UC-NRLF DS 251 8081*12 WlVd *A 'M 'as PUBLICATION OK THI-: Twenty -Fifth Anniversary of its Foundation PA R I S 2 SOCIETY 35, Rue de Trevise, 35 THE PUBLICATION OF THE Twenty -Fifth Anniversary of its Foundation PARIS AT THE SEA.T OF 1 THE SOCIETY 35, Rue de Trevise, 35 1885 THE ALLIANCE ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE FOUNDED IN I860 1 OBJECT AID OE&AnSATIOI OF THE SOCIETY Object of the work. The Alliance Israelite universelJe was founded at Paris in 18(30. "To defend the honour of the Jewish name whenever attacked ; to encourage, by every possible moans, labour and the exercise of useful trades and professions to right, whenever necessary 7 against the ignorance and vice to which servitude gives rise ; to promote by the power of persuasion and moral influence the emancipation of our brethren who arc still oppressed by the weight of excep- tional legislation to push forward and consolidate perfect freedom by intellectual and moral regeneration : such is the work to which the Alliance Israelite uniuerselle lias devoted itself. Thus expressed themselves the founders of the Allituicu in 1800. Their idea was condensed as follows in Article 1 of the Statutes : The Association Alliance Israelite universelle has for its object: 1 The promotion everywhere of the emancipation and moral progress of the Jewish people ; * ^ 1 QQO 188 2 To extend efficient aid to those who are suffering by reason of their being Jews ; 3 The encouragement of every publication calculated to pro- mote this result. This is a great and noble work, and there is no man, to whatever country, faith or philosophical doctrine he may belong, who cannot approve of, and join in it. The Alliance eagerly accepts the support of men of every faith and opinion. The success of the principles it is defending depends on the success which underlies all true morals. The Jewish cause is allied to the cause of civilisation. " We will have no other foe, " said the founders of the Association, " than oppression ; no ally but persuasion ; no other standard than justice ; no other aim than the propagation of human fraternity. ' Excluded Questions. Political questions are entirely excluded, and find no place whatever in the programme of the Society. The Alliance is and should remain aloof from the strug- gles of political and economic parties and nationalities, and must on account not become mixed up in them. It is ele- vated to a higher region , where all parties and political interests meet on the same footing of charity and huma- nity (1). 1 . Ad. Cremieux, President of the Alliance, said at the general meeting of the Association on May 31, 1864 : " I call to our Association our brethren of every creed. Let them come to us ; let them give their support to this great work of civilisation and immense progress ! Let them come to us : with what eagerness would w meet them ! When I had the happy thought to call to the aid of the Lebanon Christians the Israelites of the whole world, with what spontaneily rich and poor hastened with their gifts to respond to my voice ! Let us go forward in unison with every creed under one and the same banner : Union and progress, humanity's devise". Tiie Alliance contributed to the movement in favour of the Lebanon Christians by opening itself a special subscription. It is a lay society and gives no special preference to religious work. It promulgates no religious propaganda outside of, nor supports any religious doctrine comprised by Judaism. Theology is a foreign to it as politics. Titles and Devise. Why is the Alliance JEWISH ? why UNIVERSAL ? It is Jewish because the Israelites are persecuted, be- cause they have to fight, even in civilised countries, against secular hatred and prejudices ; in other countries they are subjected to iniquitous laws ; and in others to most barbarous treatment. It is Jewish because, while recei- ving very good support from people stranger to the Jewish religion, it is among the Israelites it has found, not the most hearty, but the most numerous adhesions. It is to the Israelites of our lands that public opinion leaves the duty of protecting the oppressed Israelites : it would not pardon them if they failed in that duty (1). All other beliefs in the world are represented by nations and Governments which support them. If the Christians suffer in the Mussulman world, all Christendom is aroused. The French Government sends its armies to the aid of Christians in Syria ; every Protestant community can count upon the support of a Protestant Government ; Rus- sia sustains the Grecian communities all over the world. The simple existence of these Governments is a guarantee and protection to communities of the same rites. But the " You are Jews ", said Ad. Cremieux at the general meeting of the Alliance on May 22, 1873, " and the question is to protect the Jews. If a persecution hroke out against the Christians, I would say to you : rush to the aid of the Christians. This is what I said (in I860) when odious persecution assailed the Christians of the East. Have we not all the same origin, Jews, Catholics. Prolestants, sectaries of Mahomet ? Have we not all the same God for father ? Let us hold out a fraternal hand to our brothers of everv creed. '' persecuted Jews can find no Power to protect them. It is to call to their aid public opinion, the Press, the sympathy of Governments that the Affiance has been 'constituted. It gratefully avows that it has never had to solicit in vain for support. The Alliance is universal : that is to say, it is composed of representatives of every country. A work such as this could not, nor should not bo confined to one country alone. It should be common to the philanthropists of every land. It is a patriotic duty that must be under- taken by all : it is one of the first duties of the citizen : such is the teaching of the Alliance in its scholastic esta- blishments. Its pupils learn the language, history, and geography of Turkey in Turkey , of Bulgaria and Uou- melia in its Bulgarian and Koumelian schools , of Morocco at Tangiers, Tetuan and Fez. It says to its members of various countries: Be French in France, Germans in Germany, Italians in Italy. The Alliance is itself a great school of civilisation. By developing every noble senti- ment in the hearts of the Israelites, it cannot fail to strengthen in them that of patriotic duty. The Alliance has adopted for its motto these words of an old Jewish doctor : u All Israelites are answerable for each other ". That responsibility was not sought by the Israelites, it is imposed upon them by necessity. " Do they not persist in seeing in them, " as the founders of the work remarked, " a race who voluntarily remain distinct, when in reality they only aspire to share with the peoples who have adopted them every thing that can be shared without violation of conscience? Are we not isolated by laws and manners, whereas AVC are charged with seeking isolation as a condition of our religious existence ? " The grand idea of universal fraternity is the idea of the Jewish prophets ! Means of Action. How is the Alliance accomplishing its work? For furthering the emancipation of the Israelites the A/fiance appeals to public opinion, which it limits itself to soliciting and enlightening, and also to the benevolence of the Governments. The support of the liberal Press has never failed it. The generous action of European Governments is always manifested in favour of oppressed Jews in uncivilised countries. The Alliance has only to point out abuses and acts of violence to ensure a stop being put to'them. Never has it had to address itself in vain, to the free nations of Europe in favour of persecuted Israelites ! They have the support of France, England, Italy, Austria and Ger- many in every part of the world ; of Spain in Morocco -, of J)clgium, Holland and Switzerland whenever they are appealed to ; of Turkey within the confines of its Empire and dependencies- they have had, on serious occasions, the support of Russia and Greece; the United States of America have frequently made their powerful voice heard in favour of religious liberty. How many evils have been stopped or aVerted by French, English, and Italian diplomatic agents, ambassadors, ministers and consuls on their own initiative, or on the demand of the ( Committees of the Alliance to their Governments ! These arc undeniable proofs of that spirit of equity and justice which honours our century. For the moral and intellectual elevation of the Israelites the Alliance, has created the school work. How this organisation is working, of what importance it is, what are its results will lie noted later on in a special chapter of this report. It is necessary to closely study in order to appreciate the value of this whole of institutions the object of which is 8 to convey to the Jewish people iu Eastern and African, and soon also, if possible, in divers European countries,, sound and healthy elementary instruction, a taste for ma- nual industry and the means with which to carry it on. This work is crowned by the co-operation granted to Jewish science, and the encouragement given to scholars. Thus is completed, not without great efforts, the pro- gramme of the Alliance. Organisation. The Society is directed by a Central Committee sitting in Paris. This Committee comprises members of every country, who are called to take part in its deliberations by correspondence, after inspection of the order of the day of each sitting, which is regularly communicated to them. The Central Committee are in correspondence with the members through the medium of the regional and local committees. The grouping of these local committees around the regional committees are only operative through the initiative of the committees which, by their geogra- phical situation, their authority, and, above all, by their activity, design for this work. It should be created by them, and not imposed. The Central Committee is named by the universal vote of the members of the Society. The vote by regions or by countries, or the vote by assumption has been often pro- posed, notably in 1876 and in 1879, but the division by countries is contrary to the spirit of the Alliance, and presents, in its application, difficulties in establishing the proportionality in the representation. Thus, the assump- tion would deprive the members from exercising a precious control, which it Avould be dangerous to weaken. The division into fractions of the Universal Alliance 9 into national Alliances was likewise proposed, in 1872, at Berlin, as well as in 1879 ; but it is in unity only that the Alliance finds its force and its moral strength. A division would only have for result to spread the forces, which, in their isolation, would remain sterile. The fundamental idea of the Alliance is unity : divide the Alliance would be to destroy it. Progressive Development. The liist country, which, after France, rallied to the Alliance, and gave to it a large co-operation, is Italy. Thence came, with very important contributions, since the year 1864, Turkey, the Scandinavian States, and the Spanish communities of America, which has always shown towards the Alliance the most precious attachment ; then, from 18(38, especially, Hungary, England, the Nether- lands, Belgium, and Switzerland. The very adhesion of Germany dates from 1861), when the Alliance found in the much regretted Dr. Landsberg, rabbi of Liegnitz, an active and devoted coadjutor. The United States of America have given to the Alliance, from its origin, the warmest marks of their sympathy, and the Society has constantly received from the Israelites of these regions very useful subsidies. We will here give, for the end of the year 1884, a table of the members, distributed by countries : List of the members of the Alliance l)ij countries. Alsace-Lorraine. . . 