UC-NRLF 
 
 mCMBNTCD Y THE 
 SOUTHERN PACIFIC COMPANY 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
(Of 
 
A BRIEF REVIEW 
 
 OF ITS 
 
 RESOURCES, DEVELOPMENT 
 
 INDUSTRIES, SOIL 
 
 CLIMATE 
 
 AND ESPECIALLY ITS 
 
 Advantages for Homemaking 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE 
 
 PASSENGER DEPARTMENT 
 
 ] SOUTHERN PACIFIC COMPANY 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 
 1900 
 
III 
 
 ^p^ I \ 
 
 r 
 
 
 
pi- 
 
 THE 
 
 NEW 
 
 ARIZONA* 
 
 AVENUE SCENE, TEMPE. 
 
IRRIGATING CANAL NEAR PHCFNIX. 
 
 In the southeast, on the contrary, the mighty ranges of 
 the north reappear, but without their native savagery. 
 For the ranges of the Santa Catalinas, the Santa Ritas, 
 the Huachucas, and others are wooded and watered and 
 valleyed in green. 
 
 WHAT CAN YOU DO IN ARIZONA? 
 
 The message contained in this pamphlet is not written 
 in a reckless spirit, with the purpose only of inducing any 
 and everybody to come to Arizona. On the contrary, it 
 is a thoughtful message addressed to thoughtful men. If 
 you are poor, with only your two hands to serve you, 
 there are many other places that will repay manual labor 
 better than Arizona. But if you have a little money, or, 
 better still, a great deal, there are few countries that have 
 within themselves the power to respond so quickly, surely 
 and generously to well-directed efforts. 
 
 Arizona is not a " Tom Tiddler's ground," where you 
 can get rich doing nothing. But help to develop its 
 natural resources and it will repay your labor certainly 
 ten, maybe a hundred, possibly a thousand fold. Who 
 can tell? Much depends upon yourself. And the very 
 first question to be considered is: What can you do in 
 Arizona? What possibilities does it offer of which you, 
 personally, can avail yourself. 
 
 Then it offers you a great deal for a 
 
 ARE YOU comparatively small outlay. The chief 
 
 signal officer, in a report on the climate 
 
 A of Arizona, with particular reference to 
 
 FA"Piure r p > tne question of irrigation (1891), says of 
 
 fAKMUK. p. la and Salt River valleys: "Rich as 
 
 is the Arizona soil, it is always a disap- 
 pointment to the farmer who views it with the preju- 
 dices born of familiarity with the deep, rich loam of 
 the prairies. At first sight he can compare it with 
 nothing but the sand of the sea beach: that it could be 
 made to bear a scanty crop of some hardy grass is almost 
 beyond his comprehension; that it does bear enormous 
 harvests of grain, that it is the rival of every vine-growing 
 country in the world, that its orchards are beyond rivalry, 
 
are facts which have to conquer belief in his unwilling 
 mind." 
 
 Furthermore, the special committee of the United 
 States Senate, report 298, part i, May 5, 1890, page 60, 
 says: " Within our borders there cannot be found a soil 
 so uniformly fertile and so capable of varied production, 
 under -irrigation, as that of the Gila, Salt and Santa Cruz 
 rivers in central and southern Arizona. Analysis of this 
 soil shows its fertile qualities to be superior to that of the 
 Nile earth." 
 
 And so the secret of the marvel is the artificial applica- 
 tion of water to a wonderful soil. We say " wonderful " 
 advisedly, for out of it grows everything that has leaves, 
 and a good many things that have not. 
 
 Arizona's reputation for mineral 
 
 AT? _, vnTT wealth is well established. So high 
 
 an authority as Baron Von Hum- 
 
 A boldt, himself, predicted that the 
 
 MINING MAN > wealth of the world would yet be 
 MlNlJNLrMAJN. found in this region. And was not 
 
 the largest silver " nugget " ever 
 
 taken from the earth brought to light in Arizona? It 
 weighed 2,700 pounds. Unfortunately for the Spanish 
 adventurers who found it, it was so very large that his 
 wise and canny majesty of Spain declared it a " curi- 
 osity," and so, by the terms of the charter, took it him- 
 self. Silver is as plentiful to-day in Arizona as it 
 was then, being unearthed in its pure state and in 
 combination with many base metals. In both conditions 
 it has provided more queer and beautiful cabinet specimens 
 than any other country. That the present low price of 
 silver does not make it profitable to work some of these 
 argentiferous mines, is another matter. 
 
 As for gold, that is always valuable, and, while it is not 
 as plentiful as silver, it has been revealed in great quanti- 
 ties, both in its free state and in its matrix of quartz, and 
 in combination with sulphur, lead, antimony, copper and 
 other minerals. It is not so long ago that the discoverers 
 
 i i I 
 
 HALVERTON MINE. 
 
of the placer deposits of Antelope Peak took one-half mil- 
 lion of dollars in gold from less than one acre of ground, 
 while the quartz mines are paying more steadily, if not so 
 royally. 
 
 Copper of a very high grade is found in large amounts. 
 
 The total output of these three metals during the last 
 seventeen years amounts to $95,000,000. In fact the whole 
 country is a vast mineral treasure house, veined with gold, 
 silver, copper, iron, lead and almost every other metal. 
 From the geological formation of Arizona and a part of 
 New Mexico, it would appear that some volcanic upheaval 
 had thrown all the minerals together in a heap, for they 
 do not follow the usual well-established methods of such 
 deposits in other States and Territories, and until you 
 strike your pick in the ground you scarcely know what 
 kind of a mine you are going to have. Mining discov- 
 eries and developments during 1898 increased values more 
 than twenty millions of dollars the beginning only of a 
 richer future. 
 
 Large tracts of grass land that 
 
 A-p-p. VOTT will provide feed twelve months in 
 
 the year, water, and a mild climate 
 
 A are what stockmen require. If they 
 
 cTnr-irD A TCT70 :> get. the more important of these 
 5TOCKRAISHR? advantages only< they may con . 
 
 gratulate themselves. At one time 
 
 certain portions of Arizona offered all of them, and cat- 
 tle owners were not slow in availing themselves of 
 the offer. In many places the winter is free froin 
 extreme cold and violent storms, and rarely is a 
 day lost from inclemency of the weather, while the sum- 
 mer's only danger is an occasional drought. In the rainy 
 season plains and foothills turn green with surprising 
 readiness at the magic touch of the falling waters, and the 
 cattle crop the juicy grasses, grow fat, and are thankful. 
 And when the long season of cloudless sky follows, and all 
 green things die. as all srreen things that rely solely on the 
 super-bountiful, but infrequent, rains, must in Arizona, the 
 uncut grass turns to hav upon the ground, so that the 
 breeder is saved the trouble of cutting, curing and storing 
 his hay. and has all out doors for a barn. 
 
 In addition to these range grasses, which in places cover 
 the ground so luxuriantly after the first rain, there are 
 several kinds of perennial grasses which remain more or 
 less green throughout the year. Ranchmen call these 
 " spear grass/' "deer grass," " gietta," and black and 
 white " eramma." Then there are certain small trees, 
 such as the mesquite, palo verde, and others which cattle 
 are fond of browsing. This great variety of feed and the 
 mild weather insures a rapid increase in the herd. Indeed, 
 when feed and water are plentiful, an increase of eighty- 
 five per cent is not unusual. 
 
 But. as has been intimated, the picture has a reverse 
 side, for running water is frequently scarce on the big 
 ranges, the rainy seasons are capricious and cattle have to 
 travel long distances to water, to diminution of their in- 
 crease and their weight. The best ranges, moreover, are 
 apt to become crowded and usuallv are, and in "off years" 
 cattle have to be shipne'd out of the territory at a loss, to 
 avoid a worse fate. That these evils were not irremedi- 
 able, however, and that cattle can be raised with a steady 
 orofit. has been recentlv nroved bv the immense advance 
 
POSSIBILITIES 
 FOR 
 
 MANUFACTURERS. 
 
 of irrigation and the enormous acreage that has been put 
 into alfalfa for pasturage, a subject that is treated at 
 greater length elsewhere. 
 
 Arizona offers considerable 
 water power and an abundance 
 of raw material capable of 
 being wrought into useful 
 shape. An enterprising man 
 with capital will be embar- 
 rassed where to choose. For 
 instance, it is roughly estimated that there are 20,000 
 square miles of timbered land in Arizona. The Mogollon 
 forest alone is about 200 miles long and 60 miles broad, 
 forming a belt of magnificent pine timber nearly as large 
 as the State of Maryland. In fact, there are hundreds of 
 millions of feet of marketable lumber, some of it accessi- 
 ble to railroads and a good deal of it, of course, that is 
 not. 
 
 Thousands of hides are annually shipped from Arizona 
 and brought back again in the form of saddlery, boots and 
 shoes. The territory is rich in tanning material in the 
 shape of barks, shrubs and canaigre, the latter growing wild 
 and also under cultivation. Why should not this wealth ot 
 material be manufactured at home ? 
 
