GB, i S 6 LOGICAL SURVEY. $B SSH 31b £j i\ fjT 1^ j\ ss u AND WALES. THE WATER SUPPLY (FROM UNDERGROUND SOURCES) OF THE EAST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE, TOGETHER WITH THE NEIGHBOURING PORTIONS OF THE VALES OF YORK AND PICKERING: WITH RECORDS OF SINKINGS MD BORINGS. BY C. FOX-STEANGWAYS, F.G.S. WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY HUGH ROBERT MILL, D.Sc, LL.D. tUBLISHBD BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTY'S TREASURY. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY WYMAN AND SONS, LIMITED, FETTER LANE, E.G. And to be purchased from E. STANFORD, 12, 13 and 14, Long Acre, London; JOHN MENZIES and CO., Rose Street, Edinburgh ; HODGES, FIGGIS, and CO., 104, Grafton Street, Dublin; From any Agent for the pale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or through any Bookseller from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southi iinpton. 1906. Price Three Shillings. EXCHANGE MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. THE WATER SUPPLY (FROM underground' SOURCES) OF THE EAST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE, TOGETHER WITH THE NEIGHBOURING PORTIONS OF THE VALES OF YORK KM PICKERING: WITH RECORDS OF SINKINGS AND BORINGS. BY C. FOX-STEANGWAYS, F. &. S. WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY HUGH ROBERT MILL, D.Sc, LL.D. PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTY S TREASURY. LONDON: PJMNTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, ^•^-.. ^f BY WYMAN AND SONS, LIMITED, FETTER LANE, E.G. And to be purchased from * E. STANFORD, 12, 13 and 14, Long Acre, London ; JOHN MENZIES and CO., Rose Street, Edinburgh ; MDDGES, FIGGIS, and CO., 104, Grafton Street, Dublin; From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or through any Bookseller from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. 1906. Price Three Shillings. lOf \0 ' U G t3 lO^ ».t»' G* Ul PREFACE. This is the fifth of the series of County Memoirs dealing with the water supply from underground sources, the counties already dealt with being Sussex (1899), Berkshire (1902), Lincolnshire (1904), and Suffolk (1906). Although this work is more particularly on the water-supply of the East Biding it has been deemed advisable to include all available records of borings and sinkings without regard to the purpose for which they were made, as all such records are useful in estimating the thickness and character of the strata. In getting together these records we have had much assistance from the Local Government Board, engineers, medical officers and others ; especially from Dr. H. F. Parsons, Mr. W. Whitaker, Professor Kendall, Mr. W. H. Crofts, Dr. J. Mitchell Wilson and Messrs. Fairbank. Dr. Parsons, who formerly resided in the district, and whose knowledge of the country is very intimate, has given us much help and many useful suggestions. Ready assistance has also been afforded by well sinkers and borers, especially by Mr. J. Villiers, who placed his boring book at our disposal. These records are arranged in the four districts into which the country is naturally divided ; but some sections at places outside the boundaries of the Riding are included, as many of these have an important bearing on the water supply of the strata within the area more especially referred to. The records are published as they have been received, but in most cases the geological horizons are indicated' as far as can be determined, from the terms used by well-sinkers. Without examining the material brought up it is often difficult to decide at what depth the solid rock was reached. Dr. H. R. Mill contributes the chapter on rainfall and the rainfall map. Details 8707. 500. Wt. 9701. 5/06. Wy. & S. 3881r. a 313030 of levels of water have been added in those cases where they have been given to us, but it is greatly to be regretted that this informa- tion is not always recorded. In view of the publication of supplementary records, the Geological Survey will always be glad to receive details of new borings or sinkings either from this or any other district. Forms for recording sections may be obtained on application to the Geological Survey Office. J. J. H. TEALL, Director. Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, London, 23rd February, 1906. CONTEXTS. Page Preface by the Director iii Introduction : Outline of the Geology as far as relates to Water Supply 1 The Rainfall of the East Kidinq of Yorkshire - - - - 17 Well Sinkings and Borings: No. I. The Vale of Pickering ; No. II., The Vale of York ; No. III. The Jurassic and Cretaceous Hills ; No. IV. The Holderness Plain 26 Analyses of Waters 133 Bibliography : 1. Geological Survey Publications on the East Riding ; 2. Reports of Medical Inspectors of the Privy Council and Local Government Board ; 3. Other works on Wells and Borings in the East Riding - 165 Index 174 VI ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate. Rainfall Map of the East Riding of Yorkshire - At end of Volume, Fig. 1. Diagram -section from West to East across the District To face page 1. „ 2. Diagram -section from North to South, along the Western edge of the Wolds - • - -To face page 2. „ 3, Diagram-section across the Eastern portion of the Vale of Pickering To face page 13. ^ ^ k ^ -h kh « .2J, j lV Z 5 ^^ THE WATER SUPPLY OF THE EAST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE, TOGETHER WITH THE NEIGHBOURING PORTIONS OF THE VALES OF YORK AND PICKERING. INTRODUCTION. Outline op the Geology as far as relates to Water-Supply. The East Riding of Yorkshire, which is the district referred to in this memoir, is the smallest of the three divisions into which the county is separated. It is bounded on the north by a line running from Filey westwards to the Derwent, and thence along that river to its junction with the Rye, where it curves round to the south, and passing Malton continues with the river as far as Stamford Bridge. Thence the line runs westward along the highroad capping the gravel-ridge to York. From this point it again runs south along the river Ouse to its junction with the Humber, and thence to the sea. These limits of the district, although they generally coincide with parochial boundaries, however, intersect the great physical features of the county ; the Vale of Pickering, the Howardian Hills, and the Vale of York ; and consequently it is necessary, in studying the water-supply of the district, to consider a somewhat larger area than that bounded by the limits of the Riding. Taking generally, then, the Vale of Pickering as the northern boundary, and the Vale of York as the western boundary, the geological formations known to occur in this district range from the Trias to the Chalk, with the addition in places of a considerable thickness of Pleistocene and Recent deposits. These may be divided into the following three principal groups, which come to the surface over difEerent parts of the area. (1) The Triassic, Liassic and Oolitic Series are exposed along the northern and western sides of the district. They have been dis- turbed by a number of east and west faults and undulations, so that, although they have a general inclination towards the south and east, this is not always maintained, and some irregularity in the ordinary succession of the strata is therefore caused. 8707, A 25 GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. (2) The Cretaceous rocks, whicli rise in a bold range of hills to the south and east of the strata forming the previous group, extend irregularly over their upturned edges ; so that, although in the north they lie on the highest beds of the series, further south they are found directly over some of the lowest, while in the extreme south they cover higher beds again. Along the northern escarpment the Cretaceous rocks consist of a lower clayey division and an upper division of Chalk ; but for purposes of water-supply the former of these may be considered as part of the series below. (3) The Glacial Drift, composed of clays with beds of sand and gravel, and the more recent superficial deposits of somewhat similar nature, are found principally in the south-east, along the northern edge, and on the western side ; but they also occur scattered over other parts of the district in irregular patches and mounds resting on the underlying rocks. Strata older than the Trias have not yet been found in any of the borings that have been put down in the district, and therefore it is at present very doubtful what strata lie below this formation. The structure of the rocks, where they come to the surface, is fairly simple, and is shown on the geological maps ; but, owing to the absence of deep borings, little is known of the position of the older beds beneath the great covering of Chalk. The formations, on the whole, have an easterly or south-easterly dip but there are a few local rolls and some faults which alter this general direction. Thus in the northern part of the district the dip is nearly south, but near Malton several large east and west faults are met with which en- tirely break up this regular structure ; and the several divisions of the Jurassic rocks, which most frequently in this area dip towards the north, are separated into a number of isolated patches that have an important bearing on the water-supply from these rocks. Along the western face of the Wolds the Jurassic rocks beneath the Chalk are bent over in a broad arch ; so that, although the highest bed of the series, the Kimeridge Clay, is present at Acklam and to the south of Newbald, between these places nearly the whole of the beds have been removed by denudation, and throughout a great part of the district the Chalk rests on the lower beds of the Lias, as shown in the diagram. No evidence has as yet been obtained to prove how far this arching of the strata beneath the Chalk may extend to the east, but it is a question that would have to be taken into consideration if at any time the supply derived from the Chalk were found to be insufficient. Besides the large faults to the south of Malton, which probably extend along the Wold valley eastwards, there is a cross dislocation at Hunmanby which abruptly terminates the Chalk escarpment at that place, and must have considerable influence on the water-bear- ing capacity of the rocks about here. Over the remainder of the district there is little general disturbance of the Chalk, and no faults of any importance have been met with. There must be, however, a large east and west fault, or possibly a sharp anticlinal fold along the Humber valley, which has 05 p. ^ oj 5 TABLE OF FORMATIONS. 3 shifted the escarpments of the Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks ; and it has been suggested that this fault turns to the north-east across the Holderness plain, and cuts off the water that descends from the Chalk uplands. There is no geological evidence for such a fault, and any dislocation through the Humber gorge would run slightly to the south of east rather than to the north. It is stated that the rainfall on the Wolds is greater than what can be accounted for by the springs issuing from the Chalk ; but as yet these springs do not appear to have been properly guaged, especially those on the north and west escarpments, and no ac- count is taken of those issuing beneath the water at Bridlington and Hessle. The chief water-bearing strata, with the exception of the super- ficial deposits, the waters from which are frequently liable to pollution, are the Triassic Sandstones, the Limestones and Sand- stones of the Inferior and Middle Oolites, and the Chalk. These are separated from one another by the two great impervious barriers formed by the Keuper Marl and the Lias in the lower part, and by the Kimeridge Clay in the upper part. The following are the geological formations represented in the East Riding of Yorkshire : — Recent Pleistocene Upper Cretaceous Lower Cretaceous ;3 < Jurassic/ ^ Triassic 8707. TBlown Sand. J Alluvium. j Gravel terraces. (^Warp sand and clay. fBoulder-clay. \Sand and gravel. rUpper Chalk (with few flints). J Middle Chalk (with flints). j Lower Chalk. iRed Chalk. rSpeeton Clay. Absent in the south. Kimeridge Clay Upper Calcareous Grit Upper Limestone Middle Calcareous Grit Lower Limestone Greystone or Passage Beds Lower Calcareous Grit Oxford Clay Kellaways Rock. Upper Estuarine Series \ Scarborough or Grey Limestone Scries - Absent in tlie south. Middle Estuarine Series J Millepore Series or Cave Oolite. Lower Estuarine Series with marine bands, r Upper Lias, i Middle Lias. ^ Lower Lias. TRhtetic Beds, 'j Keuper Marl. '^ Keuper and Bunter Sandstones. > Absent in the south. 4 geological structure. Trias. Bunter and Keuper Sandstones. Thick-bedded red sandstones with soft marly partings come to the surface on the western side of the Vale of York, and as islands at a few places in the centre of the Vale, but are soon lost beneath the thick covering of superficial deposits that fill this great plain. Consequently the area over which these sandstones are exposed, uncovered by clay, is comparatively small. There is none in the East Riding, and the rainfall on this area being also small the amount of water to be obtained from them is limited. At York, in the centre of the plain, thick beds of red and white sandstone are found in borings, while at Strensall, further to the north-east, great thicknesses of white and grey sandstones are met with. These beds were referred to the Bunter and Keuper Sand- stone divisions of the Trias, but recent work in the Midland counties seems to show that this correlation is very doubtful. For our present purpose, however, it is sufficient to note that a great thick- ness of porous sandstones exists beneath the superficial beds of the Vale of York. Kewper Marl. On the eastern side of the Vale red marls with thin beds o greyish sandstone come to the surface and form a series of low hills which pass to the east under the rising ground formed by the Lias and the rocks above. These beds consist mainly of marly impervious clays, and consequently the water-supply is scanty. The outcrop of the Keuper Marl is much covered by Boulder Clay in the north-west ; while to the south it is entirely concealed by later superficial clays and sands, except at Holme on Spalding Moor, where it rises in a bold hill through these deposits. RhcBtic Beds. These form a thin band between the Trias and the Lias. They are not water-bearing, and therefore of little importance in the present enquiry. Water Supply of the Trias. The water obtained from the sandstones of the Trias is generally considered to be the purest and most abundant supply that is furnished by any of the water-bearing strata. This, however, does not appear to be always the case in the present distiict, where it is apt to contain iron in the ferrous state. In certain instances, notably in the deep boring at Strensall, the water was much too hard to be of any use, and the military authorities had to resort to TRIAS AND LIAS. 5 the Ouse River water, obtained through the Waterworks at York. There is, nevertheless, no doubt that in many cases a good water would be obtained from these rocks, especially from the lower part, as instanced by the supply at Boroughbridge. It is doubtful, however, if any large supply is to be obtained from these sandstones. They are rather close in texture, and therefore water does not travel very readily through them. They are generally covered by a thick mass of clay, so that the water is held down, but rises in the borehole when the clay is pierced, although usually not high enough to overflow at the surface. Their exposure at the surface is therefore very limited, so that when water is obtained at a distance from the outcrop it is of an un- satisfactory character from the amount of iron contained in solution. The waters from trial borings at Goole and elsewhere were abandoned for this reason. On this point Dr. H. F. Parsons states that " the red -sandstone water, when obtained from under the clay at a distance from the outcrop, is of a deoxidised char- acter, yielding much free but little albuminoid ammonia* ; it contains little chlorine and no nitrates, but it contains iron in the ferrous state, which is deposited on exposure to the air ; so that the water, when first drawn, is clear and colourless, but has a chalybeate taste and unpleasant smell. On standing it becomes turbid, with a brown sediment, but loses its taste and smell." The Keuper Marls form a considerable thickness of impervious beds, in which the water is scanty and liable to be very hard, although in some cases a moderate supply may be obtained from the thin bands of sandstone which occur in this series. The majority of the wells, however, which are situated on this formation derive their supply from the overlying sands and gravels of the Drift. lilAS. Lower Lias. This division consists principally of shales and clays with thin beds of limestone in the lower part, and consequently affords but little opportunity for the gathering of underground water. What little water is found in these beds is frequently impure from the prevalence of pyrites in them. The Lower Lias forms a narrow bank overlying the Trias along the edge of the Vale of York, except at Kirkby Underdale and North Cliff, where it spreads out and covers rather more ground. These beds have very little dip, and consequently they run for some distance up the large Wold valleys near Pocklington. On approach- ing the Humber they sink beneath the alluvium of that river. * See analyses at Booth Ferry Road and Pemberton's Brewery, Goole. b GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. Middle Lias, This division, when well developed, consists of a lower series of sandy shales and hard flaggy sandstones, and an upper series of thin ironstones and ferruginous shales. In this district, however, it has become very thin ; and, although there are traces of these beds in the valley of the Derwent about Kirkham Abbey, it entirely thins out a little to the south of this, and the Upper Lias rests directly on the Lower. It comes in again further to the south, and may be followed as a narrow band from Market Weighton nearly to the Humber, where it passes beneath the alluvium. The Middle Lias, although it gives rise to a few springs, is too thin to be of much importance from a water-bearing point of view. Cauldwell Spring near Sancton is, however, an instance of a good stream of water issuing from this rock. Ufper Lias. The Upper Lias consists almost entirely of dense impervious clays and shales. These beds, which are of little importance in this dis- trict, form a narrow band at the foot of the Oolite escarpment from Kirkham to Acklam. At Garrowby, where the beds are very thin, they pass beneath the overlappiQg Chalk, but are stated to have been met with in a well through the Chalk at Huggate, about 5 miles to the east^. They appear at the surface again to the south of Market Weighton, and continue in a narrow band along the foot of the Oolites as far as EUerker, where they are lost beneath the superficial sands of that district. The Upper Lias, consisting almost entirely of clays, does not yield any water itself, but it has considerable influence on the water-bearing capacity of other rocks. Thus the water contained in the porous sandstone below is kept down by this bed, and under certain conditions when these shales are pierced may give rise to artesian wells; while the water in the formations above is kept up by this bed, and forms a supply which is thrown out at the numerous springs along its outcrop. Oolitic Rocks. Lower Oolite. The Lower Oolite is composed of several sub-divisions ; but, as they are intimately connected with one another and excessively thin in this district, it is better to treat them as a whole. This variable group consists of a series of Estuarine shales and sandy beds with intercalated bands of more or less impure limestone, having * J. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, 3rd Edition, p. 51. OOLITIC ROCKS. Maximum Thickness Ft. Clay and sands . 70 Sandy calcareous fissile beds - - 30 Clay and sands - 30 Oolitic limestone - - 30 Clay and sands with thin beds of hydrauhc limestone - - 100 Ferruginous sandstone - . 12 a total thickness of about 270 feet. The entire series when com- plete consists of — Upper Estuarine Series Grey Limestone Middle Estuarine Series Whitweli or Cave Oolite Lower Estuarine Series Dogger These beds are thickest to the north-west along the gorge formed in them by the Derwent, but thin out rapidly towards the south and east, so that there is little of them remaining where they pass under the Cretaceous rocks at Acklam and Kirkby-Underdale. After appearing for a short space at Great Givendale they come in again at Market Weighton, and continue along the foot of the Wolds as far as the Humber, being much covered by superficial beds at their southern end. In the northern part of the district the Lower Oolites, although much broken up by faults, have a general dip to the north-east, so that they strike in a south-easterly direction at right angles to the Chalk escarpment, the unconformity between the two formations about Acklam being very striking. South of Market Weighton these beds have a south-east dip, and towards the south higher beds come on one after another in regular succes- sion. It is thus seen that there is a general roll over of these beds between the northern and southern areas, and that they form a shallow arch, the axis of which crosses the Wolds to the north of Market Weighton. Whether the absence of the Lower Oolite along this axis is due to denudation or to non-deposition is not clear, but it is probable that it is partly due to both. The water-bearing capacity of these rocks varies considerably. The Dogger and Cave Oolite, being open porous rocks, afford plentiful supplies of water when the beds are of any thickness ; but this being seldom the case in this district they cannot be considered of more than local importance. The other beds, especially the Estuarine clays, are more or less impervious, and help to direct the underground water-flow into channels which issue in the small springs that occur over this ground. Middle Oolite. This group of rocks also consists of several sub -divisions ; but, as they are in most cases very thin, they can be taken together and treated as one series. The following are the main sub-divisions in this district. Coralline Oolite with argillaceous beds toward the top. Calcareous C4rit. Oxford Clay. Kellaways Rock. 8 GBOLOGlCAL STRUCTURE. The Kellaways Rock consists of beds of loose sand with harder nodular bands, which form a small feature at the base of Hutton Bank on the Derwent. It spreads out over a somewhat considerable area to the south of Kennythorpe, forming very sandy land, but south of this it becomes so thin as to be of no importance. It comes in again to the south about North Cave, where it has a thickness of from thirty-five to forty feet. The Kellaways Rock gives rise to a few local springs, but its outcrop is too limited to have much influence upon the water-supply. The Oxford Clay in the northern part of this district is represented by a narrow band of clay varying in thickness from about 70 feet in Hutton Bank to about 20 feet at Garrowby. It forms the steep slope below the Calcareous Grit escarpment at Hutton, Kenny- thorpe, Burythorpe, Leavening, and Acklam. This bed, although of no great thickness, is impervious to water and keeps up the some- what large amount that is contained in the porous rocks above. In the southern part of the district these higher beds are absent, and the Oxford Clay is succeeded directly by the Kimeridge Clay, in one continuous series of impervious beds. The Calcareous Grit and the Coralline Oolite form one uniform mass of water-bearing beds which cover a somewhat considerable amount of surface in the north-western part of the district near Malton. They are much broken up by large east and west faults, which will to a great extent influence the disposition of the under- ground water. This is the chief water-bearing division of the Oolites, and large springs issue from it at Malton and elsewhere. These beds do not occur on the southern side of the overlap, and consequently, as we have said, the Oxford and Kimeridge Clays come together in the neighbourhood of the Humber. Upper Oolite and Lower Cretaceous The Kimeridge and Cretaceous Clays. Above the beds just described there comes a thickness of shales which, although they belong to two separate geological epochs, are more conveniently treated here as one great clay- formation. These beds consist of dark blue and black shales with lines of septaria and hard bands. They are almost entirely impervious, and consequently form the principal barrier to the water contained in the large area formed by the Chalk and some of the superficial beds in this district ; while along the northern outcrop they keep down the water con- tained in the Oolitic rocks beneath, so that when these shales are pierced by boring artesian wells are formed. UPPtJR CRETACEOUS ROCKS. 9 Upper Cretaceous. Red Chalk, In the Speeton cliffs and along the northern escarpment of the Wolds, the Red Chalk consists of nodular calcareous beds with marly partings, becoming more marly towards the base, where, when weathered, it seems to pass into a red clay. It has a thickness of about 30 feet at Speeton, decreasing towards the west to about 10 feet at Thorpe Basset Wold, and to about 2 feet a little further south. Along the western escarpment its character is entirely altered, and it becomes more of the nature of a conglomerate, containing fragments of quartz and ironstone with oolitic structure, varying in size from that of a pea to masses six inches or more in diameter. About Wharram it is not more than 18 inches in thickness, but this increases to the south, so that in the neighbourhood of South Cave it is as much as 7 feet thick, consisting of red chalk in the upper part with red and yellow clays below. The outcrop of this bed being at the junction of the porous chalk with the impervious clays below is always a line of moisture and frequently on the site of some of the larger springs. The Chalk. The Chalk is the chief water-bearing formation of the district, and furnishes a supply which, if properly husbanded, ought to be sufficient for the greater part of theRiding. The Chalk is separated into the three divisions of Upper, Middle, and Lower ; but, for purposes of water-supply these are of little importance, and it may be conveniently considered as one formation. It consists of harder and softer beds of grey and white chalk with, towards the base, a few pink bands. On the whole the Yorkshire Chalk is much harder than that of the South of England. The lower portion, which is not more than 60 feet thick in the north-west but increases to 120 feet at Speeton, is composed of white and nodular beds of chalk with marly bands. Above this comes about 460 feet of chalk with bands and nodules of flint ; over which there are nearly 700 feet of chalk without flints, thus giving a thickness of about 1,300 feet for the entire Chalk formation.* The general dip of the Chalk is towards the east and south, but the inclination is slight, and there are no disturbances of any note except in the northern part. Here two lines occur : — one along the main Wold valley, and the other at Hunmanby, where the beds have been fractured and are inclined at a high angle, sometimes vertical. In consequence of this south-east dip, the Chalk forms * Mr. Lamplugh estimates the thickness of the Yorkshire Chalk at 1,270 feet, Proc. Yorkshire Geol. Soc, Vol. xiii., p. 75. Dr. Rowe's estimate is somewhat greater, Proc. Geol. Assoc, Vol. xviii., p. 277 10 GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. a bold escarpment on its northern and western sides, which is the most striking feature of the whole district. Towards the east it gradually sinks beneath the clays and sands of the Holderness plain, but even here it forms a degraded cliff beneath these superficial beds, which Mr. Clement Reid has shown is a continuation of the present cliff of Flamborough and Sewerby. Along this edge the Chalk is often much fissured, so as to allow the water free access, occasion- ally in a contaminated condition. Over the higher part of the Wolds, owing to the great depth it would be necessary to sink wells in the Chalk, rainwater is in most cases the only supply that is available ; but along the escarp- ment many large springs burst out which form valuable sources of supply. There are, however, several deep wells over the Chalk Wolds, the principal of which are given in the Appendix, No. III. The plane of saturation in the Chalk is not horizontal, but rather more of the nature of a very flat arch declining principally to the east and south, and turning over slightly on the north and west towards the escarpments on those sides, thus nearly following the general contour of the surface ; this plane, however, is subject to much irregularity which does not appear as yet to have been thoroughly worked out.* The following table, showing the water-level over the south- eastern portion of the Wolds, has been drawn up by Messrs. Fair- bank from data obtained in March, 1892 : — Hydraulic Grade Line. Sledniere to Driffield Waterworks - - Driffield to Beverley Waterworks - Market Weighton to Beverley Waterworks Sledmere to Market Weighton Waterworks Beverley to Hull Pumping Station at Cottingham Pumping Station at Cottingham to Dunswell - Miles Fall in apart. feet. 5J 138 13| 39 8 87 14 90 2^ 27 U 15 Fall in feet per mile. 25 3 10-10 6 -6 9-10 10 The Chalk lying beneath the Holderness plain forms a broad syncline, from which much of the upper portion was removed by denudation before the deposition of the overlying beds. The following are the depths at which the Chalk has been reached over this plain and along its flank : — Feet. Feet. Kelk 60 Sutton 55 Gembling - 72 Swine - about 100 Brandsburton 80 to 90 Marfleet - - 120 Catfoss - 120 Hedon - 120 Rise - - 112 to 128 Hornsea - about 110 Skirlaugh - 96 Mappleton - Withernwick - 132 Long Riston 48 - 124 Routh 50 Ottringham - 234 ? Beverley - Cottingham 30 to 40 Withernsea - 140 to 150 35 to 45 Patrington - Sunk Island - 160 Hull - 30 to 100 - 106 to 112 Paull - ^ 114 ♦ See Mortimer, Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.,\ol Iv., p. 262. 1879. THE CHALK. 11 The water-supply derived from the Chalk has been treated at some length by Mr. Glement Eeid in the memoir on the Holderness district,* from which we quote the following : — " The water-supply of Holderness is mainly obtained from three sources : — natural springs from the Chalk, blow wells on the low lands, and artesian borings which tap the Chalk underlying the Drift. " Along the eastern slope of the Wolds many powerful springs rise, but several of them being intermittent are quite untrust- worthy for water-supply. Commencing at the northern end of the district, at low tide strong springs are given out from the Chalk on the foreshore north of Bridlington. From their incon- venient position these cannot be used, though they are well known to the fishermen. A boring in the harbour yields a good supply of water. The quality is excellent, though the level rises and falls with the tide. South of the harbour there is another well, con- nected with a stand pipe. This yields no water at low-tide, but at about half-tide it commences to flow, and continues till the tide again falls to the same level. The spring in the harbour is largely used for the supply of the town, and is preferred to the natural springs. "A stream of considerable size, called the Gipsey Race, flows through Bridlington Quay, and helps to scour the Harbour. It rises in the Wolds about ten miles away, near Wold Newton, and, though partially intermittent, seldom runs entirely dry. "At Bessingby, Burton Agnes, Kilham, and Ruston there are small springs, and at Naflerton there is one of some importance. " Near Great Driffield the River Hull takes its rise in Emswell or Driffield Beck. The large amount of water given out in this neighbourhood is apparently due to the change of strike of the Chalk, which dips towards Drifiield both on the north and west. Several minor streams, known as the Gipsey Race, Eastburn Beck, Southburn Beck, and the Wellsprings Drain, also flow into the Hull at Drifiield. " South of Driffield, Wear Bracken Beck, Bryan Mill Beck, Scor- borough Beck, and other small streams, flow from the Chalk, but Beverley and Cottingham are both almost entirely supplied from wells. Hull obtains its water from large springs and wells at the foot of the Wolds at Spring Head near Anlaby and at Cottingham." Over the Holderness plain the main supply of water comes from the underlying Chalk, but it is often found, and more especially towards the south-east, that this water is less pure and not of such fine quality as that derived from beds nearer the outcrop. In fact it is stated that the water from the Chalk west of the River Hull seems to be practically perfect, while that derived from it east of the river is generally unsatisfactory. Whether this is due to the larger amount of salts it contains from prolonged saturation or * Memoirs of the Geological Survey. The Geology of Holderness^ d;c. 1885, pp. 126-131. 12 GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. to the want of aeration is not stated ; but if this water was more largely used it would probably improve. In reference to this district Mr. Clement Reid says : — " Hornsea is still supplied from private wells, but the amount obtained is insufficient. A few years ago a deep well was sunk and bored at Leys Hill, to supply the village, but the water obtained is strongly ferruginous and quite undrinkable. Ferruginous water from the Chalk is so unusual that at first it seemed that a spring from the Glacial beds must have got in, but portions of the borings preserved show seams of ferruginous marl in the Chalk. Another boring in Hornsea, at Mr. Wade's brickyard, was carried down to a depth of 976 feet without obtaining water or piercing the upper Chalk. This well, notwithstanding its great depth, was entirely bored by hand, and was only abandoned when it was found that a steam engine must be employed. " Withernsea is supplied from private wells, as are all the other villages in Holderness which are not close to the Wolds. " At Sunk Island the water from the Chalk is brackish. But this does not appear to be the case elsewhere on the borders of the Humber, for there are numerous wells of good water on the warp lands of Lincolnshire. No attempt appears to have been made to reach the Chalk at Spurn Head, and water has to be brought several miles. Notwithstanding the position of the Head it is quite possible that the Chalk may yield a good supply. Chalk would probably be found at a depth of 100 or 120 feet." Superficial or Drift Deposits. Pleistocene. These deposits, which overlie the stratified rocks below, occupy four distinct regions corresponding to the main physical features of the district ; the Vale of Pickering in the north, the Vale of York in the west, the Holderness plain in the east, and the uplands of the Wolds along the centre. These four regions being more or less cut off from one another, the superficial beds that occur in them are of a somewhat different character and therefore it is better to treat each area separately. (1). The Vale of Pickering itself is a broad hollow or basin in the Kimeridge Clay that has been filled in with beds of clay and sand deposited in regular layers over the greater part of the valley. At its eastern end a thick mass of Boulder Clay has been laid down which blocks this end of the valley, but does not extend more than a few miles from the coast. It spreads over nearly the whole of the ground between the flat Carr land at Seamer and the cliff edge north of Filey, south of which it is of great thickness and occupies the whole of the cliff as far as Speeton. The Boulder Clay is a tough tenacious clay with many stones and boulders, con- taining here and there irregular seams of sand and gravel. CO d l-H o c CD ^ 'ts ^ s "♦^ > 5$ ? ■*«>> © ^ ^ H ^ 5^ ^ § ^ J hH ^^7 r yi !