K43 
 
 M<CNRLF 
 
 SIR WILLIAI HAlILTOlf 
 
 The Man and his Philosophy 
 
 PROFESS 
 
km 
 
 REESE LIBRARY 
 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, 
 
 oo<ux^ 
 
 
 i/^rcc'ssioiis 
 
 No. 7 /6 4^/ CLi^s No. 
 
 ^. ..A,^-'.^^^;::1'!: 
 

 
( 
 
 f 
 
SIE WILLIAM HAMILTON 
 
 THE MAN AND HIS PHILOSOPHY. 
 TrVO LECTURES 
 
 ■ DELIVERED BEFORE 
 
 THE EDINBURGH PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTION, 
 JANUARY AND FEBRUARY 1883 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN YEITCH, LL.D. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF LOGIC AND RHETORIC IN THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW 
 
 WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON 
 
 MDCCCLXXXIII 
 
!/V3 
 
 7 / c^ / 
 
^ 
 
 PREFATOEY NOTE. 
 
 These Lectures are printed almost as they were 
 delivered. To the Second, that more specially 
 on the Philosophy, I have added a few passages 
 omitted in speaking, owing to the limit of time, 
 but fitted to develop some of the points more 
 fully. J. V. 
 
 The College, Glasgow, 
 February 1883. 
 
LECTURE I. 
 
 L PHILOSOPHY IN SCOTLAND BEFORE HAMILTON. 
 
 THE REGENTING AND THE PROFESSORIATE. 
 
 The study of Mental Philosophy has long been a highly 
 characteristic feature of the university system of Scot- 
 land. Logic, Physics, and Ethics formed the almost 
 exclusive subjects of instruction in the Arts' Faculty of 
 the pre - Eef ormation universities — viz., St Andrews, 
 Glasgow, Aberdeen — at their foundation in the fifteenth 
 century, and for a long time afterwards. During the 
 fifteenth, sixteenth, and even the seventeenth centuries, 
 there was hardly a university on the continent of 
 Europe at any time, which did not contain, — I might 
 almost say, was not made famous by — a Scottish Eegent 
 or Professor of Philosophy, who had learned his dialectic 
 in his native university. Just as the mediaeval Scot 
 sought service and fame on foreign battle-fields, so his 
 poorer compatriot sought the laurel of learning in foreign 
 universities. " The Scots," said Erasmus, " take a 
 natural delight in dialectical subtleties ; " and the 
 names of Major, Lockhart, and Wedderbum in the 
 
 A 
 
6 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 University of Paris, Mark Duncan in Saumur, Robert 
 Balfour in Bordeaux, Gilbert Jack in Leyden, and 
 numerous others, testify to the fact that dialectic was 
 the strong and cultivated faculty of the Scot all 
 through those times. 
 
 In those centuries no doubt the aim of university 
 instruction was culture, rather than the search after 
 new truths, or even putting men in the way of seeking 
 new truths. It was culture, too, of a somewhat nar- 
 row kind, being that mainly of intellectual acuteness, 
 dexterity in a debate, in propugning or impugning a 
 given thesis. It was a culture, in fact, almost exclu- 
 sively based on the Logic and Philosophy of Aristotle. 
 The circumstances of the times led to this, the char- 
 acter of the teachers as mainly ecclesiastics, but above 
 all the system of teaching which existed, that of regent- 
 ing, as it was called. This meant that the student was 
 handed over at the commencement of his university 
 studies to a single teacher, who carried him through 
 the four years' course, instructing him in the different 
 subjects in turn, and finally presenting him for grad- 
 uation. The teaching was mainly from appointed 
 text-books, or from dictata given by the regent, in 
 the different subjects. These the student had to 
 master. There was little or no room for free thought 
 on the part either of teacher or pupil. The practice 
 of disputation, which allowed some scope for individual 
 thought, hardly rose beyond arguments pro and co7i on 
 the given thesis. It is thus clear that there could not 
 be much progress in philosophical speculation or thought 
 on such a system, even had the state of the country 
 been tranquil, free from those devastating English wars. 
 
Philosoptiy in Scotland hefore Hamilton. 7 
 
 those civil broils, those constant revolutions in State 
 and Church, which, up to 1688, interfered with intel- 
 lectual concentration, imperilled the very existence of 
 the universities, and made the life of the Scottish 
 scholar in his own land almost impossible. Any fresh 
 thought which we find in these times was the swell of 
 a wave from without. The existing theses which have 
 come down to us show ever and anon the passing 
 influence of a great thinker, foreign to our soil. In 
 the sixteenth century we find traces of the influence 
 of Ramus, in the seventeenth of Descartes and Locke. 
 But it was only as an echo from other lands; free 
 thought had not yet arisen in the Scottish universities : 
 they had yet no voice of their own ; they had not con- 
 quered any truth for themselves, and thus as yet had 
 no title to mould the philosophy of other nations. 
 
 But a beneficial change and reform took place in the be- 
 ginning and towards the middle of the eighteenth century. 
 In the universities the old regenting system was broken 
 up ; the diff'erent subjects of the curriculum were dis 
 tributed among different teachers; the system of the 
 professoriate arose ; the student came in contact with a 
 new teacher at every term in his course ; dictation and 
 text-books were comparatively superseded ; the professor 
 became free to think for himself, was to a certain ex- 
 tent under an obligation to do so. Lecturing in English 
 was substituted for dictation in Latin. There was 
 also in the country greater calm and leisure for reflection ; 
 and now it was that there arose the first movement of 
 that free thought and independent examination of the 
 great problems of speculation, — regarding man, the 
 world, and God, — which has grown contmuously 
 
8 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 within the last hundred and fifty years, and which 
 has been sustained, increased, and widened by a suc- 
 cession of men of original power, industrious research, 
 and simple life and manners, whose names are an 
 honour to any land. ISTeed I mention Turnbull and 
 Campbell of Aberdeen; Gerschom Carmichael, Francis 
 Hutcheson, Adam Smith, Thomas Eeid of- Glasgow; 
 Adam Ferguson, Dugald Stewart, Thomas Brown, and 
 Sir AVilliam Hamilton of Edinburgh 1 And ought I not 
 to add to the memorable list, though his thinking was 
 cast in a somewhat different mould, James Frederick 
 Ferrier of St Andrews 1 ^ 
 
 And what is more, the course of thought which rose 
 and flowed onwards since the beginning of last century 
 to our own day, has been so continuous and so marked 
 in feature and character as to have deserved and received 
 the name of a School of Philosophy; a school which 
 has influenced the speculative mind alike of France and 
 America, which mainly helped to raise the academic 
 thought of France in the early part of this century 
 above the husks of sensationalism and materialism, 
 and to elevate and beautify it with a sense of the 
 dignity of man, and the feeling of a true spiritualism. 
 
 I^ow I am not here to stand up for every conclusion 
 of this school or of any school. Nor am I prepared to 
 say that it does not require supplement, widening, in 
 some respects courage and elevation. I do not believe 
 in traditionalism in philosophy any more than I believe 
 in stagnation in human life. What we gain in philo- 
 
 1 These and other facts in the history of the Scottish universities 
 were stated by the present writer in two contributions to Mind, Nos. 
 V. vi., January and April, 1877. 
 
Philosophy in Scotland hefore Hamilton. 9 
 
 sophy must be gained for ourselves and by ourselves. 
 It implies a personal quest, and a personal conquest. 
 This is the key to its power and its discipline. But I 
 am prepared to say this, that the school of Scottish 
 Philosophy has represented nationality in thought and 
 feeling; it is sprung from the soil as much as the 
 poetry of Scotland is native born; it is instinct with 
 the spirit of the cautious, sober, circumspect, yet pro- 
 foundly reflective and analytic turn, of the best type 
 of the Scottish mind. In its origin and main features 
 it has no marks about it of a foreign importation, often 
 as sickly as it is souUess ; it is a genuine attempt by 
 genuine men and honest effort to find solutions of the 
 ever-pressing questions of our lives, human personality, 
 freedom, immortality, the nature and meaning of the 
 external world, the nature and meaning of God Him- 
 self, and of our relations to Him. And no student of 
 philosophy, no historian of philosophy, can either 
 fairly or intelligently pass by the contribution which 
 Scotland has made to the great science of Mental 
 Philosophy. Any method of philosophising which 
 shall lead a man to do this, i§ an arbitrary and an 
 arrogant one, grounded neither on the facts of his- 
 tory nor the warrant of reason. 
 
 I must in this connection emphasise two facts : the 
 one, that independent speculative thought in Scotland 
 was really contemporaneous with the breaking up of the 
 regenting system and the institution of the professorial ; 
 and the other, that the philosophy of Scotland was born, 
 grew up, and was nourished in the universities of the 
 countr}^ The regenting system is essentially the system 
 of teaching which has prevailed, and which now prevails. 
 
10 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 in Oxford and Cambridge. It is a system which lives 
 and has always lived on books and text-books, written 
 by others, and so provided for its use. It looks to pre- 
 paration for examination and graduation merely, or at 
 least mainly. It lives, in fact, on the scraps which fall 
 from other men's tables. It has given rise to no inde- 
 pendent course of thinking, to no school of philosophy, 
 either in Oxford or Cambridge. ISfay, the exception in 
 this case proves the rule -, for the period in Cambridge 
 during which there was an outcome of independent 
 thinking sufficient to be named a school, the epoch of 
 the middle of the seventeenth century, illustrious by the 
 names of Henry More and Ealph Cudworth, to say 
 nothing of Gale, Burnet, Cumberland, and Culverwell, 
 was a time in which the professorial overshadowed the 
 tutorial or regenting element in the university. More 
 and Cudworth remained practically all their lives as 
 Fellows of Christ Church, and they were lecturing pro- 
 fessors in the Scottish sense of the term, never accepting 
 ecclesiastical preferment. These are facts worthy of the 
 consideration of university reformers, or at least innova- 
 tors in our own time.* They are worth considering in 
 connection with the legitimate influence of the two op- 
 posing systems, the tutorial and the professorial, which 
 have substantially characterised the universities of Eng- 
 land and Scotland. 
 
 I must further emphasise the fact that the free specu- 
 lative thought of Scotland was born in the universities 
 of the country ; for we must go back to Carmichael and 
 especially to Francis Hutcheson in Glasgow for its true 
 origin. Hutcheson was appointed to the Chair of Moral 
 Philosophy in Glasgow in 1729, exactly two years after 
 
Philosophy in Scotland hefore Hamilton. 11 
 
 the old regenting system had been broken up in that 
 university. This important fact regarding the origin 
 of speculative thought in our country, has not escaped 
 the keen eye of Cousin. It is almost peculiar to Scot- 
 land. In France the free thought of the country was 
 represented by Descartes and Malebranche, in HoUand 
 by Spinoza, in England by Locke, followed by Collins 
 and Dodwell : not one of them men identified with the 
 universities of their country, rather out of sympathy 
 with them. Why this was so, why free speculative 
 thought abou* the fundamental questions of metaphysics, 
 morals, and theology, originated and was continued in 
 the universities of this country, may be explained partly 
 by the fact that the men in the universities represented 
 the freedom, the individualism which undoubtedly char- 
 acterised the Presbyterianism of the time, as against 
 Episcopacy and the dogmatism of Church authority; 
 partly also by the apparently natural and historical 
 tendency of the Scottish intellect to reasoning and 
 discussion on first principles. That Scottish specula- 
 tive thought was a product of the universities, that it 
 was given first to a body of students in the way of 
 lectures, and not in the form of books for the world, 
 may serve to explain its moderation, some people would 
 say its timidity, on purely speculative questions ; cer- 
 tainly to explain the simple, untechnical style in which 
 it is for the most part clothed. 
 
 I cannot here notice all even of the main features of 
 the Scottish school of thought. But I must notice one 
 which is intimately connected with the impulse which 
 helped to give it birth, I mean its attitude to political 
 freedom. An unswerving declaration in favour of polit- 
 
12 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 ical liberty has been the feature of the system and the 
 men, since its first uprising. In the hands of Carmichael 
 and Hutcheson, Scottish thought was a reaction, a pro- 
 test, against two sets of doctrines, that of Hobbes, and 
 that of Locke, the latter, at least, as interpreted by 
 CoUins and Dodwell. It revolted against the despotic 
 principles of Hobbes, and in this it represented thor- 
 oughly the national feeling; for the country had had 
 enough of uncontrolled despotic power in the time of 
 Charles II., the Lauderdales and the Middletons, who 
 had carried out the unrelenting behests successively of a 
 sensualist and a concealed Papist on the throne. We 
 are apt to forget in these times what we owe to the 
 Scottish philosophy and the teaching of the Scottish 
 universities in our most intimate social condition. It 
 has been the strongest ally of the spirit of freedom in 
 this country. Thomas Eeid, not less than Burke and 
 "Wordsworth, hailed with fervour the early promise of 
 the recognition of the rights of a nation in the dawn of 
 the French Eevolution. And out of the silent thought 
 matured in the Scottish universities arose that system 
 of free political economy which ranked Adam Smith for 
 its master, Dugald Stewart for its eloquent expounder, 
 and Russell, Palmerston, Horner, and Lauderdale for its 
 practical disciples. 
 
 While Scottish thought has been true to the cause of 
 political freedom, it has been, at the same time, always 
 opposed to the excess, the licence, of individual opinion. 
 It has sought ever to put in the foreground the con- 
 victions at the heart of humanity, those beliefs which 
 give it true dignity. It has held by these against 
 passing individual assault and criticism, against indi- 
 
Life amd Writings, 13 
 
 vidual conceit and caprice; it has held by freedom 
 against fatalism, a disinterested theory of morals against 
 selfishness, and a rational theism. If the poetry of 
 Burns may be described, as I think it may, as common- 
 sense glorified, the philosophy of Scotland may be char- 
 acterised as the common-sense of mankind analysed, 
 purified, and vindicated. 
 
 IL HAMILTON — LIFE AND WRITINGS. 
 
 Dr Thomas Reid was still alive in a ripe and honoured 
 old age in the College Court of Glasgow, when William 
 Hamilton, the son of a professor there, was born in the 
 same Court in 1788. His immediate ancestors were 
 professors of medicine. But there lurked somewhat 
 obscurely the fact that his more remote forefathers had 
 been lairds, knights, baronets; had held estates, Pres- 
 ton, Fingalton, Airdrie; that they were a very old 
 branch of the house of Hamilton. They had fought, 
 and some of them had fallen, at Flodden, Langside, and 
 Worcester. A very near ancestor had been fired with 
 the Covenanting spirit; he defeated Claverhouse at 
 Drumclog, and subsequently was beaten at Bothwell 
 Brig. Hamilton's mother, too, an Elizabeth Stirling, 
 was of a good old line, the Stirlings of Cadder. This 
 descent had a strong fascination for him ; the historical 
 imagination was a powerful element in his nature 
 and work ; it largely moulded all his philosophical 
 labours and thought, and it quickened him, in the 
 early years of his youth and manhood, to special inquiry 
 into the history of his own line. The result was that 
 
14 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 he succeeded in serving himself heir to this old line, and 
 in being declared by a jury before the Sheriff of Edin- 
 burgh (1816) the rightful inheritor of the baronetcy of 
 Preston, created in 1673. There was a good deal in the 
 story of the great house of Cadzow, of which, I dare- 
 say, Sir William was inwardly proud. We may at least 
 note a certain transformation of the fervid Covenanting 
 spirit, and the keen force of the ancestral sword-arm, 
 in the intensity of purpose and the unsparing dialectic 
 of the philosophic representative of the Preston branch. 
 Young Hamilton entered the University of Glasgow, 
 as a regular student, at, the age of fifteen (1803-4). He 
 got a general training from the studies of the place ; but 
 that was all. The only distinctive philosophy taught 
 was a kind of sensationalism by James Mylne, the Pro- 
 fessor of Moral Philosophy, and this clearly never had any 
 influence on Hamilton's subsequent speculative thought. 
 The Philosophy classes in Glasgow had fallen, under a 
 system of nepotic patronage, from the level of Hutche- 
 son and Eeid, almost to a commonplace drill in English 
 composition. But there was the Snell Exhibition there, 
 which had already enabled Adam Smith and Archibald 
 Alison to go to Oxford. Hamilton was preferred to this 
 exhibition, and he went to Oxford in 1807. Intellectual 
 life there at this date was at but a low ebb. The tuto- 
 rial system of working with text-books was the only 
 means of academic training. There was no freshness, 
 no originality. As Hamilton himself tells us, if the 
 notions got from Aristotle had been taken from the 
 heads of the tutors, not an idea would have remained. 
 Some young men there were in the Common Eoom of 
 Oriel who were destined to leave their mark on Eng- 
 
Life and Writings. 15 
 
 lish thought, such as Copleston and Whately. But 
 with these Hamilton had apparently no intercourse. 
 At the same time, Hamilton's Oxford life and studies 
 were to him of incalculable value. The opening for 
 philosophical books which the examination in Literis 
 Humaniorihus afforded, led him to a study of Aristotle, 
 especially the Organon, which coloured and directed 
 the whole course of his subsequent philosophical think- 
 ing. His wide and accurate acquaintance with Greek 
 and Latin philosophy attracted the attention and admir- 
 ation of the examiners, as it doubtless somewhat puzzled 
 them. And we can see in the close study of the 
 Organon of Aristotle, which Hamilton began at Oxford, 
 and continued through his lifetime, the discipline of that 
 extraordinary dialectic, which was the main feature of 
 his philosophical genius. 
 
 Hamilton left Oxford in 1810. With all his distinc- 
 tion there, he got no fellowship. The college feeling 
 was distinctly against the Scot having part or lot in 
 the prizes of the place. Hamilton's friend, Lockhart, 
 once wrote under a notice regarding a fellowship, " ]S"o 
 Scotsman need apply." Such was the strength of the 
 decaying English prejudice against Scotsmen, even in 
 the present century, and that in a seat of learning, 
 where we might expect at least men to be regarded for 
 their qualities as men and scholars. 
 
 The prospects of life at this time for Hamilton 
 were not brilliant. He had had some idea of following 
 medicine as a profession, as his father and grandfather 
 had done before him, but this he now abandoned; 
 and finally, in July 1813, he passed as advocate 
 at the Scottish Bar. After this he took up his resi- 
 
16 Sir William. Hamilton. 
 
 dence with his mother in Edinburgh. He cannot be 
 said to have made any particular way at the Bar. He 
 was not a ready speaker, had, in fact, a certain nervous 
 hesitation in his speech, which was against his success 
 in public appearances. His, besides, was not the kind 
 of mind that could accommodate itself to the routine of 
 the prosperous advocate's work. He took an interest in 
 civil law and in antiquarian and genealogical cases. But, 
 on the whole, the famous library in the hall down-stairs 
 had greatly more attraction for him than the pacing of 
 the Parliament House. The public j)rofession of the 
 advocate w^as very much a profession ; the real interest 
 and work of the man, his inner life, lay thenceforward 
 in the pursuits of the scholar and the thinker, and these 
 in forms so rich, varied, recondite, and profound, as to 
 admit of almost no parallel in this century in Great 
 Britain. 
 
 For sixteen years, from 1813 to 1829, the life of 
 Hamilton is an interesting object of contemplation, alike 
 in its surroundings and in itself. Not doing much at 
 the Bar, and opposed to the dominant political party of 
 the time, and taking little part in political action, his 
 life was that of the pure thinker and scholar, working in 
 lines mostly new to Scottish thought. There was much 
 literary activity about him in Edinburgh, though not of 
 a cast he greatly cared for. Jeffrey and the ' Edinburgh 
 Review,' Wilson and ' Blackwood,' supplied the reading 
 public with a brilliant periodical literature and with their 
 critical estimates of authors. Lockhart, De Quincey, and 
 Hogg were all exerting an influence. Hamilton, though a 
 Whig in politics in that bitter time, was the intimate 
 friend and associate of Lockhart and Wilson, was 
 
Life and Writings. 17 
 
 privy even to the "Chaldee MS.," in which he figures 
 as " the black eagle of the desert," and to which he is 
 said to have contributed a verse. Somehow, shortly 
 after this, owing probably to some political reference, 
 Hamilton's friendship with liOckhart ceased for ever, 
 in this world at least. 
 
 The greatest and most illustrious man of all, Walter 
 Scott, had practically abandoned the field of poetry foj* 
 that grand pageantry of picture, character, and scenery, 
 of which * Waverley ' was the herald. Each succeeding 
 novel was waited for and welcomed, as no books had 
 been before. Out of them arose the literary atmo- 
 sphere which people breathed. But, with all deference 
 to Scott and his work, with the fullest appreciation 
 of it, there were interests and questions which he left 
 wholly untouched, and which were alien to the whole 
 cast of his mind. These were the speculative interests 
 and the problems of reflection. And our national liter- 
 ature would have been poorer, ay, incomplete, but for 
 that complementary side of it, that side of lofty abstract 
 speculative thought which was represented by Hamilton, 
 — a noble toil, carried on unknown to the world, and with- 
 out any stimulus of applause. It is well to have story, 
 legend, and history pictorially delineated ; it is well to 
 appeal to the imagination by glowing ideals, to revel in 
 the chambers of imagery ; but that national life which 
 is never quickened to ask questions regarding human 
 origin and destiny, — Whence am I % Whither do I go ? 
 regarding personality and freedom, and the great 
 realities of the unseen world which encompasses us, 
 wants the touch which makes it pure, reverent, and in 
 the highest* form self-conscious. We need the emotions 
 
 ■^^l.'tfF^ 
 
18 Sir William Hamilton, 
 
 whicli spring from the sense of tlie Infinite around us ; 
 otherwise worldly life and interests will very soon make 
 us less than men. Nay, do you even for a moment 
 imagine that if the reflective thought of the country 
 were bounded by phsenomenalism, by materialism, 
 by Comtism, by the world of sight and touch, if 
 every human aspiration lay self-locked there, if spec- 
 ulative thought never opened an outlook into the 
 spiritual world, you could possibly have any sub- 
 ject of the highest artistic power, any subject that 
 would thrill and purify you, either even the chival- 
 rous ride of William of Deloraine from Branksome to 
 Melrose, or the heroism of Jeanie Deans, or the protes- 
 tation of fidelity, amid constrained betrayal, that fell 
 from the bloodless and faltering lips of Lucy Ashton 1 
 N'or could the great master of fiction even have quietly 
 resigned himself to rest after life's turmoil, had this been 
 all he saw and felt, or said : — 
 
 " Won is the glory, and the grief is past." 
 
 There is one man who flits across this period of 
 Hamilton's life, whose powers were as yet latent, 
 though not without a dawning promise of what they 
 were one day to become. Thomas Carlyle was now in 
 Edinburgh, first as a student, and then after his marriage 
 as a resident in Comely Bank. He and Hamilton had 
 met, felt the power of each other, and become friends. 
 
 "Perhaps," says Carlyle, "it was in 1824 or 1825. 
 I recollect right well the bright affable manners of Sir 
 William, radiant with frank kindliness, honest humanity, 
 and intelligence ready to help ; and how completely pre- 
 possessing they were ! A fine firm figure"^ of middle 
 
Life a'Hd Writings. 19 
 
 height ; one of the finest cheerfully-serious human faces, 
 of square, solid, yet rather aquiline type, . . . and a 
 pair of the beautifullest, kindly - beaming hazel eyes, 
 well open, and every now and then with a lambency of 
 smiling fire in them, which I always remember as with 
 trust and gratitude. . . . 
 
 "I recollect hearing much more of him in 1826 and 
 onward than formerly ; to what depths he had gone in 
 study of philosophy ; of his simple, independent, medi- 
 tative habits, ruggedly athletic modes of exercise, fond- 
 ness for his big dog, &c. ; everybody seemed to speak of 
 him with favour, those of his immediate acquaintance 
 uniformly with affectionate respect." After referring to 
 his conversational powers, he adds : " The tones of his 
 voice were themselves attractive, physiognomic of the man : 
 a strong, carelessly melodious tenor voice, the sound of 
 it betokening seriousness and cheerfulness ; occasionally 
 something of slightly remonstrative was in the undertones, 
 indicating well in the background possibilities of virtu- 
 ous wrath and fire; seldom anything of laughter, of 
 levity never anything; thoroughly a serious, cheerful, 
 sincere, and kindly voice, with looks corresponding." ^ 
 
 This liking of Carlyle for Hamilton, one whose in- 
 tellectual character was in several respects the antithesis 
 of his own, is a remarkable fact. And it is hardly less 
 remarkable that in the ' Eeminiscences ' which have made 
 such havoc of Carlyle's early friends and his own former 
 estimates of them, and to some extent of his own repu- 
 tation, his view of Hamilton seems to have remained 
 substantially unchanged. Carlyle therein shows but a 
 poor opinion of the Edinburgh men of letters whom he 
 1 Memoir, p. 125. 
 
20 Sir William. 'Hamilton. 
 
 met at this period, did not think them deep, or of high 
 moral purpose; but to the end he makes an exception 
 in favour of Hamilton, of whom he always speaks as 
 grandly "honest," and thoroughly in "earnest" in the 
 work of life. The keen instinct of Carlyle had felt the 
 intensity and the unworldliness of his friend. And 
 the two no doubt thoroughly agreed in conviction, 
 though from entirely opposite points of view, that there 
 were deeper questions and higher interests for man than 
 were represented in the somewhat smoothed, hornee, 
 and ephemeral literature that was current and accepted 
 in the Edinburgh of the time. 
 
 But was there to be no outcome of all those days and 
 nights of reading and thinking 1 For some time it seemed 
 as if there was not to be any. Hamilton was never 
 spontaneously inclined to composition, and his ideal of 
 a piece of literary work was so high as to repress his 
 effort at completion. Then he lost the Moral Philosophy 
 Chair in 1820, when his friend Wilson was appointed. 
 The Professorship of Civil History, which he got in 
 1821, was almost a nominal thing, though his lectures 
 were fresh and well appreciated; but his disappoint- 
 ment about the Chair of Moral Philosophy had the effect 
 of throwing him back on his habits of private study. 
 And now he was deep in the modern Latin poets, 
 George Buchanan especially, and Balde, Sannazarius, 
 Yida, Fracastorius, and the two Scaligers. These were 
 read and conned with the utmost minuteness ; parallel 
 passages and phrases were hunted up with all the ardour 
 and fidelity of a German editor. Then he found time for 
 examining the pretensions of phrenology, and for physi- 
 olof?ical research into the structure of brain and skull. 
 
Life, and Writings. 21 
 
 Again he would discuss before the Eoyal Society a new 
 theory of the Greek verb, and cite grammarians, whose 
 very names awoke strange echoes in Edinburgh. Mes- 
 merism, too, with its thrilling suggestions for the imagin- 
 ation, greatly fascinated him and occupied his time. 
 
