5501 >* WEALE'S RUDIMENTARY SCIENTI AND EDUCATIONAL SERIES. REESE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNI ADD OA. 1 QQQ ^Received A r n ^fc i o y o Accessions No.5~l Z 5"3 . Class No. 1 I $ GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE, an Inquiry into Principles of Beauty in. By the EARL OP ABERDEEN. Is. ** With Yitrttvius," in one vol., half-bound, 6*. ARCHITECTURAL MODELLING IN PAPER, Art of. By T. A. KICHARDBON, Architect. Plates. Is. 6d. HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS. By GKORC WIGHTWICK. New and Enlarged Edition. By GK HUSKISSC GUILLATJME, Architect. 3s. 6d. \ cloth boards, 4s. A BOOK ON BUILDING, Civil and Ecclesiastical including Church Restoration ; with the Theory of Domes a*: the Great Pyramid, &c. By Sir KDMCND BECKETT, Bart., LL.I Q.C., F.R.A.S. Second Edition. 4s. 6d. ; cloth boards, 5s. THE ART OF BUILDING, Rudiments of. Generj; Principles of Construction, Materials used in Building, Streng and Use of Materials, Working Drawings, Specifications, a; Estimates. By EDWARD DOBSON. 2s. ; cloth boards, 2s. 6d. 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If IOSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, 7, STATIONEBS' HALL COURT, E.G. \ BRICKWORK: A PRACTICAL TREATISE EMBODYING THE GENERAL AND HIGHER PRINCIPLES OF BBICKLAYING, CUTTING, AND SETTING WITH THE APPLICATION OF GEOMETRY TO ROOF TILING, REMARKS ON THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF POINTING, A DESCRIPTION OF THE MATERIALS USED BY THE BRICKLAYER AND A SERIES OF PROBLEMS IN APPLIED GEOMETRY BY F. WALKER CERTIFICATED BY THE SCIENCE AND ART DEPARTMENT IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, PRACTICAL, PLANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY, ETC. ILLUSTRATED WITH NINETY-ONE WOODGUTS (gfcittxw LONDON CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON 7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL 1891 [All rights reserved.] r* VJi- LONDON t PRINTED BY J. S. VIRTUE AND CO., LIMITED, CITY ROAD. PREFACE, THE object of this little work is to give the young artisan a general and practical insight into his trade, and to inspire him with a wish to become a useful and successful workman ; which means that he must work with his head as well as with his hands. The greater portion of the matter contained herein is such as to be indispensable to the proficient workman. Though the work does not profess to be in any way an exhaustive treatise on a trade so varied as that of the brick- layer, yet the writer hopes that it may be a help to those who, through the division of labour or otherwise, have had their practice confined to one branch only of their trade ; and that it may not be considered altogether unworthy the notice of professional men, being to some extent the out- come of twenty-two years of practical experience in building operations. It is, however, intended IV PREFACE. chiefly for thai large majority of young men who enter the trade of the bricklayer (and all other trades in house-building) without any previous training or instruction to fit them for the calling, depending entirely upon the manipulative skill they may or may not acquire in the handling of their tools. The book commences with the site of a building, and goes through the successive stages of the bricklayer's trade, including roof tiling ; and concludes with a section on Applied Geometry, containing problems that may be useful in every-day practice. LONDON, September, 1884. NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION. THE very rapid and gratifying sale of the first edition, and the favourable manner in which it has been received by the various technical journals, have led the author to make several additions and a few alterations to the work, with a view to increasing its usefulness not only to the operative student, but also to those who may be preparing for the Science Examination in Building Con- struction. CONTENTS. SECTION I. MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION. PAOR Site 1 Establishing a Level or Datum 2 Setting out Building 2 Concrete 5 Cement 10 Drains . . .11 Mortar 14 Red Brickwork 14 Bricks 16 Characteristics of Good Bricks 19 Bond of Brickwork 20 Old English Bond 21 Bond of Footings and Walls 22 Setting out the Bond 26 Heading Bond ' 28 Templates and Strings 30 Bats 30 Flemish Bond 31 Various Bonds 34 Herring-bone Bond 36 Dutch Bond , 37 vi CONTENTS. PAGE Keeping the Perpends 39 Toothings 39 Grouting 40 Flues . 41 SECTION IL ARCHES IN GENERAL. Arches 46 Relieving Arches . .48 Plain Arches 49 The Skew or Oblique Arch 49 Skew Arch at Brondesbury 52 Water Conduit 56 Groined Vaulting . '. 58 SECTION III. GAUGED-WORK AND ARCH-CUTTING. Gauged Work 61 Setting 63 Drawing and Cutting Arches 64 The Bulls-eye 65 Semi and Segmental Arches 66 The Camber Arch 67 The Gothic Arch 69 The Ellipse Gothic Arch 72 The Semi-Ellipse Arch 72 The Venetian Arch 74 The Scheme Arch 75 The Semi-Gothic Arch . 76 Gothic on Circle Arch 77 To Find the Soffit Mould . 78 (JON TENTS. VU SECTION IY. ORNAMENTAL BRICKWORK. PAGB The Niche 79 The Niche Mould 83 Moulded Courses 83 Ornamental Arches 84 The Oriel Window .... . 85 Ornamental Gable or Pediment ...... 87 Gothic Window 88 SECTION V. ROOF-TILING, POINTING, ETC. Tiling 92 Roofs having different Pitches 94 To obtain the necessary Angle of Hip or Valley Tiles . 96 Pointing .97 Flat- Joint Pointing 98 Burning Clay into Ballast 100 Building Additions to Old Work 102 Fire-proof Floors 102 SECTION VI. APPLIED GEOMETRY. To draw a square whose superficial area shall equal the sum of two squares whose sides are given . . .103 To draw a right-angled triangle, base 1| inches, height i inch 104 To draw an arc by cross-sectional lines . . . .105 To describe a flat arc (camber for instance) by mechani- cal means 106 CONTENTS. PAGE To find the joints of a flat arch without using the centre of the circle of which the arc is a part . . .106 To draw the joints of a semi-ellipse arch with mathemati- cal accuracy 107 To find the invisible arch contained in a camber . . 10S Any two straight lines given to determine a curve by which they shall be connected 109 To find the form or curvature of a raking moulding that shall unite correctly with a level one . . .111 To describe an ellipse by means of a carpenter's square and a piece of notched lath 112 To draw a Gothic of any given height and span; or, in other words, an Ellipse Gothic . . . .113 To draw the arch bricks of a Gothic arch, that is for the curve in the previous problem . . . . .114 To find the ladius of any arc or arch, the rise and span being given 114 BRICKWORK SECTION I. MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION. SITE. THOUGH the bricklayer is very seldom called upon to choose the site of a proposed building, he should nevertheless make himself acquainted with the essentials of a good foundation, and the characteristics of a bad one, as a subject not alto- gether foreign to his calling. The workman who rests satisfied with just the manipulative know- ledge of his own trade is not likely to realise the value of the word progress, and must of necessity be content to remain in the position in which he found himself placed as a workman. Though the bricklayer has no voice in the choice of site, he may, as foreman or clerk of works, have to a great extent the power of minimising the evil effects of a bad one, if he be possessed of the necessary knowledge. For be it remembered that a good foundation is as necessary to the stability of a building, as good flues and drains are to the health and comfort of its occupants. The best sites to build upon are hard gravel, igneous and 2 BRICKWORK. metamorphic rocks, limestones, sandstones, and chalk. A clay foundation should be well drained, as clay by its impervious nature retains moisture, and the whole area of the site covered with 6 inches of surface concrete, made up with Portland cement or ground blue lias lime, to keep back ground-damp, which will otherwise be attracted by the warm air within the building. When building on a clay or sand foundation the building should be kept level throughout, as by building up one portion of the building and leaving down another, ugly fractures sometimes occur in the walls, caused by one portion of the work settling at one time, and other portions at another, which greatly mar the appearance of the structure. ESTABLISHING A LEVEL OR DATUM. Before excavating trenches to receive concrete for footings, a level, or datum as it is technically called, should be established. To do this, drive a large stake well into the ground where it will not be likely to get disturbed, and let the top of it be the ground-floor level, which must be taken off the drawings if not otherwise determined. To avoid the possibility of mistakes, all levels for excavations, concrete, and brickwork should be taken from this only. SETTING OUT BUILDING. In setting out a building, one or other of the following methods is generally adopted. Either the extreme side walls are squared from MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. the line of frontage, which, is given, and the posi- tions of the intermediate walls established by parallels ; or, two centre lines are drawn at right angles, right through the plan of the building, and the walls set out at parallel distances from them ; taking all measurements from the centre lines. The positions of walls should not be laid down by measuring the distance of one wall from another in succession ; for if an error be made in the setting out of the first wall, it will, in this way, be perpetuated from one wall to another throughout the building. But by measuring from the centre line, an error would be confined! to that particular wall in connection with which it was made, and would be readily discovered when checking the distances between the respective walls. In both methods we have assumed the building to be square. If the setting out is to be Fig. 1. done by means of a large square, which is generally the case, it should be tested or proved before use. To do this, draw a line a b along a straight BRICKWORK. edge (Fig. 1), not less than twice the length of the base of the square. Adjust the base of the square along this line from b, and draw a line o along the perpendicular blade until it meets the base line a b ; now reverse the square along the base line from a, and if the square be true its perpendicular will coincide with the perpendicu- lar line c. Another way of setting out the side walls from a given line of frontage is by means of a 10-feet rod. Having drawn a line tightly to represent the front of the building, along this line measure 6 feet from the quoin (French coin, a corner), and push through the line at the 6- feet point an ordinary brass pin. Draw another line in the same way as the first, approximately at right angles to it, and from the quoin again measure off 8 feet along this line, fixing another pin as before at the 8-feet point. "With one end fixed at the quoin, the other end of the line must be moved until there be a distance of 10 feet between the two pins measured across the angle. The lines will then be square one with the other. Instead of 6, 8, and 10, we could have taken 12, 16, and 20 ; but whatever figures be used must stand in the same ratio or proportion to each other as the above, and shown in Fig. 2. -Another, Method. From point B (Fig. 3), with Fig- 2. MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 5 steel measuring tape set off 30 feet, or more or less as convenient, at an approximate angle of 45 degrees with the given line A B. From D mea- Fig. 3. sure off the same distance to a; from a draw a line through D, measuring from D to c 30 feet' A line drawn from B through c will be at right angles to the given line A B, the line of front- age ; B would be the quoin of building. This depends upon the principle that all triangles in a semicircle are right-angled triangles, and all the angles in the same segment of a circle are equal (Euclid, bk. iii. prob. 21). CONCRETE. The thickness for concrete varies from 1 to 3 feet, according to the nature of the subsoil upon which the building will stand ; but in some cases it is very much thicker, as in made-up ground, where, to ensure a good foundation, it is necessary 6 BRICKWORK. to go down to the London clay, or some other firm substratum, depending upon the nature of the ground. The Metropolitan Building Act requires that the concrete shall not be less than 9 inches in depth, nor have a margin of less than 4 inches outside the first course of footings ; 6 inches is the usual margin in good work. The following is a specification to govern the supply of materials, the mixing, and the putting into place of cement concrete. The whole of the cement to be Portland of the very best quality, very finely ground, weighing not less than 110 Ibs. to the striked bushel, of which 90 per cent, must pass through a sieve of 2,500 meshes to the square inch, and it must be capable of maintaining a breaking weight of 350 Ibs. per square inch, after being made in a bronze mould immersed in water during an interval of seven days. The mixing to be carried on upon a clean plat- form made of 9 inch X 3 inch deals, bedded solidly on sand, that the cement may not run off through the joints in the process of mixing. The concrete to be composed of four parts of broken bricks, broken porous stone, or Thames ballast ; two parts sharp clean sand, free from loam or other impuri- ties ; and one of cement of the specified quality. The parts to be measured in a half-yard cubic box (3 feet X 2 feet X 2 feet), and thoroughly mixed together in a dry state. The ballast or broken bricks to be capable of passing through a 2-inch mesh. The dry concrete to be heaped up and MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 7 turned over at least twice before wetting. The water to be applied through a rose, not more to be used than is necessary to mix the whole very thoroughly. While the water is being sprinkled on, the mixture should be drawn down by " picks/ ' while two or more other men turn it over, after being so drawn down, to another part of the platform, from which it must be again turned over until the parts are thoroughly incorporated. The concrete to be tipped from a height not ex- ceeding 4 feet, and to be steadily rammed or struck with the back of a shovel until the cement or matrix flushes to the surface. The whole to be left solid and clean. In the treatment of concrete much depends upon experience and judgment, and it is there- fore the more difficult to lay down hard and fast rules to govern the proportion of the ingredients and the mixing of them. The one thing to be aimed at in the apportionment of the ingredients is homogeneity ; where this does not exist, strength will be wanting. As regards "packing," or the practice of placing stones or other suitable material larger than the aggregate, in the mass of the con- crete, it is objectionable under certain condi- tions. In a thoroughly good Portland cement concrete, if properly treated, there will neither be contraction nor expansion to any perceptible degree in the setting; and in such there is no objection to packing, if the stones or other material be uniformly distributed and solidly bedded in 8 BRICKWORK. the mass. But in an inferior concrete subject to contraction or expansion, packing is decidedly objectionable, and likely to lead to injurious results; more especially if the packing be not evenly distributed throughout the concrete. This consideration has led engineers and architects to adopt in their specifications the precautionary clause that the aggregate shall be of an uniform size generally, to pass through a 2 -inch or 2J-inch ring. The quantity of water to be used depends almost entirely upon the nature of the aggregate ; ballast or any siliceous aggregate requiring only enough to thoroughly mix the cement, while that of a porous nature, such as broken bricks, would require more. The proportion of cement must be governed by circumstances, for while the Metro- politan Main Drainage Works adopted one of cement to five and a-half of aggregate, we are informed by Mr. Reid On Concrete, that in the sea forts of Copenhagen the concrete was made in the following proportions : Portland cement .... 1 Sand 4 Fragments of stone . . .16 and the concrete for filling in the terra-cotta at St. Paul's School, Kensington, consisted of one of Portland cement and ten of aggregate. In Portland cement concrete, " a rotten or fri- able material is to be avoided, except where un- avoidable, and in that case only in combination with a large quantity of cement, so as to neutralise MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 9 as far as possible any tendency to weakness. Sand, where a choice exists, should be as rough and coarse as possible, and that made by the various natural or physical influences from sand- stone, limestone, or other similar rocky forma- tions, is to be preferred over those from flint or volcanic rocks. The former sands or shingles are more porous than the latter, and consequently better able to absorb the silicates of the cement when being mixed. For this reason it is advisable not to have the sand, gravel, or shingle too fully saturated with water ; if this is so, the matrix is unable to imbibe the fluid portion of the mixture, and consequently it is thrown off as waste from the concrete. This observation equally applies to the mischievous practice of over- wetting bricks in building with cement mortar. A dry brick is bad enough, but when saturation is carried to excess equally faulty results ensue. With regard to the acting properties of Portland cement when used with salt sand, or salt water, an experiment proved the use of salt water and salt sand per- fectly satisfactory, both with Portland cement and lias lime, but there was no question as to their setting being retarded by their use." Brunei. "When blue lias is used for concrete, the pro- portion of parts and the mixing is the same as described in cement concrete. Burnt ballast is frequently used as an aggre- gate for concrete, but care should be taken that it be thoroughly burnt free from clay. Burnt bal- last concrete should be made rather sloppy on ac- B3 10 BRICKWORK. count of its absorbent nature, or it will quickly absorb the moisture from the cement or lime with which it is mixed, to the injury of its setting pro- perties and ultimate strength. Mixed with one- third of Thames ballast and a fair proportion of lime it will yield a good concrete for footings to walls. CEMENT. Adie's No. 1 cement testing machine is very generally used for testing cements, but where one of these is not at hand they may be |A, roughly tested in the following man- ner. Having mounted a briquette - * (Fig. 4), whose sectional area is one square inch, or more as the case may be, after seven days' immersion let it be suspended from one end, and from the other end suspend a cement barrel containing sand, increasing the quantity until the briquette breaks or its power of resistance be overcome. The sand should not be thrown into the barrel, but slid into it by means of an inclined plane, and in small quantities. The weight of the cask with its contents will repre- sent the breaking weight. With Adie's machine the briquette in the making is subjected to a slight pressure, which adds considerably to its tensile strength, so that the resistance to breaking of a briquette made by the machine will be greater than that of a briquette of the same cement made by hand and not subjected to pressure. Another way : bed two bricks together (Fig. 5), and after MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 11 a few days' immersion let them be suspended and treated in the same way as the briquette. This plan is suitable for ascertain- ing the comparative strength of cements, but in so doing the same kind of bricks, sand (if any used), and even water should be used, and the exact proportions maintained in the mixing, or, in other words, the conditions should be exactly the same. Bricks having a smooth impervious bed will be found to have less adhesion than those of a hard but comparatively porous nature pressed bricks and hard stocks, for instance. The bricklayer should make himself acquainted with the various limes and cements, and the in- gredients used in combination with them ; also with concrete, as subjects belonging particularly to his trade, and which by reason of his occu- pation he has a better opportunity of doing than any other class of operatives. In large and im- portant public works these are generally subject to the inspection of a bricklayer. DRAINS. The laying of drains, at once the most impor- tant and too frequently the most neglected part of a building, should never be intrusted to unskilled workmen. The fall having been determined, which should not be less than one in sixty or one inch in five feet, the flange of each pipe should rest upon a bedded brick, that the joints may be 12 BRICKWORK. caulked all round with gaskin or oakum previ- ously to being made up with Portland cement. The object of caulking is to prevent the cement squeezing through into the pipe, a very common cause of stoppage in drains. They can now be bedded half way up in fine concrete, so as to form a cradle, care being taken not to disturb the joints. The inside joint of each length of pipe as it is laid should be stopped with Portland cement, and left solid and clean, free from any- thing approaching to burrs. The drains should be laid down air and water-tight, free from " dips," with no right-angled junctions nor sharp bends, and kept, if at all possible, outside the building, with inspection holes large enough for a man to work forcing-rods in case of a stoppage. A length of pipe in the man-hole should have a movable top. This kind of pipe is called an operculum or "channel" pipe. In many in- stances only the invert half of the pipe is used in that portion of the drain passing through the man-hole, which is ventilated by a current of fresh air entering the man-hole, passing through the entire length of the drains, and finding an outlet through the open soil-pipe above the roof. In such an arrangement a trap should intervene between the sewer and the man-hole, to prevent the possibility of sewer gas escaping through the fresh air inlet. But where fresh air is not intro- duced, the trap may be dispensed with, the soil- pipe serving as a ventilator both for the sewer and the drains. MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 13 Six-inch pipes will be found large enough for most buildings. As the subject of trapping, dis- connecting, and ventilating drains belongs to sanitary science, it cannot be further noticed here beyond giving a plan and section of a dip-trap (Figs. 6 and 7) which the bricklayer is sometimes Plan/ Fig- 6. Fig. 7. called upon to build. This trap should be used only where there is a copious and frequent supply of water (but not in connection with soil), as by its size and construction a greater quantity of water is required to trap it than the earthenware traps now more generally and preferably used. 14 BRICKWORK. MORTAR. Mortar used by the bricklayer is made either from stone lime, lias, or Portland cement, mixed with a proper proportion of sand. Chalk lime should not be used, as the only setting that takes place in it is the formation of a surface crust, bearing a small proportion to the bulk. Stone, or gray chalk lime, as it is sometimes called, is generally used ; it possesses slight hydraulic power, and will set if secluded from the air or in damp situations, and is capable of bearing three parts of sand to one of lime. For damp situations blue lias will be found to make the best lime-mortar. It is eminently hydraulic, and becomes very hard, especially in damp places ; but it will not bear so much sand as stone lime. The amount of sand should not exceed twice that of lime. Lump lias is used for mortar ; it should be well wetted, covered over with sand, and allowed a day to slack before being ground in the mortar mill. The sand used for all mortars should be a clean, sharp, angular grit. Cement has been already spoken of in connection with concrete, and elsewhere. RED BRICKWORK. Owing to the revival of the Queen Anne style of architecture, brickwork now occupies the fore- most position in building construction, of which very good samples may be seen at Westwood House, Sydenham ; Fitz- John Avenue, Hamp- MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 15 stead ; the Chelsea Embankment, and many other places in and about London. Our popular archi- tects delight to revel and indulge their fancies in red brickwork, as evidenced in several public buildings of recent erection. The Yictorian age, from an architectural point of view, will be con- spicuous for its stuccoed buildings and its red brickwork the former an expressionless imita- tion, the offspring of the speculator, and the Caliban of architecture. But Truth in architec- ture, as in all things, will assert herself; she breathes into the nostrils of a second Adam, and lo ! we have " a thing of beauty." We can remember, in our experience, when the life of the bricklayer was often made " bitter with hard bondage in mortar and in brick," by reason of the reign of stucco ; but, thanks to the able advocacy of Mr. Ruskin and the late Mr. E. Street, such rapid strides have been made in brickwork that one is almost surprised to see the amount of art-workmanship wrought in red-brick designs. These will be found mostly in retired out-of-the- way streets, relieving, both by colour and detail, the dull monotony of the unbroken line of our vista-like old street architecture. Some years ago the Philological School, St. Marylebone Road, was pointed out as a sample of ornamental brickwork. The ornamental features in this structure are made up of a judicious use and arrangement of polychrome bricks, and stone dressings. The building is, undoubtedly, a good one, possessing that repose almost peculiar to 16 BRICKWORK. ecclesiastical architecture. But the term orna- mental brickwork is so closely associated in these days with the idea of form, that we are accustomed to exclude from the meaning of that term all brick designs characterized by an absence of pro- jection. We know no better samples of red brickwork than St. Paul's Schools, and the City Guilds Technical Institute, Kensington ; and the Mid- land Hotel, St. Pancras Station. BRICKS. In dealing with brickwork it is necessary that something should be said about bricks, though it is not intended to go into the chemical properties or other scientific matters connected with them, as we are presumably writing for persons in or con- nected with the trade of a bricklayer, but will just take a passing glance at the bricks commonly used in and about London, and state the purposes for which they are best adapted. Stock bricks are divided into "picked" stocks (picked for colour and hardness), " washed " stocks, " grizzles," " place," and " stuffs." " Shuffs " are worthless, " place " are little better ; " grizzles " are those bricks which have a good face or end with the other face or end underburnt, and similar in appearance to " place," which are of a reddish colour. " Picked " are those which are suitable for good exterior facing. " Washed " stocks, on account of their softness, are fit only for interior facing. The best stock MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 17 bricks for general facing purposes are those called (< shippers," which, as their name implies, are sorted for shipping. Malms are a superior kind of stock bricks, made of washed clay and chalk, and are used for superior facing and for " cutting " purposes, but are not suitable for " gauged- work" on account of the numerous small air-cells contained in the bricks, which make it impossible to rub them up to an arris, which is indispensable to good setting. Of red building bricks there are a great variety in the London market, the best of which for colour and weathering properties are Fareham reds, though rather irregular in shape. St. Thomas's Hospital, and the Nurses' Training Home, Queen Anne's Gate, St. James's Park, are faced with these. Sometimes they are rubbed down to obtain true faces; but this should be avoided for the sake of preserving the deep red colour, which constitutes the beauty of these bricks. Fareham rubbers for " gauged-work " also stand first in quality, though they are not extensively used, as they are dearer than the other varieties in the market. Next in quality come the Berkshire Builders and T. L. B. Rubbers, made by T. Lawrance, Bracknell, Berks. The Teynham bricks, stamped Gf. Richardson, Teynham, are good bricks, pos- sessing in a large degree the qualities that recom- mend the Farehams, and with the additional advantage of a fairly good shape. Gault bricks 18 BRICKWORK. are much used for facing ; they are much harder than stocks, and also dearer. Of white bricks Suffolks are the very best. They are a close, firm brick, suitable for first-class facing, either exterior or interior, or for " gauged- work." They are of a soft nature, but harden very much by exposure to the action of the atmosphere. A very nice piece of work three-light geo- metrical windows executed in these bricks, and designed by Messrs. H. Saxon Snell and Sons, 22, Southampton Buildings, W.C., may be seen in the chapel attached to the Rackham Street In- firmary, Netting Hill, "W. Staffordshire blue bricks are the most suitable for external bases, plinths, and dwarf- walls for palisading, or wher- ever there is much traffic. Enamelled bricks are now very extensively used instead of tiles ; they can be obtained in various colours, and are suitable for facing dairies, &c., and areas where reflected or borrowed light is required. They are obtainable in double headers, . viz. two ends enamelled for 9- inch walls, and double stretchers for 4 1 -inch walls, single headers Fig 8 and stretchers for facing, and bullnose and chamfered bricks (Fig. 8) for jambs or reveals. The best kind are those bearing the stamp, " Cliff, Wortley, Leeds." Firebricks should be used for all places exposed to the action of fire or intense heat. They are made of fireclay, and should be set with close joints in a mortar made of the same material, MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 19 wetting the bricks before setting them. The mortar under the action of the fire will vitrify, and form one body with the bricks. In lining boiler furnaces, &c., bricklayers frequently use fireclay only with that portion of the work that will be subjected to the flame, but it may be set down as a rule that wherever it is necessary to use firebricks, it is also necessary to use fireclay to bed them in. Nevertheless, when it is not readily obtainable, plaster of Paris and sand may be used as a very good substitute for small jobs, but on no account should cement be used, for being non- elastic it will fracture under the action of intense heat. Stourbridge bricks are much used as the best kind of ordinary fire-bricks, but Dr. Siemens has shown the Dinas firebricks to be the best, and to be capable of resisting the temperature of 4,000 to 5,000 Fahr.* CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD BRICKS. Soundness, freedom from flaws, cracks, or stones of airy kind. They should contain no lumps of lime or limestone, however small; should be regular in shape and uniform in size, their length exceeding twice their breadth by the thickness of a mortar joint. They should not absorb at most more water than is equal to one- sixth of their dry weight. They should be hard, and burnt so thoroughly that there is incipient vitrification all through the brick. When struck together they should yield a clear metallic ring. (This last- * Dr. Siemens' "Chemical Society," 7th May, 1868. 20 BRICKWORK. mentioned characteristic belongs more to stocks and the harder kind of bricks.) Their texture should be homogeneous and compact. They should be regular in colour, with their arrises square, sharp, and well-defined. Pressed bricks, such as those from the midland counties and Ruabon, are almost non-absorbent, and for all practical pur- poses impervious to water. The nearer bricks approach to imperviousness the better will they be. The following is an analysis of the clay worked by Messrs. Monk, Newell, and Bryon Ruabon Moisture . Combined water Silica Alumina . Sesquioxide of iron Protoxide of iron Potash 1-54 3-54 63-00 18-0 6-70 1-95 2-37 Soda 3-10 100-20 Bricks and terra-cotta, manufactured from this clay, may be seen at the Northern Hospital, Winchmore Hill, London, now in course of erection by Messrs. Wall Brothers, of London. BOND OF BRICKWORK. We will now enter into what might be termed the scientific part of bricklaying, and it will not be out of place to repeat what Smeaton wrote half a century ago with reference to this sub- ject, and which is equally true to-day : " As the art of bricklaying is generally supposed to be so simple as to require little or no attention, it MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 21 will be necessary to remove this false impression by a somewhat particular detail of the facts which relate to it. There are many persons, and even some workmen, who suppose that nothing more is required than that the bricks should be properly bedded and the work level and perpendicular. But the workman who would attain perfection in his business should acquaint himself with the different arrangements made use of in placing [bonding] the bricks, so that one part of the work shall strengthen another, and thus prevent one portion from a greater liability to give way than another." So much for the statement of an eminent engi- neer, than whom none knew better the value of bonding, as evidenced in the old Eddy stone Light- house, which was so thoroughly bonded, one stone into another, and each into the whole, that nothing but the wearing away of the rock upon which it stood led (or was likely to lead) to its demolition, OLD ENGLISH BOND. Old English bond consists of alternate courses of headers and stretchers, while Flemish bond consists of alternate headers and stretchers in each course. Old English is the only true bond, the other bonds (and there are several) being merely arrangements to please the eye. Gwilt, referring to bond, remarks, in his " Encyclopedia of Architecture," that " previous to the reign of William and Mary all the brick buildings in the island were constructed in what is called English bond ; and subsequent to the reign in question^ 22 BRICKWORK. when in buildings as in many other cases Dutch fashions were introduced, we regret to say much to the injury of our houses' strength, the work- men have become so infatuated with what is called Flemish bond that it is difficult to drive them out of it. To the introduction of the latter has been attributed (in many cases with justice) the splitting of walls into two thicknesses ; to prevent which expedients have been adopted which would be altogether unnecessary if a return to the general use of English bond could be established." BOND OF FOOTINGS AND. WALLS. The Metropolitan Building Act requires that the footings of all walls shall not be less than twice the thickness of the super- incumbent wall, or, as brick- layers call it, " the neat work." ^* ^ re P resen ts the footing for a brick-and-a-half wall. A two- Fi " 9 brick wall would require a four- brick footing, and so on, according to the size of the wall, setting back 2^ inches on each course of footings until the wall be brought into its proper size. Where a "bat " occurs in the footings, as in the second course, it . . I . . I - - I A should always be kept in JL the centre. Fig. 10 shows I I I I I I i""| in elevation the footings * --^- * * -* and three courses of a 14-inch wall. It will be seen that the " closer " is not used until the MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 23 setting out of the bond for the "neat work." Figs. 11 and 12 are the plans of two successive courses of a one-and-a-half brick wall, showing the sectional bond. It will be seen by this that there are no two joints in the wall immediately one above the other, but that in the direction of the length of the wall there is a lap or bond of 2J inches of each brick over the two immediately below it in the next course, and a lap of 4J inches in the width of the wall. This result is obtained by running the transverse joints right through the Fig. 11. Tig. 12. wall from one side to the other. A simple prin- ciple, but seldom carried out even by bricklayers. The method in general practice is shown in Figs. 13 and 14. It will be seen that the trans- verse or " cross " joints do not run through the wall, but that the ends of the stretchers come in the middle of the headers, consequently the cross joints in the middle 4J inches of the wall are one over the other from the bottom to the top of the wall. This is caused by showing full " stretchers, " a and b, in the internal angle, instead of letting them pass 2 inches into the return 24 BRICKWORK. wall, as in Figs. 11 and 12. Many bricklayers insist upon showing a whole "stretcher" in the angle in all cases ; but he who insists upon this has a & I Fig- 13. Fig. 14. yet to learn the bond of brickwork. The reader would be greatly helped to an understanding of bond by having a few model bricks, and arranging _ ILL Fig. 15. Fig. 16. them as shown in these figures. Figs. 15 and 16 represent a straight jamb in a 14-inch wall. Here again, that the " cross " joints may run straight through the wall, it is necessary to introduce a Fig. 17. Fig. 18. three-quarter " stretcher" a, and to omit the "closer" in the next course above. Figs. 17 and 18 are the plans of two consecutive courses of a MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 25 pier 14 inches on the face and 18 inches deep. The face bond is made up of two three-quarter "stretchers" on one course,and of three" headers" on the other. Figs. 19 and 20 are two courses of Fig. 19. Fig. 20. a wall two and a half bricks thick. In all walls of such a size as to take an odd half brick (two bricks and a half, three bricks and a half, &c.)/che " stretcher " is always laid on the outside face in one course and on the inside face in the next course. Fig. 21. Kg. 22. Figs. 21 and 22 show the " king closer," which in practice, owing to the trouble of cutting and the probability of breaking in the cutting, is seldom used. In this case two bricks are cut in their whole length from 2 inches to 4J iP^ inches, but it is more frequently cut out Fig> 23> of one brick, as in Fig. 23, and an adjoining " bat " is cut to fit it. A great many instances of bond in different Q 26 BRICKWORK. sized walls and piers might be given, but as a thorough knowledge of " bonding " can be obtained only by practice, we will not multiply examples. If the bricklayer adhere to the principle of keeping the " cross " joints immediately opposite each other, and laying the bricks in one course quarter bond with the bricks in the course below it, he will experience little difficulty with any sized wall or pier. SETTING OUT THE BOND. The chief thing in connection with brickwork is setting out the bond, for which a good brick- layer should be selected. This will be more readily conceded when we consider the strains to which a building is subject. The bond should be M III I i I. 1,1 J I J LJ. o Fig. 24. set out at least one course below the ground line, and the positions of doors, windows, panels, or large apertures taken off the drawings. This is best done in a stretching course, setting a " perpend " for every reveal or jamb, and working the MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 27 " broken bond " under each window, or other aperture, as the case may be, as in Fig 24, a and b. Eeveals and jambs in point of bond should be treated as " quoins." Where a base occurs the " bond " should be so arranged that a whole brick will work in the internal angle above the plinth. In Fig. 25 (plan and elevation) we have a 2-inch plinth ; a "perpend " or vertical joint in the stretching course is started 6f inches from p--*-H"- ~^ Fig. 42. MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 39 " KEEPING THE PERPENDS." Architects usually specify that the " perpends " shall be kept, or, in other words, the vertical joints are to fall in plumb lines from top to bottom. Owing to the difference in the sizes of bricks, this cannot be done with bricks as they come to hand ; they must be sorted to a length, or cut where necessary, by the bricklayer as he proceeds with his work. This would add to the cost of the work, and, as cost has to be con- sidered in most buildings, it is seldom done. But if the bricklayer carry up a plumb line in the middle of large piers, and work his bricks between that and the plumb reveals or jambs, he will be able to keep his " perpends " tolerably regular. The " closers " should be cut to a 2^-inch gauge. TOOTHINGS. Toothings should not be allowed in a building where they can possibly be avoided ; they are a source of weakness, and very often a disfigurement to a building. When building into toothings, the bricklayer seldom takes the time or trouble to make solid work ; and where they have been can very often be traced in buildings that have been up but a short time by the pointing having fallen out right down the line of toothings. This is caused in frosty weather, by the expansion of moisture which has got into the hollow parts of the toothings, forcing the pointing from the brickwork, to be washed off by the first heavy 40 BRICKWORK. rainfall. Where toothings are unavoidable, they should not be carried up in a straight line from bottom to top, as they usually are, but should be stepped back every few courses, so that the new work may be bedded solidly here and there. When building new work into old, a chase is preferable to a toothing, as the new work is left free to settle. But in a front where new work has to be built into an old toothing there should be no mortar used in the toothing ; the new work should be kept a trifle high above the old, and the joints of the toothing filled in after the building is up. Among the characteristics of good brick- work are solidity, perpendicularity, smoothness ; the vertical joints carry a plumb line from top to bottom; the "cross" joints of the "stretchers" fall immediately in the centre of the " headers," and the bed joints are neither too thick nor too thin. GROUTING. " Grouting " is the practice of using mortar of cement in a semi-liquid state to fill up the open joints in the work, the result of careless or bad workmanship. In some works every course is " grouted" in ; in others every four courses. "Grouting " is not the best way to obtain solid walls, for the mortar being in a semi-fluid state, the excess water is absorbed into the bricks of which the work is composed, and, as a conse- quence, the "grouting" shrinks or subsides, leav- ing the joints or interstices only partially filled. A MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 41 better process is that of " larrying-up" which is, after having laid a course of bricks on each side or face of the wall, to put a proper amount of mortar in the wall, and by the addition of water, and the use of trowels, shovels, or a larry, to reduce it to such a consistency as to be able to swim in the bricks solidly. Even in this practice there is a subsidence or shrinkage of the mortar, with the same effect, though in a less degree, as described in "grouting." But the best and proper plan is undoubtedly that of putting up the joints solidly through each brick as it is laid, and having the mortar of such a consistency as to be able to draw the joints up solidly when filling in the middle of the wall. FLUES. Of the abominations of a bad building, bad flues are second only to bad drains. The causes of smoky flues are as follows. The sectional area of the flue is either too large or too small. Its sec- tional area is cramped, the " cramp" generally oc- curring in sharp bends, close to a floor, where the bricklayer has to make room for another fire- place. The flue is too short, or is not carried up high enough to be above some adjoining building or contiguous wall. There is too much air-space below the throat of the flue, or, in bricklayers' phraseology, the wing gatherings are not brought over fast enough. In considering the scientific principle of flues, we should remember that the properties of air in their action are very similar to 42 BRICKWORK. those of water. A stream with a straight smooth course flows swiftly and regularly, while one with a rugged winding course is full of eddies and whirls, and flows with a retarded velocity. So it is with flues. An unused flue contains a column of cold air in equilibrium with the surrounding air. This column of cold air must be rarefied or heated before a good draught can be obtained, when the denser air rushes in, pushing the lighter up. This will account for the fact that a flue never draws so well when the fire is first started as it does some little time after. Where the flue is unnecessarily large, a larger volume of air has to be rarefied, and it also admits of a possible down draught, or in other words an ascending and a descending column, inconsequence of the heated air not filling the flue. Where the flue is " cramped " somewhere in its length, the cause of smoking is that the smoke is checked in its ascent just were the "cramp" occurs, the smoke escaping with a retarded instead of an increasing velocity. Sharp bends have the same effect, though in a less degree, as "cramps." Yet it is a common thing to hear bricklayers advocat- ing sharp bends in flues to increase their draught. Every flue should be formed with sufficient bend to prevent the daylight and rain falling upon the fire. Where a flue terminates below an adjoining wall, it will often smoke in consequence of a down draught, caused by the wind striking against the wall and in its rebound passing MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 43 down the flue, or at least obstructing for a time the passage of the smoke from the flue, which in effect is similar to a down draught. Where the throat of the flue is formed high up above the chimney bar there is a large volume of cold air collected which has to be heated or rarefied to get a proper draught ; until this takes place the smoke is obstructed in its ascent, and driven back into the roonv. To cure these evils, innumerable contrivances have been invented, of various forms and different degrees of ugliness, and it is almost rare to see a house in the metropolis that is not surmounted with one or more of these articles, each advertised as a panacea for smoky flues. These so-called remedies are (with the exception of the " blower ") always applied to the top of the flue, when in fact the remedy is generally required at the bottom or somewhere in the length of the flue. "We would! give the following advice for flue building. Form the throat of the flue as low down as possible, and let the sectional area be the same throughout its entire length, avoiding all bends beyond what is necessary to hide light. Where bends cannot be avoided let them be as easy as possible, and carry the flue well up above con- tiguous structures, and let it be pargetted smoothly inside. In building flues " coring holes/' 12 X 14 inches, should be left out on every floor, or at least where every bend occurs, and a piece of board put in to catch the mortar and brick rubbish that fall^w^ijgjii erection. By 44 BRICKWORK. this method the flues may be easily " cored " or cleared without the aid of a chimney sweep. Flues for dwelling-houses are generally for registers, 9 X 14 inches, and for kitchens 14 X 14 inches. Fig. 43 is the plan of a fireplace and flue for a register stove, which we insert by permission of the originator, H. Saxon Snell, Esq., F.R.I.B.A. Fig. 43. The peculiarity and advantage of this fireplace is that the sectional area or throat of the flue commences immediately on the chimney bar, doing away with the necessity of wing gather- ings and the possibility of cold air collecting round the base of the flue. This for its economy of construction and efficiency of action recom- mends itself for general use. All chimney stacks from the part where they pass through a roof, or from the point where they separate from a wall with which they have been in junction, to their tops, should be built in cement and sand instead of with lime mortar. Where several flues are grouped together in MATERIALS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 45 one stack, instead of dividing them with the usual 4J-inch brick " withes/' Boyd's flue-plates (iron plates f inch thick, and about 12 inches square, fitting into each other with a tonguedand grooved joint, and built into the sides of the stack) are often introduced to economise space. To ensure that flues shall have the same sectional area in their entirety, they are sometimes built round a wooden section-box, open at both ends and with a wooden " strap " to take hold of, that the box may be pulled up from time to time as the work progresses. The box is placed in the space intended to be occupied by the flue, and the bricks carefully laid with full joints against the box, which is drawn up about every two or three feet. In some cases the pargetting is dispensed w T ith, and the joints struck instead. Good flues are undoubtedly obtained in this way. The same end is obtained by the use of Doulton's terra- cotta flue-pipes ; but when built in small detached piers (as they sometimes are), they prove a source of weakness by interfering with the bond of the work. Where they are grouped in stacks there should be a space of 4 \ inches between each pipe, to admit of bonding the stack in the direction of its width. 46 BRICKWORK. SECTION II. ARCHES IN GENERAL. ARCHES. ARCHES are of various kinds, but those which, the bricklayer has to deal with are either circular, segmental, scheme, elliptic, or Gothic. To the young operative, and in many cases to the aged workman, they are veiled in mystery, though a little application and determination to understand them would soon make them clear to the opera- tive who would be master of his trade. Time was when the arch- cutter would box himself up and carefully tack strips over the chinks between the boards that prying eyes might not penetrate into his cutting-shed and discover the craft by which he held himself superior to his fellow-workmen. This jealousy and exclusiveness is still alive, though it is being slowly trampled under by means of the flood of light that is spread abroad, and is still spreading, from technical classes and technical publications. If the young workman will but set to work in earnest, there is every facility to acquire technical knowledge, and to make himself, as a workman, superior to those who have gone before, and who, " By geometric scale, Did gauge the size of pots of ale." Let him but catch that spirit breathed forth in ARCHES IN GENERAL. 47 Longfellow's lines to Strasburg Cathedral, and success will surely be his : " A great master of his craft, Edwin von Steinbach ; but not he alone, For many generations labour'd with him. Children that came to see these saints in stone, As day by day out of the blocks they rose, Grew old and died, and still the work went on, And on, and on, and is not yet completed. The architect Built his great heart into these sculptured stones, And with him toil'd his children, and their lives "Were builded with his own into these walls, As offerings to God." The word arch implies an arrangement of bricks or other material in which all its parts we might with equal propriety say particles are in equilibrium ; or, in other words, that the pres- sure or thrust to which it is subjected is trans- mitted from one course to the other, and distri- buted throughout the whole of the arch, each course or voussoir taking its share. Every brick- layer who has turned an arch will have noticed that this condition is not obtained by simply turning the arch on its centre and keying it in, the tendency being for the arch, by reason of its own weight, to spread out at the springing, or if this be prevented to buckle up at the haunches, to prevent which and bring about equilibrium, calculations have to be made so as to apportion the weight at the haunches to resist or counteract the thrust from the crown. Such mathematicians as Dr. Hooke, Huygens, Leibnitz, and many others, devoted much time and attention to the solution of the principle of the arch under the 48 BRICKWORK. name of the catenary curve (Latin catena, a chain) ; and the conclusion they arrived at was, that the true shape of an arch is that into which a chain would arrange itself if freely suspended from two points whose distance apart is equal to the span of the intended arch. We have mentioned these things because, considering the way in which arches are often thrown together, it is well that the artisan should know there is a principle involved in their construction. RELIEVING ARCHES. Relieving arches should be turned over all lintols where practicable, and should spring clear of their ends. They should not be built, as they generally are, solid on the brick " core," whereby the weight of the wall above is transmitted from the arch to the " core," from the " core" to the lintol, and from the lintol to the frame, very often to the great injury of the latter ; but should be built at least j inch clear of the " core." This can be done by putting a layer of sand f inch thick on the core, and raking it out with a trowel or piece of hoop iron when the arch is turned, that it may take its own bearing. They should be turned in compo. The above remarks apply to where the window and door frames are built into the brickwork during erection ; and more particularly to arches intended to relieve free- stone rectangular door and window heads. It is not an uncommon thing to see such heads fractured right through their ARCHES IN GENERAL. 49 depth in about the middle of the openings which they span, and kept from falling only by the weight of brickwork upon their ends ; though the architect has been careful to provide against superincumbent weight by the use of relieving arches, but which, through inexperience or want of judgment, or some other cause, have been built upon a solid " core." PLAIN ARCHES. All arches put in with bricks as they come from the brickfield come under the term plain arches, and are built in concentric rings of 4j inches laid as " headers " on edge, instead of bonding by " stretchers/' to avoid the large joints that would unavoidably occur at the extrados, thereby decreasing the strength of the arch unless it were built with cement, or a strong hydraulic mortar, as lias. THE SKEW OR OBLIQUE ARCH. This arch is used in the construction of bridges over roads or waterways where the bridge is not at right angles to the road passing under it. Two very remarkable arches of this kind may be seen on the Metropolitan District Railway at Brondesbury, and which the writer believes to be the only bridges so constructed. Of these we will speak hereafter. To set out and understand drawings of the skew arch, a knowledge of solid or descriptive geometry is indispensable ; but as the setting out 50 BRICKWORK. is generally performed by the engineer or in- spector of works, we will confine our remarks to that portion of the work which properly belongs to the operative bricklayer. A B c D, Fig. 44, F Fig. 44. represents the plan of a skew arch of which E F c would be a section cut square with the abut- ments. E c A is called the angle of skew, for it shows how much out of square the face of the arch is with the road, a c is the face of the arch, and as the " bed " joints (called by engi- neers " coursing " joints) start square from the face, they must run in a diagonal direction across the centre, as seen in c D a b, which is a develop- ment of the soffit of the arch. To make this clear, we will suppose the courses to be pencilled on the centre, and a sheet of white paper folded round the centre and rubbed until the pencil marks be transferred to the paper. If the paper ARCHES IN GENERAL. 51 fastened at c D, the abutment line be now un- folded from the centre and spread out on a level surface as in Fig. 44, we shall have a develop- ment of the soffit of the arch, c a is the length of the line on the centre from c to A. D b is the length of the line on the centre from P B, and is Fig. 45. parallel with ca. c b is the length of a line on the centre from c to B. In long skew arches the bricks, instead of being laid on the skew all through the arch, are D 2 52 BRICKWORK. arranged as in Fig. 45, where the skew courses are intersected by courses laid parallel with the abutments. The skew courses are marked on the centre by means of a " coursing mould," which should be supplied by the engineer or inspector in charge of the work. A B is the plan of a line on the centre from A to B. All the courses on the centre will be so many spirals or screws parallel to each other. Each brick on the face of the arch will require a different bevel, but by far the easiest and the best way to get these will be to let the bricks stand well out in front of the face line, and cut them off to the line of work when the centre is struck. But when the bricks used are too hard to be cut, such as Staffordshire blue bricks, they must be moulded to the required bevels. SKEW ARCH AT BRONDESBURY. The remarkableness of this arch or skew is not alone in its construction, but in the angle that it makes with the roadway that it spans, the angle AIICHES IN GENERAL. 53 being so acute as to cause the abutment line or skew-back of one side to fall without the abut- ment line of the other side. This is shown by the line A B at right angles to c c, D D, Fig. 46. Fig. 47. Let us imagine that across a given road we have to construct a bridge whose angle of skew 54 BRICKWORK. shall be equal to that on the accompanying Fig. 48. Fig. 49. Fig. 46. It is clear that we cannot construct it on the principle of the ordinary skew arch, viz. ARCHES IN GENERAL. 55 to take the courses (starting square with the face of the arch) as so many spirals across the centre, finding their abutment in the line c c, and as we have explained at page 50. An arch so con- structed could not stand, for the lines of force, or thrust, acting at right angles to the abut- ments, would find no resistance, and consequently collapse. But the engineer who designed the bridge in question, seeing this, fell back on the principle that should regulate the construction of all arches where strength is required, that the led joints shall be in the line of radii, and on the soffit parallel with the abutment, and thus in the simplest, yet most effective manner, solved the otherwise difficult problem. Fig. 47 shows the sectional elevation on the line E r in plan, Fig. 48 the plan, and Fig. 49 the face arch in elevation of a bridge somewhat similar to that at Brondes- bury, constructed in the same way, and involving the same principles. The plan of the abutments and skew-backs are shown by dotted line (Fig. 48). The following are approximate dimensions of this bridge, which we have taken by step mea- surement : distance between abutments, 45 feet ; depth of bridge, measured along the abut- ment, 26 feet ; rise of arch from cord line to crown of soffit, 20 feet ; projection of one abut- ment beyond the other (n beyond A, for instance, Fig. 46), 36 feet. The arch is made up of twelve 4|-inch concentric rings of brickwork. 56 BRICKWORK. WATER CONDUIT. Fig. 50, a section of a water conduit in Massa- chusetts, U.S.A., upon which the author was engaged as inspector of works, is worthy of notice, as showing the construction resorted to where a bad bottom occurs. In this case a large Fig. 50. portion of the work (which was eighteen miles in length) ran through very swampy ground, a natural watercourse that drained a large tract of the adjacent country, and at times so great was the pressure of the water as to cause it to rise in a natural fountain 6 or 7 feet above the exca- vations. When this occurred, stones of sizes similar to those of which the retaining walls were ARCHES IN GENERAL. 