Parkes and Wade set to 
 work Chinese carvers, who cut it out on wooden 
 blocks, and it was ready for circulation on the 
 7th. Sir Robert Napier's division had already 
 started; and on that day, Bruce, Lord Elgin's 
 successor, arrived at Pekin, and on the 8th he 
 was formally installed as ambassador. On the 
 9th, I marched away from the place with the 
 remaining (Sir John Michel's) division — as did 
 likewise Baron Gros with his escort. Both forces 
 moved off without any attempt to annoy us on 
 the part of the people, who indeed seemed rather 
 sorry than otherwise at our departure. At the end 
 of the third day's march, I hastened on to Tien- 
 tsin, the place of embarkation, and on the arrival 
 of the infantry, I instantly sent them off.^ It was 
 fortunate that I thus acted, as, shortly after their 
 departure, the frost set in with such intensity, that 
 in three days the river was frozen over, and navi- 
 
 ^ To England, India, and some few regiments to the garrisons 
 in China. 
 
CAVALRY MARCH TO TAKU. 21 3 
 
 gation rendered impossible. The cavalry waited 
 to the last, as I intended to march them down 
 from Tien-tsin to Taku, 34 miles distant, in two 
 days, where they were to embark. A severe 
 snowstorm, accompanied with frost, came on, 
 with symptoms of the water communication 
 being closed, and I became very anxious to 
 hurry them down as soon as possible. I there- 
 fore gave orders that the whole distance should 
 be accomplished in one day's march — somewhat to 
 Brigadier Pattle's dismay, who was apprehensive 
 for the wellbeing of his horses. I was confident 
 the journey would not hurt them ; and on the 23d 
 November, the two regiments — King's Dragoon 
 Guards and Probyn's Horse ^ — marched inde- 
 pendently, each commanding officer taking his 
 own time and making his own arrangements. 
 Every man and horse reached their destination 
 the same evening, although the roads were cer- 
 tainly in a fearful state ; and in two days after 
 they were all safely on board ship.^ The Taku 
 Forts, Tien-tsin, Shanghai, Hong-Kong, and Can- 
 ton, were, for the present, occupied by strong 
 
 1 Fane's Horse, with some other troops, remained at Tien-tsin 
 for the winter. 
 
 2 A similar feat was performed by Stirling's Battery (B 14) 
 minus their guns. 
 
214 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 English garrisons ; but the greater part of our 
 army was now embarked, and on the way either 
 to India or England. 
 
 Remarks on the French march to Yuan-min-yuan, 
 and on the pillage and destruction of the Pa- 
 lace. Results attained by the war. By the 
 Editor. 
 
 So far, perhaps, as English officers are con- 
 cerned, they would have been willing that the 
 subject of the march to, and the looting and the 
 destruction of, the Summer Palace, should be 
 allowed to sink into oblivion. From time to 
 time, however, it has been persistently brought 
 before the public, our silence has been misinter- 
 preted, and a mistaken colouring has been given 
 /to facts. In March 1874, especially, the discussion 
 was revived, when the claims put forward on be- 
 half of the estate of the late Emperor Napoleon, 
 including that of the Empress Eugenie, to the 
 Chinese collection, were referred to the commit- 
 tee appointed at Paris for an investigation. It 
 would now be almost an affectation of silence to 
 write any narrative, however incomplete, of the 
 China war without bringing forward the topic. 
 
DEVIATION FROM AGREEMENT. 21$ 
 
 Sir Hope has in his Journal treated it with the 
 utmost tenderness ; but I trust that, in my capa- 
 city of Editor, and with a view of refuting unjust 
 aspersions, it may be allowable for me to enter 
 at greater length on the points at issue. There 
 surely cannot be the smallest doubt that the march 
 of the French on the Summer Palace took us com- 
 pletely by surprise. It is certain that, about 9 
 A.M. on the 6th October, Sir Hope Grant and 
 General de Montauban agreed that their joint 
 forces should make Yuan-min-yuan their objec- 
 tive point, whither Sang-ko-lin-sin's army had, it 
 was reported, retreated ; it is certain that, at the 
 same time, the British cavalry was pushed well 
 forward to the right front, with instructions to 
 endeavour to cut off the enemy's retreat on the 
 palace road : but it is equally certain that, when 
 this plan of operations was concerted, the Eng- 
 lish General did not for an instant anticipate that 
 his coadjutor would accomplish alone that which 
 they had settled should be carried out hand in 
 hand. When the armies, after a halt for break- 
 fast, resumed their march at 10.30, the French, 
 according to the arrangements for precedence for 
 that day, were on our left, next to Pekin. Be- 
 tween them and the road leading to the Summer 
 
2l6 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Palace was the entire British force, and Sir Hope 
 assumed, as a matter of course, that this relative 
 position would be maintained. During the march 
 the French dropped a little behind, crossed our 
 rear, and then made straight for Yuan-min-Yuan.^ 
 No intimation had been given by them that they 
 contemplated any such change of direction ; and 
 the English, utterly unacquainted with this move- 
 ment, continued their march in search of the en- 
 emy, and halted late in the afternoon, not far from 
 the north-west gate of the city of Pekin. There 
 they expected to find the French in position on 
 their left, and we fully anticipated an attack from 
 the Tartars. But their allies had disappeared.^ 
 
 The presence of our cavalry with the French 
 might at first sight lead to the inference that the 
 latter assumed Sir Hope Grant to be aware of 
 the fresh route taken, and to have tacitly agreed 
 to the change of programme. Such a chain of 
 reasoning is rendered entirely untenable by the 
 following statement.^ 
 
 1 Letter to 'Times,' March 13, 1874, from " One who was there." 
 
 2 Letter to 'Times,' March 18, 1874, from "An Eyewitness." 
 See also Sir Hope Grant's Journal, p. 126, and compare with plan. 
 
 3 Letter to ' Times,' dated March 14, 1874, signed " Robert K. 
 Douglas." 
 
EXPLANATION OF CAVALRY MOVEMENT. 21/ 
 
 Brigadier Pattle was ordered to march to some 
 convenient place on the broad northern road 
 leading to the Teh-shun, or second gate, on the 
 north face of Pekin, as it was thought that in all 
 probability the Tartars would retreat along this 
 road whenever the design should be put into 
 execution of attacking their encampment outside 
 the city with British and French infantry from 
 the east. The cavalry brigade, on reaching their 
 destination, found, to their surprise, that the 
 French had arrived before them. General de 
 Montauban expressed his determination to march 
 on to the Summer Palace ; and as Brigadier Pat- 
 tle had been ordered to endeavour to keep up a 
 c6mmunication with the French on his left, it is 
 to be presumed he thought that, under the altered 
 circumstances, he could not do wrong by now 
 feeling into them on his right ; and he therefore 
 followed them in their march. " On arriving at 
 the Summer Palace, the French Commander-in- 
 Chief persuaded the Brigadier to move on with 
 the English cavalry to more open ground, while 
 the French encamped just outside the palace, 
 and French guards were put over the entrances 
 to the palace instead of joint French and 
 
2l8 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 English guards, as might easily have been 
 done."i 
 
 It is only fair to say that Major-General, then 
 Colonel, St George Foley, Commissioner at the 
 French headquarters during the Anglo-French 
 war with China, asserts that General de Mont- 
 auban merely acted up to the arrangement agreed 
 upon before marching to the Summer Palace ; ^ 
 but the evidence to the contrary seems to be 
 conclusive, which, if necessary, may be still fur- 
 ther confirmed by the following extract from Lord 
 Elgin's 'Letters and Journals,' p. 361 : "Strange 
 to say, our cavalry, which went off far to the right 
 in the morning, has not been heard of yet, and we 
 cannot discover what has become of the French. 
 . . . Sunday, October ytk. — We hear this morn- 
 ing that the French and our cavalry have cap- 
 tured the Summer Palace of the Emperor." 
 
 Let us now turn to Count Palikao's evidence 
 before the committe.^ The bulk of the army, 
 he says, including the whole of the English, was 
 at Pekin protecting the baggage and keeping in 
 awe the three cities — the Tartar, the Imperial, and 
 
 1 "One who was there," 'Times,' March 13, 1874. See also 
 Narrative of the China War, p. 220. 
 ^ 'Times,' March 14, 1874. ^ 'Times,' March 10, 1874. 
 
DE MONTAUBAN DENIES PILLAGE. 219 
 
 the Chinese — when he set out with a detachment 
 for the Summer Palace. He surely cannot dis- 
 pute the fact that even the enceinte of the forti- 
 fications was not crossed until seven days later. 
 Again, he declares that the palace itself was 
 never sacked. " When we had driven away the 
 Tartars ^ who took refuge at the extremity of the 
 enclosure, I had sentries posted, and directed 
 two officers, with two companies of marine in- 
 fantry, to protect the palace from depredation, 
 and to allow nothing to be removed until the 
 arrival of the English commanders, to whom I 
 immediately sent. Thus there could be no pil- 
 lage." " Nothing," the General distinctly asserted, 
 " had been touched in the palace when the Eng- 
 lish arrived." Evidence to the contrary, how- 
 ever, exists in overwhelming abundance. Major- 
 General Foley says : ^ " I cannot agree that the 
 palace was not sacked. It is true that General 
 de Montauban gave orders that nothing should 
 be touched until the arrival of Sir Hope Grant ; 
 but I saw a woful difference in the appearance 
 
 1 About twenty badly-armed slaves made some pretence at 
 resistance, but were quickly disposed of. — See Narrative of the 
 China War, p. 224. 
 
 2 * Times,' March 14, 1874. 
 
220 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 of the wondrously magnificent collections which 
 met the eye upon the first entrance into the 
 palace, at 6 A.M. on the 7th October, of General 
 de Montauban, his staff, and myself, and that 
 which presented itself upon our return to the 
 palace after breakfast about 11. 30 A.M. Sir Hope 
 Grant arrived about i P.M. . . . On the 
 afternoon of the 8th, an orderly officer informed 
 General de Montauban, with whom I was riding, 
 that the Imperial treasury had been discovered. 
 Upon arriving at the spot we found the French 
 had been in possession some time, and had secured 
 the most precious articles. General de Mon- 
 tauban immediately acceded to my request that 
 the place might be cleared of people, and a guard 
 put over the entrance, until I had communicated 
 with Sir Hope Grant. Sir Hope Grant, with as 
 little delay as possible, sent Major (now Colonel) 
 Anson and 40 sowars to assist me in securing our 
 share in what remained ; and I do not think that 
 either Anson or myself will ever forget the rough 
 night we had of it." 
 
 All the above is fully confirmed by " An Eye- 
 Witness " and " One who was there." The former 
 writes : " Those who were present when the Eng- 
 lish Ambassador and the French General met. 
 
REASONS FOR BURNING PALACE. 221 
 
 will long remember . . . the impressive as- 
 sertion that nothing in the palace had been re- 
 moved or injured. But they will remember also 
 the evidence of their own senses. They saw that 
 tents occupied by French officers of all ranks 
 were full of plunder," &c. " One who was there " 
 states : " At the palace I found looting going on 
 everywhere. Officers of the French army of all 
 ranks, French non-commissioned officers and men, 
 were looting systematically." Lastly, the follow- 
 ing is an extract from the note-book of an officer 
 on the English Headquarter Staff: "October 
 7th. — The General and Lord Elgin rode over to 
 the palace. The French were looting it from 
 end to end. . . . October 8th. — The looting 
 in the palace [is being carried on] to a frightful 
 extent to-day. Many of the things put aside 
 for the Queen had been looted by the French." 
 
 As regards the burning of the palace, we have 
 never at anytime hesitated to assume the respon- 
 sibility of the deed, but not from the motives 
 attributed by General de Montauban, who now 
 justifies an act in which at the time he refused to 
 participate. The General states : " We hoped, 
 therefore, that this vigorous demonstration would 
 have a good result. Unfortunately, our hopes 
 
222 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 were not realised soon enough to save some un- 
 fortunate European envoys from frightful tor- 
 tures ; still more, the correspondent of the * Times ' 
 was put to death ; and it was when the bloody 
 fragments of his body were found that the Eng- 
 lish resolved to burn the palace in revenge for the 
 murder of their countryman. I perfectly remem- 
 ber that I then made some observations to Lord 
 Elgin, who replied in a form of discreet confi- 
 dence, ' What would the " Times " say of me if I 
 did not avenge its correspondent ?' " It is indeed 
 difficult to believe that our high-minded diplo- 
 matist was prompted to so severe an act of re- 
 tribution, merely through an apprehension that 
 otherwise he mig^ lack the support of one of the 
 organs, however influential, of public opinion. 
 General de Montauban's argument that the 
 measure was a preventive one, is demolished by 
 the fact that the outrage on our envoys had been 
 perpetrated, and their bodies delivered into our 
 hands on the i6th October, two days before the 
 palace was destroyed. 
 
 It has been stated that, on the 17th October, 
 the plenipotentiaries threatened that if our de- 
 mands were not accepted by the 20th, the allies 
 would burn the Imperial Palace inside Pekin to 
 
FRENCH OBJECTIONS TO BURNING. 223 
 
 the ground. I have the best authority for stating 
 that, though the expediency of the measure was 
 discussed, such a threat was never actually held 
 out to the Chinese. 
 
 Sir Garnet Wolseley well sums up all that is to 
 be said on the subject as follows : ^ " The destruc- 
 tion of the palaces appears to have struck the 
 Pekin authorities with awe. It was the stamp 
 which gave an unmistakable reality to our work 
 of vengeance, proving that Lord Elgin's last letter 
 was ho idle threat, and warning them of what 
 they might expect in the capital itself unless they 
 accepted our proffered terms. The Imperial 
 Palace within the city still remained untouched ; 
 and if they wished to save that last remaining 
 place for their master, it behoved them to lose 
 no time. I feel convinced that the burning of 
 Yuan-min-yuan considerably hastened the final 
 settlement of affairs and strengthened our am- 
 bassador's position. Our allies, who had looted 
 all, and destroyed some of the buildings of that 
 place, objected to our putting the coup de grace 
 to their work. It was averred that the complete 
 destruction of the palaces would be a Goth-like 
 act of barbarism. It seems strange that this 
 
 1 Narrative of the China War, p. 729. 
 
 22f( 
 
224 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 idea did not occur to the generally quick per- 
 ceptions of our Gallic allies before they had shorn 
 the place of all its beauty and ornament, by the 
 removal or reckless destruction of everything that 
 was valuable within its precincts, leaving us, in- 
 deed, little more than the bare shell of the build- 
 ings on which to wreak our vengeance for the 
 cruelties practised therein upon our ill-fated 
 countrymen." 
 
 It is scarcely too much to say that the China 
 War of i860 maybe considered the most success- 
 ful and the best carried out of England's " little 
 wars," if, indeed, the latter term be not a mis- 
 nomer. No mistake occurred to mar the out- 
 line of the whole, and in the short space of three 
 months the Chinese received three defeats in the 
 open — their strong forts of Taku,^on which they 
 based their powers of resistance, were captured 
 — and their capital itself was forced to succumb 
 under the guds of the invaders. The expense 
 involved wasfgreat; but, unlike the majority of 
 wars, the consequent return was adequate. We 
 obtained freedom of action for our merchants 
 throughout the whole of the empire ; we procured 
 for the civilised world protection from the op- 
 pression and barbarous outrages which the 
 
RESULTS GAINED BY THE WAR. 225 
 
 nation had been previously wont to inflict upon 
 strangers ; we struck a salutary blow at the pride 
 of China, which, as experience shows, has been 
 successful in convincing her that she is no match 
 for the peoples of Europe ; and, above all, we ex- 
 acted from them the Treaty of Pekin,^ which has 
 proved far more lasting than any former engage- 
 ments with that nation. 
 
 Had we, on the other hand, refrained from war, 
 we could not have maintained our position at the 
 several ports where we traded ; neither property 
 nor life would have been worth a moment's 
 purchase ; the laws of nations would have been 
 habitually set at defiance ; and the time would 
 have arrived when we should have been com- 
 pelled to quit the country altogether — concil- 
 iatory measures and efforts to obtain our just 
 demands by negotiation having been interpreted 
 by the Chinese as signs of weakness. When at 
 last, in alliance with the French, we had re- 
 course to arms, the advantages obtained for the 
 civilised world were scarcely less important than 
 those insured for our own individual interests. — 
 H. Knollys. 
 
 ^ See Appendix V., p, 260. 
 
226 INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR, i860. 
 
 Despatch explaining the immediate sale of Eng- 
 lish treasure captured in the Summer Palace. 
 
 "Headquarters, Pekin, 
 October 21, i860. 
 
 " Sir, — This palace ^ was full of valuable works 
 of art, chiefly of Chinese manufacture ; and al- 
 though an attempt was made to effect a division 
 of the property between the two nations, yet it 
 became virtually a state of indiscriminate plun- 
 der. Being unwilling to expose the English 
 army to the demoralising influence of such a 
 state of afl*airs, I kept them confined to their 
 bivouac in front of Pekin, and appointed officers 
 to collect as far as possible what belonged to the 
 English. The whole of the property thus col- 
 lected by officers was sold at public auction by 
 my orders, realising about ;^8ooo. In addition 
 to this, specie to the amount of about ;£"i 8,000 
 was discovered in the palace, and the whole 
 amount being comparatively small, I considered 
 it would only be a just and proper thing to divide 
 this money on the spot amongst the army. My 
 principal reason for this was because our men 
 saw all the French soldiers laden with dollars 
 
 ^ The Summer Palace. 
 
REASONS FOR BURNING SUMMER PALACE. 22/ 
 
 and sycee silver, and knowing that the palace 
 had been given up to plunder, might naturally 
 feel dissatisfied at not being allowed to partici- 
 pate ; whereas, if they saw everything fairly di- 
 vided, they would have no reason to complain. 
 Moreover, without the prospect of such a divi- 
 sion, it would have been difficult to have pre- 
 vented any but the best men from going to the 
 palace without leave, to plunder for themselves. 
 I have therefore caused the money to be divided 
 in the following manner — viz., one-third between 
 the officers, and two-thirds between the non-com- 
 missioned officers and men ; the major-generals 
 and myself resigning all claims to share in the 
 prize. The distribution has been restricted to 
 those actually present with the force before Pekin. 
 — I have the honour, &c. 
 
 " J. Hope Grant, Lt.-Gen., 
 
 Commander of the Forces. 
 *' The Right Hon. the Secretary of State for War." 
 
228 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 JOURNAL OF A VISIT TO JAPAN. 
 
 SIR HOPE GRANT SAILS FOR JAPAN — ARRIVES AT YOKOHAMA 
 ■ — PROCEEDS TO YEDO — ARREST OF THE JEW — DESCRIP- 
 TION OF MR ALCOCK's RESIDENCE — THE FEUDAL POWER 
 — THE DAIMIOS AND THE GOVERNMENT— MURDER OF 
 THE TYCOON — THE ROYAL CONJUROR — PROSPERITY OF 
 JAPAN — VISIT TO THE JAPANESE MINISTERS — DWELLINGS 
 OF THE DAIMIOS — SYSTEM OF UNIVERSAL ESPIONAGE — 
 JAPANESE DEFENCES — THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF WAR — 
 RETURN VOYAGE TO HONG-KONG — THE GRANADA NEARLY 
 FOUNDERS— SHIPWRECKED MALAYS — LEAVE TO RETURN 
 TO ENGLAND— INTERVIEW WITH NAPOLEON — FUNERAL 
 OF THE EMPEROR. 
 
 On the 29th November I started for Shanghai, 
 where I arrived on the 4th December, and where I 
 and my staff were most hospitably received by Mr 
 Webb, of Dent's House. I then sailed on a plea- 
 sure trip to Japan, where, owing to Mr Webb's 
 kind arrangements, I spent three weeks very plea- 
 santly, pending the arrival of orders from England 
 relative to my own destination. . 
 
ARRIVAL AT YOKOHAMA. 229 
 
 On 1 2th December i860, my staff I and em- 
 barked on board the Granada for Japan. On 
 the 17th, we entered the harbour of Kanagava, 
 where the view was surpassingly beautiful, with 
 the adjacent undulating ground covered with rich 
 crops, and with a lovely background of the snow- 
 topped peaks of Fusi-yama. The next day we 
 landed at Yokohama, three miles distant from 
 Kanagava, and the only place in Japan where 
 foreign merchants are allowed to reside. The 
 little town was neat, clean, and well built, 
 with numerous shops containing the beautiful 
 lacquer- ware for which the country is so cele- 
 brated. We forthwith forwarded a letter of in- 
 troduction, with which we had been provided, to 
 Mr Alcock,^ Envoy Extraordinary and Minister 
 Plenipotentiary at Yedo, the principal city in 
 Japan, who received us with the greatest cor- 
 diality and kindness. He obtained permission 
 for us to visit the town, and kindly offered to put 
 us up at his house. Our journey extended over 
 a distance of about sixteen miles, and we accom- 
 plished it with great comfort by means of some 
 excellent ponies lent to us by Captain Vyse, and 
 
 ^ Now Sir Rutherford Alcock, K.C.B. Resigned his position 
 in Japan, July 1871. 
 