1.3G5 Belgium 184 Englandand Colonies 50 Anhalt 23 Austria 157 Hungary 1.935 Baden " 602 Bavaria. . 2.522 Bosnia 17 Brazil 44 Brunswick 35 Bulgaria 883 Denmark 198 Egypt 365 10 - Peru Portugal ....... Prussia 8 Roumania Roumelia Russia and Finland . Saxony Servia Sweden Switzerland Tripoline Turkey in Asia . . . Turkey in Europe. . 1 Venezuela Wurtemberff. 14 15 733 551 201 129 121 40 497 27 3S3 .936 26. 404 Spain and Colonies . 10 United States of America 696 France and Colonies. 4.789 Greece 114 Hanover 154 Hesse 520 Italy 709 Japan 1 Luxembourg .... 51 Morocco 247 Mecklembourg ... 38 Mexico 4 New Grenada .... 19 Oldenbourg 20 Holland and Colonies 1.367 In the above table is not figured, or else for very insi- gnificant ones, certain countries which in the other times were more largely represented, among them England and Austria. Analogous Societies. The English Israelites in 1871 created an institution bearing the title Anglo-Jewish Association in connexion with the Israelite Universal Alliance. This excellent society, which sprang from the Israelite Alliance, has the same object as the Alliance. It keeps up daily relations with the Central Committee, and furnishes every year to its- several schools important subsidies, which gives to these institutions a grand development. Two years later another society was formed at Vienna on the model of the Alliance under the name of Israelitische Allianz zuWien. Its principal object is the amelioration 11 of the condition of the Jews of the country, at the same time not forgetting the general interests of Judaism. The Members. The Budget. Despite the separation of the English and Austrian So- cieties, the number of members belonging to the Alliance is- continually increasing, as the following table will show (1): YEARS NUMBER OK MEMBERS Subscriptions RECEIVED RECEIPTS EXPENSES 1862 1 112 1863 1.386 1864 2.878 1865 3-900 ]866 4.610 28.452 35.410 23.283 3867 6 826 36.072 47.678 49.208 LS68 9.J58 46.367 67.028 60.411 1869 11 364 69.904 82.914 85.159 1870 12.526 79.352 99.363 90.937 1871 13.370 M7.263 58.162 54.789 1872 14 797 78.068 95.978 83.710 1873 16.252 105.152 138.952 128.779 1874 18 226 113.384 154.744 149.715 1875 20.272 113.131 164.525 143.397 1876 20 312 121.813 155.626 144.350 1877 21.289 139.336 161.501 182.344 1878 19.297 145.215 183.950 159.691 1879 SO 650 162.060 250.764 218 207 1880 22.443 Jf'5.997 280.013 251 510 1881 26.166 163.902 28-S.336 277.186 1882 27 225 182 497 293. 3< '9 333.209 1883 28.252 172 969 337.832 371.583 1884 28.416 228.727 408.727 433.728 1885 30.310 It will be seen by the above table that the number of members has somewhat regularly increased. The Stagna- nt In this table and all the following report the sums are always indica- ted by francs. tion of 1876 and the diminution of 1878 and 1879 arc purely apparent, and simply arise from the radiations which should have been made a long time ago. Since 1875 care has been taken to gradually efface those members who no longer figure on paper. Another cause of this same kind of error occurred in 1883, after the death of Dr. Landsberg, of Liegnitz, and was the cause of an apparent augmentation of nearly 4,000 members, in reality corresponding to a diminution of in the receipts. The year 1871 was an exceptional year, and the figures will show the influence of the war on the Society at that epoch. It will be remarked that, in 1879, the sum total of the receipts suddenly augmented by 50,000 francs (without counting 20,000 francs coming from the subscriptions), and that this augmentation was maintained and increased in the following years. These augmentations are composed principally of the important annual subvention accorded by Baron de Hirsch since 1879, in furtherance of the work of apprenticeship in the East (at present more than 47,000 francs a year), of the constantly increasing subventions of the Anglo- Jewish Association for the schools ; in fine, since 1882, of subscriptions varying from 15,000 to 24,000 francs for the school at Jerusalem, of which the principal con- tribution is due to the Montagu Committee of London. If the Central Committee has seen itself forced to main- tain the equilibrium of its Budget, it has not, by a mis- understood economy, augmented its capital to the detri- ment of the institutions which it lias created. It is undoubtedly to be wished that the Alliance possessed a capital which would assure its future , but this capital should come from grand and numerous donations *, it can- not be obtained by what is withdrawn from the annual 1 *} 1 <-> receipts. The acquired capital was, on the 30th June, 1884 7 2f>l.),578 francs. The capital would have been seriously affected by the deficit, in 1882 and 1883, but for the generosity of Baron de Hirsch, who came to the assistance of the Society in filling up the deficit of those years. The Foundation of M. de Hirsch. Baron dc Hirsch did still more. In December, 1873, he gave a remittance of 1,000,000 fr. to the Alliance for the foundation which now bears his name, and which is solely destined for the development of schools in Turkey. Thanks to this Foundation, of which the annual revenue is more than 53,000 francs, added to the receipts and ex- penses of the preceding table, tlie Alliance has been able to create new schools in Turkey, enlarge those already exis- ting, and, finally, brought its efforts to bear on the City of Constantinople, where the difficulties as regards schools arc very great. Annual Budget. With this Foundation, the annual Budget of the Alliance can be actually established as nearly as follows : Receipts : Annual subscriptions Fr. 190.000 Donations . '. lO.OOO Divers revenues 44.000 , Subventions to the Schools accruing from the Anglo- Jewish Association, the Mont.'igu Com- mittee, and from divers donations 40.000 M. de Hirsch for apprenticeship 47.000 Foundation Hirsch 54.000 Perpetual subscriptions 5.000 400.000 Expenses : General expenses 38.000 Printing of bulletins (monthly and quarterly) in French and German, expeditions, postage . . 16.000 Primary schools, apprenticeship, materials for the schools, voyages, and inspection 192.000 The School at Jerusalem 84.500 Preparatory School for boys in Paris for the for- mation of professors 40.000 Preparatory School for Girls 14.000 Agricultural School at Jaffa 40.000 Provident Bank for professors 5.000 Ancient Russian work 8.000 Library 2.500 Subventions to learned and other publications. . 5.000 Acquisitions of values for the perpetual subs- criptions 5.000 400. QUO It will thus be seen that on a Budget of 400,000 francs the annual subscriptions, including donations, figure for about the half of the receipts, the rest being represented, above all, by the concurrence of several societies, by the produce of the Foundation Hirsch, and by an important annual contribution of M. de Hirsch. It will also be seen that the Budget of Expenses, like- wise of 400,000 fr v may be resumed as follows : Administration and publications of the Society. 54.000 Values for perpetual subscriptions 5.000 Library and learned publications. ....... 7.500 Schools and apprenticeship 333 500 400.000 Thus, in an expenditure of 400 ; 000 fr., 333,500 francs are destined solely for the work of education to which the Alliance has consecrated itself : or, adding the i I O 7,500 fr. for the libraries mid learned publications, 341,000fr. ; that is to say, about seven-eights are em- ployed for works of instruction. The rest is absorbed by the Administration, which is of a special character, 011 whom the great publicity given to the Bulletins imposes exceptional charges. Divers Chapters of the Budget. The Budget does not reserve any particular chapter for publications but those of the Alliance, and for scientific works. The Alliance does not possess any secret funds ; the concurrence which has always been accorded to it by the political Press is a concurrence absolutely disinterested. It redounds to the honour of the Press in thus aiding the triumph of civilisation and humanity. The Budget has neither a chapter for benevolent pur- poses. The Alliance can, nevertheless, in exceptional cir- cumstances, whenever a great calamity occurs in any of the regions, come to the succour of the populations afflicted. It is thus it successively opened subscriptions for the Isra- elites of different countries, Turkey, Morocco, Persia, Tunis, and Russia. At the same time the Society is ful- nlliiig a work of general interest , the questions of local or individual interest being foreign to its programme. The Coadjutors. The chief auxiliaries of the Central Committee in the work of propaganda, and in the effort to maintain and enlarge the resources of the Society, are the district and local committees. To their indefatigable efforts is due the development and progress of all its institutions. It also enjoys the co-operation of the Grand Rabbis and Rabbis of every country, the administrators of Jewish communities and societies, and all benevolent men devoted to Judaism. It owes particular homage to those who are deceased : to 10 - Dr. Landsberg, Rabbi at Liegnitz, the true apostle of the Alliance in Germany ; to Dr. Schwarz, Rabbi at Cologne ; to the Rabbi Leopold Loew of Szegedin ; to Sir Francis Goldsmid of London, who has for so long lent it the assis- tance of his talent and influence ; to Charles Netter, founder of the agricultural school of Jaffa; to its illustrious pre- sidents 8. Munk, whose works have enriched science and glorified Judaism ; and to Adolphc Cremieux, who was for sixteen years the beloved, honoured and revered President of the Alliance. Its thanks are also due to the societies which have so ably seconded it in its work : the Anglo-Jewish Association before all ; the Consistoire Central des Israelites frangais ; the Board of Delegates of New York, the remarkable acti- vity of which is so well known, which instituted for the benefit of the Association the Pourim collect, and never ceases its work of propaganda; the American societies B'nai 13'rith and Keslier shel Barzel, which have constantly given proofs of their interest to the Society , to the Board of Delegates, of London, which for many years contributed to the maintenance of several schools in Morocco, and which even now grants a subsidy to an English school annexed to the school of the Alliance at Tangiers. May they all receive the hearty testimony of the Committee and the expression of its gratitude ! 