57 built were shot into the hole until the water subsided or found an easier outlet elsewhere. It was also necessary to keep pumps working night and day. The bottom consisted of 6 x 6 inch transoms, 18 inches apart, to which were spiked 2 -inch planks, and these in turn were covered with 1-inch boards, with joints properly broken, as in floor- ing. The invert, when the side walls were built, was formed with concrete ready to receive the brickwork. The whole of the work, including concrete, was built in Rosendale cement, manu- factured in Rosendale, New York, from a stone found in that locality, which when manufactured is in colour very similar to Roman cement, but less quick in setting, and attaining a greater ultimate strength. It will be noticed that the sides of the invert are struck from the springing line a, and the bottom from b, and that to get the requi- site skew-back for the top and bottom beds, a purpose made brick is introduced, whose beds are in the line of radii from a and b. Sewers are constructed on the same principle as water conduits, with this difference, that while strength and sound work suffice for the latter, to these must be added smoothness for sewers, avoid- ing all " shoulders," " lips," protuberances, or other irregularities likely to increase friction, or in any way retard the velocity of the sewage. Where the flow is intermittent they are generally built egg-shaped, to minimise the frictional area. 68 BRICKWORK. GROINED VAULTING. Brick groin-vaulting (a very neat sample of which may be seen at the entrance to "Winchester Flats, Winchester Terrace, Chelsea Embankment) was at one time very much in practice, but moulded stone ribs finishing at the apex with a carved boss now generally take the places of the brick groins. Samples of this kind of work may be seen at St. Augustine's, Kilburn ; St. John's, Auckland Road, Upper Norwood, and the red brick church adjoining the Croydon railway station, all designed in that style known as the thirteenth century, or Early English, by John L. Pearson, R.A. Some good Gothic vaulting in red brickwork may also be seen at the New Law Courts, London. In executing the groin the Jbricks must be cut so as to form a return on the intersecting arch or vault ; but a proper bond, as in square angles, cannot always be obtained, for, instead of the bricks returning from right to left and from left to right every other course, it will be found necessary to sometimes return several courses in succession, all from one side, before getting what bricklayers would call "a tie." This is caused by the groin not getting away fast enough from an imaginary line drawn across the arch from E to G Fig. 51. It is also impossible to keep the perpends regular near the groin, but they should be kept as regular as practicable with a good bond on the groin. Before the bricklayer can cut his bricks, the AftCHES IN GENEKAL. 59 centres must be placed in position, and the bricks can then be cut to fit the intersection, which they should very accurately, and when the centres are " struck " present clean and well-defined arrises. Fig. 51 is the plan of two semi- cylindrical vaults, intersecting in the groins E F Fig. 51. and G H. The curve formed by the groin is an ellipse shown in angular elevation on E F by dotted curve. Sections of the vaults are shown on A B and c D. Sometimes instead of being as here shown, the intersecting arches are Gothics, or one Gothic and the other semi- cylin- drical ; but if what we have written be understood no difficulty will present itself. In all such cases the bricklayer must space his centre out into courses, and turn the arches as any other arch, with the exception of the groin, which must be treated as described. In Gothic vaulting, as described above, in 60 BRICKWORK. which, the spaces between the stone springers are filled in with brickwork, the setting out of the courses is done by marking upward from the intersection, or springing of the ribs, an equal distance along the cross rib and the diagonal or converging rib, and connecting these two points with a line. Upon another line at right angles with this, the courses may be pricked in from springing to apex, and their beds shown by lines parallel with the first line, connecting the ribs. A sample of fan-groining, in red brickwork, may be seen at the subway to the Crystal Palace, Sydenham. GAUGED- WORK AND ARCH-CUTTING. 61 SECTION III. GAUGED-WORK AND ARCH-CUTTING. GAUGED WORK. " Cutting " is divided into " axed work " and " gauged work." In the former the bricks are finished with the Scotch, with just a rub or two round the rubbing stone to take off the irregulari- ties of the beds, allowing T 3 6- of an inch joint for tuck-pointing. This work is intended to represent " gauged work/' and is supposed to be a trifle cheaper. " Gauged work " is a very superior kind of brickwork, executed in soft bricks set with a white putty joint, which should not exceed the thickness of a new sixpence. The bricks used are Fareham rubbers and T. L. B. rubbers for red work; and malm- cutters and sometimes white Suffolks for malm or stock work. Of red bricks Fareham Rubbers are the best ; they are of a close, firm texture, will carry a sharp arris, and weather well ; in colour they are cherry red. No. ones T. L. B.'s are good bricks, though less firm than Farehams, but of an even texture ; they are divided by colour into two classes cherry-red and orange tint. The orange is gene- rally used, as they contrast well with the red building bricks, but will not carry so sharp an arris or weather so well as the darker bricks. " Gauged work " is often objected to on the ground that it will not resist the action of the weather. This we can refute by our own ex- 62 BRICKWORK. perience, for we have taken out old "gauged" arches in malms that have withstood for forty years the acids contained in London smoke, and have shown no signs of decay or disintegration. We can cite another instance of the indurating properties of "gauged work" in white Suffolks when exposed to the action of the atmosphere. During the erection of the Rackham Street Marylebone Infirmary, some geometrical win- dows in these bricks had to be cleaned down some three or four months after erection. This process had to be done by rasping the face of the brickwork, and so hard had become the bricks that it was with difficulty that an impression could be made at all, the rasps sliding off the work and leaving a black mark ! Bricks in this condition are said by bricklayers to be case-hardened. This so-called case-hardening we attribute to the process of setting. In good setting the bricks are always soaked (not to saturation) in water, which in a building in course of erection always contains more or less lime in solution, which is taken up by the brick while soaking, and by exposure to the atmosphere becomes carbonised and forms a hard coating, as it were, upon the face of the brick. This case-hardening is also attri- buted to " the silicic acid in the clay acting upon the chalk so as to form some of it into a silicate of lime." Rubbers are purposely made much larger than the ordinary building bricks to allow for cutting and gauging them four courses to the foot, though as a rule they will not hold out or GATJGED-WORK AND ARCH-CUTTING. 63 bed more than 11 J inches with close joints. T. L. B.'s as they come from the brickfield measure 10 J X 4| X 3J inches. They are also obtainable 12 inches long, but bricks this length are only required for Camber arches, or Gothic arches whose bed joints radiate from the centre, as in Figs. 57 and 58, in which so much of the brick is cut away to form the long bevels on the soffit and crown, that the ordinary sized bricks will not " hold out " to the required lengths, and have therefore to be lengthened, where necessary, by forming the long "stretchers" out of two three-quarter bricks (this will be best understood by examining a few actual camber arches) ; to obviate which, the 12 inch bricks are made. SETTING. In setting " gauged work " the joint is taken up by absorption by holding the bed of the brick in contact with the putty, which must have the proper consistency and be kept in a small putty- box made with a level top, so that the setter can rest or steady his arm upon it while " dipping" his brick. Before putting the brick in place, the putty is scraped off the middle of the "bed," that it may set or joint more evenly. The joint should not be touched after the brick is "bed- ded," but should be left full like a small bead. Stone lime should be used for setting, as chalk lime is not fit for out-door work. Axed-work is generally set with putty and cement. If the 64 BRICKWORK. work has to be carved deeply, it is best to build it all " headers/' and " grout" it in solidly at back with Portland cement, that the bricks may not break up or get disturbed under the chisel of the carver. A composition of whitening and patent knotting is more frequently used than lime-putty for bedding or setting work intended to be carved, and for ornamental key-blocks made up of two or more bricks. It will be found most convenient to put such keys or blocks together in the cutting- shed, and take them upon the building to be set as one piece of work. These remarks apply equally well to the niche hood in every particular. Gauged work intended to be bedded in the above composition should be quite free from moisture ; but the bricks should not be placed round a fire for this purpose, as they often are, for by so doing they are made fragile and are easily broken. It is, therefore, very imperative that a good water- tight cutting-shed be made for the bricklayer and another shed for the bricks. DRAWING AND CUTTING ARCHES. This forms a very important branch in the trade of the bricklayer, and a thorough knowledge of it is indispensable to the operative who would be master of his trade. In this section we will endeavour to make clear not only the setting out of the various arches, but how to take off the bevels and moulds, and apply them to arch-cutting. An understanding of this will not be so difficult as may at first sight appear. The tools required GAUGED- WORK AND ARCH-CUTTING. 65 for this work are the rubbing- stone (which should not exceed in diameter 14 inches), hammer, boaster, Scotch, scriber, and tin-saw. The scriber is a small tin saw, used for marking the beds and bevels on the bricks. THE BULLS-EYE Should have four keys, a, b, c, d, which when possible should be " stretchers ;" but as this cannot always be done unless by very much reducing the size of the courses (techni- cally called voussoirs), they are, therefore, frequently put in as in Fig. 52. The face mould for this arch is obtained by making a wooden Kg. 52. pattern, as at d, on which the actual length cf the brick is marked, and also its bevel, whicli is taken off the drawing by placing the stock of the bevel along the bed joint, and moving the blade until it coincides or is in line with the soffit of that particular brick whose bevel is required. All the courses have the same bevel and the same length. It is usual to have two moulds made, so as to trace or traverse the courses round the arcb, to ensure that the key brick will come in rightly (though one mould and two parallel straight edges would do equally as well) ; for if the mould be in the least inaccurate, the inaccuracy will be trans- mitted to each brick, and this multiplied by the 66 BRICKWORK:. number of courses in the arch, (in this case 36), supposing the inaccuracy to be yV of an inch, would amount to 2J inches, in all probability the thickness of a course. Having proved the moulds, the pattern brick or soffit is marked lower down on the mould, that the brick when cut will be the thickness of a joint less than the brick shown on the setting out. The bevel of the thick end or extrados, as it is named, is the same as that of the soffit. The arch cutter will find it most convenient to have a square piece of wood, 4J by 9 inches, with parallel sides, which held flush with the soffit will give the exact place and bevel of the cross joint, and held longwise the length of the brick and its end bevel. In cutting, the first operation is to square the bed and face of the brick, after which the soffit is bevelled. The brick is then placed on a bedding board (a piece of slate or wood with a straight even surface) in the same position that it will have in the arch. The face mould is applied to the brick with the soffit mark against the soffit of the brick, and the scriber drawn along the top edge of the mould marks the wedge shape which the brick will have when finished. The back of the brick is marked in the same way, and is then finished with the boaster, Scotch, and rubbing stone. SEMI AND SEGMENTAL ARCHES. What has been said of the bulls-eye applies in every respect to the semi (Fig. 70) and the seg- GAUGED-WORK AND ARCH-CUTTING. 67 ment arch. To draw the curve (Fig. 53), the span and rise being given, bisect the line a b with cd; join e b, and bisect this line with i h\ a line drawn from i through b will give the line of skew- back. Taking the dis- tance i b in the com- pass, with one leg Kg. 53. fixed at i, the lower curve may be drawn from b to a. Mne inches measured along the skew- back from b will give the point from which to draw the outer curve. On the outer curve, with c d as centre line, set out 3 inches, or whatever a brick with its joint will hold out, and with the mould (shown by dotted lines) trace the courses down to the skewback, increasing or diminishing the thickness of the brick as may be required by raising or lowering the mould. THE CAMBER ARCH. Fig. 54 is a camber, 12 inches deep, in Flemish bond. The skewback is obtained by taking in the compass the distance a b, and from these points, with a b as radius, drawing the inverted Gothic ; a line from c through b will be the line of skewback, or springing. To draw this arch when the skewback is given say 4J inches from the centre line set off the distance between the reveals from a b ; 12 inches above the springing, 68 BRICKWORK draw the line d e, and from centre line along d e measure off a distance 4J inches beyond the reveal ; from this point draw a line through b, intersecting the central line in c. On d e measure off \\ inch each side of the centre line, or whatever a brick with its joint will measure. Lines drawn from these two points to e will represent the key, and also the face mould. Make two moulds 9 inches (4J inches at each end) longer than the key. With the mould, shown by dotted lines, upon the key, on one of its edges, /, where a b meets it, make a pencil mark. Put the other mould on top of this and transfer the mark to it. With the two moulds, keeping the pencil mark always on the line a b, traverse the courses in down to the skewback as described in the bulls-eye. Take off the bevelsj starting from the skewback, and pencil GAUGED-WORK AND ARCH-CUTTING. 69 them upon the mould, 1, 2, 3, and so on, as shown in Fig. 55, a, which is a mould with the lengths and bevels of each course upon it. One-half only of the arch need be set out. The cross joints may be cut in the courses with the saw and parallel board, as previously described, always working from the soffit. For greater accuracy and distinctness, the bevels may be pencilled on the back of the mould, at the top end, keeping them some little distance apart, and numbering them as already described. The courses may be traversed in by working from the top line d e, instead of from the soffit, marking on the mould, Tig. 55. downward from the top mark, the length of each course. Having thoroughly understood the set- ting out and cutting of this arch, no difficulty will be experienced with any of the ordinary arches. The soffit generally cambers \ of an inch to the foot. The camber is not suited for large openings, or tvhere any considerable weight has to be carried, as it is in reality not an arch at all, but simply an arrangement or scheme. TPIE GOTHIC ARCH. Bisect the line a b, Fig. 56, with c d, and draw a d; from these two points with the compass 70 BRICKWORK. opened to more than half their distance draw the arcs s f. Through their intersections draw a line meeting a b in g, from which point with the compass opened to a, draw the curve a i d, and by extending the compass, its parallel curve. From h draw the curves on the right-hand side. The bed joints radiate from h and g, as shown by dotted lines. To do away with the very wedge- shaped key, the joints are sometimes radiated from the centre, as in Fig. 57. This key is also GAUGED- WORK AND ARCH- CUTTING. 71 objected to by some on account of the oddness of its appearance at the key a " stretcher " on one side and two " headers" on the other (this is what bricklayers call keying in with a joint), to pre- vent which a " birdsmouthed " key is used, Fig. 58. In the last arrangement the arch has an odd number of bricks, in the two former an even number. Whatever objections may be urged ' Eg. 58. against the appearance of Figs. 56 and 57, the birdsmouthed key in Fig. 58 is decidedly wrong: v " The essential character of the Gothic arch is derived from the absence of the key-stone, and from the presence of the perpendicular joint or opening in the centre where the archivolts rest against each other. Until we find this feature, Gothic architecture does not exist." Normandy: Architecture of the Middle Ages. Fig. 56 is made up of two segments of a circle, and the mould is obtained in the same way as that for the segment. The moulds for Figs. 57 and 58 are obtained in the same way as that for the camber, the bricks being all of a 72 BRICKWORK. different bevel and length. These like the cam- ber are schemes, not arches, as the bed joints do not fall within the lines of radii. THE ELLIPSE GOTHIC ARCH. Divide the span a b, Fig. 59, into three equal parts ; take two parts in the compass, and with one leg fixed at a draw the arc d e, and from d Fig. 59. the arc a e. In the same way draw the arcs b f, cf. Through e and d draw the line eg; through c f the line f h. With d as centre, radius d b, draw the arc b i, and from e, radius e i, the arc ij. The points from which the joints radiate are shown by dotted lines. Two different face moulds are required for this arch. THE SEMI-ELLIPSE ARCH. Divide the span a b, Fig. 60, into two equal parts, a c, c b } and a c, into six equal parts, 1, 2, GAUGED-WORK AKl) ARCH- CUTTING. rfO 3, 4, &c. From c towards b measure off two of those parts, and with the distance 4 d in the coni' pass, and one leg fixed at 4, draw an arc cutting the centre line in e. Through e d draw the line ef; with d as centre, radius d b, draw the arc b g, and from e with radius e g, the arc g h. Two ways are here shown of putting in the courses one in which the joints radiate from their centres Fig. 60. or foci d e, the other from c the centre of the opening. In the second method the lengths and bevels of each brick would be different. The first is an arch, the second a scheme, and is never adopted except in face work when, in the opinion of some people, it is desirable to have the courses all one thickness, even at the loss of strength. In the second method the mould, lengths, and bevels are taken off in the same way as those of the camber. 74 BRICKWORK, THE VENETIAN ARCH. This so-called arch, Fig. 61, is made up of the camber and semi, and was a few years ago very much used in the construction of three-light Fig. 61. windows, sometimes with and sometimes without supporting mullions. Without mullions it is a very weak construction, and incapable of carrying much weight. But in this case it is generally allowed to have a bearing on the head of the solid window frame by showing less than 4J inches on the soffit. It is sometimes relieved by a gauged discharging arch above it, Having drawn the GATJGED-WORK AND ARCH-CUTTING. 75 semi, draw the parallel lines a b, e d, and through, their points of intersection e f the line eg. A line from g through a will be the line of skew- back. This repeated on the opposite side will find i. Next draw the angle brick /, the joints in the semi radiating from h, and the joints in the camber from i. Two different face moulds are required, which with the lengths and bevels of the courses must be taken off in the same way as described in the camber. THE SCHEME ARCH. Fig. 62 is the same as the segment, with this difference, that instead of springing from its Fig. 62. proper skewback c b, and its courses radiating from c, the curve is brought down to a level line or very near it, and the joints radiated from the centre of the opening in the level line. The scheme is the offspring of an antiquated and bad taste, and is not much used in the present day. One would think that its ugliness and want of truth would entirely forbid its use. It is treated by the cutter in the same way as the camber arch. * 76 BRICKWORK. THE SEMI- GOTHIC ARCH. Fig. 63. To draw the semi- Gothic, Fig. 63, bisect (divide I into two equal parts) the line a b with the perpendicular c d, and having determined the height of the apex d t from d draw the line d b, and from these two points the arcs through which the line e f passes, inter- secting the cord a b in e. Now with the distance e b in the compass draw the Gothic or outside curve. Repeat this operation on the other side and the outline of the arch will be drawn. To fill in the courses divide the soffit or semi into equal parts, whatever a brick will work or " hold out," and from the centre c through these parts radiate the courses as shown. The moulds are taken off as described in the bulls- eye, and traversed from the key downward to the springing, taking care that the soffit mark on the mould always comes on the soffit of the arch. Having done this, mark on the mould the length of each course, which will also give the bevels of the top ends of the courses. The mould is shown on the springing course with the length and the outside bevel marked on it ; g is the soffit mark to cut to ; allowance must be made for the joint. GAUGED-WORK AND ARCH-CUTTING. 77 GOTHIC ON CIRCLE ARCH. Fig. 64 shows the way to set out the moulds for a Gothic arch in a turret or bay that is circular in plan. Draw the elevation of the arch and the plan of the wall. A little considera- Y Fig. 64. tion will show that the face of each course has a different curvature or "sweep," that at the spring- ing having the greatest equal to the wall itself and the key the least, the curvature becoming less as the courses approach towards an upright position. A separate section mould must therefore be obtained for each course. Divide the bed 78 BRICKWORK. joint of the course o whose curvature is required into a number of equal parts, from which drop lines square with x y, and intersecting the outside curve in o, 1, 2, 3, 4 in plan. Draw o p parallel with x y, and transfer the distances 1, 2, 3, 4 from o p in plan to lines or ordinates square with the bed joint of the course whose curvature we are obtaining. A line drawn through these points will be the curvature of the section or soffit mould. By the same method the curvature of each course maybe obtained. If all the soffit moulds were drawn connectedly, as A B, we should have what would be called a development of the soffit. The Gothic on circle is the same principle as circle on circle. To FIND THE SOFFIT MOULD. From a drop down the two left-hand lines passing through the circular wall below x y. From their intersection with the two curves draw lines parallel with x y. Take the thickness of the soffit in the compasses, and with one leg fixed anywhere in the upper line draw an arc cutting the lower line ; these four points connected will give the soffit mould A. Moulds for two course, a and 6, are shown ; the others are obtained in the same way. This arch in practice is generally cut by rule of thumb, or what workmen call " near enough/' and rubbed down to a suitable shape when the building is up, and its faults hidden with stopping of the colour of the bricks. But where perfect accuracy is required the moulds must be obtained as shown. ORNAMENTAL BRICKWORK. 79 SECTION IV. ORNAMENTAL BRICKWORK. Ornamental brickwork in this country has reached its greatest height in connection with the Queen Anne style of architecture, as elabo- rated in the present day. The oriel windows of the Tudor, the ornamental gables and picturesque chimneys of the Elizabethan, are all merged into it, and with such a profusion of carving as to be unprecedented in any former age. Indeed, to such an extent is this being carried as to call forth from one of our most popular architects the asser- tion that we are fast departing from the vernacular of our street architecture. Let us rather say, if we may use the expression, that we have entered into the Augustan age of brickwork, in which the stuccoed front with its hidden carcass of " shuffs " and " place bricks " often the refuse of the brick-field is superseded by that which is what it appears to be, bearing on its face the unmistakable stamp of truth ! THE NICHE. Figs. 65, 66, and 67 are the elevation plan and section of a niche in Flemish bond. This is con- sidered by bricklayers to be one of the most artistic pieces of work in connection with their trade. There are two kinds of niches, the semi and the 80 BRICKWORK. elliptic. In the former it is circular in plan and elevation, in the latter it is elliptic in plan and circular in elevation. If that in our illustration be understood, no difficulty will be experienced with Fig. 66. the others. The back or upright part is built to a template forming a semicircle, and the bond set out as shown on plan Fig. 66, the joints of one course being shown by thick lines, and those of the ORNAMENTAL BRICKWORK. 81 course below by dotted lines. But it is the hood, the more difficult part, that we wish to explain. To make the centre, two pieces of wood, each a semi of the same circle as the niche, are nailed together with brackets in the internal angle (Fig. 68), and the space between the brackets filled in with core, pieces of bricks and mortar, and the surface finished with plaster of Paris, by means of a template a little more than a quarter of a circle (called the generating circle) fixed with a gimlet to the back of the bottom semi. The of 'Hi*!/ T.Lojn, * of Qt/ntrv Fig. 68. template rotating upon the gimlet as an axis, with the other end of it carried round the edge of the upright semi, a quarter of a sphere will be described or generated. We have now got the centre or turning piece. Next draw the front arch as an ordinary semi arch, and mark the same number of courses on the top of the centre to represent the soffits. Then with E3 82 BRICKWORK. a plianth straight-edge or the rotating template, mark the courses on the plaster centre, all meet- ing in a needle-point where the gimlet entered ; but as the bricks cannot be so finely cut, a small semicircle or " boss " is introduced of such a size that the bricks at the points where they meet it will be in thickness about half an inch. The courses are all of the same length and bevel, and the soffits must be bevelled in the same way as those of an ordinary semi arch ; and by looking at the elevation and section we see that the hood is made up of a series of semies increasing in size from the " boss " to the face arch. ORNAMENTAL BRICKWORK, 83 THE NICHE MOULD. The length of the course must be measured from where it meets the " boss " to the outside of the 9-inch face arch. From h, Fig. 69, draw a line square with c d, and on it mark a distance / h equal to the arc a c, and from /a distance /# equal to c e, making g k equal to g' U in elevation (Fig. 65) ; connecting these two points with the circle h we obtain the mould. The length of c a is obtained by dividing it into small spaces and transfering them along the line h f; f g is the ** 70 - length of the key brick, and is shown turned up into its proper position c E. MOULDED COURSES. It is the work of the bricklayer to cut and form all kinds of mouldings, dentils, entasis columns, flutings, and such like members in gauged work, leaving the more intricate, such as design and foliage, to be executed by the carver. Fig. 71 shows the kind of box that is used for cutting moulded bricks to any required section in this case an ogee. The box is generally made to hold two headers or one stretcher. The brick or bricks, having been squared and rubbed down to the required thickness, are placed in this box and with the bow-saw roughly cut out, and then rubbed down to the section of the box with a 84 BRICKWORK. rasp, and sometimes a piece of straight gas-pipe to form the hollow members, the bricks being Pig. 71. very soft. Care must be taken that the bricks be not wedged up or cramped too tightly in the box so as to " flush " the edges ; and here we might mention that it is sometimes advisable to work the bricks a little wide, that in case of " flushing " they may be brought up to an arris by a rub or two on the stone. The cross piece or pieces on the top of the box are omitted for the sake of clearness. ORNAMENTAL ARCHES are those that have moulded soffits ; and in such as the semi and segment, and in fact all that have the courses to one bevel, the moulding may be worked square, and applying the face mould cut in every respect similar to an arch with a square soffit. In this case one bed (the bottom one) will be square with the soffit, ORNAMENTAL BRICKWORK. 85 and the other very much wedge-shaped. The courses must be cut rights and lefts, but the key and two springing bricks must be wedge-shaped from both beds, otherwise they will want bedding up with large joints to fit the centre, and thus spoil the appearance of the arch. When a camber, or any arch whose courses have different bevels, has to be moulded on the soffit, the bricks must first be bevelled and after- wards moulded, and, lastly cut to the required shape and length by the application of the face mould, as before described. THE ORIEL WINDOW belongs peculiarly to ornamental brickwork (stone constructions being entirely excluded from this work), and we may add red brickwork. The first thing to be considered in connection with the oriel is its counterbalance. In all heavy projections in brickwork York flagging stones are employed; they are built into the main wall from which the projection starts, pro- jecting to a distance suitable for the work. The weight of the projection on the stones is counter- balanced by the greater weight of brickwork on the other ends of the York slabs. But in the present case a girder or rolled iron joist, running in the direction of the wall line, and entering some 12 inches into the brick wall forming the side jambs, would have to be placed sufficiently low to allow the floor boards to pass over it. The flags and the weight upon them would be counter- 86 BRICKWORK, balanced by the girder. The principle of counterbalance is known to bricklayers by the name of " tailing down." The whole of the oriel (Fig. 72) as shown \\ \ V \ \ \\\\ \ \ \\\\ \ \ \ N^OAVVll ^4^i\ \ \ 1 Fig. 72. would be in brickwork, " gauged " and set in putty. The projecting courses, as the moulded string b, and the window-sill would be covered with 5-lb. lead, slightly projecting to form a drip for the water or rain. ORNAMENTAL BRICKWORK. 