230 VISIT TO JAPAN. 
 
 by a " noriman," a species of silk - cushioned 
 palanquin, carried by eight bearers, divided into 
 two reliefs of four. The whole road from Kana- 
 gava was intensely interesting and beautiful ; the 
 villages and detached houses were neat and 
 clean; and there was a general appearance of 
 prosperity and comfort very unusual in these 
 Eastern lands. The route, which was excellent, 
 led us along the sea-shore ; different sorts of 
 wild fowl flocked around us in every direction 
 like barn-door fowls, sometimes lighting so close 
 that it would have been easy to have killed them 
 with a stone. Cyruses, storks, and snipe were 
 equally numerous. The latter, indeed, were per- 
 fectly tame, for no one in the neighbourhood of 
 Yedo is allowed to molest them. We were met 
 on our journey by the Dutch ^ Vice-Consul, w*ho 
 took us to a roadside tea-garden, where we were 
 supplied with tea by some really pretty and 
 pleasing-looking girls. As we approached the 
 town, Mr Alcock, accompanied by some of the 
 Legation, rode out to receive us. 
 
 While we were at Yedo, a melancholy occur- 
 
 1 Until a short time previous to 1854, the Chinese and the 
 Dutch were the only foreigners admitted, for trading purposes, 
 within Japanese territory. The exports by the Dutch were limited 
 to two ships' cargoes annually. 
 
MANSLAUGHTER. 2 3 1 
 
 rence took place. An English Jew went out 
 shooting, and killed a wild goose, whereupon some 
 policemen came up, demanded his name, and 
 secured the coolie who was carrying the bird. 
 This was resented by the Jew, who cocked his 
 gun, and, presenting it at one of the party, 
 threatened to fire if they advanced any further. 
 The gun unhappily went off, either by accident 
 or with intention, shattered the man's arm, and 
 otherwise wounded him severely. The offender 
 was taken off to prison, but was eventually 
 handed over to the Consul; and after he had 
 paid a fine of 1000 dollars, was deported. Had 
 the victim died, the consequent troubles would 
 have been serious and complicated, for the 
 Japanese are a revengeful race, and act on the 
 principle of blood for blood. 
 
 Mr Alcock's house had been converted from a 
 handsome temple into a very comfortable dwell- 
 ing. It was beautifully situated, with a well- 
 mown lawn behind, about which were dotted 
 shrubs and dwarf trees, leading down to a pretty 
 little piece of water with fantastic bridges. Still 
 further to the rear was a bold hill covered with 
 fine evergreen oaks ; and on the side of the 
 acclivity was an old cemetery, laid out with much 
 
232 VISIT TO JAPAN. 
 
 taste, and ornamented with handsomely-carved 
 ancient tombstones, and some splendid old trees. 
 I must confess that the cold of the house was 
 biting, for we were in the middle of winter, and 
 the windows as well as the partitions of the rooms 
 were formed of thin paper. 
 
 The dress of the Japanese and the Chinese is 
 very similar. Both perpetually carry about with 
 them umbrellas, and both are hard-working and 
 intelligent ; but in other respects they totally 
 differ from one another. The Chinese are stolid 
 and sedate ; the Japanese, who are a race of 
 Malays, are cheerful and lively. They are, more- 
 over, of a curious, prying disposition ; and the 
 system of espionage carried on throughout all 
 orders of society renders intercourse with them 
 extremely troublesome and dangerous. Their 
 head ruler goes by the name of the Tycoon, and 
 all temporal authority is vested in him, with a 
 Ministry under him. He resides in Yedo. Their 
 Emperor, who is called the Micado, is their 
 spiritual governor. He lives at Miako, and, as I 
 understood, is kept secluded from human sight.^ 
 A strong feudal power exists among the Princes 
 
 ^ This government is now altogether changed. The Daimios 
 have voluntarily relinquished their feudal rights, the office of 
 
JAPANESE GOVERNMENT. 233 
 
 and the Daimios, or Barons, which in many 
 instances is so great that the Government fre- 
 quently have hard work to maintain their own 
 authority. Several of these chiefs possess as 
 many as 30,000 armed retainers, ready to do 
 their bidding at a moment's notice. The Daimios 
 entertain a great hatred towards all foreigners, 
 and especially towards the English — and with 
 good reason. They are aware that we have 
 taken possession of the whole of India ; and they 
 have seen China, one of the largest empires in 
 the world, completely broken up by us.^ The 
 Japanese Government rather encouraged the ad- 
 mission of foreigners into the country, as a 
 counterpoise to the much-feared influence of the 
 Daimios. It was, however, dangerous even for 
 ambassadors to reside in Yedo, where Europeans 
 were constantly murdered. A short time before 
 our arrival, three Russians and a Frenchman had 
 been assassinated, and the crime was imputed to 
 the Daimios. 
 
 About the year 1853, when the English first 
 
 Tycoon has been abolished, and the Emperor of Japan is now 
 virtually as well as nominally head of both ** Church and State." 
 — H. K. 
 
 1 It must be remembered that this was written immediately after 
 we had imposed a humiliating peace on the Chinese. 
 
234 VISIT TO JAPAN. 
 
 began to make their appearance in the island, the 
 Tycoon was poisoned by Prince Mito, a powerful 
 noble. The criminal was first banished to his 
 own territory by order of the Government, then 
 sentenced to perpetual exile from the capital, 
 and finally deposed from his principality, his son 
 being allowed to succeed him ; all this rankled in 
 the Prince's mind, and he determined to murder 
 the Regent, whose name was Ikomonono-Kami, 
 and whose office he had hoped to obtain, the new 
 Tycoon being a minor. The Regent's residence, 
 a princely mansion^ was situated within the outer 
 wall of the fortress, and about 500 yards from 
 the palace. One stormy day, when the snow and 
 sleet were being drifted about in every direction, 
 he was attacked by a party of about eighteen armed 
 men as he was proceeding in his noriman from 
 his house to the palace. When Daimios go out 
 of doors, however short may be the distance they 
 intend to perform, they always proceed in state, 
 with two standard-bearers, several umbrella- 
 bearers, and numerous retainers, some of whom, 
 according to their singular ideas of dignity, carry 
 a quantity of boxes, supposed to be filled with 
 wearing apparel. In the present instance, the 
 retainers were all armed, many of them with two 
 
A BLOODY FRAY. | 235 
 
 swords each ; but in consequence of the cold they 
 were wrapped up in large waterproof cloaks, made 
 of a kind of oiled brown paper, which, with their 
 enormous clumsy hats, rendered the wearers suffi- 
 ciently helpless. The assassins suddenly attacked 
 the cortege, cut down some of the bearers and 
 retainers, and were proceeding to drag the un- 
 fortunate Regent out of his noriman, when his 
 guard drew their swords, and a general melee en- 
 sued. Several were disabled on both sides ; and 
 it is stated that the wounded murderers instantly 
 performed the Hara-kiri, or Happy Despatch, 
 which consists in committing suicide by disem- 
 bowelling themselves, and with which, by the laws 
 of the country, no one is allowed to interfere even 
 to further the ends of justice. During the scuffle 
 a man was seen running away, holding up a de- 
 capitated human head by the hair. The retainers 
 supposed it to be that of the Regent, and in order 
 to gain possession of it pursued the fugitive. 
 Meanwhile the assassins availed themselves of the 
 opportunity to behead the real Regent, and to 
 effect their escape. The feudal retainers, eight 
 of whom were still alive, were discovered, and put 
 to the torture. They confessed that Prince Mito 
 had ordered them to commit the crime. After 
 
236 VISIT TO JAPAN. 
 
 which they were executed, or allowed to perform 
 the Hara-kiri; and Mito was, by directions of the 
 Government, poisoned. Such were the results of a 
 feudal power, and the absence of an untrammelled 
 Government. Each Daimio's retainers consider 
 it to be their duty to carry out their chiefs behest, 
 even though death or torture is certain to be the 
 consequence. 
 
 Shortly after our arrival the royal conjuror 
 gave a performance before us. He was a digni- 
 fied-looking old gentleman, with a deep sono- 
 rous voice, extremely refined in his manners, and 
 dressed like a high-bred Japanese. His tricks, 
 which were sleight of hand, were nothing remark- 
 able, with two exceptions. Having rolled up a 
 small piece of paper, he shook it gently upon a 
 fan, and gradually it assumed the shape of a 
 small beautifully-formed egg. It was then put 
 into an empty box, and transformed into a live 
 barn-door fowl. Again, he formed a scrap of 
 paper into the shape of a butterfly, which he set 
 in motion by waving a fan ; at a short distance it 
 appeared to fly about exactly like a live insect. 
 After a while he treated a second piece of paper 
 in the same way, and by means of two fans kept 
 both butterflies flying about together, one of them 
 
JAPANESE TEA-GARDENS. 237 
 
 occasionally lighting upon some convenient rest- 
 ing-place. I never in any country saw a more 
 graceful or charming trick. 
 
 The next day Mr Alcock took us to see the 
 pretty tea-gardens at Oh-gee, ten miles distant. 
 The villagers appeared civil and respectful ; and 
 here, again, there were evidences of prosperity 
 and comfort universally apparent which I never 
 expected to meet with in an Eastern land. The 
 gardens were really very pretty, with a pictu- 
 resque rivulet, neat walks, flowers, and a carefully- 
 kept lawn. We were provided with an excellent 
 breakfast, though one elaborate dish consisted of 
 a large raw fish, and we were waited on by some 
 very pretty modest-looking damsels, whose attrac- 
 tions consisted in dark eyes, a profusion of jet black 
 hair, beautiful complexions, and the freshness of 
 youth. The poor married ladies, however, excited 
 our sincere pity. When subjected to the mis- 
 fortune of marriage, they are obliged to shave 
 their eyebrows and stain their fine teeth with 
 some horrible ugly black composition, which 
 takes away charms they might otherwise possess. 
 Mr Alcock kindly wrote to inform the Japanese 
 Minister for Foreign Affairs that I wished to pay 
 my respects to the Ministers, and they fixed the 
 
238 VISIT TO JAPAN. 
 
 15th December for my visit. Ladies were not 
 allowed to be present. On fhat day, therefore, I 
 set out with Mr Alcock and his staff on Japanese 
 ponies, and proceeded through the gate of the 
 outer wall, within which were built all the Daimios' 
 houses, each in turn surrounded by a second 
 large wall, with handsome gateways, and the 
 family arms emblazoned over them. The path- 
 ways were beautifully kept with streams of pure 
 water flowing along the sides. Within were two 
 other substantial enclosures, one of which con- 
 tained the Tycoon's palace, and the other that of 
 the Ministers. Each enclosure was encircled with 
 a large moat of transparent water, literally covered 
 with wild ducks, and with stone battlements and 
 banks of beautiful turf Splendid cedars threw out 
 their wide-spreading branches from the edge of 
 the water to the foot of the wall. We were ush- 
 ered into a well-built, scrupulously clean palace, 
 carpeted with the finest mats, but otherwise un- 
 furnished. The Japanese nobility pride them- 
 selves on being without luxuries, and on dressing 
 themselves in the plainest silks. The males of 
 all classes sit upon their heels, considering chairs 
 and tables effeminate and derogatory to the 
 dignity of a man. ^ In an inner room, however, 
 
AUDIENCE WITH JAPANESE MINISTERS. 239 
 
 these conveniences had been provided for us ; and 
 on this occasion the two chief Japanese Ministers 
 also occupied seats opposite to us, either out of 
 respect, or because they thought that to stand 
 while we were seated would be inconsistent with 
 their rank. The other dignitaries sat on their 
 heels. The appearance of a Japanese is not un- 
 like that of a bantam-cock : small, compact, strut- 
 ting little fellows, they shave the tops of their 
 heads, leaving a tuft of stiff hair sticking out in 
 the centre of the forehead, which strongly re- 
 sembles the top-knot of a cock. The nobility are 
 dressed in quiet-coloured silk jackets, with tight 
 pantaloons. On this occasion they were without 
 slippers, and each man wore two swords pro- 
 jecting at right angles behind, just like a cock's 
 tail. Altogether they were the most quaint 
 laughable little fellows imaginable. The Japanese, 
 I understand, have now taken to wear European 
 clothes. We were placed opposite them on the 
 other side of the room, and all our conversation 
 was carried on by means of an interpreter seated 
 on his heels between us. Whenever he translated 
 a sentence to the Ministers, he first bowed to the 
 ground and kissed the dust at their feet. A small 
 table was placed before each of us, on which were 
 
240 VISIT TO JAPAN. 
 
 arranged preserved fruits, cakes, pipes and tobacco. 
 After a short stay, and sundry little complimentary 
 speeches, we got up, bowed, and took our depar- 
 ture. I have seen no country, apart from our 
 own, where the inhabitants appear so comfortable 
 and well cared for, and no town so clean and in 
 such good order as Yedo. They seem to delight 
 in cleanliness, and the public baths are numerous 
 and much frequented. The city is tweilty-five 
 miles in circumference, and is supposed to contain 
 about two million inhabitants. The houses are 
 built of wood, except the foundations of those 
 belonging to the Daimios, and are seldom even 
 one story high. Very destructive typhoons and 
 earthquakes are of constant occurrence ; and a 
 short time ago nearly the whole of Yedo was in 
 consequence shaken to the ground. 
 
 As I have before mentioned, the official houses 
 of the Daimios are situated inside the large outer 
 moat which surrounded the palace, and here a 
 certain number of them are obliged to reside for 
 six months in the year. The Government make 
 it a rule that no Daimio shall call upon another 
 that by so doing he lowers his dignity and pro- 
 nounces himself of an inferior rank. By these 
 means their power becomes limited, combinations 
 
JAPANESE ESPIONAGE. 24 1 
 
 are prevented, and every one is jealous of his 
 neighbour. The system of official espionage also 
 checks their mixing with one another, as each 
 fears his neighbour may be a spy, who will report 
 against him he knows not what. During our stay 
 at Yedo a constant watch was kept upon our 
 conduct, and we were never allowed to go out 
 without being attended by two or three Jakomins 
 — mounted officials, each wearing two swords. 
 Nominally they acted as our guards, but their 
 real object was to watch our doings. One day, 
 however, Biddulph and I slipped out quietly, un- 
 observed, and took a walk along the sea-side. 
 Suddenly the retainer of some Daimio, armed 
 with two swords, galloped up furiously behind us 
 and would have ridden us down had we not 
 slipped aside. After casting at us looks of un- 
 disguised defiance, he rode on, and our Jako- 
 mins, who by this time had discovered that we 
 had eluded them, came up and resumed guard 
 over us. 
 
 On the 27th December we left Yedo for Kana- 
 gava, and on the 28th again put to sea. The 
 harbours of both towns are indifferent, and with- 
 out sufficient water for vessels of large size. 
 Opposite Yedo are four forts, which extend across 
 Q 
 
242 VISIT TO JAPAN. 
 
 the bay, and are apparently heavily armed ; but 
 we were not allowed to enter any of them. There 
 are numerous other similar forts along the sea- 
 coast. When I was on. shore I examined one of 
 their works as closely as could be managed, and 
 I found that though strong in front, it could not 
 resist an attack in rear. The nation seems to 
 have made considerable progress in the art of 
 war, though a portion of their army is still armed 
 with bows and arrows. On the occasion of our 
 visit to the Ministers, I inspected the arms of the 
 guard at one of the gates of the fortress. They 
 were armed with Japanese-made percussion light 
 muskets; but on trying the locks many of them 
 would scarcely go off. The guard were seated 
 in a line on their heels in front of the guard- 
 room, and some distance from their jnuskets. 
 They appeared perfectly immovable, otherwise 
 than that they paid the strictest attention to 
 our movements. 
 
 We made our return voyage through the in- 
 land sea, and on our way passed the towns of 
 Oyaca and Miako, the chief city in the country. 
 The adjacent country was mountainous, thickly 
 wooded, and inhabited. The numerous fishing- 
 junks, with their large, singularly-shaped, dark- 
 
NAGASAKI. 243 
 
 brown sails, had a very picturesque effect. On 
 the 4th January we arrived at Nagasaki, the 
 third largest town in Japan, situated at the head 
 of a long narrow bay. At the entrance is the 
 small sugar -loaf- shaped island of Pappenberg, 
 from the top of which, 200 years ago. Christians 
 were cast down a perpendicular height of about 
 100 feet. 
 
 On each side of the bay are numerous batteries, 
 the total armament of which amounts to 800 
 guns. Nagasaki cannot be compared with Yedo 
 in appearance or in cleanliness, and is not nearly 
 so large — not above one-tenth the size. There is 
 a pretty cemetery on a hillside behind the town, 
 not unlike the Paris Pere la Chaise. The dead 
 are buried in a sitting position, with the knees 
 tied together. Our next destination was the 
 mouth of the Woosung river, where we had a 
 narrow escape. We were here enveloped in a 
 thick fog, and cast anchor in five fathoms of water; 
 but after a time it began to blow very heavily, 
 and when the tide had fallen we suddenly bumped 
 with great violence against the bottom. We 
 immediately began to weigh anchor, but this 
 operation required some time, and meanwhile we 
 were subjected to five distinct and violent shocks. 
 
2zJ4 VISIT TO JAPAN. 
 
 We were in imminent danger of foundering, and 
 were only safe when we got up our anchor and 
 steamed into deep water. In this unpleasant 
 vicinity we remained for three days, when the fog 
 lifted, and we made our way to Shanghai. The 
 Granada's time was now up, and we were obliged 
 to leave her. We had been most kindly taken 
 care of by her commander, Captain Hazlewood, 
 an excellent sailor, and a good honest English- 
 man. We embarked on board the Formosa for 
 Hong - Kong, where we arrived on the 29th 
 January. On our way we picked up the long- 
 boat and crew of a ship called the Elizabeth, 
 which had foundered ten days ago when 300 miles 
 from Hong'Kong. The boat was in tow of a junk 
 which had come across them the same day as 
 ourselves. There was on board a Scotchman, 
 twelve Malays, and some Chinamen. One of the 
 latter died, and the rest of the crew were at 
 death's-door owing to hunger and thirst. 
 
 Towards the end of January 1861, I went to 
 inspect our newly-acquired promontory of Kow- 
 loon — which, by the new treaty, had been handed 
 formally over to us — and to settle on the measures 
 for putting it in a state of defence. The Hong- 
 Kong merchants wanted to obtain possession of 
 
SIR C. WOOD AND HIS DESPATCH. 245 
 
 all the best ground for their own purposes ; but of 
 course I insisted on the most advantageous posi- 
 tions being reserved as sites for the projected new- 
 barracks. 
 
 I received a letter from the Duke of Cambridge 
 desiring me to send back to India as many of the 
 native regiments as could be spared ; but, under 
 the circumstances, I could only dispense with the 
 Loodianah Regiment and the 21st Madras Native 
 Infantry — which were despatched to their respec- 
 tive Presidencies. The 60th Rifles were also 
 ordered to England, and Fane's Regiment to the 
 Punjaub. 
 
 I was offered the appointment of Commander- 
 in-Chief at Madras, which I gratefully accepted ; 
 and His Royal Highness very kindly allowed me 
 to take a run home for six months, which was a 
 great boon. I remember that, some time after- 
 wards, on my return to England, I was introduced 
 to Sir Charles Wood, the Secretary of State for 
 India, at a dinner given by the Duke. His 
 speech to me was : " I am happy to make your 
 acquaintance, but sorry to find you here." I 
 opened my eyes, and thought I had not heard him 
 properly ; but he added, " Did you not receive 
 my letter in China } " I replied that I had not. 
 
246 VISIT TO JAPAN. 
 
 Dinner was at this moment announced ; but he 
 afterwards took me aside and explained that he 
 had written, desiring me to take up my command 
 at once at Madras, where my presence was much 
 needed to assist in carrying out the scheme for 
 amalgamating the Queen's and East India Com- 
 pany's armies. By some fortunate " mischance " 
 I had never received the letter. What an un- 
 timely bit of paper it would have been ! I had 
 been for three hot seasons in succession under 
 canvas on active service during the Indian 
 Mutiny, followed by a campaign in China, and I 
 absolutely required a little setting up in my own 
 country before encountering the sultry atmosphere 
 of Madras.^ I was now made a G.C.B., which is 
 the highest military order in Great Britain, and 
 the Emperor of the French nominated me a 
 " Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour." 
 
 It gave me great delight to hear that Admiral 
 Hope had been made a K.C.B., as a finer, more 
 honourable man, or a greater ornament to his 
 profession, does not exist. 
 
 Sir John Michel now arrived at Hong-Kong : 
 
 1 The illness of which Sir Hope Grant died— March 7, 1875 — 
 originated from his long and trying service in India and China. — 
 H. K., March 15th. 
 
