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BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WOELD 
 FOR TEN YEARS 
 
BY THE SAME A UTHOR. 
 
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD, 
 
 IN ARTS, AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES, INSTRUCTION, 
 
 RAILWAYS, AND PUBLIC WEALTH, 
 
 SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Crown 8vo., cloth, 570 pp., 12s. 6d. 
 
 OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 
 
 " Must have cost a vast amount of research." — Tinus. 
 
 " Eemarkable book ; well -arranged and clear." — Economist. 
 
 " Inexhaustible treasury of interesting facts." — Economiste Fra^igais. 
 
 "The author has gone to many authorities." — Athenceum. 
 
 "Contains a vast amount of statistical information." — Academy. 
 
 "Useful and interesting work." — Statistical Journal. 
 
 "Dazzling picture of the progress of our age." — Leroy-Beaulieu. 
 
 " Of interest to those who know how to use it. " — St. James's Gazette. 
 
 "Boon to the student or public writer." — Irish Times. 
 
 " Never read a book with greater pleasure." — Leeds Mercury. 
 
 "Work done with great care and intelligence." — New York Nation. 
 
 "Clear, accurate, and comprehensive." — Toronto Herald. 
 
 " Most important and useful book of reference." — S. Amer. Journal. 
 
 " Array of well-arranged statistics." — European Mail. 
 
 " Shows the onward march of the age." — Col. Register. 
 
 LONDON : 
 EDWARD STANFORD, 55 Charing Cross, S.W. 
 
\, 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD 
 
 FOR TEN YEARS 
 
 ■* o o A _ 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 ^age 33 v^^ 
 
 " France, for -goo , 
 
 '■ ^''- '■«"« £20 12s. 5d. 
 
 OF THE '^ 
 
 UN/VERs/TY 
 
 LONDON 
 EDWARD STANFORD, 55 CHARING CROSS, S.W. 
 
 1881 
 
BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 THE PROGRESS OP THE WORLD, 
 
 LONDON : 
 EDWAKD STANFORD, 65 Charing Cross, S.W. 
 
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD 
 
 FOE TEN YEARS 
 
 1870-1880 
 
 By MICHAEL G. MULHALL, F.S.S. 
 
 AUTHOR OF ' THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD,' ' THE ENGLISH IN SOUTH AMERICA,' 
 
 * HANDBOOK TO THE RIVER PLATE,' ' HANDBOOK TO BRAZIL,' 
 
 ETC. ETC. 
 
 WITH TWELVE COLOURED DIAGRAMS 
 
 OF THE '^ 
 
 LONDON 
 EDWAED STANFOED, 55 CHAEING CEOSS, S.W. 
 
 1881 
 
\\'^jA* 
 
 1VS3N39 
 
PEEFACE. 
 
 It is certainly as important for us to know every ten 
 years the progress made by nations in the various 
 branches of industry and finances, as to take a census 
 of their population. The task is, in a manner, easy, 
 since it reduces itself to a careful comparison of the 
 statistics relative to commerce, agriculture, manufac- 
 tures, revenue, and public debt, as exhibited in the 27 
 Tables (pages 14 to 40), on which the present work is 
 constructed. 
 
 The diagrams show at a glance the results of the 
 said Tables ; and here I may observe that the inquiry 
 is confined to the nations of Christendom, that is 
 Europe, America, and the Colonies of Great Britain. 
 It is hardly necessary to add that in all cases the term 
 Great Britain isnised as synonymous with the United 
 Kingdom, irrespective of our Colonies. 
 
 MICHAEL G. MULHALL, F.S.S. 
 
 Grasslands, Balcombe, 
 March 25, 1881. 
 
 104623 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Balance-Sheet of the World 
 Table of Industries of Nations . 
 
 „ ,, ditto^ compared with Population 
 
 ,, ,, Aliquot parts of Industries . . 
 
 ,, ,, Manufactures of all Nations . 
 
 , , , , Consumption of Cotton, Wool, etc. 
 
 ,, „ Production of Coal, Iron, Steel 
 
 ,, ,, ,, of Wool and Cotton 
 
 ,, ,, Commerce, Bullion, etc. 
 
 „ ,, Carrying- trade . 
 
 ,, ,, Carrying-power on Sea 
 
 ,, „ ditto, compared with Trade 
 
 ,, ,, Port Entries of all Nations 
 
 ,, ,, Increase of Population 
 
 , , , , Increase of Eailways . 
 
 , , , , Increase of Telegraphs . 
 
 ,, ,, Money of aU Nations . 
 
 ,, ,, Production and Coinage of Gold, etc. 
 
 , , , , Capital Wealth of Nations 
 
 ,, ,, Public Debt of Nations 
 
 ,, ,, Earnings of Nations . 
 
 ,, ,, Taxation, compared with Earnings 
 
 ,, ,, Aliquot parts of Capital, Debt, etc. 
 
 ,, ,, Military and Naval Expenditure 
 
 ,, ,, <ii^^o, compared with Earnings 
 
 ,, ,, Food-supply of all Nations 
 
 , , , , ditto f compared with Population 
 
 ,, ,, Agricultural and Pastorallndustries 
 
 PACIE 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
VIU 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Balance-sheet of Great Britain . . . . . 41 
 
 ,, „ of France 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 „ „ of Germany 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 „ ,, of Russia 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 „ ,, of Austria-Hungary 
 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 „ of Italy . 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 „ of Spain . 
 
 
 
 
 79 
 
 ,, ,, of Belgium 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 „ „ of Holland 
 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 ,, ,, of Sweden and Norway 
 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 „ ,, of Denmark 
 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 ,, „ of Portugal 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 ,, „ of Switzerland . 
 
 
 
 
 . 102 
 
 ,, ,, of Greece 
 
 
 
 
 , 104 
 
 „ of United States . 
 
 
 
 
 . 108 
 
 ,, ,, of Canada 
 
 
 
 
 . 120 
 
 ,, ,, of Australia 
 
 
 
 
 . 124 
 
 ,, ,, of India . 
 
 
 
 
 . 132 
 
 „ „ of South Africa . 
 
 
 
 135 
 
 „ ,, of South America 
 
 
 
 . 138 
 
 LIST OF DIAGRAMS. 
 
 A. Industries of all Nations . . . Facing page 14 
 
 B. Ratio of ditto for Population 
 
 
 15 
 
 C. Consumption of Cotton, Wool, Flax 
 
 , etc. 
 
 
 18 
 
 D. Imports of all Nations 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 E. Exports of ditto 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 F. Carrying-trade on Sea 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 G. ,, „ on Railways 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 H. Accumulated Wealth of Nations 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 I. Earnings of Nations 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 K. Military Expenditure of Nations 
 
 
 * ' 
 
 36 
 
 L. Supply and Consumption of Meat 
 
 ■x% 
 
 'A « f M my\ 
 
 J 38 
 
 M. ,, ,, of Grain 
 
 ■ ST. 
 
 i^k 
 
 /W/DV. 
 
 , 39 
 
OF THE ' 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WOELD. 
 
 1870-1880. 
 
 The period of ten years which has just come to a close 
 has been one of marvellous industrial activity, of unprece- 
 dented increase in population among the States of Chris- 
 tendom, and an almost unchequered career of prosperity 
 and growing wealth. In the 27 Tables (pages 14-40) the 
 reader will be able to measure each and every element of 
 progress in the various nations, and the result may be 
 briefly summed up thus, for the world : — 
 
 Population increased . . . 9*76 per cent 
 
 Agriculture ,, 
 
 
 
 8-58 
 
 Manufactures , , 
 
 
 
 18-60 
 
 Commerce ,, 
 
 
 
 38-20 
 
 Mining 
 
 
 
 47-06 
 
 Carrying- trade ,, 
 
 
 
 53-22 
 
 Earnings of nations 
 
 
 
 . 19-84 
 
 Public wealth , , 
 
 
 
 10-57 
 
 Taxes • ,, 
 
 
 
 22-34 
 
 Public debt ,, 
 
 
 
 43-39 
 
 The most remarkable feature is the improvement in 
 the financial condition of mankind, the earnings of nations 
 having risen in twice the ratio of population. It is true 
 that public debt has increased 43 per cent, but this is by 
 no means alarming, since the cost of new railways built 
 since 1870 is £184,000,000 over the total of new debts. 
 Moreover, the tangible increment of wealth since 1870 
 
2 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 would suffice to pay off 88 per cent of all existing national 
 debts. In like manner, although taxation has grown 22 J 
 per cent, which is more than the geometrical progression of 
 earnings, the net balance per head of population is higher. 
 The account stands, in millions sterling, as follows : — 
 
 1870. 1880. .^^*^° ^^ 
 
 ioiv. J.OOV. increase. 
 
 Earnings . . 5652 6773 19-84 per cent 
 
 Taxes . . 794 971 22-34 
 
 Net earnings . 4858 5802 19-42 ,, 
 
 If we distribute the earnings among the population of 
 Christendom (as in Table 20), we find as follows : — 
 
 
 Population. 
 
 Net Earnings. 
 
 Average per Head. 
 
 In 1870 . 
 
 375,129,000 
 
 £4,858,000,000 
 
 £12 15 6 
 
 In 1880 . 
 
 411,728,000 
 
 5,802,000,000 
 
 13 15 2 
 
 This shows, as far as money can, how much the con- 
 dition of mankind has improved in the last ten years. 
 Perhaps the secret of prosperity has been the development 
 of the carrying trade, by land and sea, which has risen 5 3 
 per cent, and cheapened all the products of industry by 
 placing the producer and consumer in closer relation than 
 before. 
 
 The following observations may serve to elucidate the 
 27 Tables of which the present Balance-sheet is composed. 
 
 INDUSTRIES OF NATIONS. 
 
 (Tables 1, 2, and 3.) 
 In the 1st Table we find that the six industries which 
 may be said to make up the week of human labour reach 
 a total of 10 J milliards sterling, showing an advance of 
 22 J per cent since 1870. The figures, however, for 
 France and Germany, are those that correspond to 1869, 
 being the year before the war. At present Great Britain 
 
PROGRESS OF INDUSTRIES, 1870-1880. 3 
 
 holds the foremost place, but the United States will prob- 
 ably pass us in the ensuing decade ; in like manner Germany- 
 gives promise of getting ahead of France, and becoming 
 the third of the great powers of industry. Europe is, 
 meantime, losing weight in the balance of labour, as she 
 counts for 2 per cent less in the aliquot parts (Table 3) 
 than she did in 1870. This is due not only to the rise of 
 the United States, but also to that of the British Colonies, 
 which are already assuming the importance of kingdoms. 
 
 The 2d Table shows that the average product of human 
 industry per head is over £25, a rise of 12 per cent since 
 1870. Even the countries that stand lowest, such as Eussia, 
 Italy, and Spain, with an average ranging from £11 to £15, 
 show a satisfactory improvement. The advance in Great 
 Britain is double the European average, the figures being 
 as follow : — 
 
 Industry per Head. 
 
 1870. 1880. Advance. 
 
 Great Britain . . £53 13 £58 11 £4 18 
 
 Europe . . . 21 20 23 40 220 
 
 United States . . 38 9 40 1 1 12 
 
 The World . . 22 10 25 2 2 12 
 
 This Table must not be confounded with the earnings 
 of nations, of which hereafter. 
 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 (Tables 4, 5, 6, and 7). 
 
 The 4th Table classifies manufactures under three 
 heads, and shows their progress since 1870 as follows : — 
 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Textiles 
 
 16*50 per cent 
 
 Hardware . 
 
 . 44-35 „ 
 
 Sundries 
 
 12-50 „ 
 
 Total 
 
 18-60 ,, 
 
 The above is merely the increase in money value, but 
 
4 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 the quantities produced show a much higher increment. 
 For example (in Table 5), we see that the consumption of 
 raw cotton and wool has risen 30 per cent. The rivalry 
 between King Cotton and King Wool continues, with 
 varying fortune, as appears from the following summary of 
 textile manufactures : — 
 
 1870. 1880. 
 
 Cotton Manufactures . £240,000,000 £285,000,000 
 
 Woollen „ . . 246,000,000 278,000,000 
 
 Linen, Laces, Silks, etc. . 162,000,000 220,000,000 
 
 Total . . . £648,000,000 £783,000,000 
 
 Although the United States appear as foremost among 
 manufacturing nations, it is because flour, timber, etc., 
 enter so largely into the lists for that country, and if we 
 were to confine the term to textiles and hardware. Great 
 Britain would be by far the first (see Table 4). 
 
 Table 6 shows how enormously the production of coal, 
 iron, and steel, has increased since 1870. Great Britain 
 still produces 45 per cent of the coal, 42 per cent of the iron, 
 and 36 per cent of the steel that is consumed by the world. 
 
 Table 7 gives the production of wool and cotton in all 
 countries, showing that the Australian clip has more than 
 doubled since 1870, and that a .similar increase has taken 
 place in the cotton crop of the United States. There is 
 altogether a rise of 330 million pounds, or 22 per cent, in 
 wool, and 994 million pounds, or 37 per cent, in cotton, 
 since 1870. 
 
 COMMERCE AND SHIPPING. 
 
 (Tables 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12.) 
 
 In the 8th Table we see that the trade of the world 
 has risen £776,000,000 sterling, the principal items of 
 increase being as follow : — 
 
COMMERCE OF TEN YEARS. 
 
 Great Britain . . . £145,000,000 
 
 United States . . . 129,000,000 
 
 Germany .... 114,000,000 
 
 Other nations . . 388,000,000 
 
 £776,000,000 
 
 The commerce of the civilised world at present reaches 
 2,749 millions : if India, W. Indies, etc.,be included, the total 
 will be (as in Table 8) 2,869,000,000. The average trade of 
 Europe for the past ten years shows an adverse balance of 
 169,000,000 per annum, but this is only nominal, for, as 
 exports gain 11*3 per cent by transhipment when they 
 figure as imports, the real balance against Europe is only 
 67,000,000 per annum. 
 
 Exports. Millions £. 
 
 Imports. Value at Value on Surplus Surplus 
 
 Millions sterling, shipment. arrival. imports. exports. 
 
 Great Britain . 371 278 310 61 
 
 Continent . 691 615 685 6 
 
 Europe . 
 
 1062 
 
 893 
 
 995 
 
 67 
 
 
 United States 
 
 110 
 
 121 
 
 135 
 
 
 25 
 
 Colonies, etc. . 
 
 168 
 
 190 
 
 210 
 
 
 42 
 
 1340 1204 1340 
 
 Nobody has hitherto solved the riddle of the port 
 entries of all nations having risen 61 per cent, while the 
 shipping of all flags has increased only 2,541,000 tons, or 
 1 6 per cent. Some writers allow threefold carrying-power 
 for steamers, which would be wholly inadequate to meet 
 an increase of 61 per cent in the traffic of the seas. The 
 port entries show that steamers make 15 trips, sailing 
 vessels 3, in a year ; in other words that a steamer counts 
 for fivefold. The reader will now easily comprehend Table 
 10, showing the difference between nominal tonnage and 
 actual carrying-power. In 1870 the British flag stood for 
 51 per cent, in 1880 for 56 per cent, of the carrying-power 
 
6 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 of the merchant shipping of the world. At present 76 per 
 cent of all the merchandise borne on British bottom is 
 carried by steamers, although only 63 per cent of the port 
 entries of the United Kingdom corresponds to steamers. 
 Taking the aggregate traffic of the high seas, we find that 
 steamers carry 57 per cent, and sailing vessels 43 per cent 
 of the total. The carrying-power of the world is now 82 
 tons per 1000 inhabitants, against 60 tons in 1870 ; that of 
 Great Britain has in the same interval risen from 310 to 
 487 tons, being thus 6 times the average for all nations 
 (Table 11). The 12th Table shows portentries. 
 
 INCREASE OF POPULATION. 
 
 (Table 13.) 
 
 In this Table, for the sake of comparison, Germany and 
 France are supposed to have had the same limits in 1870 
 as at present, that is Alsace and Lorraine are included in the 
 former country. The item of emigration from Turkey, 
 and immigration into Austria, stands for the annexation 
 of Bosnia, with 1,103,000 inhabitants. No allowance is 
 made for Eussian conquests, which were chiefly in Asia, 
 and therefore outside the scope of the present balance- 
 sheet, while the portion of Bessarabia that was annexed 
 hardly compensated for the loss of life in the campaign. 
 Europe had a surplus of 25 J million births over deaths, 
 but emigration reduced the actual increase to 22^ mil- 
 lions. The Franco-German War cost 819,000 lives, 
 the French loss being 70 per cent of the total. The 
 increase of population in the United States exceeds the 
 ^-ggregate number of inhabitants in three kingdoms of 
 Europe, namely, Holland, Denmark, and Portugal. Our 
 Australian colonies have increased in double the ratio of 
 the United States. There is also a remarkable rise in the 
 
INCREASE OF RAILWAYS. 7 
 
 population of South Africa, but this is mainly the result 
 of annexation and conquest. 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 (Table 14.) 
 
 Mankind has built more than 100,000 miles of railway- 
 since 1870, at a cost of 1759 millions sterling, viz. — 
 
 Great Britain . 
 Continent . 
 
 Miles. 
 
 2,159 
 
 37,698 
 
 Cost. 
 
 £187,000,000 
 
 783,000,000 
 
 Per mile. 
 £86,600 
 20,800 
 
 Europe 
 
 United States . 
 
 Colonies, etc. 
 
 39,857 
 41,883 
 18,747 
 
 £970,000,000 
 578,000,000 
 211,000,000 
 
 £24,300 
 13,800 
 11,230 
 
 The World 
 
 . 100,487 £1,759,000,000 
 
 £17,520 
 
 Although British railways have been the most costly, 
 they render more service for capital expended than those 
 of other nations; thus for every £100 of capital invested, 
 we carry yearly 120 passengers or tons of cargo, against 
 54 in the rest of Europe, 41 in the United States, and 25 
 in other countries. Ten years ago the ratio was 98 in 
 Great Britain, 61 in the Continent of Europe, and 62 in 
 the United States. If we consider a passenger and a ton 
 of merchandise equal, and add them together, the traffic of 
 the world will be as follows : — 
 
 1870. 1879. 
 
 Great Britain . . 518,000,000 844,000,000 
 Continent . . . 617,000,000 943,000,000 
 
 Europe 
 United States 
 Colonies, etc. 
 
 1,135,000,000 1,787,000,000 
 
 260,000,000 408,000,000 
 
 50,000,000 95,000,000 
 
 1, 445,000,000 2,290,000,000 
 
8 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 The traffic returns per mile show a decline of 4 per cent 
 for passengers and 22 per cent for goods since 1870, viz. — 
 
 1870. '1879. 
 
 Passengers per mile . . 7,146 6,822 
 
 Goods, tons „ . . 4,585 3,597 
 
 Total .... 11,731 10,419 
 
 Thus, taken collectively, there is a decline of 11 per 
 cent. 
 
 TELEGRAPHS. 
 
 Table 15 shows an increase of 280,000 miles, say 90 
 per cent on 1870, in the existing lines and cables, as also 
 123 per cent in the number of messages. The Swiss are 
 the only people who send more telegrams per head than the 
 British. Our traffic has trebled since the reduction of tariff 
 in 1870. There is much need of a Berne Convention to fix 
 an uniform tariff for all messages over sea. 
 
 MONEY. 
 
 Table 1 6 shows that the abundance of money has little 
 to do with national wealth or prosperity. Spain has 
 most money compared with national industry, England the 
 least. Switzerland has most coin per inhabitant. The 
 paper -money of the world has risen from 592 millions 
 sterling in 1870 to 799 millions in 1880, an increase of 34 
 per cent. The actual amount of gold and silver coin is 823 
 millions sterling, the former being 68 per cent of the total. 
 
 Table 1 7 shows the production of gold and silver since 
 1870, and the quantities minted, the latter being 45 per 
 cent in excess of the former ! 
 
 This has given rise to an ungrounded alarm that the 
 world will soon come short of gold, since the mines are 
 rather declining than increasing in their yield, while com- 
 merce and population are growing every year. It appears 
 
MONEY. y 
 
 indeed that the gold minted since 1870 (Table 17) has 
 been 333 millions, or 132 millions in excess of what the 
 mines produced ; but we find from experience that all gold 
 coin is reminted or at least melted down in forty years, 
 for the amount of such coin last year existing in Europe, 
 America, and Australia was only 554 millions, that is 430 
 millions over the stock of 1848, although 960 millions had 
 been minted in the interval. In other words one-fourth of 
 existing coinage disappears or is transformed in ten years, 
 so that the net increase since 1870 has been only 210 
 millions, or 5 per cent over the yield of the mines.^ But 
 supposing that we have to go on coining 20 millions per 
 annum, this will be five millions sterling more than the 
 world produces. As the stock of gold above ground, how- 
 ever, is 8840 tons (as shown from the tables of Humboldt, 
 Eossi, Michel Chevalier, etc.), and as all the gold coin only 
 amounts to 4100 tons, it is clear that the uncoined bullion 
 will suffice to cover the above deficit for 140 years to come. 
 In the meantime, as nations become civilised, cheques take 
 the place of coin, and hence the world may in another 
 century use as little gold as we do in England, where Sir 
 John Lubbock says only 10s. of coin are employed for 
 every £100 of business. If we compare the commerce and 
 money of all nations, as in Tables 8 and 16, and except 
 India as uncertain, we shall find the world's trade in 1880 
 was transacted thus : — 
 
 
 
 Aliquot parts. 
 
 Gold coin 
 
 £554,000,000 
 
 19-93 
 
 Silver „ . 
 
 269,000,000 
 
 9-61 
 
 Bank-notes 
 
 773,000,000 
 
 27-81 
 
 Cheques, etc. . 
 
 1,186,000,000 
 £2,782,000,000 
 
 42-65 
 
 Total 
 
 100-00 
 
 
 
 
 ^ The mutation or reminting of gold between 1870 and 1880 would 
 be 83 millions ordinary, and 40 millions of French coin recast by 
 Germany — in all, 123 millions sterling. 
 
10 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 WEALTH OF NATIONS. 
 
 Tables 18 and 19 may help to show how groundless is 
 the impression that the nations are plunging into debt and 
 hastening to bankruptcy. The total of new national debts 
 since 1870 is only £1,575,000,000 sterling, or (as already 
 shown) £184,000,000 less than the cost of new railways in 
 that period ; in fact the new debts are hardly 34 per cent 
 of the increase of wealth, which has been steady and pro- 
 gressive. It is to be noted that Table 18 in the wealth of 
 Germany contains £280,000,000 for Alsace and Lorraine ; 
 in like manner Austria has £55,000,000 for Bosnia. The 
 increase in the United States has been prodigious, and yet 
 the ratio per inhabitant is not so high as in 1870. The 
 same occurs in the case of Australia. 
 
 Tables 20 and 21 treat of earnings and taxation, the 
 
 latter including all manner of taxes. The average net 
 
 earnings of mankind have risen nearly £1 since 1870, as 
 
 shown in the following summary : — 
 
 Great Britain— 1870. 1880. 
 
 Earnings . . . £30 10 6 £33 10 4 
 Taxes . . . 3 13 5 3 19 9 
 
 Net Income 
 
 Europe — 
 
 Earnings . 
 Taxes 
 
 Net Income 
 United States — 
 
 Earnings . 
 Taxes 
 
 Net Income 
 The World— 
 
 Earnings . 
 Taxes 
 
 Net Income 
 
 £26 17 1 
 
 £29 10 7 
 
 £13 14 2 
 1 18 7 
 
 £14 13 6 
 2 7 
 
 am 15 7 £l2 6 6 
 
 £27 11 8 
 3 13 10 
 
 £23 17 10 
 
 £27 18 4 
 2 12 7 
 
 £25 5 9 
 
 £14 17 10 
 2 2 4 
 
 £12 15 6 
 
 £16 2 1 
 2 6 11 
 
 £13 15 2 
 
MILITARY OUTLAY. 11 
 
 Although the net income of the world has increased, 
 the relative burthen of taxation is heavier now than it was 
 in 1870, Table 21 showing the following ratio: — 
 
 Taxation compared with Income. 
 1870. 1880. 
 
 Great Britain . . 11*92 per cent 11*88 per cent 
 
 Europe . . . 13*87 ,, 15*38 ,, 
 
 United States . . 13*39 „ 9*21 „ 
 
 The World . . 14*05 „ 14*34 
 
 Table 22 shows the aliquot parts of capital, debt, 
 earnings, and taxation, for all countries. 
 
 ART OF WAR. 
 
 Table 23 shows the armaments by land and sea of all 
 nations, in the year 1869, before the Franco-German war, 
 and at present. Europe has now fewer men under arms, 
 but the annual expenditure for armies and navies is 25 per 
 cent higher, probably owing to costly artillery. 
 
 Table 24 is a further study on military expenditure, 
 placing it before the reader in various points of view for 
 comparison. It will be observed that the British soldier 
 now costs £101 per annum, against £98 in 1869, but the 
 burthen of the military and naval expenditure on each 
 inhabitant of Great Britain is shown to be less now than 
 eleven years ago, although for the world it is higher, 
 viz. — 
 
 1869. 1880. 
 
 Great Britain . . 16s. 8d. per inhabitant 15s. 
 
 Europe ... 7s. lOd. ,, 9s. 2d. 
 
 United States . . lis. ,, 4s. 6d. 
 
 The World . . 8s. Id. ,, 8s. 5d. 
 
 The armaments of Europe at present absorb nearly 
 3 per cent (2*98) of the total earnings of the nations, 
 as compared with 2*83 in 1869. That is, the burthen is 
 relatively 5 per cent heavier than it was eleven years ago. 
 
12 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 FOOD SUPPLY. 
 
 Tables 25 and 26 show how much food is consumed in 
 each country, and how much produced, also the ratio per 
 inhabitant, etc. Of course all kinds of grain are included, 
 as even what is used for cattle serves ultimately to produce 
 food for the population. Potatoes are counted for grain 
 on the ordinary estimate of four bushels equal to one of 
 wheat. 
 
 Europe has a deficit of 380 million bushels of grain, and 
 85 3,000 tons of meat yearly. The United States have a sur- 
 plus of 370 million bushels grain, and 1,076,000 tons meat. 
 Taking the world on the whole, we find 22 million bushels 
 over consumption, and as for meat, there is a surplus of 
 2,144,000 tons, that is enough for 42 millions of people 
 more than at present. The consumption of food in Great 
 Britain and United States is much over the European aver- 
 age per inhabitant, viz. — 
 
 Grain, bushels. Meat, lbs. 
 
 Great Britain 20*02 119-10 
 
 United States 40*66 120*00 
 
 France 24*02 81*88 
 
 Germany ...... 23*71 84*51 
 
 Europe 17*66 57*50 
 
 World 20-19 68*87 
 
 Table 26 shows that Great Britain and Belgium are 
 the countries most dependent on imported food for their 
 supplies. 
 
 Table 27 is a coup d'oeil at the agricultural and pastoral 
 industries of the world. 
 
TABLES. 
 
14 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 
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BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
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16 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Table 
 ALIQUOT PARTS OF 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Commerce. 
 
 Manufactures. 
 
 Mining. 
 
 Agri- 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 27-35 
 
 25-16 
 
 21-38 
 
 21-36 
 
 30-06 
 
 28-88 
 
 10-00 
 
 France . . 
 
 12-48 
 
 12-11 
 
 14-65 
 
 13-65 
 
 5-96 
 
 5-43 
 
 15-90 
 
 Germany . . 
 
 13-54 
 
 14-00 
 
 11-36 
 
 12-06 
 
 9-27 
 
 9-50 
 
 11-90 
 
 Russia . . . 
 
 5-51 
 
 7-00 
 
 6-80 
 
 6-46 
 
 5-30 
 
 4-98 
 
 13-21 
 
 Austria . . 
 
 4-15 
 
 5-10 
 
 6-10 
 
 5-72 
 
 3-45 
 
 3-11 
 
 9-06 
 
 Italy . . . 
 
 3-71 
 
 3-57 
 
 3-43 
 
 3-19 
 
 1-32 
 
 0-90 
 
 5-09 
 
 Spain . . . 
 
 1-55 
 
 1-40 
 
 2-57 
 
 2-39 
 
 3-31 
 
 3-21 
 
 3-59 
 
 Belgium . . 
 
 3-21 
 
 3-84 
 
 2-38 
 
 2-28 
 
 3-92 
 
 3-57 
 
 1-28 
 
 HoUand . . 
 
 3-56 
 
 3-95 
 
 1-23 
 
 1-14 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00 
 
 1-55 
 
 Swed. and Nor. 
 
 1-30 
 
 1-27 
 
 1-20 
 
 1-11 
 
 1-32 
 
 0-91 
 
 1-77 
 
 Denmark . . 
 
 0-75 
 
 0-71 
 
 0-47 
 
 0-49 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-94 
 
 Portugal . . 
 
 0-50 
 
 0-48 
 
 0-33 
 
 0-31 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-87 
 
 Turkey, etc. . 
 Europe . . 
 
 4-49 
 
 2-03 
 
 3-03 
 
 2-29 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00 
 
 2-53 
 
 82-10 
 
 80-62 
 
 74-93 
 
 72-45 
 
 63-91 
 
 60-49 
 
 77-69 
 
 United States 
 
 8-62 
 
 11-00 
 
 22-71 
 
 25-06 
 
 24-83 
 
 82-00 
 
 15-96 
 
 Australia . . 
 
 3-00 
 
 3-17 
 
 0-30 
 
 0-42 
 
 5-60 
 
 2-71 
 
 1-40 
 
 Canada . . 
 
 1-65 
 
 1-30 
 
 1-17 
 
 1-28 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00 
 
 1-92 
 
 S. Africa . . 
 
 0-35 
 
 0-56 
 
 0-10 
 
 0-11 
 
 1-01 
 
 1-36 
 
 0-20 
 
 S. America . 
 The World . 
 
 4-28 
 
 3-35 
 
 0-79 
 
 0-68 
 
 4-65 
 
 3-44 
 
 2-83 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 17 
 
 3. 
 
 INDUSTEIES OF MANKIND. 
 
 culture. 
 
 Carrying-trade. 
 
 Banking, 
 
 Total. 
 
 Difference. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 '' 
 
 
 
 
 
 — ^ 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Plus. 
 
 Minus. 
 
 8-50 
 
 23-55 
 
 24-51 
 
 32-90 
 
 35-18 
 
 20-08 
 
 19-74 
 
 — 
 
 0-34 
 
 14-15 
 
 9*14 
 
 9-58 
 
 12-28 
 
 11-07 
 
 14-06 
 
 12-92 
 
 — 
 
 1-14 
 
 12-07 
 
 10-03 
 
 11-80 
 
 10-27 
 
 9-12 
 
 11-90 
 
 12-38 
 
 0-48 
 
 — - 
 
 13-20 
 
 5-41 
 
 6-70 
 
 4-98 
 
 5-00 
 
 8-49 
 
 8-40 
 
 — 
 
 0-09 
 
 9-33 
 
 4-44 
 
 4-65 
 
 5-81 
 
 5-53 
 
 6-45 
 
 6-40 
 
 — 
 
 0-05 
 
 5-03 
 
 2-46 
 
 2-21 
 
 2-07 
 
 2-01 
 
 3-87 
 
 3-70 
 
 — 
 
 0-17 
 
 3-78 
 
 1-64 
 
 1-71 
 
 0-83 
 
 0-99 
 
 2-58 
 
 2-50 
 
 — 
 
 0-08 
 
 1-21 
 
 1-30 
 
 1-24 
 
 1-25 
 
 1-00 
 
 2-22 
 
 2-36 
 
 0-14 
 
 — 
 
 1-60 
 
 0-78 
 
 0-80 
 
 5-40 
 
 4-64 
 
 1-98 
 
 2-12 
 
 0-14 
 
 — 
 
 1-80 
 
 1-78 
 
 2-29 
 
 1-25 
 
 1-00 
 
 1-48 
 
 1-44 
 
 — 
 
 0-04 
 
 0-94 
 
 0-35 
 
 0-51 
 
 0-42 
 
 0-33 
 
 0-68 
 
 0-65 
 
 -- 
 
 0-03 
 
 0-87 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-17 
 
 0-44 
 
 G-33 
 
 0-53 
 
 0-50 
 
 — 
 
 0-03 
 
 1-85 
 
 1-53 
 
 1-21 
 
 1-12 
 
 0-67 
 
 2-66 
 
 1-80 
 
 — 
 
 0-86 
 
 74-33 
 
 62-41 
 
 67-38 
 
 79-02 
 
 76-87 
 
 76-98 
 
 74-91 
 
 — 
 
 2-07 
 
 18-26 
 
 34-38 
 
 28-41 
 
 16-50 
 
 16-92 
 
 17-62 
 
 19-54 
 
 1-92 
 
 — 
 
 2-15 
 
 0-48 
 
 0-91 
 
 2-05 
 
 3-40 
 
 1-39 
 
 1-70 
 
 0-31 
 
 — 
 
 2-08 
 
 1-49 
 
 1-62 
 
 0-83 
 
 1-30 
 
 1-51 
 
 1-51 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 0-35 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-23 
 
 0-31 
 
 0-08 
 
 — 
 
 2-83 
 
 1-24 
 
 1-68 
 
 1-60 
 
 1-51 
 
 2-27 
 
 2-03 
 
 — 
 
 0-24 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
18 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Table 4. 
 MANUFACTUEES of ALL NATIONS, in Millions Sterling. 
 
 In 18'r0 and 1880. 
 
 
 
 
 Textiles. 
 
 Hardware. 
 
 Sundries. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Great Britain 
 France . . 
 Germany . 
 Russia . . 
 Austria . . 
 Italy . . 
 Spain . . 
 Belgium . 
 Holland . 
 Scandinavia 
 Switz., Greece 
 
 et 
 
 c. . 
 
 194 
 
 127 
 
 70 
 
 45 
 
 32 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 28 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 213 
 
 134 
 
 95 
 
 54 
 
 36 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 124 
 
 32 
 
 41 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 155 
 
 41 
 
 62 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 324 
 
 280 
 
 230 
 
 148 
 
 141 
 
 81 
 
 55 
 
 36 
 
 30 
 
 41 
 
 79 
 
 390 
 
 310 
 
 270 
 
 160 
 
 155 
 
 85 
 
 60 
 
 42 
 
 33 
 
 44 
 
 71 
 
 642 
 
 439 
 
 341 
 
 205 
 
 183 
 
 103 
 
 77 
 
 73 
 
 37 
 
 63 
 
 87 
 
 758 
 
 485 
 
 427 
 
 229 
 
 206 
 
 115 
 
 88 
 
 85 
 
 42 
 
 58 
 
 79 
 
 116 
 46 
 86 
 24 
 23 
 12 
 11 
 12 
 5 
 5 
 
 Europe 
 
 United States . . . 
 British Colonies, etc. 
 
 548 
 88 
 30 
 
 627 
 
 115 
 
 34 
 
 247 
 55 
 14 
 
 325 
 
 109 
 
 20 
 
 1445 
 
 539 
 
 20 
 
 1620 
 
 664 
 
 30 
 
 2240 
 
 682 
 
 64 
 
 2572 
 
 888 
 84 
 
 332 
 
 206 
 
 20 
 
 The World 
 
 
 
 666 
 
 776 
 
 316 
 
 454 
 
 2004 
 
 2314 
 
 2986 
 
 3544 
 
 558 
 
 Table 5. 
 CONSUMPTION OF COTTON, WOOL, FLAX, JUTE, etc. 
 
 
 Cotton, 
 
 Wool, 
 
 Flax, jute, etc. 
 
 Total, 
 
 
 
 million lbs. 
 
 million lbs. 
 
 million lbs. 
 
 million lbs. 
 
 Increase, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mill. lbs. 
 
 Great Britain . . . 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 
 1101 
 
 1404 
 
 342 
 
 401 
 
 660 
 
 766 
 
 2103 
 
 2571 
 
 468 
 
 France 
 
 210 
 
 270 
 
 292 
 
 350 
 
 360 
 
 402 
 
 862 
 
 1022 
 
 160 
 
 Germany .... 
 
 268 
 
 390 
 
 155 
 
 265 
 
 226 
 
 305 
 
 649 
 
 960 
 
 311 
 
 Russia 
 
 93 
 
 133 
 
 130 
 
 165 
 
 170 
 
 220 
 
 393 
 
 518 
 
 125 
 
 Austria 
 
 103 
 
 130 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 263 
 
 305 
 
 42 
 
 Italy 
 
 55 
 
 90 
 
 30 
 
 34 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 100 
 
 149 
 
 49 
 
 Spain 
 
 60 
 
 76 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 14 
 
 26 
 
 109 
 
 142 
 
 33 
 
 Belgium .... 
 Holland 
 
 36 
 
 48 
 
 94 
 
 105 
 
 146 
 
 148 
 
 276 
 
 301 
 
 25 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 67 
 
 75 
 
 8 
 
 Scandinavia . . . 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 60 
 
 67 
 
 7 
 
 Switz., Greece, etc. . 
 Europe 
 
 78 
 
 70 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 116 
 
 110 
 
 
 2035 
 
 2649 
 
 1197 
 
 1490 
 
 1766 
 
 2081 
 
 4998 
 
 6220 
 
 1222 
 
 United States . . . 
 
