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BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WOELD
FOR TEN YEARS
BY THE SAME A UTHOR.
THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD,
IN ARTS, AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES, INSTRUCTION,
RAILWAYS, AND PUBLIC WEALTH,
SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
Crown 8vo., cloth, 570 pp., 12s. 6d.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
" Must have cost a vast amount of research." — Tinus.
" Eemarkable book ; well -arranged and clear." — Economist.
" Inexhaustible treasury of interesting facts." — Economiste Fra^igais.
"The author has gone to many authorities." — Athenceum.
"Contains a vast amount of statistical information." — Academy.
"Useful and interesting work." — Statistical Journal.
"Dazzling picture of the progress of our age." — Leroy-Beaulieu.
" Of interest to those who know how to use it. " — St. James's Gazette.
"Boon to the student or public writer." — Irish Times.
" Never read a book with greater pleasure." — Leeds Mercury.
"Work done with great care and intelligence." — New York Nation.
"Clear, accurate, and comprehensive." — Toronto Herald.
" Most important and useful book of reference." — S. Amer. Journal.
" Array of well-arranged statistics." — European Mail.
" Shows the onward march of the age." — Col. Register.
LONDON :
EDWARD STANFORD, 55 Charing Cross, S.W.
\,
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD
FOR TEN YEARS
■* o o A _
ERRATA.
^age 33 v^^
" France, for -goo ,
'■ ^''- '■«"« £20 12s. 5d.
OF THE '^
UN/VERs/TY
LONDON
EDWARD STANFORD, 55 CHARING CROSS, S.W.
1881
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
THE PROGRESS OP THE WORLD,
LONDON :
EDWAKD STANFORD, 65 Charing Cross, S.W.
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD
FOE TEN YEARS
1870-1880
By MICHAEL G. MULHALL, F.S.S.
AUTHOR OF ' THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD,' ' THE ENGLISH IN SOUTH AMERICA,'
* HANDBOOK TO THE RIVER PLATE,' ' HANDBOOK TO BRAZIL,'
ETC. ETC.
WITH TWELVE COLOURED DIAGRAMS
OF THE '^
LONDON
EDWAED STANFOED, 55 CHAEING CEOSS, S.W.
1881
\\'^jA*
1VS3N39
PEEFACE.
It is certainly as important for us to know every ten
years the progress made by nations in the various
branches of industry and finances, as to take a census
of their population. The task is, in a manner, easy,
since it reduces itself to a careful comparison of the
statistics relative to commerce, agriculture, manufac-
tures, revenue, and public debt, as exhibited in the 27
Tables (pages 14 to 40), on which the present work is
constructed.
The diagrams show at a glance the results of the
said Tables ; and here I may observe that the inquiry
is confined to the nations of Christendom, that is
Europe, America, and the Colonies of Great Britain.
It is hardly necessary to add that in all cases the term
Great Britain isnised as synonymous with the United
Kingdom, irrespective of our Colonies.
MICHAEL G. MULHALL, F.S.S.
Grasslands, Balcombe,
March 25, 1881.
104623
CONTENTS.
Balance-Sheet of the World
Table of Industries of Nations .
„ ,, ditto^ compared with Population
,, ,, Aliquot parts of Industries . .
,, ,, Manufactures of all Nations .
, , , , Consumption of Cotton, Wool, etc.
,, „ Production of Coal, Iron, Steel
,, ,, ,, of Wool and Cotton
,, ,, Commerce, Bullion, etc.
„ ,, Carrying- trade .
,, ,, Carrying-power on Sea
,, „ ditto, compared with Trade
,, ,, Port Entries of all Nations
,, ,, Increase of Population
, , , , Increase of Eailways .
, , , , Increase of Telegraphs .
,, ,, Money of aU Nations .
,, ,, Production and Coinage of Gold, etc.
, , , , Capital Wealth of Nations
,, ,, Public Debt of Nations
,, ,, Earnings of Nations .
,, ,, Taxation, compared with Earnings
,, ,, Aliquot parts of Capital, Debt, etc.
,, ,, Military and Naval Expenditure
,, ,, <ii^^o, compared with Earnings
,, ,, Food-supply of all Nations
, , , , ditto f compared with Population
,, ,, Agricultural and Pastorallndustries
PACIE
1
14
15
16
18
18
19
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
VIU
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Balance-sheet of Great Britain . . . . . 41
,, „ of France
53
„ „ of Germany
60
„ ,, of Russia
66
„ ,, of Austria-Hungary
70
„ of Italy .
75
„ of Spain .
79
,, ,, of Belgium
84
„ „ of Holland
88
,, ,, of Sweden and Norway
92
„ ,, of Denmark
96
,, „ of Portugal
99
,, „ of Switzerland .
. 102
,, ,, of Greece
, 104
„ of United States .
. 108
,, ,, of Canada
. 120
,, ,, of Australia
. 124
,, ,, of India .
. 132
„ „ of South Africa .
135
„ ,, of South America
. 138
LIST OF DIAGRAMS.
A. Industries of all Nations . . . Facing page 14
B. Ratio of ditto for Population
15
C. Consumption of Cotton, Wool, Flax
, etc.
18
D. Imports of all Nations
20
E. Exports of ditto
20
F. Carrying-trade on Sea
22
G. ,, „ on Railways
26
H. Accumulated Wealth of Nations
31
I. Earnings of Nations
33
K. Military Expenditure of Nations
* '
36
L. Supply and Consumption of Meat
■x%
'A « f M my\
J 38
M. ,, ,, of Grain
■ ST.
i^k
/W/DV.
, 39
OF THE '
UNIVERSITY
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WOELD.
1870-1880.
The period of ten years which has just come to a close
has been one of marvellous industrial activity, of unprece-
dented increase in population among the States of Chris-
tendom, and an almost unchequered career of prosperity
and growing wealth. In the 27 Tables (pages 14-40) the
reader will be able to measure each and every element of
progress in the various nations, and the result may be
briefly summed up thus, for the world : —
Population increased . . . 9*76 per cent
Agriculture ,,
8-58
Manufactures , ,
18-60
Commerce ,,
38-20
Mining
47-06
Carrying- trade ,,
53-22
Earnings of nations
. 19-84
Public wealth , ,
10-57
Taxes • ,,
22-34
Public debt ,,
43-39
The most remarkable feature is the improvement in
the financial condition of mankind, the earnings of nations
having risen in twice the ratio of population. It is true
that public debt has increased 43 per cent, but this is by
no means alarming, since the cost of new railways built
since 1870 is £184,000,000 over the total of new debts.
Moreover, the tangible increment of wealth since 1870
2 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
would suffice to pay off 88 per cent of all existing national
debts. In like manner, although taxation has grown 22 J
per cent, which is more than the geometrical progression of
earnings, the net balance per head of population is higher.
The account stands, in millions sterling, as follows : —
1870. 1880. .^^*^° ^^
ioiv. J.OOV. increase.
Earnings . . 5652 6773 19-84 per cent
Taxes . . 794 971 22-34
Net earnings . 4858 5802 19-42 ,,
If we distribute the earnings among the population of
Christendom (as in Table 20), we find as follows : —
Population.
Net Earnings.
Average per Head.
In 1870 .
375,129,000
£4,858,000,000
£12 15 6
In 1880 .
411,728,000
5,802,000,000
13 15 2
This shows, as far as money can, how much the con-
dition of mankind has improved in the last ten years.
Perhaps the secret of prosperity has been the development
of the carrying trade, by land and sea, which has risen 5 3
per cent, and cheapened all the products of industry by
placing the producer and consumer in closer relation than
before.
The following observations may serve to elucidate the
27 Tables of which the present Balance-sheet is composed.
INDUSTRIES OF NATIONS.
(Tables 1, 2, and 3.)
In the 1st Table we find that the six industries which
may be said to make up the week of human labour reach
a total of 10 J milliards sterling, showing an advance of
22 J per cent since 1870. The figures, however, for
France and Germany, are those that correspond to 1869,
being the year before the war. At present Great Britain
PROGRESS OF INDUSTRIES, 1870-1880. 3
holds the foremost place, but the United States will prob-
ably pass us in the ensuing decade ; in like manner Germany-
gives promise of getting ahead of France, and becoming
the third of the great powers of industry. Europe is,
meantime, losing weight in the balance of labour, as she
counts for 2 per cent less in the aliquot parts (Table 3)
than she did in 1870. This is due not only to the rise of
the United States, but also to that of the British Colonies,
which are already assuming the importance of kingdoms.
The 2d Table shows that the average product of human
industry per head is over £25, a rise of 12 per cent since
1870. Even the countries that stand lowest, such as Eussia,
Italy, and Spain, with an average ranging from £11 to £15,
show a satisfactory improvement. The advance in Great
Britain is double the European average, the figures being
as follow : —
Industry per Head.
1870. 1880. Advance.
Great Britain . . £53 13 £58 11 £4 18
Europe . . . 21 20 23 40 220
United States . . 38 9 40 1 1 12
The World . . 22 10 25 2 2 12
This Table must not be confounded with the earnings
of nations, of which hereafter.
MANUFACTURES.
(Tables 4, 5, 6, and 7).
The 4th Table classifies manufactures under three
heads, and shows their progress since 1870 as follows : —
Increase.
Textiles
16*50 per cent
Hardware .
. 44-35 „
Sundries
12-50 „
Total
18-60 ,,
The above is merely the increase in money value, but
4 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
the quantities produced show a much higher increment.
For example (in Table 5), we see that the consumption of
raw cotton and wool has risen 30 per cent. The rivalry
between King Cotton and King Wool continues, with
varying fortune, as appears from the following summary of
textile manufactures : —
1870. 1880.
Cotton Manufactures . £240,000,000 £285,000,000
Woollen „ . . 246,000,000 278,000,000
Linen, Laces, Silks, etc. . 162,000,000 220,000,000
Total . . . £648,000,000 £783,000,000
Although the United States appear as foremost among
manufacturing nations, it is because flour, timber, etc.,
enter so largely into the lists for that country, and if we
were to confine the term to textiles and hardware. Great
Britain would be by far the first (see Table 4).
Table 6 shows how enormously the production of coal,
iron, and steel, has increased since 1870. Great Britain
still produces 45 per cent of the coal, 42 per cent of the iron,
and 36 per cent of the steel that is consumed by the world.
Table 7 gives the production of wool and cotton in all
countries, showing that the Australian clip has more than
doubled since 1870, and that a .similar increase has taken
place in the cotton crop of the United States. There is
altogether a rise of 330 million pounds, or 22 per cent, in
wool, and 994 million pounds, or 37 per cent, in cotton,
since 1870.
COMMERCE AND SHIPPING.
(Tables 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12.)
In the 8th Table we see that the trade of the world
has risen £776,000,000 sterling, the principal items of
increase being as follow : —
COMMERCE OF TEN YEARS.
Great Britain . . . £145,000,000
United States . . . 129,000,000
Germany .... 114,000,000
Other nations . . 388,000,000
£776,000,000
The commerce of the civilised world at present reaches
2,749 millions : if India, W. Indies, etc.,be included, the total
will be (as in Table 8) 2,869,000,000. The average trade of
Europe for the past ten years shows an adverse balance of
169,000,000 per annum, but this is only nominal, for, as
exports gain 11*3 per cent by transhipment when they
figure as imports, the real balance against Europe is only
67,000,000 per annum.
Exports. Millions £.
Imports. Value at Value on Surplus Surplus
Millions sterling, shipment. arrival. imports. exports.
Great Britain . 371 278 310 61
Continent . 691 615 685 6
Europe .
1062
893
995
67
United States
110
121
135
25
Colonies, etc. .
168
190
210
42
1340 1204 1340
Nobody has hitherto solved the riddle of the port
entries of all nations having risen 61 per cent, while the
shipping of all flags has increased only 2,541,000 tons, or
1 6 per cent. Some writers allow threefold carrying-power
for steamers, which would be wholly inadequate to meet
an increase of 61 per cent in the traffic of the seas. The
port entries show that steamers make 15 trips, sailing
vessels 3, in a year ; in other words that a steamer counts
for fivefold. The reader will now easily comprehend Table
10, showing the difference between nominal tonnage and
actual carrying-power. In 1870 the British flag stood for
51 per cent, in 1880 for 56 per cent, of the carrying-power
6 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
of the merchant shipping of the world. At present 76 per
cent of all the merchandise borne on British bottom is
carried by steamers, although only 63 per cent of the port
entries of the United Kingdom corresponds to steamers.
Taking the aggregate traffic of the high seas, we find that
steamers carry 57 per cent, and sailing vessels 43 per cent
of the total. The carrying-power of the world is now 82
tons per 1000 inhabitants, against 60 tons in 1870 ; that of
Great Britain has in the same interval risen from 310 to
487 tons, being thus 6 times the average for all nations
(Table 11). The 12th Table shows portentries.
INCREASE OF POPULATION.
(Table 13.)
In this Table, for the sake of comparison, Germany and
France are supposed to have had the same limits in 1870
as at present, that is Alsace and Lorraine are included in the
former country. The item of emigration from Turkey,
and immigration into Austria, stands for the annexation
of Bosnia, with 1,103,000 inhabitants. No allowance is
made for Eussian conquests, which were chiefly in Asia,
and therefore outside the scope of the present balance-
sheet, while the portion of Bessarabia that was annexed
hardly compensated for the loss of life in the campaign.
Europe had a surplus of 25 J million births over deaths,
but emigration reduced the actual increase to 22^ mil-
lions. The Franco-German War cost 819,000 lives,
the French loss being 70 per cent of the total. The
increase of population in the United States exceeds the
^-ggregate number of inhabitants in three kingdoms of
Europe, namely, Holland, Denmark, and Portugal. Our
Australian colonies have increased in double the ratio of
the United States. There is also a remarkable rise in the
INCREASE OF RAILWAYS. 7
population of South Africa, but this is mainly the result
of annexation and conquest.
RAILWAYS.
(Table 14.)
Mankind has built more than 100,000 miles of railway-
since 1870, at a cost of 1759 millions sterling, viz. —
Great Britain .
Continent .
Miles.
2,159
37,698
Cost.
£187,000,000
783,000,000
Per mile.
£86,600
20,800
Europe
United States .
Colonies, etc.
39,857
41,883
18,747
£970,000,000
578,000,000
211,000,000
£24,300
13,800
11,230
The World
. 100,487 £1,759,000,000
£17,520
Although British railways have been the most costly,
they render more service for capital expended than those
of other nations; thus for every £100 of capital invested,
we carry yearly 120 passengers or tons of cargo, against
54 in the rest of Europe, 41 in the United States, and 25
in other countries. Ten years ago the ratio was 98 in
Great Britain, 61 in the Continent of Europe, and 62 in
the United States. If we consider a passenger and a ton
of merchandise equal, and add them together, the traffic of
the world will be as follows : —
1870. 1879.
Great Britain . . 518,000,000 844,000,000
Continent . . . 617,000,000 943,000,000
Europe
United States
Colonies, etc.
1,135,000,000 1,787,000,000
260,000,000 408,000,000
50,000,000 95,000,000
1, 445,000,000 2,290,000,000
8 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
The traffic returns per mile show a decline of 4 per cent
for passengers and 22 per cent for goods since 1870, viz. —
1870. '1879.
Passengers per mile . . 7,146 6,822
Goods, tons „ . . 4,585 3,597
Total .... 11,731 10,419
Thus, taken collectively, there is a decline of 11 per
cent.
TELEGRAPHS.
Table 15 shows an increase of 280,000 miles, say 90
per cent on 1870, in the existing lines and cables, as also
123 per cent in the number of messages. The Swiss are
the only people who send more telegrams per head than the
British. Our traffic has trebled since the reduction of tariff
in 1870. There is much need of a Berne Convention to fix
an uniform tariff for all messages over sea.
MONEY.
Table 1 6 shows that the abundance of money has little
to do with national wealth or prosperity. Spain has
most money compared with national industry, England the
least. Switzerland has most coin per inhabitant. The
paper -money of the world has risen from 592 millions
sterling in 1870 to 799 millions in 1880, an increase of 34
per cent. The actual amount of gold and silver coin is 823
millions sterling, the former being 68 per cent of the total.
Table 1 7 shows the production of gold and silver since
1870, and the quantities minted, the latter being 45 per
cent in excess of the former !
This has given rise to an ungrounded alarm that the
world will soon come short of gold, since the mines are
rather declining than increasing in their yield, while com-
merce and population are growing every year. It appears
MONEY. y
indeed that the gold minted since 1870 (Table 17) has
been 333 millions, or 132 millions in excess of what the
mines produced ; but we find from experience that all gold
coin is reminted or at least melted down in forty years,
for the amount of such coin last year existing in Europe,
America, and Australia was only 554 millions, that is 430
millions over the stock of 1848, although 960 millions had
been minted in the interval. In other words one-fourth of
existing coinage disappears or is transformed in ten years,
so that the net increase since 1870 has been only 210
millions, or 5 per cent over the yield of the mines.^ But
supposing that we have to go on coining 20 millions per
annum, this will be five millions sterling more than the
world produces. As the stock of gold above ground, how-
ever, is 8840 tons (as shown from the tables of Humboldt,
Eossi, Michel Chevalier, etc.), and as all the gold coin only
amounts to 4100 tons, it is clear that the uncoined bullion
will suffice to cover the above deficit for 140 years to come.
In the meantime, as nations become civilised, cheques take
the place of coin, and hence the world may in another
century use as little gold as we do in England, where Sir
John Lubbock says only 10s. of coin are employed for
every £100 of business. If we compare the commerce and
money of all nations, as in Tables 8 and 16, and except
India as uncertain, we shall find the world's trade in 1880
was transacted thus : —
Aliquot parts.
Gold coin
£554,000,000
19-93
Silver „ .
269,000,000
9-61
Bank-notes
773,000,000
27-81
Cheques, etc. .
1,186,000,000
£2,782,000,000
42-65
Total
100-00
^ The mutation or reminting of gold between 1870 and 1880 would
be 83 millions ordinary, and 40 millions of French coin recast by
Germany — in all, 123 millions sterling.
10
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
WEALTH OF NATIONS.
Tables 18 and 19 may help to show how groundless is
the impression that the nations are plunging into debt and
hastening to bankruptcy. The total of new national debts
since 1870 is only £1,575,000,000 sterling, or (as already
shown) £184,000,000 less than the cost of new railways in
that period ; in fact the new debts are hardly 34 per cent
of the increase of wealth, which has been steady and pro-
gressive. It is to be noted that Table 18 in the wealth of
Germany contains £280,000,000 for Alsace and Lorraine ;
in like manner Austria has £55,000,000 for Bosnia. The
increase in the United States has been prodigious, and yet
the ratio per inhabitant is not so high as in 1870. The
same occurs in the case of Australia.
Tables 20 and 21 treat of earnings and taxation, the
latter including all manner of taxes. The average net
earnings of mankind have risen nearly £1 since 1870, as
shown in the following summary : —
Great Britain— 1870. 1880.
Earnings . . . £30 10 6 £33 10 4
Taxes . . . 3 13 5 3 19 9
Net Income
Europe —
Earnings .
Taxes
Net Income
United States —
Earnings .
Taxes
Net Income
The World—
Earnings .
Taxes
Net Income
£26 17 1
£29 10 7
£13 14 2
1 18 7
£14 13 6
2 7
am 15 7 £l2 6 6
£27 11 8
3 13 10
£23 17 10
£27 18 4
2 12 7
£25 5 9
£14 17 10
2 2 4
£12 15 6
£16 2 1
2 6 11
£13 15 2
MILITARY OUTLAY. 11
Although the net income of the world has increased,
the relative burthen of taxation is heavier now than it was
in 1870, Table 21 showing the following ratio: —
Taxation compared with Income.
1870. 1880.
Great Britain . . 11*92 per cent 11*88 per cent
Europe . . . 13*87 ,, 15*38 ,,
United States . . 13*39 „ 9*21 „
The World . . 14*05 „ 14*34
Table 22 shows the aliquot parts of capital, debt,
earnings, and taxation, for all countries.
ART OF WAR.
Table 23 shows the armaments by land and sea of all
nations, in the year 1869, before the Franco-German war,
and at present. Europe has now fewer men under arms,
but the annual expenditure for armies and navies is 25 per
cent higher, probably owing to costly artillery.
Table 24 is a further study on military expenditure,
placing it before the reader in various points of view for
comparison. It will be observed that the British soldier
now costs £101 per annum, against £98 in 1869, but the
burthen of the military and naval expenditure on each
inhabitant of Great Britain is shown to be less now than
eleven years ago, although for the world it is higher,
viz. —
1869. 1880.
Great Britain . . 16s. 8d. per inhabitant 15s.
Europe ... 7s. lOd. ,, 9s. 2d.
United States . . lis. ,, 4s. 6d.
The World . . 8s. Id. ,, 8s. 5d.
The armaments of Europe at present absorb nearly
3 per cent (2*98) of the total earnings of the nations,
as compared with 2*83 in 1869. That is, the burthen is
relatively 5 per cent heavier than it was eleven years ago.
12 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
FOOD SUPPLY.
Tables 25 and 26 show how much food is consumed in
each country, and how much produced, also the ratio per
inhabitant, etc. Of course all kinds of grain are included,
as even what is used for cattle serves ultimately to produce
food for the population. Potatoes are counted for grain
on the ordinary estimate of four bushels equal to one of
wheat.
Europe has a deficit of 380 million bushels of grain, and
85 3,000 tons of meat yearly. The United States have a sur-
plus of 370 million bushels grain, and 1,076,000 tons meat.
Taking the world on the whole, we find 22 million bushels
over consumption, and as for meat, there is a surplus of
2,144,000 tons, that is enough for 42 millions of people
more than at present. The consumption of food in Great
Britain and United States is much over the European aver-
age per inhabitant, viz. —
Grain, bushels. Meat, lbs.
Great Britain 20*02 119-10
United States 40*66 120*00
France 24*02 81*88
Germany ...... 23*71 84*51
Europe 17*66 57*50
World 20-19 68*87
Table 26 shows that Great Britain and Belgium are
the countries most dependent on imported food for their
supplies.
Table 27 is a coup d'oeil at the agricultural and pastoral
industries of the world.
TABLES.
14
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
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Turkey, etc. .
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Australia . .
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World .
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
15
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16
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Table
ALIQUOT PARTS OF
Great Britain
Commerce.
Manufactures.
Mining.
Agri-
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
1870.
27-35
25-16
21-38
21-36
30-06
28-88
10-00
France . .
12-48
12-11
14-65
13-65
5-96
5-43
15-90
Germany . .
13-54
14-00
11-36
12-06
9-27
9-50
11-90
Russia . . .
5-51
7-00
6-80
6-46
5-30
4-98
13-21
Austria . .
4-15
5-10
6-10
5-72
3-45
3-11
9-06
Italy . . .
3-71
3-57
3-43
3-19
1-32
0-90
5-09
Spain . . .
1-55
1-40
2-57
2-39
3-31
3-21
3-59
Belgium . .
3-21
3-84
2-38
2-28
3-92
3-57
1-28
HoUand . .
3-56
3-95
1-23
1-14
0-00
0-00
1-55
Swed. and Nor.
1-30
1-27
1-20
1-11
1-32
0-91
1-77
Denmark . .
0-75
0-71
0-47
0-49
0-00
0-00
0-94
Portugal . .
0-50
0-48
0-33
0-31
0-00
0-00
0-87
Turkey, etc. .
Europe . .
4-49
2-03
3-03
2-29
0-00
0-00
2-53
82-10
80-62
74-93
72-45
63-91
60-49
77-69
United States
8-62
11-00
22-71
25-06
24-83
82-00
15-96
Australia . .
3-00
3-17
0-30
0-42
5-60
2-71
1-40
Canada . .
1-65
1-30
1-17
1-28
0-00
0-00
1-92
S. Africa . .
0-35
0-56
0-10
0-11
1-01
1-36
0-20
S. America .
The World .
4-28
3-35
0-79
0-68
4-65
3-44
2-83
100-00
100-00
100-00
100-00
100-00
100-00
100-00
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
17
3.
INDUSTEIES OF MANKIND.
culture.
Carrying-trade.
Banking,
Total.
Difference.
^
'^
''
— ^
1880.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
Plus.
Minus.