87 The base here shown would be surmounted with mullions in brick or wood (most likely wood on account of its comparative lightness), and finished either with a semi-coned tiled roof or a balustrade. "Windows of this type may be seen at Carlyle House, Chelsea Embankment ; and the Agnew Picture Gallery, New Bond Street. The bricklayer when setting out the work must strike all the successive courses from one point, c t regulating the length of the radius- rod for each course. Each course must radiate from c, as shown in plan, and the face of each brick be worked to the required sweep or curve. The bevels (which will be different for each and every course) will be obtained by placing the stock of the bevel on the line representing the bed, and bringing the blade to coincide with that portion of the curve representing the course we are about to cut. Let the bevel of the course marked a be required. Place the stock of the bevel on the third line below the moulded string b, and shift the blade until it fit the curve of the course a. The bevels for each course must be obtained in the same way. The plan in this figure may be considered as a horizontal section just above the string course b. ORNAMENTAL GABLE OR PEDIMENT. Figs. 73 and 74 are part front and end eleva- tions of an ornamental gable or pediment. The moulding is composed of the members known as 88 BRICKWORK the ovolo, the cavetto, and the ogee. In orna- mental brick copings it is usual to form the top fillet with two courses of red tiles, well soaked and closely and neatly set in cement, with the 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i ' 1 1 I.I 1 1 II Fig. 73. Fig. 74. joints properly broken, as here shown. Some- times lead is substituted for tiles. Here we have shown a gablet, a, but in practice the tiles are more frequently brought down to the bottom of the coping, the gablet being dispensed with. GOTHIC WINDOW. Fig. 75 is a two-light ornamental Grothic window with 2-inch beaded or chamfered reveals. The whole of the work under the large arch would be recessed back from the general wall line. The side piers A and B for uniformity sake might be built in half bond, similar to that ORNAMENTAL BRICKWORK. 89 of the 9-inch mullion ; but the proper bond would be to start from the reveal with a header and closer, the same as that shown on the reveal under the large arch. The tympanum is filled in Fig. 75. with 4|-inch work in 9-inch blocks, each block being made up of three bricks, and called " blocking courses." The label or dripstone, c e, enclosing the large arch, for the sake of contrast might be in Port- land stone. The whole of the work here shown, excepting the reveals of the large opening, might be in "gauged" work or in " axed " work ; or the $0 BRICK WORtC. arches alone might be "gauged*' or axed, with, the tympanum filled in with good building bricks, selected for colour and shape and neatly pointed, making a very effective as well as economical ornamental feature. The saddle-back springer on the mullion might with advantage be in stone. "Windows of this kind may be built for cased frames with sliding sashes, but they are more generally built in neat work inside and out, with 9 -inch jambs, grooved to receive lead lights. Ornamental brickwork is a subject in itself, that to adequately describe would require more space than can be given to it in a treatise of this dimension. Mr. Ruskin, advocating its use, says : " Here let me pause for a moment to note what one should have thought was well enough known in England, yet I could not, perhaps, touch upon anything less considered the real use of brick. Our fields of good clay were never given us to be made into oblong morsels of one size. They were given us that we might play with them, and that men who could not handle a chisel might knead out some expression of human thought. In the ancient architecture of the clay districts of Italy, every possible adap- tation of the material is found, exemplified from the coarsest and most brittle kinds, used in the mass of the structure, to bricks for arches and plinths, cast in the most perfect curves, and of almost every size, strength and hardness; and moulded bricks wrought into flower work and ORNAMENTAL BRICKWORK. 9l tracery as fine as raised patterns upon china. And just as many of the finest works of the Italian sculptors were executed in porcelain, many of the best thoughts of their architects were expressed in bricks, or in the softer material of terra- cotta ; and if this were so in Italy where there is not one city from whose towers we may not descry the blue outline of the Alps or Appen- nines everlasting quarries of granite and marble how much more ought it to be so among the fields of England." Stones of Venice, vol. ii., p. 260. Judging by the remarks in the above quotation, one is led to think that the brickmakers of mediaeval Italy were more skilled in their craft, or at least happier in results, than their fraternity of modern times ; for, with few exceptions, we have found moulded work wanting in that truth- fulness of form which distinguishes cut or gauged work. Doubtless this, in great measure, is due to the large amount of unskilled and juvenile labour employed in our brickworks, to the careless manipulation of the work, and the hurried de- mand for the material. To be assured that true form can be obtained in ceramic wares, one has only to look at the Natural History Museum, London. 92 BRICKWORK. SECTION V. ROOF-TILING, POINTING, ETC. TILING. TILING is a branch of the bricklayer's trade, and owing to the rage for red-brick buildings is now very much in use. One advantage of the tiled roof is that it is cool in summer and warm in winter, but on acount of their weight stronger timbers are required than for slates. The Broseley tiles are considered the best; they are 10 J inches long, 6 inches wide, and f of an inch thick, and have three nibs or projections at the head for hanging. Good tiles are fairly smooth and slightly vitrified. Those of a bright red or clayey colour, with no vitrification, are absorbent, and not so capable of resisting the weather. Six kinds are used in good work, viz. under- eaves or three-quarter tiles, plain tiles, hips and valleys, ridge tiles and tile-and-a half, the last being used for cutting up to valleys and hips, and forming gables, so as to do away with the half tile that would be required to break joint. Valley and hip tiles are purposely made to suit the angles of the roof. As the tiles come to the hand of the tiler he should throw out the straight ones to be used by themselves, while those that have a hollow bed should be also kept by them- selves, as the straights will not lie close on the hollows. Good tiling is characterised by the tails of each course fitting closely upon the backs of the tiles in the course below them ; by the cross ROOF-TILING, POINTING, ETC. 93 joints or "perpends" running in straight and regular lines from eaves to ridge, the vertical joint between each two tiles coming immediately in the middle of the tile below them ; by the hips and valleys being in the same plane as the sides of the roof of which they form a part. It is a common sight to see hips standing up above the roof, so as to have more the appearance of ridges than hips. As the tiles are ordered before the roof is on, the angles should be set out and sent to the tile-maker to insure getting them to the required angle. The contained angle of hip tiles is made 10 greater than the contained angle formed by the intersection at the hip of the two sides or planes of the roof, to allow for the tilt and the thickness of the two eaves- tiles. For the same rea- son the valley-tile is made 10 more than the re- entering angle of the roof. In our experience we have frequently found that the contained angle has been guessed at or obtained by some " rule of thumb," and with the consequence that generally ensues from such work, viz. that the angle con- tained within the hip tile has been either too acute or too obtuse. Tiles are either laid dry on close boards, with battens above for hanging them, or on open bat- tens, in which case they should be bedded in lime and hair mortar. The most modern and improved way of hanging is shown in Fig. 76. The boards are 6 inches wide and are feather-edged, the top edge being f of an inch thick. Here we have a boarded roof without battens, and one that will 94, BRICKWORK. keep out the weather if the tiles should get broken, for the rain would cause the wood to expand, and thus tighten the joints of the boards, to the exclu- sion of all rain. The first course the eaves and under-eaves should be bedded in hair mortar. The " lap " (the distance that the tail of the third tile overlaps the head of the first) should be Fig. 76. 3 inches. The "gauge" (the distance between the tails of two consecutive courses) can always be ob- tained by dividing the length of the tile (measured from the under side of the hanging nibs) less the lap by two. Thus, (10J - 3) -r 2 = 3f, the " gauge." ROOFS HAVING DIFFERENT PITCHES. When roofs of different pitches intersecting in hips and valleys occur, the tiler has generally a HOOF-TILIiNG, POINTING, ETC. 95 deal of trouble, and consequent waste of time, through carpenters frequently insisting upon intersecting the battens ; and very often after much time has been wasted, and a portion of the tiling done, it is found necessary to tear off all the battens to correct the error. The following rule will prevent such an error. Draw the plan of the two roofs (Fig 77), of Fig. 77. different pitch, and from the centre of the valley set out two parallel lines, a b, c d, representing the true width of the tails of the valley tiles, which is from 1J to 2 inches. On xy at right angles with the eaves of the main roof draw its section, on which set out the gauge 1, 2, 3, &c., 96 BRICKWORK. and drop lines square with xy and intersecting the line a b. From these points of intersection square the short lines across the valley, and from where they intersect the parallel c d draw lines square with x y and intersecting a section of the smaller roof. The distance between any two points on Y' G will be the "gauge" for the smaller roof. The line 3 on each section is drawn to their intersection, which is not in the centre of the valley, but very much on one side of it, thus proving the popular error of intersecting the battens in the middle of the valley. The " gauge " for hips should be obtained in the same way, excepting that the parallel lines, ab, c d, must be the same distance apart as the extreme points of the tail of the hip tile, measured in a straight line from point to point square with the hip. To OBTAIN THE NECESSARY ANGLE OF HlP OF VALLEY TILES. Draw ab, Fig. 78, the plan of the hip, and erect a perpendicular, a c, the true height of the top of the hip. Draw a line from c to b, and the angle a b c will be the true inclination of the hip. Draw ed square with a b, cutting the eaves, and from f a line square with c b ; with this as radius, from the point / draw the semicircle, and from where it cuts a b draw the lines eg, d g ; eg d is the angle required for the hip tiles, or in other words it is a section or cut through the roof at right angles with the hip. The angle for ROOF-TILING, POINTING, ETC. 97 valley tiles is obtained in the same way, remem- Fig. 78. bering that the hip is a salient angle and the valley a re-entering angle. POINTING. Pointing is divided into two classes, tuck- pointing and flat-joint pointing. In tuck-point- ing the joints of the brickwork are filled in with mortar or stopping, of generally the same colour as the bricks, and rubbed down to a level surface with a piece of sacking or soft brick of the same colour as the work, and a putty joint made of lime and silver-sand placed upon it. Stone lime should be used for outside work. The mode of working is to have a parallel rule from 8 to 10 feet long, 5 inches wide, and J an inch thick, with one feather edge and four cleats fV of an inch thick tacked on to the back to 98 BRICKWORK. afford room for the putty that is cut off to fall through. The putty is spread out on the rule from which the bricklayers, one at each end, take it off with their jointers, and with the rule against the wall, working on the top edge, trans- fer it to the wall. The ragged edges are then cut off with the Frenchman or knife, and the loose particles brushed off with a soft brush. Tuck-pointing is not suitable for outside work, as the putty joints projecting beyond the general surface arrest the weather and are consequently soon destroyed, unless protected by heavy pro- jections. FLAT-JOINT POINTING. This is the most general and durable kind of pointing. It should be made up of washed sand and stone lime several days at least before using it, that it may by the porcess of retempering acquire toughness, which will add very much to its durability and facility of working. The joints should be finished flush with the work (excepting in " weather-jointing," when the top of the joint should be kept back f of an inch, and the bottom flush to shed the rain) and neatly cut off top and bottom with the Frenchman, and brushed off. To ensure good pointing, the work should be well raked out and wetted not sparingly. If the joints are deep they should be filled in by going over them twice with tolerably stiff mortar to prevent cracking, and the work done with point- ing trowels. Jointers should not be used under ROOF- TILING, POINTING, ETC. 99 any pretext. In first-class work the pointing is done as the work proceeds during erection, and forming one body with the building will, if the mortar be good, last for many years. Malm work for tuck-pointing is generally stopped in with mortar, coloured with yellow ochre (21bs. of ochre to each hod of mortar), but it will be found best to use no colour in the stopping, as by its earthy nature it very much injures the setting and hardening properties of the lime, which in a great measure accounts for so much pointing perishing soon after it is done. Stop the work in with good mortar, as described in flat-joint pointing, and rub it down with a soft malm, leaving the dust on the work, and with a soft stock brush go over it lightly with hot alum water. One pound of alum to 3 gallons of water. "White Suffolk bricks for tuck-pointing, are treated in the same way, rubbing the work with a soft white Suffolk instead of with a malm. Red work for tuck-pointing is stopped in with, mortar coloured with Venetian red and Spanish brown, with sometimes a little vegetable black added. The colour of the stopping must be determined by the colour of the bricks, so as to match them. It is best to avoid colouring the bricks, but when stopped in rub them down with a soft brick, and apply alum water or white cop- peras, as already described. One pound of cop- peras to 3 gallons of water. The appearance of red brickwork is often spoilt through the applica- tion of colour. F 2 100 BRICKWORK. To clean down red work, mix a pint of spirits of salts witli a pailful of water. This applied with a stock brush will leave the work clear of all lime spots, &c. It may be done on work recently erected, in which the joints have been struck during erection, and without injuring them. Copperas is very much used in connection with stock work, especially when the bricks are in- ferior or of a bad colour. One pound of green copperas is melted down with every 5 gallons of water. It should be mixed several days before required, and enough made to finish the job, that it may be all one colour. A small nob of lime mixed with the copperas very much heightens its colour. The copperas should be tried on the work to match it before being generally used, and weakened down by the addition of water if found necessary. BURNING CLAY INTO BALLAST. The use of burnt ballast is increasing every day, both for purposes of mortar and concrete. The chief reason for this is its cheapness in comparison with the cost of sand, for while sand costs from 5s. to 7s. a cube yard, varying according to the locality, burnt ballast can be produced, including all materials and digging of clay, with a run of about 60 yards, at 2s. 6d. a cube yard. While we reiterate that for mortar nothing better than clean sand of a sharp angular grit can be used, we do not wish to be understood as condemning the use of burnt ballast. Thoroughly burnt and cool, with ROOF-TILING, POINTING, ETC. 101 the large aggregations (sponge- like lumps whose parts touch each other here and there, and are held in contact by vitreous matter) broken up, and the whole mixed with a fair proportion of Thames ballast or clean gravel (see previous re- marks on this subject in Article on Concrete), is capable of making a good concrete, for the ab- sorbent nature of the ballast attracting the sili- cates of the cement or lime, which entering the pores form so many threads or ties binding the whole mass together, and unlike Thames ballast, with its non-absorbent and smoothly water-worn surfaces, which simply beds itself in the matrix with comparatively little adhesion. Stiff or strong clay, just as it is dug up, is the best for burning, as it requires the least firing and will make the best ballast. The heap is com- menced by forming a cone of clay, about 3 feet in diameter and 5 feet in height, formed round a piece of pole placed on end as a centre. Fires are then made round the cone by placing bricks on edge forming a channel leading up to the centre. These are filled with wood and coal, and covered over and cased with a layer of clay about 6 inches thick before lighting. As the fire burns through it must be drawn down, which is done by means of long-handled prongs made specially for the work, and strewn with small coal called " slack," and covered with another layer of clay. The thickness of the layers of clay may be increased as the work proceeds, until they become from 18 to 24 inches, not forgetting the sprinkling of 102 BRICKWORK. "slack" on each layer of clay. Care must be taken that the fire be drawn down, as it naturally draws to the top, and the unburnt portions thrown up into the fire. When the clay is thoroughly burnt the fire will go out. BUILDING ADDITIONS TO OLD WORK. When building additions to old buildings, it frequently occurs that the old work is found to be considerably out of perpendicular, generally overhanging. In such a case it is best to carry up with the new work, just where it joins with the old, a pier or pilaster, forming a break in the wall line, which will enable the bricklayer to keep the new work upright and hide the fault of the old, which otherwise would be exposed by junction with the new. The projection of the pilaster will of course be regulated by the amount that the work is out of the upright. EIRE-PROOF FLOORS. Fire-proof floors are now very rarely constructed in bricks, being almost entirely superseded by tile arches brought to a level with concrete, or con- structed with rolled joists and concrete alone, or with cement and breeze, but more generally with Dennett's Patent, which is a concrete composed of broken bricks and gypsum. But in very large warehouses, and where great weights have to be carried, the fire-proof floors are still constructed with brick rings carried on rolled girders. APPLIED GEOMETRY. 103 SECTION VI. APPLIED GEOMETRY. Geometry of all studies is to tlie artisan the most attractive and useful. The problems given here are such as may be applied by the bricklayer to every-day practice, and therefore come within the meaning of the term applied geometry. But we would advise the young artisan not to rest satisfied with a knowledge of the few problems given herein, but to take up the subject as a separate study, and familiarise his mind with its principles, so as to be able to apply them generally and with understanding. To draw a square whose superficial area shall equal the sum of two squares whose sides are given. Let A B (Fig. 79) be the given sides. Draw the lines c D, E F at right angles, and from G set off G H equal to A, and G K equal to B : a line drawn from H to K will be the side of the required square. On G K complete the square G M, N K ; and on o H the square H L E G ; and on H K the square H K o P. The Fig. 79. area of this square will equal the combined areas of the two smaller 104 BRICKWORK. squares. To make this more clear, suppose the line A to be 8 inches and B 6 inches. The square of A would be 8 X 8 equal to 64 ; and the square of 6 would be 6 X 6 equal to 36, which added to 64 makes 100. By drawing A and B square with each other and joining their extremes with a straight line, we will find that line to measure ex- actly 10 inches, and the square of that will be 100. The principle of this problem is that a square erected on the hypothenuse (the longest side) of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of two squares, erected on the base and perpendicular of the same triangle. Its application to practice is shown in the article on " Setting out Building/' To draw a right-angled triangle, base \\ inches, height J inch. Draw a semicircle of 1J inch diameter (Fig. 80), and from d erect the per- pendicular d e : a line drawn from e, \ inch above the base line a c, will cut the semicircle in b ; lines drawn from a and c to b will form the required triangle. The principle of this is that all triangles within a semicircle are right-angled triangles. If the lines be drawn from a c to E or to any other point in the semicircle, we shall get a right-angled triangle. Its practical application is seen in the article on " Setting out Building.'* APPLIED GEOMETRY. 105 To draw an arc by cross- sectional lines. On a b, the span (Fig 81), erect the perpen- diculars, d e, equal to twice the required rise. Divide a e into any number of equal parts, . si. 1, 2, 3, 4, and e b into the same number of parts, and draw cross-sectional lines as shown. A curve traced through the intersections will be the required arc. Another method practised (we do not recom- mend its use) sometimes by carpenters for getting out turning-pieces for the bricklayer. Span 6 feet, rise 1J inch. Divide the span into a number of equal parts, say six, and from the points erect perpendiculars, measuring upward J inch on the first, an inch on the second, and 1J inch on the third, which in this case is the centre line. Treat the other half of the span in the same way, and with a flexible straight-edge fixed at the springing points a b (Fig. 81) force it upward until it stand over the distance marks on the perpendiculars, and with a pencil trace the arc or curve. The foregoing methods do away with the neces- sity of laying down a large platform and getting out a long radius-rod ; the camber, for instance, which is the segment of a circle described by a radius-rod of 70 feet 2| inches in length. 106 BRICKWORK. To describe a flat arc (camber for instance) by mechanical means. Let a b (Fig. 82) be the cord of the arc. Bisect Fig. 82. a b at c by the perpendicular c d, and make c d equal to the height of the segment. Draw d e parallel to a b, and make d e a little larger than a d. This template should be got out of a piece of timber, and by moving the whole of the tem- plate, so that the two edges d a and d e may slide on two pins, a and d, the angular point d of the template will describe the segment required, and if the pin be taken out of a and put in the point b, the other portion d b of the segment a d b will be described in the same manner. This method should be practised in preference to the methods previously described. To find the joints of a flat arch without using the centre of the circle of which the arc is apart. Having determined the number of voussoirs or " courses/' 1, 2, 3, 4, &o. (Fig. 83), from these points APPLIED GEOMETRY. 107 erect perpendiculars by intersecting arcs ; these perpendiculars represent the joints. We need hardly to say that the practical application of this problem is to enable the workman to draw the courses or voussoirs in an arch similar to that given in the previous problem. To draw the joints of a semi ellipse arch with mathe- matical accuracy. The point D (Fig. 84) is the middle of the arch, Fig. 84. and the point c the middle of the springing line. With the distance c A or c B, from the point D describe an arc cutting A B at e, and also at/; ef are the foci. Let a joint be required at g. From e and / draw lines passing through g, and bisect the angle they make wkh each other, and from the point g erect a perpendicular, which will represent the required joint. The other joints are obtained in a similar manner. 108 BRICKWORK. To find the invisible arch contained in a camber. Bisect the springing line a b (Fig. 85) with the perpendicular c cl, and ^ ( produce the skewback h b until it cut the, per- pendicular in c. Fromc, with distance c b draw the arc a d b, and with distance c g its concen- tric arc gfh. a g hb is the invisible arch. The soffit of the camber below the arc a d b is upheld by the cohesion of its parts with the invisible arch. Here we would add that bricklayers Lave no fixed rule to determine the angle of skewback for the camber, some giving 4J inches skewback for all open- ings, others 6J inches, and in many cases giving a skew of from f to 1 inch for every foot that the opening is wide ; as 3 inches for 3 feet, 4 inches for 4 feet, and so on. We would advise that the skew or angle of thrust should never exceed 6 inches, for as the skew becomes more acute the carrying strength of the camber becomes less, in consequence of the invisible arch contained therein being thrown higher up, as shown by the middle arc struck from k with distance k b. APPLIED GEOMETRY. 109 Any two straight lines given to determine a curve by which they shall be connected. Let abyCd (Fig. 86), be the given lines, and c b Fig. 86. the points to be connected. Produce the lines until they meet in e ; bisect the angle c e b with the line ef\ from c and b draw lines at right angles to a b and c d meeting ef in g. From g t with distance g c or g b describe the connecting curve. The given lines may be taken as two brick walls that have to be connected or formed with a round corner. Fig. 87 is an example in which the given lines are parallel. From point b draw fx at right angles with a b ; and from c, c e, at right angles 110 BRICKWORK. with c d. On / mark a point k any distance from b less than B c. Draw k I through k parallel to b c and cutting c e in /. From I as centre with the distance I c, which is equal to b k, describe the arc c m. Join I m and produce it in the same straight line towards m to. meet fx in n. From n as centre, with the distance n b or n m, describe the arc bm. The given straight lines a b, c d are connected by the curve b m c. If the given straight lines are not parallel, but would meet if one or both were produced, as g h (Fig. 88), produced meets a b in a, forming the Fig. 88. small angle g a b, draw, as before, fx and g o at right angles to a b and g h respectively. Take any point, k, in bf; make^jo equal to b k, and join kp. Bisect kp in q, and draw qr perpendicular to kp, meeting /# in r. Join rp, and from p as centre, at the distance g p, describe the arc g s, meeting rp in s. Then from the centre r, at the distance / b or r s, describe the arc completing the APPLIED GEOMETRY. Ill curve bsg,by which the given straight lines a b, g h are connected. To find the form or curvature of a raking moulding that shall unite correctly with a level one. Let abed (Fig. 89) be part of the level moulding (which we will here suppose to be an ovolo or quarter round), a and c the points where the raking moulding takes its rise on the angle, fc g the angle the raking moulding makes with the level one. Draw c/at the given angle, and from a draw a e parallel to it ; continue b a to h> and from c make c h perpendicular to A h. Divide c h into any number of equal parts, as 1,2, 3, 4, and draw lines parallel to h A, as l a , 2 b , 3 C , 4 d ; and then in any part of the raking moulding, as i, draw ^perpendicular to e a, and divide it into the same number of equal parts as h c is divided into; and draw l a , 2 b , 3, 4 d , parallel to e a. Then transfer the distances l a , 2 b , 3 C , 4 d , and a curve drawn through these points will be the form of the curve required for the raking moulding. 112 BRICKWORK. The method here shown is for an ovolo, but it would be just the same for any other formed moulding, as a cavetto, ogee, &c. This problem can be applied in the construction of pediments in " gauged " work. To describe an ellipse by means of a carpenter's square and a piece of notched lath. Having drawn two lines to represent the diameters of the ellipse required, fasten the square so that the internal angle, or meeting of the blade and stock shall be at the centre of the ellipse. Then take a piece of wood, or a lath, and cut it to the length of half the longest diameter, and from one end cut out a piece equal to half the shortest diameter, and there will then be a piece remaining at one end equal to the difference of the half of the two diameters. Place this projecting piece of the lath in such a manner that it may rest against the square on the edge which corresponds to the two diameters ; and then turning it round horizontally, the two ends of the projection will slide along the two internal edges of the square, and if a pencil be fixed at the other end of the lath it will describe one quarter of an ellipse. The square must then be moved for the successive quarters of the ellipse, and the whole figure will thus be easily formed. This method is on the principle of the trammel. There are several other ways of drawing an ellipse, but for these the reader must be referred to a work on geometry. APPLIED GEOMETRY. 113 To draw a Gothic of any given height and span ; or, in other words, an Ellipse Gothic. Let A B (Fig. 90) be the span and CD the height. Draw the line A B and bisect or centre it at c ; Fig. 90. draw c D, and make c i equal to c D. Divide c D into three equal parts, and draw A G, B H parallel with c D, and equal to two- thirds (|) of c D. Make c F equal to one- third of c D, and draw A F, F B. Divide A F into any number of equal parts, 1, 2, 3, 4, and from i draw il, ^2, e'3, /4. Divide A G into the same number of parts as A F, and draw ID, 2o, 3D, 4o, and the intersection of lines will give the points in the curve, which must be drawn by hand. The other half must be found in the same way. 114 BRICKWORK. To draw the arch bricks of a Gothic arch, that is for the curve in the previous problem. Having formed the angles c D G and c D H as before, from D (Fig. 91) draw D L perpendicular Fig. 91. to D H. Make B F and E D each equal to B H ; join E F, and from the middle of E F draw i L per- pendicular with E F. Draw L F, L and F are the points from which the j oints of the arch will radiate. To find the radius of any arc or arch, the rise and span being given. Let a b represent the span, c d the rise ; a b equal 4 feet, c d 2 feet, a c (half the span) mul- tiplied by itself will be 2 X 2, or 4 feet ; divided by c d will be -J, or 2 feet, c d added to this will be 4 feet, which divided by 2 will give 2 feet as the length of radius that will describe the required arc whose span and rise are given. In this case we have chosen a semicircle for the sake of simplicity and self-demonstration, but the rule may be applied to any arc of any circle. In APPLIED GEOMETRY. 