 Millions of pounds of a superior quality of wool are also 
 sent out of the country every year, to be made up into 
 woolen fabrics, while many of the rivers flow in idleness. 
 Paper, rope and mats can be made from the agave and 
 the amole native Arizona plants. Indeed, the texture and 
 finish of papers made from these fibres are excellent. 
 They ought, and no doubt will, some day, supplant wood 
 pulp and other cheap substitutes for rags. These shrubs 
 are found growing in every valley and on every mesa and 
 hillside, so that there is quite enough for all the paper 
 manufacturers who read these lines. 
 The making of soaps, candles, matches and straw goods, 
 
 MAP OF SALT AND GILA VALLEYS, SHOWING SOUTHERN PACIFIC 
 COMPANY'S CONNECTIONS, 
 
beef and pork packing, fruit and vegetable canning, and a 
 dozen other industries are practicable. In Phoenix, a 
 town of i2-,ooo inhabitants, there are ice-factories, planing- 
 mills, iron-foundries, machine-shops, cigar-factories, bee- 
 hive and fruit box factories and canneries, already in 
 operation. 
 
 SALT RIVER VALLEY. 
 
 This lovely valley has already been referred to. In- 
 deed, the temptation to tell about it has been so great that 
 it required considerable self-denial not to begin with it. 
 Like the good village schoolmaster who, when he 
 " shows off " his school before visitors, proudly calls upon 
 his best and favorite pupils, so the chronicler of Arizona 
 finds himself constantly referring to Salt River Valley. 
 Perhaps it is because this region appeals to the heart as 
 well as to the purse. For, if " all the world loves a lover," 
 all the world loves a home, and Salt River Valley is the 
 land of pleasant homes. 
 
 It is in Maricopa County, in 
 
 ITS Southern Arizona, in latitude 
 
 cT-TTTA-rT^RT 33^ degrees N. It comprises 
 
 SITUATION t he land lying on either side of 
 
 AND tne Salt River between the Verde 
 
 QTTOwruTMrmMrQ and Gila ' The valley P r P er is 
 SURROUNDINGS. about fifty miles long ^nd aver- 
 ages fifteen miles in width. To 
 
 the east are the Superstition Mountains, to the south the 
 Estrella Range, to the west are the White Tank Moun- 
 tains, .and on the north the Phoenix Hills. There are 
 about 750 square miles, or about 480,000 acres of irrigable 
 land in the Valley. Having thus given its length and 
 breadth it seems natural to give its thickness, for it has a 
 thickness the thickness of the soil, which is a deposit 
 varying in depth from ten to fifty feet. 
 
 In regions like the Gila 
 
 ^-rTT-p. OTT and the Salt River Valleys it 
 
 may be said that the soil is 
 
 AND not indigenous. It being one 
 
 wrvw7 TT rrvr 1 T-MTTOTP f the remarkable features of 
 HOW IT GOT THERE. thjs remarkable country and 
 
 one which it shares with the 
 
 valley of the Egyptian Nile, that its soil has been, and is 
 being, brought to it from other regions. 
 
 General Greely, in his report previously referred to, 
 says of this matter: " This is a land of inland* seas in 
 recent geologic times. Their beaches and shoals have 
 been laid down at several altitudes to serve as foundation 
 for later effects of soil-making. 
 
 " The Salt and Gila flow down through the mountains 
 with a fall of 4,000 feet in 500 miles; when they reach the 
 plain they fall but six inches to the mile, their suspended 
 material is deposited along this portion of their course * * 
 The worth of such a soil is a matter dependent on the 
 characteristics of mountain districts hundreds of miles 
 away, and in this case no fault can be found, for the moun- 
 tains are rich in desirable soil constituents, and this 
 wealth is brought to the plain in the most finely sub- 
 divided form, and thus in the best shape for the purposes 
 of agriculture." 
 
10 
 
 Statistics under torture, may be made 
 
 ITS to P rove almost anything; nevertheless, 
 
 one can always gain some sort of infor- 
 
 CLIMATE. mation from them. The United States 
 
 Signal Service reports from 1877 to 1887 
 
 show the average temperature of spring to be 70.5 degrees, 
 
 of summer, 89.3 degrees, of autumn, 73.1 degrees, and of 
 
 winter, 56.1 degrees. The highest reached in that period 
 
 was 115.5 and the lowest 22.5 degrees. While the regis- 
 
 tering of 115 degrees of heat may seem alarming to a 
 
 person east of the Mississippi River, it must be remem- 
 
 bered that the figures do not carry the same meaning as 
 
 in New York or St. Louis. The atmosphere in Arizona is 
 
 so entirely devoid of moisture that 115 degrees is more en- 
 
 durable than 85 degrees in either of those cities. 
 
 In fact the heat is never oppressive here, the sweltering, 
 " muggy " days of the Eastern summer being unknown. 
 . In the sun's rays, of course, it is very hot, but the air, 
 being so clear, does not get over-heated, and if one stays 
 in the shade, even 115 degrees is quite endurable. The 
 nights are always pleasant, winter and summer. The 
 winter climate is simply delightful. In fact, taken alto- 
 gether, the climate is about as good as the most deserving 
 person could ask. 
 
 The rainy season is, of course, the 
 
 THE winter of Arizona, and usually begins 
 
 in August. The average rainfall is 
 
 RAINFALL. 5.27 inches. The rain generally falls 
 
 for a day or two at a time, and then the 
 
 sky is clear perhaps for a week or more, and these inter- 
 
 vals, when Nature is washed and dressed in her gayest 
 
 colors, are charming. Thunder storms are unusual,* being 
 
 less common than in the Eastern States. 
 
 Yes; not because the soil is 
 
 DOES ALL ARIZONA hot and dry ' but for the 
 DOHb ALL ARIZONA rainf1 j is 
 
 SOIL REQUIRE insufficient and too capricious 
 
 TOT3T/~ A*TTrusj:> to be relied upon. Moreover 
 
 IRRIGATION? the soil> as a]ready explained 
 
 is very porous and water 
 
 sinks through it rapidly, therefore it requires frequent re- 
 newal. This very porosity is one of the reasons of its 
 extraordinary fertility, for the capillary structure acts like 
 myriad little canals, which carry the enriching chemical 
 constituents of the soil to the roots of the plant. 
 
 It is not too extravagant to say that 
 
 METHODS * n Arizona man harvests and stores his 
 
 rainfall, as he does his crops, and uses 
 
 OF it when he needs it. After all, this 
 
 IRRIGATION seems mor e rational than to leave one's 
 
 ' crops to chance, to walk the floor at 
 
 night for fear it will rain, or for fear it 
 
 won't, to have your neighbor longing for rain on his vege- 
 
 table garden, while your hay is yet lying in the field. In 
 
 Arizona each man, as it were, lets the rain come on his 
 
 farm when he wants it, and turns it off when he has had 
 
 enough. Certain other men have made a business of stor- 
 
 ing and selling water to the farmers, such corporations 
 
 being known as canal companies. 
 
 In most countries the land requires preparation for irri- 
 gation^ by working and leveling. In Salt River Valley 
 there is no natural sod to break up, and the ground is 
 
12 
 
 already nearly level, having only a slight inclination to the 
 west and south, just enough to carry the water, so that no 
 preparatory expenditure is requisite. This important ad- 
 vantage will be better appreciated when it is understood 
 that in some less favored places it costs as much as forty 
 dollars an acre to fit the land for irrigation. The only 
 treatment the soil or the crop requires is thorough and 
 frequent tilling. No fertilizing is necessary. 
 
 The canal company obtain the water for irrigating by 
 diverting the flow from Salt River below the junction of 
 the Verde by means of dams. Thence it is conveyed to 
 the cultivated tracts by canals and distributed by small 
 ditches, or " laterals." When a farmer wants to conduct 
 water to a certain field he simply lifts the head gate of his 
 ditch. All distributing or lateral canals run upon section 
 or quarter section lines. By this plan stock has the benefit 
 of a living stream of water, while the custom of planting 
 trees along the water way makes these canals serve as 
 ornamental boundaries. Water rights cost about fifteen 
 dollars per acre, and the yearly tax for use after the right 
 has been purchased is one dollar and twenty-five cents 
 per acre. Out of this latter tax the canal companies bear 
 all expenses for repairs. Water for domestic use is ob- 
 tained from the canals and from artesian wells. 
 
 TWO-YEAR-OLD FIG SHHi^ ORCHARD. 
 
 WHAT THE SOIL PRODUCES* 
 
 Salt River Valley boasts that its soil produces every- 
 thing, and a great deal of it. Of some things they produce 
 two or more crops in a year, and when a man produces 
 two crops in a space of time that farmers elsewhere are 
 glad to safely house one, he is a great man. There is Bible 
 authority for it, so let him boast It is much pleasanter, 
 certainly, to hear a farmer boasting of the fertility of his 
 lands than complaining of their scanty yield. 
 
 The following statement taken from an 
 
 SOME Arizona paper of recent date gives a list of 
 fresh fruits to be had in the valley from 
 
 FRUIT. March to December: 
 
 Almonds, December. 
 Apples, June to November, inclusive. 
 Apricots, May to July, inclusive. 
 Blackberries, May to August, inclusive. 
 Crab Apples, July to October, inclusive. 
 Pates, November to December, inclusive. 
 
