.1)5+ BANCROFT LIBRARY 0- THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ...UTAH... A Complete and Comprehensive Description OF THE Agricultural and mineral Hesourees, Stock H&ising and Manufacturing Interests Its Attractions, Institutions, Etc. WITH STATISTICS IN REGARD TO ITS Climate, Population, Industries, Finances, Etc. Compiled from the Latest Reports. of tJie ... TENTH mSSffSism I i\ * EDITION. Mavoh 1901. UTAH ITS 1901 COMPLIMENTS OF THE PASSENGER DEPARTMENT TENTH EDITION A COMPLETE AND COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE MINERAL AND AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, THE STOCK GROWING AND MANUFACTURING INTERESTS, THE SCENIC AND CLIMATIC ATTRACTIONS, THE FAMOUS HEALTH; BATHING, AND PLEASURE RESORTS, AND THE COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL, FINANCIAL, SOCIAL, EDUCATIONAL, AND RELIGIOUS ADVANTAGES OF THE STATE OF UTAH WITH TABLES OF TEMPERATURE AND PRO- DUCTION, STATISTICS OF POPULATION AND WEALTH, THE ANNUAL OUTPUT OF MINES, RANGES, AND FARMS, TOGETHER WITH MUCH GENERAL INFORMATION AND MANY HERETOFORE UN- PUBLISHED FACTS ABOUT THE NEW STATE WHICH WILL BE OF INTEREST TO TOURISTS, CAPITALISTS, HOMESEEKERS, AND OTHERS, COMPILED FROM THE LATEST REPORTS. TENTH EDITION. In compiling the book, the pages of current Utah publications have been frequently drawn upon, and much that other writers have said about the State has been used entire or with such changes as were needed to make their statements applicable to present conditions.- Copious extracts have also been taken from special editions of the Salt Lake Tribune. Herald, and Deseret Evening News; from the "Resources and Attraction^ of Utah," a publication prepared by Mr. H. L. A. Culmer, of Salt Lake City, for the Salt Lake Chamber of Commerce; from the official report of Prof. Marcus E .Jones, an United State Treasury expert; from files of statistics collected by the State, and from Union Pacific publications, and numer- ous other pamphlets and special articles; and the Union Pacific is specially indebted to Mr. E. F. Colborn, ex-Secretary of the Salt Lake { Chamber of Commerce, for his invaluable assistance in this compilation. OMAHA, MARCH, 1OO1. Copyright 1901, by E. L. Lomax, G. P. & T. A., Union Pacific Railroad Co., Omaha, Neb. Bancroft Ubraiy INTRODUCTION. Because publications of this class frequently contain exaggerations, which -^ mislead persons seeking conservative and reliable information, it does not ^f follow that the statements in this book is untrustworthy. No advantage ^ could be gained from either misrepresentation or exaggeration when the plain . truth about Utah's resources, advantages, and attractions entitle her to a cer- -. tificate of greatness, such as no other State in the West can claim. ^ Strangers to the real wonders of Utah often find it difficult to accept the * most truthful descriptions of them. For instance, many people find it hard A to believe that the human body will not sink in the Great Salt Lake, although ,_) that fact is demonstrated every day in the summer season at Garfield Beach. ff* Ordinarily it is easy to tell the truth, but when the truth is stranger than O fiction, it is sometimes difficult to tell it in a way to carry conviction. The statistics and tables herein were made up from reliable authorities, ^ and may be depended upon, and the hope is expressed that they will be of service to inquirers about Utah, and be the means of attracting immigration and capital to the State. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. INTRODUCTORY 11 GENERAL HISTORY 12 Utah prior to 1847 12 FIRST SETTLEMENT 11 Early immigration 11 Settlements since 1847 Early agricultural development 13-14 POLITICAL HISTORY 14 Organization of the Territory 14 Early efforts for Statehood 14 Admission to the Union 14 UTAH GENERALLY 14-15 Geographical location 14 Topography 15 Productiveness and future possibilities of the State 15-16 IRRIGATION IN UTAH 16-17 The Mormon land system 16-17 Utah irrigation commission 16-17 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS 17 to 20 GEOLOGY AND MINING IN GENERAL 21-22 Mining methods 21 Capitalization and dividends of twenty-three leading mines 22 CURIOUS MINERAL PRODUCTS 22 to 26 Silver sandstone 23 Asphaltum 23 Gilsonite 23 Elaterite 23 Ozocerite 23 Chloride of gold 24 Sulphur 24 Crystal salt mines , 24 Saltpeter 24 Alum 24 Gypsum 24 Petroleum 25 Clays 25 Marbles 25 Onyx 25 Alabaster 25 Building stone 25 (5) 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. COAL 26 to 28 Product of 1900 27 Anthracite 27 Salt Lake's coal consumption and prevailing prices. , 28 SALT 28 Sales of 1900 28 IRON 28-29 UTAH MINEEALS, LIST OF 29 to 31 GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, AND LEAD MINING 32-33 Dividends for 1900 33 Mineral product to 1901 34 Mineral product for 1900 35-36 THE MINING COUNTIES 36 Summit County ' 36 Park City 36 Ontario Mine 36 Ontario Drain Tunnel 36 Daily Mine 36 Daily West Mine 36 Silver King Mine 36 Other Mines 36 Juab County 37 Geology of 37-38 Eureka, town of 38 Centennial Eureka Mine 39 Eureka Hill Mine 37 Bullion-Beck Mine 37 Mammoth Mine 39 Gemini Mine 39 Ajax Mine 39 Grand Central 39 , The Swanseas 39 Other Mines 39 Salt Lake County t 39 Bingham, town of 39 Geology West Mountain District 39-40 Old Jordan and Galena Mines 40 Winnimuck Mine 40 Highland Boy Commercial 40 Dalton and Lark Mine 40 Old Telegraph Mine 41 Alta, town of 41 Emma Mine 42 Flagstaff Mine 42 MaxfieldMine.. 42 TABLE OF CONTEXTS. 7 The Mining Counties Continued. Page. Tooele County 42 to 46 Stockton and Ophir, towns of 42 Honorine Mine 43 Camp Floyd Mining District 43 Mercur Mine 43-14 Golden Gate Mine 43-44 Mercur District, history of 44-45 The cyanide process 46 Geology of Mercur .... 46 Ore bodies, extent and character of 46 Percentage of values saved 46 THE DEEP CREEK COUNTRY 46-47 Mineral and other resources 46-47 Wasatch County 47 Uintah County 47-48 Utah County 48 Millard County 48 Beaver County 48 Horn Silver Mine 48 Piute County 49 Marysvale, town of 49 Dalton Mine 49 Sevier Mine 49 Iron County 49 Washington County 49-50 Sandstone Silver Mines 49-50 San Juan County 50 AGRICULTURE AND FRUIT GROWING 51-52 THE AGRICULTURAL COUNTIES 52 Cache County 52-53 Logan, town of 52 Box Elder County 54 Brigham City 54 Weber County 55 Ogden 55-56 Morgan County 57 Morgan, town of 57 Davis County 57-58 Farmington, town of 58 Salt Lake County '! 58-59 General agricultural resources 58-59 Utah County 59-60 Utah Lake 60 Provo, town of ... 60 Lehi, town of 60 Springville, town of 60 Spanish Fork, town of 60 8 v TABLE OF CONTENTS. The Agricultural Counties Continued. Page. San Pete County 60-61 Manti, town of 61 Sevier County ' 61-62 Richfield, town of 62 Piute County 62 Millard County 63 Beaver County 63-64 Beaver City 64 Iron County 64-65 Cedar City : 64-65 Little Salt Lake 65 Kane County 65-66 Garfield County 66 Grand County 66-67 Tooele County 67 Juab County 67-68 Nephi, town of 68 Washington County 68 St. George, town of 68 Wayne County 69 Wasatch County 69 Heber City 69 Emery County 69 Castledale 70 Carbon County 70 Rich County 70 Beets, Sugar 71 LIVE STOCK, 1900 71-72 Cattle and horses 71 Sheep and wool 72 Two INDIAN RESERVATIONS Uintah and Uncompaghre 72 MANUFACTORIES AND INDUSTRIES 72-77 Woolen mills 73 Sugar works 74 Soap works '. 74 Boot and shoe manufactories 74 Clothing manufactories 74 Silk manufactories 74 Canneries 75 Electric power plants 75 Teeluride Power Transmission Co 76 Hercules Company 76 Pioneer Electric Power Company 76 Big Cotton wood Electric Company 76 Other power companies 76 Irrigation companies 76 TABLE OF CONTEXTS. 9 Page. COMMERCE 77-78 CLIMATE 78-79 Opinions of experts , 78-79 Tables of temperature 79-80 85-86 Table of rainfall 82 ATTRACTIONS 87 Great Salt Lake 87-88 Early history of 87 Its discovery by the pioneers ^ . . . . 87 Its supposed origin 87 Its characteristics 87-88 Effect upon climate 88 Salt companies 88 Estimated value of its contents 88 Garfield Beach 88 Bathing in Great Salt Lake 88 Hot Springs 89 Utah Lake 89 Mountain resorts 89 "The Hot Pots' ' 89-90 Fishing and hunting 90 THE MORMON QUESTION 90 THE SCHOOL QUESTION 91 State University 91 RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AFFAIRS, AND AMUSEMENT 92 CITIES AND TOWNS' OF UTAH 93 Table of population of leading towns 93 SALT LAKE CITY 93-95 DEMAND FOR LABOR 95 BRIEF INFORMATION. . 96 UTAH. The exodus of the followers of Joseph Smith (then but lately dead at the hands of the Carthage mob) from their city of Nauvoo, and their sorrowful pilgrimage to the Missouri River, is the preface to the interesting story of the first settlement of Utah. This was in 1846, and the weather was bitter cold. Crossing the Mississippi upon the ice, with only such property as in the haste of departure they could secure, they moved on to where Omaha now stands, and gave to the spot the name of Winter Quarters. Of that exodus history contains no perfect parallel, but it has been compared to the flight of the Pilgrim Fathers from England to the New World. They rested at Winter Quarters until the spring of 1847, when, on the 6th day of April, began the first journey of the first company to Utah. Behind them were all the comforts and pleasures of civilization; before them was an unknown and mysterious solitude, a land with slow-flowing streams, rushing torrents, mas- sive mountain ranges, illimitabe prairies and dangerous deserts the hunting grounds and battlefields of savage tribes. Into this they plunged the 143 men, 3 women and 2 children under the leadership of Brigham Young, with an abiding faith in the guiding hand of God. The story of that journey has been told in Utah for fifty years, and will be told as was told in Rome "how Horatius kept the bridge in the brave days of old." The little train of 121 wagons crept along day by day until the plains were crossed, the mountains were passed and the deserts were traversed, and until, on the 24th day of July, the immortal company reached its journey's end on the shores of the Great Salt Lake. Strange to say, not one perished by the wayside. Before the day of their arrival was done the foundations of the great empire of the West had been laid. From that beginning unfolded the present civilization of the trans-Missouri region. Over the trail made by the pioneer train soon followed other companies, and before the close of the year 1847 two thousand people were actively engaged in the reclamation of the Utah deserts. Whatever may be said of the religious belief of the Mormon people, no one well informed will deny them the credit of having first broken the bar- riers of the Western wilderness. They first employed irrigation to water the deserts, and under their unselfish system of using the streams undoubtedly more lands were reclaimed than would have been reclaimed by people undis- ciplined by religious creed. Their achievements not