 530 
 
 911 
 
 204 
 
 258 
 
 54 
 
 23 
 
 788 
 
 1192 
 
 404 
 
 Colonies, etc. . . . 
 Total . . . 
 
 70 
 
 105 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 150 
 
 190 
 
 40 
 
 2635 
 
 3665 
 
 1431 
 
 1783 
 
 1870 
 
 2154 
 
 5936 
 
 7602 
 
 1666 
 
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 o 
 
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OF THE 
 
 UNIVEKSITY 
 
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 19 
 
 Table 6. 
 PEODUCTIOlSr OF COAL, lEON, AND STEEL. 
 
 
 Coal, Million Tons. 
 
 Iron, Thousand Tons. 
 
 Steel, Thousand Tons. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878-79. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Great Britain . 
 
 110 
 
 135 
 
 25 
 
 5,230 
 
 7,300 
 
 2070 
 
 245 
 
 1020 
 
 775 
 
 United States . 
 
 25 
 
 55 
 
 30 
 
 1,580 
 
 3,100 
 
 1520 
 
 40 
 
 780 
 
 740 
 
 Germany . . . 
 
 30 
 
 53 
 
 23 
 
 1,322 
 
 3,668 
 
 2346 
 
 170 
 
 466 
 
 296 
 
 France . . . 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 1,230 
 
 1,520 
 
 290 
 
 90 
 
 260 
 
 170 
 
 Austria . . . 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 280 
 
 470 
 
 190 
 
 22 
 
 97 
 
 75 
 
 Belgium . . . 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 260 
 
 420 
 
 160 
 
 10 
 
 88 
 
 78 
 
 Russia, Swed., etc. 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 500 
 
 755 
 
 255 
 
 15 
 
 40 
 
 25 
 
 Total . . 
 
 208 
 
 301 
 
 93 
 
 10,402 
 
 17,233 
 
 6831 
 
 592 
 
 2751 
 
 2159 
 
 Table 7. 
 PEODUCTION OF WOOL AND COTTON. 
 
 WOOL. 
 
 Australia . . . 
 
 Million lbs. 
 
 Ratio of total. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 193 
 
 392 
 
 13-43 
 
 22-14 
 
 River Plate . . 
 
 198 
 
 240 
 
 13-78 
 
 13-56 
 
 Soutk Africa . 
 
 41 
 
 46 
 
 2-84 
 
 2-70 
 
 United States . 
 
 165 
 
 208 
 
 11-46 
 
 11-74 
 
 Great Britain . 
 
 170 
 
 160 
 
 11-80 
 
 9-03 
 
 Continent . . 
 
 640 
 
 670 
 
 44-55 
 
 37-83 
 
 India, etc. . . 
 
 30 
 
 51 
 
 2-14 
 
 3-00 
 
 1437 
 
 1767 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 United States . 
 India .... 
 Egypt. . . . 
 Brazil, etc. . . 
 
 MiUion lbs. 
 
 Ratio of Total. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1540 
 535 
 480 
 115 
 
 2773 
 363 
 450 
 
 78 
 
 57-62 
 
 20-04 
 
 17-96 
 
 4-38 
 
 75-68 
 9-91 
 
 12-28 
 2-13 
 
 2670 
 
 3664 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
20 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
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 1,400,000 
 
 520,000 
 
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 46,450,000 
 
 1,150,000 
 
 78,500,000 
 
 1 
 
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 £25,175,000 
 136,200,000 
 
 10,600,000 
 
 45,580,000 
 
 31,300,000 
 
 3,800,000 
 
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 1,875,000 
 
 68,870,000 
 
 430,000 
 
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 Holland 
 
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 Spain and Portugal 
 
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 United States 
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 South Africa . 
 India 
 
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BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 21 
 
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BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 23 
 
 Table 11. 
 
 CAEEYING-POWER ON SEA COMPAEED WITH 
 
 TEADE AND POPULATION. 
 
 
 For £1000 of trade. 
 
 -I 
 
 Difference. 
 
 Tons per 
 1000 inhab. 
 
 Difference. 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 17 tons. 
 
 24 tons. 
 
 + 7 tons. 
 
 310 
 
 487 
 
 -1-177 tons. 
 
 British Colonies . 
 
 8 „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
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 France .... 
 
 6 „ 
 
 64 „ 
 
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 44 
 
 53 
 
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 34 
 
 45 
 
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 Russia .... 
 
 44 ,, 
 
 5 „ 
 
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 7 
 
 114 
 
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 3i „ 
 
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 — 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
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 Italy .... 
 
 13 „ 
 
 13i „ 
 
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 37 
 
 46 
 
 + 9 „ 
 
 Spain .... 
 
 18 „ 
 
 30 „ 
 
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 35 
 
 62 
 
 + 27 „ 
 
 Holland . . . 
 
 7 „ 
 
 54 „ 
 
 — 
 
 128 
 
 142 
 
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 Belgium . . . 
 
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 24 „ 
 
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 13 
 
 47 
 
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 Sweden and Nor- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 54 „ 
 
 62 „ 
 
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 234 
 
 401 
 
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 23 „ 
 
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 118 
 
 216 
 
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 Greece .... 
 
 65 „ 
 
 35 „ 
 
 — 
 
 240 
 
 176 
 
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 64 
 
 47 
 
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 229 
 
 181 
 
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 10 „ 
 
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 27 
 
 34 
 
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 124 „ 
 
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 60 
 
 82 
 
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24 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
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 25 
 
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26 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Table 
 INCEEASE OF EAILWAYS SINCE 1870: 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Miles 
 
 X 
 
 open. 
 
 Increase, 
 miles. 
 
 Cost of 
 new lines, 
 millions £. 
 
 Total cost, 
 millions £. 
 
 Passengers 
 millions. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 15,537 
 
 17,696 
 
 2,159 
 
 187 
 
 717 
 
 348 
 
 629 
 
 France . 
 
 10,851 
 
 15,375 
 
 4,524 
 
 126 
 
 421 
 
 110 
 
 160 
 
 Gerniany 
 
 11,457 
 
 21,275 
 
 9,818 
 
 244 
 
 442 
 
 136 
 
 196 
 
 Russia . 
 
 7,098 
 
 14,698 
 
 7,600 
 
 145 
 
 272 
 
 14 
 
 38 
 
 Austria . 
 
 6,906 
 
 12,160 
 
 6,254 
 
 132 
 
 255 
 
 21 
 
 42 
 
 Italy . 
 
 3,825 
 
 5,096 
 
 1,271 
 
 22 
 
 99 
 
 24 
 
 29 
 
 Spain and Portugal 
 
 3,820 
 
 5,260 
 
 1,440 
 
 24 
 
 86 
 
 10 
 
 28 
 
 Scandinavia . 
 
 1,783 
 
 5,167 
 
 3,384 
 
 24 
 
 35 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 Belgium & Holland 
 
 2,684 
 
 3,910 
 
 1,226 
 
 28 
 
 84 
 
 47 
 
 67 
 
 Switzerland . 
 
 885 
 
 1,650 
 
 765 
 
 15 
 
 33 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 Turkey, etc. . 
 Europe . 
 
 454 
 
 1,870 
 
 1,416 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 64,300 
 
 104,157 
 
 39,857 
 
 970 
 
 2,474 
 
 734 
 
 1,232 
 
 United States 
 
 44,614 
 
 86,497 
 
 41,883 
 
 678 
 
 991 
 
 110 
 
 198 
 
 Canada . 
 
 4,010 
 
 6,145 
 
 2,135 
 
 25 
 
 73 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 Australia 
 
 1,170 
 
 4,350 
 
 3,180 
 
 44 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 India . 
 
 4,780 
 
 8,611 
 
 3,831 
 
 59 
 
 123 
 
 22 
 
 43 
 
 South America 
 
 2,160 
 
 6,830 
 
 4,070 
 
 71 
 
 95 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 Africa, etc. . 
 The Wokld . 
 
 966 
 
 5,897 
 
 4,931 
 
 12 
 
 71 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 122,000 
 
 222,487 
 
 100,487 
 
 1,759 
 
 3,887 
 
 879 
 
 1,497 
 
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 27 
 
 14. 
 
 TOTAL COST AND TEAFFIC. 
 
 Goods 
 million 
 
 tons. 
 
 Cost of con- 
 struction, 
 per mile. 
 
 Railway- 
 capital com- 
 pared with 
 population, in 
 shillings. 
 
 Actual 
 receipts 
 per mile. 
 
 "Working 
 expenses. 
 
 Net earn- 
 ings per 
 mile. 
 
 Profit on 
 capital 
 
 1870. 
 
 170 
 
 52 
 
 98 
 
 8 
 
 25 
 6 
 4 
 5 
 29 
 4 
 
 401 
 150 
 4 
 1 
 5 
 4 
 1 
 
 566 
 
 1879. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 215 
 
 70 
 
 130 
 
 35 
 
 45 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 32 
 6 
 
 £40,510 
 27,350 
 20,690 
 18,450 
 20,970 
 19,380 
 16,390 
 6,865 
 20,480 
 20,010 
 16,050 
 
 336 
 
 155 
 
 104 
 
 34 
 
 68 
 
 57 
 
 60 
 
 31 
 
 128 
 
 140 
 
 7 
 
 416 
 
 228 
 
 197 
 
 68 
 
 130 
 
 70 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 176 
 
 236 
 
 24 
 
 £3356 
 2701 
 2477 
 2284 
 1760 
 1290 
 1225 
 620 
 1890 
 1460 
 
 £1676 
 
 1377 
 
 1513 
 
 1380 
 
 959 
 
 860 
 
 515 
 
 401 
 
 1215 
 
 840 
 
 £1680 
 1324 
 964 
 904 
 801 
 430 
 710 
 219 
 675 
 620 
 
 4*15 p. c. 
 
 4-85 „ 
 4-65 „ 
 4-82 „ 
 3-86 „ 
 2-22 „ 
 4-40 „ 
 3-38 „ 
 3-21 „ 
 3-10 „ 
 
 555 
 210 
 6 
 4 
 8 
 8 
 2 
 
 23,750 
 11,456 
 11,870 
 13,790 
 14,305 
 13,910 
 12,000 
 
 98 
 
 214 
 
 253 
 
 177 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 7 
 
 150 
 
 396 
 
 340 
 
 428 
 
 13 
 
 78 
 
 19 
 
 2255 
 
 1276 
 
 760 
 
 880 
 
 1306 
 
 950 
 
 1254 
 747 
 610 
 460 
 681 
 540 
 
 1001 
 529 
 150 
 420 
 625 
 410 
 
 4-21 „ 
 4-62 „ 
 1-26 „ 
 3-04 „ 
 4-37 „ 
 3-00 „ 
 
 793 
 
 17,440 
 
 66 
 
 120 
 
 £1690 
 
 963 
 
 727 
 
 4-18 „ 
 
28 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Table 15. 
 INCREASE OF TELEGRAPHS SINCE 1870. 
 
 Great Britain . 
 
 Miles of Line. 
 
 Millions of 
 Messages. 
 
 Messages per 
 100 Inhabitants. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 15,600 
 
 25,860 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 77 
 
 France 
 
 25,550 
 
 37,450 
 
 51 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 40 
 
 Germany . 
 
 15,600 
 
 41,500 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 Russia 
 
 29,200 
 
 59,600 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 Austria . 
 
 17,400 
 
 34,200 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 23 
 
 Italy ... 
 
 11,100 
 
 15,900 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 Spain and Portugal . 
 
 6,200 
 
 12,500 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 Holland and Belgium 
 
 4,500 
 
 5,600 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 47 
 
 65 
 
 Scandinavia 
 
 8,500 
 
 12,900 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 35 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 2,100 
 
 4,300 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 65 
 
 98 
 
 Turkey, Greece, etc. 
 Europe . 
 
 16,500 
 
 24,300 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 152,150 
 
 274,110 
 
 47 
 
 98 
 
 16 
 
 30 
 
 United States . 
 
 70,000 
 
 119,000 
 
 11 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 62 
 
 British Colonies* 
 
 38,600 
 
 59,700 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 South America 
 
 13,800 
 
 20,100 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Egypt* etc. 
 
 Land Wires . 
 Ocean Cables . 
 
 Total length . 
 
 3,100 
 
 33,600 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 277,650 
 46,000 
 
 506,510 
 97,500 
 
 64 
 
 141 
 
 14 
 
 31 
 
 
 323,650 
 
 604,010 
 
 * At present Australia 
 British Colonies 3650 miles 
 
 has 26,850, India 18,200, Canada 11,000, and the other 
 of telegraph lines in working order. 
 
BALANCE-SHEET OE THE WORLD. 
 
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 Table 17. 
 PRECIOUS METALS— PRODUCTION SINCE 1870. 
 
 United States 
 Australia . . . 
 Spanish America 
 Russia, etc. . . 
 
 Total .... 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Total. 
 
 £78,800,000 
 
 69,400,000 
 
 5,000,000 
 
 48,000,000 
 
 £67,600,000 
 
 77,000,000 
 15,000,000' 
 
 £146,400,000 
 69,400,000 
 82,000,000 
 63,000,000 
 
 £201,200,000 
 
 £159,600,000 
 
 £360,800,000 
 
 Coin Minted since 1870. 
 
 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 £40,600,000 
 
 £6,500,000 
 
 £47,100,000 
 
 Australia . . . 
 
 27,400,000 
 
 — 
 
 27,400,000 
 
 Germany* . 
 
 
 87,200,000 
 
 21,100,000 
 
 108,300,000 
 
 Austria 
 
 
 5,000,000 
 
 15,000,000 
 
 20,000,000 
 
 France . . 
 
 
 32,150,000 
 
 19,300,000 
 
 51,450,000 
 
 Russia . . 
 
 
 25,000,000 
 
 10,000,000 
 
 35,000,000 
 
 Belgium . 
 
 
 16,500,000 
 
 9,500,000 
 
 26,000,000 
 
 Holland . 
 
 
 12,000,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 12,200,000 
 
 Italy . . 
 
 
 1,560,000 
 
 12,250,000 
 
 13,810,000 
 
 Scandinavia 
 
 
 2,200,000 
 
 2,100,000 
 
 4,300,000 
 
 United States 
 
 80,400,000 
 
 31,420,000 
 
 111,820,000 
 
 Mexico, Peru, etc. 
 
 2,100,000 
 
 23,500,000 
 
 25,600,000 
 
 Japan .... 
 
 1,100,000 
 
 4,600,000 
 
 5,700,000 
 
 India .... 
 Total .... 
 
 100,000 
 
 38,000,000 
 
 38,100,000 
 
 £333,310,000 
 
 £193,470,000 
 
 £526,780,000 
 
 Production of I 
 
 lines 
 
 £201,200,000 
 
 £159,600,000 
 
 £360,800,000. 
 
 Germany has re-minted £40,000,000 sterling of French gold- 
 
-^\ B R A^ 
 
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03 
 
 SI 
 
 xL 
 
balance-sheet of the world. 
 
 Table 18. 
 CAPITAL OE WEALTH OF NATIONS. 
 
 31 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Ratio per 
 Inhabitant. 
 
 Do. free of 
 National Debt. 
 
 Millions 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 8,310 
 
 8,960 
 
 650 
 
 £264 
 
 £260 
 
 £238 
 
 £237 
 
 France . . . 
 
 7,122 
 
 7,417 
 
 295 
 
 187 
 
 201 
 
 174 
 
 180 
 
 Germany . . 
 
 5,350 
 
 6,075 
 
 725* 
 
 141 
 
 135 
 
 137 
 
 130 
 
 Russia . . . 
 
 3,290 
 
 3,540 
 
 250 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 41 
 
 36 
 
 Austria . . . 
 
 2,830 
 
 3,050 
 
 220+ 
 
 79 
 
 78 
 
 69 
 
 67 
 
 Italy . . . 
 
 1,750 
 
 1,860 
 
 110 
 
 66 
 
 65 
 
 52 
 
 47. 
 
 Holland . . 
 
 1,080 
 
 1,130 
 
 50 
 
 303 
 
 283 
 
 280 
 
 262 
 
 Belgium . . 
 
 900 
 
 940 
 
 40 
 
 178 
 
 168 
 
 172 
 
 156 
 
 Spain . . . 
 
 1,240 
 
 1,373 
 
 133 
 
 76 
 
 82 
 
 59 
 
 51 
 
 Portugal . . 
 
 255 
 
 272 
 
 17 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 49 
 
 45 
 
 Swed. and Nor. 
 
 693 
 
 738 
 
 45 
 
 115 
 
 113 
 
 114 
 
 110 
 
 Denmark . . 
 
 340 
 
 350 
 
 10 
 
 190 
 
 178 
 
 183 
 
 173 
 
 Turkey, etc. . 
 Europe . . . 
 
 750 
 
 760 
 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 26 
 
 19 
 
 33,910 
 
 36,465 
 
 2555 
 
 £111 
 
 £111 
 
 £101 
 
 £98 
 
 United States 
 
 6,320 
 
 7,880 
 
 1560 
 
 164 
 
 158 
 
 151 
 
 150 
 
 Australia . . 
 
 346 
 
 490 
 
 144 
 
 190 
 
 172 
 
 170 
 
 140 
 
 Canada . . . 
 
 524 
 
 636 
 
 112 
 
 138 
 
 148 
 
 134 
 
 140 
 
 South Africa . 
 
 71 
 
 98 
 
 27 
 
 80 
 
 72 
 
 78 
 
 65 
 
 South America 
 The World . 
 
 900 
 
 950 
 
 60 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 42,071 
 
 46,519 
 
 4448 
 
 £112 
 
 £113 
 
 £102 
 
 £101 
 
 • Including £280,000,000 for Alsace-Lorraine. t Including £55,000,000 for Bosnia. 
 
32 
 
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BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
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 37 
 
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 earnings. 
 
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38 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
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BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 39 
 
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 Gallons 
 produc- 
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 1 
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40 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
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GREAT BRITAIN. 41 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF GEEAT BEITAIN". 
 
 1870-1880. 
 
 In 1880 the industries of Great Britain attained a point 
 never before reached in this or any other country, but if 
 we compare the progress made during the decade we shall 
 find it was less than in the interval from 1860 to 1870, 
 and much less than in the United States during the ten 
 years now under consideration. But although this is 
 probably the last time that Great Britain will occupy the 
 highest rank in the industrial nations of mankind, there is 
 no symptom of decline, no diminution of force or energy 
 to cause us any anxiety. On the contrary, the productive 
 labour of our people shows every year a higher ratio per 
 inhabitant, and as compared with other European nations 
 Great Britain is leaving them farther behind, as will 
 appear from the aliquot parts of European industry as 
 follows : — ^ 
 
 1870. 1880. 
 
 Great Britain . 26-09 26-32 
 
 Continent . . 73-91 73*68 
 
 100-00 100-00 
 
 There is but one industry, agriculture, in which we 
 have lost ground, the advance in all the rest being so great 
 that the aggregate for 1880 shows an increase of 337 
 millions sterling, equal to 20 per cent on that of 1870, 
 
 ^ See aliquot parts of industries of mankind, Table 3. 
 
42 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 whereas population has risen only 10 per cent in the same 
 period. The figures stand thus, in millions sterling — 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Commerce 
 
 547 
 
 692 
 
 145 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 642 
 
 758 
 
 116 
 
 Mining 
 
 46 
 
 65 
 
 19 
 
 Agriculture . 
 
 260 
 
 240 
 
 
 Carrying-trade 
 
 78 
 
 121 
 
 43 
 
 Sundries 
 
 34 
 
 40 
 
 6 
 
 Banking 
 
 80 
 
 108 
 
 28 
 
 Total 
 
 1687 
 
 2024 
 
 337 
 
 1 1. _ 
 
 
 1- - - 
 
 
 Commerce has not risen so much as in the previous 
 decade, when the increase was 169 millions, nor does min- 
 ing show the same advance as between 1860 and 1870, 
 the increase being only 24 million, against 26 million, 
 tons. Manufactures have grown less than any other 
 branch of national increase, namely, 18 per cent, which is 
 nevertheless more than the rise in population, the average 
 being now £22 per inhabitant, or 32s. more than in 1870. 
 Banking and shipping exhibit an enormous development, 
 as if the finances of mankind were concentrating themselves 
 in London, and the carrying- trade of the seas passing into 
 our hands. This is the more remarkable, as the balance 
 of trade against Great Britain has increased in a degree 
 that some economists consider alarming, viz. — 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 1870. 1880. 
 Imports ... 305 414 
 Exports ^ ^ . 242 278 
 
 Surplus itaports . 63 136 
 
 Thus the balance of trade against us was 25 per cent 
 in 1870, and 49 per cent in 1880. This is, however, 
 rather an indication of prosperity than the reverse, since 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 43 
 
 we see that until 1840 our exports were more than our 
 imports, and that Eussia and Spain have the balance in 
 their favour, and are steeped in poverty. The only draw- 
 back in our table of industries is agriculture, which shows 
 a decline of 8 per cent, the area under crops having fallen 
 from 17,142,000 to 15,849,000 acres. The aggregate 
 value of crops has declined much more heavily, but this is 
 partly counterbalanced by an increase of 10 per cent in 
 horned cattle. It is true that sheep have diminished two 
 millions in number, but if we take 1 sheep for a cow, the 
 total stock is now equal to 13,127,000 head of horned 
 cattle, against 12,503,000 in 1870, a rise of 5 per cent. 
 
 Comparing the various industries with population, we 
 see more clearly the degree of progress, viz. — 
 
 Shillings per inhabitant. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Commerce 
 
 349 
 
 398 
 
 49 
 
 Manufactures . 
 
 408 
 
 440 
 
 32 
 
 Mining 
 
 29 
 
 38 
 
 9 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 165 
 
 139 
 
 — 
 
 Carrying-trade . 
 
 49 
 
 68 
 
 19 
 
 Insurance, etc. . 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 Banking . 
 
 51 
 
 63 
 
 12 
 
 
 1073 
 
 1171 
 
 98 
 
 The above is merely the money value, but the actual 
 work done shows a greater increase. For example, while 
 the value of goods manufactured has risen only 1 8 per cent, 
 the consumption of raw material for textiles (Table 5) has 
 risen 23 per cent, and that of iron 42 per cent, the produc- 
 tion of steel having, moreover, quadrupled (Table 6) in the 
 said ten years. Banking has risen 35 per cent, this item 
 amounting at present to 108 millions, viz. — 
 
44 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Interest on 1400 millions, annual discounts at 3 per cent . £42,000,000 
 Dividends on 1100 millions, in foreign loans, colonies, etc. 66,000,000 
 
 £108,000,000 
 
 As regards the carrying-trade (see diagrams F and G), 
 the increase has been more than 50 per cent, as appears 
 from the earnings (Table 9), viz. — 
 
 1870. 1880. Increase. 
 
 Railways . . £43,417,000 £62,800,000 £19,383,000 
 
 Ocean shipping . 30,020,000 61,920,000 21,900,000 
 
 Coast „ . 4,850,000 6,470,000 1,620,000 
 
 £78,287,000 £121,190,000 £42,903,000 
 
 The increased efficiency of our merchant shipping is 
 shown by the fact that in 1870 we employed 196,000 sea- 
 men in carrying 59 million tons of merchandise, and in 
 1879 only 194,000 for 89 million tons; that is, the ratio 
 has risen from 302 to 455 tons per seaman, or in other 
 words two seamen now do as much work as three did in 
 1870. It has often been erroneously stated that our 
 growing ascendency on sea is because of our being able to 
 build iron vessels and steamers cheaper than other nations, 
 as if Germans or Italians cannot buy vessels in our dock- 
 yards on the Clyde ! The secret is that our men do more 
 work, and consequently that we can carry cheaper than 
 any other flag. The tonnage borne by our vessels has 
 grown as follows : — 
 
 British flag. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Entries in British ports . 
 
 10,309,000 
 
 15,040,000 
 
 47 per cent 
 
 ,, in foreign ports . 
 
 19,711,000 
 
 36,880,000 
 
 86 „ 
 
 British coast traffic 
 
 28,850,000 
 
 37,200,000 
 
 28 „ 
 
 68,870,000 89,120,000 51 „ 
 Steamers performed 55 per cent of our ocean carrying 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 45 
 
 trade in 1870, and at present the ratio is 76 per cent. 
 The increase of our shipping, not counting Colonial, has 
 been as follows : — 
 
 1870. 1880. Increase. 
 
 Nominal tonnage . 5,560,000 6,250,000 13 per cent 
 Carrying power . 9,720,000 16,630,000 70 ,, 
 
 If we were to include Colonial shipping it would be 
 found that our flag now carries 56 per cent of the mer- 
 chandise of all nations, against 5 1 per cent ten years ago. 
 
 Eailway traffic has increased 62 per cent, the total of 
 passengers and tons of goods carried having risen from 518 
 to 844 millions, but although the net earnings per mile are 
 £176 more than in 1870, the net profit for capital is less, 
 as the new lines constructed in the last ten years (especially 
 the London Metropolitan) have been so costly as to raise 
 the average capital per mile 18 J per cent on all existing 
 lines. The traffic shows thus : — 
 
 
 isro. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Miles open . 
 
 15,537 
 
 17,696 
 
 14*20 per cent 
 
 Passengers per mile 
 
 22,450 
 
 35,540 
 
 58-25 „ 
 
 Goods, tons ,, 
 
 10,970 
 
 12,150 
 
 11-05 „ 
 
 Receipts „ 
 
 £2,794 
 
 £3,356 
 
 19-86 „ 
 
 Expenses , , 
 
 1,290 
 
 1,676 
 
 19-79 „ 
 
 Net earnings ,, 
 
 1,504 
 
 1,680 
 
 20-36 „ 
 
 Profit on capital . 
 
 4*39 per cent 
 
 4*15 per cent 
 
 ... 
 
 Capital per mile . 
 
 £34,200 
 
 £40,509 
 
 18-53 „ 
 
 Telegraphs show an extraordinary increase, the number 
 of messages having trebled (Table 15) since the Govern- 
 ment purchased the lines and reduced the tariff. The 
 average is now 77 messages per 100 inhabitants, against 
 32 in 1870. 
 
 The natural increase of population, or the excess of 
 births over deaths, has amounted to 4,265,000, say 13*76 
 
 E 
 
46 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 l)er cent; but, as the net emigration^ reached 965,000, the 
 actual increase does not exceed 3,300,000, or 10*64 on the 
 population of 1870. Taking the medium population of 
 1875, which was 32,855,000, we find the rates of births 
 and deaths for the decade as follows : — 
 
 Ifumber. Per 1000 inliab. 
 
 Births . . 11,151,000 33-98 
 
 Deaths . . 6,886,000 20*97 
 
 Increase . 4,265,000 13*01 
 
 At no previous period did the population rise three 
 millions in ten years ; but the rate of increase was greater 
 between 1820 and 1830, say 15 per cent, after deducting 
 emigration. Comparing the decade just ended with the 
 preceding one, we find a notable improvement, as the in- 
 crease for ten years ending 1870 was only 8 J per cent. 
 
 Food-supply is so closely connected with population that 
 every year Great Britain will be more and more dependent 
 on foreign countries for grain and meat ; not merely the 
 grain for our own use, but also much of what is needed 
 for our cattle. The total annual consumption of grain and 
 meat are as follows : — 
 
 British. Imported. Total. 
 
 Grain, bushels . 410,000,000 280,000,000 690,000,000 
 Meat, tons . 1,205,000 603,000 1,805,000 
 
 In a word, 33 per cent of the meat and 40 per cent of the 
 grain that we consume is from foreign countries, together 
 weighing 7^ million tons, equal to the total tonnage of the 
 British merchant navy. The following statement shows 
 the annual consumption per inhabitant : — 
 
 ^ The number of emigrants was 1,815,000 ; of immigrants, 850,000. 
 Of the former, 66 per cent went to the United States, 11 per cent to 
 Canada, 19 per cent to AustraUa, and 4 per cent to other parts. 
 
( 
 
 SREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 
 
 British. 
 
 Imported. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Grain, bushels 
 
 11-90 
 
 8-12 
 
 20-02 
 
 Meat, lbs. 
 
 78-26 
 
 40-84 
 
 119-10 
 
 Beer, gallons 
 
 32-18 
 
 
 32-18 
 
 Spirits , , 
 
 0-71 
 
 0-19 
 
 0-90 
 
 Wine „ 
 
 
 0-51 
 
 0-51 
 
 47 
 
 The consumption of meat is more than double the 
 European average (Table 2Q) ; and if we never imported a 
 pound, our home supply alone would suffice to give our 
 population almost as large an allowance per head as is 
 actually consumed in Germany or France. 
 
 Surprising as it may appear, we use less money in Great 
 Britain (compared with commerce and other industries) 
 than any other country of Europe or America, as may be 
 seen in Table 1 6. The total currency stands thus : — 
 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 Ratio per inhab. 
 
 Ratio to commerce. 
 
 Gold . 
 
 124 
 
 £3 12 
 
 18 per cent 
 
 Silver . 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 3 ,, 
 
 Paper . 
 
 45 
 
 16 
 
 7 „ 
 
 188 £5 9 28 „ 
 
 The Mint report shows that 40| millions in gold and 
 6^ in silver have been coined since 1870, and the increase 
 of paper money has been 4 millions in the same period. 
 This, however, does not represent the total increase, as 
 Australia coined 27^ millions sterling, of which three- 
 fourths came to England. British gold has, of course, been 
 freely exported to Peru, Brazil, and other countries ; but 
 the most of it must have found its way back again, since 
 our net imports of specie for the last ten years were over 
 25 millions sterling. 
 
 As regards the earnings of the nation, we find an in- 
 crease of 30 per cent in the income-tax returns ; but the 
 actual increase has been no more than 20 per cent, the 
 
48 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 income-tax only comprehending a limited number of per- 
 sons. The total earnings (as in Table 20) were as follows : 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 1870. ISSO. Increase. 
 
 Income-tax classes . . 445 578 133 
 
 Clerks, etc., exempted . 187 150) 
 
 Working-classes . . 329 428 ( ^^ 
 
 961 1156 195 
 
 The annual expenditure is something under 1100 
 millions, the accumulation of wealth ranging from 60 to 
 65 millions per annum. Here arise two questions of the 
 highest importance, viz. — 
 
 1st, Is the average income, after payment of taxes, 
 greater or less now than in 1870 ? 
 
 2d, Is the public welfare extending to a wider circle, or 
 are the rich growing richer, the poor poorer 1 
 
 In answer to the first question it suffices to adduce the 
 following figures : — 
 
 Average income 
 Taxes and rates 
 
 Net income . . . £26 17 1 £29 10 7 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 
 £30 10 6 
 
 £33 10 
 
 4 
 
 3 13 5 
 
 3 19 
 
 9 
 
 Not only is the net income per inhabitant 10 per cent 
 higher than it was ten years ago, but it far exceeds that of 
 any other nation in the world, being more than double the 
 European average (Table 20) and 16 per cent greater than 
 in the United States. 
 
 As to the second question, all indications point to one 
 conclusion, namely, that the number of persons in easy cir- 
 cumstances, or at least above want, is increasing much 
 faster than population. Three indisputable proofs may be 
 quoted : — 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 49 
 
 I. The number of paupers has declined 19 per cent, 
 and the ratio to population is now but 3 per cent, against 
 4 per cent in 1870, viz. — 
 
 1870. 1880. 
 
 
 No. of paupers. 
 
 Ratio to pop. No. of paupers. 
 
 Ratio to pop. 
 
 England 
 
 . 1,079,000 
 
 4-79 838,000 
 
 3-29 
 
 Scotland 
 
 126,000 
 
 3-78 98,000 
 
 2-68 
 
 Ireland 
 
 74,000 
 
 1-37 101,000 
 
 1-88 
 
 U. Kingdom 1,279,000 4*10 " 1,037,000 3*01 
 
 II. The consumption of tea, coffee, sugar, and tobacco, 
 per inhabitant has increased all round about 20 per cent, 
 being double the increase of net income as shown above, 
 the prices of these commodities having, moreover, fallen in 
 the interval. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Rate of increase. 
 
 Tea, pounds . 
 
 . 3-81 
 
 4-70 
 
 23 p. cent 
 
 Coffee, , , 
 
 . 0-98 
 
 1-00 
 
 2 „ 
 
 Sugar, ,, 
 
 . 47-23 
 
 66-24 
 
 40 „ 
 
 Tobacco ,, 
 
 . 1-34 
 
 1-41 
 
 5 „ 
 
 III. The savings banks, which serve to gauge the pro- 
 gress of wealth among the working-classes, show an increase 
 of 30 per cent in ten years, viz. — 
 
 Amount. Ratio per inhabitant. Increase. 
 
 1870. 1880. 1870. 1880. 
 
 England . £46,229,000 £65,396,000 £2 1 1 £2 11 4 25 p. cent 
 
 Scotland . 4,132,000 6,863,000 1 4 9 1 17 6 50 „ 
 
 Ireland . 2,696,000 3,550,000 9 11 13 3 33 „ 
 
 U. Kingdom £53,057,000 £75,809,000 £1 14 1 £2 3 11 30 p. cent 
 
 Let us now consider taxation, including national and 
 local, which has risen 20 per cent in the last ten years, viz. — 
 
50 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Amouut. Ratio per inhabitant. 
 
 1870. 1880. 1870. 1880. 
 
 National . £75,434,000 £81,265,000 £2 8 4 £2 7 1 
 Local . 39,090,000 56,130,000 15 1 1 12 6 
 
 Total . £114,524,000 £137,395,000 £3 13 5 £3 19 7 
 
 From the above it appears that taxation is now six 
 shillings per inhabitant more than in 1870, that is 8 per 
 cent heavier. But such a mode of estimating the incidence 
 of taxation would be most fallacious, since the ability to 
 support such burthen depends on the industry and income 
 of each nation. Judged in this manner we find as follows — 
 
 Taxes compared Taxes compared 
 
 with industry. with earnings. 
 
 1870. 1880. 1870. 1880. 
 
 Great Britain . 6-73 6-80 11*92 11-88 
 
 Europe . . 914 9-96 13-87 15-39 
 
 Difference . 2-41 3*16 1-95 3-51 
 
 Ten years ago the average incidence of taxation for 
 Europe, compared with earnings, was 17 per cent heavier 
 than in Great Britain : at present the relative difference is 
 30 per cent. This arises in a great measure from the 
 fact that our military expenditure is diminishing, while 
 that of the Continent is growing apace (Tables 23-24), as 
 shown thus : — 
 
 1869. ISSO. 
 
 British army and navy . £26, 400, 000 £26, 000, 000 
 
 Ratio per inhabitant . . £0 16 8 £0 15 1 
 
 Ratio to earnings . . 2*75 2*26 
 
 Europe, ratio per inhabitant £0 7 10 £0 9 2 
 
 Do. ratio to income 2 '83 3-02 
 
 In fact, the Continental armaments absorb more than 3 
 per cent of the people's earnings, which is relatively one- 
 third more than in the United Kingdom. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 51 
 
 National debt is decreasing in this country, being 24 
 millions less than it was in 1870 (Table 19), whereas the 
 aggregate of Continental debts has risen 70 per cent, viz. — 
 
 
 Millions 
 
 1870. 
 
 . 798 
 
 2142 
 
 sterling. 
 1880. 
 
 774 
 3679 
 
 4453 
 
 Ratio per 
 
 inhabitant. 
 
 
 Great Britain 
 Continent 
 
 1870. 
 £25 7 
 7 16 4 
 
 1880. 
 
 £22 9 
 
 12 10 
 
 
 3 
 
 Europe . 
 
 2940 
 
 £9 12 10 
 
 £13 11 
 
 7 
 
 It is nevertheless true that, while our national debt 
 has been reduced, the amount of municipal and other local 
 debts has increased in a much higher degree, viz. — 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 al debts . 
 
 £84,000,000 
 
 £140,000,000 
 
 io per inhabitant 
 
 £2 13 4 
 
 £4 13 
 
 The increase in this respect is mainly due to expenses 
 incurred for education and hygiene, which have produced 
 great and beneficial results. 
 
 Public instruction shows the following advance in ten 
 years : — 
 
 
 School-children. 
 
 Ratio to 
 
 1870. 
 6-95 
 6-45 
 6-05 
 
 6-75 
 
 population. 
 
 England 
 Scotland 
 Ireland . 
 
 1870. 
 1,565,000 
 215,000 
 328,000 
 
 1880. 
 3,123,000 
 448,000 
 376,000 
 
 3,947,000 
 
 1880. 
 12-24 
 12-25 
 
 7-02 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 2,108,000 
 
 11-44 
 
 Hygiene has also made remarkable progress, except in 
 Ireland, where it is so shamefully neglected that Dublin 
 and Belfast have the heaviest death-rates in the United 
 Kingdom, being almost on a par with Tunis or Naples. 
 The mortality of England and Scotland has declined 
 nearly 10 per cent, whereas in Ireland the rate for 1879 
 was almost 20 per cent higher than in 1870 (the mortality 
 
52 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 from insufficient food not exceeding 5 per cent of sucli 
 increase) : — 
 
 Deaths. Per 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 1870. 1879. 1870. 1879. 
 