8-50
23-55
24-51
32-90
35-18
20-08
19-74
—
0-34
14-15
9*14
9-58
12-28
11-07
14-06
12-92
—
1-14
12-07
10-03
11-80
10-27
9-12
11-90
12-38
0-48
— -
13-20
5-41
6-70
4-98
5-00
8-49
8-40
—
0-09
9-33
4-44
4-65
5-81
5-53
6-45
6-40
—
0-05
5-03
2-46
2-21
2-07
2-01
3-87
3-70
—
0-17
3-78
1-64
1-71
0-83
0-99
2-58
2-50
—
0-08
1-21
1-30
1-24
1-25
1-00
2-22
2-36
0-14
—
1-60
0-78
0-80
5-40
4-64
1-98
2-12
0-14
—
1-80
1-78
2-29
1-25
1-00
1-48
1-44
—
0-04
0-94
0-35
0-51
0-42
0-33
0-68
0-65
--
0-03
0-87
0-00
0-17
0-44
G-33
0-53
0-50
—
0-03
1-85
1-53
1-21
1-12
0-67
2-66
1-80
—
0-86
74-33
62-41
67-38
79-02
76-87
76-98
74-91
—
2-07
18-26
34-38
28-41
16-50
16-92
17-62
19-54
1-92
—
2-15
0-48
0-91
2-05
3-40
1-39
1-70
0-31
—
2-08
1-49
1-62
0-83
1-30
1-51
1-51
—
—
0-35
0-00
0-00
0-00
0-00
0-23
0-31
0-08
—
2-83
1-24
1-68
1-60
1-51
2-27
2-03
—
0-24
100-00
100-00
100-00
100-00
100-00
100-00
100-00
—
—
18
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Table 4.
MANUFACTUEES of ALL NATIONS, in Millions Sterling.
In 18'r0 and 1880.
Textiles.
Hardware.
Sundries.
Total.
Increase.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
Great Britain
France . .
Germany .
Russia . .
Austria . .
Italy . .
Spain . .
Belgium .
Holland .
Scandinavia
Switz., Greece
et
c. .
194
127
70
45
32
18
17
28
5
7
5
213
134
95
54
36
25
22
30
6
7
5
124
32
41
12
10
4
5
9
2
5
3
155
41
62
15
15
5
6
13
3
7
3
324
280
230
148
141
81
55
36
30
41
79
390
310
270
160
155
85
60
42
33
44
71
642
439
341
205
183
103
77
73
37
63
87
758
485
427
229
206
115
88
85
42
58
79
116
46
86
24
23
12
11
12
5
5
Europe
United States . . .
British Colonies, etc.
548
88
30
627
115
34
247
55
14
325
109
20
1445
539
20
1620
664
30
2240
682
64
2572
888
84
332
206
20
The World
666
776
316
454
2004
2314
2986
3544
558
Table 5.
CONSUMPTION OF COTTON, WOOL, FLAX, JUTE, etc.
Cotton,
Wool,
Flax, jute, etc.
Total,
million lbs.
million lbs.
million lbs.
million lbs.
Increase,
mill. lbs.
Great Britain . . .
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
1101
1404
342
401
660
766
2103
2571
468
France
210
270
292
350
360
402
862
1022
160
Germany ....
268
390
155
265
226
305
649
960
311
Russia
93
133
130
165
170
220
393
518
125
Austria
103
130
70
80
90
95
263
305
42
Italy
55
90
30
34
15
25
100
149
49
Spain
60
76
35
40
14
26
109
142
33
Belgium ....
Holland
36
48
94
105
146
148
276
301
25
11
13
6
7
50
55
67
75
8
Scandinavia . . .
20
25
23
23
17
19
60
67
7
Switz., Greece, etc. .
Europe
78
70
20
20
18
20
116
110
2035
2649
1197
1490
1766
2081
4998
6220
1222
United States . . .
530
911
204
258
54
23
788
1192
404
Colonies, etc. . . .
Total . . .
70
105
30
35
50
50
150
190
40
2635
3665
1431
1783
1870
2154
5936
7602
1666
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BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
19
Table 6.
PEODUCTIOlSr OF COAL, lEON, AND STEEL.
Coal, Million Tons.
Iron, Thousand Tons.
Steel, Thousand Tons.
1870.
1879.
Increase.
1870.
1878-79.
Increase.
1870.
1878.
Increase.
Great Britain .
110
135
25
5,230
7,300
2070
245
1020
775
United States .
25
55
30
1,580
3,100
1520
40
780
740
Germany . . .
30
53
23
1,322
3,668
2346
170
466
296
France . . .
13
17
4
1,230
1,520
290
90
260
170
Austria . . .
8
12
4
280
470
190
22
97
75
Belgium . . .
12
15
3
260
420
160
10
88
78
Russia, Swed., etc.
10
14
4
500
755
255
15
40
25
Total . .
208
301
93
10,402
17,233
6831
592
2751
2159
Table 7.
PEODUCTION OF WOOL AND COTTON.
WOOL.
Australia . . .
Million lbs.
Ratio of total.
1870.
1879.
1870.
1879.
193
392
13-43
22-14
River Plate . .
198
240
13-78
13-56
Soutk Africa .
41
46
2-84
2-70
United States .
165
208
11-46
11-74
Great Britain .
170
160
11-80
9-03
Continent . .
640
670
44-55
37-83
India, etc. . .
30
51
2-14
3-00
1437
1767
100-00
100-00
COTTON.
United States .
India ....
Egypt. . . .
Brazil, etc. . .
MiUion lbs.
Ratio of Total.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
1540
535
480
115
2773
363
450
78
57-62
20-04
17-96
4-38
75-68
9-91
12-28
2-13
2670
3664
100-00
100-00
20
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10,600,000
45,580,000
31,300,000
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BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
23
Table 11.
CAEEYING-POWER ON SEA COMPAEED WITH
TEADE AND POPULATION.
For £1000 of trade.
-I
Difference.
Tons per
1000 inhab.
Difference.
United Kingdom
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
17 tons.
24 tons.
+ 7 tons.
310
487
-1-177 tons.
British Colonies .
8 „
8 „
—
9
11
+ 2 „
France ....
6 „
64 „
+ 4 »
44
53
+ 9 „
Germany . . .
5 ,,
5^ „
+ i„
34
45
+ 11 „
Russia ....
44 ,,
5 „
+ 4 „
7
114
+ 44 „
Austria ....
3i „
34,,
—
12
14
+ 2 „
Italy ....
13 „
13i „
+ i „
37
46
+ 9 „
Spain ....
18 „
30 „
+ 12 „
35
62
+ 27 „
Holland . . .
7 „
54 „
—
128
142
+ 14 „
Belgium . . .
1 »
24 „
+ 14 „
13
47
+ 34 „
Sweden and Nor-
way ....
54 „
62 „
+ 8 „
234
401
+ 167 „
Denmark . . .
u „
23 „
+ 9 „
118
216
+ 98 „
Greece ....
65 „
35 „
—
240
176
—
U. States (sea) .
Hi,,
8 „
—
64
47
-
Do. (sea and in-
land) . . . .
504 „
m „
—
229
181
—
Brazilian, etc.
8 „
10 „
+ 2 „
27
34
+ 7 „
The ^\^orld .
11 „
124 „
+ 14 »
60
82
+ 22 „
24
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
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25
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26
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Table
INCEEASE OF EAILWAYS SINCE 1870:
Great Britain
Miles
X
open.
Increase,
miles.
Cost of
new lines,
millions £.
Total cost,
millions £.
Passengers
millions.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1879.
15,537
17,696
2,159
187
717
348
629
France .
10,851
15,375
4,524
126
421
110
160
Gerniany
11,457
21,275
9,818
244
442
136
196
Russia .
7,098
14,698
7,600
145
272
14
38
Austria .
6,906
12,160
6,254
132
255
21
42
Italy .
3,825
5,096
1,271
22
99
24
29
Spain and Portugal
3,820
5,260
1,440
24
86
10
28
Scandinavia .
1,783
5,167
3,384
24
35
8
17
Belgium & Holland
2,684
3,910
1,226
28
84
47
67
Switzerland .
885
1,650
765
15
33
15
24
Turkey, etc. .
Europe .
454
1,870
1,416
23
30
1
2
64,300
104,157
39,857
970
2,474
734
1,232
United States
44,614
86,497
41,883
678
991
110
198
Canada .
4,010
6,145
2,135
25
73
4
6
Australia
1,170
4,350
3,180
44
60
1
4
India .
4,780
8,611
3,831
59
123
22
43
South America
2,160
6,830
4,070
71
95
7
12
Africa, etc. .
The Wokld .
966
5,897
4,931
12
71
1
2
122,000
222,487
100,487
1,759
3,887
879
1,497
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
27
14.
TOTAL COST AND TEAFFIC.
Goods
million
tons.
Cost of con-
struction,
per mile.
Railway-
capital com-
pared with
population, in
shillings.
Actual
receipts
per mile.
"Working
expenses.
Net earn-
ings per
mile.
Profit on
capital
1870.
170
52
98
8
25
6
4
5
29
4
401
150
4
1
5
4
1
566
1879.
1870.
1880.
215
70
130
35
45
8
7
7
32
6
£40,510
27,350
20,690
18,450
20,970
19,380
16,390
6,865
20,480
20,010
16,050
336
155
104
34
68
57
60
31
128
140
7
416
228
197
68
130
70
82
83
176
236
24
£3356
2701
2477
2284
1760
1290
1225
620
1890
1460
£1676
1377
1513
1380
959
860
515
401
1215
840
£1680
1324
964
904
801
430
710
219
675
620
4*15 p. c.
4-85 „
4-65 „
4-82 „
3-86 „
2-22 „
4-40 „
3-38 „
3-21 „
3-10 „
555
210
6
4
8
8
2
23,750
11,456
11,870
13,790
14,305
13,910
12,000
98
214
253
177
6
21
7
150
396
340
428
13
78
19
2255
1276
760
880
1306
950
1254
747
610
460
681
540
1001
529
150
420
625
410
4-21 „
4-62 „
1-26 „
3-04 „
4-37 „
3-00 „
793
17,440
66
120
£1690
963
727
4-18 „
28
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Table 15.
INCREASE OF TELEGRAPHS SINCE 1870.
Great Britain .
Miles of Line.
Millions of
Messages.
Messages per
100 Inhabitants.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1879.
1870.
1879.
15,600
25,860
10
27
32
77
France
25,550
37,450
51
15
15
40
Germany .
15,600
41,500
9
16
22
33
Russia
29,200
59,600
3
6
4
7
Austria .
17,400
34,200
5
9
14
23
Italy ...
11,100
15,900
2
6
8
22
Spain and Portugal .
6,200
12,500
2
3
10
15
Holland and Belgium
4,500
5,600
4
6
47
65
Scandinavia
8,500
12,900
n
3
19
35
Switzerland
2,100
4,300
2
3
65
98
Turkey, Greece, etc.
Europe .
16,500
24,300
3
4
12
16
152,150
274,110
47
98
16
30
United States .
70,000
119,000
11
30
29
62
British Colonies*
38,600
59,700
4
8
3
5
South America
13,800
20,100
1
3
Egypt* etc.
Land Wires .
Ocean Cables .
Total length .
3,100
33,600
2
4
5
10
277,650
46,000
506,510
97,500
64
141
14
31
323,650
604,010
* At present Australia
British Colonies 3650 miles
has 26,850, India 18,200, Canada 11,000, and the other
of telegraph lines in working order.
BALANCE-SHEET OE THE WORLD.
29
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ratio to
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Paper
money,
millions £.
r §
CO
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1-1 rH 7-1
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rH 7-1 10 t^ (N
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7—1
00 tH OS 00 7-1
00 T-l CO CO '^ ,
G. Britain .
France
Germany .
Russia
Austria
Italy .
Spain and
Portugal .
Holland .
Belgium
Scandinavia
Switzerland
Greece, Tur-
1
Europe .
U. states .
S, America.
Australia .
Canada
Japan
p
g
■«fi
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Table 17.
PRECIOUS METALS— PRODUCTION SINCE 1870.
United States
Australia . . .
Spanish America
Russia, etc. . .
Total ....
Gold.
Silver.
Total.
£78,800,000
69,400,000
5,000,000
48,000,000
£67,600,000
77,000,000
15,000,000'
£146,400,000
69,400,000
82,000,000
63,000,000
£201,200,000
£159,600,000
£360,800,000
Coin Minted since 1870.
Gold.
Silver.
Total.
Great Britain
£40,600,000
£6,500,000
£47,100,000
Australia . . .
27,400,000
—
27,400,000
Germany* .
87,200,000
21,100,000
108,300,000
Austria
5,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
France . .
32,150,000
19,300,000
51,450,000
Russia . .
25,000,000
10,000,000
35,000,000
Belgium .
16,500,000
9,500,000
26,000,000
Holland .
12,000,000
200,000
12,200,000
Italy . .
1,560,000
12,250,000
13,810,000
Scandinavia
2,200,000
2,100,000
4,300,000
United States
80,400,000
31,420,000
111,820,000
Mexico, Peru, etc.
2,100,000
23,500,000
25,600,000
Japan ....
1,100,000
4,600,000
5,700,000
India ....
Total ....
100,000
38,000,000
38,100,000
£333,310,000
£193,470,000
£526,780,000
Production of I
lines
£201,200,000
£159,600,000
£360,800,000.
Germany has re-minted £40,000,000 sterling of French gold-
-^\ B R A^
OF THE
UNIVERS/TY 1
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UFORJii^
03
SI
xL
balance-sheet of the world.
Table 18.
CAPITAL OE WEALTH OF NATIONS.
31
Great Britain
Millions sterling.
Increase.
Ratio per
Inhabitant.
Do. free of
National Debt.
Millions
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
8,310
8,960
650
£264
£260
£238
£237
France . . .
7,122
7,417
295
187
201
174
180
Germany . .
5,350
6,075
725*
141
135
137
130
Russia . . .
3,290
3,540
250
44
44
41
36
Austria . . .
2,830
3,050
220+
79
78
69
67
Italy . . .
1,750
1,860
110
66
65
52
47.
Holland . .
1,080
1,130
50
303
283
280
262
Belgium . .
900
940
40
178
168
172
156
Spain . . .
1,240
1,373
133
76
82
59
51
Portugal . .
255
272
17
64
65
49
45
Swed. and Nor.
693
738
45
115
113
114
110
Denmark . .
340
350
10
190
178
183
173
Turkey, etc. .
Europe . . .
750
760
10
31
31
26
19
33,910
36,465
2555
£111
£111
£101
£98
United States
6,320
7,880
1560
164
158
151
150
Australia . .
346
490
144
190
172
170
140
Canada . . .
524
636
112
138
148
134
140
South Africa .
71
98
27
80
72
78
65
South America
The World .
900
950
60
36
37
30
29
42,071
46,519
4448
£112
£113
£102
£101
• Including £280,000,000 for Alsace-Lorraine. t Including £55,000,000 for Bosnia.
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GREAT BRITAIN. 41
BALANCE-SHEET OF GEEAT BEITAIN".
1870-1880.
In 1880 the industries of Great Britain attained a point
never before reached in this or any other country, but if
we compare the progress made during the decade we shall
find it was less than in the interval from 1860 to 1870,
and much less than in the United States during the ten
years now under consideration. But although this is
probably the last time that Great Britain will occupy the
highest rank in the industrial nations of mankind, there is
no symptom of decline, no diminution of force or energy
to cause us any anxiety. On the contrary, the productive
labour of our people shows every year a higher ratio per
inhabitant, and as compared with other European nations
Great Britain is leaving them farther behind, as will
appear from the aliquot parts of European industry as
follows : — ^
1870. 1880.
Great Britain . 26-09 26-32
Continent . . 73-91 73*68
100-00 100-00
There is but one industry, agriculture, in which we
have lost ground, the advance in all the rest being so great
that the aggregate for 1880 shows an increase of 337
millions sterling, equal to 20 per cent on that of 1870,
^ See aliquot parts of industries of mankind, Table 3.
42 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
whereas population has risen only 10 per cent in the same
period. The figures stand thus, in millions sterling —
1870.
1880.
Increase.
Commerce
547
692
145
Manufactures
642
758
116
Mining
46
65
19
Agriculture .
260
240
Carrying-trade
78
121
43
Sundries
34
40
6
Banking
80
108
28
Total
1687
2024
337
1 1. _
1- - -
Commerce has not risen so much as in the previous
decade, when the increase was 169 millions, nor does min-
ing show the same advance as between 1860 and 1870,
the increase being only 24 million, against 26 million,
tons. Manufactures have grown less than any other
branch of national increase, namely, 18 per cent, which is
nevertheless more than the rise in population, the average
being now £22 per inhabitant, or 32s. more than in 1870.
Banking and shipping exhibit an enormous development,
as if the finances of mankind were concentrating themselves
in London, and the carrying- trade of the seas passing into
our hands. This is the more remarkable, as the balance
of trade against Great Britain has increased in a degree
that some economists consider alarming, viz. —
Millions sterling.
1870. 1880.
Imports ... 305 414
Exports ^ ^ . 242 278
Surplus itaports . 63 136
Thus the balance of trade against us was 25 per cent
in 1870, and 49 per cent in 1880. This is, however,
rather an indication of prosperity than the reverse, since
GREAT BRITAIN.
43
we see that until 1840 our exports were more than our
imports, and that Eussia and Spain have the balance in
their favour, and are steeped in poverty. The only draw-
back in our table of industries is agriculture, which shows
a decline of 8 per cent, the area under crops having fallen
from 17,142,000 to 15,849,000 acres. The aggregate
value of crops has declined much more heavily, but this is
partly counterbalanced by an increase of 10 per cent in
horned cattle. It is true that sheep have diminished two
millions in number, but if we take 1 sheep for a cow, the
total stock is now equal to 13,127,000 head of horned
cattle, against 12,503,000 in 1870, a rise of 5 per cent.
Comparing the various industries with population, we
see more clearly the degree of progress, viz. —
Shillings per inhabitant.
1870.
1880.
Increase.
Commerce
349
398
49
Manufactures .
408
440
32
Mining
29
38
9
Agriculture
165
139
—
Carrying-trade .
49
68
19
Insurance, etc. .
22
25
3
Banking .
51
63
12
1073
1171
98
The above is merely the money value, but the actual
work done shows a greater increase. For example, while
the value of goods manufactured has risen only 1 8 per cent,
the consumption of raw material for textiles (Table 5) has
risen 23 per cent, and that of iron 42 per cent, the produc-
tion of steel having, moreover, quadrupled (Table 6) in the
said ten years. Banking has risen 35 per cent, this item
amounting at present to 108 millions, viz. —
44 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Interest on 1400 millions, annual discounts at 3 per cent . £42,000,000
Dividends on 1100 millions, in foreign loans, colonies, etc. 66,000,000
£108,000,000
As regards the carrying-trade (see diagrams F and G),
the increase has been more than 50 per cent, as appears
from the earnings (Table 9), viz. —
1870. 1880. Increase.
Railways . . £43,417,000 £62,800,000 £19,383,000
Ocean shipping . 30,020,000 61,920,000 21,900,000
Coast „ . 4,850,000 6,470,000 1,620,000
£78,287,000 £121,190,000 £42,903,000
The increased efficiency of our merchant shipping is
shown by the fact that in 1870 we employed 196,000 sea-
men in carrying 59 million tons of merchandise, and in
1879 only 194,000 for 89 million tons; that is, the ratio
has risen from 302 to 455 tons per seaman, or in other
words two seamen now do as much work as three did in
1870. It has often been erroneously stated that our
growing ascendency on sea is because of our being able to
build iron vessels and steamers cheaper than other nations,
as if Germans or Italians cannot buy vessels in our dock-
yards on the Clyde ! The secret is that our men do more
work, and consequently that we can carry cheaper than
any other flag. The tonnage borne by our vessels has
grown as follows : —
British flag.
1870.
1879.
Increase.
Entries in British ports .
10,309,000
15,040,000
47 per cent
,, in foreign ports .
19,711,000
36,880,000
86 „
British coast traffic
28,850,000
37,200,000
28 „
68,870,000 89,120,000 51 „
Steamers performed 55 per cent of our ocean carrying
GREAT BRITAIN. 45
trade in 1870, and at present the ratio is 76 per cent.
The increase of our shipping, not counting Colonial, has
been as follows : —
1870. 1880. Increase.
Nominal tonnage . 5,560,000 6,250,000 13 per cent
Carrying power . 9,720,000 16,630,000 70 ,,
If we were to include Colonial shipping it would be
found that our flag now carries 56 per cent of the mer-
chandise of all nations, against 5 1 per cent ten years ago.
Eailway traffic has increased 62 per cent, the total of
passengers and tons of goods carried having risen from 518
to 844 millions, but although the net earnings per mile are
£176 more than in 1870, the net profit for capital is less,
as the new lines constructed in the last ten years (especially
the London Metropolitan) have been so costly as to raise
the average capital per mile 18 J per cent on all existing
lines. The traffic shows thus : —
isro.
1879.
Increase.
Miles open .
15,537
17,696
14*20 per cent
Passengers per mile
22,450
35,540
58-25 „
Goods, tons ,,
10,970
12,150
11-05 „
Receipts „
£2,794
£3,356
19-86 „
Expenses , ,
1,290
1,676
19-79 „
Net earnings ,,
1,504
1,680
20-36 „
Profit on capital .
4*39 per cent
4*15 per cent
...
Capital per mile .
£34,200
£40,509
18-53 „
Telegraphs show an extraordinary increase, the number
of messages having trebled (Table 15) since the Govern-
ment purchased the lines and reduced the tariff. The
average is now 77 messages per 100 inhabitants, against
32 in 1870.
The natural increase of population, or the excess of
births over deaths, has amounted to 4,265,000, say 13*76
E
46 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
l)er cent; but, as the net emigration^ reached 965,000, the
actual increase does not exceed 3,300,000, or 10*64 on the
population of 1870. Taking the medium population of
1875, which was 32,855,000, we find the rates of births
and deaths for the decade as follows : —
Ifumber. Per 1000 inliab.
Births . . 11,151,000 33-98
Deaths . . 6,886,000 20*97
Increase . 4,265,000 13*01
At no previous period did the population rise three
millions in ten years ; but the rate of increase was greater
between 1820 and 1830, say 15 per cent, after deducting
emigration. Comparing the decade just ended with the
preceding one, we find a notable improvement, as the in-
crease for ten years ending 1870 was only 8 J per cent.
Food-supply is so closely connected with population that
every year Great Britain will be more and more dependent
on foreign countries for grain and meat ; not merely the
grain for our own use, but also much of what is needed
for our cattle. The total annual consumption of grain and
meat are as follows : —
British. Imported. Total.
Grain, bushels . 410,000,000 280,000,000 690,000,000
Meat, tons . 1,205,000 603,000 1,805,000
In a word, 33 per cent of the meat and 40 per cent of the
grain that we consume is from foreign countries, together
weighing 7^ million tons, equal to the total tonnage of the
British merchant navy. The following statement shows
the annual consumption per inhabitant : —
^ The number of emigrants was 1,815,000 ; of immigrants, 850,000.
Of the former, 66 per cent went to the United States, 11 per cent to
Canada, 19 per cent to AustraUa, and 4 per cent to other parts.
(
SREAT BRITAIN.
British.
Imported.
Total.
Grain, bushels
11-90
8-12
20-02
Meat, lbs.
78-26
40-84
119-10
Beer, gallons
32-18
32-18
Spirits , ,
0-71
0-19
0-90
Wine „
0-51
0-51
47
The consumption of meat is more than double the
European average (Table 2Q) ; and if we never imported a
pound, our home supply alone would suffice to give our
population almost as large an allowance per head as is
actually consumed in Germany or France.
Surprising as it may appear, we use less money in Great
Britain (compared with commerce and other industries)
than any other country of Europe or America, as may be
seen in Table 1 6. The total currency stands thus : —
Millions sterling.
Ratio per inhab.
Ratio to commerce.
Gold .
124
£3 12
18 per cent
Silver .
19
11
3 ,,
Paper .
45
16
7 „
188 £5 9 28 „
The Mint report shows that 40| millions in gold and
6^ in silver have been coined since 1870, and the increase
of paper money has been 4 millions in the same period.
This, however, does not represent the total increase, as
Australia coined 27^ millions sterling, of which three-
fourths came to England. British gold has, of course, been
freely exported to Peru, Brazil, and other countries ; but
the most of it must have found its way back again, since
our net imports of specie for the last ten years were over
25 millions sterling.
As regards the earnings of the nation, we find an in-
crease of 30 per cent in the income-tax returns ; but the
actual increase has been no more than 20 per cent, the
48 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
income-tax only comprehending a limited number of per-
sons. The total earnings (as in Table 20) were as follows :
Millions sterling.
1870. ISSO. Increase.
Income-tax classes . . 445 578 133
Clerks, etc., exempted . 187 150)
Working-classes . . 329 428 ( ^^
961 1156 195
The annual expenditure is something under 1100
millions, the accumulation of wealth ranging from 60 to
65 millions per annum. Here arise two questions of the
highest importance, viz. —
1st, Is the average income, after payment of taxes,
greater or less now than in 1870 ?