only in agriculture, but in the general business of empire-building, are exemplified today all over the great State of Utah. The wonders they have accomplished within fifty years, when we consider their poverty and the odds with which they contended, might well have required double the time. Their pioneer train was the pre- liminary survey of the great Union Pacific Railroad; their manufactories were the first in the West to utilize home raw material; their soldiers sub- 'dued the savage tribes around them; their toilers built many of the wagon roads and railways that now carry the commerce of their State; they helped build the first telegraph line into the intermountain country, and within that country they built a system of their own whereby communication was made possible between all their" settlements; their organized bands were sent to redeem the desert valleys, that are now the most productive portions of Arizona, Idaho, Nevada and Wyoming. To mining only did they seem indif- ferent, and perhaps to the so-called "Gentiles" is due the credit of having given to Utah that most valuable industry. (11) 12 UTAH. GENERAL HISTORY. Prof. Marcus E. Jones, an United States Treasury expert, lias this to say of the conditions and population of Utah prior to the first Mormon settle- ment: "Its primitive inhabitants doubtless came into it by way of the natural highways formed by the great rivers the Columbia on the north and the Colorado on the south for Indians have small facilities for carrying water, and therefore could not have crossed the arid regions on the west. The Indians, like their white successors, built their wickiups along the streams where the waters broke from the mountains and flowed out on the more level valleys below. They had inhabited the land long enough to spread over all the territory that had water to supply them and their animals with drink. There was an abundance of the most nutritious grass over plains, mountains, and deserts; water alone was lacking on the latter. Game was everywhere abundant. The large rivers and streams were thickly bordered with Indian villages of the most primitive description, there being, even at the time of the white occupancy, no attempt at even barbaric civilization. The tribes were various and generally at war with each other. Some commerce was carried on with the Apache and Navajo Indians of the south, and some with the tribes of the tributaries of the Columbia River, but Utah's people were more or less cut off from the rest of the world by their peculiar surround- ings desert and mountain barriers and only vague reports got to the ears of the outside world about its rivers and great salt sea. "The restless spirit that pervaded the New World at and after its dis- covery led hundreds of fearless men to set out into the wilderness to explore its fastnesses. The number of these men increased year by year until, in less than a century, the borders of Utah were reached. It will always remain a mystery as to who saw Utah first, and what white man first beheld the green waters of Great Salt Lake, but it is sufficient to say that those who are credited with being the discoverers were not the first ones who traversed the land and saw the lake. The first who have left records of their travels were Spaniards. About 1540 Cardenas reached the banks of the Colorado River in what is now a part of Utah. In 1776 Father Escalante traveled down the Dolores River, crossed the Upper Colorado, probably followed near the Green River, and struck one of its tributaries, the Duchesne, following it up and crossing over to the Provo River and down to Utah Lake, but he never seems to have seen the great salt sea thirty miles farther north, though he heard some strange tales about it. Undoubtedly both before and after Escalante's time, many trappers and hunters traversed Utah and saw all its wonders, but the first records that we have say that in 1824-25 Capt. James Bridger, with several other men, came near the lake, and Bridger first saw and tasted its waters. In 1826 four trappers explored the lake. From that time forth many people visited Utah on their way to the Pacific Coast. In 1832 Bonneville came near, if he did not visit the lake. He published a map of the lake, and an attempt was made to name the lake after him, but it failed, justly. *********** "Gen. John C. Fremont visited the lake in 1843, and on his return pub- lished a very truthful and interesting account of it and the present settled portion of Utah. Brigham Young read this some time after it was published, and as his people weye being hard pressed by those of the States, he decided to remove to a region out of their reach, where he could build up a theocracy according to his own ideas." EARLY DEVELOPMENT. Utah was settled by a systematic process and for the definite purpose of building up, far from the prejudiced East, a State after the model of Brigham UTAH. 13 Young. It was intended to be the headquarters of the Mormon Church and the home place for the oldest as well as the newest converts to that faith. As soon as the first settlers were certain of their ability to maintain themselves in their new home, they began systematically to induce immigra- tion from among those of their religious belief. Emigration societies were organized, the Perpetual Emigration Fund was established, and mission- aries were sent into every part of the civilized world. The work thus done produced early results, and a steady stream of Mormons poured into Utah. To this systematic work the State is indebted for a great part of its present population, which by the census of 1900 is fixed at 276,749, a gain of 68,844, or 33 1-10 per cent, over the population of 1890. At the close of 1848 there had arrived in the Territory 2,090 people, 649 wagons, 164 horses, 2,468 oxen, 993 cows, 358 sheep, 37 hogs and 716 chickens, and the work of redeeming the desert was fairly under way. The Perpetual Emigration Fund was a strong factor in the settlement of the Territory. From this fund ad- vances against their future earnings were made to those unable to bear the expense of the journey to Utah. Immigrants with some money paid it into the fund, and later, from their earnings, made good the difference between their credit and the cost of the journey. The effect of the work of inducing immigration by these and other methods is well illustrated in the census reports of the United States, which show that less than three years after the arrival of the pioneers the Terri- tory had a population of 11,380. This number had increased in 1860 to 40,273; in 1870, to 86,786; in 1880, to 143,963; in 1890, to 207,905, and in 1900 to 276,749. Prior to 1870 practically all of the immagrants were of the Mormon faith, but the mining interest, which began actively to develop that year, and which has continued unabated unto this day, and the de- velopment of railroad and other enterprises since 1870, are responsible for a considerable portion of the increase in population since that time. The advantage of systematic over desultory methods is strikingly illus- trated in the history of Utah's growh. The prophet Brigham Young, what- ever else he was, was a wise and able leader. He was looked upon by his folowers as an Angel of Light, and was believed by them to be under divine guidance. He was especially equipped to command men and dictate meas- ures, and, in the language of a well-known historian, was: "A practical and far-seeing man, one who, by his will, ability and intui- tive knowledge of human nature, was fitted to combat the difficulties that beset each step in his path of life, and to give cohesion to the heterogeneous elements of which his people were composed. From the greatest details connected with the organization of this church (the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) down to the smallest minutiae connected with the work, he has left upon it the impress of his great mind." The prophet proceeded with deliberation and ability to bring about the speedy settlement of Utah. This he did, not only by sending missionaries throughout this and other lands in search of converts to his faith, but by continually enlarging the circle of settlement. Whenever a new band of converts arrived in Utah he located them upon desert lands, and charged them with the task of their reclamation. In this way the land was rapidly possessed, and settlement spread out farther and farther from the "Central Stake of Zion." The march of agricultural development is, perhaps, best told in the following language t)f Professor Jones: "When all the good land was taken up around Salt Lake City, settlements sprung up along the base of the Wasatch Mountains, both north and south. In 1847 one place had been occupied some miles north of Salt Lake City. In 1848 the population streamed northward as far as forty miles, Farming- ton, Centerville, Bountiful and Ogden being settled, while the tide began to set in southward by the settlement of Mill Creek, some ten miles from the 14 UTAH. city. The next year Brigham Young began his 'missions' by sending out a party to San Pete Valley, 100 miles south; to Tooele Valley, thirty miles west, and to Provo, in Utah Valley. In 1850 most of the immigrants swarmed into Utah Valley, thirty miles south of Salt Lake City, and founded Alpine, American Fork, Pleasant Grove and Springville. In 1851 the ham- lets began to go northward from Ogden. Brigham Young still kept making new 'missions' by the founding of Parowan, Cedar and Paragonah, 150 miles south, along the western base of the Wasatch Mountains, near the great iron and coal deposits, which at that time were unknown. In 1852 the towns had extended as far south as the rim of the Great Basin, a dis- tance of 200 miles or more, while all the places already located expanded by the addition of neighboring towns. From 1853 to 1856 most of the locations were along the Weber, on the east side of the Wasatch, directly east of Salt Lake City, in Cache County, in Northern Utah; along the west side of the Wasatch and in the southern part of the Territory, beyond the rim of the Great Basin at Saint George and vicinity, where our best raisins, nuts cotton, etc., are raised now. The best of the land having now been taken, it became necessary to go into the colder and more mountainous regions, and to take up the poorer clay lands of the valleys. The population had now (1870) reached 86,786, of which one-third were foreigners. The year 1869 was the year of the completion of the Union Pacific Kailroad. A great influx of Eastern people now began. Mines were opened at the same time, and the industrial development of Utah may be said to have started." Thus was settled Utah during the wagon-train period of her existence. The history of this settlement has been repeating itself ever since. POLITICAL HISTORY. In 1849 an attempt was made to organize the State of Deseret, but Con- gress