INTERVIEW WITH EMPEROR NAPOLEON. 247 
 
 I handed over to him the command of the troops ; 
 and on the i6th March I embarked on board the 
 Pekin for dear old England. On the 24th April 
 I arrived in Paris ; and there I had the honour 
 of being presented by our ambassador, Lord 
 Cowley/ to the Emperor Napoleon. We were 
 ushered into a room, where the great autocrat of 
 the world was sitting at a large table covered with 
 papers, in which he seemed profoundly immersed. 
 He rose at our entrance, and with a manner 
 totally unlike that of a Frenchman, came up to 
 me, and shook hands very cordially. After ad- 
 dressing to me some complimentary remarks, he 
 began speaking about the China campaign, and 
 said he thought it would have been desirable for 
 the allies to have put down the rebellion which 
 was devastating the empire ere they left the 
 country. We had a long conversation on this and 
 similar subjects, and he then rose, and we took 
 our departure. There was a stolid sober look 
 about his countenance, and he appeared to weigh 
 every sentence before he spoke. 
 
 [In some subsequent pages of Sir Hope Grant's 
 Journal, I find the following account of the next 
 
 1 Now Earl Cowley, K.G. ; G.C.B. 
 
y 
 
 248 VISIT TO JAPAN. 
 
 occasion when he was brought into personal 
 communication with members of the Bonaparte 
 family.— H. K.] 
 
 The Emperor Napoleon died at Chiselhurst on 
 the 9th January 1873 ; and considering that I had 
 taken part with his troops during the China war, 
 and that he had given me the Star and Order 
 of the Legion of Honour, I felt that it would be a 
 proper mark of respect which I owed to him to 
 attend his funeral. It took place on the 1 5th Janu- 
 ary; and at 9.30 A.M. on that day, accompanied 
 by my aide-de-camp, Barton,^ I showed my card 
 at Camden House, where the Imperial family re- 
 sided, and was at once admitted. I was presented 
 by Lord Sydney, the representative of her Majesty, 
 to the Due de Cambaceres, the late Emperor's 
 chamberlain. At eleven o'clock the coffin was 
 brought out, and placed in a hearse drawn by eight 
 horses, and on the top of the carriage were laid 
 several beautiful wreaths of camellias and violets. 
 The young Prince Imperial, as chief mourner, fol- 
 lowed in rear, together with some of the ladies 
 of the Imperial Court, general officers, and other 
 gentlemen. Amongst them was my old ally, De 
 Montauban, now Count Palikao, and Marshal 
 
 1 Captain, Coldstream Guards. 
 
FUNERAL OF THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON. 249 
 
 Canrobert, with his left arm in a sling. Marshal 
 MacMahon was not present. I was standing 
 speaking to Sir Linton Simmons,^ the Governor 
 of the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, 
 who had brought with him a number of Woolwich 
 cadets, friends of the Prince Imperial, who was 
 studying at the institution, when a well-dressed 
 man came up and asked for the names of the 
 young gentlemen who were to take part in the 
 procession. He then inquired of me in what 
 capacity I was present, and when I told him my 
 name, he took off his hat and said, " I am 
 proud to have the honour of seeing you. I was 
 formerly your brother's, Mr Grant's,^ whipper-in 
 when he kept the hounds in Perthshire : " for the 
 last seventeen years he had been stud-groom to 
 the late Emperor Napoleon. I then recognised 
 him as Mr Gaml^le, a person of great importance 
 at Chalons when I there attended the French 
 manoeuvres professionally. I inquired whether I 
 could obtain admission into the chapel ; and he 
 replied that probably this would be very difficult, 
 as there were a large number of followers who 
 would have the first right of entry ; at the same 
 
 ^ Lieut. -General Sir Linton Simmons, K.C.B. 
 2 Died 1873. 
 
250 VISIT TO JAPAN. 
 
 time he begged me to accept" his card of admis- 
 sion, of which I gladly availed myself. We fol- 
 lowed in the procession to the Roman Catholic 
 chapel, about half a mile distant, and the number 
 of people who had assembled to witness the 
 ceremony was marvellous. The greatest respect 
 and solemnity were manifested throughout. On 
 arriving at the chapel the coffin was taken out of 
 the hearse and covered with a purple-velvet pall, 
 on which were embroidered the imperial crown 
 and numerous bees ; it was then carried into the 
 chapel and surrounded by priests. Next began 
 the ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church, the 
 reading of prayers in Latin, the continual putting 
 the mitre on the head of Monsignor Goddart, the 
 principal priest, and taking it off again, the proces- 
 sion of priests round the coffin, sprinkling it with 
 what is called holy water, and enveloping it in a 
 mist of incense, as though to waft the spirit of the 
 dead into Paradise. After these ceremonies the 
 coffin was borne into a small adjacent vault with 
 grated doors. Every Roman Catholic present 
 then sprinkled holy water upon it. On leaving 
 the chapel, the Due de Cambac^res requested me 
 to be present at a levee which the Prince Imperial 
 was about to hold at Camden House. There I 
 
THE PRINCE IMPERIAL. 25 I 
 
 was presented by De Montauban to the young 
 Prince and to his cousin Prince Napoleon. The 
 former was much liked by tlie Woolwich cadets. 
 He afterwards went out to receive a deputation 
 of French peasants and artisans, who had come 
 over to attend the funeral. They appeared carry- 
 ing the tricolor on the branch of a tree ; and one 
 of them made an oration, which was followed by 
 vociferous cries of " Vive Napoleon IV. ! " " Vive 
 I'Empereur!" "Vive I'Angleterre ! " Shortly 
 afterwards the crowd dispersed. 
 
252 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 I. 
 
 Shanghai, 22d March i860. 
 Sir, — I have the honour to inform you, that with the 
 view of guarding against any delay which might take 
 place in the negotiations with the Chinese Government, 
 in the event of my being compelled from any cause to 
 quit China, the Queen has been graciously pleased to 
 grant to you (or the commander of her Majesty's land 
 forces in China for the time being), and to Rear- Admiral 
 James Hope (or the senior officer in command of her 
 Majesty's squadron for the time being), a full power, 
 authorising you to negotiate, either jointly or separately, 
 with the Ministers of the Emperor of China. 
 
 This full power has been transmitted to me, and I 
 have caused it to be placed in the archives of her 
 Majesty's Legation, where it will remain until the con- 
 tingency in which it is intended to be exercised shall 
 have arisen. — I have the honour, &c. 
 
 Frederick W. A. Bruce. 
 Lieutenant- General Sir J. Hope Grant, K.C.B. 
 
APPENDIX. 253 
 
 II. 
 
 Extracts from a Despatch from Sir Hope Grant to 
 the Secretary of State for War, reporting the Cap- 
 ture of the Peiho Forts. (See Chap. IV.) 
 
 Headquarters, Tang-ku, 
 24//^ August i860. 
 
 Sir, — I have the honour to report, that after the cap- 
 ture of Tang-ku on the 14th inst., I commenced bring- 
 ing up siege-guns and ammunition from Peh-tang, with a 
 view to the reduction of the uppermost fort on the left 
 bank of the Peiho, distant about two miles from Tang-ku. 
 The ground upon which it was necessary to advance 
 was mostly of a very difficult nature, and intersected 
 with broad and deep canals, used in the manufacture 
 of salt. 
 
 I placed Major-Gen eral Sir R. Napier in charge of 
 the advance, his division being quartered in Tang-ku. 
 Under his superintendence, bridges were thrown over 
 the ditches by Lieutenant-Colonel Mann, commanding 
 Royal Engineers ; and heavy guns,^ with a good supply 
 of ammunition, having been brought into Tang-ku, the 
 67th Regiment and one Armstrong battery were pushed 
 forward on the evening of the 19th to within 2000 
 yards, to cover the working parties making roads, 
 bridges, &c. 
 
 1 Two 32-pounders, two 8-inch howitzers, three 8-inch mortars. 
 
254 APPENDIX. 
 
 On the 20th, the road was made practicable to within 
 800 yards of the fort, batteries were traced, and the 
 heavy guns were brought out, ready to place in position 
 by daybreak on the following day. 
 
 The Chinese opened fire during the day, and were 
 replied to by Captain Milward's Armstrong guns at 
 2000 yards range with good effect, and the firing gradu- 
 ally ceased. During the night batteries were constructed 
 for the heavy guns and mortars, and for one field- 
 battery ; also for two 8- inch guns, which were brought 
 up with great exertions from Peh-tang during the night ; 
 and the whole were placed in position by daybreak on 
 the 2 1 St August. 
 
 It had been arranged with the Admiral that the gun- 
 boats should cross the bar that morning, and should 
 engage the outer north fort and the flank of the outer 
 south fort at the same time that the attack on the inner 
 north fort was commenced by the land forces. 
 
 At 5 A.M., however, the Chinese opened fire upon the 
 troops from all their forts within range, and we were 
 thus forced to reply an hour earlier than had been in- 
 tended. The artillery was disposed as follows : — 
 
 The storming party of infantry consisted of a wing 
 of the 44th, under Lieutenant-Colonel M'Mahon, and 
 a wing of the 67th, under Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas, 
 supported by the other wings of those two regiments 
 and the Royal Marines, under Lieutenant - Colonel 
 Gascoyne. A detachment of Royal Marines, under 
 
APPENDIX. 255 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Travers, carried a pontoon-bridge 
 for crossing the wet ditches ; and Major Graham, R.E., 
 conducted the attack. The whole were commanded by- 
 Brigadier Reeves. 
 
 The fire of the artillery was most effective ; the guns 
 of the fort (of which many were of very large calibre) 
 were speedily silenced; and at about 7 a.m. the magazine 
 blew up with a terrific explosion. A few minutes later 
 the magazine in the outer north fort was also exploded 
 by a shell from the gunboats. The field-guns were all 
 advanced to within 500 yards of the fort, and redoubled 
 their efforts, and a breach was commenced near the 
 gate. The fire of the fort having almost entirely ceased, 
 a portion of the storming party was advanced to within 
 30 yards, to open a musketry-fire, the French infantry 
 being on the right, the English on the left. The fire of 
 our artillery being thus partially compelled to slacken, 
 the enemy emerged from their cover, and opened a 
 heavy fire of musketry on our troops. The French 
 immediately pushed on to the salient next the river, 
 crossed the wet ditch in the most gallant manner, and 
 established themselves on the berm, from whence they 
 endeavoured to escalade the walls. This, however, 
 they were unable to effect, from the vigorous resistance 
 of the Chinese. The efforts of the sappers to lay down 
 the pontoon-bridge were unavailing, no less than 15 
 of the men carrying it being knocked over in one 
 instant, and one of the pontoons destroyed. 
 
 At this juncture Sir R. Napier caused the two 
 howitzers of Captain Govan's battery to be brought up 
 
256 APPENDIX. 
 
 to within 50 yards of the gate, in order more speedily 
 to create a breach ; and a space sufficient to admit one 
 man had just been made, when our storming party, now 
 joined by the wing of the 67th, under Colonel Knox, 
 which had partly crossed by the French bridge and 
 partly swam over, forced their way in by single file in 
 the most gallant manner, Lieutenant Rogers, 44th, and 
 Lieutenant Burslem, 67th, being the first to enter, when 
 they assisted the regimental colours of the 67th Regi- 
 ment, carried by Ensign Chaplin, who first planted 
 them on the breach, assisted by Private Lane, 67th 
 Regiment, and then carried them to the cavalier, which 
 he was the first to mount. At the same moment the 
 French effected their entrance, and the garrison was 
 driven back, step by step, and hurled, pell-mell, through 
 the embrasures on the opposite side. 
 
 Here the same obstacles which had impeded our 
 advance obstructed their retreat; in addition to two 
 wet ditches and two belts of pointed bamboo stakes, 
 there was swampy ground, and a third ditch and bank. 
 
 The storming parties opened a destructive fire on 
 them from the cavalier, and this was enhanced by the 
 canister of Captain Govan's guns, which had been 
 moved to the left of the fort for this purpose. The 
 ground outside the fort was literally strewn with the 
 enemy's dead and wounded. Three of the Chinese were 
 impaled on the stakes. A few fugitives reached the 
 outer north fort, which opened fire to cover their 
 retreat, and was answered by the Armstrong guns with 
 good effect. About an hour after this, the whole of the 
 
APPENDIX. 257 
 
 forts hauled down their war-banners, and hoisted flags 
 of truce. ...... 
 
 I have, &c., 
 
 J. Hope Grant, Lieut. -General, 
 
 Commander of the Foi'ces. 
 
 HI. 
 
 From Hon. F. Bruce, British Minister, China, 
 to Sir Hope Grant. 
 
 Shanghai, May 10, i860. 
 My dear Grant, — . . . 
 
 Montauban has deferred his departure [for Shantung] 
 till he hears from you. With the immediate arrival of 
 the ambassadors, I am not sorry at this. He is not 
 prepared to attack the forts, therefore no time is lost ; 
 and if the expedition advances on Shantung after the 
 ambassadors reach China, the Emperor will be dis- 
 abused of the idea that any change has taken place in 
 the policy of the two Governments. 
 
 You will hear from Chusan of the alarm produced 
 by inquiries into the taxation of the island. As the 
 place and inhabitants are poor, it would, in my opinion, 
 
 R 
 
258 APPENDIX. 
 
 be advisable to treat the island now as we did on our 
 former occupation/ and not raise taxes. Considering 
 the extent of China, and the importance of not being 
 driven elsewhere for supplies, we ought not to sacrifice 
 lightly the goodwill of the inhabitants, where they are 
 disposed to receive us in a friendly spirit. I hear that 
 Meritens has recommended the removal of the civil 
 mandarin, because he declines furnishing information as 
 to taxes. I should regret any such measure, as his 
 absence would render the task of administering the 
 island much more difficult. 
 
 • Perhaps the Earl ^ has left you for the north. If not, 
 pray show him this letter. I don't write to him, be- 
 cause I expect that he will have started for Shanghai. 
 
 I may mention that it is reported the Imperialists 
 have been beaten and compelled to raise the siege of 
 Nankin, and that fresh proposals for accommodation 
 are contemplated by the Chinese. I expect some such 
 move when the ambassadors arrive. 
 
 I Hke what I have seen of Janin.^ . . . 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 Frederick Bruce. 
 
 ^ In 1843. ^ His brother, Lord Elgin. 
 
 ^ The French envoy. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 259 
 
 IV. 
 
 {See page ^o.) 
 
 Recapitulation of the Return of Killed and Wounded 
 in the English Force during the attack on the Peiho 
 Forts, 2 1 St August i860. 
 
 
 Killed 
 or mortally 
 wounded. 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 Missing. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Officers, 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 Men, 
 
 22 
 
 158 
 
 
 
 180 
 
 Fredk. Stephenson, 
 D.A.G. 
 
 179 o 201 
 
 W. M. MuiR, D.I.G., 
 P.M.O. 
 
26o APPENDIX. 
 
 {See page 22^.)' 
 
 Heads of Convention between the English and the 
 Chinese, signed at Pekin, October 24, i860. 
 
 1. The Emperor of China expresses his deep regret 
 at the misunderstanding occasioned by the act of the 
 Taku garrison, 1859. 
 
 2. The EngHsh ambassador to be allowed to reside 
 at Pekin. 
 
 3. The Emperor of China to pay 8,000,000 taels in- 
 demnity to the British Government. 
 
 4. Tien-tsin to be open to British traders. 
 
 5. Permission to be granted to Chinese subjects to 
 take service with the British in their colonies or other 
 parts beyond sea. 
 
 6. Kowloon permanently ceded to the British. 
 
 7. Provisions of the treaty of 1858 to be carried into 
 effect. 
 
 8. The 1858 and the i860 treaty to be made public 
 throughout China. 
 
 9. Upon the exchange of ratifications of the 1858 
 treaty and the signature of the i860 convention, Chusan 
 to be evacuated, and British force before Pekin to com- 
 mence its march towards Tien-tsin, Taku, Shan-tung, 
 and Canton ; but at the option of the Queen a force 
 may be maintained at any of the above stations pending 
 the payment of the indemnity. 
 
APPENDIX. 26] 
 
 VI. 
 
 {See Chapter IV.) 
 
 Extract from a Despatch from Lord Herbert, Secre- 
 tary of State for War, to Sir Hope Grant, dated War 
 Office, loth November i860. 
 
 "Sir,—. ... I immediately laid before the 
 Queen those despatches in which you have ably de- 
 scribed the rapid and brilliant operations which fol- 
 lowed the landing of the allied forces at Peh-tang, and 
 which terminated in the capture of the forts both on the 
 north and south banks of the Peiho. 
 
 *' I have now received her Majesty's gracious orders 
 to express .to you her sense of the great service you 
 have rendered to the country, and her admiration of 
 the gallantry and discipline which have been signally 
 displayed by the troops under your command. . . . 
 
 " The Queen deeply deplores the inevitable loss inci- 
 dental to the achievement of this great success. . . . 
 
 " To yourself as commander-in-chief, to the generals 
 of divisions, to the brigadiers, and to all the officers and 
 men engaged, her Majesty tenders her warm and heart- 
 felt thanks." 
 
262 APPENDIX^ 
 
 VII. 
 
 Extract of a Despatch from Sir Hope Grant to Lord 
 Canning relating to the services of the two Sikh 
 Irregular Cavalry Regiments. 
 
 Headquarters, Tien-tsin, Nov. 21, i860. 
 
 My Lord, — The ist Sikh Irregular Cavalry, under 
 Major Probyn, and Fane's Horse under Captain Fane, 
 have performed their work most admirably. On more 
 than one occasion these regiments have been opposed 
 to, and have successfully charged, a vastly superior force 
 of the enemy's cavalry ; and their conduct in the field 
 excited the admiration of the French as well as of the 
 EngHsh troops. 
 
 It is not only on the field of battle that their services 
 have been so important during the recent campaign, 
 but in performing the numerous other duties required 
 of them of an infinitely more harassing nature — patrols, 
 escorts, reconnaissances, as well as the task of carrying 
 letters almost daily between Tien-tsin and Pekin (a 
 distance of 75 miles) for upwards of a month, during 
 which they were frequently fired upon — their services 
 have been of the utmost value to the expedition. I 
 beg to recommend Major Probyn and Captain Fane to 
 your Excellency's most favourable notice. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 
 J. Hope Grant, Lieiit.-General, 
 
 Commander of the Forces. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 263 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Proposed Distribution of British Troops when the army 
 marched from Pekin, November i860. 
 
 To remain at Tien- 
 tsin under Briga- 
 dier Staveley, 
 
 To Remain at 
 Shanghai, 
 
 2 y^ Batteries Royal Artillery. 
 
 I Company Royal Engineers. 
 
 Fane's Horse. 
 I Military Train. 
 \ 3 Line Regiments, 
 r y2 Battery Royal Artillery. 
 \ 2 Native Infantry Regiments. 
 
 Canton, 
 
 Hong-Kong, 
 
 Return to India, 
 
 li 
 
 Battery Royal Artillery. 
 99th Regiment. 
 3d Bombay N.I. 
 
 (I Battery Royal Artillery. 
 I Company Royal Engineers. 
 44th Regiment. 
 2 1 St Madras N.I. 
 
 (Madras Artillery. 
 Madras Sappers. 
 King's Dragoon Guards. 
 Probyn's Horse. 
 3 Punjaub Infantry Regiments. 
 
 To return to Eng- ( ^ S^"«"^= ^°y^' Artillery. 
 , , ^ I Company Royal Engineers. 
 
 V 4 Line Regiments. 
 
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 Vol. IV. How I Stood for the Dreepdaily Burghs.— First and Last.— The 
 Duke's Dilemma: A Chronicle of Niesenstein. — The Old Gentleman's Tee- 
 totum. — "Woe to us when we lose the Watery Wall." — My College 
 Friends : Charles Russell, the Gentleman Commoner. — The Magic Lay of 
 the One-Horse-Chay. 
 
 Vol. V. Adventiires in Texas. — How we got Possession of the Tuileries. — Cap- 
 tain Raton's Lament. — The Village Doctor. — A Singular Letter from 
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 Vol. VI. My Friend the Dutchman. — My College Friends — No. II. : Horace 
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 Vol. VII. My English Acquaintance. — The Murderer's Last Night, — Narra- 
 tion of Certain Uncommon Things that did formerly happen to Me, Her- 
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 Ben-na-Groich. 
 
 Vol. VIII. The Surveyors Tale. By Professor Ayton.— The Forrest-Race 
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 Vol. IX. Rosaura : A Tale of Madrid. — Adventure in the North-West Terri- 
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 liis Princess. — The Beauty Draught. 
 
 Vol, X. Antonio di Carara, — The Fatal Repast,— The Vision of Cagliostro.— 
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 Vol. XI. The Natohan Story-Teller.— The First and Last Crime.— John Rin- 
 toul. — Major Moss. — The Premier and his Wife. 
 
 Vol. XII, Tickler among the Thieves ! — The Bridegroom of Bama.— The 
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 Strath-Lugas.- A Few Words on Social Philosophy. 
 