 England . . 615,329 528,194 22*90 20-70 
 
 Scotland . . 74,067 73,329 22*20 20*03 
 
 Ireland . . 90,695 105,432 16*78 19*67 
 
 United Kingdom 680,091 706,955 21*79 20*49 
 
 The saving of life, from this reduction of 13 per 1000 
 in the death-rate, is equal to 455,000 persons annually, 
 representing a money- value of 109 millions sterling at the 
 ordinary capital worth (£240) of each inhabitant of the 
 United Kingdom, or four times the actual yearly product 
 of his or her labour (Table 2). 
 
FRANCE. 53 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF FEANCE. 
 
 Notwithstanding the disastrous war of 1870-71, and 
 the loss of two of her finest provinces, France shows a 
 greater sum of industry than eleven years ago : — 
 
 Shillings per inhabitant. 
 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 
 1869. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Commerce . 
 
 249 
 
 332 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 439 
 
 485 
 
 Mining 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 412 
 
 400 
 
 Carrying Trade 
 
 33 
 
 50 
 
 Banking . 
 
 30 
 
 34 
 
 Sundries . 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 1869. 
 
 1880. 
 
 129 
 
 177 
 
 231 
 
 262 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 217 
 
 216 
 
 17 
 
 27 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1181 1325 620 712 
 
 The aggregate increase has been at the rate of 11|- per 
 cent, against 20 per cent in Great Britain. The ratio per 
 inhabitant has risen 15 per cent against 10 per cent in Great 
 Britain. Every branch shows a rise except agriculture, 
 which suffered heavily from the Phylloxera, although the 
 loss is partly repaired by an increase of 75 per cent in the 
 area under beet-root. Shipping is also believed to have 
 declined, but it will be seen in Table 9 that the carrying- 
 power on sea has increased no less than 22 J per cent, 
 which, however, has not kept pace with the growth or 
 requirements of trade. 
 
 Commerce has risen 30 per cent, and if the balance of 
 trade signify anything, it is remarkable that the increase 
 
54 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 has been so one-sided without affecting the prosperity of 
 the country, since we find imports have risen 55, exports 
 only 6, per cent. 
 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 Per inhabitant. 
 
 
 Imports 
 Exports 
 
 1860. 
 . 126 
 . 123 
 
 . 249 
 
 1880. 
 
 194 
 131 
 
 325 
 
 1869. 
 £3 5 5 
 3 3 11 
 
 1880. 
 
 £5 7 
 3 10 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 Total 
 
 £6 9 4 
 
 £8 17 
 
 9 
 
 Imports are 48j per cent over exports (just the same 
 ratio as in Great Britain), and yet France is not rushing to 
 bankruptcy, but accumulating wealth every year, as shown 
 by the rise in legacy returns.^ There is an increase of 
 69 per cent in port entries, and here we note a com- 
 parative decline of French shipping. 
 
 Port Entries. 1869. 1879. Increase. 
 
 French flag . Tons. 2,285,000 3,074,000 35 per cent 
 Foreign flags „ 4,488,000 8,282,000 84^ „ 
 
 6,773,000 11,356,000 69 
 
 Steamers now form 65 per cent of the entries, against 
 45 per cent in 1869 ; they constitute, moreover, a larger 
 ratio than in Great Britain. The nominal tonnage of the 
 French merchant navy was superior to the German in 
 1869, but is now inferior (Table 9), although the carrying- 
 power of the former is still 5000 tons over the latter. 
 French shipping shows as follows : — 
 
 
 1869. 
 
 1879. Increase. 
 
 Nominal tonnage . 
 
 . 1,072,000 
 
 933,000 — 
 
 Carrying-power 
 
 . 1,598,000 
 
 1,960,000 22.^ p. cent 
 
 Carrying- trade has increased more than one-half, especially 
 as regards railways, whose traffic has risen 64 per cent : — 
 
 1 See Progress of the World (Stanford, 1880), page 43. 
 
Railways . 
 Canals 
 Shipping . 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 1869. 
 . £24,950,000 
 2,500,000 
 5,600,000 
 
 . £33,050,000 
 
 1880. 
 £40,960,000 
 2,500,000 
 6,900,000 
 
 Total 
 
 £50,360,000 
 
 55 
 
 New railways constructed since 1869 (Table 14) represent 
 an outlay of 126 millions sterling, the capital of existing 
 lines being equal to £11 : 8s. per inhabitant, an increase of 
 £3 : 13s. in the said interval. The traffic of French and 
 English lines compares thus : — 
 
 
 French. 
 
 British. 
 
 Receipts per mile . 
 
 £2,701 
 
 £3,356 
 
 "Working expenses . 
 
 1,377 
 
 1,676 
 
 Net earnings . 
 
 1,324 
 
 .1,680 
 
 Profit on capital 
 
 4-85 
 
 4-15 
 
 Construction per mile 
 
 . £27,280 
 
 £40,509 
 
 Every passenger or ton of merchandise carried paid 40 
 pence, as compared with 38 pence in Germany, and 17 
 pence in Great Britain. The gross receipts for 1880 were 
 £4,300,000 over those of 1879. 
 
 Manufactures do not show the same increase in value 
 as in the consumption of raw material : — 
 
 1869. 1880. Increase. 
 
 Manufactures . . £439,000,000 £485,000,000 10 per cent 
 
 Raw cotton, wool, etc., lbs. 862,000,000 1,022,000,000 19 „ 
 
 Iron . . . Tons 1,230,000 1,520,000 24 „ 
 
 The consumption of raw cotton (Table 5) has risen 30 
 per centj of wool 20 per cent. Silk has declined one- 
 third, the value of the manufacture having fallen from 38 
 to 26 millions sterling, and the exports from 21 to 10 
 millions. Sugar manufacture has risen from 273,000 to 
 475,000 tons, an increase of 75 per cent. 
 
 Mining has risen 33 per cent (Table 6), the value of 
 minerals being now one-fifth of what it is in Great Britain, 
 
56 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 and exceeded by only one Continental nation, namely 
 Germany. 
 
 Telegraphs show an increase of 140 per cent in the 
 number of messages (Table 15), the ratio being 40 per 100 
 inhabitants, against 15 in 1869. It is still only half the 
 British average, but slightly ahead of the German. 
 
 Money is much more abundant than in other countries, 
 as shown in Table 16. It stands as 99 per cent compared 
 with commerce, whereas in Great Britain we do with 28 
 per cent ; and the various kinds of currency give the fol- 
 lowing ratio per inhabitant as compared with Great 
 Britain : — 
 
 Millions sterling. Ratio jier inhabitant. 
 
 
 France. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 r 
 
 France. 
 
 Great Bril 
 
 ^in 
 
 Gold 
 
 . 147 
 
 124 
 
 £3 19 
 
 £3 12 
 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 85 
 
 19 
 
 2 6 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 Paper 
 
 90 
 
 45 
 
 2 9 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 
 Total . 322 188 £8 14 £5 9 
 
 The French mint coined in ten years over ^\\ millions 
 sterling, of which 61 per cent was gold (Table 17), and 39 
 silver. Much of the gold coin, however, has disappeared 
 since Germany re-minted 50 million Napoleons. 
 
 National earnings have risen from 788 to 927 millions 
 sterling, and although taxation has increased 40 per cent 
 since the war, the net income per inhabitant is higher now 
 than it was in 1869, viz. — 
 
 Millions 
 
 sterling. 
 
 1880. 
 927 
 162 
 
 765 
 
 Ratio per 
 
 inhabitant. 
 
 
 1869. 
 Income . 788 
 Taxes and Rates 119 
 
 18(59. 
 £20 14 8 
 3 2 6 
 
 1880. 
 
 £23 1 
 
 4 8 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 Net income 669 
 
 £17 12 2 
 
 £18 12 
 
 5 
 
 The growing diffusion of wealth is shown by the in- 
 
FRANCE. 57 
 
 creased number of holders of " Eentes " and depositors in 
 savings banks : — 
 
 1872. 1879. 
 
 Number of Rente-holders . . 2,147,130 4,404,763 
 
 Depositors in savings banks . . 2,021,228 3,050,100 
 
 Total 4,168,358 7,454,863 
 
 The thrifty habits of the people enable them to support 
 with ease a degree of taxation (Table 21) that to many- 
 nations would seem excessive. Summing up all kinds of 
 taxes, Frenchmen pay 9 s. more than we do in Great 
 Britain, although their average earnings are one-third less 
 than ours. In other Tfords, Frenchmen pay 17-§- per cent 
 taxes on their income, against 12 per cent in Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Military expenditure is a great burthen (Tables 23, 24), 
 having risen from 13s. per inhabitant in the last year of 
 Napoleon the Third's reign, to 15s. 6d. in 1880; that is, 
 from 25 to 29 millions sterling. The increase is in the 
 land forces, the navy vote being 21 per cent less than in 
 1869. 
 
 National debt has risen (Table 19) almost 300 millions 
 since the fall of the Empire, which includes 220 millions 
 paid to Germany. According to the official report the war 
 cost France 350 millions, without including the value of 
 the two provinces ceded to Germany, say 280 millions. 
 Nevertheless, the capital value of France in 1880 (accord- 
 ing to insurance estimates) is 295 millions sterling higher 
 than in 1869, so that the increase of wealth exceeds that of 
 national debt, although the ratio of the latter is higher : — 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 1869. 1880. Increase. 
 
 Value of France . 7122 7417 295 
 
 National debt . . 468 750 282 
 
58 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 The increase of wealth dates from 1872. 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 1872. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 3668 
 
 3938 
 
 270 
 
 3210 
 
 3479 
 
 269 
 
 Properties insured . 
 Land and uninsured prop. 
 
 Value of France . . 6878 7417 539 
 
 The value of uninsured perishable property is supposed 
 to be only 855 millions. The increase of insurances in 
 1879 was 83 1 millions. The ratio of public debt to capital 
 is now 10*13 per cent, against 6*69 before the Franco- 
 German war. It is still below the average of European 
 debt (Table 19), which is over 12 per cent. 
 
 The above is irrespective of local debts, which sum up 
 134 millions, including 85 millions spent by Baron Hauss- 
 mann in making the new boulevards of Paris : these local 
 debts have not increased much since 1870. 
 
 Population has declined a million owing to the cession 
 of Alsace and Lorraine with 1,550,000 souls, but if we 
 consider the present limits of France in 1870 and 1880, 
 we find an increase of 612,000, which, added to the 
 number slain in war, shows that the normal rate of increase 
 has been nearly four per cent. The actual increase has 
 been less than two per cent, viz. — 
 
 Population in 1870 1 . . . 36,554,000 
 
 Excess of births over deaths . . 722,000 
 
 Emigration 110,000 
 
 Population in 1880 . . . . 37,166,000 
 
 On the basis of the census of 1866, and that of 1876, 
 we can compare the precise rate of mortality and of natural 
 increase from the official returns of births and deaths in 
 1867 and 1878, viz. — 
 
 ^ Excluding Alsace and Lorraine. 
 

 FRANCE. 
 
 
 
 
 1867. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Population . 
 
 
 38,067,000 
 
 37,040,000 
 
 Births . 
 
 
 1,007,500 
 
 937,211 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 866,900 
 
 839,036 
 
 Surplus births 
 
 
 140,600 
 
 98,175 
 
 Births per 1000 inhabitants 
 
 26-47 
 
 25-33 
 
 Deaths „ „ 
 
 
 22-78 
 
 22-67 
 
 Increase „ „ 
 
 
 3-69 
 
 2-66 
 
 59 
 
 It is remarkable that the birth-rate has declined re- 
 latively 4:^ per cent since the war, while it has risen 
 (page 65) i per cent in Germany. In the ten years after 
 Waterloo it was 40 per cent above par in Great Britain, 
 from which we may infer that it increases only after 
 victorious wars. In the above figures it will be observed 
 that there is a trifling decline of death-rate which may be 
 the result of sanitary improvement in towns. During the 
 years 1870-1871, the deaths exceeded births by 548,280, 
 the former being much above, and the latter much below, 
 the normal rate. The loss in population by the war is 
 shown thus: — 
 
 Excess of deaths 589,280 
 
 Deficit of births 127,200 
 
 Population of Alsace and Lorraine . . 1,550,000 
 
 Total loss 2,266,480 
 
 Food-supply is assuming the same phase as in England, 
 the country importing grain and meat more largely every 
 year, although the increase of population is trifling. It is 
 manifest that the French people find it cheaper to import 
 whatever they require beyond a certain quantity, than to 
 increase production by scientific farming. At present the 
 annual consumption of grain and meat is as follows : — 
 
 
 French. 
 
 Imported. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Grain, million bushels 
 
 740 
 
 170 
 
 910 
 
 Meat, tons 
 
 1,002,000 
 
 226,000 
 
 1,228,000 
 
60 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Taking the consumption per inhabitant, and comparing 
 it with Great Britain (page 47), we find the French use 20 
 per cent more grain, and 30 per cent less meat, than we 
 do. The principal items of food give the following ratios 
 per inhabitant :- 
 
 
 French, 
 
 Imported. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Grain, bushels 
 
 19-94 
 
 4-08 
 
 24-02 
 
 Meat, lbs. 
 
 68-06 
 
 13-82 
 
 81-88 
 
 Wine, gallons 
 
 17-85 
 
 0-80 
 
 18-65 
 
 Beer „ 
 
 5-15 
 
 — 
 
 5-15 
 
 Spirits , , 
 
 0-88 
 
 — 
 
 0-88 
 
 France no longer grows enough wine for her own 
 population, the net imports in 1880 amounting to 3 
 millions sterling, say 30 million gallons. The consumption 
 of home-produced meat averages 51 lbs. beef, 10|- mutton, 
 and 6J- of pork and goat's-flesh. The number of cattle 
 and sheep declines nearly 1 per cent per annum, so that 
 the imports of meat must increase. So must the importa- 
 tion of wine, as the vintage, which averaged 1250 million 
 gallons for the ten years 1868-77, has fallen to 670 million 
 gallons in 1880, and is more likely to decline further than 
 to show any recovery. 
 
 BALANCE -SHEET OF GEEMANY. 
 
 This being the first decade of the new German Empire 
 the progress made may seem to be rather the effect of 
 conquest and annexation than of persevering industry. It 
 is unquestionable that had the war of 1870 resulted 
 diff'erently the development of Germany would not have 
 been so signal, nor would two of the most industrious 
 provinces of France help to swell the returns of the 
 
GERMANY. 61 
 
 Fatherland, but the march of industry is still observable 
 in the increased ratio per inhabitant, viz. — 
 
 Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant. 
 
 
 1869. 
 
 1880. 
 
 r- 
 1869. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Commerce . 
 
 270 
 
 384 
 
 142 
 
 170 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 341 
 
 427 
 
 180 
 
 189 
 
 Mining 
 Agriculture . 
 Carrying trade 
 Banking 
 Sundries 
 
 14 
 
 310 
 
 38 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 340 
 
 64 
 
 28 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 163 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 151 
 
 28 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 Total . 
 
 1002 
 
 1269 
 
 527 
 
 561 
 
 The aggregate of industries has risen 27 per cent, as 
 compared with 11 per cent in France, and 20 per cent in 
 Great Britain. This has, of course, been in great measure 
 due to the enormous increase (18 per cent) in population, 
 for we find the average per head is only 6|- per cent higher 
 than in 1869, against 15 per cent in France, and 9 in 
 Great Britain. 
 
 Commerce has risen 42 per cent, and, contrary to what 
 has occurred in France and England, the exports have 
 grown more than imports, the balance of trade being there- 
 fore more favourable : 
 
 Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant. 
 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 
 
 1869. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Imports 
 
 141 
 
 195 
 
 74 
 
 86 
 
 Exports 
 
 129 
 
 189 
 
 ^^ 
 
 84 
 
 Total 
 
 270 
 
 384 
 
 142 
 
 170 
 
 Imports are only 3 per cent over exports, against 9 per 
 cent in 1869. Port entries have risen 75 per cent, being 
 now 15 tons (instead of 10) for every 100 inhabitants, a 
 rise resulting partly from the higher ratio of steam-power, 
 which is now 63 per cent, against 46 per cent in 1869, of 
 
62 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 all port-entries (Table 12). The merchant navy has risen 
 nominally 15 per cent, but much more in carrying-power, 
 viz. — 
 
 1869. 1879. Increase. 
 
 Nominal tonnage . 982,000 1,171,000 19 per cent 
 Carrying-power . 1,310,000 1,955,000 50 „ 
 
 Germany has outstripped France since 1870 in nominal 
 tonnage,^ and boasts the largest merchant -navy among 
 Continental nations, after Sweden and Norway. Ship-^ 
 building, however, has not kept pace with commerce, for 
 the ratio of entries of the German flag is now hardly 35 
 per cent, against 40 per cent in 1872. 
 
 Carrying-trade on land and sea (Table 9) has risen 68 
 per cent, as follows : — 
 
 1869. 1880. 
 
 Railways . . £28,780,000 £52,300,000 
 
 Canals . . 4,200,000 4,500,000 
 
 Shipping . . 4,500,000 6,400,000 
 
 Total . . £37,480,000 £63,200,000 
 
 Germany has spent the enormous sum of 244 millions 
 sterling on new railways since the war, which has given 
 her an increase of 9820 miles (Table 14), at an average 
 cost of £24,800 per mile. There is no country but the 
 United States that now exceeds Germany in length of 
 railways, the capital thus employed being £9 : 17s. per 
 inhabitant, against £5 :4s. in 1870. The traffic earnings 
 compare with those of British lines as follows : — 
 
 
 German. 
 
 British. 
 
 Receipts, per mile 
 
 £2,477 
 
 £3,356 
 
 "Working expenses, per mile . 
 
 1,513 
 
 1,676 
 
 Net earnings ,, 
 
 964 
 
 1,680 
 
 Profit on capital . 
 
 4-66 
 
 4-15 
 
 Construction, per mile . 
 
 £20,690 
 
 £40,510 
 
 ^ In nominal tonnage Germany is 240,000 tons ahead, but in 
 
GERMANY. 63 
 
 Every passenger or ton of goods carried paid 38 pence 
 against 40 in France, and 17 pence in Great Britain. 
 
 Telegraph lines have more than doubled in length, and 
 the ratio of messages (Table 15) is higher than for Europe 
 in general, but less than half that of Great Britain, and 
 even a little below France. The increase since 1869 is 
 shown thus : — 
 
 1869. 1879. 
 
 Miles of line . . . 15,600 37,500 
 
 Messages per 100 inhab. . 22 33 
 
 Manufactures have risen little more than 25 per cent, 
 but the consumption of raw material has increased (Tables 
 5 and 6) in far higher ratio. 
 
 1869. 1879. Increase. 
 
 Cotton, wool, etc. million lbs. 649 960 48 per cent 
 
 Iron, tons . . 1,222,000 2,190,000 79 ,, 
 
 German factories consume (Table 5) almost 50 percent 
 more cotton than wool, whereas in France wool is 30 per 
 cent higher. The manufacture of iron has increased more 
 than steel, as shown by the aliquot parts (Table 6) of 
 these industries in 1869 and 1879, viz. — 
 
 Iron. Steel. 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 1869. 1879. 1869. 1879. 
 
 Germany . 1174 1370 28*82 16-95 
 
 Other countries 88*26 86*30 71*18 83*05 
 
 100*00 100*00 100*00 100*00 
 
 The output of coal has kept pace with that of iron, 
 haying reached 53 million tons in 1879, an increase of 
 75 per cent. The production of iron ore was 6 million 
 tons, against 3^ millions in 1869. 
 
 Money is by no means abundant as compared with 
 
 carrying-power the French merchant navy exceeds by 5000 tons (see 
 page 54). 
 
64 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 other countries (Table 16), being six shillings per inhabit- 
 ant less than the European average. The currency com- 
 pares with population and commerce as follows : — 
 
 
 Millions 
 
 £. 
 
 Per Inhabitant. 
 
 Ratio to Commerce. 
 
 Gold 
 
 66 
 
 
 £19 4 
 
 17 per cent 
 
 Silver 
 
 43 
 
 
 19 1 
 
 n „ 
 
 Paper 
 
 42 
 
 
 18 8 
 
 11 ., 
 
 Total . 151 £3 7 1 39 
 
 The new gold currency (Table 17) has been made 
 chiefly out of 50 million Napoleons re-minted, the sum 
 minted since 1870 being 108^ millions sterling, of which 
 87-^ millions gold. 
 
 National earnings have risen from 702 to 851 millions 
 sterling, nearly 22 per cent, but taxes and population have 
 so much increased that the average German is poorer 
 than he was before the Franco-German war, viz. — 
 
 
 Millions Sterling. 
 • 1S69. 1880. 
 
 Ratio per 
 
 Inhabitant. 
 
 
 
 1869. 
 
 1880. 
 
 "" 
 
 Income 
 
 702 
 
 851 
 
 £18 10 2 
 
 £18 14 
 
 6 
 
 Taxes and rates . 
 
 64 
 638 
 
 101 
 750 
 
 1 13 8 
 
 2 4 
 
 10 
 
 Net income 
 
 £16 16 6 
 
 £16 9 
 
 8 
 
 Thus, while the Frenchman's net income (page 56) has 
 risen 6 per cent, the German's has fallen 2^ per cent. 
 
 The incidence of taxation is, meantime, very different, 
 being only 12 per cent of earnings in Germany against 17|^ 
 per cent in France. Military expenditure has risen from 
 80 to 110 pence per inhabitant, and the cost of each soldier 
 from £31 to £45 per annum. This is below the European 
 average (Table 24), and the cost on the population is also 
 light, compared with France or England. 
 
 National debt of the Empire, and the several States, 
 amounts to 229 millions sterling, an increase of 81 millions. 
 
GERMANY. 65 
 
 It is one of the lightest debts in Europe, not quite 4 per 
 cent of the value of the Empire (Table 19) against 8 J per 
 cent in Great Britain, and 10 per cent in France. The 
 Empire represents in value 725 millions sterling more than 
 in 1870, including 280 millions for Alsace and Lorraine. 
 
 Population has increased more rapidly since the war, 
 the birth-rate having risen ^ per cent, whereas it has de- 
 clined 4 J per cent in France (page 59). The death rate 
 is, moreover, much less than before the war, so that the 
 natural increase per annum is 1|- per 1000 inhabitants 
 higher. 
 
 
 
 1869. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Population 
 
 . 
 
 38,425,000 
 
 44,211,000 
 
 Births . 
 
 . 
 
 1,483,012 
 
 1,714,456 
 
 Deaths . 
 
 
 1,055,010 
 
 1,157,950 
 
 Surplus of births 
 
 
 428,002 
 
 556,506 
 
 Births per 1000 inhabitants 
 
 38.60 
 
 38-78 
 
 Deaths ,, 
 
 j> 
 
 27-46 
 
 26-20 
 
 Natural increase , , 
 
 >» 
 
 11-14 
 
 12-58 
 
 The net emigration averages 98,700 persons yearly, so 
 that the actual increase of population is about 460,000 per 
 annum against 330,000 in Great Britain, and 61,000 in 
 France. As the food-supply diminishes, while population 
 increases, and as the net income per inhabitant is clearly 
 declining, it is highly probable that emigration will aug- 
 ment year by year till an equilibrium be established. 
 
 Food-supply is now so much dependent on importation, 
 that Germany does not feed much more than four-fifths of 
 her population on native products, viz. — 
 
 
 German. 
 
 Imported. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Grain, million bushels 
 
 950 
 
 115 
 
 1065 
 
 Meat, thousand tons 
 
 1340 
 
 360 
 
 1700 
 
 The importation of meat exceeds that in France, for 
 the Germans now consume more meat than the French 
 (see page 60), as shown by the ratio per inhabitant, viz. — 
 
66 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 
 German. 
 
 Imported. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Grain, bushels 
 
 21-15 
 
 2-56 
 
 23-71 
 
 Meat, lbs. '. 
 
 66-63 
 
 17-88 
 
 84-51 
 
 Wine, gallons 
 
 2-10 
 
 1-10 
 
 3-20 
 
 Beer, „ 
 
 19-44 
 
 — 
 
 19-44 
 
 Spirits, „ 
 
 1-35 
 
 — 
 
 1-35 
 
 The consumption of grain is only exceeded in Denmark 
 and France, that of meat only in Great Britain, among the 
 nations of Europe. 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF EUSSIA. 
 
 EussiA has advanced 21 per cent in industry, in spite of 
 the war with Turkey. Although the ratio per inhabitant 
 is still below half the European average (Table 2), it has 
 risen 13 per cent since 1870, viz. — 
 
 Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Commerce . 
 
 110 
 
 191 
 
 30 
 
 48 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 . 205 
 
 229 
 
 65 
 
 68 
 
 Agriculture . 
 
 350 
 
 370 
 
 95 
 
 93 
 
 Carrying trade 
 
 24 
 
 40 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 Mining 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Banking and fishing 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 713 
 
 860 
 
 192 
 
 217 
 
 The balance of trade is in favour of Eussia, and yet it 
 is the only country of Europe that exports specie on a 
 considerable scale every year. The value of exported pro- 
 ducts is about a shilling per inhabitant over imports, viz. — 
 

 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 
 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 Shillings per inhabitant. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Imports 
 Exports 
 
 . 53 
 
 . 67 
 
 94 
 97 
 
 15i 
 
 23i 
 
 2ii 
 
 Total 
 
 . 110 
 
 191 
 
 30 
 
 48 
 
 67 
 
 If it were wise or lawful to dispute official returns, we 
 might question whether the commerce of Russia has in 
 reality risen 74 per cent, although we certainly find an 
 increase of 123 per cent in the port entries (Table 12). 
 Is it not possible that the Custom -House valuators have 
 been influenced by prices in paper roubles, of which three 
 are equal to two in coin ? As regards port entries the 
 average is now 8 tons per 100 inhabitants, compared with 
 15 in Germany and 75 in Great Britain. Steamers form 
 70 per cent of the total tonnage of entries. 
 
 The imperial merchant navy, including that of Finland, 
 shows a remarkable advance since 1870, viz. — 
 
 1870. 1879. Increase. 
 
 Nominal tonnage . 380,000 650,000 71 per cent 
 Carrying power . . 524,000 935,000 78 „ 
 
 Carrying- trade by land and sea has grown in the fol- 
 lowing manner : — 
 
 1870. 1879. 
 
 Railways . . £16,140,000 £30,240,000 
 
 Canals . . 6,000,000 6,500,000 
 
 Shipping . .* 1,900,000 3,300,000 
 
 Total . . £24,040,000 £40,040,000 
 
 In 1870 the canals carried two-thirds of the goods 
 traffic of the empire, but at present the railways carry at 
 least 60 per cent of the total. Since 1870 Eussia has 
 built 7600 miles of railway at a cost of 145 millions 
 sterling. The total length is now 14,700 miles, represent- 
 ing a capital cost equal to 68 s. per inhabitant, the lowest 
 
Russian. 
 
 British. 
 
 . £2,284 
 
 £3,356 
 
 1,380 
 
 1,676 
 
 904 
 
 1,680 
 
 4-82 
 
 4-15 
 
 . £18,450 
 
 £40,510 
 
 68 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ratio in Europe (Table 13). The traffic compares with 
 British lines as follows : — 
 
 Eeceipts per mile . 
 "Working expenses per mile 
 Net earnings „ 
 
 Profit on capital 
 Construction per mile . 
 
 Each passenger or ton carried paid 98 pence, against 17 
 pence in Great Britain. 
 
 Telegraphs have doubled in mileage and number of 
 messages (Table 15), the latter having risen from 4 to 7 
 per 100 inhabitants, but the ratio is still below one-fourth 
 of the European average. 
 
 Money is less abundant for population than in the rest 
 of Europe (Table 1 6), but far too plentiful if compared with 
 commerce, being double the European average. The 
 enormous inflation of paper money is an evil, the issue 
 having risen in ten years from 117 to 178 millions sterling. 
 Russia mints on an average two millions sterling of gold 
 coin and one of silver yearly, much of which is exported, 
 the net outflow of coin and bullion being, for an average 
 of ten years, £2,030,000 per annum. The actual currency 
 is: — 
 
 Millions sterling. Eatio to Population. Ratio to Commerce. 
 Gold . . 22 £0 5 6 11 per cent 
 
 Silver . . 12 3 6 „ 
 
 Paper . . 178 2 4 6 93 „ 
 
 Total . 212 £2 13 110 
 
 Mining has increased in three items, namely gold, iron, 
 and coal, the aggregate value being almost 40 per cent 
 higher than in 1870. The annual production of gold is 40 
 tons, worth 5 J millions sterling, that of coal 7 million 
 tons, and of iron 400,000 tons. 
 
 National earnings have increased faster than popu- 
 
1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — > 
 
 £7 13 4 
 
 £7 18 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 5 
 
 6 
 
 RUSSIA. 69 
 
 lation, but not in a degree sufficient to keep pace with 
 the swollen expenditure consequent on the invasion of 
 Turkey. Thus the people are poorer than ten years ago, 
 which may in some measure explain the uneasy condition 
 of affairs : — 
 
 Millions sterling. Ratio per inhabitant. 
 
 1870. 1880. 
 Earnings . . 566 632 
 Taxes and rates . 74 102 
 
 Net earnings . 492 530 £6 13 3 £6 12 7 
 
 Incidence of taxation has risen from 12 to 16 per cent 
 of national earnings, the increase proceeding chiefly from 
 the excessive military expenditure. Army and navy now 
 absorb 6^ per cent of the people's earnings, which is rela- 
 tively 70 per cent heavier burthen than in France, and 
 more than double the weight of this item in Great Britain. 
 If Eussia continue in this course it may entail great evils. 
 
 National debt has multiplied threefold since 1870 
 (Table 19), being now 682 millions sterling, or 19 per cent 
 of the market value of the empire, against 10 per cent in 
 France and 8 J in Great Britain. It comprises the follow- 
 ing items : — 
 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 Paper money 
 
 178 
 
 Foreign debt 
 
 150 
 
 Internal funded . 
 
 160 
 
 Treasury bills . 
 
 83 
 
 Peasant loan ^ . 
 
 70 
 
 Nicholas Eailway 
 
 23 
 
 Polish debt 
 
 11 
 
 Finland debt 
 
 7 
 
 682 
 Eussia-in-Europe, including Poland and Finland, has 
 
 ^ If the Peasant loan be included in the Internal funded, the total 
 will then be 612 millions. 
 
70 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 the highest birth-rate of any country in the world, and also 
 the highest death-rate. In the present decade, however, 
 taking for example the year before the war with Turkey, 
 the tendency was to a higher birth-rate and a lower death- 
 rate than before 1870 : — 
 
 Number. Ratio per 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 T ' s , * V 
 
 1869. 1876. 1869. 1876. 
 
 Births . 3,178,970 3,545,712 43-63 4571 
 
 Deaths . 2,450,362 2,474,075 33*57 31 '89 
 
 Increase 728,608 1,071,637 9*96 13-82 
 
 The production of food is sufficient for 90 millions of 
 people, or ten millions more than the actual population : — 
 
 Quantity. Ratio per inhabitant. 
 
 , Surplus 
 
 Production. Consumption. Production. Consumption, exported. 
 Grain, million 
 
 bushels 1,620 1,440 20*22 bushels. 17-97 2*25 
 
 Meat, tons 2,116,000 1,925,000 59-34 lbs. 64-05 5-29 
 
 The people are therefore by no means so ill-fed as is 
 commonly supposed, but rather better than in many 
 countries (Table 25). 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF AUSTEIA-HUNGAEY. 
 
 The progress of this empire during the past ten years has 
 been very satisfactory. It is true that the annexation of 
 Bosnia-Herzegovina gave an accession of 3 per cent in 
 population and 5 per cent in farming-stock to the Austrian 
 monarchy, but the increase in all other regards is purely 
 the result of industry. 
 
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 71 
 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 Shillings per i 
 
 nhabitJ 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 
 1878. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Commerce 
 
 83 
 
 
 140 
 
 46 
 
 72 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 183 
 
 
 206 
 
 102 
 
 105 
 
 Agriculture . 
 Carrying trade 
 Banking 
 Mining 
 
 240 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 
 263 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 133 
 9 
 8 
 3 
 
 135 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 Total . 
 
 541 
 
 
 657 
 
 301 
 
 337 
 
 The aggregate of industries has risen 21 per cent, and 
 the ratio per inhabitant 12 per cent; the latter is greater 
 than the rise in Germany, but much less than in France. 
 Every branch shows a rise except agriculture, which has 
 been about stationary. 
 
 Commerce not only indicates a great development, but 
 a favourable balance of trade, as shown by the following 
 statement : — 
 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 Shillings per i: 
 
 Qhabita 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Imports 
 
 . 43 
 
 72 
 
 24 
 
 37 
 
 Exports 
 
 40 
 
 68 
 
 22 
 
 35 
 
 Total . 
 
 83 
 
 140 
 
 46 
 
 72 
 
 Although the balance of trade is so even, the bullion 
 current of the last ten years shows a surplus export of 
 £140,000 per annum. 
 
 Port entries have risen 60 per cent, and the increase of 
 Austrian shipping has been 28 per cent. The proportion 
 of foreign entries was 18 per cent in 1870, having since 
 fallen to 1 5 per cent. Steamers now form a larger ratio 
 of entries than in any other country of Europe, having 
 risen from 50 to 77 per cent. The increase of the 
 imperial merchant flag has been as follows : — 
 
72 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 1870. 1879. Increase. 
 
 Nominal tonnage . 290,000 330,000 14 per cent 
 Carrying power . 440,000 565,000 28 ,, 
 
 The carrying trade (Table 9) has increased over 50 per 
 cent, viz. — 
 
 1870. 1880. Increase. 
 
 Eailways . £13,234,000 £21,100,000 60 per cent 
 
 Danube . 1,000,000 1,100,000 10 „ 
 
 Shipping . 1,500,000 1,900,000 27 „ 
 
 Total £15,734,000 £24,100,000 52 ,, 
 
 New railways constructed since 1870 amount to 6254 
 miles, which cost 132 millions sterling; the capital is now 
 130 shillings per inhabitant, against 68 in 1870. It is 
 still below the European average (Table 14). Traffic 
 compares with British lines as follows : — 
 
 Eeceipts per mile 
 Working expenses per mile 
 Ket earnings ,, 
 
 Profit on capital 
 Construction per mile 
 
 Austrian. British. 
 
 £1760 £3356 
 
 959 1676 
 
 801 1680 
 
 3-86 4-15 
 
 £20,970 £40,510 
 
 The net earnings were £824 per mile in 1879, but 
 declined last year. Every passenger or ton carried paid 
 54 pence, or three times as much as in Great Britain. 
 
 Telegraph lines have doubled in length (Table 15), and 
 the ratio of messages is now 23 per 100 inhabitants, 
 against 14 in 1870. It is still below the European 
 average. 
 
 Mining has risen more than 50 per cent, the principal 
 items being coal and iron, viz. — 
 
 1870. 1879. Increase. 
 
 Coal, tons . 8,100,000 12,200,000 50 per cent 
 
 Iron ore, tons . 850,000 1,420,000 66 „ 
 
 Steam-engines at work 510 960 90 ,, 
 
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 73 
 
 Manufactures show a considerable advance in hard- 
 ware, the production of steel having risen from 22,000 to 
 97,000 tons. The consumption of raw material for tex- 
 tiles (Table 5) has increased 15 per cent, from 263 to 305 
 million lbs., but the value of the goods produced has risen 
 only 4 per cent. 
 
 Money is not abundant, the stock of coin (Table 1 6) 
 for population being the smallest of any country in Europe. 
 There is a fair supply of paper money, which is almost at 
 par, and the total currency stands thus : — 
 
 Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce. 
 
 Gold . . 9 £0 4 6 6 per cent 
 
 Silver . . 6 3 4 „ 
 Paper 
 
 Total 
 
 The Austrian Government coins an average of 2 J 
 millions sterling yearly, of which only £500,000 in gold, 
 the rest in silver. 
 
 National earnings have risen from 403 to 460 millions 
 sterling, about 14 per cent, and the net income per 
 inhabitant is 4 J per cent higher than in 1870, viz. — 
 
 Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. 
 
 79 
 
 £2 2 
 
 55 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 ^ 
 
 National income 
 
 403 
 
 460 
 
 £11 3 10 
 
 £11 15 
 
 8 
 
 Taxes and rates 
 
 66 
 337 
 
 80 
 380 
 
 1 16 10 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 Net income . 
 
 £9 7 
 
 £9 15 
 
 1 
 
 Incidence of taxation is almost 17|^ per cent of income, 
 as compared with 1 2 per cent in Germany. It was only 
 16 J per cent in 1870, but is rising on account of military 
 expenditure, which shows as follows : — 
 
 Expenditure. Ratio per inhabitant. Ratio of income. 
 