17 - II. THE ISRAELITES El THE EUROPEAN STATES 1. ROUMAXIA. General situation. The question of the Jews of Roumania and Servia has occupied the attention of the Alliance ever since its foun- dation. For seventeen years, and up to the Berlin Treaty, in 1878, the Alliance had incessantly exerted itself to the utmost to relieve the unfortunate Israelites of those coun- tries, to protect them from persecution, and assist them in their efforts for freedom. This was the hardest and most painful task it has to fulfil. Formation of Roumania. Moldavia and \Valachia, formerly separated and sub- jugated to Turkey, had just been constituted autonomous Principalities by the Treaty of Paris of 1850 and the Paris Convention of 1858. They were merely bound to Turkey by a purely nominal bond, and in 1859, by a clever po- litical measure, united together in one Principality. Illusions in regard to Roumania. At this time Roumania was regarded in Europe as a country ripe for civilisation. For a number of years its statesmen, with a patriotic perseverance to which one cannot but render homage, had succeeded in winning the sympathy of public opinion. The French Press, especially, was smitten with this little people of Latin race and language, who appeared as a newly discovered brother-people. Nobody doubted but that Roumania, who seemed in particular to 2 18 take example by France, would show herself worthy ol the model, and apply to the Israelites the great principles of emancipation which France had first proclaimed. The emancipation of the Roumanian Jews seemed the- refore assured, and was awaited with absolute confidence. It was a matter of special importance for the Israelites. Roumania seemed destined to enlarge the geographical ground, then so narrow, on which the European Jews were living under the protection of a Parliamentary Go- vernment and equitable laws, and to introduce into the Eastern world, south and west, ideas of tolerance and re- ligious liberty. This would have been a splendid role for her, and all her friends will regret that she did not adopt it. New Legislation Disquieting symptoms, it is true, have been produced since the constitution of Roumania. This country pos- sesses, in Walachia as in Moldavia, an organic Regulation elaborated in 1831, under sorrowful influences, and in which are contained the most melancholy souvenirs of the barbarous legislation to which the Israelites were subjected in the middle ages. The majority of the laws of exception created later on against the Roumanian Israelites are but the reminiscences of this regulation, the plagiarisms due to the canonic laws and to Russian legislation. As may well be imagined, these ancient souvenirs were not to be effaced in one day, and no one was greatly surprised that Article 46 of the Paris Convention of August 19, 1858, at the urgent request of the Roumanian delegates , probably, while assuring to all Moldo-AValachians, Avithout distinction of creed, the enjoyment- of civil rights, only accorded the immediate enjoyment of political rights to the Moldo-Walachians of Christian rites, with the added restriction that the enjoyment of these rights. 19 could be extended to other religions by legislative provision, In the formulation of the Civil Code of 18(54 (Article G) this undecided provision was adopted, and measures (Art. 8, 9 and 16) added which apparently opened to Jews born in Roumania , although regarded as foreigners , an easy road to naturalisation. It appeared then that Rou- mania, after some delay designed to prepare the transitions, was preparing to emancipate the Israelites. What was known of the politicians and of Prince Jean Couza, who then governed the country, justified this hope. M. Cremieux at Bucharest in 1866. The members of the Central Committee of the AUiance, many of whom may formerly have seen the Roumanian statesmen in Paris, or, at any rate, had heard the echo* of their conversations and excellent professions of faith, doubted least of all the good intentions of Roumania. \Yhen, in I860, M. Ad. Cremieux, President of the Alliance, on his Avay to Constantinople, passed by way of Bucharest to plead the cause of the Israelites, he believed he was visiting a friendly country, and was not entirely wrong. He was received by the Ministers and Deputies, then sitting in Constituent Assembly, with most active marks of sympathy and demonstrations of affection, and was conducted into one of the rooms of the Assembly, where the Deputies pressed around him listening eagerly to his eloquent words ; it was at this time that the Constitution was being voted and the Ministry had introduced Article (> according all civil and political rights to indigenous Jews M. Cremieux left Bucharest with the conviction that the Article 6 would be voted without difficulty. Pillage of the Synagogue of Bucharest. It was an illusion, and the awakening was cruel. Hardly had M. Cremieux left Bucharest when an emeute 20 broke out against the JGAVS. On Saturday June 30, at the moment when the Constituent Assembly were deliberating on Article 6, the courtyard of the Chamber was invaded, a tumult was produced in the Chamber itself, the Ministry and the Deputies changed their attitude, Article was withdrawn, and the rioters, intoxicated by their success, rushed to the Synagogue which had just been constructed by the Jews of Bucharest, and furiously demolished the building. This was the prologue to the drama which has since unrolled itself in Roumania. New Policy. Revolution of 1866 A new policy was now commenced in regard to the Jews. Under the despotic government of the Hospodars exce were prevented, demagogic agitations were held in check, and the Prince, imbued with the sentiment of this respon- sibility, applied himself to maintaining order, calming the passions, and to settling, at least, by degrees, the Jewish question. The revolution which overturned Jean Coussa (February 23, 1866), raised to power Prince Charles of Hohenzollern, to-day King of Roumania. The personal sentiments of King Charles are well-known ; he deeply deplores the violences from which the Jews of Roumania suffer and which so discredit his country *, but the enemies of the Jews preponderate in the country and the constitu- tional regime has placed the power in their hands. Demagogic Intrigues. They are the masters, thanks to an electoral system which delivers over the Jews as prey to the Third College, composed principally of merchants and manufacturers jea- lous of the commercial activity of the Israelites. Little by little the Jewish question is becoming the pivot of all the home policy of Roumania. It is invariably on this question that the Opposition attacks the Government in times of election ; 91 "~" -^ 1 "" and the Government, more preoccupied with the trium- phs of its partisans than with the future and good name of the country, triumphs over its adversaries by surrendering to them the Jews. The persecutions, the expulsions, the laws of exception, all emanated in times of election, and wore for a long time but an instrument of warfare, the Jews being less the object than pretext. This adventurous policy has borne its fruits : by dint of playing with persecution they have unloosed it. Legal Persecution. It especially took an acute character in the years 1866- 70. This was evinced at the same time in legislative measures and in acts of violence and disorder. The legal persecution, though less exciting the imagination, was a thousand times more murderous than the riots and expulsions, and is still continued in the present day. The Civil Code voted in 1864, the Communal Law of the same year, the old provisions of the rural law became, in spite of their text, instruments of persecution against the Jews. The Constitution of June 30, 1876, in its Article 7, since become famous, refused naturalisation to all foreigners who were not Christians, and all Jews were treated as foreigners. The administrative jurisprudence pretended, against all truth, that the ancient legislation was never abolished and that the Jews, as in the middle ages, had no right to live in the rural communes. It had at its disposition quite an arsenal of decrees, judgments and old circulars, which were exhumed for the occasion. The Laws of Exception. These documents being law, can be recapitulated in certain measures of violent iniquity. The Jews had no right of permanent domicile in the rural communes were not permitted to establish themselves in business, and, in 00 the event of their settling in the said rural communes, admi- nistration could expulse them as vagabonds or on any other pretext they could not own houses, hinds, vines nor real estate of any description, and were not permitted to possess houses and shops except in the towns ; they were not allowed to possess farmlands, could not keep hotels or wine-shops, nor be tenants of the grants or con- cessions of the rural communes. In fine, a law of April 13, 1873, outdoing the foregoing prohibitory measures, stated in its Article 8 : " In the rural communes, villages and hamlets, in inns or taverns isolated or situated on the high roads, no retailer of drinks can obtain a license unless ho be inscribed on the communal electoral list of a Roumanian commune ". The right to deal in spirits Avas formerly the monopoly of the boyards, who usually rented to the JeAA's. By a stroke of the pen the law of 1873 reduced to destitution thousands of JeAA^ish families. The JeAA r s of the towns are not less affected : they are refused the right to possess houses, or to take part in municipal elections. Needless to say that the JCAVS are excluded from all public functions and liberal careers : A JCAT cannot be a solicitor, or apothecary, or railway ser- vant, or dealer in tobacco, or take part in contracts for public Avorks, or in those for land sold by the State. Before the tribunals or courts of law the Jew takes the oath more, juda'ico: if he has a Christian servant he runs the risk, as happened in 1867 and 1872, of seeing resuscitated the old canonic provisions on the subject. The JOAV has no rights, but he has to perform all the duties and bear all the burdens of the ordinary subject. He is amenable to military service the same as any other Roumanian ; but if he has the right to be killed for his country, he is debarred that of becoming a sub -lieutenant. Again on March 15, 1884, a law on the pretended peddling deprived 20,000 Roumanian Israelites of their means of subsistence. Never were they so cruelly hit; their misery was frightful, and ever since that epoch they have been writhing in intolerable sufferings ! Persecution by Riots. This homicidal law, and all the economic laws that preceded it, has made, silently, more victims than all the riots and expulsions which formerly moved the public opinion. Of what use is it to recount here these pain- ful and sorrowful episodes of the persecution ? They are engraven on every memory. No one has forgotten the expulsions en masse of the spring of 1867, ordained