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 ' ' Mr Blackmore 's book is in our opinion a genuine success, one of the few 
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WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 
 
 Lilias Lee, and other Poems. 
 
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 " What we have often stated in these columns we now repeat, that the book 
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 The Bock of Ballads, 
 
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 otherwise the book will be revised throughout. 
 
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WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 9 
 
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 an Appendix on the Ventilation of Ships, Steamboats, and Railway Car- 
 riages. By Eobert Scott Burn, Engineer. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 The History of Scotland : 
 
 From Agricola's Invasion to the Extinction of the last Jacobite Insurrection. 
 By John Hill Burton, Historiographer-Royal for Scotland. New and 
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 "A book pleasant to look at and pleasant to read — pleasant from its rich 
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 The Cairngorm Mountains. 
 
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 Religion in Common Life: 
 
 A Sermon preached in Crathie Church, October 14, 1855, before Her 
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ro LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Autobiography of the Rev. Dr Alexander Carlyle, 
 
 Minister of Inveresk. Containing Memorials of the Men and Events of 
 his Time. Edited by John Hill Burton. In 8vo. Third Edition, with 
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 "This book contains by far the most vivid picture of Scottish life and man- 
 ners that has been given to the public since the days of Sir Walter Scott. In 
 bestowing upon it this high praise, we make no exception, not even in favour 
 of Lord Cockburn's Memorials — the book which resembles it most, and which 
 ranks next to it in interest." — Edinburgh Review. 
 
 ' ' A more delightful and graphic picture of the everyday life of our ancestors 
 it has never been our good fortune to meet with." — National Review. 
 
 A Treasury of the English and German Languages. 
 
 Compiled from the best Authors and Lexicographers in both I^anguages. 
 Adapted to the Use of Schools, Students, Travellers, and Men of Business ; 
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 Captain Clutterbuck's Champagne. 
 
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 The Punjab and Delhi in i^^^j : • 
 
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 saved and delhi recovered during the indian mutiny. by the 
 Rev. J. Cave-Brown, Chaplain of the Punjab Movable Column. With 
 Plans of the Chief Stations and of the different Engagements, and Portraits 
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 Coquet-Dale Fishing Songs. 
 
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WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. II 
 
 Sporting Days. 
 
 By Jolin Colquhoun, Author of ' The Moor and the Loch, ' &c. Crown 
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 Salmon-Casts and Stray Shots. 
 
 Being Fly-leaves from the Note-Book of John Colquhoun, Esq., Author of 
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 The Coming Race. 
 
 Ninth Edition, crown Svo, 6s. 
 
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 Venus and Psyche, 
 
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 terror and tenderness. His minor poems are most of them beautiful, and some 
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 The Genesis of the Church. 
 
 By the Right Eev. Henry Cotterill, D.D., Bishop of Edinburgh. 
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 "His book breathes the spirit and is stamped with the character of the 
 present age. It requires, and will amply repay, the most careful and attentive 
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 succession. ' ' — Literary Churchman. 
 
12 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BV 
 
 Chronicles of Carlingford. 
 
 Saiem Chapel. 2S. in boards, or 2S. 6d. in cloth. 
 
 The Rector, and the Doctor's Family, is. in boards, or is. 6d. in cloth. 
 
 The Perpetual Curate. 2S. in boards, or 2S. 6d. in cloth. 
 
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 The Fatherhood of God: 
 
 Considered in its General and Special Aspects, and particularly in relation 
 to the'Atonement ; with a Review of Recent Speculations on the Subject. 
 By Thomas J. Crawford, D.D. Third Edition, revised and enlarged, with 
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 so fully, and maintains so forcibly, and on a Scriptural basis, the views of one 
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 The Doctrine of Holy Scripture respecting the 
 
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 University of Edinburgh. 8vo, 12s. 
 
 "This addition to the latest contributions to the elucidation of the doctrine 
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 analyses the teachings, not only of the apostles, but of all Scriptural authors on 
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 The Mysteries of Christia^iity, 
 
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WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. ^3 
 
 yapan : 
 
 Being a Sketch of the History, Government, and Officers of the Empire. 
 
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 '• Mr Dixon's work gives a general account of the History of Christianity in 
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 . . . . His work is the most valuable one that has yet appeared." — Quar- 
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 A Fmnily Tour round the Coasts of Spain and 
 
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 Essays. 
 
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14 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Works of George Eliot. Library Edition, 
 
 Adam Bede. 2 vols., fcap. 8vo, 12s. 
 
 The Mill on the Floss. 2 vols., fcap. 8vo, 12s. 
 
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 Wise, Witty, and Tender Sayings, 
 
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WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 1 5 
 
 The Education {Scotland) Act, 1872. 
 
 With Introduction, Explanatory Notes, and Index. By Alexander Craig 
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 Essays on Social Subjects, 
 
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 * ' ' May be regarded in some respects as a Constitutional Manual. " — Standard. 
 
 Institutes of Metaphysic : 
 
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 Lectures on the Early Greek Philosophy, 
 
 AND OTHER PHILOSOPHIC REMAINS OF PROFESSOR FERRIER OF St 
 
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 our part, we do not know any philosophical writings so fascinating to a young 
 student of philosophy as these early pages." — Scotsmari. 
 
 B 
 
l6 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Field' Map y Lothians Htmt ; 
 
 with List of the Meets and Distances from General Post-Office, Edinburgh, 
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 History of Greece under Foreign Domination, 
 
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 £t-, 7s. 6d. 
 
 MedicBval Greece and Trebizond. The History of Greece, from its Con- 
 quest by the Crusaders to its Conquest by the Turks, a.d. 1204 to 1566 ; 
 and the History of the Empire of Trebizond, a.d. 1204 to 1461. 12s. 
 
 Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination. A.D. 1453 to 1821. 
 los. 6d. 
 
 History of the Greek Revolution. 2 vols. 8vo, £x, 4s. 
 
 The Philosophy of History in Europe. 
 
 Vol. I., containing the History of that Philosophy in France and Germany, 
 By Robert Flint, Professor of Moral Philosophy and Political Economy, 
 University of St Andrews. Bvo, 15s. 
 
 Flowers frotn Fatherland in English Soil. 
 
 Translations from the German by John Pitcaim Trotter; A. Mercer 
 Adams, M.D. ; and George Coltman, M.A. Crown Bvo, 6s. 
 
 "A volume of translations that may be heartily recommended for their rare 
 excellence." — London Quarterly Review. 
 
 "This is a very elegant volume of poems. The translations are good in 
 most cases, spirited often, and readable always. And it is as gratifying as it is 
 astonishing to mark the ease and elegance with which some of Heine's perfect 
 gems are placed in their English setting." — Illustrated London News. 
 
 The Campaign of Garibaldi in the Two Sicilies : 
 
 A Personal Narrative. By diaries Stuart Forbes, Commander, R.N. 
 Post 8vo, with Portraits, 12s. 
 
 "A volume which contains the best sketch hitherto published of the campaign 
 which put an end to Bourbon rule in the Two Sicilies. It is accompanied 
 with plans of the chief battles ; and its honest unexaggerated record contrasts 
 very favourably with the strained and showy account of the Garibaldians just 
 pubhshed by M. Dumas." — Examiner. 
 
 Geological and Palceontological Map of the British 
 
 Islands, including Tables of the Fossils of the different Epochs, &c. &c., 
 from the Sketches and Notes of Professor Edward Forbes. With Illustra- 
 tive and Explanatory Letterpress. 21s. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 17 
 
 Earl's De7ie. A Novel. 
 
 By R. E. Francillon. 3 vols, post 8vo, 31s. 6d. 
 
 A Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, 
 
 Comprising an ample Vocabulary of Gaelic Words, and Vocabularies of 
 Latin and English Words, with their Translation into Gaelic, to which is 
 prefixed a Compendium of Gaehc Grammar. Compiled and published 
 under the Direction of the Highland Society of Scotland. 2 vols, quarto, 
 cloth, ^5, 5s. 
 
 The Novels of John Gait, 
 
 Annals of the Parish. 
 
 The Provost. 
 
 Sir Andrew Wylie. 
 
 The Entail, or the Lairds of Grippy. 
 
 4 vols. fcap. 8vo, 2s. each. 
 
 The Gardener: 
 
 A Magazine of Horticulture and Floriculture. Edited by 
 David Thomson, Author of ' A Practical Treatise on the Culture of the 
 Pine-Apple,' 'The Handy Book of the Flower-Garden, ' &c. ; Assisted by a 
 Staff of the best practical Writers. Published Monthly, 6d. 
 
 Publications of the General Assembly of tJu 
 
 Church of Scotland. 
 1. — Family Prayers. 
 
 Authorised by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. A 
 
 New Edition, crown 8vo, in large type. 4s. 6d. 
 Another Edition, crown Bvo. 2s. 
 2. — Prayers for Social and Family Worship. 
 
 For the Use of Soldiers, Sailors, Colonists, and Sojourners in India, and 
 
 other persons, at home and abroad, who are deprived of he ordinary 
 
 services of a Christian Ministry. Second Edition, crown Bvo, 4s. Cheap 
 
 Edition, is. 6d. 
 3.— The Scottish Hymnal. 
 
 Hymns for Public Worship, Published for Use in Churches by 
 
 Authority of the General Assembly. 
 
 various sizes— viz. : 
 
 1. Large type, cloth, red edges, is. 6d. ; French morocco, 2s. 6d. ; 
 
 calf, 6s. 
 
 2. Bourgeois type, cloth, red edges, is. ; French morocco, 2s. 
 
 3. Minion type, Hmp cloth, 6d. ; French morocco, is. 6d. 
 
 4. School Edition, in paper cover, 2d. 
 
 No. I, bound with the Psalms and Paraphrases, cloth, 3s. ; French 
 
 morocco, 4s. 6d. ; calf, 7s. 6d. 
 No. 2, bound with the Psalms and Paraphrases, cloth, 2s. ; French 
 morocco, 3s. 
 4.— The Scottish Hymnal, with Music. 
 
 Selected by the Corranittees on Hymns and on Psalmody. The har- 
 monies arranged by V^ H. Monk, cloth, is. 6d. ; French morocco. 3s. 
 6d. The same in the Tonic Sol-fa Notation, is. 6d. and 3s. 6d. 
 Another Edition, with fixed Tune for each Hymn, cloth, 3s. 6d. 
 and 4s. 6d. ; French morocco, 6s. 6d. 
 
l8 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 The Principles and Practice of the Law of Trusts 
 
 and Trustees in Scotland, with Notes and Illustrations from the Law of 
 England. By Charles Forsyth, Esq., Advocate and Barrister-at-Law. 
 8vo, i8s. 
 
 Idylls and Lyrics. 
 
 By "William Forsyth, Author of * Kelavane,' &c. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 "This is a little volume of unpretending but genuine poetry." — Standard. 
 
 "Good poetry is not so common a commodity nowadays that it should be 
 passed over without special mark. When found, it should be brought to light 
 that it may be admired. It is for this reason tliat special attention is here called 
 to a little volume of ' Idylls and Lyrics, ' by Mr William Forsyth. . . . Mr 
 Forsyth is a poet. There is genuine music in almost every line he writes. He 
 sees what most men fail to see ; he hears what most men fail to hear ; and he 
 writes with a felicity of style that few men can equal. In all this volume there 
 is scarcely a page which does not teem with beauties — all the more beautiful 
 that while they want not in vigour and in fineness of perception, they are simple 
 and clear to every reader." — Scotsman. 
 
 Introductory Addresses 
 
 Delivered at the Opening of the University of Glasgow, Session 1870-71. 
 With a Prefatory Notice of the new Buildings by Professor Allan 
 Thomson, M.D. ; and Photograph of the University. Small 4to, 4s. 6d. ; 
 small Paper Edition without Photograph, 2s. 6d. 
 
 The S^cbaltern. 
 
 By G. R. Gleig, M.A., Chaplain - General of Her Majesty's Forces. 
 Originally published in 'Blackwood's Magazine.' Library Edition. 
 Revised and Corrected, with a New Preface. Crown Bvo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 "Originally published in 'Blackwood's Magazine' in 1825, it was at once 
 received with favour, and the present generation of readers will no doubt en- 
 dorse the verdict of their fathers, and find pleasure in reading Mr Gleig's faith- 
 ful and picturesque account of his boyish campaign. The volume, though as 
 interesting as any novel, is in all respects the actual record of its author's own 
 experience, and it is in fact the day-to-day journal of a young officer who 
 embarked at Dover with his battalion in 1813, joined Lord Wellington's army 
 a few days before the storming of San Sebastian, just as the French, under 
 Soult, were being driven back through the Pyrenees on to their own soil, and 
 had his share ol the fighting on the Bidassoa. . . . We must not omit to 
 notice the new preface which gives an additional interest to the present issue 
 of ' The Subaltern, ' and which recounts the present-day aspect of the tract of 
 country where were fought the last battles of the Peninsular War. There is 
 something touching in the old clergyman thus going over the ground he trod 
 sixty years ago as a young soldier, full of military ardour, and recognising 
 the cities and the soil on which were acted the glorious and unforgotten scenes 
 in which he bore a hero's part." — The Times. 
 
 On the Influence exerted by the Mind over the 
 
 Body, IN THE Production and Removal of Morbid and Anom- 
 alous Conditions of the Animal Economy. By John Glen, M.A. 
 Crown 8vo, as. 6d. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. I9 
 
 Goethe s Faust. 
 
 Translated into English Verse by Theodore Martin. Second Edition, 
 
 post 8vo, 6s. 
 Cheap Edition, fcap., 3s. 6d. 
 "The best translation of ' Faust ' in verse we have yet had in England."— 
 Spectator. 
 
 "Mr Theodore Martin's translation is unquestionably the best in the lan- 
 guage, and will give to English readers a fair idea of the greatest of modern 
 poems." — Press. 
 
 Poems and Ballads of Goethe, 
 
 Translated by Professor Ayton and Theodore Martin. Second Edition, 
 fcap. 8vo, 6s. 
 
 " There is ho doubt that these are the best translations of Goethe's marvel- 
 lously-cut gems which have yet been published." — The Times. 
 
 A Walk across Africa; 
 
 Or, Domestic Scenes from my Nile Journal. By James Augustus Grant, 
 Captain H.M. Bengal Army, Fellow and Gold Medallist of the Royal 
 Geographical Society. 8vo, with Map, 15s. 
 "Captain Grant's frank, manly, unadorned narrative." — Daily News. 
 "Captain Grant's book will be doubly interesting to those who have read 
 Captain Speke's. He gives, as his special contribution to the story of their 
 three years' walk across Africa, descriptions of birds, beasts, trees, and plants, 
 and all that concerns them, and of domestic scenes throughout the various 
 regions. The book is written in a pleasant, quiet, gentlemanly style, and is 
 characterised by a modest tone. . . . The whole work is delightful read- 
 ing." — Globe. 
 
 Memoirs and Adventur.es of Sir William Kirkaldy 
 
 of Grange, Governor of the Castle of Edinburgh for Mary Queen of Scots. 
 By James Grant. Post Svo, los. 6d. 
 
 "It is seldom, indeed, that we find history so written, in a style at once 
 vigorous, perspicuous, and picturesque. The author's heart is thoroughly with 
 his subject." — Blackwood' s Magazine. 
 
 Memoirs and Adventures of Sir John Hepburn^ 
 
 Marshal of France under Louis XIII,, &c. By James Grant. Post 
 Svo, Bs. 
 
 Memorials of the Castle of Edinburgh. 
 
 By James Grant. A New Edition. In crown Svo, with 12 Engravings, 
 
 23. 
 
 " Of the different books of this nature that have fallen in our way, we do not 
 remember one that has equalled Mr Grant's ' Memorials of the Castle of Edin- 
 burgh. '" — Spectator. 
 
20 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Symbolisvi ; 
 
 OR, Mind, Matter, and Language as the Necessary Elements 
 OF Thinking and Reasoning. By James Haig, M.A. Crown 8vo, 
 
 I2S. 
 
 " The book is in reality a popular exposition of philosophy and philosophical 
 systems expressed in the clearest language. . . . The author occasionally 
 displays considerable originality and ingenuity in his investigations. . . . 
 He seems to suggest that philosophy and theology should go hand in hand. 
 . . . Here we must take leave of this sturdy thinker with some admiration 
 of his bold ideas and careful research. . . . The general reader will gather 
 with little trouble from his pages some of the flowers of philosophical literature. " 
 — Examiner. 
 
 Wenderholme : 
 
 A Story of Lancashire and Yorkshire Life. By Philip Gilbert 
 Hamerton, Author of ' A Painter's Camp, ' &c. 3 vols, post 8vo, 
 ;^'i, IIS. 6d. 
 
 Lectures on Metaphysics. 
 
 By Sir William Hamilton, Bart. , Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in 
 the University of Edinburgh. Edited by the Rev. H. L. Mansel, B.D., 
 LL.D., Dean of St Paul's; and Jolm Veitch, M.A., Professor of Logic 
 and Rhetoric, Glasgow. Fifth Edition. 2 vols. 8vo, 24s. 
 
 Lectures on Logic. 
 
 By Sir William Hamilton, Bart. Edited by Professors Mansel and 
 Veitcli. Second Edition. In 2 vols., 24s. 
 
 Discussions on Philosophy and Literature, 
 
 Education, and University Reform. By Sir William Hamilton, 
 Bart. Third Edition. Svo, 21s. 
 
 Memoir of Sir William Hamilton., Bart., 
 
 Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. By 
 Professor Veitch of the University of Glasgow. Svo, with Portrait, iSs. 
 
 " No better piece of philosophical biography has hitherto been produced in 
 this country," — North British Review. 
 
 " Professor Veitch has succeeded in blending the domestic with the intel- 
 lectual life of Sir W. Hamilton in one graphic picture, as biographers rarely 
 do succeed." — Saturday Review. 
 
 " Hamilton's was a heroic life, and Professor Veitch has told it aifectionately, 
 truly, and well." — Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 Annals of the Peninsular Campaigns. 
 
 By Captain Thomas Hamilton. A New Edition Edited by F. Hardman, 
 Svo, i6s. Atlas of Maps to illustrate the Campaigns. 12s. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 21 
 
 Men and Manners in America. 
 
 By Captain Thomas Hamilton. With Portrait of the Author. Fcap., 
 7S. 6d. 
 
 The Operations of War Explained and Illustrated, 
 
 By Edward Bruce Hamley, Colonel in the Royal Artillery, Companion of 
 the Bath, Commandant of the Staff College, &c. 3d Edition, 4to, with 
 numerous Illustrations, 30s. 
 " Colonel Hamley's treatise on the 'Operations of War' is, we do not hesi- 
 tate to say, the best that has been written in the English language." — The 
 Times. 
 
 ' ' On all matters relating to the practice of the profession it forms the most 
 perfect book of reference that has been pubUshed." — United Setvice Magazine. 
 
 The Story of the Campaign of Sebastopol. 
 
 Written in the Camp. By Col. E. Bruce Hamley. With Illustrations drawn 
 in Camp by the Author. 8vo, 21s. 
 
 "We strongly recommend this ' Story of the Campaign' to all who would 
 gain a just comprehension of this tremendous struggle. Of this we are perfectly 
 sure, it is a book unlikely to be ever superseded. Its truth is of that simple 
 and startling character which is sure of an immortal existence ; nor is it paying 
 the gallant Author too high a compliment to class this masterpiece of mihtary 
 history with the most precious of those classic records which have been bequeath- 
 ed to us by the great writers of antiquity who took part in the wars they have 
 described." — The Press. 
 
 Wellington's Career; 
 
 A Military and Political Summary. By Col. E. Bruce Hamley. Crown 
 
 8V0, 2S. 
 
 Lady 
 
 Lees Widowhood, 
 
 By Col. E. Bruce Hamley. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 ' ' A quiet humour, an easy, graceful style, a deep, thorough, confident know- 
 ledge of human nature in its tjetter and more degrading aspects, a delicate and 
 exquisite appreciation of womanly character, an admirable faculty of description, 
 and great tact, are the qualities that command the reader's interest and respect 
 from beginning to end of ' Lady Lee's Widowhood.' " — The Times. 
 
 Our Poor Relations. 
 
 A Philozoic Essay. By Col. E. Bruce Hamley. With Illustrations, chiefly 
 by Ernest Griset. Crown Svo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d. 
 
 ' ' This is a charming little book, such as may be read through in half an 
 hour ; nor would it be easy to spend half an hour more pleasantly, or indeed to 
 more profit. Slowly, very slowly indeed, but still by a sure progress, we are 
 struggling out of the merely selfish and masterful view of the relations between 
 ourselves and the lower animals ; and Colonel Hamley's Essay, with its wide, 
 kindly sympathies and deUcate fancy, will help it on." — Spectator. 
 
22 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 The Position on the Alma. 
 
 In Seven Sketches from the Field on the Day after the Battle. By Col. E. 
 Bruce Hamley. Cloth, 53. 
 