 But all this was stiU unsatisfactory. It was apart 
 from the main work of his life. To that he had as yet 
 given no effect; but fortunately in 1829 two events 
 occurred. The one was that Sir William married, and 
 the other was that Mr Macvey Napier was appointed to 
 the editorship of the 'Edinburgh Eeview.' These cir- 
 cumstances supplied the stimulus awanting. There was 
 the need now for some practical effort. Lady Hamil- 
 ton's wifely devotion, and her remarkable practical 
 abihty were shown in many ways, but in none more than 
 keeping her husband to the literary and philosophical 
 work actually in hand, saying virtually, this is to be 
 done now and nothing further or other engaged in. 
 This led to something being reaUy done. And then 
 there were Mr Napier's profound belief in Sir William's 
 powers and attainments, his sympathy with and tolera- 
 tion of his irregularities as a contributor who could keep 
 neither time nor bounds, his urgency to get the contri- 
 bution finished. This influence, co-operating with that 
 of Lady Hamilton, simply secured Hamilton's work for 
 the world, saved him from utter absorption in his world 
 of rare, noble, and elevated, but ever increasingly unat- 
 tainable ideals. Otherwise the serene sea of abstract 
 thought would have held him becalmed for life. 
 
 The first contribution to the ' Eeview ' was the essay 
 on " The Writings of Cousin, and Philosophy of the 
 Unconditioned," in 1829. With this may be grouped 
 
 B 
 
22 ■ Sir Williain Hamilton. 
 
 that on " Brown's Writings, and Philosophy of Percep- 
 tion," 1830; that on "Logic," 1833; that on "Idealism 
 and Arthur Collier," in 1839 (a slight notice). These 
 represent the properly philosophical portion. His in- 
 terest in researches regarding the universities of the 
 Continent and Britain, his views of university education 
 and of university patronage, are represented by the 
 articles on " The State of the English Universities," and 
 " Oxford," — " The Eight of Dissenters to admission into 
 the English Universities." ' The essay on the " Epistolaj 
 Obscurorum Virorum," 1831, the national satire of 
 Germany, represents his curious, minute, out-of-the-way 
 knowledge of the literature and controversies of the 
 fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. His views of the 
 means of education and culture come out in the article 
 on "The Study of Mathematics," 1836. 
 
 The contributions to the 'Eeview' represent pretty 
 well the different lines of his intellectual interest, with 
 the exceptions of the study of Modern Latin Poetry, 
 the Life and Times of Buchanan, and Luther and the 
 Lutheran Writings. To his labours in those departments 
 he did no justice in print. The whole of the articles 
 show the wonderful individuality of the author. But 
 one man living could have written them, and that was 
 Hamilton himself. All of them show rare, out-of-the- 
 way research and learning, a strong stern independence, 
 a keen critical and polemical spirit, and a dialectic 
 almost unparalleled in fineness and edge. The philoso- 
 phical articles were almost wholly new in spirit, in lan- 
 guage, in style. They are solid, condensed bodies of 
 thought. There is a supreme indifference in them to 
 the passing questions of the day or hour. They are the 
 
Life and Writings, 23 
 
 work of a man whose eye is fixed on, absorbed by the 
 problem and the meaning, the very meaning of reality 
 to us, the reality of an outward world, of man, the 
 nature and scope of our knowledge of God, the limits 
 of human thinking and knowledge. Withal, there are 
 touches of literary beauty and grace, antithesis, the 
 power of contrast and pathos, that charm amid the keen 
 cold dialectic and the transcendent thought, as wild 
 flowers on an Alpine height. 
 
 Complaints were made in this country, at the time, 
 of the abstract and somewhat technical form of those 
 articles. This arose partly from the prevailing unac- 
 quaintance with the course of Continental speculation, 
 and its terms ; but chiefly from this, that the mode 
 of presenting the subjects, in themselves somewhat 
 abstract, was so thorough, penetrating, and ultimate, 
 that people imaccustomed to philosophical reflection 
 were unable to rise to the comprehensive point of 
 view of the author. Hamilton is no writer for the 
 indolent or the irreflective. Yet it was by his rising 
 to the height of the loftiest generalisations, the most 
 completely comprehensive statements, in philosophy, 
 that he advanced the decision of the debated ques- 
 tions. No man can do real good in philosophy by 
 pottering in its byways, or only nibbling at this or 
 that question. 
 
 I do not know that there is quite a parallel to the 
 philosophical reputation, at home and abroad, which was 
 gained by those comparatively fragmentary contributions 
 to speculative philosophy. They exhibited a rare devo- 
 tion to the noblest ideal of intellectual eff'ort, an un- 
 swerving faith in what is highest and best for man. 
 
24 Sii' William Hamilton. 
 
 There is an indifference to so-called practical interests 
 and passing worldly pursuits, — the writer knowing well 
 that in those discussions lay the germ of future action 
 and the power of future practice, through a regulation 
 of the sphere of knowledge itself. And thus it was 
 that the regard and the admiration of the thinkers of 
 continental Europe was drawn to poor and far-away 
 Scotland, and its almost solitary philosophical scholar. 
 
 Sir William's articles on the universities have not had 
 their true merits generally recognised. They really were 
 the first writings in this country which showed anything 
 like a competent knowledge of the university systems of 
 continental Europe, and of their relations to those of 
 England and Scotland. All through them there run 
 the singularly vigorous and elevated ideal of what uni- 
 versity instruction should aim at, the little measured 
 scorn of mere professional attainments, and the lofty 
 view of the intellectual man as an end in himself, not 
 an instrument simply for work. His criticism of Oxford 
 bore fruit in the Commission of 1850. It led to the two 
 great lines of reform — viz. , the restoration of the univer- 
 sity element, which had been dwarfed by the colleges ; 
 and of the old practice of public lectures and professorial 
 education, as opposed to the merely tutorial system. It 
 is in these directions that changes are taking place in 
 Oxford, even now. Dean Stanley, Mr Maurice, and 
 the Dean of Wells, Oxford Commissioners, have all 
 borne testimony to the direct and emphatic influence 
 of those articles by Hamilton in the 'Eeview.' 
 
 The incidents in Hamilton's life after this may be 
 briefly told. He was appointed to the Chair of Logic and 
 Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh, in July 
 
Life and Writings. 25 
 
 1836, after a considerable amount of trouble in dealing 
 with the prejudices and obfuscations of the body who 
 had the power of election, the Town Council. He got 
 the Chair by four votes over Mr Isaac Taylor. 
 
 Of Hamilton's power as a teacher I shall only say 
 that he inspired the youth who listened to him by the 
 feeling of an absolutely disinterested love of truth ; of a 
 simple life devoted to the walks of abstract thought, 
 as if therein were for him the highest charm and the 
 natural sphere, — all professional, all worldly ambition 
 being utterly sunk and insignificant. And to those of 
 his students, thus feeling him and thus inspired by him, 
 who gave themselves up for a time to his power, and 
 followed from day to day the clear, firm-paced, vigorous, 
 and consecutive steps of his prelections, he became the 
 moulder of their intellectual lif^. During the twenty 
 years in which he occupied the chair, from 1836 to 
 1856, his influence as a teacher of philosophy was un- 
 equalled in Britain. It is doubtful whether it had any 
 parallel in a Scottish or a British university before ; cer- 
 tainly it has had none since. 
 
 From this date of 1836 until his death in May 1856, 
 at the age of 68, there is little to record except his attack 
 of illness, hemiplegia, in 1844, and withal his assidu- 
 ous labours on Eeid's Works and the 'Discussions.' 
 Honours from all parts of the continent of Europe 
 flowed in on him during this period of his life. I wish 
 I could have added any recognition by the Government of 
 Great Britain. The emoluments from the Chair of Logic, 
 which were necessarily small during Hamilton's time, 
 and his illness in his later years, brought on by devotion 
 to intellectual eff'ort and research, were sufficient to draw 
 
26 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 attention to his case, even supposing he had not been 
 the great man he was. But true it is that the Minister 
 at the head of the Liberal Government of the day, after 
 solicitation by friends, unknoivn to Hamilton, offered 
 him the pittance of XI 00 a-year. This was the poli- 
 tician's estimate of his services and worth. If Lord 
 John Eussell did not know how and what to offer. 
 Sir William Hamilton, at least, knew how and what 
 to refuse. To quote his own favourite lines — 
 
 " Dat Galenus opes, dat Justinianus honores, 
 At nos philosophi turba misella sumus." 
 
 ' The philosophy of Hamilton is an attempt, like 
 every other philosophy, to state the meaning and guar- 
 antee we have of reality as applied to man, the world, 
 and God. Metaphysics is a reflection, an awakening 
 to the hidden or inner truth of things. In result, the 
 philosophy of Hamilton means spiritualism in regard to 
 man, realism in regard to the world, analogical, that 
 is, broken and imperfect knowledge of God, a know- 
 ledge, therefore, of the universe of things which is not 
 systematic, yet sufficient for the needs of the moral and 
 spiritual life of man, as a wayfaring from grave to 
 grave. My own conviction is that Hamilton reached 
 certain results which are thoroughly stable and valid. I 
 do not in this commit myself by any means to all his 
 philosophy, or even to certain fundamental points in 
 that philosophy. I am and always have been a disciple 
 of Hamilton, not in the sense of following his opinions, 
 or teaching these, as it pleases certain people for their 
 own purposes to allege, but in the way of the spirit of 
 the man, and the guiding principles of his method — 
 
Life and Writings. 27 
 
 a method, at the same time, common to him with the 
 whole line of thinkers who, since Descartes, have recog- 
 nised the authority of experience, and the only vindicable 
 sphere of human knowledge. What I have felt as the 
 greatest thing about Hamilton is, not his philosophy, 
 powerful as this is, but the man himself and the spirit 
 of the man. For there is even a higher standard by 
 which we may test the force of character and the in- 
 tellectual power of a man than the real or supposed 
 correctness of the conclusions which he has sought 
 to establish, and that is the impulse which the whole 
 course and tone of his thinking are fitted to impart to 
 the actual thought and the motives of thought of the 
 men of his own time and of succeeding generations. 
 The electric force of intellect is not to be measured 
 merely by the degree of illumination which it casts over 
 the field of human knowledge ; it is to be gathered as 
 well from the amount of vitality which it imparts to the 
 minds through which it passes, and which it quickens 
 to the life of thought and feeling and lofty speculative 
 effort. And if, besides this inherent power, we find in 
 the man a free, generous, disinterested devotion to truth 
 as truth, we get the highest quickening, the greatest 
 ennobling possible from human intellectual effort. 
 
 Few men have shown more conspicuously both these 
 lines of power than Hamilton. He was a man among 
 men, and to the place of a master in the dominion of 
 philosophical thought and learning, he came, as has 
 been said, as naturally, as royally, as a prince comes 
 to his throne. Hamilton has some strong passages in 
 which he declares his preference for the pursuit of 
 truth, over truth itself. The energy, the action, the 
 
28 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 intellectual development to which the search after 
 truth gives rise, — that he held to be the highest end 
 of education. " In action,^^ he says, " is contained the 
 existence, happiness, improvement, and perfection of 
 our being; and knowledge is only precious, as it may 
 afford a stimulus to the exercise of our powers, and the 
 condition of their more complete activity. Speculative 
 truth is, therefore, subordinate to speculation itself; 
 and its value is directly measured by the quantity of 
 energy which it occasions, — immediately in its dis- 
 covery, — mediately through its consequences. Life 
 to Endymion was not preferable to death : aloof from 
 practice, a waking error is better than a sleeping truth. "^ 
 Hamilton's career was a living exemplification of the 
 principle of this passage. Now that he is gone, I feel 
 sure that he would have desired no other test by which 
 to try his philosophy. 
 
 1 Discussions, p. 40. 
 
29 
 
 Y^ OF THK ' r 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 CALIFORV^^ 
 
 LECTURE 11. 
 
 I. HAMILTON S PHILOSOPHY. — THE METHOD. — TRUE 
 MEANING OF COMMON-SENSE. 
 
 I HAVE got but one hour this evening to put before you 
 the method and the main results of a great philosophy, 
 the work of a man's lifetime. This is a very abstract 
 philosophy as well. It goes back to the very grounds 
 of human knowledge, to the very essence of reality as 
 we know it. Further, this philosophy has been given 
 to the world in fragments, in a broken, unarranged, 
 indigested form. In the mind of its author there 
 loomed the ideal of a great edifice. We can even see 
 the outlines of the proposed structure. But in his 
 actual writings, there are but the gathered materials 
 for the work. These are very grand and imposing. 
 From the stately parts we can imagine the greatness 
 of the whole, had the master's hand given them union 
 and cohesion. 
 
 We may regret that so much of his time was given 
 to the reading of books in philosophy; the fruits of 
 
30 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 which in great measure perished with him, as when a 
 richly laden galleon goes down out of sight into the 
 deep waters. But I am not sure that this failure to 
 complete and systematise a life's work was altogether due 
 to this cause. There was in Hamilton a strong feeling, 
 a feeling too that grew with his years, perhaps with 
 the maturity of his thought, that no system of human 
 knowledge is adequate to the universe of things, to the 
 possibilities of being. The position of all others he 
 would have been unwilling to admit in philosophy, is 
 that thought and being are convertible, meaning espec- 
 ially by that a system of thought in our consciousness, 
 and yet identified with the absolute or diviiie. Per- 
 haps it was the strength of this feeling with him, 
 which partly restrained his hand. In respect especially 
 to the highest form of reality, he very clearly felt that 
 God dwelleth not in a temple made with hands. 
 
 However greatly on some grounds we may regret the 
 lack of system in Hamilton, I for my part feel, looking 
 at the intellectual narrowness, the exclusiveness, the 
 hurt done to the breadth and freeness of human life and 
 feeling, the unlovely moral spirit, which are apparently 
 inseparable from certain theories of the world and God, 
 — I say I feel a certain relief in contemplating a system 
 of hints and suggestions, especially if these be at the 
 same time reverent, ennobling, and inspiring. 
 
 Now, looking at the philosophy of Hamilton as we 
 have it, there are three salient points. There is, first, 
 the question of his Method. What was the method 
 he pursued with a view to the solution of the question 
 of human knowledge, the nature of truth and reality 
 for man 1 
 
His Philosophy. 31 
 
 Secondly, There is the special question as to the 
 meaning of the term Eeality, when applied to the world 
 of the senses, the world of our outward experience, 
 of physical science and its inquiries. Is it real in the 
 sense in which the knower is real? or in what sense 
 can I apply the word to the world around me ? Is it 
 more than a display of images or a round of subjective 
 impressions 1 
 
 Thirdly, What is the meaning of reality as applied to 
 what we call the Infinite, the sphere of being which 
 seems at least to be correlative with this finite reality of 
 experience 1 Ultimately what is God 1 In what sense 
 is He, or is He real % 
 
 I seem to hear some one saying. Why ask those ques- 
 tions *? Why trouble yourself with them? I answer, 
 first, because I cannot help asking them, because ordin- 
 ary experience and science suggest them at every turn, 
 because I have already traditionally accepted certain 
 solutions of those questions in the very words I use, and 
 in the daily beliefs on which I act ; and it is desirable 
 that I should, if I can, get above, beyond, this blind 
 traditional knowledge, and rise to a clear consciousness 
 about this life of mine, this world, and God. We are 
 all metaphysicians, we all dogmatise about what is. 
 The difference is that some people do know and others 
 do not, when they are stating or acting on their theory 
 of being. 
 
 And what is the Method of the philosophy of Hamil- 
 ton % In plain words, it ' is primarily and essentially 
 the method which Bacon inculcated, and which has 
 accomplished or rendered possible the progress and the 
 triumphs of physical science during the last 250 years. 
 
32 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 It is an appeal to experience, to our actual knowledge. 
 In brief, it is an appeal to consciousness in man, to 
 that which gives unity to all our knowledge, to that 
 which is the light of all our seeing, and the measure of 
 all our being. The facts or phsenomena, and the laws 
 of knowledge are to be investigated, as are the facts and 
 laws of the physical world. 
 
 This is the method of the Scottish school, from its first 
 hint in TurnbuU of Aberdeen, towards the beginning of 
 last century, to the close of the labours of Hamilton. And 
 it is a method which is essential to every philosophy of 
 mind, call itself what it may. It must either openly, 
 adequately, scientifically accept this method, or surrepti- 
 tiously and imperfectly do so. This means simply that 
 we must first know the facts. And this can be done 
 either openly, as by the Scottish method of psychology, 
 or blindly, by what is ignorantly represented as the 
 method of the Scottish school, irreflective common- 
 sense. But to say that the method is Baconian, while 
 true, is not to say all; for it aims at and it reaches 
 principles higher than any mere generalisation can give, 
 any mere summation of particulars, even guided by a 
 determining idea. The principles it seeks and finds 
 are not simply general, but strictly universal in our 
 knowledge. Gradually thus, the method of the Scottish 
 school worked out in Reid, but especially in Hamilton, 
 to the method of Descartes, and to his stand-point in 
 philosophy. That was simply the experimental testing 
 by reflection of the possibilities of doubt. This pushed 
 backwards on the principles assumed in ordinary ex- 
 perience, gradually made it clear that there are laws 
 which guarantee themselves by the impossibility of 
 
His Philosaphy. 33 
 
 su^bverting them even in thought. This impossibility 
 or necessity being fully realised in consciousness, gives 
 them universality. For what must be thought, always 
 must be thought — in a word, is universal in conscious- 
 ness. This argument is complete when it is shown that 
 no one can assail those principles without assuming 
 them or their equivalents. 
 
 About this method there are several points to be 
 noted. 
 
 First, Hamilton resolutely holds that we cannot go be- 
 yond the general fact of consciousness. I am conscious, 
 say, of feeling, perceiving, knowing, willing. This is the 
 first fact for me, and beyond its teachings I cannot go. 
 This guarantees itself ; this is the ground of knowledge 
 for me. Then think of the universality of consciousness. 
 For you and for me there is nothing felt, nothing per- 
 ceived, nothing known, if consciousness be not there. 
 There is no meaning in the word you use, unless you 
 have consciousness of it. There is no meaning in the 
 existence of our fellow-men, unless as we suppose them 
 conscious like ourselves. Nay, history is a blank, the 
 actors in history, their motives, their deeds, unless 
 they stand revealed in the light of conscious meaning, 
 unless we take them into the folds of our conscious 
 thought. All that has been said or done by man was 
 once an invisible consciousness, true and real then ere 
 it was embodied. Eeality for you and me is in what 
 we think and feel, rather than in what we do. Out of 
 the heart are the issues of life. But do not understand 
 consciousness narrowly. It is not the mood, the arbi- 
 trary or passing mood of the individual. It is the 
 consciousness, the mind of humanity which is studied, 
 
34 Sir William Hamilton, 
 
 consciousness in its full content, and its universal laws. 
 The method as thoroughly understood and applied goes 
 beyond the individual consciousness. It traverses the 
 course of history, philology, political institutions, scien- 
 tific thought. Wherever and wheresoever man has ex- 
 pressed himself, this method follows him, seeking the 
 origin and genesis of the facts, without preconceived 
 theory, face to face with the realities. It thus imposes 
 no formula on the facts. It does not construct, by so- 
 called " pure thought," a system of knowledge and being, 
 to which experience or the facts must conform, on pain 
 of being denied to be facts at all, and thus arrogantly 
 set aside as unreal, because, forsooth, they are not 
 rational ! It does not, in order to suit a see-saw theory of 
 being, dissolve human personality into a hazy pantheistic 
 unity; nor does it blur the distinction of right and 
 wrong by postulating everything as really necessary to 
 its opposite, and thus laying down the evil as the essen- 
 tial condition of the good, leaving, in fact, no good or 
 evil in the universe at all. 
 
 But, secondly, it may be said, cannot we resolve what 
 we call consciousness or mind back into a physiological 
 process 1 Cannot we show how this consciousness of 
 ours has arisen from antecedent physiological conditions 1 
 ^0 — Hamilton practically answers. No form of nerve 
 or brain energy can be shown to be capable of develop- 
 ing into, or becoming, a state of consciousness. One 
 form of physical energy may become another. Motion 
 may become heat or light or sound. But that is simply 
 one form of sense-being passing into another. These are of 
 the same kind to begin with. There is no analogy here for 
 the purely unconscious passing into the purely conscious. 
 
His Fliilosofhy. 35 
 
 In this Tyndall and Hamilton are at one. " The pas- 
 sage from the physics of the brain," says Tyndall, " to 
 the corresponding facts of consciousness is unthinkable. 
 Granted that a definite thought and a definite molecular 
 action in the brain occur simultaneously, we do not pos- 
 sess the intellectual organ, nor apparently any rudiment 
 of the organ, which would enable us to pass by a process 
 of reasoning from the one to the other. They appear 
 together, but we do not know why. Were our minds 
 and senses so expanded, strengthened, and illuminated, 
 as to enable us to see and feel the very molecules of the 
 brain ; were we capable of following all their motions, 
 all their groupings, all their electrical discharges, if such 
 there be ; and were we intimately acquainted with the 
 corresponding states of thought and feeling, we should 
 be as far as ever from the solution of .the problem 
 — how are these physical processes connected with the 
 facts of consciousness." This is the statement of an 
 authority on the side of physical science ; the view of 
 Hamilton asks for nothing more. 
 
 Thirdly, this analysis of consciousness or knowledge 
 is not a mere survey of the facts or phaenomena, as we 
 find them, or a mere acceptance of them as such. It is 
 an attempt to run them back to their elements, first of 
 all carefully scrutinising their features. It is "psycholo- 
 gical " in the best sense of that word, not " introspec- 
 tive," as it has been called. But it seeks also the ulti- 
 mate, necessary, universal laws of knowledge. And how 
 does it proceed? Thus, to take the most familiar experi- 
 ence, / see or loerceive the table before me. The method 
 says, — analyse that experience, test it, and you will 
 find there passing contingent elements, which you can 
 
36 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 dispense with; others essential, permanent, necessary, 
 which you cannot dispense with. You will find there a 
 knower and a known ; you will find there contrast and 
 difference ; you will find the permanency of the knower, 
 the changeableness of the thing known; you will find 
 space and time, and various other notions. Test them by 
 experimental reflection, and you will find that you cannot 
 get rid of them, if you are to perceive or know at all. 
 You may change the object, that table you see, but 
 whatever be the new object, there is always the relation 
 of the knower and the known. You, the individual, 
 thus unite yourself with what is necessary, universal, 
 even ultimate in knowledge, you reach the imper- 
 sonal intelligence that is in humanity, the great univer- 
 sal standard of truth. You have now, by the individual 
 effort of reflection, risen to the ultimate, cognisable, yet 
 incomprehensible, principles of human knowledge. These 
 are revelations for you. Beforehand we can determine 
 nothing of all this. We are thus not the lords of 
 our knowledge, the creators of the universe ; but learn- 
 ers, patient waiters on the revelations of the being 
 around us, and the unfolding of the long line of experi- 
 ence. If you ask, — how do I know 1 the only answer 
 you can get is, a statement of those essential laws or 
 conditions of the act of knowing. Obviously, if I say 
 I know how I know, I have either assumed a code of 
 knowledge already, or I may- put the question again, 
 how I know that I know, and this backwards for ever. 
 
 Fourthly, those ultimate principles or laws of know- 
 ledge have been called the principles of Common-Sense, 
 and we hear of the Argument from Common-Sense. Now 
 do not allow yourselves to be misled by this phrase. 
 
His Philosophy. 37 
 
 In ordinary usage, common - sense of course means a 
 general shrew^dness and sobriety of intelligence in the 
 affairs of life, native rather than acquired. Because, 
 apparently, of this one sense of the term, which is by 
 no means the historical sense, it has actually been sup- 
 posed that the thinkers of the Scottish school meant to 
 leave the problems of philosophy to be dealt with by 
 the shrewd practicality of ordinary intelligence. It is 
 easy to produce quite a sensation by supposing such a 
 thing ; for is not this the abandonment of the scientific 
 or speculative intelligence, which is our true help to 
 pure knowledge, especially to the deductions of pure 
 thought 1 Of course, no thinker who can fairly be 
 taken as a representative of the Scottish school ever 
 thought of elevating common-sense in its ordinary usage 
 of native shrewdness to the place of a judge in phil- 
 osophy, though a little of even this ordinary article 
 might not be a bad thing occasionally for the specula- 
 tive philosopher. The method of common-sense, as 
 interpreted almost uniformly by Reid, and always by 
 Hamilton, is "not an appeal from philosophy to blind 
 feeling" or to ordinary belief. "The first problem of 
 philosophy," says Hamilton, "is to seek out, purify, 
 and establish by intellectual analysis and criticism, 
 the elementary feelings and beliefs in which are given 
 the elementary truths of which all are in possession. 
 This is dependent on philosophy as an art. Common- 
 sense is like common law. Each may be laid down as 
 the general rule of decision; but in the one case it 
 may be left to the jurist, in the other to the phil- 
 osopher, to ascertain what are the contents of the rule." 
 I venture to add, that when this is done, and the re- 
 
 c 
 
38 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 suits are classified, run back it may be, to certain pri- 
 mary elements, as Hamilton thought they might, the 
 work of philosophy will be wellnigh accomplished. 
 
 The common acceptance of such principles is thus 
 obviously regarded neither as the method of philosophy, 
 nor even as the ultimate guarantee of their truth. They 
 are but the materials of a sound philosophy. But once 
 these are thoroughly analysed and sifted as to their con- 
 tent and meaning, they become the tests by which we 
 may try every so-called philosophical system. They are 
 found to be embodied in consciousness, in language, in 
 action, in science, in art, in religion. A philosophy 
 which is true, sound, and complete, must recognise those 
 notions, and seek their guarantee, try to determine their 
 meaning and applications; or if it says they are illu- 
 sions, it is bound consistently with its pretensions to 
 show how those illusions have grown up in the common 
 consciousness of mankind. It was thus the Scottish 
 philosophy dealt with the system of Hume, when, in 
 virtue of narrow premisses, a meagre psychology, tradi- 
 tionally adopted, he destroyed the subjective reality of 
 the ideas, and, therefore, the objective reality, of the 
 material world, of selfhood, and of God. And thus it 
 is entitled to deal with every system which professes to 
 expound human knowledge, let that system call itself 
 " reasoned out," or " demonstrative," or '' deductive," 
 or " transcendental," or anything else, however equally 
 high-sounding or superficially imposing. There is a con- 
 viction in us, for example, of the distinction between 
 necessity and freedom, the just and the unjust, selfishness 
 and self-sacrifice, merit and demerit. What do those 
 distinctions mean ? Are they real % Wherein, then, is 
 
His Philosophy. 39 
 
 their reality 1 Will our life and experience ever be 
 satisfied -with an answer which virtually confounds those 
 distinctions, which destroys their practical hold on life, 
 or which supposes that they are but the common outcome 
 of one indeterminate force beyond human experience 1 
 
 "What, it may be asked, is the special relation of this 
 method to Hume, and to his wholly destructive and 
 negative positions ? Simply put, it is this : Hume said 
 what we call sensation or impression is all that is known 
 or knowable. There are consciousnesses, states of con- 
 sciousness, that come and go. Beyond this human 
 knowledge cannot rise. There is no knowledge of a self 
 or person in consciousness, or amid these consciousnesses. 
 They have no tie, bond, or unity of this sort. There is 
 sensation without a sentient, there is passion without a 
 feeler, there is knowledge without a knower. 
 