2d, Is the public welfare extending to a wider circle, or
are the rich growing richer, the poor poorer 1
In answer to the first question it suffices to adduce the
following figures : —
Average income
Taxes and rates
Net income . . . £26 17 1 £29 10 7
1870.
1880.
£30 10 6
£33 10
4
3 13 5
3 19
9
Not only is the net income per inhabitant 10 per cent
higher than it was ten years ago, but it far exceeds that of
any other nation in the world, being more than double the
European average (Table 20) and 16 per cent greater than
in the United States.
As to the second question, all indications point to one
conclusion, namely, that the number of persons in easy cir-
cumstances, or at least above want, is increasing much
faster than population. Three indisputable proofs may be
quoted : —
GREAT BRITAIN. 49
I. The number of paupers has declined 19 per cent,
and the ratio to population is now but 3 per cent, against
4 per cent in 1870, viz. —
1870. 1880.
No. of paupers.
Ratio to pop. No. of paupers.
Ratio to pop.
England
. 1,079,000
4-79 838,000
3-29
Scotland
126,000
3-78 98,000
2-68
Ireland
74,000
1-37 101,000
1-88
U. Kingdom 1,279,000 4*10 " 1,037,000 3*01
II. The consumption of tea, coffee, sugar, and tobacco,
per inhabitant has increased all round about 20 per cent,
being double the increase of net income as shown above,
the prices of these commodities having, moreover, fallen in
the interval.
1870.
1879.
Rate of increase.
Tea, pounds .
. 3-81
4-70
23 p. cent
Coffee, , ,
. 0-98
1-00
2 „
Sugar, ,,
. 47-23
66-24
40 „
Tobacco ,,
. 1-34
1-41
5 „
III. The savings banks, which serve to gauge the pro-
gress of wealth among the working-classes, show an increase
of 30 per cent in ten years, viz. —
Amount. Ratio per inhabitant. Increase.
1870. 1880. 1870. 1880.
England . £46,229,000 £65,396,000 £2 1 1 £2 11 4 25 p. cent
Scotland . 4,132,000 6,863,000 1 4 9 1 17 6 50 „
Ireland . 2,696,000 3,550,000 9 11 13 3 33 „
U. Kingdom £53,057,000 £75,809,000 £1 14 1 £2 3 11 30 p. cent
Let us now consider taxation, including national and
local, which has risen 20 per cent in the last ten years, viz. —
50 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Amouut. Ratio per inhabitant.
1870. 1880. 1870. 1880.
National . £75,434,000 £81,265,000 £2 8 4 £2 7 1
Local . 39,090,000 56,130,000 15 1 1 12 6
Total . £114,524,000 £137,395,000 £3 13 5 £3 19 7
From the above it appears that taxation is now six
shillings per inhabitant more than in 1870, that is 8 per
cent heavier. But such a mode of estimating the incidence
of taxation would be most fallacious, since the ability to
support such burthen depends on the industry and income
of each nation. Judged in this manner we find as follows —
Taxes compared Taxes compared
with industry. with earnings.
1870. 1880. 1870. 1880.
Great Britain . 6-73 6-80 11*92 11-88
Europe . . 914 9-96 13-87 15-39
Difference . 2-41 3*16 1-95 3-51
Ten years ago the average incidence of taxation for
Europe, compared with earnings, was 17 per cent heavier
than in Great Britain : at present the relative difference is
30 per cent. This arises in a great measure from the
fact that our military expenditure is diminishing, while
that of the Continent is growing apace (Tables 23-24), as
shown thus : —
1869. ISSO.
British army and navy . £26, 400, 000 £26, 000, 000
Ratio per inhabitant . . £0 16 8 £0 15 1
Ratio to earnings . . 2*75 2*26
Europe, ratio per inhabitant £0 7 10 £0 9 2
Do. ratio to income 2 '83 3-02
In fact, the Continental armaments absorb more than 3
per cent of the people's earnings, which is relatively one-
third more than in the United Kingdom.
GREAT BRITAIN. 51
National debt is decreasing in this country, being 24
millions less than it was in 1870 (Table 19), whereas the
aggregate of Continental debts has risen 70 per cent, viz. —
Millions
1870.
. 798
2142
sterling.
1880.
774
3679
4453
Ratio per
inhabitant.
Great Britain
Continent
1870.
£25 7
7 16 4
1880.
£22 9
12 10
3
Europe .
2940
£9 12 10
£13 11
7
It is nevertheless true that, while our national debt
has been reduced, the amount of municipal and other local
debts has increased in a much higher degree, viz. —
1870.
1880.
al debts .
£84,000,000
£140,000,000
io per inhabitant
£2 13 4
£4 13
The increase in this respect is mainly due to expenses
incurred for education and hygiene, which have produced
great and beneficial results.
Public instruction shows the following advance in ten
years : —
School-children.
Ratio to
1870.
6-95
6-45
6-05
6-75
population.
England
Scotland
Ireland .
1870.
1,565,000
215,000
328,000
1880.
3,123,000
448,000
376,000
3,947,000
1880.
12-24
12-25
7-02
United Kingdom
2,108,000
11-44
Hygiene has also made remarkable progress, except in
Ireland, where it is so shamefully neglected that Dublin
and Belfast have the heaviest death-rates in the United
Kingdom, being almost on a par with Tunis or Naples.
The mortality of England and Scotland has declined
nearly 10 per cent, whereas in Ireland the rate for 1879
was almost 20 per cent higher than in 1870 (the mortality
52 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
from insufficient food not exceeding 5 per cent of sucli
increase) : —
Deaths. Per 1000 inhabitants.
1870. 1879. 1870. 1879.
England . . 615,329 528,194 22*90 20-70
Scotland . . 74,067 73,329 22*20 20*03
Ireland . . 90,695 105,432 16*78 19*67
United Kingdom 680,091 706,955 21*79 20*49
The saving of life, from this reduction of 13 per 1000
in the death-rate, is equal to 455,000 persons annually,
representing a money- value of 109 millions sterling at the
ordinary capital worth (£240) of each inhabitant of the
United Kingdom, or four times the actual yearly product
of his or her labour (Table 2).
FRANCE. 53
BALANCE-SHEET OF FEANCE.
Notwithstanding the disastrous war of 1870-71, and
the loss of two of her finest provinces, France shows a
greater sum of industry than eleven years ago : —
Shillings per inhabitant.
Millions sterling.
1869.
1880.
Commerce .
249
332
Manufactures
439
485
Mining
9
12
Agriculture
412
400
Carrying Trade
33
50
Banking .
30
34
Sundries .
9
12
1869.
1880.
129
177
231
262
5
6
217
216
17
27
16
18
5
6
1181 1325 620 712
The aggregate increase has been at the rate of 11|- per
cent, against 20 per cent in Great Britain. The ratio per
inhabitant has risen 15 per cent against 10 per cent in Great
Britain. Every branch shows a rise except agriculture,
which suffered heavily from the Phylloxera, although the
loss is partly repaired by an increase of 75 per cent in the
area under beet-root. Shipping is also believed to have
declined, but it will be seen in Table 9 that the carrying-
power on sea has increased no less than 22 J per cent,
which, however, has not kept pace with the growth or
requirements of trade.
Commerce has risen 30 per cent, and if the balance of
trade signify anything, it is remarkable that the increase
54 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
has been so one-sided without affecting the prosperity of
the country, since we find imports have risen 55, exports
only 6, per cent.
Millions sterling.
Per inhabitant.
Imports
Exports
1860.
. 126
. 123
. 249
1880.
194
131
325
1869.
£3 5 5
3 3 11
1880.
£5 7
3 10
2
7
Total
£6 9 4
£8 17
9
Imports are 48j per cent over exports (just the same
ratio as in Great Britain), and yet France is not rushing to
bankruptcy, but accumulating wealth every year, as shown
by the rise in legacy returns.^ There is an increase of
69 per cent in port entries, and here we note a com-
parative decline of French shipping.
Port Entries. 1869. 1879. Increase.
French flag . Tons. 2,285,000 3,074,000 35 per cent
Foreign flags „ 4,488,000 8,282,000 84^ „
6,773,000 11,356,000 69
Steamers now form 65 per cent of the entries, against
45 per cent in 1869 ; they constitute, moreover, a larger
ratio than in Great Britain. The nominal tonnage of the
French merchant navy was superior to the German in
1869, but is now inferior (Table 9), although the carrying-
power of the former is still 5000 tons over the latter.
French shipping shows as follows : —
1869.
1879. Increase.
Nominal tonnage .
. 1,072,000
933,000 —
Carrying-power
. 1,598,000
1,960,000 22.^ p. cent
Carrying- trade has increased more than one-half, especially
as regards railways, whose traffic has risen 64 per cent : —
1 See Progress of the World (Stanford, 1880), page 43.
Railways .
Canals
Shipping .
FRANCE.
1869.
. £24,950,000
2,500,000
5,600,000
. £33,050,000
1880.
£40,960,000
2,500,000
6,900,000
Total
£50,360,000
55
New railways constructed since 1869 (Table 14) represent
an outlay of 126 millions sterling, the capital of existing
lines being equal to £11 : 8s. per inhabitant, an increase of
£3 : 13s. in the said interval. The traffic of French and
English lines compares thus : —
French.
British.
Receipts per mile .
£2,701
£3,356
"Working expenses .
1,377
1,676
Net earnings .
1,324
.1,680
Profit on capital
4-85
4-15
Construction per mile
. £27,280
£40,509
Every passenger or ton of merchandise carried paid 40
pence, as compared with 38 pence in Germany, and 17
pence in Great Britain. The gross receipts for 1880 were
£4,300,000 over those of 1879.
Manufactures do not show the same increase in value
as in the consumption of raw material : —
1869. 1880. Increase.
Manufactures . . £439,000,000 £485,000,000 10 per cent
Raw cotton, wool, etc., lbs. 862,000,000 1,022,000,000 19 „
Iron . . . Tons 1,230,000 1,520,000 24 „
The consumption of raw cotton (Table 5) has risen 30
per centj of wool 20 per cent. Silk has declined one-
third, the value of the manufacture having fallen from 38
to 26 millions sterling, and the exports from 21 to 10
millions. Sugar manufacture has risen from 273,000 to
475,000 tons, an increase of 75 per cent.
Mining has risen 33 per cent (Table 6), the value of
minerals being now one-fifth of what it is in Great Britain,
56 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
and exceeded by only one Continental nation, namely
Germany.
Telegraphs show an increase of 140 per cent in the
number of messages (Table 15), the ratio being 40 per 100
inhabitants, against 15 in 1869. It is still only half the
British average, but slightly ahead of the German.
Money is much more abundant than in other countries,
as shown in Table 16. It stands as 99 per cent compared
with commerce, whereas in Great Britain we do with 28
per cent ; and the various kinds of currency give the fol-
lowing ratio per inhabitant as compared with Great
Britain : —
Millions sterling. Ratio jier inhabitant.
France.
Great Britain.
r
France.
Great Bril
^in
Gold
. 147
124
£3 19
£3 12
Silver
85
19
2 6
11
Paper
90
45
2 9
1 6
Total . 322 188 £8 14 £5 9
The French mint coined in ten years over ^\\ millions
sterling, of which 61 per cent was gold (Table 17), and 39
silver. Much of the gold coin, however, has disappeared
since Germany re-minted 50 million Napoleons.
National earnings have risen from 788 to 927 millions
sterling, and although taxation has increased 40 per cent
since the war, the net income per inhabitant is higher now
than it was in 1869, viz. —
Millions
sterling.
1880.
927
162
765
Ratio per
inhabitant.
1869.
Income . 788
Taxes and Rates 119
18(59.
£20 14 8
3 2 6
1880.
£23 1
4 8
7
Net income 669
£17 12 2
£18 12
5
The growing diffusion of wealth is shown by the in-
FRANCE. 57
creased number of holders of " Eentes " and depositors in
savings banks : —
1872. 1879.
Number of Rente-holders . . 2,147,130 4,404,763
Depositors in savings banks . . 2,021,228 3,050,100
Total 4,168,358 7,454,863
The thrifty habits of the people enable them to support
with ease a degree of taxation (Table 21) that to many-
nations would seem excessive. Summing up all kinds of
taxes, Frenchmen pay 9 s. more than we do in Great
Britain, although their average earnings are one-third less
than ours. In other Tfords, Frenchmen pay 17-§- per cent
taxes on their income, against 12 per cent in Great
Britain.
Military expenditure is a great burthen (Tables 23, 24),
having risen from 13s. per inhabitant in the last year of
Napoleon the Third's reign, to 15s. 6d. in 1880; that is,
from 25 to 29 millions sterling. The increase is in the
land forces, the navy vote being 21 per cent less than in
1869.
National debt has risen (Table 19) almost 300 millions
since the fall of the Empire, which includes 220 millions
paid to Germany. According to the official report the war
cost France 350 millions, without including the value of
the two provinces ceded to Germany, say 280 millions.
Nevertheless, the capital value of France in 1880 (accord-
ing to insurance estimates) is 295 millions sterling higher
than in 1869, so that the increase of wealth exceeds that of
national debt, although the ratio of the latter is higher : —
Millions sterling.
1869. 1880. Increase.
Value of France . 7122 7417 295
National debt . . 468 750 282
58 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
The increase of wealth dates from 1872.
Millions sterling.
1872.
1880.
Increase.
3668
3938
270
3210
3479
269
Properties insured .
Land and uninsured prop.
Value of France . . 6878 7417 539
The value of uninsured perishable property is supposed
to be only 855 millions. The increase of insurances in
1879 was 83 1 millions. The ratio of public debt to capital
is now 10*13 per cent, against 6*69 before the Franco-
German war. It is still below the average of European
debt (Table 19), which is over 12 per cent.
The above is irrespective of local debts, which sum up
134 millions, including 85 millions spent by Baron Hauss-
mann in making the new boulevards of Paris : these local
debts have not increased much since 1870.
Population has declined a million owing to the cession
of Alsace and Lorraine with 1,550,000 souls, but if we
consider the present limits of France in 1870 and 1880,
we find an increase of 612,000, which, added to the
number slain in war, shows that the normal rate of increase
has been nearly four per cent. The actual increase has
been less than two per cent, viz. —
Population in 1870 1 . . . 36,554,000
Excess of births over deaths . . 722,000
Emigration 110,000
Population in 1880 . . . . 37,166,000
On the basis of the census of 1866, and that of 1876,
we can compare the precise rate of mortality and of natural
increase from the official returns of births and deaths in
1867 and 1878, viz. —
^ Excluding Alsace and Lorraine.
FRANCE.
1867.
1878.
Population .
38,067,000
37,040,000
Births .
1,007,500
937,211
Deaths
866,900
839,036
Surplus births
140,600
98,175
Births per 1000 inhabitants
26-47
25-33
Deaths „ „
22-78
22-67
Increase „ „
3-69
2-66
59
It is remarkable that the birth-rate has declined re-
latively 4:^ per cent since the war, while it has risen
(page 65) i per cent in Germany. In the ten years after
Waterloo it was 40 per cent above par in Great Britain,
from which we may infer that it increases only after
victorious wars. In the above figures it will be observed
that there is a trifling decline of death-rate which may be
the result of sanitary improvement in towns. During the
years 1870-1871, the deaths exceeded births by 548,280,
the former being much above, and the latter much below,
the normal rate. The loss in population by the war is
shown thus: —
Excess of deaths 589,280
Deficit of births 127,200
Population of Alsace and Lorraine . . 1,550,000
Total loss 2,266,480
Food-supply is assuming the same phase as in England,
the country importing grain and meat more largely every
year, although the increase of population is trifling. It is
manifest that the French people find it cheaper to import
whatever they require beyond a certain quantity, than to
increase production by scientific farming. At present the
annual consumption of grain and meat is as follows : —
French.
Imported.
Total.
Grain, million bushels
740
170
910
Meat, tons
1,002,000
226,000
1,228,000
60 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Taking the consumption per inhabitant, and comparing
it with Great Britain (page 47), we find the French use 20
per cent more grain, and 30 per cent less meat, than we
do. The principal items of food give the following ratios
per inhabitant :-
French,
Imported.
Total.
Grain, bushels
19-94
4-08
24-02
Meat, lbs.
68-06
13-82
81-88
Wine, gallons
17-85
0-80
18-65
Beer „
5-15
—
5-15
Spirits , ,
0-88
—
0-88
France no longer grows enough wine for her own
population, the net imports in 1880 amounting to 3
millions sterling, say 30 million gallons. The consumption
of home-produced meat averages 51 lbs. beef, 10|- mutton,
and 6J- of pork and goat's-flesh. The number of cattle
and sheep declines nearly 1 per cent per annum, so that
the imports of meat must increase. So must the importa-
tion of wine, as the vintage, which averaged 1250 million
gallons for the ten years 1868-77, has fallen to 670 million
gallons in 1880, and is more likely to decline further than
to show any recovery.
BALANCE -SHEET OF GEEMANY.
This being the first decade of the new German Empire
the progress made may seem to be rather the effect of
conquest and annexation than of persevering industry. It
is unquestionable that had the war of 1870 resulted
diff'erently the development of Germany would not have
been so signal, nor would two of the most industrious
provinces of France help to swell the returns of the
GERMANY. 61
Fatherland, but the march of industry is still observable
in the increased ratio per inhabitant, viz. —
Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant.
1869.
1880.
r-
1869.
1880.
Commerce .
270
384
142
170
Manufactures
341
427
180
189
Mining
Agriculture .
Carrying trade
Banking
Sundries
14
310
38
25
4
21
340
64
28
5
7
163
20
13
2
9
151
28
12
2
Total .
1002
1269
527
561
The aggregate of industries has risen 27 per cent, as
compared with 11 per cent in France, and 20 per cent in
Great Britain. This has, of course, been in great measure
due to the enormous increase (18 per cent) in population,
for we find the average per head is only 6|- per cent higher
than in 1869, against 15 per cent in France, and 9 in
Great Britain.
Commerce has risen 42 per cent, and, contrary to what
has occurred in France and England, the exports have
grown more than imports, the balance of trade being there-
fore more favourable :
Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant.
(
1869.
1880.
1869.
1880.
Imports
141
195
74
86
Exports
129
189
^^
84
Total
270
384
142
170
Imports are only 3 per cent over exports, against 9 per
cent in 1869. Port entries have risen 75 per cent, being
now 15 tons (instead of 10) for every 100 inhabitants, a
rise resulting partly from the higher ratio of steam-power,
which is now 63 per cent, against 46 per cent in 1869, of
62 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
all port-entries (Table 12). The merchant navy has risen
nominally 15 per cent, but much more in carrying-power,
viz. —
1869. 1879. Increase.
Nominal tonnage . 982,000 1,171,000 19 per cent
Carrying-power . 1,310,000 1,955,000 50 „
Germany has outstripped France since 1870 in nominal
tonnage,^ and boasts the largest merchant -navy among
Continental nations, after Sweden and Norway. Ship-^
building, however, has not kept pace with commerce, for
the ratio of entries of the German flag is now hardly 35
per cent, against 40 per cent in 1872.
Carrying-trade on land and sea (Table 9) has risen 68
per cent, as follows : —
1869. 1880.
Railways . . £28,780,000 £52,300,000
Canals . . 4,200,000 4,500,000
Shipping . . 4,500,000 6,400,000
Total . . £37,480,000 £63,200,000
Germany has spent the enormous sum of 244 millions
sterling on new railways since the war, which has given
her an increase of 9820 miles (Table 14), at an average
cost of £24,800 per mile. There is no country but the
United States that now exceeds Germany in length of
railways, the capital thus employed being £9 : 17s. per
inhabitant, against £5 :4s. in 1870. The traffic earnings
compare with those of British lines as follows : —
German.
British.
Receipts, per mile
£2,477
£3,356
"Working expenses, per mile .
1,513
1,676
Net earnings ,,
964
1,680
Profit on capital .
4-66
4-15
Construction, per mile .
£20,690
£40,510
^ In nominal tonnage Germany is 240,000 tons ahead, but in
GERMANY. 63
Every passenger or ton of goods carried paid 38 pence
against 40 in France, and 17 pence in Great Britain.
Telegraph lines have more than doubled in length, and
the ratio of messages (Table 15) is higher than for Europe
in general, but less than half that of Great Britain, and
even a little below France. The increase since 1869 is
shown thus : —
1869. 1879.
Miles of line . . . 15,600 37,500
Messages per 100 inhab. . 22 33
Manufactures have risen little more than 25 per cent,
but the consumption of raw material has increased (Tables
5 and 6) in far higher ratio.
1869. 1879. Increase.
Cotton, wool, etc. million lbs. 649 960 48 per cent
Iron, tons . . 1,222,000 2,190,000 79 ,,
German factories consume (Table 5) almost 50 percent
more cotton than wool, whereas in France wool is 30 per
cent higher. The manufacture of iron has increased more
than steel, as shown by the aliquot parts (Table 6) of
these industries in 1869 and 1879, viz. —
Iron. Steel.
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
1869. 1879. 1869. 1879.
Germany . 1174 1370 28*82 16-95
Other countries 88*26 86*30 71*18 83*05
100*00 100*00 100*00 100*00
The output of coal has kept pace with that of iron,
haying reached 53 million tons in 1879, an increase of
75 per cent. The production of iron ore was 6 million
tons, against 3^ millions in 1869.
Money is by no means abundant as compared with
carrying-power the French merchant navy exceeds by 5000 tons (see
page 54).
64 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
other countries (Table 16), being six shillings per inhabit-
ant less than the European average. The currency com-
pares with population and commerce as follows : —
Millions
£.
Per Inhabitant.
Ratio to Commerce.
Gold
66
£19 4
17 per cent
Silver
43
19 1
n „
Paper
42
18 8
11 .,
Total . 151 £3 7 1 39
The new gold currency (Table 17) has been made
chiefly out of 50 million Napoleons re-minted, the sum
minted since 1870 being 108^ millions sterling, of which
87-^ millions gold.
National earnings have risen from 702 to 851 millions
sterling, nearly 22 per cent, but taxes and population have
so much increased that the average German is poorer
than he was before the Franco-German war, viz. —
Millions Sterling.
• 1S69. 1880.
Ratio per
Inhabitant.
1869.
1880.
""
Income
702
851
£18 10 2
£18 14
6
Taxes and rates .
64
638
101
750
1 13 8
2 4
10
Net income
£16 16 6
£16 9
8
Thus, while the Frenchman's net income (page 56) has
risen 6 per cent, the German's has fallen 2^ per cent.
The incidence of taxation is, meantime, very different,
being only 12 per cent of earnings in Germany against 17|^
per cent in France. Military expenditure has risen from
80 to 110 pence per inhabitant, and the cost of each soldier
from £31 to £45 per annum. This is below the European
average (Table 24), and the cost on the population is also
light, compared with France or England.
National debt of the Empire, and the several States,
amounts to 229 millions sterling, an increase of 81 millions.
GERMANY. 65
It is one of the lightest debts in Europe, not quite 4 per
cent of the value of the Empire (Table 19) against 8 J per
cent in Great Britain, and 10 per cent in France. The
Empire represents in value 725 millions sterling more than
in 1870, including 280 millions for Alsace and Lorraine.
Population has increased more rapidly since the war,
the birth-rate having risen ^ per cent, whereas it has de-
clined 4 J per cent in France (page 59). The death rate
is, moreover, much less than before the war, so that the
natural increase per annum is 1|- per 1000 inhabitants
higher.
1869.
1878.
Population
.
38,425,000
44,211,000
Births .
.
1,483,012
1,714,456
Deaths .
1,055,010
1,157,950
Surplus of births
428,002
556,506
Births per 1000 inhabitants
38.60
38-78
Deaths ,,
j>
27-46
26-20
Natural increase , ,
>»
11-14
12-58
The net emigration averages 98,700 persons yearly, so
that the actual increase of population is about 460,000 per
annum against 330,000 in Great Britain, and 61,000 in
France. As the food-supply diminishes, while population
increases, and as the net income per inhabitant is clearly
declining, it is highly probable that emigration will aug-
ment year by year till an equilibrium be established.
Food-supply is now so much dependent on importation,
that Germany does not feed much more than four-fifths of
her population on native products, viz. —
German.
Imported.
Total.
Grain, million bushels
950
115
1065
Meat, thousand tons
1340
360
1700
The importation of meat exceeds that in France, for
the Germans now consume more meat than the French
(see page 60), as shown by the ratio per inhabitant, viz. —
66
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
German.