by M. Jean Bratiano, and the drowning at Galatz, which was one of the most inhuman of acts , nor the events of 1868, the enwute of Berlacl and (lalatz, the Jassy expulsions, nor the cruel expulsions ordered in I860 by M. Cogalniceano and renewed by the same Minister at the commencement of 1870; the bloody riots of the same year at Tecuch and Bacau, the disturbances more grave still in 1872, at Ismail, Oahoul and at Vilcov, h propos of a censer that a baptised Jew was accused of stealing from the Ismail Cathedral; nor, finally, in 1876 and at the commencement of 1877, the expulsions effected, during the electoral period, in the district of Vaslui, the disturbances at Jassy, and the tmente excited at Darabany by a noble lady, Mme. Smaranda Cimarra. These sad events have raised throughout the whole world a movement of reprobation and horror. Action of the Alliance. What, in the midst of these persecutions, was the conduct and the action of the Alliance fit commenced to occupy itself with the Roumanian Israelites with the favour of the Go- vernments ; it believed in the professions of faith of the statesmen of the country. When, in 1866, M. Cremieux, at Bucharest, took leave of the Deputies j he cried : bless Roumania ! " The Alliance, in Roumania, was ever but the adversary of the persecutions . The European Powers. Roumania existed , at that epoch, under the guarantee of the Powers, and Uiey were conscious of their responsibility for the excesses she committed. " This oppression cannot be tolerated, " said the Em- peror Napoleon III to M. Cremieux, in 1KG7, and the Expose of the situation of the French Empire of the same year speaks spontaneously u of the regrettable acts of religious intolerance which are being perpetrated m Rou- mania. " The European Powers could not bear the idea that such great atrocities could be committed, so to speak , under their patronage. It was indignation and sorrow which, on the expulsion of 18(37, prompted the Identical Note of the European Consuls at Jassy on July 15, 181)7, wherin these functionaries declared that it was u their ri- gorous duty to protest loudly against these acts of barbarity; " it was these sentiments which inspired the same functio- naries in their Identical Note of April If), 1868, on the events at Bacau ; the letter of M. de Moustier, Minister of Foreign Affairs for France, and the Note of Baron d'Eder, Agent and Consul-General for Austria, of April 24, 1868, relative to the same events ; and lastly, the Collective Note of the Consuls-General at Bucharest, of April 18, 187:?, on the Isma'il and Vilcov affairs and on the impunity accorded to the culprits. A wise and moderate Government, instead of searching n these steps a subject for recrimination against the Powers or against foreigners, should have found, as it was the sole wish of those who made them, a basis of support and strength to calm the passions of the populace and settle with equity the Jewish question. Artifices of the Persecution. It was necessary., however, that the truth should be shown, and the function of the Alliance was to bring it to light. Nothing could equal the persistence of the Roumanian agents to misrepresent it, Thus the expulsions of 1S67 were simple hygienic measures; the expulsions of 18(J8, of 1S76-77, pure inventions, manoeuvres to discredit Rou- mania. The persecuting laws were especially drawn up, and are still , with a view to. mislead and impose upon opinion. The name of the Jews is not mentioned, but into- lerance is hidden in the most delicate euphemisms. Natu- ralisation was refused not only to foreign Jews, but to all foreigners who arc not of Christian rites residence in the country is accorded only to persons inscribed on the commu- nal eh-ctomi list ; the most ordinary artilice consists in disguising the Jews under the name of foreigners. For the Roumanians all Jews, even those who have been born from father to son in the country, and whose family has been established there from time immemoriable, are foreigners. It is a secret to nobody that all laws made in recent years against foreigners in general bear a false stamp; by foreigners they must only be understood to mean Roumanian Jews. The proceeding appeared in the first place clever , it is to day worn out. The disastrous law on peddling of 18S.-5 has had no recourse to that artifice, it is a general law made for all inhabitants of the country, foreign and native alike. The thing is to know how to apply it. It contains sufficient exceptions to put the Administration at case ; it strikes only those whom it is intended to strike. Public Opinion and the Chambers. In enlightening the Press, the Governments, and public opinion on the real state of things in Roumania, the sense and bearing of their legislation against the pretended foreigners, the violence of the emeutes and acts of persecu- tion, the Alliance thinks it has contributed to sometimes prevent some of these great evils, and to attenuate those which it was unable to prevent. Minister Bratiano retired after the scandal of the expulsions of ISO 7, and Minister Cogalniceano after those of 18(30-70. The interpellations made in the House of Lords, at London, on July, 1, 18(37, by Lord Stratford de Redcliffe in the House of Commons, by Sir Francis Goldsmid, member of the Central Committee and later of the Anglo- JeAvish Association, on April 24, 1 .8<>*, and April 10, 1S72-, that of Godefroi in the Chamber of the Netherlands, September 23, 1872, disperse all obscuri- ties accumulated around this question. No one any longer doubts the reality of these persecutions for so long and so obstinately denied. The Jewish cause was won in face of public opinion. They had already previously received a precious testimony by the nomination of an Israelite, Mr. B. Peixotto, to the post of Consul-General of the United States of America to Bucharest. Meeting- at Paris in 1876. The events which took place in Turkey in 187(3, the Turkish war against Servia and Montenegro, followed by the Constantinople Conference, seemed to afford the Western Israelites an opportunity to act in favour of their Roumanian coreligionists. On the proposition of the Anglo-Jewish Association, the Alliance convened at Paris on December 11, 187<>, a meeting composed of delegates of various European States and of America, which Avas engaged for several days in deliberating on tliis serious question. The meeting drew tip a Memorandum, wich was presented by the late Charles Netter to the several members of the Conference at Constan- tinople 1 . The Berlin Congress. Everybody is aware of the failure of the Conference at < 5i nstantinople, which resulted in the Russo-Turkish war. AVlien the Berlin Conference assembled in IS 78 to settle the Eastern Question, the Central Committee addressed a Memorandum to the Congress to which all the members who had taken part in the meeting of 187(.> had given their adhesion. The Central Committee furthermore deputed Mr.Kann, the late Charles Netter and Mr. E. E. Veneziani to proceed to Berlin to uphold, before the members of the Congress, interests of Eastern Jews generally and parti- cularly of those of Roumanian nationality. Their cause was won in advance. On the initiative of the French Government, the Congress, in proclaiming the independence of Scrvia and Roumania, and organizing Bulgaria and Eastern Roumelia, declared that in those States " the distinction of religious beliefs and professions of faith could not be urged as a motive for exclusion or disability as far as the enjoyment of civil and political rights was concerned". These provisions constitute Articles 5, 20, 35 and 44 of the Berlin Treaty, signed on July 13, IS 78. This was a great victory, and the reward of fifteen years of continuous struggles and exertion. United Europe established in the East the equality before the law of all religious beliefs and proclaimed the emanci- pation of the Jews. This great act is unique in the history of Judaism, and constitutes a most solemn charter of its enfranchisement. 28 Results of the Congress. A fresh meeting was convoked by the Alliance at Paris, in 1878. No one entertained any illusion as to the difficulties the application of the Treaty would encounter in Roumania. At this very time she was negotiating with several Powers with the view of concluding treaties of commerce, while intending to apply her intolerant legislation even to the Jews of other countries. Seve- ral States notably Austria-Hungary and Russia signed this treaty. Others, however, preferred to Avait till the Roumanians should begin to execute the Berlin Treaty. Suppression of Article 7 of the Constitution. The Treaty of Berlin stipulated for the annulment of all exceptional laws against the Roumanian Israelites. The Government never had the least intention of conforming to this stipulation. Instead of proclaiming Roumanian citizens all Jews born from father to son in the country, it continued to treat them as foreigners, and only cancelled Article 7, prohibiting the naturalisation of foreign Israe- lites. The Powers were not deceived, and refused to accredit Ministers to Roumania. The Roumanian Chamber decided to make a semblance of concession, and Art. 7 was abrogated, after the dis- cussions which had agitated the country during a whole year, in October, 1S7 ( J. A special article in the new law accorded naturalisation in a lump to 883 Jewish soldiers who had served in the last Avar, and about fifty Roumanian Israelites Imvo since been naturalised by the Chambers, and this is how Roumania executed the Treaty of Berlin ! The 88,-> Jewish soldiers Avere not able to obtain their na- turalisation, the municipalities having refused them the necessary documents for the purpose of establishing their identity. - - 29 The Actual Situation. Nevertheless, a great progress was made, and had it not been for the fatal law on hawking which came to awaken anew our fears and our sufferings, the Rou- manian question might have been considered as having entered on a new phase. With the abolition of Art. 7, with the Treaty of Berlin, and Art. 8 of the civil code which gave to every person born and brought up in Roumania the right of reclaiming, on his attaining his majority, his rights as a native, the Roumanian Israelites held in their hands the instrument which would have prepared them for complete emancipation. There is no legal obstacle to prevent them from recognising the rights which belong to them. And yet they still suffer cruelly. Legal perse- cutions still go on, and they are reduced to famine; already, the mortality is very great among them -, in a few years, and they will be decimated by misery. It is a liarro wing- spectacle to see this active, laborious, and intelligent po- pulation reduced to mendicity by a law without pity. The Jews have on their side justice, right, the Constitution, treaties, and the public opinion of the world. 