 "We speak of impressions from the external world; 
 but no external world is known, no world apart from 
 the conscious impression, no subsisting external world, 
 nothing in the form of independent material reality. 
 All we know is the impression ; and this imports noth- 
 ing regarding an outward cause. 
 
 From this theory of the known to the theory of being, 
 the step is easy. This limitation of knowledge gives 
 us the limit of existence. If impression be alone 
 known, if at most there be but a series of conscious 
 impressions, then the universe itself means merely, 
 is merely, a series of impressions, and a series of im- 
 pressions utterly isolated but for casual or customary con- 
 junction. The external world, selfhood, personality, 
 freedom, cause, God, all disappear as simply illusions 
 of the fancy, of the common ill-regulated imagination. 
 
40 aS''^?' William Hamilton. 
 
 As notions, they are subjectively empty ; they have no 
 corresponding justifying impression; and hence, as 
 applied to things, they are objectively void or unreaL 
 N^ow, Reid and Hamilton are sometimes ignorantly 
 represented as " protesting " simply that we believe in 
 those things whose reality, on Hume's doctrine, is denied ; 
 that we believe in personality, causality, morality, and 
 God ; that mankind do so, and therefore that this belief 
 is a guarantee of their truth. The protest of these 
 thinkers is no such thing. They protested certainly to 
 this extent, that common or universal belief is not ex- 
 plained or satisfied by the results of Hume's hypothesis 
 or basis. The contradiction between sense and reason 
 so called, which Hume had created, was quite admitted ; 
 but neither Reid nor any one following him alleged 
 simply the sense side against the reason, and rested 
 there. The allegation against Hume is a much broader 
 one than that. It is that Hume's analysis of experience, 
 of knowledge, is imperfect, one-sided, exclusive. It 
 is denied, for example, that consciousness is or means 
 merely a sensation, or a series of sensations. Hume 
 can say this, on the ground either of a traditional hy- 
 pothesis, or of an actual professed analysis of conscious- 
 ness. The former basis, as an exclusive one, is not 
 worthy of philosophy or science. And in regard to the 
 latter, Reid or Hamilton is as much entitled, on the 
 ground of psychological method, to say there are other 
 elements in consciousness, as Hume is entitled to say or 
 assume that there is but one element in consciousness. 
 The result is a matter of testing by reflection, the ulti- 
 mate court of appeal. The question is a purely psycho- 
 logical one. What do I actually know in external per- 
 
His Philosophy. 41 
 
 ception % Is the object merely a mode of my mind 1 
 or whaf? Is a series of consciousnesses that, and that 
 alone, which is known and knowable 1 The affirmative 
 answers to these questions are ^he bases, the assump- 
 tions, of Hume's so-called reason, or rather reasoning. 
 And until Hume can vindicate these, the conclusions he 
 deduces have no absolute or dogmatic significance ; they 
 are not such as we need accept. This may be called the 
 method of common-sense, if you choose; it is, all the 
 same, a thoroughly legitimate and scientific method. 
 
 But there is more than this in the method. It is 
 not only a method which finds points of knowledge 
 overlooked, essential laws unrecognised ; it carries the 
 battle straight into the enemy's lines, for it undertakes to 
 show that the premisses and assumptions of the sensational 
 psychology are not self-consistent ; that they presuppose 
 points, notions, for which they in no way account, — 
 nay, which are inconsistent with the conclusions sought 
 to be maintained. Thus it is, when Hume speaks of a 
 series of conscious impressions, or consciousnesses, this 
 method puts the question — how is the fact of a series 
 known, known to me, known in any consciousness 
 whatever % If there be a series at all in consciousness, 
 it is a known series. Well, then, what does this sup- 
 pose % Isolated consciousnesses in succession may know 
 each in turn, each itself ; but what of its neighbour, its 
 precursor and successor? How are these, on this hypoth- 
 esis, to be connected in knowledge % Only on the sup- 
 position that there is more than the mere series ; only 
 on the supposition that there is a knower, one knower, 
 a permanent being subsisting in and through the series, 
 capable of comparison, of grasping, — comprehending 
 
42 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 the series as a series, as one, and thus reflecting on it 
 a unity which is deeper, more permanent, more abiding 
 than any mere series of passing, vanishing impressions. 
 
 It may be asked : ^hese principles which we thus 
 get, are they true, are they veracious 1 The answer is : 
 how can you prove or disprove their truth, their 
 veracity, without assuming in your proof or in your 
 disproof these very principles themselves or their equiva- 
 lents in other words 1 I suppose your proof will be a 
 process of reasoning; you attack Eeason by reasoning. 
 Then show me your right to assume other principles 
 than the principles enunciated, those of the sensus com- 
 munis, or show me your right to use the principles 
 themselves in disproof of the principles themselves. 
 Every critique of those principles is made by the prin- 
 ciples themselves assumed to be and to be true. If this 
 be so, then criticism in any real sense of the word is a 
 simple absurdity ; such a criticism is self-annihilated. 
 
 This method of the Scottish school and Hamilton is 
 thus simply an appeal to facts, to the fulness and the 
 breadth of our experience. Every system of philosophy 
 is and can only be an interpretation of experience, and, 
 I add, a partial interpretation of experience. And while 
 each system, however brilliant and attractive, has but 
 its little day, and is all the while vaunted as the whole 
 of knowledge, human life, and human action, and human 
 history go on in their course and development, heedless 
 of theories which truncate experience, or of systems 
 which disdain it, and living in and through the spon- 
 taneous impulses at the heart of mankind, — the great 
 convictions of personality, freedom, duty, and God, — 
 which are ultimately inscrutable. And the method 
 
Finite Reality — External Perception. 43 
 
 which recognises these, is reverent towards them, does 
 not disdain them, because the system has no place for 
 them, is the one which will survive, keep pace with 
 the breadth of facts, the growth of intelligence, and 
 the moral life of mankind. Face to face with these 
 facts, and in contradiction to them, no philosophy of the 
 universe can permanently abide ; and the wrecks of the 
 brilliant theories of the world of being which strew our 
 shore of the finally boundless sea of speculative thought, 
 ought to teach us that human experience and human 
 history will in the end triumph over paradox, self-asser- 
 tion, and broken knowledge set up as a complete whole. 
 
 II. FINITE REALITY. — EXTERNAL PERCEPTION. 
 
 There is no topic in the history of philosophy with which 
 the name of Hamilton is more closely associated than 
 the theory of External Perception. This question came 
 down to the Scottish school through Descartes, Locke, 
 Berkeley, and Hume. It is, in fact, the question as to 
 the nature of finite reality, as to whether there is in 
 our experience a twofold reality, the material world 
 and the mental world; or only one form of being — 
 viz., either the mental alone, or the material alone. 
 And in this case we have the further question as 
 to which is first and creative, whether the material 
 world is a product of the consciousness, or whether the 
 consciousness is a product of the material world. In 
 the former case, we have a scheme of Idealism, in the 
 latter of materialistic Eealism. Obviously this meta- 
 physical question can be settled only by psychological 
 
44 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 analysis. This is the fundamental point of the whole 
 question, and this is what Eeid and Hamilton, the 
 latter especially, emphatically contended for. Descartes 
 had severed the two worlds of consciousness and exten- 
 sion, and the question was very speedily raised by his 
 followers and others, — how do we connect these 1 How 
 do we, conscious only, know an extended reality 1 This 
 question led to various theories as to the possibility 
 of our knowledge of the outward world, all of them 
 thoroughly unsuccessful, in fact, implying the impos- 
 sibility of knowing it all. It was thus the question 
 came down to the Scottish school, as represented by 
 Eeid and Hamilton. It was their merit to challenge 
 the question as to how we know an extended or exter- 
 nal world. It was virtually said, — that is not the first 
 question ; this is, whether, as a matter of fact, we do 
 know anything in the shape of a material and external 
 world. The question as to how we know such a thing, 
 is founded on factitious difficulties, and in any case, 
 it must be second to that of fact, — as to whether this 
 extended object comes into our knowledge at all. 
 
 Eeid had no difficulty in showing the uselessness, in 
 any form, of the theory of representative ideas and 
 images, of an extended world ; we cannot picture what 
 we never saw; Ave cannot know, if we could do so, 
 that the representation is correct. The real world is 
 for ever outside our world of imagery. We can on 
 such a supposition only blindly, irrationally, believe in 
 it. As little can we get at this world, if we know only 
 sensations or states of consciousness. We cannot infer 
 from these an outward material non-sensational reality. 
 We cannot even thus form such a conception. Even if 
 
Finite Reality — External Perception. 45 
 
 we could get to an independent cause of these, we 
 could never say that that cause is a material world. It 
 might quite well be an intelligence, like our own. Left 
 to these hypotheses, there is nothing for us but a world 
 of subjective impressions. How then are we to settle 
 this question 1 Obviously by an appeal to the testimony 
 of our consciousness as intuitive. What is the object 
 of perception? What is it we directly know? 
 
 This question is the ultimate question. It cannot 
 be avoided on any system whatever, be it Berkeley- 
 anism or the doctrine of Hume. Hume's statement 
 that sensation or impression is the object in sense, is 
 either a traditional statement, taken from others, or it 
 is a dogmatic statement of fact. In either case, he 
 cannot avoid this court of appeal No tradition can 
 per se be philosophically accepted ; no dogmatic state- 
 ment as to the fact of the object in perception can 
 refuse to acknowledge the authority of the intuitional 
 consciousness. 
 
 The question, then, is, — is the experience in Percep- 
 tion the same as that in Sensation % In Sensation, I con- 
 fessedly know only states of my own mind, forms of 
 consciousness, temporary, passing, existing for the mo- 
 ment, pleasant sometimes, painful at others, now thrill- 
 ing, now depressing.^ It is a world of subjectivity, in 
 which I am not only spectator, but actor or sufferer. 
 Does Perception reveal to me more than this % Is the 
 world to which I am introduced by it also only a sub- 
 jective world % Or am I now placed on the threshold, 
 but still on the threshold, of a new sphere of being, 
 
 1 Hamilton, of course, regarded Sensation as a state of the animated 
 organism ; but this is immaterial to the present point. 
 
 \ TT-NTT'^rip-RQTT'V 
 
 
46 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 another kind of reality, a reality different from my- 
 self and all my belongings, — all my passing states and 
 moods, the great sphere of impersonal being*? The 
 answer to this question, with its manifold issues, de- 
 pends entirely, in the first place, on the view you take 
 of those objects in perception which you call resistance 
 and extension. Is this extended, resisting thing on the 
 same level with the heat from the fire, the cold from 
 the snow, the pain from pressure or contact, your sub- 
 jective states or sensations, or is it a wholly different 
 and new experience 1 Is it the consciousness of a force, 
 a power, not you, different from you, resisting your 
 power or force, and even overcoming it 1 And is this 
 thing you call extension, what is no part of you, but a 
 thing subsisting somehow, in some way or other it may 
 be unknown to you, whether you perceive it or not, out 
 of, independently of, your perception 1 
 
 If you answer in the first sense, then you have a 
 theory of Idealism, as that of the universe, and of sub- 
 jective Idealism. If you answer in the second sense, 
 you have a theory of Eealism or Dualism. 
 
 The latter view is the doctrine of Hamilton. Eace to 
 face with me the percipient is a resisting something, ex- 
 tended, opposed to my locomotive effort. This is revealed 
 to me in antithesis or opposition to myself, and yet in 
 relation to or synthesis with myself. I do not apprehend 
 it before I apprehend my own effort ; the conscious effort 
 and the resisting force are given me in the same indivis- 
 ible act of perception. This is the beginning, the bare 
 rudiment of our knowledge of the external world, and 
 round it and upon it we gradually build up all the fabric 
 of our sense-knowledge ; it grows into definite form or 
 
Finite Beality — External Perception. 47 
 
 shape, it is clothed in colour, it is regarded as the source 
 and cause of the innumerable sensations of sound, touch, 
 taste, which we experience. Ask what it is, — the answer 
 is, that in perception it is to us as has been described, 
 certainly a non-ego, or form of a not-self. This is its 
 permanent or abiding character all through our percep- 
 tions. I may not be entitled to ascribe to this perma- 
 nent reality the sensible or perceived qualities, as 
 a thing per se, and absolutely. The sensible quality 
 need not exist as I perceive it, whether I perceive it or 
 not ; but the potency exists, and produces its effect the 
 moment there is contact with my organism. In other 
 words, the quantum of being in the sensible world, its 
 qualifying power, subsists, remains undiminished. There 
 is change, transmutation; my sensible perception may 
 now be motion and then heat, it may now be steam and 
 then movement. I may know or suppose ethereal undu- 
 lation and then light, vibratory motion and then sound; 
 but what is through it all is the permanence of the quan- 
 tum of existence in our sensible experience; the need for 
 this duration; the impossibility of conceiving it lessened ; 
 the possibility of transmutation from quality to quality. 
 This is the substantial in the material world. This is 
 what is independent of us, what changes but perishes not. 
 This is all that an enlightened Eealism need ask. It 
 need not ask for the permanent form of our perceptions ; 
 it need only ask, philosophically and scientifically, for 
 the permanent quantum of our perceptions in a thing hav- 
 ing potency, — a potency that comes into play in correla- 
 tion with the conditions of our organism and the mental 
 laws of our faculties. This is the fair interpretation of 
 what Hamilton has stated in his doctrine of the ulti- 
 
48 Sir William Hamilton, 
 
 mate incompressibility of matter and in the principle at 
 the root of his theory of Causality, as a change only in 
 the permanent indestructible quantum of being in the 
 universe. The doctrine of Hamilton, got on the philo- 
 sophical side, is thus seen to concur, to imite itself with 
 the two great modern scientific conceptions, the conser- 
 vation and the transmutation of energy. 
 
 Hamilton's Natural Eealism affords a foundation for 
 what is highest in the poetic view of nature. This it 
 does better and in a more marked way than any form of 
 Idealism. In the first place, ISTature is not the process 
 in the individual mind or man, of sensations, or sub- 
 »jective states, having but the connection of a contingent 
 custom, as with Hume. In the second place, it is not 
 these bound together by necessary ties, set in subjective 
 frames, and then falsely called objective, as with Kant. 
 In the third place, it is not the other of myself, in 
 which all real distinction is abolished, and nature and 
 self are run back as common manifestations of an empty 
 ground, which has the contradictory capacity of develop- 
 ment and development into opposites, as with Spinoza 
 and Hegel. It is not any more a mere relation between 
 me, the percipient, and the thing perceived, neither the 
 percipient nor the thing perceived being real, and yet 
 grounding a relation of reality. But it is that which 
 stands contradistinguished from me, the individual; it is 
 that which has a self -subsistence, it is a power or force 
 which is revealed to me, known by me, but whose 
 existence is not dependent on my knowledge. No 
 doubt, if I seek to know it ultimately, in its essence, so 
 to speak, apart from those properties, qualities, manifes- 
 tations apprehended under the conditions of my physical 
 
Finite Beality — External Perception. 49 
 
 organism, and my mental powers and laws, I am lost 
 and baffled. There the mystery of material reality 
 begins for me ; but what I call !N'ature is at once inde- 
 pendent and uniform. I am here to know it, and to be 
 taught by it, to learn from it. I am not in the position 
 of deducing it and determining it, to use cant and 
 current phraseology. Rather in the spirit of Bacon, I 
 become lord of it only as I learn from it. Science 
 observes and interprets it in its own way, so does 
 Poetry. This power, independent of me, outside of 
 me, yet regulated and uniform, passing on before me 
 in endless process-vision, yet linked to me in bonds of 
 reason, feeling, and imagination, makes me patient, 
 observant, teaches me waiting and reverence. The 
 truths I learn from it, the impulses I feel regarding it, 
 the moral and spiritual analogies I may discern between 
 it and my own soul, are not the arbitrary moods of the 
 individual self, but the lessons with which it is charged 
 for all mankind, for every one at least who has single- 
 ness of vision and purity of heart. This power above 
 and beyond me, informed with a mysterious life to 
 be communed with only through the soul, not in- 
 spired by me, but inspiring and commanding me; the 
 symbol of a still higher Power than itself, leading me 
 through gentle feeling to the overpowering emotions 
 that spring from the infinite in time, in space, and in 
 power, and the notion of an all-pervading life therein ; 
 this is simply Philosophical Eealism sublimed to Poetic 
 Spiritualism. Such spiritualism is impossible apart from 
 the grounding philosophical conception of difference, and 
 the poetry of Wordsworth is the natural complement of 
 the Realism of Hamilton. 
 
50 ' Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 III. INFINITE REALITY. THE RELATIVITY OF KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 The phrase " relativity of knowledge " is of constant 
 recurrence in the writings of Hamilton. To many people 
 who look at the matter somewhat superficially, this 
 phrase appears objectionable. The notion attached to it 
 implies that our knowledge is variable, uncertain, and 
 not adequate to the truth of things. Now there is a 
 sense in which this phrase means variableness in know- 
 ledge. It may be supposed to indicate what Protagoras 
 of old sought to maintain, that what appears to be true 
 to each man, is true or real, is the only true or real, — 
 that all things are ki a state of flux, transition, or be- 
 coming, and that the impressions made in succession on 
 the individual mind from things are the truth, — in fact, 
 the only reality. In this case knowledge would vary 
 with each individual, it would vary with that individual 
 at different times, and in different moods, and there 
 would be no common truth or principle of agreement 
 for the race of mankind. This impression would be true 
 to me ; its opposite, if it chanced to be yours, would be 
 true to you. Obviously, on such a doctrine, the terms 
 truth and falsehood cease to have any meaning. Truth 
 and reality alike disappear in the passing shadows of 
 impressions. Hamilton certainly held no such view as 
 this. His doctrine of relativity is that of a mind 
 or self with fixed, necessary laws or conditions of 
 knowledge, which yield a body of truths, permanent 
 for me the individual, and common to all human 
 intelligences. This body of truths is not at the mercy 
 of a precarious experience, which may, in the future, 
 
Infinite Reality — Eelativity of Knowledge. 51 
 
 contradict them or reverse them ; it is such experience 
 as we have and shall have under our faculties and condi- 
 tions of knowledge. But it is by no means, on the other 
 hand, convertible with reality as it is ; it does not exhaust 
 the whole sphere of being, and the whole possibilities of 
 knowledge, even for us. It only prescribes the essential 
 conditions under which existence is revealed to us. 
 
 This doctrine stands out in marked contrast to the 
 relativity of empiricism as advocated by Mill. Know- 
 ledge with Mill is merely impression on the conscious- 
 ness, a conscious subject or individual being hardly 
 allowed or provided for. It is Hume's series of impres- 
 sions, illogicaUy buttressed. There is a series of effects 
 on the consciousness, impressions illegitimately supposed 
 to be effects of something unknown, non-mental, — a hy- 
 pothesis wholly unproved, nay, impossible of proof on 
 Mill's principles. There is nothing stable ot common 
 in all this knoAvledge. There is no proof or possibility 
 of proof that any other conscious subject experiences the 
 same. There is no possibility even of reaching another 
 conscious subject; for this can be construed by us as 
 only a sensation or effect on me, the individual, if there 
 be even such an one. We can know nothing but sensa- 
 tions, yet we are alleged to know an outward, a non- 
 mental object. Mill's whole theory of knowledge is a 
 simple mass of contradictions. He speaks at one time 
 in the language of the crudest realism, and he fails to 
 see that this is utterly inconsistent with his sensational 
 idealism ; and that sensation is all we know, is, in fact, 
 all that is. 
 
 The net result of Mill's teaching is, that man cannot 
 reach any truth which in other circumstances, or in an- 
 
52 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 other environment, may not be an untruth or an error. 
 That we are unable to believe or imagine the reverse of 
 the elementary mathematical truths in our present cir- 
 cumstances, needs no other explanation than the laws of 
 association afford. If it be possible, as he allows, that 
 2 + 2 may in another sphere, or under a different asso- 
 ciation, be thought equal to 5 ; that parallel lines may 
 meet; that two straight lines may enclose a space ;^ 
 — then there is no certainty in any human knowledge, 
 for the very principle of non-contradiction in thought 
 is sapped. There is no longer possible a yes against 
 a no. And I add, there is no longer possible the cer- 
 tainty of moral distinctions or their perpetuity. Some 
 people, even Deans and Doctors of Divinity, applauded 
 Mill for the wonderful outburst in which he said : "I 
 will call no being good, who is not what I mean when 
 I apply that epithet to my fellow-creatures ; and if such 
 a being can sentence me to hell for not so calling him, 
 to hell I will go." 2 Supposing even that any one had 
 said that goodness as applied to God was not only not 
 what we mean when we apply the epithet to our fellow- 
 creatures, but something the reverse, why should Mill 
 object to so calKng Him 1 If even 2 + 2 may equal 5 in 
 another sphere, and a thing thus be exactly what it is 
 not, why should goodness not in the end turn out to be 
 its exact opposite 1 And in this case, why should Mill 
 lag behind the development of the truth, and object to 
 call Deity what He may possibly be, the precise opposite 
 of the good we know ? On his own principles, he has 
 no answer ; and his foolish bravado is utterly inconsist- 
 ent with his professed theory. 
 
 1 Exam., p. 335, 4th ed. 2 /j^.^ p^ 129. 
 
Infinite Reality — Belaiivity of Knowledge. 53 
 
 The question regarding our knowledge of the Infinite, 
 the Absohite, the Unconditioned, is a question which 
 has agitated the schools of philosophy since the days 
 of Plato, since he spoke of the awwoBiTov. This had 
 never been properly a question of the Scottish school. 
 In the modern form, at least, it was wholly unknown 
 to Reid, and to Stewart, and generally even in British 
 literature and philosophy. But it is a very important 
 question, perhaps the most important which a man can 
 put to himself, the deepest and most stirring question 
 which occurs in the reflective life of any one who rises 
 to an earnest wrestling with the real problems of the 
 universe in which he spends but a brief earthly life. It 
 is — what knowledge have I or can I compass of that 
 Infinite which I must think in correlation with the 
 finite of my experience % — of that Absolute Being which 
 I must think in relation to the passing relative being of 
 time % — of that Unconditioned Being, that Being, 'per se, 
 or, at least, that permanent Being, which seems to be 
 and to overshadow all this relative, conditioned life of 
 mine, to be the power over all 1 Or, in plain language, 
 what can I know of God, of that transcendent Being, 
 who is suggested to me at every turn by the relative, the 
 limited, the imperfect of my experience? Let me go 
 back in time, and I am face to face with the alternatives 
 of an endless regress of moments, or of an absolute begin- 
 ning. Let me go out in space, and I am confronted 
 with the possibilities of the never-ending and the abso- 
 lutely complete. Let me go back from the present fact 
 or event in my experience, the very word I utter, the 
 very passing object I see, and I am drawn backwards and 
 backwards still ; either on the line of an endless regress 
 
 D 
 
54 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 of causes, until thought droops in the hopeless mist of 
 the never beginning in things, and finds itself fatally con- 
 tradicted ; or I come, if come I may, to the one, the Ab- 
 solute Cause, at the beginning of all experience. I am 
 driven back on these questions. If I reflect at all, I can- 
 not escape them. I may sink thought and reflection in 
 worldliness, in money-making, in the cares and the in- 
 terests and the pleasures of life ; but once let me pause, 
 and let reflection awake, I must, at least, feel these 
 questions, and feel the need of answering them, or of 
 seeking an answer. Or I may take refuge in a system, 
 such as Comtism, which bids them away. But this is 
 only to keep them as an uneasy nightmare on the 
 thought and the conscience. Come up for reflection 
 they must. In some form or other, that realm of Being 
 which transcends our experience, and yet is bound up 
 with it, must touch the thought, the heart of the man 
 who earnestly lives, and who honestly puts a question' 
 about this life of ours. Tor the shadow of an Infinite 
 is over all our little earthly life. 
 
 "Well, then, this problem of the Unconditioned, as it 
 is called, was taken up by Kant; and on this, as on 
 other fundamental points of philosophy, the question 
 took a new departure. But what had Kant done about 
 it 1 ]^ot much more than Hume, if anything. Hume 
 had bid the whole question away. He had virtually 
 said, — if there be an idea of an Infinite, or Absolute, 
 if there be a God, show me the sense-impression from 
 which the idea arises. There is none. Delude your- 
 selves, if you choose, with the pleasing illusion ; but an 
 idea of God, if there be one, is but a copy of a sense- 
 impression. Show me the sense-impression which war- 
 
Infinite Reality — Relativity of Knoivledge. 55 
 
 rants and grounds your notion. There is, and can be no 
 such thing, from the very nature of the case. Your 
 God transcends experience; therefore He is nothing, 
 nothing for you. But what did Kant say? 
 