 A New Sea and an Old Land ; 
 
 Being Papers suggested by a Visit to Egypt at the end of 1869. By Gene- 
 ral W. G-. Hamley. 8vo, with coloured Illustrations, los. 6d. 
 "Such are the contrasts the book deals with, handling them in a style that 
 is not only pleasant but picturesque ; and those who care to have ancient Egypt 
 made easy will attain their object with the smallest possible expenditure of 
 temper and trouble by placing themselves under his guidance." — Saturday 
 Review. 
 
 Handy Book of Laws 
 
 Chiefly Affecting Scotland. Abridged and plainly stated for gene- 
 ral use. By an Ex-Sheriff-Substitute. Sewed, 6d. 
 
 The Hajtdy Horse-Book ; 
 
 Or, Practical Instructions in Riding, Driving, and the General Care and 
 Management of Horses. By " Magenta." A New Edition, with 6 Engrav- 
 ings, 4s, 6d. 
 "As cavalry officer, hunting horseman, coach-proprietor, whip, and steeple- 
 chase-rider, the author has had long and various experience in the management 
 of horses, and he now gives us the cream of his information." — AthencBum. 
 
 "He propounds no theories, but embodies in simple untechnical language 
 what he has learned practically." — Sporting Gazette. 
 
 A Glossary of Navigation. 
 
 Containing the Definitions and Propositions of the Science, Explanation of 
 Terms, and Description of Instruments. By the Rev. J. B. Harbord, M. A., 
 Assistant Director of Education, Admiralty. Crown Bvo. Illustrated with 
 Diagrams, 6s. 
 
 Definitions and Diagrams in Astronomy and 
 
 Navigation. By the Rev. J. B. Harbord, M.A. is. 6d. 
 
 Short Sermons for Hospitals and Sick Seamen. 
 
 By the Eev. J. B. Harbord, M.A. Fcap. Bvo, cloth, 4s. 6d. 
 
 Scenes and Adventures in Central America. 
 
 Edited by Frederick Hardman. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 Poems. By the Lady Flora Hastings. 
 
 Edited by Her Sister, the late Marchioness of Bute. Second Edition, 
 with a Portrait. Fcap., 7s. 6d. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 2$ 
 
 Works of D. R. Hay, F.R.S.E. 
 
 A Nomenclature of Colours applicable to the Arts and 
 
 Natiiral Sciences, to Manufactures, and other purposes of General 
 
 Utility. 228 examples of Colours, Hues, Tints, and Shades. 8vo, ,^3, 3s. 
 The Laws of Harmonious Colouring. Adapted to Interior 
 
 Decorations ; with^ Observations on the Practice of House - Painting. 
 
 Post Svo, 6s. 6d. 
 The Geometric Beauty of the Human Figure Defined. To 
 
 which is prefixed a System of .Esthetic Proportion. Applicable to 
 
 Architecture and the other Formative Arts. 16 Plates. Royal 4to, 30s. 
 The Harmonic Law of Nature applied to Architectural 
 
 Design. 8 Plates. Royal Svo, boards, 2s. 6d. 
 The Orthographic Beauty of the Parthetwn referred to a Law 
 
 of Nature. 12 Plates. Royal Svo, sewed, ss. 
 The Natural Principles of Beauty, as developed in the 
 
 Human Figure. 5 Plates. Royal Svo, sewed, 5s. 
 The Scietice of Beauty, as developed in Nature, and applied 
 
 in Art. 23 Plates. Royal Svo, cloth, los. 6d. 
 The Natural Principles and Analogy of the Harmony of Form. 
 
 18 Plates and numerous Woodcuts. 4to, 15s. 
 Proportion, or the Geometric Principle of Beauty analysed. 
 
 17 Plates and 38 Woodcuts. 4to, 25s. 
 Original Geometrical Diaper Designs. Accompanied by an 
 
 Attempt to develop and elucidate the true Principles of Ornamental 
 
 Design, as applied to the Decorative Arts. 57 Plates and numerous 
 
 Woodcuts. Oblong folio, 42s. 
 
 The Principles of Beauty in Colouring Systematised. 14 Col- 
 oured Diagrams. 2d Edition. Svo, 15s. 
 
 First Principles of Symmetrical Beauty. 100 Plates. Post 
 8vo, 6s. 
 
 On the Science of those Proportions by which the Human 
 Head and Countenance, as represented in ancient Greek Art, are dis- 
 tinguished from those of ordinary Nature. 25 Plates. Royal 4to, 36s. 
 
 The Works of the Right Rev. Bishop Hay, 
 
 of Edmburgh. Together with a Memoir of the Author, and Portrait 
 engraved from the Painting at the College of Blairs. Edited under the 
 supervision of the Right Rev. Bishop Strain. A New Edition, in 5 
 vols. Crown 8vo, 21s. 
 "Able and original work." — London Scotsman. 
 
 " There is a good deal of original thought in this work. . . . There is 
 hardly a chapter which does not contain something that may be termed sug- 
 gestive." — John Bull. 
 
24 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Bishop Hay on Miracles. 
 
 The Scripture Doctrine of Miracles Displayed, in which they are impartially 
 examined and explained, according to the Light of Revelation and the 
 Principles of Sound Reason. By the Right Rev. Dr George Hay, Bishop 
 of Edinburgh. 2 vols, crown 8vo, los. 6d. 
 
 The Poems of Felicia Hemans. 
 
 Complete in One Volume, Royal 8vo, with Portrait by Finden, Cheap 
 Edition, 5s. Another Edition, with Memoir by her Sister, Seven Volumes, 
 fcap., 35s. Another Edition, in Six Volumes, cloth, gilt edges, 155. 
 The same 6 vols, bound in 3, 12s. 6d., or cloth, extra gilt edges, 153. 
 The following Works of Mrs Hemans are sold separately, bound in cloth, 
 gilt edges, 4s. each : — 
 
 Records of Woman. 
 Forest Sanctuary. 
 Songs of the Affections. 
 
 Dramatic Works. 
 
 Tales and Historic Scenes. 
 
 Moral and Religious Poems. 
 
 Select Poems of Mrs Hemans, 
 
 In One Vol., fcap. 8vo, 3s. 
 
 Memoir of Mrs Hemans. 
 
 By her Sister. With a Portrait, fcap. Svo, 5s. 
 
 The Practice in the Several fudicatories of the 
 
 Church of Scotland. By Alexander Hill, D.D. Sixth Edition, Revised 
 and Enlarged. Fcap. Svo, 4s. 
 
 A Book about Roses^ 
 
 how to grow and show them. By S. Reynolds Hole, Author of * A 
 Little Tour in Ireland.' Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 "It is the production of a man who boasts of thirty 'all England' cups, 
 whose Roses are always looked for anxiously at flower-shows, who took the 
 lion's share in originating the first Rose-show pur et simple, whose assistance 
 as judge or amicus curice is always courted at such exhibitions. Such a man 
 'ought to have something to say worth hearing to those who love the Rose,' 
 and he has said it." — Gardeners^ Chronicle, 
 
 "We cordially recommend the book to every amateur who wishes to grow 
 Roses as at once the pleasantest and the best yet written on the subject." — 
 The Field. 
 
 ' ' A very captivating book, containing a great deal of valuable information 
 about the Rose and its culture, given in a style which cannot fail to please. ■" — 
 Journal of Horticulture. 
 
 The Six of Spades : 
 
 A Book about the Garden and the Gardener. By the Rev. S. Reynolds 
 Hole, Author of 'A Book About Roses,' &c. Crown Svo, "^s. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 25 
 
 Homer'' s Odyssey and Iliad. 
 
 Translated into English Verse in the Spenserian Stanza. By P. S. Wors* 
 ley, M.A., Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford; and John Coning- 
 ton, M.A., Corpus Professor of Latin in the University of Oxford. 4 vols, 
 crown 8vo, 39s. 
 
 " If the translator has produced a work which, having caught the spirit of 
 the poem, can delight those to whom the original is a sealed book, he can de- 
 sire no higher praise : and this praise belongs justly to Mr Worsley. . . . 
 He has placed in the hands of English readers a poem which deserves to out- 
 live the present generation. " — Edinburgh Review. 
 
 "We assign it, without hesitation, the first place among existing English 
 translations." — Westminster Review. 
 
 The Odes and Epodes of Horace, 
 
 A Metrical Translation into English, with Latin Text, Introduction, and 
 Commentaries. By Lord Lytton. Crown 8vo, 14s. 
 
 Mary Queen of Scots 
 
 AND HER Accusers. By John Hosack, Barrister-at-Law. This work 
 contains the ' Book of Articles ' produced against Queen Mary at West- 
 minster, which has never hitherto been printed. A New and Enlarged 
 Edition, with a Photograph from the Bust on the Tomb in Westminster 
 Abbey. 2 vols. 8vo, ^^i, iis. 6d. 
 
 " A careful study of Mr Hosack's book will show that he has explicitly or 
 implicitly answered every one of the fifteen arguments in the famous Note L. 
 of Hume's History of this reign." — Quarterly Review. 
 
 "Whatever surmises may be formed about Mary's knowledge or assent, 
 there can now be no doubt that the murder was contrived, not by Mary, but by 
 her accusers." — Scotsman. 
 
 ' ' He has confuted those who, by brilliant writing and a judicious selection 
 of evidence, paint the Queen of Scots as an incarnate fiend, and who are dra- 
 matic poets rather than historians." — The Times. 
 
 A Treatise on the Conflict of Laws of England 
 
 and Scotland. By John Hosack, of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at- 
 Law. 8vo, I OS. 6d. 
 
 Decisions of the Court of Session, 1781-1822. 
 
 Collected by David Hume, Esq., Professor of the Law of Scotland in the 
 University of Edinburgh. 4to, boards, ;^3, 3s. 
 
 Ballads from the German, 
 
 By Henry Inglis. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. 
 
 Marican, and other Poems, 
 
 By Henry Inglis. Svo. 8s. 
 
26 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 The Law of Creeds in Scotland. 
 
 A Treatise on the Legal Relation of Churches in Scotland, Established and 
 not Established, to their Doctrinal Confessions. By A. T. Innes. 8vo, 
 cloth, 15s. 
 
 Historical Record of the jqth Regiment of Foot, 
 
 Or Cameron Highlanders. By Captain Robert Jameson, H.P. 
 Depot Battalion, late Quartermaster 79th Highlanders. Crown 8vo, 
 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Mother's Legacie to her Unborne Childe, 
 
 By Mrs Elizaheth Joceline. Edited by the Very Rev. Principal Lee. 
 
 Cloth, gilt edges, 32mo, 4s. 6d. Also in morocco antique, 8s. 6d. 
 "This beautiful and touching \.^gzs::\Q." —Athenceum. 
 
 "A delightful monument of the piety and high feeling of a truly noblf 
 mother.". — Morning Advertiser. 
 
 The Scots Musical Museum. 
 
 Consisting of upwards of Six Hundred Songs, with proper Basses for the 
 Pianoforte. Originally published by James Johnson ; and now accompanied 
 with Copious Notes and Illustrations of the Lyric Poetry and Music of 
 Scotland, by the late "William Stenhouse; with additional Notes and 
 Illustrations, by David Laing and C. K. Sharp. 4 vols. 8vo, Roxburghe 
 ' binding, £2, 12s. 6d. 
 
 The Royal Atlas of Modern Geography. 
 
 In a Series of entirely Original and Authentic Maps. By A. Keith 
 Johnston, P.R.S.E., F.R.G.S., Author of the ' Physical Atlas, ' &c. With 
 a complete Index of easy reference to each Map, comprising nearly 150,000 
 Places contained in this Atlas. Imperial Folio, half-bound in russia or 
 morocco, _;^5, 15s. 6d. ; or with General Index in a separate volume, Svo, 
 both half-bound morocco, £(>, los. Each Plate may be had separately 
 with its Index, 3s. Dedicated by special permission to Her Majesty. 
 
 "Of the many noble atlases prepared by Mr Johnston and published by 
 Messrs Blackwood and Sons, this Royal Atlas will be the most useful to the 
 public, and will deserve to be the most popular." — Athenceum. 
 
 " We know no series of maps which we can more warmly recommend. The 
 accuracy, wherever we have attempted to put it to the test, is really astonish- 
 ing." — Saturday /Review. 
 
 ' • The culmination of all attempts to depict the face of the world appears in 
 the Royal Atlas, than which it is impossible to conceive anything more perfect." 
 — Morning Herald. 
 
 ' ' This is, beyond question, the most splendid and luxurious, as well as the 
 most useful and complete, of all existing atlases." — Guardian. 
 
 * ' An almost daily reference to, and comparison of, it with others, since the 
 publication of the first part some two years ago until now, enables us to say, 
 without the slightest hesitation, that this is by far the most complete and 
 authentic atlas that has yet been issued."- -Scotsman. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 27 
 
 The Handy Royal Atlas. 
 
 45 Maps clearly printed and carefully coloured, with General Index. By 
 A. Keith Johnston, F.R.S.E., P.R.G.S., &c. Imp. 4to, ^2, 12s. 6d., 
 half-bound morocco. 
 
 This work has been constructed for the purpose of placing in the hands of 
 the public a useful and thoroughly accurate Atlas of Maps of Modern Geo- 
 graphy, in a convenient form, and at a moderate price. It is based on the 
 ' Royal Atlas,' by the same Author ; and, in so far as the scale permits, it 
 comprises many of the excellences which its prototype is acknowledged to 
 possess. The aim has been to make the book strictly what its name implies, a 
 Handy Atlas — a valuable substitute for the ' Royal,' where that is too bulky 
 or too expensive to find a place, a needful auxiliary to the junior branches ot 
 families, and a vade mecum to the tutor and the pupil-teacher. 
 
 "This is Mr Keith Johnston's admirable Royal Atlas diminished in bulk and 
 scale, so as to be, perhaps, fairly entitled to the name of " Handy," but still not 
 so much diminished but what it constitutes an accurate and useful general 
 Atlas for ordinary households." — Spectator. 
 
 " The ' Handy Atlas ' is thoroughly deserving of its name. Not only does it 
 contain the latest information, but its size and arrangement render it perfect 
 as a book of reference." — Standard. 
 
 Keith Johnstons School Atlases, 
 
 Atlas of General and Descriptive Geography. A New and Enlarged 
 Edition, suited to the best Text-Books ; with Geographical information 
 brought up to the time of publication. 26 Maps, clearly and uniformly 
 printed in colours, with Index. Imperial 8vo, half-bound, 12s. 6d. 
 
 Atlas of Physical J}eography, illustrating, in a Series of Original Designs, 
 the Elementary Facts of Geology, Hydrography, Meteorology, 
 and Natural History. A New and Enlarged Edition, containing 
 4 new Maps and Letterpress. 20 Coloured Maps. Imperial 8vo, half- 
 bound, I2S. 6d. 
 
 Atlas of Astronomy. A New and Enlarged Edition, 21 Coloured Plates. 
 With an Elementary Survey of the Heavens, designed as an accompani- 
 ment to this Atlas, by Robert Grant, LL.D., &c. , Professor of Astronomy 
 and Director of the Observatory in the University of Glasgow. Imperial 
 8vo, half-bound, 12s. 6d. 
 
 Atlas of Classical Geography. A New and Enlarged Edition. Constructed 
 from the best materials, and embodying the results of the most Recent 
 Investigations, accompanied by a complete Index of Places, in which 
 the proper quantities are given by T. Harvey and E. Worsley, MM.A. 
 Oxon. 21 Coloured Maps. Imperial Bvo, half-bound, 12s. 6d. 
 
 "This edition is so much enlarged and improved as to be virtually a new 
 work, surpassing everything else of the kind extant, both in utility and beauty," 
 — AthencBum. 
 
 Elementary Atlas of General and Descriptive Geography, for the Use of 
 Junior Classes ; including a Map of Canaan and Palestine, with 
 General Index. Bvo. half-bound, .ss. 
 
28 
 
 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Keltli Jolinston's School Atlases— opinions of the press. 
 
 "They are as superior to all School Atlases within our knowledge, as were 
 the larger works of the same Author in advance of those that preceded them." 
 — Educational Times. 
 
 "Decidedly the best School Atlases we have ever seen." — English Journal 
 of Education. 
 
 " . . . The /%j(/jzV3/ y^//(3'j seems to us particularly well executed. . . . 
 The last generation had no such help to learning as is afforded in these excellent 
 elementary Maps. The Classical Atlas is a great improvement on what has 
 usually gone by that name ; not only is it fuller, but in some cases it gives the 
 same country more than once in different periods of time. Thus it approaches 
 the special value of a historical atlas. . . . The General A tlas is wonder- 
 fully full and accurate for its scale. . . . Finally, the Astronomical Atlas, 
 in which Mr Hind is responsible for the scientific accuracy of the maps, supplies 
 an admitted educational want. No better companion to an elementary astron- 
 omical treatise could be found than this cheap and convenient collection of 
 maps." — Saturday Review. 
 
 ' ' The plan of these Atlases is admirable, and the excellence of the plan is 
 rivalled by the beauty of the execution. . . . The best security for the 
 accuracyand substantial value of a School Atlas is to have it from the hands of 
 a man like our Author, who has perfected his skill by the execution of much 
 larger works, and gained a character which he will be careful not to jeopardise 
 by attaching his name to anything that is crude, slovenly, or superficial." — 
 Scotsman. 
 
 Keith yohnstofis Hand Atlases. 
 
 Being the Maps of the School Atlases on Large and Thick Paper, bound 
 in half-morocco. Imperial quarto, 25s. each, — viz., 
 
 General and Descriptive Geography. 
 
 Physical Geography. 
 
 Astronomy. 
 
 Classical Geography. 
 
 Keith Johnstons Tourists Maps. 
 
 (From the Royal Atlas), each with Index, in cloth case for the pocket :— 
 Scotland, two sheets, 
 Italy, two sheets, 
 Switzerland, one sheet. 
 The Shores of the Mediterranean, one sheet, 
 The Canadas, two sheets, . 
 Austria, two sheets, . 
 Prussia, one sheet, . 
 America (U.S.), two sheets, 
 America (South), two sheets, 
 Australia, one sheet, 
 
 Belgium and the Netherlands, one sheet, 
 China and Japan, one sheet, 
 England, two sheets, 
 India, two sheets, 
 Ireland, one sheet, . 
 Palestine, one sheet, 
 Spain and Portugal, one sheet, 
 Sweden and Norway, one sheet. 
 
 
 £0 7 6 
 
 
 080 
 
 
 046 
 
 
 046 
 
 
 080 
 
 
 080 
 
 
 046 
 
 
 080 
 
 
 080 
 
 
 046 
 
 
 046 
 
 
 046 
 
 
 080 
 
 
 080 
 
 
 046 
 
 
 046 
 
 
 > 046 
 
 
 046 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 29 
 
 Map of Europe. 
 
 By A. Keith Johnston, F.R.S.E., P.R.G.S., Geographer to the Queen. 
 The Map is fully coloured, and measures 4 feet 2 inches by 3 feet 5 inches. 
 Price, mounted on Cloth and Mahogany Roller, varnished, 25s., or Folded 
 in Quarto in a handsome Cloth Case, 21s. 
 
 Index Geographicus : 
 
 Being a List, Alphabetically arranged, of the Principal Places on the 
 Globe, with the Countries and Subdivisions of the Countries in which they 
 are situated, and their Latitudes and Longitudes. Compiled specially 
 with reference to Keith Johnston's Royal Atlas, but applicable to all 
 Modern Atlases and Maps. In i vol. Imperial 8vo, pp. 676, 21s. 
 
 Notes on North America : 
 
 Agricultural, Economical, and Social. By Professor J. F. W. Johnston. 
 2 vols, post 8vo, 21S. 
 
 " Professor Johnston's admirable Notes. . . . The very best manual for 
 intelligent emigrants, whilst to the British agriculturist and general reader it 
 conveys a more complete conception of the condition of these prosperous 
 regions than all that has hitherto been written." — Economist. 
 
 The Chemistry of Common Life. 
 
 By Professor J. P. W. Johnston. With iisJUustrations on Wood, and a 
 Copious Index. ^ vols, crown 8vo, lis. 6d. 
 
 " It is just one of those books which will best serve to show men how minute 
 is the provision which has been made for human support, and that if the laws 
 prescribed by Nature are duly observed, she, on her part, will see to it that her 
 functions are performed with fidelity and success." — Durham Chronicle. 
 
 Professor f ohnston s Elejnents of Agricultural 
 
 Chemistry and Geology. A New Edition, revised and brought down to 
 the Present Time. By G. T. Atkinson, B.A., P.C.S. Fcap., 6s. 6d. 
 
 Professor fohnston's Catechism of Agricultural 
 
 Chemistry. A New Edition. Edited by Professor Voelcker. With 
 
 Engravings, is. 
 
 Ex Eremo: 
 
 Poems chiefly written in India. By H, G. Keene. Crown Svo, 6s. 
 