Imported.
Total.
Grain, bushels
21-15
2-56
23-71
Meat, lbs. '.
66-63
17-88
84-51
Wine, gallons
2-10
1-10
3-20
Beer, „
19-44
—
19-44
Spirits, „
1-35
—
1-35
The consumption of grain is only exceeded in Denmark
and France, that of meat only in Great Britain, among the
nations of Europe.
BALANCE-SHEET OF EUSSIA.
EussiA has advanced 21 per cent in industry, in spite of
the war with Turkey. Although the ratio per inhabitant
is still below half the European average (Table 2), it has
risen 13 per cent since 1870, viz. —
Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant.
1870.
1879.
1870.
1879.
Commerce .
110
191
30
48
Manufactures
. 205
229
65
68
Agriculture .
350
370
95
93
Carrying trade
24
40
6
10
Mining
8
11
2
3
Banking and fishing
16
19
4
5
713
860
192
217
The balance of trade is in favour of Eussia, and yet it
is the only country of Europe that exports specie on a
considerable scale every year. The value of exported pro-
ducts is about a shilling per inhabitant over imports, viz. —
RUSSIA.
Millions sterling.
Shillings per inhabitant.
1870.
1878.
1870.
1878.
Imports
Exports
. 53
. 67
94
97
15i
23i
2ii
Total
. 110
191
30
48
67
If it were wise or lawful to dispute official returns, we
might question whether the commerce of Russia has in
reality risen 74 per cent, although we certainly find an
increase of 123 per cent in the port entries (Table 12).
Is it not possible that the Custom -House valuators have
been influenced by prices in paper roubles, of which three
are equal to two in coin ? As regards port entries the
average is now 8 tons per 100 inhabitants, compared with
15 in Germany and 75 in Great Britain. Steamers form
70 per cent of the total tonnage of entries.
The imperial merchant navy, including that of Finland,
shows a remarkable advance since 1870, viz. —
1870. 1879. Increase.
Nominal tonnage . 380,000 650,000 71 per cent
Carrying power . . 524,000 935,000 78 „
Carrying- trade by land and sea has grown in the fol-
lowing manner : —
1870. 1879.
Railways . . £16,140,000 £30,240,000
Canals . . 6,000,000 6,500,000
Shipping . .* 1,900,000 3,300,000
Total . . £24,040,000 £40,040,000
In 1870 the canals carried two-thirds of the goods
traffic of the empire, but at present the railways carry at
least 60 per cent of the total. Since 1870 Eussia has
built 7600 miles of railway at a cost of 145 millions
sterling. The total length is now 14,700 miles, represent-
ing a capital cost equal to 68 s. per inhabitant, the lowest
Russian.
British.
. £2,284
£3,356
1,380
1,676
904
1,680
4-82
4-15
. £18,450
£40,510
68 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
ratio in Europe (Table 13). The traffic compares with
British lines as follows : —
Eeceipts per mile .
"Working expenses per mile
Net earnings „
Profit on capital
Construction per mile .
Each passenger or ton carried paid 98 pence, against 17
pence in Great Britain.
Telegraphs have doubled in mileage and number of
messages (Table 15), the latter having risen from 4 to 7
per 100 inhabitants, but the ratio is still below one-fourth
of the European average.
Money is less abundant for population than in the rest
of Europe (Table 1 6), but far too plentiful if compared with
commerce, being double the European average. The
enormous inflation of paper money is an evil, the issue
having risen in ten years from 117 to 178 millions sterling.
Russia mints on an average two millions sterling of gold
coin and one of silver yearly, much of which is exported,
the net outflow of coin and bullion being, for an average
of ten years, £2,030,000 per annum. The actual currency
is: —
Millions sterling. Eatio to Population. Ratio to Commerce.
Gold . . 22 £0 5 6 11 per cent
Silver . . 12 3 6 „
Paper . . 178 2 4 6 93 „
Total . 212 £2 13 110
Mining has increased in three items, namely gold, iron,
and coal, the aggregate value being almost 40 per cent
higher than in 1870. The annual production of gold is 40
tons, worth 5 J millions sterling, that of coal 7 million
tons, and of iron 400,000 tons.
National earnings have increased faster than popu-
1870.
1880.
— >
£7 13 4
£7 18
1
1 1
1 5
6
RUSSIA. 69
lation, but not in a degree sufficient to keep pace with
the swollen expenditure consequent on the invasion of
Turkey. Thus the people are poorer than ten years ago,
which may in some measure explain the uneasy condition
of affairs : —
Millions sterling. Ratio per inhabitant.
1870. 1880.
Earnings . . 566 632
Taxes and rates . 74 102
Net earnings . 492 530 £6 13 3 £6 12 7
Incidence of taxation has risen from 12 to 16 per cent
of national earnings, the increase proceeding chiefly from
the excessive military expenditure. Army and navy now
absorb 6^ per cent of the people's earnings, which is rela-
tively 70 per cent heavier burthen than in France, and
more than double the weight of this item in Great Britain.
If Eussia continue in this course it may entail great evils.
National debt has multiplied threefold since 1870
(Table 19), being now 682 millions sterling, or 19 per cent
of the market value of the empire, against 10 per cent in
France and 8 J in Great Britain. It comprises the follow-
ing items : —
Millions sterling.
Paper money
178
Foreign debt
150
Internal funded .
160
Treasury bills .
83
Peasant loan ^ .
70
Nicholas Eailway
23
Polish debt
11
Finland debt
7
682
Eussia-in-Europe, including Poland and Finland, has
^ If the Peasant loan be included in the Internal funded, the total
will then be 612 millions.
70 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
the highest birth-rate of any country in the world, and also
the highest death-rate. In the present decade, however,
taking for example the year before the war with Turkey,
the tendency was to a higher birth-rate and a lower death-
rate than before 1870 : —
Number. Ratio per 1000 inhabitants.
T ' s , * V
1869. 1876. 1869. 1876.
Births . 3,178,970 3,545,712 43-63 4571
Deaths . 2,450,362 2,474,075 33*57 31 '89
Increase 728,608 1,071,637 9*96 13-82
The production of food is sufficient for 90 millions of
people, or ten millions more than the actual population : —
Quantity. Ratio per inhabitant.
, Surplus
Production. Consumption. Production. Consumption, exported.
Grain, million
bushels 1,620 1,440 20*22 bushels. 17-97 2*25
Meat, tons 2,116,000 1,925,000 59-34 lbs. 64-05 5-29
The people are therefore by no means so ill-fed as is
commonly supposed, but rather better than in many
countries (Table 25).
BALANCE-SHEET OF AUSTEIA-HUNGAEY.
The progress of this empire during the past ten years has
been very satisfactory. It is true that the annexation of
Bosnia-Herzegovina gave an accession of 3 per cent in
population and 5 per cent in farming-stock to the Austrian
monarchy, but the increase in all other regards is purely
the result of industry.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 71
Millions sterling.
Shillings per i
nhabitJ
1870.
1878.
1870.
1878.
Commerce
83
140
46
72
Manufactures
183
206
102
105
Agriculture .
Carrying trade
Banking
Mining
240
16
14
5
263
24
17
7
133
9
8
3
135
12
9
4
Total .
541
657
301
337
The aggregate of industries has risen 21 per cent, and
the ratio per inhabitant 12 per cent; the latter is greater
than the rise in Germany, but much less than in France.
Every branch shows a rise except agriculture, which has
been about stationary.
Commerce not only indicates a great development, but
a favourable balance of trade, as shown by the following
statement : —
Millions sterling.
Shillings per i:
Qhabita
1870.
1878.
1870.
1878.
Imports
. 43
72
24
37
Exports
40
68
22
35
Total .
83
140
46
72
Although the balance of trade is so even, the bullion
current of the last ten years shows a surplus export of
£140,000 per annum.
Port entries have risen 60 per cent, and the increase of
Austrian shipping has been 28 per cent. The proportion
of foreign entries was 18 per cent in 1870, having since
fallen to 1 5 per cent. Steamers now form a larger ratio
of entries than in any other country of Europe, having
risen from 50 to 77 per cent. The increase of the
imperial merchant flag has been as follows : —
72 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
1870. 1879. Increase.
Nominal tonnage . 290,000 330,000 14 per cent
Carrying power . 440,000 565,000 28 ,,
The carrying trade (Table 9) has increased over 50 per
cent, viz. —
1870. 1880. Increase.
Eailways . £13,234,000 £21,100,000 60 per cent
Danube . 1,000,000 1,100,000 10 „
Shipping . 1,500,000 1,900,000 27 „
Total £15,734,000 £24,100,000 52 ,,
New railways constructed since 1870 amount to 6254
miles, which cost 132 millions sterling; the capital is now
130 shillings per inhabitant, against 68 in 1870. It is
still below the European average (Table 14). Traffic
compares with British lines as follows : —
Eeceipts per mile
Working expenses per mile
Ket earnings ,,
Profit on capital
Construction per mile
Austrian. British.
£1760 £3356
959 1676
801 1680
3-86 4-15
£20,970 £40,510
The net earnings were £824 per mile in 1879, but
declined last year. Every passenger or ton carried paid
54 pence, or three times as much as in Great Britain.
Telegraph lines have doubled in length (Table 15), and
the ratio of messages is now 23 per 100 inhabitants,
against 14 in 1870. It is still below the European
average.
Mining has risen more than 50 per cent, the principal
items being coal and iron, viz. —
1870. 1879. Increase.
Coal, tons . 8,100,000 12,200,000 50 per cent
Iron ore, tons . 850,000 1,420,000 66 „
Steam-engines at work 510 960 90 ,,
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 73
Manufactures show a considerable advance in hard-
ware, the production of steel having risen from 22,000 to
97,000 tons. The consumption of raw material for tex-
tiles (Table 5) has increased 15 per cent, from 263 to 305
million lbs., but the value of the goods produced has risen
only 4 per cent.
Money is not abundant, the stock of coin (Table 1 6)
for population being the smallest of any country in Europe.
There is a fair supply of paper money, which is almost at
par, and the total currency stands thus : —
Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce.
Gold . . 9 £0 4 6 6 per cent
Silver . . 6 3 4 „
Paper
Total
The Austrian Government coins an average of 2 J
millions sterling yearly, of which only £500,000 in gold,
the rest in silver.
National earnings have risen from 403 to 460 millions
sterling, about 14 per cent, and the net income per
inhabitant is 4 J per cent higher than in 1870, viz. —
Millions sterling. Per inhabitant.
79
£2 2
55
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
^
National income
403
460
£11 3 10
£11 15
8
Taxes and rates
66
337
80
380
1 16 10
2
7
Net income .
£9 7
£9 15
1
Incidence of taxation is almost 17|^ per cent of income,
as compared with 1 2 per cent in Germany. It was only
16 J per cent in 1870, but is rising on account of military
expenditure, which shows as follows : —
Expenditure. Ratio per inhabitant. Ratio of income.
1869 . £10,400,000 £0 5 9 2-58
1880 . 13,200,000 6 9 2-90
74 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
National debt has risen 79 millions, or 23 per cent,
but the empire is not poorer. The annexation of Bosnia
(without paying a shilling of the Turkish debt) is an acces-
sion of 55 millions sterling, and the monarchy has gained
altogether 220 millions since 1870, or 141 millions over
debt. At present the national debt is equivalent to a
mortgage representing 14 per cent of the value of the
empire, as against 10 per cent in France.
Population has increased 9 per cent (Table 13), made
up of 2,168,000 surplus of births over deaths, and 1,103,000
inhabitants of Bosnia. Birth-rate and death-rate are very
high, as shown by the returns of 1870 and 1877, which
indicate, moreover, a declining rate of increase —
Numl
)er.
Ratio per 1000 inhab.
1870.
1877.
1870. 1877.
Births
. 1,463,108
1,508,961
40-75 40-78
Deaths
. 1,119,450
1,247,660
31-18 33-70
Increase
343,658
261,301
9-57 7-08
The cholera of 1872-74 carried off 662,000 persons in
Hungary and 345,000 in Austria, say 1,007,000 inhabit-
ants, equal to 4 years of surplus births over deaths.
Food-supply shows a surplus of f bushel of grain, and
a deficit of nearly 1 lb. of meat per inhabitant (Table 25),
while the average vintage gives l-20th of a gallon of wine
surplus, viz. —
Grain, million bushs.
Meat, tons
Wine, million gals.
Beer ,, „
Spirits , , , ,
The consumption of grain per inhabitant is 4 bushels
below the European average, and that of meat H lb.
Quantity.
Per inhabitant.
, 1
Production.
Consumption.
Production. Consumption.
560
530
14-35 bush. 13-57
960,000
975,000
55-10 lbs. 66-03
290
288
7-55 gals. 7-50
245
245
6-25 „ 6-25
24
24
0-60 ,, 0-60
ITALY. 75
below it. Nevertheless it can hardly be said that the
heavy death-rate arises from insufficiency of food.
BALANCE-SHEET OF ITALY.
Italy is a paradox, for while her finances are going from
bad to worse her industrial advancement is unquestionable,
as shown in the following summary : —
Millions sterling.
1870. 1880.
Shillings per inhab.
1870.
1880.
Commerce
74
96
56
68
Manufactures .
103
115
78
'81
Agriculture
130
145
97
103
Carrying-trade
8
12
6
8
Banking, mining, etc.
10
11
8
8
325
379
245
268
The aggregate of industries has risen 16 per cent, and
the average per inhabitant almost 1 per cent.
Commerce shows a pretty even balance of trade, the
increase of exports being greater than of imports, viz. —
Millions sterling.
1870. 1880.
40 49
34 47
74 96
Per inhabitant, shillings.
Imports
Exports
Total
1870.
30
26
56
1880.
35
33
68
The increase of exports is even greater in quantity
than value —
76 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
1870.
1879.
Increase.
Wine, gallons .
4,950,000
23,350,000
370 per cent
Cattle, head
150,320
167,770
11
Flax and hemp, tons
21,294
36,447
73 „
Drugs, and dye-stuffs, tons
23,269
41,718
78 „
Silk, tons
2,165
3,041
40
Fruit, do. ...
80,798
104,610
30 „
Thus the value of exports has risen 40, the weight 62, per
cent.
Italy has made great strides in manufactures : the
consumption of raw material for textiles (Table 5) has
risen from 100 to 149 million lbs. In mining also we
observe a notable advance, sulphur having risen from
173,000 to 218,000 tons, and lead ore from 16,000 to
29,000 tons. In fact the sole industry that has retro-
graded is shipbuilding, and if the Genoese shipwrights no
longer turn out 100,000 tons of shipping yearly, it is
perhaps because Italians find it cheaper to get iron vessels
from the Clyde. Certainly the Minister of Marine is
wrong in saying the merchant navy has declined, for it has
increased as follows : —
1870. 1879. Increase.
Nominal tonnage . 952,000 1,060,000 11 per cent
Carrying-power . 975,000 1,315,000 34 „
Steamers are coming much more into use, forming at
present 66 per cent of port entries, against 51 per cent
in 1870.
Carrying-trade has risen more than one-third, viz. —
1870. 1880. Increase.
Railways . £4,800,000 £6,500,000 36 per cent
Shipping . 3,400,000 4,500,000 33 „
£8,200,000 £11,000,000 35 „
New railways since 1870 amount to 1270 miles, which
cost 23 millions sterling, bringing up the average capital
ITALY. 77
(Table 14) from 57 to 70 shillings per inhabitant. The
existing lines count 5096 miles, and the traffic compares
with British as follows : —
Italian. British.
Eeceipts per mile . £1,290 £3,356
Working expenses . 860 1,6?6
ISTet earnings . . 430 1,680
Profit on capital 2*20 4*15
Construction per mile £19,380 £40,510
Every ton or passenger carried paid 42 pence, against 17
pence in Great Britain.
Telegraphic business has increased more than in any-
other country of the Continent, having trebled in 10 years
(the same as in Great Britain), but the ratio is still low
(Table 15), only 22 for 100 inhabitants.
Money is abundant, the ratio to commerce (Table 10)
exceeding 90 per cent, which is almost double the European
average. However, the most part is, unfortunately, incon-
vertible paper currency, viz. —
Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce.
Gold . . 8 £0 6 6 9 per cent
Silver .10 8 12 „
Paper .65 2 5 70 „
Total 83 £2 19 6 91
A project is under consideration to raise 24 millions by
loan for the purpose of redeeming the paper-money. The
coin minted (Table 17) since 1870 sums up £13,810,000,
of which only £1,560,000 in gold, the rest silver.
National earnings have risen more than 8 per cent,
but, as taxation has grown faster, the net income per
inhabitant is less than it was ten years ago, viz. —
78 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Millions sterling. Per inhabitant.
1870. 1880.
Income . . 233 252
Taxes and rates . 66 79
Net income . 167 173 £6 6 1 £6 14
1870.
1880.
£8
16
2
£8 17
8
2
10
1
2 16
4
Thus 31 percent of the people's earnings goes to the
tax collector, as compared with 17|^ per cent in France, and
1 2 per cent in, Great Britain. The burthen is, moreover,
increasing, for it was (Table 21) only 28 per cent in 1870.
Military expenditure is a tremendous incubus, having
risen thus: —
Expenditure. Cost per inhabitant. Ratio of earnings.
1869 . . £7,500,000 £0 5 8 3-22
1880 . . 11,000,000 7 9 4*36
The burthen is therefore double what it is in Great
Britain (page 50) although Italy has no colonial empire to
protect.
National debt arises partly from the above cause,
having increased 40 per cent in ten years, namely, from
374 to 522 millions sterling (Table 19), the amount being
now equal to 28 per cent of the market value of the king-
dom, against 10 per cent in France, and S^ per cent in
Great Britain. It is true that Italy has grown 110
millions in wealth "since 1870, but as the debt has risen
150 millions, the country is 40 millions poorer.
Population has increased a little more than 6 per cent,
and would have risen nearly 8 per cent but for emigration.
The outflow during the last ten years averaged 72,000 per
annum, of which number about one-half returned. The
account stands thus : —
Population in 1870 . . 26,639,000
Excess of births . . . 2,053,000
Net emigration . . . 360,000
Population in 1880 . . 28,332,000
ITALY — SPAIN. 79
The natural increase is apparently ascending, as the
latest returns show a lower death-rate than ten years ago,
viz. —
Number. Per 1000 inhabitants.
1870. 1878. 1870. 1878.
Births . 951,495 981,170 3577 35*04
Deaths . 773,169 782,245 29*07 27*90
Increase . 178,326 198,925 670 7*14
Food-supply shows a small deficit of grain, but a sur-
plus of meat and wine.
Quantity. Ratio per inhabitant.
Production. Consumption. Production. Consumption.
Grain, million bush. 270 275 9*45 9'62
Meat, tons . . 224,000 215,000 21*54 20*80
Wine, million gallons 660 637 23*44 22*57
Beer „ 20 20 072 0*72
The consumption of grain is the lowest in Europe
except Portugal, and that of meat below Portugal, so that,
even allowing for chestnuts, the quantity of food consumed
per inhabitant is insufficient to enable the people to work
properly.
BALANCE-SHEET OF SPAIK
Spain has made sufficient progress since 1870 to show
what the country could do if Spaniards were practical
people. It would be only necessary to sell or emancipate
her colonies, dismiss one-half of the public employes, and
renounce the system of persecuting foreign vessels in
Spanish ports ; then Spain would rapidly rise in the scale
of nations from her present low rank. The decade, mean-
80 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
time, that has just closed, records the following advance-
ment : —
Millions sterling.
Shilings per inhabitant.
1870. 1879.
1870. 1879.
Commerce .
31 38
38 46
Manufactures
77 88
93 107
Agriculture
95 109
115 133
Carrying trade .
5 9
6 11
Banking, mining, etc.
9 13
11 16
217 257
263 313
The aggregate of industries has risen 1 8 per cent, the
average per head the same, showing how much the country
has recovered since the close of the civil war, although the
ratio of industry per inhabitant (Table 2) is 38 per cent
below par.
Commerce is inactive, having risen (Table 8) only 8 s.
per head since 1870, whereas Europe shows an advance of
23 s. all round. The balance of trade is pretty even :
Millions
1870.
15
16
31
sterling.
1879.
20
18
38
Shi:
llings per inhabitant.
Imports .
Exports .
Total
1870. 1879.
184 24
19^ 22
38 46
It is worthy of notice that Spain and Eussia, the most
backward nations in commerce, have the most favourable
balance of trade, while the most prosperous countries have
a heavy excess of imports every year (Table 8).
Although the merchant navy has notably increased
(Table 10) since 1870, the proportion of Spanish vessels in
all the port entries of Spain (Table 12) is still only 33 per
cent, as it was ten years ago. The growth of shipping has
been as follows : —
SPAIN. 81
1870. 1880. Increase.
Nominal tonnage . 385,000 461,000 20 per cent
Carrying power . . 565,000 1,005,000 77 „
Carrying trade has increased on land and sea in the
following manner : —
1870. 1880. Increase.
Railways . . £3,310,000 £5,240,000 57 per cent
Shipping . . 2,000,000 3,500,000 75 „
Total .
£5,310,000 £8,740,000 64
New railways since 1870 have cost 19 millions ster-
ling, and brought up the total to 4520 miles, representing
a capital (Table 14) of 89 s. per inhabitant, against 66 s.
in 1870. The traffic compares with British lines as
follows : —
Spanish.
British.
Receipts per mile
. £1,204
£3,356
Working expenses
516
1,676
Net earnings
688
1,680
Profit on capital
4-14
4-15
Construction per mile
. £16,610
£40,510
Every passenger or ton carried paid 45 pence, as compared
with 17 pence in Great Britain. The former includes a
charge of 10 per cent on passengers' tickets for an escort
of Guardia Civil (against brigands).
Telegraph messages (Table 15) have doubled in ten
years, and are now 13 per 100 inhabitants, or nearly half
the ordinary European average.
Mining has flourished in late years, at present reaching
seven millions sterling per annum, including lead, iron,
copper, and quicksilver, in almost equal portions. This
industry is chiefly in the hands of English joint -stock
companies.
Manufactures have risen only 1 4 per cent in value, but
much more in quantity. The consumption of textile raw
stuff" is now 142 million lbs., against 109 millions in 1870,
82 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
a rise of 30 per cent. The textile manufactures stand for
22 millions sterling, but in reality are worth only 15
millions. Protection duties give them a fictitious value,
onerous to the nation at large.
Agriculture has advanced 15 per cent (against 4 per
cent for Europe in general), but this is only the natural
revival after the conclusion of civil war. The principal
agricultural exports nearly doubled, viz. —
1870.
1877.
Increase.
Wine, gallons .
, 27,740,000
50,600,000
83 per cent
Fruit, tons
67,509
113,383
69 „
Oil
6,110
9,540
55
Cattle, head
74,700
144,800
93
If military conscription were abolished, and no more
young men drafted yearly to Cuba, agriculture would
advance even faster.
Money is very abundant, the ratio of coin for popula-
tion being six times greater than in Austria, and four times
more than in Italy. As compared with commerce, Spain
uses 4 J times as much money as we do in Great Britain.
The currency is as follows : — «
Mill
Gold
Silver .
Paper
ions sterling.
26
14
91
49^
Per inhabitant.
£1 10 10
16 8
11 4
Ratio to C
70 per
36
25
131
ommerce.
cent
>>
Total .
£2 18 10
.»
National earnings have risen faster than taxes, and the
net income per inhabitant is 18 per cent higher than in
1870:—
Millions sterling. Per inhabitant.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
Income . . 159
186
£9 13
£11 5 6
Taxes and rates 34
38
2 12
2 6 2
Net Income 125 148 £7 11 10 £8 19 4
SPAIN. 83
Thus the incidence of taxation, which was 21 per cent
of income in 1870, has declined to 20^ per cent, being a
little more than in France (Table 21).
Military expenditure is a greater burthen than in any-
other country except Eussia and Italy, for it absorbs 3^
per cent (Table 24) of the national earnings, having risen
since 1870 from 80 pence to 90 pence per inhabitant.
National debt has risen (Table 19) from 2S5 to 530
millions sterling, and stands for 39 per cent of the market
value of the kingdom, against 10 per cent in France and
8 J in Great Britain. Another composition with the
bondholders seems inevitable before the finances can be
balanced. The debt has risen in ten years from £17 to
£31 per inhabitant, the highest ratio in Europe.
Population declined from 16,551,000 in 1870 to
16,346,000 in 1877,^ partly owing to civil wars, partly to
emigration. The returns for 1868-1870 showed an average
of 35 births and 32 deaths per 1000 inhabitants, equal to
3 per cent increase in ten years. Emigration averages 2
per cent on the population in each decade.