 Well, Kant admitted an idea, a positive idea, of the 
 Unconditioned, and that in several forms. But what 
 sort of idea, after all ] Our experience gives no object 
 corresponding to any one of the Ideas, — a real self, or 
 God. The idea is not, therefore, representative of any- 
 thing actual or real. It cannot even be conceived by 
 the Understanding ; it belongs to a faculty called the 
 Reason. Even thus far there is no advance on Hume's 
 position. As with Hume the conception of self or God 
 is vain, because there is no impression corresponding to 
 it, so with Kant the idea is empty, because there is 
 no intuition to fill it, — no fact of experience corre- 
 sponding to it. Wherein does this differ from Hume 1 
 In both cases, the highest objective reality is exploded, on 
 the ground of the emptiness of the notion of it. But 
 there is more than this. Kant also holds that those so- 
 called Ideas are at least, in respect of the world, abso- 
 lutely contradictory. We have equal reasons for believ- 
 ing a commencement of the world in time and none, 
 that there is a free or unconditioned cause, a first cause, 
 and that all is under necessary causation ; that there is 
 a necessary being at the root of the universe, and that 
 there is none, nothing but the order of things. Reason 
 thus, the faculty of Ideas lands us in absolute contra- 
 diction; and a contradictory reason, as has been said, 
 is worse than no reason at all. It is at this point 
 that Hamilton comes into the discussion ; and he asks 
 that the term Unconditioned should be analysed, that 
 
56 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 people using it should know exactly what they mean by 
 it. In one sense, he says virtually it is a piece of mere 
 verbalism, uniting two contradictory terms, and thus 
 annihilating itself as a notion. In another, subordinate, 
 aspect, it may be taken as meaning what goes out beyond 
 relation, beyond our positive thought, endless regress 
 in being or cause ; or an absolute beginning, in the form 
 of a first cause. With Kant we have two propositions, 
 regarding reality above experience, subversive of each 
 other, as equally possible. With Hamilton, on the 
 other hand, we are simply unable to understand as pos- 
 sible either of the two extremes ; one of which, however, 
 on the ground of their mutual repugnance, the mind is 
 compelled to recognise as true.-^ Make the idea of the 
 infinite or absolute positive in any form, and you are 
 inevitably landed in insoluble contradiction. But put 
 it merely that the idea somehow transcends our actual 
 conception, and yet is a necessary correlate of it, and 
 we are free to wait for the evidence, the evidence of 
 experience, to determine for us on which side the 
 truth or the probability lies. Hence, naturally, the 
 philosophy of Hamilton is a philosophy of experience, 
 of fact. It brings speculation down from the height 
 of the Unconditioned, or the sphere transcending know- 
 ledge and experience, where man and the world have 
 alike disappeared. It says this is a fruitless region of 
 verbalism. Look at experience, at consciousness, — 
 analyse that, see what is reflected there, and possibly 
 that may lead you backwards to a first cause and a 
 God. But the way of a direct knowledge of the abso- 
 lute, or God, or being, per se, is a hopeless route ; it is 
 
 1 Discussimis, p. 15. 
 
Infinite Reality — Relativity of Knowledge. 57 
 
 the very extinction of the condition of knowledge, and 
 the track of barren words. Hamilton's dialectic is 
 here no enemy to insight; but it is the mortal foe of 
 nonsense. Since Kant's day, system-mongering in Ger- 
 many has begun where he left off, in vacuo. It has 
 set up the Pure Ego, or the Neutrum of Being, or the 
 Identity of Contradictories, as the starting-point of phil- 
 osophy. And the ghost of the defunct Unconditioned 
 has been raised, and has crossed to our shores. As 
 soon as the galvanism is exhausted, the spectral illusion 
 will be seen to be what it is. 
 
 Hamilton's view on this point is, that what we call 
 substance or being per se, — the Absolute, the Uncon- 
 ditioned, in any form is utterly beyond our conception. 
 What subsists per se, not in relation or correlation with 
 our faculties, is for us no object of positive thought. 
 He does not deny the possibility of being or reality 
 that is absolutely irrelative, what exists by and in 
 itself, without relation to time, space, or other being, 
 without relation to any individual mind, but he holds 
 this to be inconceivable by us. And he regards it 
 thus as incapable of yielding any basis for a deduc- 
 tive or demonstrative system of being. You cannot 
 put yourself, he virtually says, at a point above relation 
 and difference, above the conditions of experience or 
 consciousness, in the sphere of unmanifested being ; get 
 at the prius of nature, yourself, and God, and so exhibit 
 these for what they are in their necessary relations. 
 Take any of the attempts to do so. Take that of Fichte 
 or Schelling or Hegel. The Pure Ego of Fichte, the Neu- 
 trum or point of indifference of Schelling, the Pure Being 
 of Hegel, all of these have this in common, that they 
 
58 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 abolisli the fundamental law of the distinction of the 
 knower and the known. They are all attempts to get 
 behind consciousness and experience, and to show its 
 genesis, the necessary genesis of all the laws of knowledge. 
 The Hegelian effort may be summed up thus : We are 
 supposed to start from a point above consciousness itself, 
 from what is called Pure Being, that is, mere Eeing, 
 Being per se, qualityless Being, without character or 
 definite mark. Yet this characterless Being has a won- 
 derful faculty of development; it is the idea under a 
 necessity of evolution. It first evolves itself into pure 
 nothing, non-being. Then it returns to itself, by the 
 way of becoming, enriched by its process of self-develop- 
 ment. It takes a great many turns of this sort ; passing 
 always into its opposite or contradictory, then abolishes 
 it by taking this opposite into itself ; until it abolishes 
 all difference between itself and the universe, and at last 
 expands by an outburst of ecstatic egoism into God Him- 
 self. All difference thus between subject and object, 
 self and not-self, man and God, disappears, and we have 
 supreme unity, the ultimate unity of the Speculative 
 Reason. 
 
 I am not, of course, going to discuss this system at pre- 
 sent. To tell the truth, I look on it as a piece of mere 
 verbalism, a juggle of abstractions hardly worth discus- 
 sion. But it may be easily shown that such a system 
 falls to pieces through sheer inconsistency. If Being, 
 for example, be utterly qualityless to begin with, be 
 absolutely empty, it is quite impossible it can at the same 
 time have a power of self-evolution, far less be under a 
 necessity of it. And further, if Being be at first abso- 
 lutely qualityless and characterless, or be nothing definite 
 
Infinite Reality — Relativity of Knowledge. 59 
 
 at all, it needs not to pass into pure nothing, it is pure 
 nothing to begin with. And an idea, or anything else 
 which has the power of first contradicting itself, and 
 then swallowing the contradiction that it may enrich it- 
 self, is about the most wonderf id specimen of a thing 
 calling itself reason which the world has yet heard of. 
 But the truth is, the system has no rational coherency ; 
 it is not verified by experience; history contradicts it. 
 The history of human thought itself has never followed 
 the course of the Hegelian formula or development of the 
 Logic. The early start of Greek thought contradicts it. 
 The Ionic hylozoism, the Pythagorean numbers, the pure 
 Being of the Eleatics, the becoming of Heraclitus, — this 
 order wholly contradicts it. It is not found in Con- 
 tinental thought since Descartes, nor in English thought 
 since Locke. The force and place of the individual are 
 too strong for it in general history. The individual is 
 not the victim of the idea, he is the maker of the facts. 
 Further, it throws no light on a single mystery either in 
 human life or in the world which surrounds us ; as, for 
 example, regarding the origin of life, or the nature of 
 that Deity which it professes to grasp. The unity, more- 
 over, which the system seeks is a fantastic one, like the 
 system itself. There is a unity in the dualism of con- 
 sciousness, the unity of the one permanent self amid all 
 the flow of the states of consciousness, which it caUs its 
 OAvn, a unity of being amid the changing contents of 
 knowledge. This is all the unity which philosophy 
 need seek, and which it will ever find, at least in human 
 consciousness. And any higher unity which may em- 
 brace this, can be thought of by us in a very dim way, 
 and only as the analogue of this lower experience. 
 
60 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 The relation of difference and plurality lies at the root 
 of all our knowledge, whatever he its ohject. Hence 
 Hume's attempt to identify the self or knower with the 
 state of consciousness is a failure, for the simple reason 
 that a sensation per se is an illegitimate abstraction 
 utterly below knowledge. And Hegel's attempt to run 
 back subject and object, or self and not-self, to pure 
 being is equally a failure, for pure or qualityless being is 
 as much above or beyond knowledge as Hume's sensation 
 per se is below knowledge. Hegelianism has been in 
 recent times introduced into this country, and to those 
 ignorant of the history of philosophical opinion, it has 
 seemed to be a new and great system. The common- 
 places of German thought are to the British public, as 
 a rule, surprising novelties. Its fossil remains pass with 
 us as "advanced thought." The ghost of a defunct 
 German philosophy is accepted as a real flesh and blood 
 personage. The fact is, that Hegelianism has long run 
 its course in Germany, the country of its birth, and it is 
 now there looked upon as simply an effete verbalism. It 
 was the last and the worst specimen of the system-mong- 
 ering which began with Fichte, increased in Schelling, 
 and culminated in Hegel. And what does it give you 1 
 Thought without a thinker to begin with, that develops 
 by itself into all knowledge and being ; being without 
 quality or property, which develops into all being, into 
 all that is ; a God who once was a mere indefinite pos- 
 sibility, and ultimately is, only as he realises himself in 
 the forms and laws of human consciousness, in man, 
 who is as necessary to God's true being as God is to 
 his. A God who grows from less to more, from nothing 
 to something, or from nothing to all, is as true, rather is 
 
Infinite Reality — Relativity of Knowledi^d.^^^ 
 
 as poor, a fetish as the rudest savage ever conceived or 
 acknowledged. 
 
 And what is the result of the whole theory % This, that 
 the world is a construction of what is called thought, 
 but it is not the thought of the individual. Then whose 
 thought is if? This we are not told. It is thought, 
 the ideay the universal. Whose idea, — whose thought 1 
 Either an impotent abstraction illogically credited with 
 power and personality ; or the property not of the in- 
 dividuals of mankind, but of this or that individual in 
 whom the thought arises to clear consciousness. The 
 creation of the world and God waits for this ! for the 
 individual in whom the absolute Ego condescends to 
 develop itself ! In him alone is the reality of things ! 
 And in the end there is no other world than this phae- 
 nomenal world of ours, — this constituted, created world. 
 There are not two worlds. The phaenomenal world of 
 science is not a reflection or appearance, an image of a 
 more real world, as Plato said. There is no sphere of 
 reality, there is no God behind the world, nothing to 
 which we can look as divine cause; it is all in the 
 world, it is as the speculative thinker makes it, as the 
 absolute Ego realises itself in Hegel or some of his 
 followers. There is no natural and supernatural order, 
 no ground of worship and reverence, no mystery, noth- 
 ing before which we have to bow; the relations real- 
 ised in the Hegelian speculative thinker are the world, 
 man, and God. One does not need to point the practical 
 morale of a system of this sort, or the kind of egoistic 
 worship likely to come out of it. It is not wonderful 
 that French Comtism has at length held out its hand to 
 Hegelian absolutism, and hailed it as fellow well met. 
 
62 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 IV. THE POSITIVE SIDE. OUR KNOWLEDGE AND 
 
 PROOF OF GOD. 
 
 What, it may be asked, is the positive side of Hamil- 
 ton's philosophy regarding our knowledge of Being, in 
 its highest form, — God? 
 
 We have no direct or immediate knowledge of such 
 an object, but we have a mediate, relative, analogical 
 knowledge. God is known to us through experience 
 as the cause of certain facts in experience, as the 
 cause which reflects the character of those facts. But 
 the requisite of the notion of God is more than a mere 
 first cause; it is more, further, than that of a blind 
 force, for this might be omnipotent, all - controlling, 
 yet not God. The true conception of God is that of a 
 primary and omnipotent cause, possessing of Himself 
 intelligence, morality, liberty. These attributes are 
 neither derivative nor dependent. The proof of such 
 a Being is not to be found in the phsenomena of the 
 material world, for these, as subject to immutable laws 
 and invariable recurrence, manifest only the blind force 
 of a mechanical succession. If it be true that intelli- 
 gence in man, the only intelligence of which we have 
 experience, be a consequent of matter, if matter be 
 here first and originative, we must logically conclude, 
 that as in man, so in the universe, the phsenomena of 
 intelligence and design are only in their last analysis the 
 products of a brute necessity. " Nullus in microcosmo 
 spiritus, nullus in macrocosmo Deus." 
 
 But in mind, as found in our own experience, we 
 have another order. Intelligence in man is a free 
 
Positive Side — Knowledge and Proof of God. 63 
 
 power; it is united with freedom; it is independent of 
 an antecedent causality or cause, in matter or organism. 
 Man as a free cause is a first cause in respect of his voli- 
 tion, and, therefore, superior to the sphere of material 
 causation. If this be so, there is an immaterial subject, 
 — a spirit ; and " if the spirituality of mind in man be 
 supposed a datum of observation, in this datum are also 
 given both the condition and the proof of a God. For 
 we have only to think, what analogy entitles us to do, 
 that intelligence holds the same relative supremacy in 
 the universe which it holds in us, and the first positive 
 condition of a Deity is established, in the establishment 
 of the absolute jjriority of a free creative intelligence." 
 " It is only as man is a free intelligence, a moral power, 
 that he is created after the image of God, and it is 
 only as a spark of the divinity glows as the life of 
 life in us, that we can rationally believe in an in- 
 telligent Creator and moral Governor of the universe." 
 " Should physiology ever succeed in reducing the facts 
 of intelligence to phsenomena of matter, philosophy 
 would be subverted in the subversion of its three great 
 objects, God, free-will, and immortality. True wisdom 
 would then consist, not in speculation, but in repressing 
 thought during our brief transit from nothingness to 
 nothingness. For why'? Philosophy would have be- 
 come a meditation, not merely of death, but of annihi- 
 lation. The precept, know thyself, would have been 
 replaced by the terrific oracle to CEdipus — 
 
 ' Mayst thou ne'er know the truth of what thou art ; ' 
 
 And the final recompense of our scientific curiosity 
 
64 Sir William Hamilton, 
 
 would be wailing, deeper than Cassandra's, for the igno- 
 rance that saved us from despair." ^ 
 
 Hamilton can hardly be said to have developed the 
 argument on this point. Even with regard to the first 
 half of it, there are steps to be supplied. It is virtually- 
 said there is mind in man, first in man, above organisa- 
 tion ; therefore, there is mind in the universe, first in the 
 universe, above law and organisation. Negatively, it may 
 be allowed that if the converse were true in regard to 
 man, the converse would be true in regard to the uni- 
 verse, or to what transcends experience. But, posi- 
 tively, can we simply by analogy from the fact, suppos- 
 ing it admitted, of mind and the priority of mind in 
 man, infer the corresponding facts in the universe ^ No 
 doubt we are thus led to think of mind in the universe 
 and its relations of priority. But can we go beyond the 
 conception and at once infer the facti It seems to 
 me that there are here steps awanting, which may be 
 supplied, but still required. We need a ground of in- 
 ference from the fact in experience, intelligence here, 
 to the fact above experience, intelligence there. This 
 may be attempted by proof through the beginning of 
 our intelligence in time, its finitude, and the law of 
 cause, and adequate cause. Then, doubtless the law of 
 analogy would help us, for intelligence, if prior here, 
 and independent of material necessity or necessary order, 
 would be properly regarded as so prior there, and so in- 
 dependent, primary, and supreme. 
 
 The absence or non-existence of a moral law and order 
 in us, would doubtless sweep away even the possibility 
 1 Metaphysics, Lect. II. 
 
Positive Side — Knowledge and Proof of God. 65 
 
 of such a law, order, and governor in the universe. But 
 how precisely, it may be asked, does Hamilton connect 
 the fact of the existence of these in us with their exist- 
 ence in the universe, or as transcending experience'? Is 
 it by analogy simply? Is it meant that, seeing there 
 is moral law, agency in man, there is, therefore, in a 
 sphere transcending experience, the same, or similar, 
 moral law, agency, a moral Governor consequently'? 
 To reach this inference we obviously need several 
 links of connection more than the mere fact of the 
 moral order in our conscious experience. Perhaps in 
 the very nature of this order of our experience may 
 lie a necessity for connecting it with a transcendent 
 moral order. But this needs explication and develop- 
 ment to complete the argument. The mere fact of the 
 moral order here may be the means and the model of 
 our conceiving the other supreme order and Gover- 
 nor, but the necessity of concluding to it is not given 
 in the mere fact of the conception. The proof is 
 thus but a sketch, and needs supplement and devel- 
 opment. 
 
 But be this as it may, it is clear that in Hamilton's 
 view we can mediately know a Supreme Cause, intel- 
 ligent, free, personal, as real at the very least as we 
 are, or any reality in our experience. In fact, he may 
 be regarded as holding the complete implication of 
 such a supreme reality in this finite experience of ours. 
 To regard Hamilton, accordingly, as an agnostic, is en- 
 tirely to misrepresent the last word of his philosophy. 
 He is an agnostic only in the sense of denying and ex- 
 ploding a ridiculous absolutism. 
 
66 Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 But a question here arises. We are told that " the 
 Deity is not an object of immediate contemplation ; as 
 existing and in Himself, He is beyond our reach ; we can 
 know Him only mediately through His works." ^ We 
 may ask : Is this mediate knowledge a sure and true 
 knowledge 1 or is it such a knowledge that we cannot 
 be sure of its truth, but may find it some day contra- 
 dicted as to its essence and substance, if we ever come 
 to know Being in itself ? 
 
 The answer to this seems to me to be, that this know- 
 ledge of a Cause, a Divine Cause, is a true knowledge 
 of what is and has been manifested. It is a manifes- 
 tation to us and our faculties, to their number, their 
 nature, their laws. We cannot grasp God as He is 
 per se ; we cannot even grasp Him completely in all 
 His manifestations. But we know God as He is re- 
 vealed. The only thing that could contradict this 
 knowledge would be another and different phsenomenal 
 revelation. For of what is called His absolute being. 
 His being apart from manifestation, that can never be 
 knowledge to us, and, therefore, can never contradict 
 what we definitely know. But no other manifestation 
 of God can be to us, constituted as we are, different 
 essentially from what there is now. Our faculties have 
 their nature and laws, and we know Him according to 
 these ; and if these be contradicted by any subsequent 
 alleged manifestation in the future, our very power of 
 knowing is subverted, and we have chaos, not knowledge. 
 Our knowledge of God as Cause, intelligent, omnipo- 
 tent, free, moral, may indeed be sublimated; present 
 1 Metaphysics, Lect. II. 
 
Positive Side — Knowledge and Proof of God. 67 
 
 conceptions may pass into higher of the same order. 
 That would be our gain, not our loss ; but that is all 
 the change possible. 
 
 But at the best we must emphasise the partialness 
 of even this relative knowledge. The world we know 
 and through which we know God is not necessarily 
 His one, His single, His whole manifestation. A God 
 necessitated to develop Himself is no God ; He is not 
 even man, for man, in his true being, is free. An ab- 
 solute or infinite cause, so called, under a necessity of 
 manifestation, is no absolute or infinite reality at all. 
 One line of development is all we could have under 
 such a condition — one, and one only ; the only possible, 
 the best, the poor best we have. It is restricted to this ; 
 it can do nothing more. This is a purely helpless 
 absolute. And if this be Deity, and yet under the 
 necessity of manifestation, or passing into another form 
 of being, who can tell that He survives 1 
 
 But the manifestation of a Divine Cause is different 
 from the manifestation of a verbal Absolute. This is 
 limited by the notion alism from which it springs ; the 
 true God stands at the head of experience. As such He 
 must be adequate to the highest thing in experience. 
 And what is this? !N"ot a necessity of manifestation, 
 not a mechanical necessity, even with consciousness, but 
 the full scope of a free power, analogous to our own, at its 
 highest development ; when we create by willing or not- 
 willing ; when we can accept the rational motive ; when 
 we can consent to self-sacrifice, to greatness of emotion, 
 to devotion to the right, the holy, and the pure. A 
 free consciousness above necessitation, above a single 
 
68 /S^?' William Hamilton. 
 
 necessary determinate development, above all that we 
 can see, or feel, or know about this world of ours, 
 with all its grandeur and all its compass, manifesting 
 itself, yet not complete or exhausted in the manifesta- 
 tion, — this is for us the highest type, the true analogue 
 of a God. Such a Deity is neither unknowable nor 
 unknown. 
 
 PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 
 
I^XJNlVERsiT-r 
 
 Catalogue 
 
 of 
 
 JVlessrs Blackwood & Sons' 
 Publications 
 
PHILOSOPHICAL CLASSICS FOR ENCLISH READERS. 
 
 Edited by WILLIAM KNIGHT, LL.D., 
 
 Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of St Andrews. 
 
 In crown 8vo Volumes, with Portraits, price 3s. 6d. 
 
 Contents of the Series. 
 
 Niz, by J. Theodore Merz.— Vico, by Pro- 
 fessor Flint, Edinburgh.— HoBBES, by Pro- 
 fessor Croom Robertson. — Hume, by the 
 Editor.— Spinoza, by the Very Rev. Prin- 
 cipal Caird, Glasgow. — Bacon : Part I. 
 The Life, by Professor Nichol.— Bacon : 
 Part II. Philosophy, by the same Author. 
 Locke, by Professor Campbell Fraser. 
 
 Descartes, by Professor Mahaffy, Dub- 
 lin. — Butler, by Rev. W. Lucas Collins, 
 M. A. —Berkeley, by Professor Campbell 
 Fraser. — Fichte, by Professor Adamson, 
 Owens College, Manchester. — Kant, by 
 Professor Wallace, Oxford.— Hamilton, by 
 Professor Veitch, Glasgow. — Hegel, by- 
 Professor Edward Caird, Glasgow.— Leib- 
 
 FOREIGN CLASSICS FOR ENCLISH READERS. 
 
 Edited by Mrs OLIPHANT. 
 
 In crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Contents of the Series 
 Editor. 
 
 Dante, by the Editor. — Voltaire, by 
 General Sir E. B. Hamley, K.C.B. 
 —Pascal, by Principal TuUoch. — Pet- 
 rarch, by Henry Reeve, C.B. — Goethe, 
 by A. Hay ward, Q.C. — Moliere, by the 
 Editor and F. Tarver, M.A. — Montaigne, 
 by Rev. W. L. Collins, M.A. — Rabelais, 
 by Walter Besant, M.A. — Calderon, by 
 E. J. Hasell. — Saint Simon, by Clifton 
 W. Collins, M.A. — Cervantes, by the 
 
 CORNEILLE AND RaCINE, by 
 
 Henry M. Trollope. ^ Madame de 
 Sevign^, by Miss Thackeray.— La Fon- 
 taine, AND OTHER FRENCH FABULISTS, 
 
 by Rev. W. Lucas Collins, M.A.— Schil- 
 ler, by James Sime, M.A., Author of 
 'Lessing, his Life and Writings.' — Tasso, 
 by E. J. Hasell. — Rousseau, by Henry 
 Grey Graham. — Alfred de Musset, by 
 C. F. Oliphant. 
 
 ANCIENT CLASSICS FOR ENCLISH READERS. 
 
 Edited by the Eev. W. LUCAS COLLINS, M.A. 
 
 Complete in 28 Vols, crown 8vo, cloth, price 2s. 6d. each. And may also be had in 
 14 Volumes, strongly and neatly bound, with calf or vellum back, £3, 10s. 
 
 Contents of the Series. 
 
 Homer: The Iliad, by the Editor. — 
 Homer: The Odyssey, by the Editor.— 
 Herodotus, by George C. Swayne, M.A. — 
 Xenophon, by Sir Alexander Grant, Bart., 
 LL.D. — Euripides, by W. B. Donne.— 
 Aristophanes, by the Editor. — Plato, by 
 Clifton W. Collins, M.A. — Lucian, by the 
 Editor. — ^schylus, by the Right Rev. 
 the Bishop of Colombo. — Sophocles, by 
 Clifton W. Collins, M.A. — Hesiod and 
 Theognis, by the Rev. J. Davies, M.A.— 
 Greek Anthology, by Lord Neaves. — 
 Virgil, by the Editor.— Horace, by Sir 
 Theodore Martin, K.C.B. — Juvenal, by 
 Edward Walford, M.A. — Plautus and 
 
 Terence, by the Editor — The Commen- 
 taries OF C^SAR, by Anthony Trollope. 
 — Tacitus, by W. B. Donne. — Cicero, by 
 the Editor. — Pliny's Letters, by the 
 Rev. Alfred Church, M.A., and the Rev. 
 W. J. Brodribb, M.A. — Livy, by the 
 Editor.— Ovid, by the Rev. A. Church, 
 M. A. — Catullus, Tibullus, and Pro- 
 pertius, by the Rev. Jas. Davies, M.A. 
 — Demosthenes, by the Rev. W. J. 
 Brodribb, M.A. —Aristotle, by Sir Alex- 
 ander Grant, Bart., LL.D.— Thug ydides, 
 by the Editor. — Lucretius, by W. H. 
 Mallock, M.A. — Pindar, by the Rev. F. 
 D. Morice, M.A. 
 
 Saturday Review. — "It is difficult to estimate too highly the value of such a series as 
 this in giving ' English readers ' an insight, exact as far as it goes, into those olden times 
 which are so remote, and yet to many of us so close." 
 
CATALOGUE 
 
 OF 
 
 MESSES BLACKWOOD & SONS' 
 
 P U B Lie A TION S. 
 
 ALISON. 
 
 History of Europe. By Sir Archibald Alison, Bart., D.C.L. 
 
 1. From the Commencement of the French Eevolution to 
 
 the Battle of Waterloo. 
 
 Library Edition, 14 vols., with Portraits. Demy 8vo, £10, 10s. 
 Another Edition, in 20 vols, crown 8vo, £6. 
 People's Edition, 13 vols, crown 8vo, £2, lis. 
 
 2. Continuation to the Accession of Louis Napoleon. 
 
 Library Edition, 8 vols. 8vo, £6, 7s. 6cl. 
 People's Edition, 8 vols, crown 8vo, 34s. 
 
 Epitome of Alison's History of Europe. Thirtieth Thou- 
 sand, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Atlas to Alison's History of Europe. By A. Keith Johnston. 
 
 Library Edition, demy 4to, £3, 3s. 
 People's Edition, 31s. 6d. 
 
 Life of John Duke of Marlborough. With some Account of 
 
 his Contemporaries, and of the War of the Succession. Third Edition. 2 vols. 
 8vo. Portraits and Maps, 80s. 
 
 Essays : Historical, Political, and Miscellaneous. 3 vols. 
 
 demy 8vo, 45s, 
 
 ACROSS FRANCE IN A CARAVAN : Being some Account 
 
 OF A Journey from Bordeaux to Genoa in the "Escargot," taken in the Winter 
 1889-90. By the Author of ' A Day of my Life at Eton.' With fifty Illustrations 
 by John Wallace, after Sketches by the Author, and a Map. Demy 8vo, 15s. 
 
 ACTA SANCTORUM HIBERNI^ ; Ex Codice Salmanticensi. 
 
 Nunc priinum integre edita opera Caroli de Smedt et Josephi de Backer, e 
 Soc. Jesu, Hagiographorum Bollandianorum ; Auctore et Suinptus Largiente 
 Joanne Patricio Marchione Bothae. In One handsome 4to Volume, bound in 
 half roxburghe, £2, 2s. ; in paper cover, 31s. 6d. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS ACT, 1883. With Notes by a 
 
 Member of the Highland and Agricultural Society. 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 AIKMAN. 
 