refused to recognize the proposed sovereignty. On September 9, 1850, Utah was organized as a Territory, and Brigham Young was appointed Gov- ernor. The history of the Territory is punctuated by many atempts on the part of the people to secure statehood. From time to time constitutional conventions were held and many appplications made to Congress for admis- sion, but the efforts of the people in this direction were fruitless until 1895, when, acting upon the almost unanimous demand of Gentiles and Mormons, Congress passed the Enabling Act, under which the State was admittted to the Union on January 4, 1896. UTAH GENERALLY. Utah occupies an important position in the trans-Mississippi group of States. It is situated between the parallels of 37 and 42 degrees north lati- tude, and the meridians of 109 and 114 degrees west of Greenwich. On the same parallels are Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Southern Illinois, Kentucky, Virginia, Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey and Corea. The State adjoins Colo- rado, Nevada, Arizona and Idaho. It is 275 miles in width and 345 miles in length. Its total area is 84,970 square miles; its land area is 82,190 square miles (52,601,600 acres); its water area is 2,780 square miles (1,779,200 acres). Its valleys are elevated from 2,700 to 7,000, feet above the sea. Some of its mountain peaks reach a height of from 12,000 to 13,500 feet. The Wasatch Mountains sweep down its center, and Uintah's cross its upper half. It is a region of snow-clad mountains and broad, beautiful valleys. Many streams flow from the elevations and meander through the vales. Its largest body of water is the Great Salt Lake, covering an area of about 2,500 square miles. This is a far-famed feature of its topography; but it has UTAH. ]5 a number of fresh-water lakes of considerable size, the largest being Utah Lake, with a surface area of 125 square miles. Within the lines of the State there exists a remarkable diversity of coun- try, containing many unique features, some of which have given it world- wide fame, such as the Grand Canon of the Colorado and other wild scenery in the southern portion. Extending from Idaho to Arizona, southeasterly through the State, is a chain of fertile valleys, some of which are twenty miles wide. These valleys differ in altitude each growing the products of field and orchard to which the climatic conditions are most favorable. The most northern in this chain is Cache Valley, having an altitude of 4,400 feet, and a population of about 18,500. Here are raised the hardier fruits, grains and vegetables. In all of Utah is not found so beautiful a pastoral scene as that presented to the be- holder who looks down upon the Cache Valley from the temple top at Logan. The little Mormon farms, some green, some golden, and all dotted with cozy houses and ample barns, lie side by side as regular as the squares on a checker board. Streams, natural and artificial, lined here and there with rows of stately poplars, bound the farms. The whole scene is one of contentment. It covers 600 square miles, and, framed with the snowy summits of the Wasatch, is among the prize spectacles of Utah. The southern valley in the chain is the Rio Virgin in Washington County, where the land is exceedingly productive, and where there are twenty or more settlements having a pop- ulation in the aggregate of from 6,000 to 7,000. This portion of the State is semi-tropical, and its soil and climate adapt it to production of not only many of the hardier fruits, but "of nectarines, almonds, figs, grapes and pome- granates. Flowers bloom in this valley in December, and cotton is exten- sively grown. Outdoor gardening begins there in the latter part of January, and snow and frost are almost unknown. Washington County is the South- ern California of Utah, and St. George, its capital, is certain to become a famous winter resort. Between these extremes of the chain are situated many valleys under a high state of cultivation. These different portions of the State will be more extensively discussed in connection with the subject of agriculture. The eastern half of the State is drained into the Colorado. The mountain ranges usually run north and south, and nearly all of them contain zones of precious metals. Probably no other State in the Union has within its borders such a variety of resources. No other State could be so nearly independent and self-supporting. If intercourse with the outside world were totally cut off there are very few of the necessaries or luxuries that could not be pro- duced in abundance within the boundaries of Utah. It is an empire within itself. This fact will be easily realized by a study of the endless varieties of products it annually yields. Although but half a century has been devoted to its development, the extraordinary scope of its possibilities in mining, agri- culture, ranch and range production and internal commerce, already estab- lished, proves beyond question that the State is destined to be one of the greatest commonwealths in the West, and that even now much of what is imported into the State might easily be produced at home should it become necessary. Almost every variety of climate, which is generally salubrious and agree- able, can be found in Utah. There are valleys for the farmer, the gardener and the fruit-grower; low mountain land, slopes and terraces for the sheep- raiser; mountains for the miner; scenery, hunting, fishing and bathing for the pleasure-seeker; hot springs and pure air for the invalid, and plenty of oppor- tunity and occupation for men of business and enterprise. 16 UTAH. IRRIGATION. Water has been a potent factor in the redemption of Utah from, desert desolation. Here irrigation was first begun in the United States by the Anglo-Saxon race. On the very day of the arrival of .the first band of pioneers in the Salt Lake Valley (July 24, 1847) work began on the first irrigation canal ever built in the nation, and then and there was commenced the de- velopment of an irrigation system borrowed by the pioneers from Spain and Egypt, which has grown into what is said to be the most perfect of any in the world outside of Spain. This system has been modeled after by all the surrounding States and Territories, and under its influence Utah has reached a high state of cultivation. Fear of drought does not oppress the Utah farmer. He has no need to scan the sky for signs of rain, for he knows that in the arms of the mountains are held the snows, the waters of which will melt and descend to his lands ready to be given to the thirsty crops at just the right periods in their progress to insure not only their sturdy growth, but their perfect development. The life of the farmer is said to be an independent one. If this is true of the Eastern farmer, whose success is dependent upon rainfall, it is doubly true of his Utah, brother, who may water hjs crops whenever and to whatever extent he desires. Under irrigation lands are more productive, and they retain their fertility per- petually because of fertilizers which are constantly brought to them by the irrigation waters. It can be demonstrated that ten acres of irrigated Utah land will produce more income during a period of years than five times the same area in portions of the country dependent entirely upon rain for moisture. In the earlier stages of Utah's development irrigation systems were put in by the co-operation of the people, but during later years incorporated companies have undertaken the construction of extensive systems, which have reclaimed or will reclaim immense areas of arid lands. These com- panies own great tracts tributary to their canals, and offer land for sale in small parcels at low rates and upon easy terms. To the Mormon Land Sys- tem much of the success which has attended the Utah farmer is due. Under this system the holdings are small, five acres being not an uncommon-sized farm, and forty acres being considered an extensive holding. Thus, the agricultural area of Utah is made to support a large population, and the indi- vidual owner is not possessed of more land than he can successfully irrigate and cultivate. In the report of the Special Committee of the United States Senate on the irrigation and reclamation of arid lands, published by the Government in 1890, the following interesting statements are made: "The conditions surrounding irrigation in Utah deserve the most careful review. They differ in many respects from other sections of the arid region. This difference begins with the physical features, and runs into all the social and economic aspects also. The industrious people who have held this Territory since early in the '50s have made available in de- tached portions of Utah a considerable area of arable lands, by the careful use of every spring, pool, creek or mountain stream that can, by simple means, be coaxed down to the valleys and plains below. * * * * "There are about 800,000 acres under cultivation in Utah, a considerable area being benefited by natural sub-irrigation. An estimate of 200,000 acres more will cover all that can be cultivated by the present ditches, and 3,500,- 000 acres is the outside estimate given in the evidence of the amount reclaim- able under reservoirs proposed by witnesses and in country reports. "Irrigation has prevailed in Utah for nearly forty years. Not one-fifth of the present population could be sustained without it upon the soil of the Territory. As it is, Utah feeds not only its own population, but has a consid- erable surplus for sale to others. * * * It will be seen that Utah UTAH. 17 supports a considerable farming population more, perhaps, per acre than elsewhere in the United States. *. * The largest farm reported to the committee had but 200 acres in it. The average Utah farm is about tweny-five acres. Very few Utah farms are under mort- gage. The average length of the ditches does not exceed three miles. * * * One cubic foot of water has supplied, during the past year, about seventy-five acres of land. The cost of water is less per acre to the Utah farmer than elsewhere in the arid region, ranging as it does from 25 cents to 60 cents per acre. In a few instances only it will cost $3 per acre, but it seldom reaches even $1. * * * Nearly every mile of canal or ditch in the Territory has been constructed by combined and neighborhood effort. In actual cash these ditches have cost not to exceed $2.50 per acre; counted as paid in labor, however, the cost has been about $4 per acre. That will make a nominal cost for 650,000 acres, $2,600,000; the actual or cash cost may be put down at $1,625,000. There has never been a lawsuit over water rights." The following statistics are taken from the report of the Utah Irrigation Commission, published in 1895: The total acreage of irrigable land in Utah, outside of present (Indian) Reservations 2,304,000 The total acreage of irrigable