 The Invasion of the Crimea : 
 
 Its Origin, and an Account of its Progress down to the Death of Lord 
 Raglan. By Alexander William Kinglake. Vols. I. and II., 32s., and 
 Vols. III. and IV., 34s. Vol. V., Inkerman volume, 17s. 
 
30 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 yohn Knox's Liturgy, 
 
 THE Book of Common Order, and the Directory for Public 
 Worship of the Church of Scotland. With Historical Introduc- 
 tions and Illustrative Notes by the Eev. George W. Sprott, B.A., and the 
 Eev. Thomas Leishman, D.D. Handsomely printed, in imitation of the 
 large editions of Andro Hart, on toned paper, bound in cloth, red edges, 
 8s. 6d. 
 
 " We heartily recommend Mr Sprott's Introduction to the ' Book of Common 
 Order * to every one who wishes honestly to get the truth, and the whole truth, 
 about the history, so far as Scotland is concerned, concerning a devotional 
 formulary which has had so curious a destiny. This Introduction is full of 
 learning, used with a candour that deserves all honour. In reading it we can- 
 not find whether the author is a supporter or an opponent of a formulary of 
 worship— he htxs undertaken the history of one book of that kind, and he tells 
 it fairly out." — Scotsmaji. 
 
 On Primary Instruction in Relation to Edttcation. 
 
 By Simon S. Laurie, A.M. ; Author of ' Philosophy of Ethics, &c. Crown 
 8vo; 4S. 6d. 
 
 The Rural Economy of England, Scotland, and 
 
 Ireland. By Leonce de Lavergne. Translated from the French. With 
 Notes by a Scottish Farmer. In Bvo, 12s. 
 
 " One of the best works on the philosophy of agriculture and of agricultural 
 political economy that has appeared." — Spectator. 
 
 Lectures on the History of the Church of Scotland, 
 
 from the Reformation to the Revolution Settlement. By the 
 late Very Rev. John Lee, D.D., LL.D., Principal of the University 
 of Edinburgh. With Notes and Appendices from the Author's Papers. 
 Edited by the Eev. William Lee, D.D. 2 vols. Bvo, 21s. 
 
 The Physiology of Common Life. 
 
 By George H. Lewes, Author of 'Sea-side Studies,' &c. Illustrated with 
 
 numerous Engravings. 2 vols., 12s. 
 
 Contents :— Hunger and Thirst — Food and Drink— Digestion and Indi- 
 gestion — The Structure and Uses of the Blood — The Circulation — Res- 
 piration and Suffocation — Why we are warm, and how we keep so — 
 Feeling and Thinking — The Mind and the Brain — Our Senses and 
 Sensations— Sleep and Dreams— The Qualities we Inherit from our 
 Parents — Life and Death. 
 
 Linda Tress eL 
 
 By the Author of ' Nina Balatka.' 2 vols. fcap. Bvo, 12s. 
 
 Doubles and Quits, 
 
 By Laurence Lockhart, late Captain 92d Highlanders. With Twelve lUas- 
 trations. In 2 vols, post Bvo, 21s. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 31 
 
 Fair to See : 
 
 A Novel. By Laurence W. M. lockhart, Author of ' Doubles and Quits.' 
 New Edition in i vol. post 8vo, 6s. 
 
 Tke Days of the Son of Man : 
 
 A History of the Church in the Time of our Lord. By 
 William Lee, D.D. Crown 8vo, 6s. 6d. 
 
 ' ' Deserves high commendation. First, for the reverent common-sense which 
 characterises its judgments ; next, lor the extensive and careful reading of the 
 best authorities of which it is the result ; also, for its admirable arrangement 
 and lucidity ; and lastly, for the succinctness which, without any sacrifice of 
 completeness, presents us with a full view of the ministry of our Lord, its con- 
 ditions, characteristics, and results, in so small a compass. ... As a 
 manual for family and school use the book is, we think, the very best that has 
 come under our notice." — British Quarterly Review. 
 
 History of the Rise and Progress of Freemasonry 
 
 In Scotland. By David Murray Lyon, one of the Grand Stewards of the 
 Grand Lodge of Scotland ; Honorary Corresponding Member of the 
 "Verein Deutscher Friemaurer," Leipzig, &c. &c. In small quarto. 
 Illustrated with numerous Portraits of Eminent Members of the Craft, and 
 Facsimiles of Ancient Charters and other curious Documents. _^i, iis. 6d. 
 
 Kenelm Chillingly, 
 
 His Adventures and Opinions. By the Author of 'The Caxtons,' &c. 
 2 vols. fcap. 8vo, los. 
 
 Complete Library Edition of Lord Lytton s Novels. 
 
 In Volumes of a convenient and handsome form. Printed from a large 
 and readable type. 43 vols. fcap. Svo, 5s. each. 
 
 Spoken and Unspoken Speeches, 
 
 By Edward Lord Lytton. With a Memoir by his son, Robert Lord 
 Lytton. In two volumes, Svo, 24s. 
 
 The Parisians, 
 
 By Edward Bulwer, Lord Lytton. With Illustrations by Sydney Hall. 
 4 vols, crown Svo, 26s. Cheap Edition, 2 vols, crown Svo, 12s. 
 
 Fables in Song. 
 
 By Robert Lord Lytton, Author of * Poems by Owen Meredith. ' 2 vols, 
 crown Svo, 15s. 
 
 Walpole ; or, Every Man has his Price, 
 
 A Comedy in Rhyme. By Lord Lytton. Fcap. Svo, 5$. 
 
 The Boatman, 
 
 By Pisistratus Caxton. Svo, sewed, is. 
 C 
 
32 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Works of the Rev. Thomas M'Crie, D,D. 
 
 Uniform Edition. Four vols, crown 8vo, 24s. Sold separately. 
 
 Life of John Knox. Containing Illustrations of the History of the Refor- 
 mation in Scotland. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 Life of Andrew Melville. Containing Illustrations of the Ecclesiastical 
 and Literary History of Scotland in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Cen- 
 turies. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 History of the Progress and Suppression of the Reformation in Italy in the 
 Sixteenth Century. Crown 8vo, 4s. 
 
 History of the Progress and Suppression of the Reformation in Spain in 
 the Sixteenth Century. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Sermons, and Review of the ' Tales of My Landlord.* In i vol. crown 
 8vo, 6s. 
 
 Lectures on the Book of Esther. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. 
 
 The Book of the Garden. 
 
 By Charles M'lntosh, formerly Curator of the Royal Gardens of his 
 Majesty the King of the Belgians, and lately of those of his Grace the 
 Duke of Buccleuch, K.G., at Dalkeith Palace. In two large vols, royal 
 8vo, embellished with 1350 Engravings. 
 
 The work is divided into two great sections, each occupying a volume — the 
 first comprising the formation, arrangement, and laying out of gardens, and the 
 construction of garden buildings ; the second treating of the theory and practice 
 of horticulture. Sold separately — viz. : 
 
 Vol. I. On the Formation of Gardens and Construction of Gar. 
 
 DEN Edifices, tj^) pages, and 1073 Engravings, £2, los. 
 Vol. II. Practical Gardening. 868 pages, and 279 Engravings, 
 
 ;^i, 17s. 6d. 
 
 Studies in Roman Law. 
 
 With Comparative Views of the Laws of France, England, and Scotland. 
 By Lord Mackenzie, one of the Judges of the Court of Session in Scot- 
 land. Second Edition, 8vo, 12s. 
 
 "We know not in the English language where else to look for a history of 
 the Roman Law so clear, and at the same time so short. More improving 
 reading, both for the general student and for the law)'er, we cannot well ima- 
 gine ; and there are few, even among learned professional men, who will not 
 gather some novel information from Lord Mackenzie's simple pages." — London 
 Review. 
 
 "This is, in many respects, one of the most interesting works that the legal 
 press has issued in our time. . . . The explanation of the Roman Law, historical 
 and expository— the 'Studies'— is admirably given, clear and simple, and yet 
 very learned, and the whole work is conceived in a candid and liberal spirit, 
 being, besides, distinguished by a calmness of tone eminently befitting the 
 judicial pen." — Law Magazine and Review. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 33 
 
 A Manual of Modern Geography, 
 
 Mathematical, Physical, and Political. By the Rev. Alexander Mackay 
 LL.D., F.R.G.S. New and greatly Improved Edition. Crown 8vo, pp. 
 676, 7s. 6d. 
 This volume— the result of many years' unremitting application— is specially 
 
 adapted for the use of Teachers, Advanced Classes, Candidates for the CiviJ 
 
 Service, and proficients in geography generally. 
 
 Gems of German Poetry. 
 
 Translated by Lady John Manners. Small quarto, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Translations by Theodore Martin : 
 
 Goethe's Faust. Second Edition, crown 8vo, 6s. Cheap Edi- 
 tion, 3s, 6d. 
 
 The Odes of Horace. With Life and Notes. Second Edition, 
 post 8vo, 9s, 
 
 Catullus. With Life and Notes. Post 8vo, 6s. 6d. 
 
 The Vita Nuova of Dante. With an Introduction and Notes. 
 Second Edition, crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 Alladin: A Dramatic Poem. By Adam Oehlenschlaeger. 
 Fcap. 8vo, ss. 
 
 Correggzo: A Tragedy. By Oehlenschlaeger. With Notes. 
 Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 
 
 King Rene's Daughter: A Danish Lyrical Drama. By 
 Henrik Hertz. Second Edition, fcap., 2s. 6d. 
 
 The System of Field Manceuvres 
 
 Best adapted for Enabling our Troops to meet a Continental Army. Being 
 
 the Wellington Prize Essay. By Lieutenant F. Maurice, Royal Artillery, 
 
 Instructor of Tactics and Organisation, Royal Military College, Sandhurst. 
 
 Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 55. 
 
 " We are prepared to say that this brilliant and most readable treatise clearly 
 
 sets forth the momentous issues, and points out the direction in which not 
 
 only military chiefs but statesmen must go, if our army is to be brought up to 
 
 that standard which will permit it to enter war on a level, in excellence at 
 
 least, with contemporary armies. " — Spectator. 
 
 "No work, English or foreign, has treated this subject (infantry tactics) 
 better than the 'Wellington Prize Essay.' " — Times. 
 
 "Lieutenant Maurice may well claim credit for having built up a work of 
 such Hving interest as his is, even to the layman, upon such a set of dry bones 
 as the given thesis afforded," — The Saturday Review. 
 
 journal of the Waterloo Campaign : 
 
 Kept throughout the Campaign of 1815. By General Cavalie Mercer, 
 Commanding the 9th Brigade Royal Artillery. 2 vols, post 8vo, 21s. 
 
 "No actor in the terrible scene ushered in by the following day has ever 
 painted it in more vivid colours than the officer of artillery who led his troop 
 into the very heart of the carnage, and escaped to write a book more real, 
 more lifelike, more enthralling, than any tale of war it has ever been our lot to 
 re ad. " — Aih-etireum. 
 
34 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Maxims of Sir Morgan O^Doherty, Bart, 
 
 Originally published in Blackwood's Magazine. Cloth, is. 
 
 The Life and Labours of the Apostle Paul. 
 
 A continuous Narrative for School and Bible Classes. By Charles MicMe, 
 M.A., Author of an 'Outhne of the Geography of Palestine.' is., with a 
 Map. 
 
 A Mamtal of English Prose Literature^ 
 
 Biographical and Critical : designed mainly to show Characteristics of 
 Style. By W. Minto, M.A. Crown 8vo, los. 6d. 
 
 Characteristics of English Poets, from Chaucer to 
 
 Shirley. By Wm. Minto, M.A. In crown 8vo, 9s. 
 
 ." This volume shows not only a great deal of reading, but judgment and taste."— 
 Saturday Review. 
 
 "Mr Minto's theme is a wide one, but he has treated it with terseness and ability. 
 . . . It is seldom that we meet with a volume of poetical criticism so thoughtful and 
 suggestive." — Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 Biographies of Eminent Soldiers of the last Four 
 
 Centuries. By Major-General John Mitchell, Author of ' Life of Wallen- 
 stein,' ' The Fall of Napoleon,' &c. Edited, with a Memoir of the Author, 
 by Leonhard Schmitz, LL.D. 8vo, 9s. 
 
 Poetical Works of D, M. Moir {Delta). 
 
 With Memoir by Thomas Aird, and Portrait. Second Edition. 2 vols, 
 fcap. Svo, i2s. 
 
 Domestic Verses. By Delta. 
 
 New Edition, fcap. Svo, cloth gilt, 4s. 6d. 
 
 Lectures on the Poetical Literature of the Past 
 
 Half-Century. By D. M. Moir. Third Edition. Fcap. Svo, 5s. 
 
 Memoir of Count De Montalembert. 
 
 A Chapter of Recent French History. By Mrs Oliphant, Author of the 
 ' Life of Edward Irving,' &c. In 2 vols, crown Svo, /"i, 4s. 
 
 "Having a delightful subject, she has handled it in an altogther delightful 
 way. . . . It is as good, full, and truthful a portrait of his hfe and charac- 
 ter as could be desired, and while the skill of the author makes it as interest- 
 ing as a novel, it may be read as an altogether trustworthy 'chapter of recent 
 French history.' " — Examiner. 
 
 ' ' In its dehcacy, in its fine insight and sympathy, no less than in its eloquence, 
 Mrs Oliphant's ' Life of Montalembert,' with all its faults, will take high rank 
 among standard English biographies." — The Nonconformist. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 35 
 
 The Wedderburns and their Work; 
 
 Or, the Sacred Poetry of the Scottish Reformation in its Historical Relation 
 to that of Germany. By Alexander F. Mitchell, D.D., Professor of 
 Hebrew, St Andrews. Small quarto, 2s. 6d. 
 
 The Origin of the Seasons, . 
 
 Considered from a Geological Point of View : showing the remarkable 
 Disparities that exist between the Physical Geography and Natural Phe- 
 nomena of the North and South Hemispheres. By Samuel Mossman. 
 In crown 8vo, with Engravings, los. 6d. 
 
 A Geological Map of Europe, 
 
 Exhibiting the different Systems of Rocks according to the latest Re- 
 searches, and from Inedited Materials. By Sir R. I. Murchison, D.C.L., 
 F.R.S., &c., Director-General of the Geological Survey of Great Britain 
 and Ireland ; and James Nicol, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., Professor of Natural His- 
 tory in the University of Aberdeen. Constructed by Alex. Keith Johnston, 
 F.R.S.E., &c.. Geographer to the Queen, Author of the ' Physical Atlas, ' &c. 
 Scale ~^ of Nature, 76 miles to an inch. Four Sheets Imperial, 
 beautifully printed in Colours. Size, 4 feet 2 inches by 3 feet 5 inches. 
 In Sheets, ^^3, 3s. ; in a Cloth Case, 4to, £"3,, los. 
 
 Manual of the Law of Insolvency and Bank- 
 ruptcy: Comprehending a Treatise on the Law of Insolvency, Notour 
 Bankruptcy, Composition Contracts, Trust Deeds, Cessios, and Sequestra- 
 tions ; with Annotations on the various Insolvency and Bankruptcy Stat- 
 utes; and with Forms of Procedure applicable to these subjects. By 
 James Murdoch, Member of the Faculty of Procurators in Glasgow. 
 Third Edition. 8vo, i6s. 
 
 Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Scotland. 
 
 By Andrew Murray of Conland, W.S., Member of the Royal Physical 
 Society of Edinburgh, of the Entymologicai Society of France, &c. Fcap. 
 8vo, cloth limp, 2s. 6d. 
 
 A Glance at some of the Principles of Comparative 
 
 Philology. As illustrated in the Latin and AngHcan Forms of Speech. 
 By the Hon. Lord Neaves. Crown Bvo, is. 6d. 
 
 " Lord Neaves's remarks, as well as his very clear and well-ordered display 
 of the principles of the science, characterised by great modesty and simpUcity*, 
 well deserve attention." — Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 The Uses of Leisure : 
 
 An Address delivered to the Students of the School of Arts, Edinburgh. 
 By the Hon. Lord Neaves, President of the School. Sewed, 6d. 
 
36 ' LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 On Fiction as a Means of Popular Teaching, 
 
 A lecture. By the Hon. Lord Neaves. 6d. 
 
 The New " Examen ; " 
 
 Or, An Inquiry into the Evidence of certain Passages in Macaulay's ' His- 
 tory of England ' concerning the Duke of Marlborough, the Massacre of 
 Glencoe, the Highlands of Scotland, Viscount Dundee, William Penn. 
 Ey Jolm Paget, Esq., Barrister-at-Law. In crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 A Manual of Zoology, 
 
 For the Use of Students. With a General Introduction on the Principles 
 of Zoology. By Henry AUeyne Nicholson, M.D., F.R.S.E., F.G.S., &c., 
 Professor of Natural History in the University of Toronto. Third 
 Edition. Crown 8vo, pp. 706, with 280 Engravings on Wood, 12s. 6d. 
 " It is-the best manual of zoology yet published, not merely in England, but 
 in Europe.." — Pall Mall Gazette, July 2.0, 1871. 
 
 "The best treatise on Zoology in moderate compass that we possess."— 
 Lancet, May 18, 1872. 
 
 BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 Elementary Text- Book of Zoology for Schools. Second 
 
 Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 
 Advanced Text-Book of Zoology. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 Introduction to the Study of Biology. 
 
 By Henry Alleyne Nicholson, M.D., &c. Crown 8vo, with numerous 
 Engravings, 5s. 
 
 " Admirably written and fairly illustrated, and brings within the compass of 
 160 pages the record of investigations and discoveries scattered over as many 
 volumes. Seldom indeed do we find such ubjects treated in a> style at once 
 so popular and yet so minutely accurate in scientific detail. " — Scotsman. 
 
 A Manual of Palceontology, 
 
 F</r the Use of Students. By Henry Alleyne Nicholson, M. D. , &c. Crown 
 8vo, with upwards of 400 Engravings, 15s. 
 
 Nina Balatka : 
 
 The Story ,of a Maiden of Prague. In 2 vols, small 8vo, los. 6d. cloth. 
 
 Piccadilly : 
 
 A Fragment of Contemporary Biography. By Laurence Oliphant. With 
 Eight Illustrations by Richard Doyle. 4th Edition, 6s. 
 
 "The picture of ' Good Society ' — meaning thereby the society of men and 
 women of wealth or rank — contained in this book, constitutes its chief merit, 
 and is remarkable for the point and vigour of the author's style." — Athenceum. 
 
 " The real interest of ' Piccadilly ' lies in the clever morceaux with which 
 it is literally jewelled. They sparkle in every page. Mr Oliphant is one of 
 the wittiest Jeremiahs of his time."— /'a// \fall Gazette- 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 37 
 
 Narrative of Lord Elgin s Mission to China and 
 
 Japan. By Laurence Oliphant, Private Secretary to Lord Elgin. Illus- 
 trated with numerous Engravings in Chromo-Lithography, Maps, and 
 Engravings on Wood, from Original Drawings and Photographs. Second 
 Edition. In two vols. 8vo, 21s. 
 
 " The volumes in which Mr Oliphant has related these transactions will be 
 read with the strongest interest now, and deserve to retain a permanent place 
 in the literary and historical annals of our time." — Edinburgh Review. 
 
 Russian Shores of the Black Sea in the Autumn 
 
 0/18^2, with a Voyage down the Volga and a Tour through the Country 
 of the Don Cossacks. By Laurence Oliphant. 8vo, with Map and other 
 Illustrations. Fourth Edition, 14s. 
 
 The Transcaucasian Campaign of the Turkish 
 
 Army under Omer Pasha : A Personal Narrative. By Laurence Oliphant. 
 With Map and Illustrations. Post 8vo, los. 6d. 
 
 Patriots and Filibusters ; 
 
 or. Incidents of Political and Exploratory Travel. By Laurence Oliphant. 
 Crown Bvo, 5s. 
 
 Historical Sketches of the Reign of George Second. 
 
 By Mrs Oliphant. "Second Edition, in one vol., los. 6d. 
 
 " Her aim has simply been, by means of judicious selection and careful and 
 sympathetic painting, to form a portrait-gallery which shall illustrate the char- 
 acters of a given age. We think that she has been, on the whole, very suc- 
 cessful." — Saturday Review. 
 
 "Mrs Oliphant's Historical Sketches form two attractive volumes whose 
 contents are happily arranged so as to bring out some of the saMent points at a 
 period in our social history richly illustrated by epistolary and biographical 
 remains." — Examiner. 
 
 The Story of Valentine ; and his Brother, 
 
 By Mrs Oliphant. 3 vols, post 8vo, ;^i, 55. 6d. 
 
 John : A Love Story. 
 
 By Mrs Oliphant. 2 vols, post 8vo, 21s. 
 
 Brownlows. 
 
 By Mrs Oliphant. 3 vols, post Bvo, 31s. 6d. 
 
 The Athelings: 
 
 Or, The Three Gifts. By Mrs Oliphant. 3 vols, post 8vo, 31s. 6d. 
 