*• -i 0-^ fit 1 ^ // Hi: 5 5 5-2 © K >H ag M-i Cm o c c o O fi •isPQ a^ "5^ **-; «8 r-" (15 00 « oQ -. .1 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 13 Against this bank of Boulder Clay the clays and sands covering the centre of the valley are deposited, so that a basin-shaped hollow exists, which is filled in with these newer clays in such a manner that the water soaking in along the edge of the vale is carried between the two beds of clay, where it is retained at con- siderable pressure. When this upper clay is bored through, artesian wells are formed, the supply from which is of sufficient force to reach the top of the houses. Many of the railway -stations and farmhouses between Knapton and Ganton are supplied in this manner by borings of small diameter and from 50 to 100 feet or more in depth. The relative position of the two water-bearing horizons that exist in the Vale of Pickering is shown in the dia- gram Fig. 3. (2). The Vale of York is thickly covered with Boulder Clay and beds of later age, which are spread over the lower portions of this great plain, the former only appearing along the flanks of the valley or coming up through the later beds in a series of ridges and isolated patches. The Boulder Clay is of the usual character, but contains in certain places a large amount of coarse gravel. These beds are frequently much contorted, so that seams of clay and gravel are mixed together in the greatest confusion, although occasionally the stratification is more regular. The Boulder Clay covers the largest area at the surface along the flanks of the Howardian Hills, but it is not so thick here as in other parts of the Vale of York, although it thins out almost entirely as it approaches the Wold escarpment. In the central parts of the Vale of York this clay is nearly always overlaid by laminated clay of later date. But it frequently contains beds of sand and gravel resting on the red sandstone. These contain water which Dr. H. F. Parsons states " is sometimes of the chalybeate character of the red sandstone water, but is generally harder ; the hardness of this, as of most of the waters in the Vale of York being largely due to magnesia salts, whereas that of the chalk waters of the Wolds is almost entirely due to salts of lime. The water obtained from beneath the clay by properly constructed wells, made watertight down to the clay and bored through it, though hard, and not always very palatable, is fairly free from organic matter." (Analyses, Bondgate, Selby ; St. John Street and Doyle Street, Goole, pp. 147, 157). The later superficial beds consist of lacustrine clay with bands of sand and gravel. They have been spread over the ground subse- quently to the deposition of the Boulder Clay and fill in all the hollows and low-lying places, reducing a great part of the country to a nearly level plain. This clay is of much importance in considering the water-supply of the eastern part of the Vale of York, as it forms a perfectly impervious covering to the Triassic sandstones and marls which occur beneath over the greater part of this extensive plain. It is of considerable thickness, and probably occupies nearly the whole of the ground except at a few isolated places where the Trias is 14 GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. exposed aDd forms islands as at Brayton Barf, Holme on Spalding Moor and other places. The rainfall is consequently prevented from penetrating to the porous sandstones, and the gathering ground for the water which they contain is limited to the com- paratively small areas in which these beds come to the surface. In illustration of the manner in which the available supply is thus largely diminished, Dr. H. E. Parsons has favoured us with the following note : — " At the present time the red-sandstone water appears not to be replenished by the rainfall over this limited area fast enough to keep pace with the increased demand upon it in recent years, and its level is falling. Both Goole and Selby have had to go for new wells nearer to the red-sandstone outcrops. Close to Raw- clifEe Station, and about half-a-mile from the original Goole Water- works, is a piece of sandy ground called Rawcliffe Rabbit Hills. This, as I remember it in the seventies, before the waterworks were started, was wet and boggy, with several ponds originally made for steeping flax, which were noted botanical stations for aquatic plants. When I was last there, in 1891, this piece of ground was quite dry, and the ponds empty." The warp clay contains several beds of sand, the principal of which appears to overlie the clay. This sand, when it comes to the surface and is of some thickness, forms a light, dry soil, but where it is thin and waterlogged the soil is peaty, as shown by many of the wet commons in the Vale of York. With regard to this warp sand Dr. H. F. Parsons makes the following remarks : — " The water obtained from shallow wells in the sand and warp above the clay is of a different character to that obtained from beneath the clay ; it contains much organic matter, especially when peat is present in the soil, and it is very commonly polluted by sewage matters. It is excessively hard, being loaded with salts of lime and magnesia, chlorides and nitrates." (Analyses, East Haddlesey ; Cooper's and Manor Cottage wells. Old Goole, p. 148.) In the neighbourhood of Market Weighton a great quantity of loose blowing sand occurs whick has been carried up the hills on the east to a height of 400 feet above sea-level, and about Cliff has formed a very light soil over the naturally heavy land of the Lower Lias. (3). The Central Upland region. The Oolitic Rocks that occur east of the Derwent are entirely free from Drift, and so also is the greater part of the Chalk Wolds. Drift occurs on the Wold- top at Hunmanby and along the higher ground to Elamborough Head, but south of this it is only found along the flank of the hills a short distance west of Drifiield and Beverley. In this region the Drift consists mainly of Boulder Clay, and there is not so much sand and gravel as in other places. Of the later deposits there are considerable spreads of gravel along the larger Wold Valleys, which form broad terraces in the low ground, but tail of! to mere shreds in the upper reaches of the valleys. SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 15 These have stream- courses in them that are usually dry throughout the greater part of the year, but after heavy rains are subject to sudden spates which cause floods. (4). Holderness. In this district the thickness of the Drift increases considerably, being about 120 feet over a great part of the area and as much as 160 feet at Hornsea. The Boulder Clay consists of several divisions with bands of sand and gravel. It is generally a tough bluish clay with many stones and boulders ; these towards the south are largely made up of chalk fragments. Along the flanks of the Chalk hills the clay is redder, more earthy in character, and seldom contains many stones. The Boulder Clay contains various beds of sand and gravel intercalated in it. Of these the most important occur along the valley from Kilham to Brandsburton and Beverley, as well as about Barmston and to the south of Hedon. The main source of water-supply for this district is from the Chalk, as noticed above, and few natural springs of importance are found in the lowlands of Holderness. The small springs that rise in the Glacial beds are of little value, and usually the water is strongly impregnated with salts of lime or of iron, sometimes so much so as to be quite undrinkable. A considerable amount of water, however, must be contained in these gravels, as most of the wells are supplied from them, and a large quantity probably goes to the replenishing of Hornsea Mere, where the evaporation is great. Possibly much of this water comes from the Chalk in the first case. This appears to be borne out by the fact that the water in many of these wells, especially at Withernsea and other places near the coast, is very abundant and very pure, although harder than the Chalk- water and giving a greater deposi- tion on boiling. Mr. Clement Reid gives the following description of the Blow Wells :— " In one or two places north of the Humber, and more abundantly in North Lincolnshire, the so-called " Blow Wells " occur. These are springs which rise through Drift or Alluvium in the middle of the flat lands. They generally bubble up from the bottom of small pools of perfectly clear water, and are connected with some porous bed considerably beneath the surface. The name probably refers to the constant play of the white sand at the bottom of the pools ; for bubbles of gas are only disengaged in a few of them, and not, as far as I have seen, in the larger ones." * The superficial areas occupied by the various geological forma- tions in the East Riding have been measured by planimeter, from * Loc. cit. p. 128. 16 AREAS OF FORMATIONS. the one-inch Geological Survey maps by Mr. Henry Dewey, results are as follows, the areas being given in square miles — > The Pervious and Mainly Per- Partially Pervious Impervious. centage. Gravel of Dry Valleys - 5 _ _ AUuviuEQ^ mainly warp clay — 267 23 Sands and Gravel 153 — 13 Boulder Clay — 356 30 Glacial Sands and Gravels - 33 — 4 Chalk - - - - 294 — 26 Lower Cretaceous ^ Kimeridge - - [ Clays - Oxford - - J — 13 1 Middle Oolites - 8 — \ 1 Lower Oolites - 7 — Lias - - - - - — 24 2 KeuperMarl — 14 1 " 500=42-59% 674=57-41% 100 Total area = 1,174 square miles. From this statement it appears that the pervious and partially pervious formations occupy about two-fiths, and the mainly impervious formations about three-fifths of the area. The following Agricultural Statistics are extracted from the Returns of the Board of Agriculture. Agricultural Holdings above one acre in 1903 - - - 7,329. Holdings under Crops and Grass in 1903 = - - 672,154 acres. Averagesizeof Holdings in 1903 91'7 acres. 1905 91-0 acres. » >J J5 Xi/\JU Year. Corn Crops. Green Crops. Clover, Sainfoin, etc. Permanent Pasture 1903 1893 1883 1873 Acres. 245,920 244,867 273,013 280,912 Acres. 104,915 108,377 108,341 110,658 Acres. 92,181 94,115 85,541 81,607 Acres. 216,784 203,302 186,057 164,580 17 THE RAINFALL OF THE EAST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE, BY Hugh Robert Mill, D.Sc, LL.D., Secretary of the Royal Meteorological Society. Editor of British Rainfall. The map of the distribution of rainfall over the East Riding of Yorkshire shows the average annual rainfall for the period of thirty- five years extending from 1868 to 1902. There is reason to believe that this corresponds within about 2 per cent, to the average of a very much longer period. The observations upon which it is founded were made almost entirely by private observers, who sent them for discussion and publication to the Editor of British Rainfall, and they were thus collected for the most part by the late Mr. G. J. Symons, the founder of the voluntary association known as the British Rainfall Organization. It is obvious that long records of rainfall cannot be found at all the points where they could be desired for the purpose of drawing a detailed map, and that it is necessary in some cases to make use of shorter records. The mean rainfall of a short series of years must, however, be corrected by taking account of the character of the period to which it refers. The period in question may have been one of excessive or of deficient rainfall, and the degree of excess or deficiency can be arrived at from a study of the nearest long records. To do this the average at each station for which thirty-five years' observa- tions are available is taken as 100, and the rainfall for each year of the thirty-five is calculated to the same ratio. The relative wetness or dryness of each year can thus be readily and exactly compared, although one station may have a heavier rainfall than another. Nine stations in or on the borders of the East Riding had practically complete records extending over thirty-five years, and these after being expressed as percentages of the averages, were grouped so as to give figures representative of the three areas of the Riding. The mean values of these groups are given in Table ]., 8707. B 18 RAINFALL. together with the mean of the three groups which represents as accurately as is possible the fluctuations of rainfall over the East Riding as a whole from year to year. This table has been used to correct the arithmetical mean of any short record to the equivalent value for thirty-five years. Thus for example the arithmetical mean of the Hunmanby record was 26*95 in. for the ten years 1893-1902 ; but for those ten years the mean ratio for the northern division was 91-5, so that 26*95 must be increased in the ratio of 91*5 to 100 in order to obtain the thirty-five years' average at Hunmanby, 29*5 in. When the rain-gauge was more than one foot above ground, the standard height, its readings must be corrected by the addition of about one per cent, for each additional foot, and this correction has been made in the case of Hunmanby. When these corrections haVe been made the figures for all the stations can be compared with each other, and the average rainfall upon the surface of the ground correctly represented. The last column of Table I. viewed as a record of the fluctuations of rainfall during the thirty-five years 1868-1902, shows that the .wettest year was unquestionably 1872, when the rainfall was 150 per cent, of the average, or half as much again, while the driest year was 1887, when the rainfall was only 68 per cent., or scarcely more than two-thirds of the average. The driest year had con- siderably less than half the rainfall of the wettest. It will also be observed that from 1875 to 1883 there were nine years the rainfall of every one of which was above the average, the excess amounting on the whole to 16 per cent, per annum. With 1884 a period of lower rainfall set in, the average being only surpassed on five occasions in the nineteen years and the deficiency amounting, on the whole, to 8 per cent, per annum. The years 1872 and 1887 were respec- tively the wettest and the driest in the nineteenth century for England as a whole. The year 1903, which was extremely wet in many parts of the country, had an excess of only 14 per cent, in the East Riding, six years out of the thirty-five considered having been as wet or wetter. ' There were altogether 65 stations in the East Riding or on its borders for which rainfall figures could be used in preparing the map, and though these were not quite uniformly distributed they suffice to give a fair representation of the distribution of rainfall. The only part as to which any uncertainty was felt is the Vale of Pickering in the extreme north, where a few additional observers would have been an advantage. It was found possible to draw lines on the map delineating those areas with less than 25 inches and those with more than 27-5, 30, and 32*5 inches respectively. The lines of equal rainfall or isohyetals as reproduced give as accurate a representation of the rainfall of the Riding as the existing records can yield. RAINFALL, 19 The following table shows the area occupied by each zone of 2 i inches of rainfall and the general rainfall of the zone : — Zone. Square miles. Per cent.of total area. General rain- fall of Zone Below 25*0 inches 25-0 to 27-5 „ 27-5 to 30-0 „ 30-0 to 32-5 „ Above 32-5 „ 305 395 228 183 73 25-7 33-3 19-3 15*5 6-2 inches. 24*5 20-2 28-5 31-1 33-5 Total 1,184 100-0 From these values the average general rainfall of tbe Riding, that is the average depth of the average annual rainfall over the whole area, is found to be 27 '4 inches, and applying the mean ratios for various years from Table I. we get — 1868-1902. Average General Rainfall of East Riding 27*4 inches. 1872. Maximum „ „ „ „ 41*1 „ . 1887. Minimum „ „ „ „ 18*6 „ 1887-1 889. Driest 3 years' General Rainfall of East Riding 23*6 „ Viewing the East Riding as a whole we may divide it as far as the distribution of the rainfall is concerned into Upland and Plain. The Upland is formed by the Wolds and runs in a cre- scent convex to the north-west from near the Humber at South Cave to Flamborough Head. Almost the whole of this area has an average rainfall exceeding 30 inches, and the higher portion, from the neighbourhood of Pocklington to the neighbourhood of Hunmanby, has a rainfall exceeding 32*5 inches. It is ex- tremely improbable that any part of the East Riding has an average annual rainfall so great as 35 inches. The Plain entirely surrounds the Upland and has a rainfall almost everywhere less than 27*5 inches and both in the Vale of York and the South- eastern Peninsula the rainfall is less than 25 inches. It is doubt- ful if any part of the Vale of York or of the eastern coastal plain has less than 24 inches of rainfall in an average year ; but the low sandy spit of Spurn Head is probably a little drier. Statistics are lacking for the peninsula terminating in Flamborough Head, and it may be that the rainfall of Flamborough is somewhat higher than the map shows. Table 11. gives the rainfall at a selection of the stations used in constructing the map, including all the more representative positions, and for the sake of completeness two which are on the border but outside the Riding. 20 RAINFALL. It is interesting to notice that the heaviest rainfall occurs on the high ground formed by the Chalk; the low ground, which is largely covered with impermeable clay and warp, receives a com- paratively light rainfall. The range of rainfall between the wet- test and the driest parts of the Riding is about 10 inches. The value of rainfall for water supply from underground sources depends to a great extent on the season at which it falls. In spring and summer a very large proportion of the rain is absorbed by vegetation or evaporates from the surface, and little or none percolates through even the most permeable subsoil ; but in late autumn and winter evaporation is reduced and vegetation is largely dormant, so that a large amount of the rainfall is free to percolate, and the underground stores are replenished. Table IIT. shows the monthly rainfall at four typical stations. The average monthly fall is given first, then the fall for the wettest month recorded in the thirty-five years under consideration (in the case of Lowthorpe for thirty years only), and finally the fall recorded for the driest month in the same period. The hea\nest monthly fall referred to was 7 "81 in. at Warter in September, 1871, the smallest 0*6 in., also at Warter in February, 1891. By way of summary the mean monthly rainfall at the four stations is expressed in percentages of the mean annual fall at each, and the average of the four closely accordant records gives the best indi- cation of the seasonal variation of rainfall in the East Riding. The wettest month is seen to be October with 11*8 per cent, or nearly one-eighth of the year's rain. Next comes August with 10 per cent., a high value mainly due to the thunderstorms which are common in that month. The month of least rainfall is April with 6*3 per cent, of the annual fall. On account of the low rainfall of January, February, and March, the half year, October-March, in which percolation is at a maximum, has scarcely more rain (51'8 per cent.) than the half year, April-September, in which percolation is at a minimum (48*2 per cent.). HAlNPALL. 21 Table 1.— Ratio of Each Year to the Average, 1868-1902. Years. South-Eastern Division. South- Western Division. Northern Division. Mean Ratio for East Riding. 18«8 95 91 89 92 1869 106 99 102 102 1870 93 91 93 93 1871 100 107 103 103 1872 143 151 156 150 1873 88 82 78 83 1874 78 84 83 82 1875 115 107 112 111 1876 123 120 123 U2 1877 120 122 121 121 1878 114 108 115 112 1879 104 100 96 100 1880 124 121 116 120 1881 113 111 116 113 1882 140 134 135 136 1883 113 116 112 114 1884 72 73 73 73 1885 100 93 100 98 1886 102 114 111 109 1887 68 65 70 68 1888 94 95 99 96 1889 95 95 95 95 1890 87 85 87 .86 1891 97 99 95 97 1892 103 101 105 103 1893 76 83 80 80 1894 105 103 102 103 1895 106 107 107 107 1886 94 89 88 90 1897 91 97 92 93 1898 85 90 91 89 1899 83 88 88 86 1900 103 112 107 107 1901 90 89 87 89 1902 80 78 73 77 Mean 100 100 100 100 22 kainfaLL. Table II.— Mean Rainfall, East Riding of York. Height above. Period of Observation. i o 6 1 2 . IS. II 11 g! Station. Mean cc for heigh ground. Ft. In. Ft. In. In. In. Patrington ro- 3 12-6 10 \ 46 J 1868-1902 35 24-49 24-5 24-5 Goole (3-4 ll- }- 1868-1902 35 2313 23-1 23-5 Hedon, The Vicarage 1- 10 1887-1902 16 22-61 24-8 24-8 Hull, Pearson Park - 0- 6 6 1868-1902 35 26-92 26-9 26-9 Brantinghamthorpe - 2- 150 1875-1894 20 31-13 30-4 30-7 Skipwith - 2- 6 25 1896-1902 7 21-61 23-5 23-9 Market Weighton, Houghton. r 175 1885-1895 11 25-34 26-8 26-8 Beverley, Alexandra Terrace. 8- 64 1869-1893 25 25-20 24-5 26-2 Market Weighton, Dalton Hall. 1- 4 150 1881-1902 22 27-63 28-8 28-8 Hornsea, Elim Lodge 1- 3 30 1892-1902 11 24-74 26-8 26-8 Brandesburton, Henipholm. 2- 6 11 1886-1902 17 23-10 25-2 25-6 Pocklington, Warter 110 230 1868-190i? 35 30-29 30-3 30-3 Catton Rectory (York.) r 50 i 1880-1896 \ U898-1903/ 22 25-34 26-0 26-0 Driffield, Beverley Road. 8- 68 1882-1901 20 24-92 25-9 27-7 Wetwang 1- 235 1883-1902 20 26-27 28-2 28-2 Thixendale 0-10 425 1877-1902 26 32-84 33-3 33-3 Lowthorpe, The Elms 1- 63 1873-1902 30 27-36 27-7 27-7 Old Malton - 1- 75 1868-1902 35 26-45 26-4 26-4 Foxholes, The Rectory 1- 234 ri876-1884\ 11887-1889/ 12 35-36 33-4 33-4 Hunmanby, Holly Bank. /?• 4 ll- 2 }- 1893-1902 10 26-95 29-5 30*2 Names in italics are those of stations on the borders but outside the area of the East Riding. RAINFALL. 2a Table Ili.-MONTHLY RAINFALL. Patrington (1868-1902). Months. Mean Monthly Fall. Maxi- mum. Fall. Year. Mini- mum Fall. Year. Months. January February . . . March April May June July August September . . October November .. December .. in. 1-58 1-63 1-60 1-52 1-83 1-87 2-12 2-53 2-07 2-92 2-38 2-44 in. 3-72 3-04 2-71 3-55 5-62 3-85 6-45 4-69 5*04 5-60 5-13 5-78 1895 1881 1872 1877 1869 1894 1888 1881 1880 1892 1878 1876 in. •21 •10 •37 •39 •34 •13 •25 •33 •15 •85 •89 •34 1880 1891 1900 1875 1868 /1887\ U889/ 1897 1899 1898 1888 1899 1873 January. February. March. April. May. June. July. . August. September. October. November. December. Year .. 24-49 33-64 1872 16-00 1887 Y^ar. Warter (1868-1902). Months. Mean Monthly Fall. Maxi- mum Fall. Year. Mini- mum Fall. Year. Months. in. in. in. January ... 2^16 5^75 1895 •14 1880 January. February ... 2^12 4-56 1900 •06 1891 February. March 2-17 4-35 1888 •37 1893 March. April 1-97 5-29 1882 •40 1893 April. May 2-13 4-55 1899 •64 1895 May. June 2^29 4-84 1882 •09 1887 June. July... ... 2^70 6-10 1895 •36 1870 July. ■ . August 2-83 5^96 1900 •91 1899 August. September ... 2-57 7-81 1871 •45 1902 September. ' October ... 3^48 6-94 1885 1^10 1879 October. November ... 2-88 6-18 1875 •82 1868 November. December ... 2-99 6-32 1876 •52 1873 December. Year ... 30^29 46^75 1872 19^10 1887 Year. , 24 RAINFALL. Table III.- MONTHLY UAmF ALL—continued. LowTHORPE C1873-1902). Months. Mean Monthly Fall. Maxi- mum Fall. Year. Mini- mum Fall. Year. Months. in. in. in. January ... 2-01 4-96 1895 •42 1880 January. February ... 1-88 3-84 1900 •21 1891 February. March 1-88 4-27 1876 •41 1893 March. April 1-76 4-33 1882 •45 1875 April. May 1-99 5-09 1886 •57 1884 May. June 1-97 4-11 1894 -14 1887 June. July 2-32 5-26 1888 •49 1897 July. August 2-80 6-48 1878 •59 1899 August. September... 2-14 5-80 1880 •33 1898 September. October 3-35 6-58 1885 •97 1884 October. November ... 2-66 6-24 1875 1-01 1899 November. December ... 2-60 6-66 1876 •33 1873 December. Year ... 27-36 36-96 1876 19-14 1884 Year. Malton (1868-1902). Months. 'Mean Monthly Fall. Maxi mum Fall. Year. Mini- mum Fall. Year. Months. in. in. in. January r96 3-67 1895 •34 1880 January. February ... 1-75 3-48 1881 •16 1891 February. March 1-72 3-26 1888 •43 1893 March. April 1-67 4-36 1882 •40 1875 April. May 1-88 4-19 1878 -46 1895 May. June 2-07 4*21 1892 •14 1887 June. July 2-41 5-20 1895 •27 1870 July. August 2-67 7-00 1878 •87 1871 August. September ... 2^22 5^91 1871 •41 1898 September. October 3^02 5-98 1870 1-02 1888 October. November ... 2-46 5-23 1875 •74 1889 November. December ... 2-62 6-24 1868 •48 1873 December. Year ... 26-46 41-79 1872 19^60 1887 Year. Rainfall. To Table III.-MONTHLY EAINFALL— con^m^^c^. Mlan Monthly Fall Expkessed as Percentage of Annual Mean. Months. Pat- rington. Warter. Low- thorpe. Mai ton. 1 Mean. Months. in. in. in. in. in. January 6-4 7-1 7-4 7-4 7-1 January. February ... 6-7 7-0 6-9 6-6 6-8 February. March 6-5 7-2 6-9 6-5 6-8 March. April 6-2 6-5 6-4 6-3 6-3 April. May 7-5 7-0 7-3 7-1 7-2 May. June 7-6 7-6 7-2 7-9 7-6 June. July 8-7 8-9 8-5 9-1 8-8 July. August 10-3 9-3 10-2 lO'l 10-0 August. September .. 8-5 8-5 7-8 8*4 8-3 September. October 11-9 11-5 12-2. 11-4 11-8 October. November .. 9-7 9-5 9-7 9-3 9-5 November. December .. 10-0 9-9 9-5 9-9 9-8 December. Year .. 100 100 100 100 100 Year. 1 26 WELL SINKINGS, BORINGS AND OTHER SECTIONS IN SOUTH-EAST YORKSHIRE. These sections are grouped in four divisions corresponding to the main physical features of the country: — the Vale of Picker- ing in the north ; the Vale of York on the west ; the J urassic and Cretaceous Hills across the centre ; and the low ground of Holderness to the south-east. It is more instructive to place the neighbouring sections together in this manner, than to arrange the whole alphabetically, as is usually done. • The northern and western boundary of the East Riding includes only portions of the Vales of Pickering and of York, but in treating of water-supply it is necessary to take these areas as a whole, and consequently sections beyond the geographical limits of the district are included in this list. The classification of the strata has, in most cases, been added to the sections ; but, without having seen the material brought up, the identification of the beds is sometimes doubtful. Note. — The Maps referred to are (1) the old series one-inch Geological Survey Maps, (2) the new series one-inch Ordnance Maps, and (3) the Ordnance Survey six-inch maps. No. I. The Vale of Pickering. PICKERING. (1 in. Map, 96 S.E., N.S. 53 ; 6 in. Maps 91 and 107.) 1. Railway Gate House near Pickering Junction, Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Glay 60 60 Gravel - - - - 18 24 2. Black Bull, near Brignam Park. Ft. in. Olay and sand 14 6 or more not total depth. 3. Near Charity Farm. Ft. in. Glay and sand » 40 WCKERING — OLD MALTON. ^1 4. Bellifax Grange. Communicated by Mr. Kirkby. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. fSoil 2 2 I Clay 4 6 Alluvium - - ( Quicksand 6 12 Soft clay ..... 40 52 I Hard black clay - - . - 8 60 Kimeridge Clay. Slate [Shale] and gravel - - 7 67 5. Near Golden Square. Two wells. Communicated by Mr. Arundel. Clay and sand 70 and 90 feet. 6. Wath House. Communicated by Mr. Arundel. Alternations of sand, clay, and gravel - - - 90 feet. KIRKBY MISPEETON. (1 in. Map, 96 S.E., N.S. 53 ; 6 in. Map 107.) 1. Well at Leng's Cottage, near Parnham House. Communicated by Mr. Arundel. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. in. Sand 4 4 Clay ...... 30 70 Alluvium - - / Sand .- . .. . 20 90 Clay - - . - . 50 59 Grey sand ..... 20 61 Kimeridge Clay. Black shale .... — — Water rises to the surface. 2. Parnham House. Ft. in. Clay and sand 80 3. Manor House. Ft. in. Clay and sand 60 4. Shortten Hall. Ft. in. Clay and sand 70 White gravel — 5. Great Habton. Ft. in. Ft. in. Sand and clay - - - - 10 10 Kimeridge Clay. Black shale - - - - 130 140 OLD MALTON MOOR. (1 in. Map 96, S.E., N.S. 53 ; 6 in. Maps 107 and 124.) 1. Boring at Howe. Communicated by Mr. Arundel. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. f Sand 4 4 Alluvium - - ^^^"^ ""^^^ 1^ 14 ] Shale [? Laminated Clayj - - 80 94 I Sea gravel 3 97 Kimeridge Clay. Black shale 63 160 Water rose 4 feet above the surface, but was not good. ^d OLD MALTON — RILLlNGTON. 2. Espersykes. Thickness. Ft. in. Clay and sand 60 Plenty of water. WILTON. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54; 6 in. Map 92.) Borehole about a mile south of the village. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. MucJs 30 30 Fine clay 40 70 Gravel - — — ALLERSTON. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 108.) Borehole at Allerston Ings. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Alluvium. Gravel, sand and light clay (some water 30 30 Kimeridge Clay. Black shale 120 150 Thickness. Depth Ft. in. Ft. in 7 6 7 6 4 11 6 9 20 6 2 6 23 6 29 49 78 1 79 THORNTON DALE. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 108.) Skelton "Wath House. Communicated by Mr. Harland. Sand Clay Sand with water Clay - - Sand Oay Gravel Plentiful supply of water, which rose 13 feet. A well at Crake Hall was very similar to this. RILLlNGTON. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 108.) 1. Mr. Steavenson's, Scampston Bogs, near the railway to "Whitby, about 70 feet above O.D. Communicated by Mr. Kirkby. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil and sand Clay Quicksand Clay Quicksand Soft clay - Sand and clay Sand and gravel Soft leafy clay - (Particulars not given) 6 6 6 12 4 16 6 21 6 27 65 82 4 86 16 102 5 6 107 6 116 6 EILLINGTOX — KNAPTOK, 29 2. Low Moor, Rillington. Clay Pit, I mile north of railway station. Communicated by Mr. Dodsworth. Thickness. Ft. in. Soil 10 Loam - - - - 16 Clay. 6 6 Sand ......... 70 Laminated clay (best brickclay) .... 56 Sand - - . . \ . . . . 2 Laminated clay 14 Sand (bored into) --- -- - * 30 Depth Ft. m 1 2 6 8 15 20 6 22 6 36 6 39 6 3. Scampston Hall. Communicated by Mr. Kirkby. Soil - - - - Quicksand (red) - Quicksand (dark) Quicksand and gravel - Sand and gravel - Alluvium- - - ( Quicksand (dark)- Soft clay . . . - Hard clay - - - - Gravel Fullers' earth clay Sand - - Kimeridge Clay. Shale with eight bands of stone from 4 inches to 10 inches thick Ft. 4 16 10 9 2 3 2 68 36 244 Ft. in. 4 20 30 39 41 44 46 114 114 3 150 3 150 7 395 KNAPTON. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 108.) 1. Knapton Cottages. Communicated by Mr. Kirkby. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil sand - - - - - - .... 40 4 Quicksand - ■ ■ - - - - - 13 17 Clay - - - - ... - . 30 20 Quicksand 4 24 Soft clay 67 91 Gravel - . - 4 95 2. Knapton Hall. Communicated by Mr. Kirkby. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil sand ......... 40 40 Olay - 10 5 Quicksand - 9 14 Clay .... .- . - . . 46 - 18 6 Quicksand - - . ...... 7 6 26 Soft clay - ^ . . -. - - - - 73 99 Gravel - - - 6 105 30 ICI^APTON— SNAINTON, 3. Knapton Lodge. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Alluvium. Kimeridge Clay. /Sand (Yellow clay .... Black shale Blue clay . - - - Shale with fossils (a little water) Very black clay - Yellow sandstone with fossils Shale with fossils Yellow rock (lost the water) Thickness. Depth Ft, in. Ft. in. 30 30 30 ()0 40 100 40 140 130 270 30 300 1 301 18 319 1 320 Ft. in. Ft. in. 30 30 30 60 5 65 The water was salt, but it does for cattle ; it rose 10 feet above the surface. 4. Knapton Lodge. 112 yards from the one above. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Sand Yellow clay Sand and gravel Good water which rose 4 feet above the surface. 5. Low Farm. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Sand Fine yellow clay Sand and gravel Water rose 20 feet above the surface. Ft. in. 35 64 1 Ft. in. 35 99 100 YEDINGHAM. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 108.) Boring at Mr. Elsworth's west side of the York Road where the Heslerton Road branches off. Communicated by Mr. Kirkby. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil sand 70 70 Clay 3 10 Quicksand - - 10 20 Clay 2 22 Quicksand 8 30 Soft clay 72 102 Gravel 5 107 Another well, same depth, opposite Middle Flat is nearly the same as this Water very good. , SNAINTON. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 92.) Foulbridge. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Sand 30 30 Fine yellow clay 81 111 Gravel with water — — — — Water rose 30 feet above the surface. WEST HESLERTON— SHERBURN. n WEST HESLERTON. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 108.) 1. West Heslerton Carr House, east side of road. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Thickness, Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Sand - - 30 30 Yellow clay 29 59 Water rose 15 feet above the surface. 2. West Heslerton Carr House, west side of road. Ft. in. Ft. m. Sand 42 42 Clay 18 60 Water rose 15 feet above the surface. 3. West Heslerton Carr House, Boring for Mr. Wilden, 1885. Ft. in. Ft. in. Little gravel - - - - - - - - — — — — Clean clay without a single stone - - - - 94 94 Water rose 1 2 feet above the surface. 4. West Heslerton Station. Ft. in. Ft. in. Sand and gravel - - - - - 35 35 Fine clay - 12 47 White gravel with water - 20 49 Hard black clay. EAST HESLERTON. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 108.) East Heslerton Carr House. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Thiclmess. Ft. in. Sand and gravel - - - - - - 50 Fine clay - 44 6 White gravel - - - - - - - - — Plenty of water, which rose as high as the house. Depth. Ft. in. 50 94 6 SHERBURN. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 109.) 1. Railway station now called Weaverthorpe Station. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Thickness. Ft. in. Black peat 60 Sand and gravel 36 Fine white clay with seams of sand - - - - 34 White gravel with water — 2. Sherbum Cottages. Ft. in. Black peat .-- 50 Fine sand - - - 45 Fine clay 40 Water rose 40 feet. Another well in the village had about 30 feet of sand, Depth. Ft. m. 5 41 75 Ft. in. 5 50 90 32 n ANTON — MUSTON. Fine sand Fine clay Hard black clay GANTON. (1 in Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 109.) Railway Station. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Thickness. Ft. in. 40 20 10 Depth. Ft. in. 40 60 70 BINNINGTON. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 109). Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Thickness. Ft. in. c c . 1 f White gravel and sand S°Pf.«,!'^M Fine clay beds I White chalk gravel vDark shaly clay - Lower Cretaceous Water rose 6 feet above the surface. 45 15 Depth. Ft. in. 45 60 60 4 FOLKTON. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 110.) Mr. Blaine's Well. Communicated by Mr. J. Johnstone. Thickness. Ft. in. {Red gravel - - - - - - 6 Clay with water 39 Red sandy gravel - ... 70 Clay 4 Chalk 61 Red Chalk Red gravel — Plenty of water directly the White Chalk was pierced. Ft. in. 6 45 52 56 117 MUSTON. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 110.) Muston Carr Farm, about 100 feet above O.D. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Soil - • • Gravel - - - - - Boulder-clay - - Sand Yellow clay Fine clay - Sand Fine clay Boulder-clay Plenty of water, which rose above the surface. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 20 20 10 30 20 50 10 60 10 70 40 110 10 120 15 135 15 150 GRISTHORPE — IRTON. 33 GRISTHORPE. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 94.) 1. Gristhorpe Carr, about 100 feet above O.D. Communicated by Mr. Owston. Thickness. Ft. in. Coarse gravel 20 Sand ...--.... 10 Boulder-clay 25 Sand 10 Fine yellow clay ....... 30 Sand (very little water) - — The 30 feet of clay blows up and has to be piped. 2. Gristhorpe Village. Thickness. Ft. in. Oldwell - _ Strong clay 26 Gravel - - - - 20 Strong clay with chequers . . - . . 30 Sand - - - 10 Chalk gravel - - — Depth. Ft. in. 20 30 55 65 95 Depth. Ft. in. 14 40 60 90 100 LEBBERSTON. Artesian well 63 feet. Plenty of water. IRTON. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 93.) Borehole for the Scarborough Waterworks. About 100 feet above O.D. Communicated by Mr. Filliter. Alluvium and Glacial Drift Kimeridge Clay Clay Gravel Clay - Sand and gravel . . . . Marl with stones* - - - - Sand and gravel - . . . Marl with stones'*' Quicksand and gravel Strong dark warp . - . . [ Yellow marl and stones *- /•Blue marl - - - - - I Blue bind, with Ostrea deltoidea and I Belemnitesm.^Qa.t abundance '^Stone bind Tools dropped - . . - Upper Calcareous Grit, with Am. cordatua 1 Pecten and Exogyrd ....... Limestone, with spine of Cidaris in upper part - Lower Calcareous Grit Change to Oxford Clay Oxford Clay * Called " Old England " by the borers. Thickness. Ft. 1 17 2 1 2 G 11 5 2 ?, 40 3 44 120 135 28 m. 6 4 10 6 9 5 9 3 9 9 2 3 9 6 6 Depth. Ft. in. 1 6 18 10 21 8 22 2 23 2 25 11 32 4 44 1 49 4 52 1 55 10 96 99 3 144 6 265 400 428 9no\ 34 CAYTON — FILEY. CAYTON. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 94.) 1. Cay ton Lodge. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Thickness. Boulder Clay Coralline Oolite Ft. 60 120 20 2 Ft. 20 70 10 200 12 m. 6 m. Clay {Limestone Rock . . - . Hard blue Rock - . - . Freestone 2. Londey's Well. Communicated by Mr. Owston. Boulder Clay Clay - - - - Coralline j Limestone (gravel and roundheads) - Oolite "(Freestone Grit and i "^^^^ shale and beds of hard blue rock Oxford Clay 1^°^* ^^^^ ^"^ ^^^^ mixed - Water rose within 30 feet of surface. 3. Boring sunk in 1901. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Strong clay ..-..--. Sand and gravel Shale with beds of gravel Water level, 71 feet from surface. 4. Boring at Killer by Grange. Communicated by Mr. Kirkby. Clay (which stood without being piped) - FILEY. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 110.) 1. Boring at the Gas Works, 1891. Communicated by Mr. Crawford. Thickness. /Boulder-clay - - - . Sand and gravel Soft clay Boulder-clay .... Sand and gravel Soft clay ..... Sand Glacial Drift , Soft boulder-clay - Loamy sand - - . . Sand and gravel Sand and clay ... - Soft stony clay Sand - - - Soft clay with thin beds of sand and gravel Ft. 50 2 3 10 3 3 n o 36 1 7 3 33 2 29 m. 6 6 6 6 6 Kimeridge Clay Upper Calc. Grit \ Blue Kimeridge clay /Hard bed of spar rock I Grey shale 1 Grey shaly sandstone rock ^ Hard grey sandstone rock Limestone rock 75 6 3 41 65 Depth. Ft. in. 60 180 200 202 6 Ft. in. 20 90 100 300 312 Ft. in. Ft. in. 73 73 7 80 25 Ft. in. 105 100 Depth. Ft. in. 189 6 265 310 375 FILEY — BRAFFERTON. 35 Thickness. Depth. 2. Royal Hotel. Gommunicated by Mr. Stockdale. Ft. in. Clay 60 Gravel — 3. The Crescent. Communicated by Mr. Stockdale. Ft. in. Clay ......... 90 Gravel — — 4. Boring at Mr. Blacker's, Thorpe Road, 1890. Communicated by Mr. J. VilKers. Ft. in. Ft. in. Old well . - - 20 20 Warp clay 10 30 Sand 20 50 Pan sand - - - 20 70 Ft. 60 Ft. 90 Clay Gravel REIGHTON. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 110.) Gommunicated by Mr. Stockdale. Thickness. Ft. in. 45 Depth. Ft. in. 45 No. II. The Vale of York. BOROUGHBRIDGE. (1 in. Map 93, N.W., N.S. 62 ; 6 in. Map 138.) Well in centre of St. James Square. From Brit. Assoc. Eep. for 1876, p. 107. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soft red sand and boulders 28 28 New red sandstone with layers of marl 3 in. to 4 in. thick - - 228 256 Water stands at 17 feet. Reduced 2 inches after 36 hours pumping. BRAFFERTON. (1 in. Map 93, N.W., N.S. 62 ; 6 in. Map 120.) 1. Boring at Helper by. Communicated by Prof. Kendall. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. {Boulder clay and sand - - - 20 20 Quicksand 10 30 Fine clay 10 40 Gravel 15 55 Trias - - - Sandstone — — 2. Boring at Pill Moor. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil and sand 30 30 Clay 115 118 8707. c 2 36 RASKELF — HUBY. RASKELF. (1 in. Map 93, N.W., N.S. 62 ; 6 in. Map 121.) 1. Spring House. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Boulder clay Freestone rock [Trias] Water rises within 6 feet of the top. 2. Boring near the railway station. From Rep. Yorksh, Phil. Soc. for 1893, p. 57. Ft. in. Sand - • 10 Boulder clay 50 Shale [Marl] with gypsum • - • 15 Red shale - 41 Grey sandstone ... - - 45 Blue shale ...... 10 Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 60 60 145 205 Glacial Drift Trias Ft. in. 10 50 10 65 10 106 10 151 10 161 10 HUBY. (1 in. Maps, 93, N.W., N.E., N.S. 62, 63 ; 6 in. Maps 139, 140.) 1. Boring. From Rep. Yorksh. Phil Soc. for 1893, p. 57 Soil Alluvium and r q , ■, ^^^^^^^^"^^Iciaywi'thLndpartings ' '- '• ( Red clay with seams of gypsum \ Green marl with thin seams of sandstone Trias bick aess. Depth. Ft. m. Ft. in. 1 6 1 6 12 13 6 12 25 6 80 105 6 4 109 6 1 6 1 6 10 11 6 8 19 6 4 23 6 12 35 6 2. Huby Burn Farm. From Rep. Yorksh. Phil. Soc. for 1893, p. 56. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil - - • - Brown clay ... - Plastic clay . - - . Solid blue clay Boulder clay - - - - Red marl with gypsum seams Gre3n marl Grey sandy marl Red sandy clay Red marl - ■ ■ \ Trias - - - 31 66 6 Red sandy marl Red marl with gypsum - Green marl with gypsum - Brown m^arl with gypsum - Red sandy marl NEWTON-ON-OUSE — FARLINGTON. 37 NEWTON-ON-OUSE. (1 in. Map 93, N.W., N.S. 62 ; 6 in. Map 156.) Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Also in Dr. Kaye's Report Well sunk, March, 1 888. Thickness, Ft. in. rTopsoil 10 Red clay ! Warp ■ Sand Sand and warp Warpy clay -Yellow clay f Light sandstone J Soft red sandstone ^ Red 'marl tSoft sandstone -- Water level, 32 feet from surface. Alluvium and Glacial Drift Trias 3 7 25 20 16 1 17 24 105 Depth. Ft. in. 1 4 11 36 56 72 73 90 114 6 115 220 CATTAL. (1 m Map 93, N.W., N.S. 62 ; 6 in. Map 172.) At the Inebriate's Home, 1903. From Dr. Kaye's Report. Thickness. Ft. in. Soil - - 10 Boulder clay - - 17 Sandstone [Trias] 184 KIRK HAMMERTON. (1 in. Map 93, N.W., N.S. 62 ; 6 in. Map 156.) Well at the Railway Station. Thickness. Ft. in. Superficial beds - - . - - - - 24 Red sandstone [Trias] ...... — FARLINGTON. (1 in Map 93, N.E., N.S. 63 ; 6 in. Map 140.) Trial borings 1894. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. No. 1. Ft. in. Red clay - - - - - - - -- 60 Rubble limestone - - 6 Red clay 4 6 Blue clay 9 No. 2. Red clay 4 Dark clay ..------ 40 Very hard clay - 12 No. 3. Red clay 30 Blue clay - - 9 Greystone - - - ■ . - * ' ^ Grit and sand (water flows) 10 Depth. Ft. in. 1 18 202 Depth. Ft. in. 24 Depth. Ft. m. 6 6 6 11 20 4 8 20 3 12 14 15 38 FARLINGTON — SUTTON ON THE FOREST. No. 4. Thickness. Ft. in. Red clay 10 Blue clay 4 Grey stone with sand, grit and clay (water flows) - 1 6 No. 5. Sandy clay 3 Red clay 9 Blue clay - - - - - - - - 8 No. 0. Red clay- ..---.•- 10 Blue clay - 10 Grey stone - 2 Clay - - - — Water level 4 feet. No. 7. Soil • - 2 Redclay - 2 G Sand 16 Blue clay - • - 7 Rubble stone -------- 10 Sand (water flows) 10 No. 8. Clay] 19 No. 9. Redclay 13 Blue clay ...-.--- 30 Rubble stone 6 Clay 8 6 No. 10. Redclay 16 Blue clay 6 Yellow clay 20 Rock 10 No. 11. Yellow clay 9 Blue clay 21 No. 12. Blue clay 20 Rock 6 No. 13. Yellow clay 16 Blue clay 9 Depth. Ft. in. 10 14 15 6 3 12 20 10 20 22 2 4 6 6 13 14 15 19 13 16 16 6 25 16 22 24 25 9 30 20 20 6 16 25 SUTTON ON THE FOREST. (1 in. Map 93, N.E., N.S. 63 ; 6 in. Map 140.) Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Superficial beds Red clay with gypsi''^ [Trias] thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in, 30 30 170 200 FLAXTON — STRENSALL. 39 FLAXTON. (1 in. Map 93, N.E., N.S. 63 ; 6 in. Map 141.) Boring at Mr. R. Holtby's. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Boulder clay 70 Red marl and gypsum [Trias J - . ' . . - 157 No water obtained. Depth. Ft. in. 70 227 STRENSALL. (1 in. Map 93, N.E., N.S. 63 ; 6 in. Map 157.) 1. Borehole for the War Department, Towthorpe Common Communicated by Lieut. -Col. W. F. Walker, R.E. Top sand - - Alluvium Fine clay and Boulder clay Glacial ■! Loamy sand ------ Drift. Fine warp clay ---... Grey sand ----.. Boulder clay ------ Green sand (veined) . - . - Green sand with layers of blue bind - Blue bind or marl Light green sand with layers of blue bind - White sandstone Blue^bind Trias, "i Red marl White sandstone ----- Blue marl White sandstone with a little marl - Blue marl ..--.- Variegated sandstone .... Red marl „ . The actual depth is 311 feet 4 inches, but 1 foot 4 inches has been lost in taking the various dimensions. The borehole was subsequently plugged, leaving the present depth 210 feet. The water from this hole was bad ; that from the bottom gave 92f " of hardness, 66|° of which was permanent ; that from about 210 feet gave 87^° of hardness, 57|-- of which was permanent.* lickness. Depth. Ft. m. Ft. m. 4 6 4 6 15 19 6 15 34 6 6 40 6 9 49 6 10 59 6 4 63 6 16 79 6 18 97 6 1 9 99 3 S5 134 3 5 139 3 1 140 3 2 142 3 81 223 3 6 223 9 23 246 9 3 247 60 307 o 310 Alluvium and Glacial Drift. 2. Borehole for the War Department, Lord's Moor Farm, October, 1884. /Surface soil - . . . Red sand - - - Stiff smooth clay Marly clay - . . . Warp clay with layers of sand ^Boulder clay - . . . Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 1 6 1 6 4 9 6 3 2 3 8 6 10 6 19 22 41 13 54 * Analysis of this water is given on page 157. 40 STRENSALL — STOCKTON ON THE FOREST. Thickness. Ft. in. 1 12 27 18 18 Depth. Ft. in. 55 67 94 112 130 1,062 1,065 1,079 1,097 1,118 1,122 1,131 1,140 1,143 1,146 1,146 1,150 1,153 1,158 1.161 374 375 402 404 536 539 607 616 692 694 882 975 /Yellow sand - - - - '• Red marl - ' Blue clay Stiff blue clay Grey sandstone Seam containing pyrites - - - - — Grey sandstone 244 Smooth slaty rock - - - - - 10 Grey sandstone 27 Smooth slaty rock ----- 20 Grey sandstone with layers of clay (blue bind) 132 Hard sandstone mixed with red and blue clay 3 Grey sandstone with layers of clay - - 68 Red marly clay ----- 90 Grey sandstone with layers of clay (blue bind) 76 Red marl 2 Grey sandstone \Vith thin layers of clay - 188 Trias. ^ Seam of compact clay . - - - — ^ Grey sandstone with thin layers of clay - 93 Seam of clay and sand (current bedded) - — Grey sandstone with thin layers of clay - 87 Red clay 3 Grey sandstone with thin layers of blue clay 14 Red and blue clay - - - - - 18 Red and blue shale 21 Sandstone of a reddish cast - . - 4 Red shale 9 Red sandstone ----- 90 Red marly clay - - - - 3 Red clay 2 Grey sandstone 10 Red shale ...--. 40 Grey sandstone - - - - - 3 Red shale ...-.- r. Grey sandstone - . - . . 3 ^Red shale — — The water from this hole, at 1,051 feet, analysed by Dr. F. de Chaumont, was harder than that already mentioned ; the total hardness being 140°, 131|° of which was permanent. The amount of organic matter was small. Specimens of the cores are deposited in the Museum at York. A slightly different account of this borehole is given by Mr. H. M. Platnauer in Rep. Yorkah. Phil. Soc. for 1891, p. 77. STOCKTON ON THE FOREST- (1 in. Map 93, N.E., IS.S. 63 ; 6 in. Map 158.) Hazelbush, Stockton Common, 1903. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers, Thickn Ft. Sand 4 Clay and stones 8 Glay 4 Olay and stones 22 Gravel 3 Clay 17 Sand 8 Water level, 40 feet from surface. ess. Depth. m. Ft. in. 4 12 16 38 41 68 66 DUNNINGTON — HAXBY, 41 DUNNINGTON. (1 in. Map 93, N.E., N.S. 63 ; 6 in. Map 175.; Well at the HaU. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. No. 1, 1902. Soil and sand Sand with water ...... Sand and big boulders - . . . . Water level, 4 feet from surface. No. 2, 1903. Soil - Soft sand ... .... Sharp sand ....... Sand and gravel, full of Water - - - - Dark coloured clay Strong blue clay with large boulders - SKELTON. (1 in. Map 93, N.E., N.S. 63 ; 6 in. Map 157.) The Hall. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. 3 3 hick Ft. aess. in. Deptl Ft. 1. in. 6 4 10 6 16 Ft. in. Ft. in. 1 6 1 6 4 6 6 2 • 8 7 6 15 6 2 6 18 6 6 24 6 Alluvium and Glacial Drift. Trias. i^Made ground Red clay ...... Sand Fine clay ... ... Grey sand Clay --.,-.-- Sand Blue clay Clay with boulders - - - - . k Gravel f Soft warpy sandstone . . . . I Sandstone with bands of soft clay 2. The Manor House, 1891. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. 16 3 25 3 3 17 Top sand Alluvium Clay and sand and Grey sand Glacial | Clay and stones Drift. Gravel - ^ Rough gravel - Trias. Soft sandstone Total depth 6 28 30 70 Ft. in. 32 8 20 24 2 14 24 Depth. Ft. in. 3 6 22 25 50 53 56 73 79 107 137 207 Ft. in. 32 40 60 84 86 100 124 152 HAXBY. (1 in. Map 93, N.E., N.S. 63 ; 6 in. Map 157.) The Moorlands, 1899. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Soil Dry sand Running sand - Black warp clay Clay and stones Running sand Dhic kness Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In 2 2 2 6 4 6 2 6 7 26 33 9 42 18 60 42 YORK, Glacial Drift. Trias. YORK. (1 in. Map 93, N.E., N.S. 63 ; 6 in. Map 174.) 1. Well at the North Riding Asylum. Communicated by Dr. Gill. Red sand ''Peat Blue clay Boulder drift Red sand p Soft red sandstone and layers of grey marl (slate) White sandstone . . . . . Red sandstone with quartz pebbles, and layers of red clay and soft slate White sandstone Red clay ...... Red sandstone . . . . . White sandstone . - . . . Red clay White sandstone - - - - Red sandstone . . . . . White sandstone, containing much water - White sandstone . . . - - ^Red sandstone ..... Water stands 8 feet from the surface ; lowered to 17 feet after pumping at the rate of 7,000 gallons per hour ; 70,000 gallons per day have been pumped without lowering the water beneath this level. 2. Boring at Messrs. Rowntree's ^Factory, Haxby Road, 1891. From Rep. Yorhsh. Phil. Soc. for 1891, p. 78. Soil Boulder clay - . . Gravelly clay - - - - - Dark clay Light clay Marly sand Gravel Red sandy marl .... Warp clay ^ Sand and gravel .... Grey sandstone .... Variegated stone .... Red marl White sandstone with beds of marl about 3 in. thick Red sandstone with thin beds marl - 3. Mr. Swales' Factory, Walmgate. First Report of the Health of Towns Appendix, p. 93. Thickness. Depth. Ft. m. Ft. in. 7 7 1 8 13 21 23 44 10 54 16 70 23 93 25 118 10 128 6 128 6 20 148 6 8 156 6 1 157 6 15 172 6 3 175 6 2 177 6 11 188 6 42 230 6 Alluvium and Glacial Drift. Trias. From the Glacial Drift. 1 '^'"^'Xr' light coloured and Trias; Fine grained white sandstone rock - Loose sand ..... Sandstone rook as above A thin seam of blue clay with water Sandstone rock as above - A thin seam of clay with water Sandstone rock as above - Ft. in. Ft. in 3 3 32 36 6 41 2 9 43 9 3 3 47 2 9 49 9 4 53 9 3 56 9 9 6 66 3 3 6 69 9 12 81 9 79 160 9 3 163 9 30 193 9 40 233 9 Commission, 1844 Ft. in. Ft. in. 18 18 60 78 1 79 1 80 58 138 62 178 200 378 kness Depth m. Ft. in. 24 84 288 2 288 2 567 2 Ft in. 24 84 138 YORK. 43 4. Mr. Swales' Well, Walmgate Bar. From Memoirs of the OeologiccU Survey, Expl. of Sheet 93 S.W. : also in Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1875, p. 127. Thic Ft. Alluvium and / Clay and stones - - - - 24 Glacial Drift, i. Quicksand 60 {Fine sandstone . . . . 204 Parting with water - - - - Fine sandstone - - - - 279 Note from Mr. J. Swales. — In 1821 well sunk 8 yards in clay and stones, bored 20 yards in sand which fell in, then rock or shale and fine sandstone rock at 46 yards from surface. Water rises to 22 or 23 feet of surface, 50 or 60 gallons a minute. In 1826 well sunk 4 yards distant. Water sufficient but very hard. In 1834 9-inch bore 60 yards, 6-inch bore continued to 129 yards. A parting with water at 96 yards. The three holes united give 500 gallons per minute. At the Bleach Field, HesUngton, it is all sand above the rock. Water rises within 12 feet of the surface. 5. Messrs. Steward & Sons, Comb Works. [This appears to be the same as the last. J From Brit. Assoc. Eep. for 1876, p. 106. Ft. in. Clay and stones (Shaft) 24 Sand (Borehole) 60 Fine sandstone - 54 Another borehole carried to 387. Water stands at about 22 to 23 feet from surface. Five hundred gallons per minute from three boreholes. 6. Mr. McCullock's Well, on the Acomb road. Ft. in. Ft. in. Strong clay 16 15 Rough gravel with a little sand 12 27 Clay and stones (bored) 42 69 7. Messrs. Brett's Well, Spurriergate. From Proc. Yorksh. Oeol. Soc, vol. vii., p. 423. See also Bep. Brit. Assoc, for 1876, p. 107. Soft warp with sand - - Blue clay ----.- Alluviumandjf^fff"'!- - " / " " GlaoialDrift. 1 ^^\ ^«„'''"^ ''°"^ ^'^"l'''"''* ' " Dark yellow soft clay Very loose gravel and pebbles, with water Very fine sand - Strata noS? given Soft brown freestone ... Very soft and open gravel - Blue freestone Trias, ■{ Soft blue and yellow clay - Brown freestone - . . - Blue rock and soft sand - - - Brown ironstone - - The boring is stated to have been taken to a depth of 180 feet. Water stands 6 feet from surface. Constant flow from a 4-inch pipe. Ft. in. Ft. in. 27 27 10 37 12 49 5 54 6 60 2 62 10 72 12 6 3 6 7 2 11 d &0 5 10 17 «l 19 u YORK. 8. Boring at the Waterworks. From Proc. Yorksh. Geol. 8oc. vol. vii.. Glay, blue at the base Sand Clay, free of stone - Sand Loamy clay p. 424. Thickness. Depth Ft. in. Ft. in. 22 22 8 30 20 60 11 61 2 63 I). Messrs. Hunt's Brewery, Aldwark, 1880. Communicated by Dr. T. Anderson. Ft. in. Superficial beds 70 Red sandstone White sandstone Red sandstone White stone J Water abundant. It tastes saUne and irony. Trias 180 Ft. in. 70 250 10. Messrs Leetham & Sons, 1900. Commimicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Made ground Clay and stones Sand and gravel Clay and boulders - Gravel Clay and boulders - Red sand Grey sandstone Red marl - Variegated sand stone with thin ^ bands of red marl Water level 6 feet from surface. Alluvium and Glacial Drift. Trias Ft. in. Ft. in. 10 10 8 18 9 27 12 39 5 44 7 51 5 56 10 66 1 67 171 238 11. Yorkshire Laundry, 1899. Communicated by Mr. J. Vilhers. No. 1. Ft. in. Made ground 16 Sand 3 Strong clay 4 No. 2 and No. 3 the same. Ft. in. 16 19 23 No. 4. Made ground - - - ♦ - • - - 17 Sand ^ . . . . 3 Strong clay 3 No. 6. Made ground 18 Sand 3 Strong clay 2 17 20 23 18 21 23 ACOMB — BILBOROUGH. 45 ACOMB. (1 in. Map 93, N.E., N.S. 63 ; 6 in. Map 174. Acomb Grange, 1900. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Sand Clay Rough gravel Stone Strong clay Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 24 24 8 32 8 40 3 40 3 14 54 3 BILTON. (1 in. Map 93, S. W., N.S. 70 ; 6 in. Map 173.) 1. Boring for water. Communicated by Prof. Kendall. r Soil Alluvium and | Sand and clay with surface springs Glacial Drift, i Boulder clay - - - . I Red sand Trias. Red sandstone .... Water abundant. 2. Bilton Hall. Superficial beds Sandstone Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 3 3 10 13 30 43 10 53 60 113 about 60 ASKHAM BRYAN. (1 in. Map 93, S.E., N.S. 71 ; 6 in. Map 173.) Borehole, November, 1890. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Alluvium rnd [ ^f ^ ^^^ ^'^/t ' Glacial Drift, ^lue clay and boulders l^ band, clay and stones Trias / ^^^ ra.a,Tl and sand - I Red sandstone lick Qess. Depth. l^'t. in. Ft. in 16 16 23 39 29 68 10 78 58 136 BILBOROUGH. (1 in. Map 93, S.W., N.S. 70 ; 6 in. Map 190.) 1. Tadcaster public supply. EVom Dr. Kaye's Report. Clay Red sandstone Variegated sandstone - . . . . 2. Street houses on the York and Tadcaster road. From Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1875, p. 127. Glacial Drift l^f^^^^g'^fy^ *_ ' " * Trias Red sandstone Thickness. Depth. Ft. n. Ft. in. 30 30 C6 96 145 241 ster road. Thickness. Depth Ft. in. Ft. in 33 33 9 42 6 48 ness. Depth in. Ft. in 8 19 6 20 6 22 6 6 27 46 STAMFORD BRIDGE — MELBOURNE. STAMFOED BRIDGE. (1 in. Map 93, N.E., N.S. 63 ; 6 in. Map 158.) Well at Mr. Forbes, 1903. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. liThick " Ft. Alluvium and f^f^^ ' ,? Glacial Drift. fc,''"'y: ; ." ; ] '\ KeuperMari. {1^:'!"': 1 ! ! 1 I FANGFOSS. (1 in. Map 93 N.E., N.S. 63 ; 6 in. Map 175.) 1. Well at the Station. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Thickness. Ft. in. Superficial beds. Fine sand and gravel - - - 25 {Red clay 40 Blue clay 20 White rock, sandy -- - - 10 2. Boring in 1897. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. in. (Loamy sand -' - - - - 8 6 Warp clay 2 6 Sand 15 Clay ...... 6 rRedmarl 10 Keuper Marl. -! White gravel - - - - 3 ISand - - - - - - 10 Water level 6 feet from surface. MELBOURNE. (1 in. Map 93 S.E., N.S. 71 ; 6 in. Map 193.) Well sunk in 1796. From a general view of the agriculture of the East Riding of York, 1812, p. 24. Ft. 111. in 25 65 85 95 Ft. in. 8 6 11 26 32 33 36 37 Thic kness Depth Ft, in. Ft. in. 'Sandy loam 10 10 Clay, calcareous ... - 4 14 Alluvium and ^ Quicksand - - - - 7 21 Glacial Drift. ' Warp 13 34 Red soapy stone mixed with warp - 6 40 ^Purple gravel - - - - 2 4 42 4 ' Blue shale 1 6 43 10 Red soapy stone .... 5 48 10 Red soapy stone, mixed with colours 18 66 10 White soapy stone 1 67 10 Keuper Marl. < Mixed soapy stone 3 70 10 Blue shale 1 71 10 Red stone . . . . . 4 75 10 Blue stone mixed with plaster 1 76 10 , Hard stone - - - . . 1 6 78 4 SHIPTON — MARKET WEIGHTON. 47 SHIPTON. (1 in. Map 94 S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 in. Map 194.) Borehole by Messrs. Timms & Co. in a field behind the Vicarage, 1905. Communicated by Dr. J. Mitchell Wilson. Keuper Marl. Gravel - - - - Red marl Blue marl Red marl Red and blue marl (mixed) Red marl . . . Blue marl ... Mixed gravel, stone and marl Red marl Stone .... Mixed marl Blue marl .... Hard rock .... Mixed marl .... Hard marl .... A little water at 120 feet, but none below. HOLME ON SPALDING MOOR. (1 in. Map 93 S.E., N.S. 71 ; [6 in. Map 208.) 1. Well at the Blacksmith's Arms. From Bey. Brit. Assoc. 1875, p. 127. Thickness, in. lick ness. Depth b't. in. Ft. in 13 13 37 50 2 52 30 82 6 88 13 101 4 105 15 120 2 122 2 124 9 133 5 138 2 140 2 142 8 150 Sand Blue stone Ft. 15 45 Keuper Marl. J Layer of " plaster " and some sand - I Blue and brown stone, " slate " 2. Temple Holes, near Holme. Sand with a peaty top and gravelly at the bottom, flints, etc. Thin clay resting on Keuper Marl .... 240 Ft. in. 10 Depth. Ft. in. 15 60 300 MARKET WEIGHTON. (1 in. Map 94 S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 in. Map 209.) 1. Trial boring 1857. In the dale opposite Goodmanham Spring, about 1,233 yards S.E. Goodmanham Church. CommunicatRd by Mr. J. F. Fairbank per Mr. W. Whitaker. of Superficial beds. Chalk. Lias. rSoil \ Gravel I Chalk gravel rFlint bed - - . - J Chalk gravel (Chalk rubble (water) ... - {Black shaly clay similar to that at 50 feet below the surface near Good- manham Church ... - — 2. Waterworks well, 150 feet above O.D. Communicated by Mr. F. G. Fairbank. Depth of well, 38 feet. Water level in March, 1892, 20 feet below surface. ^ick ness. Depth Ft. in. Ft. in 1 1 19 20 30 50 6 50 6 10 60 6 13 6 74 48 NORTH CLIFF — ESCRICK. NORTH CLIFF. (1 in. Map 94 S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 in. Map 209.) 1. Marl Pit at Cliff Warren. From Proc. Yorksti. Oeol, Soc, vol. vii., p. 161. Soil Yellow sand with peaty layers Laminated clay Sand and gravel Keuper marl - Thickness. Depth Ft. in. Ft. in 6 6 3 3 6 2 5 6 1 6 7 NABURN. (1 in. Map 93, S.E., N.S. 71 ; 6 in. Map 191.) 1. Well at the Railway Station. Thickness. Sand Clay Sand ....... Grey sandstone [Trias] 2. Well at New Cottages, 1894. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Ft. 11 30 6 67 Depth. Ft. in. 11 41 47 114 Alluvium and Glacial Drift. Trias. Ft. in. 4 6 7 5 10 14 29 12 18 60 Soil Red clay - - . . Sand and gravel ^ Red clay .... I Boulder clay - - I Blue clay .... r Red sand - Light sandy greystone, very soft I Grey sandstone - Water level, 10 feet from surface. 3. Well at Nabum Lock, 1894. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Ft. in. Warp clay 20 Dark clay 20 Stronger clay ... Q Sand and gravel ... 7 Warp clay with bands of blue marl 11 Red sand 16 ( Soft, light coloured, sandy greystone 24 I Grey sandstone - - - - 56 Water level, 6 feet from the surface. ESCRICK. (1 in. Map 93, S.E., N.S. 71 ; 6 in. Map 191.) 1. Boring at the Hall, 1890. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. in. 4 6 Alluvium and Glacial Drift. Trias. 12 17 27 41 70 82 100 160 Ft. 20 40 46 53 64 80 104 160 Superficial beds. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. f Sand 5 5 Red clay - 11 16 Sand and clay - 21 37 Blue clay - 19 56 Red marl - 6 62 Blue clay- 14 76 Warpy clay 4 80 . Sand and gravel 4 84 ESCRICK — KELPIELD. 49 Trias. Green sand - - . . Grey sand . . . . White marl - . . . Blue marl - - . . Grey sand - . . . Grey sandstone Blue marl .... Grey sandstone with thin bands of blue marl Thickness. Ft. m. 37 2 84 Depth. Ft. in. 91 93 94 99 100 137 139 223 2. Brickyard between Escrick and Riccall. From Proc. Yorksh. Geol Soc, vol. vi., p. 238. Ft. Soil 1 Brown peaty sand 1 Yellow sand 2 Coarse brown sand 1 Gravel Warpy clay g Strong blue clay 8 Fine leafy clay (warp) 6 Rotten peat m. Ft. in. 1 2 4 5 6 5 6 11 6 19 6 25 6 3. Boring at Mr. Etherington's, 1899. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. ■ Ft. Clay 75 Sand X5 Sandstone [Trias] 60 Water level 19 feet from surface. in. Ft. in. 75. 90 150 4. Manor Farm, 1900. Communicated by Mr. J. ViUiers. Ft. in. Clay 9 Sand 10 Clay - - - 20 Loamy sand 8 Sandy clay 20 Sand 8 Sandstone 75 Water level 16 feet from surface. Another section at Escrick is given on page 132. KELFIELD. (1 in. Map 93, S.E., N.S. 71 ; 6 in. Map 206.) Brick and Tile Yard. Yellow sand - Leafy [laminated] clay 8707. Ft. in. 9 19 39 47 67 75 150 Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 5 5 30 35 50 CAWOOD — ELLERTON. CAWOOD. (1 in. Map 93, S.E., N.S. 71 ; 6 in. Map 206.) Well at Cawood Steam Flour Mill, 1852. From Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc. vol. vi., p. 237. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Sand 30 30 Clay 57 60 Quicksand 30 90 Red sand 4 94 Soft grey sandstone [Trias] 240 334 The water in this well is said to have fallen considerably at the same time that the Selby well gave an overwhelming supply. RICCALL. (1 in. Map 93, S.E., N.S. 71 ; 6 in. Map 206.) 1. Well at the North-Eastem Railway Lodge, north of the village. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil 13 13 Sand 60 73 Clay 12 19 3 White quicksand 10 20 3 Clay — — 2. Riccall Common. Well Sunk, 1889. Communicated by Mr. J. VilUers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. /Sand Clay Alluvium and J Grey sand Glacial Drift ^ Blue clay Red clay .Warp Marly stone Red marl Marly stone Trias ^St^rl Marly stone Red sandstone Marl ^ Red sandstone Ft. in. Ft. in. 9 9 4 13 16 29 33 62 9 71 4 75 32 107 1 108 33 141 7 148 6 154 20 174 3 177 51 228 ELLERTON. (1 in. Map 93, S.E., N.S. 71 ; 6 in. Map 207.) Superficial beds White and yellow sandstone [Trias] Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 50 50 77 127 WHELDRAKE — NORTH DUFPIELD. 51 WHELDRAKE. (1 in. Map 93, S.E., N.S. 71 ; 6 in. Map 192.) Boring in 1896. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Well Strong clay - - Running sand Grey sand - - - - Red sandstone Grey sandstone Water level 25 feet from surface. Thickness. Dei oth Ft. in. Ft. m — 36 24 60 20 80 40 120 10 130 35 165 NORTH DUFFIELD. (1 in. Map 93, S.E., N.S. 71 ; 6 in. Map 207.] 1. Boring in 1890. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Alluvium and Glacial Drift Trias V ias / Soil Sand (water) - Warp clay Sand Dark clay Red clay Green sand Soft sandstone Hard sandstone Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 4 4 16 20 25 45 6 51 22 73 15 88 20 108 16 124 36 160 2. Well at the Hall Farm. Ft. in. Soil 16 Clay 6 6 Yellow sand 6 Strong clay - - 14 Silty clay and warp 16 Coarse sand and gravel with water . . - - 3 Strong blue clay 6 6 Strong red clay, very earthy, probably lies on the red sandstone 4 9 Ft. in 1 6 8 14 28 44 44 3 50 9 55 6 3. Blackwood Hall, 1890. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers, Sand CIlay and sand Soft stone 8707. ^t. in Ft. in. 8 8 68 76 5 81 D 2 52 SOUTH DUFFIELD — BARLBY. SOUTH DUFFIELD. (1 in. Map 93, S.E., N.S. 71 ; 6 in. Map 222.) Boring in 1900. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness Ft. in. Sand 4 Clay 6 Running sand 8 Clay 20 Warp 7 Running sand 3 Red clay 20 Dry sand 8 Grey rock sand - - 20 Grey sandstone 54 Water level 16 feet from surface. Depth. Ft. in. 4 10 18 38 45 48 68 76 96 150 OSGODBY. (1 in. Map 93, S.B., N.S. 71 ; 6 in. Map 221.) 1. Boring at the Hall. From Proc. YorhsTi. Geol. Soc. vol. vi., p. 237. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Loamy soil 20 20 Clay 40 60 Sand - 4 10 Clay 15 25 Red sandstone [Trias] 175 200 2. Well at the Hall, sunk about 1872. Communicated by Mr. J. Crawford per Mr. W. Whitaker. Ft. in. Ft. in. Boulder clay with beds of sand and gravel - - - 90 90 Red sandstone 340 430 Water not of very good quality. :nes^, '•'epth. m. Ft. in. 6 1 6 4 6 16 6 19 6 BARLBY. (1 in. Map 93, S.E., N.S. 71 ; 6 in. Map 221.) 1. Well at the North Eastern Railway Lodge, between Barlby and Riccall. From Proc. Yorlsh. Geol. Soc. vol. vi., p. 238. Thic Ft. Soil 1 Sand 3 Clay 12 Whi e Quicksand 1 Clay ..---•--.- 2. Boring on Barlby Carr, 1894. Communicated by Prof. Kendall. Ft. fClay - 8 Alluvium f,^.^t : t \ Wick sand 6 [Pan sand ..... 20 Trias {^^^,^^t«^^ 20 V Red Marl 19 Water level 3 feet from top. in. Ft. in. 8 12 18 38 58 77 BARLBY — SELBY. 53 Alluvium Trias 3. Boring in 1899. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Soil - Sand - Clay - \ Sand - Warp clay [Sand - / Rock sand 1 Sandstone Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 2 2 2 4 3 7 23 30 18 48 12 60 10 70 86 156 Water level 21 feet from surface. HEMINGBROUGH. (1 in. Map 87, N.E., N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 222.) 1. Well at the Malt Kihis, 1899. Communicated by Mr. J. VilHers. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Made ground -.-..--. 20 20 Sand and warp 4 6 Warp clay 11 17 Very soft warp ........ 39 o 56 Grey running sand - - 130 186 Red sandstone [Trias] 114 300 Water level, 17 feet from surface. 2. Well at Maltkiln, Cliff Common, 1902. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. , Warp clay 40 40 Alluvium and J Grey sand 12 52 Glacial Drift. 1 Strong clay 16 68 I Grey sand - - - - 10 78 Trias. Soft grey sandstone - - - 88 166 Water level 10 feet from the surface. SELBY. (1 in. Map 93, S.E., N.S. 71 ; 6 in. Map 221.) 1. Waterworks Well, 1853. From Proc. Yorksh. Oeol. Soc, vol. vi., p. 237. Also in Bef. Brit. Assoc, for 1877, p. 72, where more detail is given. Thickness Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil and sand 5 6 Clay 24 29 Sand with water - - - - 10, 30 Clay 24 54 Quicksand 21 75 ' Red sandstone, increasing in hardness with depth 211 6 286 6 { Very hard rock 10 6 297 I Red sandstone 6 3 303 3 \ Very hard rock 26 9 , 330 Superficial beds Trias 54 SELBY. In 2. Waterworks Old Well Communicated by Mr. Wainright. Warpy clay Strong clay (containing trees at 16 feet from surface) Sand and clay Strong clay Clay and silt Grey sand or coarse water sand [ Red sand ..---- Indurated sand Red sandstone \ Red clay and Fuller's earth with pipe clay \ Red sandstone 203 Water is hard ; 243,000 gallons pumped every twenty-four another well, at the other end of the town, stands very near the top. 3. Waterworks Well sunk in 1885 to 390 feet, to 674 feet in 1895. Superficial beds Trias Thickness. Depth. Ft. m. Ft. m. 10 10 10 6 20 6 14 8 35 2 7 10 43 8 9 51 9 7 9 59 6 6 6 66 1 6 67 6 54 6 122 8 6 130 6 203 333 6 wenty -four hours. feet deep. the water Superficial Trias From Dr. Kaye's Report. Warp Warpy clay - • - Very compact clay in layers Sand and clay in layers Fine silty sand - - - . Clay Quicksand Hard pan sand - - - . Sandstone .... Marl Sandstone (soft at the bottom) Clay Soft sandstone and marl Very fine sand . . . . Sandstone .... Marly sandstone Hard clean sandstone Marly sandstone (hard) Hard clean sandstone Marl Soft sandstone .... Soft red marl .... Hard sandstone Soft red marl .... Clean sandstone Soft red marl - - - - Hard marly sandstone Sandstone - - Marl Sandstone .... Marl Sandstone .... Marl ..... Sandstone .... Marl Sandstone .... Marl Ft. in 6 4 13 1 6 2 6 26 3 19 4 42 1 5 6 6 47 73 37 25 16 6 1 16 6 26 5 6 4 9 2 90 8 54 3 6 1 Ft. in. 6 10 23 24 6 27 53 56 75 79 79 3 121 6 122 6 128 133 180 253 290 315 331 6 332 6 348 6 340 9 375 375 6 380 6 380 10 390 480 488 542 549 6 664 10 558 563 564 6 568 669 SELBY, 55 Trias Sandstone Marl Red rock Red marl Red rock Red marl Red rock Red marl Grey rock Red marl Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 17 5»6 1 587 25 612 1 613 7 62(, 1 621 31 662 1 653 2 655 19 674 l-inch bore produced Supply of 1854 taken from a depth of 330 feet, 6|-inch bore 243,000 gallons a day. Supply of 1885 taken from a depth of 3v)0 feet, I2|-inch bore. Supply of 1895 taken from a depth of 674 feet, 12|-inch bore produced 250,000 gallons a day. 4. Well at Scott's Mill, 1887. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Yellow warp - Blue warp Yellow warp and sand Sand Hard sand Marl Red sandstone Marl Red sandstone Marl Red sandstone- 5. Boring at Messrs. Dent & Co.' Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Superficial beds Soil Sandy warp Blue clay Peat Blue clay Peat Gravel Warp clay Running sand - Rock sand Red sandstone Red marl Red sandstone Red marl - Red sandstone Water level 6 feet from the surface. Trias Ft. in. Ft. in 11 11 46 57 3 60 33 6 93 6 15 108 6 1 109 6 4 113 6 6 114 15 129 3 129 3 60 189 3 J. Kaye s Report. Ft in Ft. in. 2 2 5 7 10 17 1 18 6 24 2 26 1 6 27 6 15 42 6 16 58 6 11 69 6 17 86 6 1 87 6 6 93 6 1 6 95 28 123 Dark clay 6. Selby Tannery. Borings made in 1890. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. No. 1. (partly dug.) Ft. 10 m. Ft. in. 10 56 jSELBY. No. 2. Near building. Thickness. Ft. in. Made ground 30 Sandy warp 2 Sand and loam with shells 2 Peat 2 Running sand 10 Strong warp clay 10 No. 3. Middle Dam. Peat 2 Soapy clay 2 Strong warp clay --.--.- 60 No. 4. Made ground 3 Loamy sand with shells 10 Soft soapy clay 2 Peat 2 Running sand- ....... 20 Strong warp clay 10 No. 5. Sandy clay 2 Peat 3 Clay 9 No. 6. Soil 2 Marl 2 Soapy clay 2 Peat 8 Sand 10 Clay 5 7. Boring at Messrs. Cochrane and Cooper, 1898. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Soil 2 Warp clay 22 Sand 8 Clay 22 Red sand 10 Rock sand 20 Sandstone 116 Water level 16 feet from surface. ft. nix, in. 3 5 7 9 10 20 2 4 10 • 3 4 6 8 10 20 2 5 14 2 4 6 14 15 20 Depth. Ft. m. 2 24 32 54 64 84 200 8. Steam Laundry, 1900. Communicated by Mr. J. VilUers. Ft. in. Ft. in. Sand 46 46 Clay 25 6 30 Dark sand 16 31 6 Clay 27 58 6 Dark sand 14 72 6 Red rock sand 24 96 6 Red sandstone with thin bands of marl ► - - 103 6 200 SELBY — BRAYTONi 57 9. New Baths, 1901. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Warp clay - - 2 Sand 2 Strong clay 47 Grey sand 21 Variegated sand rock - - - - - - 17 6 Red sandstone 137 6 Water level 11 feet from surface. 10. Bacon Factory, 1898. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. in. Warp - - 10 Strong clay 10 Sand and clay - - 12 Strong clay - - -- -- - - 80 Clay and silt - - - - - - - - 8 Sand 16 Hard pan sand 22 Sandstone 279 11. Boring at Messrs. Stagg and Robson's, 1900. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. in. Soil 2 Warp clay - - 30 Dark loamy sand - - - - - - - 18 Strong clay 10 Red sand 20 Sandstone 40 12. Flaxley Lodge. Boring in 1887. Communicated by Prof. Kendall. Ft. in. Soil and sand 6 Olay 20 Sand 7 Olay - - - - 24 Sand - - 9 Pan sand 10 Sandstone 51 Depth. Ft. m. 2 4 51 72 89 6 227 Ft. in. 10 20 32 40 48 64 86 365 Ft. in. 2 32 50 60 80 120 Ft. in. 6 26 33 57 66 76 127 BRAYTON. (1 in. Map 87, N.E.^ N.S. 79 ; 6 m Map 221.) The Vicarage. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. rSoil - 80 80 Superficial jWarp clay 10 , 18 beds \ Sandy warp - - - - - - 6 24 iRunning sand 20 44 rp . /Rock sand 10 54 \Red sandstone 68 122 Water level 12 feet from the surface ; 3 in. tubing to 84 feet. 58 BURN. BURN. (1 in. Map 87, N.E., N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 236.) 1. Well at Messrs. Webster&Son's, 1902. Gommunicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Superficial fSand 20 20 beds \Clay 2 22 ^ . fRock sand 12 34 ^^^^ \ Red sandstone 86 120 Water level, 7 feet from surface. 2. Boring at the Cottages, 1902. Gommunicated by Mr. J. VilHers. Ft. in. Ft. in. [Soil 2 2 Superficial jSand 14 beds Glay 20 ISand 10 ^ . /Rock sand 20 ■^^^^ \Rock 60 108 16 18 28 48 3. Primrose Farm. Gommunicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. in. Sand - - - - - - . 12 Superficial JGlay 22 beds \ Sandy warp ..---- 14 [Sand 6 Trias Red sandstone 5 Water level 50 feet from the surface. n. Ft. in 12 34 48 54 110 4. Henwick Hall, 1888. Gommunicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Superficial beds Trias Ft. in. Made ground- .... - 1 Black peat 1 Black sand 2 Warp 1 Strong clay 20 Sand ....... 9 Glay 25 Sand 6 Pan sand - - - - - 10 Sandstone 15 Red marl 1 Sandstone 37 Red marl - 1 Sandstone - - - - • - 28 Ft. in. 1 6 2 6 4 6 5 6 25 6 6 35 60 66 76 91 92 129 130 158 BURN — GATEPORTH. 59 5. Henwiok Cottages, 1888. Oommunicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Superficial beds Trias Soil - Sand - Clay - Sand Clay - - Sand Sand and pebbles Pan sand fSoft sandstone j Sandstone ]Marl - I Sandstone Thickness. Ft. in. 1 3 8 19 24 6 4 33 3 35 1 21 8 Depth. Ft. in. 1 4 12 31 55 61 65 98 101 136 137 158 GATEFORTH. (1 in. Map 87, N.E., N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 235.) 1. Mr. Barras' Farm, 1902. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. rSoil ....... 10 10 c, n ' ^ Sand 9 10 Superficial J^^^p^j^y - - - - - - 12 22 °^°^ [Dark sand 5 27 I Warp clay 14 41 ^ . /Red sand 9 50 ■^"^ (^ Red sandstone 74 124 Water level 4 feet from the surface ; 3 in. tubing to 66 feet. 2. Mr. Wilson's Farm, 1902. CommunicateJ by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. I'Soil 1 Superficial S^-^^^ " ' ' ' ' ' ^'^ Dark sand 4 [Strong clay 15 Trias /Red sand 13 \^ Red sandstone 68 Water level 6 feet from surface. 1 4 20 24 39 52 120 3. Gateforth Hall, 1903. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. OldweU Rock sand Red sandstone with thin red marl partings - Water level 33 feet from surface Ft. in. Ft. in 40 40 30 70 125 195 60 GATEPORTH 4. Gateforth Borings. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers, No. 1. Demming Lane. Soil Dark coloured warp ..... Sand - - - Sandy warp Sandy clay - Fine clay Grey sand Clay No. 2. Pale Lane. Soil Sand Black sand Grey sand Fine clay No. 3. Landing Lane. Soil Yellow clay Grey sand No. 4. Soil Sand Fine clay Red sand - - - - No. 5. Soil and clay Fine clay ....... Clay with bands of red sandstone - No. 6. Son - - Fine clay Clay with bands of red sandstone - No. 7. Soil Fine clay Clay with red sand partings - No. 8. Sandy clay Yellow clay Clay with red sand partings . - - - No. 9. Sand Yellow sand Sandy clay Rock sand No. 10. Sandy clay Yellow sand ------- Rock sand - No. n. Yellow sandy clay Light coloured sand Rock sand 18 30 Thickness. Dei 3th. Ft. in. Ft. in. 1 1 2 3 1 4 1 6 1 6 17 23 2 25 2 2 4 6 2 8 1 9 5 14 1 1 1 6 2 6 9 11 6 1 1 2 3 8 11 3 14 2 2 17 19 4 23 1 1 6 7 7 14 1 1 9 10 4 14 3 3 6 9 6 15 4 4 3 7 1 8 6 14 5 6 5 6 6 6 12 3 15 6 6 6 12 GATEPORTH — BIRKIN. 61 Thickness. Depth. No. 12. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil 16 16 Light coloured sand 4 6 6 Red sand 8 14 No. 13. Clay 30 30 Loamy sand 30 60 Red sand 9 15 No. 14. Soil 30 30 Sandy clay - 4 7 Red sand 11 18 No. 15. Soil 10 10 Clay 60 70 Reddish sand 7 14 No. 16. Soil 10 10 Yellow sand 2 6 3 6 Dark sand 56 90 Clay 11 20 Grey sand 15 35 Soft clay 5 40 Red clay 10 50 Little darker clay - - - - - - - 10 60 Sandy clay - 5 65 Rock sand . - 2 67 Red sandstone - 13 80 No, 17. Sandy clay -- 30 30 Red sand ....-.-- 21 24 No. 18. Sand 50 50 Clay ......... 60 11 Sand 6 17 No. 19. Sand 90 90 Clay 9 18 Sand — — No. 20. Sand 7 7 u Clay - - - - 16 23 Sand .-.-.-.-- — — \ BIRKIN (1 in. Map 87, N.E., N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 235.) 1. Boring in the village at the Farm on the west side of the branching roads above the Rectory, 1898. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil .....---. 20 20 Sandy clay . 3 6 5 6 Dark sand 5 6 11 Strong clay 13 24 Grey sand 15 39 Clay . - 6 44 Reddish clay 20 64 Sandy clay - - 9 73 Red loamy sand 3 76 Red sandy marl - - - - - - ■ 44 120 No water obtained. 62 BIRKIN — ^POLLINGTON. 2. Birkin Road End. At the junction of Roe Lane and the Gateforth and Hillam Road, 1898. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers per Mr. W. Whitaker. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Superfi- cial beds. Trias. Soil Yellow sand - Dark sand Clay Grey sand Soft clay Red clay Little darker clay Sandy clay f Rock sand ( Sandstone 1 1 2 6 3 6 5 6 9 11 20 15 35 5 40 10 50 10 60 5 65 2 67 13 80 KELLINGTON. (1 in. Map 87, N.E., N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 235.) Pontefract Waterworks, Roall. 42 feet above O.D. Shaft 124 feet 4 inches with 100 yards of east and west headings at 100 and 106 feet down. The rest bored. Two boreholes of 10 inch diameter from the surface through the headings to the same depth. Communicated by the authorities per Mr. W. Whitaker. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Sand and gravel 10 or more New Red Sandstone .... nearly 210 220 Water level 31 ft. 9 in. down. Reduced by pumping to 104 feet. Rises to 44 ft. 6 in. after 40 hours rest. 45 ft. in. „ 28 46 ft. 8 in. „ 14 POLLINGTON. (1 in. Map 87, N.E., N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 251.) 1. Goole New Waterworks. From Dr. Kaye's Report. Thickness. Ft. in. Soil 2 Sand 10 Soft red sandstone 34 Red marl 14 Red sandstone (Bottom of well) - - - - 32 8 Fine red sandstone 31 6 Marly sandstone 6 Fine red sandstone 20 6 Marly sandstone 6 6 Fine red sandstone 110 Grey marl - 10 Red sandstone 21 Grey marl (6 inches in another account) - - 6 6 Fine red sandstone - - 42 6 Average yield 420,000 gallons per day. Depth. Ft. in. 2 12 46 47 4 80 111 6 112 132 6 139 150 151 172 178 6 221 POLLINGTON — PENWICK. 