 1869 . £10,400,000 £0 5 9 2-58 
 
 1880 . 13,200,000 6 9 2-90 
 
74 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 National debt has risen 79 millions, or 23 per cent, 
 but the empire is not poorer. The annexation of Bosnia 
 (without paying a shilling of the Turkish debt) is an acces- 
 sion of 55 millions sterling, and the monarchy has gained 
 altogether 220 millions since 1870, or 141 millions over 
 debt. At present the national debt is equivalent to a 
 mortgage representing 14 per cent of the value of the 
 empire, as against 10 per cent in France. 
 
 Population has increased 9 per cent (Table 13), made 
 up of 2,168,000 surplus of births over deaths, and 1,103,000 
 inhabitants of Bosnia. Birth-rate and death-rate are very 
 high, as shown by the returns of 1870 and 1877, which 
 indicate, moreover, a declining rate of increase — 
 
 
 Numl 
 
 )er. 
 
 Ratio per 1000 inhab. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1877. 
 
 1870. 1877. 
 
 Births 
 
 . 1,463,108 
 
 1,508,961 
 
 40-75 40-78 
 
 Deaths 
 
 . 1,119,450 
 
 1,247,660 
 
 31-18 33-70 
 
 Increase 
 
 343,658 
 
 261,301 
 
 9-57 7-08 
 
 The cholera of 1872-74 carried off 662,000 persons in 
 Hungary and 345,000 in Austria, say 1,007,000 inhabit- 
 ants, equal to 4 years of surplus births over deaths. 
 
 Food-supply shows a surplus of f bushel of grain, and 
 a deficit of nearly 1 lb. of meat per inhabitant (Table 25), 
 while the average vintage gives l-20th of a gallon of wine 
 surplus, viz. — 
 
 Grain, million bushs. 
 Meat, tons 
 Wine, million gals. 
 Beer ,, „ 
 
 Spirits , , , , 
 
 The consumption of grain per inhabitant is 4 bushels 
 below the European average, and that of meat H lb. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Per inhabitant. 
 
 , 1 
 
 Production. 
 
 Consumption. 
 
 Production. Consumption. 
 
 560 
 
 530 
 
 14-35 bush. 13-57 
 
 960,000 
 
 975,000 
 
 55-10 lbs. 66-03 
 
 290 
 
 288 
 
 7-55 gals. 7-50 
 
 245 
 
 245 
 
 6-25 „ 6-25 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 0-60 ,, 0-60 
 
ITALY. 75 
 
 below it. Nevertheless it can hardly be said that the 
 heavy death-rate arises from insufficiency of food. 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF ITALY. 
 
 Italy is a paradox, for while her finances are going from 
 bad to worse her industrial advancement is unquestionable, 
 as shown in the following summary : — 
 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 1870. 1880. 
 
 Shillings per inhab. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Commerce 
 
 74 
 
 96 
 
 56 
 
 68 
 
 Manufactures . 
 
 103 
 
 115 
 
 78 
 
 '81 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 130 
 
 145 
 
 97 
 
 103 
 
 Carrying-trade 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Banking, mining, etc. 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 325 
 
 379 
 
 245 
 
 268 
 
 The aggregate of industries has risen 16 per cent, and 
 the average per inhabitant almost 1 per cent. 
 
 Commerce shows a pretty even balance of trade, the 
 increase of exports being greater than of imports, viz. — 
 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 1870. 1880. 
 40 49 
 34 47 
 
 74 96 
 
 Per inhabitant, shillings. 
 
 Imports 
 Exports 
 
 Total 
 
 1870. 
 30 
 26 
 
 56 
 
 1880. 
 35 
 33 
 
 68 
 
 The increase of exports is even greater in quantity 
 than value — 
 
76 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Wine, gallons . 
 
 4,950,000 
 
 23,350,000 
 
 370 per cent 
 
 Cattle, head 
 
 150,320 
 
 167,770 
 
 11 
 
 Flax and hemp, tons 
 
 21,294 
 
 36,447 
 
 73 „ 
 
 Drugs, and dye-stuffs, tons 
 
 23,269 
 
 41,718 
 
 78 „ 
 
 Silk, tons 
 
 2,165 
 
 3,041 
 
 40 
 
 Fruit, do. ... 
 
 80,798 
 
 104,610 
 
 30 „ 
 
 Thus the value of exports has risen 40, the weight 62, per 
 cent. 
 
 Italy has made great strides in manufactures : the 
 consumption of raw material for textiles (Table 5) has 
 risen from 100 to 149 million lbs. In mining also we 
 observe a notable advance, sulphur having risen from 
 173,000 to 218,000 tons, and lead ore from 16,000 to 
 29,000 tons. In fact the sole industry that has retro- 
 graded is shipbuilding, and if the Genoese shipwrights no 
 longer turn out 100,000 tons of shipping yearly, it is 
 perhaps because Italians find it cheaper to get iron vessels 
 from the Clyde. Certainly the Minister of Marine is 
 wrong in saying the merchant navy has declined, for it has 
 increased as follows : — 
 
 1870. 1879. Increase. 
 
 Nominal tonnage . 952,000 1,060,000 11 per cent 
 Carrying-power . 975,000 1,315,000 34 „ 
 
 Steamers are coming much more into use, forming at 
 present 66 per cent of port entries, against 51 per cent 
 in 1870. 
 
 Carrying-trade has risen more than one-third, viz. — 
 
 1870. 1880. Increase. 
 
 Railways . £4,800,000 £6,500,000 36 per cent 
 Shipping . 3,400,000 4,500,000 33 „ 
 
 £8,200,000 £11,000,000 35 „ 
 
 New railways since 1870 amount to 1270 miles, which 
 cost 23 millions sterling, bringing up the average capital 
 
ITALY. 77 
 
 (Table 14) from 57 to 70 shillings per inhabitant. The 
 existing lines count 5096 miles, and the traffic compares 
 with British as follows : — 
 
 Italian. British. 
 
 Eeceipts per mile . £1,290 £3,356 
 
 Working expenses . 860 1,6?6 
 
 ISTet earnings . . 430 1,680 
 
 Profit on capital 2*20 4*15 
 
 Construction per mile £19,380 £40,510 
 
 Every ton or passenger carried paid 42 pence, against 17 
 pence in Great Britain. 
 
 Telegraphic business has increased more than in any- 
 other country of the Continent, having trebled in 10 years 
 (the same as in Great Britain), but the ratio is still low 
 (Table 15), only 22 for 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Money is abundant, the ratio to commerce (Table 10) 
 exceeding 90 per cent, which is almost double the European 
 average. However, the most part is, unfortunately, incon- 
 vertible paper currency, viz. — 
 
 Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce. 
 
 Gold . . 8 £0 6 6 9 per cent 
 
 Silver .10 8 12 „ 
 
 Paper .65 2 5 70 „ 
 
 Total 83 £2 19 6 91 
 
 A project is under consideration to raise 24 millions by 
 loan for the purpose of redeeming the paper-money. The 
 coin minted (Table 17) since 1870 sums up £13,810,000, 
 of which only £1,560,000 in gold, the rest silver. 
 
 National earnings have risen more than 8 per cent, 
 but, as taxation has grown faster, the net income per 
 inhabitant is less than it was ten years ago, viz. — 
 
78 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. 
 
 1870. 1880. 
 
 Income . . 233 252 
 Taxes and rates . 66 79 
 
 Net income . 167 173 £6 6 1 £6 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 
 £8 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 £8 17 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 2 16 
 
 4 
 
 Thus 31 percent of the people's earnings goes to the 
 tax collector, as compared with 17|^ per cent in France, and 
 1 2 per cent in, Great Britain. The burthen is, moreover, 
 increasing, for it was (Table 21) only 28 per cent in 1870. 
 
 Military expenditure is a tremendous incubus, having 
 risen thus: — 
 
 Expenditure. Cost per inhabitant. Ratio of earnings. 
 1869 . . £7,500,000 £0 5 8 3-22 
 
 1880 . . 11,000,000 7 9 4*36 
 
 The burthen is therefore double what it is in Great 
 Britain (page 50) although Italy has no colonial empire to 
 protect. 
 
 National debt arises partly from the above cause, 
 having increased 40 per cent in ten years, namely, from 
 374 to 522 millions sterling (Table 19), the amount being 
 now equal to 28 per cent of the market value of the king- 
 dom, against 10 per cent in France, and S^ per cent in 
 Great Britain. It is true that Italy has grown 110 
 millions in wealth "since 1870, but as the debt has risen 
 150 millions, the country is 40 millions poorer. 
 
 Population has increased a little more than 6 per cent, 
 and would have risen nearly 8 per cent but for emigration. 
 The outflow during the last ten years averaged 72,000 per 
 annum, of which number about one-half returned. The 
 account stands thus : — 
 
 Population in 1870 . . 26,639,000 
 Excess of births . . . 2,053,000 
 
 Net emigration . . . 360,000 
 
 Population in 1880 . . 28,332,000 
 
ITALY — SPAIN. 79 
 
 The natural increase is apparently ascending, as the 
 latest returns show a lower death-rate than ten years ago, 
 viz. — 
 
 Number. Per 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 1870. 1878. 1870. 1878. 
 
 Births . 951,495 981,170 3577 35*04 
 
 Deaths . 773,169 782,245 29*07 27*90 
 
 Increase . 178,326 198,925 670 7*14 
 
 Food-supply shows a small deficit of grain, but a sur- 
 plus of meat and wine. 
 
 Quantity. Ratio per inhabitant. 
 
 Production. Consumption. Production. Consumption. 
 
 Grain, million bush. 270 275 9*45 9'62 
 
 Meat, tons . . 224,000 215,000 21*54 20*80 
 
 Wine, million gallons 660 637 23*44 22*57 
 
 Beer „ 20 20 072 0*72 
 
 The consumption of grain is the lowest in Europe 
 except Portugal, and that of meat below Portugal, so that, 
 even allowing for chestnuts, the quantity of food consumed 
 per inhabitant is insufficient to enable the people to work 
 properly. 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF SPAIK 
 
 Spain has made sufficient progress since 1870 to show 
 what the country could do if Spaniards were practical 
 people. It would be only necessary to sell or emancipate 
 her colonies, dismiss one-half of the public employes, and 
 renounce the system of persecuting foreign vessels in 
 Spanish ports ; then Spain would rapidly rise in the scale 
 of nations from her present low rank. The decade, mean- 
 
80 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 time, that has just closed, records the following advance- 
 ment : — 
 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 Shilings per inhabitant. 
 
 
 1870. 1879. 
 
 1870. 1879. 
 
 Commerce . 
 
 31 38 
 
 38 46 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 77 88 
 
 93 107 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 95 109 
 
 115 133 
 
 Carrying trade . 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 11 
 
 Banking, mining, etc. 
 
 9 13 
 
 11 16 
 
 
 217 257 
 
 263 313 
 
 The aggregate of industries has risen 1 8 per cent, the 
 average per head the same, showing how much the country 
 has recovered since the close of the civil war, although the 
 ratio of industry per inhabitant (Table 2) is 38 per cent 
 below par. 
 
 Commerce is inactive, having risen (Table 8) only 8 s. 
 per head since 1870, whereas Europe shows an advance of 
 23 s. all round. The balance of trade is pretty even : 
 
 
 Millions 
 
 1870. 
 15 
 16 
 
 31 
 
 sterling. 
 
 1879. 
 20 
 18 
 
 38 
 
 Shi: 
 
 llings per inhabitant. 
 
 Imports . 
 Exports . 
 
 Total 
 
 1870. 1879. 
 184 24 
 19^ 22 
 
 38 46 
 
 It is worthy of notice that Spain and Eussia, the most 
 backward nations in commerce, have the most favourable 
 balance of trade, while the most prosperous countries have 
 a heavy excess of imports every year (Table 8). 
 
 Although the merchant navy has notably increased 
 (Table 10) since 1870, the proportion of Spanish vessels in 
 all the port entries of Spain (Table 12) is still only 33 per 
 cent, as it was ten years ago. The growth of shipping has 
 been as follows : — 
 
SPAIN. 81 
 
 1870. 1880. Increase. 
 
 Nominal tonnage . 385,000 461,000 20 per cent 
 
 Carrying power . . 565,000 1,005,000 77 „ 
 
 Carrying trade has increased on land and sea in the 
 following manner : — 
 
 1870. 1880. Increase. 
 
 Railways . . £3,310,000 £5,240,000 57 per cent 
 
 Shipping . . 2,000,000 3,500,000 75 „ 
 
 Total . 
 
 £5,310,000 £8,740,000 64 
 
 New railways since 1870 have cost 19 millions ster- 
 ling, and brought up the total to 4520 miles, representing 
 a capital (Table 14) of 89 s. per inhabitant, against 66 s. 
 in 1870. The traffic compares with British lines as 
 follows : — 
 
 
 Spanish. 
 
 British. 
 
 Receipts per mile 
 
 . £1,204 
 
 £3,356 
 
 Working expenses 
 
 516 
 
 1,676 
 
 Net earnings 
 
 688 
 
 1,680 
 
 Profit on capital 
 
 4-14 
 
 4-15 
 
 Construction per mile 
 
 . £16,610 
 
 £40,510 
 
 Every passenger or ton carried paid 45 pence, as compared 
 with 17 pence in Great Britain. The former includes a 
 charge of 10 per cent on passengers' tickets for an escort 
 of Guardia Civil (against brigands). 
 
 Telegraph messages (Table 15) have doubled in ten 
 years, and are now 13 per 100 inhabitants, or nearly half 
 the ordinary European average. 
 
 Mining has flourished in late years, at present reaching 
 seven millions sterling per annum, including lead, iron, 
 copper, and quicksilver, in almost equal portions. This 
 industry is chiefly in the hands of English joint -stock 
 companies. 
 
 Manufactures have risen only 1 4 per cent in value, but 
 much more in quantity. The consumption of textile raw 
 stuff" is now 142 million lbs., against 109 millions in 1870, 
 
82 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 a rise of 30 per cent. The textile manufactures stand for 
 22 millions sterling, but in reality are worth only 15 
 millions. Protection duties give them a fictitious value, 
 onerous to the nation at large. 
 
 Agriculture has advanced 15 per cent (against 4 per 
 cent for Europe in general), but this is only the natural 
 revival after the conclusion of civil war. The principal 
 agricultural exports nearly doubled, viz. — 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1877. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Wine, gallons . 
 
 , 27,740,000 
 
 50,600,000 
 
 83 per cent 
 
 Fruit, tons 
 
 67,509 
 
 113,383 
 
 69 „ 
 
 Oil 
 
 6,110 
 
 9,540 
 
 55 
 
 Cattle, head 
 
 74,700 
 
 144,800 
 
 93 
 
 If military conscription were abolished, and no more 
 young men drafted yearly to Cuba, agriculture would 
 advance even faster. 
 
 Money is very abundant, the ratio of coin for popula- 
 tion being six times greater than in Austria, and four times 
 more than in Italy. As compared with commerce, Spain 
 uses 4 J times as much money as we do in Great Britain. 
 The currency is as follows : — « 
 
 Mill 
 Gold 
 
 Silver . 
 Paper 
 
 ions sterling. 
 26 
 14 
 91 
 
 49^ 
 
 Per inhabitant. 
 £1 10 10 
 16 8 
 11 4 
 
 Ratio to C 
 70 per 
 36 
 25 
 
 131 
 
 ommerce. 
 cent 
 
 >> 
 
 Total . 
 
 £2 18 10 
 
 .» 
 
 National earnings have risen faster than taxes, and the 
 net income per inhabitant is 18 per cent higher than in 
 1870:— 
 
 Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Income . . 159 
 
 186 
 
 £9 13 
 
 £11 5 6 
 
 Taxes and rates 34 
 
 38 
 
 2 12 
 
 2 6 2 
 
 Net Income 125 148 £7 11 10 £8 19 4 
 
SPAIN. 83 
 
 Thus the incidence of taxation, which was 21 per cent 
 of income in 1870, has declined to 20^ per cent, being a 
 little more than in France (Table 21). 
 
 Military expenditure is a greater burthen than in any- 
 other country except Eussia and Italy, for it absorbs 3^ 
 per cent (Table 24) of the national earnings, having risen 
 since 1870 from 80 pence to 90 pence per inhabitant. 
 
 National debt has risen (Table 19) from 2S5 to 530 
 millions sterling, and stands for 39 per cent of the market 
 value of the kingdom, against 10 per cent in France and 
 8 J in Great Britain. Another composition with the 
 bondholders seems inevitable before the finances can be 
 balanced. The debt has risen in ten years from £17 to 
 £31 per inhabitant, the highest ratio in Europe. 
 
 Population declined from 16,551,000 in 1870 to 
 16,346,000 in 1877,^ partly owing to civil wars, partly to 
 emigration. The returns for 1868-1870 showed an average 
 of 35 births and 32 deaths per 1000 inhabitants, equal to 
 3 per cent increase in ten years. Emigration averages 2 
 per cent on the population in each decade. 
 
 Food-supply shows a surplus in every item, viz. — 
 
 ,ntity. 
 
 Ratio per inhabitant. 
 
 Consumption. 
 
 Production. Consumi^tion 
 
 300 
 
 17-98 bush. 17-68 
 
 188,000 
 
 26-00 lbs. 25-04 
 
 210 
 
 15-40 gals. 12-50 
 
 Production. 
 Grain, million bush. 305 
 
 Meat, tons . 196,000 
 
 ^Yme, million gals. 260 
 
 The Spaniards are better fed than the Italians or Por- 
 tuguese (see Table 26), 
 
 ^ The above figures do not include the Canary Islands, which are 
 improperly counted in the census of Spain. 
 
8i BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD, 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF BELGIUM. 
 
 This kingdom is one of the most progressive in Europe, 
 showing the largest ratio of industry per inhabitant among 
 Continental nations except Holland. The industries have 
 risen as follows : — 
 
 Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Commerce 
 
 64 
 
 103 
 
 254 
 
 375 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 73 
 
 85 
 
 289 
 
 309 
 
 Agi'iculture 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 134 
 
 127 
 
 Carrying trade 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 Mining 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 29 
 
 Banking, etc. . 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 
 187 
 
 242 
 
 741 
 
 880 
 
 The aggregate has increased 30 per cent, the ratio per 
 inhabitant 1 9 per cent, being a greater rise than in France 
 or Great Britain. 
 
 The balance of trade shows an improvement, being 
 now only 27 per cent against the country, viz. — 
 
 Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant. 
 
 Imports . 
 Exports . 
 
 Total . 
 
 This is, of course, irrespective of the transit trade, which 
 averages 75 millions sterling per annum. Port entries 
 have risen 140 per cent (Table 12) since 1870, and steamers 
 now form 75 per cent as compared with 48 per cent ten 
 years ago. Merchant shipping is insignificant, but has 
 advanced very notably in recent years, Belgium having now 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 37 
 
 61 
 
 147 
 
 222 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 107 
 
 174 
 
 64 
 
 109 
 
 254 
 
 396 
 
BELGIUM. 85 
 
 transatlantic steamers between Antwerp and Brazil. The 
 growth of shipping has been as follows : — 
 
 1869. 1879. Increase. 
 
 Nominal tonnage . 33,000 61,000 84 per cent 
 
 Carrying power . 67,000 262,000 293 „ 
 
 Carrying trade has risen 30 per cent in ten years, viz. — 
 
 1870. 1879. 
 
 Railways . . . £4,460,000 £5,350,000 
 
 Shipping . 233,000 920,000 
 
 Canals . . . 1,000,000 1,026,000 
 
 £5,693,000 £7,296,000 
 
 New railways since 1870 have cost 16 millions sterling, 
 for 710 miles, the existing lines summing up 2510 miles, 
 and representing a capital of 210 shillings per inhabitant 
 (Table 14) against 160 in 1870. The traffic compares with 
 British lines thus : — 
 
 
 Belgian. 
 
 British. 
 
 Receipts per mile 
 
 £2,251 
 
 £3,356 
 
 Working expenses per mile 
 
 1,350 
 
 1,676 
 
 Net earnings 
 
 901 
 
 1,680 
 
 Profit on capital 
 
 3-87 
 
 4-15 
 
 Construction per mile 
 
 £23,280 
 
 £40,510 
 
 Every passenger or ton carried paid 1 6 pence, this being 
 the only country that shows a cheaper ratio than Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Telegraph traffic shows S^ million messages, or 60 per 
 100 inhabitants, being double the European average, but 
 inferior to that of Great Britain. 
 
 Manufactures of hardware have progressed more than 
 textiles. Thus iron has risen 62 per cent, and steel multi- 
 plied fourfold, while the consumption of raw stuffs for 
 textiles has only advanced from 276 to 301 million lbs., 
 or little more than 10 per cent. Although steel shows 
 such remarkable increase, it amounts but to 3 per cent of 
 
86 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 the world's supply, as compared with 36 per cent in Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Mining is much attended to, the output of coal being 
 now 3 tons per inhabitant, a ratio not approached by any 
 other nation except Great Britain, ours being nearly 4 
 tons (Table 6). 
 
 Money is very abundant as compared with population, 
 being 150 per cent over the European average (Table 16), 
 but not too much in comparison with commerce, viz. — 
 
 Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce. 
 
 Gold . . 22 £3 18 10 21 per cent 
 
 Silver .13 2 6 8 13 ,, 
 
 Paper .13 2 6 8 13 „ 
 
 Total . 48 £8 12 2 47 
 
 Coin minted since 1870 sums up 26 millions sterling 
 (Table 1 7), of which two-thirds gold. It was relatively 
 an enormous amount, £5 per inhabitant, being double the 
 ratio of even Germany or the United States. 
 
 National earnings have risen 17 per cent in the gross, 
 and the net income per inhabitant 3-|- per cent, viz. — 
 
 Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 Income 
 
 . 101 
 
 118 
 
 £20 
 
 o 
 
 £21 2 10 
 
 Taxes and rates 
 
 . 11 
 
 15 
 
 2 3 
 
 8 
 
 2 13 9 
 
 Net income . 
 
 . 90 
 
 103 
 
 £17 16 
 
 6 
 
 £18 9 1 
 
 The incidence of taxation has risen from II to 12| per 
 cent of the national earnings (Table 21), and is now a 
 little heavier than in Great Britain. Military expenditure 
 is comparatively small, but has increased 35 per cent 
 (Table 24), giving a ratio at present of 86 pence per 
 inhabitant, against 70 pence in 1869. 
 
 National debt has more than doubled, partly owing to 
 
BELGIUM. 87 
 
 the purchase and construction of railways by the State 
 (900 miles since 1870) to the value of 21 millions sterling. 
 But although it has risen from 28 to 62 millions, the 
 amount is still very small, say 6^ per cent of the market 
 value of the kingdom, as compared with 10 per cent in 
 France and 8J in Great Britain. 
 
 Population increases more rapidly than in Germany 
 or Great Britain, although the natural increase is less, for 
 Belgium has no emigration, on the contrary, gaining 2900 
 persons yearly by net immigration. It is the only country 
 of Europe in which this occurs. There is an upward 
 tendency in the natural increase, for if we compare 1878 
 with 1870 w^e find as follows : — 
 
 Number. Per 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 1870. 1878. 1870. 1878. 
 
 Births . 164,572 172,730 32*58 31-98 
 Deaths . 118,359 117,721 23-43 21-80 
 
 Increase . 46,213 55,009 9-15 lO'lS 
 
 The increase of the last ten years has been 1 1 1- per 
 cent, including -J per cent from immigration. 
 
 Food-supply depends in a great measure on importa- 
 tion, the country producing only 80 per cent of the grain 
 and 65 per cent of the meat required for consumption, viz. — 
 
 Consumption. Per inhabitant. 
 
 Belgian. Imported. Belgian. Imported. Total. 
 
 Grain, million bushels 95 25 17*25 bush. 5-59 22-84 
 
 Meat, thousand tons 92 48 37-60 lbs. 19*50^57-10 
 
 Beer, million gallons 170 — 30*70 gals. — 30*70 
 
 Spirits ,, 15 — 2*80 ,, — 2*80 
 
 The nation is well-fed, the consumption of meat being 
 over the Continental average, and that of grain 5 bushels 
 in excess. Beer is only IJ gallon below the English ratio, 
 and far beyond that of any other nation (Table 26). 
 
88 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 balance-sheet of HOLLAND. 
 
 This kingdom has advanced almost pari passu with Belgium 
 in the last ten years, and the average of industries per in- 
 habitant is the highest on the European Continent, coming 
 close up to Great Britain — 
 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 Shillings ] 
 
 peri 
 
 nhabita 
 
 
 1870. 1878. 
 
 1870. 
 
 
 1878. 
 
 Commerce . 
 
 . 71 110 
 
 398 
 
 
 550 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 . 37 42 
 
 206 
 
 
 210 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 41 46 
 
 228 
 
 
 230 
 
 Banking 
 
 . 13 14 
 
 72 
 
 
 70 
 
 Carrying trade 
 
 4 5 
 
 22 
 
 
 25 
 
 Total 
 
 . 166 217 
 
 926 
 
 
 1085 
 
 The aggregate of industries has risen 30, the ratio per 
 inhabitant 17, per cent, the greatest increase being in 
 commerce. The balance of trade grows more unfavourable 
 as the country advances in business and prosperity. Im- 
 ports are now 42 per cent over exports, whereas the excess 
 was only 22 per cent ten years ago — 
 
 Millions sterling. Sliillings per inhabitant. 
 
 1870. 1879. 
 
 Imports . 39 68 
 
 Exports . 32 48 
 
 Total . 71 116 
 
 Merchant -shipping has seemed to decline, but in 
 reality increased in carrying power, from the substitution 
 of steamers for sailing vessels. Thus we find the change 
 since 1870 has been — 
 
HOLLAND. 89 
 
 1870. 1879. 
 
 Nominal tonnage . . . 390,000 340,000 
 
 Carrying power . . . 460,000 568,000 
 
 Port entries have doubled (Table 12), and steamers 
 form 79 per cent, against 47 per cent in 1870. The 
 Dutch flag covers less than one-third of the entries, foreign 
 shipping standing for 70 per cent. 
 
 Manufactures have advanced on the whole. Iron has 
 risen 73 per cent, sugar declined one-third ; gin and rum 
 have fallen, but textile raw stuffs (Table 5) have gone up 
 from 67 to 75 million lbs. 
 
 Carrying-trade has advanced 40 per cent, viz. — 
 
 1870. 1879. 
 
 Eailways . . . £990,000 £2,100,000 
 
 Canals .... 1,100,000 1,100,000 
 
 Shipping . . . 1,600,000 1,900,000 
 
 Total . . . £3,690,000 £5,100,000 
 
 New railways since 1870 sum up 515 miles, which cost 
 nearly 12 millions sterling (Table 14), the capital of 
 existing lines being 130 shillings per inhabitant against 
 80 in 1870. Traffic compares with British lines as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 
 Dutch. 
 
 British. 
 
 Receipts per mile 
 
 . £1,505 
 
 £3,356 
 
 Working expenses 
 
 859 
 
 1,676 
 
 Net earnings 
 
 646 
 
 1,680 
 
 Profit on capital 
 
 3-45 
 
 4-15 
 
 Construction per mile 
 
 . £18,720 
 
 £40,510 
 
 Every passenger or ton carried paid 27 pence against 17 
 pence in Great Britain. 
 
 Telegraphs show an increase of more than 50 per cent 
 in the number of messages, which are now 75 per 100 in- 
 habitants^ or double the European average, and almost on 
 a par with Great Britain. 
 
90 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Money seems very abundant for the number of inhabit- 
 ants, being double the European ratio (Table 16), but no 
 country except Great Britain has so little in comparison 
 with commerce, viz. — 
 
 Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. Ratio to Commerce. 
 
 Gold . . 4 £10 6 4 per cent 
 
 Silver . . 12 3 16 H ,, 
 
 Paper . . 15 3 16 10 14 ,, 
 
 Total . 31 £7 18 10 29 
 
 Holland mints about £1,500,000 in gold yearly, but 
 no silver. The current of bullion since 1870 averaged a • 
 surplus importation of £1,060,000, according to official 
 returns, but these can hardly be relied on as conclusive. 
 
 Banking is a source of great wealth to the Dutch, the 
 interest accruing on loans to foreign nations amounting to 
 13 millions sterling per annum, or £3 per inhabitant, 
 whereas all the foreign investments of Great Britain pro- 
 duce an income of hardly £2 per head of our population. 
 
 The national earnings of Holland have risen 17 per 
 cent, and the net income per inhabitant almost 3 per cent. 
 The net income is double the European average (Table 20), 
 but inferior to that of Great Britain or of the United 
 States : — 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 Per inhabitant. 
 
 
 1870. 1880. 
 Income . . 89 104 
 Taxes and rates 12 14 
 
 1870. 
 £25 8 5 
 3 9 7 
 
 1880. 
 
 £26 1 
 
 3 10 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 Net income 77 90 
 
 £21 18 10 
 
 £22 10 
 
 7 
 
 Incidence of taxation is 13 J per cent of income, which 
 is 2 per cent higher than in Great Britain, but 2 per cent 
 under the European average. Military expenditure takes 
 a larger share of the budget (Table 24) than in any other 
 country except Eussia, and has increased as follows : — 
 
HOLLAND. 
 
 91 
 
 Army and Navy . 
 Cost per inhabitant 
 Ratio of earnings . 
 
 1869. 
 £2,500,000 
 £0 13 4 
 2-81 
 
 1880. 
 £3,200,000 
 £0 16 
 3-08 
 
 > Increase. 
 
 28 per cent 
 20 „ 
 10 „ 
 
 The burthen is almost on a par with France, but is 
 amply compensated by the advantages of the colonial 
 trade. 
 
 National debt has risen 4 millions since 1870, and is 
 now £20 per inhabitant. It is still a mere trifle compared 
 with the amount due to Dutch capitalists by foreign 
 nations. 
 
 Population has increased 10 J per cent, the same as in 
 Great Britain, and on comparing the returns for 1879 
 with those of 1870 we find the increase has an ascending 
 tendency, the birth-rate rising and the death-rate falling. 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 Births 
 Deaths 
 
 1870. 
 
 129,997 
 
 93,066 
 
 1879. 
 
 147,059 
 
 90,024 
 
 1870. 
 36-32 
 25-99 
 
 10-33 
 
 1879. 
 36-76 
 22-50 
 
 Increase 
 
 36,931 
 
 57,035 
 
 14-26 
 
 This is apparently the highest rate of increase in Europe, 
 but there must be deducted from it almost 2 per 1000 for 
 emigration. 
 
 Food-supply shows a deficit in grain, but a surplus in 
 meat, the former amounting almost to one-fourth : — 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Per inhabitant. 
 
 Production. Consumption. 
 Grain, million bush. 50 65 
 
 Meat, thousand tons 144 87 
 
 Beer, million gals. 35 35 
 
 Spirits ,, ,, , 16 11 
 
 Production. 
 12-50 bush. 
 80-75 lbs. 
 
 8-75 gals. 
 
 4-10 „ 
 
 Consumption. 
 16-25 
 48-40 
 
 8-76 
 
 2-80 
 
92 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 The consumption of spirits is almost three times the 
 European average. The people are well fed, able to per- 
 form a great deal of work, and their death-rate is low. 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF SWEDEN AKD NOEWAY. 
 
 These two kingdoms, which may be considered as one, 
 show little progress except in commerce and shipping 
 during the last ten years. 
 
 Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Commerce . 27 
 
 36 
 
 89 
 
 Ill 
 
 Manufactures . 36 
 
 40 
 
 120 
 
 123 
 
 Agriculture . 47 
 
 52 
 
 157 
 
 160 
 
 Carrying trade . 6 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 37 
 
 Fishing, mining, etc. 8 
 
 8 
 
 27 
 
 25 
 
 124 
 
 148 
 
 413 
 
 456 
 
 Trade has undergone a remarkable change, for, while 
 imports and exports were almost even in 1870, the former 
 are now 40 per cent in excess — 
 
 
 Millions sterling, g 
 
 shillings per inhal 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1870. 1878. 
 
 Imports 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 46 65 
 
 Exports 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 43 46 
 
 Total 
 
 27 
 
 36 
 
 89 111 
 
 Manufactures and mining have been almost stationary 
 (Tables 4 and 6), and agriculture has risen only 10 per 
 cent, just keeping pace with the growth of population. 
 
SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 93 
 
 Shipping has almost doubled in carrying power, the 
 ratio being now 40 tons per 100 inhabitants, which is 
 unequalled by any country but Great Britain. Port 
 entries have risen 50 per cent, the trade being chiefly done 
 by sailing vessels, since steamers form only 30 per cent, 
 or less than half the European average. The merchant 
 shipping of Sweden and Norway shows the following 
 
 increase since 1870 : 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Nominal tonnage 
 
 1,292,000 
 
 2,083,000 
 
 60 per cent 
 
 Carrying power 
 
 1,405,000 
 
 2,621,000 
 
 85 „ 
 
 The carrying-trade on land and water has doubled, the 
 earnings amounting to close on £2 per inhabitant, which 
 far exceeds the ratio of any other country on the Con- 
 tinent — 
 
 1870. 1879. Increase. 
 
 Kailways . £1,070,000 £2,200,000 106 per cent 
 
 Shipping . 4,900,000 9,200,000 86 ,, 
 
 Total . £5,970,000 £11,400,000 90 „ 
 
 New railways since 1870 have cost nearly 19 millions 
 sterling, viz. — 
 
 Miles. Cost. 
 
 Sweden . 2457 £17,200,000 
 
 Norway . 541 3,500,000 
 
 Total . 2998 £20,700,000 
 
 These are the cheapest built lines in Europe, averaging 
 less than £7000 per mile. The existing lines sum up 
 4312 miles, representing a capital of 29 millions; that is 
 88 shillings per inhabitant, against 28 in 1870. Traffic 
 compares with British lines as follows : — 
 
 H 
 
94 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Swedish and Norwegian. 
 
 British. 
 
 Receipts per mile £565 
 
 £3356 
 
 Working expenses per mile 375 
 
 1676 
 
 NTet earnings . . . 190 
 
 1680 
 
 Profit on capital . . . 2'80 
 
 4-15 
 
 Construction per mile . . £6850 
 
 £40,510 
 
 Each ton or passenger carried paid 29 pence, against 
 1 7 pence in Great Britain. 
 
 Telegraph traffic has doubled, at present (Table 15) 
 averaging 25 messages per 100 inhabitants, which is below 
 the European ratio. The existing lines have a length of 
 10,430 miles, or three yards per inhabitant, a ratio 
 unrivalled by any other country in Europe. 
 
 Money is not so abundant, either for population or 
 commerce, as in most other countries, the currency con- 
 sisting as follows : — 
 
 Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce. 
 
 Gold . 5 £0 15 3 14 per cent 
 
 Silver .1 3 1 3 „ 
 
 Paper . 4^ 13 9 13 „ 
 
 Total 10^ £1 12 1 30 „ 
 
 Sweden and Norway mint £300,000 per annum, two-thirds 
 gold. 
 
 National earnings have risen 18 per cent, and the net 
 income per inhabitant 7 per cent, viz. — 
 
 Millioi 
 
 IS sterling. 
 
 Per inhabitant. 
 
 1870. 
 Income . 89 
 Taxes and rates 6 
 
 1880. 
 
 105 
 
 9 
 
 96 
 
 1870. 
 £14 16 8 
 1 1 5 
 
 1880. 
 £16 3 1 
 1 9 11 
 
 Net income 83 
 
 £13 15 3 
 
 £14 13 2 
 
 National debt is only 20 millions sterling, of which 
 sum the State railways stand for three-fifths. 
 
SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 95 
 
 Incidence of taxation has risen from 7 per cent in 1870 
 to 9|- per cent, but it is still one of the lightest taxed 
 countries in Europe. The increase is partly caused by the 
 military expenditure, viz. — 
 
 
 1869. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Army and Navy , 
 
 . £1,010,000 
 
 £1,805,000 
 
 79 per cent 
 
 Cost per inhab. 
 
 40 pence 
 
 65 pence 
 
 62 „ 
 
 Ratio of earnings . 
 
 1-13 
 
 1-72 
 
 62 „ 
 
 The relative weight of military expenditure is, neverthe- 
 less, lighter than in any other European country except 
 Belgium. 
 
 Population would increase faster than in Great Britain 
 but for emigration, which is equal to one-eighth of the 
 natural increase. The birth-rate is rising, the death-rate 
 falling, as shown by comparison with the figures for 1870 : 
 
 Number. Per 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 1870. 1878. 1870. 1878. 
 
 Births . 170,210 192,483 28-23 30*20 
 
 Deaths . 110,112 110,959 18-35 17*32 
 
 Increase 60-098 81,524 9-88 12*88 
 
 Food-supply shows a deficit in grain, but a surplus of 
 meat, viz. — 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Production. Consumption. 
 Grain, million bush. 78 80 
 
 Meat, thousand tons 213 146 
 
 Beer, million gallons 35 35 
 
 Spirits, „ 27 27 
 
 The enormous consumption of spirits is supposed partly 
 to explain the high rate of insanity. 
 