 Manures and the Principles of Manuring. By C M. Airman, 
 
 B.Sc, F.R.S.E., &c. Lecturer on Agricultural Chemistry, AVest of Scotland 
 Technical College ; Examiner in Chemistry, University of Glasgow. Crown 8vo. 
 
 IShortly. 
 
List of Books Published by 
 
 AIKMAN. 
 
 Farmyard Manure : Its Nature, Composition, and Treatment. 
 
 Crown 8vo, Is. Gd. 
 
 AIRD. Poetical Works of Thomas Aird. Fifth Edition, with 
 
 Memoir of the Author by the Rev. Jardine Wallace, and Portrait. Crown 8vo, 
 7s. 6d. 
 
 ALLARDYCE. 
 
 The City of Sunshine. By Alexander Allardyce. Three 
 
 vols, post 8vo, £1, 5s. Cd. 
 
 Memoir of the Honourable George Keith Elphinstone, K.B., 
 
 Viscount Keith of Stonehaven, Marischal, Admiral of the Red. Svo, with Por- 
 trait, Illustrations, and Maps, 21s. 
 
 ALMOND. Sermons by a Lay Head-master. By Hely Hutch- 
 inson Almond, M.A. Oxon., Head-master of Loretto School. Crown Svo, 53. 
 
 ANCIENT CLASSICS FOR ENGLISH READERS. Edited 
 
 by Rev. AV. Lucas Collins, M.A. Price 2s. 6d. each. For List of Vols. , see p. 2. 
 
 ANNALS OF A FISHING VILLAGE. By "A Son of the 
 
 Marshes. " See page 28. 
 
 AYTOUN. 
 
 Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers, and other Poems. By W. 
 
 Edmondstoune Aytoun, D.C.L., Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres in the 
 University of Edinburgh. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Another Edition. Fcap. Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Cheap Edition. Is. Cloth, Is. 3d. 
 
 An Illustrated Edition of the Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers. 
 
 From designs by Sir Noel Paton. Small 4to, in gilt cloth, 21s. 
 
 Bothwell : a Poem. Third Edition. Fcap., 7s. 6d. 
 
 Poems and Ballads of Goethe. Translated by Professor 
 
 Aytoun and Sir Theodore Martin, K.C.B. Third Edition. Fcap., 6s. 
 
 Bon Gaultier's Book of Ballads. By the Same. Fifteenth 
 
 Edition. With Illustrations by Doyle, Leech, and Crowquill. Fcap. Svo, 5s. 
 
 The Ballads of Scotland. Edited by Professor Aytoun. 
 
 Fourth Edition. 2 vols. fcap. Svo, 12s. 
 
 Memoir of William E. Aytoun, D.C.L. By Sir Theodore 
 
 Martin, K.C.B. With Portrait. Post Svo, 12s. 
 
 BACH. 
 
 On Musical Education and Vocal Culture. By Albert B. 
 
 Bach. Fourth Edition. Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Principles of Singing. A Practical Guide for Vocalists 
 
 and Teachers. With Course of Vocal Exercises. Crown Svo, 6s. 
 
 The Art of Singing. With Musical Exercises for Young 
 
 People. Crown Svo, 38. 
 
 The Art Ballad : Loewe and Schubert. With Music Illustra- 
 tions. With a Portrait of Loewe. Third Edition. Small 4to, 5s. 
 
 BAIRD LECTURES. 
 
 Theism. By Rev. Professor Flint, D.D., Edinburgh. Eighth' 
 
 Edition. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Anti-Theistic Theories. By Rev. Professor Flint, D.D., Edin- 
 burgh. Fourth Edition. Crown Svo, 10s. 6d. 
 
William Blackwood and Sons. 
 
 BAIRD LECTURES. 
 
 The Early Religion of Israel. As set forth by Biblical Writers 
 
 and modern Critical Historians, By Rev. Professor Robertson, D.D., Glasgow. 
 Third Edition, Crown 8vo, 10s, 6d. 
 
 The Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures. By Rev. Robert 
 
 Jamieson, D,D. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Mysteries of Christianity. By Rev. Professor Crawford, 
 
 D,D. Crown 8vo, Vs. 6d. 
 
 Endowed Territorial Work : Its Supreme Importance to the 
 
 Church and Country. By Rev. William Smith, D.D. Crown Svo, 6s. 
 
 BALLADS AND POEMS. By Members of the Glasgow 
 
 Ballad Club. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d, 
 
 BANNATYNE. Handbook of Republican Institutions in the 
 
 United States of America, Based upon Federal and State Laws, and other reli- 
 able sources of information. By Dugald J, Bannatyne, Scotch Solicitor, New 
 York ; Member of the Faculty of Procurators, Glasgow. Crown Svo, 7s. Gd, 
 
 BELLAIRS. 
 
 The Transvaal War, 1880-81. Edited by Lady Bellairs. 
 
 With a Frontispiece and Map. Svo, 15s. 
 
 Gossips with Girls and Maidens, Betrothed and Free. New 
 
 Edition, Crown Svo, 3s, 6d, Cloth, extra gilt edges, 5s, 
 
 BELLESHEIM. History of the Catholic Church of Scotland. 
 
 From the Introduction of Christianity to the Present Day, By Alphons Bel- 
 LESHEiM, D,D., Canon of Aix-la-Chapelle. Translated, with Notes and Additions, 
 by D, Oswald Hunter Blair, 0,S,B., Monk of Fort Augustus. Complete in 
 4 vols, demy Svo, with Maps. Price 12s. Gd, each, 
 
 BENTINCK. Racing Life of Lord George Cavendish Bentinck, 
 
 M,P,, and other Reminiscences, By John Kent, Private Trainer to the Good- 
 wood Stable, Edited by the Hon, Francis Lawley, With Twenty-three full- 
 page Plates, and Facsimile Letter, Second Edition, Demy Svo, 25s, 
 
 BESANT. 
 
 The Revolt of Man. By Walter Besant. Tenth Edition. 
 
 Crown Svo, 3s, 6d, 
 
 Readings in Rabelais. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 BEVERIDGE. 
 
 Culross and Tulliallan ; or Perthshire on Forth. Its History 
 
 and Antiquities, With Elucidations of Scottish Life and Character from the 
 Burgh and Kirk-Session Records of that District, By David Beveridge, 2 vols, 
 Svo, with Illustrations, 42s, 
 
 Between the Ochils and the Forth ; or, From Stirling Bridge 
 
 to Aberdour, Crown Svo, 6s, 
 
 BIRCH. 
 
 Examples of Stables, Hunting-Boxes, Kennels, Racing Estab- 
 lishments, &c. By John Birch, Architect, Author of ' Country Architecture,' 
 &c. With 30 Plates, Royal Svo, 7s, 
 
 Examples of Labourers' Cottages, &c. With Plans for Im- 
 proving the Dwellings of the Poor in Large Towns. With 34 Plates, Royal Svo, 
 7s. 
 
 Picturesque Lodges. A Series of Designs for Gate Lodges, 
 
 Park Entrances, Keepers', Gardeners', Bailiffs', Grooms', Upper and Under Ser- 
 vants' Lodges, and other Rural Residences. With 16 Plates, 4to, 12s. 6d. 
 
 BLACK. Heligoland and the Islands of the North Sea. By 
 
 William George Black. Crown Svo, 4s. 
 
List of Books Published by 
 
 BLACKIE. 
 
 Lays and Legends of Ancient Greece. By John Stuart 
 
 Blackie, Emeritus Professor of Greek in the University of Edinburgh. Second 
 Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. 
 
 The Wisdom of Goethe. Fcap. 8vo. Cloth, extra gilt, 6s. 
 Scottish Song : Its Wealth, Wisdom, and Social Significance. 
 
 Crown 8vo. With Music. 7s. 6d. 
 
 A Song of Heroes. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 BLACKMORE. The Maid of Sker. By R. D. Blackmore, 
 
 Author of 'Lorna Doone,' &c. New Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 BLACKWOOD. 
 
 Blackwood's Magazine, from Commencement in 1817 to De- 
 cember 1892. Nos. 1 to 926, forming 152 Volumes. 
 
 Index to Blackwood's Magazine. Vols. 1 to 50. 8vo, 15s. 
 Tales from Blackwood. First Series. Price One Shilling each, 
 
 in Paper Cover. Sold separately at all Railway Bookstalls. 
 
 They may also be had bound in 12 vols., cloth, 18s. Half calf, richly gilt, 30s. 
 Or the 12 vols, in 6, roxburghe, 21s. Half red morocco, 28s. 
 
 Tales from Blackwood. Second Series. Complete in Twenty- 
 four Shilling Parts. Handsomely bound in 12 vols., cloth, 30s. In leather back, 
 roxburghe style, 37s. 6d. Half calf, gilt, 52s. 6d. Half morocco, 55s. 
 
 Tales from Blackwood. Third Series. Complete in Twelve 
 
 Shilling Parts. Handsomely bound in 6 vols., cloth, 15s.; and in 12 vols., cloth, 
 18s. The 6 vols, in roxburghe, 21s. Half calf, 25s. Half morocco, 28s. 
 
 Travel, Adventure, and Sport. From ' Blackwood's Magazine.' 
 
 Uniform with 'Tales from Blackwood.' In Twelve Parts, each price Is. Hand- 
 somely bound in 6 vols., cloth, 15s. And in half calf, 25s. 
 
 New Educational Series. See separate Catalogue. 
 New Uniform Series of Novels (Copyright). 
 
 Crown 8vo, cloth. Price 3s. 6d. each. Now ready : — 
 
 Altiora Peto. By Laurence Oliphant. 
 
 Katie Stewart, and other Stories. By Mrs 
 
 Oliphant. 
 
 Valentine, and his Brother. By the Same. 
 Sons and Daughters. By the Same. 
 Marmorne. By P. G. Hamerton. 
 Reata, By E. D. Gerard. 
 Beggar my Neighbour. By the Same. 
 The Waters of Hercules. By the Same. 
 Fair to See. By L. W. M. Lockhart. 
 Mine is Thine. By the Same. 
 Doubles and Quits. By the Same. 
 Hurrish. By the Hon. Emily Lawless. 
 
 Piccadilly. By the Same. With Illustra- 
 tions. 
 The Revolt of Man. By Walter Besant. 
 Lady Baby. By D. Gerard. 
 The Blacksmith of Voe. By Paul Cush- 
 
 The Dilemma. By the Author of ' The 
 
 Battle of Dorking.' 
 My Trivial Life and Misfortune. By A 
 
 Plain Woman. 
 Poor Nellie. By the Same. 
 Others in 'preparation. 
 
 Standard Novels. Uniform in size and binding. Each 
 
 complete in one Volume. 
 
 FLORIN SERIES, Illustrated Boards. Bound in Cloth, 23. 6d. 
 
 Tom Cringle's Log. By Michael Scott. 
 The Cruise of the Midge. By the Same. 
 Cyril Thornton. By Captain Hamilton. 
 Annals of the Parish. By John Gait. 
 The Provost, &c. By the Same. 
 Sir Andrew Wylie. By the Same. 
 The Entail. By the Same. 
 Miss Molly. By Beatrice May Butt. 
 Reginald Dalton. By J. G. Lockhart. 
 
 Pen Owen. By Dean Hook. 
 
 Adam Blair. By J. G. Lockhart. 
 
 Lady Lee's Widowhood. By General Sir E. 
 
 B. Hamley. 
 Salem Chapel. By Mrs Oliphant. 
 The Perpetual Curate. By the Same. 
 Miss Marjoribanks. By the Same. 
 John : A Love Story. By the Same. 
 
William Blackivood and Sons, 
 
 BLACKWOOD. 
 
 Standard Novels. 
 
 SHILLING SERIES, Illustrated Cover. Bound in Cloth, Is. 6d. 
 The Rector, and The Doctor's Family. ~ ~ 
 
 By Mrs Oliphant. 
 The Life of Mansie Wauch. By D. M. 
 
 Moir, 
 Peninsular Scenes and Sketches. By 
 
 F. Hardman. 
 
 Sir Frizzle Pumpkin, Nights at Mess. 
 
 &c. ' 
 
 The Subaltern. 
 
 Life in the Far West. By G. F. Ruxton. 
 Valerius: A Roman Story. By J. Q. 
 
 Lockhart. 
 
 BOLTON. Lord Wastwater. A Novel. By Sidney Bolton 
 
 2 vols, crown 8vo, 17s. 
 
 BON GAULTIER'S BOOK OF BALLADS. Fifteenth Edi- 
 
 tion. With Illustrations by Doyle, Leech, and Crowquill. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. 
 
 BONNAE. Biographical Sketch of George Meikle Kemp, Archi- 
 tect of the Scott Monument, Edinburgh, By Thomas Bonnar, P.S.A. Scot 
 Author of ' The Present Art Revival,' ' The Past of Art in Scotland,' ' Suggestions 
 for the Picturesque of Interiors," &c. With Three Portraits and numerous lUus- 
 trations. Post 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 BOSCOBEL TRACTS. Relating to the Escape of Charles the 
 
 Second after the Battle of Worcester, and his subsequent Adventures. Edited 
 by J. Hughes, Esq., A.M. A New Edition, with additional Notes and Illustra- 
 tions, including Communications from the Rev. R. H. Barham, Author of the 
 'Ingoldsby Legends.' 8vo, with Engravings, 16s. 
 
 BROUGHAM. Memoirs of the Life and Times of Henry Lord 
 
 Brougham. Written by Himself. 3 vols. 8vo, £2, 8s. The Volumes are sold 
 separately, price 16s. each. 
 
 BROWN. A Manual of Botany, Anatomical and Physiological. 
 
 For the Use of Students. By Robert Brown, M.A., Ph.D. Crown 8vo, with 
 numerous Illustrations, 12s. 6d. 
 
 BROWN. The Book of the Landed Estate. Containing Direc- 
 tions for the Management and Development of the Resources of Landed Property. 
 By Robert E. Brown, Factor and Estate Agent. Royal 8vo, with Illustrations. 
 21s. 
 
 BROWN. The Forester : A Practical Treatise on the Planting, 
 
 Rearing, and General Management of Forest-trees. By James Brown, LL.D., 
 Inspector of and Reporter on Woods and Forests. Fifth Edition, Revised and 
 Enlarged. Royal 8vo, with Engravings, 36s. 
 
 BRUCE. In Clover and Heather. Poems by Wallace Bruce. 
 
 New and Enlarged Edition. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. 
 A limited momber of Copies of the First Edition, on large hand-made paper, 12s. 6d. 
 
 BRYDALL. Art in Scotland ; its Origin and Progress. By 
 
 Robert Brydall, Master of St George's Art School of Glasgow. 8vo, 12s. 6d. 
 
 BUCHAN. Introductory Text-Book of Meteorology. By Alex- 
 ander BucHAN, LL.D., F.R.S.B., Secretary of the Scottish Meteorological 
 Society, &c. Crown 8vo, with 8 Coloured Charts and Engravings, 4s. 6d. 
 
 BUCHANAN. The Shirfe Highlands (East Central Africa). By 
 
 John Buchanan, Planter at Zomba. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 BURBIDGE. 
 
 Domestic Floriculture, Window Gardening, and Floral Decora- 
 tions. Being practical directions for the Propagation, Culture, and Arrangement 
 of Plants and Flowers as Domestic Ornaments. By F. W. Burbidge. Second 
 Edition. Crown 8vo, with numerous Illustrations, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Cultivated Plants : Their Propagation and Improvement. 
 
 Including Natural and Artificial Hybridisation, Raising from Seed, Cuttings, 
 and Layers, Grafting and Budding, as applied to the Families and Genera in 
 Cultivation. Crown 8vo, with numerous Illustrations 12s 6d.i 
 
List of Books Published by 
 
 BURROWS. Commentaries on the History of England, from 
 
 the Earliest Times to 18G5. By Montagu Burrows, Chichele Professor of 
 Modern History in the University of Oxford; Captain R.N. ; F.S.A., &c. ; 
 "Offlcier de I'lnstruction Publique" of France. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 BURTON. 
 
 The History of Scotland : From Agricola's Invasion to the 
 
 Extinction of the last Jacobite Insurrection. By John Hill Burton, D.C.L., 
 Historiographer-Royal for Scotland. New and Enlarged Edition, 8 vols., and 
 Index. Crown 8vo, £3, 3s. 
 
 History of the British Empire during the Reign of Queen 
 
 Anne. In 3 vols. 8vo. 36s. 
 
 The Scot Abroad. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 The Book-Hunter. New Edition. With Portrait. Crown 
 
 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 BUTE. 
 
 The Roman Breviary : Reformed by Order of the Holy 
 
 OEcumenical Council of Trent ; Published by Order of Pope St Pius V. ; and 
 Revised by Clement VIII. and Urban VIII, ; together with the Offices since 
 granted. Translated out of Latin into English by John, Marquess of Bute, 
 K.T. In 2 vols, crown 8vo, cloth boards, edges uncut. £2, 2s. 
 
 The Altus of St Columba. With a Prose Paraphrase and 
 
 Notes. In paper cover, 2s. 6d, 
 
 BUTLER. Pompeii : Descriptive and Picturesque. By W. 
 
 Butler. Post 8vo, 5s. 
 
 BUTT. 
 
 Miss Molly. By Beatrice May Butt. Cheap Edition, 2s. 
 
 Eugenie. Crown 8vo, 6s. 6d. 
 
 Elizabeth, and other Sketches. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 Delicia. New Edition. Crown Svo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 CAIRD. 
 
 Sermons. By John Cairo, D.D., Principal of the University 
 
 of Glasgow. Sixteenth Thousand. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. 
 
 Religion in Common Life. A Sermon preached in Crathie 
 
 Church, October 14, 1855, before Her Majesty the Queen and Prince Albert. 
 Published by Her Majesty's Command. Cheap Edition, 3d. 
 
 CALDER. Chaucer's Canterbury Pilgrimage. Epitomised by 
 
 William Calder. With Photogravure of the Pilgrimage Company, and other 
 Illustrations, Glossary, &c. Crown 8vo, 4s. 
 
 CAMPBELL. Critical Studies in St Luke's Gospel : Its Demon- 
 
 ology and Ebionitism. By Colin Campbell, D.D., Minister of the Parish of Dun- 
 dee, formerly Scholar and Fellow of Glasgow University. Author of the ' Three 
 First Gospels in Greek, arranged in parallel columns.' Post Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 CAMPBELL. Sermons Preached before the Queen at Balmoral. 
 
 By the Rev. A. A. Campbell, Minister of Crathie. Published by Command of 
 Her Majesty. Crown Svo, 4s. 6d. 
 
 CAMPBELL. Records of Argyll. Legends, Traditions, and Re- 
 collections of Argyllshire Highlanders, collected chiefly from the Gaelic. With 
 Notes on the Antiquity of the Dress, Clan Colours, or Tartans of the Highlanders, 
 By Lord Archibald Campbell. Illustrated with Nineteen full-page Etchings, 
 4to, printed on hand-made paper, £3, 3s. 
 
 CAMPBELL, W. D., and V. K. ERSKINE. The Bailie 
 
 M'Phee : A Curling Song. With Illustrations, and the Music to which it may bo 
 sung. Small 4to, Is. 6d. . - 
 
William Blackwood and Sons. 
 
 CANTON. A Lost Epic, and other Poems. By William 
 
 Canton. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 CAKRICK. Koumiss ; or, Fermented Mare's Milk : and its 
 
 uses in the Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption, and other Wasting 
 Diseases. With an Appendix on the best Methods of Fermenting Cow's Milk. 
 By George L. Carrick, M.D., L.R.C.S.E. and L.R.C.P.E., Physician to the 
 British Embassy, St Petersburg, &c. Crown Svo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 CARSTAIRS. British Work in India. By R. Carstairs. 
 
 Crown Svo, 6s. 
 
 CAUVIN. A Treasury of the English and German Languages. 
 
 Compiled from the best Authors and Lexicographers in both Languages. By 
 Joseph Cauvin, LL.D. and Ph.D., of the University of Gottingen, &c. Crown 
 Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 CAVE-BROWN. Lambeth Palace and its Associations. By J. 
 
 Cave-Brown, M.A., Vicar of Detling, Kent, and for many years Curate of Lam- 
 beth Parish Church. With an Introduction by the Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 Second Edition, containing an additional Chapter on Medieval Life in the Old 
 Palaces. Svo, with Illustrations, 21s. 
 
 CHARTERIS. Canonicity ; or. Early Testimonies to the Exist- 
 ence and Use of the Books of the New Testament. Based on Kirchhoffer's 
 'Quellensammlung.' Edited by A. H. Charteris, D.D., Professor of Biblical 
 Criticism in the University of Edinburgh. Svo, 18s. 
 
 CHRISTISON. Life of Sir Robert Christison, Bart., M.D., 
 
 D.C.L. Oxon., Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in the University of Edin- 
 burgh. Edited by his Sons. In 2 vols. Svo. Vol. I. — Autobiography. 16s. 
 Vol. II. — Memoirs. 163. 
 
 CHRONICLES OF STRATHEDEN. A Highland Parish of 
 
 To-day. By a Resident. Crown Svo, 5s. 
 
 CHRONICLES OF WESTERLY : A Provincial Sketch. By 
 
 the Author of 'Culmshire Folk,' 'John Orlebar,' &c. 3 vols, crown Svo, 25s. 6d. 
 
 CHURCH SERVICE SOCIETY. 
 
 A Book of Common Order : being Forms of Worship issued 
 
 by the Church Service Society. Sixth Edition. CroAvn Svo, 6s. Also in 2 vols, 
 crown Svo, 6s. 6d. 
 
 Order of Divine Service for Children. Issued by the Church 
 
 Service Society. With Scottish Hymnal. Cloth, 3d. 
 
 CLELAND. Too Apt a Pupil. By Robert Cleland, Author 
 
 of ' Barbara Allan, the Provost's Daughter.' Crown Svo, 6s. 
 
 CLOUSTON. Popular Tales and Fictions: their Migrations 
 
 and Transformations. By W. A. Clouston, Editor of ' Arabian Poetry for Eng- 
 lish Readers,' &c. 2 vols, post Svo, roxburghe binding, 25s, 
 
 COCHRAN. A Handy Text-Book of Military Law. Compiled 
 
 chiefly to assist Officers preparing for Examination ; also for all Officers of the 
 Regular and Auxiliary Forces. Comprising also a Synopsis of part of the Army 
 Act. By Major P. Cochran, Hampshire Regiment Garrison Instructor, North 
 British District. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 COLQUHOUN. The Moor and the Loch. Containing Minute 
 
 Instructions in all Highland Sports, with Wanderings over Crag and Corrie, 
 Flood and Fell. By John Colquhoun. Seventh Edition. With Illustrations. 
 Demy Svo, 21s. 
 
 CONSTITUTION AND LAW OF THE CHURCH OF 
 
 SCOTLAND. With an Introductory Note by the late Principal Tulloch. New 
 Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL YEAR BOOK. Published annually. 
 
 Paper cover, Js, ; clpth, Is, 6d. 
 
lo List of Books Published by 
 
 COTTERILL. Suggested Reforms hi Public Schools. By C. C. 
 
 CoTTERiLL, M.A. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 CRANSTOUN. 
 
 The Elegies of Albius Tibullus. Translated into English 
 
 Verse, with Life of the Poet, and Illustrative Notes. By James Cranstoun, 
 LL.D., Author of a Translation of ' Catullus.' Crown 8vo, 6s. 6d. 
 
 The Elegies of Sextus Propertius. Translated into English 
 
 Verse, with Life of the Poet, and Illustrative Notes. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 CRAWFORD. An Atonement of East London, and other Poems. 
 
 By Howard Crawford, M.A. Crown Svo, 5s. 
 
 CRAWFORD. Saracinesca. By F. Marion Crawfoed, Author 
 
 of 'Mr Isaacs,' &c. &c. Sixth Edition. Crown Svo, 6s. 
 
 CRAWFORD. 
 
 The Doctrine of Holy Scripture respecting the Atonement. 
 
 By the late Thomas J. Crawford, D.D., Professor of Divinity in the University 
 of Edinburgh. Fifth Edition. Svo, 12s. 
 
 The Fatherhood of God, Considered in its General and Special 
 
 Aspects. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Svo, 9s. 
 
 The Preaching of the Cross, and other Sermons. Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 The Mysteries of Christianity. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 CROSS. Impressions of Dante, and of the New World ; with a 
 
 Few Words on Bimetallism. By J. W. Cross, Editor of ' George Eliot's Life, as 
 related in her Letters and Journals.' Post Svo. [Immediately. 
 
 GUSHING. 
 
 The Blacksmith of Voe. By Paul Gushing, Author of ' The 
 
 Bull i' th' Thorn,' * Cut with his own Diamond.' Cheap Edition. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 DAVIES. 
 
 Norfolk Broads and Rivers ; or. The Waterways, Lagoons, 
 
 and Decoys of East Anglia. By G. Christopher Davies. Illustrated with 
 Seven full-page Plates. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown Svo, 6s. 
 
 Our Home in Aveyron. Sketches of Peasant Life in Aveyron 
 
 and the Lot. By G. Christopher Davies and Mrs Broxjghall. Illustrated 
 with full-page Illustrations. Svo, 15s. Cheap Edition, 7s. 6d. 
 
 DE LA WARR. An Eastern Cruise in the ' Edeline.' By the 
 
 Countess De La Warr. In Illustrated Cover. 2s. 
 
 DESCARTES. The Method, Meditations, and Principles of Philo- 
 sophy of Descartes. Translated from the Original French and Latin. With a 
 New Introductory Essay, Historical and Critical, on the Cartesian Philosophy. 
 By Professor Veitch, LL.D., Glasgow University. Tenth Edition. 6s. 6d. 
 
 DEWAR. Voyage ofthe"Nyanza," R.N. Y.C. Being the Record 
 
 of a Three Years' Cruise in a Schooner Yacht in the Atlantic and Pacific, and her 
 subsequent Shipwreck. By J. Gumming Dewar, late Captain King's Dragoon 
 Guards and 11th Prince Albert's Hussars. With Two Autogravures, numerous 
 Illustrations, and a Map. Demy Svo, 21s. 
 
 DICKSON. Gleanings from Japan. By W. G. Dickson, Author 
 
 of 'Japan: Being a Sketch of its History, Government, and Officers of the 
 Empire.' With Illustrations. Svo, 16s. 
 
 DILEMMA, The. By the Author of 'The Battle of Dorking.' 
 