115 mathematical formula our calculation would stand thus : -f- c d ) -r 2 the length of radius re- c d ' quired. Or in plain words a c square, divided by c d, plus c d divided by 2 equal the length of radius. In the above explanation we have gone out of the beaten track for the purpose of making the rule clear to those of our readers who may not be familiar with trigonometrical and alge- braic expressions. It will, however, be recognised by some as the square of half the cord divided by the versed sine, plus the versed sine divided by 2 equal the radius. For mensuration of brickwork the Author refers the reader to Mr. Hammond's " Practical Bricklaying," forming vol. 189 in this series. INDEX. A EDITIONS TO OLD WORK, 102. 4* Angle of hip or valley tiles, to obtain, 96. Angle of skew, 50. of strain, 29. Apertures, 26. Arc, to draw by cross sectional lines, 105. Arches, 46. cutting of, 64. principles of, 47. whose courses have different bevels, 85. Axed work, 63. T)ASE, BOND OF, 27. ** treatment of, 27. Battering jamb, 38. Bats, 30, 34. Bedding board, 66. Bends, 12. Berkshire builders, 17. Birdsmouthed key, 71. objection to, 71. Blocking courses, 89. Blue lias, 9. Boaster, 65. Bond of brickwork, 20. underrated, 20. of footings and walls, 22. Gwilt on, 21. Smeaton on, 20. Boyd's flue-plates, 45. Bricks, 16. characteristics of good, 19. differences in sizes of, 39. case hardening of, 62. wetting of, 28. Brick groins, 58. Brickwork, 2. characteristics of good, 40. good, samples of, 16. Broken bond, 27. cause of, 27. in Flemish, 33. Brondesbury bridge, 55. Broseley tiles, 92. Building new work into old, 40. Bull's-eye, 65. Burning clay into ballast, 100. Burnt ballast, 9. Buttering joints, evil of, 34. CAMBER ARCH, 64, 68. ^ invisible arch in, 108. mould, 69. to describe by mechanical means, 69. to take off lengths and bevels of courses, 68. Carved work, 64. gauged-work, composition for setting, 60. Catenary curve, 48. Cement- testing machine. 10. Centre for niche head, 81. Ceramic wares, 91. Chalk lime, 14. Chimney bond, 34. Chimney stacks, 34. walls of 4 inches, 34. Closer or Closure, 22, 31. Colour in stopping, objection to, 99. Concrete, 2. for filling in terra-cottn, 8. INDEX. 117 Concrete, Mr. Reid on, 8. "packing," 7. proportion of ingredients, 8. quantity of water in mix- ing, 8. specification of mixing, 6. thickness of, 5. Construction of arches, 55. Copperas, 99. Coring holes, 43. Counterbalance, 85. Coursing joints, 50. mould, 52. Cross joints, 24. Cutting-shed, 64. TJENNETT'S PATENT, 102. Development of soffit of skew arch, 51. Dipping, 63. Dips in drains, 12. Dip-trap, 13. Doors, positions of, 26. Doulton's terra-cotta flue pipes, 45. Drains, laying of, 11. fall of, 11. cause of stoppage, 12. ventilation of, 12. Drain-pipes, sizes of, 13. Drawing and cutting arches, 64. Dutch bond, 37. advantages claimed for, 38. "PARTHENWARE TRAPS, 13. ** Ellipse, to describe, 112. Ellipse Gothic arch, 72. to describe by cross sec- tional lines, 113. Enamelled bricks, 18. English garden wall bond, 35. English bond in chimney stacks, 34. Excavations, 2. Extrados, 66. "PACE MOULD, 65, 66. Fan-groining, sample of, 60. Fareham bricks, 17, 61. Fire bricks, 18. Fireclay, 19. Fireplace for register stove, 44. Fireproof floors, 102. Flat joint pointing, 98. Flashing to chimney-stacks, 35. Flat arch, to find joints of, 106. Flemish, 22, 31. Flemish garden wall bond, 35. Flues, 41. building of, 43. down draught, 42. disadvantage of too large sectional area, 42. Flues, sizes of, 44. Flushing, 28. Footings, 6, 22. Forcing-rods, 12. Formation of centre for niche head, 81. Foundations, 1. Freestone lintels, cause of frac- turing, 48. /CABLET, 88. u Gauge of tiles, 95, 96. Gauge-rod, 25. Gauged work, 17, 61. Gault bricks, 17. Geometry, 103. Gothic arches, 63, 70, 71. to draw arch bricks of, 114 on circle arch, 77. vaulting, 58, 59, 60. window, 89. Grizzles, 16. Groined vaulting, 58. Ground blue lias, 2. Ground-damp, 2. Grouting, 28, 40. TTEADING BOND, 28. - Herring-bone bond, 3fi. Hip tiles, 92, 93, 96. INSPECTION HOLES, 10. "AMB, 26. Jointers, 98. 118 INDEX. K ING CLOSURE, 25. Kneeler, 88. T ARRYING UP, 41. -^ Level or datum, 2. Lime, 14. Lines of force or thrust, 65. Line of frontage, 3. Line of radii, 55, 57. Lines, to connect by means of a curve, 109. Lintels, 48. London clay, 6. Long skew arches, treatment of, 51. Lump lias, 14. MADE-UP GROUND, 6. Malms, 17, 61. action of London smoke on, 62. Man-hole, 12. Mortar, 14, 28. Moulded courses, 83. work, 91. MuUions, 74, 89. NICHE, 79. hood, 81. mould, 83. length and bevel of courses to, 82. ALD ENGLISH BOND, 21. " Open soil-pipe, 12. Operculum or channel-pipe, 12. Oriel window, 85. Ornamental arches, 84. Ornamental brickwork, 79, 90. Ornamental guble or pediment, 88. T)ARGETTING, 34. *- Paving, 36, 37. Perpends, 39. Philological School, 15. Picked stocks, 16. Place bricks, 16. Plain arches, 49. Plan of skew arch, 60. Plinth, 27. Pointing, 39, 97. Polychrome bricks, 15. Portland cement, 2, 6. Portland cement concrete, 7. Pressed bricks, 20. Principle of ordinary skew arch. 54. Projecting courses, 86. Purpose-made brick, 57. QUEEN ANNE'S STYLE OP ARCHI- TECTURE, 79. revival of, 14. Quoin, 4, 32. "DADIUS-ROD, LENGTH OF, TOR - 1 - 1 CAMBER, 105. to obtain by formula, 114. Raking moulding, 111. Red brickwork, 14. to clean down, 100. Red building bricks, 17. Relieving arches, 48. Reveal, 26. bond of, 27- Reversing the bond, 33. Right-angled junctions, 12. Roman tile, 30. Roofs of different pitch, 94. Rosendale cement, 57. Ruabon clay, analysis, 20. bricks and terra cotta, 20. Rubbers, 17, 61. Ruskin, influence of on red- brick designs, 15. advocacy of ornamental brickwork, 90. O AND, 9, 14. 1 Scheme, 73. Scheme arch, 75. " Scotch," 65. Scriber, 65. Section-box, 84. mould, 78. Section of niche, 79. Semi-ellipse arch, 73, 107. Semi and segmental arches, 66. Semi-Gothic arch, 76. INDEX. 119 Setting, 63, 64. Setting out and cutting, 62. Setting out building, 2. Setting out the bond, 26. Sewer gas, 12. Sewers, 57. Sharp bends in flues, evil of, 42. Shippers, 17. Site, 1. Skew arch, 49, 52. Skewback of camber, 108. Smoky flues, 41. Snapped headers, 31, 34. Soakers, 35. Soffit-mould of Gothic on circle, 78. Stacks in 4^-inch walls, 34. Staffordshire blue bricks, 18,52. Stock bricks, 16. Stock work, 61. Stone lime, 14, 63. Stone strings, 28. Stopping in pointing, 97, 99. Stourbridge fire bricks, 19. String courses, 30. Stuccoed buildings, 15. Subsoil, 5. Surface concrete, 2. TAILING DOWN, 86. Taking off bevels, 65. Templates and strings, 30. Testing cement, 10. Teynham bricks, 17- Thames ballast, 10, 101. Thick and thin joints, 28. Three-quarter stretcher, 24, 27. Tiled roof, advantage of, 92. Tiling, 92. characteristics of good, 92. Tile fillet, 88. Tiles, characteristics of good, 92. improved method of hang- ing, 93. Timber foundation, 57. T. L. B. Eubbers, 61. To find the radius of any arc or arch, 114. Tools for arch cutting, 64. Toothings, 39. Transverse joints, 23. Transversing the courses, 65. Triangle, 104. Tuck-pointing, 97, 99. Tumbling in buttresses, &c., 38. Tympana of arches, 36, 89. TTALLEY TILES, 96. Valleys, 94. Various bonds, 34. Venetian arch, 74. Voussoirs, 47, 65. T/TTALL IN FLEMISH FACE ENGLISH BACK, 32. Washed stocks, 16. Water conduit, 56. Weather-jointing, 98. White Suffolks, 18, 62. Windows, 27. Wing gatherings, 41, 44. AND THE END. PRINTED BY J. 8, VIRTUE AND CO.. LIMITED, CITY ROAD, LONDOK. Uniform with this volume, price Is. Qd. THE RUDIMENTS OF PBACTI- CAL BRICKLAYING. In Six Sections: General Principles of Bricklaying Arch Draw- ing, Cutting, and Setting Different Kinds of Pointing Paving, Tiling, Materials Slating and Plastering Practical Geometry, Mensura- tion, &c. By ADAM HAMMOND. Illustrated with. Sixty-eight Woodcuts. Fifth Edition, carefully Revised, with Additions. " This is the work of a practical bricklayer, and is intended for the junior members of the important, if laborious, pro- fession to which the author belongs. It is full of details concerning all the parts ot the shell of a building, from foundation to tiles. 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LOCK WOOD'S DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN THE PRA CTICE OF MECHA NIC A L ENGINEERING, embracing those current in the Drawing Office, Pattern Shop, Foundry, Fitting, Turning, Smith's and Boiler Shops, &c. &c. Comprising upwards of 6,000 Definitions. Edited by A FOREMAN PATTERN-MAKER, Author of " Pattern Making." Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. " Just the sort of handy dictionary required by the various trades engaged in mechanical en- gineering. The practical engineering pupil will find the book of great value in his studies, and every foreman engineer and mechanic should have a copy." Building Netus. "After a careful examination of the book, and trying all manner of words, we think that the, engineer will here find all he is likely to require. It will be largely used." Practical Engineer. "One of the most useful books which can be presented to a mechanic or student." English Mechanic. " Not merely a dictionary, but, to a certain extent, also a rr.ost valuable guide. 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' The best forms of instruments are described as to their construction, uses and modes of employment, and there are innumerable hints on work and equipment such as the author, in his experience as surveyor, draughtsrmn and teacher, has found necessary, and which the student in his inexperience will find most serviceable." Engineer. " The latest treatise in the English language on surveying, and we have no hesitation in say- ing that the student will find it a better guide than any of its predecessors .... Deserves to be recognised as the first book which should be put in the hands of a pupil of Civil Engineering, and every gentleman of education who sets out for the Colonies would find it well to have a copy." Architect. " A very useful, practical handbook on field practice. Clear, accurate and not too con* densed." Journal of Education. Survey Practice. AID TO SURVEY PRACTICE, for Reference in Surveying, Level- ling, and Setting-out ; and in Route Surveys of Travellers by Land and Sea. With Tables, Illustrations, and Records. By Lowis D'A. JACKSON, A.M.I.C.E., Author of " Hydraulic Manual," "Modern Metrology," &c. Second Edition, Enlarged. Large crown 8vo, 125. 6d. cloth. "Mr. Jackson has produced a valuable vade-mecum for the surveyor. We can recommend this book as containing an admirable supplement to the teaching of the accomplished survey or." Athenteum. " As a text-book we should advise all surveyors to place It in their libraries, and study well the matured instructions afforded in its pages." Colliery Guardian. " The author brings to his work a fortunate union of theory and practical experience which, aided by a clear and lucid style of writing, renders the book a rery useful one." Builder* Surveying, Land and Marine. LAND AND MARINE SURVEYING, in Reference to the Pre- paration of Plans for Roads and Railways ; Canals, Rivers, Towns' Water Supplies; Docks and Harbours. With Description and Use of Surveying Instruments. By W. D. HASKOLL, C.E., Author of " Bridge and Viaduct Con- struction," &c. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. Large cr.Svo, gs. cl. " This book must prove of great value to the student. We have no hesitation in recommend- ing it, feeling assured that it will more than repay a careful study." Mechanical World. "A most useful and well arranged book for the aid of a student. We can strongly recommend it as a carefully-written and valuable text-book. It enjoys a well-deserved repute among surveyors." Builder. " This volume cannot fail to prove of the utmost practical utility. It may be safely recommended to all students who aspire to become clean and expert surveyors." Alining Journal. Tunnelling. PRACTICAL TUNNELLING. Explaining in detail the Setting, out of the works, Shaft-sinking and Heading-driving, Ranging the Lines and Levelling underground, Sub-Excavating, Timbering, and the Construction of the Brickwork of Tunnels, with the amount of Labour required for, and the Cost of, the various portions of the work. By FREDERICK W. SIMMS, F.G.S., M.Inst.C.E. Third Edition, Revised and Extended by D. KINNEAR CLARK, M.Inst.C.E. Imperial 8vo, with 21 Folding Plates and numerous Wood Engravings, 305. cloth. "The estimation in which Mr. Slmms's book on tunnelling has been held for over thirty years cannot be more truly expressed than in the words of the late Prof. Rankine : ' The best source of in- formation on the subject of tunnels is Mr.F.W.Simrns'swork on Practical Tunnelling.' " Architect. " It has been regarded from the first as a text book of the subject. . . . Mr. Clarke has added immensely to the value ot the book." Engineer. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc, u Levelling. A TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF LEVELLING. Showing its Application to purposes of Railway and Civil Engineering, in the Construction of Roads ; with Mr.TELFORD's Rules for the same. By FREDERICK W. SIMMS, F.G.S., M.Inst.C.E. Seventh Edition, with the addition of LAW'S Practical Examples for Setting-out Railway Curves, and TRAUTWINE'S Field Practice of Laying-out Circular Curves. With 7 Plates and numerous Woodcuts, 8vo, 8s. 6d. cloth. *** TRAUIWJNE on Curves may be had separate, 55. " The text-book on levelling in most of our engineering schools and colleges." Engineer. " The publishers have rendered a substantial service to the profession, especially to the younger members, oy bringing out the present edition of Mr. Simms's useful work." Engineering. Heat, Expansion &?/. EXPANSION OF STRUCTURES BY HEAT. By JOHN KEILY, C.E., late of the Indian Public Works and Victorian Railway Depart- ments, Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. Section I. FORMULAS AND DATA. Section II. METAL BARS. Section III. SIMPLE FRAMES. Section IV. COMPLEX FRAMES AND PLATES. Section V. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. Section VI, MECHANICAL FORCE of HEAT. Section VII. WORK OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION. Section VIII. SUSPENSION BRIDGES. Section IX. MASONRY STRUCTURES, " The aim the author has set before him, viz., to show the effects of heat upon metallic and other structures, is a laudable one, for this is a branch of physics upon which the engineer or archi tect can find but little reliable and comprehensive data in books." Builder. " Whoever is concerned to know the effect of changes of temperature on such structures as suspension bridges and the like, could not do better than consult Mr. Keily's valuable and handy exposition of the geometrical principles involved in these changes." Scotsman. Practical Mathematics. MATHEMATICS FOR PRACTICAL MEN: Being a Common- place Book of Pure and Mixed Mathematics. Designed chiefly for the use of Civil Engineers, Architects and Surveyors. By OLINTHUS GREGORY, LL.D., F.R.A.S., Enlarged by HENRY LAW, C.E. 4th Edition, carefully Revised by J. R. YOUNG, formerly Professor of Mathematics, Belfast College, With 13 Plates, 8vp, i is. cloth. " The engineer or architect will here find ready to his hand rules for solving nearly every mathe- matical difficulty that may arise in his practice The rules are in all cases explained by means of examples, in which every step of the process is clearly worked out." Builder. " Ona of the most serviceable books for practical mechanics. . . It is an instructive book foj the student, and a text-book for lum who, having once mastered the subjects it treats of, needs occasionally to refresh his memory upon them. Building News. Hydraulic Tables. HYDRAULIC TABLES, CO-EFFICIENTS, and FORMULAE for finding the Discharge of Water from Orifices, Notches, Weirs, Pipes, and Rivers. With New Formulas, Tables, and General Information on Rainfall, Catchment-Basins, Drainage, Sewerage, Water Supply for Towns and Mili Power. By JOHN NEVILLE, Civil Engineer, M.R.I.A. Third Ed., carefully Revised, with considerable Additions. Numerous Illusts. Cr. 8vo, 145. cloth. " Alike valuable to students and engineers in practice ; its study will prevent the annoyance of avoidable failures, and assist them to select the readiest means of successfully carrying out any given work connected with hydraulic engineering." Mining Journal. " It is, of all English books on the subject, the one nearest to completeness. . . . From the good acrangement of the matter, the clear explanations, and abundance of formulae, the carefully calculated tables, and, above all, the thorough, acquaintance with both theory and construction, which is displayed from first to last, the book w be found to be an acquisition." A rchittct. Hydraulics. HYDRA ULIC MANUAL. Consisting of Working Tables and Explanatory Text. Intended as a Guide in Hydraulic Calculations and Field Operations. By Lowis D'A. JACKSON, Author of "Aid to Survey Practice," " Modern Metrology,' 1 &c. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Large cr. 8vo, i6s. cl. " The author has had a wide experience in hydraulic engineering and has been a careful ob- server of the facts which have come under his notice, and from the great mass of material at his command he has constructed a manual which may be accepted as a trustworthy guide to this branch of the engineer's profession. We can heartily recommend this volume to all who desire to be acquainted with the latest development of this important subject." Engineering. " The standard-work in this department of mechniiics.' Scotsman. " The most useful feature of this work is its freedom from what is superannuated, and Its thorough adoption of recent experiments ; the text is, in fact, in great part a short account of the great modern experiments." Nature. 12 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. Drainage. ON THE DRAINAGE OF LANDS, TOWNS AND BUILD- INGS. By G. D. DEMPSEY, C.E., Author of "The Practical Railway En- gineer," &c. Revised, with large Additions on RECENT PRACTICE IN DRAINAGE ENGINEERING, by D. KINNEAR CLARK, M.Inst.C.E. Author of "Tramways," "A Manual of Rules, Tables, and Data for Engineers," &c. Second Edition. 121110, 55. cloth. " The new matter added to Mr. Dempsey's excellent work is characterised by the comprehen- sive grasp and accuracy of detail for which the name of Mr. D. K. Clark is a sufficient voucher." Atltentsum. " As a work on recent practice in drainage engineering, the book is to be commended to all who are making that branch of engineering science their special study." Iron. " A comprehensive manual on drainage engineering, and a useful introduction to the student." Building News. Tramways and their Worlcing. TRAMWAYS : THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING. Embracing a Comprehensive History of the System ; with an exhaustive Analysis of the various Modes of Traction, including Horse-Power, Steam, Heated Water, and Compressed Air ; a Description of the Varieties of Rolling Stock; and ample Details of Cost and Working Expenses: the Progress recently made in Tramway Construction, &c. &c. By D. KINNEAR CLARK, M.Inst.C.E. With over 200 Wood Engravings, and 13 Folding Plates. Two Vols., large crown 8vo, 305. cloth. " All interested in tramways must refer to it, as all railway engineers have turned to the author's work ' Railway Machinery."' Engineer. "An exhaustive and practical work on tramways, in which the history of this kind of locomo- tion, and a description and cost of the various modes of laying tramways, are to be found. " B-uilditig- News. "The best form of rails, the best mode of construction, and the best mechanical appliances are so fairly indicated in the work under review, that any engineer about to construct a tramway will be enabled at once to obtain the practical information which will be of most service to him.' Athenaeum. Oblique Arches. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF OBLIQUE ARCHES. By JOHN HART. Third Edition, with Plates. Im- perial 8vo, 8s. cloth. Curves, Tables for Setting-out. TABLES OF TANGENTIAL ANGLES AND MULTIPLES for Setting-out Curves from 5 to zoo Radius. By ALEXANDER BEAZELEY, M.Inst.C.E. Third Edition. Printed on 48 Cards, and sold in a cloth box, waistcoat-pocket size, 35. 6d. " Each table is printed on a small card, which, being placed on the theodolite, leaves the hands free to manipulate the instrument no small ad vantage as regards the rapidity of work." Engineer. "Very handy ; a man may know that all his day's work must fa on two of these cards, which be puts into his own card-case, and leaves the rest behind." Athenaum. Earthivork. EARTHWORK TABLES. Showing the Contents in Cubic Yards of Embankments, Cuttings, &c.,of Heights or Depths up to an average of 80 feet. By JOSEPH BROADBENT, C.E., and FRANCIS CAMPIN, C.E. Crown 8vo, ss. cloth. "The way in which accuracy is attained, by a simple division ot each cross section into three elements, two in which are constant and one variable, is ingenious." Athenaum. Tunnel Shafts. THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE TUNNEL SHAFTS : A Practical and Theoretical Essay. By J. H. WATSON BUCK, M.Inst.C.E., Resident Engineer, London and North- Western Railway. Illustrated with Folding Plates, royal 8vo, 12$. cloth. " Many of the methods given are of extreme practical value to the mason ; and the observations on the form of arch, the rules for ordering the stone, and the construction of the templates will be found of considerable use. We commend the book to the engineering profession." Building News. "Will be regarded by civil engineers as of the utmost value, and calculated to save much time and obviate many mistakes." Colliery Guardian. Girders, Strength of. GRAPHIC TABLE FOR FACILITATING THE COMPUTA- TION OF THE WEIGHTS OF WROUGHT IRON AND STEEL GIRDERS, etc., for Parliamentary and other Estimate^. By J. H. WATSON BUCK, M.Inst.C.E. On a Sheet, 2S.6^. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. 13 River Engineering. RIVER BARS : The Causes of their Formation, and their Treat- ment by " Induced Tidal Scour; " with a Description of the Successful Re- duction by this Method of the Bar at Dublin. By I. J. MANN, Assist. Eng. to the Dublin Port and Docks Board. Royal Svo, /s. 6rf. cloth. " We recommend all interested in harbour works and, indeed, those concerned in the im- provements of rivers generally to read Mr. Mann's interesting work, on the treatment of rive? bars." Engineer. Trusses. TRUSSES OF V700D AND IRON. Practical Applications of Science.in Determining the Stresses, Breaking Weights, Safe Loads, Scantlings, and Details of Construction, with Complete Working Drawings. By WILLIAM GRIFFITHS, Surveyor, Assistant Master, Tranniere School of Science and Art. Oblong Svo, 45. 6d. cloth. " This handy little book enters so minutely into every detail connected with the construction of roof trusses, that no student need be ignorant of these matters." Practical Engineer. llailway Working. SAFE RAILWAY WORKING. A Treatise on Railway Acci- dents: Their Cause and Prevention; with a Description of Modern Appliances and Systems. By CLEMENT E. STRETTON, C.E., Vice-President and Con- sulting Engineer, Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants. With Illus- trations and Coloured Plates. Second Edition, Enlarged. Crown Svo, 3$. 6rf k cloth. [Just published. " A book for the engineer, the directors, the managers ; and, in short, all who wish for informa.- tlon on railway matters will find a perfect encyclopaedia ia ' Safe Railway Working. ''Rail-waji Review. " We commend the remarks on railway signalling to all railway managers, especially where a uniform code and practice is advocated." Herepath's Rail-way Journal. "The author maybe congratulated on having collected, in a very convenient form, much valuable information on the principal questions affecting the safe working of railways." Rail. ti-ay Engineer. Field-Book for Engineers. THE ENGINEER'S, MINING SURVEYOR'S, AND CCW~ TRACTOR 'S FIELD-BOOK. Consisting of a Series of Tables, with Rules, Explanations of Systems, and use of Theodolite for Traverse Surveying and Plotting the Work with minute accuracy by means of Straight Edge and Set Square only ; Levelling with the Theodolite, Casting-out and Reducing Levels to Datum, and Plotting Sections in the ordinary manner; setting-out Curves with the Theodolite by Tangential Angles and Multiples, with Right and Left-hand Readings of the Instrument: Setting-out Curves without Theodolite, on the System of Tangential Angles by sets of Tangents and Offi- sets ; and Earthwork Tables to 80 feet deep, calculated for every 6 inches in depth. By W. DAVIS HASKOLL, C.E. With numerous Woodcuts. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Crown Svo, I2S. cloth. "The book is very handy; the separate tables of sines and tangents to every minute will make it useful for many other purposes, the genuine traverse tables existing all the same." Athen&ttirr. "Every person engaged in engineering field operations wi)l estimate the importance of such a work and the amount of valuable time which will be saved by referen;e to a set of reliable tables prepared with the accuracy and fulness of those given in this volume." Railway News. Earthwork, Measurement of. A MANUAL ON EARTHWORK. By ALEX. J. S. GRAHAM, C.E. With numerous Diagrams. Second Edition. iSmo, zs. 6d. cloth "A great amount of practical information, very admirably arranged, and available for rough estimates, as well as for the more exact calculations required in the engineer's and contractor's offices. "Artizan. Strains in Ironwork. THE STRAINS ON STRUCTURES OF IRONWORK; with Practical Remarks on Iron Construction. By F. W. SHEILDS, M.Inst.C.E, Second Edition, with 5 Plates. Royal Svo, 55. cloth. The student cannot find a better little book on this subject." Engineer. Cast Iron and other Metals, Strength of. A PRACTICAL ESSAY ON THE STRENGTH OF CAST IRON AND OTHER METALS. By THOMAS TREDGOLD, C.E. Fifth Edition, including HODGKINSON'S Experimental Researches. 8vo, i2s, cloth. CROSBY LOCKWOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, etc. Construction. THE SCIENCE OF BUILDING: An Elementary Treatise on the Principles e/ Construction. By E. WYNDHAM TARN, M.A., Architect. Third Edition, Enlarged, with 59 Engravings. Fcap. 8vo, 45. cloth. "A very valuable book, which we strongly recommend to all students." Builder. "No architectural student should be without this handbook." Architect. Villa Architecture. A HANDY BOOK OF VILLA ARCHITECTURE : Being a Series of Designs for Villa Residences in various Styles. With Outline Specifications and Estimates. By C. WICKHS, Author of "The Spires and Towers of England," &c. 61 Plates, 4to, i us. 6d. half-morocco, gilt edges. " The whole of the designs bear evidence of their being the work of an artistic architect, and they will prove very valuable and suggestive." Building News. Text-Book for Architects. THE ARCHITECT'S GUIDE: Being a Text-Booh of Useful Information for Architects, Engineers, Surveyors, Contractors, Clerks of Works, &c. 6-c. By FREDERICK ROGERS, Architect, Author of " Specifica- tions for Practical Architecture," &c. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 6s. cloth. " As a text-book of useful information for architects, engineers, surveyors, &c., It would be hard to find a handier or more complete little volume." Sta.nda.rd. "A young architect could hardly have a better guide-book." Timber Trades Journal. Taylor and Cresy's Rome. THE ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES OF ROME. By the late G. L. TAYLOR, Esq., F.R.I. B.A., and EDWARD CRESY, Esq. New Edition, thoroughly Revised by the Rev. ALEXANDER TAYLOR, M.A. (son of the late G. L. Taylor, Esq.), Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, and Chap- lain of Gray's Inn. Large folio, with 130 Plates, half-bound, 3 3$. " Taylor and Cresy's work has from its first publication been ranked among those professional books which cannot be bettered. ... It would be difficult to find examples of drawings, even among those of the most painstaking students of Gothic, more thoroughly worked out than are the one hundred and thirty plates in this volume." Architect. Linear Perspective. ARCHITECTURAL PERSPECTIVE : The whole Course and Operations of the Draughtsman in Drawing a Large House in Linear Per- spective. Illustrated by 39 Folding Plates. By F. O. FERGUSON. Demy 8vo, 3S. 6d. boards. [.Just published. Architectural Drawing. PRACTICAL RULES ON DRA WING, for the Operative Builder and Young Student in Architecture. By GEORGE PYNE. With 14 Plates, 4to, 75. 6d. boards. Sir Wm. Chambers on Civil Architecture. THE DECORATIVE PART OF CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. By Sir WILLIAM CHAMBERS, F.R.S. With Portrait, Illustrations, Notes, and an Examination of Grecian Architecture, by JOSEPH GWILT, F.S.A. Revised and Edited by W. H. LEEDS, with a Memoir of the Author. 66 Plates, 4to, zis. cloth. House Building and Repairing. THE HOUSE-OWNER'S ESTIMATOR ; or, What will it Cost to Build, Alter, or Repair? A Price Book adapted to the Use of Unpro- fessional People, as well as for the Architectural Surveyor and Builder. By JAMES D. SIMON, A.R.I.B.A. Edited and Revised by FRANCIS T. W. MILLER, A.R.I.B.A. With numerous Illustrations. Fourth Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. "In two years it will repay Its cost a hundred times over." Field. Cottages and Villas. COUNTRY AND SUBURBAN COTTAGES AND VILLAS How to Plan and Build Them. Containing 33 Plates, with Introduction, General Explanations, and Description of each Plate. By JAMES W. BOGUE, Architect, Author of " Domestic Architecture," &c. 4to, les. 6d. cloth. ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, etc. The New Builder's Price Book, 1892. LOCKWOOD'S BUILDER'S PRICE BOOK FOR 1892. A Comprehensive Handbook of the Latest Prices and Data for Builders, Architects, Engineers and Contractors. Re-constructed, Re-written and Further Enlarged. By FRANCIS T. W. MILLER. 