land in Utah, inside of present (Indian) Reservations 1,350,000 3,654,000 The total acreage covered by present ditches is 1,035,226 The total additional acreage susceptible to irrigation and, for which water can be had is 2,518,774 Number of acres entered under all U. S. laws 2,542,836 Estimated number of acres of surface land still subject to entry under the public land laws 6,919,840 Estimated number of acres, unsurveyed, subject to entry 26,882,853 In the same report Mr. C. L. Stevenson, an irrigation engineer of Utah, estimates the average present value of the irrigated lands of the State at $84.25 per acre. Instances innumerable might be given where competences and fortunes of considerable magnitude have been made by the Utah farmer, but space in this account will not permit fuller discussion. It is enough to say that there are no more prosperous farmers in the United States than those of Utah, and that crop failures, droughts, devastations by insects and the other calamities which come to the farmer in different portions of the country are not enumer- ated in the Utah farmer's category of ills. The following discussion of the DRAINAGE SYSTEMS of Utah, condensed from the Government publication (1879) on "The Lands of the Arid Region," by Major Powell, will acquaint the reader with the number and flow of Utah's principal streams, and give him some further information in relation to irrigation to Utah: "The eastern part of the Territory is drained by the Rio Colorado and its tributaries; the western part by streams that head in the Wasatch and the high plateaus of the central part, and find their way into the salinas and desert sands of the Great Basin. Thus we have thp Rio Colorado drainage area and the desert drainage area; the former about two-fifths, the latter about three-fifths of the total area. The Rio Colorado drainage area is sub- divided into the Uintah-White Basin, with 280,320 acres of irrigable land, and tie Canon Land, with 213,440 acres. The desert drainage area is sub- divided into the Sevier Lake District, with 101,700 acres of irrigable land, and the Great Salt Lake District, with 837,660 acres.* *NOTK Further investigation indicates that the irrigable land was at that time considerably underestimated. 18 UTAH. "GREAT SALT LAKE DRAINAGE SYSTEM. Three rivers enter Great Salt Lake, namely, the Bear, the Weber and the Jordan, 'and upon their water,' says Mr. C. K. Gilbert of the Geological Survey, 'will ultimately depend the major part of the agriculture of Utah.' They rise close together in the western end of the Uintah Mountains, and cut through the Wasatch. Bear River flows northward, now in Utah, now in Wyoming, and into Idaho as far as Soda Springs. Here it bends round like a fish-hook, and returns on a more westerly line. Re-entering Utah in Cache Valley, it passes thence by a short canon to its delta-plain on the northeastern border of Great Salt Lake. Its principal tributaries are received in Idaho and Cache Valley. "Cache Valley, in Utah and Idaho, contains upward of 400 square miles of irrigable land. The left bank (of the Bear) is served by Logan River and tributaries; the right bank by a canal (not yet constructed) entirely in Idaho. The expense of the latter will be great, but well warranted. The valley is higher and somewhat colder than the Salt Lake Valley, but the soil is good, and the climate admits of the growth of wheat, oats, corn, rye, apples, pears, cherries, apricots, plums, peaches, etc. The valley is about ten miles in width by fifty miles in length, dish-like in shape, walled in by mountains, but pretty well farmed all around at the foot of the mountains. It sustains nearly a score of flourishing towns. "The mean annual flow of Bear River, where it enters Salt Lake Valley, is about 5,000 cubic feet per second. Its delta-plain contains about 220 square miles of unsurpassable soil, upon which the Bear River Canal Company has diverted 2,000 second-cubic feet of water through upward of 100 miles of canals, at a cost of nearly $3,000,000. The soil is rich and ideally adapted to irrigation, having a gentle fall, being smooth as a floor and well and deeply drained by the Bear and Malad rivers. "As if to forever bar a water famine in Salt Lake Valley, nature has pro- vided a natural reservoir in Bear Lake, situated near Bear River, and con- nected with the river by a narrow outlet high up in the mountains. The lake has an area of 150 square miles, and can be raised ten feet by. a dam thrown across the outlet at slight expense. Thus enough water can be stored during three-fourths of the year to flow 5,000 feet per second during the other fourth of the year. Bear River itself can be turned into the lake by a short canal and upon its upper tributaries, on the northern slope of the Uintah Range, there are many glacial lakes which can be made use of for im- pounding water. "The Weber River runs in a general northwesterly course from the Uintah Mountains to Great Salt Lake, entering the latter at the middle of its eastern shore. The Ogden is its only important tributary. Its delta-plain comprises about 220 square miles of farming land. If the river prove in- competent to water its delta-plain, the Bear at the north and the Jordan at the south have each a great volume of surplus water, and either supply can be led without difficulty to the lower levels of the delta of the Weber. Be- sides the delta of the Weber, there are forty to fifty square miles of irrigable land on the Weber and the Ogden rivers within the mountains. "The Jordan River is the outlet of Utah Lake, and runs northward, enter- ing Great Salt Lake at its southeastern angle. On the right it receives a number of large tributaries from the Wasatch. The largest tributary of Utah Lake is Provo River, which rises near the source of the Weber and the Bear in the Uintah Mountains. Minor tributaries of Utah Lake are American Fork, Spanish Fork, Hofible Creek, Payson Creek, Salt Creek, etc. On all the tributaries of Utah Lake there are about 320 square miles of irrigable land; and in Jordan Valley, below Utah Lake, inclusive of Bountiful and Centerville, there are about 250 square miles. In addition, the water can be carried around the point of the Oquirrh Range on the southern shore of Great Salt Lake, and be used to water fifty square miles in Tooele Valley. UTAH. 19 "Utah. Lake is a natural reservoir, 125 square mile in surface area. With suitable headworks its volume can be controlled, and the entire discharge be concentrated in the season of irrigation. The mean volume of the outlet is about 1,000 second-cubic feet, but one-fourth of this must be assigned to watering lands on the tributaries of the lake and to evaporation, leaving a perennial flow of 750 second-cubic feet, which, if concentrated into four months, would irrigate for that period 350 square miles. "There is thus water enough forever assured to irrigate every acre of the eastern border of Great Salt Lake Basin, from Nephi on the south, to Bear River Canon on the north, a distance, as traveled, of about 180 miles. This fringe of the desert, between the Wasatch and Great Salt Lake and be- tween the Wasatch and Utah Lake, is, in location, resources, climate, fer- tility, potentially the glory of the earth. It is easily the garden spot of Utah. It supports more than thirty settlements or towns, and more than half the population of Utah. Every acre of the land is intrinsically worth $100, although it ranges in price all the way from $5 to $225 per acre. The average, away from the suburbs of larger towns, is perhaps $50 an acre. Altogether, about 10,000 second-cubic feet of water perennially flows into Great Salt Lake. "Westward of Great Salt Lake there are sixty small tracts of land blest with water. On the east of the lake the rivers carry the melting snows of the elevated zone to the valleys, and fertility is the result. West and north of the lake the mountains are too insignificant to store up snow-banks until the time of need. These streams are spent before the summer comes, and only a few springs are perennial. The result is a desert, with little oases a day's journey apart. "SEVIEE LAKE DKAINAGE BASIN. According to the accomplished geol- ogists of the United States Geological Survey, which this sketch follows, the Wasatch ends with Mount Nebo, which overhangs Nephi. The elevated lands southward these gentlemen term the High Plateaus, divided by great longitudinal faults into three ranges, each made up of different members, as the San Pete, the Pahvant, the Tushar and the Markagunt, facing the Great Basin; the Sevier and Paunsagunt between Sevier and Grass val- leys; and the Wasatch, the Fish Lake, -the Awapa and the Aquarius, east of Grass Valley. The Pahvant and the Tushar, says Captain Dutton, present a curious admixture of plateau and sierra, but the others are true tables, made and kept so by the lavas which cap them and successfully resist erosion. "The Wasatch Plateau is east of San Pete Valley, above which it rises a full mile. Sanpitch River, the largest tributary of the Sevier, furnishes water, and the oats and wheat grow higher than the fences. There is coal in the valley, fine building and flagging stone, a score of towns and settlements, and 50,000 to 100,000 acres of irrigable land. The Sanpitch empties into the Sevier at Gunnison, the latter coming down from the south, the former rising about Mount Nebo and flowing southward. "From Gunnison to Monroe, Sevier Valley is about five miles wide by sixty miles long, and sustains a dozen settlements. The river canons above Monroe, and just above this canon tower the rugged peaks and domes of the Tushar (Beaver Range), upon whose shaggy slopes, descending to the Sevier, is the mining district of Marysvale, just now rousing itself, or being roused, from a Rip Van Winkle sleep of twenty years. "Twenty miles above Marysvale is Circle Valley, where the East Fork joins the South Fork through a mighty chasm, cutting the Sevier Plateau in two. The mural walls of the opposing plateaus rise she'er above Circle Valley 4,000 to 5,000 feet. From this junction the two forks continue on through canons and valleys, ascending higher and higher the best part of a hundred miles to the springs of the basalt fields which divide the drainage of Sevier Lake from that of the Rio Colorado. There are valleys up there, says Captain Dutton, 7,000 to 9,000 feet high, with the palisades of the plateaus rising half 20 UTAH. a mile higher, and on the great mesas forests of straight, slender pines ancl spruces a hundred feet to a limb and standing so thick as to be almost im- penetrable. "Just below Juab the Sevier River breaks through the Pahvant as though the latter were a fog-bank, runs far out on the desert and sinks in what is called Sevier Lake. Without storage, for which Captain Dutton says the High Plateaus offer extraordinary facilities, the Sevier and the Sanpitch rivers