 New Edition. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 DOGS, OUR DOMESTICATED : Their Treatment in reference 
 
 to Food, Diseases, Habits, Punishment, Accomplishments. By 'Magenta.' 
 Crown Svo, 2s. 6d 
 
William Blackwood and Sons. \ \ 
 
 DOMESTIC EXPEKIMENT, A. By the Author of 'Ideala : A 
 
 study from Life.' Crown 8vo, 6s, 
 
 DOUGLAS. Chinese Stories. By Egbert K. Douglas. With 
 
 numerous Illustrations by Parkinson, Forestier, and others. Small demv 8vo 
 12s. 6d. •' ' 
 
 DU CANE. The Odyssey of Homer, Books I.-XII. Translated 
 
 into English Verse. By Sir Charles Du Cane, K.C.M.G. 8vo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 DUDGEON. History of the Edinburgh or Queen's Regiment 
 
 Light Infantry Militia, now 3rd Battalion The Royal Scots ; with an A.ccount of 
 the Origin and Progress of the Militia, and a Brief Sketch of the Old Royal 
 Scots. By Major R. C. Dudgeon, Adjutant 3rd Battalion the Royal Scots. 
 Post Svo, with Illustrations, 10s. 6d. 
 
 DUNCAN. Manual of the General Acts of Parliament relating 
 
 to the Salmon Fisheries of Scotland from 1828 to 1882. By J. Barker Duncan. 
 Crown Svo, 5s. 
 
 DUNSMORE. Manual of the Law of Scotland as to the Rela- 
 tions between Agricultural Tenants and the Landlords, Servants, Merchants, and 
 Bowers. By W. Dunsmore. 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 DUPRE. Thoug:hts on Art, and Autobiographical Memoirs of 
 
 Giovanni Dupre. Translated from the Italian by E. M. Peruzzi, with the 
 permission of the Author. New Edition. With an Introduction by W. W. 
 Story. Crown Svo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 ELIOT. 
 
 George Eliot's Life, Related in Her Letters and Journals. 
 
 Arranged and Edited by her husband, J. W. Cross. With Portrait and other 
 Illustrations. Third Edition. 3 vols, post Svo, 42s. 
 
 George Eliot's Life. (Cabinet Edition.) With Portrait and 
 
 other Illustrations. 3 vols, crown Svo, 15s. 
 
 George Eliot's Life. With Portrait and other Illustrations. 
 
 New Edition, in one volume. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Works of George Eliot (Cabinet Edition). 21 volumes, 
 
 crown Svo, price £5, 5s. Also to be had handsomely bound in half and full calf. 
 The Volumes are sold separately, bound in cloth, price 5s. each— viz. : 
 
 Romola. 2 vols.— Silas Marner, The Lifted Veil, Brother Jacob. 1 vol.— 
 
 Adam Bede. 2 vols.— Scenes of Clerical Life. 2 vols.— Tlie Mill on the Floss. 
 
 2 vols.— Felix Holt. 2 vols. — Middlemarch. 3 vols. — Daniel Deronda. 3 
 
 vols. — The Spanish Gypsy. 1 vol. — Jubal, and other Poems, Old and New. 
 
 1 vol.— Theophrastus Such. 1 vol.— Essays. 1 vol. 
 
 Novels by George Eliot. Cheap Edition. 
 
 Adam Bede. Illustrated. 3s. 6d., cloth.— The Mill on the Floss. Illus- 
 trated. 3s. 6d., cloth.— Scenes of Clerical Life. Illustrated. 3s., cloth.— 
 Silas Marner: the Weaver of Raveloe. Illustrated. 2s. 6d., cloth. — Felix 
 Holt, the Radical. Illustrated. 3s. 6d., cloth.— Romola. With Vignette. 
 3s. 6d., cloth. 
 
 Middlemarch. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Daniel Deronda. Crown Svo, Vs. 6d. 
 
 Essays. New Edition. Crown Svo, 5s. 
 
 Impressions of Theophrastus Such. New Edition. Crown 
 
 Svo, 5s. 
 
 The Spanish Gypsy. New Edition. Crown Svo, 5s. 
 
 The Legend of Jubal, and other Poems, Old and New. 
 
 New Edition. Crown Svo, 5s. 
 
 Wise, Witty, and Tender Sayin gs, in Prose and Verse. Selected 
 
 from the Works of George Eliot. Eighth Edition. Fcap. Svo, 6s. 
 
12 List of Books Published by 
 
 ELIOT. 
 
 The George Eliot Birthday Book. Printed on fine paper, 
 
 with red border, and handsomely bovind in cloth, gilt. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d. And 
 in French morocco or Russia, 5s, 
 
 ESSAYS ON SOCIAL SUBJECTS. Originally published in 
 
 the 'Saturday Review.' New Edition. First and Second Series. 2 vols, crown 
 8vo, 6s. each. 
 
 FAITHS OF THE WORLD, The. A Concise History of the 
 
 Great Religious Systems of the World. By various Authors. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 FARRER. A Tour in Greece in 1880. By Richard Ridley 
 
 Farrer. With Twenty-seven full-page Illustrations by Lord Windsor. Royal 
 8vo, with a Map, 21s. 
 
 FERRIER. 
 
 Philosophical Works of the Late James F. Ferrier, B.A. 
 
 Oxon., Professor of Moral Philosophy and Political Economy, St Andrews. 
 New Edition. Edited by Sir Alexander Grant, Bart., D.C.L., and Professor 
 LusHiNGTON. 3 vols, crown 8vo, 34s. 6d. 
 
 Institutes of Metaphysic. Third Edition. 10s. 6d. 
 
 Lectures on the Early Greek Philosophy. 4th Edition. 10s. 6d. 
 
 Philosophical Remains, including the Lectures on Early 
 
 Greek Philosophy. New Edition. 2 vols., 24s. 
 
 FITZROY. Dogma and the Church of England. By A. I. 
 
 FitzRoy. Post 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 FLINT. 
 
 The Philosophy of History in Europe. By Robert Flint, 
 
 D.D., LL.D., Professor of Divinity, University of Edinburgh. 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 [New Edition in preparatio7i. FoZ. /.—France. Immediately. 
 
 Agnosticism. Being the Croall Lecture for 1887-88. 
 
 [In the press. 
 
 Theism. Being the Baird Lecture for 1876. Eighth Edition, 
 
 Revised. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Anti-Theistic Theories. Being the Baird Lecture for 1877. 
 
 Fourth Edition. Crown Svo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 FORBES. Insulinde : Experiences of a Naturalist's Wife in the 
 
 Eastern Archipelago. By Mrs H. O. Forbes. Crown Svo, with a Map. 4s. 6d. 
 
 FOREIGN CLASSICS FOR ENGLISH READERS. Edited 
 
 by Mrs Oliphant. Price 2s. 6d. For List of Volumes jmUished, see page 2. 
 
 FOSTER. The Fallen City, and other Poems. By Will Foster. 
 
 Crown Svo, Cs. 
 
 FRANCILLON. Gods and Heroes ; or. The Kingdom of Jupiter. 
 
 By R, E. Francillon, With S Illustrations. Crown Svo, 5s. 
 
 FULLARTON. Merlin : A Dramatic Poem. By Ralph Mac- 
 
 LEOD FuLLARTON. Crown Svo, 5s. 
 
 GALT. Novels by John Galt. Fcap. 8vo, boards, each 2s. 
 
 cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 Annals of the Parish.— The Provost.— Sir Andrew Wylie.— The Entail. 
 
William Blackwood and Sons. 13 
 
 GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND. 
 Scottish Hymnal, With Appendix Incorporated. Published 
 
 for use m Churches by Authority of the General Assembly. 1. Large type, 
 cloth, red edges, 2s. Gd.; French morocco, 4s. 2. Bourgeois type, limp cloth. Is.; 
 French morocco, 2s. 3. Nonpareil type, cloth, red edges, 6d.; French morocco, 
 Is. 4d. 4. Paper covers, 3d. 5, Sunday-School Edition, paper covers. Id., 
 cloth, 2d. No. 1, bound with the Psalms and Paraphrases, French morocco, 8s. 
 No. 2, bound with the Psalms and Paraphrases, cloth, 2s.; French morocco, Ss. 
 
 Prayers for Social and Family Worship. Prepared by a 
 
 Special Committee of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Entirely 
 New Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Fcap. 8vo, red edges, 2s. 
 
 Prayers for Family Worship. A Selection of Four Weeks' 
 
 Prayers. New Edition. Authorised by the General Assembly of the Church of 
 Scotland. Fcap. Svo, red edges. Is. 6d. 
 
 GERARD. 
 
 Reata : What's in a Name. By E. D. Geeard. Cheap 
 
 Edition. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Beggar my Neighbour. Cheap Edition. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 The Waters of Hercules. Cheap Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 GERARD. 
 
 The Land beyond the Forest. Facts, Figures, and Fancies 
 
 from Transylvania. By E. Gebard. With Maps and Illustrations. 2 vols, post 
 ^ Svo, 25s. 
 
 Bis : Some Tales Retold. Crown Svo, 6s. 
 A Secret Mission. 2 vols, crown Svo, 17s, 
 
 GERARD. 
 
 Lady Baby. By Dorothea Gerard. Cheap Edition. Crown 
 
 Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Recha. Second Edition. Crown Svo, 6s. 
 GERARD. Stonyhurst Latin Grammar. By Rev. John Gerard. 
 
 Second Edition. Fcap. Svo, 3s. 
 
 GILL. 
 
 Free Trade : an Inquiry into the Nature of its Operation. 
 
 By Richard Gill. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Free Trade under Protection. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 GOETHE. Poems and Ballads of Goethe. Translated by Pro- 
 fessor Aytoun and Sir Theodore Martin, K.C.B. Third Edition. Fcap. Svo, 6s. 
 
 GOETHE'S FAUST. Translated into English Verse by Sir 
 
 Theodore Martin, K.C.B. Part I. Second Edition, post Svo, 6s. Ninth Edi- 
 tion, fcap., 3s. Gd. Part II. Second Edition, Revised. Fcap. Svo, 6s. 
 
 GORDON GUMMING. 
 
 At Home in Fiji. By C. F. Gordon Gumming. Fourth 
 
 Edition, post Svo. With Illustrations and Map. 7s. 6d. 
 
 A Lady's Cruise in a French Man-of-War. New and Cheaper 
 
 Edition. Svo. With Illustrations and Map. 12s. 6d. 
 
 Fire-Fountains. The Kingdom of Hawaii : Its Volcanoes, 
 
 and the History of its Missions. With Map and Illustrations. 2 vols. Svo, 25s. 
 
 Wanderings in China. New and Cheaper Edition. Svo, with 
 
 Illustrations, 10s. 
 
 Granite Crags : The Yo-semitd Region of California. Illus- 
 trated with S Engravings. New and Cheaper Edition. Svo, 8s. 6d. 
 
14 List of Books Published by 
 
 GRAHAM. The Life and Work of Syed Ahmed Khan, C.S.I. 
 
 By Lieut. -Colonel G. F. I. Graham, B.S.C. 8vo, 14s. 
 
 GRAHAM. Manual of the Elections (Scot.) (Corrupt and Illegal 
 
 Practices) Act, 1890. With Analysis, Relative Act of Sederunt, Appendix con- 
 taining the Corrupt Practices Acts of 1883 and 1885, and Copious Index. By J. 
 Edward Graham, Advocate. 8vo, 4s. 6d. 
 
 GRANT. Bush-Life in Queensland. By A. C. Grant. New 
 
 Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 GUTHRIE -SMITH. Crispus : A Drama. By H. Guthrie- 
 
 Smith. Fcap. 4to, 5s. 
 
 HAINES. Unless ! A Romance. By Randolph Haines. Crown 
 
 8vo, 6s. 
 
 HALDANE. Subtropical Cultivations and Climates. A Handy 
 
 Book for Planters, Colonists, and Settlers. By R. C. Haldane. Post 8vo, 9s. 
 
 HALLETT. A Thousand Miles on an Elephant in the Shan 
 
 states. By Holt S. Hallett, M. Inst. C.E., F.R.G.S., M.R.A.S., Hon. Member 
 Manchester and Tyneside Geographical Societies. 8vo, with Maps and numerous 
 Illustrations, 21s. 
 
 HAMERTON. 
 
 Wenderholme : A Story of Lancashire and Yorkshire Life. 
 
 By P. G. Hamerton, Author of ' A Painter's Camp.' Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 Marmorne. New Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 HAMILTON. 
 
 Lectures on Metaphysics. By Sir William Hamilton, 
 
 Bart., Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. 
 Edited by the Rev. H. L. Mansel, B.D., LL.D., Dean of St Paul's; and John 
 Veitch, M.A., LL.D., Professor of Logic and Rhetoric, Glasgow. Seventh 
 Edition. 2 vols. 8vo, 24s. 
 
 Lectures on Logic. Edited by the Same. Third Edition, 
 
 Revised. 2 vols., 24s. 
 
 Discussions on Philosophy and Literature, Education and 
 
 University Reform. Third Edition. 8vo, 21s. 
 
 Memoir of Sir William Hamilton, Bart., Professor of Logic 
 
 and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. By Professor Veitch, of the 
 University of Glasgow. 8vo, with Portrait, 18s. 
 
 Sir William Hamilton : The Man and his Philosophy. Two 
 
 Lectures delivered before the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution, January and 
 February 1883 By Professor Veitch. Crown 8vo, 2s. 
 
 HAMLEY. 
 
 The Operations of War Explained and Illustrated. By 
 
 General Sir Edward Bruce Hamley, K.C.B., K.C.M.G. Fifth Edition, Revised 
 throughout. 4to, with numerous Illustrations, 30s. 
 
 National Defence ; Articles and Speeches. Post 8vo, 6s. 
 Shakespeare's Funeral, and other Papers. Post 8vo, 7s 6d. 
 Thomas Carlyle : An Essay. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 
 
 2s. 6d. 
 
 On Outposts. Second Edition. Svo, 2s. 
 
 Wellington's Career ; A Military and Political Summary. 
 
 Crown 8vo, 2s. 
 
 Lady Lee's Widowhood. Crown Svo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Our Poor Relations. A Philozoic Essay. With Illustrations, 
 
 chiefly by Ernest Griset. Crown Svo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d. 
 
William Blackwood and Sons. 15 
 
 HAMLEY. Guilty, or Not Guilty ? A Tale. By Major-General 
 
 W. G. Hamley, late of the Royal Engineers. New Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 HAERISON. The Scot in Ulster. The Story of the Scottish 
 
 Settlement in Ulster. By John Harrison, Author of ' Cure Tounis Colledge ' 
 Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 HASELL. 
 
 Bible Partings. By E. J. Hasell. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 Short Family Prayers. Cloth, Is. 
 HAY. Arakan: Past— Present— Future. A Kesume of Two 
 
 Campaigns for its Development. By John Ogilvy Hay, J.P. ('Old Arakan'), 
 Formerly Honorary Magistrate of the town of Akyab, Author of ' Indo-Burmah- 
 China Railway Connections a Pressing Necessity. ' With a Map. Demy 8 vo, 4s. 6d. 
 
 HAY. The Works of the Right Rev. Dr George Hay, Bishop of 
 
 Edinburgh. Edited under the Supervision of the Right Rev. Bishop Strain. 
 With Memoir and Portrait of the Author. 5 vols, crown 8vo, bound in extra 
 cloth, £1, Is. The following Volumes may be had separately — viz.: 
 
 The Devout Christian Instructed in the Law of Christ from the Written 
 
 Word. 2 vols., 8s. — The Pious Christian Instructed in the Nature and Practice 
 
 of the Principal Exercises of Piety. 1 vol., 3s. 
 
 HEATLEY. 
 
 The Horse- Owner's Safeguard. A Handy Medical Guide for 
 
 every Man who owns a Horse. By G. S. Heatley, M.R.C.V.S. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 The Stock-Owner's Guide. A Handy Medical Treatise for 
 
 every Man who owns an Ox or a Cow. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. 
 
 HEDDERWICK. 
 
 Lays of Middle Age ; and other Poems. By James Hedder- 
 
 wicK, LL.D. Price 3s. 6d. 
 
 Backward Glances ; or, Some Personal Recollections. With 
 
 a Portrait. Post 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 HEMANS. 
 
 The Poetical Works of Mrs Hemans. Copyright Editions. 
 
 Royal 8vo, 5s. The Same with Engravings, cloth, gilt edges, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Select Poems of Mrs Hemans. Fcap., cloth, gilt edges, 3s. 
 HERKLESS. Cardinal Beaton: Priest and Politician. By 
 
 John Herkless, Minister of Tannadice. With a Portrait. Post 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 HOME PRAYERS. By Ministers of the Church of Scotland 
 
 and Members of the Church Service Society. Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 
 
 HOMER. 
 
 The Odyssey. Translated into English Verse m the Spen- 
 serian stanza. By Philip Stanhope Worsley. 3d Edition. 2 vols, fcap., 12s. 
 
 The Iliad. Translated by P. S. Worsley and Professor CoN- 
 
 iNGTON. 2 vols, crown 8vo, 21s. 
 
 HUTCHINSON. Hints on the Game of Golf. By Horace G. 
 
 Hutchinson. Seventh Edition, Enlarged. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, Is. 
 
 IDDESLEIGH. 
 
 Lectures and Essays. By the late Earl of Iddesleigh, 
 
 G.C.B., D.C.L., &c. 8vo, 16s. 
 
 Life, Letters, and Diaries of Sir Stafford Northcote, First 
 
 Earl of Iddesleigh. By Andrew Lang. With Three Portraits and a View of 
 Pynes. Third Edition. 2 vols, post 8vo, 31s. 6d. 
 
 Popular Edition. With Portrait and View of Pynes. Post 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
1 6 List of Books Ptiblished by 
 
 INDEX GEOGRAPHICUS : Being a List, alphabetically ar- 
 
 ranged, of the Principal Places on the Globe, with the Countries and Subdivisions 
 of the Countries in which they are situated, and their Latitudes and Longitudes. 
 Imperial 8vo, pp. 676, 21s. 
 
 JEAN JAMBON. Our Trip to Blunderland ; or, Grand Ex- 
 cursion to Blundertown and Back. By Jean Jambon. With Sixty Illustrations 
 designed by Charles Doyle, engraved by Dalziel. Fourth Thousand. Cloth, 
 gilt edges, 6s. 6d. Cheap Edition, cloth, 3s. 6d. Boards, 2s. 6d. 
 
 JENNINGS. Mr Gladstone : A Study. By Loms J. Jennings, 
 
 M.P., Author of 'Republican Government in the United States,' 'The Croker 
 Memoirs,' &c. Popular Edition. Crown 8vo, Is. 
 
 JERNINGHAM. 
 
 Eeminiscences of an Attach^. By Hubert E. H. Jerningham. 
 
 Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 Diane de Breteuille. A Love Story. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 JOHNSTON. 
 
 The Chemistry of Common Life. By Professor J. F. W. 
 
 Johnston. New Edition, Revised. By Arthur Herbert Church, M.A. Oxon.; 
 Author of ' Food : its Sources, Constituents, and Uses,' &c. With Maps and 102 
 Engravings. Crown 8vo, Ts. 6d. 
 
 Elements of Agricultural Chemistry. An entirely New 
 
 Edition from the Edition by Sir Charles A. Cameron, M.D., F.R.C.S.I., &c. 
 Revised and brought down to date by C. M. Airman, M.A., B.Sc, F.R.S.E., 
 Lecturer on Agricultural Chemistry, West of Scotland Technical College. Fcap. 
 8vo. \ln preparation. 
 
 Catechism of Agricultural Chemistry. An entirely New 
 
 Edition from the Edition by Sir Charles A. Cameron. Revised and Enlarged 
 by C. M. Airman, M.A., &c. 92d Thousand. With numerous Illustrations. 
 Crown 8vo, Is. 
 
 JOHNSTON. Patrick Hamilton : a Tragedy of the Eeformation 
 
 , in Scotland, 1528. By T. P. Johnston. Crown 8vo, Avith Two Etchings. 5s. 
 
 JOHNSTON. Agricultural Holdings (Scotland) Acts, 1883 and 
 
 1889 ; and the Ground Game Act, 1880. With Notes, and Summary of Procedure, 
 &c. By Christopher N. Johnston, M.A., Advocate. Demy 8vo, 5s. 
 
 KEBBEL. The Old and the New : English Country Life. By 
 
 T. E. Kebbel, M.A., Author of ' The Agricultural Labourers,' ' Essays in History 
 and Politics,' 'Life of Lord Beaconsfleld.' Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 KENNEDY. Sport, Travel, and Adventure in Newfoundland 
 
 and the West Indies. By Captain W. R. Kennedy, R.N. With Illustrations by 
 the Author. Post 8vo, 14s. 
 
 KING. The Metamorphoses of Ovid. Translated in English 
 
 Blank Verse. By Henry King, M.A., Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, and of 
 the Inner Temple, Barrister-at-Law. Crown 8vo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 KINGLAKE. 
 
 History of the Invasion of the Crimea. By A. W. Kinglake. 
 
 Cabinet Edition, Revised. With an Index to the Complet,e Work. Illustrated 
 with Maps and Plans. Complete in 9 vols., crown 8vo, at 6s. each. 
 
 History of the Invasion of the Crimea. Demy 8vo. Vol. VI. 
 
 Winter Troubles. With a Map, 16s. Vols. VII. and VIII. From the Morrow of 
 Inkerman to the Death of Lord Raglan. With an Index to the Whole Work. 
 With Maps and Plans. 28s. 
 
 Eothen. A New Edition, uniform with the Cabinet Edition 
 
 of the ' History of the Invasion of the Crimea.' 6s. 
 
f " OP THE •'">>" 
 
 tlUNlVEBSITY 
 Willia7n Blackwood and Sons^ '^ 
 
 KNEIPP. My Water -Cure. As Tested through more than 
 
 Thirty Years, and Described for the Healing of Diseases and the Preservation of 
 Health. By Sebastian Kneipp, Parish Priest of Worishofen (Bavaria). With a 
 Portrait and other Illustrations. Authorised English Translation from the 
 Thirtieth German Edition, by A. de F. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 KNOLLYS. The Elements of Field-Artillery. Designed for 
 
 the Use of Infantry and Cavalry Officers. By Henry Knollys, Captain Royal 
 Artillery; Author of 'From Sedan to Saarbriick,' Editor of 'Incidents in the 
 Sepoy War,' &c. With Engravings. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 LAMINGTON. In the Days of the Dandies. By the late Lord 
 
 Lamington. Crown 8vo. Illustrated cover, Is.; cloth. Is. 6d. 
 
 LANG. Life, Letters, and Diaries of Sir Stafford Northcote, 
 
 First Earl of Iddesleigh. By Andrew Lang. With Three Portraits and a View 
 of Pynes. Third Edition. 2 vols, post Svo, 31s. 6d. 
 
 Popular Edition, With Portrait and View of Pynes. Post Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 LAWLESS. Hurrish : A Study. By the Hon. Emily Lawless, 
 
 Author of ' A Chelsea Householder,' &c. Fourth Edition. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 LEES. A Handbook of the Sheriff and Justice of Peace Small 
 
 Debt Courts. With Notes, References, and Forms. By J. M. Lees, Advocate, 
 Sheriff-Substitute of Lanarkshire. Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 LIGHTFOOT. Studies in Philosophy. By the Eev. J. Light- 
 
 FOOT, M.A., D.Sc; Vicar of Cross Stone, Todmorden. Crown Svo, 4s. 6d. 
 
 LINDSAY. The Progressiveness of Modern Christian Thought. 
 
 By the Rev. James Lindsay M.A., B.D., B.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., Minister of 
 the Parish of St Andrews, Kilmarnock. Crown Svo, 6s. 
 
 LLOYD. Ireland under the Land League. A Narrative of 
 
 Personal Experiences. By Clifford LLoyd, Special Resident Magistrate. 
 Post Svo, 6s. 
 
 LOCKHART. 
 
 Doubles and Quits. By Laurence W. M. Lockhaet. New 
 
 Edition. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Fair to See. New Edition. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 Mine is Thine. New Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 LOCKHART. The Church of Scotland in the Thirteenth Cen- 
 tury. The Life and Times of David de Bernham of St Andrews (Bishop), a.d. 
 1239 to 1253. With List of Churches dedicated by him, and Dates. By William 
 LOCKHART, A.M., F.S.A. Scot., Minister of Colinton Parish. 2d Edition Svo, 6s. 
 
 LORIMER. 
 
 The Institutes of Law : A Treatise of the Principles of Juris- 
 prudence as determined by Nature. By the late James Lorimer, Professor of 
 Public Law and of the Law of Nature and Nations in the University of Edin- 
 burgh. New Edition, Revised and much Enlarged. Svo, 18s. 
 
 The Institutes of the Law of Nations. A Treatise of the 
 
 Jural Relation of Separate Political Communities. In 2 vols. Svo. Volume I., 
 price 16s. Volume II., price 20s. 
 
 LOVE. Scottish Church Music. Its Composers and Sources. 
 
 With Musical Illustrations. By James Love. Post Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 M'COMBIE. Cattle and Cattle-Breeders. By William M'Combie, 
 
 Tillyfour. New Edition, Enlarged, with Memoir of the Author by James 
 Macdonald, of the ' Farming World.' Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 M'CRTE 
 
 Works of the Rev. Thomas M'Crie, D.D. Uniform Edition. 
 
 4 vols, crown Svo, 24s. 
 
List of Books Published by 
 
 M'CRIE. 
 
 Life of John Knox. Crown 8vo, 6s. Another Edition, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Life of Andrew Melville. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 History of the Progress and Suppression of the Reformation 
 
 in Italy in the Sixteenth Century. Crown 8vo, 4s. 
 
 History of the Progress and Suppression of the Reformation 
 
 in Spain in the Sixteenth Century. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Lectures on the Book of Esther. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. 
 
 M'CRIE. The Public Worship of Presbyterian Scotland. Histori- 
 cally treated. With copious Notes, Appendices, and Index. The Fourteenth 
 Series of the Cunningham Lectures. By the Rev. Charles G. M'Crie. Demy 
 8vo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 MACDONALD. A Manual of the Criminal Law (Scotland) Pro- 
 cedure Act, 1887. By Norman Doran Macdonald. Revised by the Lord 
 Justick-Clerk. 8vo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 MACDONALD. 
 
 History of Polled Aberdeen and Angus Cattle. Giving an 
 
 Account of the Origin, Improvement, and Characteristics of the Breed. By James 
 Macdonald and James Sinclair, Sub-Editor 'Irish Farmer's Gazette.' Illus- 
 trated with numerous Animal Portraits. Post 8vo, 12s. Gd. 
 