13 
 
 Figs, May to October, inclusive. 
 
 Grapes, June to December, inclusive. 
 
 Lemons, November to December, inclusive. 
 
 Nectarines, June to August, inclusive. 
 
 Oranges, November to December, inclusive. 
 
 Peaches, May to September, inclusive. 
 
 Pears (Winter Nellis), June to December, inclusive. 
 
 Plums, June to November, inclusive. 
 
 Pomegranates, August to September, inclusive. 
 
 Strawberries, March to December, inclusive. 
 
 Watermelons, June to December, inclusive. 
 
 COST AND PROFIT. 
 
 While all this sounds tempting enough, the practical 
 question immediately arises: What money is there in it? 
 This is a rather difficult question to answer conscien- 
 tiously, because the cost of production differs with differ- 
 ent men some managing better than others and the 
 market price varies from season to season. The price of 
 land^ is low, considering its advantages. Unimproved 
 tracts of 20, 40, or 60 acres, with water right that costs 
 $15 an acre, and frequently with roads or avenues around 
 them, can be had from $30 to $75 per acre. The difference 
 in price is due, as a general thing, to the distance the land 
 is located from a town center, or shipping point, and not 
 to the quality of the soil. Improved farm property with 
 water can be bought for $50 an acre and upwards. 
 
 Fruits raised in the valley are 
 
 THE MARKET, partly consumed at home and part- 
 ly exported. The home market is 
 
 good, as there are a great many mining camps and stock 
 ranches, besides the towns and villages, which depend on 
 the Salt River vicinity for their supplies. The surplus is 
 shipped by rail to all parts of the Territory, and is also 
 packed in refrigerator cars and sent East as far as Chi- 
 cago, where it successfully competes with California fruit 
 A great deal of fruit is also dried and canned for the local 
 and Eastern trade. 
 
 The following estimate of the 
 
 ^ cost of purchasing and planting a 
 
 twenty-acre tract is quoted from a 
 
 TWENTY-ACRE pamphlet issued by a well-informed 
 
 TRACT firm of Tempe, a picturesque and 
 
 prosperous little town in the Salt 
 
 River Valley: "Cost of twenty 
 
 acres of land at, say, $30 per acre, $600; preparing twenty 
 
 RAISIN PICKING AND DRYING NEAR PHGENIX. 
 
APRICOT ORCHARD NEAR PHO2NIX. 
 
 acres of fruit land for fruit plowing, harrowing, ditching, 
 laying off land for planting, digging holes, purchase of 
 trees and vines for tract, planting same, care thereof, and 
 cultivation in a thorough manner for first year, total $500. 
 Cash required for first payment on land, about $200; set- 
 ting out and caring for land first year, say, $500 making 
 $700, leaving a balance due of $400, bearing eight per cent 
 payable in, say, three years. In the above calculation is 
 included about eleven acres of raisin and table grapes, six 
 acres assorted fruits, one-half acre oranges, lemons, limes, 
 etc., one-half acre almonds and nuts, one-half acre as- 
 sorted tropical fruits, and one and one-half acres reserved 
 for alfalfa, garden patch, and home grounds. The cost of 
 cultivation for second year and onward is from $5 to $15 
 per acre whether $5 or more is left entirely to the owner, 
 it having been proven, however, by experience, that the 
 more constant the cultivation the greater the growth and 
 yield per tree, and consequently higher in proportion is 
 the income to the investment each year." 
 
 " In making the estimates," continues the 
 authority quoted, in his discussion of the 
 probable yield and income per acre, " we 
 have, in each and every instance, taken the 
 lowest figures, desiring rather to under than 
 over rate the returns for one can easily 
 take in unexpected profits, while he is at 
 times seriously embarrassed by having his income fall 
 short of his expectations." 
 
 CALCULATION BASED UPON TWENTY-ACRE TRACT SEVENTY- 
 
 EIGHT BEARING TREES PER ACRE. 
 
 APRICOTS. 
 
 Third year in orchard, 25 pounds per tree equals 1,950 
 pounds, at iy 2 cents, $28.25. 
 
 Fourth year in orchard, 50 pounds per tree equals 3,900 
 pounds, at i l / 2 cents, $58.50. 
 
 Fifth year in orchard, 80 pounds per tree equals 6,240 
 pounds, at i T / 2 cents, $93.60. 
 
 Sixth year in orchard, 125 pounds per tree equals 10,750 
 pounds, at i l / 2 cents, $161.25. 
 
 YIELD 
 
 AND 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 s 3,120 
 
 PEACHES. 
 
 Third year in orchard, 40 pounds per tree equal , 
 pounds, at i% cents, $39. 
 
 Fourth year in orchard, 75 pounds per tree equals 5,850 
 pounds, at iJ4 cents, $73.12. 
 
15 
 
 FRUIT PACKING NEAR PHCENIX. 
 
 Fifth year in orchard, 130 pounds per tree equals 10,140 
 pounds, at iJ4 cents, $126.75. 
 
 Sixth year in orchard, 200 pounds per tree equals 15,600 
 pounds, at i }4 cents, $195. 
 
 PEARS. 
 
 Third year in orchard, 30 pounds per tree equals 2,340 
 pounds, at 2 cents, $46.80. 
 
 Fourth year in orchard, 60 pounds per tree equals 4,680 
 pounds, at 2 cents, $93.60. 
 
 Fifth year in orchard, 100 pounds per tree equals 7,800 
 pounds, at 2 cents, $156. 
 
 Sixth year in orchard, 150 pounds per tree equals 11,700 
 pounds, at 2 cents, $234. 
 
 ALMONDS PAPER SHELL. 
 
 Third year in orchard, 5 pounds per tree equals 390 
 pounds, at 15 cents, $58.50. 
 
 Fourth year in orchard, 10 pounds per tree equals 760 
 pounds, at 15 cents, $117. 
 
 Fifth year in orchard, 20 pounds per tree equals 1,560 
 pounds, at 15 cents, $234. 
 
 Sixth year in orchard, 30 pounds per tree equals 2,340 
 pounds, at 15 cents, $351.10. 
 
 In the above calculation net figures only are given, so 
 that no deduction is to be made other than the cost of 
 care and cultivation per acre the cost of picking and 
 packing being taken into consideration by lowering the 
 yield per acre, as also the price per pound. 
 
 Of course grain thrives in such a region 
 
 CEREALS* as we have described, but as a rule fruit 
 pays much better. This is a matter that 
 is regulated somewhat by the nature of the land and the 
 farmer. Barley and oats produce from thirty-five to 
 forty-five bushels to the acre, and sell at from sixty cents 
 to ninety-five cents per bushel. These grains are largely 
 grown for hay and are cut in the milk. Alfalfa, however, 
 is the principal hay in use. In addition to barley and 
 oats, wheat and corn are raised, also broom corn, sugar 
 cane and sorghum. 
 
 This forage plant, a favorite in central 
 
 ALFALFA, and southern Arizona, grows all the year 
 
 round. It is cut for hay from four to six 
 
 times annually. It produces from one and one-half to 
 
 two tons per acre each cutting. An average crop is from 
 
17 
 
 seven to eight tons per acre, each year. Twenty head of 
 swine or two head of cattle can pasture well on an acre 
 of alfalfa throughout the year. Taking into consideration 
 the lowest market price yet touched by alfalfa hay upon 
 the farm, it will bring $3 per ton, an acre giving a return 
 of $21 per annum. Baled, it brings from $8 to $12 accord- 
 ing to the season. Alfalfa seed sells at seven cents to 
 nine cents per pound. From fifteen to twenty pounds are 
 required to seed one acre. 
 
 Professor F. A. Gulley, in one of his reports from the 
 Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, says, in speak- 
 ing of alfalfa as found in the Salt River Valley: 
 
 " It grows here in the greatest perfection. In the vicin- 
 ity of Phoenix are some thousands of acres of alfalfa fields, 
 and on these fields, grazing, or feeding on alfalfa hay, 
 thousands of range cattle are now being fattened. Fed 
 nothing but alfalfa, green or cured, a thousand-pound 
 range steer will gain from two to three pounds per day 
 until well fattened, and this gain is equal to that made on 
 good hay and corn in the Mississippi Valley States." 
 
 Mr. E. G. Frankenberg, of 
 
 ATM TTYPFPTFMrF Tempe, in Salt River Valley, 
 AN EXPERIENCE wridng tQ the Board of Agripl _ 
 
 IN ture of Kansas says: " Since 
 
 AT FAT TT A T ^9 I have been growing alfalfa, 
 
 and now have 360 acres * * * 
 
 " In this valley the second 
 
 years' yield is as good as any later, and five cuttings have 
 been made, with about seven tons to the acre. The second 
 or third cutting is used for seed, and not watered, cut with 
 a self-raking reaper, stacked, and threshed with a clover 
 huller. Hay is cut when in full bloom, raked as soon as 
 possible, cured in windrows, and stacked like clover. 
 We never stack in barns, as we have no rains except as 
 before noted, and unless hay is put up too wet there is 
 no trouble from moulding or heating. The hay keeps 
 well in any sized bales, but handles best in 100 pounds, 
 and the baling costs about $2.25 per ton. The ordinary 
 yield of seed is about 250 pounds to the acre, and the 
 expense of threshing and cleaning is about 2 l /2 cents per 
 pound. 
 