2. SERVIA. The Situation. The question of the Jew r s in Servia has never partaken of the same amount of gravity as in Roumania. The rea- son is, perhaps, to be found in the character of the Ser- vian people, in its political organisation, and in the firmness of its Government , in fine, in the small number of Servians Jews, at the most 1,500 or 1,800 souls. The sufferings and the humiliations they have endured have, however, not been wanting. 30 The Cause of the Persecutions. In Servia, as in Rouniania, the source of these persecu- tions is to be found in the paltry meanness and jealousy of its merchants and tradesmen. " What is, said in 1803 Mr. Ricketts, English ( Ymsular u Agent at Belgrade, the motive of these persecutions ' ' against the Jews V u I have put this question to several persons, and they tl have all co.ne to the conclusion that the Jews in this " country, as in a great number of others, are a peaceful " and iiidustrious people. They lend money, it is true, u but always at the ordinary rate of the country. It lf is also the Jews who furnish to the peasants of the inte- {l rior the merchandise of which they stand in need. The ' l prosperity which the Jewish inhabitants owe to this kind 1 1 of commerce is looked upon with a jealous eye by Servian ' i merchants and a great many of these last mentioned, 11 who do not in any way shine by a spirit of charity, 11 would be glad to see those poor Jews chased from the " country. " It is no longer the same at the present day. Experience has shown, in Servia at least, the puerility and the inconvenience of these economical theories. Historical. Legislation. In I860, these theories were still in full favour, an 1 the Jews were obliged to submit to their sad effects. Under the dynasty of the Obrenowitz, and up to the epoch when it was overthrown by that of Kara-(ieorge, the sufferings of the Jews were insupportable. The oustav of 1838, made by the Sultan in favour of Servia, had ac- corded the same rights to all the inhabitants of the country ; Art. 28 of the Treaty of Paris of 185G-, which was as im- portant for Servia as for Koumania, had proclaimed un- 31 restricted liberty for all kind of religions. Everything seemed to be regulated for the purpose of assuring to the Jews the full enjoyment of their civil and political rights. Laws of 1856 and 1861. These concessions wore not of long duration. In the very year which saw the signing of the above Treaty of Paris, the 30th of October, 18f>0, a law, renewed in 1801, interdicted to all Jews a free residence in the interior ot the country, only allowing them to live in the different towns where they were established, and refusing access to the country for all other Jews. The Constitution of the llth of July, 1SO ( J, Art. Io2, preserved these dispositions, and if they are no longer applicable at the present day, they are still duly inscribed in the law. This law struck the Jews in their civil rights their political rights have never been contested, at least in prac- tice. They always took part, as electors and eligible, in the municipal elections as also in the legislative ones. One Abraham Oser, a Jew, was elected a member of the Great Skuptehina assembled on the 28th February, 1ST 7 ; and this same Jew and another named Moustapha, of Xish, were designated by the Prince as members of the Skuptehina which met on the 30th of December, 1880. The Jews form part of the army, and a great number of them served, during the war of 1H70 and 1S77, in the artillery, the baggage train, cavalry and infantry; four amongst them have been decorated, two as military sur- geons, and two others for feats of arms, and nothing shows that the .lews may not attain, at least at the [(re- sent day, positions in the upper grades of the army. Persecutions. The most painful period in the history of the Jews of Serviawas that which dates from the accession to the throne 3-2 of Alexandra Kara-George in 1*42, up to the lats war. At the commencement of the century, under the Obrenowitz dynasty, they were treated with kindness, and enjoyed the same rights as their fellow- citizens. After the revolution of 1842, the Prince, who was at the discretion of the diffe- rent merchants, saw himself obliged to persecute them ; they were chased from all the towns in the interior, and the entire body of them relegated to one of the most miserable quarters of Belgrade. In 1856, even at the mo- ment when the Treaty of Paris seemed to open to the Jews of Servia an era of liberty, Kara-George consecrated by a law the offensive practices of the Administration towards them, followed by their expulsion from the towns in the in- terior. When, in January, 1859, the aged Milosch remounted the throne, he sought to repair the evil, but his son, Prince Michel, had not the moral force to thwart the reclamations put forth by the Servian merchants. A few months after his accession, the Jews were expelled from all the towns in the interior (April, 1861). Other expulsions followed in 1<8(J2, 1803, 1873, 1874, and again in 1877. The Constitution of 1869 not having made any change in the position of the Servian Jews, their situation remained in the same up to the Treaty of Berlin. Action of the Alliance. The Princes of Servia have always welcomed in a friendly spirit the steps taken in favour of the Israelites and the counsels of the guaranteeing Powers as regard the Treaty of Paris. The grievances manifested by the Alliance in the years 18(J3 and 1864; the petition addressed by that body in 18(J4 to the Servian Assembly ; the interpellation made by Sir Francis Goldsmid to the English Parliament on the 29th of March, 18(J7, followed by the steps taken by a member of the Central Committee, M. de Camondo, at 33 Constantinople, before the Prince Michel, have con- tributed to enlighten the Servian Government on the situation of the Jews, and on the necessity of adopting a system of political liberty and tolerance. The protest of the four Great Powers, England, Austria, France, and Italy, on the 22d of September, 1869, against the mainte- nance of the illiberal laws in the Constitution of 1856 and 1861, has shown, in this question, the opinion of Europe. Prince Milan, who actually reigns, has always declared that the emancipation of the Servian Jews would be ac- complished at no distant period, and he warmly approved the steps taken near his own person, at Paris in the autumn of 1873, and at Constantinople in 1874. Again, in 1880, he gave to a member of the Central Committee, Mr. S. E. Kann, the very best assurances as regarded the future of the Servian Israelites. The Treaty of Berlin and its Effects. Since the Treaty of Berlin, their emancipation has been accomplished, and has passed into the region of facts ; Article 35 of the Treaty , Avhich stipulates a com- plete equality in favour of all Servian Israelites, is loyaly executed. Thus the laws of 1856 and 1861 maybe considered as virtually abolished , although they are already inscribed in the Constitution, their abrogation clearly resulting from the acceptance of the Treaty of Berlin. The question of Servian Israelites can therefore be regarded as settled with honour for King Milan, his govern- ment and Servian people. 3. EASTERN ROUMELIA AND BULGARIA These two principalities have been constituted by the Treaty of Berlin, with the same stipulations as for Servia and Roumania. The Constitution given to itself by Bul- 3 - 34 - garia in March, 1879, recognised, by its Article 53, that all persons born in Bulgaria not being under foreign protection are Bulgarian subjects, and, by Article 57, that all Bulgarians are equal before the law. The Consti- tution of Eastern Roumelia, elaborated in January, 1879, contained the same dispositions under another form: u I shall love all my subjects without religious distinction, sard His Highness the Prince of Bulgaria to the Chief Rabbi of Sofia, the laws shall be the sarae for all." It was not without emotion that the Jewish Bulgarian families saw depart for the first time , in 1879 , the Israeli tish conscripts, but all understood what they owed to their native country, and that fellowship in civil life is prepared and sealed fellowship under the flag. The Bulgarian Israelites are electors , they interest themselves in the public affairs of their country three Israelites have taken part, since 1880, in the Municipal Council of Sofia- the Government accords a subvention to the Chief Rabbi, the inspectors visit the schools of the Alliance and interest themselves therein a difficulty which cropped up in 1880 on the question of market day, that certain municipalities had fixed Saturday to mislead the Israelites, seems to have been partly averted by the benevolent intervention of the Prince ; and also the absurd accusation of the use of Christian blood, attempted at Sofia, in April, 1884, by several malevolent individuals , has been promptly arrested owing to the energetic measures of the authorities and to the excellent attitude of the clergy and the press. At the moment of the publication of this report the Bulga- rian communities are reunited, with Government assent, to furnish a central administration, a regular organisation, put at their head a Chief Rabbi who will direct them in the way of progress and help them to dissipate, by his action towards the authorities, the prejudices which some- 35 times appear among' the people and in the press. The Israelites of Bulgaria and Roumelia accomplish their patriotic- duties, assimilate the national manners, and their relations with their fellow-citizens are excellent. The two countries practise, with the best sentiments of fellowship, the theories of equality of all those inscribed in their laws and inarch loyally in the way of civilisation. 