63 2. Borehole in field adjoining Pollington New Waterworks, Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Soil Superfi- j Gravel cial bedsX Sand - - - - [Loamy sand - Rock sand -..-.. Red marl Soft sandstone Red sandstone Trias. J Red marl - Red sandstone Red marl Red sandstone Marly sand Stone Water level, 31 feet from surface. Note from Dr. Reece.— Yield of well, 430,000 quality of the water seems to be all that ca^n be d( degree of hardness is 12 degrees. 3. Borehole at Mr. Hebden's in the village. Communicated by Mr. J . Villiers per Mr. W. W hi taker Soil Yellow clay - - - - Grey running sand Red sand - - Hard pan sand -.-...- Soft red sandstone [Trias] .... Standing water level, 16 feet from surface. 1898. Ft in. Ft. in. 6 6 9 9 6 5 14 6 8 22 6 100 122 6 6 123 58 181 151 332 4 332 4 4 336 4 6 336 10 18 2 355 21 376 22 398 allons a day. The 'ed. The maximum Ft in. Ft. in 2 2 6 8 16 24 9 33 10 43 00 143 BALNE. (1 in. Map 87 N.E., N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 251.) Boring in 1902. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. /Sand Superfi- J Sandy loam cial beds. Trias. I Clay ■^Sand and gravel /Rock sand ( Sandstone Water level. ^hick ness. Depth. Ft. m. Ft. in. 2 2 8 10 20 30 10 40 8 48 52 100 4 feet 6 inches from surface, FENWICK. (1 in. Map 87 N.E., N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 251.) 1. West Farm, 1902. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickr Ft. Superfi- f^^^V 1 ■■'"''" iQ . /V 1 -^ Sandy clay .-...- 19 ^' [Sand and gravel SI m . I Rock sand -....- 10 I Red sandstone- - - - - - 46 Water level, 8 feet from surface. less. Depth. m. Ft. in. 2 21 52 62 108 64 FENWICK — BARLOW. 2. Lady Thorp Farm, 1903. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in Loamy clay 16 Soft clay 8 Gravel and sand - - 3 Fine sandy warp 5 Olay, stones and sand 8 Blue clay ... - 30 Olay and stones - - 5 Sand 2 Olay 13 Gravel 1 Olay 3 Soft sandstone [Trias] 56 Water level, 8 feet from surface. in. Ft. in, 16 24 27 32 40 70 75 77 90 91 94 150 MOSS. (1 in. Map 87 N.E., N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 265.) Borings in 1895. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. No. 1. Warp clay Sand - Strong clay Shaly clay No. 2. Clay Sandy clay Rough gravel Rough sand Sandy clay 20 Rubble stone 10 Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 20 20 7 27 10 37 10 47 22 22 2 24 1 25 25 50 70 8C' BARLOW. (1 in. Map 87 N.E., N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 221.) The Grange, 1888.* Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil 20 20 Clay 56 58 Sand 10 68 Pan sand 6 74 Red sandstone [Trias I 59 133 * A deep boring has recently been made at Pluuiptou Park in which the superficial beds were 75 feet thick. LONG PRAX— -CARLTON, 6;-) LONG DRAX. (1 in. Map 87 N.E., N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 237.) 1. Landrick Well, 3 miles from Drax, on the banks of the River Aire, 1899. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report, Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil 40 40 Clay warp 12 16 Sandy warp 8 24 Green sand Warp 22 46 Brown warp 7 53 Dark warp - 5 58 Dark sand 10 68 Red marly sand 30 98 Sandstone 72 170 2. Drax Schools, 1897. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. in. Ft. in. Sand 70 70 Warp clay 28 45 Warpy sand - - - 25 70 Pan sand 20 90 Sandstone [Trias] 20 111 Water level, 6 feet from surface. CARLTON. (1 in. Map 87 N.E., N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 236 1. Carlton Towers near Snaith, 1895. Communicated by Mr. J . ViUiers ; also i Superfi- TRunning sand - cial beds. [ Pan sand rRed marl Sandstone Marly sandstone Soft sandstone ^Harder stone - Trias. 2. Boring on Lord Beaumont's Estate at From a Report by Mr. A. H. Green and Mr. Mr. W. Whitaker. Alluvium Warp and clay .... Trias. Soft red sandstone Upper Permian r Red marl with beds of gypsum (one Marl. Ibed 19 ft. 2 in.) - Upper Permian ( Limestone with some bands of r. Kaye's Report. Thickness . Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 19 19 31 50 2 52 5 57 33 90 10 100 50 150 Carlton. T. 0. Greaves per Ft. in. Ft. in. 45 45 539 584 Limestone. I gypsum 70 83 654 737 Middle Permian i Red marl with thin bands of lime- Marl. \ and gypsum Lower Permian) ^ • . j Limestone - . . . White sandstone - - - - Blue sandy shale . - - - Shale and sandstone mixed Blue shale Black shale Coal Black spavin 8707. Limestone. Coal- measures. 123 860 205 1,065 32 1,097 10 1,107 45 1,152 35 5 1,187 5 2 1,187 7 1 6 1,189 1 1 8 1,190 9 66 0NAITH. SNAITH. (1 in. Map 87 N.E., N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Maps 251 and 252.) 1. Bever's Bridge (Sykehouse Bridge on Old Map) Southfields. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Thickness. Depth, Superfi- Clay Warp clay Grey sand cial beds. \ Gravel Running sand [ Pan sand (Red marl . . . . . Red sand Red sandstone . . . . Sandstone Red marl (6 in. in another account) Sandstone Ft. in. Ft. in 7 7 14 21 8 29 1 30 10 40 7 47 22 69 1 70 30 100 34 134 6 140 17 6 157 6 Standing water level 3 ft. 6 in. from surface. Pumping level 17 feet when pumping 10,000 gallons per hour. 2. New Bridge. Trial boring for water, 1876. From Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, vol. vi., p. 236 ; also in Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1885, p. 386. Brown warp Grey loamy warp .... Peat Superfi- j Whitish sandy loam - - - - cial beds. ) Brown warpy clay - - - - Brown sandy warp - - - - Brown alluvial earth with pebbles - Gravel /Coarse reddish-brown sand Light green marl . . - . Red marly sandstone Coarse red sandstone Red marly sand . . . . Red sand with green marl Red marly sand .... Blue marl ..... Red marl ..... Trias. >, Red marly sand .... Variegated marl - - , - Red marly sand - - Coarse red sand . . . . Red marly sand .... Variegated marl .... Red marly sand .... Variegated marl .... Red marly sand .... ^oteby Mr. J. ViHiers. — Standing water 3 feet from level 16 feet. Ft. in. Ft. in 6 6 2 8 1 9 4 13 20 6 33 6 7 40 6 5 6 46 5 51 5 56 1 57 23 - 80 7 87 43 130 3 133 37 170 3 173 2 175 88 263 2 265 44 309 20 329 48 377 2 379 24 403 1 404 to 500 surface. Pumping RAWCLIFFE. (1 in. Maps 86 and 87, N.E., N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Maps 237 and 252.) 1. Well sunk in 1888. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Soil and sand Superfi- j Strong clay cial beds.^ Sand .Pan sand - Trias. Soft sandstone 125 Red marl ------ Soft sandstone ----- Marl - - - - Sandstone - - - - - Red marl ------ Sandstone Thickness. Depth. Ft. m. Ft. in. 4 4 23 27 15 42 18 60 125 185 2 187 11 198 1 199 30 229 1 230 33 263 Superfi- cial beds. 'I'-'ias. 2. Pulp Works. 24-inch bore hole sunk in 1889. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Soil and sand - Warp clay \ Sand and gravel Pan sand - Soft sandstone - Red marl - Marly stone Red sandstone - Red marl - Red sandstone - Coarse red sandstone Hard red stone - 'sSandstone Ft. in. Ft. in 4 4 23 27 15 42 18 60 54 114 1 115 10 125 10 235 1 236 50 286 24 310 1 311 20 331 Standing water level, 10 feet down. Pumping level, 25 feet down when tested up to 500,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. 3. Rawcliffe Bridge. Goole Old Waterworks. Communicated by the Goole Urban District Council per Mr. W. Whitaker. Superfi- cial beds. Ft. in. Soil 2 Sand ....... 90 Clay 17 Gravel ,--.,., 86 Ft. in. 2 11 28 p/rj 6 8707 E3 aa RAWCLIFFE. Thickness Ft. in. /Red sandstone rook - • • - - 46 Red marl - 10 Red sandstone rock 87 Rough red sandstone rock - - - • 11 \Vhite rock 10 Red sandstone rock 43 Marl 6 Red sandstone rock 14 6 Glay 6 Fine red sandstone rock - • - - 19 6 Rough red sandstone rock - - ■ - 44 Fine red sandstone rock - - . . 5 Red marl 6 Fine red sandstone rock - - - - 11 6 Blue clay 10 Rough red sandstone rock .... 40 Clay 16 Red sandstone rock - - - - - 34 6 Red marl -.----- 40 Red sandstone rock ----- 29 Red marl 20 Red sandstone rock 8 Blue clay 3 Red sandstone rock 9 9 Red marl 10 Fine red sandstone rock - - - - 22 Red marl 2 Red sandstone rock 10 Red marl 16 Trias. ( j^ine red sandstone rock - - - - 10 6 Blue clay 6 Red sandstone rock - - - - 28 6 Fine red sandstone rock - - - - 81 Rough red sandstone rock - - - 50 Clay 6 Rough red sandstone rock - ... 45 Gravel ....... 06 Red marl 3 9 Red sandstone rock 8 9 Fine [red sandstone] 17 Red marl --.--.. 03 Fine red sandstone rock - - - - 67 9 Red marl 3 Red sandstone rock 22 Fine red sandstone rock - - - - 50 Clay 7 Red sandstone rock 8 Fine red sandstone rock • • - 80 Grey sandstone rock 10 Glay 5 Fine red sandstone rock - - • - 20 Clay 4 Fine red sandstone rock - - - - 11 Clay 4 Fine red sandstone rock - • • - 20 Dark mica 20 Fine red sandstone rock - - - - 16 Grey sandstone 6 NClay 3 Old well. 52 feet. New well, 20 feet with boring ; an abridged with some differences is given in Dr. Kaye's Report. Depth. F.. in. 82 6 83 6 170 6 181 6 182 6 225 6 226 240 6 241 260 6 304 6 309 6 310 3^1 6 322 (> 326 6 328 362 6 366 6 395 6 397 6 405 6 405 9 415 6 416 6 438 6 440 6 450 6 452 462 6 463 491 6 572 6 622 6 623 627 6 628 631 9 640 6 657 6 657 9 725 6 728 6 750 6 800 6 807 6 815 6 895 6 896 6 901 6 921 6 925 6 936 6 940 6 960 6 980 6 996 6 997 1,000 account HAWCLIFFE. 69 4. Sugar Works, 1889. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Superficial beds. Trias. Made ground - / Warp Sand Gravel and sand ^Pan sand - Red sandstone - Red marl - Red sandstone - Red marl - Red sandstone - Chic kness . Depth. J^t. m. Ft. in 3 6 3 6 20 23 6 8 31 6 6 37 6 10 47 6 78 125 6 1 6 127 20 147 1 148 06 254 5. Royal Hotel, 1893. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Ft. in. Ft. in. Made ground 3 6 3 6 ^Warp 30 33 6 Superficial J Sand 10 43 6 beds. N Gravel 6 49 6 IPan sand - 10 59 6 Trias Soft red sandstone - - - - 60 6 120 6. Helliwell's Brewery, 1876. From Proc. Yorhsh. Geol. Soc, vol. vi., p. 235 ; also in Rey. Brit. Assoc. for 1885, p. 385. Ft. in. Ft. in. ^ Old well — 18 CI c • 1 Yellow sand - - - - - 27 45 'Tet ^l--l-y 2 47 ^''^- IPeat .-.-.. 06 47 6 [ Clay and gravel - - - - 12 59 6 f Red sand - 79 6 139 Trias / Layer of red marl - - - . — — I Red sand 61 200 7. Rawcliffe Hall, From Proc. Alluvium. Trias. Yorhsh. Geol. Soc, vol. vi., p. 235 for 1885, p. 385. Stiff silty red Warp - - - TRed sand and marl - - - ^ Coarse loose red sandstone and marl 1877. also in Rep. Brit. Assoc. Ft. in. 16 114 120 Ft. in. 16 130 250 8. Well near the Railway Station. From Proc. Yorhsh. Geol. Soc, vol. vi., p. 235 ; also in Rep. Brit. Assoc for 1885, p. 385. Ffc. in. Ft. in. Black sand 30 30 Coarse brown sand -- 20 50 Brown mottled clay - 3 8 Red sand - - — — 70 HAWCLIFFE — HOOK. 9. Rawclilie Cottages, 1889. Oommunicated by Mr. J. Villiers. I Soil and sand - Superficial J "Warp beds. \ Sand and gravel [ Pan sand - Trias. Red sandstone - 10. Rawcliffe Bridge, 1889. [Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Soil Superficial j Warp beds. \ Sand and gravel [ Pan sand Trias. Sandstone bick ness. Depth. Ft. m. Ft. in. 4 4 26 30 15 45 8 53 47 100 Ft. in. F . in 4 4 23 27 15 42 8 50 50 100 AIRMYN. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 79 ; 6 in. Map 237.) Boring in 1884. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Alluvium. Trias. fSoil Sand Black peat Clay and warp Dark sand , Pan sand - Sandstone Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in 1 6 1 6 7 6 9 1 6 10 6 29 39 6 15 54 6 46 100 6 HOOK. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 238.) 1. Boring in 1886. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Thickness. Depth. Superficial ^ beds. Trias. Warp Sandy warp Sand Clay Gravel fBlue marl \Red marl Superficial beds. From Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, vol. Bottom of river - [ River mud .... Peat / Sand and gravel ... ' Clay Sand and gravel [ Soft clay - - - - - Trias. >^ Soft blue shale - . - - i Strong blue shale with gypsum Ft. in. Ft. in. 2 2 17 19 11 30 1 31 12 43 19 62 4 66 )oncaste] r Railway. ). 233. Ft. in. Ft. in. — 16 1 6 17 6 7 6 25 3 28 1 6 29 6 4 6 34 1 6 35 6 12 47 6 3 6 51 llOOK — GOOLE. 71 3. Boring at Goole in connection with a railway bridge across the Ouse. It is doubtful whether this is at the same place as the one above from Dr. Parsons. It may have been a preliminary boring near the site of the bridge. From Rev. Brit. Assoc, for 1875, p. 127. Superficial beds. Trias. fSilt and sand - - - - \ Black peat .... iSoft brown clay, sand and gravel rSoft blue shale, full of water \ Strong blue shale with gypsum - :hic kness . Depth. Ft. m. Ft. in. 20 20 18 38 18 56 18 74 30 104 GOOLE. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Maps 237 and 252.) 1. Trial boring for "Waterworks, Booth Ferry Road ; at the Windmill on the old 1 in. Map. From Proc. Yorhsh. Geol. Soc, vol. vi., p. 234 ; also in Bep. for 1885, p. 385. tSuperficial beds. ^Warpy sand .... Warpy clay .... Peat Fine stiff clay ... - Red clay Rough gravel ... - , Warp clay .... Red sand .... Hard coarse light red sand Red marl .... Hard sand .... Red marl .... Hard sand .... Red marl .... Trias. ( Hard sand .... Red marl .... Hard coarse sandstone with some pebbles Red stone and marl mixed Red sand ..... Stiff red marl Marl and red sand .... Red sandy marl .... 2. Pemberton's Brewery. From Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, vol. vi. Sand Peat Clay Superficial j ^''^^^] Za. K,ed clay beds. Trias. Sand Hard sand Gravel Glay and cobbles Red sandstone in Rep. Brit. Assoc Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in 4 4 4 4 6 4 10 6 5 4 6 8 12 5 17 8 25 3 28 6 34 24 58 10 68 11 79 3 82 26 108 1 109 61 170 3 173 les 3 176 84 260 22 282 2 2 284 2 22 1 306 3 59 9 366 p. 233. Ft. in. Ft. in. - 4 4 2 6 22 28 7 35 5 40 6 46 10 56 9 65 10 75 125 200 72 GOOLE. 3. Well in Bennett's Town, 1876. From Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, vol. vi., p. 234. Warp, clayey towards the base Peat .... White quicksand Strong clay Gravel ... - Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 4 6 4 6 1 5 6 1 6 7 35 42 Superficial beds. Glacial Drift. 4. Queen's Dock Basin, 1898. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. Made ground - - - - 8 Light sandy clay .... 2 Warp 11 Red clay 3 Strong warp 5 Soft warp 6 Boulder clay 24 in. Ft. in. 6 8 6 10 6 6 22 25 30 36 60 5. Malt Kiln, 1898. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. in. Clay 6 Peat 10 Clay 13 Sand and gravel 10 Clay 20 Sand 10 Hard sand 9 Marl 10 Sandstone -.-..-.. 130 Water level, 6 feet from surface. Ft. in. 6 7 20 30 50 60 69 70 200 6. White House Farm, Goole Fields, 1903. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Ft. Made ground 1 Yellow sand 6 Warp 4 Superficial J Peat ...... beds. 1 Warp clay 24 Sandy warp 21 Sand and gravel .... 3 rp • ( Rock sand 12 ^^^^^' V I^ed sandstone 29 Water level, 8 feet from surface. 7. Percy Lodge, 1902. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Dr. Kaye's Report. Ft. in. Ft. in. Superficial ( Warp clay 30 30 beds. "( Running sand 10 40 m . I Rock sand 10 50 1 Sandstone 62 112 Water level, 5 feet from surface. in. Ft. in. 1 7 11 6 11 6 35 6 66 6 59 6 71 6 101 GOOLE — BARMBY ON THE MARSH. 73 8. George Street, Old Goole. From Proc. Yorksh. Oeol. Soc, vol. vi., p. 233. Thickness. Ft. in. Warp 40 Quicksand 10 Peat 10 Quicksand - - - - - - - - 7 Strong blue clay 20 Sand, bluish, then rusty, then red - - - - 30 9. Gleadow's Buildings, Old Goole. From Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, vol. vii., p. 161. Ft. in. Old well 10 Quicksand - - 11 Laminated clay - - 130 Stiff sandy warp 110 Gravel 03 Blue and red marl 9 9 Depth. Ft. m. 4 5 6 13 33 63 Ft. in. 10 21 34 45 45 3 65 Superficial beds. Trias NEWSHOLME. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 222.) Boring in 1888. Communicated by Mr. J. VilUers. Thickness. Ft. in. Soil - - .... 20 Warp clay 36 Dark sand 2 Warp clay 10 Red clay 2 Sandy warp - • - - 10 Sand and pebbles .... 80 Grey stone 37 Redstone 9 Grey stone 34 Ft. in 2 38 40 50 52 62 70 107 116 150 Superficial beds. Trias. BARMBY ON THE MARSH. (1 in. Map 87, N.E., N.S. 79 ; 6 in Map 237.) 1. Well on the Hull and Barnsley Railway. f Yellow sand I Clay Grey sandstone with water 2. Trial holes for the Hull and Barnsley Railway. No. 1. Yellow clay Peat with wood much decayed No. 2. Clay .... Peat .... Clay . - - . - Thicl Ft. mess, in. Depth. Ft. in 16 15 77 92 4 ilwa,^ 96 Ft. in. Ft. in. 2 2 11 13 2 2 8 10 u BARMBY ON THE MARSH — HOWDEN. 3. Boring for the Hull and Barnsley Railway. From Rev. E. M. Cole's notes on the Geology of the Hull, Barnsley, and West Riding Junction Railway and Dock, 8vo, Hull, 1886, p. 17. Superficial beds. Trias. Yellow clay Blue clay Peat with tree trunks Clay and peat Loamy sand - - - - - Clean sand . - . . . Very hard brown clay Stiff brown clay (from beneath this water rose to from 6 feet of surface) Red sand Bluish red marl .... Dirty white sand .... Marl and sand mixed Very coarse red grit .... Clean red sand - - - - Red marl White sand Thickness. Ft. in. 7 8 9 12 10 17 G 6 6 5 9 Depth. Ft. in. 7 15 24 26 28 30 42 52 69 70 6 71 6 75 77 84 89 89 9 ASSSLBY. Superficial beds. Trias. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 237.) Howden Waterworks, 1886-7. Communicated by Mr. J. VilHers Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Loamy sand - - 6 6 Warp clay (46 feet in another account) 40 46 Red marl . 12 58 Variegated sand . 10 68 Pan sand - - 26 94 Variegated sandstone - 40 134 Red marl . 2 136 Red sandstone - - 58 194 Red sandstone (with occasional marl strips) . 60 244 HOWDEN. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 237.) Brickyard. Communicated to Mr. A. G. Cameron. Ft. Soil 1 Strong clay 7 YeUow sand - - - -- - - • 1 Silty warp 1 Stronger clay with selenite 14 Thickness. Depth. m. Ft. in 6 1 6 6 9 2 10 2 6 11 8 25 8 EASTRINGTON — STADDLETHORPE. YS EASTRINGTON. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 223.) 1. Well at the Black Swan. Communicated to Mr. A. G. Cameron. Thickness I't. in. Clay 60 Gravel with water — * 2. Brick and Tile Yard. Ft. in. Blue clay 4 Sand - - - . 7 Black clay - 9 Silty clay (laminated clay with partings of dry sand) 40 or Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 4 4 7 13 7 more — Gravel Marl STADDLETHORPE. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 238.) 1. Borehole at the Railway Station. Communicated to Mr. A. G. Cameron. Thickness. Ft. in. - 60 140 2. Brickyard. Sand Yellow clay Strong clay with race White clay Black clay Thin sand White clay 31ack clay Superficial beds. Keuper Marl. 3. Brickyard at Thimble Hall. 4. Borehole at Bellasize Grange. From ProG. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, vol. vii. Soil Sandy warp Laminated clay with sand on one side Clay with warp sand - - . . Blue clay ------ Grey sand Red marl ---... Blue clay ------ Flint or stone - - - . . Sand and soft warp with water - Red marl with gypsum - Dark clay, very tough Red marl with white matter - Bluish stone - - - . . Red marl - Grey sharp sand - . - . Red bind, very tough Blue bind - Red marl with gyps'im - Ft. 3 1 2 6 40 Ft. 1 4 30 in. 6 in. 6 6 p. 161. Ft 1 1 5 11 12 6 10 6 6 3 4 9 12 4 Depth. Ft. in 60 200 Ft. in. 3 4 6 6 6 12 6 52 6 Ft. in. 1 6 6 36 Ft. 1 2 7 K> 8 50 59 71 75 79 80 85 87 92 94 102 30 30 6 40 6 47 76 WALLiNG i*EN — BROOMFLEEt. WALLING FEN. , (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 80 ; 6 in. Map 224.) 1. Brickyard at River Bridge, Market Weigh ton Canal. From ProG. Yorhsh. Oeol. Soc, vol. vi., p. 238. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Warp 10 10 Peat - 06 10 Sand 80 96 Grey laminated clay 15 24 6 2. Well at New Village. Communicated by Mr. Clarke. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil 16 16 Blue clay ' 40 56 White clay -, 40 96 Black clay 30 39 6 Trial holes for the railway are given by Rev. E. M. Cole. The Geology of the Hull and Barnsley Railway, p. 19. BROOMFLEET. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 80 ; 6 in. Map 238a.) 1. Railway Cottages, Broomfleet Carrs. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 3 3 20 23 Clay Peat with decayed reeds The water is bad. 2. Brick and tile yard, Broomfleet Landilig. Ft. in. Ft. in. Sandy soil 20 20 Laminated clay 15 17 Strong clay — — 3. Boring, 1897. Communicated by Dr. J. Mitchell Wilson. Ft. in. Ft. in. Warp 45 45 c, fl . 1 iPeat 9 54 SuperficiaU^^^^^j ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^- Clay 66 126 i Gravel 10 127 Trias. Variegated marls - - - - 103 230 An analysis of the water obtained from the lower gravel is given on p. 142. SAND HALL — BEEPNESS, 77 Superficial beds. Trias. SANB HALL. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 238.) Well and boring made in 1888, Communicated by Mr. W. Whitaker. Soil - Yellow sandy warp Green warp - Fine sand Dark sandy warp - Fine dark sand Blue and red marl Pan sand Red sandstone Red marl Red sandstone Red marl Red sandstone ickr less. Depth. Ft. m. Ft. in. 4 4 8 12 9 21 5 26 9 35 23 58 77 135 3 138 8 146 1 6 147 6 9 6 157 2 159 44 203 SALTMARSHE. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 238.) Well and boring, 1834. From Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1875, p. 127. Superficial /Earth [probably warp]- beds. Trias. \ Quicksand Red marl with white and blue plaster Blue marl Red marl ..... Soft red sandstone - - - hick ness Depth. Ft. m. Ft. in. 36 36 18 54 126 180 33 213 42 255 60 315 EEEDNESS. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 79 ; 6 in. Map 238.) Boring for Coal, 1835. A slightly different account is given by Dr. H. F. Parsons, Proc. Oe.ol. Soc, vol. vi., p. 231 ; also in Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1875, p. 128, p. 383. Thickness. Ft. Yorksh, and 1885, Superficial beds. Dark soil Yellow sandy warp Dark blue warp - - - - Fine blue warp .... Blue sandy warp - . . - Light grey sand, with water - Black moor earth with rotten wood Strong blue clay - - - - Grey sand, with water - - - Black gravel and quicksand, very sharp Red sand - - . . . Grey sand and gravel - Red sand Gravel and sharp sand ... 1 3 4 6 6 9 11 3 10 1 5 3 3 m. 6 3 6 9 3 9 3 5 4 4 4 Depth. Ft. in. 1 4 9 15 21 30 42 45 46 56 3 57 8 63 66 4 69 8 78 REEDNESS. Trias. 'Red marl with grey specks - Red sandstone with alabaster and some thin hard lists .... Strong blue stone with thin white beds- Dark red bind with white beds of ala- baster Strong blue stone .... Red bind with thin beds of blue stone - Blue stone ...... Red bind with thin white beds and hard lists of blue stone .... Blue bind Red bind with thin hard lists of blue stone and thin beds of alabaster - Red stone ------ Red bind with hard lists of stone and white alabaster .... Blue stone Red bind with thin beds of alabaster - Blue bind ------ Red bind with thin beds of alabaster - Blue stone and white parting Red stone and blue lists in it Red bind with thin beds of alabaster - Red stone -.---- Blue stone Red bind with hard lists of stone and white partings - - - - Red stone with thin white partings Blue stone thin beds and blue bind partings - . . - - Blue bind with thin beds of blue stone - Red bind with thin beds of alabaster - Blue bind with soft beds of alabaster - Dark soft red bind . - . . Blue stone Red sandstone, soft at top and gets harder lower down- Red bind Red sandstone . - . . Red bind with lists of blue stone Red sandstone - - . . Red bind with bright shining specks - Dark red bind - . - - - Red sandstone .... Dark red bind Red sandstone .... Red bind Red stone Red bind - - - Red stone Soft red bind Red sandstone . . . - Dark red bind Red sandstone - . . . Dark red bind Red sandstone . . . - Light red sandstone Red sandstone , , , , Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 3 2 72 10 8 1 80 11 9 2 90 1 18 3 108 4 1 8 110 10 3 120 3 4 10 125 1 8 6 133 7 2 135 7 7 7 143 2 8 8 151 10 16 10 168 8 4 4 173 17 11 190 11 1 9 192 8 6 8 199 4 2 199 6 19 8 219 2 22 6 241 8 5 6 247 2 4 251 2 6 6 257 8 5 6 263 2 6 6 269 8 16 6 286 2 11 297 2 8 3 305 5 32 5 337 10 4 341 10 169 6 511 4 2 513 4 16 6 520 10 3 6 533 4 233 6 766 10 3 2 770 2 10 772 10 11 6 784 4 1 785 4 19 6 804 10 2 3 807 1 74 3 881 4 1 882 4 24 6 906 10 3 10 910 8 20 2 930 10 1 931 10 24 955 10 1 3 957 1 38 3 995 4 3 998 4 30 8 1,029 MALTON, 79 No. III. The Jurassic and Cretaceous Hclls, MALTON. (1 in. Map 96, S.E., N.S. 53 ; 6 in. Map 124.) 1. Boring at Old Malton, 350 yards north of Westgate. Communicated by Mr. Henry Hurtley. (Particulars generally taken at intervals of 5 feet.) Ft. in. c. n • 1 (Sand ...... 50 Superficial L^^y 4 ^^^^' I Gravel - 8 At 17 to 55 feet, hard dry clay with white specks to 150 feet. At 60 feet, a stone, supposed Septaria, about 12 inches thick. The hole full of water to within 2 or 3 feet of surface. At 65 to 145 feet. Hard dry clay with white specks. At 150 to 170 feet. Clay changes to pure black and plastic, and becomes gradually softer. Tool almost sank with its own weight. At 175 feet. Clay hardens ; some Pyrites ; water comes to the surface. At 180 feet. Clay, as before. ' At 185 feet. Clay, as before. At 190 feet. Clay, softer, and mixed with grey colour of the Oolite. At 195 feet. Clay softer, and mixed with grey colour of the Oolite. At 200 feet. Clay, black. At 205 feet. Clay, black. At 210 feet. Clay, soft and moist. At 215 feet. Cls^y, dry and white specks again. At 220 feet. Clay, dry and white specks again. At 225 feet or rather above. Hard strata requiring drill, say, about 12 inches, and the clay very soft under it, but again becomes very dry and friable. At 232 feet. A small strata of red sandy matter, a few inches. At 245 feet. Clay plastic. • At 250 feet. Clay, no white specks. At 260 feet. Stone, hard to drill, about 12 to 18 inches. At 265 to 330 feet. Clay, as above. (At 300 feet, or rather above, 2 or 3 inches of hard bed.) At 335 feet. Hard clay, with white specks and some pimples of spar. At 340 feet. Hard clay, with white specks and some pimples of spar. At 345 feet. Hard clay, jetty ; at 348 a hard band, which required the drill ; only 3 or 4 inches thick. At 353 feet. Clay, hard, with large white patches size of a pigeon's egg, and like salt, but tasteless. Clay easier to work. At 367 feet. Hard strata ; had to use drill. Say about 8 inches thick. At 370 to 400 feet. Clay, hard, black and dry ; very hard to work. At 405 feet. Clay, hard and black. Jetty as before. At 410 feet. Hard strata, about 8 inches. Had to use drill. At 415 to 425 feet. Hard clay, with white flakes. At 430 feet. Hard and black, with white specks, and part very white, almost pure lime. Jetty looking. At 436 feet. Black with white streaks. At 447 feet. Black, and no white in it. A small pebble. 80 MALTON' — WESTOW. At 453 feet. Came at a hard stone which they were more than two weekg in going through ; only 4 or 6 inches thick. The portion brought up showed clear spar and pyrites. At 468 feet. Another hard stone similar to the last. The rods too weak and the boring abandoned. 2. Boring in Westgate. Alternations of sand, clay and gravel 26 feet, resting on Oolite. NORTON. (I in. Map 96, S.E., N.S. 53 ; 6 in. Map 124.) Boring at Oanal House. Communicated by Mr. W. Kirby. Superficial ^Soil and sand beds. /Soft clay Kimeridge \Hard black clay with boulders [Septaria] Clay. j 12 inches to 18 inches thick - No water obtained. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in 40 40 60 100 260 360 KIRKHAM. (1 in. Map 93, N.E., N.S. 63 ; 6 in. Map 141.) Shaft sunk for ironstone. Surface clay and decom- j ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ posed limestone Millepore Bed Estuarine Beds, 15 ft. in. Estuarine Beds 86 ft. in The Dogger - - Oolitic limestone - Grey shale Hydraulic limestone ("Dark shale jSand - ] Blue shale loiay - Ironstone Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 6 6 3 9 15 24 4 28 18 46 27 73 23 96 18 114 12 126 WESTOW. (1 in. Map 93, N.E., N.S. 63 ; 6 in. Map 142.) Mr. Dresser's Well. Thickness. Ft. in. Soil and sand 4 Soft clay - - - - 7 Rock 3 Hard clay 10 9 Rock 2 Hard black sand 10 Rock 2 Hard white sand 16 Rock 16 Hard black sand 15 Rock 2 Depth. Ft. m. 4 11 14 24 9 26 9 36 9 38 9 40 3 41 9 66 9 58 9 Depth. Ft. m. 11 17 28 38 42 60 WESTOW — BUTTERWICK. 81 2. Edelthorpe. Thickness. Ft. in. Sand 11 Hard black clay -- 60 Hard light-coloured clay - 11 Hard white sand 10 Hard clay - 4 Shale 18 STAXTON. (1 in. Map 95, S. W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 109.) Well sunk in 1905. Communicated by Dr. J. Mitchell Wilson. Ft. in. Chalk - - 24 HELPERTHORPE. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 126.) Well opposite the Public House. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Old well - — 80 Chalk - - - - ■ 12 92 Blue flint- ........ 50 97 Blue clay - - 6 97 6 Chalk 20 117 6 Flint - - - - - ■ - - - - 4 121 6 Blue clay 10 122 6 Chalk 9 131 6 Plenty of Water obtained at the bottom, a little also beneath the two bands of clay. WEAVERTHORPE. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 126.) Well opposite the Post Office. Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Old well _ 81 Chalk - 20 101 Blue clay 6 101 6 Plenty of water obtained. BUTTERWICK. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 126.) Communicated by Mr. T. Owston. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Chalk . - 94 94 Flint 6 100 Clay 6 100 6 Chalk 17 117 6 Clay 2 119 6 Water obtained from beneath the two bands of clay, which rose 3 feet and 5 feet respectively above the surface. 8707. F 82 LANGTOFT — RUDSTONE LANGTOFT. Well about 126 feet deep. SLEDMERE. (1 in. Map 94, N.W., N.S. 64 ; 6 in. Map 143.V Waterworks well, 400 feet above O.D. Communicated by Mr. F. G. Fairbank. Total depth, 182 feet. ' Water level, 180 feet below surface. COWLAM. (1 m. Map 94,N.W., N.S. 64; 6 in. Map 144.) ; Well SOO feet deep. Communicated by Kev. E. M. Cole. Water runs in at 75 feet [? yards] from the surface. WETWANG. (1 in. Map 94 N.W., N.S. 64 ; 6 in. Map 160. Well at the Railway Station. This and the two following communicated by E ev. E. M. Cole. Total depth, 114 feet. Ran dry in 1905. THORNDALE. • Well 109 feet deep. Ran dry in 1905 FIMBER. Well 213 feet 3 inches deep, being sunk 168 feet 6 inches, and bored 44 feet 9 inches. HUGGATE. (1 in. Map 94, N.W., N.S. 64 ; 6 in. Map 160.) Well 339 feet deep to clay. -[ No Water. HUNMANBY. (1 in. Map 95, S.W., N.S. 54 ; 6 in. Map 110.) The Hall. Communicated by Mr. Stockdale. Ft. in. Clay 36 RUDSTONE. (1 in. Map 94, N.W., N.S. 64 ; 6 in. Map 146.) Boring at Thorp Hall, 1903. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil and gravel 90 90 Soft clay 8 17 Gravel 6 6 23 6 Strong clay . . . 7 30 6 White gravel 19 49 6 Chalk 30 79 6 Water level 10 feet. FLAMBOROUGH — ^BRIDLINGTON . 83 FLAMBOROUGH. (1 in. Map 95, S.E., N.S. 55 ; 6 in. Map 128.) 1. Wellsunk 12 feet, bored 118 feet, 1868. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Clay 12 Chalk with very hard beds of flint every 5 or 6 feet - 118 Water level 128 feet from surface. Depth, Ft. in. 12 130 Glacial Drift. Chalk. 2. Danes Dike. Communicated by Mr. J. V: Strong clay Running sand Blue clay Dark sand Blue clay Red clay Gravel (Rubble Chalk- \ Hard Chalk - Ihers. Ft. in. Ft. in 25 25 7 32 4 36 1 37 5 42 1 43 2 45 2 47 3. Well sunk in 1905. Communicated by Dr. J. Mitchell Wilson. Ft. Chalk rubble 18 Chalk composed of the exceedingly hard Middle Chalk with thin layers of flints 216 Ft. in. 18 234 SEWERBY. (1 in. Map 94, N.E., N.S. 65 ; 6 in. Map 146.) Boring, 1868. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Gravel 6 Boulder clay - - - 52 Chalk with thin beds of flint 102 Depth. Ft. in. 6 58 160 BRIDLINGTON. (1 in. Map 94, N.E., N.S. 65 ; 6 in. Map 146.) 1. Well at Convalescent Home, 1894. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Glacial /Boulder clay 30 Drift. I Basement clay - - - - - 15 Chalk. (Rubf Chalk - 40 \^ Chalk 20 8707. Depth Ft. in. 30 45 85 105 84 BRIDLINGTON — DRIFFIELD. 2. Well at Easton, 1^ mile W. of the town. Communicated by Dr. J. Mitchell Wilson. Thick Ft. I' Soil and gravel 4 Superfi- ] Sand containing water - - - - 6 cial beds, ] Strong blue clay 20 ( White grit and clay 10 p, ,, f Rubble Chalk 8 unaiR. -^strong Chalk ------ 36 Chalk water level 33 feet from surface. Top sand water level 7 feet from surface. ness. Depth. m. Ft. in 4 10 30 6 40 6 48 6 84 6 BURTON AGNES. (1 in. Map 94, N.W., N.S. 64 ; 6 in. Map 145.) Bore near the Fish Pond, 1905. Communicated by Dr. J. Mitchell Wilson. rSoil and grit - - - - - Glacial I Clay and stones Drift. Sand Iciay - /-White grit Chalk. ■ Rubble Chalk - - . - - ' - Strong Chalk Chalk water level, 1 foot 10 inches from surface. There are older borings at Burton Agnes which were taken to of 120 feet and 55 feet, and were without water in 1885. hicl :ness. Depth Ft. m. Ft. in 4 4 7 11 3 14 16 30 5 6 35 6 4 39 6 41 80 6 a depth NAFFERTON. (1 in. Map 94, N.W., N.S. 64 ; 6 m. Map 162.) Well at the Railway Station. m Communicated by Mr. J. VilHers. Thickness. It. in. Superfi- /Very soft warp clay 13 cial beds. \ White gravel, full of water - - - 10 nu 11 /Chalk, very rotten 25 Lhalk. jsoiid Chalk 162 Another well made by Stockdale was 54 feet to the Chalk. Depth Ft. m 13 23 48 210 Superfi- cial beds Chalk. DRIFFIELD. (1 in. Map 94, N.W., N.S. 64 ; 6 in. Map 161.) ] . Borings at the Gas Works, 1892. Communicated by Mi. J. Villi "rs. Thickness. Ft. in. No. 1. /Soil 3 I Chalk gravel 22 ' Gravelly clay 4 (Chalk grit 10 \ Chalk 31 Water level at 6 feet from surface. Depth "t. m 3 25 29 39 70 DRIFFIELD — HUTTON CRANSWICK. 85 No. 2. Near the Purifiers. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in fSoil 3 3 Superfi- ; Gravelly clay 2 5 cial beds. 1 Brown clay 3 8 ^Gravel 22 30 p, 11 /Grit and chalk 10 40 Ohalk. |(.jj^ij^ 30 70 No. 3. In Garden. Soil 30 30 Gravelly clay 40 70 Chalk and gravel - 10 17 No. 4. Yard. Soil 40 40 Chalk gravel 20 60 Strong clay - 7 13 Chalk gravel - - 2 15 2. Well sunk in 1873. 120 feet above O.D. From Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxi., p. 111. Ft. in. Ft. in. Dritt. Boulder clay 7 6 7 6 p. It /Chalk rubble 3 6 110 unaiK. ^ Hard Chalk with thin layers of fuller's earth 47 58 Waterworks well, 195 feet above O.D., 2 miles N. W. of the Railway station. Communicated by Mr. F. G. Fairbank. Depth of well 138 feet. Water level in March, 892, 116 feet below surface. SKERNE. (1 in. Map 94, N.W., N.S. 64 ; 6 in. Map 179.) Skerne Cottages, 1901. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Soil ......... 20 Gravel 10 Clay 16 Gravel 8 Clay - - 2 Chalk ...------ 57 Water level rises 1 foot above surface. Ft. in, 2 12 28 36 38 95 HUTTON CRANSWICK. (1 in. Map 94, N.W., N.S. 64 ; 6 in. Map 179.) Boring at Rotsea, 1896. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thict Ft. Soil 8 Sand 8 Boulder clay 14 Gravel 12 [Measures not g?venl 48 Chalk . . ^ - - - • • * — ness. Depth. m. Ft. in. 8 6 16 6 30 6 42 6 6 91 se GlVENDALE — LECONJ'lELt). GIVENDALE. (1 in. Map 93, N.E., N.S. 63 ; 6 in. Map 176.) 1. Pocklington Waterworks, Little Givendale, 1901. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. No. 1. Thickness. Ft. in. Soil - - 6 Chalk grit 2 Yellow clay 4 6 White clay 3 6 Loamy sand 16 Bind 4 6 Shale 6 Bind — Water level 11 feet 6 inches from surface. No. 2. Chalk 22 7 Clay 3 4 Peat or black soil -- 68 Strong shaly clay [Lower Lias] - . - . 75 Water level 28 feet from surface. Depth. Ft. m. 6 2 6 7 10 6 12 16 6 17 22 7 25 11 32 7 40 aOODMANHAM. (1 in. Map 94, S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 in. Map 194.) Boring at Mr. Stephenson's, 1869. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Ohalk 60 Olay [Lower Lias] - - - - - . . 50 Very little water. Depth. Ft. in. 60 66 LECONFIELD. (1 in. Map 94, S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 in. Map 195.) 1. Boring at Mr. Dicken's in 1893. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Gla^^ial/J^^J^l^y 12 Drift, ^and 3 [Gravel 20 Chalk. {«"^,t'" C''^"^ 10 lOhalk 25 2. Arram Grange, 1898. Communicated by Mr. J. Vilhers. Ft. in. /Soil 10 Glacial Fin« gravel 4 Drift ( ^^^^ 7 ^"*^- Clay 20 kGravel 7 Ohalk 51 Water level, 3 feet from surface. Depth. Ft. m. 12 15 35 45 70 Ft. in. 1 5 12 32 39 90 LECONFIELD — BEVERLEY. 87 Glacial Drift. 3. Leconfield Park. Boring at Mr. Featherstone's, 1896. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. /Red clay 3 3 Blue clay 6 9 ( Very hard clay 6 15 I Softer clay --.... 10 20 ^Glay with Chalk 9 29 Rubble Chalk 9 38 MOLESCROFT. (1 in. Map 94, S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 in. Map 210.) Well at Mr. R. Hodgson's. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Red clay 5 Glacial Drift. / Dark sand 6 Strong blue clay - - - - 14 6 Chalk without flints 106 Well sunk 50 feet, bored 76 feet. Depth. Ft. in. 5 5 6 20 126 BEVERLEY. (1 in. Map 94, S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 in. Map 210.) 1. Boring at Angel Lane Brewery, 1871. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Made ground ^ . - - 5 Gravel and clay - - - - - - 25 Marl 5 Ohalk _ 2. Boring at Dr. Stephenson's, Railway Street, 1871. Ft. in. Made ground 6 Very hard clay 10 Sand and clay . - 10 Clay and chalk - - 10 Chalk — 3. Boring in Hengate, 1869. Ft. in. Sand and gravel - - 38 Chalk — 4. Boring at Mr. Musgrave's, Hengate, 1870. Ft. in. Made ground 10 Sand and gravel 10 Ohalk — 5. Boring at Mr. Ward's, New Walk, 1870. Ft. in. Boulder clay 40 Ohalk — Depth. Ft. m. 5 30 35 Ft. in. 6 16 26 36 Ft. in. 10 20 88 BEVERLEY. 6. Boring at Mr. Westerby's, West side, Lairgate, 1870. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Clay with thin layers of sand 10 10 Boulder clay 10 20 White gravel 2 22 Gritty white marl 10 32 Ohalk _ . — 7. Corporation Street, Pump near Mr. Richardson's Stoneyard. Ft. in. Gravel 30 Ghalk _ 8. Boring at Mr. Gipson's, Beckside, 1870. Ft. in, Ft. in. Made ground 4 40 Black warp - - -. 