 " Hay has been sold in the stack, measured, for from 
 $3.50 to $9 per ton, and seed has brought from 6 cents to 
 15 cents per pound. Alfalfa land is hard to buy, as the 
 man who has it wants to keep it, and I would say it is 
 worth from $50 to $100 per acre. In 1892 one of my neigh- 
 bors had, as gross returns for his hay and pasture, $27.72 
 per acre. The next year I cut over 3 tons of hay per 
 acre, sold at an average of $5 a ton, and rented the pasture 
 after that for six months at $7.50 per acre." 
 
 HORNED CATTLE. 
 
 In a previous paragraph it was said 
 
 PTrTTTivrr TTAT tnat tne P r oblem of raising cattle 
 
 profitably, in spite of crowded ranges 
 
 ON A or " off seasons," had been solved 
 
 RT7T7T7 T7T? A IMF tne valleys of Southern Arizona, 
 FRAME. and more particu ] arly in Salt River 
 
 Valley. The solution has been found 
 in the alfalfa field. 
 
 Somewhat has been said of the generous provision 
 nature has made for the immense herds of cattle all 
 
18 
 
 RANCH SCENE NEAR TEMPE. 
 
 through the hills and plains of Arizona: as, for instance, 
 the great variety of feed for stock, including under the 
 popular name of " grasses," seed and root, browse and 
 cacti, the mild climate, free from ice and snow and the 
 dreaded blizzard; and finally, exemption from the neces- 
 sity of storing great quantities of feed for the maintenance 
 of the cattle during inclement seasons. Furthermore, no 
 disease has ever made its appearance among the stock in 
 the Territory. The frame and constitution of cattle bred 
 upon the range is excellent, the only trouble being the 
 over-crowding of ranges, and occasional droughts, which 
 may render the herds unfit for market. Now, each year, 
 the herds are brought in to fatten on the alfalfa fields, 
 before marketing. Sixty days will recruit a poor herd 
 into fine condition, while from three to four months will 
 transform a live " beef frame" into prime merchantable 
 beef. 
 
 As to common range stock that runs among 
 
 THE .^ ie k^ s an d plains getting its own living in 
 
 its own wild way, and receiving from the 
 
 PROFIT owner no other yearly attention than the 
 
 OF IT branding iron, is sold at two cents a pound 
 
 and upwards (the prices are rising). 
 
 Transfer these steers to an alfalfa field, at 
 a cost of 75 cents to $i per head per month, and the gain 
 in weight will be 40 to 50 pounds during each thirty days, 
 and the quality will advance to a value of 4 to 6 cents. In 
 other words a range steer of 1,000 pounds, and valued at 
 from 20 to 25 dollars, at the end of four months pasturage, 
 costing 4 dollars, will weigh 1,200 pounds, and is market- 
 able at a price ranging from 60 to 80 dollars. 
 
 In Arizona, stock raising 
 
 HIGH-BRED CATTLE and agriculture are as yet in- 
 ter-dependent. Unlike some 
 AND of the great cattle countries 
 
 THE DAIRY* of the West, where the farm 
 
 has invaded grass lands and 
 expelled or exterminated the 
 
 cattle business, the cattle here have some 60,000 square 
 miles to range over, and are then brought into the agri- 
 
19 
 
 cultural lands to be made fit for the market, to the mutual 
 profit of the farmer and the cattle man. Furthermore, 
 some of the owners of alfalfa land breed registered and 
 high-grade Hereford bulls to turn out on the range. A 
 uniformly colored herd sells better than a motley one, 
 and Hereford, which are essentially grass cattle, bred to 
 the hardy Mexican cow, produce a cross remarkable for 
 its sturdiness and vigor, as well as for the markings of its 
 blooded sire. 
 
 In addition to the Herefords, some ranchmen have im- 
 ported Durham, Holstein and Galloway stock, and by 
 annual culling the herds have greatly improved. Indeed, 
 several years ago quite an, interest was taken in the rearing 
 of high-bred cattle, and, although the universal business 
 depression affected the enterprise temporarily, it has re- 
 cently been resumed with considerable enthusiasm, espe- 
 cially by dairymen. 
 
 The dairy business is generally conducted in connection 
 with the ice-making and cold storage plant. There is this 
 to be said about it also, that the cows yield most plenti- 
 fully in the summer months when, because of the hot 
 weather and long distance to large cities, the risk and ex- 
 pense of shipment is greatest and the profits proportion- 
 ately small. 
 
 This industry has met with such success 
 GROWING ^ at it i s rapidly increasing. The prin- 
 cipal breeds are Poland-China and Berk- 
 HOGS. shire, raised from stock originally 
 brought from the Eastern States and Cal- 
 ifornia. Most breeders prefer the black hog, as best suited 
 to the climate. There has been no sickness among swine 
 in the country, probably because they are almost alto- 
 gether raised on alfalfa and not pen fed. Young pigs, 
 especially, thrive on alfalfa. For fattening matured stock 
 for the market, barley, wheat and sorghum are frequently 
 used. The increasing number of swine has built up a good 
 trade with dealers in Mexico, Texas and California. As 
 much as $7,000 worth of hogs was raised on a half section 
 of land last year, besides over one hundred head of cattle. 
 . There are so many shining hours in Ari- 
 BEE zona the busy little bee is kept very busy 
 
 ind eed. In Salt River Vallev there are 
 about 4,000 colonies of bees. The sources 
 of the honey crop are wild flowers, which 
 are. most abundant in the spring and fall, the mesquite 
 
 FALLS OF THE ARIZONA CANAL. 
 
V^ <*V & > 3*|_? 
 
 X '.J& %t- 
 
 ^^Jk V'T/ oir- I'?'" 
 
 ^J2& SIERRA K^Vx. 
 
 &J.J. 
 
 L ^- 
 
I / A/ D l\ A N 
 R\E S E R \f\f\ T / N 
 

 WASHINGTON STREET, PHCENIX. 
 
 trees and the ever serviceable alfalfa plant. The honey 
 made from the two latter is of excellent quality. The 
 product is shipped in car lots to Eastern markets and fair 
 prices are obtained. The traffic is nearly altogether in 
 extracted honey, put up in five-gallon cans, two in a case. 
 Comb honey is put up in sufficient quantities to supply 
 the local trade. 
 
 THE TOWNS OF SALT RIVER VALLEY. 
 
 It is an attractive city! Maybe there 
 are hard-headed, so-called practical men 
 who do not care to hear about Phoenix's 
 comeliness, oreferring to hear about its 
 resources. But the beauty of Phoenix is 
 one of its resources, and is worth hear- 
 ing about. Perhaps its fairness is all the 
 more noticeable and pleasing because of 
 the fact that one travels over dusty miles 
 of monotonous plains (deserts, not yet 
 painted green by that great artist of Arizona, Water) to 
 get to it. 
 
 There are plenty of trees about the town, the name of 
 any one of which is a romance the olive, the pepper, the 
 cypress, pomegranate and fig. 
 
 Then there are the flowers, only the word does not con- 
 vey its Arizona meaning to an Eastern mind, accustomed 
 
 PHOENIX, 
 WHAT 
 
 IT 
 
 LOOKS 
 LIKE. 
 
 CENE, PHCENIX. 
 

 23 
 
 to potted plants, or carefully nourished gardens. Here is 
 a very riot of flowers growing in season and out of season, 
 and all the time out of reason. You will see hedges of 
 geraniums, and adventurous fuchsias and heliotropes that 
 will climb as high as they are permitted, and acres of 
 beautiful lilies, 
 
 All of the dwellings around Phoenix are picturesque; 
 those that were not made so by the builder have been 
 made so by the shrubbery. The inhabitants have mostly 
 come from the older civilization of the East and South, 
 'and are refined and cultivated, so that there is no lack of 
 those graces which mean so much to the stranger in a 
 strange land. 
 
 Phoenix is the capital of Ari- 
 zona Territory and the seat of 
 Maricopa County. Its popula- 
 tion is about 18,000, although the 
 presence of a large transient pop- 
 ulation, composed of tourists, 
 health seekers, farmers, miners 
 
 and cattlemen from all parts of the Territory, give the 
 streets the busy aspect of a town twice its size. 
 
 ITS POPULATION 
 
 AND 
 BUSINESS. 
 
 HOTEL ADAMS, PHCENIX. 
 
 It is well furnished with all the modern appliances of 
 comfort, including gas-works, ice factories and electric 
 light plants, seven miles of street railway, four of .which 
 are electric, and a telephone exchange; there is also a 
 sewerage system, waterworks and a fire department. 
 There are rows of substantial business blocks, a theater 
 and several public halls. A number of handsome State 
 and county buildings are already erected, including the 
 Territorial Insane Asylum, costing $100,000, and -Terri- 
 torial capitol of noble proportions and built of enduring 
 material; a fitting place in which to make the laws that 
 shall govern a people whose financial strides accent their 
 millions by scores. A $200,000 hotel has just been opened 
 at Phoenix. It is modern in every way electric lights, 
 elevators, baths, etc., and luxurious throughout. There 
 are several other well-equipped hotels there, any one of 
 which ranks, in point of service and accommodations, 
 with the best caravansaries of the East. 
 