4. RUSSIA. Old Relations with the Alliance. It was a time when the action of the Alliance was regarded with favour by the Russian Government, an epoch contemporary with the foundation of the Society, lu the affair of the Jews of Saratoff , unjustly con- demned under the accusation of having killed a Christian infant, the Ambassador of His Imperial Majesty in Paris willingly offered the Committee excellent insurances. The memoir sent by the Committee on that occasion to the Emperor, in 18(32, was the object of the attention of the Government, and later, in June, 1808, on a petition of M. Ad. Cremieux, the last survivor of the poor condemned ones, who had been transported to Siberia, was pardoned by the Emperor. In I860, also, M. de Budberg, Russian Ambassador in Paris, transmitted a petition in favour of an Israelite of Minsk condemned to death, which was followed by a commutation of sentence. The same Baron de Budberg consented, on the demand of the Committee, to open an inquiry, in 1808, on the case of a young Israelite girl baptised against the wish of her parents. The Central Committee recalls these memories with a senti- ment of lively gratitude. What good might it not do if it could exercise its action towards the Russian Israelites, if its help could reach them, 30 if it could help in the organisation of schools, professional works, agricultural institutions, work with them to their raising up again ! Not being able to penetrate into Russia, where its publications even are interdicted, it is obliged to stop at the frontier and to content itself with exercising outside an action which, weak though it is, has not been without utility. Famine of 1869. Two great calamities have afflicted the Russian Israelites at two different times : famine in I860, and the atrocious persecutions of the years 1881-82. The famine of 18B9 had revealed the frightful misery of the Israelites of Poland, heaped the one on the other in that region of the west from Avhich they are forbidden to depart for other provinces. The sufferings from want had found numerous victims, the number of abandoned orphans was great, and the Alliance made an appeal in favour of the Russian Israelites which was heard, a large subscription permitting it to aleviate the sufferings of famine and to seek an efficacious remedy for a el ironic state of misery. Meeting at Berlin. A meeting composed of a delegation of the Alliance headed by its president, Adolphe Cremieux, of members of the Committees of the Alliance of Berlin, Kcenigsberg, and other towns, took place at Berlin in October, 18(39. Two members of the Committee, Messrs. N. Leven and Leonce Lchmann, visited the towns the most tried by the plague and joined the elements of an inquiry on the situa- tion of the Jews and the means of remedying it. Divers projects were proposed, the greater part excellent, if they had not encountered an obstacle in the legislation of the country. They wished to encourage agriculture, but Jews are forbidden to acquire rural property; to teach 37 - them trades, but there is a want of work in those impo- verished regions; to emigrate them to the interior, but the law formally opposes it ; to encourage emigration outside, but such emigration is difficult and onerous. The meeting at Berlin confined itself to the following measures : 1 To send to America, a country where the law protects the liberty of each man and assures him the fruits of his labour, a small number of Russian families who should establish themselves there with the concurrence of Ame- rican Israelites , and who , if they succeeded with the resources furnished by the Alliance, would become little by little a centre of attraction for their coreligionists. They would also create a continuous current of emigra- tion from Russia to the United States. 2 To establish at Koenigsberg and in other towns a work of apprenticeship where Russian-Polish children should be particularly brought up. The Koenigsberg Committee. The measures were put into execution. A special Committee, established at Koenigsberg, under the name ot the Principal Committee, was charged to execute them. In less than a year, 675 emigrants were established in America, where the Board of Delegates received them and afforded them aid. Two hundred and twenty orphans were placed by the Central Committee in different communities or adopted by private individuals . A Committee of appren- ticeship was established at Koenigsberg, another at Memel, and a third at Cologne. In 1873, the number of persons sent to America was 800 \ the number of children placed in different communities, 300. Work of the Russian Apprentices. The work of the Russian apprentices, nevertheless, con- tinued to subsist; it is kept up by the ordinary resources 38 of the Alliance, which are inscribed in their Budget. The Principal Committee at Koenigsberg has always under its direction from 55 to 60 children, who frequent the primary school and are taught different trades. Dr. Riili, of Memel, on his part, since 1869, has opened a primary school for Russian children, which is subventioned by the Alliance. The Cologne Committee continue to afford aid towards the apprenticeship and education of Russian children; in fine, within the last few years a subvention has been accorded, for the same object, to Dr. Feilchenfeld, President of the Alliance sit Posen. The results of the work have never for one moment been in doubt*, the education given to these children naturally reaching on their families in Russia, in whose centre they will return. It is a useful The Great Persecution -of 1881-1882. Much more serious has it been, in its origin as well as in its effects, the great catastrophe of 1881-1882. All the horrors of a barbarian epoch that were supposed to have disappeared for ever have been renewed; from Ekateri- noslaw to Vilna, bands of rioters have fallen upon the Jews. Who does not remember these bloody scones of murder, pillage, incendiarism, and destruction ! There 7, the scholastic map of the Alliance was extended to Turkey in Europe ; and the first school in Tunis dates from 187*. The town of Constantinople, the extraordinary extent of which, the scattering of the Jewish population in the different quarters and in the furthest faubourgs, the dearness of living,, and the absence of all organisation in the Jewish community, presented to the creation of schools extraordinary difficulties, which were only surmounted in 1874, after the magnificent donation almost specially made for that object by Baron de Hirsch. The most im- portant schools in Bulgaria and Koumelia Avere established after the last war. Last, the opening of a school at Je- rusalem, which was regarded as next to impossible, was accomplished without the least obstacle and with the greatest success in 1882. It is altogether due to the exceptional concurrence lent to this work by the Montagu Committee, of London, and to the activity, wisdom, and tact of the director. The school at Fez, with which the Alliance has penetrated to the interior of Morocco, dates from 1883. Girls' Schools. A great improvement was accomplished in the work of the schools when the Alliance, after having founded boys' schools, wasable to occupy itself in creating schools for girls. In the East more than anywhere else the raising of the woman by instruction and the development of her authority in the family are appealed to in order to exercise the most happy influence over the education of the children. Tin 1 63 future mother brought up in the schools of the Alliance learns to keep her household more regular and to do needle-work so necessary for the good order of the house ; she contracts habits of order and cleanliness which render the inside of the house more agreable and permits her, by the new part which she will fulfil in the family, to take her legitimate place in the intellectual and moral direction of the children. By the instruction which she herself will have received she will be prepared to note the effects of their instruction, to judge of their progress, and to help them forward in the way of culture and civilisation. For the Alliance she will be the most active and the most precious auxiliary. Apprenticeship of the Boys. The work of apprenticeship is the necessary completion of the school. When the child has finished his round of the classes, it often happens that he does not know how to employ the knowledge which he has acquired, thus running the risk of again falling into vagabondage or the miserable industry of the hawker. The Alliance, in teaching him a trade, gives a direction to his activity and a guide to his good will ; it teaches him to live by the fruit of his labour and prepares for him an honorable future. In the Eastern and African towns, where there is no com- merce at all and agriculture, in the actual state of things, is inaccessible to the Jews, the future of the Israelites lies in the exercise of manual labour. Everywhere they have received with eagerness the foundation of works destined to spread the practice of trades. The Alliance some time ago created such establishments at Bagdad, Tangiers, and Tetuan , an important annual subvention from Baron de Hirsch permitting the Society, since 1878, to considerably augment the number. It is not apprentices which are wanted, but masters. In many towns, it is stated with 64 the most lively regret that non-Jewish masters refuse to take Jewish apprentices, and it is often impossible to over- come their resistance. Apprenticeship of Young Girls. The committee has extended to young girls the benefits of a professional education, and Baron de Hirsch willingly accorded his generous help for this new work, which com- menced its functions in 1884. It is not possible to place young girls as apprentices to board with the masters, such a measure presents inconveniences of more than one kind ; another organisation, therefore, became necessary. The ( Vntral Committee decided then to create, side by side with the girls' schools where the scholars were taught needlework, workshops for the making of women's clothes, linen, embroidery, as well as for ironing and weaving. These workshops are directed by mistresses specially enga- ged for that object. They already exist in Adrianople, Constantinople, Damascus, Kustchuk, and Smyrna, and the Committee is considering means of founding more in other towns. This work responds to a veritable want and is expected to be of great service ; it will raise the Jewish woman and will contribute to relieve the poverty of the .Jewish population. Importance of the Schools. The value and importance of these institutions appear from the following numbers. They embrace a scholastic population of more than 9,000 children, of which there arc 8,800 pupils ((3,200 boys, 2, GOO girls) and about 500 apprentices. The number of professors engaged by the Alliance is {)2. The total number of teachers is 304. The annual amount of the subventions ot the Alliance is nearly 325,000 fr. Institutions (schools ; apprenticeship works for boys, girls' workshops) are established in the following localities: Aleppo (Turkey in Asia), boys, apprenticeship for boys ; Adria- nople (Turkey in Europe), boys, girls, apprenticeship for boys. Bagdad (Turkey in Asia), boys, apprenticeship for boys; Bey- routh (Turkey in Asia), boys, girls. Caiffa (Turkey in Asia), boys ; Choumla (Bulgaria), boys, girls, apprenticeship for boys ; Constantinople (Turkey in Europe), 7 boys' schools, 5 girls' schools, apprenticeship for boys, girls workshops. Damascus (Turkey in Asm), boys, girls, girls workshop ; Dar- danelles (Turkey in Europe), boys, apprenticeship for boys. Fez (Morocco), boys. Jerusalem (Turkey in Asia), boys and boys' workshop. Mehdia (Tunis), boys. Philippopolis (Roumelia), boys, apprenticeship for boys. Rustchuk (Bulgaria), boys, girls, apprenticeship for boys, girls workshop . Salonica (Turk-y) in Europe), boys, girls, apprenticeship for boys ; Samacoff (Bulgaria), boys, apprenticeship for boys ; Smyr- na (Turkey in Asia), boys, girls, apprenticeship for boys, girls workshop ; Sofia (Bulgaria), boys, girls: Sousse (Tunisia), boys. Taugiers (Morocco), boys, girls, apprenticeship for boys ; Tatar- Bazardjik (Roumelia), boys, girls, apprenticeship for boys ; Tetuan (Morocco), boys, girls, apprenticeship for boys; Tunis, boys, girls, apprenticeship for boys. Varna (Bulgaria), boys. Widdin (Bulgaria), boys. Yamboli (Ronmelia), boye. The total amount of the annual expenses, part of which is furnished by the communities, exceeds 680, 000 fr. It is a great satisfaction to the Central Committee to seethe important assistance lent to the work by the communities, and it is touching to see them, in the midst of their poverty and misery, imposing such heavy sacrifices upon themselves for the education of their children. The Alliance has adopted the rule of only assisting those who are ready to assist themselves ; they must prove, by their 5 65 contributions, the interest they take in instruction. The local committees must concur in the work by the financial administration of the schools and workshops, the inspection of the apprentices, and by the moral support given to the directors. School Houses. Those are ordinarily at the charge of the community, the Alliance making it a rule not to furnish school houses nor to contribute to their reparation. However, thanks to the liberality of a certain number of donors, especially that of Baron de Hirsch and Mr. 8.