 Per inl 
 
 labitant. 
 
 Production. 
 
 Consumption. 
 
 11*75 bush. 
 
 12*05 
 
 72*80 lbs. 
 
 51-10 
 
 6*40 gals. 
 
 5.40 
 
 4-20 „ 
 
 4-20 
 
96 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF DENMAEK. 
 
 The Danes have made the best of their position since the 
 loss of Schleswig-Holstein, the recuperative forces of the 
 kingdom never having been so fully shown as in the 
 decade just closed :- 
 
 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 Shillings per inhabitant. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Commerce 
 
 , , 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 167 
 
 190 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 , 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 277 
 
 272 
 
 Manufactures, 
 
 etc. . 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 175 
 
 208 
 
 Total 
 
 . 
 
 56 
 
 67 
 
 619 
 
 670 
 
 The aggregate of industries has risen 20 per cent, and 
 the ratio per inhabitant 8 per cent. The chief increase is 
 in commerce, and the balance of trade is more favourable 
 than it was ten years ago, the excess of imports having 
 fallen from 35 to 25 per cent over the value of exports, 
 viz. — • 
 
 
 Sum. 
 
 Per inhabitant. 
 
 Imports . 
 Exports . 
 
 1870. 1878. 
 . £8,777,000 £10,500,000 
 6,477,000 8,450,000 
 
 1870. 1879. 
 96 105 
 71 85 
 
 Total 
 
 . £15,254,000 £18,950,000 
 
 167 190 
 
 Port entries have risen 165 per cent (Table 12), and 
 the merchant flag of Denmark has doubled in carrying 
 power, viz. — 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 linal tonnage . 
 
 178,000 
 
 252,000 
 
 42 per cent 
 
 j^ing-power 
 
 212,000 
 
 432,000 
 
 104 „ 
 
 The carrying trade has doubled, both on land and 
 water, viz. — 
 
DENMARK. 97 
 
 1870. 1878. Increase. 
 
 Railways . . £320,000 £680,000 110 per cent 
 
 Shipping . . 740,000 1,500,000 104 „ 
 
 Total . £1,060,000 £2,180,000 105 „ 
 
 New railways, 385 miles in length, have been made 
 since 1870 at a cost of 3 millions sterling, bringing up the 
 total to 855 miles, with a capital equal to 70s. per in- 
 habitant, against 45s. in 1870. Traffic compares with 
 British lines as follows : — 
 
 
 Danish. 
 
 British. 
 
 Receipts per mile 
 
 £769 
 
 £3,356 
 
 Working expenses „ 
 
 482 
 
 1,676 
 
 Net earnings „ 
 
 287 
 
 1,680 
 
 Profit on capital 
 
 3-60 
 
 4-15 
 
 Construction per mile 
 
 £8000 
 
 £40,510 
 
 Each passenger or ton carried paid 22 pence, against 
 17 pence in Great Britain. 
 
 Telegraph traffic has doubled, the messages now being 
 50 to 100 inhabitants, which is a much higher ratio than 
 in France or Germany. 
 
 Money is abundant, whether compared with population 
 or commerce : — 
 
 Amount; Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce. 
 
 Gold . £4,000,000 £2 2 21 per cent 
 
 Silver . 1,000,000 10 5 „ 
 
 Paper . 4,000,000 2 2 21 „ 
 
 Total . £9,000,000 £4 10 4 47 „ 
 
 Denmark mints about £150,000 in gold, and £200,000 
 in silver annually. 
 
 National earnings have risen 15 per cent, and net 
 income per inhabitant 4|- per cent : — 
 
98 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 Per inhabitant. 
 
 
 
 1870. 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 ' 
 
 Income . 
 
 38 44i 
 
 £21 2 3 
 
 £22 1 
 
 6 
 
 Taxes and rates 
 
 4 4i 
 34 40 
 
 2 11 
 
 2 1 
 
 4 
 
 Net income . 
 
 £19 1 2 
 
 £20 
 
 2 
 
 The incidence of taxation is not much greater than in 
 Sweden, namely, 9j per cent, almost the lowest ratio in 
 Europe. It was 10 per cent in 1870. Military expenditure 
 has, meantime, risen from 81 pence to 97 pence per inhabit- 
 ant, but as it only takes 1*82 of the people's earnings, it is 
 still only half the average weight in Europe (Table^24). 
 
 National debt was 30 per cent higher in 1870 than at 
 present, and averages only £5 per inhabitant ; one half is 
 represented by State railways. 
 
 Population has increased 10 per cent in spite of emi- 
 gration, and the tendency is upwards, as the birth-rate is 
 rising :- 
 
 
 Nui 
 
 nber. 
 
 Per 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 Births . 
 Deaths 
 
 1870. 
 54,420 
 34,091 
 
 1877. 
 60,850 
 35,806 
 
 1870. 
 30-49 
 19-10 
 
 11-39 
 
 1877. 
 32-02 
 
 18-84 
 
 Increase 
 
 20,329 
 
 25,044 
 
 13-18 
 
 Emigration averages 2 J per 1000, bringing down the 
 actual increase to lOj per cent per decade, or 10 J per 
 1000 yearly. 
 
 Food-supply is so abundant that Denmark feeds her 
 neighbours, having a surplus of 19 per cent grain, and 114 
 per cent meat, for exportation. 
 
 Quantity. Per inhabitant. 
 
 Production. Consumption. Production. Consumption. 
 Grain, million bush. . 74 62 36-80 bush. 30.83 
 
 Meat, tons . . 112,000 62,000 125*80 lbs. 58-15 
 
 Beer, million gals. . 25 25 12-50 gals. 12-50 
 
 Spirits „ . 8 8 4-20 „ 4-29 
 
PORTUGAL. 99 
 
 No other country of Europe approaches Denmark in 
 the production of cattle for the number of inhabitants. 
 The consumption of grain is prodigious, much of it being, 
 of course, used for the cattle. 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF POETUGAL. 
 
 Although this kingdom ranks so low in industry, the 
 average per inhabitant being even less than in Spain, it 
 has made considerable progress since 1870 : — 
 
 Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant. 
 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Commerce 
 
 , , 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 50 
 
 58 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 , 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 115 
 
 114 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 !, etc. . 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 55 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 51 
 
 220 
 
 230 
 
 The aggregate shows a rise of 13 per cent, and the 
 ratio per inhabitant 4 J per cent. The balance of trade 
 against the country has increased, the partial returns for 
 1879 showing little or no change from those of 1877, 
 which compare with 1870 as follows : — 
 
 
 Ani( 
 
 ount. 
 
 Shillings per inhabitant, 
 
 Imports 
 Exports 
 
 1870. 
 . £5,702,000 
 4,565,000 
 
 1877. 
 £7,191,000 
 5,504,000 
 
 1870. 1877. 
 28 33 
 22 25 
 
 Total 
 
 . £10,267,000 
 
 £12,695,000 
 
 50 58 
 
 Thus the excess of imports over exports was only 24 
 per cent in 1870, and has now risen to 31 per cent. 
 
100 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Considerable advance has been made in railways since 
 1870, viz.— 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Miles open 
 
 489 
 
 780 
 
 341 
 
 Cost of construction . 
 
 £7,000,000 
 
 £12,000,000 
 
 £5,000,000 
 
 Capital per inhabitant 
 
 £1 15 
 
 £2 14 
 
 £0 19 
 
 Telegraphs are little used, the messages averaging 15 
 per 100 inhabitants, or half the European average. 
 
 According to official returns there was an unpre- 
 cedented increase of population in the last decade, viz. — 
 
 Census of 1872 . . 4,011,908 
 „ 1878 . . 4,348,551 
 
 If this increase of 337,000 souls in six years be genuine, 
 it is equivalent to 14 per 1000 per annum, being the 
 highest rate in Europe, but official returns in many 
 countries are full of errors. 
 
 Money is superabundant as compared with other 
 countries (Table 16), the ratio per inhabitant being higher 
 than in Great Britain, and the currency too much for 
 commerce — 
 
 Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce. 
 
 Gold .14 £3 3 108 percent 
 
 Silver .3 13 6 23 „ 
 
 Paper .6 17 46 „ 
 
 23 £5 3 6 177 „ 
 
 Notwithstanding the increase of national earnings, the 
 net income per inhabitant is no higher, viz. — 
 
 Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. 
 
 Income 
 
 Taxes and rates . 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 £8 4 
 
 £8 6 8 
 
 1 9 10 
 
 1 15 10 
 
 Net income . 26 27 £6 10 6 £6 10 10 
 
\ 
 
 PORTUGAL. 101 
 
 Incidence of taxation is overwhelming, say 22^ per 
 cent of income, against 12 per cent in Great Britain. 
 Military expenditure is enormous, being heavier than in 
 France (Table 24), and absorbs 3^ per cent of the national 
 earnings. It might be reduced by giving up such useless 
 possessions as Mozambique and Goa. 
 
 National debt has grown alarmingly, and is now 35 
 per cent of the value of the kingdom — 
 
 Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. 
 
 1S70. 1880. 1870. 1880. 
 
 National debt . 60 94 £15 £22 
 
 As compared with national earnings it is four times as 
 heavy as the debt of Great Britain. 
 
 Agriculture has made some progress, the exportation 
 of wine having risen 22 per cent, and now reaching 17 
 million gallons. The food-supply stands thus : — 
 
 Quantity. Ratio per inhabitant. 
 \ __,^ ^ A, ^ 
 
 Production. Consumption. Production. Consumption. 
 
 Grain, million bush. 30 35 7 '14 bush. 8*33 
 
 Meat, tons . . 54,000 47,000 28-82 lbs. 25*20 
 
 Wine, million gals. . 88 71 20*50 gals. 16*50 
 
 The consumption of grain and meat is very low, but 
 the peasantry supplement their food with salted codfish 
 imported from Newfoundland. It is believed, however, 
 that the people are not sufficiently fed to be able to till 
 the soil properly. 
 
102 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF SWITZEELAND. 
 
 This industrious little Republic has made fair progress in 
 the last ten years. Watchmaking has indeed declined, 
 owing to the American invention in 1873 of making them 
 by steam-power, but wooden clocks have so much risen in 
 demand that the exportation has doubled. Cotton factories 
 show a falling off, but the consumption of pig-iron has 
 doubled, viz. — 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Decline. 
 
 Cotton, million lbs. . 
 
 39 
 
 35 
 
 — 
 
 10 per cent 
 
 Pig-iron, tons . 
 
 9,150 
 
 17,340 
 
 90 per cent 
 
 — 
 
 Export of cheese, tons 
 
 17,020 
 
 19,510 
 
 15 „ 
 
 — 
 
 Wooden clocks . 
 
 1,378 
 
 3,082 
 
 122 „ 
 
 — 
 
 There is no real advance in cheese, for the average 
 quantity exported in the years 1877-78 was below that of 
 the five years preceding. The income, meantime, derived 
 from travellers and tourists is increasing every year, and 
 now reaches 6 millions sterling per annum. 
 
 Eailways have doubled in mileage and traffic since 
 1870, the actual length being 1650 miles, which have cost 
 32-|- millions, or £12 per inhabitant, a ratio unequalled 
 among Continental nations. The traffic compares with 
 British lines as follows : — 
 
 
 Swiss. 
 
 British. 
 
 Receipts per mile . 
 
 £1,460 
 
 £3,356 
 
 "Working expenses 
 
 840 
 
 1,676 
 
 Net earnings 
 
 620 
 
 1,680 
 
 Profit on capital . 
 
 3-07 
 
 4-15 
 
 Construction, per mile 
 
 £20,190 
 
 £40,510 
 
 Each passenger or ton carried paid 1 7 pence, the same 
 as in Great Britain. Telegraphic business has increased 
 
SWITZERLAND. 103 
 
 50 per cent (Table 15), the ratio of messages being 98 per 
 100 inhabitants, which far exceeds that of any other 
 nation in the world, being three times the European 
 average. 
 
 Money is very abundant, especially gold, and there are 
 34 banks of unlimited issue, yet none has ever failed. 
 The currency stands thus : — 
 
 Millions sterling. Ratio per inhabitant. 
 Gold . . 12 £4 5 6 
 
 Silver. .7 2 9 9 
 
 Paper . . H 1 4 10 
 
 22^ £8 1 
 
 Increase of population is below the European average, 
 since it has been only 6 per cent in ten years. The natural 
 increase, however, is 7^ per cent, but emigration took 
 away one -fifth. Comparing the returns for 1879 with 
 1870, we find the birth-rate rising, the death-rate falling, 
 viz. — 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 Births 
 Deaths 
 
 1870. 
 79,208 
 68,746 
 
 18T9. 
 89,692 
 63,646 
 
 1870. 1879. 
 29-66 30-78 
 25-75 22-73 
 
 Increase . 
 
 10,462 
 
 26,046 
 
 3-91 8-05 
 
 Food-supply is so insufficient that the imports of grain 
 and cattle increase yearly. In 1870 were imported 8 
 million bushels, or 3 per inhabitant, and in the years 
 1877-78 the average was 12^ million bushels, or 4 J per 
 inhabitant. The net imports of cattle also doubled in the 
 interval. 
 
104 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF GEEECE. 
 
 But for the financial condition of this kingdom, the pro- 
 gress made in the last ten years would be highly satis- 
 factory. Trade, population, and agriculture have advanced 
 in a remarkable manner, and shipping is the only branch 
 in which a decline has taken place. 
 
 The balance of trade in 1875 (the latest returns 
 published) was not so unfavourable as in 1870, the excess 
 of imports having fallen from 80 to 65 per cent. It is 
 still the most unfavourable balance of any country in the 
 world, and shows as follows : — 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Per inhabitant. 
 
 1870. 
 Imports . £3,465,000 
 Exports . 1,889,000 
 
 1875. 
 
 £5,196,000 
 
 3,177,000 
 
 1870. 
 
 £2 7 
 
 16 
 
 — \ 
 
 1875. 
 
 £3 6 
 
 2 10 
 
 £5,354,000 
 
 £8,373,000 
 
 £3 13 
 
 £5 7 
 
 Merchant - shipping 
 
 has declined 
 
 because (as 
 
 5 Consul 
 
 Stephens says) the customs duties have become so oppres- 
 sive that smugglers are building numerous vessels in the 
 Adriatic for contraband trade. Greek tonnage is now only 
 290,000, a fall of 60,000 tons since 1870, whereas port 
 entries have risen to 2 million tons (Table 12), an increase 
 of 42 per cent. 
 
 Agriculture has advanced in spite of an enormous 
 export duty of 20 per cent, which would seem to be 
 intended to check industry and promote brigandage. 
 Exports of fruit, oil, and other products almost doubled in 
 five years, viz. — 
 
GREECE. 105 
 
 1870. 1875. Increase. 
 
 Fruit . £680,000 £1,496,000 120 per cent 
 
 Oil . 165,000 462,000 180 „ 
 
 Wine . 76,000 103,000 36 ,, 
 
 Sundries . 968,000 1,116,000 15 „ 
 
 Total £1,889,000 £3,177,000 68 ,, 
 
 Since 1875 there has been a continual advance. In 
 that year a Spanish wine merchant, named Toole, settled 
 at Cephalonia, from which place he now ships 70,000 
 gallons yearly to England and Germany. In the same 
 year the first steam mill was built in Zante, and now there 
 are eight in the same group of islands. Moreover, owing 
 to the Phylloxera in France, the merchants of Marseilles 
 have established agents in the Morea, who bought up 7000 
 tons of currants last year for the distillers of French 
 brandy. Greek wines, which were worth sixpence a gallon 
 in 1870, have risen to elevenpence a gallon, and the better 
 classes, which are exported, easily obtain £15 per pipe. 
 The crops of 1879 were valued as follows : — 
 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Grain, bushels 
 
 9,000,000 
 
 £1,800,000 
 
 "Wine, gallons 
 
 . 20,000,000 
 
 950,000 
 
 Currants, tons 
 
 80,000 
 
 1,600,000 
 
 Oil, barrels 
 
 170,000 
 Total . 
 
 510,000 
 
 
 . £4,860,000 
 
 The production could be doubled by the better arrange- 
 ment of the Crown lands, which comprehend three million 
 acres well suited for tillage, but mostly used as goat 
 farms. 
 
 Mining continues stationary, the chief mineral being 
 lead, of which the Laurium Company regularly extracts 
 7500 tons per annum, worth £150,000, employing 6500 
 workmen. 
 
106 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Railways have not yet been constructed, except a line 
 of seven miles connecting Athens with Piraeus, which 
 carries 1^ million passengers, and pays 14 per cent on its 
 cost. 
 
 Telegraphs extend for a length of 1810 miles; mes- 
 sages average 24 per 100 inhabitants, which is below the 
 European average. 
 
 Money is scarce compared with other countries (Table 
 1 6), and includes much inconvertible paper, viz. — 
 
 Amount. Per inhab. Ratio to commerce. 
 
 Gold and silver . £2,000,000 £1 3 10 23 per cent 
 Paper . . 2,500,000 19 9 29 „ 
 
 Total . £4,500,000 £2 13 7 52 „ 
 
 National debt stood at 18 millions sterling in 1870, 
 including 12 millions funded, but in 1878 the London 
 bondholders (having received no interest for 50 years) 
 commuted the old debt of 9 millions for a sum of 
 £1,200,000 in new scrip. This reduced the total debt of 
 the kingdom (in 1878) to 9 millions. Greece at once 
 recommenced borrowing, and on December 31, 1880, the * 
 debt reached nearly 15 millions, viz. — 
 
 English loan of 1824 . 
 
 £1,200,000 
 
 Guaranteed do. of 1832 
 
 3,450,000 
 
 Floating debt 
 
 4,520,000 
 
 French loan of 1879 
 
 2,400,000 
 
 Franco-Eg}^ptian Bank loan . 
 
 600,000 
 
 Athenian Bank do. 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 
 £14,670,000 
 
 New loans since 1878 sum up £5,500,000, equal to 
 three years of revenue, so that the expenditure must have 
 averaged double the income during the last three years. 
 The loan of 1879 was to redeem the currency, but the 
 
GREECE. 107 
 
 money went to other uses. All hope of redeeming the 
 currency seems now abandoned, for in October 1880 the 
 Government obtained 2-J millions sterling from the 
 Athenian bank in exchange for the right of emission until 
 1905. 
 
 If Greek budgets counted for anything, the expenditure 
 might be said to average 21 shillings per inhabitant, but 
 the reality is perhaps nearly £2. Military expenditure is 
 put down at £472,000, and exceeds a million. This will, 
 however, be reduced as soon as the question of Thessaly 
 and Epirus be arranged. 
 
 Population statistics showed an ascending scale till 
 1876, but since that year the increase is in a declining 
 ratio, viz. — 
 
 
 Nun 
 
 iber. 
 
 Per 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 Births 
 Deaths 
 
 1874. 
 45,212 
 29,863 
 
 1878. 
 44,921 
 30,588 
 
 1874. 
 28-43 
 1878 
 
 9-65 
 
 1878. 
 27-22 
 18-54 
 
 Increase 
 
 15,349 
 
 14,333 
 
 8-68 
 
 At no period during the decade has the natural increase 
 appeared to exceed 10 per 1000, yet the census of 1879 
 gives an annual increment of 17 per 1000 from 1870. 
 The difference may arise from incomplete returns in 1870, 
 or because the registration of births is defective. 
 
 Food-supply is so inadequate that Greece, although 
 highly fertile for 45 per cent of its area, and capable of 
 feeding double its population, only produces enough grain 
 for seven months' consumption, the rest being imported 
 from the Black Sea. The importation of cattle has doubled 
 since 1870. The principal items of food show thus ; — 
 
108 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 
 Qua 
 
 ntity. 
 
 Per inhabitant. 
 
 
 Production. 
 
 Consumption. 
 
 Production. Consumption 
 
 Grain, bushels 
 
 9,000,000 
 
 14,000,000 
 
 5-55 8-65 
 
 Meat, tons 
 
 21,000 
 
 23,000 
 
 28-75 lbs. 31-50 
 
 Wine, gallons 
 
 20,000,000 
 
 18,000,000 
 
 12-50 11-25 
 
 The Greeks, on the whole, are well fed (Table 26), 
 especially if compared with Italians or Portuguese. 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 It would be impossible to find in history a parallel to the 
 progress of the United States in the last ten years, the 
 results of which appear as follows : — 
 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 1870. 1880. 
 
 Shillings per inhab. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Commerce . 
 
 172 
 
 301 
 
 89 
 
 120 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 682 
 
 888 
 
 354 
 
 355 
 
 Mining 
 
 38 
 
 72 
 
 20 
 
 29 
 
 Agriculture . 
 
 416 
 
 525 
 
 216 
 
 210 
 
 Carrying trade 
 
 115 
 
 141 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 Banking 
 
 40 
 
 52 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 Sundries 
 
 17 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 
 1479 
 
 2004 
 
 769 
 
 801 
 
 The aggregate of industries has risen 35 per cent, the 
 ratio per inhabitant 4 per cent, the population having 
 increased one-third in the interval. The actual increase 
 of American industry was 525 millions, whereas the 
 maximum among European nations, that of Great Britain 
 (see page 42), was only 337 millions. The highest relative 
 
UNITED STATES. 109 
 
 increase obtained in Europe, namely in Belgium and 
 Holland, was only 30 per cent, or 5 per cent less than in 
 the United States. Meantime the ratio of industry per 
 inhabitant in the great American Eepublic is much lower 
 than in Great Britain, Holland, or Belgium (Table 2). 
 This is partly explained by the fact that the population 
 of the United States contains more children per 100 in- 
 habitants^ than any country of Europe. 
 
 Ten years ago the balance of trade was against the 
 country, but now the exports are 31 per cent over imports, 
 viz. — 
 
 Millions sterling. Shillings per inhab. 
 
 1870. 1880. 
 
 Imports . 89 134 
 
 Exports . 83 167 
 
 Total . 172 301 89 120 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 46 
 
 53 
 
 43 
 
 67 
 
 The ratio of commerce for population is still very low, 
 being 10 shillings below the European average, and not 
 quite one-third of that of Great Britain. Protection tariffs 
 check the natural impulse of trade. 
 
 Manufactures have risen 30 per cent, and would have 
 risen much more but for the prohibitory duties on Aus- 
 tralian wool and English iron. Woollen factories that 
 could have consumed 500 million lbs. have been too often 
 idle, because prevented from using foreign wool, and rail- 
 way companies have had to pay extra for native iron, thus 
 increasing the cost of construction and indirectly the charge 
 for freight. Cotton is the only textile industry that shows 
 a healthy development, the consumption since 1870 having 
 risen as follows : — 
 
 ^ The difiference as compared with Europe is as 29 to 24, say one- 
 fifth more. 
 
 I 
 
110 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 
 MiUion lbs. 
 
 Pounds per 
 
 inhabitant. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 ■ 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Cotton 
 
 530 
 
 911 
 
 13-77 
 
 17-92 
 
 Wool 
 
 204 
 
 258 
 
 5-30 
 
 5-07 
 
 Flax, etc. . 
 
 54 
 
 23 
 
 1-40 
 
 0-45 
 
 Total . 788 1192 20-47 23*44 
 
 Thus the consumption of raw material rose 404 
 million lbs., against 468 million in Great Britain, although 
 the United States grew 95 per cent of theirs, and we had 
 to import 93 per cent of all consumed in our factories. 
 
 Iron and steel have made wonderful progress, through 
 the protective tarijff, at the expense of the people. Iron 
 rose from 1,580,000 to 3,220,000, and steel from 40,000 
 to 800,000 tons, but these quantities still fall far short of 
 the production in Great Britain. Nevertheless it is to be 
 observed that whereas ten years ago the United States 
 was much below France or Germany (Table 6), as regards 
 steel it now produces more than both these countries 
 collectively. The Americans now make one-fifth of the 
 iron, and one-fourth of the steel, of the world. 
 
 Mining has, relatively, made greater progress than any 
 other industry, namely 90 per cent, viz. — 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Coal . 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 Petroleum . 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 Iron 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 Copper, lead, etc. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 38 
 
 72 
 
 In 1870 gold was considerably ahead of silver, but at 
 present the production of these metals is equal. The 
 United States raise one -half the gold, and one -half the 
 
UNITED STATES. Ill 
 
 silver, of the world's supply. The increase in the other 
 minerals is prodigious : — 
 
 1870. 1880. Increase. 
 
 Iron ore, tons . 4,500,000 9,500,000 110 per cent 
 
 Copper „ . 12,700 20,300 60 
 
 Coal „ . 33,000,000 55,000,000 66 „ 
 
 Petroleum, gallons 42,000,000 860,000,000 20-fold 
 
 Taking in globo all the mining industries of the world, 
 the United States represent 36, Great Britain 33, and 
 other nations 31, per cent of the total. 
 
 Agriculture has not kept pace, with population as 
 regards value, the ratio per inhabitant (page 80) being 6 
 shillings less than in 1870, but the quantity of products is 
 larger per head than ten years ago, viz. — 
 
 Quantity. Ratio per inhabitant. 
 
 1870. 1880. 1870. 1880. 
 
 Grain, million bush. . 1,560 2,390 41 bush. 47 bush. 
 
 Hay, tons . . . 22,240,000 24,150,000 11 cwt. 10 cwt. 
 
 Cotton, million lbs. . 1,540 2,773 40 lbs. 55 lbs. 
 
 At the same time they paid such attention to pastoral 
 
 interests that farming stock increased 33 per cent all 
 round, viz. — 
 
 Number. Head per inhabitant. 
 
 Horses 
 Cows 
 Sheep 
 Hogs 
 
 1870. 
 
 8,690,000 
 
 28,075,000 
 
 . 28,478,000 
 
 . 25,185,000 
 
 1880. 
 12,550,000 
 33,600,000 
 38,000,000 
 35,000,000 
 
 1870. 
 0-22 
 0-73 
 0-74 
 0-65 
 
 2-34 
 
 1880. 
 0-25 
 0-67 
 0-77 
 0-70 
 
 Total 
 
 . 90,428,000 
 
 119,150,000 
 
 2-39 
 
 Carrying-trade has advanced very notably both on land 
 and water, as shown thus : — 
 
 \ 
 
 L 
 
112 BALANCE - SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Railways . 
 
 £84,167,000 
 
 £110,240,000 
 
 31 per cent 
 
 Ocean shipping . 
 
 8,600,000 
 
 8,100,000 
 
 j> 
 
 Canals, lakes, rivers . 
 
 21,800,000 
 
 23,000,000 
 
 5 
 
 £114,567,000 £141,340,000 23 
 
 The slight decline in ocean shipping is compensated by 
 an increase of vessels on the lakes and rivers, as shown 
 thus : — 
 
 Nominal Tonnage. Carrying power. 
 
 , » ^ ^ . ^ 
 
 1870. 1880. 1870. 1880. 
 
 High seas . 1,566,000 1,629,000 2,454,000 2,315,000 
 
 Inland waters . 2,598,000 2,584,000 6,256,000 6,580,000 
 
 4,164,000 4,213,000 8,710,000 8,895,000 
 
 There has been an apparent increase, and a real decline, 
 in the shipping on the high seas ; the reverse has occurred 
 in that of lakes and rivers. On the whole there is an 
 effective increase equal to 2| per cent. The shipping on 
 sea is nine -tenths sailing vessels, that on inland waters 
 mostly steamers. Adding both together, we find that of 
 every 100 tons borne on American bottom Q% are carried 
 by steamers, 34 by sailing vessels. 
 
 Port entries have exactly doubled (Table 12), and the 
 ratio of steamers is only 36 per cent, or half the European 
 average, which seems to indicate that the sailing vessels of 
 the world now trade mostly to the United States. The 
 total goods traffic compares with that of Great Britain as 
 follows, in millions of tons : — 
 
 
 United States. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 Entries by sea 
 
 16 
 
 26 
 
 Coast traffic . 
 
 34 
 
 37 
 
 Inland waters . 
 
 80 
 
 20 
 
 Railways 
 
 . 210 
 
 215 
 
 Total 
 
 340 
 
 298 
 
UNITED STATES. 113 
 
 This is nearly 7 tons per inhabitant in the United 
 States, against 6 tons in Great Britain. 
 
 Eailways have doubled in ten years, the new lines 
 being 41,883 miles in length, and representing a cost of 
 578 millions sterling. This is an average of 12 miles a 
 day, at £13,800 per mile. The new lines exceed in length 
 all the lines built in Europe (Table 14) since 1870. There 
 has been a relative decline in traffic, but an increase of 
 profits, since 1871, when there were 60,522 miles open, 
 representing a cost of 555 millions sterling. 
 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Per mile. 
 
 
 1871. 1880. 
 
 1871. 1880. 
 
 Gross receipts 
 
 . £84,167,000 £110,400,000 
 
 £1391 £1276 
 
 Working expenses . 
 
 . 68,750,000 64,640,000 
 
 1136 747 
 
 Net profits 
 
 15,417,000 45,760,000 
 
 255 529 
 
 Cost of construction 
 
 . 555,208,000 990,230,000 
 
 9173 11,448 
 
 Profit on capital . 
 
 2-78 4-62 
 
 2-78 4-62 
 
 Many of the lines were made with foreign capital, but, 
 comparing the actual cost with population, we find the 
 ratio was almost £20 per inhabitant in 1880, against £11 
 in 1870. No country in Europe, except Great Britain, 
 shows so high a ratio of railway capital per head. The 
 traffic on the whole is light, some lines not earning enough 
 to pay working expenses. In the crisis of 1876-77 no 
 fewer than 128 bankrupt railways were sold by auction, 
 with an aggregate length of 13,120 miles, representing a 
 cost of 230 millions sterling. The new lines, nevertheless, 
 have helped to promote agricultural interests, but the rela- 
 tive utility of American lines is inferior to British, since 
 every £1000 of railway capital in the United States car- 
 ried last year only 408 passengers or tons of merchandise, 
 against 1206 in Great Britain. The traffic compares 
 thus : — 
 
American. 
 
 Britisli. 
 
 £2,289 
 
 £35,537 
 
 2,426 
 
 12,147 
 
 £1,276 
 
 £3,356 
 
 747 
 
 1,676 
 
 529 
 
 1,680 
 
 11,448 
 
 40,509 
 
 £19 : 10 : 
 
 £20 : 16 : 
 
 4-62 
 
 4-15 
 
 114 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Passengers per mile 
 Goods, tons 
 Earnings 
 
 Working expenses 
 Net earnings 
 Cost of construction 
 Capital per inhabitant . 
 Profit on capital . 
 
 Every ton or passenger carried paid 66 pence, against 17 
 pence in Great Britain. 
 
 Telegraphs have almost doubled in mileage, and trebled 
 in the number of messages, the ratio whereof is 55 per 
 100 inhabitants, against 77 in Great Britain, and 30 for 
 Europe in general (Table 15). 
 
 Banking progressed notably from 1870 to 1876, but de- 
 clined from the latter year. The returns of National Banks 
 for 1879 compare with those of 1870 as follows : — 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Number of Banks . 
 
 1601 
 
 2045 
 
 Capital . 
 
 £83,400,000 
 
 £91,500,000 
 
 Deposits 
 
 99,600,000 
 
 119,000,000 
 
 At present there are altogether 6360 banks, whose 
 capital and deposits sum up 511 millions sterling. This 
 sum, distributed according to population, is less than half 
 the English ratio, viz. — 
 
 Millions sterling. Ratio per inhabitant. 
 
 United States. Great Britain. United States. Great Britain. 
 Bank capital . 131 195 £2 11 4 £5 115 
 
 Deposits . . 380 517 7 9 14 15 8 
 
 511 712 £10 4 £20 7 1 
 
 Bank dividends in the United States, for 1879, 
 averaged 6 per cent, against 10|- per cent in 1870. The 
 banks of Great Britain average 14 per cent on their paid- 
 up capital, but as the shares are usually 100 per cent above 
 
UNITED STATES. 115 
 
 par, the shareholders hardly get 7 per cent for their money. 
 The decline of American banking since 1876 appears as 
 follows : — 
 
 1876. 1879. Decline. 
 
 Number of banks . . 6611 6360 4 per cent 
 
 Capital, million £ . . 144 131 9 ,, 
 
 Deposits „ . . 415 380 8 „ 
 
 The decline is often attributed to heavy taxes on banks, 
 but arises no less from the revival of trade, which is on a 
 fauch sounder basis since the resumption of specie-pay- 
 ments on December 17, 1878. Comparing the bankruptcy 
 returns of 1870 and 1880, we find as follows : — 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Number of failures 
 
 3,551 
 
 4,738 
 
 Ratio to population 
 
 1 in 10,845 
 
 1 in 10,910 
 
 Amount 
 
 £17,550,000 
 
 £12,057,000 
 
 Eatio to commerce 
 
 10*20 per cent 
 
 4*02 per cent 
 
 It may therefore be said that bankruptcies have de- 
 clined one-half. 
 
 Money is more abundant, compared with population, 
 than in Europe (Table 16), notwithstanding the diminu- 
 tion of 9 millions sterling in paper-currency since 1870. 
 There is still twice as much paper-money, but only half as 
 much coin, per inhabitant, as in Great Britain. On the 
 whole we have 13s. a head more than in the United 
 States. But in comparison with commerce the Americans 
 use three times as much money as we do, their ratio being 80 
 per cent in relation with commerce, against 28 per cent in 
 Great Britain, and 56 per cent for Europe in general. The 
 United States currency in October 1880 stood as follows : — 
 
 Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce. 
 
 Gold . 77 £1 10 3 26 per cent 
 
 Silver . 31 12 7 10 „ 
 
 Paper . 132 2 11 8 43 ,, 
 
 Total . 240 £4 14 6 79 ,, 
 
116 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 The above, of course, does not include Treasury bullion, 
 which amounted to 15 millions sterling. The United 
 States mint has coined, since 1870, the following sums : — 
 
 Gold . . . £80,400,000 
 
 Silver . . 31,420,000 
 
 Total . . £111,820,000 
 
 This was almost one-fourth of the gold, and one-sixth of 
 the silver, coined by the world in the said ten years (Table 
 1 7). At no previous period was the American mint so pro- 
 lific, the greatest quantity in any previous decade having 
 been 75 millions sterling, namely, from 1851 to 1860. The 
 total coinage since 1800 has been 228 millions gold, and 
 59 of silver, say 287 millions sterling, or an average of 
 36 millions per decade. 
 
 National earnings have risen 31 J per cent, which is 
 almost the same as the increase of population, but, as taxes 
 have fallen, the net income per inhabitant is 6^ per cent 
 higher than it was ten years ago, viz. — 
 
 Millions sterling. Ratio per inhabitant. 
 
 1870. 1880. 1870. 1880. 
 
 Income . . 1062 1406 £27 11 8 £27 18 4 
 
 Taxes and rates . 142 129 3 13 10 2 12 7 
 
 Net income . 920 1277 £23 17 10 £25 5 9 
 
 The net income per inhabitant is double the European 
 average (Table 20), and 15 per cent less than in Great 
 Britain. The incidence of taxation has been reduced from 
 13 J per cent of income in 1870 to 9^ per cent in 1880, 
 being now only half of what it is in France (Table 21), and 
 one-fourth less than in Great Britain. Two causes have 
 tended to lighten the weight of taxation : 1. Eeduction 
 of military expenditure; 2. Conversion and reduction of 
 
UNITED STATES. 117 
 
 national debt. Hence the national revenue has been re- 
 duced from 86 to 69 millions sterling. 
 
 Military expenditure in 1870 absorbed 1*89 of the 
 nation's earnings, and in 1880 only 0-77, a relative decrease 
 of 60 per cent. The burthen of this item is now one- 
 fourth of what it is for Europe in general (Table 24). 
 
 National debt has been reduced from 496 to 390 
 millions sterling, or 22 per cent in ten years. Moreover, 
 by converting the stock into 4 per cents, the treasury has 
 effected a great saving, reducing the interest on the bulk 
 of the debt from £17,000,000 to £12,800,000 per annum. 
 The reduction of debt since 1870 has averaged £32,000 
 a day, or a penny a week from each inhabitant. The 
 relative burthen of debt and interest is now hardly half 
 what it was in 1870, viz. — 
 
 Amount. Ratio per inhabitant. 
 
 / * , , * -^ 
 
 1870. 1880. 1870. 1880. 
 
 Debt . £496,200,000 £390,100,000 £12 18 £7 13 
 
 Interest . 26,880,000 16,430,000 13 11 6 5 
 
 In fact, the ratio of debt per inhabitant has fallen 42 
 per cent, that of interest 54 per cent in ten years. 
 