 Stephens Book of the Farm. Fourth Edition. Revised and 
 
 in great part Rewritten by James Macdonald of the ' Farming World.' 
 Complete in 3 vols., bound with leather back, gilt top, £3, 3s. In Six Divisions, 
 bound in cloth, each 10s. 6d. 
 
 Pringle's Live Stock of the Farm. Third Edition. Revised 
 
 and Edited by James Macdonald. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 M'Combie's Cattle and Cattle - Breeders. New Edition, 
 
 Enlarged, with Memoir of the Author by James Macdonald. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 MACGREGOR. Life and Opinions of Major General Sir Charles 
 
 MacGregor K.C.B., C.S.I., C.I.E., Quartermaster-General of India. From his 
 Letters and Diaries. Edited by Lady MacGregor. With Portraits and Maps to 
 illustrate Campaigns in which he was engaged. 2 vols. 8vo, 35s. 
 
 M'INTOSH. The Book of the Garden. By Charles M'Intosh, 
 
 formerly Curator of the Royal Gardens of his Majesty the King of the Belgians, 
 and lately of those of his Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, K.G., at Dalkeith Palace. 
 2 vols, royal 8vo, with 1350 Engravings. £4, 7s. 6d. Vol. I. On the Formation 
 of Gardens and Construction of Garden Edifices, £2, 10s. Vol. II. Practical 
 Gardening, £1, 17s. (Jd. 
 
 MACINTYRE. Hindu - Koh : Wanderings and Wild Sports on 
 
 and beyond the Himalayas. By Major-General Donald Macintyre, V.C, late 
 Prince of Wales' Own Goorkhas, P.R.G.S. Dedicated to H.R.H. The Prince of 
 Wales. New and Cheaper Edition, Revised, with numerous Illustrations. Post 
 8vo, 7s. Gd. 
 
 MACKAY. a Sketch of the History of Fife and Kinross. A 
 
 study of Scottish History and Character. By M. J. G. Mackay, Sheriff of these 
 Counties. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 MACKAY. 
 
 A Manual of Modern Geography ; Mathematical, Physical, 
 
 and Political. By the Rev. Alexander Mackay, LL.D., F.R.G.S. 11th 
 Thousand, Revised to the present time. Crown 8vo, pp. 688, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Elements of Modern Geography. 55th Thousand, Revised to 
 
 the present time. Crown 8vo, pp. 300, 3s. 
 
 The Intermediate Geography. Intended as an Intermediate 
 
 Book between the Author's 'Outlines of Geography' and 'Elements of Geo- 
 graphy.' Seventeenth Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, pp. 238, 2s. 
 
William Blackwood and Soiis. 19 
 
 MACKAY. 
 
 Outlines of Modern Geography. 188th Thousand, Revised to 
 
 the present time. ISmo, pp. 118, Is. 
 
 First Steps in Geography. 105th Thousand. 18mo, pp. 56. 
 
 Sewed, 4d. ; cloth, 6d. 
 
 Elements of Physiography and Physical Geography. With 
 
 Express Reference to the Instructions issued by the Science and Art Depart- 
 ment. 30th Thousand, Revised, CrowTi 8vo, Is. 6d. 
 
 Facts and Dates ; or, The Leading Events in Sacred and Pro- 
 fane History, and the Principal Facts in the various Physical Sciences. For 
 Schools and Private Reference. New Edition. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 MACKAY. An Old Scots Brigade. Being the History of Mac- 
 
 kay's Regiment, now incorporated with the Royal Scots. With an Appendix 
 containing many Original Documents connected with the History of the Regi- 
 ment. By John Mackay (late) of Herriesdale. Crown Svo, 5s. 
 
 MACKENZIE. Studies in Roman Law. With Comparative 
 
 Views of the Laws of France, England, and Scotland. By Lord Mackenzie, 
 one of the Judges of the Court of Session in Scotland. Sixth Edition, Edited 
 by John Kirkpatrick, M.A., LL.B., Advocate, Professor of History in the 
 University of Edinburgh. Svo, 12s. 
 
 MACPHERSON. Glimpses of Church and Social Life in the 
 
 Highlands in the Olden Times. By Alexander Macpherson, F.S.A. Scot. 
 With Illustrations. In one volume. Small 4to. [In the press. 
 
 M'PHERSON. 
 
 Summer Sundays in a Strathmore Parish. By J. Gordon 
 
 M'Pherson, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., Minister of Ruthven. Crown Svo, 5s. 
 
 Golf and Golfers. Past and Present. With an Introduction 
 
 by the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, and a Portrait of the Author. Fcap. Svo, 
 Is. 6d. 
 
 MACRAE. A Handbook of Deer-Stalking. By Alexander 
 
 Macrae, late Forester to Lord Henry Bentinck. Witli Introduction by Horatio 
 Ross, Esq. Fcap. Svo, with two Photographs from Life. 3s. 6d. 
 
 MAIN. Three Hundred English Sonnets. Chosen and Edited 
 
 by David M. Main. Fcap. Svo, 6s. 
 
 MAIR. A Digest of Laws and Decisions, Ecclesiastical and 
 
 Civil, relating to the Constitution, Practice, and Affairs of the Church of Scot- 
 land. With Notes and Forms of Procedure. By the Rev. William Mair, D.D., 
 Minister of the Parish of Earlston. Crown Svo. With Supplements. 8s. 
 
 MARSHALL. 
 
 French Home Life. By Frederick Marshall, Author of 
 
 'Claire Brandon.' Second Edition. 5s. 
 
 It Happened Yesterday. A Novel. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 MARSHMAN. History of India. From the Earliest Period to 
 
 the Close of the India Company's Government ; with an Epitome of Subsequent 
 Events. By John Clark Marshman, C.S.I. Abridged from the Author's larger 
 work. Second Edition, Revised. Crown Svo, with Map, 6s. 6d. 
 
 MARTIN. 
 
 Goethe's Faust. Part I. Translated by Sir Theodore Martin, 
 
 K.C.B. Second Edition, crown Svo, 6s. Ninth Edition, fcap. Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Goethe's Faust. Part 11. Translated into English Verse. 
 
 Second Edition, Revised. Fcap. Svo, 6s. 
 
 The Works of Horace. Translated into English Verse, with 
 
 Life and Notes. 2 vols. New Edition, crown Svo, 21s. 
 
 Poems and Ballads of Heinrich Heine. Done into English 
 
 Verse. Second Edition. Printed on papier verge, crown Svo, 8s. 
 
20 List of Books Published by 
 
 MAETIN. 
 
 The Song of the Bell, and other Translations from Schiller, 
 
 Goethe, Uhland, and Others. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Catullus. With Life and Notes. Second Edition, Revised 
 
 and Corrected. Post 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Aladdin: A Dramatic Poem. By Adam Oehlenschlaeger. 
 
 Fcap. Svo, 5s. 
 
 Correggio : A Tragedy. By Oehlenschlaeger. With Notes. 
 
 Fcap. Svo, 3s. 
 
 King Rene's Daughter : A Danish Lyrical Drama. By 
 
 Henrik Hertz. Second Edition, fcap., 2s. 6d. 
 
 MARTIN. On some of Shakespeare's Female Characters. In a 
 
 Series of Letters. By Helena Faucit, Lady Martin. Dedicated by permission 
 to Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen. New Edition, Enlarged. Svo, with 
 Portrait by Lane, 7s. 6d. Bound in cloth, gilt edges, 8s. 6d. 
 
 MAR WICK. Observations on the Law and Practice in regard 
 
 to Municipal Elections and the Conduct of the Business of Town Councils and 
 Commissioners of Police in Scotland. By Sir James D. Marwick, LL.D., 
 Town-Clerk of Glasgow. Royal Svo, 30s. 
 
 MATHESON. 
 
 Can the Old Faith Live with the New ? or, The Problem of 
 
 Evolution and Revelation. By the Rev. George Matheson, D.D. Third Edi- 
 tion. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Psalmist and the Scientist ; or, Modern Value of the Reli- 
 gious Sentiment. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown Svo, 5s. 
 
 Spiritual Development of St Paul. Third Edition. Cr. Svo, 5s. 
 The Distinctive Messages of the Old Religions. Cr. Svo, 5s. 
 Sacred Songs. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown Svo, 2s. 6d. 
 MAURICE. The Balance of Military Power in Europe. An 
 
 Examination of the War Resources of Great Britain and the Continental States. 
 By Colonel Maurice, R.A., Professor of Military Art and History at the Royal 
 Staff College. Crown Svo, with a Map, 6s. 
 
 MAXWELL. Meridiana : Noontide Essays. By Sir Herbert 
 
 Maxwell, Bart., M.P., F.S.A., &c., Author of 'Passages in the Life of Sir 
 Lucian Elphin,' &c. Post Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 MEREDYTH. The Brief for the Government, I SS6-92. A Hand- 
 
 book for Conservative and Unionist Writers, Speakers, &c. Second Edition. By 
 W. H. Meredyth. Crown Svo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 MICHEL. A Critical Inquiry into the Scottish Language. With 
 
 the view of Illustrating the Rise and Progress of Civilisation in Scotland. By 
 Francisque-Michel, F.S.A. Lond. and Scot. Correspondant de I'lnstitut de 
 France, &c. 4to, printed on hand-made paper, and bound in roxburghe, 66s. 
 
 MICHIE. 
 
 The Larch : Being a Practical Treatise on its Culture and 
 
 General Management. By Christopher Y. Michie, Forester, Cullen House. 
 Crown Svo, with Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition, Enlarged, 5s. 
 
 The Practice of Forestry. Crown Svo, with Illustrations. 6s. 
 MIDDLETON. The Story of Alastair Bhan Comyn ; or, The 
 
 Tragedy of Dunphail. A Tale of Tradition and Romance. By the Lady Middle- 
 ton. Square Svo, 10s. Cheaper Edition, 5s. 
 
 MILLER. Landscape Geology. A Plea for the Study of Geology 
 
 by Landscape Painters. By Hugh Miller, of H.M. Geological Survey. Crown 
 Svo, 3s. Cheap Edition, paper cover, Is. 
 
William Blackwood and Sons. 21 
 
 MILNE-HOME. Mamma's Black Nurse Stories. West Indian 
 
 Folk-lore. By Mary Pamela Milne-Home. With six full-page tinted Illustra- 
 tions. Small 4to, 5s. 
 
 MINTO. 
 
 A Manual of English Prose Literature, Biographical and 
 
 Critical : designed mainly to show Characteristics of Style. By W. Minto 
 M.A., Professor of Logic in the University of Aberdeen. Third Edition, Revised! 
 Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Characteristics of English Poets, from Chaucer to Shirley. 
 
 New Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 MOIR. Life of Mansie Wauch, Tailor in Dalkeith. By D. M. 
 
 MoiR. "With 8 Illustrations on Steel, by the late George Cruikshank. Crown 
 8vo, 3s. 6d. Another Edition, fcap. 8vo, Is. 6d. 
 
 MOMERIE. 
 
 Defects of Modern Christianity, and other Sermons. By 
 
 Alfred Williams Momerie, M.A., D.Sc, LL.D. Fourth Edition. Crown 
 8vo, 5s. 
 
 The Basis of Religion. Being an Examination of Natural 
 
 Religion. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 The Origin of Evil, and other Sermons. Seventh Edition, 
 
 Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 Personality. The Beginning and End of Metaphysics, and 
 
 a Necessary Assumption in all Positive Philosophy. Fourth Edition, Revised 
 Crown 8vo, 3s. 
 
 Agnosticism. Fourth Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 Preaching and Hearing ; and other Sermons. Third Edition, 
 
 Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 5s, 
 
 Belief in God. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 
 
 Inspiration ; and other Sermons. Second Edition, Enlarged. 
 
 Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 Church and Creed. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. 
 MONTAGUE. Campaigning in South Africa. Reminiscences 
 
 of an Officer in 1879. By Captain W. E. Montague, 94th Regiment, Author of 
 'Claude Meadowleigh,' &c. 8vo, 10s. Cd. 
 
 MONTALEMBERT. Memoir of Count de Montalembert. A 
 
 Chapter of Recent French History. By Mrs Oliphant, Author of the ' Life of 
 Edward Irving,' &c. 2 vols, crown 8vo, £1, 4s. 
 
 MORISON. 
 
 tEoIus. a Romance in Lyrics. By Jeanie Morison. 
 
 Crown Svo, 3s. 
 
 There as Here. Crown Svo, 3s. 
 
 *4t* A limited impression on hand-made paper, lound in vellum, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Selections from Poems. Crown Svo, 4s. 6d. 
 l Sordello. An Outline Analysis of Mr Browning's Poem. 
 
 Crown Svo, 3s. 
 
 Of "Fifine at the Fair," "Christmas Eve and Easter Day," 
 
 and other of Mr Browning's Poems. Crown 8vo, 3s. 
 
 The Purpose of the Ages. Crown Svo, 9s. 
 Gordon : An Our-day Idyll. Crown Svo, 3s. 
 Saint Isadora, and other Poems. Crown Svo, Is. 6d. 
 Snatches of Song. Paper, Is. 6d. j Cloth, 3s. 
 
22 List of Books Published by 
 
 MOEISOK 
 
 Pontius Pilate. Paper, Is. 6d. ; Cloth, 3s. 
 Mill o' Forres. Crown 8vo, Is. 
 Ane Booke of Ballades. Fcap. 4to, Is. 
 MOZLEY. Essays from 'Blackwood.' By the late Anne 
 
 MozLEY, Author of ' Essays on Social Subjects ' ; Editor of ' The Letters and 
 Correspondence of Cardinal Newman,' ' Letters of the Rev. J. B. Mozley,' &c. 
 With a Memoir by her Sister, Fanny Mozley. Post 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 MUNRO. On Valuation of Property. By William Muneo, 
 
 M.A., Her Majesty's Assessor of Railways and Canals for Scotland. Second 
 Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 MURDOCH. Manual of the Law of Insolvency and Bankruptcy : 
 
 Comprehending a Summary of the Law of Insolvency, Notour Bankruptcy, 
 Composition - contracts, Trust-deeds, Cessios, and Sequestrations; and the 
 Winding-up of Joint-Stock Companies in Scotland ; with Annotations on the 
 various Insolvency and Bankruptcy Statutes ; and with Forms of Procedure 
 applicable to these Subjects. By James Murdoch, Member of the Faculty of 
 Procurators in Glasgow. Fifth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 8vo, £1, 10s. 
 
 MY TRIVIAL LIFE AND MISFORTUNE: A Gossip with 
 
 no Plot in Particular. By A Plain Woman. Cheap Edition. Crown Svo, 3s. Gd. 
 
 By the Same Author. 
 POOR NELLIE. Cheap Edition. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 NAPIER. The Construction of the Wonderful Canon of Loga- 
 rithms. By John Napier of Merchiston. Translated, with Notes, and a 
 Catalogue of Napier's Works, by William Rae Macdonald. Small 4to, 15s. 
 A few large-paper copies on Whatman paper, 30s. 
 
 NEAVES. 
 
 Songs and Verses, Social and Scientific. By An Old Con- 
 tributor to 'Maga.' By the Hon. Lord Neaves. Fifth Edition. Fcap. Svo, 4s. 
 
 The Greek Anthology. Being Vol. XX. of ' Ancient Classics 
 
 for English Readers.' Crown Svo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 NICHOLSON. 
 
 A Manual of Zoology, for the use of Students. With a 
 
 General Introduction on the Principles of Zoology. By Henry Alleyne 
 Nicholson, M.D., U.Sc, F.L.S., F.G.S., Regius Professor of Natural History in 
 the Univei'sity of Aberdeen. Seventh Edition, Rewritten and Enlarged. Post 
 Svo, pp. 956, with 555 Engravings on Wood, 18s. 
 
 Text-Book of Zoology, for the use of Schools. Fourth Edi- 
 tion, Enlarged. Crown Svo, with 188 Engravings on Wood, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Introductory Text-Book of Zoology, for the use of Junior 
 
 Classes. Sixth Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with 16(3 Engravings, 3s. 
 
 Outlines of Natural History, for Beginners : being Descrip- 
 tions of a Progressive Series of Zoological Types. Third Edition, with 
 Engravings, Is. 6d. 
 
 A Manual of Palseontology, for the use of Students. With a 
 
 General Introduction on the Principles of Palseontology. By Professor H. 
 Alleyne Nicholson and Richard Lydekker, B.A. Third Edition, entirely 
 Rewritten and greatly Enlarged. 2 vols. Svo, £3, 3s. 
 
 The Ancient Life-History of the Earth. An Outline of the 
 
 Principles and Leading Facts of Paleeontological Science. Crown Svo, with 276 
 Engravings, 10s. 6d. 
 
 On the "Tabulate Corals" of the Palaeozoic Period, with 
 
 Critical Descriptions of Illustrative Species. Illustrated with 15 Lithographed 
 Plates and numerous Engravings. Super-.royaI Sva, 21s. 
 
William Blackwood and Sons. 23 
 
 NICHOLSON. 
 
 Synopsis of the Classification of the Animal Kingdom. 8vo, 
 
 with 106 Illustrations, 6s. 
 
 On the Structure and Affinities of the Genus Monticulipora 
 
 and its Sub-Genera, witli Critical Descriptions of Illustrative Species. Illustrated 
 with numerous Engravings on Wood and Lithographed Plates. Super-royal 
 8vo, 18s. 
 
 NICHOLSON. 
 
 Communion with Heaven, and other Sermons. By the late 
 
 Maxwell Nicholson, D.D., Minister of St Stephen's, Edinburgh. Crown 
 Svo, 5s. 6d. 
 
 Rest in Jesus. Sixth Edition. Fcap. Svo, 4s. 6d. 
 
 NICHOLSON. 
 
 A Treatise on Money, and Essays on Present Monetary 
 
 Problems. By Joseph Shield Nicholson, M.A., D.Sc, Professor of Commercial 
 and Political Economy and Mercantile Law in the University of Edinburgh. 
 Svo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 Thoth. A Romance. Third Edition. Crown Svo, 4s. 6d. 
 
 A Dreamer of Dreams. A Modern Romance. Second Edi- 
 tion. Crown Svo, 6s. 
 
 NICOLSON AND MURE. A Handbook to the Local Govern- 
 
 ment (Scotland) Act, 1889. With Introduction, Explanatory Notes, and Index. 
 By J. Badenach Nicolson, Advocate, Counsel to the Scotch Education 
 Department, and W. J. Mure, Advocate, Legal Secretary to the Lord Advocate 
 for Scotland. Ninth Reprint. Svo, 53. 
 
 OLIPHANT. 
 
 Masollam : A Problem of the Period. A Novel. By Laueence 
 
 Oliphant. 3 vols, post Svo, 25s. 6d. 
 
 Scientific Religion ; or. Higher Possibilities of Life and 
 
 Practice through the Operation of Natural Forces. Second Edition. Svo, 16s. 
 
 Altiora Peto. Cheap Edition. Crown Svo, boards, 2s. 6d. ; 
 
 cloth, 3s. 6d. Illustrated Edition. Crown Svo, cloth, 6s. 
 
 Piccadilly. With Illustrations by Richard Doyle. New Edi- 
 tion, 33. 6d. Cheap Edition, boards, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Traits and Travesties ; Social and Political. Post Svo, 10s. 6d. 
 Episodes in a Life of Adventure; or. Moss from a Rolling 
 
 stone. Fifth Edition. Post Svo, 6s. 
 
 Haifa: Life in Modern Palestine. Second Edition. Svo, Vs. 6d. 
 The Land of Gilead. With Excursions in the Lebanon. 
 
 With Illustrations and Maps. Demy Svo, 2l3. 
 
 Memoir of the Life of Laurence Oliphant, and of Alice 
 
 Oliphant, his Wife. By Mrs M. O. W. Oliphant. Seventh Edition. 2 vols. 
 
 post Svo, with Portraits. 213. .^^ ^ ^ .^ » ^a 
 
 Popular Edition. With a New Preface. Post Svo, with Portraits. 7s. 6d. 
 
 OLIPHANT. ^„ ,, I . .J 
 
 Katie Stewart. By Mrs Oliphant. Illustrated boards, 2s. 6d. 
 Katie Stewart, and other Stories. New Edition. Crown Svo, 
 
 cloth, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Valentine and his Brother. New Edition. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 Sons and Daughters. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
24 List of Books Ptiblished by 
 
 OLIPHANT. 
 
 Diana Trelawny : The History of a Great Mistake. 2 vols. 
 
 crown Svo, 17s. 
 
 Two Stories of the Seen and the Unseen. The Open Door 
 
 — Old Lady Mary. Paper covers, Is. 
 
 OLIPHANT. Notes of a Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Holy 
 
 Land. By F. R. Oliphant. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 ON SURREY HILLS. By "A Son of the Marshes." 
 
 5ee 'page, 28. 
 
 OSSIAN. The Poems of Ossian in the Original Gaelic. With 
 
 a Literal Translation into English, and a Dissertation on the Authenticity of the 
 Poems. By the Rev. Archibald Clerk. 2 vols, imperial Svo, £1, lis. 6d. 
 
 OSWALD. By Fell and Fjord; or, Scenes and Studies in Ice- 
 land. By E. J. Oswald. Post Svo, with Illustrations. 7s. 6d. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Introductory Text-Book of Geology. By David Page, LL.D., 
 
 Professor of Geology in the Durham University of Physical Science, Newcastle, 
 and Professor Lapworth of Mason Science College, Birmingham. With Engrav- 
 ings and Glossarial Index. Twelfth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 3s. 6d. 
 
 Advanced Text-Book of Geology, Descriptive and Industrial. 
 
 With Engravings, and Glossary of Scientific Terms. Sixth Edition, Revised and 
 Enlarged. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Introductory Text-Book of Physical Geography. With Sketch- 
 
 Maps and Illustrations. Edited by Professor Lapworth, LL.D., F.G.S., &c., 
 Mason Science College, Birmingham. Twelfth Edition, Revised. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Advanced Text- Book of Physical Geography. Third Edition, 
 
 Revised and Enlarged by Professor Lapworth. With Engravings. 5s. 
 
 PATON. 
 
 Spindrift. By Sir J. Noel Paton. Fcap., cloth, 5s. 
 Poems by a Painter. Fcap., cloth, 5s. 
 
 PATON. Body and Soul. A Romance in Transcendental Path- 
 ology. By Frederick Noel Paton. Third Edition. Crown Svo, Is. 
 
 PATRICK. The Apology of Origen in Reply to Celsus. A 
 
 Chapter in the History of Apologetics. By the Rev. J. Patrick, B.D. Post Svo, 
 7s. 6d. 
 
 PATTERSON. 
 
 Essays in History and Art. By R. Hogarth Patterson. 
 
 Svo, 12s. 
 
 The New Golden Age, and Influence of the Precious Metals 
 
 upon the World. 2 vols. Svo, 31s. 6d. 
 
 PAUL. History of the Royal Company of Archers, the Queen's 
 
 Body-Guard for Scotland. By James Balfour Paul, Advocate of the Scottish 
 Bar. Crown 4to, with Portraits and other Illustrations. £2, 2s. 
 
 PEILE. Lawn Tennis as a Game of Skill. With latest revised 
 
 Laws as played by the Best Clubs. By Captain S. C. F. Peile, B.S.O. Cheaper 
 Edition. Fcap., cloth. Is. 
 
 PETTIGREW. The Handy Book of Bees, and their Profitable 
 
 Management. By A. Pettigrew. Fifth Edition, Enlarged, with Engravings. 
 Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 PHILIP. The Function of Labour in the Production of Wealth. 
 
 By Alexander Philip, LL.B., Edinburgh. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
William Blackwood and Sons. 25 
 
 PHILOSOPHICAL CLASSICS FOR ENGLISH READERS 
 
 Edited by William Knight, LL.D., Professor of Moral Philosophy, University 
 of bt Andrews. In crown 8vo volumes, with Portraits, price 3s. 6d. 
 
 [For list of Volumes 'published, see page 2. 
 
 POLLOK. The Course of Time : A Poem. By Robert Pollok, 
 
 A.M. Cottage Edition, 32mo, 8d. The Same, cloth, gilt edges, Is. 6d. Another 
 Edition, with Illustrations by Birket Foster and others, fcap., cloth, 3s 6d or 
 with edges gilt, 4s. ' 
 
 PORT ROYAL LOGIC. Translated from the French ; with 
 
 Introduction, Notes, and Appendix. By Thomas Spencer Baynes, LL D Pro- 
 fessor in the University of St Andrews. Tenth Edition, 12mo, 4s. 
 
 POTTS AND DARNELL. 
 
 Aditus Faciliores: An Easy Latin Construing Book, with 
 
 Complete Vocabulary. By A. W. Potts, M.A., LL.D., and the Rev. C. Darnell, 
 M. A., Head-Master of Cargilfield Preparatory School, Edinburgh. Tenth Edition, 
 fcap. 8vo, 33. 6d. 
 
 Aditus Faciliores Graeci. An Easy Greek Construing Book, 
 
 with Complete Vocabulary. Fifth Edition, Revised. Fcap. Svo, 3s. 
 
 POTTS. School Sermons. By the late Alexander Wm. Potts. 
 
 LL.D., First Head-Master of Fettes College. With a Memoir and Portrait. 
 Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 PRINGLE. The Live -Stock of the Farm. By Robert O. 
 
 Pringle. Third Edition. Revised and Edited by James Macdonald. Crown 
 Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 PUBLIC GENERAL STATUTES AFFECTING SCOTLAND 
 
 from 1707 to 1847, with Chronological Table and Index. 3 vols, large Svo, £3, 3s. 
 
 PUBLIC GENERAL STATUTES AFFECTING SCOTLAND, 
 
 collection OF. Published Annually, with General Index. 
 
 RADICAL CURE FOR IRELAND, The. A Letter to the 
 
 People of England and Scotland concerning a new Plantation. With 2 Maps. 
 Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 RAE. The Syrian Church in India. By George Milne Rae, 
 
 M.A., Fellow of the University of Madras ; late Professor in the Madras Christian 
 College. With 6 full-page Illustrations. Post Svo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 RAMSAY. Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century. 
 
 Edited from the MSS. of John Ramsay, Esq. of Ochtertyre, by Alexander 
 Allardyce, Author of 'Memoir of Admiral Lord Keith, K.B.,' &c. 2 vols. 
 Svo, 31s. 6d. 
 
 RANKIN. 
 
 A Handbook of the Church of Scotland. By James Rankin, 
 
 D.D., Minister of Muthill ; Author of 'Character Studies in the Old Testament,' 
 &c. An entirely New and much Enlarged Edition. Crown Svo, with 2 Maps, 
 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Creed in Scotland. An Exposition of the Apostles' 
 
 Creed. With Extracts from Archbishop Hamilton's Catechism of 1552, John 
 Calvin's Catechism of 1556, and a Catena of Ancient Latin and other Hymns. 
 Post Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Worthy Communicant. A Guide to the Devout Observ- 
 ance of the Lord's Supper. Limp cloth, Is. 3d. 
 