700 closely-printed pages, crown 8vo, 45. cloth. ' [Just published. " This book is a very useful one, and should find a place In every English office connected with the building and engineering professions." Industries. "This Price Book has been set up in new type. . . . Advantage has been taken of the transformation to add much additional information, and the volume is now an excellent book of reference. " Architect. " la its new and revised form this Price Book is what a work of this kind should be compre- hensive, reliable, well arranged, legible and well b ,u:id.' British Architect. " A work of established reputation." Athenaeum. " This very useful handbook is well written, exceedingly clear in its explanations and great care has evidently been taken to ensure accuracy." Morning- Advertiser. Designing, Measuring, and Valuing. THE STUDENTS GUIDE to the PRACTICE of MEASUR- ING AND VALUING ARTIFICERS' WORKS. Containing Directions for taking Dimensions, Abstracting the same, and bringing the Quantities into Bill, with Tables of Constants for Valuation of Labour, and for the Calcula- tion of Areas and Solidities. Originally edited by EDWARD DOBSON, Architect. With Additions on Mensuration and Construction, and a New Chapter on Dilapidations, Repairs, and Contract?, by E. WYNDHAM TARN, M.A. Sixth Edition, including a Complete Form of a Bill of Quantities. With 8 Plates and 63 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. " Well fulfils the promise of its title-page, and we can thoroughly recommend it to the class for whose use it has been compiled. Mr. Tarn's additions and revisions have much increased the usefulness of the work, and have especially augmented its value to students." Engineering. "This edition will be found the mos't complete treatise on the principles of measuring and valuing artificers' work that has yet been published." Building News. Pocltet Estimator and Technical Guide. THE POCKET TECHNICAL GUIDE, MEASURER AND ESTIMATOR FOR BUILDERS AND SURVEYORS. Containing Tech- nical Directions for Measuring Work in all the Building Trades, Complete Specifications for Houses, Roads, and Drains, and an easy Method of Estimat- ing the parts of a Building collectively. By A. C. BEATON, Author of " Quantities and Measurements," &c. Sixth Edition, Revised. With 53 Woodcuts, waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d. gilt edges. [Just published. " No builder, architect, surveyor, or valuer should be without his ' Beaton." Building News. " Contains an extraordinary amount of information in daily requisition In measuring and estimating. Its presence in the pocket will save valuable time and trouble." Building World. Donaldson on Specifications. THE HANDBOOK OF SPECIFICATIONS; or, Practical Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder, in drawing up Specifications and Contracts for Works and Constructions. Illustrated by Precedents of Buildings actually executed by eminent Architects and En- gineers. By Professor T. L. DONALDSON, P.R.I.B.A., &c. New Edition, in One large Vol., Svo, with upwards of 1,000 pages of Text, and 33 Plates, us. 64. cloth. " In this work ferry-four specifications of executed works are grren, Including the speclfica- Sons for parts of the new Houses of Parliament, by Sir Charles Barry, and for the new Royal Exchange, by Mr. Tite, M.P. The latter, in particular, is a very complete and remarkable document. It embodies, to a great extent, as Mr. Donaldson mentions, 'the bill of quantities with the description of the works.' ... It is valuable as a record, and more valuable still as a book of precedents. . . . Suffice it to say that Donaldson's ' Handbook of Specifications must be bought by all architects." Builder. ^Bartholomew and Rogers' Specifications. SPECIFICATIONS FOR PRACTICAL ARCHITECTURE. A Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder. With an Essay on the Structure and Science of Modern Buildings. Upon the Basis of the Work by ALFRED BARTHOLOMEW, thoroughly Revised, Corrected, and greatly added to by FREDERICK ROGERS, Architect. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. With numerous Illustrations, medium Svo, 155. cloth. " The collection of specincariens prepared by Mr. Rogers on the basis of Bartholomew's work is too well known to need any recommendation from us. It is one of the hooks with which every young architect must be equipped ; for time has shown that the specification cannot be set aside through any defect in them." A rchitect. 16 CROSBY LOCK WOOD <*- SON'S CATALOGUE. ; Civil and Ecclesiastical. A BOOK ON BUILDING, Civil and Ecclesiastical, including Church Restoration ; with the Theory of Domes and the Great Pyramid, &c. By Sir EDMUND BECKETT, Bart., LL.D., F.R.A.S., Author of "Clocks and Watches, and Bells," &c. Second Edition, Enlarged. Fcap. 8vo, 5$. cloth. "A book which is always amusing and nearly always instructive. The style throughout is in the highest degree condensed and epigrammatic." Times. Ventilation of Buildings. VENTILATION. A Text Booh to the Practice of the Art oj Ventilating Buildings. With a Chapter upon Air Testing. By W. P. BUCHAN, R.P., Sanitary and Ventilating Engineer, Author of " Plumbing," &c. With 170 Illustrations. i2mo, 45. cloth boards. [Just published. The Art of Plumbing. PLUMBING. A Text Book to the Practice of the Art or Craft of the Plumber, with Supplementary Chapters on House Drainage, embodying the latest Improvements. By WILLIAM PATON BUCHAN, R.P., Sanitary Engineer and Practical Plumber. Sixth Edition, Enlarged to 370 pages, and 380 Illustrations, izmo, 45. cloth boards. " A text book which may be safely put in the hands of every young plumber, and which will also be found useful by architects and medical professors." Builder. " A valuable text book, and the only treatise which can be regarded as a really reliable manual of the plumber's art." Buildi ng News. Geometry for the Architect) Engineer, etc. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY, for the Architect, Engineer and Mechanic. Giving Rules for the Delineation and Application of various Geometrical Lines, Figures anci Curves. By E. W. TARN, M.A., Architect, Author of "The Science of Buiiding," &c. Second Edition. With 172 Illus- trations, demy 8vo, gs. cloth. " No book with the same objects in view has ever been published In which the clearness of the rules laid down and the illustrative diagrams have been so satisfactory." Scetswan. TJie Science of Geometry. THE GEOMETRY OF COMPASSES; or, Problems Resolved by the mere Description of Circles, and the use of Coloured Diagrams and Symbols. By OLIVER BYRNE. Coloured Plates. Crown 8vo, 33. 6d. cloth. " The treatise is a good one, and remarkable like all Mr. Byrne's contributions to the science of geometry for the lucid character of its teaching." Building News. DECORATIVE ARTS, etc. Woods and Marbles (Imitation of). SCHOOL OF PAINTING FOR THE IMITATION OF WOODS AND MARBLES, as Taught and Practised by A. R. VAN DER BURG and P, VAN DER BURG, Directors of the Rotterdam Painting Institution. Royal folio, iSfc by i2i in., Illustrated with 24 full-size Coloured Plates; also 12 plain Plates, comprising 154 Figures. Second and Cheaper Edition. Price i us.6d. List of Plates. i. Various Tools required for Wood Painting 2, 3. Walnut: Preliminary Stages of Graining and Finished Specimen 4. Tools used for Marble Painting and Method of Manipulation ,6. St. Remi Marble: Earlier Operations and Finished Specimen 7. Methods of Sketching different Grains, Knots, &c. 8, 9. Ash: Pre- liminary Stages and Finished Specimen 10. Methods of Sketching Marble Grains u, la. Breche Marble: Preliminary Stages of Working and Finished Specimen 13. Maple : Methods of Producing the different Grains 14, 15. Bird's- eye Maple: Preliminary Stages and Finished Specimen 16. Methods of Sketching the dif- ferent Species of White Marble 17, 18. White Finished Specimen 19. Mahogany: Specimens of various Grains and Methods of Manigulatiosi so, 21. Mahogany : Earlier Stages and Finished Specimen 22, 23, 24. Sienna Marble : Varieties of Grain, Preliminary Stages and Finished Specimen 25, 26, 27. Juniper Wood : Methods of producing Grain, &c. : Preliminary Stages and Finished Specimen 28, 29, 30. Vert de Mer Marble : Varieties of Grain and Methods of Working Unfinished and Finished Speci- mens 31. 32. 33. Oak : Varieties of Grain, Tools Employed, and Methods of Manipulation, Pre- liainary Stages and Finished Specimen 34, 35, 36. Waulsort Marble: Varieties ef Grain, Un- finished and Finished Specimens. Marble : Preliminary Stages of Process and *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " Those who desire to attain skill in the art of painting woods and marbles will find advantage In consulting this book. . . . Some of the Working Men's Clubs should give tneir young mea the opportunity to study it." Builder. " A comprehensive guide to the art. The explanations of the processes, the manipulation and management of the colours, and the beautifully executed plates will not be the least valuable to th Studeat who aims at making his work a faithful transcript of nature." Building News, DECORATIVE ARTS, etc. 17 House Decoration. ELEMENTARY DECORATION. A Guide to the Simpler Forms of Everyday Art, as applied to the Interior and Exterior Decoration of Dwelling Houses, &c. By JAMES W. FACEY, Jun. With 68 Cuts. i2ino, as. cloth limp. PRACTICAL HOUSE DECORATION : A Guide to the Art of Ornamental Painting, the Arrangement of Colours in Apartments, and the principles of Decorative Design. With some Remarks upon the Nature and Properties of Pigments. By JAMES WILLIAM FACEY, Author of " Elementary Decoration," &c. With numerous Illustrations. 12010, 2s. 6d. cloth limp. N.B.The above Two Works together in One Vol., strongly half-bound, 55. Colour. A GRAMMAR OF COLOURING. Applied to Decorative Painting and the Arts. By GEORGE FIELD. New Edition, Revised, Enlarged, and adapted to the use of the Ornamental Painter and Designer. By ELLIS A. DAVIDSON. With New Coloured Diagrams and Engravings, izmo, 35. 6d. cloth boards. " The book is a most useful resume of the properties of pigments." Builder. House Painting, Graining, etc. HOUSE PAINTING, GRAINING, MARBLING, AND SIGN WRITING, A Practical Manual of. By ELLIS A. DAVIDSON. Sixth Edition. With Coloured Plates and Wood Engravings, ismo, 6s. cloth boards. " A mass of information, of use to the amateur and of value to the practical man." English Mechanic. "Simply invaluable to the youngster entering upon this particular calling, and highly service- able to the man who is practising 'A." Furniture Gazette. Decorators, Receipts for. THE DECORATOR'S ASSISTANT : A Modern Guide to De- corative Artists and Amateurs, Painters, Writers, Gilders, &c. Containing upwards of 600 Receipts, Rules and Instructions ; with a variety of Informa- tion for General Work connected with every Class of Interior and Exterior Decorations, &c. Fourth Edition, Revised. 152 pp., crown 8vo, is. in wrapper. " Full of receipts of value to decorators, painters, gilders, &c. The book contains the gist of f.arger treatises on colour and technical processes. It would be difficult to meet with a work so full of varied information on the painter's art." Building News. " We recommend the work to all who, whether for pleasure or profit, require a guide to decora- tion." Pl-utnber and Decorator. Moyr Smith on Interior Decoration. ORNAMENTAL INTERIORS, ANCIENT AND MODERN. By J. MOYR SMITH. Super-royal 8vo, with 32 full-page Plates and numerous smaller Illustrations, handsomely bound in cloth, gilt top, price i8s. " The book is well illustrated and handsomely got up, and contains some true criticism and a good many good examples of decorative treatment." The Builder. " This is the most elaborate and beautiful work on the artistic decoration of interiors that we have seen. . . . The scrolls, panels and other designs from the author's own pen are very beautiful and chaste ; but he takes care that the designs of other men shall figure even more thar his own." Liverpool Albion. " To all who take an interest in elaborate domestic ornament this handsome volume will be welcome. " Graphic. British and Foreign Marbles. MARBLE DECORATION and the Terminology of British and Foreign Marbles. A Handbook for Students. By GEORGE H. BLAGROVE, Author of " Shoring and its Application," &c. With 28 Illustrations. Crown Svo, 35. 6d. cloth. " This most useful and much wanted handbook should be in the hands of every architect and builder.'; Buildinz IVtrld. " It is an excellent manual for students, and interesting to artistic readers generally." Saturday Review. " A carefully and usefully written treatise ; the work is essentially practical." Scotsman. Marble Working, etc. MARBLE AND MARBLE WORKERS: A Handbook for Architects, Artists, Masons and Students. By ARTHUR LEE, Author of "A Visit to Carrara," " The Working of Marble," &c. Small crown Svo, 2S. clotb. " A really valuable addition to the technical literature of architects and masons." Building 1 8 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. DELAMOTTE'S WORKS ON ILLUMINATION AND ALPHABETS. A PRIMER OF THE ART OF ILLUMINATION, for the Use of Beginners : with a Rudimentary Treatise on the Art, Practical Directions for its exercise, and Examples taken from Illuminated MSS., printed in Gold and Colours. By F. DELAMOTTE. New and Cheaper Edition. Small 4to, 6s. orna- mental boards. " The examples of ancient MSS. recommended to the student, which, with much good sense, the author chooses from collections accessible to all, are selected wkh judgment and knowledge, as well as taste." Athenceum. ORNAMENTAL ALPHABETS, Ancient and Medieval, from the Eighth Century, with Numerals; including Gothic, Church-Text, large and small, German, Italian, Arabesque, Initials for Illumination, Monograms, Crosses, &c. &c., for the use of Architectural and Engineering Draughtsmen, Missal Painters, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers, Engravers, Carvers, &c. &c. Collected and Engraved by F. DELAMOTTE, and printed in Colours. New and Cheaper Edition. Royal 8vo, oblong, zs. 6d. ornamental boards. "For those who Insert enamelled sentences round gilded chalices, who blazon shop legends ove shop-doors, who letter church walls with pithy sentences from the Decalogue, this book will be use- ful." Atheneeum. EXAMPLES OF MODERN ALPHABETS, Plain and Ornamental; including German, Old English, Saxon, Italic, Perspective, Greek, Hebrew, Court Hand, Engrossing, Tuscan, Riband, Gothic, Rustic, and Arabesque ; with several Original Designs, and an Analysis of the Roman and Old English Alphabets, large and small, and Numerals, for the use of Draughtsmen, Sur- veyors, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers, Engravers, Carvers, &c, Collected and Engraved by F. DELAMOTTE, and printed in Colours. New and Cheaper Edition. Royal 8vo, oblong, 2s. 6d. ornamental boards. "There is comprised in it every possible shape into which the letters of the alphabet and numerals can be formed, and the talent which has been expended in the conception of the various plain and ornamental letters is wonderful." Standard. MEDIEVAL ALPHABETS AND INITIALS FOR ILLUMI- NA TORS. By F. G. DELAMOTTE. Containing 21 Plates and Illuminated Title, printed in Gold and Colours. With an Introduction by J. WILLIS BROOKS. Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Small 4to, 45. ornamental boards. " A volume In which the letters of the alphabet come forth glorified in gilding and all the colours of the prism interwoven and intertwined and intermingled." Sun. THE EMBROIDERER'S BOOK OF DESIGN. Containing Initials, Emblems, Cyphers, Monograms, Ornamental Borders, Ecclesiastical Devices, Mediaeval and Modern Alphabets, and National Emblems. Col- lected by F. DELAMOTTE, and printed in Colours. Oblong royal 8vo, is. 6d. ornamental wrapper. " The book will be of great assistance to ladles and yeung children who are endowed with th art of plying the needle in this most ornamental and useful pretty work." East Anglian Times. Wood Carving. INSTRUCTIONS IN WOOD-CARVING, for Amateurs; with Hints on Design. By A LADY. With Ten Plates. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, as. in emblematic wrapper. "The handicraft of the wood-carver, so well as a book can Impart It, may be learnt from ' A Lady's' publication." Atheneeutn. " The directions given are plain and easily understood." English Mechanic. Glass Painting. GLASS STAINING AND THE ART OF PAINTING ON GLASS. From the German of Dr. GESSERT and EMANUEL OTTO FROMBERG. With an Appendix on THE ART OF ENAMELLING, izmo, as. 6d. cloth limp. Letter Painting. THE ART OF LETTER PAINTING MADE EASY. By JAMES GREIG BADENOCH. With 12 full-page Engravings of Examples, is. 6d. cloth limp. " The system is a simple one, but quite orltf nal, and wefl worth the careful attention of letter painters. It can be easily mastered and remembered." Building News. CARPENTRY, TIMBER, etc. ig CARPENTRY, TIMBER, etc. Tredgold's Carpentry, Revised & Enlarged by Tarn. THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CARPENTRY. A Treatise on the Pressure and Equilibrium of Timber Framing, the Resist- ance of Timber, and the Construction of Floors, Arches, Bridges, Roofs, Uniting Iron and Stone with Timber, &c. To which is added an Essay on the Nature and Properties of Timber, &c., with Descriptions of the kinds of Wood used in Building ; also numerous Tables of the Scantlings of Tim- ber for different purposes, the Specific Gravities of Materials, &c. By THOMAS TREDGOLD, C.E. With an Appendix of Specimens of Various Roofs of Iron and Stone, Illustrated. Seventh Edition, thoroughly revised and considerably enlarged by E. WYNDHAM TARN, M.A., Author of "The Science of Build- ing," &c. With 61 Plates, Portrait of the Author, and several Woodcuts. In one large vol., 4to, price i 55. cloth. "Ought to be in every architect's and every builder's library." Builder. " A work whose monumental excellence must commend it wherever skilful carpentry Is con- cerned. The author's principles are rather confirmed than impaired by time. The additional plates are of great intrinsic value." Building News. Woodworking Machinery. WOODWORKING MACHINERY: Its Rise, Progress, and Construction. With Hints on the Management of Saw Mills and the Economi- cal Conversion of Timber. Illustrated jwith Examples oi Recent Designs by leading English, French, and American Engineers. By M. Powis BALE, A.M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E. Large crown 8vo, 125. 6d. cloth. " Mr. Bale is evidently an expert on the subject and he has collected so much information that his book is all-sufficient for builders and others engaged in the conversion of timber." Architect. "The most comprehensive compendium of wood- working machinery we have seen. The author is a thorough master of his subject." Building New s. "The appearance of this book at the present time will, we should think, give a considerable Impetus to the onward march of the machinist engaged in the designing and manufacture of : wood-working machines. It should be in the office of every wood-working factory." English Mechanic. Saw Mills. SA W MILLS : Their Arrangement and Management, and the Economical Conversion of Timber. (A C9mpanion Volume to " Woodwork- ing Machinery.") By M. Powis BALE. With numerous Illustrations. Crow 8vo, los. 6d. cloth. " The administration of a large sawing establishment is discussed, and the subject examine., from a financial standpoint. We could not desire a more complete or practical treatise." Builder. "We highly recommend Mr. Bale's work to the attention and perusal of all those who are en- gaged in the art of wood conversion, or who are about building or remodelling saw-mills on im- proved principles." Building News. Carpentering. THE CARPENTER'S NEW GUIDE ; or, Book of Lines for Car- penters ; comprising all the Elementary Principles essential for acquiring a knowledge of Carpentry. Founded on the late PETER NICHOLSON'S Standard Work. A New Edition, Revised by ARTHUR ASHPITEL, F.S.A. Together with Practical Rules on Drawing, by GEORGE PYNE. With 74 Plates, 4to, i is. cloth. Handrailing and Stairbuildinff. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HANDRAILING : Showing New and Simple Methods for Finding the Pitch of the Plank, Drawing the Moulds, Bevelling, Jointing-up, and Squaring the Wreath. By GEORGE COLLINGS. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, to which is added A TREATISE ON STAIRBUILDING. With Plates and Diagrams, izmo, 2s. 6d. cloth limp. ' ' Will be found of practical utility in the execution of this difficult branch of joinery." Builder. " Almost every difficult phase of this somewhat intricate branch of joinery is elucidated by the aid of plates and explanatory letterpress." Furniture Gazette. Circular Work. CIRCULAR WORK IN CARPENTRY AND JOINERY: A Practical Treatise on Circular Work of Single and Double Curvature. By GEORGE COLLINGS, Author of " A Practical Treatise on Handrailing." Illus- trated with numerous Diagrams. Second Edition. I2mo, zs. 6d. doth limp. " An excellent example of what a book of this kind should be. Cheap in price, clear in defini- tion and practical in the examples selected." Builder. 20 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. Timber Merchant's Companion. THE TIMBER MERCHANTS AND BUILDER'S COM- PANION. Containing New and Copious Tables of the Reduced Weight and Measurement of Deals and Battens, of all sizes, from One to a Thousand Pieces, and the relative Price that each size bears per Lineal Foot te any given Price per Petersburg Standard Hundred ; the Price per Cube Foot of Square Timber to any given Price per Load of 50 Feet ; the proportionate Value of Deals and Battens by the Standard, to Square Timber by the Load of 50 Feet ; the readiest mode of ascertaining the Price of Scantling per Lineal Foot of any size, to any given Figure per Cube Foot, &c. &c. By WILLIAM DOWSING. Fourth Edition, Revised and Corrected. Cr.8vo.3S. cl. " We are glad to see a fourth edition of these admirable tables, which for correctness and simplicity of arrangement leave nothing to be desired." Timber Trades Journal. "An exceedingly well-arranged, clear, and concise manual of tables for the use of all who buy or sell timber." Journal of terestry. Practical Timber MercJiant. THE PRACTICAL TIMBER MERCHANT. Being a Guide for the use of Building Contractors, Surveyors, Builders, &c., comprising useful Tables for all purposes connected with the Timber Trade, Marks of Wood, Essay on the Strength of Timber, Remarks on the Growth of Timber, &c. By W. RICHARDSON. Fcap. 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. " This handy manual contains much valuable information for the use of timber merchants, builders, foresters, and all others connected with the growth, sale, and manufacture of timber." journal f Forestry, Timber Freight Book. THE TIMBER MERCHANTS, SAW MILLER'S, AND IMPORTER'S FREIGHT BOOK AND ASSISTANT. Comprising Rules, Tables, and Memoranda relating to the Timber Trade. By WILLIAM RICHARDSON, Timber Broker; together with a Chapter on " SPEEDS OF SAW MILL MACHINERY," by M. Powis BALK, M.I.M.E., &c. i2mo, 3$. 6d. cl. boards. " A very useful manual of rules, tables, and memoranda relating to the timber trade. We re- commend it as a compendium of calculation to all timber measurers and merchants, and as supply- Ing a real want in the trade." Building News. Packing-Case Makers, Tables for. PACKING-CASE TABLES ; showing the number of Super- ficial Feet in Boxes or Packing-Cases, from six inches square and upwards. By W. RICHARDSON, Timber Broker. Third Edition. Oblong 4to, 35. 6d. cl. "Invaluable labour-saving tables." Ironmonger. "Will save much labour and calculation." Grocer. Superficial Measurement. THE TRADESMAN'S GUIDE TO SUPERFICIAL MEA- SUREMENT. Tables calculated from i to 200 inches in length, by i to 108 inches in breadth. For the use of Architects, Surveyors, Engineers, Timber Merchants, Builders, &c. By JAMES HAWKINGS. Third Edition. Fcap., 35. 6d. cloth. "A useful collection of tables to facilitate rapid calculation of surfaces. The exact area of any surface of which the limits have been ascertained can be Instantly determined. The book will be found of the greatest utility to all engaged in building operations." Scotsman. " These tables will be found of great assistance to all who require to make calculations in super- ficial measurement. " English Mechanic. Forestry. THE ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY. Designed to afford In- formation concerning the Planting and Care of Forest Trees for Ornament or Profit, with Suggestions upon the Creation and Care of Woodlands. By F. B. HOUGH. Large crown 8vo, IDS. cloth. Timber Importer's Guide. THE TIMBER IMPORTER'S, TIMBER MERCHANT'S AND BUILDER'S STANDARD GUIDE. By RICHARD E. G RANDY. Compris- ing an Analysis of Deal Standards, Home and Foreign, with Comparative Values and Tabular Arrangements for fixing Nett Landed Cost on Baltic and North American Deals, including all intermediate Expenses, Freight, Insurance, &c. &c. Together with copious Information for the Retailer and Builder. Third Edition, Revised, izmo, zs. cloth limp. " Everything it pretends to be : built up gradually, it leads one from a forest to a treenail, and throws in, as a makeweight, a host of material concerning bricks, columns, cisterns, &c." Mechanic. MARINE ENGINEERING, NAVIGATION, etc. 21 MARINE ENGINEERING, NAVIGATION, etc. Chain Cables. CHAIN CABLES AND CHAINS. Comprising Sizes and Curves of Links, Studs, &c., Iron for Cables and Chains, Chain Cable and Chain Making, Forming and Welding Links, Strength of Cables and Chains, Certificates for Cables, Marking Cables, Prices of Chain Cables and Chains, Historical Notes, Acts of Parliament, Statutory Tests, Charges for Testing, List of Manufacturers of Cables, &c. &c. By THOMAS W.TRAILL, F.E.R.N., M.Inst. C.E., Engineer Surveyor in Chief, Board of Trade, Inspector of Chain Cable and Anchor Proving Establishments, and General Superin- tendent, Lloyd's Committee on Proving Establishments. With numerous Tables, Illustrations and Lithographic Drawings. Folio, 2 25. cloth, bevelled boards. " It contains a vast amount of valuable information. Nothing seems to be wanting to make it a complete and standard work of reference on the subject." Nautical Magazine, Marine Engineering. MARINE ENGINES AND STEAM VESSELS (A Treatise on). By ROBERT MURRAY, C.E. Eighth Edition, thoroughly Revised, with considerable Additions by the Author and by GEORGE CARLISLE, C.E., Senior Surveyor to the Board of Trade at Liverpool. lamo, 55. cloth boards. " Well adapted to give the young- .steamship engineer or ir.arme engine and boiler maker a general introduction into his practical work." Mechanical IVorld. ' ' We feel sure that this thoroughly revised edition will continue to be as popular in the future as it has been in the past, as, for its size, it contains more useful information tliaa any similar treatise. "Industries. The information given is both sound and sensible, and well qualified to direct young sea- going hands on the straight road to the extra chiei's certificate. Most useful to survejors, inspectors, draughtsmen, and all young engineers who take an interest in their profession." Glasgow Herald. "An indispensable manual for the student of marine engineering." Liverpool Mercury, PocJcet-Booltfor Naval Architects and Shipbuilders. THE NAVAL ARCHITECT'S AND SHIPBUILDER'S POCKET-BOOK of Formula, Rules, and Tables,and MARINE ENGINEER'S AND SURVEYOR'S Handy Book of Reference. By CLEMENT MACKROW, Member of the Institution of Naval Architects, Naval Draughtsman. Fourth Edition, Revised. With numerous Diagrams, &c. Fcap., izs. 6d. strongly bouad in leather. " Will be found to contain the most useful tables and formulae required by shipbuilders, carefully collected from the best authorities, and put together in a popular and simple t'onn." Engineer. " The professional shipbuilder has now, in a convenient and accessible form, reliable data fot solving many of the numerous problems that present themselves in the course of his work." Iron. "There is scarcely a subject on which a naval architect or shipbuilder can require to refresh his memory which will not be found within the covers of Mr. Mackrow'sbook." English Mechanic. Focket-BooTc for Marine Engineers. A POCKET-BOOK OF USEFUL TABLES AND FOR- MULAE FOR MARINE ENGINEERS. By FRANK PROCTOR, A.I.N.A, Third Edition. Royal 32010, leather, gilt edges, with strap, 45. "We recommend it to our readers as going far to supply a long-felt want." Naval Science. "A most useful companion to all marine engineers." United Service Gazette. Introduction to Marine Engineering. ELEMENTARY ENGINEERING: A Manual for Young Marine Engineers and Apprentices. In the Form of Questions and Answers on Metals, Alloys, Strength of Materials, Construction and Management of Marine Engines and Boilers, Geometry, &c. &c. With an Appendix of Useful Tables. By JOHN SHERREN BREWER, Government Marine Surveyor, Hong- kong. Small crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. " Contains much valuable information for the class for whom it is intended, especially in the chapters on the management of boilers and engines." Nautical Magazine. ' A useful introduction to the more elaborate text books." Srotsman. " To a student who has the requisite desire and resolve to attain a thorough knowledge, Mr. Brewer offers decidedly useful help. 1 ' Athenaum. Navigation. PRACTICAL NAVIGATION. Consisting of THE SAILOR'S SEA-BOOK, by JAMES GREENWOOD and W. H. ROSSER r together with the requisite Mathematical and Nautical Tables for the Working of the Problems, by HENRY LAW, C.E. , and Professor J. R. YOUNG. Illustrated. i2mo, 75. strongly half-bound. CROSBY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. MINING AND METALLURGY. Metalliferous Mining in the United Kingdom. BRITISH MINING : A Treatise on the History , Discovery , Practical Development, and Future Prospects of Metalliferous Mines in the United King- dom. By ROBERT HUNT, F.R.S., Keeper of Mining Records; Editor of " Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines," &c. Upwards of 950 pp., with 230 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised. Super-royal 8vo, 2 2S. cloth. "One of the most valuable works of reference of modern times. Mr. Hunt, as keeper of mining records of the United Kingdom, has had opportunities for such a task not enjoyed by anyone else, and has evidently made the most of them. . . . The language and style adopted are good, and the treatment of the varions subjects laborious, conscientious, and scientific." Engineering. "The book is, in fact, a treasure-house of statistical information on mining subjects, and we knew of no other work embodying so great a mass of matter of this kind. Were this the only merit f Mr. Hunt s volume, it would be sufficient to render it indispensable in this library of everyone interested in the development of the mining and metallurgical industries of this country." Athtnamtn. "A mass of information not elsewhere available, and of the greatest value to those who may b* interested in our great mineral industries." Engineer. "A sound, business-like collection of interesting facts. . . . The amount of information Mr. Hunt has brought together is enormous. . . . The volume appears likely to convey more Instruction upon the subject than any work hitherto published." Mining- Journal. Colliery Management. THE COLLIERY MANAGER'S HANDBOOK; A Compre- hensive Treatise on the Laying-out and Working of Collieries, Designed as a Book of Reference for Colliery Managers, and for the Use of Coal-Mining Students preparing for First-class Certificates. By CALEB PAMELY, Mining Engineer and Surveyor ; Member of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers ; and Member of the South Wales Insti- tute of Mining Engineers. With nearly 500 Plans, Diagrams, and other Illustrations. Medium 8vo, about 600 pages. Price i 55. strongly bound. [Just published. Coal and Iron. THE COAL AND IRON INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. Comprising a Description of the Coal Fields, and of the Principal Seams of Coal, with Returns of their Produce and its Distribu- tion, and Analyses of Special Varieties. Also an Account of the occurrence of Iron Ores in Veins or Seams ; Analyses of each Variety ; and a History oi the Rise and Progress of Pig Iron Manufacture. By RICHARD MEADE, Assistant Keeper of Mining Records. With Maps. 8vo, i 85. cloth. "The book is one which must find a place on the shelves of all interested In coal and iron production, and in the iron, steel, and other metallurgical industries." Engineer. " Of this book we may unreservedly say that it is the best of its class which we have ever met. . . A book of reference which no one engaged in the iron or coal trades should omit from his library." Iran and Coal Trades Review, Prospecting for Gold and other Metals. THE PROSPECTOR'S HANDBOOK: A Guide for the Pro- spector and Traveller in Search of Metal-Bearing or other Valuable Minerals. By J. W. ANDERSON, M.A. (Camb.), F.R.G.S., Author of "Fiji and New Caledonia." Fifth Edition, thoroughly Revised and Enlarged. Small crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. "Will supply a much felt want, especially among Colonists, in whose way are so often thrown many mineral ogical specimens the value of which it is difficult to determine." Engineer. "How to find commercial minerals, and how to identify them when they are found, are the leading points to which attention is directed. The author has managed to pack as muchpractical detail into his pages as would supply material for a book three times its size." Mining Journal. ^Lining Notes and Formulae. NOTES AND FORMULA FOR MINING STUDENTS. By JOHN HERMAN MERIVALE, M.A., Certificated Colliery Manager, Professor of Mining in the Durham College of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Small crown 8vo,2S. 6d. cloth. " Invaluable to anyone who is working up for an examination on mining subjects." Coal and Iron Trades Review. " The author has done his work in an exceedingly creditable manner, and has produced a book that will be of service to students, and those who are practically engaged in mining operations. 