water less than 100,000 acres. With storage, if there is sufficient water to be stored, a thousand square miles of land might be reclaimed from the desert on the course of the Sevier River. "Probably a hundred square miles are served by the small streams of Southwestern Utah, as at Levan, Scipio, Holden, Fillmore, Oak City, Kanosh, Beaver, Minersville, Paragoonah, Parowan, Cedar City, Pinto, Hebron, etc. In this region the water is inadequate to supply the arable land, but it can be largely increased by storage without doubt. "COLORADO RIVER DRAINAGE. Of the Rio Colorado drainage system, the main channel is the river Colorado and its proper continuation, the Green River. The principal tributaries of these streams from the east are the White, the Grand and the San Juan, the White entering the Green, the Grand uniting with the Green to form the Colorado, and the San Juan enter- ing the latter about 125 miles below the confluence of the Grand and the Green. The tributaries from the west are the Virgin, the Kanah, the Paari, the Escalante, the Fremont, the San Rafael, the Price, the Minnie Maud, the Uintah and the Ashley Fork. "The climate is extremely arid, the elevation between 2,500 and 11,500 feet, giving great range in temperature. The limit of successful (hay) farm- ing is about 7,000 feet. Aside from the Uintah-White Basin, which contains more than half of the irrigable land of the entire district, and which is an Indian Reserve, the lands are generally on benches or terraces, or in restricted valleys between the higher courses of the streams and their canons, and from 4,500 to 6,000 feet in altitude. The Price, the Uintah, the Green and the Grand have plenty of water, but, excepting the Uintah, the land upon which their waters can be diverted is very limited. On the Virgin, which is far south and low in altitude, there are .thirty to fifty square miles. In the entire district there may be a thousand square miles of irrigable arable land. "From a cursory examination and estimate of the water supply, made under Major Powell's auspices in 1877, the land in Utah which may be irri- gated was tentatively put at 1,433,060 acres. Later and more thorough investigation by the Utah Irrigation Commission places the number of acres- capable of irrigation at 2,304,000. "Upon the high mountain slopes and mesas are the forests. All the timber trees proper are coniferous, and belong to the pine, fir and juniper families. There will doubtless always be enough timber and lumber for domestic use, as the new growth should replace the consumption. The farming lands, on the lower courses of the rivers and near the mountains, are limited in extent, and coal is so plentiful as to be universally used for fuel. No timber or lumber should ever be exported from Utah, nor are they likely to be. Major Powell estimates the timber region at 18,500 square miles, standing timber at 10,000, milling timber at 2,500 square miles, sufficient, he says, for the industrial wants of the country if it can be preserved from forest fires. "The elevated regions not only store the moisture to fertilize the adjacent lowlands, but they contain the mines of silver and gold, of lead and iron, and of other metals and minerals, and the coal. "The grazing lands lie, in the main, between the high timber lands and the low farming lands. The grass is scanty, but in great variety and nutritious. "Wherever grass grows, Major Powell says, water may be found or saved from the rains in sufficient quantity for all the herds that can live on the- pasturage." UTAH. 21 GEOLOGY AND MINING IN GENERAL. The following condensation is made from Professor Jones' admirable book upon Utah: "The deposits of the precious metals of Utah all belong to the early geo- logical ages, with the exception of a few small outcroppings in Southern Utah, in a very unique deposit. The minerals are generally contained in fissures of varying width and richness, running, not along the line of a moun- tain range, but directly across it, stretching from one range of mountains to another, and doubtless going underneath the valleys in a direction nearly east and west. These veins seem to traverse nearly the whole of the Great Basin from east to west. The most valuable deposits are generally found in the earliest granites, quartzites or palaeozoic limestone. One of the most impor- tant mineral belts of Utah runs from the Uintah Mountains on the east through Park City and Alta in the Wasatch, thence across the Salt Lake Valley to the Oquirrh Mountains on the west at Bingham, the original point of discovery of mines in Utah, and then turning a little northward, crossing diagonally through the Aqui Mountains, and thence out on the desert. "The second mineral belt begins in the Wasatch Mountains, in the vicinity of Mount Nebo, and runs a little north of west, reaching its climax in the extension of the Oquirrh Range at Tintic, thence it passes through various ranges until it goes out of the State at Deep Creek, which" is destined to be one of the greatest mining camps in Utah. "The third belt is located some 200 miles south of Salt Lake, beginning at Marysvale and Beaver, running a little north of west through various ranges, Teachings its climax at Frisco, where the great Horn Silver Mine is located. The belt extends westward from there to the boundary of the State. "Near the southern boundary of the State, on the rim of the Basin, is a very unique mineral deposit in sandstone of the Triassic or later date. The ore is chiefly chloride of silver, found in reefs of sandstone which are tilted at a high angle. "The eastern portion of the State, being of a very recent geological age, is almost destitute of precious metals. There are some limited areas of vol- canic outbursts in this region, where there is some mineral. This is pre-emi- nently a coal country, having thousands of square miles of coal fields, with veins in some places forty feet thick. This region has other forms of carbon besides coal, the principal ones being natural gas, paraffin, heavy oil and asphaltum of all grades. Here also are found large deposits of the hydro- carbons, gilsonite, elaterite and ozocerite, which electrical development is rapidly bringing into general use." Mining in Utah is conducted in much the same way that it is elsewhere. In most portions of the State lode claims are 1,500 feet long by 600 feet wide. In the absence of a State law fixing the amount of labor necessary to hold a location, the customs of miners and the rules of mining districts regulate the amount. This, of course, is additional to the annual labor or improvements required by the Acts of Congress. The spirit of boom and hurrah has always been noticeably absent from the mining men of Utah. These men, or a large proportion of them, obtained their preliminary training in Nevada and California, where mining is, and always has been, conducted upon legitimate lines, and where results count for more than anticipation. The history of Utah contains no record of great mining excitements. Other States can and do have their Cripple Creeks and Creedes, where excitement runs high and everyone seems possessed to keep it up. But Utah never has had, and probably never will have, a genuine mining craze. The people are not built to produce and keep up mining excitements. They are conservative and unboastful. They regard mining as a legitimate business, and prefer to look to dividends rather than to the rise of specula- stocks for their profits. 22 UTAH. No special effort is made by the people of Utah to have the news prints of the country advertised, by news or paid notices, the progress of mining development, and for that reason the mining fame of the State is not so widespread as that of other States whose output and mining dividends do not compare with those of Utah. An examination of a table which appears elsewhere in this account will show that this State has a total metal product valued at $234,703,580.23. For many years a steady stream of dividends has been flowing from the mines to their owners, as will be seen by accom- panying tables. These figures are given to the reader that he may judge of the mineral greatness of Utah, a greatness which the work of development now but fairly entered upon will make phenomenal in the near future. The tables and mining statistics presented are complete to January 1, 1901, and of the show- ing they make the State may well be proud: TABLE OP MINING DIVIDENDS. Mines. Capital. Total Dividends. Ajax (Copperopolis) $3,000,000 $1,000,000 Bullion-Beck 1,000,000 2,535,000 Centennial-Eureka 1,500,000 2,447,700 Crescent 1,500,000 280,000 Chloride Point 500,000 5,000 Consolidated Mercur 10,000,000 110,000 Carisa 85,000 Daly 3,000,000 2,397,500 Dalton and Lark 2,500,000 87,500 Daly- West 3,000,000 487,500 Eureka Hill 1,000,000 1,850,000 Grand Central 250,000 631,250 Geyser-Marion 1,500,000 96,000 Gemeni-Keystone 500,000 825,000 Grand Gulch 4,800 . Horn Silver 10,000,000 5,290,000 Mercur 5,000,000 1,481,000 Maxfield 3,000,000 117,000 Mammoth 10,000,000 1,780,000 Ontario 15,000,000 13,662,500 Silver King 3,000,000 3,475,000 Sacramento 5,000,000 118,000 Swansea 500,000 271,500 South Swansea 150,000 162,500 Silver Shield 30,000 1,500 Rocco-Homestake 300,000 4,500 Petro 1,500,000 33,000 Utah 1,000,000 179,000 Utah Consolidated 750,000 63,000 Galena 1,000,000 71,000 The mines named in this table are those which exhibit their dividends and are but a few of the many great producers of the State. There are hundreds of properties under private or corporate ownership in Utah, about the annual profits of which we are left entirely to conjecture. Our Eastern friends who take statements concerning the West with a grain of allowance are urged to verify the figures contained in this table. UTAH'S CURIOUS MINERAL PRODUCTS are of many kinds, the most noteworthy being the sandstone silver mines of Southern Utah. The discovery of silver in sandstone was made by Judge Barbee at Leeds, in Washington County, over a quarter of a century ago. The mines he located have paid to this time over one million dollars in profits. The sandstone deposit contains the petrified remains of a prehistoric forest, and the richest ores found have been portions of these petrified trees. Utah alone possesses this mineralogical curiosity. Its existence contradicts old geological theories and teaches us how little, after all, we know of na- ture's wonderful methods. UTAH. 23 Utah illustrates perhaps better than any other part of the world the truth of the couplet "God moves in a mysterious way 4 His wonders to perform." He seems to have selected the State for the exhibition of the utmost powers of creation, and has given to it almost every form of mineral wealth. Less curious than the sandstone mines, but very interesting, are the great bodies of asphaltum and the hydrocarbons, which occur generally over a thousand square miles or more of the