Food-supply shows a surplus in every item, viz. —
,ntity.
Ratio per inhabitant.
Consumption.
Production. Consumi^tion
300
17-98 bush. 17-68
188,000
26-00 lbs. 25-04
210
15-40 gals. 12-50
Production.
Grain, million bush. 305
Meat, tons . 196,000
^Yme, million gals. 260
The Spaniards are better fed than the Italians or Por-
tuguese (see Table 26),
^ The above figures do not include the Canary Islands, which are
improperly counted in the census of Spain.
8i BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD,
BALANCE-SHEET OF BELGIUM.
This kingdom is one of the most progressive in Europe,
showing the largest ratio of industry per inhabitant among
Continental nations except Holland. The industries have
risen as follows : —
Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant.
1870.
1878.
1870.
1878.
Commerce
64
103
254
375
Manufactures
73
85
289
309
Agi'iculture
34
35
134
127
Carrying trade
6
7
24
25
Mining
6
8
24
29
Banking, etc. .
4
4
16
15
187
242
741
880
The aggregate has increased 30 per cent, the ratio per
inhabitant 1 9 per cent, being a greater rise than in France
or Great Britain.
The balance of trade shows an improvement, being
now only 27 per cent against the country, viz. —
Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant.
Imports .
Exports .
Total .
This is, of course, irrespective of the transit trade, which
averages 75 millions sterling per annum. Port entries
have risen 140 per cent (Table 12) since 1870, and steamers
now form 75 per cent as compared with 48 per cent ten
years ago. Merchant shipping is insignificant, but has
advanced very notably in recent years, Belgium having now
1870.
1879.
1870.
1879.
37
61
147
222
27
48
107
174
64
109
254
396
BELGIUM. 85
transatlantic steamers between Antwerp and Brazil. The
growth of shipping has been as follows : —
1869. 1879. Increase.
Nominal tonnage . 33,000 61,000 84 per cent
Carrying power . 67,000 262,000 293 „
Carrying trade has risen 30 per cent in ten years, viz. —
1870. 1879.
Railways . . . £4,460,000 £5,350,000
Shipping . 233,000 920,000
Canals . . . 1,000,000 1,026,000
£5,693,000 £7,296,000
New railways since 1870 have cost 16 millions sterling,
for 710 miles, the existing lines summing up 2510 miles,
and representing a capital of 210 shillings per inhabitant
(Table 14) against 160 in 1870. The traffic compares with
British lines thus : —
Belgian.
British.
Receipts per mile
£2,251
£3,356
Working expenses per mile
1,350
1,676
Net earnings
901
1,680
Profit on capital
3-87
4-15
Construction per mile
£23,280
£40,510
Every passenger or ton carried paid 1 6 pence, this being
the only country that shows a cheaper ratio than Great
Britain.
Telegraph traffic shows S^ million messages, or 60 per
100 inhabitants, being double the European average, but
inferior to that of Great Britain.
Manufactures of hardware have progressed more than
textiles. Thus iron has risen 62 per cent, and steel multi-
plied fourfold, while the consumption of raw stuffs for
textiles has only advanced from 276 to 301 million lbs.,
or little more than 10 per cent. Although steel shows
such remarkable increase, it amounts but to 3 per cent of
86 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
the world's supply, as compared with 36 per cent in Great
Britain.
Mining is much attended to, the output of coal being
now 3 tons per inhabitant, a ratio not approached by any
other nation except Great Britain, ours being nearly 4
tons (Table 6).
Money is very abundant as compared with population,
being 150 per cent over the European average (Table 16),
but not too much in comparison with commerce, viz. —
Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce.
Gold . . 22 £3 18 10 21 per cent
Silver .13 2 6 8 13 ,,
Paper .13 2 6 8 13 „
Total . 48 £8 12 2 47
Coin minted since 1870 sums up 26 millions sterling
(Table 1 7), of which two-thirds gold. It was relatively
an enormous amount, £5 per inhabitant, being double the
ratio of even Germany or the United States.
National earnings have risen 17 per cent in the gross,
and the net income per inhabitant 3-|- per cent, viz. —
Millions sterling. Per inhabitant.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
Income
. 101
118
£20
o
£21 2 10
Taxes and rates
. 11
15
2 3
8
2 13 9
Net income .
. 90
103
£17 16
6
£18 9 1
The incidence of taxation has risen from II to 12| per
cent of the national earnings (Table 21), and is now a
little heavier than in Great Britain. Military expenditure
is comparatively small, but has increased 35 per cent
(Table 24), giving a ratio at present of 86 pence per
inhabitant, against 70 pence in 1869.
National debt has more than doubled, partly owing to
BELGIUM. 87
the purchase and construction of railways by the State
(900 miles since 1870) to the value of 21 millions sterling.
But although it has risen from 28 to 62 millions, the
amount is still very small, say 6^ per cent of the market
value of the kingdom, as compared with 10 per cent in
France and 8J in Great Britain.
Population increases more rapidly than in Germany
or Great Britain, although the natural increase is less, for
Belgium has no emigration, on the contrary, gaining 2900
persons yearly by net immigration. It is the only country
of Europe in which this occurs. There is an upward
tendency in the natural increase, for if we compare 1878
with 1870 w^e find as follows : —
Number. Per 1000 inhabitants.
1870. 1878. 1870. 1878.
Births . 164,572 172,730 32*58 31-98
Deaths . 118,359 117,721 23-43 21-80
Increase . 46,213 55,009 9-15 lO'lS
The increase of the last ten years has been 1 1 1- per
cent, including -J per cent from immigration.
Food-supply depends in a great measure on importa-
tion, the country producing only 80 per cent of the grain
and 65 per cent of the meat required for consumption, viz. —
Consumption. Per inhabitant.
Belgian. Imported. Belgian. Imported. Total.
Grain, million bushels 95 25 17*25 bush. 5-59 22-84
Meat, thousand tons 92 48 37-60 lbs. 19*50^57-10
Beer, million gallons 170 — 30*70 gals. — 30*70
Spirits ,, 15 — 2*80 ,, — 2*80
The nation is well-fed, the consumption of meat being
over the Continental average, and that of grain 5 bushels
in excess. Beer is only IJ gallon below the English ratio,
and far beyond that of any other nation (Table 26).
88 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
balance-sheet of HOLLAND.
This kingdom has advanced almost pari passu with Belgium
in the last ten years, and the average of industries per in-
habitant is the highest on the European Continent, coming
close up to Great Britain —
Millions sterling.
Shillings ]
peri
nhabita
1870. 1878.
1870.
1878.
Commerce .
. 71 110
398
550
Manufactures
. 37 42
206
210
Agriculture
41 46
228
230
Banking
. 13 14
72
70
Carrying trade
4 5
22
25
Total
. 166 217
926
1085
The aggregate of industries has risen 30, the ratio per
inhabitant 17, per cent, the greatest increase being in
commerce. The balance of trade grows more unfavourable
as the country advances in business and prosperity. Im-
ports are now 42 per cent over exports, whereas the excess
was only 22 per cent ten years ago —
Millions sterling. Sliillings per inhabitant.
1870. 1879.
Imports . 39 68
Exports . 32 48
Total . 71 116
Merchant -shipping has seemed to decline, but in
reality increased in carrying power, from the substitution
of steamers for sailing vessels. Thus we find the change
since 1870 has been —
HOLLAND. 89
1870. 1879.
Nominal tonnage . . . 390,000 340,000
Carrying power . . . 460,000 568,000
Port entries have doubled (Table 12), and steamers
form 79 per cent, against 47 per cent in 1870. The
Dutch flag covers less than one-third of the entries, foreign
shipping standing for 70 per cent.
Manufactures have advanced on the whole. Iron has
risen 73 per cent, sugar declined one-third ; gin and rum
have fallen, but textile raw stuffs (Table 5) have gone up
from 67 to 75 million lbs.
Carrying-trade has advanced 40 per cent, viz. —
1870. 1879.
Eailways . . . £990,000 £2,100,000
Canals .... 1,100,000 1,100,000
Shipping . . . 1,600,000 1,900,000
Total . . . £3,690,000 £5,100,000
New railways since 1870 sum up 515 miles, which cost
nearly 12 millions sterling (Table 14), the capital of
existing lines being 130 shillings per inhabitant against
80 in 1870. Traffic compares with British lines as fol-
lows : —
Dutch.
British.
Receipts per mile
. £1,505
£3,356
Working expenses
859
1,676
Net earnings
646
1,680
Profit on capital
3-45
4-15
Construction per mile
. £18,720
£40,510
Every passenger or ton carried paid 27 pence against 17
pence in Great Britain.
Telegraphs show an increase of more than 50 per cent
in the number of messages, which are now 75 per 100 in-
habitants^ or double the European average, and almost on
a par with Great Britain.
90 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Money seems very abundant for the number of inhabit-
ants, being double the European ratio (Table 16), but no
country except Great Britain has so little in comparison
with commerce, viz. —
Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. Ratio to Commerce.
Gold . . 4 £10 6 4 per cent
Silver . . 12 3 16 H ,,
Paper . . 15 3 16 10 14 ,,
Total . 31 £7 18 10 29
Holland mints about £1,500,000 in gold yearly, but
no silver. The current of bullion since 1870 averaged a •
surplus importation of £1,060,000, according to official
returns, but these can hardly be relied on as conclusive.
Banking is a source of great wealth to the Dutch, the
interest accruing on loans to foreign nations amounting to
13 millions sterling per annum, or £3 per inhabitant,
whereas all the foreign investments of Great Britain pro-
duce an income of hardly £2 per head of our population.
The national earnings of Holland have risen 17 per
cent, and the net income per inhabitant almost 3 per cent.
The net income is double the European average (Table 20),
but inferior to that of Great Britain or of the United
States : —
Millions sterling.
Per inhabitant.
1870. 1880.
Income . . 89 104
Taxes and rates 12 14
1870.
£25 8 5
3 9 7
1880.
£26 1
3 10
2
7
Net income 77 90
£21 18 10
£22 10
7
Incidence of taxation is 13 J per cent of income, which
is 2 per cent higher than in Great Britain, but 2 per cent
under the European average. Military expenditure takes
a larger share of the budget (Table 24) than in any other
country except Eussia, and has increased as follows : —
HOLLAND.
91
Army and Navy .
Cost per inhabitant
Ratio of earnings .
1869.
£2,500,000
£0 13 4
2-81
1880.
£3,200,000
£0 16
3-08
> Increase.
28 per cent
20 „
10 „
The burthen is almost on a par with France, but is
amply compensated by the advantages of the colonial
trade.
National debt has risen 4 millions since 1870, and is
now £20 per inhabitant. It is still a mere trifle compared
with the amount due to Dutch capitalists by foreign
nations.
Population has increased 10 J per cent, the same as in
Great Britain, and on comparing the returns for 1879
with those of 1870 we find the increase has an ascending
tendency, the birth-rate rising and the death-rate falling.
Number.
Per 1000 inhabitants.
Births
Deaths
1870.
129,997
93,066
1879.
147,059
90,024
1870.
36-32
25-99
10-33
1879.
36-76
22-50
Increase
36,931
57,035
14-26
This is apparently the highest rate of increase in Europe,
but there must be deducted from it almost 2 per 1000 for
emigration.
Food-supply shows a deficit in grain, but a surplus in
meat, the former amounting almost to one-fourth : —
Quantity.
Per inhabitant.
Production. Consumption.
Grain, million bush. 50 65
Meat, thousand tons 144 87
Beer, million gals. 35 35
Spirits ,, ,, , 16 11
Production.
12-50 bush.
80-75 lbs.
8-75 gals.
4-10 „
Consumption.
16-25
48-40
8-76
2-80
92 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
The consumption of spirits is almost three times the
European average. The people are well fed, able to per-
form a great deal of work, and their death-rate is low.
BALANCE-SHEET OF SWEDEN AKD NOEWAY.
These two kingdoms, which may be considered as one,
show little progress except in commerce and shipping
during the last ten years.
Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant.
1870.
1878.
1870.
1878.
Commerce . 27
36
89
Ill
Manufactures . 36
40
120
123
Agriculture . 47
52
157
160
Carrying trade . 6
12
20
37
Fishing, mining, etc. 8
8
27
25
124
148
413
456
Trade has undergone a remarkable change, for, while
imports and exports were almost even in 1870, the former
are now 40 per cent in excess —
Millions sterling, g
shillings per inhal
1870.
1878.
1870. 1878.
Imports
14
21
46 65
Exports
13
15
43 46
Total
27
36
89 111
Manufactures and mining have been almost stationary
(Tables 4 and 6), and agriculture has risen only 10 per
cent, just keeping pace with the growth of population.
SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 93
Shipping has almost doubled in carrying power, the
ratio being now 40 tons per 100 inhabitants, which is
unequalled by any country but Great Britain. Port
entries have risen 50 per cent, the trade being chiefly done
by sailing vessels, since steamers form only 30 per cent,
or less than half the European average. The merchant
shipping of Sweden and Norway shows the following
increase since 1870 :
—
1870.
1879.
Increase.
Nominal tonnage
1,292,000
2,083,000
60 per cent
Carrying power
1,405,000
2,621,000
85 „
The carrying-trade on land and water has doubled, the
earnings amounting to close on £2 per inhabitant, which
far exceeds the ratio of any other country on the Con-
tinent —
1870. 1879. Increase.
Kailways . £1,070,000 £2,200,000 106 per cent
Shipping . 4,900,000 9,200,000 86 ,,
Total . £5,970,000 £11,400,000 90 „
New railways since 1870 have cost nearly 19 millions
sterling, viz. —
Miles. Cost.
Sweden . 2457 £17,200,000
Norway . 541 3,500,000
Total . 2998 £20,700,000
These are the cheapest built lines in Europe, averaging
less than £7000 per mile. The existing lines sum up
4312 miles, representing a capital of 29 millions; that is
88 shillings per inhabitant, against 28 in 1870. Traffic
compares with British lines as follows : —
H
94 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Swedish and Norwegian.
British.
Receipts per mile £565
£3356
Working expenses per mile 375
1676
NTet earnings . . . 190
1680
Profit on capital . . . 2'80
4-15
Construction per mile . . £6850
£40,510
Each ton or passenger carried paid 29 pence, against
1 7 pence in Great Britain.
Telegraph traffic has doubled, at present (Table 15)
averaging 25 messages per 100 inhabitants, which is below
the European ratio. The existing lines have a length of
10,430 miles, or three yards per inhabitant, a ratio
unrivalled by any other country in Europe.
Money is not so abundant, either for population or
commerce, as in most other countries, the currency con-
sisting as follows : —
Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce.
Gold . 5 £0 15 3 14 per cent
Silver .1 3 1 3 „
Paper . 4^ 13 9 13 „
Total 10^ £1 12 1 30 „
Sweden and Norway mint £300,000 per annum, two-thirds
gold.
National earnings have risen 18 per cent, and the net
income per inhabitant 7 per cent, viz. —
Millioi
IS sterling.
Per inhabitant.
1870.
Income . 89
Taxes and rates 6
1880.
105
9
96
1870.
£14 16 8
1 1 5
1880.
£16 3 1
1 9 11
Net income 83
£13 15 3
£14 13 2
National debt is only 20 millions sterling, of which
sum the State railways stand for three-fifths.
SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 95
Incidence of taxation has risen from 7 per cent in 1870
to 9|- per cent, but it is still one of the lightest taxed
countries in Europe. The increase is partly caused by the
military expenditure, viz. —
1869.
1880.
Increase.
Army and Navy ,
. £1,010,000
£1,805,000
79 per cent
Cost per inhab.
40 pence
65 pence
62 „
Ratio of earnings .
1-13
1-72
62 „
The relative weight of military expenditure is, neverthe-
less, lighter than in any other European country except
Belgium.
Population would increase faster than in Great Britain
but for emigration, which is equal to one-eighth of the
natural increase. The birth-rate is rising, the death-rate
falling, as shown by comparison with the figures for 1870 :
Number. Per 1000 inhabitants.
1870. 1878. 1870. 1878.
Births . 170,210 192,483 28-23 30*20
Deaths . 110,112 110,959 18-35 17*32
Increase 60-098 81,524 9-88 12*88
Food-supply shows a deficit in grain, but a surplus of
meat, viz. —
Quantity.
Production. Consumption.
Grain, million bush. 78 80
Meat, thousand tons 213 146
Beer, million gallons 35 35
Spirits, „ 27 27
The enormous consumption of spirits is supposed partly
to explain the high rate of insanity.
Per inl
labitant.
Production.
Consumption.
11*75 bush.
12*05
72*80 lbs.
51-10
6*40 gals.
5.40
4-20 „
4-20
96 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
BALANCE-SHEET OF DENMAEK.
The Danes have made the best of their position since the
loss of Schleswig-Holstein, the recuperative forces of the
kingdom never having been so fully shown as in the
decade just closed :-
Millions sterling.
Shillings per inhabitant.
1870.
1878.
1870.
1878.
Commerce
, ,
15
19
167
190
Agriculture
,
25
27
277
272
Manufactures,
etc. .
16
21
175
208
Total
.
56
67
619
670
The aggregate of industries has risen 20 per cent, and
the ratio per inhabitant 8 per cent. The chief increase is
in commerce, and the balance of trade is more favourable
than it was ten years ago, the excess of imports having
fallen from 35 to 25 per cent over the value of exports,
viz. — •
Sum.
Per inhabitant.
Imports .
Exports .
1870. 1878.
. £8,777,000 £10,500,000
6,477,000 8,450,000
1870. 1879.
96 105
71 85
Total
. £15,254,000 £18,950,000
167 190
Port entries have risen 165 per cent (Table 12), and
the merchant flag of Denmark has doubled in carrying
power, viz. —
1870.
1879.
Increase.
linal tonnage .
178,000
252,000
42 per cent
j^ing-power
212,000
432,000
104 „
The carrying trade has doubled, both on land and
water, viz. —
DENMARK. 97
1870. 1878. Increase.
Railways . . £320,000 £680,000 110 per cent
Shipping . . 740,000 1,500,000 104 „
Total . £1,060,000 £2,180,000 105 „
New railways, 385 miles in length, have been made
since 1870 at a cost of 3 millions sterling, bringing up the
total to 855 miles, with a capital equal to 70s. per in-
habitant, against 45s. in 1870. Traffic compares with
British lines as follows : —
Danish.
British.
Receipts per mile
£769
£3,356
Working expenses „
482
1,676
Net earnings „
287
1,680
Profit on capital
3-60
4-15
Construction per mile
£8000
£40,510
Each passenger or ton carried paid 22 pence, against
17 pence in Great Britain.
Telegraph traffic has doubled, the messages now being
50 to 100 inhabitants, which is a much higher ratio than
in France or Germany.
Money is abundant, whether compared with population
or commerce : —
Amount; Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce.
Gold . £4,000,000 £2 2 21 per cent
Silver . 1,000,000 10 5 „
Paper . 4,000,000 2 2 21 „
Total . £9,000,000 £4 10 4 47 „
Denmark mints about £150,000 in gold, and £200,000
in silver annually.
National earnings have risen 15 per cent, and net
income per inhabitant 4|- per cent : —
98 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Millions sterling.
Per inhabitant.
1870. 1880.
1870.
1880.
'
Income .
38 44i
£21 2 3
£22 1
6
Taxes and rates
4 4i
34 40
2 11
2 1
4
Net income .
£19 1 2
£20
2
The incidence of taxation is not much greater than in
Sweden, namely, 9j per cent, almost the lowest ratio in
Europe. It was 10 per cent in 1870. Military expenditure
has, meantime, risen from 81 pence to 97 pence per inhabit-
ant, but as it only takes 1*82 of the people's earnings, it is
still only half the average weight in Europe (Table^24).
National debt was 30 per cent higher in 1870 than at
present, and averages only £5 per inhabitant ; one half is
represented by State railways.
Population has increased 10 per cent in spite of emi-
gration, and the tendency is upwards, as the birth-rate is
rising :-
Nui
nber.
Per 1000 inhabitants.
Births .
Deaths
1870.
54,420
34,091
1877.
60,850
35,806
1870.
30-49
19-10
11-39
1877.
32-02
18-84
Increase
20,329
25,044
13-18
Emigration averages 2 J per 1000, bringing down the
actual increase to lOj per cent per decade, or 10 J per
1000 yearly.
Food-supply is so abundant that Denmark feeds her
neighbours, having a surplus of 19 per cent grain, and 114
per cent meat, for exportation.
Quantity. Per inhabitant.
Production. Consumption. Production. Consumption.
Grain, million bush. . 74 62 36-80 bush. 30.83
Meat, tons . . 112,000 62,000 125*80 lbs. 58-15
Beer, million gals. . 25 25 12-50 gals. 12-50
Spirits „ . 8 8 4-20 „ 4-29
PORTUGAL. 99
No other country of Europe approaches Denmark in
the production of cattle for the number of inhabitants.
The consumption of grain is prodigious, much of it being,
of course, used for the cattle.
BALANCE-SHEET OF POETUGAL.
Although this kingdom ranks so low in industry, the
average per inhabitant being even less than in Spain, it
has made considerable progress since 1870 : —
Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant.
1870.
1878.
1870.
1878.
Commerce
, ,
10
13
50
58
Agriculture
,
23
25
115
114
Manufactures
!, etc. .
11
13
55
58
44
51
220
230
The aggregate shows a rise of 13 per cent, and the
ratio per inhabitant 4 J per cent. The balance of trade
against the country has increased, the partial returns for
1879 showing little or no change from those of 1877,
which compare with 1870 as follows : —
Ani(
ount.
Shillings per inhabitant,
Imports
Exports
1870.
. £5,702,000
4,565,000
1877.
£7,191,000
5,504,000
1870. 1877.
28 33
22 25
Total
. £10,267,000
£12,695,000
50 58
Thus the excess of imports over exports was only 24
per cent in 1870, and has now risen to 31 per cent.
100 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Considerable advance has been made in railways since
1870, viz.—
1870.
1880.
Increase.
Miles open
489
780
341
Cost of construction .
£7,000,000
£12,000,000
£5,000,000
Capital per inhabitant
£1 15
£2 14
£0 19
Telegraphs are little used, the messages averaging 15
per 100 inhabitants, or half the European average.
According to official returns there was an unpre-
cedented increase of population in the last decade, viz. —
Census of 1872 . . 4,011,908
„ 1878 . . 4,348,551
If this increase of 337,000 souls in six years be genuine,
it is equivalent to 14 per 1000 per annum, being the
highest rate in Europe, but official returns in many
countries are full of errors.
Money is superabundant as compared with other
countries (Table 16), the ratio per inhabitant being higher
than in Great Britain, and the currency too much for
commerce —
Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce.
Gold .14 £3 3 108 percent
Silver .3 13 6 23 „
Paper .6 17 46 „
23 £5 3 6 177 „
Notwithstanding the increase of national earnings, the
net income per inhabitant is no higher, viz. —
Millions sterling. Per inhabitant.
Income
Taxes and rates .
1870.
1880.
£8 4
£8 6 8
1 9 10
1 15 10
Net income . 26 27 £6 10 6 £6 10 10
\
PORTUGAL. 101
Incidence of taxation is overwhelming, say 22^ per
cent of income, against 12 per cent in Great Britain.
Military expenditure is enormous, being heavier than in
France (Table 24), and absorbs 3^ per cent of the national
earnings. It might be reduced by giving up such useless
possessions as Mozambique and Goa.
National debt has grown alarmingly, and is now 35
per cent of the value of the kingdom —
Millions sterling. Per inhabitant.
1S70. 1880. 1870. 1880.
National debt . 60 94 £15 £22
As compared with national earnings it is four times as
heavy as the debt of Great Britain.
Agriculture has made some progress, the exportation
of wine having risen 22 per cent, and now reaching 17
million gallons. The food-supply stands thus : —
Quantity. Ratio per inhabitant.
\ __,^ ^ A, ^
Production. Consumption. Production. Consumption.
Grain, million bush. 30 35 7 '14 bush. 8*33
Meat, tons . . 54,000 47,000 28-82 lbs. 25*20
Wine, million gals. . 88 71 20*50 gals. 16*50
The consumption of grain and meat is very low, but
the peasantry supplement their food with salted codfish
imported from Newfoundland. It is believed, however,
that the people are not sufficiently fed to be able to till
the soil properly.
102 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
BALANCE-SHEET OF SWITZEELAND.
This industrious little Republic has made fair progress in
the last ten years. Watchmaking has indeed declined,
owing to the American invention in 1873 of making them
by steam-power, but wooden clocks have so much risen in
demand that the exportation has doubled. Cotton factories
show a falling off, but the consumption of pig-iron has
doubled, viz. —
1870.