6 10 Baulder clay 14 24 White marl 10 34 Ohalk _ _ 9. Boring in Flemingate, 1869. Ft. in. Ft. in. Made ground - - 16 16 Boulder clay li 27 White grit 3 30 Ohalk _ _ 10. Boring at Mr. Hodgson's Tanery, 1869. Ft. in. Ft. in. Made ground 19 19 Boulder clay 9 28 White grit 3 31 Ohalk _ _ 11. Boring at Mr. Beaumont's, St. John Street, 1869. Ft. in. Ft. in. Made ground 12 12 Boulder clay - > 13 25 Yellow clay 30 280 White grit 3 31 Ohalk _ __ 12. Boring at Mr. Charlton's, Westwood Road, 1869. Ft. in. Boulder clay 50 Ghalk — 13. Boring at Mr. Mold Robinson's, Walkergate, 1869. Ft. in. Sand and gravel 30 Ohalk _ 14. Boring at Mr. Layburn's, East side of New Walk, 1869. Ft. in. Sand and gravel 30 Ohalk _ 15. Boring at Mr. Heward's, Market Place, 1870. Ft. in. Ft. in. Made ground 60 60 Sand and gravel 20 26 Marl - - - 4 30 Ohalk ..... ... _ _ Ft. in, 6 30 34 Ft. in. 6 30 Ft. in. 10 28 30 33 34 BEVERLEY. 6^ 16. Boring at Mr. Cusson's, Keldgate, 1870. Thickness. Ft in. Made ground .-..---- 60 Sand and gravel - - 24 Marl 4 Ghalk — 17. Boring at Mr. Richmond's, Keldgate, 1870. Ft. in. Made ground 6 Sand and gravel - - - - - - - 24 Chalk ...-..--. — 18. Boring at Mr. Whiting's, Eastgate, 1870. Ft. in. Made ground - 10 Boulder clay 18 Sand and gravel ....... 20 Fine clay 3 Gravel - 10 Yellow clay 3 37 Ohalk — • — 19. Boring at Mr. Ousson's, Bleach Yard, 1870. Ft. in. Made ground - - 3 Sandy clay - - 2 Sand and gravel ------- 25 Ghalk — 20. Boring at Mr. "Whitton's, Park Villa, 1870. Ft. in. Boulder clay 20 White gravel 5 Marl 15 Ghalk _ 21. Boring at the House of Correction, 1870. Ft. in. Glay 28 Sandy loam 12 Ohalk — 22. Boring at Mr. Stephenson's, Malt Kihi, 1870. Ft. in. Boulder clay 20 Sand and gravel ------ 11 Ghalk - - - — 23. Boring at Mr. Dalton's, Norwood, 1870. Ft. in. Boulder clay - - 20 White marl - 10 Ghalk — 24. Boring at Mr. Witty's, High Gate, 1890. West Side. Ft. in. Made ground 6 Sand and gravel 18 Gritty marl 4 Yellow clay 3 Ohalk — Ft. in. 3 5 30 Ft. in. 20 25 40 Ft. in. 28 40 Ft. in. 20 31 Ft. in. 20 30 Ft. in. 6 24 28 31 90 Beverley. 25. Bast Side. Thickness. Ft. in. Made ground 10 Boulder clay 20 Gritty marl 4 Yellow clay 3 26. Boring at Hind's Yard, Keldgate, 1890. Ft. in. Made ground 4 Rough gravel and sand 26 Yellow clay 4 Chalk — 27. Boring at Mr. Pope's, Eastgate, 1689. Ft. in. Made ground 6 Boulder clay 15 Gravel 10 Ghalk - — 28. Boring at Mr. Riby's Yard, 1869. Ft. in. Made ground - - 10 Olay 30 Sand and gravel 19 Ohalk 43 29. Boring at Mr. Cross Rill's, Lairgate, 1869. Ft. in. Soil and gravel 5 Olay - - - 3 Yellow sand 2 Olay - - - 10 White gravel 7 Yellow marl - - 3 Chalk - 45 30. Boring at the Barracks, New Walk, 1869. Ft. in. Boulder clay 20 White grit (wash from the Chalk) .... 30 Ohalk - — 31. Borings at Beverley Barracks, 1890. ISlo. 1. Ft. in. Sandy soil 4 Clay 12 6 Chalk 86 No. 2. Sandy clay 4 Olay 16 Chalk — No. 3. Sandy clay 8 Grit 22 Dep . h. Ft. in. 10 30 34 37 Ft in 4 30 34 Ft m, 6 21 31 Ft. in. 10 13 32 75 Ft. in. 5 8 10 20 27 30 75 Ft. in. 20 50 Ft. in. 4 16 6 25 4 20 8 30 BEVERLEY. &1 32. Queensgate Road. Trial Holes in 1892. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. No. 1. In Wheat Field. Thickness. Depth. Ft in. Ft in Strong clay 76 76 Grit 3 10 6 Rubble Chalk 5 15 6 No. 2. In Wheat Field. Strong clay 80 80 Loamy sand 4 12 Clay - - 2 14 Rubble chalk 3 17 No. 3. In Grass Field. Olay 21 21 Rubble chalk 2 23 Trial holes in 1902. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Depth. No. 1. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil 16 16 Clay 70 86 No. 2. Soil .- 16 16 Olay 12 13 6 No. 3. Soil 10 10 Clay 18 19 No. 4. Soil 13 13 Olay 12 9 14 Ghalk — — No. 5. Soil 13 13 Olay - - 17 6 18 9 No. 6. Soil 13 13 Olay 69 70 Sand and gravel 16 8 6 Olay 11 6 20 No. 7. Soil 13 13 Olay 19 9 21 No. 8. Soil . - - 13 13 Olay 18 9 20 Note by Mr. J. ViUiers. — The made ground in Beverley appears to consist chiefly of chalk and black mud. The chalk has been put in when the mud was in a soft state. The mud is evidently a deposit of a tidal river which has flowed to the west end of the Minster. Well at the Waterworks, about 150 feet above O.D. From Parliamentary Report, Newington Water, 1893. Well 160 feet, boring 160 feet. Total, 320 feet. Water level m 1893, 43 feet above O.D. Note by Mr. J. VilUers, per Mr. W. H. Crofts, Trans. Hull GeoL. Soc, 1898-99, Vol. v., Pt. T., p. 27- " In the bore recently made at the Beverley Waterworks, flint was reached at 176 feet from the surface. This showed the upper flintless Chalk to be upwards of 170 feet thick at this point." 9^ BEVERLEY. 33. Borings at the Asylum. Thickness. Depth. No. 1. North West. Ft. in. Ft. in. Blue clay 29 29 Red clay -- 29 56 Grit Chalk - 3 11 9 5 No. 2. South West. Red clay 40 40 Sandy clay 35 76 Grit Chalk 3 10 6 No. 3. North East. Blue clay - 29 29 Red clay 29 56 Grit Chalk - 3 6 9 No. 4. South East. Blue clay 29 29 Red clay 20 49 Grit Chalk 43 90 34. Boring at Beverley Parks, 1868. Ft. in. Ft. in. Boulder clay 15 15 White gravel 15 30 Chalk - - - 33 63 Water level 1 ft. 6 in. from surface. 35. Boring at Mr. Lambert, New Walk, 1897. Ft. in. Ft. in. Clay 90 90 Sand 20 29 White marl - - - 10 39 Chalk 41 80 36. Sewerage Works, 1888. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. Made ground ........ 3 Black peat 4 Soft soapy clay 3 Strong clay - 5 Sandy clay 2 White grit g Yellow clay - 3 Ohalk 42 in. Ft. in. 3 7 10 16 17 25 28 70 37. South Bullock Pumping Station on the River Hull, 3 miles from Beverley. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil and clay - . - 6 6 Very soft black warp 28 34 Thin bed of flinty gravel 6 34 6 Very soft Chalk 41 75 6 COTTINGHAM. 93 COTTINGHAM. (1 in. Map 94, S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 in. Maps 225, 226.) 1. Mr. Witty' s Land. Communicated by Mr. S. V. Wood, Jun. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil 20 20 Sand and gravel 16 18 Marl or red clay - 8 26 Quicksand 15 41 Yellow clay - - 2 43 Chalk _ _ 2. Thwaite Street. Ft. in. Sand and gravel - - 40 Chalk — 3. De-la-pole Grange. Ft. in. Red clay 50 4. Brickyard on Hull Road, a mile east of the town. Communicated by Mr. Brumby. Thickness. Ft. in. Alluvium 40 Peat 10 Gravel 8 Soft clay and chalk [Boulder clay] .... 50 [Measures not described] 38 Chalk 14 70 5. Cottingham Church. Communicated to Mr. J. R. Dakjnis. Ft. in. [Measures not described] 30 Chalk — 6. Mill Dam. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. No. 1. FL in. Soil 2 9 Gravel i 6 Clay 6 9 Clay and gravel ------- 25 Gravel and chalk - - - - - - - 9 Chalk 15 Lowest water level, 12 feet. No. 2 Hole, near the railway. Ft. in. Soil - - 10 Clay 5 6 Sand 2 Grit and clay ----.--. 20 Clay 5 6 Flinty gravel -.-.---. 40 Clay 2 6 Clay and gravel 5 Gravel and chalk ....... 96 Chalk -...,.... 23 60 Depth. Ft. m. 4 5 13 18 56 Ft. in. 2 9 4 3 11 36 45 60 Ft. in. 1 6 6 S 6 10 6 16 20 22 6 27 6 37 94 COTTINGHAM, less. Depth. m. Ft. in. 1 3 13 6 18 6 25 6 30 6 6 63 6 63 6 6 70 7. Boring at Pillwood Farm, Gottingham Road [Creyke Beck Lane], 1893. Oommunicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thick] Ft. Soil 1 ['Marl and sand 2 Superfi- Joiay 10 cial beds, "l Gravel with flints - - - - - 5 I Yellow clay 7 fRubble Chalk 5 Chalk. ;Hard Chalk 32 Flint -Chalk 6 [Minimum water level 13 feet from surface.] 8. Shafts made in 1897. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Shaft A. Ft. in. Ft. in Soil 16 Gravel ' - - 10 Clay 8 White gravel 9 6 Clay with chalk and flints 16 Rubble Chalk- - - - - - - - 17 Shaft B. Made ground 3 6 Dark peaty soil ....... 49 Gravel 3 3 Clay 2 6 Marl and gravel ....... 30 Clay with flints and chalk - - - - - - 24 Rubble Chalk and flints 13 Stronger Chalk, still very loose and open ... 76 Chalk rubble 10 6 Chalk, stronger 3 Shaft C. Soil 16 Clay 6 Gravel and clay ...--.- 36 Sand 3 Clay 2 White gravel ..------ 60 Clay 2 6 Clay with chalk and flints 17 6 Rubble Chalk 13 6 Strong Chalk 16 6 Chalk with bands and nodules of flint ... 30 Shaft D. Soil 16 Clay 3 6 Sand 12 Clay 2 White gravel 2 6 Clay with chalk and flints .. - - - - 21 Rubble Chalk with flint nodule ... - 12 6 Stronger Chalk, loose and open 8 Stronger Chalk 9 72 1 6 2 6 10 6 20 36 53 3 6 8 3 11 6 14 17 41 54 61 6 72 75 1 6 7 6 11 14 16 (, 22 24 6 42 55 6 72 75 1 6 5 17 19 21 6 42 6 55 63 COTTINGHAM — LITTLE WEIGHTON. 95 Shaft E. Superficial beds. Chalk Superficial beds. Chalk. t>oii Clay .... Strong blue clay Clay and grit - White gravel - Clay .... Clay with chalk and flints - Rubble Chalk with flints - Stronger Chalk very loose - Extra Shaft. Soil Gravel, sand and clay, uneven Strong clay White gravel - Clay and gravel Gravel with chalk flints - Rubble Chalk - Strong Chalk - Thi( jkness . Depth Ft. m. Ft. in 1 6 1 6 10 11 6 14 25 6 1 6 27 1 28 1 6 29 6 15 44 6 22 66 6 11 77 6 3 3 4 7 4 11 9 20 4 24 11 35 20 55 9. Well at Mr. Walkinson's, West Green, 1899. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. in. Superficial f Rough gravel 40 beds. 1 Grit and clay - . - . Chalk Water level, 16 feet from surface. 30 10. Well at Mr. Richardson's, Castle Road, 1902. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. in. o c -oi r Well in clay 30 Superficial I ^^^^^^ / ^^ ^• beds. 1^ Yellow clay 11 Chalk 19 Well sunk 51 feet, bored 49 feet. 11. Well at Harland Rise. From Parliamentary Report, Newington Water, 1893. Well 60 feet and boring and a bore 40 feet. There were 9 feet of water in the well in 1896. Ft. in. 40 70 Ft. in 30 70 81 100 LITTLE WEIGHTON. (1 in. Map 94, S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 in. Map 225.) Borings in 1884. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. No. I on the Hull Road. Thickness. Ft. in. Mixture of sandy clay 7 Strong clay 7 No. 2 on the Hull Road. Sandy clay 5 Sand, with a little water - . - ... . 30 Strong clay — Depth. Ft. in. 7 14 5 8 96 DREWTON — ELLERKER. DREWTON. (1 in. Map 94, S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 in. Map 224.) Well at Drewton Stray Gottage. Communicated by Mr. J. "Wilson. Thickness. Ft. in. Kellawavs ( ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^ P , Hard red and white sand with large ^''''^- i boulders 25 [ Blue shaly clay, in which water Great Oolite ? ^ lodges 3 ( Sand 16 Cave Oolite. Rock 20 Lower f Very hard blue clay - - - - 2 Estuarine < Blue shaly clay .... 30 Series. I Blue shaly clay (bored) - - - 12 Depth. Ft. in. 5 30 33 44 64 66 69 81 Sand Rock SOUTH CAVE. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 80; 6 in. Map 224.) Well at Mr. Toft's House. Ft. in. 40 BRANTINGHAM. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 80 ; 6 in. Map 224.) Shaft in Wold Dale. Communicated by Mr. R. C. Kingston. Thickness. Ft. in. Superficial ( Soil 10 beds. I Gravel 4 Oxford clay. Clay or shale 23 {Pjn-ites 10 Gravel with fossils . - - - 9 Limestone . . . . . 4 Sand with fossils .... 40 Great Oolite? Black shale 25 Ft. in. 1 5 28 29 29 9 33 9 37 9 62 9 Cave Oolite. Lower Estuarine Series. Upper Lias ELLERKER. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 80 ; 6 in. Map 238a.) 1. Trial shaft for ironstone. Thickness. Ft. in. Limestone 14 Hard stone 2 Clay 4 Stone 3 Clay 6 Hard stone 10 Black shale 6 Depth. Ft. m. 14 16 20 23 29 30 36 ELLERKER — ELLOUGHTON. 97 2. Boring in 1893. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Gravel Greys tone Glay Slate stone Olay Spar Clay Slate stone Clay " Lias " - Glay "Lias" - ELLOUGHTON. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 80 ; 6 in. Map 238a.) 1. Borings in 1890. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. No. 1. Ft. in. Ft. in. 12 12 2 14 35 49 1 50 10 60 1 61 9 70 6 70 6 52 122 6 10 132 6 1 133 6 12 145 6 Soil - Ghalk gravel - Clay " Lias " stone - Blue clay - White sandstone Dark oolite No. 2. Olay Sand Sandstone Dark sandstone Lias No. 3. and fossils Glay with beds of Hard " Lias " - Fossil stone White sand Glay 2. Diamond drill boring near Mill Hill between EUoughton Brantingham Grange. Communicated by Mr. T. Alhson. Z' Soil and yellow sand - Yellow clay Calcareous sandstone Blue Cave limestone - - - - Dark shale with calcareous bands - Grey clay or shale ... - Brown siliceous stone Brown ferruginous stone - Blue ferruginous stone Blue shale / Calcareous ferruginous band Shale w'ith broken shells - Calcareous ferruginous band - { Dark clay or shale - . - - D'lrk clay or shale with calcareous \ ferruginous bands Lower Lias.? Dark clay or shale .... Lower OoUte. ( Upper Lias. Middle Liaa. Ft. in. Ft. in. 4 6 4 6 10 14 6 16 6 31 29 60 30 90 7 97 17 114 80 80 4 84 5 89 20 109 36 35 4 39 7 46 10 56 22 78 Houghton and Ft. in. Ft. in. 7 6 7 6 13 20 6 2 22 6 27 49 6 38 87 6 14 101 6 1 8 103 2 5 4 108 6 2 8 111 2 35 10 147 7 147 7 2 6 150 1 5 150 6 7 157 6 6 163 6 28 191 6 a 98 ELLOUGHTON — BROUGH. 3, Well a quarter of a mile south of the village. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Sand 26 26 Olay 14 40 Stone 6 46 Olay 4 60 BROUGH. (I in. Map 86, N.S. 80 ; 6 in. Map 238a.) 1. Boring at Mr. Wiley's, 1895. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thict Ft. Soil [Made ground] 7 Sand 9 Gravel 6 Yellow clay 2 Yellow sand 3 Yellow clay 1 Bind 4 Rock 2 Yellow clay 1 Rock 3 Bands of rock and clay 22 2. Boring at Mr. Wiley's, 1895. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. Black bog ........ 24 Grey stone 2 Lias clay with bands of stone 18 Stone Lias clay with bands of stone every 3 feet 6 inches - 11 3. Boring in 1890. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. in. Soil - - 5 6 Peat - 2 Sand - 10 Gravel - 3 Clay 8 6 Gravel 9 Clay 3 Bind - 30 Greystone * ■■ - 6 Bind 7 6 4, Boring at Mr. Bainton's, 1891. Communicated by Mr. J. Vilhers. less. Depth. m. Ft. in. 7 16 22 24 27 28 32 34 35 38 60 in. Ft. in. 24 6 26 6 6 45 6 45 6 56 6 Ft. in. 5 6 7 6 8 6 11 6 20 29 32 62 62 6 70 Olay Whit<\ gravel White grit Ft. in. Ft. in, 6 6 20 26 6 32 BROUGH — NORTH FERRIBY. 99 5. Boring at Mr. Shackles, 1903. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Made ground 7 Strong cement rock 19 Shale 5 3 Rock with shells 6 Shale 2 Hard blue rock - 10 Depth. Ft. m 7 8 9 14 20 22 23 WELTON. (I in. Map 86, N.S. 80 ; 6 in. Map 239.) 1. Boring at the Vicarage, 1893. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. _-.. ., fRedclay 20 Xf^'J" Lias ''clay 125 ^^^^V^^f^^^ Oolite bed 16 ^^^y- ["Lias "clay 33 6 Kellaways\c, j x ,, ^ Rock? y Sandstone 11 2. The Cemetery. Ft. in. Soil and sand with a few flints 4 Gravel, mostly chalk, some large flints ... 20 Very fine gravel with pebbles 2 Coarser gravel -..-... 20 Strong red clay — Depth. Ft. in. 20 145 146 6 180 191 Ft. in. 4 6 8 10 MELTON. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 80 ; 6 in. Map 239.) Brickyard at Melton Creek. Thickness. Ft. in. Laminated clay 8 Peaty clay 10 Gravel - - - 10 Depth. Ft. in. 8 9 10 NORTH FERRIBY. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 80 ; 6 in. Map 239.) 1. Well at the Village. Blue stony clay, no particulars < -r« , Measures, no particulars - Chalk with water . . . . , Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 15 15 155 170 30 200 8707. g2 100 NORTH FERRIBY — SWANLAND. 2. Well at the New House, Ferriby Landing. Thickness. Ft. in. Siltyclay 24 Strong clay 10 Total clay said to be 70 feet. 3. Trial borings, Ferriby Sluice, 1898. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. No. 1. Ft. in. Clay 12 Black warp 6 No. 2. Clay 10 Black warp 6 No 3 and No. 4 the same. Depth. Ft. in. 24 34 Ft. in. 12 18 10 16 Clay Chalk HESSLE. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 80 ; 6 in. Map 239.) 1. Well at the Village. Thickness. Ft. in. 18 2. Borings for the North Eastern Railway, 1889. Communicated by Mr. W. Cudworth per Prof . Kendall. No. 1. Ft Chalk 41 Flint 10 Chalk 63 Flint 18 Chalk (not through) - - - - - - 53 No. 2. Cottages near the Chalk Pit, 1886. Gravel 6 Chalk (not through) 24 No. 3. Field east of the Station, 1886. Clay 12 Sand 6 Gravel 7 Chalk (not through) 15 Depth. Ft. in. 18 in. Ft. in, 41 51 104 122 175 6 30 12 18 25 40 SWANLAND. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 80 ; 6 in. Map 239.) Well at the Manor House, 260 feet above O.D. Communicated by Sir James Reckitt per Mr. W. Whitaker. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Clay [Boulder clay] 6 6 Chalk 262 268 Dark clay 2 270 Well 6 feet diameter to 240 feet, then bored. Water level varies from 230 feet to 240 feet. Good supply. Well south of the Fleece Inn, 250 feet above O.D. (for village supply), sunk to 229 feet, bored to soft material 25 feet, bore plugged. WILLERBY — RIVER HUMBEI 101 WILLERBY. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 80 ; 6 in. Map 225.) Town Pump. Communicated by Mr. G. Smalley per Mr. S. V. Wood. Thickness. Ft. in. Clay 15 Clay and chalk debris 10 Chalk 65 Depth. Ft. in. 15 25 90 KIRK ELLA. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 80; 6 in. Map 239.) Borings in 1903. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. No. 1. Thickness. Ft. in. Soil 10 Clay 10 6 Chalk with flints 3 6 No. 2. Soil 10 Clay - 10 Chalk with flints ■ - 4 No. 3. Soil 10 Clay 9 4 No. 4. Soil 10 Clay 9 6 Chalk with flints 4 6 Depth Ft. m 1 11 6 15 1 11 15 1 10 4 1 10 6 15 RIVER HUMBER. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 80 ; 6 in. Map 239.) Borings made for the North-Eastern Railway between Hessle and Barton. Communicated by Mr. Kelsey. No. 2. Three hundred yards east of Hessle Ferry. Superfi- cial beds. Chalk. Commences at level of high water. Thickness. Depth. ^Yellow clay - - - - Light- coloured warp clay - Soft dark warp clay - . - Stronger dark warp clay - Dark peat .... Clay and gravel Flinty gravel with pebbles Light- coloured warp Fine sand with chalk rubble - Red- coloured rubbly Chalk - White Chalk with flints - n. in. Ft. in. 6 6 7 13 7 20 li 5 25 7 32 6 2 6 35 3 6 38 6 2 40 6 2 42 6 7 6 50 16 66 ,102 RIVER HUMBER. No. 3. Seven chains south of No. 2, and immediately within the Humber bank. Commences at level of high water. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. "iellow warp clay 7 7 Black silty warp 16 23 Blue warp and turf 11 34 Yellow warp 4 38 Warped chalk, gravel and flint 6 44 Red-coloured Chalk 10 54 White Chalk 14 68 No. 4. Ten chains south of No. 3, in 20 feet of water. Peat 16 16 Blue warp and peat ------- 30 46 Yellow clay 10 6 15 Fine gritty chalk and sand 6 15 6 Yellow warp 2 17 6 Yellow sandy warp 4 21 6 Sand with pebbles and chalk rubble - - - - 3 24 6 White Chalk with flints, full of water- ... 30 54 6 No. 8. Ten chains south of No. 4, in 33 feet 6 inches of water. Black warped sand ------- 19 19 Warped sand and gravel 3 22 Loose yellow Chalk with flints 8 30 White Chalk with flints 9 39 Very soft Chalk ,60 45 White Chalk 6 51 No. 7; Eight chains south of No. 8, in 33 feet of water. Fine sand -------- 23 23 Loose yellow Chalk 9 32 White Chalk with flints, full of water- - - - 16 48 No. 11. Twelve chains south of No. 7, in 36 feet 6 inches of water. Fine quick boiling sand - - - - - - 180 180 Dark loamy sand 9 27 White Chalk, full of water 4 31 No. 9. Twelve chains south of No. 11, in 39 feet of water. Quick boiling sand 25 25 Dark loamy sand 10 35 Chalk, full of water 4 39 No. 10. Seventeen chains south of No. 9, in 27 feet 6 inches of water. Fine light sand- - - 25 6 25 6 Coarse dark sand 22 6 48 White Chalk 3 61 No. 12. Twenty-six chains south of No. 10, in 24 feet of water. Loamy sand -------- 25 25 Coarse sand and gravel - - - - - - 110 36 Sand and coarse gravel with chalk pebbles - - - 5 41 White Chalk 6 46 reed's island — GEMBLING. 103 REED'S ISLAND. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 80 ; 6 in. Map 254a.) Boring in 1888. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Warp Dark sand Superfi- / Sand and gravel cialbeds. Sand [ Sand and gravel /Soft blue marl - Blue marl with bands Fossil stone Middle | Sandy marl and j Dark marl Green marl Dark clay Light sandy clay - OoKte - Clay "^Oolite - Lower Oolite. Thickness. Ft. 22 34 15 8 16 22 23 3 4 9 16 23 12 40 3 m. Depth. Ft. in 22 56 71 79 95 117 140 143 147 156 172 195 207 247 250 No. -IV. The Holderness Plain KELK. (1 in. Map 94 N.W., N.S. 64 ; 6 in. Map 162.) Boring in 1868. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Boulder clay Chalk - Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 60 60 46 106 GEMBLING. (1 in. Map 94, N.W., N.S. 64 ; 6 in. Map 162.) Boring in 1868. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Clay 10 Sand and gravel 6 Boulder clay 56 Chalk, very soft - 30 Water level 2 feet from surface. Depth Ft. m 10 16 72 102 104 BEEFORD — ULROME. BEEFORD. (lin.Map94,N.W.,N.S.64; 6m. Map 179.) Boring near Moor Grange. Communicated by Mr. Watson. Ft. in. Blue clay with whitish clay [Chalky Boulder Clay] - - 120 BARMSTON. Superfi- cial beds. Chalk (1 in. Map 94, N.E., N.S. 65 ; 6 in. Map 163.] 1. Well at Cliff Farm, May, 1897. Communicated by Mr. R. Abbott. ' Light sandy clay - Dark loamy clay - Small gravel - Very hard stony clay Sandy clay« Hard clay Dark sharp sand ^Clay - - - Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 10 10 16 26 5 31 10 41 10 51 6 57 15 72 12 84 66 150 2. Stonehills Farm, 1892. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. m. Ft. in. Sand 20 20 Superfi- ) Clay - 23 43 cial beds.^ Sand 9 52 lOlay 18 70 Chalk 42 112 ULROME. (1 in. Map 94, N.E., N.S. 65 ; 6 in. Map 163.) Well at Mr. Smith's. Oommunicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Old well - Olay Superfi- J Sand - - - cialbeds.^i Olay Sand . . - .Olay Chalk Water level 35 feet from surface. Ft. 8 2 16 11 27 67 Depth. Ft. in. 22 30 32 47 58 85 152 SKIPSEA — CATFOSS. 105 SKIPSEA. (1 in. Map 94 N.E., N.S. 66 ; 6 in. Map 180.) Boring in 1896 ; 25 feet above O.D. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. r Boulder clay 30 Glacial Drift. ) Sand 3 \Blueclay 40 Ghalk, very soft 43 Water level, 17 feet from surface. Depth. Ft. in. 30 33 73 116 BEANDESBTJRTON. (1 in. Map 94, S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 in. Map 196.) 1. Boring in 1872. Oommunicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Boulder clay Ohalk 2. Brandesburton Lane, 1872. Boulder clay Ohalk - - Ft. in. 90 Ft. in. 83 CATFOSS. (1 in. Map 94, S.E., N.S. 73; 6 in. Map 197.) 1. Boring in 1890. Oommunicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Glay with boulders and chalk stones Sand Glay with thin beds of warpy sand - Glacial Drift. ( Glay with large boulders - Fine clay Sand ....-- I White marl Ghalk Water level, 37 feet from surface. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 28 28 3 31 10 41 46 86 20 106 2 108 12 120 49 169 2. The Grange, 1902. Gommunicated by Mr. J. ViUiers. Ft. f Strong clay and boulders - - 12 Loamy sand 6 Glacial Drift./ Strong clay and boulders - - - 56 I Grey sand 3 [ Strong clay and boulders - - 42 Ohalk 36 Water level, 50 feet from surface. in. Ft. in. 12 18 74 77 119 156 106 SIGGLESTHORNE — HORNSEA. SIGGLESTHORNE. (1 in. Map 94, S.E., N.S. 73 ; 6 in. Map 197.) Sigglesthorne Hall, 1893. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Soil and sand 12 Clay - - 35 Sand ......... 10 Glay 42 Sand 4 Depth. Ft. in. 12 47 48 90 94 HORNSEA. (1 in. Map 94, S.E., N.S. 73 ; 6 in. Map 197.) 1. Mr. Wade's Brickyard, 1864. Communicated by Mr. G. Smalley per Mr. S. V. Wood. Chalk. hicki less. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 15 15 5 20 80 100 8 108 382 490 105 595 5 q6o r Grey marl Glacial Drift. ]^«V""^ ^ Marl [ Red sand Soft Chalk Hard Chalk with a band of Fuller's earth at 550 feet- Fuller's earth .... Ohalk with occasional bands of Fuller's earth - - - - 305 905 Mr. Wade states that this boring was continued to a depth of about 970 feet without reaching the base of the Chalk. No water. The following note regarding this boring is given by Mr. W. H. Crofts*: — *' A borehole done in 1862 and 1863 at Hornsea, in a brickyard, for Mr. Wade. feet Boulder Clay, sand, and gravel Thickness of Chalk rock below 120 858 978 Below this depth was soft black warp or clay. ' 2. Mr. Wade's House, J mile north of Hornsea and 1 mile west of chft, 1860. Communicated by Mr. &. Smalley per Mr. S. V. Wood. Superficial beds. Clay Red sand Marl Grey marl Sand and gravel Red marl [Boulder Glay] Gravel and sand Conglomerate - Fine sand Chalk Ft. in. Ft. in. 10 10 4 14 26 40 4 44 29 73 29 102 8 110 2 112 3 115 66 171 G. W. Lamplugh, Notes on the White Chalk of Yorkshire, Prcc. Yorks. Oeol. Soc, vol. xiii., page 71. HORNSEA. 107 3. Mr. "Wade's new houses, 1862. Communicated by Mr. G. Smalley per Mr. S. V. Wood. rSand Grey clay ..... Superficial j Gravel 19 beds. Chalk Marl Gravel Clay ickness. Depth Ft. in. Ft. in 4 4 9 13 19 32 22 54 2 56 58 114 47 161 4. Boring at the New Inn. From Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiv., p. 182.* Gravel, with small shells in the upper 60 feet Chalk Ft. in. 161 5. Railway Station. Communicated by Mr. J. Smalley. Measures, particulars not given Chalk Ft. in. Ft. in 93 93 40 133 Glacial Drift. Soft Chalk 6. Boring in 1868. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Boulder clay Sand ) Boulder clay - - ' Sand and gravel .... Ft. in. Ft. in 40 40 10 50 50 100 32 132 30 162 Water level, 40 feet from surface. Glacial Drift. Chalk, very soft 7. Boring in 1870. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Strong clay with boulders Blue clay with boulders - Sand and gravel .... Blue clay with boulders - Sand and gravel .... Blue clay with chalk stones Sand and gravel .... Ft. in. Ft. in 48 48 20 68 8 76 14 90 4 94 6 100 25 125 17 142 8. Boreholes along the shore at Hornsea, 1888. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. No. 1. Ten feet from cliff at the first groin. Top sand Strong clay Sand Strong clay ?t. in. Ft. in 1 6 1 6 6 7 6 1 8 6 7 15 6 * Several other sections are given by Messrs. Wood and Rome in this paper. Depth. Ft. m. 5 12 13 15 4 6 8 9 13 4 12 108 HORNSEA — ROUTH. No. 2. South groin 4 feet from foot of cliff. Thickness, Ft. in. Sand 5 Strong clay 7 Sand - 10 Clay 2 No. 3. South groin 30 feet from cliff. Sand 11 11 Clay - - No. 4. Halfway between south groin and cottage. Clay 4 Sand 2 Clay 2 Sand 10 Clay 4 No. 5. South end of site 4 feet from cliff. Sand 4 Clay - 8 No. 6. At end of first groin. Rough gravel 60 60 9. Boring between Mappleton and Hornsea. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. in. r Stony blue clay - - - - 40 Superficial J Sand 10 beds. ) Clay 60 ( Sand and gravel with shells - - 32 Chalk — LEVEN. (1 in. Map 94, S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 m. Map 196.) Boring for Mr. R. G. Sanders, 1879. Communicated by Dr. J. Mitchell Wilson. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Superficial deposits 70 70 Chalk 67 137 Four-inch boring lined 10 feet into the Chalk with tinned copper pipe. ROUTH. (1 in. Map 94, S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 in. Map 211.) Boring in 1868. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thicloioss. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Superficial [ ^i^f ^^^^JP^^^^^P^ ^1*^^^*^^^^ beds ^ ^ ^^ ^ sand] 40 40 1 Strong blue clay with chalk stones - 10 50 Chalk, soft 54 104 Water level, 10 feet from surface. Ft. in. 40 50 100 132 LONG RISTON — RISE. 109 LONG RISTON. (1 in. Map 94, S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 in. Maps 196, 211.) 1. Borings in 1870. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Clay with boulders 10 Sand 10 Clay with boulders and chalk stones - - - - 70 Water level, 35 feet from surface. 2. Boring at Riston Grange near Whitecross, 1 870. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. in. 38 10 Chalk 10 n o'll D 'ft i Clay with boulders and chalk stones (Gravel and sand Depth. Ft. in. 10 20 90 Ft. in. 38 48 58 RISE. (1 in. Map 94, S.E., N.S. 73 ; 6 in. Map 212.) 1. Boring at the Hall, 1864. Communicated by Mr. G. Smalley, per Mr. S. V. Wood. Marl Grey sand Clayey sand - Clay [Boulder clay] Sand Clay - Sand, 5 inches Clay - Sand, 5 inches Cobbles - Clay, 4 feet Sand Clay, 4 feet Sand Small gravel Sand Gravel - Marl Gravel - Conglomerate - Chalk - hick ness. Depth Ft. m. Ft. in 10 10 2 12 18 30 34 64 8 72 Sandy soil Soft sandy clay Strong red clay Blue clay 30 16 2. Boring at the Hall, 1895. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. 3. Rise Grange, 1902. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Strong clay - - -. - Chalk Water level, 47 feet from surface. 102 118 4 122 4 126 2 128 254 382 Ft. in. Ffc. in 3 3 2 6 5 6 6 6 12 14 26 Ft. in. Ft. in. 112 112 15 127 110 WITHERNWICK — SWINE. WITHERNWICK. (1 in. Map 94, S.E., N.S. 73 ; 6 in. Map 212.) Boring at Whitedale, 1895. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Boulder clay - Sand Glacial / Blue clay and boulders Drift, j Sand and gravel (Boulder clay - Chalk, soft .... Water level, 53 feet. SKIRLAUGH. (1 in. Map 94 S.E., N.S. 73 ; 6 in. Map 212 Communicated by Mr. J. Smalley. Thickness Ft Boulder clay ------ 60 Sand ....... 6 ] Boulder clay 28 '^ Gravel 2 lick tiesa. Depth Ft. m. Ft. in 30 30 5 35 35 70 6 76 48 124 30 154 Glacial Drift. Chalk ess. Depth. m. Ft. in 60 66 94 96 2. Benningholme, 1895. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Soil Sand Sand and gravel WAWNE. (1 in. Map 94 S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 in. Map 211.) Boring at Wawne Grange, 1869. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Glacial /Boulder clay - - - - - 40 Drift. \ Sand and gravel 5 Chalk, very soft --■-.-. 38 SWINE. (1 in. Map 94, S.E., N.S. 73 ; 6 in. Map 227.) 1. Ganstead Hall. From Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, vol. xiii., p. 88. Thickness. Ft. in. Ft. in. Ft. in 9 9 10 19 7 26 Soil Boulder clay - Sand - . . - Gravel (some water) Glacial ) Boulder clay - Drift. 1 Sandstone boulder - Boulder clay Sandstone boulder - , Chalky marl Chalk, loose ..... Water rose 3 feet into the well. 1 53 3 10 13 1 8 12 8 Depth. Ft. in. 40 45 83 Depth. Ft. in. 1 54 57 67 80 81 89 90 102 110 or 15 feet from the surface. SWINE — DUNSWELL. Ill Glacial Drift. Ghalk - Water level 2. Mr. Dixon's Cottages. Oommunicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. /Strong blue clay with boulders \ Sand and gravel .... 82 24 50 Depth. Ft. in. 82 106 156 34 feet from surface. DUNSWELL. (1 in. Map 94 S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 in. Map 226.) 1. Shaft 28 feet and Boring 20 inches in diameter, Jan. 1892. From Parliamentary Report, Newington Water, 1893. Chalk at 34 feet. Total depth 150 feet. Water rose 2 feet 6 inches above surface and flowed 80,000 gallons a day. Standing level after pumping 26 feet from the surface. 2. Borings on the bank of the River Hull, north east of Gottingham, 1893. Communicated by Mr. J. VilHers. No. 1. Hole near the Haystack. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Top clay 60 60 Black warp 7 6 13 6 Sand 10 14 6 Boulder clay - • 19 6 34 Gravel 2 36 Chalk grit - 6 42 No. 2. River Bank. Bank soil 20 20 Top clay 56 76 Black warp 9 16 6 Sand - 16 18 Peat - - 6 18 6 Boulder clay 13 31 6 Blue clay -------- 11 6 43 Gravel - - 10 44 Clay 10 45 Chalk grit 3 48 No. 3. Landing. Top clay -- 60 60 Black warp 11 17 Peat 12 29 Boulder clay 16 45 No. 4. River Bank. Clay 5 5 Black warp 12 17 Peat - 6 17 6 Boulder clay - - 13 30 6 Sand 3 30 9 Boulder clay 12 42 9 Gravel with flints 16 44 3 Grit chalk and clay 3 47 3 112 DUNSWELL — SUTTON. 3. Dunswell School Well, 1905. Communicated by Dr. J. Mitchell Wilson. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. (Soil 2 2 Gravel 2 10 Strong clay 15 25 Gravel 5 30 White Grit and Chalk 10 10 Chalk 40 80 Lined with 52 feet iron tube. Water level 3 feet 6 inches from surface. 4. Newington Water Company, 1892. From Parliamentary Report, Newington Water, 1892. No. 1. Boring 2 foot in diameter in a field off North Carr or Coldharbour Lane, July, 1801. Chalk at 45 feet. Total depth, 75 feet. Water rose 6 to 8 feet from surface. No. 2. Boring B. a mile south of last, 2 inches in diameter, August, 1891. Chalk at 47 feet. Total depth 75 feet. Water rose 10 feet from surface. No. 3. Boring in Mr. Coultas' Field [North Moor Lane]. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. I' Soil and clay Superficial I Sand beds. Chalk Superficial beds. \ Clay 15 Flinty gravel No. 4. Boring near Panbottom drain. Chalk Clay Black warp Strong clay Chalk gravel Clay - Clay and grit Ft. in. Ft. in. 4 4 1 5 15 20 12 32 38 70 Ft. in. Ft. in 5 5 4 9 5 14 12 26 3 29 4 33 37 70 SUTTON. (1 in. Map 94, S.W., N.S. 72 ; 6 in. Map 226.) Boring at Mr. Hay's, Spring Farm, 1890. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Ft. in. Clay 18 Sand 13 Clay 17 Clav and gravel ....... 70 Chalk . 45 Depth Ft. m 18 31 48 55 100 HULL. 113 Superficial beds Chalk. HULL. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 80 ; 6 in. Maps 226, 240.) 1. Boring at Stone Perry in 1888. Oommunicated by Mr. J. Villiers. r Clay J Soft sandy warp ( Strong clay Red clay - I Clay - - Chalk Flint bed - Chalk FUnt Chalk Flint Chalk and flint - Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 10 10 24 34 9 43 U 8 61 12 63 38 101 6 101 6 20 121 6 8 122 2 20 142 2 6 142 8 34 176 8 2. Stone Ferry Waterworks, 1858 Communicated by Mr. G. Smalley per Mr. S. V. Wood. Ft. in. Superficial I ^^^^ J^ beds ^^"^P - 10 ^ Marl [Boulder clay] - - 26 Chalk 181 3. Borings near Sculcoates Swing Bridge, 1902. Communicated by Mr. W. Oudworth per Prof. Kendall. No. 1. Ft. in. Superficial / Yellow clay 6 beds ^^^P 2^ ^ Deos. [stiff clay 26 6 Chalk 4 No. 2. !Warp 26 Stiff clay - - - - - - 13 Gravel with chalk - - - - 4 Stiff clay 9 Chalk 8 No. 3. Superficial r Warp - - - . - - 26 beds. \ Stiff clay 26 Chalk 8 4. Boring at Mr. Longley's, St. John's Wood, 1868. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. in. Superficial / ^^J* ^^^ 't ?, v-^ yu^A \ ^^^* black warp 12 |-a Deos. \ Boulder clay 35 Chalk with bands'of flint 63 8707. Ft. in. 15 25 50 231 Ft. in. 6 33 59 6 63 6 26 39 43 52 60 26 52 60 Ft. in. 3 15 50 103 H 114 HULL. 5. Springhead Waterworks. Communicated by Mr. Dale per Mr. S. V. Wood. No. 1. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. r Old well — 15 Superficial I Strong marl 6 21 beds. \ Soft rubble chalk .... 90 30 [ Strong rubble chalk .... 10 40 Chalk — — No. 2. Communicated by Mr. J. Smalley. Ft. in. Ft. in. Marl [Boulder clay] 14 14 Chalk 411 525 Clay [Kimeridge clay] — — Note by Mr. Villiers. Three 20-inch bore holes made in the Eastern Adit, 1881. The Chalk was bored through at 407 feet on to the clay. Flint beds were met with in all three bores from 3 inches to 6 inches thick. The strong beds were found from 100 feet and 300 feet, and then diminished in thickness and ran out at 350 feet. No. 3. Borehole, half a mile east of Springhead Pumping Station ; and quarter of a mile east of the western edge of the 6-inch Map, 240, on the line of the Hull Water-works Tunnel. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soft marly clay, warp 50 50 Chalk 350 400 Clay _ _ 6. Hull and Barnsley Railway. Borings near Springhead. No. 1. Fifty yards from hedge, 33 yards from railway. Ft. in. Ft. in. (Very fine red clay free from stones or grit 7 7 Strong red clay with stones and chalk grit 11 4 18 4 Ch Ik i ^"^' ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^*® ... 26 20 10 I Chalk — — No. 2. Fifty yards from hedge, 20 yards from railway. Very fine red clay free from stones or grit - Soft black warp - - - Strong red clay with stones and chalk grit Green sandy clay No. 3. Very fine clay free from stones or grit Black warp - . . . . Strong clay free from stones and grit Strong clay with stones and grit Chalk grit and clay - - - . 6 6 3 9 12 21 3 24 5 5 1 6 6 6 2 6 9 9 18 1 9 19 9 HULL. 115 7. Borings at Newington in 1891. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. No. 1. Endyke Lane. Top clay - Black warp Sand and gravel Blue clay - Flinty gravel - Sandy clay and grit Superficial beds. Superficial beds. Ghalk. No. 2. Saltings Lane. r Top clay - / Soft black warp ^ Sand and grit - Chalk and rubble No. 3. Duns well Lane. Top clay- Black warp Strong clay - Sand Strong clay Chalk and gravel Clay and grit - Rubble chalk - Chalk - Thickness. Ft. 6 4 10 11 1 13 in. 6 26 14 4 5 6 7 6 5 1 6 9 10 31 Depth. Ft. in. 6 10 20 31 32 45 6 32 46 60 5 11 18 18 6 23 6 25 34 44 75 8. Well at Duns well Lane, Newington, 1892. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Ft. in. Ft. in /Clay 5 5 Black warp and peat 4 9 Blue clay 3 12 Red clay 6 18 iperficial Sand and gravel (on the west side of bsds. well 3 ft. 6 in.) ... - 4 22 Strong clay - - - 3 25 Gravel with chalk ... - 3 28 Blue clay (well bottom, 20 in. bore- ^ hole below this) 3 31 ( Chalk and grit . . . . 6 37 Chalk J Rubble Chalk with flints - 37 74 1 Chalk 46 120 Water rises to surface. One million gallons a day. 9. Dairycoates. From Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc, vol. xxiv., p. 181. / Warp Superficial 1 Peat beds. I Clay with small checkers [Boulder clay j \ Sand with small shells Chalk . - Ft. in. Ft. in. 20 20 2 22 19 6 41 12 6 54 8707. h2 116 HULL. Superficial beds- Chalk 10. On the foreshore at Dairy Coates Grange. Communicated by Mr. Hurstwitz. Alluvial deposits Drift ^hick ness. Depth. Ft. m. Ft. in. 45 45 45 90 235 325 11. Boring made by the North Eastern Railway Co. in the angle between the railway lines and the Hessle Road. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers ; also in Trans. Hull Oeol. Soc.y vol. v., pt. III. Superficial beds. /Clay - . . . Soft clay - - - - Peat . . . . (Blue clay Strong clay with stones Sand . - - . Clay - - - - Green clay, chalk and grit Chalk with ba ds of flint - - - - Ft. 7 10 4 2 13 8 13 10 40 in. Superficial bads Chalk 12. Boring at Mr. Oxeby's, near Samuelson's Works, 1863. Communicated by Mr. G. Smalley per Mr. S. V. Wood. Ft. in. Clay Black sand ... - Peat Gravelly clay Marl Sand and gravel - - - 15 5 1 9 55 20 175 13. North Bridge, Lime Street. Communicated by Mr. G. Smalley per Mr. S. V. Wood. Ft. in. rClay Warp and dark sand - Superficial beds. / Gravel and sand - I Marl ' I Sand and gravel - Chalk 12 16 10 -' - 27 12 54 14. Derringham Street, near the Cemetery. Communicated by Mr. S. V. Wood. Superficial beds. Chalk Stiff clay - Warp, sand and mud - \ Peat, very solid - [ Gravel and red sand - Ft. in. 7 35 3 5 15. Blundell's Oil Mill, Wincohnlee. No. 1. Boring in 1861. Communicated by Mr. G. Smalley per Mr. W. H. Crofts. Ft. in. Boulder clay and sand 98 Chalk rock (not through) 530 Ft 7 17 21 23 36 44 57 67 107 Ft. 15 20 21 30 85 105 280 m. Ft. in. 12 28 38 65 77 131 Ft. in. 7 42 45 50 Ft. in. 98 628 HULL. 117 No. 2. Boring in 1864. Communicated by Mr. G. Smalley per Mr. S. V Wood. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. r Clay 13 13 Q«r.«,.fi«:oi u^A^ J Sand and gravel - - - - 16 29 Superficial beds. I ^^^^ _ ^ 24 53 [ Gravel 7 60 pt,_|T- /Chalk 390 450 \Hard grey Chalk - - - 146 596 Blue bind ........ 20 616 No water at this depth. Another boring gives 74 feet to the rock ; and one in High Street 100 feet to rock. 16. Blundell's New Mill, Groves, 1865. Communicated by Mr. G. Smalley per Mr. S. V. Wood. Ft. in. Ft. in. (Clay 12 12 Black warp \ is qo o Sand and gravel / - - l» dO Marl 20 50 Sand and gravel - - . . 5 55 Chalk 151 206 In two other borings at the Groves the rock was met with at 64 feet and 70 feet respectively. Soil 17. Block House MiU. From PhiUips' Geology of Yorkshire, 1875, p. 66. Ft. in. Superficial beds. Chalk fClay - Silt sand Peat - Blue clay - Brown clay - Loamy clay Quicksand - Ft. in. 1 1 6 () 7 23 30 2 32 1 6 33 6 22 6 56 12 68 26 94 16 110 18. Danson Lane. Communicated by Mr. J. Smalley. Ft. in. / Warp clay ^ Superficial beds. ^^^^"^ ^^^^ - ; ; ; I _ I Boulder clay - - - - J Chalk 110 Ft. in. 52 162 19. Mr. Jamieson's, Cannon Street. Communicated by Mr. J. Smalley. Ft. in. Ft. in. Warp and Boulder clay 62 62 Chalk (base not reached) 355 417 118 HULL. 20. Waverley Street, 1888. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Made ground .... 30 30 relay .--..- 10 13 Superficial beds. -^ Soft warp 20 33 iciay 38 71 r-v. It /G^rit 6 76 bnalK. < ^^^^ gg () 131 21. Borings at the Corporation Engine House. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. No. 1. Ft. in. Made ground and top soil - - - - - 4 Black peat 4 6 Very soft soapy clay, full of reed roots - . - 6 6 Strong clay ... ... 80 No. 2. Made ground and top soil 5 Black peat - - 4 6 Soft soapy clay - - 6 6 Strong clay - - 8 6 No. 3. Made ground 3 Black peat 4 Soft soapy clay ....-- 56 Strong clay 36 Sand - - - - 16 White grit - - - - - ■ - - 2 6 No. 4. Made ground 4 6 Black peat 3 6 Soft soapy clay - 3 Strong clay 9 6 White grit .... ... — No. 5. Made ground . - - - ... 30 Black peat 5 6 Soft soapy clay 3 Strong clay 9 6 White grit — No. 6. Made ground 4 Black peat - - - - - - - - 5 Soft soapy clay 3 Strong clay 6 6 No. 7. Made ground 4 Black peat 4 6 Soft soapy oXdjy 5 Strong clay 8 Ft. in. 4 8 6 15 23 5 9 6 15 23 6 3 7 12 6 16 17 6 20 4 6 8 11 20 6 3 8 6 11 6 21 4 9 12 18 6 4 8 6 13 6 21 6 Ft. in. 9 5 9 12 9 25 9 41 3 56 3 57 9 59 9 60 9 63 9 66 3 HULL. 119 22. Boring at the Power Station, Osborne Street. Communicated by Mr. F. J. Broadbent per Prof. Kendall. Thickness. Ft. in. Top soil - 9 Clay 6 Siltyclay 7 Silt 13 Running sand - - 15 6 Dark running sand - 15 Black peat 16 Chalky gravel 2 Clay . 10 Chalky gravel 3 Clay - 2 6 23. Borings at Scott Street Bridge. Communicated by Prof. Kendall. No. 1. West side of river, 15*79 feet above CD. Ft. in. Made ground ..------ 80 Clay 4 6 Silt- 21 5 Strong marly clay 8 9 Sand - 2 Strong marl 16* No. 2. East side of river, 13*27 feet above O.D. Ft. in. Made ground - - 2 6 Brown clay 10 6 Soft silty warp 110 Silt 4 6 Silt and gravel 16 Strong marly clay ------- 12 6 24. Boring at the Botanic Gardens Engine Shed, 1901. Communicated by Mr. W. Cudworth per Prof. Kendall. No. 1. Ft. in. Ft. in. Stiff clay 80 80 Silt (not through) 16 24 No. 2. North-Eastern Railway between Hessle Road Junction and Hessle West Junction, 1900. Soil 10 Clay 50 Silt (not through) 19 No. 3. Soil 10 Clay - - 10 Silt (not through) 14 No. 4. Soil 10 Clay 60 Silt 6 Peat 9 Silt (not through) 4 26 Ft. in. 8 12 6 33 11 42 8 42 10 58 10 Ft. in. 2 6 13 24 28 6 30 42 6 1 6 25 1 11 25 1 7 13 22 120 HULL. 26. Wade's Timber Yard, Raven Street, 1902. Communicated by Mr. W. Cudworth, per Prof. Kendall. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 5 5 36 41 4 45 5 50 Clay Warp Peat Soft blue clay (not through) - 26. Boring at the Electric Light Station, Sculcoates Lane, 7*8 feet above O.D. Communicated by Prof. Kendall. Top soil - Brown clay Soft brown clay Sandy warp Black peat Brown warp clay Boulder clay - Large boulders - Ft. 1 5 2 1 3 4 7 1 Superficial < beds 27. Boring at the Prison, Hedon Road, 1869. Communicated by Prof. Kendall. Ft. 4 11 11 10 9 1 3 12 1 10 12 15 - 277 I Fine clay ... Black warp - Running sand Strong clay with boulders Sand- Fine clay Fine sand Blue clay Sand and gravel - Fine clay Sand .... Gravel- Chalk with flints .... 28. Boring in Church Street, 1870. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Superficial [Soft warp - Boulder clay Sand and gravel - Chalk with flints . . . . Water level, 24 feet from surface. Ft. 24 26 16 40 m. 6 6 m. Ft. in, 1 6 6 6 8 6 10 13 17 6 25 26 6 Ft. in. 4 15 26 36 46 46 6 50 62 63 73 85 100 377 29. Boring in Oxford Street, 1870. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Superficial ||^^T'P, beds Boulder clay [Sand and gravel Chalk Water level, 23 feet from surface. 30. Near the Hydrauhc Station, at end of the Now Graving Docks. Communicated by Mr. J. Smalley. Ft. in. Ft. Superficial beds 92 92 Chalk 236 327 Ft. in. 24 50 65 105 Ft. in. Ft. in 30 30 26 56 10 66 52 118 HITLL. 121 31. Boring on the shore west of the Humber Docks, at O.D. Communicated by Mr. S. V. Wood. Water Superficial beds Chalk Slake and sand - - . - Black peat - - - - Strong stony clay- ( Wet sand Strong stony brown clay Clay with sand threads Wet sand /Chalk rubble and sand - \Chalk Several other borings on the shore at this point are given by Mr. Clement Reid in the Memoir on Holdemess. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. — 6 25 30 2 32 10 42 1 43 20 63 8 71 16 87 16 103 5 108 32. Borings near St. Andrews Dock Entrance, 1899. Communicated by the North Eastern Railway Co., per Mr. W. H. Crofts ; also in Trans. HuU Oeol. Soc, vol. v., p. 64. No. 1. On seaward side of entrance. Chalk fiUing Superficial beds Chalk Silt - Sand and shingle - Sand and chalk - ^Clay - Sand and clay Laminated clay - Sand and chalk - No. 2. 280 feet west of No. 1 . Silt Sand and shingle Shingle with sand Shingle - Laminated clay Clay Sandy clay No. 3. On the west side of the entrance, 290 feet west of No. 2. Filling - Sandy river silt Sand with shingle - Shingle with sand - Shingle - Sand Clay with chalk stones Laminated clay Clay with sand Sandy clay Sand Ft. in. Ft. in — 14 6 30 3 44 9 6 49 9 2 51 9 5 56 9 5 61 9 6 6 68 3 6 6 74 9 3 77 9 41 41 4 45 6 51 8 59 1 60 8 68 7 6 75 6 west of No. 2. , 11 15 26 1 6 27 6 3 30 6 1 6 32 1 33 6 39 8 47 2 49 2 51 2 63 122 HULL. 33. West Road, 1862. Communicated by Mr. G. Smalley per Mr. S. V. Wood. Thickness. Depth. Superficial beds Chalk Clay - Dark sand - Peat - Clay - - Red clay ^Sand and gravel Ft. in. Ft. in 8 8 17 25 1 26 45 71 9 80 3 83 504 387 34. Carman Street, near St. Stephen's Church. Communicated by Mr. G. Smalley per Mr. S. V. Wood. Ft. in. relay 5 Superficial ^^^f^^^g'^^^^ 1?^ ^. , (Peat moss 10 ^^^ Marl 17 (Sand and gravel - - - - - 10 Chalk 109 Ft. in 5 24 25 42 52 161 35. New Forge, near St. Paul's Church, 1860. Communicated by Mr. G. Smalley per Mr. S. V. Wood. Superficial beds Chalk Clay - Black warp - Sand and gravel Marl - Sand and gravel Ft. in. Ft. in 10 10 10 20 2 22 25 47 6 53 113 166 36. North Bridge. Communicated by Mr. G. Smalley per Mr. S. V. Wood. rBlack warp - - - - - a„^^„£. .„! Dark sand - ..... Superficial U^ .... . . Marl ,Sand and gravel beds Chalk Ft. in. Ft. in 25 25 5 30 1 31 23 64 23 77 53 130 37. Boring at Earle's Cement Works, 1890. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. No. 1. Near the Kiln. Ft. m. Warp clay 6 Soft black warp 18 Boulder clay .-....-. 50 No. 2. Clay 5 6 Soft warp 14 6 Boulder clay ---..-.. 50 No. 3. Middle of the Yard. Clay - 5 6 Soft warp 14 6 Boulder clay — Ft. in 5 23 28 5 6 20 26 6 6 20 HULL. 123 38. Boring at the Rope Works, 1888. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. rWarp 24 24 Superficial J Rough gravel 8 32 beds. IClay - - 33 65 iSandandgrit 10 66 Chalk 26 7 92 7 39. Boring at Mr. J. Rank's, 1888. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Light coloured clay .... Black warp ------ Boulder clay . . . . - Superficial j Sand and gravel - - beds ^Boulder clay . - - . - Sand and gravel ----- Clay and warp is and and gravel Chalk Ft. in. Ft. in 8 8 14 22 11 33 6 39 6 45 7 52 30 82 15 97 73 170 40. Smithsons' Brewery, 1894. Communicated by Mr, J. Villiers. Ft. in. Superficial /Black warp 30 beds (Strong clay 39 ^, ,, f Grit and chalk ----- 30 ^^^^^ 1 Chalk 33 Ft. in. 30 69 72 105 Superficial beds Chalk 41. Messrs. Riskworths & Co., 1899. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Warp clay ------ Peat Boulder clay Hard red clay . . - . . Green clay Gravel and chalk /Rubble Chalk \Strong Chalk - - . - Water level 16 feet from surface. Ft. in. Ft. in 20 20 2 22 30 52 6 58 1 59 7 66 4 70 133 203 42. Messrs. Jameson & Co., Canning Street. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Made ground - - - - I'Clay Warpy clay Supern- I Light coloured warp cial beds, j Dark coloured warp Very soft warp ^Hard sand and gravel p, ,, fFlinty Chalk - onaiK. 1^ Rabble Chalk Ft. in. Ft. in. 3 3 2 5 2 7 3 10 11 21 30 51 4 55 5 60 9 69 124 HULL. 43. Victoria Flour Mills. Boring No. 1, 1901. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Made ground - 'Warp clay Superfi- cial beds. Warp Peat Clay Sand I Strong clay and stones I Gravel and sand \Grit and clay - Chalk with bands of flint - Water level, 31 feet from surface. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in 4 4 10 14 6 20 1 21 14 35 6 35 6 22 57 6 3 60 6 10 70 6 Boring No. 2, 1902. I'Warp Superfi- ^f^* - : ciai beds.^ ^f ^^s "?^py «^y Strong stony clay Gravel and sand [Rubble Chalk - 1 Chalk and flints Ohalk. Ft. in. Ft. in 20 20 1 21 32 53 3 56 6 62 14 76 24 100 44. Newland. Trial borings. Communicated by Mr. J. VilUers. No. 1. Ft. in. Soil -. 40 Red clay 2 Light-coloured warp 4 Very soft warp 28 Black warp with tree roots - - - . . go Sand, full of water 6 Sand 2 Soft dirty rock sand 4 Rock sand 6 No. 2. Soil 3 6 Light-coloured warp 5 Grey warp - - - - - . . . 23 Black warp with old tree roots 2 6 Sand full of water 6 No. 3. Soil 6 Grey warp 16 Black warp with wood - - - - - . 11 Blue clay 3 Black sand 3 6 Silt 7 6 Sand 3 Ft. in 4 6 10 38 46 62 64 58 64 3 6 8 6 31 6 34 40 6 22 33 36 39 6 47 50 HULL. 125 No. 4. Thickness. Ft. in. Soil and clay 6 Grey warp 10 Black warp with wood 17 Blue clay 3 Sand 3 Warpy clay 4 6 Sand 19 6 Rock sand - - - 5 No. 5. Soil 2 Red clay 5 Warp 41 Sand and gravel 7 Rock sand or sandstone 10 No. 6. Soil 3 Red clay - - 5 Grey warp 27 Sandy warp with wood *10 Warp 9 Sand 7 Gravel 2 Rock sand 8 Depth. Ft. in. 6 16 33 36 39 43 6 63 68 2 7 48 55 65 3 8 35 45 54 61 63 71 45. Grosvenor Street, Flour Mill. Communicated by Mr. G. Smalley per Mr. W. H. Grofts. Alluvium Chalk Soil Brown clay Soft silty warp Black peat Soft blue clay Strong marly clay .... Hard clay ( Loose Chalk rock with flint boulders Harder Chalk rock and larger flints Much harder and whiter Chalk rock with small flints Bed of hard flint Soft Chalk Hard white Chalk rock with small flints Hard bed of flint Soft Chalk Hard white Chalk .... Soft white Chalk VHard white Ohalk .... Thickness. Depth Ft. in. Ft. in 1 6 1 6 5 3 6 9 10 6 17 3 1 6 18 9 1 6 20 3 2 22 3 [24 6 1 46 9 8 54 9 14 68 9 70 138 9 1 6 140 3 2 142 3 24 166 3 1 167 3 5 172 3 6 178 3 1 179 3 5 184 3 126 MARFLEET — PRESTON. MARFLEET. (i in. Map 86, N.S. 81 ; 6 in. Map 240.) 1. Boring in 1892. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Red clay - Warp Sandy warp Red clay - Clay and stones Sandy clay Sand and gravel Stoney clay Clay - - \.Red clay - fGrit - Chalk, j Gritty Chalk - I Chalk Superfi cial beds.' hick ness. Depth Ft. m. Ft. in. 8 6 8 6 9 17 6 2 6 20 2 22 40 62 3 65 14 79 20 99 17 116 2 118 2 120 10 130 31 161 2. Boring at the Railway Station. From Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvii., p. 456. Ft. in. Warp 30 " Rotten stuff." Salt water rose from this. PRESTON. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 81 ; 6 in. Map 227.) 1. Well in the village. Communicated by Mr W. H. Crofts. Ft. Clay surface soil - - 2 Strong clay ----... about 9 Loose chalk gravel 80 Blue clay 50 Close Chalk rock - - - - - - - 30 2. Boring south of Cold Harbour. Communicated by Messrs. R. and S. Brumby, Ft. Superfi. /Warp ....... 4 cial beds. I />, i ,^ I.Gravel - - - - - - 10 Chalk 55 3. Well 35 feet and boring 200 feet, March 1899. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Pai-sons. Ft. in. Ft. in. Clay 165 165 Boulder Clay 15 180 Chalk 55 235 in. Ft. in 2 11 91 141 171 in. Ft. in 4 5 5 15 70 PAULL — HEDON. 127 PAULL. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 81 ; 6 in. Map 241.) 1. Well at Salt End, 1861. Communicated by Mr. G. Smalley per Mr. S. V. Wood. Thickness. Ft. in. Superfi- relay - 100 cialbeds.\Sand and gravel with small shells - - 14 Chalk ....... 46 2. Well, 650 feet from the cKff, 24 feet above high- water mark. Coarse sand - - - - - - 20 Fine sand 8 The well is sunk on the edge of a bank of clay, the lower 8 feet being in the clay on one side. A well at the Fort is said to be 40 feet deep in sand and gravel. Water good. Depth Ft. m. 100 114 160 20 28 HEDON. Soil Superfi- cial beds. Chalk. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 81 ; 6 in. Map 241.) I. Boring at Old Pollard Farm. From Quart. Journ. OeoL Soc, vol. xvii., p. 455. ^Red brick-clay Black warp Red clay full of stones Rough gravel and sand with spa water Very fine clay without stones - Bed of flint Black moor [Peat] ... Blue clay with white sand Blue clay with white marl - .White marly clay with cobbles and flints J Chalk with a bed of sand - 1 Chalk without flints ... - 2. Boring at Twyers Farm. From Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvii., Soil Good brick clay Black warp Strong marly clay with stones - Superfi. Rough gravel with spa water - cial beds'. ( Fi'i^ «l^y - ' ' " ' ' ' Dark green sand Blue clay with white sand ... - Hard mixture of blue clay and white marl- Red clay with white marl- • - .Chalk White sand, which blew up into the pipes Chalk. i 20 feet high [chalk without flint? 'hick] aess. Depth Ft. m. Ft. in. 2 2 4 6 34 40 20 60 26 86 8 94 2 96 2 98 1 99 8 107 9 116 5 121 69 190 455. Ft. in. Ft. in. 2 2 5 7 13 20 40 60 24 84 1 85 11 96 2 98 12 110 10 120 7 127 1 128 50 6 178 6 128 HEDON — BURSTWICK. 3. Boring at the Railway Station. From Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc. vol. xvii., p. 456. Thickness. Ft. in. Brick clay g Grey mari with stones 24 Sand, with water — Depth. Ft. in 6 30 4. Boring near Mr. Parks House in 1 900. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Also in Trans. Hull Oeol. Soc. vol. v., p. 64. '^Clay .... Sand with water Warp .... Strong clay Clay and gravel Superfi- J Strong clay cial beds.^ Sand and gravel with water Clay and gravel Sand and gravel Clay and gravel Sand and gravel Strong clay sRed clay Chalk Water level 18 feet from surface. Said to Ft. in. Fr. in 8 8 25 33 7 40 12 62 1 53 17 70 1 71 2 73 23 96 2 98 9 107 4 111 6 117 43 160 be unsuitable. BURSTWICK. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 81 ; 6 in. Map 241.) 1. Boring at Ryhill Station. From Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc. vol. xvii., p. 466. Brick clay .... Strong marl with " ironstone " Strong marl with stones - Red sand, giving sufficient water Thickness. Depth Ft. in. Ft. in 7 7 29 36 40 76 2. Kelsey Hill, 1901. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. No. 1. Soil Clay Sandy clay Dry sand Red clay Dark sand with water Warp clay Ft. in. 5 4 6 6 4 6 Ft. m. 1 10 6 16 16 6 20 BURSTWICK — OTTRINGHAM. 129 No. 2. Soil and gravel . . . . , Sand - - - , Gravel and sand . . . . . Sand - - - - - . Sandy clay Sand with water Clay No. 3. Soil Rough sand Clay and stones .... Rough gravel .... Sand and gravel .... Clcay Water was met with at 20 feet. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 2 2 2 4 4 8 7 15 1 3 16 3 13 29 3 9 30 1 1 12 13 6 13 6 4 17 6 8 25 6 4 29 6 KEYINGHAM. (1 in. Map 86. N.S. 81 ; 6 in. Map 242.) Boring at the Railway Station. From Quart. Journ. Geol. 8oc. vol. xvi., p. 456 Strong clay Marl with stones Sand, with sufficient water Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 12 12 3 15 OTTRINGHAM. (1 in. Map 85. N.S. 81 ; 6 in. Map 242.) 1. Boring at the Railway Station From Quart. Jo2irn. Geol. Soc. vol. xvii., p. 456. Strong marl with stones, no water Ft. in. 30 2. Ottringham Marsh. The following note is taken from Prof. J. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, 1875, p. 66. " The layer of peat, one yard thick, was found 41yards beneath the surface ; 36 yards of various diluvial matter lay beneath ; and the Chalk was found at the depth of 78 yards." [The above measurements evidently should be feet, not yard^.] 8707. 1 130 SUNK ISLAND. Superfi- cial beds. Chalk SUNK ISLAND. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 81 ; 6 in. Map 256.) 1. Tracings by Rev. J. L. Rome. Communicated by Mr. S. V. Wood. No. 1. Sand Clay Silt, with salt water Chalky clay and stones Gravel - ^Clay - - - No. 2. Soil Brown marl -...--. Black and brown sand . . . . . Brown sand Fine sand ....... Brown clay with chalk fragments and pebbles - Red clay and pebbles ..... Fine brown clay Brown clay and chalk Fine brown clay ...... Fine grit sand Gravel Sand and blue flints ..... Fine brown clay Clay with chalk fragments and pebbles Lead-coloured clay 2. Boring at the church. From Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1853, Superfi- cial beds. Chalk Alluvial soil - Sand Clay Silt with salt water Chalky clay and stones Gravel Clay Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 35 35 9 44 14 58 19 77 30 107 5 112 218 330 1 6 1 6 4 3 5 9 1 11 7 8 1 7 9 3 25 34 3 19 4 53 7 6 59 7 1 60 7 26 4 86 11 2 6 89 5 2 91 5 6 2 97 7 1 98 7 1 4 99 11 9 108 11 1 109 11 p. 37. Ft. in. Ft. in. 4 4 30 34 9 43 14 57 17 74 30 104 5 109 220 329 A boring was made in 1846 by Messrs. Easton and Amos which reached the Chalk at 110 feet below high water mark. W. Shelford, Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol xxviii., p. 473. 3. Boring sunk in 1902. Communicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Soil Superfi- , cialbeds.) Chalk Clay Clay and stones Gravel - Clay and stones Clay \ Sandy clay Ft. in. Ft. in 2 2 2 4 1 6 5 6 12 6 18 18 4 36 4 64 100 4 6 106 4 64 160 4 Water level 15 feet from surface, reduced by pumping to 25 feet. WINESTEAD — WITHERNSEA. 131 WINESTEAD. (1 in. Map 85, N.S. 81 ; 6 in. Map 256.) Boring at the Railway Station. From Quart, Journ. Oeol, Soc, vol. xvii,, p. 456. Thickness. Ft. in. \^arp 30 Strong red marl 50 Marl with stones - - - - - - - 30 Dirty sand, with water — Depth. Ft. in 30 35 65 C PATRINGTON. (1 in. Map 85, N.S. 81 ; 6 in. Map 256.) 1. Boring at the Railway Station. Zrom Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvii., p. 456. Tb*3kness. Depth. j't. in. Ft. in. Strong red marl 30 30 Grey marl with stones 15 45 Sand with water — — 2. Boring at Spring Gate or Oowt. Communicated by Mr. G. H. Hill per Prof. Kendall. Ft. in. Superficial beds - - - - - - - 160 Ohalk — Excellent supply of water. WITHERNSEA. (1 in. Map 85, N.S. 81 ; 6 in. Maps 242, 243.) 1. Boring at the Railway Station. From Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvii., p. 456. Thickness. Ft. in. Glay and marl " - - - 15 Gravel and sand - - - - - - - 5 Strong marl with stones 60 Grey sand with shells (water) 2 2. Boring at Simpson's Brickyard, Communicated by Mr. J. Smalley. Ft in. Superficial fOld well — beds \ Measures, no particulars - - - 89 Chalk 67 3. Boring at Brickyard south of Withernsea about 1890 Communicated by Mr. G. H. Hill per Prof. Kendall. Ft. in. Superficial beds 140 Ohalk 20 8707. Depth. Ft. in. 15 20 80 82 Ft. in. 61 150 217 Ft. in. 140 160 12 132 WITHERNSEA — SPURN HEAD 4. Boring at the Oonvalescent Home in 1895. Oommunicated by Mr. J. Villiers. Superficial / beds Chalk ^ Old well - . - - Strong clay Sand (Bottom of sinking) - Clay .... Sand .... Clay .... Sand .... Clay Sand .... Clay and gravel Boulder clay - Sandy warp Boulder clay - Red clay - - - - Green clay - Black clay Sand .... Rough gravel - Thickness. Depth. Ft. m. Ft. in. 32 7 7 39 7 6 45 7 5 50 7 7 57 7 3 60 7 5 65 7 2 67 7 6 73 7 4 77 7 15 92 7 6 98 7 7 105 7 8 113 7 15 128 7 6 134 7 2 136 7 5 141 7 180 Water brackish and undrinkable. SPURN HEAD. (1 in. Map 85, N.S. 90 ; 6 in. Map 269.) 1. Shallow well sunk about 1780. From J. Smeaton. A narrative of the Building ... of the Edystone Light- house, 1791, p. 190. Sand - - - 5 or 6 Feet The water was only slightly brackish, and was unaffected by the tide. 2. Boring at the High Lighthouse, about 1860. From R. Pickwell. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.y vol. li., p. 192. Shingle 50 or 60 Feet The water rose and fell with the tide, and corresponded nearly with the sea, both in level and taste. Since going to press the following section has been communicated by Prof. P. F. Kendall. ESCRICK. Boring al Gilberson s Farm, between Escrick and Weldrake. 50 ft. O.D. Bored by J. Villiers. Superficial beds Trias Made soil rOlay - Sand Sand and clay Clay Rnuning Sand Sandstone Thickness. De th. Ft. in. Ft in. 6 6 30 36 2 38 34 72 22 94 ^6 100 40 140 133 ANALYSES OF WATERS. The larger part of the underground water in this district is de- rived from the Chalk, and is consequently calcareous, containing on an average from 18 to 26 grains of carbonate of lime in the gallon, but generally very free from organic matter. That portion of the Chalk-water which passes beneath the plain of Holderness appears however to be in a different condition, being harder and containing more salts in solution ; it is in general unsatisfactory, but possibly if it were more drawn upon it might improve. The water from the sandstones of the Trias does not maintain the good reputation it has acquired in other parts of the country. It is in general very hard, and in one exceptional case contains as much as 185 grains of solid matter to the gallon, principally carbonate and sulphate of lime. Although often totally unfit for domestic purposes, it makes about York a good water for brewing. The Oolites appear to furnish some of the best water of the district, but the area of their exposure at the surface being small the amount to be derived from them is limited. A good deal of water is contained in the Drift sands and gravels, but as it is so very liable to surface contamination it is not a source that is often desirable. The character of the constituents in the water depends naturally on the rocks traversed by them, the principal of these being carbonate of lime and magnesia, but sulphates of these salts are also common. Chloride of sodium averages about 2*5 grains per gallon, but runs to a much higher percentage at places along the coast. In the Vale of York the hardness of the well-water is largely due to magnesia. Chalybeate springs are not uncommon along the outcrop of the Oolites, but there do not appear to be any true medicinal springs, except perhaps the so-called Spa at Filey, which contains 48 grains per gallon of sulphate of magnesia and 210 grains of chloride of sodium. 134 ANALYSES OF WATERS. Analyses of Well Waters in the East Riding, being a Selection OF Typical Samples from, the Various Strata Throughout the District. Communicated by Dr. J. Mitchell Wilson, County Medical Officer of Health. Results expressed in grains per gallon. Site of Well and Date of Analysis. o . -^4 Si < •S- c 1 o =1 Nitrates. 1 Barlby l^ank, 1889 - Feet. 90 M 16 •0252 •0049 Nil ') Kiccall, 1894 - 120 1-5 28 •0396 •0378 •0084 Nil 3 Cliff Connnon, 1903 - 160 1-9 52 •0984 •0588 •0084 — 4 Naburn, 1902 - 100 1-2 27-7 •0079 •1400 •0420 — 5 Yokefleet, 1902 18 15-6 64 •0338 •0014 •0056 A trace 6 Sandhall, 1902 - 205 4-0 50 •0688 •0448 •0042 — 7 Howden, 1904 - 170 16-0 98 •0635 •1652 •0070 Nil 8 9 Holme on Spalding Moor, 1902 (Public Well) Elloughton Dale, 1902 (Spring) Pocklington Waterworks, 1903 Weaver thorpe, 1902- 29 86 1-5 88 24-5 •3366 •0028 •0014 •0014 •0182 •0035 — 10 11 122 1-1 1-4 18-7 23 •0098 •0028 •0600 •0021 — 12 Stamford Bridge, 1904 - 90 2-0 36 •0081 •0021 — 13 Ship ton, 1905 - 150 1-4 26-5 •0014 •0007 — 14 Market Weighton, 1903 — 1-6 20 •0025 •0035 — 15 16 Driffield (Public Well), 1903. Burton Agnes, 1903 - 200 24 1-2 1-6 20-5 18-5 •0029 •0014 •0007 •0028 •0028 — 17 Filey, 1903 — 5-2 23 •024^) •0084 •0021 — 18 Staxton, 1904 - 33 1-8 16 •0044 •0007 •0035 — 19 Yedingham, 1904 - 6 4 49-5 •1638 •0035 •0203 — 20 Thorpe Bassett, 1904 (Spring) Hunmanby, 1904 — 1-6 25 •0100 •0014 •0021 — 21 9 5-2 60 •0153 •0007 •0056 — 22 23 Arram (Artesian Well), 1904 Beverley, 1902 - 96 190 1-4 1-8 24-5 18 •0224 •0007 •0031 •0021 •0588 — 24 Routh, 1904 - 84 5-0 30 •0085 •0168 •0035 - 25 Leven, 1904 - 100 54-4 146 •0450 •0840 •0042 ~ 26 Hornsea, 1902 - — 20 -S 58 •1450 '1680 •0098 — 27 Sunk Island (Boring), 1903 160 44-8 153 • 1492 •0112 •0056 — 28 Winestead, 1903 — 4-4 33 •0638 •0021 0072 — 29 Witbernsea, 1902 - — 12-8 83 •0476 •0056 — 30 HoUym, 1904 - 110 19-6 122 •0254 •2450 •0056 ALDSROTjGlt. 135 Notes on the above by Dr. J. Mitchell Wilson. No. 1 was taken close to the River Ouse, exactly opposite the town of Selby. The analysis entirely agrees with that of the Selby "Waterworks, which is from Bunter Sandstone. No. 2 is also a near approach to the New Red Sandstone. No. 3, 4, 6, and 7 are I believe from the Keuper Sandstone ; they almost invaribly contain traces of iron. Nos. 9, 10 and 11 are Ohalk waters. No. 13 is a deep gravel water. Nos. 14, 15 and 16 are from the Chalk. No. 17. I have not ascertained what the source is. No. 18 and 20 are springs on the outcrop of the Chalk in the north. Nos. 19 and 21 are shallow wells in the north and north-eastern part of the district. Nos. 22, 23 and 24 are Chalk waters in the neighbourhood of Beverley. No. 25 is situated about 2 miles to the east or north-east of 24 and is also from the Chalk ; but the different results are most interesting. Nos. 26, 27, 29 and 30 are all from wells in Holderness ; they are specially ' characterised by the considerable amount of common salt present. No. 28 is a well of the best water from the gravels in Holderness. Hardness is due to the presence of salts of Hme and magnesia. That known as temporary hardness is produced by carbonates of lime and magnei^ia, and chiefly by carbonate of lime. It is removable by boiling the water. Permanent hardness is caused by the sulphates of lime and magnesia. Both sources of hardness are removable by sundry softening processes, but those applied to the permanent hardness are the more expensive.* In the Sixth Report of the Rivers Pollution Commission (p. 21), " a sample containing 1 lb. of carbonate of lime or its equivalent of other hardening salts in 100,000 lbs, is said to have one degree of hardness. Each degree of hardness indicates the destruction and waste of 12 lbs of the best hard soap by 100,000 lbs., or 10,000 gallons of the water, when used for washing." In Clark's Table of Hardness each degree of hardness is equal to one grain of carbonate of lime per gallon. One grain of carbonate of magnesia is equal to about If grains of carbonate of lime. A soft water has less than 6° of hardness. The scale of hardness used by the Rivers Pollution Commission can be trans- formed into degrees of hardness on Clark's scale by multiplying the number by seven and then moving the decimal point one place to the left. {op. ciL, p. 29). ALDBROUGH. Analysis of three samples of water from Aldbrough in the Shirlaugh Rural District, by Mr. Baynes. From Local Government Board Report, 1898. No. 128. Grains per gallon. ABC Total solid residue - .... 118-00 134*00 113-00 Chlorine 11-40 12*95 14*40 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites - - '95 - 94 * 78 Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes at 80° Fahr.- -093 -050 -033 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 80° Fahr. - -123 '122 -065 Parts per million. Free Ammonia -044 '026 -022 Albuminoid Ammonia - • - - -220 -154 -073 Degrees, Clarke. Temporary hardness - - - - 21-50 16-50 24-0 Permanent hardness - - - - - 39-00 46-40 35-8 Total hardness , - 60'50 62-90 69-8 * See Thresh, " Water and Water Supplies," Ed. 3, p. 288. 136 ANALYSES. " From the above data I have not the slightest hesitation in absolutely condemning A. and B. for both domestic and drinking purposes, whilst C, although not so organically impure as to exclude it from a third class drinking water, contains so much total solid residue that it should not be used until after thorough filtration. They all appear to be surface wells, or very shallow, and I should advise, if possible, the discontinuance of all three, as they are at best dangerous sources of supply." Analysis of water from shallow well in the village, in Drift Gravel over Boulder Clay, by Mr. J. Baynes, December, 1898. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Grains per gallon Total solid residue 81.00 Chlorine 10.80 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites .49 Oxygen absorbed in 2 minutes at 80° Fahr. - - - .06 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 80° Fahr. .... .18 Parts per million. Free ammonia .0182 Albuminoid ammonia .0092 Degrees Clark Temporary hardness 25.0 Permanent hardness 14.0 Total hardness 39.0 Analysis of water from new public well in the village green, from a bed of gravel 4 feet thick under clay 18 to 20 feet thick, by Mr. J. Baynes, January, 1901. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Grains per gallon. Total solid residue - - 102.70 Chlorine ... - 9.20 Equal to common salt - - - - - - - 15.16 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites . . . . . None. Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes at 80° Fahr. - - - .052 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 80° Fahr. - - - - .097 Parts per million. Free ammonia .0426 Albuminoid ammonia .0690 Degrees Clark. Temporary hardness 31.8 Permanent hardness 17.0 Total hardness 48.8 ASSELBY Analysis of water from a well 200 feet deep, sunk in 1889, by Mr. J. Baynes, August, 1901. From Local Government Board Report, 1904, No. 206. Grains per gallon. Total solid residue 149.20 Chlorine 14.10 Parts per million. Free ammonia ... j ... . 1.094 Albuminoid ammonia . . i . . . . .048 The water has a high degree of permanent hardness and is strongly erruginous. ALDBROtTGit — BARLBY. 1 37 BARLBY. Analysis of water from a shallow well in alluvial warp at Barlby Bank, by Dr. H. F. Parsons, Aug. 1875. Chlorine 6.0 Grains per gallon. Free ammonia -02 Parts per million. Albuminoid ammonia 08 Hardness, before boihng 35° Clark's scale. Hardness, after boiUng 8° The following is given as an example of the kind of water that is likely to be obtained in this cultivated region from shallow wells in the alluvial warp and sand above the laminated clay. Analysis of water from a shallow well in sandy soil at Barlby, by Dr. H. F. Parsons, November 1877. Total soHds 108 ^ Loss on ignition 25 V Grains per gallon Chlorine 14.2 J Nitric acid Very much. Phosphoric acid Trace. Hardness 36° Free ammonia ------- .00 ) t* t. -n- .„ . ., . .. > Parts per miUion. Albummoid ammonia - - - - - .44 ) ^ Analysis of water from the Public Pump (Bored well). June 1904. Communicated by Dr. B. Stedman. Parts per 100,000 Chlorine 2 Total Hardness 39 Free ammonia -02 Albuminoid ammonia ------ -003 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 minutes at 212 F. * 2 Nitrates - - - - Nil Iron Trace Analysis of water from a bored well close to Selby Bridge. June 5, 1903. Parts per 100,000 Chlorine 1*6 Total hardness - 25 Free ammonia '002 Albuminoid ammonia '002 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 min. at 212 F. '05 Nitrates Nil Iron Nil Analysis of water from Messrs. Dent & Go's. Tar Works, half way between Selby and Barlby. Boring 120 feet deep. Made by Dr. Thresh, March 1905. Parts per 100,000 Carbonate of lime 22 • Carbonate of magnesia 11*25 Sulphate of magnesia 8 * 65 Sulphate of soda 11*25 Chloride of Sodium 6*6 Etc. -15 Total solids 59*9 138 ANALYSES. BELLASIZE. Analysis of water from well sunk in Keuper Marl through about 50 feet ot clay. By Dr. H. F. Parsons, June, 1878. Total soUds I74 ^ Loss on ignition 37 Grains Chlorine 18 per gallon. Nitric acid Nil J Iron about .025 ) p Free ammonia 93 ) -t^arts Albuminoid ammonia .09 J P^^ milUon. BEVERLEY. Analysis of water from the Beverley Waterworks. By J. A. Voelcker, May, 1884. Local Government Board Report. 1884. No. I. Solid residue consisting principally of : — Grains per gallon. Carbonates and sulphates 26 • 88 Oxidizable organic matter - - - -20 Chloride of sodium - - - - - 2 * 54 Nitric acid as nitrates 1 • 78 x^ctual (saline) ammonia - . ^ -003 Albuminoid (organic) ammonia -004 Degrees. Hardness 17*6 The water, on evaporation, left a perfectly white residue, which did not char on strongly h ating it, showing the absence of dissolved organic matters The water itself was clear and colourless. It is a perfectly wholesome and very serviceable water, both for drinking and domestic purposes. Analysis of two samples of water by J . Baynes, jun. July, 1884. N. — Sample from a house in Union Road. O. — Sample taken at Mr. Wray's, grocer. N Grains per gallon. Total solid residue 26 ' 26 ' Chlorine 1-55 1*55 Parts per million. Free ammonia None None Albuminoid ammonia - - -01 None Degrees. Total hardness - - - . ... . - 25*6* 25-6* Temporary hardness - - - • - - -19*9 19 '8 Permanent hardness 5*7 6*8 It appears that the waters are almost identical in character They are of a very high degree of purity, and eminently suitable for drinking and domestic purposes. * Given as 26*6 in error. BELLAglZE— feEVERLEY . 139 Analyses of Seven Sx\.mples of Water, A. Dupre, 1884. I. II. III. IV. V. VI.* VII. Pump at St. Mary's Boys' School. foPH Union Mill, West wood. Reservoir at Pumping Station. Mr. Robinson's Office, North Bar. Well Lane Pump, Well Place. Railway Crossing Cottages. Appearances Clear Very turbid Slightly turbid Slightly turbid Slightly turbid Clear Clear Colour Colourless Colourless Colourless Colourless Colourless Pale green sp. yellow Colourless Taste — "~ — — Tasteless Tasteless Tasteless Smell None None None None None None None Deposit Minute trace Trace Trace Trace Some Minute trace A little Nitrous Acid - None None None None None None None Phosphoric Acid Minute trace Minute trace Minute trace Minute trace Minute trace Trace Minute trace Poisonous Acid - None None None None None None None Hardness before boiling 19-0° 19-3° 19-0° 19-0° 19-0° 29-0° 19 •S" Hardness after boiling 4-o" 4-75° 4-5° Grains p 4-75° 3r gallon. 4-0° 6-2° 4-75° Oxygen absorbed 0-011 0-021 0-014 0-008 0-004 0-084 0-002 Total dry residue 26-6 26-88 26-88 26-32 25-76 54-32 26-32 Colour of residue White White White White White Pale yellow White Behaviour of resi- due on ignition Slight browning Slight browning Slight browning Slight blackening Scarcely perceptible browning Blackening slightly Scarcely perceptible Drowning Chlorine - 1-24 1-18 1-47 1-45 1-43 5-439 1-40 Nitric Acid rso 1-83 2-01 2-11 1-59 4^22 2-07 Ammonia - None None None None 1 0-0028 None None Albuminoid Am- •0028 -0028 •0028 •0056 •0014 •0028 -0010 monia ' With the exception of No. VI. the waters are colourless and inodorous, and chemically speaking of very great purity as indicated by the extremely small amount of albuminoid ammonia yielded, and of oxygen absorbed from permanganate, the proportion of chlorines is also low. The deposits yielded by these waters are chiefly mineral, but contain some fungoid growths and a few animalcula?. * Result of analysis of water from Well Lane pump, April 1884, by J. Baynes : — Total solid residue 56-00 Grains per gallon. Chlorine 6*55 ,, ,, „ Free ammonia 1*34 Parts per million. Albuminoid ammonia - - - 'IC »» >, •» , The water is seriously contaminated with recent sewage. 140 ANALYSES. Sample of water supplied by the Beverley 'Waterworks from a tap at Mr. Finder's, Wednesday Market, by Mr. T. Fairley, April, 1885. From Local Government Board Keport, 1904. No. 205. The sample contains in Grains per gallon. Chlorides equal to common salt Nitrates of calcium, etc. - Calcium, magnesium, salts, etc- Volatile and organic mat* er Total dissolved solids Sediment minute in quantity - Colour of column two feet in depth Smell when warmed to 100° Fahr. '46 containing Chlorine 1-56 19-71 0.42 2415 Nitric acid Injurious metals /Ammonia \ Organic Ammonia 1-49 1-20 None None 0.002 - No animalculae. - Very pale green tint. - None. Total hardness corresponding to 19-8°, or nearly 20° on Clark's scale, chiefly temporary hardness. The analysis shows that this is a moderately hard water, similar to that generally found in Chalk districts. It is very free from organic impurity and is a good water for general use. BOROUGHBRIDGE. Report on a sample of water from the artesian well at Boroughbridge, August 1874, by Dr. T. Stevenson. Communicated by Dr. Sedgwick. This water was well aerated and of good colour. It was almost free from turbidity and contained a very few floating particles of earthy matter only. It was destitute of odour, and free from all objectionable taste. Total solid matter Chlorine Sulphuric acid (S0») - Ammonia Nitrogen as nitrates Nitrites Iron Manganese Albuminoid ammonia Hardness - Permanent hardness after an hour's boiling Grains per gallon. 27-781 1-540 3.283 0.004 0-061 None A trace A trace 0-005 21*0 degrees. 