region in Northeastern Utah, in part reserved to the Uintah and Uncompahgre Indians. The asphaltum is found in limestone, sandstone and in flowing springs and lakes. In quality it is the equal of any in the world, and in quantity there is sufficient of it to pave all the streets in America and still leave enough for the uses of mankind for centuries to come. Aside from a small amount mined in California, practically all of the asphaltum used in the United States is imported from the Island of Trinidad. This importation is carried on by a company, which, because of its control of the source of the material, has grown into a gigantic monopoly, and dictates terms to most of the great municipal corporations of the country. With Utah's enormous bodies of asphaltum, there need no longer be any reason for maintaining this monopoly or for veneering the streets of American cities with a foreign product. GILSONITE, of which the largest known vein is forty feet wide and twenty miles long, is peculiar to Utah. Its discovery in the State is attributed to Mr. Sam Gilson of Salt Lake City, after whom it was named by the Smithsonian Institution. This material is used in the manufacture of black japan and other varnishes, in making insulating compounds of various kinds, in covering iron plates on ship bottoms and to protect pilings subject to the ravages .of toredo and other salt-water insects. This form of asphaltum was formerly imported from Egypt to the United States, commanding a price of $250 per ton. The Utah product has driven the Egyptian article out of our market, as it can be delivered on the cars at Price for $40 per ton. The Gilsonite Asphaltum Company of St. Louis, Mo., shipped from Price 4,587,630 pounds of asphaltum in 1900, an increase of 1,500,000 pounds over the output of the preceding year. This nets the company about $40 per ton on board the cars at Price. Shipments were made from other properties, of which there are many in the great hydrocarbon field, but exact figures are not obtainable. Of the hydrocarbons mentioned there is enough to supply all the uses for which they are employed for all time to come, but little seems to be known of one of these products (elaterite) and the purposes for which it can be used. The world's supply has heretofore been obtained principally from Austria and Syria, where the ouput is comparatively limited, and therefore they have commanded a high market price. All of these several forms of car- bons are found in Utah in exceedingly pure condition, and when they can be sent to market they will undoubtedly drive out the imported materials. ELATERITE is a sort of mineral rubber, and is awaiting a cheap means of reducing it to solution, so that it can be economically used upon the bottoms of ships. It is said to furnish complete protection against the barnacle, and that it will save millions of dollars annually to the ship-owners of the world. The Government has recently caused experiments to be made for the dis- covery of a cheap method of reducing it, and the claim is made by one chem- ist that this can be done at a cost of 30 cents per gallon. The substance is difficult to mine. It cannot be drilled, being like gutta-percha, $nd augers are used to prepare it for blasting. OZOCERITE, or mineral wax, is similar in many respects to paraffin, and is an extreme product of petroleum. The chief supply now comes from Galicia, the mines of which are said to be wholly inadequate to supply the demand for 24 UTAH. the product. This is the material used by Mr. Edison for the cylinder of his phonograph. In crude condition it is dark-colored, but it can, by chemical treatment, be made white and used in the manufacture of candles. As a material for waxing ball-room floors it is said to have no equal, and it is a valuable element in the manufacture of acid and water-proof paper. Its chief use, however, is for insulation, for which purpose it is said to be more valu- able than any other substance. In enumerating Utah's mineral curios, mention should be made of the peculiar form in which gold is deposited at Mercur, a camp fully discussed later in this account. It is contended that the chloride of gold has never been found in nature, but there are many men of high scientific attainments who insist that the gold found at Mercur is in that form, and that the ores are therefore most easy of treatment by solution methods. The Great Salt Lake is a mine as well as a health and pleasure resort. Its interesting features and supposed origin are treated under a separate head in this book, but in this connection it should be given its place among Utah's mineral marvels. The large per cent, of salt contained in its waters makes the lake a fruitful source of revenue to Utah, and the lake itself is a curiosity of ever-increasing, interest. Nature has deposited in its waters salt enough, which, if extracted and sold at the market price, would realize, it is said, a sum ample to pay all the national debts in Christendom, and still leave a fair fortune for every man, woman and child in the United States. A gentleman handy with figures recently computed the bulk of this salt to be suf- ficient, if extracted, to load a train long enough to reach 196 times around the earth and leave an 8,000-mile string of cars on a sidetrack. These figures are given in order that the reader may approach to a comprehension of the wealth carried in solution by the waters of this inland sea. The lake is cer- tainly one of the marvels of creation, and is entitled to a place among the freaks in Utah's museum. So much for the rare and curious. Next to be considered are some of the other mineral treasures in the State, which are being mined and marketed, but which do not belong to the same family of metals as gold, silver, copper and lead to the production of which the mining of the State is principally directed. SULPHUR is found, of course, in many parts of the world, but it is doubted whether any known deposit exceeds in richness and size the deposits found in Beaver and other counties of Utah. An expert from the mines of Sicily once told the writer that there was then more sulphur in one mine now being operated in Beaver County than in the whole sulphur field of Sicily. Near Black Rock is the crater of an extinct volcano filled with a sulphur deposit going from 60 to 90 per cent. pure. Works at this point have a capacity of twenty tons per day, and lump and other forms of refined sulphur are produced. The output of these and other works in the State is limited solely by the demand. Other deposits are found near Frisco, where the ma- terial occurs in crevices, and is very pure. A fine deposit, running 67 per cent, pure, has also been opened in the Uintah Mountains. On the Rio Virgin River, in Southern Utah, exists veins of pure salt which might easily be taken for veins of the clearest ice. One of these veins stands like a crystal mountain above -the valley, and the material is so clear that print can be distinctly read through a block of it. The writer is indebted to Mr. Stanislaus de Yurski, an eminent expert of Austria, for the informa- tion that this peculiar form of salt is found only in Utah and Galicia. SALTPETER is found in a valuable bed in the south end of the Salt Lake Valley. ALUM SHALES occur in many localities. DEPOSITS OF GYPSUM, practically inexhaustible, have been located in several portions of the State. One outcrop at Nephi is 1,200 feet long, and contains enough gypsum to supply all possible demand for many years. Upon this deposit is situated the mill of the Nephi Plaster of Paris Manufacturing UTAH. 25 Company, which manufactures and ships to all portions of Utah and to Cali- fornia, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia large quantities of plaster of paris. This gypsum is said to be the purest known, and shows the following analysis: Lime 33.60 Sulphuric acid 43.07 Water... . 23.33 100.00 The output of the Nephi plant for 1900 was 200 cars. Selinite of great purity, rotten stone, sometimes called tripoli, the real tripoli, mica, antimony, quicksilver, asbestos, graphite and many other of the less common minerals, mineral paints and the gems, topaz, garnet, ruby, chalcedony and amethyst may all be enumerated in Utah's inventory of mineral wealth. Indications of PETROLEUM that are likely to lead to a profitable develop- ment are present in Emery County, near Pleasant Valley, and on the Green River. Stimulated by the oil development in Southern California, many pe- troleum locations were made in the Green River country during 1900 by peo- ple who freely predict the existence there of a rich and extensive field. CLAYS. A great variety of rich and beautiful clays exist in Utah, almost every county having a deposit of some kind. In Salt Lake County, near Draper, is a vast bed of kaolin, from which articles of delicate and purest white pottery have been made in an experimental way. At the base of the Wasatch Mountains throughout Utah County is a deposit of black clay of the finest quality. Brick clays, from which first-class pressed and common brick are manufactured, are found nearly everywhere throughout the State. The brick produced is of almost every color and tone. From Salt Lake fire-clays are produced a first-class quality of fire-brick. Brick man- ufacturing is extensively carried on at Salt Lake, and brick of exceptionally fine quality and appearance was turned out to the number, in 1900, of 23,200,000, of which 18,200,000 were sold. PORTLAND CEMENT. The Portland Cemen1> Company of Utah is now making a true artificial Portland cement, and during the year 1900 sold 60,000 barrels. The plant is now manufacturing cement at the rate of 400 barrels per day, the company having expended 30,000 for improvements during the past year. Veins of BISMUTH have been found in Beaver County, near Beaver City, carrying from 1 to 6 per cent, of the metal. This metal has also been found in the mines of Bingham, but there are at present no reduction works spe- cially designed for its extraction. SODA and NITRE exist in Weber, Utah and other counties, and ALUM in abundance in Iron County. MARBLE. Of this Utah possesses great quantities and many varieties. White, mottled, pink, geodic and black marbles are found in large deposits and in many localities. The largest marble deposits are at Frisco, in Beaver County, but workable bodies occur in Spanish Fork Canon, on Deep Creek, and in other portions of the State. Geodic marble, composed of a mass of impacted little geodes, is found in large quantities, and when polished makes a novel and beautiful finishing material. A large deposit of this peculiar marble is now being opened on Hobble Creek by the Hobble Creek Marble Company. For ornamental purposes in building, the geodic marble is considered by many equal to onyx. The writer knows of no deposits except those found in Utah. The building done in Salt Lake during 1900 