1878.
Increase.
Decline.
Cotton, million lbs. .
39
35
—
10 per cent
Pig-iron, tons .
9,150
17,340
90 per cent
—
Export of cheese, tons
17,020
19,510
15 „
—
Wooden clocks .
1,378
3,082
122 „
—
There is no real advance in cheese, for the average
quantity exported in the years 1877-78 was below that of
the five years preceding. The income, meantime, derived
from travellers and tourists is increasing every year, and
now reaches 6 millions sterling per annum.
Eailways have doubled in mileage and traffic since
1870, the actual length being 1650 miles, which have cost
32-|- millions, or £12 per inhabitant, a ratio unequalled
among Continental nations. The traffic compares with
British lines as follows : —
Swiss.
British.
Receipts per mile .
£1,460
£3,356
"Working expenses
840
1,676
Net earnings
620
1,680
Profit on capital .
3-07
4-15
Construction, per mile
£20,190
£40,510
Each passenger or ton carried paid 1 7 pence, the same
as in Great Britain. Telegraphic business has increased
SWITZERLAND. 103
50 per cent (Table 15), the ratio of messages being 98 per
100 inhabitants, which far exceeds that of any other
nation in the world, being three times the European
average.
Money is very abundant, especially gold, and there are
34 banks of unlimited issue, yet none has ever failed.
The currency stands thus : —
Millions sterling. Ratio per inhabitant.
Gold . . 12 £4 5 6
Silver. .7 2 9 9
Paper . . H 1 4 10
22^ £8 1
Increase of population is below the European average,
since it has been only 6 per cent in ten years. The natural
increase, however, is 7^ per cent, but emigration took
away one -fifth. Comparing the returns for 1879 with
1870, we find the birth-rate rising, the death-rate falling,
viz. —
Number.
Per 1000 inhabitants.
Births
Deaths
1870.
79,208
68,746
18T9.
89,692
63,646
1870. 1879.
29-66 30-78
25-75 22-73
Increase .
10,462
26,046
3-91 8-05
Food-supply is so insufficient that the imports of grain
and cattle increase yearly. In 1870 were imported 8
million bushels, or 3 per inhabitant, and in the years
1877-78 the average was 12^ million bushels, or 4 J per
inhabitant. The net imports of cattle also doubled in the
interval.
104 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
BALANCE-SHEET OF GEEECE.
But for the financial condition of this kingdom, the pro-
gress made in the last ten years would be highly satis-
factory. Trade, population, and agriculture have advanced
in a remarkable manner, and shipping is the only branch
in which a decline has taken place.
The balance of trade in 1875 (the latest returns
published) was not so unfavourable as in 1870, the excess
of imports having fallen from 80 to 65 per cent. It is
still the most unfavourable balance of any country in the
world, and shows as follows : —
Amount.
Per inhabitant.
1870.
Imports . £3,465,000
Exports . 1,889,000
1875.
£5,196,000
3,177,000
1870.
£2 7
16
— \
1875.
£3 6
2 10
£5,354,000
£8,373,000
£3 13
£5 7
Merchant - shipping
has declined
because (as
5 Consul
Stephens says) the customs duties have become so oppres-
sive that smugglers are building numerous vessels in the
Adriatic for contraband trade. Greek tonnage is now only
290,000, a fall of 60,000 tons since 1870, whereas port
entries have risen to 2 million tons (Table 12), an increase
of 42 per cent.
Agriculture has advanced in spite of an enormous
export duty of 20 per cent, which would seem to be
intended to check industry and promote brigandage.
Exports of fruit, oil, and other products almost doubled in
five years, viz. —
GREECE. 105
1870. 1875. Increase.
Fruit . £680,000 £1,496,000 120 per cent
Oil . 165,000 462,000 180 „
Wine . 76,000 103,000 36 ,,
Sundries . 968,000 1,116,000 15 „
Total £1,889,000 £3,177,000 68 ,,
Since 1875 there has been a continual advance. In
that year a Spanish wine merchant, named Toole, settled
at Cephalonia, from which place he now ships 70,000
gallons yearly to England and Germany. In the same
year the first steam mill was built in Zante, and now there
are eight in the same group of islands. Moreover, owing
to the Phylloxera in France, the merchants of Marseilles
have established agents in the Morea, who bought up 7000
tons of currants last year for the distillers of French
brandy. Greek wines, which were worth sixpence a gallon
in 1870, have risen to elevenpence a gallon, and the better
classes, which are exported, easily obtain £15 per pipe.
The crops of 1879 were valued as follows : —
Quantity.
Value.
Grain, bushels
9,000,000
£1,800,000
"Wine, gallons
. 20,000,000
950,000
Currants, tons
80,000
1,600,000
Oil, barrels
170,000
Total .
510,000
. £4,860,000
The production could be doubled by the better arrange-
ment of the Crown lands, which comprehend three million
acres well suited for tillage, but mostly used as goat
farms.
Mining continues stationary, the chief mineral being
lead, of which the Laurium Company regularly extracts
7500 tons per annum, worth £150,000, employing 6500
workmen.
106 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Railways have not yet been constructed, except a line
of seven miles connecting Athens with Piraeus, which
carries 1^ million passengers, and pays 14 per cent on its
cost.
Telegraphs extend for a length of 1810 miles; mes-
sages average 24 per 100 inhabitants, which is below the
European average.
Money is scarce compared with other countries (Table
1 6), and includes much inconvertible paper, viz. —
Amount. Per inhab. Ratio to commerce.
Gold and silver . £2,000,000 £1 3 10 23 per cent
Paper . . 2,500,000 19 9 29 „
Total . £4,500,000 £2 13 7 52 „
National debt stood at 18 millions sterling in 1870,
including 12 millions funded, but in 1878 the London
bondholders (having received no interest for 50 years)
commuted the old debt of 9 millions for a sum of
£1,200,000 in new scrip. This reduced the total debt of
the kingdom (in 1878) to 9 millions. Greece at once
recommenced borrowing, and on December 31, 1880, the *
debt reached nearly 15 millions, viz. —
English loan of 1824 .
£1,200,000
Guaranteed do. of 1832
3,450,000
Floating debt
4,520,000
French loan of 1879
2,400,000
Franco-Eg}^ptian Bank loan .
600,000
Athenian Bank do.
2,500,000
£14,670,000
New loans since 1878 sum up £5,500,000, equal to
three years of revenue, so that the expenditure must have
averaged double the income during the last three years.
The loan of 1879 was to redeem the currency, but the
GREECE. 107
money went to other uses. All hope of redeeming the
currency seems now abandoned, for in October 1880 the
Government obtained 2-J millions sterling from the
Athenian bank in exchange for the right of emission until
1905.
If Greek budgets counted for anything, the expenditure
might be said to average 21 shillings per inhabitant, but
the reality is perhaps nearly £2. Military expenditure is
put down at £472,000, and exceeds a million. This will,
however, be reduced as soon as the question of Thessaly
and Epirus be arranged.
Population statistics showed an ascending scale till
1876, but since that year the increase is in a declining
ratio, viz. —
Nun
iber.
Per 1000 inhabitants.
Births
Deaths
1874.
45,212
29,863
1878.
44,921
30,588
1874.
28-43
1878
9-65
1878.
27-22
18-54
Increase
15,349
14,333
8-68
At no period during the decade has the natural increase
appeared to exceed 10 per 1000, yet the census of 1879
gives an annual increment of 17 per 1000 from 1870.
The difference may arise from incomplete returns in 1870,
or because the registration of births is defective.
Food-supply is so inadequate that Greece, although
highly fertile for 45 per cent of its area, and capable of
feeding double its population, only produces enough grain
for seven months' consumption, the rest being imported
from the Black Sea. The importation of cattle has doubled
since 1870. The principal items of food show thus ; —
108
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Qua
ntity.
Per inhabitant.
Production.
Consumption.
Production. Consumption
Grain, bushels
9,000,000
14,000,000
5-55 8-65
Meat, tons
21,000
23,000
28-75 lbs. 31-50
Wine, gallons
20,000,000
18,000,000
12-50 11-25
The Greeks, on the whole, are well fed (Table 26),
especially if compared with Italians or Portuguese.
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE UNITED STATES.
It would be impossible to find in history a parallel to the
progress of the United States in the last ten years, the
results of which appear as follows : —
Millions sterling.
1870. 1880.
Shillings per inhab.
1870.
1880.
Commerce .
172
301
89
120
Manufactures
682
888
354
355
Mining
38
72
20
29
Agriculture .
416
525
216
210
Carrying trade
115
141
60
55
Banking
40
52
21
21
Sundries
17
25
9
11
1479
2004
769
801
The aggregate of industries has risen 35 per cent, the
ratio per inhabitant 4 per cent, the population having
increased one-third in the interval. The actual increase
of American industry was 525 millions, whereas the
maximum among European nations, that of Great Britain
(see page 42), was only 337 millions. The highest relative
UNITED STATES. 109
increase obtained in Europe, namely in Belgium and
Holland, was only 30 per cent, or 5 per cent less than in
the United States. Meantime the ratio of industry per
inhabitant in the great American Eepublic is much lower
than in Great Britain, Holland, or Belgium (Table 2).
This is partly explained by the fact that the population
of the United States contains more children per 100 in-
habitants^ than any country of Europe.
Ten years ago the balance of trade was against the
country, but now the exports are 31 per cent over imports,
viz. —
Millions sterling. Shillings per inhab.
1870. 1880.
Imports . 89 134
Exports . 83 167
Total . 172 301 89 120
1870.
1880.
46
53
43
67
The ratio of commerce for population is still very low,
being 10 shillings below the European average, and not
quite one-third of that of Great Britain. Protection tariffs
check the natural impulse of trade.
Manufactures have risen 30 per cent, and would have
risen much more but for the prohibitory duties on Aus-
tralian wool and English iron. Woollen factories that
could have consumed 500 million lbs. have been too often
idle, because prevented from using foreign wool, and rail-
way companies have had to pay extra for native iron, thus
increasing the cost of construction and indirectly the charge
for freight. Cotton is the only textile industry that shows
a healthy development, the consumption since 1870 having
risen as follows : —
^ The difiference as compared with Europe is as 29 to 24, say one-
fifth more.
I
110 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
MiUion lbs.
Pounds per
inhabitant.
1870.
1880.
■ 1870.
1880.
Cotton
530
911
13-77
17-92
Wool
204
258
5-30
5-07
Flax, etc. .
54
23
1-40
0-45
Total . 788 1192 20-47 23*44
Thus the consumption of raw material rose 404
million lbs., against 468 million in Great Britain, although
the United States grew 95 per cent of theirs, and we had
to import 93 per cent of all consumed in our factories.
Iron and steel have made wonderful progress, through
the protective tarijff, at the expense of the people. Iron
rose from 1,580,000 to 3,220,000, and steel from 40,000
to 800,000 tons, but these quantities still fall far short of
the production in Great Britain. Nevertheless it is to be
observed that whereas ten years ago the United States
was much below France or Germany (Table 6), as regards
steel it now produces more than both these countries
collectively. The Americans now make one-fifth of the
iron, and one-fourth of the steel, of the world.
Mining has, relatively, made greater progress than any
other industry, namely 90 per cent, viz. —
Millions sterling.
1870.
1880.
Gold and silver
13
14
Coal .
11
18
Petroleum .
5
26
Iron
6
10
Copper, lead, etc.
3
4
38
72
In 1870 gold was considerably ahead of silver, but at
present the production of these metals is equal. The
United States raise one -half the gold, and one -half the
UNITED STATES. Ill
silver, of the world's supply. The increase in the other
minerals is prodigious : —
1870. 1880. Increase.
Iron ore, tons . 4,500,000 9,500,000 110 per cent
Copper „ . 12,700 20,300 60
Coal „ . 33,000,000 55,000,000 66 „
Petroleum, gallons 42,000,000 860,000,000 20-fold
Taking in globo all the mining industries of the world,
the United States represent 36, Great Britain 33, and
other nations 31, per cent of the total.
Agriculture has not kept pace, with population as
regards value, the ratio per inhabitant (page 80) being 6
shillings less than in 1870, but the quantity of products is
larger per head than ten years ago, viz. —
Quantity. Ratio per inhabitant.
1870. 1880. 1870. 1880.
Grain, million bush. . 1,560 2,390 41 bush. 47 bush.
Hay, tons . . . 22,240,000 24,150,000 11 cwt. 10 cwt.
Cotton, million lbs. . 1,540 2,773 40 lbs. 55 lbs.
At the same time they paid such attention to pastoral
interests that farming stock increased 33 per cent all
round, viz. —
Number. Head per inhabitant.
Horses
Cows
Sheep
Hogs
1870.
8,690,000
28,075,000
. 28,478,000
. 25,185,000
1880.
12,550,000
33,600,000
38,000,000
35,000,000
1870.
0-22
0-73
0-74
0-65
2-34
1880.
0-25
0-67
0-77
0-70
Total
. 90,428,000
119,150,000
2-39
Carrying-trade has advanced very notably both on land
and water, as shown thus : —
\
L
112 BALANCE - SHEET OF THE WORLD.
1870.
1880.
Increase.
Railways .
£84,167,000
£110,240,000
31 per cent
Ocean shipping .
8,600,000
8,100,000
j>
Canals, lakes, rivers .
21,800,000
23,000,000
5
£114,567,000 £141,340,000 23
The slight decline in ocean shipping is compensated by
an increase of vessels on the lakes and rivers, as shown
thus : —
Nominal Tonnage. Carrying power.
, » ^ ^ . ^
1870. 1880. 1870. 1880.
High seas . 1,566,000 1,629,000 2,454,000 2,315,000
Inland waters . 2,598,000 2,584,000 6,256,000 6,580,000
4,164,000 4,213,000 8,710,000 8,895,000
There has been an apparent increase, and a real decline,
in the shipping on the high seas ; the reverse has occurred
in that of lakes and rivers. On the whole there is an
effective increase equal to 2| per cent. The shipping on
sea is nine -tenths sailing vessels, that on inland waters
mostly steamers. Adding both together, we find that of
every 100 tons borne on American bottom Q% are carried
by steamers, 34 by sailing vessels.
Port entries have exactly doubled (Table 12), and the
ratio of steamers is only 36 per cent, or half the European
average, which seems to indicate that the sailing vessels of
the world now trade mostly to the United States. The
total goods traffic compares with that of Great Britain as
follows, in millions of tons : —
United States.
Great Britain.
Entries by sea
16
26
Coast traffic .
34
37
Inland waters .
80
20
Railways
. 210
215
Total
340
298
UNITED STATES. 113
This is nearly 7 tons per inhabitant in the United
States, against 6 tons in Great Britain.
Eailways have doubled in ten years, the new lines
being 41,883 miles in length, and representing a cost of
578 millions sterling. This is an average of 12 miles a
day, at £13,800 per mile. The new lines exceed in length
all the lines built in Europe (Table 14) since 1870. There
has been a relative decline in traffic, but an increase of
profits, since 1871, when there were 60,522 miles open,
representing a cost of 555 millions sterling.
Amount.
Per mile.
1871. 1880.
1871. 1880.
Gross receipts
. £84,167,000 £110,400,000
£1391 £1276
Working expenses .
. 68,750,000 64,640,000
1136 747
Net profits
15,417,000 45,760,000
255 529
Cost of construction
. 555,208,000 990,230,000
9173 11,448
Profit on capital .
2-78 4-62
2-78 4-62
Many of the lines were made with foreign capital, but,
comparing the actual cost with population, we find the
ratio was almost £20 per inhabitant in 1880, against £11
in 1870. No country in Europe, except Great Britain,
shows so high a ratio of railway capital per head. The
traffic on the whole is light, some lines not earning enough
to pay working expenses. In the crisis of 1876-77 no
fewer than 128 bankrupt railways were sold by auction,
with an aggregate length of 13,120 miles, representing a
cost of 230 millions sterling. The new lines, nevertheless,
have helped to promote agricultural interests, but the rela-
tive utility of American lines is inferior to British, since
every £1000 of railway capital in the United States car-
ried last year only 408 passengers or tons of merchandise,
against 1206 in Great Britain. The traffic compares
thus : —
American.
Britisli.
£2,289
£35,537
2,426
12,147
£1,276
£3,356
747
1,676
529
1,680
11,448
40,509
£19 : 10 :
£20 : 16 :
4-62
4-15
114 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Passengers per mile
Goods, tons
Earnings
Working expenses
Net earnings
Cost of construction
Capital per inhabitant .
Profit on capital .
Every ton or passenger carried paid 66 pence, against 17
pence in Great Britain.
Telegraphs have almost doubled in mileage, and trebled
in the number of messages, the ratio whereof is 55 per
100 inhabitants, against 77 in Great Britain, and 30 for
Europe in general (Table 15).
Banking progressed notably from 1870 to 1876, but de-
clined from the latter year. The returns of National Banks
for 1879 compare with those of 1870 as follows : —
1870.
1879.
Number of Banks .
1601
2045
Capital .
£83,400,000
£91,500,000
Deposits
99,600,000
119,000,000
At present there are altogether 6360 banks, whose
capital and deposits sum up 511 millions sterling. This
sum, distributed according to population, is less than half
the English ratio, viz. —
Millions sterling. Ratio per inhabitant.
United States. Great Britain. United States. Great Britain.
Bank capital . 131 195 £2 11 4 £5 115
Deposits . . 380 517 7 9 14 15 8
511 712 £10 4 £20 7 1
Bank dividends in the United States, for 1879,
averaged 6 per cent, against 10|- per cent in 1870. The
banks of Great Britain average 14 per cent on their paid-
up capital, but as the shares are usually 100 per cent above
UNITED STATES. 115
par, the shareholders hardly get 7 per cent for their money.
The decline of American banking since 1876 appears as
follows : —
1876. 1879. Decline.
Number of banks . . 6611 6360 4 per cent
Capital, million £ . . 144 131 9 ,,
Deposits „ . . 415 380 8 „
The decline is often attributed to heavy taxes on banks,
but arises no less from the revival of trade, which is on a
fauch sounder basis since the resumption of specie-pay-
ments on December 17, 1878. Comparing the bankruptcy
returns of 1870 and 1880, we find as follows : —
1870.
1880.
Number of failures
3,551
4,738
Ratio to population
1 in 10,845
1 in 10,910
Amount
£17,550,000
£12,057,000
Eatio to commerce
10*20 per cent
4*02 per cent
It may therefore be said that bankruptcies have de-
clined one-half.
Money is more abundant, compared with population,
than in Europe (Table 16), notwithstanding the diminu-
tion of 9 millions sterling in paper-currency since 1870.
There is still twice as much paper-money, but only half as
much coin, per inhabitant, as in Great Britain. On the
whole we have 13s. a head more than in the United
States. But in comparison with commerce the Americans
use three times as much money as we do, their ratio being 80
per cent in relation with commerce, against 28 per cent in
Great Britain, and 56 per cent for Europe in general. The
United States currency in October 1880 stood as follows : —
Millions sterling. Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce.
Gold . 77 £1 10 3 26 per cent
Silver . 31 12 7 10 „
Paper . 132 2 11 8 43 ,,
Total . 240 £4 14 6 79 ,,
116 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
The above, of course, does not include Treasury bullion,
which amounted to 15 millions sterling. The United
States mint has coined, since 1870, the following sums : —
Gold . . . £80,400,000
Silver . . 31,420,000
Total . . £111,820,000
This was almost one-fourth of the gold, and one-sixth of
the silver, coined by the world in the said ten years (Table
1 7). At no previous period was the American mint so pro-
lific, the greatest quantity in any previous decade having
been 75 millions sterling, namely, from 1851 to 1860. The
total coinage since 1800 has been 228 millions gold, and
59 of silver, say 287 millions sterling, or an average of
36 millions per decade.
National earnings have risen 31 J per cent, which is
almost the same as the increase of population, but, as taxes
have fallen, the net income per inhabitant is 6^ per cent
higher than it was ten years ago, viz. —
Millions sterling. Ratio per inhabitant.
1870. 1880. 1870. 1880.
Income . . 1062 1406 £27 11 8 £27 18 4
Taxes and rates . 142 129 3 13 10 2 12 7
Net income . 920 1277 £23 17 10 £25 5 9
The net income per inhabitant is double the European
average (Table 20), and 15 per cent less than in Great
Britain. The incidence of taxation has been reduced from
13 J per cent of income in 1870 to 9^ per cent in 1880,
being now only half of what it is in France (Table 21), and
one-fourth less than in Great Britain. Two causes have
tended to lighten the weight of taxation : 1. Eeduction
of military expenditure; 2. Conversion and reduction of
UNITED STATES. 117
national debt. Hence the national revenue has been re-
duced from 86 to 69 millions sterling.
Military expenditure in 1870 absorbed 1*89 of the
nation's earnings, and in 1880 only 0-77, a relative decrease
of 60 per cent. The burthen of this item is now one-
fourth of what it is for Europe in general (Table 24).
National debt has been reduced from 496 to 390
millions sterling, or 22 per cent in ten years. Moreover,
by converting the stock into 4 per cents, the treasury has
effected a great saving, reducing the interest on the bulk
of the debt from £17,000,000 to £12,800,000 per annum.
The reduction of debt since 1870 has averaged £32,000
a day, or a penny a week from each inhabitant. The
relative burthen of debt and interest is now hardly half
what it was in 1870, viz. —
Amount. Ratio per inhabitant.
/ * , , * -^
1870. 1880. 1870. 1880.
Debt . £496,200,000 £390,100,000 £12 18 £7 13
Interest . 26,880,000 16,430,000 13 11 6 5
In fact, the ratio of debt per inhabitant has fallen 42
per cent, that of interest 54 per cent in ten years.
Population has increased 11,920,000 souls, say 31 ^per
cent since 1870, being the largest number gained in any
decade of the Union. Nevertheless, the ratio of increment
is less than for any decade previous to the war, the average
from 1800 to 1860 ranging from 33 J to 36 per cent.
Immigration stands for less than one-fifth of the increase,
the decade ending December 31, 1879, showing arrivals
and departures, thus : —
Arrivals . . 3,384,000
Departures . . 1,192,000
Net immigration 2, 1 92, 000
118 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
This exceeded by 578,000 the largest decade previously-
recorded, viz. that ending December 31, 1859. If we
deduct the net immigration from the total increase, we find
the surplus of births over deaths in ten years was
9,728,000. Now, as the medium population for the
decade was 45 million souls, it appears likely the births
and deaths (there being no returns) were as follows : —
Number. Ratio per 1000 inhab. per an.
Births . . 18,728,000 41-62
Deaths . . 9,000,000 20-00
Increase 9,728,000 21*62
This is three times the European rate of increase
(Table 1 3), and double that of England or Germany ; it is
even superior to that of Australia. Everything seems to
promise that twenty years hence, at the close of the 19th
century, the United States will have between 90 and 100
million inhabitants.
Food-supply is so abundant that the grain crop is 18|
per cent over consumption, and the meat 36 per cent in
excess. The United States produce 30 per cent of the
grain, and 30 per cent of the meat, of the world (Table
25). The increase since 1870 has been as follows : —
Quantity. Ratio per Inbab.
( ^ N r * N Increase.
1870. 1880. 1870. 1880.
Grain mil. bush 1560 2390 40*54 bush. 47-11 6-57 bush.
Meat, tons . 2,971,000 4,286,000 172*87 lbs. 170*06
Thus it appears that in spite of the population increas-
ing 1^ million souls yearly, the supply of grain is growing
faster, and of meat almost as fast, so that the exportation
to Europe is likely to go on rising for many years to come.
If we examine the separate items of food-supply we find
the increase since 1870 has been as follows : —
UNITED STATES.
GRAIN CROPS.
Million bushels.
Bushels
per Inhab.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
Wheat
231
496
6-02
9-77
Maize
992
1480
25-77
29-20
Oats, etc.
337
414
8-75
8-14
Total
. 1560
2390
40-54
47-11
MEAT SUPPLY.
Animals for
slaughter.
Tons of meat.
Pounds
119
1870. 1880.
4,697,200 5,600,000
9,500,000 12,666,000
10,074,000 14,480,000
1870. 1880.
1,754,600 2,100,000
318,190 424,100
898,560 1,291,560
1870.
1880.
102-10
93-10
18-50
19-10
52-27
57-86
Cows
Sheep
Hogs
Total 24,271,200 32,746,000 2,971,350 3,815,660 172-87 170-06
The above is the available supply, but we cannot know
the actual slaughter, unless of hogs ; cattle average 850,
hogs 217, pounds in weight. The home consumption of
meat is said to be 120 lbs. per inhabitant, equal to
2,740,000 tons, leaving a surplus of 1,076,000 tons, of
which, however, only 550,000 tons are exported; 75 per
cent to Great Britain, 16 to Germany and Belgium, 9 to
France and other countries.