 Population has increased 11,920,000 souls, say 31 ^per 
 cent since 1870, being the largest number gained in any 
 decade of the Union. Nevertheless, the ratio of increment 
 is less than for any decade previous to the war, the average 
 from 1800 to 1860 ranging from 33 J to 36 per cent. 
 Immigration stands for less than one-fifth of the increase, 
 the decade ending December 31, 1879, showing arrivals 
 and departures, thus : — 
 
 Arrivals . . 3,384,000 
 
 Departures . . 1,192,000 
 
 Net immigration 2, 1 92, 000 
 
118 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 This exceeded by 578,000 the largest decade previously- 
 recorded, viz. that ending December 31, 1859. If we 
 deduct the net immigration from the total increase, we find 
 the surplus of births over deaths in ten years was 
 9,728,000. Now, as the medium population for the 
 decade was 45 million souls, it appears likely the births 
 and deaths (there being no returns) were as follows : — 
 
 Number. Ratio per 1000 inhab. per an. 
 
 Births . . 18,728,000 41-62 
 
 Deaths . . 9,000,000 20-00 
 
 Increase 9,728,000 21*62 
 
 This is three times the European rate of increase 
 (Table 1 3), and double that of England or Germany ; it is 
 even superior to that of Australia. Everything seems to 
 promise that twenty years hence, at the close of the 19th 
 century, the United States will have between 90 and 100 
 million inhabitants. 
 
 Food-supply is so abundant that the grain crop is 18| 
 per cent over consumption, and the meat 36 per cent in 
 excess. The United States produce 30 per cent of the 
 grain, and 30 per cent of the meat, of the world (Table 
 25). The increase since 1870 has been as follows : — 
 
 Quantity. Ratio per Inbab. 
 
 ( ^ N r * N Increase. 
 
 1870. 1880. 1870. 1880. 
 
 Grain mil. bush 1560 2390 40*54 bush. 47-11 6-57 bush. 
 
 Meat, tons . 2,971,000 4,286,000 172*87 lbs. 170*06 
 
 Thus it appears that in spite of the population increas- 
 ing 1^ million souls yearly, the supply of grain is growing 
 faster, and of meat almost as fast, so that the exportation 
 to Europe is likely to go on rising for many years to come. 
 If we examine the separate items of food-supply we find 
 the increase since 1870 has been as follows : — 
 

 UNITED STATES. 
 
 
 
 
 GRAIN CROPS. 
 
 
 
 
 Million bushels. 
 
 Bushels 
 
 per Inhab. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Wheat 
 
 231 
 
 496 
 
 6-02 
 
 9-77 
 
 Maize 
 
 992 
 
 1480 
 
 25-77 
 
 29-20 
 
 Oats, etc. 
 
 337 
 
 414 
 
 8-75 
 
 8-14 
 
 Total 
 
 . 1560 
 
 2390 
 
 40-54 
 
 47-11 
 
 
 MEAT SUPPLY. 
 
 
 
 Animals for 
 
 slaughter. 
 
 Tons of meat. 
 
 Pounds 
 
 119 
 
 1870. 1880. 
 
 4,697,200 5,600,000 
 
 9,500,000 12,666,000 
 
 10,074,000 14,480,000 
 
 1870. 1880. 
 
 1,754,600 2,100,000 
 318,190 424,100 
 898,560 1,291,560 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 102-10 
 
 93-10 
 
 18-50 
 
 19-10 
 
 52-27 
 
 57-86 
 
 Cows 
 Sheep 
 Hogs 
 
 Total 24,271,200 32,746,000 2,971,350 3,815,660 172-87 170-06 
 
 The above is the available supply, but we cannot know 
 the actual slaughter, unless of hogs ; cattle average 850, 
 hogs 217, pounds in weight. The home consumption of 
 meat is said to be 120 lbs. per inhabitant, equal to 
 2,740,000 tons, leaving a surplus of 1,076,000 tons, of 
 which, however, only 550,000 tons are exported; 75 per 
 cent to Great Britain, 16 to Germany and Belgium, 9 to 
 France and other countries. 
 
 The production and consumption of food show as 
 follows : — 
 
 Quantity. Ratio per inhabitant. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Production. Consumption. Production. 
 
 Consumption. 
 
 Grain, mil. bush. 
 
 2390 2020 
 
 47-11 bush. 
 
 39-60 
 
 Meat, tons 
 
 3,816,000 2,740,000 
 
 170-06 lbs. 
 
 120-00 
 
 "Wine, mil. gals. 
 
 20 30 
 
 0-40 gals. 
 
 0-60 
 
 Beer 
 
 360 360 
 
 7-35 „ 
 
 7-35 
 
 Spirits 
 
 76 76 
 
 1-50 „ 
 
 1-50 
 
 The Americans are apparently the best fed of all 
 nations (Table 25). 
 
120 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF CANADA. 
 
 As the past decade has been the first of the Dominion of 
 Canada in its confederate form, it is gratifying to find the 
 colony has made fair progress in every particular — 
 
 Population rose 
 Commerce 
 
 14 per cent 
 3 „ 
 
 Length of railways 
 Colonial shipping 
 Agricultural exports 
 
 54 „ 
 45 „ 
 44 „ 
 
 The growth of population is 2 per cent over the rate 
 in the previous decade, but is still very slow, the natural 
 increase being much less than in Great Britain. The 
 account stands thus : — 
 
 Population in 1870 . . 3,763,000 
 
 Surplus of births over deaths 307,000 8*17 per cent 
 
 Net immigration . . 228,000 6*06 „ 
 
 Population in 1880 
 
 4,298,000 14-23 
 
 The number of emigrants who landed in Canada ex- 
 ceeded half-a-million, but the actual settlers were only 
 228,000, the rest proceeding to the United States. The 
 average immigration was, therefore, under 23,000 per 
 annum, against 58,000 in Australia. 
 
 The table of industries shows increase as follows : — 
 
 
 Millions sterling. 
 
 Shillings per inhab. 
 
 
 1870. 1879. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Commerce 
 
 33 35 
 
 178 
 
 161 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 35 46 
 
 189 
 
 215 
 
 Agriculture . 
 
 51 60 
 
 268 
 
 280 
 
 Carrying trade 
 
 5 9 
 
 25 
 
 42 
 
 Banking 
 
 2 4 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 Total 
 
 . 126 154 
 
 671 
 
 717 
 
CANADA. 121 
 
 Commerce has not increased in the same ratio as 
 
 population, and the balance of trade is less favourable 
 than it was ten years ago, viz. — 
 
 Amount. Shillings per inhab. 
 
 1870. 1879. 1870. 1879. 
 
 Imports . . £16,973,000 £18,507,000 90 86 
 
 Exports . . 16,626,000 16,067,000 88 75 
 
 Total . . £33,599,000 £34,574,000 178 161 
 
 The balance against the colony has risen from 2 to 1 1 
 shillings per inhabitant, yet the general condition seems 
 improved, if we are to judge by savings bank and insurance 
 returns. 
 
 Agricultural interests show the most undoubted pro- 
 gress, according to the rise in exports of this description 
 from 1872 to 1879. 
 
 Value exported. Eatio per inhab. 
 
 1872. 1879. 1872. 1879. ' 
 
 Cattle, meat, wool, etc. £2,598,000 £2,954,000 £0 13 5 £0 13 10 
 Grain . . . 2,390,000 4,252,000 12 4 10 8 
 
 Total . £4,988,000 £7,206,000 £1 5 9 £1 14 6 
 
 There is a rise of 44 per cent in the value, and 36 per 
 cent in the ratio per inhabitant. This increase compen- 
 sates for a decline of two millions sterling in the export of 
 timber. It is worth observing that the exports of Canada 
 are 8s. per inhabitant more than in the United States (page 
 109). One of the most valuable of Canadian exports is 
 fish, which amounted to £2,117,000 last year, being a rise 
 of 10 per cent. 
 
 Eailways have been more beneficial to the farmers than 
 to the shareholders, averaging less than IJ per cent profit 
 on capital per annum. Meantime the goods traffic of the 
 Grand Trunk line has doubled in five years, and exceeds 
 
122 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 5 million tons. New lines built since 1870 amount to 
 2135 miles (Table 14), the total cost of existing lines 
 being 73 millions sterling, or £11,870 per mile. By 
 the contract recently signed for the Northern Pacific Eail- 
 way the new company engage to have the line completed 
 by 1890 from Lake Superior to Port Moody, British 
 Columbia, 2010 miles in length, the Government ceding 
 twenty-five million acres land and all the works and sur- 
 veys already done, besides giving a guarantee for a loan of 
 five millions sterling, or one-fourth of the estimated cost. 
 
 Shipping has risen 45 per cent, the colony now possess- 
 ing a fine fleet of sailing vessels and some steamers, viz. — 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Nopainal tonnage . 
 
 . 836,000 
 
 1,380,000 
 
 63 per cent 
 
 Carrying power . 
 
 . 1,120,000 
 
 1,610,000 
 
 45 „ 
 
 Banking has doubled since 1870, and is now very active. 
 Discounts average 100 millions sterling per annum, or £22 
 per inhabitant, against £40 in Great Britain, and £90 in 
 Australia. Deposits, however, have risen in ten years only 
 25 s. per inhabitant, against £12 in Australia. 
 
 Money is scarce notwithstanding the paper currency 
 having doubled since 1870. The ratio of all money to 
 population is less than half that of Great Britain, and as 
 compared with commerce it is barely half the European 
 average (Table 1 6), the currency consisting as follows : — 
 
 Amount. Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce. 
 Gold and silver . £2,000,000 £0 9 6 6 per cent 
 
 Paper . . . 8,000,000 1 18 24 
 
 £10,000,000 £2 7 6 30 
 
 The earnings of the colony have risen more than 25 
 per cent (Table 20), and the net income per inhabitant is 
 a little higher than in the United States, while it is more 
 
CANADA. 123 
 
 than double the European average, and only £4 less than 
 in Great Britain. The increase is shown thus : — 
 
 Income . 
 Taxes and rates 
 
 Net income 
 
 Millions 
 
 sterling; 
 
 Per inhabitant. 
 
 1870. 
 . 94 
 6 
 
 . 88 
 
 1880. 
 
 118 
 
 8 
 
 110 
 
 1870. 
 £25 1 4 
 1 13 3 
 
 1880. 
 £27 13 10 
 2 2 2 
 
 £23 8 1 
 
 £25 11 8 
 
 Incidence of taxation is 6f per cent of earnings against 
 6|- in 1870 : it is 2| per cent less than in the United States, 
 and is the lightest ratio for any country in the world. 
 
 Public debt has doubled since 1870, owing chiefly to 
 the expenditure on railways, canals, lighthouses, and har- 
 bours. It amounts to thirty -five millions sterling, or a 
 little over £8 per inhabitant, against £33 in Australia. 
 
 Food supply is abundant, the exportation averaging ten 
 million bushels grain and 16,500 tons meat per annum. 
 Production and consumption are shown thus — 
 
 Quantity. Ratio per inhabitant. 
 
 ^ ^ > ^ 
 
 Production: Consumption. Production. Consumption. 
 Grain, million bushels 170 160 40*30 bush. 37*92 
 
 Meat, tons. . . 287,000 270,000 153 lbs. 120 
 
 No country, except the United States, raises so much 
 grain per inhabitant, and the production of meat is three 
 times the European average (Table 26). 
 
1880. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 2,863,000 
 
 56 per cent 
 
 £88,666,000 
 
 55 
 
 392,000,000 
 
 103 
 
 3,401,000 
 
 89 
 
 4,350 
 
 272 
 
 26,840 
 
 93 
 
 £15,927,000 
 
 66 
 
 £91,142,000 
 
 153 
 
 124 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF AUSTEALIA. 
 
 The relative progress of this colony (or group of colonies) 
 far exceeds that of the United States, and may be summed 
 up thus : — 
 
 1870. 
 
 Population . 1,829,000 
 
 Commerce . £57,302,000 
 
 Wool, lbs. . 193,000,000 
 
 Acres under grain 1,811,000 
 
 Railways, miles . 1,170 
 
 Telegraphs „ . . 14,000 
 
 Revenue . . £9,585,000 
 
 Debt . . £36,170,000 
 
 The increase of population has been almost double the 
 ratio of the United States. Immigration averaged 58,400 
 souls per annum, while the natural increase was 20 per 
 1000 on the medium population, against 22 in the United 
 States, and 7 in Europe. 
 
 i>iumDex. per annum. 
 Births . . . 794,500 34-54 
 
 Deaths . . 344,500 14*98 
 
 Natural increase . 450,000 19*56 
 
 Net immigration . 584,000 25 '40 
 
 The vital statistics vary according to climate, as in 
 Europe, the deaths averaging 11 per 1000 in New Zealand 
 and 18 in Queensland, and the births 41 per 1000 in New 
 Zealand and 31 in Tasmania. The highest natural increase 
 is that of New Zealand, 30 per 1000, or 3 per cent annu- 
 ally on the population, which is the highest ratio in the 
 world. On the other hand Tasmania and Victoria average 
 only 16 per 1000, or about double the European average 
 (Table 13). No country in the world except the United 
 States attracts so large a number of European settlers, the 
 
AUSTRALIA. 125 
 
 average of net immigration for the last ten years having 
 been 160 persons daily, or 58,000 per annum, against 
 45,000 in the Eiver Plate, 28,000 in Canada, and 2000 in 
 South Africa. In fact, the annual gain to Australia by 
 immigration is more than the increase of population in any 
 of five of the smaller kingdoms of Europe. In ten years 
 more Australia will have the same population that the 
 United States had in 1801. 
 
 Commerce has increased more in imports than in ex- 
 ports, the former being at present 15 per cent over the 
 latter, viz.- 
 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Ratio per inhabitant. 
 
 
 Imports 
 Exports 
 
 1870. 1879. 
 
 £28,881,000 £47,379,000 
 
 28,421,000 41,277,000 
 
 1870. 1879. 
 
 £15 15 10 £17 4 
 
 15 10 5 15 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 Total . 
 
 £57,302,000 £88,656,000 
 
 £31 6 3 £32 4 
 
 6 
 
 The balance of trade against the country has risen 
 from 5 to 44 shillings per inhabitant, and the growth of 
 wealth has in the same period been enormous, as shown by 
 the increase of bank deposits. Hence it would appear that 
 a surplus of imports by no means impoverishes a nation. 
 The average of trade per inhabitant is £12 higher than in 
 Great Britain, 5 times the ratio of Europe (Table 2), and 
 5 J times that of the United States. 
 
 Pastoral industry has been the mainspring of advance- 
 ment, the flocks and herds having multiplied in ten years 
 as follows : — 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Horses 
 
 798,000 
 
 1,010,000 
 
 26 pel 
 
 • cent 
 
 Cows . 
 
 4,713,000 
 
 7,879,000 
 
 6S 
 
 >» 
 
 Sheep 
 
 51,294,000 
 
 65,914,000 
 
 29 
 
 )f 
 
 Pigs . 
 
 695,000 
 
 822,000 
 
 19 
 
 « 
 
 Total 
 
 57,500,000 
 
 75,625,000 
 
 32 
 
 M 
 
126 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Each inhabitant produces at present 143 lbs. wool, 
 against 105 lbs. in 1870, although the average number of 
 sheep to population is 4 less, as appears in the following 
 statement : — 
 
 Cows per inhabitant. Sheep per inhabitant. Wool, lbs. p. inhab. 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 ■ N 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 N. S. Wales 
 
 4-57 
 
 3-90 
 
 33-98 
 
 39-50 
 
 98 
 
 152 
 
 Victoria . 
 
 1-03 
 
 1-23 
 
 15-37 
 
 9-45 
 
 74 
 
 58 
 
 S. Australia 
 
 0-78 
 
 1-02 
 
 25-14 
 
 23-44 
 
 149 
 
 208 
 
 W. Australia 
 
 1-88 
 
 2-02 
 
 25-37 
 
 37-00 
 
 75 
 
 105 
 
 Tasmania . 
 
 1-04 
 
 1-13 
 
 13-90 
 
 16-10 
 
 43 
 
 68 
 
 Queensland 
 
 9-36 
 
 12-73 
 
 71-00 
 
 27-55 
 
 180 
 
 114 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 1-79 
 
 1-26 
 
 39-60 
 
 28-41 
 
 151 
 
 134 
 
 General avera< 
 
 ?e 2-58 
 
 2-87 
 
 28-03 
 
 24-02 
 
 105 
 
 143 
 
 Horned cattle, strange to say, have increased faster 
 than sheep, but the quality of the latter has improved so 
 much that the average fleece is 60 per cent heavier, having 
 risen from 3*78 lbs. to 5*94 lbs. Thus, although the value 
 of wool has declined in the world's markets, each inhabit- 
 ant of Australia, with a ratio of four sheep less than in 
 1870, exports 119 shillings worth of wool, against 91 
 shillings in 1870; sheep producing now 5 shillings per 
 fleece, against 40 pence ten years ago. The superiority of 
 Australian sheep is shown in comparison with those of 
 other countries thus : — 
 
 Average fleece, lbs. 
 
 Value per lb; 
 
 Product per sheep. 
 
 Australia . 6 
 
 10 pence 
 
 60 pence 
 
 Eiver Plate . 4 
 
 6 „ 
 
 24 „ 
 
 South Africa . 4 
 
 13 „ 
 
 62 „ 
 
 The fleece is by no means uniform, for it averages 3 
 lbs. in Western Australia ; 4 lbs. in Tasmania, Queensland, 
 and New South Wales ; 5 lbs. in New Zealand ; 6 lbs. in 
 Victoria, and 9 lbs. in South Australia. The highest value 
 
AUSTRALIA. 127 
 
 of wool for population is £8 per inhabitant in New South 
 Wales and £7 in South Australia and New Zealand. 
 
 Agriculture, judged by the acres under tillage, has 
 advanced 89 per cent, or by the number of bushels of grain 
 produced 75 per cent; but the progress has varied con- 
 siderably, some of the colonies having remained stationary, 
 and some even retrograded, the latter discovering that their 
 interests lay rather in pastoral pursuits. 
 
 Acres under grain. 
 
 Crop, 
 
 bushels. 
 
 Bushels I 
 1870. 
 
 )er inhab. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1879. 
 
 K S. Wales 285,000 
 
 489,000 
 
 3,700,000 
 
 8,800,000 
 
 770 
 
 12-20 
 
 Yictoria 493,000 
 
 888,000 
 
 6,600,000 
 
 9,900,000 
 
 9-40 
 
 11-05 
 
 S. Australia 637,000 
 
 1,326,000 
 
 7,500,000 
 
 9,500,000 
 
 42-80 
 
 36-50 
 
 W.Australia 34,000 
 
 31,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 12-50 
 
 10-00 
 
 Tasmania 106,000 
 
 89,000 
 
 2,200,000 
 
 1,900,000 
 
 22-70 
 
 15-80 
 
 Queensland 23,000 
 
 69,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 1,700,000 
 
 4-40 
 
 7-70 
 
 N. Zealand 234,000 
 
 509,000 
 
 6,800,000 
 
 16,100,000 
 
 27-20 
 
 35-80 
 
 Total 1,812,000 
 
 3,401,000 
 
 27,600,000 
 
 48,200,000 
 
 15-10 
 
 17.20 
 
 In 1870 each inhabitant cultivated almost an acre of 
 grain, and produced 15 bushels; in 1879 the ratio was 
 l^ acre and 17 bushels ; only two of the colonies, namely 
 New Zealand and South Australia, raising more grain 
 than enough for their own immediate consumption. The 
 average yield per acre of the various crops is shown 
 thus : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Bushels 
 
 per acre. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Wheat 
 
 1,202,000 
 
 2,578,000 
 
 14,000,000 
 
 26,042,000 
 
 11-70 
 
 10-10 
 
 Oats 
 
 322,000 
 
 468,000 
 
 7,000,000 
 
 11,950,000 
 
 21-85 
 
 25-40 
 
 Maize 
 
 124,000 
 
 186,000 
 
 2,900,000 
 
 6,001,000 
 
 23-40 
 
 32-25 
 
 Barley, etc 
 
 . 164,000 
 1,812,000 
 
 169,000 
 
 3,700,000 
 27,600,000 
 
 4,193,000 
 48,186,000 
 
 22-55 
 
 24-80 
 
 Total 
 
 3,401,000 
 
 15.20 
 
 14-17 
 
 The wheat-crop of 1880 rose to 36| million bushels. 
 
128 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 During four years, ending December 1878, the value 
 and extent of Crown lands disposed of were as follows : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 , . , Annual average 
 Sum realised. 
 
 , Price per 
 
 
 
 
 acres. 
 
 acre. 
 
 
 New S. Wales 
 
 13,670,000 
 
 £13,980,800 
 
 3,418,000 
 
 £1 
 
 5 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 2,510,000 
 
 4,032,000 
 
 627,500 
 
 1 12 
 
 
 
 S. Australia 
 
 2,360,000 
 
 4,780,000 
 
 690,000 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 Queensland 
 
 2,060,000 
 
 1,250,000 
 
 515,000 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 Victoria 
 
 1,513,000 
 
 1,970,000 
 
 378,000 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 
 Tasmania and 
 W. Australia 
 
 337,000 
 22,450,000 
 
 340,000 
 
 84,000 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 £26,352,000 
 
 5,612,500 
 
 £1 3 
 
 5 
 
 Gold-mining has greatly declined in late years : the 
 total production has been as follows : — 
 
 Millions sterling. Per annum. 
 
 1851-59 . . 102 £11,333,000 
 
 1860-69 . . 118 11,800,000 
 
 1870-79 . . 72 7,200,000 
 
 292 £10,700,000 
 
 In 1880 it did not amount to 4 millions sterling. 
 There is, however, a remarkable activity in other branches 
 of mining, viz. — 
 
 1870. 1878. 
 
 Copper and tin . . £708,000 1,771,000 
 
 Coal 260,000 710,000 
 
 £968,000 2,481,000 
 
 The increase of railways and telegraphs since 1870 has 
 been relatively far greater than in the United States, as 
 compared with population, the new railways being 3180 
 miles, and the telegraph lines 12,800 miles in length. 
 Taking the medium population for the decade, we find 
 that every 10,000 inhabitants constructed 14 miles of 
 railway and 56 of telegraphs, against 9 miles of railway 
 and 11 of telegraph in the United States. The railway 
 traffic is even lighter than in the United States, averaging 
 
AUSTRALIA. 129. 
 
 barely 1000 passengers, and 1000 tons of merchandise per 
 mile. The telegraph traffic is enormous, reaching 4,600,000 
 messages, or 165 per 100 inhabitants, a ratio unapproached 
 by any other nation, and even double that of Great Britain. 
 Money is not abundant, in fact no country has so small 
 a currency in relation to commerce, namely 16 per cent, 
 against 28 per cent in Great Britain, and 80 in the United 
 States. The figures stand thus : — 
 
 Amount. Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce. 
 
 Gold . £9,000,000 £3 4 10 per cent 
 
 Silver . 1,000,000 7 2 1 
 
 Paper . 4,550,000 1 12 5 5 
 
 £14,550,000 £5 3 7 16 
 
 Since the gold discoveries Australia has coined 59 
 millions sterling in gold, the Sydney mint producing at 
 present about 3 millions per annum. Banking returns for 
 1878 show a prodigious business compared with popula- 
 tion, the discounts reaching 260 millions per annum, or 
 £96 per inhabitant, against £40 in Great Britain, and £22 
 in Canada. Deposits rose from 32| millions in 1873 to 
 51 millions in 1878, being an increase of £3,700,000 per 
 annum, or 32 shillings per inhabitant, against 3 shillings 
 in Canada. The actual amount of deposits, and the annual 
 discount business, compared with population in the several 
 colonies, give the following ratios per head : — 
 
 Amount of deposits Annual discounts 
 
 per inhabitant. per inhabitant. 
 
 N. S. Wales 
 Victoria 
 S. Australia 
 Tasmania . 
 Queensland 
 New Zealand 
 
 1873. 1878. 1873. 1878. 
 
 £18 14 6 £23 17 10 £71 £97 
 
 15 7 6 18 10 2 80 104 
 
 10 18 2 13 10 4 70 98 
 
 8 3 10 17 8 38 60 
 
 13 14 3 19 11 57 80 
 
 15 14 8 20 7 4 72 118 
 
 General average £15 9 9 19 12 5 73 
 
130 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 The business altogether shows a rise of 27 per cent in 
 deposits, and 35 per cent in discounts in five years. 
 
 Summing up all the industries we find as follows : — 
 
 Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Commerce 
 
 57 
 
 89 
 
 626 
 
 644 
 
 Manufactures . 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 98 
 
 92 
 
 Mining . 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 99 
 
 43 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 35 
 
 52 
 
 380 
 
 370 
 
 Banking, etc. . 
 
 64 
 
 13 
 
 67 
 
 86 
 
 
 116i 
 
 173 
 
 1,270 
 
 1,235 
 
 The ratio per inhabitant, for all industries combined, is 
 three times that of Europe, 55 per cent over the United 
 States, and 5 per cent over Great Britain, being in fact the 
 highest for any people in the world. 
 
 Although the earnings of the colonists have risen 40 
 per cent, such has been the increase of population that the 
 average per inhabitant is less than in 1870 : — 
 
 
 Millions 
 
 1870. 
 63 
 10 
 
 53 
 
 sterling. 
 
 1879. 
 89 
 16 
 
 73 
 
 Per inhabitant. 
 
 
 Earnings 
 Taxes . 
 
 1870. 
 £34 12 
 5 9 
 
 1879. 
 
 £31 2 
 
 5 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 £29 3 
 
 £25 8 
 
 
 
 The incidence of taxation has risen from 16 to 19 per 
 cent, being now 7 per cent over the ratio of Great Britain . 
 Nevertheless, it falls lightly, as a great portion is derived 
 from Crown lands, viz. — 
 
 Ratio per inhabitant. 
 Crown lands . . . £6,588,000 £2 7 6 
 
 Taxes .... 5,927,000 226 
 
 Railways and Sundries . 3,412,500 14 6 
 
 £15,927,500 £5 14 6 
 
AUSTRALIA. 
 
 131 
 
 The average of revenue and public debt for the several 
 colonies varies exceedingly, as the wealth and resources of 
 some enable them to support easily a burthen per head 
 that in others would be oppressive. The increase of 
 revenue since 1870, as also that of public debt, and the 
 ratios per inhabitant, are shown as follows : — 
 
 
 Revenue. 
 
 Ratio per 
 
 inhabitant 
 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 
 N. S. Wales 
 
 . £2,575,000 
 
 £4,475,000 
 
 £5 7 3 
 
 £6 1 
 
 4 
 
 Victoria . 
 
 3,262,000 
 
 4,622,000 
 
 4 13 3 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 S. Australia 
 
 860,000 
 
 1,662,000 
 
 4 18 2 
 
 6 8 
 
 
 
 W. Australia 
 
 98,000 
 
 196,000 
 
 4 2 
 
 6 10 
 
 6 
 
 Tasmania . 
 
 270,000 
 
 375,000 
 
 2 15 10 
 
 3 6 
 
 2 
 
 Queensland 
 
 786,000 
 
 1,462,000 
 
 6 16 6 
 
 6 13 
 
 1 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 1,733,000 
 
 3,135,000 
 
 7 1 6 
 
 6 16 
 
 3 
 
 Total . 
 
 . £9,584,000 
 
 £15,927,000 
 
 £5 8 7 
 
 £5 14 
 
 
 
 
 Debt 
 
 
 Per inhabitant. 
 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 
 N.S.Wales . 
 
 £9,681,000 £14,937,000 
 
 £20 3 
 
 £19 4 
 
 6 
 
 Victoria 
 
 11,925,000 
 
 22,050,000 
 
 17 8 
 
 23 4 
 
 4 
 
 S. Australia . 
 
 1,945,000 
 
 9,856,000 
 
 11 3 
 
 35 4 
 
 
 
 W. Australia . 
 
 
 361,000 
 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 Tasmania, 
 
 1,269,000 
 
 1,787,000 
 
 13 2 
 
 14 18 
 
 
 
 Queensland 
 
 3,509,000 
 
 13,193,000 
 
 29 2 
 
 60 
 
 7 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 . 7,842,000 
 
 28,958,000 
 £91,142,000 
 
 31 4 4 
 
 63 1 
 £31 19 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 £36,171,000 i 
 
 £19 14 6 
 
 2 
 
 The revenue per inhabitant has risen 5 per cent, the 
 debt 60 per cent, but the latter is comparatively light, 
 since the deposits in bank would pay off 62 per cent of 
 the amount. As the weight of debt and taxation can best 
 be measured by earnings and capital, the following 
 statement conveys a much more accurate idea (the word 
 " taxes '* being equivalent to revenue) : — 
 
132 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Earnings per Capital per Ratio of taxes Ratio of debt 
 inhabitant. inhabitant. to earnings. to capital. 
 
 N. S. Wales 
 
 £33 4 
 
 
 
 £181 
 
 18 p. c. 
 
 lip 
 
 Victoria . 
 
 27 12 
 
 
 
 151 
 
 18i » 
 
 16 
 
 S. Australia 
 
 33 10 
 
 
 
 183 
 
 19 „ 
 
 20 
 
 W. Australia 
 
 23 7 
 
 
 
 129 
 
 27 „ 
 
 9^ 
 
 Tasmania 
 
 27 10 
 
 
 
 151 
 
 12 „ 
 
 10 
 
 Queensland 
 
 36 4 
 
 
 
 199 
 
 m « 
 
 30 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 38 7 
 
 
 
 211 
 £171 
 
 17 „ 
 19 „ 
 
 30 
 
 General average 
 
 £31 2 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 Food-supply is practically inexhaustible, the flocks and 
 herds aff'ording easily a meat crop of one million tons, 
 sufficient for 20 million inhabitants, that is 7 times the 
 actual population. The grain crop reaches 60 million 
 bushels, of which one-third is exported. The meat supply 
 is shown thus, per annum : — 
 
 
 Animals for slaughter. 
 
 Tons of meat. 
 
 Pounds per inhab. 
 
 Cows 
 
 1,350,000 
 
 520,000 
 
 420 
 
 Sheep 
 
 22,000,000 
 
 440,000 
 
 350 
 
 Hogs 
 
 360,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 23 
 
 23,710,000 990,000 793 
 
 Australia could, therefore, export 700,000 tons of 
 meat, say 2000 tons daily, without reducing the capital 
 number of her sheep and cattle. 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF mDIA. 
 
 The last ten years have witnessed a great development of 
 industry in many branches, more than compensating for 
 the decline in cotton and silk. There has been, moreover, 
 a remarkable rise in revenue as well as in the value of 
 
INDIA. 
 
 133 
 
 agricultural exports, owing to the multiplication of rail- 
 ways and canals. The items of national progress may be 
 summed up thus : — 
 
 1870. 1880. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Railways, miles . 4,775 8,611 
 
 80 per cent. 
 
 Telegraphs „ . 14,400 18,200 
 
 26 „ 
 
 Revenue . . . £50,901,000 : £67,615,000 
 
 34 „ 
 
 Debt . . . £108,184,000 £153,000,000 
 
 41 „ 
 
 Imports . . . £32,850,000 £37,760,000 
 
 15 ,, 
 
 Exports . . . £52,470,000 £60,940,000 
 
 16 ,, 
 
 Port entries, tons . 3,100,000 8,150,000 
 
 163 ,, 
 
 The shipments of cotton have fallen from 250,000 to 
 
 170,000 tons, and of silk from 2J to IJ million lbs., 
 
 causing a deficit of 12 millions sterling in these two items, 
 but there has been an increase of more than 20 millions in 
 other articles, as shown thus : — 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 £870,000 
 
 £1,545,000 
 
 80 per cent 
 
 Cotton 
 
 19,100,000 
 
 7,900,000 
 
 
 Opium 
 
 11,690,000 
 
 12,995,000 
 
 11 per cent 
 
 Rice, wheat, etc 
 
 3,050,000 
 
 9,490,000 
 
 216 „ 
 
 Seeds 
 
 2,310,000 
 
 4,680,000 
 
 103 „ 
 
 Jute 
 
 2,200,000 
 
 4,900,000 
 
 122 „ 
 
 Tea 
 
 1,080,000 
 
 3,170,000 
 
 193 „ 
 
 Wool 
 
 470,000 
 
 1,110,000 
 
 115 „ 
 
 snk 
 
 1,560,000 
 
 620,000 
 
 
 Sundries . 
 
 10,140,000 
 
 14,530,000 
 
 44 per cent 
 
 Total . 
 
 . £52,470,000 
 
 £60,940,000 
 
 16 „ 
 
 In 1880 there were 19 J million acres under wheat, 
 but the crop is almost wholly required for home consump- 
 tion, the average exports for the last three years not 
 exceeding 9 million bushels per annum, or 3 per cent of 
 the crop. Eice shows a notable increase, the average 
 shipments for 1876-79 being 40 million bushels, against 
 28 million in the years 1870-71. 
 
134 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Net imports of specie during the last ten years 
 amounted to £68,800,000, say 7 millions sterling per 
 annum, against 20 millions in the previous decade. The 
 Government coins from 3 to 4 millions sterling per annum 
 in silver, and the paper money in circulation is a little 
 over 12 millions. 
 
 New railways since 1870 have cost 50 millions ster- 
 ling, averaging £13,000 per mile, the account standing 
 thus — 
 
 Per mile. 
 
 1870. »- 1880. 1870. 1880. 
 
 Miles open . . 4775 8611 
 
 Earnings . . £6,214,000 11,231,000 £1292 1309 
 
 Expenses . . 3,376,000 5,859,000 704 681 
 
 Net profits . . 2,838,000 5,372,000 588 628 
 
 Cost of construction £75,000,000 £125,600,000 £15,600 14,610 
 
 Profit on capital . 3*78 4*30 
 
 The traffic compares with the returns for Great Britain 
 and United States as follows : — 
 
 
 Passengers per mile. 
 
 Tons goods per mile. 
 
 India 
 
 5,020 
 
 905 
 
 United States . 
 
 2,290 
 
 2,425 
 
 Great Britain , 
 
 35,540 
 
 12,150 
 
 Irrigation works have cost 14 millions sterling, and 
 the gross income from the same in 1879 was £1,383,000; 
 after deducting working expenses there was a net profit 
 of £9'40,000, or 6| per cent on the capital. 
 
 Telegraphs have a length of 18,000 miles, but are 
 little used, the messages not yet reaching 1 per 100 inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 Ee venue rose 32 per cent in ten years ending 1879, 
 the principal items being as follow : — 
 

 INDIA— SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 
 
 1869. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Land tax 
 
 . £20,466,000 
 
 22,450,000 
 
 £1,984,000 
 
 Opium . 
 
 8,386,000 
 
 9,340,000 
 
 954,000 
 
 Salt 
 
 6,017,000 
 
 6,941,000 
 
 924,000 
 
 Customs and 
 
 excise 4,654,000 
 
 4,946,000 
 
 292,000 
 
 Public works 
 
 496,000 
 
 7,540,000 
 
 7,044,000 
 
 Stamps and licences 2,923,000 
 
 4,012,000 
 
 1,089,000 
 
 Sundries 
 
 6,644,000 
 
 9,979,000 
 
 3,335,000 
 
 135 
 
 £49,586, 000 £65,208,000 £15,622,000 
 
 Almost half the increase is due to reproductive public 
 works, the amount of capital invested therein being 140 
 millions, as shown above. 
 
 Public debt has risen 45 millions since 1870, the 
 interest now amounting to £6,360,000 per annum, against 
 £2,700,000 in 1870. 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 Cape Colony and Natal may be considered collectively, 
 and have made considerable advancement since 1870, as 
 shown thus — 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Population 
 
 872,000 
 
 1,363,000 
 
 55 per cent 
 
 Revenue 
 
 £957,000 
 
 3,690,000 
 
 270 „ 
 
 Debt . 
 
 1,375,000 
 
 8,620,000 
 
 520 „ 
 
 Commerce 
 
 7,970,000 
 
 17,420,000 
 
 117 „ 
 
 Tonnage entries 
 
 420,000 
 
 1,380,000 
 
 240 „ 
 
 The increase of population is mostly, the result of con- 
 quest, the influx of settlers not exceeding 1900 yearly. 
 The whites number 260,000, and their vital statistics 
 compare with Australia as follows : — 
 
 South Africa. Australia. 
 
 Births per 1000 inhab. 43 34^ 
 
 Deaths ... 21 15 
 
 Increase . . 22 19^ 
 
136 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 The balance of trade is pretty even, and shows as 
 follows : — 
 
 Amount. Shillings per inhab. 
 
 1870. 1880. 1870. 1880. 
 
 Imports . £2,780,000 £8,730,000 64 129 
 
 Exports . 5,190,000 8,690,000 119 128 
 
 Total . £7,970,000 £17,420,000 183 257 
 
 " Owing to improved methods of farming, the pastoral 
 products have increased not only in quantity but in price, 
 viz. wool has risen from 11 to 13 pence. Angora hair 
 from 16 to 20 pence, and ostrich feathers from 63 to 167 
 shillings per lb., on the general value of shipments of those 
 articles in 1879 compared with 1870. The average fleece 
 is 4 lbs. ; the goats yield 2 lbs. of hair, and the ostriches 
 3 lbs. of feathers, the annual product being as follows : — 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Clip lbs. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Yield per animal. 
 