-H. Groldschmidt, the Society is the proprietor of several houses at Constantinoplc- 'Balata; Constantinople-Haskeuy, the Dardanelles, Philip- popolis, Eustchuk, Salonica, Smyrna, and Tunis. Scholastic Material. For two or three years the Alliance has made great efforts to furnish all the schools with maps, globes, and cabinets of physic. Each school has a library for the use of the professors which is very varied, and there is also a reading library containing about 300 volumes, and which is continually being increased, for the use of the scholars, apprentices, late pupils, and in short for the use of every one in the town who wishes to take advantage of it. The Talmud-Toras. The number of scholars in the schools of the Alliance could be easily increased. The number is nearly 9,000, and could be 50,000 or more, if the Committee would take charge of the Talmud-Toras, or if its resources would permit it to do so. Much has been said concerning the small value of these institutions, the teaching therein being next to worthless. It is, however, to these schools, which defend tradition, the foi cc of habit, the power of personal interest, that the 67 .Jewish communities still confide the larger number of their children, and consecrate, in the form of expenses for clothes and nourishment, of entertainments and pensions to the Rabbis, the greater part of their resources. It has often been a question of fusing these schools with the Society's schools, which fusion would be a great progres- sion, but it is impossible to accomplish it at present. It would give the Alliance a considerable number of new pupils, but it would demand new and larger school houses, a staff ten times more numerous, resources incom- parably greater for board and the furnishing of material, and, lastly, a certain progress in the mind of the commu- nities, who actually regard the disappearance of these ancient institutions with vexation. The school at Tunis is an exception. Since its very foundation it has absorbed all the other schools in the; town or rendered them super- fluous i this school has been, from the first day, a grand institution comprising more than 800 pupils, the largest scholastic establishment, the most prosperous, and, per- haps, the finest on the African coast (1). The School at Jerusalem. The school at Jerusalem is equally worthy of a separate place in the scholastic institutions of the Alliance for its special organisation and the interest which attaches to it. Here it was impossible to ask for the pecuniary help of the community the vSocioty was obliged to support all the expenses and feed and clothe the pupils besides. This institution costs about 34,500 fr. per annum, a large portion of which is furnished by the Montagu Committee, of London 5 Messrs, de Rothschild Brothers, of Paris Baron do Hirsch , for apprenticing the children ; and by the Relief Funds for the Russian Jews at the London Mansion - I) This school received a prize al Amsterdam Exposition of 1883. 68 House. In this great institution the school is intimately associated Avith the work of apprenticeship. The latter comprises six workshops : a joiner's, an upholsterer's, a forge, a turner's, a tailor's, a shoemaker's, and lastly a Avorkshop for day Avork. The Anglo- JeAvish Association proposes to send at its own cost a master mechanician. The institution comprises in all 125 pupils, of which there are G3 apprentices. The actiAdty displayed in the work- shops is astonishing, all those Avho visit them being struck Avith the spirit which is shown and the ardour of the children. The products being absorbed by the town, the school has become the furnisher of all the inhabitants. It is a laborious hive Avhich serves as an example of activity and work to the Avhole population of Jerusalem. Preparatory Schools. This collection of scholastic establishments is completed by the Preparatory schools in Paris and the Agricultural school at Jaffa. The Preparatory boys' school is destined to create profes- sors for the primary schools. Founded in Paris in !ricc lectiones in Mischnam et in Talm-'-d babylonicum, published by R. Rabbinowiz ; Munich. 1867-79. Dikduke haCamim des Ahron ben, Mosche ben Ascher, published by S. Baer and H. L. S track; Leipzig, 1879. S. Frensdorf, Die Massora Magna\ Hanovre, 1876. M. Friedloeader, Patristische und lalm-idische Studien; Wien, 1878. Corrado Guidetti, PtoJudseis, refiessioni e documents ; Turin, 1884. - Jacob Hamburger, Real-Kncyclo- pcedis fur Bibel und Talmud', Strelitz, 1866-1878. Scientific Jour- nals : Bet Talmud, by Weiss and Friedmann, of Vienne; Letterbode, of Roest, of Amsterdam; Monat"sc > tr-ft, by Frankel-Graetz ; Magliie ' eligleuse de Le'vi ben Gerson ; Paris, 1868. Michel A. Wt-ill, Le Judaism , ses dogm's et sa mission ; Paris, 1866-69. Michel A. Weill, Li Morale du Judaisme ; Paris, 1875. Michel A. Weill, La Parole de Diet'; Paris, 1880. D r M. S. Zuckerraandel. Tosefta nach den Erfurter und Wiener llmdtchriften ; Pasewalk, 1877-80. /s Publications of the Alliance. The Alliance has besides published directly n certain number of works devoted principally to the statistical posi- tion of the JCAVS and the defence of the moral interest of Judaism. Here is the list : V Affaire Fornaraki a Alexandrie, Consultation medico leg ale par P. Drouardel; Paris, 1881. IS Affaire Fornaraki a Alexan- drie, rapport de la commission d'enquete ; Paris, 1881 . Blunt- schli, LEtat roumain et la situation le'gale des Juifs en Roumanie, traduit del'allemand et public par T 'Alliance Israelite univ J .r:cUv ; Paris, 1879. Marco An-onio Canini, L ft ve rite sur la question Israelite en Roumariie ; Paris, 1879. Les Conventions commer- ciales de la Roumanie decant le d>oit pub lie cur op e'en', Paris, 1878. Ueber die biirgerliche Gleichst* Hung der Israeliten im Aargau ; Aarau, 1862. J. Halevy, Prieres des Falashas ou Juifs cC A- lyssinie ; Paris, 1877. M. Legoyt, De certaines immunites bio- statiques de la racejuive ; Paris, 1868. Isidore Loeb, La situa- tion des Israelites en Serbie et en Roumanie; Paris, 1876. Isi- dore Loeb, La situation des Israelites en Turquie, en Serbie et en Roumanie', Paris, 1877. Mardochee Aby Scrour, Les Dagga- toun, tribu d'origine juive dem urant dans le desert du Sahara, traduit de 1'hebreu et annote par Isidore Loeb; Paris, 1881. - La Persecution d(s Israelites en Russie, compte-rendu du meeting public tenu au Mansion House de Londres le mercredi l er fevrier 1882 ; translated from the English edition published by the Anglo- Jewish Association; Paris, 1882. Les Persecutions contre les Israelites roumains en octobrt-decembre 1876 ; Paris, 1877. La question juiie dans les Chambres roumaines, compte' rendu des seances de la C/iambre des deputes et du Senat du mois de mars 1879 ; Paris, 1879. Reunion cinvoque'e par V Alliance Israelite universelle en aout 1878 ; Paris, 1878. Re'uniun en faveur des Israelites de VOritnt ttnue a Paris en decembre 1876 ; Paris 1876. M. J. Schleiden, Les Jai/s et la science au moyendge truduit de 1'allemand et imprime par VAliance Israelite; Paris, 1877. Situation des Israelite* tn Serbie; Paris, s. d. (1864?). Zickel-Kcechlin, Le traite de commerce e^tre la France et la Suisse et la liberte des cultes ; Paris, s. d. (1863?). The. 1 Alliance publishes, since its foundation, semes- terly ' ' Bulletins " in French, and long time ago too in Gorman. It has, for a while, issued semesterly Re- ports in English and in Hebrew, and sometimes even in Judaico-Spanish. Since 1.873 it publishes a monthly Re- port in French and German. It thinks of resuming the pu- blication of Reports in English and Hebrew. Missions. This question was raised in a previous chapter about the scientific missions of the Alliance, in Morocco and Abys- sinia, in the country of the Falashas. The Alliance also contributed towards the expenses x>f the voyage of Mor- doche Aby Serour on the confines of the Sahara. The Library. In fine, in 1808, a donation of 10,000 fr. from Mr. L.-M. Rothschild, of London, enabled the Alliance to found a Library, which was kept up by an annual subvention, bringing together all the documents and publications con- cerning the history of the Jews, as well as the different sciences relating to statistics, anthropology, demography, legislation, etc. This Library comprises at the present day nearly 20,000 volumes. It is not only an indispen- sable instrument for the Society's work, but it is placed at tho disposition of all the learned men who occupy them- selves with Judaism, who wish to study its history. It is, in fact, one of the creations of which the Alliance is the most proud, and which has obtained the greatest suc- A legacy of 50,000 fr. from Mr. L.