 Zaidee: A Romance. 
 
 By Mrs Oliphant. 3 vols, post 8vo, 31s. 6d. 
 
38 ' LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Katie Stewart: A True Story. 
 
 By Mrs Oliphant. Fcap. 8vo, illustrated boards, 2S. 6d. 
 
 "A singularly characteristic Scottish story, most agreeable to read and 
 pleasant to recollect. The charm lies in the faithful and Ufehke pictures it 
 presents of Scottish character and customs, and manners and modes of life." — 
 Tait's Magazine. 
 
 Chronicles of Carlingford, 
 
 By Mrs Oliphant. 
 Salem Chapel. 2S. in boards, or 2S. 6d. cloth. 
 The Perpetual Curate. 2S. in boards, or 2S. 6d. cloth. 
 Miss Marjoribanks. 2S. in boards, or 2S. 6d. cloth. 
 The Rector and the Doctors Family, is. sewed, or is. 6d. cloth. 
 
 Modern Practical Cookery, 
 
 Pastry, Confectionery, Pickling, and Preserving, with a 
 GREAT VARIETY OF USEFUL RECEIPTS. By Mrs NouTse. Fcap. 8vo, 
 boards, 5s. 6d. 
 
 Na^rratives of Voyage and Adventure. 
 
 By Sherard Oshorn, C.B., Captain Royal Navy. 3 vols, crown 8vo, 
 17s. 6d., or separately : — 
 
 Stray Leaves from an Arctic Journal j 
 
 or. Eighteen Months in the Polar Regions in Search of Sir John Franklin's 
 Expedition in 1850-51. To which is added the Career, Last Voyage, and 
 Fate of Captain Sir John FrankUn. New Edition, crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 The Discovery of a North- West Passage byH.M.S. Investigator, 
 During the years 1850-51-52-53-54. Edited from the Logs and Journals 
 of Captain Robert C. M 'Clure. Fourth Edition, crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 Quedahj a Cruise in Japanese Waters j and, The Fight on the 
 Peiho. New Edition, crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Poems of Ossian 
 
 In the Original Gaelic. With a Literal Translation into English, and a 
 Dissertation on the Authenticity of the Poems. By the Eev. Archihald 
 Clerk. 2 vols, imperial 8vo, ;^i, iis. 6d. 
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 that has appeared for a long time." — Perthshire Journal. 
 
 "We feel assured that the present work, by the well-condensed information 
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 of its fair statements of fact, will do more to vindicate the authenticity of 
 (Caledonia's Bard from the pompous ignorance of Johnson, the envious spite 
 of Pinkerton, the cold increduUty of Laing, and even the self-asserting vanity 
 of Macpherson, than any champion that has yet appeared."— G/aj^(?zf; Mail. 
 
 The Conquest of Scinde. 
 
 A Commentary. By General Sir James Outram, C.B. Svo, las. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 39 
 
 The Metamorphoses of Ovid. 
 
 Translated in English Blank Verse. By Henry King, M.A., Fellow of 
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 Introductory Text-Book of Geology, 
 
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 Advanced Text-Book of Geology^ 
 
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 Handbook of Terms in Geology and Physical 
 
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4© LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Geology for General Readers. 
 
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 The Past and Present Life of the Globe. 
 
 With numerous Illustrations. By David Page, LL.D. Crown 8vo, 6s 
 
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 By Sir J. Noel Paton. Fcap., cloth, 5s. 
 
 Poems by a Painter. 
 
 By Sir J. Noel Paton. Fcap., cloth, 5s. 
 
 An Essay on the National Character of the 
 
 Athenians. By John Brown Patterson. Edited from the Author's 
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 Essays in History and Art. 
 
 By E. H. Patterson. 8vo, 12s. 
 *' A volume which no discerning reader will open only once. Fine appre- 
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 Crown Svo, 14s. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 4 1 
 
 The Economy of Capital ; * 
 
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 It displays throughout a thorough acquaintance with our Monetary System, 
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 ' ' A very brilliant chapter of Mr Patterson's volume is devoted to the City, and 
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 Analysis and Critical Interpretation of the Hebrew 
 
 Text of the Book of Genesis. Preceded by a Hebrew Grammar, and Dis- 
 sertations on the Genuineness of the Pentateuch, and on the Structure of 
 the Hebrew Language. By the Eev. William Paul, A.M. 8vo, i8s. 
 
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 With Explorations from Khartoum on the White Nile to the Regions of 
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 AND THEIR PROFITABLE MANAGEMENT. By A. PettigreW, Rusholme, 
 
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 Poems. By Isa. 
 
 Fcap. Bvo, cloth, 4s. 6d. ♦ 
 
 The Course of Time: A Poem. 
 
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42 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 The Port Royal Logic. 
 
 Translated from the French : with Introduction, Notes, and Appendix. 
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 Seventh Edition, i2mo, 4s. 
 
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 On the Priory of Inchmahome : 
 
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 Two Lectures on the Genius of Handel^ 
 
 AND THE DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER OF HIS SACRED COMPOSITIONS. 
 
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 and Character.' In Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 An Historical View of the Law of Maritime 
 
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 The Life of Carl Ritter. 
 
 Late Professor of Geography in the University of Berlin. By W. L. Gag^e. 
 Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 43 
 
 Life of the late Rev. fames Robertson, D.D., 
 
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 sity of Edinburgh. By Professor Charteris. With Portrait. 8vo, 
 los. 6d. 
 "This is a beautiful record of the life of a true man. ... Mr Charteris 
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 supplies one of the most interesting biographies which has seen the light for 
 many a day." — Aberdeen Free Press. 
 
 The Geology of Pennsylvania : 
 
 A Government Survey ; with a General View of the Geology of the United 
 States, Essays on the Coal Formation and its Fossils, and a Description of 
 the Coal-Fields of North America and Great Britain. By Professor 
 Henry Darwin Rogers, F.R.S., F.Q-.S., Professor of Natural History in 
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 trations engraved on Copper and on Wood. In Three Volumes, Royal 
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 A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Con- 
 federate states. By Fitzgerald Ross, Captain of Hussars in the Imperial 
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 The War for the Rhine Frontier, 1870 : 
 
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 just. The military merits of the book are great ; and the reader derives much 
 
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 As to the translator, he has performed his task in a thoroughly satisfactory and 
 
 highly creditable manner. — Athenceum. 
 
 "The work is faithfully and intelligibly executed; and it is of importance 
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 The St Andrews University Calendar, 
 
 Published yearly, price is. 6d. 
 
 Lord St Leonards' Handy Book on Property 
 
 Law. Eighth Edition. Revised and Enlarged, 5s. 
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44 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 The Great Goverjting Families of England. 
 
 By J. Langton Sandford and Meredith Townsend. 2 vols., 8vo, 15s., in 
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 Review. 
 
 St Stephens; 
 
 Or, Illustrations of Parliamentary Oratory. A Poem. Comprising— 'Pym 
 —Vane— Strafford— Halifax— Shaftesbury— St John— Sir R. Walpole— 
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 Lectures on the History of Literature, 
 
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 Physiology at the Farm. 
 
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 gravings, 1 6s. 
 
 The Passion Play in the Highlands of Bavaria. 
 
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 Traverse Tables to Five Places, 
 
 FOR EVERY 2' OF ANGLE UP TO loo OF DISTANCE, By Robert Short- 
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WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 45 
 
 French Home Life. 
 
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 Italian Irrigation : 
 
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 Legends, Lyrics, and other Poems. 
 
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 Paris after Waterloo. 
 
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 By James Simpson, Advocate. With Two coloured Plans of the Battle, 
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 Poems, Songs, and Ballads. 
 
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 Thorndale ; or, the Conflict of Opinions. 
 
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 By "William Smith, Author of 'Thorndale,' &c. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d 
 
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46 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 A Discourse on Ethics of the School of Paley. 
 
 By William Smith, Author of ' Thoradale.' 8vo, 4s. 
 
 Dramas by William Smith, 
 
 Author of 'Thomdale,' &c. i. Sir William Crichton. 2. Athel- 
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 Songs and Verses: 
 
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 Poetical Works of Caroline Bowles Southey. 
 
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 "We do not remember any recent author whose poetry is so unmixedly 
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 The Birthday^ and other Poems. 
 
 By Mrs Southey. Second Edition. 5s. 
 
 Chapters on Churchyards. 
 
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 Robin Hood: a Fragme?it. 
 
 By the late Eobert Southey and Caroline Southey. With other Fragments 
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 What led to the Discovery of the Nile Source. 
 
 By John Hanning Speke, Captain H.M. Indian Army. Svo, with Maps, 
 
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WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 
 
 47 
 
 yournal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile, 
 
 By J. H. Speke, Captain H.M. Indian Army, 8vo, 21s. With a Map of 
 
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 and temper displayed under difficulties which have perhaps never been equalled." 
 
 — Times. 
 
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 and, more than all, in the crowning fact that it frees us in a large degree from 
 a geographical puzzle which had excited the curiosity of mankind — of the most 
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 Villa Residences and Farm Architecture : 
 
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 Second Edition, medium 4to, ^^2, 17s. 6d. 
 
 The Statistical Account of Scotland, 
 
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 The Book of Farm-Buildings ; 
 
 THEIR Arrangement and Construction. By Henry Stephens, 
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 D 
 
48 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 The Book of the Farm, 
 
 Detailing the Labours of the Farmer, Farm-Steward, Ploughman, Shepherd, 
 Hedger, Farm - Labourer, Field - Worker, and Cattleman. By Henry 
 Stephens, F.R.S.E. Illustrated with Portraits of Animals painted from 
 the life; and with 557 Engravings on Wood, representing the principal 
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 " The best practical book I have ever met with." — Professor Johnston. 
 
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 Catechism of Practical Agriculture, 
 
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 with the Pronunciation, Syllabic Division and Tone of the Words, and 
 Quantity of the Vowels. By the Rev. Duncan Stewart, B. A. 8vo, cloth, 
 limp, 3s. 
 
 Advice to Purchasers of Horses. 
 
 By John Stewart, V.S. Author of ' Stable Economy.' 2s. 6d. 
 
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 Stable Economy. 
 
 A Treatise on the Management of Horses in relation to Stabling, Groom- 
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 The Angler's Companion to the Rivers and 
 
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WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 49 
 
 Graffiti U Italia. 
 
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 Westminster Review. 
 
 Etymological and Pronouncing Dictionary of the 
 
 English Language. Including a very Copious Selection of Scientific Terms. 
 For Use in Schools and Colleges, and as a Book of General Reference. By 
 the Rev. James Stormonth. The Pronunciation carefully Revised by the 
 Eev. P. H. Phelp, M.A., Cantab. Crown 8vo, pp. 755. 7s. 6d. 
 
 The School Etymological Dictionary and Word- 
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 month. Fcap. 8vo, pp. 254. 2S. 
 
 Lives of the Queens of Scotland, 
 
 AND English Princesses connected with the Regal Succession 
 OF Great Britain. By Agnes Strickland. With Portraits and His- 
 torical Vignettes. 8 vols, post 8vo, ^^4, 4s. 
 
 " Every step in Scotland is historical ; the shades of the dead arise on every 
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 mind as an individual, in a peculiar manner fit her for painting a historical 
 gallery of the most illustrious or dignified female characters in that land of 
 chivalry and song." — Blackwood's Magazine. 
 
 Agricultural Labourers, 
 
 AS THEY Were, Are, and Should be, in their Social Condi- 
 tion. By the Rev. Harry Stuart, A.M., Minister of Oathlaw. 8vo, 
 Second Edition, is. 
 
 Lake Victoria. 
 
 A Narrative of Explorations in Search of the Source of the Nile. Com- 
 piled from the Memoirs of Captains Spcke and Grant. By George C. 
 Swayne, M.A., Late Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Illus- 
 trated with Woodcuts and Map. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 "Mr Swayne has admirably discharged his task, and has produced a very 
 excellent and truly readable volume. " — Daily News. 
 
 "The volume before us is a very readable one. We anticipate for it a wide 
 populahty." —London Review. 
 
5© LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Handbook of Hardy Herbaceous and Alpine 
 
 Flowers, for general Garden Decoration. Containing Descrip- 
 tions, in Plain Language, of upwards of looo Species of Ornamental 
 Hardy Perennial and Alpine Plants, adapted to all classes of Flower-Gar- 
 dens, Rockwork, and Waters ; along with Concise and Plain InstructioiiS 
 for their Propagation and Culture. By William Sutherland, Gardener to 
 the Earl of Minto ; formerly Manager of the Herbaceous Department at 
 Kew. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 "This is an unpretending but valuable work, well adapted to furnish infor- 
 mation respecting a class of plants certainly rising in popular estimation. . . . 
 We cordially recommend his book to the notice of our readers, as hkely to be, 
 from a gardening point of view, the standard work on Herbaceous Plants." — 
 Gardeners' Chronicle. 
 
 "The best book of its class available for English readers." — Gardeners' 
 Magazine. 
 
 Lays of the- Deer Forest. 
 
 With Sketches of Olden and Modem Deer-Hunting, &c. By John 
 SohiesM and Charles Edward Stuart. 2 vols, post 8vo, 21s. 
 
 The Jerusalem Delivered of Torquato Tasso. 
 
 Translated by Col. Alex. Cunningham Robertson. Crown 8vo, los. 6d. 
 
 Tara : A Mahratta Tale. 
 
 By Captain Meadows Taylor. 3 vols, post Svo, ^^i, iis. 6d. 
 
 "A picture of Indian life which it is impossible not to admire. We have no 
 hesitation in saying, that a more perfect knowledge of India is to be acquired 
 from an attentive perusal and study of this work, than could be gleaned from a 
 whole library." — Press. 
 
 The Greek Grammar of Thiersch. 
 
 Translated from the German, with brief Remarks. By Sir Daniel K. 
 Sandford, M.A. Professor of Greek in the University of Glasgow. Svo, 
 i6s. 
 
 Hours of Christian Devotion. 
 
 Translated from the German of A. Tholuck, D.D., Professor of Theology 
 in the University of Halle, and Councillor of the Supreme Consistory, 
 Prussia. By the Eev. Eohert Menzies, D.D. With a Preface written 
 for this Translation by the Author. Crown Svo, 9s. 
 
 "To many of these meditations four or five great texts are prefixed, and 
 the reader feels that the gentle pressure of a powerful hand has crushed these 
 sacred fruits, and handed him the fragrant wine of the kingdom in a golden 
 goblet. . . . The abundance and vanety of the material furnished in this 
 volume for quiet pondering render farther characterisation difficult. We are 
 thankful for tl:e introduction of this wise, thoughtful, helpful book in this dark, 
 sad season.' -British Quarterly Review. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. ?I 
 
 Handy -Book of the Flower -Garden : 
 
 Being Practical Directions for the Propagation, Culture and Arrangement 
 of Plants in Flower-Gardens all the year round. Embracing all classes of 
 Gardens, from the largest to the smallest. With Engraved and Coloured 
 Plans, illustrative of the various systems of Grouping in Beds and Borders. 
 By David Thomson, Gardener to his Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, K.G., 
 at Drumlanrig. A Nev^ and Enlarged Edition, crown 8vo, ys. 6d. 
 
 "Its author is entitled to great praise for the simple and clear manner in 
 which he has explained the cultural directions, which, if carefully complied 
 with, will enable the non-professional floriculturist to grow plants as well as 
 any gardener," — Gardefters' Chronicle. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Culture of the Pine- 
 
 Apple. By David Thomson. 8vo, 5s. 
 
 "The name of the author, one of the very best gardeners in the British 
 Islands, guarantees that this volume contains no directions that are not sound 
 and tested by experience," — Journal of Horticulture. 
 
 "The best work extant upon this important subject." — Gardeners' Magazine. 
 
 A Practical Treatise otI the Cultivation of the 
 
 Grape- Vine. By William Thomson, formerly Gardener to his Grace the 
 Duke of Buccleuch, K.G., Dalkeith Park. Seventh Edition, Enlarged, 
 8vo, 5s. 
 
 "We cannot too strongly recommend Mr Thomson's treatise as a thoroughly 
 practical and sure guide to the cultivation of the \'m^."— Journal of Horticul- 
 ture. 
 
 "We urge our readers to procure the work, and they will get so clear an 
 insight into vine-growing that a vinery will become one of the necessaries of 
 existence. " — Field. 
 
 A Companion Volume to the 'Handy-Book of the Flower-Garden.' 
 
 The Handy-Book of Fruit Culture under Glass. 
 
 Being a series of Elaborate Practical Treatises on the cultivation and 
 forcing of Pines, Vines, Peaches, Figs, Melons, Strawberries, and Cucum- 
 bers. With Engravings of hothouses, &c., most suitable for the cultiva- 
 tion of and forcing of these fruits. By David Thomson, author of 
 'Handy-Book of the Flower-Garden,' 'A Practical Treatise on the Cul- 
 ture of the Pine-Apple,' &c,, in crown Bvo, with Engravings, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Introduction to Meteorology, 
 
 By David P. Thomson, M.D. Octavo, with Engravings, ids 
 
 Notes on the Pecuniary Interests of Heirs of Entail. 
 
 With Calculations regarding such Interests in reference to the Acts of 
 Parliament affecting Entails, and Tables showing the values of Liferent 
 Interests. By "William Thomas Thomson, Fellow of the Institute of 
 Actuaries, Manager of the Standard Life Assurance Company. Bvo, ros. 
 
52 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 County LaWy a Practical Treatise on the Functions, 
 
 Qualifications and Duties of Cotmty Officials, Lords-Lieutenants^ and 
 Conveners of Counties, Commissioners of Supply, Clerks of Supply, &*c. 
 b'c. With special reference to the Acts of P&.rHament which they admin- 
 ister as members of Road Trusts, Prison Boards, Police Committees, 
 Local Authorities, &c. By John Comrie Thomson, Esq., in i vol. 
 
 [/« the Press. 
 
 Ralph Darnell. A Novel. 
 
 By Captain Meadows Taylor. 3 vols, post 8vo, ^^i, ns. 6d. 
 
 The Company and the Crown. 
 
 By the Hon. T. J. Hovell-Thurlow. Second Edition, corrected and 
 revised. 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 "Those who wish to understand what our work actually is in India, and how 
 it is being done, will find an abundant store of information, both about persons 
 and things, in Mr Thurlow's interesting pages." — Times. 
 
 The Elegies of Albius Tibullus. 
 
 Translated into English Verse, with Life of the Poet, and Illustrative 
 
 Notes. By James Cranstoun, B.A., Author of a Translation of 
 
 ' Catullus. ' In crown 8vo, 6s. 6d. 
 
 _ "We may congratulate Mr Cranstoun on having occupied a place for which 
 
 his poetical skill, no less than his manifest classical training and acquirements, 
 
 abundantly fits him." — Saturday Review. 
 
 " He comes nearer the originals than any of his predecessors that we are 
 acquainted with. . . . The notes are scholarly and really illustrative."— 
 £xaminer. 
 
 ' ' By far the best of the few versions we have of this sweet and graceful 
 poet. ' ' — Standard. 
 
 Tom Cringles Log. 
 
 A New Edition, with Illustrations. Crown Svo, 6s., or extra gilt, gilt 
 edges, 7s. 6d. 
 
 " Everybody who has failed to read 'Tom Cringle's Log' should do so at 
 once. The ' Quarterly Review ' went so far as to say that the papers com- 
 posing it, when it first appeared in 'Blackwood,' were the most brilliant 
 series of the time, and that time one unrivalled for the number of famous 
 magazinists existing in it. Coleridge says in his 'Table Talk' that the 
 ' Log ' is most excellent : and these verdicts have been ratified by generations 
 of men and boys, and by the manifestation of Continental approval, which is 
 shown by repeated translations. The engravings illustrating the present issue 
 are excellent." — Standard. 
 
 The Buchanites from First to Last. 
 
 By Joseph Train. Fcap. Svo, 4s. 
 
 Journal . of Agriculture, 
 
 AND Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society 
 OF Scotland. Old Series, 1828 to 1843, 21 vols, bound in cloth, j^3, 3s. 
 New Series, 1843 to 1865, 22 vols., ^^4, 4.S. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKV/OOD AND SONS. 53 
 
 Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy in 
 
 England in the Seventeenth Century. By Rev. John Tulloch, D.D., Senior 
 Principal in the University of St Andrews ; and one of Her Majesty's Chap- 
 lains in Ordinary in Scotland. Author of ' Leaders of the Reformation,' 
 &c. 2 vols. 8vo, 28s. 
 
 Leaders of the Reformation : 
 
 Luther, Calvin, Latimer, and Knox. By the Eev. John Tulloch, 
 D.D., Principal, and Primarius Professor of Theology, St Mary's College, 
 St Andrews. Second Edition, Crown Bvo, 6s. 6d. 
 
 English Puritanism and its Leaders: 
 
 Cromwell, Milton, Baxter, and Bunyan. By the Eev. John Tullocli, 
 D.D. Uniform with the 'Leaders of the Reformation.' 7s. 6d. 
 