evidences a greater use of stone than ever before. For fine residences es- pcially it seems to be leading its less expensive brick competitor. OXYX. The Utah product differs from the onyx imported from Mexico, in that it is free from the checks and fractures which mar the appearance of 26 UTAH. the imported article. It exceeds in beauty all other local building materials, and is found in a great diversity of colors and in practically inexhaustible quantities. The largest mines are situated in Utah, Cache, Millard and Box Elder counties. This material was used in wainscoting the million-dollar city and county building in Salt Lake, and its interior is offered by Utah in evidence that Utah has the finest onyx in the world. The most beautiful colors and forms are blended in its texture, and for mantels, pillars and interior ornamentation it is fast coming into general use among local builders. Some outside shipments have been made, but the value of the material has not become sufficiently known to Eastern builders to secure for it a market in competition with the Mexican product. Pieces four by six feet are easily mined and are polished at a low cost. ALABASTER, of the pink variety, occurs in Utah County in extensive deposits. This material is too soft to be susceptible of a high polish, but pre- sents a very pretty appearance when finished, and will no doubt in time be extensively mined. PUMICE. Near Black Rock station, Beaver County, there is an immense bed of pumice stone, more being in sight than can be used in the next twenty years. This is quarried out and sent in car lots to Chicago, where it is pulped and manufactured into various articles for polishing wood and other sub- stances, smoothing paint surfaces, scouring bricks, etc. This article is shut- ting 1 out importations which formerly supplied all he United States with pumice stone, and it promises to become an important manufacture. BUILDING STONE. Utah excels in the quality of her red and gray sand- stone, of which there are inexhaustible quantities. These sandstone crop out for several hundred miles on the eastern side of the Wasatch, and are in much demand for general building purposes. The stone also occurs at Spanish Fork Canon, where it varies in color from a red to a light brown, and at Kayune, from whence it is extensively shipped to Denver and other Eastern points. Of limestone Utah has a surfeit it is everywhere. It is employed in mak- ing lime, and much of it seeks the smelters for fluxing purposes. Granite is not generally used, though the Mormon Temple at Salt Lake, a building which cost $4,000,000 and which will stand the wear and tear of time for centuries to come is built of it. The material for the Temple was quarried from a large deposit at the mouth of the Little Cottonwood, near Salt Lake City. SLATE occurs in many places, the finest in quality and color being on Antelope Island, in the Great Salt Lake. Near Utah Lake there is also a fine deposit from which slabs from an inch to several feet in thickness and per- fectly uniform in texture can be taken. One of the most beautiful of build- ing stones possessed by Utah is the oolitic sandstone of Manti. This is com- posed of minute shells, compacted, and is so soft that when first taken out it is readily cut with a saw. Being very white, it is in demand for trimmings, and is very ornamental. Discoveries of LITHOGRAPHIC STONE have been made in various parts of the State, but so far none has been marketed. Millard, Utah and Salt Lake counties each claim to possess deposits of superior quality. Near Cisco, in Grand County, the West American Agate Company have been operating the agate fields, and have spent several thousand dollars in development. Large boulders of CHALCEDONY, big enough to make table tops, are there found, ranging in color from bloodstone to carnelian. COAL. Professor Jones has this to say about Utah's coal fields: "Geologically, our coals belong to the cretaceous age. After the basin was upheaved in which the coal was formed, a large lake was left in the center, UTAH. 27 the waves of which, gradually wore away the shores until the coal deposits cropped out in precipices 1,500 feet high. The streams also cut box canons at right angles to the shore line, thereby exposing the nearly horizontal coal beds in multitudes of places, so that to take out coal it is necessary only to run a tunnel in on the bed and cart out the fuel. "This does away with all the costly hoisting machinery so common else- where. This coal belt enters Utah near Evanston, Wyo., forms a large basin near Coalville; then runs east along the north side of the Uintahs to and around the eastern end of the mountains; thence west back along the south side to the head of Spanish Fork Canon, where it forms the Coal Range, the watershed between the Colorado and the Great Basin; thence it runs in a southerly direction for many miles, and then bends westward past Cedar City (near which are the iron deposits) and Kanarrah; thence west until it passes out of the Territory (State) above Saint George. * * * In the southwestern part of the Territory (State) the deposits are small, while between Iron City and the Uintahs they are very heavy. "This coal field, 600 to 1,000 miles long, is ten miles wide in the narrowest place, while in others it may run up to twenty-five miles. It is estimated that we have 20,000 square miles of coal lands in Utah, but this is an exag- gerration; still we have immense bodies of thousands of square miles, and of such thickness as to supply the whole United States for centuries. Another valuable feature of our coal is its proximity to the mineral deposits, both iron and the precious metals. There is no coal to the west of us except some poor lignites, scarcely used, in Southern California; so we shall always supply the Great Basin, and at least part of California, with coal. At Coal- ville the workable vein is 10 to 13 feet thick; at Pleasant Valley there are two veins, one 13 and the other 28 feet thick; at Castle Gate the largest vein is 14 feet." The Union Pacific made the following excellent showing with the output of their several mines in Wyoming and Utah in 1900: OUTPUT OF UNION PACIFIC COAL MINES FOR 1900. Tons. Rock Springs, Wyoming, Mine No. 1 479,801 Rock Springs, Wyoming, Mine No. 7 201,051 Rock Springs, Wyoming, Mine No. 8 273,905 Rock Springs, Wyoming, Mine No. 9 292,783 Carbon, Wyoming, Mine No. 2 93,416 Carbon, Wyoming, Mine No. 7 50,351 Hanna, Wyoming, Mine No. 1 340,000 Almy, Wyoming, Mine No. 7 22,431 Weber, Utah, Mine 42,644 Total Union Pacific Mines 1,796,382 PRODUCTION OF UTAH COAL MINES FOR 1900. Tons. Pleasant Valley Company 984,399 Grass Creek Company 32360 Sanpete County 7,500 Uintah County 6 500 Emery County 8,000 Grand County 1,000 Other Small Mines 52,500 Total tons Utah Mines (exclusive of Weber U. P.) 1,092,259 ANTHEACITE. 1895 marked the discovery of anthracite coal in Utah. The stratum of this valuable fuel was found between walls of carboniferous limestone, on a bedding of shale in the mountains east of Provo. The analysis shows 65 per cent, fixed carbon, 15 per cent, ash and 20 per cent, moisture and volatile matter. The vein is from three to five feet in thickness and shows a widening tendency. The outcrop can be traced nearly the entire length of Utah County, and a number of locations have been made upon the vein. An .28 UTAH. excellent quality of coke is made from Castle Gate coal. Something like fifty coke workers are employed at the coke ovens connected with these mines, and the amount shipped approximates 25,000 tons per year. The largest local market for coal in Utah it at Salt Lake City, which consumes about 120,000 tons annually. The following are the prevailing Salt Lake prices (October, 1898): Retail Whole- Deliv. sale. Rock Springs, Weber, Castle Gate, Diamond and Kemmerer. .$5.00 $3.75 Winter Quarters and Pleasant Valley 4.75 3.50 Nut Coal, all kinds 4.75 3.50 Mine slack 2.50 2.00 Anthracite 9.50 9.00 SALT. Utah is most generously supplied with salt, not only in veins of rock salt .and in the brine of the Great Salt Lake, but also in many springs and small lakes. A company at Nephi is engaged in the manufacture of refined salt from the rock salt, and from springs found near by, and another company is doing a large business in the sale of rock salt, as mined. The principal source of supply, however, is the Great Salt Lake, the waters of which carry from 18 to 20 per cent. Around the lake are numerous salt farms, provided with ponds a few feet below the level of the lake, into which the lake water is pumped or drained early in the season to a depth of two or three feet. When this water evaporates a deposit of several inches of salt remains; this is shoveled into piles for use in silver mills and on stock ranges, or to be re- fined for table, dairy and packers' use. The Inland Crystal Salt Company, the Nebo Salt Manufacturing Company and the Nephi Salt Mining & Manu- facturing Company are leading institutions engaged in the salt business, the latter having mined 3,000 tons of rock salt last year. The production for 1900, according to the best obtainable figures, was approximately 150,000 tons, of which 20,000 tons were refined. Analyses have shown this product to be 99.927 per cent, pure, the nearest approach that has been made to ab- solute purity; so close, in fact, that Professor Ludeking, editor of the Medical Review, pronounces it "absolutely pure." This salt meets the Eastern arti- cle in Western Nebraska, and finds ready sale in all the country westward to the Pacific Coast. Practically all salt used in this region for stock and milling purposes is supplied by Utah. As the supply is inexhaustible and the demand constantly increasing, the salt industry promises to become a source of great revenue to the State. Further reference to the salt industry on the shores of the lake will be found under the head of "The Great Salt Lake." IRON. There are iron deposits that can be worked with profit in Cache, Weber, Wasatch, Salt Lake, Morgan, Juab and many other counties of Utah, but the greatest of all is in Iron County, which possesses one of the most remarkable deposits in the world. Near Cedar City is the so-called "Iron Mountain," estimated to contain 50,000,000 tons of fine iron ore. Professor Newberry has said of this mountain: "The deposits of iron ore near Iron City, in South- western Utah, are probably not excelled in intrinsic value by any in the world. The ore is magnetite and hematite, and occurs in a belt fifteen or twenty miles long and three or four miles wide, along which there are frequent outcrops, ach of which shows a length and breadth of several hundred feet of com- pact, massive ore of the richest quality. There are certainly no other deposits to compare with them west of the Mississippi for the manufacture of pig and bar iron and steel, and it would be difficult to estimate the