-M. Rothschild will assure its future, and will gain for this noble-minded man our eternal gratitude. sO V. CONCLUSION It is hardly useful to recall,, in this present Report, the steps taken by the Alliance, at the epoch of its foundation, before the Ionian Senate, and its favourable reception by that body, for the purpose of safeguarding the rights of the Greek Israelites , the Algerian Israelites, emancipated by the decree of M. Cremieux on the 24th of October, 1870, and to whom the Society came to its aid for the purpose of securing to them their acquired rights , the French Israelites in Switzerland, to whom the treaty of commerce with France, in 1867 , procured, at least an effica- cious protection which turned to the profit of the Swiss Is- raelites themselves. When the Alliance was founded, the cause of civilization seemed to be assured in most of the European countries, and there appeared every pro- bability that the new Society would not be called upon to occupy itself about it. The Antisemitism. The events which followed destroyed these hopes. The ci- vilised world assist, since several years, at a spectacle the least unexpected and the most painful. It was in the face of all Europe the spectacle was witnessed of a sudden revival of the fanaticism of the Middle Ages ; all the passions which were supposed to be extinct, all the calumnies which were supposed to have received their condemnation. A detestable literature preached every day hatred of the Jews, war against the Jews, the anti-Semitism has its societies, its comic journals, its illustrated almanacks. The Alliance, Israelite 81 is one of its nightmares, and the number of its falsehoods and deceptions brought against them were simply incalculable. Not one of those who invented these accusations had ever given themselves the trouble to read the reports of the So- ciety, even the bulletins which the Alliance distributed every year to the number of 60,000 copies. From this fact only may be measured the veracity and the value of their accusations. The Alliance did not mix itself up in this war. The Is- raelites, in the countries where they were most attacked, did not want the support of the Society , they contented them- selves with combatting single-handed for their honour and their rights, they were right in so doing. The Tisza Eszlar Case. One of the most melancholy episodes of this anti-Semitic war was the law-suit of Tisza Eszlar, where several poor Israelites of a village in Hungary were the victims of an odious and ridiculous accusation directed, in fact, against whole Judaism. That the success of such an accusation was possible, no one ever thought of; what astonished every one was that such an accusation should have had birth. The Hungarian tribunals made justice of it. Their ver- dict could be awaited with security, but it did not in any way discourage those who, in Hungary and elsewhere, continued to breathe forth their hatred and fanaticism. Their impassioned predictions excited minds and awa- kened every passion. It is against this fratricidal propaganda that we must struggle without ceasing ; it is against the calumnies always springing up that we must combat. If the enemies of the Jews are stubborn, we must show them the same stubborness. It is a task which the Alliance has imposed on itself since its foundation, and it has only to persevere. 6 82 There must be no illusion. A breath of intolerance and fanaticism is passing over a great part of Europe, hatreds and prejudices are again stirred up the contagion of the evil is extending, from the countries where it raised, over the neighbouring countries, the world is infected by literary productions the most unwholesome, the Jews of every country are being attacked in their honour, it is necessary to act on the defensive. The centre of the evil, nevertheless, is not in Germany, where the struggle has subsided, but among the nations less civilised, but in younger nations, still in formation. It is the Israelites of Roumania, of Hungary, of Galicia, and of Russia which serve as the sole aim of the enemies of the Jews. It is to those poor populations, the one victims of oppression, the others unfortunate and calumniated, to whom we must stretch out the hand. Their profound misery is a wound always open, and which devours Judaism. This can only be healed by giving them an elementary instruction, an instruction professional and agricultural, in giving them schools, schoolmasters, em- ployers, and rabbis. The task is an immense one, it im- poses itself on our good will, it is a work to which we should consecrate all our forces and all our energy. The -work of the Future. We have seen, by what precedes, what has been the work of the Alliance from its foundation to the present day. This work should be now extended and applied to all the Oriental countries in Europe. In order that the action of the Alliance should be what it ought to be, it is neces- sary: To develope the institutions already existing, schools in European and Asiatic Turkey, in Bulgaria, in Roumeha, in 83 - Morocco, and in Tunis , augment the number of profes- sors, apprentices, workshops for young girls, ameliorate the material, the school-houses, and the programmes of teaching ; Create analogous institutions in Roumania, in Galicia, and in Russia ; Encourage more than ever the publications destined to enlighten public opinion on Judaism and the Jews, and the refutation of the calumnies of which every day they are the object. They accumulate, as a means of attack, mountains of falsehoods and errors : truth will in the end triumph. This task is a great one, it demands considerable sacri- fices and manly resolution. In order that the Alliance may be able to do this, its resources must be doubled and even trebled. It will be the work of the Future ! About one million of Jews are called upon to ensure the safety of five millions of their co -religionists. They will not fail in this duty ! CENTRAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS RESIDING IN PARIS Messrs. L. ISIDOR, Grand-Rabbi of France, H< i 'i wrd t 'y Pres ide nt. S.-H. Goldschmidt, President. JOSEPH DERENBOURG, Vice-Pres. NARCISSE LEYEN, V ice-President E.-S. KANN, Secretary - General . LEONCE LEHMANN, Trecis.- Deley. I-].- A. ASTRUC, Grand-Rabbi. G. BFUAHRIDES. JULES CARVALLO. ABRAHAM CREHANGE. HAKTWIG DERENBOURG. MICHEL ERLANGEK . Messrs. Baron M. deHiRScn. ZADOC KAHN, Grand-Rabbi, EDOUARD KOHN. ERNEST LEVI-ALVARES. THEODORE LEVY. EUGENE MANUEL. JULES OPPERT. EUGE\E PEREIRE. JOSEPH REINACH. JULES ROSENFELD. VICTOR SAINT-PAUL. Louis SINGER. E.-F.VENKZIAMI. HIPPOLYTE RODRIGUES, Honwary Member. MEMBERS NOT RESIDING IN PARIS Messrs. Dr. ABLER, Grand-Rabbi, at Cashel. Dr. BAERWALD, at Frankibrt-on-the-Main . Dr. IJAMbERGER, Rabbi, at Koenigabepg.. Comte A. de CAMONDO, at Constantino} le. ISRAEL COSTA, Rabin, at Leghorn. ALEXAWDHE-A. DANIELS, at Amsterdam. SAMUEL DREYFUS-NEUMANN, at Basle. MosES-A. DROPSiE,at Philadelphia. Dr. DUNNER, Grand-Rabbi of Northern Holland, at Amsterdam, Dr. FEILCHENFELD, Rabbi, at Posen. Dr. FRANK, Rabbi, at Cologne. ]>>. FIJLD, lawyer, at Frankfort-on-the-Main. Dr. GRAETZ, professor, atBreslau. Sir Julian GOLDSMID. Bart., at London. Myer-S. ISAACS, at New York. Dr. JOSEPHTHAL, solicitor, at Nuremberg. EUDE LOLLI, Grand-Rabbi, at Padua. H. MAGNUS, at Leipzig. MARONI, Grand-Rabbi, at Florence. A. MERZBACHER, at Munich. Dr. S. NEUMANN, at Berlin. DP. PHILIPPSON, Rabbi, at Bonn. ESDRA PONTREMOLI, Rabbi, at Verceil. Dr. LEONE RAVKNNA, atFerrara. SIMON C. -SALOMON, at Metz. Dr. A. SALVENDI, Rabbi, at Durkheim a. d. H. PHILIPP SIMON, at Hamburg. Putter JOSEPH deWfiBTHBiMER, at Vienna. Dr. A. -A. WOLFF, K. D., Grand-Rabbi, at Copenhagen. EXTRACT FEOM THE STATUTES OF THE ALLIANCE ISKAELITE UNIVEKSELLE FOUNDED IN I860 ART. 1. The Alliance Israelite Universelle has for object : 1 To labour everywhere for the emancipation and moral progress of the Israelites ; 2 To lend an efficacious support to all those who suffer by their quality of Israelite ; 3> To encourage every kind of publication tending to bring aboul this result. ART. 2. To become a member of the Society, the person must give in his adhesion to the Statutes. ART. 4. The minimum of the subscription destined to meet the charges of the Society is fixed at Six Francs per annum. ART. 5. The Society is directed by a Central Committee sitting in Paris. ART. (5. The. number of members composing the Central Committee is fixed at sixty. ART. 8. The Central Committee are named by a universal vote ol the members forming the Society by a majority of votes. ART. <). The members of the Central Committee are nominated for nine years, renewable by thirds every three years. ART. 15. A Committee can be constituted in any locality where the Society counts ten adherents. ART. 1G. Regional Committees can be constituted in any country where several local Committees exist. ART. 17. The regional and local Committees are renewable every year. Outgoing members are indefinitely re-eligible. ART. ID. They will transmit to the Central Committee and they will receive all communications on every object interesting to the Society. ART. 20. They will use all their efforts to promote subscriptions, and deposit the same at the cash office of the Central Committee. TABLE OF CONTENTS (The Figures indicate the page) I. OBJECT AND ORGANISATION OF THE SOCIETY. Object of the work, 2. Excluded questions, 4. Titles and Devise. 5. Means of action, 7. Organisation, 8. Progressive Development, 9. Analogous Societies, 10. The Members, the Budget, 11. The Foun- dation oi'M. de Hirsch, 13. Annual Budget, 13. Divers Chapters of the Budget, 15. The coadjutors, 15. II. THE ISRAELITES IN THE EUROPEAN STATES. ROUMANIA : General situation, 17. Formation of Roumania, 17. Illu- sions in regard to Roumania, 17. New legislation, 18. Mr. Cremieux at Bucharest in 1866, 19. Pillage of the Synagogue of Bucharest, 19. New policy, Revolution of 1866, 20. Legal Persecution. 21. The laws ot exception, '21. Persecution by riots, 23. Action of the Al- liance, 23. The European Powers, 24. Artifices of the persecution, 25. Public opinion and the Chambers, 26. Meeting at Paris in 1876, 26. The Berlin Congress, 7. Results of the Congress, 28. Sup- pression of Article 7 of the Constitution, 28. The actual Situation, 29. SERVIA : The Situation. 29. The Caus3 of the Persecutions, 30. Histo- rical, Legislation, 3J. Laws of 1856 and 1861, 31. Persecutions, 31. Action ot the Alliance, 32. The Treaty of Berlin and its effects, 33. EASTERN ROUMELIA AND BULGARIA, 33. RUSSIA: Old relations with the Alliance, 35. Famine of 1869, 36. Meeting at Berlin, 36. The Koenigsberg Committee, 37. Work of the Russian apprentices, 37. The great Persecution of 18811882, 38. Subscriptions and special Committees, 39. What was to be done?, 39. Emigration to Palestine impossible, 39. Emigration to America, 40. Charles Netter at Brocly, 40. New difficulties, 41. M. Veneziani at Brody, 41. Agricultural colonies in America, 42. Agricultural co- lonies in Palestine, 42. What of the future?, 43. 88 III. MUSSULMAN COUNTRIES. TURKEY: The Government, 44. The Law. 45. Situation of Ihe Israe- lites, 45. Protection accorded, punishment of outrage, 46. Blood prejudice, 4G. Famine, war and fire, 47. The war ot 1877, 47. Pa- lestine, 48. Egypt, 49. Tunis and Tripoli, 50. MOROCCO, 51. Murders and outrages, 52. Protectionist measures and finnans, 53. The Protections, 54. The Conterence at Madrid, 54. Aid, 55. PERSIA: The Situation, 50. II. M. the Shah in Europe, 57. IV. SCHOOLS, APPRENTICESHIP, SCIENTIFIC WORK. PRIMARY SCHOOLS AND APPRENTICESHIP: Aim of the Schools, 59. Exten- sion of the Schools, 57. Utility of the Schools, 59. Moral results. 00 f Material results, 61. History of the Schools, 61. Girls' Schools, 62. Apprenticeship of the boys, 63. Importance of the Schools, 64. School houses, 66. Scholastic material, 66. The Talmud-Toras, 66. The School at Jerusalem, 67. Preparatory Schools, 68. THE AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL OF JAFFA: History of its foundation, 69. Charles Netter at Jatfa, 70. First state of the School, 71. Progress of the School, 73. Actual state of Ihe School, 74. SCIENTIFIC WORK: Prizes, 76. Subvention, 86. Publications of the Al- liance, 78. Missions, 79. The Library. 79. V. CONCLUSION. The Antisemitism, 80. The Tisza-Eszlar case, 80. The work of the fu- ture, 82. The members of the Central Committee, 85. Extract from the Statutes of the Alliance israf'lile universeUe, 86. Printed on January, 1885. The Secretary : ISIDORE LOEB. Paris. Printed by Ch. Marechal et J. 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