SCHOOLS, 
 CHURCHES 
 
 AND 
 SOCIETIES. 
 
 24 
 
 When it is remembered that Phoenix is not only the 
 capital of the Territory but the trade center of Maricopa 
 County, embracing an area of 9,354 square miles, a great 
 deal of which is productive, it will be readily understood 
 that there is considerable business done in the town. As 
 an index of its rapid commercial growth, the assessment 
 roll of 1884 shows the value of land and improvements to 
 have been $1,114,463, while in 1898 the official figures are 
 nearly $9,000,000. 
 
 Phoenix has a graded school system 
 consisting of a high school and various 
 ward schools. There are also a num- 
 ber of private schools. The Territorial 
 Normal School is at Tempe. 
 
 Nearly all religious denominations 
 have an organization in Phoenix, while 
 the majority have handsome church 
 edifices, the new Methodist Church taking rank as one of 
 the finest buildings on the Coast. The Young Men's 
 Christian Association has a free reading-room and gym- 
 nasium in connection with its assembly rooms. All of the 
 principal fraternities are represented by lodges, and own 
 separate halls. 
 
 The town of Tempe ranks next to Phoenix 
 TEMPE. in the valley. It is picturesquely situated 
 at the foot of a lofty butte on the south 
 bank of the river, and is the headquarters of the Consoli- 
 dated Canal Company. Its population is 2,000. It sup- 
 ports a flouring mill, fruit-drying establishment, ice fac- 
 tory and packing-house. It has two hotels, two banks, 
 and several fine business houses built of brick and brown- 
 stone, which latter is obtained from a quarry in the neigh- 
 borhood. 
 
 Is situated on a plateau near the eastern 
 MESA CITY end of the county. The vicinity is 
 
 especially favorable to vines and fruit. 
 The population is about 2,000. There are two trains daily 
 to Phoenix and Tempe. 
 
CITY HALL, PHCENIX. 
 
 Is fifty-five miles southwest of Phoenix, 
 GILA BEND and is the center of a fertile farming 
 
 district that extends for miles along the 
 Gila River. While it has not yet the elaborate irrigating 
 system that surrounds Tempe and Phoenix, its alluvial soil 
 is similar to that of the Valley of the Salt, and it is only 
 a question of time when canals will place it in the same 
 prosperous category. Gila Bend is also a promising sta- 
 tion on the Southern Pacific Company's Sunset line. 
 
 To the eastward of Gila Bend is 
 MARICOPA. Maricopa, an important station of the 
 
 Southern Pacific Company, and the 
 junction of the Maricopa and Phoenix Railroad with the 
 Southern Pacific Company's Sunset line. From this sta- 
 tion there is railway connection with Tempe, Phoenix, 
 and other points of general supply and exchange in the 
 Valley. 
 
 THE TESTIMONY OF A FEW. 
 
 From the " Phoenix Daily Herald " of January 26th, we 
 take the following " experiences " at random. 
 
 Mr. Frank Baum, a recent settler in 
 A Salt Valley, in a letter to a friend 
 
 dated Au S ust J 9 th > Published in the 
 S idell (111.) "Reporter," says: l< I 
 want you to call and see me on your 
 way out, or back. You will never regret it. I will take 
 you around and show you our Valley. I can show you 
 1,000,000 acres of the finest valley land on earth. * * * 
 Mr. Wilcox, who lives near me, has sold $400 worth of 
 fruit and will sell that much more this fall off of two 
 acres." 
 
 Mr. Winfield Scott, Chaplain on the 
 ^ retired list of the United States Army, 
 
 writing from Phoenix, states that, de- 
 siring to pay the expenses of an orange 
 grove while the young trees were grow- 
 ing, it occurred to him to plant peanuts 
 between the rows. He did so, and with 
 such success that " the present year I 
 extended my planting," he says, " and have obtained 
 equally good results. My crop will yield me about 250 
 sacks of large, first-class nuts of superior quality. * * * 
 As near as I can estimate, they will pay a revenue' of at 
 least $75 per acre." 
 
 RFrnsjujTTO 
 BEGINNER. 
 
 FLYER 
 
 IN 
 PEANUTS. 
 
26 
 
 Mr. M.Baugh, we learn from 
 A another source, farmed seven- 
 
 ty-five acres under the Arizona 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS Canal Company, during the 
 17 AT? TUT P ast season. " Sixty acres of 
 
 which," he says, " I put in bar- 
 ley, and the balance, fifteen 
 
 acres, in alfalfa. From this, since the first of last May, I 
 have sold $50 worth of chickens, $250 worth of eggs, 
 $2,300 worth of hogs, $50 worth of turkeys, and $400 worth 
 of honey, making a gross income from seventy-five acres 
 of $3,050. In addition to this. I not only have the original 
 stock with which I started, but they have increased in 
 value at least $500, so that really the seventy-five acres 
 have produced $3.550." 
 
 Mr. W. D. Fulwiler, in a pamphlet is- 
 sued by the Arizona Improvement Com- 
 pany of Phoenix, says, in regard to 
 ORANGE oranges: " * * * as you are aware, we 
 ORCHARD h pve 85 acres which will come into bear- 
 * ing next year, but have only four or five 
 acres now in bearing. We began selling 
 the product to the local dealers here at a net price to the 
 company of $4 per box. I had Mr. Tait count the oranges 
 on some of the trees from which he was certain no 
 oranges had been picked, and found that they ran from 
 146 to 264 per tree, taking the average at a box and a half 
 per tree, at $4 per box equals $6 per tree, and at 69 trees 
 per acre gives $414 per acre, exclusive of boxes and dealers' 
 profits. The yield will increase from year to year until, at 
 full bearing, they will produce from 6 to 8 boxes per tree. 
 The trees in bearing are now five years old." It should 
 be said that $4 a box is a rather unusual price, $2 is nearer 
 the average. 
 
 SOME GENERAL INFORMATION. 
 
 The following statistics are taken 
 ^ rom tne recent report of Hon. Thos. 
 Dalton, Superintendent of Public In- 
 IN struction: 
 
 Number of teachers employed in 
 1896, 324: number of school districts, 
 223; number of boys enrolled, 6,789: 
 
 number of girls enrolled, 6,100: total enrollment, 12,889: 
 number of census children, 16,936: average length of 
 school term, 6.34 months: total expenditure in all sources, 
 $214,450: valuation of .school property, $429,000. Several 
 new school b*uildings are now under construction, and in 
 the last two years twenty new schools have been built at 
 a cost of $35,000. 
 
 Professor W. Eitner, of Vienna, an 
 
 CANAIGRE, authority on all matters pertaining to 
 
 the manufacture of leather, recommends 
 
 the use of this root in tanning on account of its quickness, 
 
 its filling qualities, and its beautiful colors. He considers 
 
 it especially adapted for tanning uppers, fine saddlery, and 
 
 fancy leathers, either alone or in combination with other 
 
 materials. 
 
 The canaigre root is found growing wild in Arizona 
 and has long been used bv the Mexicans as a tannins: 
 material and as a medicine, but only in recent years has it 
 attracted attention as an article of commerce. An analysis 
 
27 
 
 A SHADY DRIVE, PHCENIX. 
 
 by Mr. Vaelcker, of Galveston, gives 23.16 per cent o 
 tannic acid. Canaigre has been gathered in its wild stat< 
 and shipped abroad by various individuals and companies 
 until the supply near lines of transportation became ex 
 hausted and it no longer paid to gather it. 
 
 The Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, a de 
 partment of the University at Tucson, has investigated it 
 habits with the possibility of cultivating it, and has issue( 
 an exhaustive bulletin on the subject. Mr. C. B. Allaire 
 in an article in the " Irrigation Age," of November, 1894 
 says: " Canaigre makes an excellent substitute for gam 
 . bier, having all the desirable qualities that it has, am 
 others that it does not supply, and it is as a substitute fo: 
 it and as a modifier of the tannic barks that will justify ; 
 liberal demand for it, when its merits are more general!] 
 understood. 
 
 "As a crop on irrigated lands it has advantages tha 
 make it very valuable in the economy of agriculture, no 
 so much on account of any enormous profits, that it wil 
 yield, as from the fact that with a limited water and labo: 
 supply, the tillable acreage can be nearly doubled." 
 
 The Pima Indians of Arizona manu 
 
 COTTON* factured fabrics from cotton raised ii 
 
 these valleys long before European set 
 
 tiers cultivated it in Virginia or the Mississippi Valley 
 
 In recent years the plant has been grown in Salt Rivei 
 
 Valley but not in sufficient quantities to create a market 
 
 The sugar cane thrives in South 
 
 SUGAR CANE. ern Arizona, yielding 1,000 pound; 
 of sugar to the acre. The produc 
 
 is generally turned into syrup which is of good qualit) 
 and sells at the usual market price. 
 