6-5 The sohd residue left after evaporation was of a fawn colour. The colour was in part due to a trace of organic matter, but chiefly to the small quantity of iron and manganese compounds. The organic matter present required ' 022 grains of oxygen for its oxidation by permanganic acid and yielded the albuminoid ammonia given above- BEVERLEY — BRIDLINGTON. 141 BRIDLINGTON. Analysis of Springs, Jan. 11, 1873; From Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874. Boring in the Har- Natural Springs hour (Temperature (Temperature 9-7C.) 8-5C.) Parts per 100,000. Total solid impurity 25.36 30.76 Organic carbon '032 '065 Organic nitrogen -006 '009 Ammonia '0 '0 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites - - - '358 '573 Total combined nitrogen - - - - - '364 '582 Previous sewage or animal contamination - - 3*260 5*410 Chlorine -------- 2*25 3*20 Hardness, temporary 14*5 18*9 Hardness, permanent - - -- - 5*4 5*0 Hardness, total 19*9 23*9 Both waters are clear and palatable. Analyses of well water, 1878. From G. W. Wigner. "Seaside Water." Grains per gallon. No. 1. No. 2. Total solids 21*60 10*80 Volatile organic matter * 68 3 * 50 Chloride of sodium 3*16 1*70 Hardness before boiling 12*6 5*4 Hardness after boihng 3*0 5*2 Nitrogen as free ammonia * 0053 * 0056 Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia 0*0024 0*0051 Nitrogen as nitrates 0*1400 0*0100 Nitrogen as nitrites trace 0*0040 Total combined nitrogen 0*1477 0*0847 Oxygen absorbed 0*1040 0*0560 No. 1. was milky blue in colour, and contained iron in suspension. No. 2. was opaque yellow in colour, and had an offensive smell. Analysis of two samples of water from Bridlington Waterworks, by Mr. J. Baynes, February, 1898. No. 1. Well 159 feet deep in Chalk. No. 2. Well 100 feet deep in Chalk. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Grains per gallon. No. 1. No. 2. Upper Lower Reservoir. Reservoir. Total solid residue 20*10 20*00 Chlorine 2*05 2* 05 Nitrogen as nitrates *80 * 81 Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes at 80° Fahr. - - -003 '054 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 80° Fahr. - - *093 *087 Parts per million. Free ammonia -0106 -0066 Albuminoid ammonia ..... '0140 *0082 Degrees Clark. Temporary hardness - 15*0 14*90 Permanent hardness 2*1 2*06 ' Total hardness - 17*1 16*96 142 ANALYSES. Analyses of two samples of water from the Borough Hospital for Infectious Diseases, by Mr. J. Baynes, December, 1899. Well 175 feet deep in Chalk under about 4 feet of brickearth. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Grains per gallon. Nov. 27. Nov. 28. Total solid residue 28.5 29.5 Chlorine - 2.4 2.5 Parts per million. Free ammonia .0174 .0182 Albuminoid ammonia .0450 .0340 BROOMFLEET. Analysis of water from borehole made in 1897. Communicated by Dr. J. Mitchell Wilson. Grains per gallon. Total soUd residue 611*80 Chlorine 203*70 Parts per million. Free ammonia .-....-. -648 Albuminoid ammonia ...-.-. -059 This water does not in any degree represent a water for drinking or domestic use. It would appear to have been tapped from a tidal river. It is char- acteristic of the water of the district bordering the Humber. BROUGH. Analysis of water from wells of moderate depth in the Inferior Oolite, by Dr. H. F. Parsons, October, 1878. No. 1. No. 2. Total solids 32 32 ^ Chlorine 2*4 2-0 I Grains per Nitric acid minute trace trace ( gallon Oxygen absorbed -006 006 ^ Free ammonia -00 -00 1 Parts per Albuminoid ammonia - - - - -04 -05 / Million Hardness before boiling ... - 28" 24° Hardness after boiling . . . . 10° 8° Hardness due to Magnesia - - - 8° 4° Analysis of water from a well sunk in 1905 at " Glenrock " in the Inferior Oolite near the base. Communicated by Mr. W. H. Crofts. Grains per gallon. Total soUd residue (dried at 212° Faht.) - - - - 30.00 Chlorine 2. 35 Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes at 80° Faht. - - - .020 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 80° Faht. - - - .035 Nitrogen in nitrates and nitrites .12 Phosphoric acid .-.-.... None. Poisonous metals - - Absent. Parts per milhon. Free ammonia .0294 Albuminoid ammonia .0220 Degrees Clark. Temporary hardness (removed by boiling) - - - 17.00 Permanent hardness (unaffected by boihng) - - - 4.50 Total hardness 21.50 BRIDLINGTON — COWICK. 143 BURYTHORPE. Analysis of water from the Cuckoo Springs, by Mr. T. Fairley. Communicated by Dr. H. P. Parsons. The water issues from two springs in limestone rock (Middle Oolite) at an altitude of about 370 feet O.D., there being a difference of level of 15 feet between the two springs. Minimum yield 7,776 gallons per diem (aggregate). Cuckoo Spring, No. 1. The sample contains in grains per gallon (parts per 70,000) : — Chlorides equivalent to com- mon salt - - - - 1.64 Containing chlorine - - - 0.99 Nitrates. Calcium nitrate - 0.78 Containing nitric acid - - 0.60 Nitrites .... None. Phosphates .... None. r Containing ammonia - - 0.002 Carbonates and Sulphates - 18.79] Containing organic ammonia - 0.003 Volatile and organic matter - 0.63 | Absorbing oxygen in 15 mins. — I Absorbing oxygen in 4 hours 0.009 Total dissolved solids - - 21 . 84 Cuckoo Spring No. 2. The sample contains in grains per gallon (parts per 70,000) : — Chlorides equivalent to com mon salt - Nitrates. Calcium nitrate Nitrites Phosphates - Calcium, Magnesium - " \ 19 og Carbonates, Sulphates, etc. - 1 r Containing ammonia - - 0.002 ,^ , J.., J • xi. A KpJ Containing organic ammonia 0.003 Volatile and organic matter - 0.56( AUc^„i.,-««^^xr«^^ ;r. tk »v.;«c ® Absorbing oxygen in 15 mms. — V Absorbing oxygen in 4 hours 0.009 Total dissolved solids - -22.96 COWICK, NEAR SNAITH. Analysis of water from a well at the Brewery, East Gowick, 50 feet in New Red Sandstone, October, 1874. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Water clear and colourless, without taste or smell. Total solids ^^ I Grains per gallon. Chlorine 3 j Nitric acid Considerable. Free ammonia - .00| p^^^^ ^.^^^ Albuminoid ammonia .04j Hardness, total -..---- 22° Hardness, permanent ------ 10.5* - 1.64 Containing chlorine - - 0.99 - 0.78 Containing nitric acid - 0.60 - None. - None. 144 ANALYSES, DREWTON. Analysis of water from spring at Drewton Vale, from base of the Chalk at an altitude of 150 feet, by Dr. H. F. Parsons, August, 1876. Total solids 160^ Loss on ignition 3'0 >• Grains per gallon. Chlorine I'lJ Nitric acid Trace. Iron Trace. Phosphoric acid Trace. Free ammonia '03^ Parts per million. Albuminoid ammonia "04/ Hardness before boiling 10-5° Hardness after boiling - - - - .- - 2° Hardness due to magnesia 1° Analyses of three samples of water from Drewton and Weedley Springs. Hull Laboratories, December 1901. From Report on the Howdenshire Water. Grains per gallon. A. B. C. Total solid residue at 212° Fahr. - - - 23-00 22*50 22-70 Chlorine - - - 1-30 1*05 1*10 Equal to common salt 2-15 1*73 1*81 Parts per miUion. Free ammonia -0850 -0106 None Albuminoid ammonia -0100 .0070 None Degrees Clarke. Temporary hardness (removed by boiling) - - 11*0 10*4 9*8 Permanent hardness 40 3*2 3*1 Total hardness 15-0 13*6 12-9 All the above represent waters of very high degree of purity, and they are thoroughly well adapted for public supplies. In addition to their high degree of purity, they are in comparison with the waters of their neighbourhood fairly soft ; they are also well aerated and bright. EASINGWOLD. Analyses of three samples of water by J. Baynes. March Communicated by Messrs. Fairbank and Son, Driffield. 1890. A A spring opposite Banks Farm. B Hanover Farm. c Oulston Spring. Total solid residue - Chlorine - Free Ammonia - Albuminoid Ammonia 22-40 no •0214 •0230 22-00 1-23 None •008 26^25 •90 None •014 j- Grains per gallon. 1 Parts per million. A. [Probably from the Middle Lias, but through a thin covering of Boulder clay.] A water of a high degree of purity. B. From a boring in Bog Field about 300 yards east of Banks Farm. [From the Boulder clay overlying Lias, probably from the Middle Lias.] • A water of extraordinary degree of purity. Issues from three 3 in. boreholes at the rate of 54,648 gallons per 24 hours (April 1891). This is the water selected for the supply of the town of Easingwold. C. [Issues from the base of the Lower Oohtes.] A water of extraordinary degree of purity. DREWTON — FLAMBOROUGH. 145 ELLOUGHTON. Analysis of water from Upper Spring Dale, by J. Baynes. Communicated by Messrs. Fairbank and Son, Driffield. Grains per gallon. iotal solid residue 18-25 Chlorine - - - - . . . . . I'lO Parts per million. Free ammonia ----.... -0406 Albuminoid ammonia ---.... -0400 [Issues from the base of the Chalk at the west side of Elloughton Dale Road.] A water of average degree of purity, and well adapted for drinking and domestic purposes. FILEY. Analysis of water from Filey Spa. From Bep. Brit. Assoc, for 1844, p. 111. Grains per imp. gallon Sulphate of magnesia 48 • 96 Chloride of magnesium - - 36*4 ,, calcium 41*2 sodium - 210-8 Carbonate of soda - . - 58*08 Total - . - 395-44 Analyses of Well Water, 1878. From G. W. Wigner. " Sea-side water. " Grains per gallon No. 1. No. 2. Total solids 17*60 206*40 Volatile organic matter 5-43 27*52 Chloride of sodium 3*40 62*71 Hardness before boiling 7-7 64*0 ,, after boiling 5*5 22*0 Nitrogen as free ammonia 0*0040 0*0044 „ albuminoid ammonia .... 0*0088 0*0143 nitrates 0*0410 5*9400 nitrites traces 0*0090 Total combined nitrogen - . . - - - 0*0538 5*9677 Oxygen absorbed 0"0500 0*3220 No. 1 was opaque yellow in colour and had an offensive smell. No. 2, which was from an hotel, smelt strongly of sewage. Analysis of water from tl:e boring near the station is given on page 164. FLAMBOROUGH. Analysis of water by S. R. Trotman, March, 1905. Communicated by Dr. J. Mitchell Wilson. Grains per gallon. Total solids 15*6 Chlorine 1*8 Nitric nitrogen -308 Parts per million. Albuminoid ammonia - - . - - - * 16 Free ammonia ....... -03 Temporary hardness - - - - - - 13*6 Permanent hardness 1 * 05 This water is of excellent quality and quite fit for drinking. 146 ANALYSES. GIVENDALE. Analysis of water from springs at the side of Ridings Beck, near Little Givendale, by Messrs. H. Broadbent and F. Boyce, Jan. 1891. Communicated by Messrs. Fairbank and Son, Driffield. Grains per gallon. Total solid residue 18*62 Ohlorine - - - - Equal to common salt Nitrates - . - - Carbonates Volatile or Organic matter 1-0296 1-68 1-68 812 714 Parts per million. Free ammonia - - - '00175 Albuminoid ammonia -00735 Temporary hardness 9-22 Permanent hardness - - - - - - - - 1 - 22 Total hardness 10*44 [These springs rise from the base of the Chalk at its junction with the under- lying Lias clays.] The water is of excellent purity. Four of these springs yielded 106,464 gallons in twenty-four hours (January 1891), but were stated to be exceptionally low for the time of year. GOOLE. Analysis of water from trial boring No. 1. Booth Ferry Road. Made and communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. August 18, 1875.— Depth, 96 feet. September 14, 1875. — Temperature when first drawn, 61*8°F. October 30, 1875.— Boring 300 feet deep. Tubed 180 feet. November 3, 1875. — After continuous pumping. November 29, IS"/ 5. —Boring 366 feet. Supply much diminished by tubing to a greater depth than No. 3. November 30, 1875. — ^After 24 hours pumping. Water when first drawn clear and colourless with a chalybeate taste and smell. On standing an hour it acquired an opaque dirty brown turbidity and afterwards threw down a flocculent rusty sediment. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. Total solids - 33-0 32-0 32-5 33-0 37*0 33^0 Grains Chlorine 1-5 1-0 1-2 1-2 1*4 1*4 Nitric acid - small . — . — — / per gallon. Iron much •42 •4 — much •42 Free ammonia •62 •83 MO 1*19 2*40 1-94 ^ Parts Albuminoid I per ammonia - •08 •06 •05 •05 •055 •03 J million. Hardness, total 20° 16° 21° 24° — 24^5° Hardness, permanent 10° 7-5° 8-5° 10*5° — 12-5° (Ferruginous water from red sandstone.) Analysis of water from trial boring No. 2. December 1875, by Dr. H. F. Parsons. In superficial gravel. Water turbid with chalybeate taste. Total sohds 63 -0 Chlorine 4 * 6 'Grains per gallon. Nitric acid *0 J Free ammonia •84| p^^^ millior. Albuminoid ammonia •16/ *^ Hardness, total 44° Hardness, permanent 18*5° (Ferruginous water, harder than that from the red sandstone.) GIVENDALE — GOOLE. 147 Ana)lysis of water from well 200 feet deep in New Red Sandstone. Pemberton's Brewery. October. 1876. Made and communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Temperature when drawn, 53°F. Water clear and colourless when first drawn, with chalybeate taste and smell, on standing became opalescent, and on boihng brown and turbid. - Grains per gallon. •17 ) ^' [ Parts per miUion. Total soKds 40-0 Chlorine 3' 3 Nitric acid - - Iron '75 Free ammonia 1*17 Albuminoid ammonia .... Hardness, total 22° Hardness, permanent 8*5° Hardness due to magnesia 7*5° (Ferruginous red-sandstone water.) Analysis of water from well in St. John's Street, July, 1876, by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Water probaibly from under the clay. Water clear and colourless, without taste or smell. Total soUds 30^ Chlorine- - - - 1 Grains per gallon. Nitric acid Oj Free ammonia *^H Parts per million. Albuminoid ammonia *OdJ Hardness, total -28 Hardness, permanent 12° Hardness due to magnesia ..... 20° (This may be taken as an example of the unpolluted water yielded by wells in Goole, from below the clay bed.) Analysis of water from pump behind Doyle Street, April, 1874, by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Water probably from beneath clay. Water clear with no objectionable taste or small. Chlorine 2.8| Qj-ains per gallon. Nitric acid -^- - - - "^J Free ammonia *^^\ Parts per million. Albuminoid ammonia '^^j Hardness, total 25*3^ Hardness Permanent 9^ K2 870' 148 ANALYSES. Analysis of water from Cooper's well, Old Goole, July, 1874, by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Well in alluvial strata. Water clear and colourless, without smell but with a chalybeate taste. Total solids 117 1 Chlorine 10-2 I ^ . „ Nitric acid Moderate ^^^^"' P^^ S^"°^- Iron - . -15] Free ammonia -981 -r, ^ .,,. Albuminoid ammonia ^^j Parts per million. Hardness, total 33.5* Hardness, permanent .--•.- 10° Analysis of water from Manor Cottage, Old Goole, June, 1876, by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Shallow well. Water from superficial strata, said never to fail and in much repute. Water clear and colourless, free from taste. Total solids - - 70 Chlorine 4 Nitrates Much Iron Moderate Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Hardness, total 32** Hardness, permanent 9** Hardness due to magnesia 10* .g I Grains per gallon. ch. ►derate. ,A Parts per million. This and the previous analysis are examples, less polluted than usual, of the top spring water, *.e., that yielded by the beds above the clay in the Vale of York. HADDLESEY. Analysis of water from well at East Haddlesey, 18 feet in sand, bottom on clay, puddled 15 feet. Made and communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Water clear and colourless, no taste or smell. Total solids 90 1 >^ . „ Chlorine 15 JG'^n^ Per gallon. Nitrates Moderate. Iron Moderate. Sulphates Very much. Free ammonia .00)-^, .„. • 1, . ., . n-rr Parts per million. Albuminoid ammonia- - - - - .07| ^ Hardness, total 34° Hardness, permanent- . , , , • 90 GOOLE— HORNSEA. 149 HECK. Analysis of water from a well at the Railway Station, of moderate depth in New Red Sandstone. March, 1876. Made and communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Water clear and colourless, free from taste or smell. Total solids 47 ^ Chlorine 6 I Grains per gallon Nitric acid, NgO- 3-8 J Iron Minute trace. Free ammonia •OO'I Albuminoid ammonia - - - - . . q^ | Parts per million Hardness, total 17.5"^ Hardness, permanent - - - - - . 14.5** Hardness, due to magnesia . - - - . 30 (Red sandstone water from shallow well on outcrop.) HESSLE. Analysis of water from Goburg Villa, March, 1872. From Sixth Report of the River Pollution Commission, p. 100. Parts per 100,000* Total solid impurity 33 -54 Organic carbon - - - - - . . . . -093 Organic nitrogen -016 Ammonia ------- i . . j;j"ii Nitrogen as nitrites and nitrates -640 Total combined nitrogen -656 Previous sewage or animal contamination 6080* Chlorine 2*20 Hardness, temporary 20 "1 „ permanent 8*1 total - - - 28 '2 Clear and palatable. Analyses are given in Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1844, p. Ill, of waters which probably came from this neighbourhood. HORNSEA. Analysis of water from the pubhc well, 1878. From G. W. Wigner. " Sea-side water. " Grains per gallon. Total solids 84*60 Volatile organic matter 10 '00 Chloride of sodium 15 '91 Hardness before boiling 32-0 ,, after boiling 12 '0 Nitrogen as free ammonia - 0*0030 , albuminoid ammonia 0*0099 „ nitrates 1*8200 „ nitrites trace Total combined nitrogen 1 • 8329 Oxygen absorbed ......... ^ 0*0060 This water was good in colour, but offensive in smell. 150 ANALYSES. Analysis of water from Hornsea Waterworks, by Mr. A. Angell, Hants County Laboratory, Southampton, Feb. 1896. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Well 70 feet and boring 195 feet, through Drift, passing at 128 feet into Chalk. The water, however, appears to come mainly from beds above the Chalk. Rest level of water 70 feet from surface. Yield about 60,000 gallons per diem. Grains per gallon. Unfiltered The same Water. after filtra- tion through Polarik. Total solid residue 43 '4 — Chlorine 14-7 — Equal to common salt - - - - 24*22 — Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites - - traces only — Phosphoric acid slight trace — Parts per 100,000. Free ammonia -188 -0262 Albuminoid ammonia ... - '0128 -0084 Equal to nitrogen obtained from organic matter -0105 -0069 This water contains too much organic matter in solution to be tabulated as a good one for diethetical purposes ; at the same time in the absence of nitrates and phosphates, and in the presence of so much iron 1 am of opinion that efficient filtration will render it a good and reliable public supply. The water requires to be treated by aeration and filtration to remove the iron. The amount of chlorine in the water has increased with pumping. In 1883 there was 11-1 grains per gallon. „ 1902 „ 20-09 „ 1904 „ 20-1 „ 1905 „ 22-0 HULL. Analysis of water from Springhead, January, 1873. From Sixth Report of the River Pollution Commission, p. 100. Temperature, 11 '5. Parts per 100,000. Total solid impurity 31*66 Organic carbon "032 Organic nitrogen '012 Ammonia - - - - - - - - - - - Nil Nitrogen as nitrites and nitrates - -406 Total combined nitrogen '418 Previous sewage or animal contamination 3740 Chlorine 1-95 Hardness, temporary - - - 21*3 „ permanent - - - - ♦ - 4*7 total ..•-----... 26-0 Clear and palatable. HORNSEA — HULL. 151 Analyses of various water supplies in the Sculcoates Rural Sanitary District. By Mr. J. Baynes. Local Government Board Report, 1890. No. 53. ' Grains per Parts per 05 1— 1 Gallon. Million. Source. Date of Analvsis. Locality. .i §.s C4-I ^ S •2 5 x^ O r-t 50 'C s i Z.^ 6 c3^ ^ g r3 c 1^ Anlaby - 1 Big Pamp Aug., 1877 - 29-4 1-32 •004 •006 130 » " " " 2 j» " " May, 1889 - 14-4 1-95 •0214 •0104 — » " " " 3 Little Pump Aug., 1877 - 29-2 1-3 •01 •005 — Hessle - 4 North Field March, 1890 - 22-7 •95 •0444 •064 — i> " " " 5 East Hessle Oct., 1889 - 32-6 8-1 •148 •048 — }> " " * 6 Hearfield's Terrace >> »j 33-4 1-4 •001 •008 50 » " " " 7 »> jj Jan., 1S90 - 26-5 1-4 •0532 •0272 — » " " " 8 Chapel Yard Oct., 1889 - 29-0 1-45 •0214 •016 — North Ferriby 9 Narrow Lane Pump March, 1882 - 58-0 5-2 •053 •05 90 »> »> 10 >> >> Sept., 1889 - 48-9 2-8 •032 •046 — s> » 11 J J j> Oct., 1889 - 54-2 3-2 •0586 •176 — >> » 12 Low Street Pump Sept., 1889 - 42-0 4-5 •0346 •024 60 JJ J> 13 '» Oct., 1889 - 48-6 6-6 •0066 •oa — JJ >J 14 New Upper Pump Feb., 1890 - 76-0 4-3 •240 •142 95 >J J> 15 It >» March, 1890 - 68-5 41 •054 •084 — » » 16 New Lower Pump Jan., 1890 - 50-1 3-1 •0906 •318 53 » » 17 >> j> March, 1890 - 58-4 4-2 Nil •024 — Kirk Ella - 18 Public Pump Sept., 1877 - 26-0 1-15 •02 •07 135 » j> * ' 19 >> 5> Aug., 1882 - 20-3 1-2 •026 •01 — West Ella - 20 »> J> March, 1890 - 22-5 1-9 •04 •0434 305 Welton 21 Petty's Farm Feb., 1880 - 49-0 2-73 •06 •11 — WiUerby 22 Wallis Farm Aug., 1877 - 26-0 1-1 •0026 •002 140 Hull Waterworks - 23 Springhead - March, 1890 - 22-0 1-25 •0266 •028 — Sutton - 24 Private Well Jan., 1883 - 50-0 9 •08 •062 — » * " " 25 Well at Police Stn. Dec, 1884 - 69-5 9-5 •052 •08 — » " ' " 26 Rutland Sept., 1889 - 90-0 9-4 •032 •1072 23 The analyses Nos. 1 to 22 inclusive are of water from wells sunk into the Chalk, and for purposes of comparison I have given in No. 23 an analysis of the Hull water, obtained from the same source. The superior chemical purity of the Hull water is very noticeable. The analyses Nos. 24 to 26 inclusive are of waters obtained from " sype " wells sunk in the sand and drift at Sutton. 152 ANALYSES. Analysis of water from the City Analyst's Laboratory tap, October, 19u4, and Febuary, 1905. From Report of the Hull Water and Gas Committee, 1904-5. 1904. 1905. Grains Grains per gallon, per gallon Silica - -90 1*0 Oxide of iron and alumina - - - - - - '50 * 5 Carbonate of lime 15*30 15*85 Sulphate of lime 1'73 1-9 Carbonate of magnesia " 1 • 52 1*5 Chloride of sodium 2-13 2*13 Total solid residue (at 212 Fahr. - - - 22*08 22-88 Analyses of water by Mr. J. Baynes. Total solid residue - Chlorine - Free Ammonia Albuminoid Ammonia Total solid residue - Chlorine - - - - Free Ammonia Albuminoid Ammonia - COTTINGHAM. Oct. 7. Oct. 20. Nov. 4. Jan. 13. Jan. 27. 22-50 21-80 22-60 23-00 20-80 1-34 1-34 1-34 1-33 1-33 -0184 •0172 •0182 -0174 •0154 -0162 -0184 •0182 •0206 -0202 ] Grains j gallon. Parts per million SPRINGHEAD. Oct. 7. 23-60 1-34 -0168 •0178 Oct. 20. 20-20 134 •0168 -0190 Nov. 4. 22-00 1-34 •0186 -0198 Jan. 13. 22-00 1-33 •0164 •0220 Jan. 27. 27^00 1-60 •0106 -0172 (Grains per gallon. ] Parts r ^^^ I million KELFIELD. Analysis of water from shallow, open well in sandy soil, by Dr. H. F. Parsons, October, 1875. Chlorine 2-5 Grains per gallon. Nitric acid None Free Ammonia "031 t. j. .i,. Albuminoid ammonia .^gj Parts per million. Hardness before boiling 18 „ after boiling - - - . - 12 HULL — MALTON. 153 KIRKHAM ABBEY. Analysis of a spring issuing from near the base of the Oohtes behind the Hall, Kirkham Abbey, August 1889, by Mr. J. Baynes. Communicated by Messrs. Fairbank & Son, Driffield. Total solid residue 29'70 i ^ . Chlorine 2-50 I ^^^'^' P^' gallon. Free ammonia '04261 t> ^ -n- Albuminoid ammonia .^^^J Parts per miUion. Temporary hardness 13 "50 Permanent hardness - - - - - 8*30 Total hardness 21*80 A pure water but very hard. It is well fitted for drinking purposes, but will be found wasteful for washing. MALTON. Analyses of water from Malton by Mr. T. Fairley. Nov. 1878. Reservoir. Lady's Well. Barnby'g Yard.t 1. Chlorides, equal to common salt Grains per gallon. 2-87 Grains per gallon. 2-46 Grains per gallon. 3-28 2. Nitrates of Lime ... - 2-21 3-12 6-11 Sulphates and Carbonates of Lime and Magnesia 13-54 14-44 13-53 Silica, Oxide of Iron, Alumina - traces traces traces 3. Volatile and Organic Matter - 0-84 0-98 1-68 Total dissolved solids - - 19-46 •21-00 24-60 1. Containing Chlorine 1-74 1-49 1-98 2. „ Nitric Acid - - 1-70 2-40 4-70 Corresponding to oxidized Ammonia - 0-46 0-648 1-27 3. Containing Ammonia 0-0022 0-0008 0-002 „ also Organic Matter 0-0028 0-0033 0-0047 Corresponding to nitrogenous organic matter about - - - - - 0-028 0-033 0-047 t This is from a private weU in the town and shows the difference between well water and the natural spring. The reservoir is the water pumped from the spring at Lady's Well. Analyses of water from springs in the OoHte, by Mr. J. Bajnies, 1889. From Report on the Malton Water Supply, by Messrs. Fairbank & Son, 1890. Nine Spring Dale. Lady Spring, Settrington. Malton. - 15-60 - 1-10 - -0368 •0230 - 11-25 " 4-16 - 15-41 Total solid residue Chlorine Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Temporary hardness Permanent hardness Total hardness Grains per gallon. 27-80 1-05 •0054 Parts per million. -0160 14-80 Degrees (Clark). 4-85 19-66 154 ANALYSES. MARKET WEIGHTON, Analysis of water from the well of the M.W. Water Company sunk in the Chalk close to the railway about a mile east of M.W., by J. Baynes, December, 1883. Communicated by Messrs. Fairbank and Son, Driffield. [The water probably issues from the junction of the Lias clays with the overlying Chalk.] Total solid residue 26*00 ^ ^ . Chlorine 1 . 3() | Grams per gallon. Free ammonia ...... None 'i t» , Albuminoid ammonia -056 f^^^*' P^' "^^^^^^^- Temporary hardness 11-00 ] Permanent hardness 5*00 r Degrees Clark. Total hardness 16*00 J A water of high degree of purity. NEWBALD. Analyses of water from a spring at the base of the Chalk, at an altitude of about 150 feet, by Dr. H. F. Parsons, 1876. Aggregate yield about 500,000 gallons per diem, June 27th. 345,000 „ Aug. 26th. Total solids - Loss on ignition Chlorine Nitrogen as nitrates Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Hardness before boiling- ,, after boiling „ due to magnesia June 27th. 18 5 10 •36 •00 •04 11° 2-5° 0° Aug. 26th 18 5 1-0 •00 •01 11° 2-5° 0° Grains per gallon. Parts per million. NORTON. Analysis of water from Spring Cottage by J. Baynes. January 1890. Communicated by Messrs. Fairbank and Son, Driffield. Total solid residue Chlorine Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Temporary hardness Permanent hardness Total hardness - 26-65 ] r^ . n I. on f Grains per gallon. •044 r ^^^^ P®^ million. 17-95 5-00 [ Degrees Olark. 22-95 This spring rises alongside the occupation road close to Spring Cottage at the foot of Langton Hill. [It issues from the Coralline Oolite, where it is faulted against the Kimeridge Clay.] This is a very hard water of average degree of purity. The spring discharges 380,000 gallons in 24 hours (December, 1889). MARKET WEIGHTON — PRESTON. 155 OSGODBY. Analysis of water from a deep boring in the New Red Sandstone at the Hall, by Dr. H. F. Parsons, June 1874. Total solids Chlorine Nitric acid - Iron Calcium, as carbonate - Magnesia - Hardness before boiling „ after boiling PRESTON. Analyses of water from shallow wells in Drift, by Mr. J. Baynes, April, 1898. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. 40 20 Nil. ^ Grains per •1 { gallon. 13-8 2-0^ 17° 2-5° Grains per gallon. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total solid residue 119 1 135-2 74-1 93-2 115-2 123^5 50-3 Chlorine 13-75 34-9 4-79 8-87 15-60 17^54 4-95 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites •93 •75 •81 •88 •62 •90 •55 Oxygen absorbed in 15 min. at 80°F. •127 •112 •082 •061 -070 -057 •031 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 80°F. •148 •148 •140 •098 •107 •108 •072 Parts per million Free ammonia •049 •101 -017 •Oil •012 •012 •013 Albuminoid am- monia •195 •138 -146 •128 •123 -141 •087 Analjrsis of water from the Vicarage Well, 90 feet in Drift, by Mr. J. Bajmes, June, 1900. Communicated by. Dr. H. F. Parsons. Total solid residue 74-0 Grains per gallon. Chlorine 12^7 „ „ ' „ Free ammonia -250 Parts per million. Albuminoid ammonia -038 „ „ „ Analyses of water from a well 35 feet deep and boring 200 feet by Mr. J. Baynes. Oommunicated by Dr. H. P. Parsons. No. 1. First sample taken, March, 1899. Ho. 2. Sample taken after nearly 4 weeks continuous pumping, January, 1901. Grains per gallon. No. 1. No. 2. Total solid residue 108-6 178-4 Chlorine 34-3 37- 1 Nitrogen in nitrates -1 Nitrites None. Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes at 80°F. - - - • 05 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 80°F . - - - - '16 Parts per million. Free ammonia •8928 ^534 Albuminoid ammonia ^0432 -040 Degrees Clark. 225 20^78 Temporary hardness Permanent hardness Total hardness - 43-28 I56t ANALYSES. RAWCLIFFE. Analysis of water from well near the Railway Station, No. 8, page 69, September, 1875. Made and communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Water clear and colourless when first drawn, but became turbid in an hour. Chalybeate taste and smell. Total solids 30 j Chlorine 2*3 r Grains per gallon. iron '176 J Free ammonia- "03 1^^ , -n- Albuminoid ammonia .(^3 j Parts per million. Hardness, total - - - - - - 12*5° „ permanent 4-5° (Ferruginous water form red sandstone). RICCALL. Analysis of water from a borehole at the Hall. Made by Dr. Thresh, April, 1905. Communicated by Dr. B. Stedman, Parts per 100,000 Carbonate of lime - - 21^16 Carbonate of magnesia - - 5^45 Carbonate of soda - - 6^35 Sulphate of soda - 40 Chloride of sodium - - 3-8 Nitrate of sodium - - ^9 Carbonate of iron - - -95 Total solids 42 '6 RILLINGTON. Analyses of five samples of water from wells. Dr. J. M. Wilson, 1902. From Local Government Board Report, 1903. — Grains per gallon. — A. B. C. D. E. Total solid matter Chlorine .... 68 6-8 103 5^4 82 5^3 82 15-0 104 8-6 Parts per million. Saline ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen used in 3 hours \ at ordinary temperature j Nitrates . - - . •12 •08 •220 •0 •16 •692 \ large ai •02 •09 •110 nount in •04 •14 •868 each case •05 •16 •736 The water in well C is the least impure, but none of the others can be classed as a wholesome water for drinking. RAWCLIFFE — STRENSALL. 157 SELBY. Analysis of water from a well at the brickyard, Bondgate, October, 1875. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Water clear and colourless, free from taste or smell. Total solids 55 | Chlorine 4-4 I Grains per gallon Nitric acid ....-- J Free ammonia - - - - - - '40\ -r, <„ -n. .„ . ., . f.Q f Parts per million Albuminoid ammonia - - - - -Ooj ^ Hardness - - - - - - - 15-5° Analysis of water from the well sunk in 1853 at Selby Waterworks, Sept.. 1875. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Water clear and colourless without taste or smell. Total solids 22-0 ^ Chlorine 2*0 V Grains per gallon Nitrates - - 2-5 J Free ammonia - - - - - - '03) -r, j. -it X cc ^^^ '^ . '- Parts per million Albuminoid ammonia - - - - -Ozj ^ Hardness, total - - - - - - 14° ,, permanent - - - - - 4-5° (Good water as yielded by red sandstone near the outcrop.) SOUTH DUFFIELD. Analysis of water from borehole (public pump) about 150 feet deep, June, 1904. Communicated by Dr. B. Stedman. Parts per 100,000 Chlorine - - 6 Total hardness 40 Free ammonia ......... '04 Albuminoid ammonia '006 Nitrates Nil Grains per gallon. Iron 125 STRENSALL. Analysis of water from a borehole at Towthorpe Common by F. De Chaumont, December 1879. Communicated by Lieut. -Col. W. F. Walker, R.E. Sample No. 1. Grains per gallon. Total solid residue 141-9218 Volatile organic matter 0*4357 Ammonium nitrate 0*1517 Sodium nitrate 0*1566 Sodium chloride 2*5689 Sodium carbonate 5*0000 Calcium carbonate 14*8000 Calcium sulphate 77*9800 Magnesium sulphate 25*7295 Sodium siHcate 1 ' 9485 Aluminium, and iron phosphates 2*8300 Water with calcium sulphate . , . . 10*3209 158 ANALYSES. Parts per million. Oxygen required for oxidisable organic matter - - 0-5600 Free ammonia 0*4940 Albuminoid ammonia - None Nitric acid (NO;^) 0-2297 Nitrous acid {NO.^) None Total nitrogen included in nitrates or nitrites - - 0*0519 Degrees. Permanent hardness 66*50 Temporary hardness - 26*25 Total hardness 92*75 The microscopical examination of the sediment shows mineral grit and sand, some crystalline particles, probably carbonate of lime, a little mycelium of fungi, but no trace of animal or vegetable life. This water is quite unfit for a water supply on account of the large quantity of lime, magnesia and sulphuric acid. Perhaps if the boring were continued further a softer water might be obtained. Sample No. 2. Analysis of water from a borehole at Lords' Moor Farm, by Dr. J. L. Notter, April, 1880. Grains, per gallon. Total solids by evaporation 135-8000 Volatile matter (by incinerating and after recarbonating) - - 1 * 7500 Chlorine 1*6368 Calcium carbonate 20*1000 Fixed hard salts 57*7500 Sulphuric acid (SO4), 53*0880. Total partly included in fixed hard, salts Alkaline carbonates V 54 '5632 Sodium and other metals (combined with CI. or SOi) Silica, alumina, iron, etc. Parts per million. Oxygen required for oxidisable organic matter - - - - 0-5800 Free ammonia 0-4548 Albuminoid ammonia 0*0960 Nitric acid (NO ) " - - - - 8*5529 Nitrous acid (NO2) 0*2300 Total nitrogen included in nitrates and nitrites - - - 1 *5497 Degrees. Permanent hardness 67.76 Temporary „ 30.16 Total „ 87*50 The microscopical examination shows only a little mineral grit. No trace of animal or vegetable life. The water has improved a little since plugging, and justifies further plugging as originally suggested to the level of the green sand STRENSALL — WELTON. 159 Analysis of water from a borehole 1051 feet deep, by Prof. F. De Ohaumont, February, 1883. Grains per gallon. Total solids by evaporation 185 ' 6750 Volatile matter (by incinerating and recarbonating) - - - 5 ' 6700 Chlorine 2*5347 Oalcium carbonate 5*8333 Fixed hard salts - - "- - - - - - - - 131*2500 Sulphuric acid (SO4) - - - - - - Alkahne carbonates ....... Sodium and other metals (combined with SO4) not included in ^40*3870 fixed hard salts - . - Silica, alumina, iron, etc. - - - - - - - -J Parts per million. Oxygen required for oxidisable organic matter - - - - 1 '0200 Free ammonia 0*1340 Albuminoid ammonia 0*0732 Nitric acid (NO3) None Nitrous acid (NO2) - - 0*4600 Total nitrogen included in nitrates and nitrites - - - * 1400 Permanent hardness - - - 131* 25 Temporary „ 8*75 Total „ 140*00 Some mineral grit and vegetable debris, a large quantity of iron peroxide. The amount of organic matter in this water is small, but its excessive hard- ness renders it unfit for drinking purposes. This sample was taken after forty-eight hours' pumping ; 300,000 gallons have been pumped, or at the rate of over 6,000 gallons an hour. The Water from the Boulder and the other Upper Glays was stopped out, but not that from the Pjrrites seam. WELTON. Analysis of water from the Springs at the base of the Chalk at the entrance to Welton Dale, 1895. Communicated by Mr. W. H. Crofts. Total solids 22-00| Chlorine 1 • 60 V Grains per gallon. Equal to Common Salt - - - - 2*64; Nitrates - - - - - - - Trace. Phosphates - Absent. Poisonous metals Absent. Free ammonia - - - - - - 0.026| ^^^^ ^^^.^^ Ifitrogen, as Albummoid ammonia - - 0.090J ^ Hardness, equal to 1 1 . 38 grains of chalk per gallon of water. 160 ANALYSES. 1 < 111 palatable palatable, tto 3 35 33 2 .jj ^^j +3 33 1 § s is Sis ^ s "S |5 i! 'd ^^ ■r ^^ ^ ^^ &" .^ ^ '^ ^ « ; 1 s !? 1—1 o) q^ ? ?? <>1 -* : S g C/2 3 43 , App( nd n( 05 00 g?^ 2 to CJ 2 S ;3 1844 in a ence. III 5 • ^%^ ^^^ '0^ 02 ^I'^iS'Sp : l^cb®'^ : 0) o b 0^1 * * r— 4 :^' t- ft ft ft ■ =« g o V ■~.^^— - o ^ 1 sS o 02 a ? : ? §8 00 • ^ 9 • (M 4t< : 8 . (M * io s (M 01 large to and fro lemist, \ ID _ft CZ2 o f-H ^ 1 .1^ : : : is • • i-H : : (>J 61 ■o iO i I? oo 00 000 ^_, H ir. o oco Tt oca 00 00 9^ CO 10 state Tow hite, ^ J - ^^^ § 00 CO ^%^ ^ SS^ 00 t^ k m O) 0) qj C -M o o ? 10 »o 10 ^ ^^ K-i J^ ■p 9 C^r^ (MO r 'P9 CO ^^ g g g ^ ir o C5 4^ cC ce se 1 ^^ ib fl o oo . sg 100 s ci •s ^^ (M O ip p CO 10 10 CO ^ th 6i lb 00 00 CO ft 6i C0 9 CO CO -^ CM p cb 6i s. ^ s O -H (M -H .S ^- :^fl. i^l 'e8 05 "? s s t-i s "0.9 CC r-H 00 --H 00 0(M t- 00 »0 00 65 (W 6 ^-1 (D S c^O. ^^1 co:d t^ COCO (M• ;l§ |3 ."S Scy p CM ip CO CO l^t^ 9 t-t- »p (35 CO 9 CO ^« ^.s |l J 2-^ T19 CO a> Tji 0: 00 r-^ ^ ip tH ip 9 9 he Commii Water fro; s of the t ^ ft 2 CD If CM -H " r-H " '^ ■^1 :3 o ^ CO -H 1;- ip 9 1*' 9 cc >b c^i 9 CO CO CO CO QC P cio 9 O-^H 'j.g 1— 1 1—1 '"' -^ 01 CM i~( i-^-H '"' (M 1—1 « :.j 03 -M c^_, OJ ce ••=! CS r, O •i; o Tt< ^ ^h p CO l;-lr^p CO 9 C^D p Th p ^ ^ >. o %H '5 7? o CO -^ •T -f -^ "^ «b §^ 65 »b ^ -^'S r^^^t ^.1-" 01 01 01 G^l CO ^CO(M r— ( c^ CO ^ cl fl Repor Conte a 9 ^ 9} 3 t ill W » 93. S.E. 71 Escrick, Pocklington, Selby. )> 94. N.E. 65 Bridlington, Barmston, Skipsea. >« 94. S.E. 73 Hornsea, Aldbrough, Burton Constable. »» 94. N.W. 64 Driffield, North Grimston, Huggate. 94. S.W. 95. S.E. 72 55 Beverley, Market Weighton, North Cave. Speeton, Flamborough »» 95. S.W. 54 Filey, Hunmanby, Weaverthorpe, Wintringham. M 96. S.E. 53 Malton, Norton, Settrington. *f 85. 81, 82 Withernsea, Patrington. „ 86. 79, 80 Hull, Howden, Goole. >J 87. N.E. 79 Hemingborough, Barmby Horizontal Sections. Scale, six inches to a mile. Sheet 130. — From the Lower Lias at Staithes, through the Lias and Oolites of Whitby, Robin Hood's Bay, the Oolites of Hackness and Hutton Bushel ; and across the Vale of Pickering to the Chalk of Willerby Wold. 166 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Sheet 131. — From the Yorkshire coast at Redcar, across the Ironstone Mea- sures of Upleatham and the Lower Oolites of Shelton, Stanghow and Danby, with the outUers of Kellaways Rock at Freeborough Hill and Danby Beacon ; thence across the valley of the Esk, and the Lower Oolites of Egton and Pickering Moors, to the Middle Oolites of Levisham, Kingthorpe and Thornton Dale, and across the Vale of Pickering to the Ohalk of Knapton. Sheet 138. — Sections illustrating the structure of the Howardian Hills: — Section A. — From Hovingham Spa across Terrington and Stittenham to Flaxton. Section B. — From Slingsby across Castle Howard Park to Barton-le-'Willows. Section G. — From Amotherby and Swinton across Hildenley, Buttons Ambo, and Weston to Leppington. Section D. — From Wintringham along the edge of the Wolds by Settrington, North Grimston, and Birdsall to Water Dale and Kirkby Underdale. Sheet 139. — Along the western escarpment of the Wolds ; illustrating the overlap of the Oretaceous Rocks ; from the Oohtes of Malton, Langton, Burythorpe, Leavening, Acklam; and Kirkby Underdale, across the lAas and Keuper Marl of Bishop Wilton, Kildwick Percy, Londesbrough, and Market Weighton to the Oolites of Sancton, Newbald, South Gave, and Brough on the Humber. Short descriptive pamphlets accompany these sections. Memoirs, 8vo> 1870. AvELiNE, W. T., and others. The Geology of the Oarboniferous Rocks North and East of Leeds, and the Permian and Triassic Rocks about Tadcaster. (Explanation of Sheet 93 S.W.) [Section at York, p. 10.] 