The production and consumption of food show as
follows : —
Quantity. Ratio per inhabitant.
Production. Consumption. Production.
Consumption.
Grain, mil. bush.
2390 2020
47-11 bush.
39-60
Meat, tons
3,816,000 2,740,000
170-06 lbs.
120-00
"Wine, mil. gals.
20 30
0-40 gals.
0-60
Beer
360 360
7-35 „
7-35
Spirits
76 76
1-50 „
1-50
The Americans are apparently the best fed of all
nations (Table 25).
120
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
BALANCE-SHEET OF CANADA.
As the past decade has been the first of the Dominion of
Canada in its confederate form, it is gratifying to find the
colony has made fair progress in every particular —
Population rose
Commerce
14 per cent
3 „
Length of railways
Colonial shipping
Agricultural exports
54 „
45 „
44 „
The growth of population is 2 per cent over the rate
in the previous decade, but is still very slow, the natural
increase being much less than in Great Britain. The
account stands thus : —
Population in 1870 . . 3,763,000
Surplus of births over deaths 307,000 8*17 per cent
Net immigration . . 228,000 6*06 „
Population in 1880
4,298,000 14-23
The number of emigrants who landed in Canada ex-
ceeded half-a-million, but the actual settlers were only
228,000, the rest proceeding to the United States. The
average immigration was, therefore, under 23,000 per
annum, against 58,000 in Australia.
The table of industries shows increase as follows : —
Millions sterling.
Shillings per inhab.
1870. 1879.
1870.
1879.
Commerce
33 35
178
161
Manufactures
35 46
189
215
Agriculture .
51 60
268
280
Carrying trade
5 9
25
42
Banking
2 4
11
19
Total
. 126 154
671
717
CANADA. 121
Commerce has not increased in the same ratio as
population, and the balance of trade is less favourable
than it was ten years ago, viz. —
Amount. Shillings per inhab.
1870. 1879. 1870. 1879.
Imports . . £16,973,000 £18,507,000 90 86
Exports . . 16,626,000 16,067,000 88 75
Total . . £33,599,000 £34,574,000 178 161
The balance against the colony has risen from 2 to 1 1
shillings per inhabitant, yet the general condition seems
improved, if we are to judge by savings bank and insurance
returns.
Agricultural interests show the most undoubted pro-
gress, according to the rise in exports of this description
from 1872 to 1879.
Value exported. Eatio per inhab.
1872. 1879. 1872. 1879. '
Cattle, meat, wool, etc. £2,598,000 £2,954,000 £0 13 5 £0 13 10
Grain . . . 2,390,000 4,252,000 12 4 10 8
Total . £4,988,000 £7,206,000 £1 5 9 £1 14 6
There is a rise of 44 per cent in the value, and 36 per
cent in the ratio per inhabitant. This increase compen-
sates for a decline of two millions sterling in the export of
timber. It is worth observing that the exports of Canada
are 8s. per inhabitant more than in the United States (page
109). One of the most valuable of Canadian exports is
fish, which amounted to £2,117,000 last year, being a rise
of 10 per cent.
Eailways have been more beneficial to the farmers than
to the shareholders, averaging less than IJ per cent profit
on capital per annum. Meantime the goods traffic of the
Grand Trunk line has doubled in five years, and exceeds
122 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
5 million tons. New lines built since 1870 amount to
2135 miles (Table 14), the total cost of existing lines
being 73 millions sterling, or £11,870 per mile. By
the contract recently signed for the Northern Pacific Eail-
way the new company engage to have the line completed
by 1890 from Lake Superior to Port Moody, British
Columbia, 2010 miles in length, the Government ceding
twenty-five million acres land and all the works and sur-
veys already done, besides giving a guarantee for a loan of
five millions sterling, or one-fourth of the estimated cost.
Shipping has risen 45 per cent, the colony now possess-
ing a fine fleet of sailing vessels and some steamers, viz. —
1870.
1880.
Increase.
Nopainal tonnage .
. 836,000
1,380,000
63 per cent
Carrying power .
. 1,120,000
1,610,000
45 „
Banking has doubled since 1870, and is now very active.
Discounts average 100 millions sterling per annum, or £22
per inhabitant, against £40 in Great Britain, and £90 in
Australia. Deposits, however, have risen in ten years only
25 s. per inhabitant, against £12 in Australia.
Money is scarce notwithstanding the paper currency
having doubled since 1870. The ratio of all money to
population is less than half that of Great Britain, and as
compared with commerce it is barely half the European
average (Table 1 6), the currency consisting as follows : —
Amount. Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce.
Gold and silver . £2,000,000 £0 9 6 6 per cent
Paper . . . 8,000,000 1 18 24
£10,000,000 £2 7 6 30
The earnings of the colony have risen more than 25
per cent (Table 20), and the net income per inhabitant is
a little higher than in the United States, while it is more
CANADA. 123
than double the European average, and only £4 less than
in Great Britain. The increase is shown thus : —
Income .
Taxes and rates
Net income
Millions
sterling;
Per inhabitant.
1870.
. 94
6
. 88
1880.
118
8
110
1870.
£25 1 4
1 13 3
1880.
£27 13 10
2 2 2
£23 8 1
£25 11 8
Incidence of taxation is 6f per cent of earnings against
6|- in 1870 : it is 2| per cent less than in the United States,
and is the lightest ratio for any country in the world.
Public debt has doubled since 1870, owing chiefly to
the expenditure on railways, canals, lighthouses, and har-
bours. It amounts to thirty -five millions sterling, or a
little over £8 per inhabitant, against £33 in Australia.
Food supply is abundant, the exportation averaging ten
million bushels grain and 16,500 tons meat per annum.
Production and consumption are shown thus —
Quantity. Ratio per inhabitant.
^ ^ > ^
Production: Consumption. Production. Consumption.
Grain, million bushels 170 160 40*30 bush. 37*92
Meat, tons. . . 287,000 270,000 153 lbs. 120
No country, except the United States, raises so much
grain per inhabitant, and the production of meat is three
times the European average (Table 26).
1880.
Increase.
2,863,000
56 per cent
£88,666,000
55
392,000,000
103
3,401,000
89
4,350
272
26,840
93
£15,927,000
66
£91,142,000
153
124 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
BALANCE-SHEET OF AUSTEALIA.
The relative progress of this colony (or group of colonies)
far exceeds that of the United States, and may be summed
up thus : —
1870.
Population . 1,829,000
Commerce . £57,302,000
Wool, lbs. . 193,000,000
Acres under grain 1,811,000
Railways, miles . 1,170
Telegraphs „ . . 14,000
Revenue . . £9,585,000
Debt . . £36,170,000
The increase of population has been almost double the
ratio of the United States. Immigration averaged 58,400
souls per annum, while the natural increase was 20 per
1000 on the medium population, against 22 in the United
States, and 7 in Europe.
i>iumDex. per annum.
Births . . . 794,500 34-54
Deaths . . 344,500 14*98
Natural increase . 450,000 19*56
Net immigration . 584,000 25 '40
The vital statistics vary according to climate, as in
Europe, the deaths averaging 11 per 1000 in New Zealand
and 18 in Queensland, and the births 41 per 1000 in New
Zealand and 31 in Tasmania. The highest natural increase
is that of New Zealand, 30 per 1000, or 3 per cent annu-
ally on the population, which is the highest ratio in the
world. On the other hand Tasmania and Victoria average
only 16 per 1000, or about double the European average
(Table 13). No country in the world except the United
States attracts so large a number of European settlers, the
AUSTRALIA. 125
average of net immigration for the last ten years having
been 160 persons daily, or 58,000 per annum, against
45,000 in the Eiver Plate, 28,000 in Canada, and 2000 in
South Africa. In fact, the annual gain to Australia by
immigration is more than the increase of population in any
of five of the smaller kingdoms of Europe. In ten years
more Australia will have the same population that the
United States had in 1801.
Commerce has increased more in imports than in ex-
ports, the former being at present 15 per cent over the
latter, viz.-
Amount.
Ratio per inhabitant.
Imports
Exports
1870. 1879.
£28,881,000 £47,379,000
28,421,000 41,277,000
1870. 1879.
£15 15 10 £17 4
15 10 5 15
4
2
Total .
£57,302,000 £88,656,000
£31 6 3 £32 4
6
The balance of trade against the country has risen
from 5 to 44 shillings per inhabitant, and the growth of
wealth has in the same period been enormous, as shown by
the increase of bank deposits. Hence it would appear that
a surplus of imports by no means impoverishes a nation.
The average of trade per inhabitant is £12 higher than in
Great Britain, 5 times the ratio of Europe (Table 2), and
5 J times that of the United States.
Pastoral industry has been the mainspring of advance-
ment, the flocks and herds having multiplied in ten years
as follows : —
1870.
1880.
Increase.
Horses
798,000
1,010,000
26 pel
• cent
Cows .
4,713,000
7,879,000
6S
>»
Sheep
51,294,000
65,914,000
29
)f
Pigs .
695,000
822,000
19
«
Total
57,500,000
75,625,000
32
M
126
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Each inhabitant produces at present 143 lbs. wool,
against 105 lbs. in 1870, although the average number of
sheep to population is 4 less, as appears in the following
statement : —
Cows per inhabitant. Sheep per inhabitant. Wool, lbs. p. inhab.
r
■ N
1870.
1879.
1870.
1879.
1870.
1879.
N. S. Wales
4-57
3-90
33-98
39-50
98
152
Victoria .
1-03
1-23
15-37
9-45
74
58
S. Australia
0-78
1-02
25-14
23-44
149
208
W. Australia
1-88
2-02
25-37
37-00
75
105
Tasmania .
1-04
1-13
13-90
16-10
43
68
Queensland
9-36
12-73
71-00
27-55
180
114
New Zealand
1-79
1-26
39-60
28-41
151
134
General avera<
?e 2-58
2-87
28-03
24-02
105
143
Horned cattle, strange to say, have increased faster
than sheep, but the quality of the latter has improved so
much that the average fleece is 60 per cent heavier, having
risen from 3*78 lbs. to 5*94 lbs. Thus, although the value
of wool has declined in the world's markets, each inhabit-
ant of Australia, with a ratio of four sheep less than in
1870, exports 119 shillings worth of wool, against 91
shillings in 1870; sheep producing now 5 shillings per
fleece, against 40 pence ten years ago. The superiority of
Australian sheep is shown in comparison with those of
other countries thus : —
Average fleece, lbs.
Value per lb;
Product per sheep.
Australia . 6
10 pence
60 pence
Eiver Plate . 4
6 „
24 „
South Africa . 4
13 „
62 „
The fleece is by no means uniform, for it averages 3
lbs. in Western Australia ; 4 lbs. in Tasmania, Queensland,
and New South Wales ; 5 lbs. in New Zealand ; 6 lbs. in
Victoria, and 9 lbs. in South Australia. The highest value
AUSTRALIA. 127
of wool for population is £8 per inhabitant in New South
Wales and £7 in South Australia and New Zealand.
Agriculture, judged by the acres under tillage, has
advanced 89 per cent, or by the number of bushels of grain
produced 75 per cent; but the progress has varied con-
siderably, some of the colonies having remained stationary,
and some even retrograded, the latter discovering that their
interests lay rather in pastoral pursuits.
Acres under grain.
Crop,
bushels.
Bushels I
1870.
)er inhab.
1870.
1879.
1870.
1879.
1879.
K S. Wales 285,000
489,000
3,700,000
8,800,000
770
12-20
Yictoria 493,000
888,000
6,600,000
9,900,000
9-40
11-05
S. Australia 637,000
1,326,000
7,500,000
9,500,000
42-80
36-50
W.Australia 34,000
31,000
300,000
300,000
12-50
10-00
Tasmania 106,000
89,000
2,200,000
1,900,000
22-70
15-80
Queensland 23,000
69,000
500,000
1,700,000
4-40
7-70
N. Zealand 234,000
509,000
6,800,000
16,100,000
27-20
35-80
Total 1,812,000
3,401,000
27,600,000
48,200,000
15-10
17.20
In 1870 each inhabitant cultivated almost an acre of
grain, and produced 15 bushels; in 1879 the ratio was
l^ acre and 17 bushels ; only two of the colonies, namely
New Zealand and South Australia, raising more grain
than enough for their own immediate consumption. The
average yield per acre of the various crops is shown
thus : —
Acres.
Bushels.
Bushels
per acre.
1870.
1879.
1870.
1879.
1870.
1879.
Wheat
1,202,000
2,578,000
14,000,000
26,042,000
11-70
10-10
Oats
322,000
468,000
7,000,000
11,950,000
21-85
25-40
Maize
124,000
186,000
2,900,000
6,001,000
23-40
32-25
Barley, etc
. 164,000
1,812,000
169,000
3,700,000
27,600,000
4,193,000
48,186,000
22-55
24-80
Total
3,401,000
15.20
14-17
The wheat-crop of 1880 rose to 36| million bushels.
128 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
During four years, ending December 1878, the value
and extent of Crown lands disposed of were as follows : —
Acres.
, . , Annual average
Sum realised.
, Price per
acres.
acre.
New S. Wales
13,670,000
£13,980,800
3,418,000
£1
5
New Zealand
2,510,000
4,032,000
627,500
1 12
S. Australia
2,360,000
4,780,000
690,000
2
6
Queensland
2,060,000
1,250,000
515,000
12
2
Victoria
1,513,000
1,970,000
378,000
1 6
Tasmania and
W. Australia
337,000
22,450,000
340,000
84,000
1
2
£26,352,000
5,612,500
£1 3
5
Gold-mining has greatly declined in late years : the
total production has been as follows : —
Millions sterling. Per annum.
1851-59 . . 102 £11,333,000
1860-69 . . 118 11,800,000
1870-79 . . 72 7,200,000
292 £10,700,000
In 1880 it did not amount to 4 millions sterling.
There is, however, a remarkable activity in other branches
of mining, viz. —
1870. 1878.
Copper and tin . . £708,000 1,771,000
Coal 260,000 710,000
£968,000 2,481,000
The increase of railways and telegraphs since 1870 has
been relatively far greater than in the United States, as
compared with population, the new railways being 3180
miles, and the telegraph lines 12,800 miles in length.
Taking the medium population for the decade, we find
that every 10,000 inhabitants constructed 14 miles of
railway and 56 of telegraphs, against 9 miles of railway
and 11 of telegraph in the United States. The railway
traffic is even lighter than in the United States, averaging
AUSTRALIA. 129.
barely 1000 passengers, and 1000 tons of merchandise per
mile. The telegraph traffic is enormous, reaching 4,600,000
messages, or 165 per 100 inhabitants, a ratio unapproached
by any other nation, and even double that of Great Britain.
Money is not abundant, in fact no country has so small
a currency in relation to commerce, namely 16 per cent,
against 28 per cent in Great Britain, and 80 in the United
States. The figures stand thus : —
Amount. Per inhabitant. Ratio to commerce.
Gold . £9,000,000 £3 4 10 per cent
Silver . 1,000,000 7 2 1
Paper . 4,550,000 1 12 5 5
£14,550,000 £5 3 7 16
Since the gold discoveries Australia has coined 59
millions sterling in gold, the Sydney mint producing at
present about 3 millions per annum. Banking returns for
1878 show a prodigious business compared with popula-
tion, the discounts reaching 260 millions per annum, or
£96 per inhabitant, against £40 in Great Britain, and £22
in Canada. Deposits rose from 32| millions in 1873 to
51 millions in 1878, being an increase of £3,700,000 per
annum, or 32 shillings per inhabitant, against 3 shillings
in Canada. The actual amount of deposits, and the annual
discount business, compared with population in the several
colonies, give the following ratios per head : —
Amount of deposits Annual discounts
per inhabitant. per inhabitant.
N. S. Wales
Victoria
S. Australia
Tasmania .
Queensland
New Zealand
1873. 1878. 1873. 1878.
£18 14 6 £23 17 10 £71 £97
15 7 6 18 10 2 80 104
10 18 2 13 10 4 70 98
8 3 10 17 8 38 60
13 14 3 19 11 57 80
15 14 8 20 7 4 72 118
General average £15 9 9 19 12 5 73
130 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
The business altogether shows a rise of 27 per cent in
deposits, and 35 per cent in discounts in five years.
Summing up all the industries we find as follows : —
Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant.
1870.
1879.
1870.
1879.
Commerce
57
89
626
644
Manufactures .
9
13
98
92
Mining .
9
6
99
43
Agriculture
35
52
380
370
Banking, etc. .
64
13
67
86
116i
173
1,270
1,235
The ratio per inhabitant, for all industries combined, is
three times that of Europe, 55 per cent over the United
States, and 5 per cent over Great Britain, being in fact the
highest for any people in the world.
Although the earnings of the colonists have risen 40
per cent, such has been the increase of population that the
average per inhabitant is less than in 1870 : —
Millions
1870.
63
10
53
sterling.
1879.
89
16
73
Per inhabitant.
Earnings
Taxes .
1870.
£34 12
5 9
1879.
£31 2
5 14
£29 3
£25 8
The incidence of taxation has risen from 16 to 19 per
cent, being now 7 per cent over the ratio of Great Britain .
Nevertheless, it falls lightly, as a great portion is derived
from Crown lands, viz. —
Ratio per inhabitant.
Crown lands . . . £6,588,000 £2 7 6
Taxes .... 5,927,000 226
Railways and Sundries . 3,412,500 14 6
£15,927,500 £5 14 6
AUSTRALIA.
131
The average of revenue and public debt for the several
colonies varies exceedingly, as the wealth and resources of
some enable them to support easily a burthen per head
that in others would be oppressive. The increase of
revenue since 1870, as also that of public debt, and the
ratios per inhabitant, are shown as follows : —
Revenue.
Ratio per
inhabitant
1870.
1879.
1870.
1879.
N. S. Wales
. £2,575,000
£4,475,000
£5 7 3
£6 1
4
Victoria .
3,262,000
4,622,000
4 13 3
5
8
S. Australia
860,000
1,662,000
4 18 2
6 8
W. Australia
98,000
196,000
4 2
6 10
6
Tasmania .
270,000
375,000
2 15 10
3 6
2
Queensland
786,000
1,462,000
6 16 6
6 13
1
New Zealand
1,733,000
3,135,000
7 1 6
6 16
3
Total .
. £9,584,000
£15,927,000
£5 8 7
£5 14
Debt
Per inhabitant.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
N.S.Wales .
£9,681,000 £14,937,000
£20 3
£19 4
6
Victoria
11,925,000
22,050,000
17 8
23 4
4
S. Australia .
1,945,000
9,856,000
11 3
35 4
W. Australia .
361,000
12
8
Tasmania,
1,269,000
1,787,000
13 2
14 18
Queensland
3,509,000
13,193,000
29 2
60
7
New Zealand
. 7,842,000
28,958,000
£91,142,000
31 4 4
63 1
£31 19
Total
£36,171,000 i
£19 14 6
2
The revenue per inhabitant has risen 5 per cent, the
debt 60 per cent, but the latter is comparatively light,
since the deposits in bank would pay off 62 per cent of
the amount. As the weight of debt and taxation can best
be measured by earnings and capital, the following
statement conveys a much more accurate idea (the word
" taxes '* being equivalent to revenue) : —
132 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Earnings per Capital per Ratio of taxes Ratio of debt
inhabitant. inhabitant. to earnings. to capital.
N. S. Wales
£33 4
£181
18 p. c.
lip
Victoria .
27 12
151
18i »
16
S. Australia
33 10
183
19 „
20
W. Australia
23 7
129
27 „
9^
Tasmania
27 10
151
12 „
10
Queensland
36 4
199
m «
30
New Zealand
38 7
211
£171
17 „
19 „
30
General average
£31 2
19
Food-supply is practically inexhaustible, the flocks and
herds aff'ording easily a meat crop of one million tons,
sufficient for 20 million inhabitants, that is 7 times the
actual population. The grain crop reaches 60 million
bushels, of which one-third is exported. The meat supply
is shown thus, per annum : —
Animals for slaughter.
Tons of meat.
Pounds per inhab.
Cows
1,350,000
520,000
420
Sheep
22,000,000
440,000
350
Hogs
360,000
30,000
23
23,710,000 990,000 793
Australia could, therefore, export 700,000 tons of
meat, say 2000 tons daily, without reducing the capital
number of her sheep and cattle.
BALANCE-SHEET OF mDIA.
The last ten years have witnessed a great development of
industry in many branches, more than compensating for
the decline in cotton and silk. There has been, moreover,
a remarkable rise in revenue as well as in the value of
INDIA.
133
agricultural exports, owing to the multiplication of rail-
ways and canals. The items of national progress may be
summed up thus : —
1870. 1880.
Increase.
Railways, miles . 4,775 8,611
80 per cent.
Telegraphs „ . 14,400 18,200
26 „
Revenue . . . £50,901,000 : £67,615,000
34 „
Debt . . . £108,184,000 £153,000,000
41 „
Imports . . . £32,850,000 £37,760,000
15 ,,
Exports . . . £52,470,000 £60,940,000
16 ,,
Port entries, tons . 3,100,000 8,150,000
163 ,,
The shipments of cotton have fallen from 250,000 to
170,000 tons, and of silk from 2J to IJ million lbs.,
causing a deficit of 12 millions sterling in these two items,
but there has been an increase of more than 20 millions in
other articles, as shown thus : —
1870.
1879.
Increase.
Coffee
£870,000
£1,545,000
80 per cent
Cotton
19,100,000
7,900,000
Opium
11,690,000
12,995,000
11 per cent
Rice, wheat, etc
3,050,000
9,490,000
216 „
Seeds
2,310,000
4,680,000
103 „
Jute
2,200,000
4,900,000
122 „
Tea
1,080,000
3,170,000
193 „
Wool
470,000
1,110,000
115 „
snk
1,560,000
620,000
Sundries .
10,140,000
14,530,000
44 per cent
Total .
. £52,470,000
£60,940,000
16 „
In 1880 there were 19 J million acres under wheat,
but the crop is almost wholly required for home consump-
tion, the average exports for the last three years not
exceeding 9 million bushels per annum, or 3 per cent of
the crop. Eice shows a notable increase, the average
shipments for 1876-79 being 40 million bushels, against
28 million in the years 1870-71.
134 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Net imports of specie during the last ten years
amounted to £68,800,000, say 7 millions sterling per
annum, against 20 millions in the previous decade. The
Government coins from 3 to 4 millions sterling per annum
in silver, and the paper money in circulation is a little
over 12 millions.
New railways since 1870 have cost 50 millions ster-
ling, averaging £13,000 per mile, the account standing
thus —
Per mile.
1870. »- 1880. 1870. 1880.
Miles open . . 4775 8611
Earnings . . £6,214,000 11,231,000 £1292 1309
Expenses . . 3,376,000 5,859,000 704 681
Net profits . . 2,838,000 5,372,000 588 628
Cost of construction £75,000,000 £125,600,000 £15,600 14,610
Profit on capital . 3*78 4*30
The traffic compares with the returns for Great Britain
and United States as follows : —
Passengers per mile.
Tons goods per mile.
India
5,020
905
United States .
2,290
2,425
Great Britain ,
35,540
12,150
Irrigation works have cost 14 millions sterling, and
the gross income from the same in 1879 was £1,383,000;
after deducting working expenses there was a net profit
of £9'40,000, or 6| per cent on the capital.
Telegraphs have a length of 18,000 miles, but are
little used, the messages not yet reaching 1 per 100 inhabi-
tants.
Ee venue rose 32 per cent in ten years ending 1879,
the principal items being as follow : —
INDIA— SOUTH AFRICA.
1869.
1879.
Increase.
Land tax
. £20,466,000
22,450,000
£1,984,000
Opium .
8,386,000
9,340,000
954,000
Salt
6,017,000
6,941,000
924,000
Customs and
excise 4,654,000
4,946,000
292,000
Public works
496,000
7,540,000
7,044,000
Stamps and licences 2,923,000
4,012,000
1,089,000
Sundries
6,644,000
9,979,000
3,335,000
135
£49,586, 000 £65,208,000 £15,622,000
Almost half the increase is due to reproductive public
works, the amount of capital invested therein being 140
millions, as shown above.
Public debt has risen 45 millions since 1870, the
interest now amounting to £6,360,000 per annum, against
£2,700,000 in 1870.
BALANCE-SHEET OF SOUTH AFRICA.
Cape Colony and Natal may be considered collectively,
and have made considerable advancement since 1870, as
shown thus —
1870.
1880.
Increase.