A 
 COMPARISON 
 
 OF 
 ORANGES. 
 
 as 
 
 ,From the "Riverside (Cal.) 
 Press:" " Q. T. Brown returned 
 from the Gila Bend country, Ari- 
 zona, last night. He brought back 
 with him a box of navel oranges, 
 grown about eleven miles from 
 Phoenix, in Salt River Valley. 
 These oranges are magnificent 
 
 specimens good size, rich color, very sweet and finely 
 flavored. They ripen in November, a 'couple of months 
 earlier than here in Riverside. It has been fully demon- 
 strated that fine oranges can be raised in Arizona." 
 
 PIMA COUNTY. 
 
 Extending along the southern bor- 
 
 ITS MINES. der, with the Mexican State of So- 
 
 nora for a neighbor, Pima County 
 
 covers an area of 9,500 square miles. It is the oldest min- 
 ing region in the United States. Who first discovered 
 silver in Pima County, and when, no one knows. The 
 Jesuit priests found evidences of the mines having been 
 worked when they first began operations in this region, 
 as early as the seventeenth century. The world-famed 
 bolas de plata discoveries of 1736-41 were in the Arizona 
 mountain range, near the Sonoran border of Pima 
 
 COURTHOUSE, TUCSON. 
 
 County; balls and plates of native silver were abundantly 
 found; one of these, by weight, in friendly relation to a 
 ton avoirdupois. These were claimed by the Government 
 as curios (criadero de plata), and thereupon the miners 
 ceased to find them. Bolas are yet found not alone de 
 plata, but de oro and de dobra as well. 
 
 There are 6,714,000 acres of 
 GOVERNMENT land in Pima County, of which 
 
 1,058,210 have been surveyed, and 
 LANDS. only 157,560 acres of this amount 
 
 have been filed upon in the Land 
 
 Office; 256,630 acres consist of Indian reservation and 
 private land grants. The remaining 5,241,600 acres are 
 unsurveyed. Here is a large opportunity for colonization 
 and irrigation enterprises. 
 

 29 
 
 Perhaps it is not generally knowr 
 TUCSON* that the " ancient and honorable pueblc 
 of Tucson " is the oldest town in the 
 United States, despite the claims of St. Augustine, as sel 
 forth in our youthful geographies. The Arizona " Citi- 
 zen," in its New Year's number, calls attention to this 
 fact, and how Friar Marcos Ziza, who accompanied Gen- 
 eral Coronado when he founded the town in 1540, chroni- 
 cled the event and its date on vellum in a fair clerkly hand 
 We wonder what Father Ziza would say if he saw his 
 honorable pueblo at the present day, its adobe walls, 01 
 what is left of them, shrinking in the glare of the electric 
 light, and crumbling to pieces with the mighty jar of rail- 
 road trains. Being a decorous man and a scholar he 
 would probably veil his remarks in Latin. 
 
 A. O. U W.. BUILDING, TUCSON. 
 
 Tucson has a population of about 10,000. It is the 
 county-seat, and is also the site of the Territorial Uni- 
 versity, whose excellent work and handsome buildings 
 add to the intellectual and architectural reputation of the 
 city. It is the business center of a large mining, cattle 
 and agricultural region. 
 
 Tucson's elevation (2,390 feet), and 
 HYGIENE. freedom from fogs and miasmatic ex- 
 halations, invite an invalid world to 
 come and be healed. 
 
 Out-door life is an essential factor in the cure of many 
 forms of disease; especially so, of those fastened by 
 modern hyper-refinement. The patient must leave the 
 crest of artificial living's rainbow, and get down to mother 
 earth; this he can safely dp, in Pima County, Arizona. 
 Let his days (365 of them in the year) be spent in judi- 
 cious equitation following the herds, or following his 
 brooding fancies; and the restful nights, in view of the 
 stars. 
 
30 
 
 FLOCKS 
 
 AND 
 HERDS. 
 
 Stock raising reaches large proportions 
 in this subdivision of Arizona; the 
 records for the year ending June, 1899, 
 show the shipment of twenty-two thou- 
 sand head, to markets east and west. 
 
 Mr. Hamilton, in his excellent work 
 COCHISE on tne resources of Arizona, says: 
 " This county occupies the extreme 
 COUNTY. southeastern corner, of the Territory. 
 Its area is 5,925 square miles, and its 
 topography is made up of lofty mountains, wide valleys 
 and grassy plains. The Chiricahua Range crosses the 
 eastern part of the county, while the Huachuca, the Whet- 
 stone, the Mule, and the Dragoon Ranges run through it 
 on the west. The mountains are well timbered, while the 
 valleys and foothills are covered with fine grasses. The 
 San Pedro is the only running stream in Cochise. It 
 flows through the county from the line of Sonora to the 
 boundary of Final. Recent discoveries in the Dragoon 
 
 DEPOT AND HOTEL, TUCSON. 
 
 range and elsewhere of gold, silver and copper have en- 
 riched thousands. The wonderful mineral wealth of its 
 mountains and mesas have given Cochise a national repu- 
 tation, while the nutritious character of its grasses have 
 drawn within its borders thousands of cattle. One of the 
 smallest, it is one of the richest counties in the Territory, 
 and there are few regions that can show so many varied 
 natural resources. Tombstone is its principal town." 
 
 These are now traversed by the Gila 
 Valley, Globe and Northern Railway 
 from its initial point at Bowie, on the 
 Southern Pacific bringing wide grazing 
 and agricultural districts into contact 
 with markets and also opening valuable 
 coal deposits to commercial uses, and 
 giving development to scores of rich de- 
 posits of the precious metals, gold, silver and copper; of 
 the latter, the output at Globe is phenomenal. 
 
 GILA 
 AND 
 
 GRAHAM 
 COUNTIES. 
 
Is a country of open, grassy plains dotted 
 FINAL with clumps of barren mountains. The 
 
 Gila flows through it from east to west, 
 COUNTY anc i its southeastern end is watered by 
 * the San Pedro. Its total area is 5,210 
 square miles. It possesses large and rich tracts of agri- 
 cultural land, excellent grazing grounds, and some of the 
 most valuable mines yet discovered in Arizona. Besides 
 its ledges of gold, silver and copper, large deposits of 
 coal have been "found within its border, which will, no 
 doubt, yet prove valuable. Florence, the principal town 
 of Final, stands in the valley of the Gila and about half a 
 mile from the stream. It is twenty-five miles northeast 
 of Casa Grande station on the Southern Pacific and eighty 
 miles north of Tucson. The place has a delightful situa- 
 tion, and, with its pleasant homes, surrounded by trees and 
 shrubbery, its pure water and healthy climate, is one of 
 the most attractive spots in the Territory. 
 
 ALMOND ORCHARD. 
 
 Comprises the southwestern portion of 
 YUMA Arizona. The Gila River flows through 
 
 Ar __ the county for nearly one hundred 
 COUNTY miles, forming in its course a rich and 
 fertile valley. The Colorado washes its 
 western boundary and has large bodies of arable land. 
 Besides the Southern Pacific Company's railroad, Yuma 
 has the advantage of a navigable stream which must ulti- 
 mately develop and bring into prominence its great nat- 
 ural resources, The town of Yuma is the county-seat, 
 situated on the Colorado, just below the junction of the 
 Gila. 
 
 Arizona is rich in natural scenery 
 
 A SUGGESTION of S reat varietv > beautiful, grand 
 
 weird, grotesque, and awe-mspir- 
 
 TO ing; it is rich in the relics of Amer- 
 
 TOURISTS * can pi neers > Spanish adventurers, 
 
 Aztecs and races so ancient that a 
 
 few handfuls of dust is all that is 
 
 left of them; it is rich in the singular colonies of queer 
 people, who still cherish the Sacred Fire and patiently 
 await the coming of Montezuma, and in the remnants of 
 tribes, once savage marauders but now reduced to the 
 necessity of working for a living on a government reser- 
 vation. 
 
AN ARIZONA HOME. 
 
 A QUIET WORD TO INVALIDS. 
 
 It is not the least part of an invalid's suffering that he 
 has to submit to being told by every one he meets just 
 what will cure him and where he ought to go to get well. 
 Now it is not imagined that an invalid has waded or will 
 wade through all the pages of this pamphlet addressed to 
 the annoyingly healthy home-seeker, unless, indeed, he 
 may be stranded in some remote railway station, and al- 
 together out of literature. But, if the gentle invalid has 
 read the foregoing pages, we would recall to his mind the 
 statistics that we have quoted showing Arizona to have 
 the driest climate in the "United States, as well as the most 
 equable. It has been humorously said of Salt River Val- 
 ley that everything grows there, even lungs. 
 
 The notion seems to prevail with a certain class of good 
 people* that all an invalid requires is climate and " rough- 
 ing it." As though sitting on the desert like a Yuma 
 squaw, or an Egyptian sphinx, ought to make any sick 
 person well, although a well person would find such an 
 existence altogether unendurable. But in Arizona the 
 people know that a sick person away from home requires 
 unusual comforts, pleasant surroundings, and some ra- 
 tional amusements. Therefore there are places, notably 
 such towns as Tucson and Phoenix, where an exiled in- 
 valid may find other requisites for his condition than 
 climate merely. 
 
 CULTIVATING PEACH ORCHARD, SALT RIVER VALLEY. 
 
34 
 
 A NEW HOME HOW TO REACH AND MAKE IT. 
 