1 ' Engineer. " A vast amount of technical matter of the utmost value to mining engineers, and of consider- able interest to students." Schoolmaster. MINING AND METALLURGY. 23 Explosives. A HANDBOOK ON MODERN EXPLOSIVES. Being a Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Application of Dynamite, Gun- Cotton, Nitro-Glycerine and other Explosive Compounds. Including the Manufacture of Collodion-Cotton. By M. EISSLER, Mining Engineer and Metallurgical Chemist, Author of " The Metallurgy of Gold," &c. With about 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, IDS. 6d. cloth. " Useful not only to the miner, but also to officers of both services to whom blasting and the use of explosives generally may at any time become a necessary auxiliary." Nature. " A veritable mine of information on the subject of explosives employed for military, mining and blasting purposes." Army and Navy Gazette. " The book is clearly written. Taken as a whole, we consider it an excellent little book and one that should be found of great service to miners and others who are engaged in work requiring the use of explosives." Athcnaum. Gold 9 Metallurgy of. THE METALLURGY OF GOLD : A Practical Treatise on the Metallurgical Treatment of Gold-bearing Ores. Including the Processes of Concentration and Chlorination, and the Assaying, Melting and Refining of Gold. By M. EISSLER, Mining Engineer and Metallurgical Chemist, formerly Assistant Assayer of the U. S. Mint, San Francisco. Third Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged. With 187 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, I2S. 6d. cloth. " This book thoroughly deserves its title of a Practical Treatise.' The whole process of gold milling, from the breaking of the quartz to the assay of the bullion, is described in clear and orderly narrative and with much, but not too much, fulness of detail." Saturday Review. " The work is a storehouse of informatin and valuable data, and we strongly recommend it to all professional men engaged in the gold-mining industry." Mining Journal Silver 9 Metallurgy of. THE METALLURGY OF SILVER : A Practical Treatise on the Amalgamation, Roasting and Lixiviation of Silver Ores, Including the Assaying, Melting and Refining of Silver Bullion. By M. EISSLER, Author of "The Metallurgy of Gold '' Second Edition, Enlarged. With 150 Illus- trations. Crown 8vo, IDS. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " A practical treatise, and a technical work which we are convinced will supply a long-felt want amongst practical men, and at the same time be of value to students and others indirectly connected with the industries." Mining Journal. | " From first to last the book is thoroughly sound and reliable." Colliery Guardian. " For chemists, practical miners, assayers and investors alike, we do not know of any work on the subject so handy and yet so comprehensive." Glasgow Herald. Silver-Lead, Metallurgy of. THE METALLURGY OF ARGENTIFEROUS LEAD: A Practical Treatise on the Smelting of Silver-Lead Ores and the Refining of Lead Bullion. Including Reports on various Smelting Establishments and Descriptions of Modern Furnaces and Plants in Europe and America. By M. EISSLER, M.E., Author of "The Metallurgy of Gold," &c. Crown 8vo. 400 pp., with numerous Illustrations, i2s. 6d. cloth. [Just piiblished. Metalliferous Minerals and Mining. TREATISE ON METALLIFEROUS MINERALS AND MINING. By D. C. DAVIES, F.G.S., Mining Engineer, &c., Author of "A Treatise on Slate and Slate Quarrying." Illustrated with numerous Wood Engravings. Fourth Edition, carefully Revised. Crown 8vo, 125. 6d. cloth. "Neither the practical miner nor the general reader interested in mines can have a better book for his companion and his guide." Mining Journal. \_Afining- World. "We are doing our readers a service in calling- their attention to this valuable work. " "As a history of the present state of mining throughout the world this book has a real value, snd it supplies an actual want." Athenceum. Earthy Minerals and Mining. A TREATISE ON EARTHY 6- OTHER MINERALS AND MINING. By D. C. DAVIES, F.G.S. Uniform with, and forming a Com- panion Volume to, the same Author's " Metalliferous Minerals and Mining." With 76 Wood Engravings. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 125. 6d. cloth. " We do not remember to have met with any English work on mining matters that contiins the same ameunt of information packed in equally convenient form." Academy. " We should be inclined to rank it as among the very best of the handy technical and trades manuals which have recently appeared." British Quarterly Revie-w, 24 CROSBY LOCK WOOD ig News. Underground Pumping Machinery. MINE DRAINAGE. Being a Complete and Practical Treatise on Direct-Acting Underground Steam Pumping Machinery, with a Descrip- tion of a large number of the best known Engines, their General Utility and the Special Sphere of their Action, the Mode of their Application, and their merits compared with other forms of Pumping Machinery. By STEPHEN MICHELL. 8vo, 15$. cloth. "Will be highly esteemed by colliery owners and lessees, mining engineers, and students generally who require to be acquainted with the best means of securing the drainage of mines. It Is 3 most valuable work, and stands almost alone in the literature of steam pumping machinery.' Colliery Guardian. " Much valuable information is given, so that the book is thoroughly worthy of an extensive circulation amongst practical men and purchasers of machinery." Mining Journal. Mining Tools. A MANUAL OF MINING TOOLS. For the Use of Mine Managers, Agents, Students, &c. By WILLIAM MORGANS, Lecturer on Prac- tical Mining at the Bristol School of Mines, xarao, 2$. 6d. cloth limp. ATLAS OF ENGRAVINGS to Illustrate the above, contain- ing 235 Illustrations of Mining Tools, drawn to scale. 4to, 45. 6d. cloth. "Students in the science of mining, and overmen, captains, managers, and viewers may gaia practica 1 knowledge and useful hints by the study of Mr. Morgans' manual." Colliery Guardian. "A valuable work, which wiii tend materially to improve our mining literature." Mining Coal Mining. COAL AND COAL MINING: A Rudimentary Treatise on. By the late Sir WARINGTON W. SMYTH, M.A., F.R.S.,&c., Chief Inspector of the Mines of the Crown. Seventh Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With numerous Illustrations. I2mo, 45. cloth boards. "As an outline is given of every known coal-field in this and other countries, as well as of the principal methods of working, the book will doubtless interest a very large number of readers." Mining Journal. Subterraneous Surveying. SUBTERRANEOUS SURVEYING, Elementary and Practical Treatise on, with and without the Magnetic Needle. ByTHOMAS FENWICK, Surveyor of Mines, and THOMAS BAKER, C.E. Illust. izmo, 35. cloth boards. Granite Quarrying. GRANITES AND OUR GRANITE INDUSTRIES. By GEORGE F. HARRIS, F.G.S., Membre de la Societe Beige de Geologic, Lec- turer on Economic Geology at the Birkbeck Institution, &c. With Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. cloth. " A clearly and well-wri.ten manual for persons engaged or interested in the granite industry. ' Sctsman. "An interesting work, whi^h will be deservedly esteemed. " Colliery Guardirn. " An exceedingly interesting and valuable monograph on a subject which has hitherto received unaccountably little attention in ;he ihape of systematic literary tieain ciit."S<.cttisJt Leader. ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 25 ELECTRICITY ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, etc. Electrical Engineering. THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK OF MODERN RULES, FORMULA, TABLES AND DATA. By H. R. KEMPE, M.Inst.E.E., A.M.Inst C.E., Technical Officer Postal Telegraphs, Author of "A Handbook of Electrical Testing," &c. With numerous Illus- trations, royal 321110, oblong, 5$. leather. \_Just published, " There is very little in the shape of formulae or data which the electrician is likely to wan 1 * in a hu.ry which cannot be found in its pages." Practical Engineer, " A very useful book of reference for daily use in practical electrical engineering and it:> various applications to the industries of the present day." Iron. " It is the best book of its kind." Electrical Engineer. "The Electrical Engineer's Pocket-Book is a good one." Electrician. "Strongly recommended to those engaged ia tue various electrical industries." Electrical Rt-sicw. Electric Lighting. ELECTRIC LIGHT FITTING : A Handbook for Working Electrical Engineers, embodying Practical Notes on Installation Manage- ment. By JOHN VV. URQUHART, Electrician, Author of " Electric Light," &c. With numerous Illustrations, crown 8vo, 55. cloth. [J us t published. " This volume deals with what may be termed the mechanics of electric lighting, and is addressed to mtn who are already engaged in the work or are training for it. The work traverses a ereat dr al of ground, and may be read as a sequel to the same author's useful work on ' Electric Light.'" Electrician. " This is an attempt to state in the simplest lancuage the precautions which should be adopted in instal ing the electric light, and to give information, for the guidance of those who have to ruu the plant when installed. The book is well wonh the perusal of the workmen for whom it is w.itten." Electrical Review. ' Eminently practical and useful. . . . Ought to be in the hands of everyone in charge of an elpctr.c light plant." Electrical Engineer. " A really capital book, which we have no hesitation in recommending to the notice of working electricians and electrical engineers." Mechanical Ifarld. Electric Light. ELECTRIC LIGHT : Its Production and Use. Embodying Plain Directions for the Treatment cf Dynamo-Electric Machines, Batteries, Accumulators, and Electric Lamps. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E., Author of " Electric Light Fitting," &c. Fourth Edition, Revised, with Large Additions and 145 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " The book is by far the best that we have yet met with on the subject." Athenaum. "It is the only work at present available which gives, in language intelligible for the most part to the ordinary reader, a general but concise history of the means which have been adopted up to the present time in producing the electric light." Metropolitan. "The book contains a general account of the means adopted in producing the electric light, not only as obtained from voltaic or galvanic batteries, but treats at length of the dynamo-electric machine in several of its forms." Colliery Guardian. Construction of Dynamos. DYNAMO CONSTRUCTION : A Practical Handbook for the Use of Engineer Constructors and Electricians in Charge. With Examples of leading English, American and Continental Dynamos and Motors. By J. W. URQUHART, Author of " Electric Light," &c. Crown 8vo, ys. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " The author has produced a book for which a demand has long existed. The subject is treated in a thoroughly practical manner." Mechanical World. Dynamic Electricity and Magnetism. THE ELEMENTS OF DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM, By PHILIP ATKINSON, A.M., Ph.D. Crown 8vo. 400 pp. With 120 Illustrations. los. 6d. cloth. [Just published. Text Book of Electricity. THE STUDENTS TEXT-BOOK OF ELECTRICITY. By HENRY M. NOAD, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. New Edition, carefully Revised. With an Introduction and Additional Chapters, by W. H. PREECE, M.I.C.E., Vice- President of the Society of Telegraph Engineers, &c. With 470 Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, 12^. 6d. cloth. " We can recommend Dr. Noad's book for clear style, great range of subject, a good index and a plethora of woodcuts. Such collections as the present are indispensable. Athenamnt. " An admirable text book for every student beginner or advanced of electricity." 26 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE. Electric Lighting. THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC LIGHT- ING. By ALAN A. CAMPBELL SWINTON, Associate I.E.E. Second Edition, Enlarged and Revised. With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, is. 6d. cloth. 1 ' Anyone who desires a short and thoroughly clear exposition of the elementary principles of electric-lighting cannot do better than read this little work." Bradford Observer. Electricity. A MANUAL OF ELECTRICITY: Including Galvanism, Mag. netistn, Dia-Magnetism, Electro-Dynamics, Magnet-Electricity, and the Electric Telegraph. By HENRY M. NOAD, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. Fourth Edition. With 500 Woodcuts. 8vo, i 45. cloth. "It is worthy of a place in the library of every public institution." Mining Journal. Dynamo Construction. HO W TO MAKE A DYNAMO : A Practical Treatise for Amateurs. Containing numerous Illustrations and Detailed Instructions for Construct- ing a Small Dynamo, to Produce the Electric Light. By ALFRED CROFTS. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo,zs. cloth. "The instructions given in this unpretentious little book are sufficiently clear and explicit to enable any amateur mechanic possessed of average skill and the usual tools to b found in an amateur's workshop, to build a practical dynamo machine." Electrician, NATURAL SCIENCE, etc. Pneumatics and Acoustics. PNEUMATICS : including Acoustics and the Phenomena of Wind Currents, for the Use of Beginners. By CHARLES TOMLINSON, F.R.S. F.C.S., &c. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. lamo, is. 6d. cloth. " Beginners in the study of this important application of science could not have a better manual. " Scotsman. " A valuable and suitable text-book for students of Acoustics and the Pheno- mena of Wind Currents." Schoolmaster. Conchology. A MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSC A : Being a Treatise on Recent and Fossil Shells. By S. P. WOODWARD, A.L.S., F.G.S., late Assistant Palaeontologist in the British Museum. With an Appendix on Recent and Fossil Conchological Discoveries, by RALPH TATE, A.L.S., F.G.S. Illustrated by A. N. WATERHOUSE and JOSEPH WILSON LOWRY. With 23 Plates and upwards of 300 Woodcuts. Reprint of Fourth Ed., 1880. Cr. 8vo, 75. 6d. cl. " A most valuable storehouse of conchological and geological information." Science Gossip. Geology. RUDIMENTARY TREATISE ON GEOLOGY, PHYSICAL AND HISTORICAL. Consisting of "Physical Geology," which sets forth the leading Principles of the Science ; and " Historical Geology," which treats of the Mineral and Organic Conditions of the Earth at each successive epoch, especial reference being made to the British Series of Rocks. By RALPH TATE, A.L.S., F.G.S., &c. With 250 Illustrations. i2mo, 55. cloth. " The fulness of the matter has elevated the book into a manual. Its information is exhaustive and well arranged." School Board Chronicle. Geology and Genesis. THE TWIN RECORDS OF CREATION; or, Geology and Genesis : their Perfect Harmony and Wonderful Concord. By GEORGE W. VICTOR LE VAUX. Numerous Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo, 5$. cloth. " A valuable contribution to the evidences of Revelation, and disposes very conclusively of the arguments of those who would set God's Works against God's Word." The Rock, The Constellations. STAR GROUPS: A Student's Guide to the Constellations. By J. ELLARD GORE, F.R.A.S., M.R.I. A., &c., Author of "The Scenery of the Heavens." With 30 Maps. Small 4to, 53. cloth, silvered. [Just published. Astronomy. ASTRONOMY. By the late Rev. ROBERT MAIN, M.A., F.R.S., formerly Radcliffe Observer at Oxford. Third Edition, Revised and Cor- rected to the present time, by W. T. LYNN, B.A., F.R.A.S. lamo, zs. cloth. "A sound and simple treatise, very carefully edited, and a capital book for beginners." KnoTtiledg'.. [tional Times. I' Accurately brought down to the requirements of the present time by Mr. Lynn." Educa- NATURAL SCIENCE, etc. 27 DR. LARDNER'S COURSE OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. THE HANDBOOK OF MECHANICS. Enlarged and almost re- written by BENJAMIN LOEWY, F.R.A.S. With 378 Illustrations. Post 8vo, 6s. cloth. "The perspicuity of the original has been retained, and chapters which had become obsolete have been replaced by others of more modern character. The explanations throughout are studiously popular, and car* has been taken to show the application of the various branches of physics to the industrial arts, and to the practical business of life." Mining Journal. "Mr. Loewy has carefully revised the book, and brought it up to modern requirements." Nature. " Natural philosophy has had few exponents more able or better skilled In the art of popu- larising the subject than Dr. Lardner ; and Mr. Loewy is doing good service in fitting this treatise, and the others of the series, for use at the present time." Scotsman. THE HANDBOOK OF HYDROSTATICS AND PNEUMATICS. New Edition, Revised and Enlarged, by BENJAMIN LOEWY, F.R.A.S. With 236 Illustrations. Post 8vo, 55. cloth. 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"The book could not have been entrusted to anyone better calculated to preserve the terse and lucid style of Lardner, while correcting his errors and bringing up his work to the present state of scientific knowledge." Popular Science Review. THE HANDBOOK OF ASTRONOMY. Forming a Companion to the " Handbook of Natural Philosophy.'' By DIONYSIUS LARDNER, D.C.L., formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University College, London. Fourth Edition. Revised and Edited by EDWIN DUNKIN, F.R.A.S., Royal Observatory, Greenwich. With 38 Plates and upwards of 100 Woodcuts. In One Vol., small 8vo, 550 pages, gs. 6d. cloth. " Probably no other book contains the same amount of information in so compendious and well- arranged a form certainly none at the price at which this is offered to the public." A thentzum. "We can do no other than pronounce this work a most valuable manual of astronomy, and we strongly recommend it to all who wish to acquire a general but at the same time correct acquaint- ance with this sublime scienoe." Quarterly Journal of Science. "One of the most deservedly popular books on the subject . . . We would recommend not only the student of the elementary principles of the science, but he who aims at mastering the higher and mathematical branches of astronomy, not to be without this work beside him." Practi- cal Magazine. Dr. Lardner's Electric Telegraph. THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. By Dr. LARDNER. Re- vised and Re-written by E. B. BRIGHT, F.R.A.S. 140 Illustrations. Small 8vo, 2S. 6d. cloth. "One of the most readable books extant on the Electric Telegraph." English Mechanic. 23 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. DR. LARDNER'S MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART, THE MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART. Edited by DIONYSIUS LARDNER, D.C.L., formerly Professor oi Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University College, London. With upwards of 1,200 Engrav- ings on Wood. In 6 Double Volumes, i is., in a new and elegant cloth bind- ing j or handsomely bound in half-morocco, 315. &. %* OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. "This series, besides affording popular but sound instruction on scientific subjects, with which the humblest man in the country ought to be acquainted, also undertakes that teaching of ' Com- mon Things ' which every well-wisher of his kind is anxious to promote. Many thousand copies of this serviceable publication have been printed, in the belief and hope that the desire for instruction and improvement widely prevails ; and we have no fear that such enlightened faith will meet with disappointment." Times. " A cheap and interesting publication, alike informing and attractive. 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The Electric Telegraph Popularized. To render intelligible to all who can Read, irrespective of any previous Scientific Acquirements, the various forms of Telegraphy in Actual Operation. 100 Illustrations, cloth gilt, is. 6d, Dr. Lardner's School HandbooJcs. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY FOR SCHOOLS. By Dr. LARDNER. 328 Illustrations. Sixth Edition. One Vol., 3$. 6d. cloth. " A very convenient class-book for junior students in private schools. It is intended to convey, in clear and precise terms, general notions of all the principal divisions of Physical Science." British Quarterly Review. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOR SCHOOLS. By Dr. LARDNEP. With 190 Illustrations. Second Edition. One Vol., 3$. 6d. cloth. "Clearly written, well arranged, and ex'.e'lently illustrated." Gardener's Chronicle. COUNTING-HOUSE WORK, TABLES, CALCULATORS, etc. zg COUNTING-HOUSE WORK, TABLES, etc. Introduction to Business. LESSONS IN COMMERCE. By Professor R. GAMBARO, of the Royal High Commercial School at Genoa. Edited and Revised by JAMES GAULT, Professor of Commerce and Commercial Law in King's College, London. Crown 8vo, price about 3$. 6d. [/ the press. Accounts for Manufacturers. FACTORY ACCOUNTS: Their Principles and Practice. A Handbook for Accountants and Manufacturers, with Appendices on the No- menclature of Machine Details; the Income Tax Acts; the Rating of Fac- tories; Fire and Boiler Insurance; the Factory and Workshop Acts, &c., including also a Glossary of Terms and a large number of Specimen Rulings. By EMILE GARCKE and J. M. FELLS. Tuird Edition. Demy 8vo, 250 pages, price 6s. strongly bound. " A very interesting 1 description of the requirements of Factory Accounts. . . . theprincip.c of assimilating the Factory Accounts to the general commercial books is one which we thoroughly agree with." Acctuntants' Journal. " There are few owners of Factories who would not derive great benefit from the perusal of this most admirable work." Local Government Chronicle. Foreign Commercial Correspondence. THE FOREIGN COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENT: Being Aids to Commercial Correspondence in Five Languages English, French, German, Italian and Spanish. By CONRAD E. BAKER. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 33. 6d. cloth. "Whoever wishes to correspond in all the languages mentioned by Mr. Baker cannot do better than study this work, the materials of which are excellent and conveniently arranged." Atfientzitm. "A careful examina'i >n has convinced us that it is unusually complete, well arranged and refiable. The book is a thoroughly good one." Schoolmaster. Intuitive Calculations. THE COMPENDIOUS CALCULATOR; or, Easy and Con- cise Methods of Performing the various Arithmetical Operations required in Commercial and Business Transactions, together with Useful Tables. By D. O'GoRMAN. Corrected by Professor J. R. YOUNG. Twenty-seventh Ed., Revised by C. MORRIS. Fcap. 8vo, 2s. 6d. cloth ; or. 35. 6d. half-bound. " It wuld be difficult to exaggerate the usefulness of a book like this to everyone engaged in commerce or manufacturing industry." Knowledge. " Supplies special and rapid methods for all kinds of calculations. Of great utility to persons engaged in any kind of commercial transactions." Scotsman. Modern Metrical Units and Systems. MODERN METROLOGY: A Manual of the Metrical Units and Systems of the Present Century. With an Appendix containing a proposed English System. By Lewis D'A. JACKSON, A.M.Inst.C.E., Author of " Aid to Survey Practice," &c. Large crown 8vo, 125. 6d. cloth. "The author has brought together much valuable and interesting information. . . . We cannot but recommend the work." Nature. "For exhaustive tables of equivalent weights and measures of all sorts, and for clear demonstra- tions of the effects of the various systems that have been proposed or adopted, Mr. Jackson's treatise is without a rival." Academy. The Metric System and the British Standards. A SERIES OF METRIC TABLES, in which the British Stand- ard Measures and Weights are compared with those of the Metric System at present in Use on the Continent. By C. H. DOWLING, C.E. 8vo, IQS. 6d. strongly bound. "Their accuracy has been certified by Professor Airy, the Astronomer-Royal." Builder. "Mr. Dowling's Tables are weH put together as a ready-reckoner for the conversion of one lystem into the other." Athetumm. Iron and Metal Trades 9 Calculator. THE IRON AND METAL TRADES' COMPANION. For expeditiously ascertaining the Value of any Goods bought or sold by Weight, irona is. per cwt. to 112$. per cwt., and from one farthing per pound to one shilling per pound. Each Table extends from one pound to 100 tons. To which are appended Rules on Decimals, Square and Cube Root, Mensuration ot Superficies and Solids, &c. ; also Tables of Weights of Materials, and other Useful Memoranda. ByTHOS. DOWNIK. Strongly bound in leather, 306 pp. qs " A most useful set of tables. . . . Nothing like them before exist 3d." BuiUinr A'ews " Although specially adapted to the iron and metal trades, the tables will be found useful hi every other business in which merchandise is bought and scld by weight." Railway News, 30 CROSBY LOCKWOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE. Calculator for Numbers and Weights Combined. THE NUMBER, WEIGHT AND FRACTIONAL CALCU- LATOR. Containing upwards of 250,000 Separate Calculations, showing at a glance the value at 422 different rates, ranging from ^th of a Penny to 2os. each, or per cwt., and 20 per ton, of any number of articles consecu- [' tively, from i to 470. Any number of cwts., qrs., and Ibs., from i cwt. to 470 cwts. Any number of tons, cwts., qrs., and Ibs., from i to 1,000 tons. By WILLIAM CHADWICK, Public Accountant. Third Edition, Revised and Im- proved. 