 Sheep 
 
 . 11,280,000 
 
 45,000,000 
 
 £2,400,000 
 
 60 pence 
 
 Goats 
 
 810,000 
 
 1,600,000 
 
 130,000 
 
 40 „ 
 
 Ostriches 
 
 22,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 £27 
 
 The increase of exports during the last ten years has 
 been 69 per cent, and is shown as follows : — 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Diamonds 
 
 . £2,200,000 
 
 £3,600,000 
 
 60 per cent 
 
 Wool 
 
 1,790,000 
 
 2,320,000 
 
 28 „ 
 
 Sugar 
 
 111,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 36 „ 
 
 Feathers, etc. 
 
 etc. 1,089,000 
 
 2,620,000 
 
 140 „ 
 
 
 £5,190,000 
 
 £8,690,000 
 
 69 „ 
 
 Eailways were unknown in 1870, and the colonists 
 have since then constructed 900 miles, representing a value 
 equivalent to the whole public debt. They carry annually 
 1 million passengers and 200,000 tons of merchandise. 
 Almost 2000 miles of telegraph lines have been made in 
 
SOUTH AFRICA. 137 
 
 the same interval, tlie total length being now 2700 miles. 
 Port entries have more than trebled since 1870. 
 
 Public lands are sold at a shilling an acre, or rented to 
 squatters, the average disposed of each year being 1,300,000 
 acres. The Government have already disposed of 78 
 million acres, there being still fifty-four millions available 
 for settlers. The colony derives an income of £90,000 
 a-year from public lands. 
 
 The growth of earnings and taxation since 1870 has 
 been — 
 
 Amount. Per inhabitant. 
 
 1870. 1880. 
 
 Earnings . £12,800,000 £18,200,000 
 Taxes . . 957,000 3,690,000 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 £14 10 
 
 £13 8 
 
 119 
 
 2 14 
 
 Net income £11,843,000 £14,510,000 £13 8 3 £10 14 
 
 The incidence of taxation has risen from 8 to 20 per 
 cent, the expenditure being much increased by the growth 
 of debt. 
 
 Since 1870 the debt has grown sixfold, and is now 130s. 
 per inhabitant against 31s. in 1870. 
 
 Food-supply is insufficient as regards grain, but offers 
 a superabundance of meat. There are 600,000 acres under 
 grain, giving an ordinary crop of 6 million bushels, and 
 as the consumption reaches 7 million, it is necessary to 
 import a million bushels yearly between wheat and rice. 
 The consumption is about 5 J bushels per inhabitant. The 
 meat-supply available is as follows : — 
 
 Tons. lbs. per inhabitant. 
 Beef . . . 73,000 120 
 
 Mutton . . 70,000 115 
 
 143,000 235 
 
 As the consumption hardly exceeds half this quantity, 
 
138 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 the cattle are multiplying so fast that the census of 1875 
 showed the cows had increased 90 per cent, the sheep 14 
 per cent in ten years from 1865. 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF SOUTH AMEEICA. 
 
 This portion of the civilised world has not advanced as 
 much during the last decade as in the previous one, partly 
 owing to civil wars, partly to a commercial crisis, intensified 
 by protection tariffs. There has been, nevertheless, an 
 increase of 12 per cent in the aggregate industries, viz. — 
 
 Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Commerce 
 
 85 
 
 90 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 Agi'iculture 
 Manufactures . 
 
 70 
 18 
 
 80 
 22 
 
 56 
 15 
 
 64 
 17 
 
 Mining 
 
 Carrying, banking, etc. 
 
 7 
 
 " 7 
 
 7 
 11 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 6 
 9 
 
 
 187 
 
 210 
 
 151 
 
 168 
 
 The balance of trade is in favour of South America, 
 having undergone a complete change since 1870, and the 
 surplus of exports over imports being 5s. per inhabitant, 
 viz. — 
 
 Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant. 
 
 Imports , 
 Exports . 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 43 
 
 42 
 
 34i 
 
 334 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 33i 
 
 38i 
 
 85 90 68 72 
 
 The commerce of the various States has fluctuated in 
 such a manner that it is necessary to study them sepa- 
 rately, viz. — 
 
SOUTH AMERICi^ 
 
 - 
 
 139 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 1870. 1878. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Brazil . . £16,230,000 £16,350,Q00 
 
 £16,790,000 
 
 £20,400,000 
 
 Argent. Republic 9,320,000 8,470,000 
 
 5,350,000 
 
 7,263,000 
 
 Uruguay . 2,960,000 3,130,000 
 
 2,480,000 
 
 3,510,000 
 
 Chile . . 4,250,000 4,430,000 
 
 5,160,000 
 
 5,450,000 
 
 Peru . . 5,140,000 2,620,000 
 
 6,100,000 
 
 3,850,000 
 
 Yenezuela, etc. 5,150,000 6,600,000 
 
 5,960,000 
 
 7,627,000 
 
 £43,050,000 £41,600,000 
 
 £41,840,000 
 
 £48,100,000 
 
 There is a rise of 1 2 per cent in the trade of Brazil, 7 
 in that of the Argentine Eepublic, 18 in that of Uruguay, 
 and 5 J per cent in that of Chile, but a decline of 45 per 
 cent in that of Peru. 
 
 Coffee is the great industry of Brazil, the crop of 1879 
 reaching 335,000 tons, of which 273,000 were exported. 
 Sugar is another Brazilian product, grown in most parts of 
 the empire, yet the total shipments are no greater than 
 those of the little island of Mauritius, 140,000 tons. 
 
 Wool is the source of Argentine wealth, but so many 
 of the inhabitants have taken to agriculture and manufac- 
 tures, on account of the 40 per cent import tariff, that 
 sheep-farming has declined. The average exports of wool 
 in the years 1872-73 amounted to 221 million lbs., and in 
 1878-79 to no more than 202 million lbs. The value of 
 wool and sheepskins in 1872 was £4,103,000, and has now 
 fallen to £3,736,000. The export of dried beef has like- 
 wise fallen from 92 to 74 million lbs., but the price having 
 risen from £8 to £11 per ton, the value of shipments is 
 the same. 
 
 Copper is the great product of Chile, varying from 2 J 
 to 3 millions sterling per annum. Guano is superseded in 
 Peru by nitrate of soda, of which 20,000 tons are shipped 
 monthly. Sugar is also grown in Peru, mostly for home 
 use. 
 
uo 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Eailways have been made, with English capital, all over 
 the continent, having at present three times the length 
 which they had in 1870. Telegraphs have grown fivefold. 
 
 
 
 Railways, 
 .J- 
 
 miles. 
 
 Telegraphs 
 
 , miles. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 ^ 
 
 1879. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Brazil 
 
 630 
 
 1,910 
 
 1,400 
 
 4,300 
 
 Argentine Republic 
 
 . 590 
 
 1,480 
 
 900 
 
 4,850 
 
 Peru . 
 
 300 
 
 1,440 
 
 300 
 
 1,600 
 
 Chile . 
 
 
 480 
 
 1,050 
 
 800 
 
 4,500 
 
 Uruguay- 
 
 
 40 
 
 235 
 
 60 
 
 760 
 
 Venezuela . 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 350 
 
 New Grenada 
 
 
 46 
 
 66 
 
 200 
 
 1,850 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 210 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 
 
 130 
 
 
 490 
 
 Paraguay . 
 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 2,131 
 
 6,452 
 
 3,705 
 
 18,955 
 
 The railways, built since 1870, make up 4400 miles, 
 and cost nearly 70 millions sterling. There are at present 
 fifty-six lines working, the cost and traffic of which may be 
 summed up thus : — 
 
 state. 
 Brazil . 
 Argentine Rep 
 ChHe . 
 Peru 
 Uruguay, etc. 
 
 Telegraphs are little used, but the traffic is increasing 
 very fast. In 1870 there were only 190,000 messages, or 
 one for 131 inhabitants; but in 1879 the number rose to 
 857,000, or one for 30, say one -tenth of the European 
 average. 
 
 Kevenue has risen 26, public debt 45, per cent : — 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Cost. 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 Profit on Capital 
 
 . 1910 
 
 £35,800,000 
 
 £2,400,000 
 
 3^ per cent 
 
 ic 1480 
 
 10,150,000 
 
 1,310,000 
 
 44 „ 
 
 . 1050 
 
 9,800,000 
 
 950,000 
 
 4 
 
 . 1440 
 
 32,400,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 1 
 
 . 572 
 
 6,950,000 
 £95,100,000 
 
 550,000 
 £5,810,000 
 
 4 
 
 6452 
 
 3 
 

 SOUTH AMERICi^ 
 
 
 141 
 
 
 Revenue. 
 
 Debt. 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Brazil 
 
 . £7,800,000 £10,200,000 
 
 £72,400,000 
 
 £81,500,000 
 
 Argent. Republic 2,960,000 
 
 3,450,000 
 
 11,800,000 
 
 26,400,000 
 
 Uruguay . 
 
 830,000 
 
 1,250,000 
 
 8,200,000 
 
 10,350,000 
 
 Chile 
 
 . 2,250,000 
 
 3,100,000 
 
 5,400,000 
 
 12,600,000 
 
 Peru . 
 
 . 3,000,000 
 
 3,370,000 
 
 22,000,000 
 
 42,800,000 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 400,000 
 
 460,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 6,500,000 
 
 Paraguay . 
 
 
 44,000 
 
 
 3,400,000 
 
 Ecuador . 
 
 300,000 
 
 350,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 3,600,000 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 700,000 
 
 940,000 
 
 11,000,000 
 
 13,600,000 
 
 New Grenada 
 
 860,000 
 £19,100,000 , 
 
 980,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 4,100,000 
 
 
 £24,144,000 £138,800,000 £204,850,000 
 
 Besides the revenue above stated there are local taxes, 
 which average 8 shillings per inhabitant in Brazil, 22 
 shillings in the Argentine Eepublic, and 6 shillings in 
 Chile. The debts as given above do not comprehend 
 municipal debts or railway guarantees, but national and 
 provincial debts, treasury bonds, and all funded and un- 
 funded obligations, including also paper-money. Dividing 
 all into home and foreign debts we find the following : — 
 
 
 London loans. 
 
 Internal debt. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Brazil . 
 
 £22,300,000 
 
 £59,200,000 
 
 £81,500,000 
 
 Argentine Eepublic 
 
 10,200,000 
 
 16,200,000 
 
 26,400,000 
 
 Chile . 
 
 6,800,000 
 
 5,800,000 
 
 12,600,000 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 3,500,000 
 
 6,850,000 
 
 10,350,000 
 
 ^Peru . 
 
 31,800,000 
 
 11,000,000 
 
 42,800,000 
 
 *Venezuela 
 
 6,700,000 
 
 6,900,000 
 
 13,600,000 
 
 ^Bolivia, etc. . 
 
 8,400,000 
 
 9,200,000 
 
 17,600,000 
 
 Total . 
 
 £89,700,000 
 
 £115,150,000 
 
 £204,860,000 
 
 Those marked with an asterisk being defaulters, the 
 loans in London on which interest is paid amount only to 
 43 millions. Scarcely half of the internal debts get interest, 
 for some of them are in suspense, and others consist of 
 " curso forzoso " paper-money. Specie payments are now 
 
 L 
 
142 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD. 
 
 suspended in the following countries, whose currency is as 
 follows : — 
 
 state. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Ratio per inhab. 
 
 Brazil . 
 
 £27,700,000 
 
 80 per cent 
 
 £2 15 6 
 
 Argentine Republic 
 
 9,600,000 
 
 82 „ 
 
 4 14 
 
 Uruguay . 
 
 940,000 
 
 20 „ 
 
 2 4 
 
 Chile . 
 
 8,200,000 
 
 85 „ 
 
 3 12 
 
 Peru 
 
 15,000,000 
 
 20 „ 
 
 5 18 
 
 Five others 
 
 5,000,000 
 
 80 „ 
 
 ^1 ,. 
 
 13 
 
 Total . 
 
 £66,440,000 
 
 £2 11 
 
 The amount of paper was only 37 millions in 1870 ; it 
 has therefore increased nearly 80 per cent. 
 
 Distributing the earnings, taxation, and debt for each 
 country, according to population, we find as follows, per 
 inhabitant : — 
 
 
 Earnings. 
 
 Taxes 
 
 
 Debt. 
 
 
 Brazil 
 
 £8 6 
 
 £1 8 
 
 
 
 £8 4 
 
 
 
 Argentine Republic . 
 
 10 3 
 
 2 11 
 
 
 
 12 14 
 
 
 
 Chile 
 
 8 11 
 
 1 16 
 
 
 
 6 18 
 
 
 
 Peru. 
 
 8 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 16 12 
 
 
 
 Uruguay . 
 
 14 10 
 
 3 13 
 
 
 
 23 10 
 
 
 
 Average of above . 
 
 £8 17 
 
 £1 15 
 
 4 
 
 £10 2 
 
 3 
 
 Population has risen from 24,800,000 to 25,600,000, 
 an increase of 3 per cent, one-half of which is due to im- 
 migration. The net gain from arrivals over departures, 
 per annum, is as follows : — 
 
 Brazil 
 River Plate 
 West Coast 
 
 4,700 persons. 
 38,200 „ 
 8,600 „ 
 
 Total . 51,500 
 
 Food- supply is superabundant in some countries, in- 
 sufficient in others. Maize and mandioca are commoner 
 than wheat, which is not generally cultivated except in 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 143 
 
 Chile and the Argentine Eepublic. Every year Peru im- 
 ports grain from California, and Brazil from the Black Sea. 
 Meat is so abundant in the Eiver Plate that the flocks and 
 herds of Buenos Ayres and Montevideo could feed 53 
 millions of people, or 21 times the actual population, the 
 available yearly supply without reducing capital, being as 
 follows : — 
 
 Animals for slaughter. Tons of meat. 
 Cows . . 3,150,000 790,000 
 
 Sheep . . 25,500,000 510,000 
 
 Pigs . . 400,000 30,000 
 
 Total . 29,050,000 1,330,000 
 
 The actual exportation consists of 70,000 tons of beef 
 to Brazil and Cuba, and 130,000 cows to Chile. The 
 available surplus for exportation is 1,220,000 tons, but 
 the beef is inferior, while the mutton is excellent. 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 THE END. 
 
 Printed by Edward Stanford, 55 Charing Cross, London, S. IV. 
 
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 ber 17th, 18t 7. By H. Hussey Vivian, M.P., F.G.S. Demy 8vo, with Map, 9s. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London. 
 
14 SELECTED LIST. 
 
 "WAIiFORD.— The FAMINES of the WORLD : Past and Present. By Corne- 
 lius Walford, F.I.A., F.S.S., &c., Barrister- at-Law, Author of ♦ Insurance 
 Cyclopaedia.* Reprinted fiom the Statistical Journal. Demy 8vo, cloth, 6s. 
 
 WAIjLiACE.— AUSTRALASIA. (Stanford's Compendium of Geography 
 AND Travel.) Based on Hellwald's ' Die Erde und Ihre Volker.' Edited and 
 Extended by A. R. Wallace, F.R.G.S., Author of ♦ The Malay Archipelago,' 
 ♦ Geographical Distribution of Animals,' &c. With Ethnological Appendix by 
 A. H. Keane, B. a. Twenty Maps and Fifty-six Illustrations. Large post 8vo, 
 cloth, 21s. 
 
 MINERAL DEPOSITS. The Laws which Regulate the Deposition of Lead 
 
 Ore in Mineral Lodes. Illustrated by an Examination of the Geological 
 Structure of the Mining Districts of Alston Moor. By W. Wallace. With Map 
 and numerous Coloured Plates. Large demy 8vo, cloth, 25s. 
 
 WATSON.— SCIENCE TEACHINGS in LIVING NATURE: being a Popular 
 Introduction to the Study of Physiological Chemistry and Sanitary Science. By 
 William H. Watson, F.C.S., F.M.S. Crown 8vo, cloth, 35. 6d. 
 
 WEBBER.— The KAIETEUR FALLS, BRITISH GUIANA. The ESSE- 
 QUIBO and POTARO RIVERS. With an Account of a Visit to the Kaieteur 
 Falls. By Lieut.-Colonel Webber, 2nd West India Regiment. With Map and 
 Frontispiece. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4s. 6d. 
 
 WILLIAMS.— Through NORWAY with a KNAPSACK. A New and Im- 
 proved Edition. With Notes on Recent Changes, suggested by a Recent Revisit. 
 By W. Mattieu Williams, F.R.A.S., F.C.S., &c., Author of ' The Fuel of 
 the Sun,' &c. With Map. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. 
 
 Through NORWAY with LADIES. By W. Mattieu Williams, F.R.A.S., 
 
 F.C.S., Author of • Through Norway with a Knapsack.' With Map and Illus- 
 trations. Crown 8vo, cloth, 12s. 
 
 WILSON.— SALMON at the ANTIPODES : being an Account of the Successful 
 Introduction of Salmon and Trout into Australian Waters. By Sir Samuel 
 Wilson, F.R.G.S., &c. Crown 8vo, with Map and Frontispiece, cloth, 6s. 
 
 WORTH.— TOURISTS' GUIDE to NORTH DEVON. By R. N. Worth, F.G.S. 
 With Map. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 2s. 
 
 TOURISTS' GUIDE to SOUTH DEVON. By R. N. Worth, F.G.S. With 
 
 Map, and PLan of Exeter Cathedral. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 2s. 
 
 These Guide Books are also published in One Volume, price 3s. 6d. 
 
 WYND HAM.— LATIN and GREEK as in ROME and ATHENS ; or, Classical 
 Languages and Modern Tongues. By the Rev. Francis M. Wyndham, M.A. 
 Post 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 
 YOTJNGr.- The TWO VOYAGES of the 'PANDORA ' in 1875 and 1876. By 
 Sir Allen Young, R.N.R., F.R.G.S., F.R.A.S., &c.. Commander of the Expedi- 
 tion. Super-royal 8vo, cloth, with Two large folding Maps, and Nine full-page 
 Illustrations, 10s. 6d. 
 
 ZIMMERN.— GEOGRAPHY for LITTLE CHILDREN. By Antonia Zim- 
 mekn. Second Edition. Post 8vo, with 40 Maps and Illustrations. Post 8vo, 
 cloth, 1;. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London. 
 
f ikarg ox mdl Paps. 
 
 WORLD, The— On Mercator's Projection. In four sheets ; size, 5 feet by 3 feet. 
 
 Coloured, in sheets, 14s. ; mounted, on rollers, or in case, 25s. ; mounted, on 
 
 spring rollers, 51. 
 EUROPE. — Scale, 50 miles to an inch ; size, 65 inches by 58. Coloured and 
 
 mounted on linen, in morocco case, 3^. 13s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 3l. ; spring 
 
 roller, 61. 
 EKG-LAND and WALES.— Scale, 5 miles to an inch ; size, 12 inches by 84. 
 
 Coloured, 2l. 12s. 6d. ; mounted on linen, in morocco case, 31. 13s. 6d. ; on roller, 
 
 varnished, U. 4s. ; spring roller, Ql. 6s. 
 LONDON and its SUBURBS. — On the scale of six inches to a mile: 
 
 constructed on the basis of the Ordnance block plan. Price, in sheets, plain, 
 
 21s. ; coloured, in a portfolio, 31s. 6d. ; mounted on linen, in morocco case, or on 
 
 roller, varnished, 21. 15s. ; on spring roller, 5l. 5s. Single sheets, plain, Is. ; 
 
 coloured, Is. 6d. A Key Map may be had on application, or per post for one 
 
 stamp. 
 SCOTLAND. — Scale, five miles to an inch; size, 52 inches by 16. Coloured, 
 
 42s. ; mounted on linen, in morocco case, 31. 3s. ; on roller, varnished, 31. 13s. 6d.; 
 
 spring roller, 61. 5s. 
 
 IRELAND. — Scale, 5 miles to an inch ; size, 43 inches by 58. Coloured, four 
 sheets, 25s. ; mounted, in case, 35s. ; on roller, varnished, 21. 2s. ; on spring 
 roller, U. 4s. 
 
 ASIA. — Scale, 110 miles to an inch; size, 65 inches by 58. Coloured and 
 mounted on linen, in morocco case, 3l. 13s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 31. ; spring 
 roller, 6Z. 
 
 APRICA. — Scale, 94 miles to an inch; size, 58 inches by 65. Coloured and 
 
 mounted on linen, in morocco case, 31. 13s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 31. ; spring 
 
 roller, 61. 
 NORTH AMERICA.— Scale, 83 miles to an inch; size, 58 inches by 65. 
 
 Coloured and mounted on linen, in morocco case, 3/. 13«. 6d.; on roller, 
 
 varnished, 31. ; spring roller, 61. 
 CANADA. — Scale, 16 miles to an inch ; size, 96 inches by 54. Eight Coloured 
 
 Sheets, 21. 12s. 6d. ; mounted, in case, 31. 13s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, U. 4s. ; 
 
 spring roller, 81. 
 
 UNITED STATES and CENTRAL AMERICA. — Scale, 54i 
 
 miles to an inch ; size, 12 inches by 56. Coloured and mounted on linen, in 
 morocco case, 31. 13s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 3^. ; spring roller, 61. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA.— Scale, 83 miles to an inch; size, 58 inches by 65. 
 Coloured and mounted on linen, morocco case, 31. 13s. 6d: on roller, varnished, 
 3l. ; spring roller, 61. 
 
 AUSTRALASIA. — Scale, 64 miles to an inch; size, 65 inches by 58. 
 
 Coloured and mounted on linen, morocco case, 31. 13s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 
 
 31. ; spring roller, 61. 
 AUSTRALIA.— Scale, 26 miles to an inch; size, 8 feet 6 inches by 6 feet 
 
 6 inches. In Nine Sheets?, coloured, 21. I2s. 6d. ; mounted, in morocco case, 
 
 or on roller, varnished, U. 4s. ; on spring roUer, 11. Is. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 55, Cliaring Cross, London. 
 
16 SELECTED LIST. 
 
 EUROPE.— STANFORD'S PORTABLE MAP of EUROPE; showing the 
 latest Political Boundaries, the Railways, the Submarine Telegraphs, &c. Scale, 
 150 miles to an inch ; size, 36 inches by 33. Fully coloured and mounted on 
 linen, in case, 10s. ; on roller, varnished, 14s. 
 
 CENTRAL EUROPE.— DA VIES'S MAP of CENTRAL EUROPE; 
 
 containing all the Railways, with their Stations. The principal roads, the 
 rivers, and chief mountain ranges are clearly delineated. Scale, 24 miles to 
 an inch ; size, 41 inches by 38. Sheets, plain, 10s. ; coloured, 12s. ; mounted on 
 linen, in case, 16s. 
 
 AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. By J. Arkowsmith. Scale, 28 miles to an inch; 
 size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s. 
 
 DENMARK and ICELAND. By J. Aerowsmith. Scale, 13 miles to 
 an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s. 
 
 PRANCE, in DEPARTMENTS. With a Supplementary Map, divided 
 into Provinces, and a Map of the Island of Corsica. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 
 31 miles to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in 
 case, 5s. 
 
 GERMANY. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 25 miles to an inch ; in two sheets, 
 size of each, 22 inches by 26. Price of each, coloured sheet, 3s. ; mounted, in 
 case, 5s. 
 
 ITALY, including Sicily and the Maltese Islands. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 
 20 miles to an inch ; in two sheets, size of each, 22 inches by 26. Price of each, 
 coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s. 
 
 NETHERLANDS and BELGIUM, including Luxembourg and the 
 Country to the East as far as the Rhine. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 13 miles 
 to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s. 
 
 RUSSIA and POLAND, including Finland. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 
 90 miles to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in 
 case, 5«. 
 
 SPAIN and PORTUGAL. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 30 miles to an 
 inch ; size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s. 
 
 SWEDEN and NORWAY, By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 35 miles to an 
 inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 10^ miles to an inch ; size, 
 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s. 
 
 TURKEY in EUROPE, including the Archipelago, Greece, the Ionian 
 Islands, and the South part of Dalmatia. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 40 miles 
 to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London. 
 
BRITISH ISLES- 
 BRITISH ISLES.— NEW WALL MAP. Constructed on the basis of the 
 Ordnance Survey, and distinguishing in a clear manner the Cities, County and 
 Assize Towns, Municipal Boroughs, Parliamentary Representation Towns which 
 are Counties of tiiemselves, Episcopal Sees, Principal Villages, &c. The 
 Railways are carefully laid down and coloured, and the Map from its size Is 
 well suited for Public Offices, Institutions, Reading-Rooms, Railway Stations, 
 good School-Rooms, &c. Scale, 8 miles to an inch; size, 81 inches by 90. 
 Price, coloured, mounted on mahogany roller, and varnished, 31. 
 
 BRITISH ISLES.— DA VIES'S NEW RAILWAY MAP of the BRITISH 
 ISLES, and part of Franc*. Scale, 22 miles to an inch ; size, 31 inches by 38. 
 Price, coloured in sheet, 6s.; mounted on linen, in case, 95.; or on roller, 
 varnished, 15s. 
 
 BRITISH ISLES.— STEREOGRAPHICAL MAP of the BRITISH ISLES. 
 ^ Constructed to show the Correct Relation of the Physical Features. Size, 
 50 inches by 58 ; scale, Hi miles to 1 inch. Price, mounted on rollers and 
 varnished, 21s. 
 
 ENGLAND and WALES.— LARGE SCALE RAILWAY and STATION 
 MAP of ENGLAND and WALES. In 24 sheets (sold separately). Con- 
 structed on the basis of the trigonometrical survey. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 
 3 miles to an inch ; size of each sheet, 20 inches by 28. Price, plain. Is. ; 
 mounted in case, 2s. 6d. ; coloured. Is. 6d. ; mounted in case, 3s. Size of the 
 complete map, 114 inches by 128. Price, plain, in case or portfolio, ll. 5s. ; 
 coloured, in case or portfolio, ll. 8s. ; mounted on cloth to fold, in case, coloured, 
 41. 4s. ; on canvas, roller, and varnished, 41. 14s. 6d. : on spring roller, 91. 9s. 
 
 ENGLAND and WALES.— STANFORD'S PORTABLE MAP of ENG- 
 LAND and WALES. With the Railways very clearly delineated ; the Cities 
 and Towns distinguished according to their Population, &c. Scale, 15 miles to 
 an inch ; size, 28 inches by 32. Colom-ed and mounted on linen, in case, 5s.; 
 or on roller, varnished, 8s. 
 
 ENGLAND and WALES.— WALL MAP. Scale, 8 miles to an inch 
 size, 50 inches by 58. Price, mounted on mahogany roller, varnished, 21s. 
 
 SCOTLAND.— NEW WALL MAP, showing the Divisions of the Counties, 
 the Towns, Villages, Railways, &c. Scale, 8 miles to an inch ; size, 34 inches 
 by 42. Price, coloured, mounted on mahogany roller, and varnished, 12s. 6d. 
 
 SCOTLAND, in COUNTIES. With the Roads. Rivers, &c. By J. 
 Arrowsmith. Scale, 12 miles to an inch; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, 
 coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s. 
 
 IRELAND, in COUNTIES and BARONIES, on the basis of the 
 Ordnance Survey and the Census. Scale, 8 miles to an inch ; size, 31 inches 
 by 38. On two sheets, coloured, 8s. ; mounted on linen, in case, 10s. 6d. ; on 
 roller, varnished, 15s. 
 
 IRELAND.— NEW WALL MAP, showing the divisions of the Counties, all 
 the Towns, Principal Villages, Railways, &c. Scale, 8 miles to an inch ; size, 
 34 inches by 42. Price, coloured, mounted on roller, varnished, 12s. 6d. 
 
 IRELAND, in COUNTIES. With the Roads, Rivers, &c. By J. 
 Arrowsmith. Scale, 12 miles to an inch; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, 
 coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 66, Charing- Cross, London. 
 
18 
 
 SELECTED LIST. 
 
 TuOlSlTDOTSr. 
 
 MODEBN LONDON and its SUBURBS, extending from Hampstead 
 to the Crystal Palace, and from Hammersmith Bridge to Greenwich ; showing 
 all the Railways and Stations, the Roads, Footpaths, &c. Scale, 6 inches to the 
 mile ; size, 5 feet by 6. On six large sheets, 25s. ; mounted on linen, in case, or 
 on roller, varnished, 42s. 
 
 COLLINS' STANDARD MAP of LONDON. Admirably adapted 
 for visitors to the City. Scale, 4 inches to a mile; size, 34^ inches by 21. 
 Price, plain, in case, Is. ; coloured, Is. 6d. ; mounted on linen, ditto, 3s. 6(2. ; 
 on roller, varnished, 7s. 6d. 
 
 BRITISH METROPOLIS.— DAVIES'S NEW MAP of the BRITISH 
 METROPOLIS. Scale, 3 inches to a mile ; size, 36 inches by 25^. Price, 
 plain sheet, 3s. 6d. ; coloured, 5s. ; mounted on linen, in case. Is. 6d. ; on roller, 
 varnished, 10s. Qd. With continuation southward beyond the Crystal Palace, 
 plain sheet, 5s.; coloured, 7s. Qd. ; mounted on linen, in case, lis. ; on roller, 
 varnished, 15s. 
 
 RAILWAY MAP of LONDON and ENVIRONS.-STANFORD'S 
 SPECIAL MAP of the RAILWAYS, RAILWAY STATIONS, TRAM- 
 WAYS, POSTAL DISTRICTS, and SUB-DISTRICTS, in LONDON and its 
 ENVIRONS. Scale, 1 inch to a mile ; size, 24 inches by 26. Ptice, coloured 
 and folded, Is. ; mounted on linen, in case, 3s. 
 . RAILWAY MAP of LONDON.— The 'DISTRICT' RAILWAY MAP 
 of LONDON, shewing all the Stations on the ' Inner,' ♦ Middle,' and • Outer * 
 Circles of the Metropolitan Underground Railways, with the principal Streets, 
 Parl<s, Public Buildings, Places of Amusement, &c. Size, 37 inches by 24. 
 Coloured, and folded in cover, 6d. 
 
 PARISH MAP of LONDON.— STANFORD'S MAP of LONDON and its 
 ENVIRONS, showing the boundary of the Jurisdiction of the Metropolitan 
 Board of Works, the Parishes, Districts, Railways, &c. Scale, 2 inches to a 
 mile ; size, 40 inches by 27. Price, in sheet, 6s. ; mounted on linen, in case, 9s. ; 
 on roller, varnished, 12s. 
 
 LONDON and its ENVIRONS.— DAVIES'S MAP of LONDON and its 
 ENVIRONS, Scale, 2 inches to a mile; size, 36 inches by 28. The main roads 
 out of London, the Minor Roads and Footpaths in the Environs, the Railways 
 completed and in progress, are carefully defined, Price, sheet, 45. ; coloured, 
 5s. Qd. ; mounted on linen, in case, 8s. ; or on roller, varnished, 14s. 
 
 ENVIRONS of LONDON.— A MAP of the ENVIRONS of LONDON, 
 including twenty-five miles from the Metropolis. Scale, f of an inch to a mile ; 
 size, 36 inches by 35. This Map includes the whole of the County of Middlesex, 
 with parts of the Counties of Surrey, Kent, Essex, Herts, Bucks, and Berks. 
 Price, on one large sheet, coloured, 8s. ; mounted, in case, 10s. ; on roller, var- 
 nished, 14s. 
 
 ENVIRONS of LONDON. — DAVIES'S MAP of the ENVIRONS of 
 LONDON. Scale, 1 inch to a mile ; size, 43 inches by 32. Price, sheet, plain, 4s. ; 
 coloured, 5s. 6d. ; mounted on linen, in case, 8s. ; or on roller, varnished, 14s. 
 
 ENVIRONS of LONDON.-STANFORD'S NEW MAP of the COUNTRY 
 TWELVE MILES round LONDON. Scale, 1 inch to a mile; size, 25 inches 
 by 25. Price, plain, folded in case, 2s. 6d. ; coloured, ditto, 3s. 6d. ; mounted on 
 linen, ditto, 5s. Qd. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London. 
 
MAPS. 
 
 19 
 
 I 
 
 GrENEBAL MAP OF ASIA.— By J. Arrowsmith. 'Scale, 300 miles to 
 an inch ; size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in case, 5s. 
 
 CENTRAL ASIA.— STANFORD'S MAP of CENTRAL ASIA, including 
 Teheran, Khiva, Bokhara, Kokan, Yarkand, Kabul, Herat, &c. Scale, 110 miles 
 to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 17. Coloured sheet, 2s. 6d.; mounted, in case, 5s. 
 
 ASIA MINOR, &C. (TURKEY in ASIA). With portions of Persia, the 
 Caspian Sea, and the Caucasian Mountains. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 55 
 miles to an inch ; size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in 
 case, 5s. 
 
 INDIA.— STANFORD'S NEW PORTABLE MAP of INDIA. Exhibiting the 
 Present Divisions of the Country according to the most Recent Surveys. Scale, 
 86 miles to an inch ; size, 29 inches by 33. Coloured, 6s. ; mounted on linen, in 
 case, 8s.; on roller, varnished, lis. 
 
 INDIA.— MAP of INDIA. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 90 miles to an Inch ; 
 size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s. 
 
 CEYLON.— MAP of CEYLON. Constructed from a Base of Triangulations and 
 corresponding Astronomical Observations. By Major-General John Eraser, 
 late Deputy-Quartermaster-General. Reconstructed by John Arrowsmith. 
 Scale, 4 miles to an inch ; size, 52 inches by 18. Eight sheets, coloured, 21. 5s. ; 
 mounted, in case, 31. 13s. 6d.; on roller, varnished, Al, 4s.; spring roller, 
 61. 16s. 6d. 
 
 CEYLON.— COFFEE ESTATES of CEYLON. Map showing the Position of the 
 CoflFee Estates in the Central Province of Ceylon. By J. Arrowsmith. Size, 
 15 inches by 20. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in case, 5s. 
 
 BXJRMAH, &c. — A Map showing the various Routes proposed for connecting 
 China with India and Europe through Burmah, and developing the Trade of 
 Eastern Bengal, Burmah, and China. Prepared under the direction of John 
 Ogilvy Hay, F.R.G.S. Scale, 33 miles to an inch; size, 27 inches by 32. 
 Coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in case, 5s. 
 
 BURMAH and ADJACENT COUNTRIES.— Compiled from 
 various MSS., and other Documents, By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 24 miles to 
 an inch ; size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in case, 5s. 
 
 CHINA.— MAP of CHINA. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 90 miles to an inch ; 
 size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in case, 5s. 
 
 CHINA and JAPAN.— STANFORD'S MAP of the EMPIRES of CHINA 
 and JAPAN, with the Adjacent Parts of British India, Asiatic Russia, Burmah, 
 &c. Scale, 110 miles to an inch ; size, 38 inches by 24. One sheet, full coloured, 
 8s. ; mounted on linen, in case, lOs. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 14s. 
 
 JAPAN.— LIBRARY MAP of JAPAN. Compiled by E. Knipping, Esq. 
 Size, 4 feet 6 inches by 5 feet 6 inches; scale, 17 miles to an inch. Coloured, 
 in sheets, 21. 2s. ; mounted, on rollers, or in case, 31. 3s. ; mounted, on spring 
 rollers, 6 J. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 56, Charing Cross, London. 
 
20 SELECTED LIST. 
 
 GENEBAIi MAP of AFRICA.— By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 260 miles 
 to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in case, 5s. 
 
 EGYPT.— MAP of EGYPT. Compiled from the most authentic materials, and 
 founded on the best Astronomical Observations. By Colonel W. M. Leake, 
 R.A., LL.D., F.R.S. Scale, 10 miles to an inch; size, 34 inches by 52. Two 
 sheets, coloured, 21s. ; mounted, in case, 28s. ; on roller, varnished, 36s. 
 
 EG-YPT.— MAP of EGYPT: including the Peninsula of Mount Sinai. By 
 J. Arrowsmith. New Edition. Scale, 26 miles to an inch; size, 22 inches by 
 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in case, 5s. 
 
 AFRICA (NORTH-WEST).— MAP of NORTH-WEST AFRICA, in- 
 cluding the Coast of Guinea, and the Isle of Fernando Po, on the South, and the 
 Western parts of Egypt and Darfur, on the East. By J. Arrowsmith, Scale, 
 130 miles to an inch ; size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in 
 case, 5s. 
 
 AFRICA (SOUTH).— MAP of SOUTH AFRICA to 16 deg. South Latitude. 
 By Henry Hall, Draughtsman to the Royal Engineers, Cape Town. Scale, 50 
 miles to an inch ; size, 34 inches by 28. Two sheets, coloured, 10s. 6d. ; 
 mounted on linen, in case, 13s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 15s. 
 
 AFRICA (SOUTH-EASTERN). — MAP of SOUTH-EASTERN 
 AFRICA. Compiled by Henry Hall. Scale, 25 miles to an inch; size, 26 
 inches by 22. Sheet, 4s. ; mounted on linen, in case, 6s. 
 