influence they would have on the industries of the Pacific Coast." UTAH. 2 Another acknowledged expert has said: "Utah's iron resources much exceed those of any other section of the Union." All the iron ore so far mined in Utah has been red and brown hematite, of which some 12,000 tons are annually used for flux in the smelters, but when it is realized that the largest and best of our iron deposits are located close to great coal measures, it is safe to predict that the day will soon come when the iron and steel required in the western half of this country, at least, will be produced within the State of Utah: We shall have big blast furnaces and foundries, and the railroads of the West will be equipped with rails made of Utah steel; we shall make all the stoves, machinery, iron pipe and miscellaneous ironware of the trans- Mississippi country. The consummation of this hope will be reached as soon as a line of railway opens this field to Salt Lake and Southern California. At this writing this railroad has been incorporated, with ample capital for its construction. In this account it will be impossible to mention all of the different kinds of minerals found in Utah. Professor Jones makes the'statement that most of the minerals found in the West, except tin, occur in the State. The fol- lowing is his LIST OF UTAH MINERALS. GOLD: Placer gold telluride of gold. SILVER: Argentite, cerargyrite horn silver, chloride of silver. Embolite chlorobromide of silver. Frieslebenite sulphuret of antimony and silver. Miargyrite sulphuret of antimony and silver. Polybasite. Proustite. Pyrargyrite dark ruby silver. Native silver. LEAD : Anglesite sulphate of lead. Cerussite carbonate of lead. Leadhillite sulphato-tricarbonate of lead. Galena sulphuret of lead, galenite. Wulfenite molybdate of lead. Boulangerite sulphuret of antimony and lead. Pyromorphite phosphate of lead. Linarite cupreous sulphate of lead. Phosgenite carbonate and chloride of lead. Binnite sulpharsenide of lead. COPPER: Atacamite chloride of copper. Azurite blue carbonate of copper. Blue vitriol sulphate of copper. Chalcocite vitreous copper. Chalcopyrite copper pyrites. Chrysocollas silicate of copper. Cubanite sulpheret of iron and copper. Cuprite oxide of copper, melaconite. Erubescite variegated copper pyrites, bornite. Linarite cupreous sulphate of lead. Malachite green carbonate of copper. Tetrahedrite fahlerz, gray copper. Enargite sulpharsenate of copper. 30 UTAH. ZINC: Calamine silicate of zinc. Smithsonite carbonate of zinc. Sphalerite zinc blende. IRON: Hematite specular iron, micaceous iron, red ochre. Copperas sulphate of iron. Cubanite sulphuret of iron and copper. Limonite brown hematite, brown and yellow ochre, bog iron. Dufreynoisite sulphate of copper and arsenic. Franklinite. Ilmenite titanic iron. Magnetite lodestone. Mispickle arsenical iron pyrites. Pyrites bisulphuret of iron, marcosite, white pyrites. Chrysolite olivine. Siderite carbonate of iron. Iron silicates. ALUMINUM. ANTIMONY: Stibnite gray antimony, sulphuret of antimony. Miargyrite, cervantite, pyrargyrite. Frieslebenite sulpheret of antimony and silver. Stephanite sulphuret of antimony and silver. Boulangerite sulphuret of antimony and lead. ARSENIC: Arsenopyrite mispickle. Olivenite. Orpiment yellow sulphide of arsenic. Arsenolite native arsenic. Realgar protosulphite of arsenic. Polybasite sulphuret of copper and arsenic. Proustite. Tetrahedrite fahlerz. BISMUTIT: Sulphuret, telluride, bismuthite. MANGANESE: Bosjemanite, manganese alum, wad. Pyrolusite binoxide of manganese. Khodochrosite carbonate of manganese. Sulphate of manganese. Hausmannite oxide of manganese. MERCURY: Cinnabar, selenide of mercury. MOLYBDENUM : Molybdenite sulphide of molybdenum. Wulfenite molybdate of lead. TITANIUM: Ilmenite. UTAH. 31 TELLURIUM : Telluride of gold. Phosphate of unranium. FORMS OF CARBON: Coal, cannel coal, anthracite, lignite (soft coal), graphite plumbago, ozocerite, gilsonite, wurtzellite, crude asphaltum, petroleum, natural gas, wheelerite, amber. BUILDING STONE, ETC.: Augite, calcite limestone and marble. Dolomite magnesian limestone. Hornblende tremolite and actinolite. Ooolite oolitic sandstone, basalt, lava, rhyolite, trachyte, sandstone, slate, quartzite, feldspar, granite. SAND, CLAY AND PLASTER: Glass sand, oolitic sand, brick clay, potter's clay, fire clay, kaolinite kaolin Gunnison paint, fuller's earth, cement, lithomarge. Gypsum alabaster, plaster of paris and selenite. GEMS, ETC.: Agate, almandine, amethyst, carnelian, cat's eye, chalcedony, corundum, dentrite, epidote, garnet, jasper, jet, moss agate, obsidian, onyx, opal, petrified wood, ruby, sapphire, sard, sardonyx, spinel, topaz, tour- maline. SALTS : Epsomite epsom salts. Glauberite, halite rock salt and lake salt. Nitrocalcite. Niter saltpeter, nitrate of potash. Soda saleratus, sulphate of soda. ALUM: Kalinite alum, alum shales, alum tufa. Pinkeringite magnesian alum, chiolite. MISCELLANEOUS MINERALS, ETC.: Albite, anthraconite fetid limestone, apatite, argonite, asbestos, barite, barytocalcite, chalk, fluor spar. Geyserite, hydrargyllite (alumina and water). Hydrosteatite talc. Lithomarge. Magnesite carbonate of magnesia. Mica biotite muscovite. Phenacite silica and glaucina. Pyroxene anhydrous silicate of magnesia. Stalactites, soapstone, sulphur brimstone. Tripoli tripolite. Witherite carbonate of baryta. Strontianite carbonate of strontia. Geodes. Mineral springs. 32 UTAH. GOLD, SILVER, COPPER AND LEAD MINING. Although much energy and capital is employed in producing the various forms of mineral wealth already mentioned in this account, the largest amount of capital and labor is devoted to the extraction of gold, silver, copper and lead, of which the State seems to have inexhausible quantities. Mining is, and always will be, the leading industry of Utah. According to Professor Jones, silver was first discovered in Utah in 1857, but no prac- tical attempt to mine was made until 1863, when the Old Jordan Mine the first staked in Utah was located in Bingham Canon by Gen. P. E. Connor, then the commanding officer at Fort Douglas, and a party of ladies and officers belonging to his command. Prior to this time, however, it is said that the Mormons obtained some lead from melting down galena ores in forges. The Old Jordan Mine is one of the famous mines of the State, and has been worked almost continually since its discovery. In 1864 rich placer ground was discovered in the neighborhood of the Old Jordan, from which, throughout succeeding years, large amounts of gold-dust were taken. Only an approximate estimate can be made of the output of these placers. It is of record, however, that Wells, Fargo & Co. shipped out over $500,000 in gold-dust, and the total figures are probably not far from $1,000,000. Real mining may be said not to have begun in Utah, however, until 1870, at which time news of the discoveries in Bingham CaSon had reached Nevada, and produced an immigration of prospectors from that State. That year Buell and Bateman, from Virginia City, Nev., bought a group of claims at Bingham, which are now included in the Niagara group of mines, and in connection with these claims erected a smelting furnace. They soon opened up large bodies of good ore, and their enterprise having attracted wide at- tention, a bustling camp sprung up. The following year a smelter was built in connection with the Winnemucka Mine, which, during several years fol- lowing, treated a large tonnage of ore from that mine, the Spanish Mine and oher properties. Prospecting was not long confined to Bingham, but extended, year by year, into other portions of the State, until Utah's whole mineral domain was dotted with mining camps, mines and smelters. In 1868 the celebrated Emma Mine, at Alta, made her first shipment of ore, and soon after Stockton, Ophir, Big Cottonwood, Park City and other camps, since famous for their great annual output, sprung into life. The advent of the Union Pacific Railroad into Utah in 1869 gave to the mining of the State a stimulus which can never be fully estimated, and laid the founda- tion for the development of what then seemed to be a purely agricultural region into one of the greatest mining States of the Union. In 1869-70 there was a stampede of miners into Utah. Mining districts were organized all over the then Territory, and hundreds of thousands of dollars were reck- lessly thrown away by those who knew but little about mining. As a result, a' stagnation in mining occurred in 1874, continuing for some years, but this could not keep back the really good mines from producing their regular quota of bullion, which gradually increased until the value of the total annual output was many million dollars. The table on the next page, of Utah's mineral output from 1877 to 1900, is made up from the records of Wells, Fargo & Co., bankers, of Salt Lake City. This table truthfully presents each year's production of gold, silver, copper and lead, and the value of the same as determined by the average market price prevailing during-each year reported. This statement does not show the product of these metals prior to 1877, but I have added thereto Prof. Marcus E. Jones' estimate of the value of the bullion product of Utah from 1869 to and inclusive of 1876. UTAH. 33 This enormous total of $234,703,580.23 represents the value of the product computed according to the average market price during each year of pro- duction. DIVIDENDS FOR 1900. Centennial-Eureka. . . $317,500 Carisa 35,000 Consolidated Mercur 110,000 Daly- West 487,500 Dixie 15,000 Gemini 125,000 Golden Gate 420,000 Grand Central 25,000 Grand Gulch 2,400 Horn Silver 20,000 Mammoth 220,000 Mercur 115,000 Ontario 90,000 Rocco-Homestake 4,500 Silver King 1,000,000 Silver Shield 1,500 Swansea 70,000 Utah 2,000 Total $3,060,400 Scarcely any portion of these dividends averaging $255,333 per month leaves the State; they flow into the pockets of home people, and go to the development and upbuilding of Utah. This table includes only those companies which have made public an- nouncement of their dividends or the amount of dividends of which have been secured from reliable sources. In addition to these there are a number of close corporations which have made handsome earnings, the amount of which it is impossible to ascertain. Among these may be mentioned the Uncle Sam, Humbug and Star Consolidated, well-known large producers. All the mines mentioned in the table are located in Utah, except the Rocco- Homestake, located in Nevada, but which is owned entirely by Salt Lake capital. 34 UTAH. 1 1 " ; ^ so ao co t- 1-1 as if So 883SS8S3 38 88 S 8 8 I T-. (N CO Tf NIC 888888888888888888888888 1111! sg Is ''' S O fi ss J! ^-ss o * P i 31 s S8.83 6"5 " UTAH. 35 WELLS, FARGO & CO.'S ANNUAL STATEMENT Of THE MINERAL PRODUCT OF UTAH FOR 1900. a a g-0 S 1 a T3 * 1 a .gg ao 1 3 CD g| -d o *C o.g S Oa O2 OJ 0> 02 r^ 13 a OJ 02 02 g 5