8vo, price i8s., strongly bound for Office wear and tear. *** This work is specially adapted for the Apportionment of Mileage Charges for Railway Traffic. IS* This comprehensive and entirely unique and original Calculator is adapted for the use of Accountants and Auditors, Railway Companies, Canal Companies, Shippers, Shipping Agents, General Carriers, etc. Ironfounders, Brassfounders, Metal Merchants, Iron Manufacturers,Irnmongers Engineers, Machinists, Boiler Makers, Millwrights, Roofing, Bridge and Girder Makers, Colliery Proprietors, etc. Timber Merchants, Builders, Contractors, Architects, Surveyors, Auctioneers Valuers, Brokers, Mill Owners and Manufacturers, Mill Furnishers, Merchants and General Wholesale Tradesmen. *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. "The book contains the answers to questions, and not simply a set of ingenious puzzle methods of arriving at results. It is as easy of reference for any answer or any number of answers as a dictionary, and the references are even more quickly made. For making up accounts er esti- mates, the book must prove invaluable to all who have any considerable quantity of calculations involving price and measure in any combination te do." Engineer. " The most perfect work of the kind yet prepared." Glasgow Herald. Comprehensive Weight Calculator. THE WEIGHT CALCULATOR. Being a Series of Tables upon a New and Comprehensive Plan, exhibiting at One Reference the exact Value of any Weight from i Ib. to 15 tons, at 300 Progressive Rates, from id. to i68s. per cwt., and containing 186,000 Direct Answers, which, with their Combinations, consisting of a single addition (mostly to be performed at sight), will afford an aggregate of 10,266,000 Answers ; the whole being calcu- lated and designed to ensure correctness and promote despatch. By HENRY HARBEN, Accountant. Fourth Edition, carefully Corrected. Royal 8vo, strongly half-bound, i 55. " A practical and useful work of reference for men of business generally ; it is the best of the kind we have seen." Ironmonger. "Of priceless value to business men. It is a necessary book in all mercantile offices." Shef- field Independent. Comprehensive Discount Guide. THE DISCOUNT GUIDE. Comprising several Series of Tables for the use of Merchants, Manufacturers, Ironmongers, and others, by which may be ascertained the exact Profit arising from any mode of using Discounts, either in the Purchase or Sale of Goods, and the method of either Altering a Rate of Discount or Advancing a Price, so as to produce, by one operation, a sum that will realise any required profit after allowing one or more Discounts : to which are added Tables of Profit or Advance from ij to 90 per cent., Tables of Discount from i J to g8| per cent., and Tables of Com- mission, &c., from | to 10 per cent. By HENRY HARBEN, Accountant, Author of " The Weight Calculator." New Edition, carefully Revised and Corrected. Demy 8vo, 544 pp. half-bound, i 55. "A book such as this can only be appreciated by business men, to whom the saving' of Hm means saving of money. We have the high authority of Professor J. R. Young that the tables throughout the work are constructed upon strictly accurate principles. The work is a mode of typographical clearness, and must prove of great value to merchants, manufacturers, and general traders." British Trade Journal. Iron Shipbuilders' and Merchants 9 Weight Tables. IRON -PL ATE WEIGHT TABLES: For Iron Shipbuilders, Engineers and Iron Merehants. Containing the Calculated Weights of up- wards of 150,000 different sizes of Iron Plates, from i foot by 6 in. by \ in. to 10 feet by 5 feet by i in. Worked out on the basis of 40 Ibs. to the square foot of Iron of i inch in thickness. Caretuily compiled and thoroughly Re- vised by H. BURLINSON and W. H. SIMPSON. Oblong 4to, 255. half-bound. "This work will be found of great utility. The anthers have had much practical experience of what is wanting in making estimates; and the use of the book Mill save much time iu making elaborate calculations." English Mechanic, INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 3* INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. Soap-making. THE ART OF SOAP-MAKING: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, etc. Including many New Processes, and a Chapter on the Recovery of Glycerine from Waste Leys. By ALEXANDER WATT, Author oi " Electro- Metallurgy Practically Treated," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. "The work will prove very useful, not merely to the technological student, but o h? practical soap-boiler who wishes to understand the theory of his art." Chemical Ne-ws. "Mr. Watt's book is a thoroughly practical treatise on an art which has almost no literature In our language. We congra technical literature." Nature. ughly pract : the author our language. We congratulate the author on the success of his endeavour to fill a void in English Paper Malting. THE ART OF PAPER MAKING : A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Paper from Rags, Esparto, Straw and other Fibrous Materials, Including the Manufacture of Pulp irom Wood Fibre, with a Description of the Machinery and Appliances used. To which are added Details of Processes for Recovering Soda from Waste Liquors. By ALEXANDER WATT. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. "This book is succinct, lucid, thoroughly practical, and includes everything of interest to the modern paper maker. It is the latest, most practical and most complete work on the paper- making art before the British public." Paper Record. ' ' It may be regarded as the standard work on the subject. The book is full of valuable in- formation. The ' Art of Paper-making,' is in every respect a model of a text-book, either for a technical class or for the private student." Paper and Printing Trades Journal. " Admirably adapted for general as well as ordinary technical reference, and as a handbook for students in technical education may be warmly commended." The Paper Maker's Monthly Journal. Leather Manufacture. THE ART OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE. Being a Practical Handbook, in which the Operations of Tanning, Currying, and Leather Dressing are fully Described, the Principles of Tanning Explained and many Recent Processes introduced. By ALEXANDER WATT, Author of " Soap-Making," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, gs. cloth. "A sound, comprehensive treatise on tanning and its accessories. This book is an eminently valuable production, which redounds to the credit of both author and publishers." Chemical 'Review. "This volume is technical without being tedious, comprehensive and complete without being prosy, and it bears on every page the impress of a master hand. We have never come across a better trade treatise, nor one that so thoroughly supplied an absolute want." Shoe and Leather Trades' Chronicle. Boot and Shoe Making. THE ART OF BOOT AND SHOE-MAKING. A Practical Handbook, including Measurement, Last-Fitting, Cutting-Out, Closing and Making, with a Description of the most approved Machinery employed, By JOHN B. LENO, late Editor of St. Crispin, and The Boot and Shoe-Maker. With numerous Illustrations. Third Edition. i2mo, zs. cloth limp. "This excellent treatise is by far the best work ever written on the subject. A new work, embracing all modern improvements, was much wanted. This want is now satisfied. The chapter on clicking, which shows how waste may be prevented, will save fifty times the price of the book." Scottish Leather Trader. Dentistry. MECHANICAL DENTISTRY : A Practical Treatise on the Construction of the various kinds of Artificial Dentures, Comprising also Use- ful Formulas, Tables and Receipts for Gold Plate, Clasps, Solders, &c. &c. By CHARLES HUNTER. Third Edition, Revised. With upwards of 100 Wood Engravings. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. " The work is very practical." Monthly Review of Dental Surgery. "We can strongly recommend Mr. Hunter's treatise to all students preparing for the profession Of dentistry, as wen as to every mechanical dentist." Dublin Journal of Medical Science. Wood Engraving. WOOD ENGRA VING : A Practical and Easy Introduction to the Study of the Art. By WILLIAM NORMAN BROWN. Second Edition. With numerous Illustrations. i2mo, is. 6d. cloth limp. "The book is clear and complete, and will be useful to anyone wanting to understand the first elements of the beautiful art of wood engraving." Graphic. 32 CROSBY LOCKWOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. HANDYBOOKS FOR HANDICRAFTS, By PAUL N. HASLUOK. Metal Ttiming. THE MET A L TURNER'S HA ND YBOOK. A Practical Manual for Workers at the Foot-Latke: Embracing Information on the Tools, Appliances and Processes employed in Metal Turning. By PAUL N. HAS- LUCK, Author of " Lathe-Work." With upwards of One Hundred Illustra- tions. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, zs. cloth. " Clearly and concisely written, excellent in every way." Mechanical World. Wood Turning. THE WOOD TURNER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual /or Workers at the Lathe: Embracing Information on the Tools, Appliances and Processes Employed in Wood Turning. By PAUL N. HASLUCK. With upwards of One Hundred Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. "We recommend the book to young turners and amateurs. A multitude of workmen have hitherto sought in vain for a manual of this special industry." Mechanical World. WOOD AND METAL TURNING. By P. N. HASLUCK. (Being the Two preceding Vols. bound together.) 300 pp , with upwards of 200 Illustrations, crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. Watch Repairing. THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing and Adjusting. Embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, Appliances and Processes Employed in Watchwork. By PAUL N. HASLUCK. With upwards of One Hundred Illustrations. Cr. 8vo, as. cloth, " All young persons connected with the trade should acquire and study this excellent, and at the same time, inexpensive Vioi\i."Clerfcen?uell CnronicU. Clock Repairing. THE CLOCK JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK: A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing and Adjusting. Embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, Appliances and Processes Employed in Clockwork. By PAUL N. HASLUCK. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo, as. cloth. "' Of inestimable service to those commencing' the trade." Coventry Standard. WATCH AND CLOCK JOBBING. By P. N. HASLQCK. (Being the Two preceding Vols. bound together.) 320 pp., with upwards ot 200 Illustrations, crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. Slattern Malting. THE PATTERN MAKER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual, embracing Information on the Tools, Materials and Appliances em- ployed in Constructing Patterns for Founders. By PAUL N. HASLUCK. With One Hundred Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. "This handy volume contains sound information of considerable value to students and erfificers." Hardware Trades Journal. Mechanical Manipulation. THE ME CHA NIC'S WORKSHOP HA ND YBOOK. A Practical Manual on Mechanical Manipulation. Embracing Information on various Handicraft Processes, with Useful Notes and Miscellaneous Memoranda. By PAUL N. HASLUCK. Crown 8vo, 2S. cloth. " It is a book which should be found in every workshop, as it is one which will be continually referred to for a very great amount of standard information." Saturday Review. Model Engineering. THE MODEL ENGINEER'S HANDYBOOK: A Practical Manual on Model Steam Engines. Embracing Information on the Tools, Materials and Processes Employed in their Construction. By PAUL N. HASLUCK. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. " By carefully going through the work, amateurs may pick up an excellent notion of the con- Stiuction of full-sired sttam engines." Telegraphic Journal. Cabinet Making. THE CABINET WORKER'S HANDYBOOK: A Practical Manual, embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, Appliances and Processes employed in Cabinet Work. By PAUL N. HASLUCK, Author of " Lathe Work," &c. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, zs, Cloth. [Glasxcnu Herald. " Thoroughly practical throughout. The amateur worker in wood w 11 find it most useful." INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 33 Electrolysis of Gold, Silver, Copper, etc. ELECTRO-DEPOSITION : A Practical Treatise on the Electrolysis of Gold, Silver, Copper, Nickel, and other Metals and Alloys. With descrip- tions of Voltaic Batteries, Magneto and Dynamo-Electric Machines, Ther- mopiles, and of the Materials and Processes used in every Department of the Art, and several Chapters on Electro- Metallurgy. By ALEXANDER WATT. Third Edition, Revised and Corrected. Crown 8vo, 95. cloth. "Eminently a book for the practical worker in electro-deposition. It contains practical descriptions of methods, processes and materials as actually pursued and used in the workshop," Engineer. Electro-Metallurgy. ELECTRO-MET A LL URG Y ; Practically Treated. By ALEXANDER WATT, Author of " Electro-Deposition," &c. Ninth Edition, Enlarged and Revised, with Additional Illustrations, and including the most recent Processes, izmo, 45. cloth boards. "From this book both amateur and artisan may learn everything necessary for the successful prosecution of electroplating." Iron. Electroplating. ELECTROPLA TING : A Practical Handbook on the Deposi- tion of Copper, Silver, Nickel, Gold, Aluminium, Brass, Platinum, &c. &c. With Descriptions of the Chemicals, Materials, Batteries and Dynamo Machines used in the Art. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E. Second Edition, with Additions. Numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. " An excellent practical manual." Engineering, " An excellent work, giving the newest information." Horological Journal. Electrotyping. ELECTROTYPING : The Reproduction and Multiplication of Print- ing Surfaces and Works of Art by the Electro-deposition of Metals. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. " The book is thoroughly practical. The reader is, therefore, conducted through the leading laws of electricity, then through the metals used by electrotypers, the apparatus, and the depositing processes, up to the final preparation of the work." Art Journal. Horology. A TREATISE ON MODERN HOROLOGY, in Theory and Prac- tice. Translated from the French of CLAUDIUS SAUNIER, by TULIEN TRIP- PLIN, F.R.A.S., and EDWARD RIGG, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. With 78 Woodcuts and 22 Coloured Plates. Second Edition. Royal 8vo, 2 zs. cloth ; 2 IDS. half-calf. " There is no horological work in the English language at all to be compared to this produc- tion of M. Saunier's for clearness and completeness. It is alike good as a guide for the student and as a reference for the experienced horologist and skilled workman." Horological Journal. " The latest, the most complete, and the most reliable of those literary productions to which continental watchmakers are indebted for the mechanical superiority over their English brethren in fact, the Book of Books, is M. Saunier's 'Treatise.'" Watchmaker, Jeweller and Silversmith. Watchmaking. THE WATCHMAKER'S HANDBOOK. A Workshop Com- panion for those engaged in Watchmaking and the Allied Mechanical 'Arts. From the French of CLAUDIUS SAUNIER. Enlarged by JULIEN TRIPPLIN, F.R.A.S., and EDWARD RIGG, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. Woodcuts and Copper Plates. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, gs. cloth. " Each part is truly a treatise in itself. The arrangement is good and the language is clear and :ise. It is an admirable guide for the young watchmaker." Engineering. " It is impossible to speak too highly of its excellence. It fulfils every requirement in a hand- book intended for the use of a workman." Watch and Clockmaker. " This book contains an immense number of practical details bearing on the daily occupation of a watchmaker." Watchmaker and Metalworker (Chicago). Goldsmiths' Work. THE GOLDSMITH'S HANDBOOK. By GEORGE E. GEE, Jeweller, &c. Third Edition, considerably Enlarged. i2ino, 35. 6d. cl. bds. "A good, sound educator, and will be accepted as an authority." Horological Journal. Silversmiths' Work. THE SILVERSMITH'S HANDBOOK. By GEORGE E. GEE, Jeweller, &c. Second Edition, Revised, with numerous Illustrations. I2mo, 35. 6d. cloth boards. "Workers in the trade will speedily discover its merits when they sit down to study it." English Mechanic. *** The above two works together, strongly half-bound, price 7$. 34 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. IZread and JBiscuit Baking. THE BREAD- AND BISCUIT BAKER'S AND SUGAR- BOILER'S ASSISTANT. Including a large variety of Modern Recipes. With Remarks on the Art of Bread-making. By ROBERT WELLS, Practical Baker. Second Edition, with Additional Recipes. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. " A large number of wrinkles for the ordinary cook, as well as the baker." Saturday Review. Confectionery. THE PASTRYCOOK AND CONFECTIONER'S GUIDE. For Hotels, Restaurants and the Trade in general, adapted also for Family Use. By ROBERT WELLS, Author of " The Bread and Biscuit Baker's and Sugar Boiler's Assistant." Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. " We cannot speak too highly of this really excellent work. In these days of keen competition our readers cannot do better than purchase this book." Bakers' Times. Ornamental Confectionery. ORNAMENTAL CONFECTIONERY: A Guide for Bakers, Confectioners and Pastrycooks; including a variety of Modern Recipes, and Remarks on Decorative and Coloured Work. With 129 Original Designs. By ROBERT WELLS. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. " A valuable work, and should be in the hands of every baker and confectioner. The illus- rative designs are alone worth treble the amount charged for the whole work." Bakers' Times. Flour Confectionery. THE MODERN FLOUR CONFECTIONER. Wholesale and Retail. Containing a large Collection of Recipes for Cheap Cakes, Biscuits, &c. With Remarks on the Ingredients used in their Manufacture, &c. By R. WELLS, Author of "Ornamental Confectionery," "The Bread and Biscuit Baker," " The Pastrycook's Guide," &c. Crown 8vo, zs. cloth. Laundry Work. LA UN DRY MANAGEMENT. A Handbook for Use in Private CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES & COMMERCE, New Manual of Engineering Chemistry. ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY ; A Practical Treatise for the Use of Analytical Chemists, Engineers, Iron Masters, Iron Founders, Students, and others. Comprising Methods of Analysis and Valuation of the Principal Materials used in Engineering Work, with numerous Analyses, Examples, and Suggestions. By H. JOSHUA PHILLIPS, F.I.C., F.C.S. Analytical and Consulting Chemist to the Great Eastern Railway. Crown 8vo 320 pp., with Illustrations, ics. 6d. cloth. [Just published " In this work the author has rendered no small service to a numerous body of practical men . . . The analytical methods may be pronounced most satisfactory, being as accurate as the despatch required of engineering chemists permits." Chemical Neius. Analysis and Valuation of Fuels. FUELS: SOLID, LIQUID AND GASEOUS, Their Analysis and Valuation. For the Use oi Chemists and Engineers. By H. J. PHILLIPS, F.C.S. , Analytical and Consulting Chemist to the Great Eastern Railway. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. " Ought to have its place in the laboratory of every metallurgical establishment, and wherever fuel is used on a large scale." Chemical Neivs. ' Cannot fail to be of wide interest, especially at the present time." Rail-way News. Alkali Trade, Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, etc. A MANUAL OF THE ALKALI TRADE, including the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, Sulphate of Soda, and Bleaching Powder. By JOHN LOMAS. 390 pages. With 232 Illustrations and Working Drawings. Second Edition. Royal 8vo, i los. cloth. "This book is written by a manufacturer for manufacturers. The working details of the most approved forms of apparatus are given, and these are accompanied by no less than 233 wood en- gravings, all of which may be used for the purposes of construction." Athenczum. AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. 35 The Blowpipe. THE BLOWPIPE IN CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, AND GEOLOGY. Containing all known Methods of Anhydrous Analysis, Work- ing Examples, and Instructions for Making Apparatus. By Lieut.-Col. W. A Ross, R.A. With 120 Illustrations. New Edition. Crown 8vo, 53. cloth. "The student who goes through the course of experimentation here laid down will gain a better insight into inorganic chemistry and mineralogy than if he had 'got up' any of the best text-books ot the day, and passed any number of examinations in their contents." Chemical News. Commercial Chemical Analysis. THE COMMERCIAL HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL ANA- LYSIS; or, Practical Instructions tor the determination of the Intrinsic or Commercial Value of Substances used in Manufactures.Trades, and the Arts. By A. NORMANDY. New Edition by H. M. NOAD, F.R.S. Cr. 8vo, izs. 6d. cl. ' ' Essential to the analysts appointed under the new Act. The most recent results are given, and the work is well edited and carefully written." Nature. Breiving. A HANDBOOK FOR YOUNG BREWERS. By HERBERT EDWARDS WRIGHT, B. A. New Edition, much Enlarged. [/ the press. Dye-Wares and Colours. THE MANUAL OF COLOURS AND DYE- WARES : Their Properties, Applications, Valuation, Impurities, and Sophistications. For the use of Dyers, Printers, Drysalters, Brokers, &c. By J. W. SLATER. Second Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged. Crown 8vo, ?s. 6d. cloth. " A complete encyclopaedia of the -materia tinctoria. The information given respecting each article is full and precise, and the methods of determining the value of articles such as these, so liable to sophistication, are given with clearness, and are practical as well as valuable." Chemist " There is no other work which covers precisely the same ground. To students preparing for examinations in dyeing and printing it will prove exceedingly useful." Chemical News. Pigments. THE ARTIST'S MANUAL OF PIGMENTS. Showing their Composition, Conditions of Permanency, Non-Permanency, and Adul- terations; Effects in Combination with Each Other and with Vehicles ; and the most Reliable Tests of Purity. By H. C. STANDAGE, Second Edition. Crown 8vp, 2s. 6d. cloth. "This work is indeed multurn-in-parvo, and we can, with good conscience, recommend it to all who come in contact with pigments, whether as makers, dealers or users." Chemical Review. Gauging. Tables and Rules for ^Revenue Officers, Brewers, etc. A POCKET BOOK OF MENSURATION AND GAUGING : Containing Tables, Rules and Memoranda for Revenue Officers, Brewers, Spirit Merchants, &c. By J. B. MANT (Inland Revenue). Second Edition Revised. Oblong i8mo, 45. leather, with elastic band. " This handy and uselul book is adapted to the requirements of the Inland Revenue Depart uient, and will be a favourite book of reference." Civilian. " Should be in the hands of every practical brewer." Brewers* Journal. AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. Youatt and Burn's Complete Grazier. THE COMPLETE GRAZIER, and, FARMER'S and CATTLE- BREEDER'S ASSISTANT. Including the Breeding, Rearing, and Feeding of Stock ; Management of the Dairy, Culture and Management of Grass Land, and of Grain and Root Crops, &c. By W. YOUATT and R. SCOTT BURN. An entirely New Edition, partly Re-written and greatly Enlarged, by W. FREAM, B.Sc.Lond., LL.D. In medium 8vo, about 1,000 pp. [/a the press. Agricultural Facts and Figures. NOTE-BOOK OF AGRICULTURAL FACTS AND FIGURES FOR FARMERS AND FARM STUDENTS. By PRIMROSE McCoNNELL, late Professor of Agriculture, Glasgow Veterinary College. Third Edition Royal 32mo, 45. leather. "The most complete and comprehensive Note-book for Farmers and Farm Students that ive have seen. It literally teems with information, and we can cordially recommend it to afl connected with agricullture." North British Agriculturist. 36 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. Flour Manufacture, Milling, etc. FLOUR MANUFACTURE: A Treatise on Milling Science and Practice. By FRIEDRICH KICK, Imperial Regierungsrath, Professor of Mechanical Technology in the Imperial German Polytechnic Institute, Prague. Translated from the Second Enlarged and Revised Edition with Supplement. By H. H. P. POWLES, A.M.I.C.E. Nearly 400 pp. Illustrated with 28 Folding Plates, and 167 Woodcuts. Royal 8vo, 255. cloth. " This valuable work is, and will remain, the standard authority on the science of millingf. . The miller v/ho has read and digested this work will have laid the foundation, so to speak, of a suc- cessful career ; he will have acquired a number of general principles which he can proceed to apply. In this handsome volume we at last have the accepted text-book of modern milling in good, sound English, which has little, if any, trace of the German idiom." The Miller. " The appearance of this celebrated work in English is very opportune, and British millers will, we are sure, not be slow in availing themselves of its pages." Millers' Gazette. Small Farming. SYSTEMATIC SMALL FARMING; or, The Lessons of my Farm. Being an Introduction to Modern Farm Practice for Small Farmers in the Culture of Crops ; The Feeding of Cattle; The Management of the Dairy, Poultry and Pigs, &c. &c. By ROBERT SCOTT BURN, Author of " Out- lines of Landed Estates' Management." Numerous Illusts., cr. 8vo, 6s. cloth. "This is the completest book of its class we have seen, and one which every amateur farmer will read with pleasure and accept as a guide." Field. " The volume contains a vast amount of useful information. No branch of farming is left untouched, from the labour to be done to the results achieved. It may be safely recommended to all who think they will be in paradise when they buy or rent a three-acre farm." Glasgow Herald. Modern Farming. OUTLINES OF MODERN FARMING. By R. SCOTT BURN. Soils, Manures, and Crops Farming and Farming Economy Cattle, Sheep, and Horses Management of Dairy, Pigs and Poultry Utilisation of Town-Sewage, Irrigation, &c. Sixth Edition. In One Vol., 1,250 pp., half- bound, profusely Illustrated, 125. " The aim of the author has been to make his work at once comprehensive and trustworthy, and in this aim he has succeeded to a degree which entitles him to much credit." Morning Advertiser. " No farmer should be without this book." Banbury Guardian, Agricultural Engineering. FARM ENGINEERING, THE COMPLETE TEXT-BOOK OF. Comprising Draining and Embanking ; Irrigation and Water Supply ; Farm Roads, Fences, and Gates ; Farm Buildings, their Arrangement and Con- struction, with Plans and Estimates; Barn Implements and Machines; Field Implements and Machines; Agricultural Surveying, Levelling, &c. By Prof. JOHN SCOTT, Editor of the " Farmers' Gazette," late Professor of Agriculture and Rural Economy at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, &Ci &c. In One Vol., 1,150 pages, half-bound, with over 600 Illustrations, 125. "Written with great care, as well as with knowledge and ability. The author has done his work well ; we have found him a very trustworthy guide wherever we have tested his statements. The volume will be of great value to agricultural students," Mark Lane Express. " For a young agriculturist we know ofjno handy volume likely to be more usefully studied." BelFs Weekly Messenger. English Agriculture. THE FIELDS OF GREAT BRITAIN : A Text-Book of Agriculture, adapted to the Syllabus of the Science and Art Department. For Elementary and Advanced Students. By HUGH CLEMENTS (Board of Trade). Second Ed., Revised, with Additions. i8mo, 2S. 6d. cl. "A most comprehensive volume, giving a mass of information." Agricultural Economist. "It is a long time since we have seen a book which has pleased us more, or which contains such a vast and useful fund of knowledge." Educational Times. Tables for Farmers, etc. TABLES, MEMORANDA, AND CALCULATED RESULTS for Farmers, Graziers, Agricultural Students, Surveyors, Land Agents A^^c- tioneers, etc. With a New System of Farm Book-keeping. Selected and Arranged by SIDNEY FRANCIS. Second Edition, Revised. 272 pp., waist- coat-pocket size, is. 6d. limp leather. "Weighing less than i oz., and occupying no more space than a match box, it contains a mass of facts and calculations which has never before, in such handy form, been obtainable. . Every operation on the farm is dealt with. The work may be taken as thoroughly accurate, the whole of the tables having been revised by Dr. Fream. We cordially recommend it." Sell's Weekly Messenger. " A marvellous little book. . . . The agriculturist who possesses himself of it will not be disappointed with his investment." The Farm, AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. 37 Farm, and Estate Book-7ceeping. BOOK-KEEPING FOR FARMERS & ESTATE OWNERS. A Practical Treatise, presenting, in Three Plans, a System adapted for all Classes of Farms. By JOHNSON M. WOODMAN, Chartered Accountant. Second Edition, Revised. Cr. 8vo, 35. 6d. cl. bds. ; or zs. 6d. cl. limp. " The volume is a capital study of a most important subject." Agricultural Gazette. " Will be found of great assistance by those who intend to commence a system of book-keep- ing, the author's examples being clear and explicit, and his explanations, while full and accurate, being to a large extent free from technicalities." Live Stock Journal. Farm Account Book. WOODMAN'S YEARLY FARM ACCOUNT BOOK. Giving a Weekly Labour Account and Diary, and showing the Income and Expen- diture under each Department of Crops, Live Stock, Dairy, &c. &c. With Valuation, Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet at the end of the Year, and an Appendix of Forms. Ruled and Headed for Entering a Com- plete Record of the Farming Operations. By JOHNSON M. WOODMAN, Chartered Accountant. Folio, 75. 6d. half 'bound. {.culture. "Contains every requisite form for keeping farm accounts readily and accurately." AgrO- Early Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables. THE FORCING GARDEN ; or, How to Grow Early Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables. With Plans and Estimates for Building Glass- houses, Pits and Frames. By SAMUEL WOOD. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. " A good book, and fairly fills a place that was in some degree vacant. The book is written with great care, and contains a great deal of valuable teaching." Gardeners' Magazine. "Mr. Wood's book is an original and exhaustive answer to the question 'How to Grow Early Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables ? ' "Land and Water, Good Gardening. A PLAIN GUIDE TO GOOD GARDENING ; or, How to Grow Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers. With Practical Notes on Soils, Manures,. Seeds, Planting, Laying-out of Gardens and Grounds, &c. By S. WOOD. Fourth Edition, with numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. "A very good book, and one to be highly recommended as a practical guide. The practical directions are excellent." Athenceum. " May be recommended to young gardeners, cottagers, and specially to amateurs, for the plain, simple, and trustworthy information it gives on common matters too often neglected." Gardeners' Chronicle. Gainful Gardening. MULTUM-IN-PARVO GARDENING; or, How to make One Acre of Land produce "620 a-year by the Cultivation of Fruits and Vegetables ; also, How to Grow Flowers in Three Glass Houses, so as to realise 176 per annum clear Profit. By S. WOOD. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, is. sewed. "We are bound to recommend it as not only suited to the case of the amateur and gentleman's gardener, but to the market grower." Gardeners' Magazine. Gardening for Ladies. THE LADIES 1 MULTUM-IN-PARVO FLOWER GARDEN, and Amateurs' Complete Guide. By S. WOOD. With Illusts. Cr. 8vo, 35. 6d. cl. " This volume contains a good deal of sound, common sense instruction." Florist. "Full of shrewd hints-and useful instructions, based on a lifetime of experience." Scotsman, Receipts for Gardeners. GARDEN RECEIPTS. By C. W. QUIN. I2mo, is. 6d. cloth. "A useful and handy book, containing a good deal of valuable information." Athenceum. Market Gardening. MARKET AND KITCHEN GARDENING. By Contributors to "The Garden." Compiled by C. W. SHAW, late Editor of "Gardening Illustrated." i2mo, 35. 6d. cloth boards. "The most valuable compendium of kitchen and market-garden work published." Partner. Cottage Gardening. COTTAGE GARDENING; or, Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables for, Small Gardens. By E. HOBDAY. lamo, is. 6d. cloth limp. Potato Culture. POTATOES : How to Grow and Show Them. A Practical Guide to the Cultivation and General Treatment of the Potato. By JAMES PINK. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, zs. cloth. 38 CROSBY LOCK WOOD