1880. Strangways, C. Fox, The Geology of the Oolitic and Oretaceous Rocks South of Scarborough. (Explanation of Sheets 95 S.W. and 95 S.E.) 2nd Ed. in 1904. 1881. The Geology of the Oolitic and Liassic Rocks to the North and West of Malton. (Explanation of Sheet 96 S.E.) 1884. The Geology of the Country North-East of York and South of Malton. (Explanation of Sheet 93 N.E. 1885. Dakyns, J. R. and 0. Fox -Strangways. The Geology of Bridhngton Bay> (Explanation of Sheet 94 N.E. ) Reid, C. The Geology of Holderness, and the adjoining parts of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. 1886. Dakyns, J. R., C. Fox-Strangways and A. 0. G. Cameron. The Geology of the Country between York and Hull. (Explanation of Sheet 93 S.E.) and . The Geology of the Country around Driffield. (Explanation of Sheet 94 N.W.) 1890. UssHBR, W. A. E., and others. The Geology of Parts of North Lincolnshire and South Yorkshire. (Explanation of Sheet 86.) BIBLIOGRAPHY^ 167 1892. Stbangways, C. Fox. The Jurassic Rocks of Britain. Vol. I. 1900-1904. Jukes-Browne, A. J. The Cretaceous Rock of Britain. 3 vols. [Vol. I., pp. 435-440, and Vol. III. pp. 425-445 Water Supply.] 2. REPORTS OF THE MEDICAL INSPECTORS OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD ON THE S.E. RIDING OP YORKSHIRE. 1878. Blaxall, Dr. Report on an Epidemic of Diphtheria in the Rural Sanitary District of Sculcoates in the County of York, and upon the sanitary condition of the infected Localities. 1881. Parsons, Dr. H. F. Report on the recent prevalence of Enteric Fever in the Bridlington Urban Sanitary District. Spear, Mr. J. Report on the prevalence of enteric fever in the Howden Rural Sanitary District in the East Riding of Yorkshire. 1882. AmY, Dr. H. Report on the Sanitary State of Hull. 1884. Page, Dr. D. Report on an Outbreak of Enteric Fever in Beverley and on the general sanitary condition of the Borough. (No. 1.) 1885. Airy, Dr. H. Report on a Prevalence of Typhoid Fever in York. (No. 4. ) 1890. Barry, Dr. F. W. Report on the General Sanitary Condition of the Sculcoates Rural Sanitary District. (No. 53.) 1893. Thompson, T. W. Report on the General Sanitary Condition of the York Rural Sanitary District. (No. 65.) Bruce Low, Dr. R. Report on an Outbreak of Enteric Fever in certain Villages on the River Rye in North Yorkshire, and on the Water Supply of the Malton Urban Sanitary District. (No. 67. ) 1894. Evans, Mr. Report on the Outbreak of Enteric Fever at Pocklington, Yorkshire. 1896. Bruce Low, Dr. R. Report on an Outbreak of Enteric Fever at Helmsley in the Helmsley Rural District North Riding of Yorkshire. (No. 98. ) [Contains meteorological report from Malton]. 1898. Reecb, Dr. R. J. Report on Fever Prevalence at Aldburgh in the Skirlaugh Rural District. (No. 128.) 1903. Whbaton, Dr. S. W. Report on Water Supplies in the Norton Rural District. (No. 184.) 168 SiBLiOGRAPHY. 1904. Farrar, Dr. R. Report on the Sanitary Circumstances and Administration of the Borough of Beverley, with special reference to the Recent Preval- ence of Enteric Fever and Diarrhoea in the Borough. (No. 205.) 1905. Farrar, Dr. R. Report on the Sanitary State and Administration of the Howden Rural District in the East Riding of Yorkshire. (No. 206.) Wheaton, Dr. S. W. and E. A. Sandford Fawcett. Report on the Water Supply of that portion of the East Riding of Yorkshire which is known as Holderness. Appendix A. Report on the Water Supply to South Holderness (including Hornsea). By F. J. Bancroft. 3. OTHER WORKS ON WELLS AND BORINGS IN THE EAST RIDING. 1734. Short, Dr. T. The Natural Experimental and Medicinal History of the Mineral Waters of Derbyshire, Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, particularly those of Scarborough, Together with the Natural History of the Earths, Minerals and Fossils through which the chief of them pass. 4to. London. 1791. Smeaton, J. A Narrative of the Building and a Description of the Con- struction of the Edystone Lighthouse with Stone : with which is sub - joined an appendix giving some account of the Lighthouse on the Spurn Point built upon a Sand. Fol. London. 1794. Leatham, J. General View of the Agriculture of the East Riding of York- shire. [Map and Account of Soils]. 4to. London. 1812. Strickland, H. E. A General View of the Agriculture of the East Riding of York. [Geol. map. Drift and Chalk]. 8vo. York. 1815. Storer, Dr. On an ebbing and flowing stream, discovered by boring in the harbour of Bridlington. Phil. Trans, vol. cv., pt. 1., pp. 54-59 and Phil. Mag. vol. xlv., p. 432. 1817. Anon. The ebbing and flowing stream in the Harbour of Bridlington, York- shire. Phil Mag. vol. xlix., p. 230. (W. S.). On Ebbing and Flowing Springs. Ihid. vol. 1., p. 267. Inglis, G. On the cause of Ebbing and Flowing Springs [Bridhngton]. Ihid. p. 81. 1822. Young, Rev. G. and J. Bird. A Geological Survey of the Yorkshire Coast. [Ebbing and flowing Springs, Bridlington, pp. 22-24 ; intermittent Springs, pp. 27, 28]. 4to. Whitby. Ed. 2 in 1828. 1829. Phillips, Prof. J. Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire, or a Descrip- tion of the Strata and Organic Remains of the Yorkshire Coast* [Wells at Hull, Bridlington, and Vale of Pickering, pp. 65, 66, 84, 280 of Ed. 3]. 4to. York. Ed. 2 in 1835, Ed. 3. by R. Etheridqe, 1875. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 169 1844. Reports. First Report of the Commissioners for inquiring into the state of large towns and populous districts. Fol. London. 1845. West, W. On Mineral Springs and other Waters of Yorkshire. Rey. Brit. Assoc, for 1844, Trans, of Sections, p. 105. 1848. Legard, G. Farming of the East Riding of Yorkshire. Journ. Roy. Agric. Soc. vol. ix., pp. 85-136 ; and Trans. Yorhsh. Agric. Soc. No. xi., p. 69. 1853. Phillips, Prof. J. The Rivers, Mountains and Seacoast of Yorkshire, 8vo. London. Ed. 2 in 1855. . A Map of the Principal Features of the Geology of Yorkshire. (Scale 5 miles to an inch). York. Ed. 2 in 1862. 1854. Oldham, J. On the Physical Features of the Humber. [Map and section of a boring at Sunk Island, pi. 2.] Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1853, pp. 36-45. 1856. Hughes, S. A treatise on Waterworks for the Supply of Cities and Towns ; with a Description of the principal Geological Formations of England as influencing the Supplies of Water. 8 vo. London, Ed. 2 by A. SiLVERTHORNE in 1872; another Ed. in 1879 ; another in 1882. 1861. Prestwich, J. On the Occurrence of Cjrrena fluminalis together with Marine Shells of Recent Species, in Beds of Sand and Gravel, over beds of Boulder- clay near Hull ; with an account of some Borings and Well-sections in the same District. Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc. vol. xvii., pp. 446-456. 1868. Wood, S. V. Jun. and Rev. J. L. Rome. On the Glacial and Post-glacial Structure of Lincolnshire and South-east Yorkshire. Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc. vol. xxiv., pp. 146-184. 1869. Reports. Report of the Royal Commission on Water Supply. Fol. London. Shelford, W. On the outfall of the River Humber. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol. xxviii., p. 472. 1875. Hawkshaw, J. C. The construction of the Albert Dock at Kingston-upon- HuU. [Refers to blow- wells pp. 98-107.] Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. xh., p. 92. Mortimer, J. R. An account of a Well-section in the Chalk at the north end of Driffield, East Yorkshire. Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc, vol. xxxi., pp. Ill, 112. Reports. Sixth Report of the Commissioners appointed in 1868 to inquire into the best means of preventing the Pollution of Rivers. The Domestic Water Supply of Great Britain. Fol. London. Voelcker, Dr. A. On the Composition and Properties of Drinking-Water and Water used for General Purposes. Journ. Boy. Agric. Soc. ser. 2. vol. xi., pp. 127-162. 170 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1876. De Range, C. E. First Report of the Committee . . . appointed for the purpose of investigating the Circulation of the Underground Waters in the Jurassic, New Red Sandstone, and Permian Formations of England, and the Quantity and Quality of the Water supplied to Towns and Districts from these formations. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1875, pp. 114-141. [Other Reports in following years up to 1895. Those for 1875, 1876, 1877, 1882, 1883, 1885 refer to this district. Bibliography in Report for 1887 and 1895]. Hull, Prof. E. A Scheme of Water Supply for Villages, Hamlets and County Parishes of the Central and Eastern Counties. Quart. Journ. Soc. N.S. vol. vi., pp. 304-317 ; and Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1875, Trans, of Sections, pp. 249, 250. 1878. Ansted, D. T. Water and Water Supply chiefly in reference to the British Islands. 8vo. London. De Range, C. E. On the Palaeozoic and Secondary Rocks of England as a source of Water Supply. Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc, vol. xiv., pp. 403-440. The Secondary Rocks of England, as a source of Water Supply for towns and districts. 8vo. Manchester. Parsons, Dr. H. F. The Alluvial Strata of the Lower Ouse Valley. Proc- Yorksh. Geol. Soc, vol. vi., pt. iv., pp. 214-238. PiGKWELL, R. The Encroachments of the Sea from Spurn Point to Flam- borough Head, and the Works executed to prevent the Loss of Land. Proc Inst. Civil Eng., vol. li., p. 191. WiGNER, G. W. The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering Places. An exam- ination into the character of the Water Supply at the Watering-Places of England and Wales. Being a series of Reports prepared for and published in the "Sanitary Record " during 1877-8. 8vo. London. Also in a shorter form under the title, *' Sea-Side Water, an Exam- ination " 8vo. London. 1879. Blake, J. F. The Geological History of East Yorkshire. Proc. Yorksh, Geol. Soc, vol. vii., pt. i., pp. 15-29. Cole, Rev. E. M. On the Origin and Formation of the Wold Dales. Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, vol. vii , pt. ii., pp. 12S-140. Hull, E. On the Underground Water-supply of villages, hamlets and country parishes of the Central and Eastern Counties of England. Journ. Soc. Arts,- vol. xxvii., pp. 824-829. Mortimer, J. R. The Chalk Water Supply of Yorkshire. Proc Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. Iv., pp. 252-258. Parsons, Dr. H. F. The Trias of the Southern Part of the Vale of York. Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, vol. vii., pt. ii., pp. 154-162. 1882. Anon. The Boring for Coat near Goole. CoU. Guard., vol. xUii., p. 345. Clarke, J. E. On Glacial Sections at York, and their relation to Later Deposits, [p. 423, Section at Brett's Brewery.] Proc Yorksh. Geol. Soc, vol. vii., pt. iv., pp. 421-439. Trans. Brit. Assoc, for 1881, pp. 614-616. De Range, C. E. The Water Supply of England and Wales ; its Geology, Underground Circulation, Surface Distribution and Statistics. 8vo. London. Latham B. On the Influence of Barometric Pressure on the Discharge of Water from Springs. Trans. Brit. Assoc, for 1881, p. 614. Mortimer, J. R. On the Sections of the Drift obtained by the New Drainage Works at Driffield. Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, vol. vii., pt. iv., pp. 373- 381. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 171 1883. Cole, Rev. E. M. On the White Chalk of Yorkshire. Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, vol. viii., pt. i., pp. 21-27. 1886. Cole, Rev. E. M. On some Sections at Cave and Drewton. Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, vol. ix., p. 49. . On the Physical Geography and Geology of the East Riding of Yorkshire. Ihid., p. 113. Walton, F. F. Geology of the District between Market Weighton and the Humber. Hull. 1887. Daubree, a. Les Eaux Souterraines a I'epoque actuelle, leur regime, leur temperature, leur composition au point de vue du role qui leur revient dans r economic de I'ecorce terrestre. 8vo. Paris. 1888. Tait, M. Yorkshire ; its Scenes, Lore and Legends. . . . with Contour Maps of River Valleys, Geological Map, etc. Leeds. 1889. Anon. S. A. A[damson]. Scientific Aspects of Health Resorts. VI. Bridlington and District. Research, Oct. 1889, pp. 80-83. 1890. Cole, Rev. E. M. Notes on the Driffield and Market Weighton Railway Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, vol. xi., p. 170. De Range, C. E. Notes on Underground Water Supply and River Flood. Ibid., pp. 200-216. Easterfield, T. H., and Dr. J. Mitchell Wilson. The River Aire— a study in River Pollution. Leeds Mercury and Yorkshire Post, Sept. 9th, 1890. Fairbank and Son, Messrs. Engineer's Report on the Malton Water Supply. 8vo. Malton. 1891. De Range, G. E. Notes on Borings for Water and Salt in the County of York. [Selby, York, Goole, Bridlington, Holme, Saltmarsh]. Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, vol. xi., pt. iii., pp. 424-440. 1892. Frankland, Dr. P. F. What is the Importance of Magnesia in Drinking Water. Trans. Seventh Internat. Congress of Hygiene and Demography, vol. v., pp. 82-88. Platnauer, H. M. Notes on Two Borings [StrensaU and Haxby.] Bep. York. Phil. Soc for 1891, pp. 77-79. 1893. Minutes of Evidence taken before the Select Committee of the House of Commons on Private Bills. Newington Water. Parliamentary Paper Fol. London. 1894. De Range, C. E. Two Reports on the Selby Water Supply. 8vo. Selby. Platnauer, H. M. Borings made in the neighbourhood of York. Rep. York. Phil. Soc for 1893, pp. 56-57. 172 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1895. Brierlby, H. The Yorkshire Gypsey-Springs [at Wold Newton]; Nature* vol. 53, p. 177. 1896. Lamplcjgh, G. W. Notes on the White Ghalk of Yorkshire, Parts i. and ii» [Section at Hornsea, p. 71, and at Ganstead, p. 88]. Proc. Yorksh. Geol- Soc, vol. xiii., pt. i., pp. 65-88. Thresh, J. G. Water and Water SuppHes. 8vo. London. 2nd Ed. 1896; 3rd. Ed. 1901. 1898. Gropts, W. H. Notes on the Part-Glacial Deposits of Hull and District. Trans. Hull Geol. Soc, vol. iv., p. 36. Dawkins, W. B. On the Relation of Geology to Engineering. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. cxxxiv., pp. 254-257 ; under different title Coll^ Guard, vol. Ivii., p. 525. Fairley, T. On the Water Supplies of Yorkshire. Journ. Fed. Inst. Brewing, vol. iv.. No. 5, pp. 393-404. Kendall, Prof. P. F. The Rocks of Yorkshire as a Source of Water Supply. Journ. San. Inst., vol. xviii., pt. iv., pp. 591-601. Wilson, Dr. J. M. Water Supplies from Wells. (Abstract). Ibid. pp. 611-612. Discussion, p. 619. 1899. Kendall, Prof. P. F. Water Supply of the Goole Urban District. [Report on] Privately printed, 7 pp., 2 sections and map. 4to. Leeds. Nichols, H. B. Water Supply from the Lower Greensand and constructional works connected therewith at Leighton Buzzard [Removal of Iron Deposit from Water at Hornsea, p. 199]. Trans. Brit. Assoc. Water- works Eng., vol. iii., pp. 194-225, 1901. Slade, Rev. H. P. Our Water Supply. Trans. Hull Nat. Club., vol. i. No. 2. 1900. De Range, G. E. Report on the Selby Water Supply. 8vo. Sdby. Kendall, Prof. P. F. Report on the Augmentation of the Selby Water Supply. 8vo. Selby. —. The Geological Conditions of Underground Water Supply Trans. Hull Geol. Soc, vol. v., pt. i., pp. 13-18. Martin, E. A. Water-line in Ghalk. Science Gossip, p. 350. 1901. Macturk, G. W. B. Hydrogeology (The Science of Water) Howdenshire and Adjoining Districts, pp. 15. 8vo. Hull. 1902. Anon, [G. F. D.]. Water Supply. Encyclopedia Britannica. vol. xxxiii., p. 769. Hunter, W. and W. Whitaker. Howdenshire Water. Report to the Sanitary and Allotment Gommittee. 1903. Gray, R. B. Mc. G. Report on the Selby Water Works. 8vo. Selby. Griffiths, P. Report on the Selby Water Supply. [Map of Brayton Barf.] 8vo. Sdby. Humphreys, W. H. York Water Works, 1677-1903. A short historical and descriptive account. 8vo. York. Kendall, Prof. P. F. Report on the Augmentation of the Selby Water Supply. 8vo. Sdby. Sheppard, T. Some local borings [at Hull and Hedon]. Trans. Hull Geol. Soc, vol. v., pt. iii., pp. 62-64. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 173 1904. Davies, a. M., and W. G. Tyndale. Purification [of Water] in Chalk Soils. Water, vol. vi., pp. 477-479. Kaye, Dr. J. R. Report of the County Medical Officer on the Water Supplies derived or derivable from the New Red Sandstone Formation in the West Riding. Fol. Wakefield. Abstract and review in Water, vol. vi., p. 178. RowE, Dr. a. W. The Zones of the White Chalk of the English Coast. IV. Yorkshire. [Spring, p. 199. Wells, pi. 251, 260.] Proc. Geol. Assoc , vol xviii., pt. 4, pp. 193-296. Thresh, J. C. The Examination of Waters and Water Supplies. 8vo. London. 1905. Bancroft, F. J. Presidential Address. [Water Supply of S. E. Yorkshire, pp. 8-12]. Trans. Brit. Assoc. Waterworks Eng., vol. ix, (1904), The Hull Water Supply. Ihid. pp. 212-227. Kendall. Prof. P. F. On the Geological Structure of South East Yorkshire. Ihid. pp. 168-183. No Date. Anon. [W. H. Crofts.] Brown's Pocket Map to illustrate the Geology and Flora of the East Riding of Yorkshire. [Section and Map showing main geological features]. 12mo. Hull. 174 INDEX Names of persons {authors, observers, and informants) are in small capitals. Abbott, R., 104. Acklam, 2, 6, 7, 8. Acomb, section at, 45. Agricultural statistics, 16. Airmyn, section at, 70. Airy, Dr. H., 167. Aldbrough, analyses of water at, 135, 136. AUerston Ings, section at, 28. Allison, T., 97. Analyses of water, 133-164. Anderson, Dr. T., 44, 163, 164. Angell, a., 150. Anlaby, 11. analyses of water at, 151. Ansted, D. T., 170. Anticline of the Jurassic rocks, 2, 7. Areas of geological formations, 15, 16. Arram, analysis of water at, 134. section at, 86. Artesian wells, 8, 13. Arundel, Mr., 27. Askham Bryan, section at, 45. Asselby, analysis of water at, 136. • — section at, 74. AVELINE, W. T., 166. Balne, section at, 63. Bancroft, F. J., 168, 173. Barlby, analyses of water at, 134, 137. sections at, 52, 53. Barlow, section at, 64. Barmby on the Marsh, sections at, 73. Barmston, 15. sections at, 104. Barry, Dr. F. W., 167. Baynes, J., 135, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145, 151-155, 162. Beeford, section at, 104. Belifax Grange, section at, 27. Bellasize, analysis of water at, 138. section at, 75. Bessingby, 11. Beverley, 11, 14, 15. analyses of water at, 134, 138-140. rainfall at, 22. sections at, 86-92. Bevers Bridge, section at, 66. Bibliography, 165, 173. Bilborough, sections at, 55. Bilton, sections at, 45. Binnington, section at, 32. Bird, J., 168. Birkin, sections at, 61, 62. Black Bull, near Brignam Park, sec tion at, 26. Blackwood Hall, Duffield, section at, 51. Blake, J. F., 170. Blaxall, Dr., 167. Blow wells, 15. Booth Ferry Road, Goole, section at, 71. Borings, 26-132. Boroughbridge, 5. — — analyses of water at, 140. section at, 35. Boulder Clay, 12-16. Boundaries of the district, 1. Boyce, F., 146. Brafferton, section at, 35. Brandesburton, 15. rainfall at, 22. sections at, 105. Brantingham, rainfall at, 22. section at, 96. Brayton, section at, 57. Bray ton Barf, 14. Briant, Mr., 163. Bridlington, 3, 11. analyses of water at, 141, 142. — sections at, 83, 84. Brierlby, H., 172. Broadbent, F. J., 119. Broadbent, H., 146. Broomfleet, analysis of water at, 142. — — sections at, 76. Brough, analyses of water at, 142. sections at, 98, 99. Bruce Low, Dr. R., 167. Brumby, Messrs., 93, 126. Bryan Mill Beck, near Driffield, 11. Bunter Sandstone, 4. Buried cliff of the Chalk, 10. Burn, sections at, 58. Burstwick, sections at, 128. Burton Agnes, 11. — analysis of water at, 134. INDEX. 175 Burton Agnes, section at, 84. Burythorpe, 8. analyses of water at, 143. Butterwick, section at, 81. Oalcareous Grit, 8. Cameron, A. C. G., 74, 75, 166. Garlton, sections at, 65. Gatfoss, sections at, 105. Gattal, section at, 37. Gauldwell Spring, 6. Gave Oolite, water from the, 7. Oawood, section at, 50. Cay ton, sections at, 34. Central Upland region, 14. Ghalk, 9-12. rainfall on the, 20. Character of the Red-Sandstone water, 5, 14. Charity Farm, Pickering, section at, 26. Clarke, J. E., 170. Clarke, Mr., 76. Gliff, ancient buried, 10. Cliff near Market Weighton, 14. Cliff Common, Hemingborough, analysis of water at, 134. Cliff Common, Hemingbrough, section at, 53. Cliff Farm, Barmston, section at, 104. Cole, Rev. E. M., 74, 76, 82, 170, 171. Coralline Oolite, 8. Oottingham, 11. ■ analyses of water at, 152 sections at, 93-95. Cowick, analysis of water at, 143. Crawford, Mr., 34, 52. Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks, sec- tions in the, 79-103. Cretaceous, Lower, 8. Cretaceous Rocks, 2, 8-12 . Cretaceous, Upper, 9. Crofts, W. H., 91, 106, 116, 121, 125, 126, 142, 159, 172. Cuckoo Springs, Burythorpe, analyses of water at, 143. CuDwoRTH, W., 100, 113, 119, 120. Dairycoates, sections at, 115, 116. Dakyns, J. R.,93, 166. Dale, Mr., 114. Danes Dike, sections at, 83. Daubree, a., 171. Davies, a. W., 173. Dawkins, W. Boyd, 172. De Ghaumont, F., 157, 158, 159. Demming Lane, Gateforth, sections ati 60. Depths in the Chalk, 10. De Range, G.E., 170, 171. Derwent, River, 6, 7, 8, 14. Dewey, H., 16. Dip of the strata, 2, 7, 9, 11. Districts, 26. Boundaries of, 1. DoDSwoRTH, Mr., 29. Dogger, water from the, 7. Drax, Long, sections at, 65. Drewton, analyses of water from, 144. section at, 96. Driffield, 11, 14. analysis of water from, 134. rainfall at, 22. sections at, 84, 85. Drift, 2, 12-16. water from the, 133. Duffield, North, sections at, 51. South, analysis of water from, 157. — section at, 52. Dunnington, sections at, 41. Dunswell, sections at. 111, 112. DupRE, A., 139. Easingwold, analyses of water from, 144. Eastburn Beck, Driffield, 11. Easterfield, T. H., 171. East Haddlesey, analysis of water from, 148. East Heslerton, section at, 31. Easton, section at, 84. East Riding, rainfall of the, 17-25. Eastrington, sections at, 75. Edelthorpe, section at, 81. Ellerker, 6. — sections at, 96, 97. Ellerton, section at, 50. Elloughton, analysis of water from, 145. sections at, 97, 98. Dale, analysis of water from, 134. Emswell, Driffield, 11. Escrick, sections at, 48, 49, 132. Espersykes, section at, 28. Estuarine clay, water from the, 7. Etheridge, R., 168. Evans, Mr., 167. Fairbank, J. F., 47. Fairbank, F. G., 47, 85. Fairbank and Son, Messrs., 10. 144, 145, 146, 153, 154, 171. Fairley, T., 140, 143, 153, 164, 172. Fangfoss, section at, 46. Farlington, sections at, 37, 38. Farrar, Dr. R., 168. Faults, 2, 3, 9. 176 INDEX. Fawcett, E. a. S., 168. Features of the country, 112. Fenwick, sections at, 63, 64. Ferriby, North, analyses of water from, 151. • sections at, 09, 100. Filey, 12. analyses of water from, 134, 145, 164. sections at, 34, 35. Filey Spa, 133. FiLLiTER, Mr., 33. Fimber, section at, 82 Flamborough, 10, 19. analysis of water from, 145. — , sections at, 83. Flamborough Head, 14, 19. Flaxley Lodge, Selby, section at, 57. Flaxton, section at, 39. Folkton, section at, 32. Formations, 1, 2, 3. Foss River, analyses of water from the, 161. Foulbridge, section at, 30. Foxholes, rainfall at, 22. Frankland, Dr. P. F.,171. Ganstead Hall, section at, 110. Ganton, 13. ■ section at, 32. Garrowby, 6. Gateforth, sections at, 59, 60, 61. Gembling, section at, 103. Geological formations, 1, 2, 3. areas of, 15, 16. Gilberson's Farm, near Escrick, sec- tion at, 132. Gill, Dr., 42. Gipsey Race, 11, 15. Givendale, analysis of water from 146. sections at, 86. Glacial Drift, 2, 12-16. Golden Square, near Malton, section at, 27. Goodmanham, section at, 86. well near, 47. Goole, 5, 14, 22. analyses of water from, 146, 147, 148. • rainfall at, 22. sections at, 71, 72, 73. Waterworks, sections at, 62, 63, 67, 68, 71. Gray, R. B. Mc. G., 172. Great Driffield, 11, 14. Great Givendale, 7. Great Habton, section at, 27. Greaves, T. 0., 65. Green, A. H., 65. Griffiths, P., 172. Gristhorpe, section at, 33, Haddlesey, analysis of water at, 148. Hanover Farm, Easingwold, analysis of water at, 144. Hardness of water, 135. Harland, Mr.,28. Harland Rise, section at, 95. Hawkshaw, J. 0., 169. Haxby, section at, 41. Heck, analysis of water from, 149. Hedon, 15, 22. rainfall at, 22. sections at, 127, 128. Hellewell's Brewery, Rawcliffe, sec- tion at, 69. Helperby, section at, 35. Helperthorpe, section at, 81. Hemingbrough, sections at, 53. Henwick, sections at, 58, 59. Heslerton, East, section at, 31. West, sections at, 31. Hessle, 3. analyses of water from, 149, 151. sections at, 100. Hill, G. H., 131. Holderness, 3, 10, 11, 12, 15. — sections in, 103-132. water, character of, 15, 133. HoUym, analysis of water from, 134. Holme on Spalding Moor, 4, 14. — analysis of water from, 134. sections at, 47. Hook, sections at, 70. Hornsea, 12, 15. analysis of water from, 134, 149, 150. rainfall at, 22. section at, 106, 107, 108. Mere, 15. Howden, analysis of water from, 134. section at, 74. Howardian Hills, 13. Howe, near Malton, section at, 27. Huby, sections at, 36. Huggate, 6. section at, 82. Hughes, S., 169. Hull, analyses of water from. 150, 151, 152. rainfall at, 22. sections at, 113-125. Hull, Prof. E., 170. INDEX. 177 Hull River, 11. Hull and Bamsley Railway, section on the, 73, 74, 114. Humber, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 15, 19. — • River, sections in the, 101, 102, 103. Valley, 2, 3. Humphreys, W. H., 172. Hunmanby, 2, 9, 14, 19. — analysis of water from, 134. rainfall at, 18, 22. ■ • section at, 82. Hunter, W., 172. Hurst wiTZ, Mr., 116. Hurtle Y, H., 79. Hutton Bank, 8. Hutton Cranswick, section at, 85. Hydrauhc grade line in the Chalk, 10. Hydrogeology, 4-15, 133. Inglis, G., 168. Irton, section at, 33. Johnstone, J., 32. Jukes Browne, A. J., 167. Jurassic and Cretaceous Rocks, sec- tions in the, 79-103. Kaye, Dr. J. R., 37, 45, 50, 54, 55, 57-59, 62, 64-70, 72, 173. Kelfield, analysis of water from, 152. section at, 49. Kelk, section at, 103. Kellaways Rock, 8. KelHngton, section at, 62. Kelsey, Mr., 101. Kelsey Hill, sections at, 128, 129. Kendall, Prof. P. F., 35, 45, 52, 53, 57, 100, 113, 119, 120, 131, 1S2. 172, 173. Kennythorpe, 8. Keuper Marl, 4, 5. sandstone, 4. Keyingham, section at, 129. Kilham, 11, 15. Killerby Grange, section at, 34. Kimeridge Clay, 8. KiRKBY, W., 27-30, 34, 80. Karkby Misperton, sections at, 27. Kirkby Underdale, 5, 7. Kirkham Abbey, 6. analysis of water from, 153. section at, 80. Kirk Ella, analyses of water from, 151. sections at, 101. Kirk Ilammerton, section at, 37. Knapton, 13. sections at, 29, 30. Lady Spring, Malton, analyses of water from, 153. Lady Thorpe Farm, Fen wick, sec- tion at, 64, Lamplugh, G. W., 9, 106, 172. Landing Lane, Gateforth, section at, 60. Langtof t, section at, 82. Langton Hill, analysis of water from, 154. Latham, B., 170. Leatham, J., 168. Leavening, 8. Lebberston, section at, 33. Leconfieid, sections at, 86, 87. Legard, G., 169. Leng's Cottage, Kirkby Misperton, section at, 27. Leven, analysis of water from, 134. section at, 108. Leys Hill, Hornsea, 12. Lias, 1, 5, 6. Little Givendale, analysis of water from, 146. section at, 86. Little Weighton, sections at, 95. LoFTUs, W. R., 164. Long Drax, sections at, 65. Long Riston, sections at, 109. Lower Cretaceous, 8. Lias, 5. Oolite, 6, 7. Low Farm, Knapton, section at, 36. Low Moor, Rillington, section at, 29. Lowthorpe, 20. rainfall at, 22, 24, 25. Macturk, G. W. B., 172. Malton, 2, 8. analyses of water from, 153. rainfall at, 24, 25. sections at, 79, 80. Manor House, Kirkby Misperton, section at, 27. Maps, List of, 165. Marfleet, sections at, 126. Market Weighton, 6, 7, 14. analyses of water from, 134, 154. rainfall at, 22. sections at, 47. Martin, E. A., 172. Melbourne, section at, 46. Melton, section at, 99. Memoirs, List of Survey, 166, 167. Middle Lias, 6. Middle Oolite, 7. Mill, H. R., 17-25. Mill Hill, near Brantingham, section at, 97. 8707. M 178 INDEX. Molescroft, 87. Moor Grange, Beeford, section at 104. Mortimer, J. R., 10, 169, 170. Moss, sections at, 64. Muston, section at, 32. Nabum, analysis of water from, 134. sections at, 48. Nafferton, 11. section at, 84. Newbald, 2. analyses of water from, 154. New Bridge, Snaith, section at, 66. Newington Water Co., Borings for the, 111, 112. . Report of the, 173. Newsholme, section at, 73. Newton on Ouse, section at, 37. New Village, section at, 76. Nichols, H. B., 172. Nine Spring Dale Settrington, analysis of water fi im, 153. North Cave, 8. North Gliff, 5. section at. 4S. North Duffield, sections at, 51. North Ferriby, analyses of water from, 151. sections at 99, 100. Norton, analysis of water from, 154. ■ section at, 80. NoTTER, Dr. J. L., 158. Old Goole, sections at, 73. Oldham, J., 169. Old Malton, rainfall at, 22. sections at, 79, 80. Moor, section at, 27. Old Pollard Farm, Hedon, section at, 127. Oohtes, 1, 6, 7, 8. water from the, 133. Osgodby, analysis of water from, 155. sections at, 52, Ottringham, sections at, 129. Oulston Spring, analysis of water from, 144. Ouse Bridge, Hook, sections at, 70 71. Ouse River, 5. analyses of water from the, 162, 163. OwsTON, T., 28, 30-36, 38, 46, 81. Oxford Clay, 8. Page, Dr. D., 167. Pale Lane, Gateforth, section at, 60. Pamham House, Kirkby Misperton, section at, 27. Parsons, Dr. H. F., 5, 13, 14, 77, 126, 136-138, 141-144, 146-150. 152-154, 155-157, 167, 170. Patrington, rainfall at, 22, 23, 25. sections at, 131. Patterson, Mr., 163. PauU, section at, 127. Pemberton's Brewery, Goole, sec- tion at, 71. Phillips, Prof. J., 6, 129, 168, 169. Physical features, 1, 12. Pickering, sections at, 26, 27. • sections in the Vale of, 12, 13, 26-35. Pickwell, R., 170. Pillwood Farm, Cottingham, section at, 94. Pill Moor, section at, 35. Plane of saturation in the Chalk, 10. Platnauer, H. M., 171. Pleistocene, 12-16. Pocklington, 5, 19. rainfall at, 22. Waterworks, analysis of water from, 134. sections at, 86. Pollington, sections at, 62, 63. Pontefract Waterworks, section at, 62. Preston, analyses of water from, 155. sections at, 126. Prestwich, J., 169. Primrose Farm, Burn, section at, 58. Procter, Dr. W., 163. Publications referring to wells and borings, 168-173. Pulp Works, Rawcliffe, section at 67. Rainfall, 17-25. Raskelf, sections at, 36. Rawcliffe, diminution of water at, 14. analysis of water from, 156. sections at, 67-70. Reckitt, Sir J., 100. Red Chalk, 9. Red-sandstone water, 5, 14. Reece, Dr. R., 167. Reedness, section at, 77, 78. Reeds Island, section at, 103. Reid, Clement, 10, 11, 12, 15, 166. Reighton, section at, 35. Reports of the Local Government Board, 167, 168. Reports on Water supply, 169. Rhaetic Beds, 4. Ricall, analyses of water from, 134, 156. sections at, 49, 50. Index. 79 Rillington, analyses of water from, 156. — sections at, 28, 29. Rise, sections at, 109. Riston, Long, sections at, 109. River Bridge, Walling Fen, section at, 76. River Derwent, 6, 7, 8, 14. Foss, analyses of water from the, 161. Hull, 11. Humber, 5, 6, 12. sections in the, 101, 102, 103. Ouse, 5. analyses of water from the, 162, 163. Roall, section at, 62. Rome, Rev. J. L., 130,169. Rotsea, section at, 85. Routh, analysis of water from, 134. section at, 108. RowE, Dr. a. W., 9, 173. Rudstone, section at, 82. Ruston, 11. Salt End, PauU, section at, 127. Saltmarshe, section at, 77. Sanction, 6. Sand Hall, analysis of water from, 134. section at, 77. Saturation, plane of, 10. Scampston Bogs, section at, 28. Hall, section at, 29. Scarborough Waterworks, well at, 33. Scorborough Beck, 11. Sculcoates, sections at, 113. Seamer, 12. Sections, 26-132. — List of horizontal, 165, 166. Sedgwick, Dr., 140. Selby, 14. analyses of water from, 157. sections at, 53-57. Settrington, analysis of water from, 153. Sewerby, 10. section at, 83. Shelford, W., 130, 169. Sherburn, sections at, 31. Sheppard, T., 173. Shipton, analysis of water from, 134, section at, 47. Short, Dr. T., 168. Shortton Hall, Kirkby Misperton, section at, 27. Siggesthorne, section at, 106. Skelton, sections at, 41. Skelton Walk House, section at, 28. Skerne, section at, 85. Skipsea, section at, 105. Skip with, rainfall at, 22. Skirlaugh, sections at, 110. Slade, Rev. H. P., 172. Sledmere, section at, 82. Smalley, G., 101, 106, 109, 113, 116, 117, 122, 125, 127. Smalley, J., 107, 110, 114, 117, 120, 131. Smeaton, J., 168. Snainton, section at, 30. Snaith, sections at, 66. South Bullock Pumping Station, section at, 92. Southburn Beck, 11. South Cave, 9, 19. section at, 96. South Duffield, analysis of water from, 157. section at, 52. Southfields, Snaith, section at, 66. Spear, J., 167. Speeton cliffs, 9. Spence, Mr., 160, 161. Springs from the Ghalk, 9, 11. Spring Cottage, Norton, analysis of water from, 154. Springhead, 11. analyses of water from, 151, 152. sections at, 114. Spurn Head, 12, 19. sections at, 132. Staddlethorpe, sections at, 75. Stamford Bridge, analysis of water from, 134. section at, 46. Staxton, analysis of water from, 134. section at, 81. Stedman, Dr. B., 137, 156, 157. Stevenson, Dr., 140. Stockdale, Mr., 35, 82. Stockton on the Forest, section at, 40. Storer, Dr., 168. Stone Ferry, sections at, 113. Stonehills Farm, Barmston, section at, 104. Strangways, C. Fox-, 166, 167. Street Houses, section at, 45. Strensall, 4. analyses of water from, 157, 158, 159. sections at, 39, 40. Strickland, H. E., 168. Sunk Island, analysis of water from, 134. sections at, 130. Sutton, analyses of water from, 151. section at, 112. 180 ii?l)EX. Sutton on the Forest, section at, 38. Wade's brickyard, Hornsea, section Sugar Works, Rawcliffe, section at, at, 12, 106. 69. Wainright, Mr., 54. Superficial deposits, 2, 12-16. Walker, Lieut. Col. W. F., 39, 157. Swanland, section at, 100. Walling Fen, sections at, 76. 3wine, sections at, 110, 111. Walton, F. F., 171. Sykphouse Bridge, Snaith, section Warp clay, 14. at, 66. Warter, 20. Symons, G. J., 17. rainfall at, 23, 25. S3aicline under Holderness, 10. Water, analyses, 133-164. Water-bearing strata, 3. Table of Formations, 3, 7. ^ater level in the ChaJk, 10. Tables of Rainfall, 21-25. Water supply of the Chalk, 9-12. Tadcaster Waterworks, section at, Holderness, 15. A^ the Lias, 5, 6. Tait, M., 171. Oolites, 6, 7, 8. Temple Holes, near Hohne, section at, ^"f^' ^' J' ^f" ^rj Vale of York, Thresh, Dr. J. C, 137, 156, 172, 173. ^J' ll' Thickness of the Chalk, 9, 10. Wath House, section at, 27. Prjft 15 Watson, Mr., 104. Thimble Hall, section at, 75. ^awne, section at HO- Thixendale, rainfall at, 22. Wear Bracken Beck Driffield, 11. Thompson, T. W., 167. Weaverthorpe, analysis of water Thorndale, section in, 82. ^^°^' ■^^^' Thornton Dak, section at, 28. ?,f ^^^ ' . . o, Thorpe Bassett, 9. 'Z~':^~^~ ^^^^^o^' «^^*^^^ ^*' ^l. analysis of water Weedley Springs, analyses of water from 134 " ^^^^' 1^^- Thorp Hall, Rudstone, section at, 82. Weighton, Little, sections at, 95. ToBEY H 164 W^ell sinkings, 26-132. Towthorpe' Common, analyses of S^J!'' '''^*®'^?f ' ^ ^?; .^ ,^ „ water from, 157, 158, 159. We Isprmgs Dram, Driffield, 11. sections at, 39, 40. Welton, analyses of water from, 151, Trias, 1, 4, 5. ^^^' ^. ^ ^^ water from the, 4, 5. 133. T.f f^^' ^^' ^^• Trotman, S. R., 145. ' ^,T'X' ^^^' i • . . . Twyers Farm, Hedon, section at. West Ella, analysis of water from, 127 TyndIle, W. C, 173. West Heslerton, section at 31. Westow, sections at, 80, 81. Wetwang, rainfall at, 22. Ulrome, section at, 104. section at, 82. Unconformity, 2, 7. Wharram, 9. Upper Cretaceous rocks, 9-12. Wheaton, Dr. S. W., 167, 168. ^i'*^^' ^- Wheldrake, section at, 51. Oohte, 8. Whinestead, analysis of water from, UssHER, W. A. E., 166. 134, Whitaker, W., 47, 52, 62, 63, 65, 67, Vale of Pickering, 12, 13, 25. 77, 100, 172. sections intlie, 26- White, Mr.. 160. 35. Whitecross, section near, 109. Vale of York, 4, 5, 12, 13, 14, 19. Whitedale, section at, 110. sections in the, 35-78. Wigner, G. W., 141, 145, 149, 170. — character of the water Willerby, analysis of water from, 151. in the, 133. section at, 101. ViLLiERS, J., 34, 35, 37, 39-41, 44- Wilson, Dr. J. Mitchell, 47, 76, 81, 46, 48-53, 55-67, 69, 70, 72-74, 82- 83, 84, 108, 112, 134, 135, 142, 145, 95, 97-116, 118, 120, 122-126, 128, 156, 171, 172. 130, 132. Wilton, section at, 28. VoELCKER, J. A., 138, 169. Winestead. section at, 131. INDEX. ISl Withernsea, 12, 15. Yedingham, section at, 30. analysis of water from, Yokefleet, analysis of water from, 134. 134. sections at, 131, 132. York, 4. Withernwick, section at, 1 10. — ■ — analyses of water from, 160- Wold Dale, Brantingham, section 164. at, 96. rainfall at, 22. Newton, 11. sections at, 42-44. Valley, 2, 5, 9, 14. Vale of, 4, 5, 12, 13, 14, 19. Wolds, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19. sections in the, 35-78. Wood, S. V., 93, 101, 106, 107, 113, character of the water 114, 116, 117, 121, 122, 127, 130, in the, 133. 169. Young, Rev. G., 168. Yedingham, analysis of water from. Zones of Rainfall, 19. 134. RAINFALL MAP. EAST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE By H. R. Mill, D.Sc, LL,D. REFERENCE. Rainfall below 25 inches - „ between 25*0 & 27*6 inches „ „ 27*5 & 30-0 „ „ „ 30-0 & 32-5 „ „ above 32*5 inches Scale -1 IficA - 4 MUeA: Note. — The Rainfall Lines are prolonged to the margin of the Map, but the Colouring is confined to the East Riding of Yorkshire. The larger numerals indicate the Nos. of the New Series One Inch Ord- nance Survey Maps. Qixifia-non Swi'ey, rOTTINGHAM. By W. T. AVELINB. (2nd Ed.) 1^. RHYL, ABERGELE, and COLWYN. By A. StrAHAN. (Notes by R. H. TiddemAN.) Is. 6d. FLINT, MOLD, and RUTHIN. By A. Strahan. (Parts by C. E. De RANGE). 4s. 6d. ; Stipplment 2iL PRESCOT, LANCASHIRE. By E. HULL. (3rd Ed. With additions by A. StrAHAN.) 3«. ^CHESTER. By A. Strahan. 2s. STOCKPORT, MACCLESFIELD, CONGLETON, and LEEK. By E. HULL and A. H. GREEN. 4*. PARTS of NOTTINGHAMSHIHE and DERBYSHIRE. By W. T. AVELINE. (2nd Ed.) 6d. PARTS of NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, YORKSHIRE, and DERBYSHIRE. (2nd Ed.) By W. T. AVELINE. 1.?. LINCOLN. By W. A. E. USSHER, A. J. Jukes-Browne, and A. 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