 The Young Churchman. Lessons on the Creed, the Com- 
 mandments, the Means of Grace, and the Church. Limp cloth. Is. 3d. 
 
 First Communion Lessons. 23d Edition. Paper Cover, 2d. 
 
26 List of Books Published by 
 
 EECORDS OF THE TERCENTEISrARY FESTIVAL OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. Celebrated in April 1884. Published under 
 the Sanction of the Senatus Academicus. Large 4to, £2, 12s. 6d. 
 
 EOBEETSON. The Early Religion of Israel. As set forth by 
 
 Biblical Writers and Modern Critical Historians. Being the Baird Lecture for 
 1888-89. By James Robertson, D.D., Professor of Oriental Languages in the 
 University of Glasgow. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 ROBERTSON. Orellana, and other Poems. By J. Logte 
 
 Robertson, M.A. Fcap. 8vo. Printed on hand-made paper. 6s. 
 
 ROBERTSON. Our Holiday among the Hills. By James and 
 
 Janet Logie Robertson. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. (5d. 
 
 ROBERTSON. Essays and Sermons. By the late W. Robert- 
 sou, B.D., Minister of the Parish of Sprouston. With a Memoir and Portrait. 
 Crown 8vo, 5s. 6d. 
 
 RODGER. Aberdeen Doctors at Home and Abroad. The Story 
 
 of a Medical School. By Ella Hill Burton Rodger. In one volume, demy 
 8vo. \l'n the press. 
 
 ROSCOE. Rambles with a Fishing-rod. By E. S. Roscoe. 
 
 Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. 
 
 ROSS. Old Scottish Regimental Colours. By Andrew Ross, 
 
 S.S.C, Hon. Secretary Old Scottish Regimental Colours Committee. Dedicated 
 by Special Permission to Her Majesty the Queen. Folio. £2, 12s. 6d. 
 
 RUSSELL. The xiaigs of Bemersyde. A Family History. By 
 
 John Russell. Large 8vo, with Illustrations. 21s. 
 
 RUSSELL. Fragments from Many Tables. Being the Recol- 
 lections of some Wise and Witty Men and Women. By George Russell. 
 Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. 
 
 RUTLAND. 
 
 Notes of an Irish Tour in 1846. By the Duke of Rutland, 
 
 G.C.B. (Lord John Manners). New Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Correspondence between the Right Honble. William Pitt 
 
 and Charles Duke of Rutland, Lord - Lieutenant of Ireland, 1781-1787. With 
 Introductory Note by John Duke of Rutland. 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 RUTLAND. 
 
 Gems of German Poetry. Translated by the Duchess of 
 
 Rutland (Lady John Manners). [New Edition in preparation. 
 
 Impressions of Bad-Homburg. Comprising a Short Account 
 
 of the Women's Associations of Germany under the Red Cross. Crown 8vo, Is. 6d. 
 
 Some Personal Recollections of the Later Years of the Earl 
 
 of Beaconsfield, K.G. Sixth Edition, 6d. 
 
 Employment of Women in the Public Service. 6d. 
 
 Some of the Advantages of Easily Accessible Reading and 
 
 Recreation Rooms, and Free Libi-aries. With Remarks on Starting and Main- 
 taining them. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, Is. 
 
 A Sequel to Rich Men's Dwellings, and other Occasional 
 
 Papers. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Encouraging Experiences of Reading and Recreation Rooms, 
 
 Aims of Guilds, Nottingham Social Guide, Existing Institutions, &c., &c. 
 Crown 8vo, Is. 
 
 SCHILLER. Wallenstein. A Dramatic Poem. By Friedrich 
 
 VON Schiller. Translated by C. G. N. Lockhart. Fcap. 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
William Btackzvood and Sons. 27 
 
 SCOTCH LOCH FISHING. By "Black Palmer." Crown 8vo, 
 
 interleaved with blank pages, 4s. 
 
 SCOUGAL. Prisons and their Inmates ; or, Scenes from a 
 
 Silent World. By Francis Scougal. Crown 8vo, boards, 2s. 
 
 SELLAR. Manual of the Education Acts for Scotland. By the 
 
 late Alexander Craig Sellar, M.P. Eighth Edition. Revised and in great 
 part rewritten by J. Edward Graham, B.A. Oxon., Advocate. With Rules for 
 the conduct of Elections, with Notes and Cases. 8vo. 
 
 [i^Tew Edition in preparation. 
 [Supplement to Sellar's Manual. Being the Acts of 1889 in so far as affecting 
 the Education Acts. 8vo, 2s.] 
 
 SETH. 
 
 Scottish Philosophy. A Comparison of the Scottish and 
 
 German Answers to Hume. Balfour Philosophical Lectures, University of 
 Edinburgh. By Andrew Seth, M.A., Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in 
 Edinburgh University. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 Hegelianism and Personality. Balfour Philosophical Lectures. 
 
 Second Series. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 SETH. Freedom as Ethical Postulate. By James Seth, M.A., 
 
 Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. 8vo, Is. 
 
 SHAD WELL. The Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde. Illus- 
 
 trated by Extracts from his Diary and Correspondence. By Lieutenant-General 
 Shadwell, C.B. With Portrait, Maps, and Plans. 2 vols. 8vo. 36s. 
 
 SHAND. 
 
 Half a Century; or, Changes in Men and Manners. By 
 
 Alex. Innes Shand, Author of 'Against Time,' &c. Second Edition. 8vo, 
 12s. 6d. 
 
 Letters from the West of Ireland. Reprinted from the 
 
 ' Times.' Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 Kilcarra. A Novel. 3 vols, crown 8vo, 25s. 6d. 
 SHARPE. Letters from and to Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe. 
 
 Edited by Alexander Allardyce, Author of ' Memoir of Admiral Lord Keith, 
 K.B.,' &c. With a Memoir by the Rev. W. K. R. Bedford. In 2 vols. 8vo. 
 Illustrated with Etchings and other Engravings. £2, 12s, 6d. 
 
 SIM. Margaret Sim's Cookery. With an Introduction by L. B. 
 
 Walford, Author of ' Mr Smith : A Part of his Life,' &c. Crown Svo, 5s. 
 
 SKELTON. ^ ^ 
 
 Maitland of Lethington ; and the Scotland of Mary Stuart. 
 
 A History. By John Skelton, C.B., LL.D., Author of ' The Essays of Shirley. 
 Demy Svo, 2 vols., 28s. 
 
 The Handbook of Public Health. A Complete Edition of the 
 
 Public Health and other Sanitary Acts relating to Scotland. Annotated, and 
 •with the Rules, Instructions, and Decisions of the Board of Supervision brought 
 up to date with relative forms. Second Edition. With Introduction, containing 
 the Administration of the Public Health Act in Counties. 8vo, 8s. 6d. 
 
 The Local Government (Scotland) Act in Relation to Public 
 
 Health. A Handy Guide for County and District Councillors, Medical Officers 
 Sanitary Inspectors, and Members of Parochial Boards. Second Edition. With 
 a new Preface on appointment of Sanitary Officers. Crown Svo, 2s. 
 
 SERINE. Columba : A Drama. By John Huntley Serine, 
 
 Warden of Glenalmond ; Author of ' A Memory of Edward Thring. J^;^^^?^/ 
 
 SMITH. For God and Humanity. A Romance of Mount Carmel. 
 
 By Haskett Smith, Author of 'The Divine Epiphany,' &c. 3 vols, post Svo, 
 25s. 6d. 
 
28 List of Books Published by 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 Thorndale ; or, The Conflict of Opinions. By William Smith, 
 
 Author of 'A Discourse on Ethics,' &c. New Edition. Crown 8vo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 Gravenhurst ; or. Thoughts on Good and Evil. Second Edi- 
 tion. With Memoir and Portrait of the Author. Crown 8vo, 8s. 
 
 The Story of William and Lucy Smith. Edited by George 
 
 Merriam. Large post 8vo, 12s. 6d. 
 
 SMITH. Memoir of the Families of M'Combie and Thoms, 
 
 originally M'Intosh and M 'Thomas. Compiled from History and Tradition. By 
 William M'Combie Smith. With Illustrations. 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 SMITH. Greek Testament Lessons for Colleges, Schools, and 
 
 Private Students, consisting chiefly of the Sermon on the Mount and the Parables 
 of our Lord. With Notes and Essays. By the Rev. J. Hunter Smith, M.A., 
 King Edward's School, Birmingham. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 SMITH. Writings by the Way. By John Campbell Smith, 
 
 M.A., Sheriff-Substitute. Crown 8vo, 9s. 
 
 SMITH. The Secretary for Scotland. Being a Statement of the 
 
 Powers and Duties of the new Scottish Office. With a Short Historical Intro- 
 duction and numerous references to important Administrative Documents. By 
 W. C. Smith, LL.B., Advocate. 8vo, 6s. 
 
 "SON OF THE MARSHES, A." 
 
 Within an Hour of London Town : Among Wild Birds and 
 
 their Haunts. By "A Son of the Marshes." Edited by J. A. Owen. Second 
 Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 On Surrey Hills. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 Annals of a Fishing Village. New and Cheaper Edition. 
 
 Crown 8vo, 5s, Illustrated Edition. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 SORLEY. The Ethics of Naturalism. Being the Shaw Fellow- 
 ship Lectures, 1884. By W. R. Sorley, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, Professor of Logic and Philosophy in University College of South Wales. 
 Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 SPEEDY. Sport in the Highlands and Lowlands of Scotland 
 
 with Rod and Gun. By Tom Speedy. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 
 With Illustrations by Lieut. -General Hope Crealocke, C.B., C.M.G., and others. 
 Svo, 15s. 
 
 SPROTT. The Worship and Offices of the Church of Scotland. 
 
 By George W. Sprott, D.D., Minister of North Berwick. Crown Svo, 6s. 
 
 STARFORTH. Villa Residences and Farm Architecture: A 
 
 Series of Designs. By John Starforth, Architect. 102 Engravings. Second 
 Edition. Medium 4to, £2, 17s. 6d. 
 
 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF SCOTLAND. Complete, with 
 
 Index. 15 vols. Svo, £16, 16s. 
 
 STEPHENS. 
 
 Book of the Farm ; detailing the Labours of the Farmer, 
 
 Farm-Steward, Ploughman, Shepherd, Hedger, Farm-Labourer, Field-Worker, 
 and Cattle-man. Illustrated with numerous Portraits of Animals and Engravings 
 of Implements, and Plans of Farm Buildings. Fourth Edition. Revised, and 
 in great part Rewritten by James Macdonald, of the ' Farming World,' &c. 
 Complete in Six Divisional Volumes, bound in cloth, each 10s. 6d., or handsomely 
 bound, in 3 volumes, with leather back and gilt top, £3, 3s. 
 
 The Book of Farm Implements and Machines. By J. Slight 
 
 and R. Scott Burn, Engineers. Edited by Henry Stephens. Large Svo, £2, 2s. 
 
 Catechism of Agriculture. \New Edition in preparation. 
 
William Blackwood and Sons. 29 
 
 STEVENSON. British Fungi. (Hymenomycetes). By Eev. 
 
 John Stevenson, Author of ' Mycologia Scotia,' Hon. Sec. Cryptogamic Society 
 of Scotland. Vols. I. and II., post 8vo, with Illustrations, price 12s. 6d. net each. 
 
 STEWART. 
 
 Advice to Purchasers of Horses. By John Stewaet, V.S. 
 
 New Edition. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Stable Economy. A Treatise on the Management of Horses 
 
 in relation to Stabling, Grooming, Feeding, Watering, and Working. Seventh 
 Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 6s. 6d. 
 
 STEWAET. A Hebrew Grammar, with the Pronunciation, Syl- 
 labic Division and Tone of the Words, and Quantity of the Vowels. By Rev. 
 Duncan Stewart, D.D. Fourth Edition. 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 STEWART. Boethius : An Essay. By Hugh Frasee Stewart, 
 
 M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 STODDART. Angling Songs. By Thomas Tod Stoddart. 
 
 New Edition, with a Memoir by Anna M. Stoddart. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 STORMONTH. 
 
 Etymological and Pronouncing Dictionary of the English 
 
 Language. Including a very Copious Selection of Scientific Terms. For use in 
 Schools and Colleges, and as a Book of General Reference. By the Rev. James 
 Stormonth. The Pronunciation carefully revised by the Rev. P. H. Phelp, M. A. 
 Cantab. Eleventh Edition, Revised throughout, with Supplement. Crown Svo, 
 pp. 800. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Dictionary of the English Language, Pronouncing, Etymo- 
 logical, and Explanatory. Revised by the Rev. P. H. Phelp. Library Edition. 
 Imperial Svo, handsomely bound in half morocco, 31s. 6d. 
 
 The School Etymological Dictionary and Word-Book. Fourth 
 
 Edition. Fcap.' Svo, pp. 254. 2s. 
 
 STORY. , , 
 
 Nero; A Historical Play. By W. W. Story, Author of 
 
 • Roba di Roma.' Fcap. Svo, 6s. 
 
 Vallombrosa. Post Svo, 5s. 
 Poems. 2 vols., 7s. 6d. 
 
 Fiammetta. A Summer Idyl. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 Conversations in a Studio. 2 vols, crown Svo, 12s. 6d. 
 Excursions in Art and Letters. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 STRICKLAND. Life of Agnes Strickland. By her Sister. 
 
 Post Svo, with Portrait engraved on Steel, 12s. 6d. 
 
 STURGIS. ^ ^-r- T-, 1 . 
 
 John-a-Dreams. A Tale. By Julian Sturgis. New Edi- 
 
 tion. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Little Comedies, Old and New. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 SUTHERLAND (DUCHESS OF). How I Spent my Twen^^^^^^^ 
 
 Year Beine a Record of a Tour Round the World, 1886-87. By the Duchess 
 SsutheTlInd (Marchioness of Stafford). With Illustrations. Crown Svo, 
 7s. 6d. 1 Ai • 
 
 SUTHERLAND. Handbook of Hardy Herbaceous and Alpine 
 
 Flowers for General Garden Decoration. Containing Descriptions of upwards 
 SloSosSciS'of Ornamental Hardy Perennial and Alpine Plants ; alo^g with 
 Concise and Plain Instructions for their Propagation and Culture. By William 
 STSERLANDfLandscape Gardener ; formerly Manager of the Herbaceous Depart- 
 ment at Kew. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
30 List of Books Ptiblished by 
 
 TAYLOR. The Story of my Life. By the late Colonel 
 
 Meadows Taylor, Author of 'The Confessions of a Thug,' &c., &c. Edited by 
 his Daughter. New and Cheaper Edition, being the Fourth. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 THOLUCK. Hours of Christian Devotion. Translated from 
 
 the German of A. Tholuck, D.D., Professor of Theology in the University of 
 Halle. By the Rev. Robert Menzies, D.D. With a Preface written for this 
 Translation by the Author. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 THOMSON. A History of the Fife Light Horse. By Colonel 
 
 Anstruther Thomson. With numerous Portraits. Small 4to. 21s. 
 
 THOMSON. 
 
 Handy Book of the Flower- Garden : being Practical Direc- 
 tions for the Propagation, Culture, and Arrangement of Plants in Flower- 
 Gardens all the year round. With Engraved Plans. By David Thomson, 
 Gardener to his Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, K.T., at Drumlanrig. Fourth 
 and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 The Handy Book of Fruit -Culture under Glass: being a 
 
 series of Elaborate Practical Treatises on the Cultivation and Forcing of Pines, 
 Vines, Peaches, Figs, Melons, Strawberries, and Cucumbers. With Engravings 
 of Hothouses, &c. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 THOMSON. A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the 
 
 Grape Vine. By William. Thomson, Tweed Vineyards. Tenth Edition. 8vo, 5s. 
 
 THOMSON. Cookery for the Sick and Convalescent. With 
 
 Directions for the Preparation of Poultices, Fomentations, &c. By Barbara 
 Thomson. Fcap. Svo, Is. 6d. 
 
 THORNTON. Opposites. A Series of Essays on the Unpopular 
 
 Sides of Popular Questions. By Lewis Thornton. Svo, 12s. 6d. 
 
 TOM CRINGLE'S LOG. A New Edition, with Hlustrations. 
 
 Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 5s. Cheap Edition, 2s. 
 
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICUL- 
 TURAL SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND. Published annually, price 5s. 
 
 TRAVEL, ADVENTURE, AND SPORT. From 'Blackwood's 
 
 Magazine.' Uniform with 'Tales from Blackwood.' In 12 Parts, each price Is. 
 Handsomely bound in 6 vols., cloth, 15s. ; half calf, 25s. 
 
 TRAVERS. Mona Maclean, Medical Student. A Novel. By 
 
 Graham Travers. 3 vols, crown Svo, 25s. 6d. 
 
 TULLOCH. 
 
 Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy in England in 
 
 the Seventeenth Century. By John Tulloch, D.D., Principal of St Mary's Col- 
 lege in the University of St Andrews ; and one of her Majesty's Chaplains in 
 Ordinary in Scotland. Second Edition. 2 vols. Svo, 16s. 
 
 Modern Theories in Philosophy and Religion. 8vo, 15s. 
 
 Luther, and other Leaders of the Reformation. Third Edi- 
 tion, Enlarged. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Memoir of Principal Tulloch, D.D., LL.D. By Mrs Oliphant, 
 
 Author of 'Life of Edward Irving.' Third and Cheaper Edition. Svo, with 
 Portrait, 7s. 6d. 
 
 TURNBULL. Othello : A Critical Study. By W. R. Turnbull. 
 
 Demy Svo, 15s. 
 
 TWEEDIE. The Arabian Horse: his Country and People. 
 
 With Portraits of Typical or Famous Arabians, and numerous other Illustrations ; 
 also a Map of the Country of the Arabian Horse, and a descriptive Glossary of 
 Arabic words and proper names. By Colonel W. Tweedie, C.S.I., Bengal Staff 
 Corps, H.B.M.'s Consul-General, Baghdad, and Political Resident for tlie Govern- 
 ment of India in Turkish Arabia. \ln the press. 
 
William Blackwood and Sons. 31 
 
 VEITCH. 
 
 Institutes of Logic. By John Veitch, LL.D., Professor of 
 
 Logic and Rhetoric in the University of Glasgow. Post 8vo, 12s. 6(1, 
 
 History and Poetry of the Scottish Border. In One Volume. 
 
 DemySvo. [In the j^ress. 
 
 The Feeling for Nature in Scottish Poetry. From the Ear- 
 
 hest Times to the Present Day. 2 vols. fcap. 8vo, in roxburghe binding, 15s. 
 
 Merlin and other Poems. Fcap. 8vo. 4s. 6d. 
 
 Knowing and Being. Essays in Philosophy. First Series. 
 
 Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 VIRGIL. The JEneid of Virgil. Translated in English Blank 
 
 Verse by G. K. Eickards, M.A., and Lord Ravensworth. 2 vols. fcap. Svo, 10s. 
 
 WAGE. The Ghristian Faith and Recent Agnostic Attacks. 
 
 By the Rev. Henry Wage, D.D., Principal of King's College, London ; Preacher 
 of Lincoln's Inn ; Chaplain to the Queen. In one vol. post Svo, [Shortly. 
 
 WALFORD. Four Biographies from ' Blackwood ' : Jane Taylor, 
 
 Hannah More, Elizabeth Fry, Mary Somerville. By L. B. Walford. Crown 
 Svo, 5s. 
 
 WARREN'S (SAMUEL) WORKS :- 
 
 Diary of a Late Physician. Gloth, 2s. 6d. ; boards, 2s. 
 Ten Thousand A- Year. Gloth, 3s. 6d. ; boards, 2s. 6d. 
 Now and Then. The Lily and the Bee. Intellectual and 
 
 Moral Development of the Present Age. 4s, 6d. 
 
 Essays : Gritical, Imaginative, and Juridical. 5s. 
 WARREN. The Five Books of the Psalms. With Marginal Notes. 
 
 By Rev. Samuel L. Warren, Rector of Eshcr, Surrey ; late Fellow, Dean, and 
 Divinity Lecturer, Wadham College, Oxford. Crown Svo, 5s. 
 
 WEBSTER. The Angler and the Loop - Rod. By David 
 
 Webster. Crown Svo, with Illustrations, 7s. 6d. 
 
 WELLINGTON. Wellington Prize Essays on "the System of 
 
 Field MancBuvres best adapted for enabling our Troops to meet a Continental 
 Army." Edited by General Sir Edward Bruce Hamley, K.C.B., K.C.M.G. Svo, 
 12s. 6d. 
 
 WENLEY. Socrates and Ghrist : A Study in the Philosophy of 
 
 Religion. By R. M. Wenley, M.A., Lecturer on Mental and Moral Philosophy 
 in Queen Margaret College, Glasgow ; Examiner in Philosophy in the University 
 of Glasgow. Crown Svo, 6s. 
 
 WERNER. A Visit to Stanley's Rear-Guard at Major Bartte- 
 
 lot's Camp on the Anihwimi. With an Account of River-Life on the Congo. 
 By J. R. Werner, F.R.G.S., Engineer, late in the Service of the Etat Indepeii- 
 dant du Congo, With Maps, Portraits, and other Illustrations, Svo, 16s, 
 
 WESTMINSTER ASSEMBLY. Minutes of the Westminster 
 
 Assembly, while engaged in preparing their Directory for Church Government, 
 Confession of Faith, and Catechisms (November 1644 to March 1649), Edited 
 by the Rev, Professor Alex. T. Mitchell, of St Andrews, and the Rev, John 
 Struthers, LL,D, With a Historical and Critical Introduction by Professor 
 Mitchell. Svo, 15s. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 The Eighteen Ghristian Genturies. By the Rev. James 
 
 White, Seventh Edition, post Svo, with Index, 6s, 
 
 History of France, from the Earliest Times. Sixth Thousand. 
 
 Post Svo, with Index, 6s. 
 
32 Books Published by William Blackwood and Sons. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 Archseological Sketches in Scotland — Kintyre and Knapdale. 
 
 By Colonel T. P. White, R.E., of the Ordnance Survey. With numerous Illus- 
 trations. 2 vols, folio, £4, 4s. Vol. I., Kintyre, sold separately, £2, 2s. 
 
 The Ordnance Survey of the United Kingdom. A Popular 
 
 Account. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 WILLIAMSON. The Horticultural Exhibitor's Handbook. A 
 
 Treatise on Cultivating, Exhibiting, and Judging Plants, Flowers, Fruits, and 
 Vegetables. By W. Williamson, Gardener. Revised by Malcolm Dunn, Gar- 
 dener to his Grace the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, Dalkeith Park. 
 Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 WILLIAMSON. Poems of Nature and Life. By David R. 
 
 Williamson, Minister of Kirkmaiden. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 
 
 WILLIAMSON. Light from Eastern Lands on the Lives of 
 
 Abraham, Joseph, and Moses. By the Rev. Alex. Williamson, Author of ' The 
 Missionary Heroes of the Pacific,' 'Sure and Comfortable Words,' 'Ask and 
 Receive,' &c. Crown Bvo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 WILLS AND GREENE. Drawing-room Dramas for Children. 
 
 By W. G. Wills and the Hon. Mrs Greene. Crown Bvo, 6s. 
 
 WILSON. 
 
 Works of Professor Wilson. Edited by his Son -in -Law, 
 
 Professor Ferrier. 12 vols, crown 8vo, £2, 8s. 
 
 Christopher in his Sporting- Jacket. 2 vols., 8s. 
 
 Isle of Palms, City of the Plague, and other Poems. 4s. 
 
 Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life, and other Tales. 4s. 
 
 Essays, Critical and Imaginative. 4 vols., 16s. 
 
 The Noctes Ambrosianae. 4 vols., 16s. 
 
 Homer and his Translators, and the Greek Drama. Crown 
 
 8vo, 4s. 
 
 WITHIN AN HOUR OF LONDON TOWN. Among Wild 
 
 Birds and their Haunts. By "A Son of the Marshes," Seepage 28. 
 
 WORSLEY. 
 
 Poems and Translations. By Philip Stanhope Woesley, 
 
 M.A. Edited by Edward Worsley. Second Edition, Enlarged. Fcap. 8vo, 6s. 
 
 Homer's Odyssey. Translated into English Verse in Spen- 
 serian stanza. By P. S. Worsley. Third Edition. 2 vols, fcap., 12s. 
 
 Homer's Iliad. Translated by P. S. Worsley and Prof. Con- 
 
 ington. 2 vols. Crown 8vo, 21s. 
 
 YATE. England and Russia Face to Face in Asia. A Record of 
 
 Travel with the Afghan Boundary Commission. By Captain A. C. Yate, Bombay 
 Staff Corps. 8vo, with Maps and Illustrations, 21s. 
 
 YATE. Northern Afghanistan; or. Letters from the Afghan 
 
 Boundary Commission. By Major C. E. Yate, C.S.I., C.M.G. Bombay Staff 
 Corps, F.R.G.S. 8vo, with Maps, 18s. 
 
 YOUNG. A Story of Active Service in Foreign Lands. Com- 
 piled from letters sent home from South Africa, India, and China, 1856-1882. By 
 Surgeon-General A. Graham Young, Author of 'Crimean Cracks.' Crown 8vo, 
 Illustrated, 7s. 6d. 
 
 YULE. Fortificatioji-^Jrpr [g^ps^f Officers in the Army, and 
 
 Readers of Milit^t<^B-fet6|y. 4]f3^ TJ^J^^^Yule, Bengal Engineers. 8vo, with 
 Numerous Illus»atrons, KHf'elF ' 
 
 11/92. fi UNIVERoIx r 
 
1 
 
l.:.e>- 
 
 UNIVEESITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY. 
 
 .:^^. 
 
 14 DAY USE t: 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, 
 or oa the date to which renewed. Renewals only: 
 
 Tel. No. 642-3405 
 Renewals may be made 4 days prior to date due. 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 ^ myall) m '^"n -m - » 
 
 l-EB 7 1960 
 
 '% 
 
 
 ^^ 9 - '.(JdO 
 
 UNIV^ OP CAL.tF.. PERK- 
 KC.CIR- JUN2 3 '80 
 
 ULt 
 
 NOV 2 9 W i 
 
 OH Dg: 
 
 LD21A-20to-3,'73 
 (Q8677sl0)476-A-31 
 
 General Library 
 
 University of California 
 
 Berkeley 
 
BERKELEY LIBRARIES 
 
 C0Ub72103e