 The country of Arizona, its resources and possibilities, 
 having been faithfully described " extenuating nothing, 
 setting nothing down in malice " it remains to say how 
 you can best reach it; at what cost of time and money, 
 and what, under ordinary circumstances, you will have to 
 overcome before arriving at a period when you may claim 
 to be self-supporting. 
 
 The prime condition is manly vigor; without that, stay 
 where you are, stay anywhere, and make it a feature of 
 your religion to give Arizona a wide berth neither it nor 
 its people will make you welcome. But if you are indus- 
 trious, frugal and temperate, and added to this trinity of 
 virtues have what the New Englanders call "faculty" 
 (another name for horse sense), you will find yourself 
 " to the manor born." 
 
 Wherever you may reside, to the northward or north- 
 easterly from New Orleans, you will consult your best 
 interests by purchasing a through ticket to your destina- 
 tion via that city, because New Orleans is the Eastern* 
 
 MAMMOTH MINE. 
 
 terminal of the Southern Pacific's lines; and there you 
 can take a car that will land you at your chosen home. 
 
 The cost for transportation will be about as follows, and 
 to this must be added the charge for sleeping car, which 
 for a double berth accommodating two persons will be 
 from four to six dollars, according to distance. 
 
 TO PHOENIX, ARIZONA, VIA NEW ORLEANS AND SOUTHERN 
 PACIFIC COMPANY'S LINES. 
 
 SECOND 
 FROM CLASS. 
 
 St. Louis $49 60 
 
 Chicago 54 60 
 
 Detroit 59 60 
 
 Indianapolis 56 10 
 
 Cincinnati 58 60 
 
 Pittsburg 62 10 
 
 Buffalo 63 10 
 
 Boston 69 85 
 
 New York 69 85 
 
 Philadelphia * 69 35 
 
 Baltimore 67 10 
 
 If you have effects that you wish to retain, beyond the 
 weight of 150 pounds to each passenger, which will be 
 carried free as baggage, pack securely and ship by freight 
 
35 
 
 over the same lines recommended to $ you for your own 
 routing, understanding that the freight will probably 
 reach you in ten days or two weeks after your own arrival. 
 Some prudent persons, who want their effects as soon as 
 they arrive, ship them in advance. As to season for start- 
 ing, you have learned that in a climate like Arizona, and 
 on land that is irrigated, you practically make your own 
 season; there is no day in the year that forbids garden- 
 making or steps leading to home comforts. If you are not 
 wealthy, you had best select your home in the vicinity of 
 others,, so as to have neighborly society, and on irrigated 
 lands. The wealthy man can increase his wealth by locat- 
 ing desert government land, bringing from some source 
 that is available (if there be such) sufficient water to 
 irrigate it permanently; and under the laws of the United 
 States he and each member of his family can obtain 360 
 acres of this desert reclaimed land on payment to the 
 Government of $1.25 per acre. Such lands, in desirable 
 situations, can yet be had. 
 
 But for the man who has but little money, and wants to 
 put himself on an independent basis as soon as possible, 
 
 AN AVENUE OF HOMES. 
 
 the best way will be to purchase land with water right, 
 and you will find many advantages in being near to others 
 similarly situated. You can be mutually helpful. Obtain 
 twenty or forty acres a family can make a good living 
 qn twenty acres, since you must not forget that one acre, 
 of irrigated land, in Arizona is equal to four or more 
 acres in any average country that has a frozen, snowy 
 winter. 
 
 ^ Your land will cost from $25 to $40 an acre with its 
 right to water, and can be paid for by reasonable install- 
 ments 'after the first payment of twenty or twenty-five per 
 cent. When the land is purchased, you will obtain a water 
 use right for the year which will cost about $1.25 per acre. 
 Then prepare a garden, and within thirty days you will 
 begin to eat of the fruit of your industry. Three acres or 
 more of alfalfa, as food for your team, your cow, and half 
 a dozen swine and two or three dozen chickens. 
 
 Your stock will cost you less than the same would in the 
 East. You will want a pair of horses or mules and at 
 least one good cow. The harness will be a trifle dearer 
 than you have been accustomed to, and the farm imple- 
 ments, wagon, plow, etc., at least as dear as in the East, 
 with added freight. Your cow, poultry, swine and garden 
 will do much toward feeding you, and a crop of straw- 
 berries can be soon placed in the market to obtain flour. 
 
meat, sugar, coffee, tea and other necessaries and lux- 
 uries. Strawberries are easily raised and pay largely for 
 months. Nothing has been said of your house. At slight 
 expense for carpenter work, doing much yourself, you can 
 put up a cheap balloon frame house to shelter you and 
 yours from sun and possible rain that will come only 
 during the autumn months. Lumber is not much dearer 
 than you are accustomed to, and the climate respects a 
 cloth and paper house. The balloon frame is safe, for 
 there are no blizzards or cyclones in Arizona. Your 
 stock will need no shelter, but when affluence comes to 
 you your well-housed stock can share it. 
 
 Wages can be earned by those desiring such an aid to 
 early efforts, and many new settlers use this method to 
 assist the means enumerated by me. If you are indus- 
 trious and frugal, very soon your land will be paid for 
 and additional purchases made. Schools and churches 
 and cultivated society will be easily accessible to you. 
 It may be supposed you understand that the irrigated 
 lands are none of them timbered. Before water was 
 artificially brought to them, they were level plains covered 
 by a scanty growth of bushes with intermingled cacti and 
 grass, usually much cacti and little grass. You will start 
 lines of poplars along your water ditches to provide shade 
 and fuel. 
 
 Many "settlers refrain from house-building when they 
 arrive after the autumn rains, living for several months in 
 a tent, and building the house at their leisure. The sum- 
 mers are hot June, July and August, but, however hot, 
 you can work safely out in the open field, for sunstroke 
 is unknown; and the nights induce refreshing sleep, and 
 good health is the rule sickness the rare exception. 
 
 There are no epidemics of bilious fevers, or dysentery, 
 or ague. Inflammatory diseases and typhoid fevers are 
 rarely heard of. Your doctor's bills will be less than your 
 
 \Jll?Uy OPERATED BY THE 
 
 Southern Pacific Co. 
 
37 
 
 butcher's. If you have any inherited taint of lung disease, 
 expect a cure. 
 
 If such conditions as I have described will suit you, 
 you had best come and enjoy them. You will scarcely find 
 a discontented family in a day's search in agricultural 
 Arizona. It is a place where, to the industrious, a living 
 is certain, a competence attainable, and independent 
 wealth possible. 
 
 WHITELAW REID ON ARIZONA. 
 
 The publishers of this little volume esteem it a triumph 
 to be able to establish its credibility in a general way with 
 the testimony of so distinguished a personage as the Hon. 
 Whitelaw Reid, editor of the New York " Tribune." 
 
 Mr. Reid is not only a great journalist and statesman, 
 but a widely traveled savant, and more or less acquainted 
 with every known country. His opinions on any subject 
 have weight, because coming from one who would not 
 descend claptrap. His impartial judgment of Arizona will 
 be read with more than passing interest 
 
 So many questions are asked about Arizona as a place 
 for winter residence, and there appears to be such a dearth 
 of precise information among many who are vitally in- 
 terested, that it seems almost a public duty to set down, 
 in the simplest form, a few facts of personal observation. 
 During a five months' residence in 
 
 WEATHER* Southern Arizona in winter, there was 
 but one day when the weather made it 
 actually unpleasant for me to take exercise in the open air 
 at some time or other during the day. Of course, there 
 were a good many days which a weather observer would 
 describe as "cloudy," and some that were " showery;" 
 but during these five months there were only four days 
 when we did not have brilliant sunshine at some time 
 during the day. Even more than Egypt, anywhere north 
 of Luxor, Arizona is the land of sunshine. As to details: 
 The Government reports show a 
 
 TEMPERATURE, mean temperature for fourteen 
 years at the present Territorial 
 
 capital of $J l /2 degrees in November, 53 degrees in De- 
 cember, 49 degrees in January, 54 degrees in February, 61 
 degrees in March, and 66 degrees in April. The same re- 
 ports show the highest and lowest temperatures, averaged 
 for eight years, at the same place, as follows: For No- 
 vember, 78^ and 42 degrees; December, 73^ and 36^ 
 degrees; January, 6^/2 and 32 degrees; February, 71^ and 
 35^4 degrees; March, 81^ and 41 degrees; and April, 86^2 
 and 46 degrees. The nights throughout the winters are 
 apt to be cool enough for open wood fires and for blan- 
 kets. Half the time an overcoat is not needed during the 
 day, but it is never prudent for a stranger to be without 
 one at hand. 
 
 The atmosphere is singularly clear, tonic 
 J F AIR and dry. I have never seen it clearer any- 
 where in the world. It seems to have about 
 the same bracing and exhilarating qualities as the air of 
 the Qreat Sahara in Northern Africa, or of the deserts 
 about Mount Sinai, in Arabia Petraea. It is much drier 
 
than in the parts of Morocco, Algiers or Tunis usually 
 visited, and drier than any part of the Valley of the Nile 
 north of the First Cataract. It seems to me about the 
 same in quality as the air on the Nile between Assouan 
 and Wady-Halfa, but somewhat cooler. 
 