 AFRICA (WEST COAST).— MAP of the WEST COAST of AFRICA. 
 Comprising Guinea and the British Possessions at Sierra Leone, on the Gambia, 
 and the Gold Coast, &c. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 50 miles to an inch. Two 
 coloured sheets; size of each, 22 inches by 26, 6s. Mounted, in case, 10s. 
 
 CAPE of GOOD HOPE and SOUTH AFRICA.-MAP of SOUTH 
 AFRICA, Cape Colony, Natal, &c. By Henry Hall. Scale, 50 miles to an 
 inch; size, 29 inches by 17. Sheet, price 4s. 6d.; mounted, in case, 6s. 6d. 
 
 CAPE COLONY (EASTERN FRONTIER).— MAPof the EASTERN 
 FRONTIER of the CAPE COLONY. Compiled by Henry Hall. Scale, 
 8 miles to an inch; size, 40 inches by 38. Sheets, 18s. 6d. ; mounted on linen, 
 in case, 25s. ; on roller, varnished, 31s. 6d. 
 
 NATAIi.— A MAP of the COLONY of NATAL. By Alexander Majr, Land 
 Surveyor, Natal. Compiled from the Diagrams and General Plans in the 
 Surveyor-General's Office, and from Data furnished by P. C. Sutherland, Esq., 
 M.D., F.R.S., Surveyor-General. Scale, 4 miles to an inch ; size, 64 inches by 80. 
 Coloured, Four Sheets, 21. 5s. ; mounted, in case, or on rollers, varnished, 31. 
 
 NATAIi.— MAP of the COLONY of NATAL. Compiled in the Surveyor- 
 General's Office. Size, lli^ Inches by 14^. Sheet, coloured. Is.; mounted, in 
 case, 2s. 6(2. 
 
 NUBIA and ABYSSINIA, including Darfur, Kordofan, and part of Arabia. 
 By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 65 miles to an inch ; size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, 
 coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in case, 5s. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London. 
 
MAPS. 21 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA.— NEW MAP of BRITISH COLUMBIA, to the 
 56th Parallel North Latitude, showing the New Gold Fields of Omineca, the 
 most recent discoveries at Cariboo and other places, and the proposed routes for 
 the Inter-Oceanic Railway. Scale, 25 miles to an Inch ; size, 39 inches by 27. 
 Price, in sheet, coloured, Is. 6d. ; or mounted on linen, in case, 10s. 6d. 
 
 CANADA.— MAP of UPPER and LOWER CANADA, New Brunswick, Nova 
 Scotia, Prince Edward's Island, Cape Breton Island, Newfoundland, and a large 
 portion of the United States. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 35 miles to an inch ; 
 size, 40 inches by 26. Two sheets, coloured, 6s. ; mounted, in case, 10s. ; on 
 roller, varnished, 15s. 
 
 TTNITED STATES and CANADA.— STANFORD'S NEW RAILWAY 
 and COUNTY MAP of the UNITED STATES and TERRITORIES, together 
 with Canada, New Brunswick, &c. Scale, 54^ miles to an inch ; size, 57 inches 
 by 36. Two sheets, coloured, 2 is. ; case, 25». ; on rollers, varnished, 30s. 
 
 UNITED STATES.— STANFORD'S HANDY MAP of the UNITED 
 STATES. Scale, 90 miles to an inch; size, 40 inches by 25. Coloured sheet, 
 7s. 6d. ; mounted, in case, 10s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 15s. 
 
 UNITED STATES.— STANFORD'S SMALLER RAILWAY MAP of the 
 UNITED STATES. Scale, 120 miles to an inch; size, 29 inches by 17^. Two 
 sheets, coloured, 4s. 6i. ; mounted on linen, in case, 6s. 6d. 
 
 CENTRAIi AMERICA.— BAILEY'S MAP of CENTRAL AMERICA, 
 
 including the States of Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa 
 Rica. Scale, 8 miles to an inch ; size, 40 inches by 27. Sheet, 7s. 6d. ; mounted 
 on linen, in case, 10s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 14s. 
 
 MEXICO.— A GENERAL MAP of the REPUBLIC of MEXICO. By the 
 
 Brigadier-General Pedro Garcia Conde. Engraved from the Original Survey 
 made by order of the Mexican Government. Size, 50 inches by 37. Sheets, 
 price, 10s. 6d. ; mounted on linen, in case, 18s. 
 
 BERMUDAS.— MAP of the BERMUDAS. Published by direction of His 
 Excellency Major-General J. H. Lefroy, C.B., R.A., Governor and Commander- 
 in-Chief of the Bermudas. Scale, 2i miles to an inch ; size, 62 inches by 63. 
 Mounted, in case, or on roller, varnished, 21s. 
 
 WEST INDIA ISLANDS and GUATEMALA.-Showing the 
 Colonies in possession of the various European Powers. By J. Arrowsmith. 
 Scale, 90 miles to an inch; size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, 
 in case, 5s. 
 
 JAMAICA.— A NEW MAP of the ISLAND OF JAMAICA. Prepared by 
 Thomas Harrison, Government Surveyor, Kingston, Jamaica, under the direc- 
 tion of Major-General J. R. Mann, R.E., Director of Roads and Surveyor-General. 
 Scale, 2i miles to an Inch ; size, 64 inches by 27. Mounted, in case, or on roller, 
 varnished, 21s. 
 
 BARBADOES. — Topographical Map, based upon Mayo's Original Survey in 
 1721, and corrected to the year 1846. By Sir Robert H. Schomburgh, K.R.E. 
 Scale, 2 miles to an inch ; size, 40 inches by 50. Two sheets, coloured, 21s. ; 
 mounted, in case, 28s. ; on roller, varnished, 37s. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 55, Charing' Cross, London. 
 
22 SELECTED LIST. 
 
 ATJSTRAIiASIA. — ^This Map includes Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, 
 Borneo, and the Malay Archipelago. The Natural Features are accurately and 
 distinctly represented, and the Tracts of all the Australian Travellers up to the 
 present tirae are laid down. The Divisions of the British Possessions into 
 Provinces and Counties are shown. Scale, 86 miles to an inch ; size, 58 inches 
 by 50. Price, mounted on linen, on roller, varnished, 13s. 
 
 AUSTBAIjIA. — "With all the Recent Explorations, Tracts of the Principal 
 Explorers, the Roads, Railways, Telegraphs, and Altitudes. Originally Drawn 
 by, and Engraved under the immediate superintendence of, the late John { 
 Arrowsmith. Revised and Corrected to present date. Scale, 80 miles to an { 
 inch ; size, 44 inches by 26. Sheets, coloured, 6s. ; mounted in case, 10s. ' 
 
 WESTERN AXJSTRAIjIA.— With Plans of Perth, Fremantle, and Guild- 
 ford. From the Surveys of John Septimus Roe, Esq., Surveyor-General, and from 
 other OflBcial Documents in the Colonial Office and Admiralty. By J. Arrow- 
 smith. Scale, 16 miles to an inch ; size, 40 inches by 22. Two sheets, coloured, 
 6s. ; in case, 10s. 
 
 SOUTH AXTSTRAIjIA.— Showing the Division into Counties of the settled j 
 portions of the Province. With Situation of Mines of Copper and Lead. From 
 the Surveys of Capt. Frome, R.E., Surveyor-General of the Colony. By J. 
 Arrowsmith. Scale, 14 miles to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, | 
 coloured, 3s. ; in case, 5s. 
 
 aUEENSLAND.— STANFORD'S NEW MAP of the PROVINCE of 
 QUEENSLAND (North-Eastern Australia) : Compiled from the most reli- 
 able Authorities. Scale, 64 miles to an inch ; size, 18 inches by 23. In sheets, ; 
 coloured, 2s. &d. ; mounted on linen, in case, 4s. 6d. | 
 
 VICTORIA.— A NEW MAP of the PROVINCE of VICTORIA (Australia) : 
 Showing all the Roads, Rivers, Towns, Counties, Gold Diggings, Sheep and 
 Cattle Stations, &c. Scale, 20 miles to an inch; size, 31 inches by 21. In 
 sheet, 2s. 6d. ; or mounted on linen, in case, 4s. Qd. 
 
 NEW ZEALAND.— With all Recent Topographical Information, New Ad- 
 ministrative Divisions, Railways, Submarine I'elegraphs, &c. Size, 24 inches 
 by 42 ; scale, 25 miles to an inch. Price, mounted in case or on roller, var- 
 nished, 9s. 
 
 NEW ZEALAND.— STANFORD'S MAP of NEW ZEALAND: Compiled 
 from the most recent Documents. Scale, 64 miles to an inch ; size, 17 inches 
 by 9. Full-coloured, in sheet, 2s. ; mounted on linen, in case, 3s. 6d. 
 
 NEW ZEALAND. — From Official Documents. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale 
 38 miles to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in 
 case, 5s. 
 
 TASMANIA (Van Diemen's Land).— From MS. Surveys in the 
 Colonial Office, and in the Van Dlemen's Land Company's Office. By J. Arrow- 
 smith. Scale, 10^ miles to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3*. ; 
 mounted in case, 5s. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London. 
 
^mloQud ^Ki^B. 
 
 BRITISH ISLES.— GEOLOGICAL MAP of the BRITISH ISLES. By 
 Professor A. C. Ramsay, LL.D., F.R.S., Director-General of the Geological 
 Surveys of the United Kingdom. Scale, 11^ miles to an inch; size, 50 inches 
 by 58. Mounted on rollers, varnished, 42s. 
 
 BRITISH ISLES.— STANFORD'S GEOLOGICAL MAP of the BRITISH 
 ISLfcS. Compiled under the Superintendence of E. Best, H.M. Geological 
 Survey. Scale, 25 miles to an inch; size, 23 inches by 29. 
 
 ENGLAND and WALES. By Andrew C. Ramsay, LL.D., F.R.S., and 
 G.S., Director-General of the Geological Surveys of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 and Professor of Geology at the Royal School of Mines. This Map shows all 
 the Railways, Roads, &c., and when mounted in case, folds into a convenient 
 pocket size, making an excellent Travelling Map. Scale, 12 miles to an inch ; 
 size, 36 inches by 42. Fourth Edition, with Corrections and Additions. Price, in 
 sheet, 11. 5s. ; mounted on linen, in case, ll. 10s. ; or on roller, varnished, 11. 12s. 
 
 ENG-LAND and WALES. Showing the Inland Navigation, Railways, 
 Roads, Minerals, &c. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 18 miles to an inch ; size, 
 22 inches by 26. One sheet, 12«. ; mounted in case, 15s. 
 
 SOUTH-EAST ENGL AND. —GEOLOGICAL MODEL of the SOUTH- 
 EAST of ENGLAND and Part of France ; including the Weald and the Bas 
 Boulonnais. By William Topley, F.G.S., Geological Survey of England and 
 Wales, and J. B. Jordan, Mining Record OflSce. Scale, 4 miles to an inch 
 horizontal, and 2,400 feet to an inch vertical. Coloured and varnished in black 
 frame, to hang up, 61. ; or packed in case for safe transit, 51. 5s. 
 
 LONDON and its ENVIRONS. Scale, l inch to a mile ; size, 24 inches 
 by 26. Compiled from various authorities by J. B. Jordan, Esq., of the 
 Mining Record OfiQce. Price, folded in cover, 5s. ; mounted on linen, in case, 
 7s. 6d. ; or on roller, varnished, 9s. 
 
 IRELAND. Founded on the Maps of the Geological Survey of Sir Richard 
 Griffith and of Professor J. B. Jukes. By Edward Hull, M.A,, F.R.S., 
 Director of H.M.'s Geological Survey of Ireland. Scale, 8 miles to an inch ; 
 size, 31 inches by 38, Price, in sheets, 25s. ; mounted on linen, in case, 30s. ; 
 on rollers, varnished, 32s. 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA.— GEOLOGICAL SKETCH MAP of SOUTH AFRICA. 
 Compiled by E. J. Dunn from personal observations, combined with those of 
 Messrs. A. G. and T. Bain, Wylie, Atherstone, Pinchin, Sutherland, and 
 BnTTON. Scale, 35 miles to an inch ; size, 34 inches by 28. One sheet, IDs. ; 
 mounted in case, 13s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 16s. 
 
 CANADA and the ADJACENT REGIONS, Including Parts of the 
 other BRllTSH PROVINCES and of the UNITED STATES. By Sir W. E. 
 Logan, F.R.S., &c., Director of the Geological Survey of Canada. Scale, 25 miles 
 t-o an inch ; size, 102 inches by 45. On eight sheets, 31. 10s. ; mounted on linen, 
 on roller, varnished, or in two parts to fold in morocco case, 51. 5s. 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND.— GEOLOGICAL MAP of NEWFOUNDLAND. By 
 Alexander Murray, F.G.S., assisted by James P. Howley, and Drawn by 
 Robert Barlow. Scale, 25 miles to an inch ; size, 26 inches by 26. One 
 sheet, 10s. ; mounted in case, 12s. 6d. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London. 
 
24 
 
 SELECTED LIST. 
 
 STANFORD'S NEW SERIES OF SCHOOL MAPS. 
 
 Prepared under the direction of the Committee of General Literature and Education 
 appointed by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and of the 
 National Society fok Promoting the Education of the Poor. 
 
 Used by Her Majesty's Government for the Army and Navy Schools, etc. ; The 
 Commissioners of National Education (Ireland); The Principal School Boards, 
 including those of London, Edinburgh, Birmingham, Bradford, Glasgow, Liverpool, 
 Manchester, etc., and the chief Educational Establishments of Great Britain and the 
 Colonies. 
 
 THE "LARGE" SERIES. 
 
 Constructed upon the principle of combining with Geographical accuracy and 
 systematic arrangement the bold outline and lettering requisite for teaching. 
 They also include all the latest discoveries and political changes. 
 
 Size of each Map, 50 inches by 58. Price, Mounted on Roller, Varnished, 13s. 
 
 Eastern Hemisphere. 
 
 Western Hemisphere. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 British Isles. 
 
 Eng-land and "Wales. 
 
 London. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 Asia. 
 
 Holy Land. 
 
 India. 
 
 Africa. 
 
 North America. 
 
 South America. 
 
 Australasia. 
 
 New. South "Wales. 
 
 New Zealand. 
 
 The Hemispheres can also be had, mounted as one Map ; size, 100 inches by 58. 
 Price 265. 
 
 THE "INTERMEDIATE" SERIES. 
 
 Reduced from or supplementing the Series Published under the direction of the 
 Committee of General Literature and Education appointed by the Society fob 
 Pkomoting Christian Knowledge, and of the National Society. 
 
 Size, 34 inches by 42. Price, Mounted on Roller, Varnished, 9s. 
 
 The British Isles. 
 
 Engrland and "Wales. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 Old Testament (Palestine). 
 
 New Testament (Palestine). 
 
 Acts and Epistles. 
 Journeying-s of the Child- 
 ren of Israel. 
 Australia. 
 New Zealand. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London. 
 
MAPS. 
 
 25 
 
 STANFORD'S SERIES OF SCHOOL MAPS 
 
 (Continued), 
 
 THE "SMALLER" SERIES. 
 
 These New Maps retain all the characteristic boldness of the larger Series, and are 
 specially suitable for Small Classes. 
 
 Size, 27 inches by 32. Price, Mounted on Roller, Varnished, 6s. 
 
 New Testament (Pales- 
 tine). 
 Acts and Epistles. 
 
 Eastern Hemisphere. 
 
 "Western Hemispliere. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 British Isles. 
 
 England and Wales. 
 
 London. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 Asia. 
 
 Holy Land. 
 
 Old Testament (Palestine). 
 
 Journeyingrs of the Child- 
 ren of Israel. 
 India. 
 Africa. 
 
 North America. 
 South America. 
 Australia. 
 New Zealand. 
 
 The Hemispheres can also be had, mounted as one Map : size, 54 inches by 32. 
 Price, Coloured, on Roller, Varnished, 12s. 
 
 EXTRA LARGE SCHOOL MAPS. 
 
 THE BRITISH ISLES. 
 
 Scale, 8 miles to an inch ; size, 75 inches by 90. Price, Mounted on 
 Roller, Varnished, 42s. 
 The Map is constructed with the greatest care and accuracy, and has undergone 
 rigid scrutiny. It contains every place in Great Britain with 2000 inhabitants and 
 upwards, and every place in Ireland with 1500 and upwards; also, the principal 
 villages, railway junctions, battle fields, &c. The Outline and Hills are reduced 
 from the Ordnance Survey, as far as it has been carried. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Scale, 3f miles to an inch ; size, 8 feet by 9 feet 6 inches. Price, Mounted on 
 
 Roller, Varnished, 63«. 
 
 The largest and grandest Map of England and Wales for school use ever published 
 
 in this country. It is a careful reduction of the Ordnance Survey with the chief 
 
 physical features emphasised to produce a striking picture, retaining at the same 
 
 time the accuracy of detail for which our Government maps are famous. 
 
 This map is also published on the reduced scale of 5 miles to an inch ; size, 6 feet 
 10 inches by 8 feet ; price, mounted on roller, 42s. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 66, Charing Cross, London. 
 
26 SELECTED LIST. 
 
 staSford^s new orographical series of 
 wall maps. 
 
 For use in Schools and Colleges. Edited by A. C. Ramsay, LL.D., F.R.S., &c., 
 Director-General of the Geological Surveys of the United Kingdom. 
 
 This series of Orographical Maps has been prepared in order to supply the want 
 long felt in Schools where Physical Geography is taught, of good and reliable 
 scientific maps. 
 
 This series aims at exhibiting in the first place, and prominently, the forms of 
 relief and of contour of the land masses of the globe, and next of the sea bed. At 
 once a general idea is gained by the youngest student, on an inspection of the Map, 
 of the relative position of the high, dry, and cold table-lands and mountainous 
 regions, and the warm, moist, and fertile plains in each great division of the globe. 
 For instance, in our own country it is seen at once why the eastern part is devoted 
 to agricultural purposes, and the western part to mining and manufacturing; or by 
 reference to the Map of Europe we can readily see how a rise in the level of the sea 
 of a few hundreds of feet would suflBce to Inundate the whole northern part of 
 Europe ; and on the other hand, how the general upheaval of the land of a few hun- 
 dreds of feet would alter the whole contour of Europe, connecting the British Isles 
 with the Continent, and annihilating the North Sea and the Baltic. 
 
 The Maps are uniform in scale and size with the Political Series already hi use, 
 and which have acquired so great a popularity ; and will be found as accurate and 
 useful in teaching Physical Geography as the companion series are in Political 
 Geography. 
 
 Some of the series have been adopted by the School Board for London, 
 
 BRITISH ISLES. Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 11^ miles 
 to an inch ; size, 50 inches by 58. Price 30s. 
 
 ENGrliAND and "WALES. Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 
 8 miles to an inch ; size, 50 inches by 58. Price 30s. 
 
 SCOTLAND. Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 8 miles to an 
 inch; size, 34 inches by 42. Price 18s. 
 
 IRELAND. Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 8 miles to an inch ; 
 size, 34 inches by 42. Price 185. 
 
 EUROPE. Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 65 miles to an inch ; 
 size, 58 inches by 50. Price 30s. 
 
 ASIA. Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 140 miles to an inch ; 
 size, 58 inches by 50. Price 30s. 
 
 AFRICA. Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 116 miles to an inch ; 
 size, 50 inches by 58. Price 30s. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA, Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 91 
 miles to an Inch j size, 50 inches by 58. Price 30s. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 97 
 miles to an inch ; size, 50 inches by 58. Price 30s. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London. 
 
MAPS. 
 
 27 
 
 VARTY'S EDTJCATIONAIi SERIES of CHEAP WALL 
 
 MAPS, for class teaching, constructed by Arrowsmith, Walker, &c. New 
 and revised editions, coloured, mounted, and varnished. 
 
 The "World in Hemisplieres. Size, 51 inches by 26. Price 12«. 
 The "World (Mercator). Size, 50 inches by 32. Price 10s. 
 The British Isles. Size, 51 inches by 41. Price 10s. 
 Also the following, each 6s., size, 34 inches by 26 : — 
 
 Europe. Australia. 
 
 Asia. Engrland. 
 
 Africa. Scotland. 
 
 America. Ireland. 
 
 New Zealand. I Roman Empire. 
 
 JoTirneyingrs of 
 the Children of 
 Israel. 
 
 S. Paul's "Voyages 
 and Travels. 
 
 Price, in plain sheet, 2s. ; 
 Price, in plain 
 
 VARTY'S LARGE OUTLINE MAPS. 
 
 coloured, 3s. ; mounted on rollers, 7s. 
 
 The "World (globular), 2 feet 3 inches by 4 feet 3 inches. 
 
 sheet. Is. ; coloured, Is. 6d. 
 The "World (Mercator), 21 inches by 15 In. 
 And the following, plain sheet, Is. 3d. ; coloured, Is. 6d, ; mounted on rollers, 4s. ; 
 
 size, 2 feet 10 inches by 2 feet 2 inches. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 America. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 Asia. 
 
 England. 
 
 Palestine (0. Test.). 
 
 Africa. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 Palestine (N. Test.). 
 
 STANFORD'S OUTLINE MAPS. Size, 17 inches by 14, printed on 
 drawing paper. A Series of Geographical Exercises, to be filled in from the 
 Useful Knowledge Society's Maps and Atlases. Price 6d. each. 
 
 "World in Hemi- 
 spheres, "West. 
 
 "World in Hemi- 
 spheres, East. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 British Isles. 
 
 Engrland. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 France. 
 
 Netherlands. 
 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Germany, G-eneral. 
 Italy, G-eneral. 
 Spain and Portu- 
 gal. 
 Russia. 
 Denmark. ^ 
 Sweden. I ^^® 
 Norway. J ^^P- 
 Turkish Empire. 
 Asia. 
 
 Asia Minor. 
 G-reece. 
 
 India. 
 
 China. 
 
 Palestine. 
 
 Africa. 
 
 Egypt. 
 
 America, North. 
 
 Canada, and the 
 
 United States. 
 America, South. 
 "West India Islands 
 Australia. 
 New Zealand. 
 
 STANFORD'S PROJECTION SERIES. Uniform in size, price, &c., 
 with Stanford's Outlines. 
 
 The OXFORD SERIES of OUTLINE MAPS. Size, 16 inches by 14. 
 Price 3d. each. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London. 
 
28 
 
 SELECTED LIST. 
 
 ^mgrEms of lateral pistnrg. 
 
 These Diagrams, compiled by the eminent Scientific Men whose names are 
 appended, are drawn with the strictest regard to Nature, and engraved in the best 
 style of art. The Series consists of Eleven Subjects, each arranged so that it may be 
 mounted in one sheet, or be divided into four sections and folded in the form of a 
 book, thus rendering them available either for Class Exercises or Individual Study. 
 
 Price of each, mounted on roller and varnished, 6s. ; or folded in book form, 4s. 
 
 L CHABACTERISTIC BRITISH FOSSILS. By J. W. Lowry. 
 F.R.G.S. Exhibits nearly 600 of the more prominent forms of Organic remains 
 found in British Strata. 
 
 II. CHARACTERISTIC BRITISH TERTIARY FOSSILS. 
 
 By J. W. LoWEY, F.R.GjS. This Diagram is similarly Arranged to No. 1, and 
 illustrates upwards of 800 specimens of the Tertiary Formation. 
 in. FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. By J. W. Salter, A.L.S., F.G.S., and H. 
 Woodward, F.G.S., F.Z.S. Consisting of about 500 Illustrations of the Orders 
 and Sub-Orders, and showing their Range in Geological time. 
 
 IV. The VEGETABLE KING-DOM. By A. Henfrey. Arranged 
 according to the Natural System, each Order being illustrated by numerous 
 examples of representative species. 
 
 V. The ORDERS and FAMILIES of MOLLUSCA. By Dr. 
 Woodward. Represented in six classes : Cephalapoda, illustrated by 20 
 examples; Gasteropoda, 4 Orders, illustrated by 180 examples; Pteropoda, 
 illustrated by 18 examples; Conchifera, illustrated by 158 examples; Brachio- 
 poda, illustrated by II examples ; and Tunicata, illustrated by 20 examples. 
 
 VL MYRIAPOD A, —ARACHNID A, - CRUSTACEA, — AN- 
 NELID A,— and ENTOZOA. By Adam White and Dr. Baird. The 
 numerous Tribes represented under these Orders are illustrated by upwards of 
 180 examples, including Centipedes, Spiders, Crabs, Sandhoppers, Seamice, 
 Serpulas, Leeches, &c. 
 
 VII. INSECTS. By Adam White. Contains nearly 250 drawings of the 
 different Orders: Coleop.tera; Euplexoptera ; Orthoptera ; Thysanoptera — 
 Thripidffi, &c. ; Neuroptera; Trichoptera; Hymenoptera; Strepsiptera — 
 Hylechthrus rubis; Lepidoptera; Homoptera — Heteroptera ; Diptera; and 
 Aphaniptera. 
 
 VIII. FISHES. By P. H. Gosse. Showing over 130 of the most conspicuous 
 types, arranged in their Orders and Families. 
 
 IX. REPTILIA and AMPHIBIA. By Drs. Bell and Baird. Contains 
 105 figures of the principal typical forms. 
 
 X. BIRDS. By George Gray. Contains drawings of 236 of the leading illus- 
 
 trative specimens. 
 
 XI. MAMMALIA. By Dr. Baird. Exhibits 145 of the chief illustrations 
 selected from the several Orders. 
 
 Also, uniform in Price, 
 A GEOLOGICAL SECTION. Showing the Order of Superposition and 
 Approximate Maximum Thickness of Sedimentary Strata in the British Islands. 
 By James B. Jordan. Scale, 3000 feet to 1 inch ; size, II inches by 40. 
 
 TABLE of BRITISH SEDIMENTARY and FOSSILIFER- 
 OUS STRATA. By Hknry Wilmam Bristow, F.R.S., F.G.S., Director 
 of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. The Description of Life Groups 
 and l^istributlon by R. Etheridge, F.R.S. Second Edition, revised. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London. 
 
REAPING BOOKS. 29 
 
 W^Mmtirfi Series oi Stanbartr ^l^airmg- 
 §00lis fox #xrfe. 
 
 Edited by the Rev. J. P. Faunthorpe, M.A., Principal of Whitelands Training 
 
 College. With original Illustrations. Post 8vo, cloth. 
 Standard 1.— Illustrated Short Stories, &c. 84 pp. 6d. 
 
 „ 2.— Illustrated Easy Iiessons. 164 pp. is. 3d. 
 
 „ 3.— Instructive Lessons. Illustrated. 206 pp. is. ed. 
 
 „ 4.— Original Stories and Selected Poems. 264 pp. is. 9d. 
 
 „ 5.— -Domestic Economy and Household Science. 
 
 356 pp. 2S. 6d. 
 
 „ 6.— Literary Beading: Book. 386 pp. 3s. 
 
 §00kB f0r §0gs* 
 
 Edited by the Rev. Canon Daniel, M.A., Principal of the Battersea Training 
 College. Post 8vo, cloth. 
 
 Standard I. 88 pp. Price sd. 
 ,, II. 140 pp. Price Is. 
 ,, III. 184 pp. Price Is. 6d. 
 Illustrated. 
 
 Standard IV. 244 pp. Price is. 9d. 
 ,, V. 288 pp. Price 2s. 
 
 ,, VI, 336 pp. Price 2s. 6d. 
 
 Cl^^ '§RihxBm iprimers, f0r §0ns nnii ^xxh. 
 
 Written by the Rev. Canon Daniel, M.A. 
 Primer I. Illustrated. Large type. 42 pp. Price 5d. 
 ,, II. „ 64 pp. Price 7d. 
 
 Chiefly Intended for Elementary Schools, and for Home Use. 
 Our Bodily Life— How and Why "We Breathe— Food— Drink- 
 Cookery— Needlework— Clothing:— Air and Ventilation- 
 Sicknesses that Spread— Weather— Astronomy— Birds — 
 Flowers — Money. 
 
 BY 
 
 Mrs. Fenwick Miller ; G. Phillips Bevan, F.G.S. ; Dr. Mann, F.R. A.S., 
 F.R.G.S. ; J. C. BucKMASTER, B. A. ; Mrs. Benjamin Clarke ; J. J. Pope ; 
 Richard A. Proctor, B.A. ; Rev. F. 0. Morris, M.A. ; Rev. G. Henslow, M.A., 
 F.L.S. ; Rev. T. E. Crallan, M.A. 
 Price 16s. per 100. Single copies 3d. each. Also bound in one volume, cloth, 25. 6d. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 66, Charing Cross, London. 
 
30 SELECTED LIST. 
 
 Edited by ROBERT JAMES MANN, M.D., F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., late Super- 
 intendent of Education in Natal. Price 9d. each. 
 
 Alg'ebra. 
 Astronomy. 
 Botany. 
 
 British. Constitution. 
 Chemistry, 
 Classical Biogrraphy. 
 English Grammar. 
 English History. 
 French G-rammar. 
 French History. 
 General Geography. 
 General Knowledge. 
 
 Grecian Antiquities. 
 Grecian History. 
 Irish History. 
 Italian Grammar. 
 Jewish Antiquities. 
 Music. 
 
 Natural Philosophy. 
 Koman Antiquities. 
 Roman History. 
 Sacred History. 
 Scottish History. 
 Universal History. 
 
 MnnioxiQi*B €hmzninx^ ^thnm. 
 
 INSTRUCTIVE ATLAS of MODERN GEOGRAPHY, in- 
 tended for tlie use of Young Pupils. Containing Seventeen Coloured Maps, 
 each 17 inches by 14. Fcap. folio, Is. 6d. 
 
 ELEMENTARY PHYSICAL ATLAS, intended chiefly for Map- 
 Drawing, and the Study of the Great Physical Features and Relief Contours of 
 the Continent, with an Introduction to serve as a Guide for both purposes. By 
 the Rev. J. P. Faunthorpe, M.A., F.R.G.S., Principal of Whitelands Training 
 College. Ninth Edition. Sixteen Maps, printed in Colour, with descriptive 
 Letterpress. Price 4s. 
 
 OUTLINE ATLAS.— Containing Sixteen Maps, intended chiefly for use with 
 the ' Elementary Physical Atlas.' Coloured Wrapper, Is. 
 
 PROJECTION ATLAS.— Containing Sixteen Plates of Projections, intended 
 chiefly for use with the • Elementary Physical Atlas.' Coloured Wrapper, Is. 
 
 BLANK SHEETS for MAPS.— Sixteen Leaves of Blank Paper for Map- 
 Drawing, intended chiefly for use with the 'Elementary Physical Atlas.' 
 Coloured Wrapper, 6d. 
 
 PHYSICAL ATLAS.— A Series of Twelve Maps for Map-Drawing and 
 Examination. By Charles Bird, B.A., F.R.A.S., Science Master in the Brad- 
 ford Grammar School. Royal 4to, stiff boards, cloth baclc, 4s. 6d. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London. 
 
FEINTS. 31 
 
 PRECEPTIVE ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BIBLE. A Series 
 of Fifty-two Prints to aid Scriptural Instruction, selected in part by the Author 
 of ' Lessons on Objects.' The whole from Original Designs by S. Bendixen, 
 Artist, expressly for this Work. They have been recently re-engraved, and are 
 carefully coloured. Size, 17^ inches by 13. 
 
 . Price of the Work. 
 
 The Set of 52 Prints, in Paper Wrapper 52«. 
 
 in One Volume, handsomely half-bound . . . . 60s. 
 
 in Varty's Oak Frame, with glass, lock and key 60s. 
 
 Single Prints, Is. each ; mounted on millboard, Is. 4d. each. 
 
 VARTY'S SELECT SERIES of DOMESTIC and "WILD 
 
 ANIMALS, Drawn from Nature and from the Works of Eminent Artists. In 
 36 carefully-coloured Plates, exhibiting 130 Figures. Size, 12 inches by 9. 
 The selection of Animals has been limited to those which are most known and 
 best adapted to elicit inquiry from the young, and afford scope for instruction and 
 application. 
 
 Bound In Frame 
 
 in Cloth. and Glass. 
 
 Set of 36 Prints, Coloured 18s. . . 24s. . . 24s. 
 
 Plain.. 12s. .. 17s. .. 18s. 
 
 Single Prints, coloured, 6d. ; mounted on millboard, lOd. 
 
 The ANIMAL KINGDOM at ONE VIEW, clearly exhibiting, on 
 four beautifully-coloured Plates containing 1 84 Illustrations, the relative sizes of 
 Animals to Man, and their comparative sizes with each other, as arranged in 
 Divisions, Orders, &c., according to the method of Baron Cuvier. 
 Exhibited on four Imperial Sheets, each 30 inches by 22 : — 
 
 Cloth, 
 
 Complete Set, 
 
 Animals and Landscape, /mW coloured 
 
 Animals only coloured , 
 
 Single Flsites, full coloured 
 
 KoUers, and 
 Varnished. 
 
 38s. 
 35s. 
 10s. 
 
 On 
 
 Sheets. 
 
 18s. 
 15s. 
 5s. 
 
 VARTY'S GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS of ANIMALS, 
 
 showing their Utility to Man, in their Services during Life and Uses after 
 Death. Beautifully coloured. Size, 15 inches by 12. Price, the set, 31s. 6d. ; 
 in frame, with glass, lock and key, 39s. 6d. ; or half-bound m leather, and 
 lettered, 1 vol. folio, 42s. 
 
 The 21 separate Prints may also he had, price Is. 6d. each. 
 Or Mounted on Millboard, Is. lOd. 
 
 For complete lists of Edwaed Stanford's Publications, see his General 
 Catalogue of Maps and Atlases, List of Books, Educational Catalogue, &c., 
 gratis on application, or by post for one penny stamp. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 56, Charing Cross, London. 
 
CATALOGUES 
 
 ISSUED BY 
 
 EDWAED STANFORD, 
 
 55, OHAEIfra OEOSS, S.¥. 
 
 1. ATLASES and MAPS.— Creneral Catalogue of Atlases and Maps 
 
 published or sold by Edwabd Stanford. 
 
 2. BOOKS.— List of Books published by Edward Stanford, including 
 
 Naval and Military Books, Ordnance Survey Publications, Memoirs of the 
 Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, and Meteorological Office 
 Publications, published on account of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 
 
 4. LONDON and its ENVIRONS.— Selected List of Maps of 
 
 London and its Environs, published by Edward Stanford. 
 
 iJVew Editixm preparing. 
 
 5. ORDNANCE MAPS.— Selected List of Principal Publications of the 
 
 Ordnance Survey of Great Britain and Ireland (gratis). Also, the Official 
 Detailed Catalogue, in Three Divisions, with Index Maps. — England and 
 Wales, Is. ; by post, Is. 4c?. Scotland, 8d. ; by post, lid. Lreland, 6d. ; 
 by post, M. 
 
 6. GEOLOaiCAL SURVEY of GREAT BRITAIN and 
 
 IRELAND.— Catalogue of the Geological Maps, Sections, and Memoirs of 
 the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland, under the Superin- 
 tendence of Andrew C. Ramsay, LL.D., F.R.S., Director-General of the 
 Geological Surveys of the United Kingdom. Price Qd. ; per post, Id. 
 
 8. ADMIRALTY CHARTS.— Catalogue of Charts, Plans, Views, and 
 
 Sailing Directions, &c., published by order of the Lords Commissioners of 
 The Admiralty. 200 pp. royal 8vo. Price is. ; per post. Is. Zd. 
 
 9. INDIA. — Catalogue of Maps of the British Possessions in India and 
 
 other parts of Asia, with continuation to the year ISTO. Published by 
 order of Her Majesty's Secretary of State for India, in Council. Post free 
 for Two Penny Stamps. 
 
 10. EDUCATIONAL. — Select List of Educational Works, published by 
 
 Edward Stanford, including those formerly published by Varty and 
 Cox. 
 
 11. EDUCATIONAL WORKS and STATIONERY.— Stan- 
 
 ford's Catalogue of School Stationery, Educational Works, Atlases, Maps, 
 and Globes. 
 
 12. SCHOOL PRIZE BOOKS.— List of Works specially adapted for 
 
 School Prizes, Awards, and Presentations. 
 
 13. BOOKS. — A Catalogue of Selected Books in every department of English 
 
 Literature (irrespective of Publisher) classified and arranged with a view 
 to easy reference. 
 
 14. BOOKS and MAPS for TOURISTS.— Stanford's Tourist's 
 
 Catalogue, containing a List, irrespective of Publisher, of all the best 
 Guide Books and Maps suitable for the British and Continental Traveller ; 
 with Index Maps to the Government Surveys of England, France, and 
 Switzerland. [^New Edition preparing. 
 
 %* With the exception of those with price affixed, any of the above Cata- 
 logues can be had gratis on application ; or, per post, for penny stamp. 
 
 Edward Stanford, 65, Charing Cross, London. 
 
 Agent, by Appointment, for the sale of the Ordnance and Geological 
 Survey Maps, the Admiralty Charts, Her Majesty^s Stationery 
 Office and India Office PuhlicationSy <^c. 
 
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