 " It is a book which, from its style — firm and interesting, dispassionate and 
 impartial, but yet warm with admiration — will be hailed for fireside reading in 
 the families of the descendants of those Puritan men and their times." — Eclectic 
 Review. , 
 
 Theism. 
 
 The Witness of Reason and Nature to an All- Wise and Beneficial Creator. 
 By the Eev. John Tulloch, D.D. Bvo, los. 6d. 
 
 " Dr Tulloch's Essays, in its masterly statement of the real nature and diffi- 
 culties of the subject, its logical exactness in distinguishing th6 illustrative from 
 the suggestive, its lucid arrangement of the argument, its simplicity of expres- 
 sion, is qmte unequalled by any work we have seen on the subject." — Christian 
 Remembrancer, 
 
 Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural 
 
 Society of Scotland. 1866-1871, 6 Nos., sewed, 4s. each; 1872 and 
 1873, cloth, 5s. each. Continued annually. 
 
 A Treatise upon Terrestrial Magnetism., 
 
 With numerous Charts, Bvo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 Tweed Salmon Reports^ 1866. 
 
 Reports on the Natural History and Habits of Salmonoids in the Tweed 
 and its Tributaries. Published by authority of the Tweed Fishery Com- 
 missioners. Demy Bvo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Narrative of a Journey through Syria and 
 
 Palestine. By Lieut. Van de Velde. 2 vols. 8vo, with Maps, &c., ;^i, los. 
 
 ' ' He has contributed much to knowledge of the country, and the unction 
 with which he speaks of the holy places which he has visited, will commend the 
 book to the notice of all religious readers. His illustrations of Scripture are . 
 numerous and admirable." — Daily News. 
 
54 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 The ^7ieid of Virgil. 
 
 Translated in English Blank Verse by G. K, Rickards, M.A., and Lord 
 Ravensworth. 2 vols. fcap. 8vo, los. 
 
 ' ' Mr Rickards has done good service to the non-classical public by the faith- 
 ful and beautiful version of Virgil's ^neid now before us, and he has enhanced 
 the boon by a preface of special value, as setting forth fairly and conclusively the 
 respective merits of previous translations, and the special qualities of Virgil as 
 a poet." — Standard. 
 
 " Lord Ravensworth's success and strength are to be found, not so much in 
 his verbal force as in the Virgilian spirit which breathes throughout his lines. 
 No Enghsh reader can well miss their poetical grace and vigour ; no scholar 
 will deem unfaithful the clean cut, decisive lines of this masterly version."— 
 Evening Standard. 
 
 The Wo7tder Seeker, 
 
 Or the History of Charles Douglas. By M. Eraser Tytler, Author of 
 'Tales of the Great and Brave,' &c. A New Edition. Fcap., 3s. 6d. 
 
 Memoirs of the Confederate War for Independence 
 
 By Heros Von Borcke, lately Chief of Staff to General J. E. B. Stuart. 2 
 vols, post 8vo, with Map, 21s. 
 
 Works of Samuel Warren^ D.C.L, 
 
 Library Edition. 
 
 The Diary of a late Physician. In 2 vols, fcap., 12s. Also an 
 
 Illustrated Edition, in crown 8vo, handsomely printed, 7s. 6d. 
 Te7t Thousand A-Year. Three vols, fcap., i8s. 
 Now and Then. Fcap., 6s. 
 Miscellanies. 2 vols, crown 8vo, 24s. 
 The Lily and the Bee. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. 
 
 Samuel Warrens Works, 
 
 People's Edition, 4 vols, crown 8vo, cloth, iSs. Or separately : — 
 Diary of a late Physician. 3s. 6d. 
 
 Ten Thousand A-Year- 5s. 
 
 Now and Then. Lily and Bee. Intellectual and Moral 
 
 Development of the Present Age. i vol., 4s. 6d. 
 Essays, Critical, Imaginative, and Jtc7'idical. i vol., 5s. 
 
 The Moral, Social, and Professional Duties of 
 
 Attornies and Solicitors. By Samuel Warren, Esq., F.R.S., of the Inner 
 Temple, Barrister-at-Law. Fcap. 8vo, 9s. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 55 
 
 Essays Written for the Wellington Prize. 
 
 Selected for Publication, by His Grace's desire, from those specially men- 
 tioned by the Arbiter. 8vo, 12s. 6d. <j 
 List of Authors. 
 I. By Lieut. J. T. Hildyard, 71st Highland Light Infantry. 
 II. By Lieutenant Stanier Waller, Royal Engineers. 
 
 III. By Captain J. C. Russell, loth Royal Hussars. 
 
 IV. By Colonel Sir Garnet J. Wolseley, C.B., K.C.M.G. 
 V. By General J. R. Craufurd. 
 
 VI. By Lieutenant C. Cooper King, Royal Marine Artillery. 
 
 The Eightee7i Christian Centuries, 
 
 By the Rev. James White, Author of ' The History of France,' Seventh 
 
 Edition, post 8vo, with Index, 6s. 
 •• He has seized the salient points — indeed, the governing incidents — in each 
 century, and shown their received bearing as well on their own age as on the 
 progress of the world. Vigorously and briefly, often by a single touch, has he 
 marked the traits of leading men ; when, needful, he touches slightly their bio- 
 graphical career. The state of the country and of society, of arts and learning, 
 and, more than all, of the modes of hving, are graphically sketched, and, upon 
 the whole, with more fulness than any other division. " — Spectator. 
 
 History of France, 
 
 from the Earliest Times. By the Eev. James White, Author of 
 ' The Eighteen Christian Centuries. ' Fifth Edition, post 8vo, with Index. 
 6s. 
 
 A rchcBO logical Sketches in Scotland — Kintyre. 
 
 By Captain T. P. White, R.E., &c., of the Ordnance Survey. With 138 
 Illustrations. Folio, £^2, 2s. 
 
 Through Burmah to Western China: 
 
 Being Notes of a Journey in 1863, to Establish the Practicability of a 
 Trade-Route between the Irawaddi and the Yang-tse-Kiang. By Clement 
 Williams, formerly Assistant-Surgeon in the 68th Light Infantry, and First 
 Political Agent at Mandalay to the Chief-Commissioner of British Burmah. 
 Crown 8vo, with Two Maps and Numerous Engravings, 6s. 
 
 .The ^^Ever-Victorious Army." 
 
 A History of the Chinese Campaign under Lieut.-Col. C. G, Gordon, and 
 of the Suppression of the Tai-ping Rebellion. By Andrew Wilson, 
 F.A.S.L., Author of ' England's PoHcy in China; ' and formerly Editor of 
 the ' China Mail. ' In 8vo, with Maps, 15s. 
 " In addition to a good deal of information respecting China and its recerr 
 history, this volume contains an interesting account of a brilliant passage in the 
 military career of aii English officer of remarkable promise, and of the impor- 
 tant results of his skill and heroism. ... It brings out clearly the eminent 
 qualities of Colonel Gordon, his intrepidity and resources as a military leader, 
 his rare aptitude for a difficult command, his dauntless courage, calmness, and 
 prudence, his lofty character and unsullied honour." — Times. 
 
56 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Works of Professor Wilson, 
 
 Edited by his Son-in-Law, Professor Perrier. In Twelve Vols. Crown 
 8vo, £2, 8s. 
 
 The Nodes Ambrosiance. 
 
 By Professor Wilson. With Notes and a Glossary. In Four Vols. Crown 
 8vo, i6s. 
 
 Recreations of Christopher North, 
 
 By Professor Wilson. In Two Vols. New Edition, with Portrait, 8s. 
 
 ' ' Welcome, right welcome, Christopher North ; we cordially greet thee in 
 thy new dress, thou genial and hearty old man, whose ' Ambrosian nights' 
 have so often in imagination transported us from solitude to the social circle, 
 and whose vivid pictures of flood and fell, of loch and glen, have carried us in 
 thought from the smoke, din, and pent-up opulence of London, to the rushing 
 stream or tranquil tarn of those mountain-ranges," &c. — Times. 
 
 Essays, Critical and Imaginative, 
 
 By Professor Wilson. Four Vols. Crown Bvo, i6s. 
 
 Tales. 
 
 By Professor Wilson. Comprising ' The Lights and Shadows of Scottish 
 Life ; ' ' The Trials of Margaret Lyndsay ; ' and ' The Foresters.' In One 
 Vol. Crown Bvo, 4s., cloth. Cheap Edition. Fcap. Bvo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Professor Wilson! s Poems, 
 
 Containing the ' Isle of Palms,' the ' City of the Plague,' ' Unimore,' and 
 other Poems. Complete Edition. Crown Bvo, 4s. 
 
 Homer and his Translators, and the Greek Drama, 
 
 By Professor Wilson. Crown Bvo, 4s. 
 
 Poems and Songs, 
 
 By David Wingate. In fcap. Bvo, 5s. 
 
 " It contains genuine poetic ore, poems which win for their author a place 
 among Scotland's true sons of song, and such as any man in any country might 
 rejoice to have written." — London Review. 
 
 ' ' We are delighted to welcome into the brotherhood of real poets a country- 
 man of Burns, and whose verse will go far to render the rougher Border Scottish 
 a classic dialect in our literature." — John Bull. ■ 
 
 Annie Weir, and other Poems, 
 
 By David Wingate. Fcap. Bvo, ss. 
 
 Fortification : 
 
 For the Use of Officers in the Army, and Readers of Military History. By 
 Lieut. H. Yule, Bengal Engineers. Bvo, with numerous Illustrations, 
 los. 6d. 
 "An excellent manual : one of the best works of its class." — British Army 
 Despatch. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 57 
 
 Now complete, in 20 vols., 2s. 6d. each. Also in 10 vols., with calf 
 or vellum backs, £•2, los. 
 
 Ancient Classics 
 
 English Readers 
 
 BY VARIOUS AUTHORS. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 Rev. W. LUCAS COLLINS, M.A. 
 
 Author of ' Etoniana,' 'The Public Schools,' &c 
 
 OPINIONS OF, THE PRESS. 
 
 ' ' We gladly avail ourselves of this opportunity to recommend the 
 other volumes of this useful series, most of which are executed with dis- 
 crimination and ability." — Quarterly Review. 
 
 " These Ancient Classics have, without an exception, a twofold value. 
 They are rich in literary interest, and they are rich in social and histori- 
 cal interest. We not only have a faithful presentation of the stamp and 
 quality of the hterature which the master-minds of the classical world 
 have bequeathed to the modern world, but we have a series of admir- 
 ably vivid and graphic pictures of what life at Athens and Rome was. 
 We are not merely taken back over a space of twenty centuries, and 
 placed immediately under the shadow of the Acropolis, or in the very 
 heart of the Forum, but we are at once brought behind the scenes of the 
 old Roman and Athenian existence. As we see how the heroes of this 
 ' new world which is the old ' plotted, intrigued, and planned ; how 
 private ambition and poHtical partisanship were dominant and active 
 motives then as they are now ; how the passions and the prejudices 
 which reign supreme now reigned supreme then ; above all, as we dis- 
 cover how completely many of what we may have been accustomed to 
 consider our most essentially modern thoughts and sayings have been 
 anticipated by the poets and orators, the philosophers and historians, 
 who drank their inspiration by the banks of Ilissus or on the plains of 
 Tiber, we are prompted to ask whether the advance of some twenty cen- 
 turies has worked any great change in humanity, and whether, substi- 
 tuting the coat for the toga, the park for the Campus Martins, the 
 Houses of Parliament for the Forum, Cicero might not have been a 
 public man in London as well as an orator in Rome?" — Morning 
 Advertiser.. 
 
 "A series which has done, and is doing, so much towards spreading 
 among Englishmen intelligent and appreciative views of the chief clas- 
 sical authors." — Standard. 
 
 ' ' To sum up in a phrase our sincere and hearty commendation of one 
 of the best serial publications we have ever examined, we may just say 
 that to the student and the scholar, and to him who is neither scholar 
 nor student, they are simply priceless as a means of acquiring and ex- 
 tending a familiar acquaintance with the great classic writers of Greece 
 and Rome." — Belfast Northern Whig. 
 
ANCIENT CLASSICS 
 
 List of the Volumes published. 
 
 I.-HOMER: THE ILIAD. 
 
 By THE Editor. 
 
 • ' We can confidently recommend this first volume of ' Ancient Classics 
 for English Readers ' to all who have forgotten their Greek and desire 
 to refresh their knowledge of Homer. As to those to whom the series 
 is chiefly addressed, who have never learnt Greek at all, this little book 
 gives them an opportunity which they had not before — an opportunity 
 not only of remedying a want they must often have felt, but of remedy- 
 ing it by no patient and irksome toil, but by a few hours of pleasant 
 reading. " — Times. 
 
 II.-HOMER: THE ODYSSEY. 
 
 By THE EdI'TOR. 
 
 " Mr Collins has gone over the ' Odyssey with loving hands, and he 
 tells its eternally fresh story so admirably, and picks out the best pas- 
 sages so skilfully, that he gives us a charming volume. In the ' Odyssey,* 
 as treated by Mr Collins, we have a story-book that might charm a 
 child or amuse and instruct the wisest man." — Scotsman. 
 
 MI.-HERODOTUS. 
 
 By George C. Swayne, M.A. 
 
 " This volume altogether confirms the highest anticipations that were 
 formed as to the workmanship and the value of the series." — Daily 
 Telegraph. 
 
 IV.-THE COMMENTARIES OF C>CSAR. 
 
 By Anthony Trollope. 
 
 "We can only say that all admirers of Mr Trollope will find his 
 'Caesar' almost, if not quite, as attractive as his most popular novel, 
 while they will also find that the exigencies of faithful translation have 
 not been able to subdue the charm of his peculiar style. The original . 
 part of his little book — the introduction and conclusion — are admirably 
 written, and the whole work is quite up to the standard of its predeces- 
 sors, than saying which, we can give no higher praise." — Vanity Fair. 
 
 V.-V I R G I L. 
 
 By THE Editor. 
 
 "Such a volume cannot fail to enhance the reputation of this promis- 
 ing series, and deserves the perusal of the most devoted Latinists, not 
 less than of the English readers for whom it is &(t%\gxiQdi."— Contemporary 
 Review. 
 
 " It would be difficult to describe the '.^Eneid' better than it is done 
 here, and still more difficult to find three more delightful works than tne 
 * Iliad,' the ' Odyssey,' and the 'Virgil' of Mr Co\\ms."~Standard. 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS. 59 
 
 VI.-HORACE. 
 
 By Theodore Martin. 
 
 " Though we have neither quoted it, nor made use of it, we have no 
 hesitation in saying that the reader who is wholly or for the most part 
 unable to appreciate Horace untranslated, may, with the insight he 
 gains from the lively, bright, and, for its size, exhaustive little volume 
 to which we refer, account himself hereafter familiar with the many* 
 sided charms of the Venusian, and able to enjoy allusions to his Hfe and 
 works which would otherwise have been a sealed book to him." — Quar- 
 terly Review. 
 
 " We wish, after closing his book, to be able to read it agam for the 
 first time ; it is suited to ev€ry occasion ; a pleasant travelling com- 
 panion ; welcome in the library where Horace himself may be consulted; 
 welcome also in the inter\'als of business, or when leisure is abundact." 
 — Edinburgh Review. 
 
 " In our judgment, no volume (of the series) hitherto has come up to 
 the singular excellence of that now under consideration. The secret of 
 this is, that its author so completely puts himself in Horace's place, scans 
 the phases of his life with such an insight into the poet's character and 
 motives, and leaves on the reader's mind so little of an impression that 
 he is following the attempts of a mere modern to reahse the feelings 
 and expressions of an ancient. Real genius is a freemasonry, by which 
 the touch of one hand transmits its secret to another ; and a capital proof 
 of this is to be found in the skill, tact, and fellow-feeling with which Mr 
 Martin has executed a task, the merit and value of which is quite out 
 of proportion to the size and pretensions of his volume." — Saturday 
 Review. 
 
 V1I.-/ESCHYLUS. 
 
 By Reginald S. Copleston, B.A. 
 
 " A really dehghtful little volume." — The Examiner. 
 
 ' ' The author with whom Mr Copleston has here to deal exemplifies 
 the advantage of the method which has been used in this series. . . , 
 Mr Copleston has apprehended this main principle, as we take it to be, 
 of his work : has worked it out with skill and care, and has given to the 
 pubhc a volume which fulfils its intention as perfectly as any of the 
 series. "—Spectator. 
 
 VMI.-XENOPHON. 
 
 By Sir Alexander Grant, Bart., 
 
 Principal of the University of Edinburgh. 
 
 ' ' Sir Alexander Grant tells the story of Xenophon's life with much 
 eloquence and power. It has evidently been with him a labour of love ; 
 while his wide reading and accurate schoJarship are manifest on nearly 
 every page." — Fhe Examiner. 
 
6o ANCIENT CLASSICS 
 
 I X.-C I C E R O. 
 
 By THE Editor. 
 
 "No charm of style, no facility and eloquence of illustration, is 
 wanting to enable us to see the great Roman advocate, statesman, and 
 orator, in the days of Rome's grandeur, in the time of her first fatal 
 hastening to her decadence, with whom fell her liberty two thousand 
 years ago. The first lines of introduction to this fascinating book are 
 full of help and light to the student of the classical times who has not 
 mastered the classical literature, and in whose interests this book is 
 done, simply to perfection." — Saunder^ News-Letter. 
 
 X.-SOPHOCLES. 
 
 By Clifton W. Collins, M.A. 
 "Sophocles has now been added to the acceptable and singularly 
 equal series of 'Ancient Classics for English Readers,' Mr Collins 
 shows great skill and judgment in analysing and discriminating the 
 plays of the sweet singer of Colonus." — Guardian. 
 
 XI.-PLINY'S LETTERS. 
 
 By the Rev. Alfred Church, M.A., and 
 The Rev. W. J. Brodribb, M.A. 
 
 ' ' This is one of the best volumes of the series called ' Ancient Classics 
 for English Readers.' . . . This graceful little volume will introduce 
 Phny to many who have hitherto known nothing of the Silver Age." — 
 AthencBum. 
 
 " Mr Lucas Collins's very useful and popular series has afforded a fit 
 opportunity for a sketch of the life and writings of the younger Pliny ; 
 and the writers of the volume before us have contrived, out of their 
 intimate and complete familiarity with their subject, to place the man, 
 his traits of character, his friends, and his surroundings so vividly before 
 us, that a hitherto shadowy acquaintance becomes a distinct and real 
 personage." — Saturday Review. 
 
 Xll.-E U R I P I D E S. 
 
 By W. B. Donne. 
 
 ' ' This is the twelfth instalment of this admirably conducted series, and 
 one of the very best that has yet appeared," — BelVs Weekly Messenger. 
 
 XIII.-JUVENAL. 
 
 By Edward Walford, M.A. 
 "This is one of the best executed volumes of the whole series of 
 ' Ancient Classics,' and exhibits Mr Walford's critical powers in a very 
 favourable light." — Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 XIV.-ARISTOPHANES. 
 
 By the Editor. 
 
 "There has been no work yet published which brings the Greek 
 comedian better within the comprehension of the average English- 
 man. "— Standard, 
 
FOR ENGLISH READERS. Cl 
 
 XV.-HESIOD AND THEOGNIS. 
 
 By the Rev. J. Davis, M.A. 
 " If all the other works of this series are written with the same ability 
 as ' Hesiod, ' and ' Theognis, ' a very valuable addition, in an unpretend- 
 ing form, will have been made to the literature of the country."— .Sa/ar- 
 day /Review, 
 
 XVI.-PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. 
 
 By THE Editor. 
 
 " One of the very best of this admirable series that has yet come 
 under our notice. For the first time, indeed, the true meaning and 
 purpose of the works of the two oldest Latin dramatists are thoroughly 
 investigated, whilst the elegance of their phraseology and the unity of 
 their design are equally exemplified." — Be/l's Weekly Messenger, 
 
 XVII.-TACJTUS. 
 
 By W. B. Donne. 
 
 "Mr Donne's sketch of the Hfe and writings of Tacitus is worthy of 
 the excellent series of ' Ancient Classics ' to which it belongs. It is 
 evident that Mr Donne has studied his author deeply and thoroughly, 
 at once recognising his defects and appreciating his merits. The little 
 work before us is a brief but perspicuous summary of the works of the 
 great historian, calculated not only to interest the English readers, for 
 whom it is primarily intended, but also to assist the student who is 
 anxious to make himself acquainted with the history of the first century 
 after Christ. . . . We anticipate for the work a great success. " — 
 A thencBum. 
 
 XVIII. -LUCI AN. 
 
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 so. " — Westminster Review. 
 
 XIX.-PLATO. 
 
 By Clifton W. Collins, M.A. 
 
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 know no book of anything like this brevity and cheapness from which a 
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 and customs." — Morning Advertiser. 
 
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