 This is extremely slight everywhere in 
 
 ACTUAL Arizona, as compared with any Eastern 
 
 climate in the United States. The air is 
 
 rlUJVllDI 1 Y, driest on the high mesas, remote from 
 
 snow-clad mountains or forests, and in 
 
 the desert valleys, where no considerable irrigation has 
 
 been begun. Wherever irrigation is carried on, on a large 
 
 scale, the percentage of humidity in 'the atmosphere must 
 
 be somewhat increased, although to an Eastern visitor it 
 
 is scarcely perceptible. The same Government observa- 
 
 - tions already cited show relative humidity, at Phoenix or 
 
 Tucson, averaged for weeks, from morning and evening 
 
 readings, as less than half the usual humidity on dry days 
 
 in New York. General Greely, in a publication from the 
 
 Weather Bureau, gave the normal weight of aqueous 
 
 vapor in the Arizona air at from i l / 2 to 4 grains per cubic 
 
 foot. 
 
 Showers, and indeed heavy rains, are liable 
 
 RAIN to occur in every month of the year; but the 
 
 actual number of rains seem to an Eastern 
 
 visitor strangely small. The average rainfall in Southern 
 
 Arizona, as shown by the Government observations, is 
 
 but 8^ inches per year. 
 
 It is a striking advantage offered by 
 ALTITUDES* Arizona that, with the same general 
 conditions as to temperature and dry- 
 ness of air, the physician is able to select nearly any alti- 
 tude he may desire. Thus, asthmatic sufferers can find 
 almost the sea-level at Yuma, or at altitude of only a 
 thousand feet at Phoenix, or of only 2,400 at Tucson. 
 Others, who find no objection to greater elevations, can 
 choose between Prescott and Fort Whipple, 5,400; Flag- 
 staff, 6,800; the Sulphur Spring Valley, or Fort Grant, 
 4,200; Fort Huachuca, 4,800, or Oracle, about 4,000. 
 
 This depends on what one expects 
 
 TS TT A in a huge, sparsely settled Territory 
 
 of mountains and deserts. The man 
 
 PLACE FIT TO who looks for either the beauty or 
 
 T TT7-T7 TTVT> the seductive excitement of Monte 
 
 Carlo will not find it. As little will 
 
 he find the historic remains of the 
 
 cosmopolitan attractions of Egypt, nor could he reason- 
 ably expect the amusements and luxuries of our own East- 
 ern cities. The people of Arizona are still chiefly busy 
 in the pioneer work of subduing it to the residence and 
 uses of civilized man. But it has two transcontinental 
 lines of railway, with numerous feeders; it has fast mails 
 and rival telegraph lines, and is throbbing with the intense 
 life of the splendid West. The two principal towns in the 
 southern portion chiefly sought for their climatic advan- 
 tages are Phoenix and Tucson. Each of them has ten 
 thousand inhabitants or more. They have the electric 
 light, telephones, trolley-cars, plenty of hotels, banks, 
 bopk^ stores, good schools, churches, an occasional the- 
 atrical performance, sometimes a lecture or a circus, often 
 a horse race, and, in the spring, a thoroughly curious and 
 interesting " fiesta." For the rest, people must take their 
 
'25 
 
 amusements with them. Good horses are abundant and 
 cheap, and there are plenty of cowboys the genuine ar- 
 ticle to show what horses can do. The driving, for fif- 
 teen or twenty miles in almost any direction from Phoenix, 
 is nearly always easy. The roads are apt to be dusty; but 
 there is one well-sprinkled drive of six or eight miles; and, 
 since the winds are quite regular in their direction, it is 
 rarely difficult to choose a route on which .the dust will 
 be largely carried away from you. The unbroken desert 
 itself is often as easy to drive over as an Eastern high- 
 way, and the whole valley is a paradise for bicyclers or 
 equestrians. 
 
 That, again, depends on what you 
 
 CAN ONE LIVE expect. You cannot have the lux- 
 uries of our New York houses out 
 
 COMFORTABLY? there, unless you build one; or the 
 variety of our New York markets, 
 
 unless you" charter a refrigerator car. But there are hotels 
 with almost as much frontage as the Waldorf; and, like 
 .everything else in the Territory, excepting the mountains 
 and the deserts, they are new. There are boarding-houses 
 of more kinds than one; and brick cottages of eight or ten 
 rooms can occasionally be rented. Better than any of 
 
 HERDS AND HERDERS. 
 
 them, for the man with the energy and the pluck to take 
 it, is a tent on the desert; and he who knows how to 
 " camp out " with comfort through September in the 
 Adirondacks can camp out in Arizona through the winter. 
 As to food, there is plenty, and it is good if you can get 
 it well cooked. The alfalfa fields of the Salt River Valley 
 are the fattening grounds for the great cattle ranges of 
 the Territory. From there the markets of Los Angeles, 
 and even of Denver, are largely supplied. Good beef, 
 mutton and poultry are plenty and cheap. Quails, ducks 
 and venison from the vicinity can also be had. Vegetables 
 and fruits are abundant in their season, and sometimes 
 the season is a long one. It is the one country I have 
 lived in where strawberries ripen in the open air ten 
 months in the year. I have had them on my table, fresh 
 picked from the open gardens, at Christmas. 
 
 The man who goes to any considerable 
 
 IS IT A Arizona town with the ideas of the 
 
 Southwest derived from novels, or from 
 
 LAWLESS "The Arizona Kicker," will be greatly 
 
 COUNTRY? m y s .tifi e d- He will find as many churches 
 
 as in towns of corresponding size in 
 
 Pennsylvania or Ohio; and probably more 
 
 schoolhouses. He will find plenty of liquor shops, top, and 
 
 gambling-houses, and dance-houses, and yet he will see 
 
 little disorder unless he hunts late at night for it, and he 
 
will be apt to find as at Phoenix a community of ten 
 thousand people requiring in the daytime only one police- 
 man, and hardly requiring him. During my winter there I 
 did not see a single disturbance on the streets, or half a 
 dozen drunken men all told. Mining men and an occa- 
 sional cowboy certainly had quarrels sometimes, in the dis- 
 orderly quarters at night; and there were stories of the 
 use of the knife among Mexicans; but the visitor who 
 went about his own business had as little trouble as on 
 Broadway or Chestnut Street. The Pima and Maricopa 
 Indians, who are encountered everywhere, have been 
 friendly with the whites for generations, and there isn't 
 an Apache within some hundreds of miles. 
 
 Primarily that is a question for the 
 
 xvTTJTr-w 1WW71SJ physician, if there is a physician in 
 OWN the case; if not, try them all. If a 
 IS THE mountain region, considerable alti- 
 
 BEST? tude, and a comparatively low tem- 
 
 perature are desired, Prescott is in a 
 picturesque region near a great min- 
 ing district, and has the social advantage of an army post, 
 ' Whipple Barracks. Flagstaff is still higher; is in a region 
 of dense pine forests, and is within a hard day's journey 
 of one of the wonders of the world, the Colorado Canyon. 
 Oracle is a pretty mountain nook, embowered in splendid 
 live oaks, like those of California, and is also near an im- 
 portant mining district. If lower altitude and a distinctly 
 semi-tropical climate are desired, the three places most 
 likely to be considered are Yuma, Tucson and Phoenix. 
 The first is near the sea-level; is the warmest and probably 
 the driest of the three; has the least population, and the 
 smallest provision for visitors. Tucson is the oldest town 
 in the Territory, and, after Santa Fe, perhaps the oldest 
 in the Southwest. Its adobe houses give it a Mexican 
 look, and are thoroughly comfortable. Its newer houses 
 are of a handsome building stone, found in the vicinity. 
 The Territorial University is here, and it was formerly 
 the capital. Its elevation being more than double that of 
 Phoenix, it is somewhat cooler, and, as there is next to no 
 irrigation near it, the air is a little drier. Phoenix is in the 
 center of the greatest irrigation in the Territory. The 
 country for miles around smiles with green fields, covered 
 with almost countless herds of cattle, and it is everywhere 
 shut in by low mountains. It is the Territorial capital 
 with a fine capitol building now nearing completion, and 
 has the Government Indian School, the Territorial 
 Lunatic Asylum, and other institutions, and is the general 
 focus for the Territory. Like Tucson, it has its occa- 
 sional wind and sand storm perhaps not quite so often. 
 At either place visitors who know how to adapt them- 
 selves to circumstances can be entirely comfortable, and 
 in each they will find an intelligent, orderly, enterprising 
 and most hospitable community. They will find a country 
 full of mines, full of rich agricultural lands, abounding in 
 cattle and horses, in vineyards and orchards, and the 
 beginnings of very successful orange groves a country, 
 in fact, as full of promise for hardy and adventurous men 
 now as California was in the fifties. Above all, if it has 
 been their lot to search for health in far-off countries, they 
 will revel in the luxury of being in their own land, among 
 their own countrymen, within easy reach of their friends 
 by telegraph or rail, and in a climate as good of its kind 
 as any in the world. Whitelaw Reid in "Tribune," De- 
 cember 2, 1896. 
 
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