Population
872,000
1,363,000
55 per cent
Revenue
£957,000
3,690,000
270 „
Debt .
1,375,000
8,620,000
520 „
Commerce
7,970,000
17,420,000
117 „
Tonnage entries
420,000
1,380,000
240 „
The increase of population is mostly, the result of con-
quest, the influx of settlers not exceeding 1900 yearly.
The whites number 260,000, and their vital statistics
compare with Australia as follows : —
South Africa. Australia.
Births per 1000 inhab. 43 34^
Deaths ... 21 15
Increase . . 22 19^
136 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
The balance of trade is pretty even, and shows as
follows : —
Amount. Shillings per inhab.
1870. 1880. 1870. 1880.
Imports . £2,780,000 £8,730,000 64 129
Exports . 5,190,000 8,690,000 119 128
Total . £7,970,000 £17,420,000 183 257
" Owing to improved methods of farming, the pastoral
products have increased not only in quantity but in price,
viz. wool has risen from 11 to 13 pence. Angora hair
from 16 to 20 pence, and ostrich feathers from 63 to 167
shillings per lb., on the general value of shipments of those
articles in 1879 compared with 1870. The average fleece
is 4 lbs. ; the goats yield 2 lbs. of hair, and the ostriches
3 lbs. of feathers, the annual product being as follows : —
Number.
Clip lbs.
Value.
Yield per animal.
Sheep
. 11,280,000
45,000,000
£2,400,000
60 pence
Goats
810,000
1,600,000
130,000
40 „
Ostriches
22,000
70,000
600,000
£27
The increase of exports during the last ten years has
been 69 per cent, and is shown as follows : —
1870.
1880.
Increase.
Diamonds
. £2,200,000
£3,600,000
60 per cent
Wool
1,790,000
2,320,000
28 „
Sugar
111,000
150,000
36 „
Feathers, etc.
etc. 1,089,000
2,620,000
140 „
£5,190,000
£8,690,000
69 „
Eailways were unknown in 1870, and the colonists
have since then constructed 900 miles, representing a value
equivalent to the whole public debt. They carry annually
1 million passengers and 200,000 tons of merchandise.
Almost 2000 miles of telegraph lines have been made in
SOUTH AFRICA. 137
the same interval, tlie total length being now 2700 miles.
Port entries have more than trebled since 1870.
Public lands are sold at a shilling an acre, or rented to
squatters, the average disposed of each year being 1,300,000
acres. The Government have already disposed of 78
million acres, there being still fifty-four millions available
for settlers. The colony derives an income of £90,000
a-year from public lands.
The growth of earnings and taxation since 1870 has
been —
Amount. Per inhabitant.
1870. 1880.
Earnings . £12,800,000 £18,200,000
Taxes . . 957,000 3,690,000
1870.
1880.
£14 10
£13 8
119
2 14
Net income £11,843,000 £14,510,000 £13 8 3 £10 14
The incidence of taxation has risen from 8 to 20 per
cent, the expenditure being much increased by the growth
of debt.
Since 1870 the debt has grown sixfold, and is now 130s.
per inhabitant against 31s. in 1870.
Food-supply is insufficient as regards grain, but offers
a superabundance of meat. There are 600,000 acres under
grain, giving an ordinary crop of 6 million bushels, and
as the consumption reaches 7 million, it is necessary to
import a million bushels yearly between wheat and rice.
The consumption is about 5 J bushels per inhabitant. The
meat-supply available is as follows : —
Tons. lbs. per inhabitant.
Beef . . . 73,000 120
Mutton . . 70,000 115
143,000 235
As the consumption hardly exceeds half this quantity,
138 BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
the cattle are multiplying so fast that the census of 1875
showed the cows had increased 90 per cent, the sheep 14
per cent in ten years from 1865.
BALANCE-SHEET OF SOUTH AMEEICA.
This portion of the civilised world has not advanced as
much during the last decade as in the previous one, partly
owing to civil wars, partly to a commercial crisis, intensified
by protection tariffs. There has been, nevertheless, an
increase of 12 per cent in the aggregate industries, viz. —
Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant.
1870.
1878.
1870.
1878.
Commerce
85
90
68
72
Agi'iculture
Manufactures .
70
18
80
22
56
15
64
17
Mining
Carrying, banking, etc.
7
" 7
7
11
6
6
6
9
187
210
151
168
The balance of trade is in favour of South America,
having undergone a complete change since 1870, and the
surplus of exports over imports being 5s. per inhabitant,
viz. —
Millions sterling. Shillings per inhabitant.
Imports ,
Exports .
1870.
1878.
1870.
1878.
43
42
34i
334
42
48
33i
38i
85 90 68 72
The commerce of the various States has fluctuated in
such a manner that it is necessary to study them sepa-
rately, viz. —
SOUTH AMERICi^
-
139
Imports.
Exports.
1870. 1878.
1870.
1878.
Brazil . . £16,230,000 £16,350,Q00
£16,790,000
£20,400,000
Argent. Republic 9,320,000 8,470,000
5,350,000
7,263,000
Uruguay . 2,960,000 3,130,000
2,480,000
3,510,000
Chile . . 4,250,000 4,430,000
5,160,000
5,450,000
Peru . . 5,140,000 2,620,000
6,100,000
3,850,000
Yenezuela, etc. 5,150,000 6,600,000
5,960,000
7,627,000
£43,050,000 £41,600,000
£41,840,000
£48,100,000
There is a rise of 1 2 per cent in the trade of Brazil, 7
in that of the Argentine Eepublic, 18 in that of Uruguay,
and 5 J per cent in that of Chile, but a decline of 45 per
cent in that of Peru.
Coffee is the great industry of Brazil, the crop of 1879
reaching 335,000 tons, of which 273,000 were exported.
Sugar is another Brazilian product, grown in most parts of
the empire, yet the total shipments are no greater than
those of the little island of Mauritius, 140,000 tons.
Wool is the source of Argentine wealth, but so many
of the inhabitants have taken to agriculture and manufac-
tures, on account of the 40 per cent import tariff, that
sheep-farming has declined. The average exports of wool
in the years 1872-73 amounted to 221 million lbs., and in
1878-79 to no more than 202 million lbs. The value of
wool and sheepskins in 1872 was £4,103,000, and has now
fallen to £3,736,000. The export of dried beef has like-
wise fallen from 92 to 74 million lbs., but the price having
risen from £8 to £11 per ton, the value of shipments is
the same.
Copper is the great product of Chile, varying from 2 J
to 3 millions sterling per annum. Guano is superseded in
Peru by nitrate of soda, of which 20,000 tons are shipped
monthly. Sugar is also grown in Peru, mostly for home
use.
uo
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
Eailways have been made, with English capital, all over
the continent, having at present three times the length
which they had in 1870. Telegraphs have grown fivefold.
Railways,
.J-
miles.
Telegraphs
, miles.
1870.
^
1879.
1870.
1879.
Brazil
630
1,910
1,400
4,300
Argentine Republic
. 590
1,480
900
4,850
Peru .
300
1,440
300
1,600
Chile .
480
1,050
800
4,500
Uruguay-
40
235
60
760
Venezuela .
70
350
New Grenada
46
66
200
1,850
Ecuador
26
210
Bolivia
130
490
Paraguay .
45
45
45
45
2,131
6,452
3,705
18,955
The railways, built since 1870, make up 4400 miles,
and cost nearly 70 millions sterling. There are at present
fifty-six lines working, the cost and traffic of which may be
summed up thus : —
state.
Brazil .
Argentine Rep
ChHe .
Peru
Uruguay, etc.
Telegraphs are little used, but the traffic is increasing
very fast. In 1870 there were only 190,000 messages, or
one for 131 inhabitants; but in 1879 the number rose to
857,000, or one for 30, say one -tenth of the European
average.
Kevenue has risen 26, public debt 45, per cent : —
Miles.
Cost.
Receipts.
Profit on Capital
. 1910
£35,800,000
£2,400,000
3^ per cent
ic 1480
10,150,000
1,310,000
44 „
. 1050
9,800,000
950,000
4
. 1440
32,400,000
600,000
1
. 572
6,950,000
£95,100,000
550,000
£5,810,000
4
6452
3
SOUTH AMERICi^
141
Revenue.
Debt.
1870.
1878.
1870.
1878.
Brazil
. £7,800,000 £10,200,000
£72,400,000
£81,500,000
Argent. Republic 2,960,000
3,450,000
11,800,000
26,400,000
Uruguay .
830,000
1,250,000
8,200,000
10,350,000
Chile
. 2,250,000
3,100,000
5,400,000
12,600,000
Peru .
. 3,000,000
3,370,000
22,000,000
42,800,000
Bolivia
400,000
460,000
3,000,000
6,500,000
Paraguay .
44,000
3,400,000
Ecuador .
300,000
350,000
3,000,000
3,600,000
Venezuela
700,000
940,000
11,000,000
13,600,000
New Grenada
860,000
£19,100,000 ,
980,000
2,000,000
4,100,000
£24,144,000 £138,800,000 £204,850,000
Besides the revenue above stated there are local taxes,
which average 8 shillings per inhabitant in Brazil, 22
shillings in the Argentine Eepublic, and 6 shillings in
Chile. The debts as given above do not comprehend
municipal debts or railway guarantees, but national and
provincial debts, treasury bonds, and all funded and un-
funded obligations, including also paper-money. Dividing
all into home and foreign debts we find the following : —
London loans.
Internal debt.
Total.
Brazil .
£22,300,000
£59,200,000
£81,500,000
Argentine Eepublic
10,200,000
16,200,000
26,400,000
Chile .
6,800,000
5,800,000
12,600,000
Uruguay
3,500,000
6,850,000
10,350,000
^Peru .
31,800,000
11,000,000
42,800,000
*Venezuela
6,700,000
6,900,000
13,600,000
^Bolivia, etc. .
8,400,000
9,200,000
17,600,000
Total .
£89,700,000
£115,150,000
£204,860,000
Those marked with an asterisk being defaulters, the
loans in London on which interest is paid amount only to
43 millions. Scarcely half of the internal debts get interest,
for some of them are in suspense, and others consist of
" curso forzoso " paper-money. Specie payments are now
L
142
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE WORLD.
suspended in the following countries, whose currency is as
follows : —
state.
Amount.
Value.
Ratio per inhab.
Brazil .
£27,700,000
80 per cent
£2 15 6
Argentine Republic
9,600,000
82 „
4 14
Uruguay .
940,000
20 „
2 4
Chile .
8,200,000
85 „
3 12
Peru
15,000,000
20 „
5 18
Five others
5,000,000
80 „
^1 ,.
13
Total .
£66,440,000
£2 11
The amount of paper was only 37 millions in 1870 ; it
has therefore increased nearly 80 per cent.
Distributing the earnings, taxation, and debt for each
country, according to population, we find as follows, per
inhabitant : —
Earnings.
Taxes
Debt.
Brazil
£8 6
£1 8
£8 4
Argentine Republic .
10 3
2 11
12 14
Chile
8 11
1 16
6 18
Peru.
8 8
2
6
16 12
Uruguay .
14 10
3 13
23 10
Average of above .
£8 17
£1 15
4
£10 2
3
Population has risen from 24,800,000 to 25,600,000,
an increase of 3 per cent, one-half of which is due to im-
migration. The net gain from arrivals over departures,
per annum, is as follows : —
Brazil
River Plate
West Coast
4,700 persons.
38,200 „
8,600 „
Total . 51,500
Food- supply is superabundant in some countries, in-
sufficient in others. Maize and mandioca are commoner
than wheat, which is not generally cultivated except in
SOUTH AMERICA. 143
Chile and the Argentine Eepublic. Every year Peru im-
ports grain from California, and Brazil from the Black Sea.
Meat is so abundant in the Eiver Plate that the flocks and
herds of Buenos Ayres and Montevideo could feed 53
millions of people, or 21 times the actual population, the
available yearly supply without reducing capital, being as
follows : —
Animals for slaughter. Tons of meat.
Cows . . 3,150,000 790,000
Sheep . . 25,500,000 510,000
Pigs . . 400,000 30,000
Total . 29,050,000 1,330,000
The actual exportation consists of 70,000 tons of beef
to Brazil and Cuba, and 130,000 cows to Chile. The
available surplus for exportation is 1,220,000 tons, but
the beef is inferior, while the mutton is excellent.
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
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10
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PIRIE.— SCHOOL MANUAL of the LAW of MOSES: an Abstract, with
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RAMSAY.— PHYSICAL GEOLOGY and GEOGRAPHY of GREAT BRITAIN.
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BOOKS. 11
ROWAN.—The EMIGRANT and SPORTSMAN In CANADA. Some Experi-
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BOOKS. 13
STANFORD'S COMPENDIUM OF GEOaRAPHY AND
TRAVEL for GENERAL EEADING. Based on Hellwald's "Die Erde
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Naturalist on the Amazon.' With Thirteen Maps, Ethnological Appendix,
and Seventy-three Illustrations. Cloth gilt, 21s.
Australasia. — Edited and extended by A. R. Wallace, F.R.G.S., Author
of ' The Malay Archipelago.' With Twenty Maps, Ethnological Appendix,
and Fifty-six Illustrations. Cloth gilt, 21s.
SULLIVAN.— THE PRINCES OF INDIA. An Historical Narrative of the
principal events from the Invasion of Mahmoud of Ghizni to that of Nadir
Shah. By Sir Edward Sullivan, Bart. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth,
■with Map, 8s. ed.
SYMONS.— BRITISH RAINFALL. The Distribution of Rain over the British
Isles, as observed at about lYOO Stations in Great Britain and Ireland. With
Maps and Illustrations. Compiled by G. J. Symons, F.R.S. Demy 8vo, cloth, 5s.
[Published Annually.
TASTE.— The SCIENCE of TASTE: beiog a Treatise on its Principles.
By G. L. Medium 8vo, with 104 Illustrations, cloth, 12s.
TAYLOR.— BOYS of OTHER COUNTRIES. By Bayard Taylor. The Little
Post-Boy— The Pasha's Son— Jon of Iceland— The Two Herd Boys— The Young
Serf. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4s. 6d.
THEAL.— COMPENDIUM of the HISTORY and GEOGRAPHY of SOUTH
AFRICA. By George McCall Theal, Lovedale, South Africa. Third
Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Large demy 8vo, cloth, 10s. 6d.
TREGELLAS. — TOURISTS' GUIDE to CORNWALL and the SCILLY
ISLES. By Walter H. Tregellas, Chief Draughtsman, War Office. With
Map. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 2s.
VICTORIA, The BRITISH "EL DORADO." Showing the advan-
tages of that Colony as a field for Emigration. By a Colonist of Twenty
Years' Standing, and late Member of a Colonial Legislature. With Two
Coloured Views and a Map. Super-royal 16mo, cloth, 5s. 6d.
VIVIAN.— NOTES of a TOUR in AMERICA. From August Yth to Novem-
ber 17th, 18t 7. By H. Hussey Vivian, M.P., F.G.S. Demy 8vo, with Map, 9s.
Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London.
14 SELECTED LIST.
"WAIiFORD.— The FAMINES of the WORLD : Past and Present. By Corne-
lius Walford, F.I.A., F.S.S., &c., Barrister- at-Law, Author of ♦ Insurance
Cyclopaedia.* Reprinted fiom the Statistical Journal. Demy 8vo, cloth, 6s.
WAIjLiACE.— AUSTRALASIA. (Stanford's Compendium of Geography
AND Travel.) Based on Hellwald's ' Die Erde und Ihre Volker.' Edited and
Extended by A. R. Wallace, F.R.G.S., Author of ♦ The Malay Archipelago,'
♦ Geographical Distribution of Animals,' &c. With Ethnological Appendix by
A. H. Keane, B. a. Twenty Maps and Fifty-six Illustrations. Large post 8vo,
cloth, 21s.
MINERAL DEPOSITS. The Laws which Regulate the Deposition of Lead
Ore in Mineral Lodes. Illustrated by an Examination of the Geological
Structure of the Mining Districts of Alston Moor. By W. Wallace. With Map
and numerous Coloured Plates. Large demy 8vo, cloth, 25s.
WATSON.— SCIENCE TEACHINGS in LIVING NATURE: being a Popular
Introduction to the Study of Physiological Chemistry and Sanitary Science. By
William H. Watson, F.C.S., F.M.S. Crown 8vo, cloth, 35. 6d.
WEBBER.— The KAIETEUR FALLS, BRITISH GUIANA. The ESSE-
QUIBO and POTARO RIVERS. With an Account of a Visit to the Kaieteur
Falls. By Lieut.-Colonel Webber, 2nd West India Regiment. With Map and
Frontispiece. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4s. 6d.
WILLIAMS.— Through NORWAY with a KNAPSACK. A New and Im-
proved Edition. With Notes on Recent Changes, suggested by a Recent Revisit.
By W. Mattieu Williams, F.R.A.S., F.C.S., &c., Author of ' The Fuel of
the Sun,' &c. With Map. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s.
Through NORWAY with LADIES. By W. Mattieu Williams, F.R.A.S.,
F.C.S., Author of • Through Norway with a Knapsack.' With Map and Illus-
trations. Crown 8vo, cloth, 12s.
WILSON.— SALMON at the ANTIPODES : being an Account of the Successful
Introduction of Salmon and Trout into Australian Waters. By Sir Samuel
Wilson, F.R.G.S., &c. Crown 8vo, with Map and Frontispiece, cloth, 6s.
WORTH.— TOURISTS' GUIDE to NORTH DEVON. By R. N. Worth, F.G.S.
With Map. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 2s.
TOURISTS' GUIDE to SOUTH DEVON. By R. N. Worth, F.G.S. With
Map, and PLan of Exeter Cathedral. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 2s.
These Guide Books are also published in One Volume, price 3s. 6d.
WYND HAM.— LATIN and GREEK as in ROME and ATHENS ; or, Classical
Languages and Modern Tongues. By the Rev. Francis M. Wyndham, M.A.
Post 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d.
YOTJNGr.- The TWO VOYAGES of the 'PANDORA ' in 1875 and 1876. By
Sir Allen Young, R.N.R., F.R.G.S., F.R.A.S., &c.. Commander of the Expedi-
tion. Super-royal 8vo, cloth, with Two large folding Maps, and Nine full-page
Illustrations, 10s. 6d.
ZIMMERN.— GEOGRAPHY for LITTLE CHILDREN. By Antonia Zim-
mekn. Second Edition. Post 8vo, with 40 Maps and Illustrations. Post 8vo,
cloth, 1;.
Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London.
f ikarg ox mdl Paps.
WORLD, The— On Mercator's Projection. In four sheets ; size, 5 feet by 3 feet.
Coloured, in sheets, 14s. ; mounted, on rollers, or in case, 25s. ; mounted, on
spring rollers, 51.
EUROPE. — Scale, 50 miles to an inch ; size, 65 inches by 58. Coloured and
mounted on linen, in morocco case, 3^. 13s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 3l. ; spring
roller, 61.
EKG-LAND and WALES.— Scale, 5 miles to an inch ; size, 12 inches by 84.
Coloured, 2l. 12s. 6d. ; mounted on linen, in morocco case, 31. 13s. 6d. ; on roller,
varnished, U. 4s. ; spring roller, Ql. 6s.
LONDON and its SUBURBS. — On the scale of six inches to a mile:
constructed on the basis of the Ordnance block plan. Price, in sheets, plain,
21s. ; coloured, in a portfolio, 31s. 6d. ; mounted on linen, in morocco case, or on
roller, varnished, 21. 15s. ; on spring roller, 5l. 5s. Single sheets, plain, Is. ;
coloured, Is. 6d. A Key Map may be had on application, or per post for one
stamp.
SCOTLAND. — Scale, five miles to an inch; size, 52 inches by 16. Coloured,
42s. ; mounted on linen, in morocco case, 31. 3s. ; on roller, varnished, 31. 13s. 6d.;
spring roller, 61. 5s.
IRELAND. — Scale, 5 miles to an inch ; size, 43 inches by 58. Coloured, four
sheets, 25s. ; mounted, in case, 35s. ; on roller, varnished, 21. 2s. ; on spring
roller, U. 4s.
ASIA. — Scale, 110 miles to an inch; size, 65 inches by 58. Coloured and
mounted on linen, in morocco case, 3l. 13s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 31. ; spring
roller, 6Z.
APRICA. — Scale, 94 miles to an inch; size, 58 inches by 65. Coloured and
mounted on linen, in morocco case, 31. 13s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 31. ; spring
roller, 61.
NORTH AMERICA.— Scale, 83 miles to an inch; size, 58 inches by 65.
Coloured and mounted on linen, in morocco case, 3/. 13«. 6d.; on roller,
varnished, 31. ; spring roller, 61.
CANADA. — Scale, 16 miles to an inch ; size, 96 inches by 54. Eight Coloured
Sheets, 21. 12s. 6d. ; mounted, in case, 31. 13s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, U. 4s. ;
spring roller, 81.
UNITED STATES and CENTRAL AMERICA. — Scale, 54i
miles to an inch ; size, 12 inches by 56. Coloured and mounted on linen, in
morocco case, 31. 13s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 3^. ; spring roller, 61.
SOUTH AMERICA.— Scale, 83 miles to an inch; size, 58 inches by 65.
Coloured and mounted on linen, morocco case, 31. 13s. 6d: on roller, varnished,
3l. ; spring roller, 61.
AUSTRALASIA. — Scale, 64 miles to an inch; size, 65 inches by 58.
Coloured and mounted on linen, morocco case, 31. 13s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished,
31. ; spring roller, 61.
AUSTRALIA.— Scale, 26 miles to an inch; size, 8 feet 6 inches by 6 feet
6 inches. In Nine Sheets?, coloured, 21. I2s. 6d. ; mounted, in morocco case,
or on roller, varnished, U. 4s. ; on spring roUer, 11. Is.
Edward Stanford, 55, Cliaring Cross, London.
16 SELECTED LIST.
EUROPE.— STANFORD'S PORTABLE MAP of EUROPE; showing the
latest Political Boundaries, the Railways, the Submarine Telegraphs, &c. Scale,
150 miles to an inch ; size, 36 inches by 33. Fully coloured and mounted on
linen, in case, 10s. ; on roller, varnished, 14s.
CENTRAL EUROPE.— DA VIES'S MAP of CENTRAL EUROPE;
containing all the Railways, with their Stations. The principal roads, the
rivers, and chief mountain ranges are clearly delineated. Scale, 24 miles to
an inch ; size, 41 inches by 38. Sheets, plain, 10s. ; coloured, 12s. ; mounted on
linen, in case, 16s.
AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. By J. Arkowsmith. Scale, 28 miles to an inch;
size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s.
DENMARK and ICELAND. By J. Aerowsmith. Scale, 13 miles to
an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s.
PRANCE, in DEPARTMENTS. With a Supplementary Map, divided
into Provinces, and a Map of the Island of Corsica. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale,
31 miles to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in
case, 5s.
GERMANY. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 25 miles to an inch ; in two sheets,
size of each, 22 inches by 26. Price of each, coloured sheet, 3s. ; mounted, in
case, 5s.
ITALY, including Sicily and the Maltese Islands. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale,
20 miles to an inch ; in two sheets, size of each, 22 inches by 26. Price of each,
coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s.
NETHERLANDS and BELGIUM, including Luxembourg and the
Country to the East as far as the Rhine. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 13 miles
to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s.
RUSSIA and POLAND, including Finland. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale,
90 miles to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in
case, 5«.
SPAIN and PORTUGAL. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 30 miles to an
inch ; size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s.
SWEDEN and NORWAY, By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 35 miles to an
inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s.
SWITZERLAND. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 10^ miles to an inch ; size,
26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s.
TURKEY in EUROPE, including the Archipelago, Greece, the Ionian
Islands, and the South part of Dalmatia. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 40 miles
to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s.
Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London.
BRITISH ISLES-
BRITISH ISLES.— NEW WALL MAP. Constructed on the basis of the
Ordnance Survey, and distinguishing in a clear manner the Cities, County and
Assize Towns, Municipal Boroughs, Parliamentary Representation Towns which
are Counties of tiiemselves, Episcopal Sees, Principal Villages, &c. The
Railways are carefully laid down and coloured, and the Map from its size Is
well suited for Public Offices, Institutions, Reading-Rooms, Railway Stations,
good School-Rooms, &c. Scale, 8 miles to an inch; size, 81 inches by 90.
Price, coloured, mounted on mahogany roller, and varnished, 31.
BRITISH ISLES.— DA VIES'S NEW RAILWAY MAP of the BRITISH
ISLES, and part of Franc*. Scale, 22 miles to an inch ; size, 31 inches by 38.
Price, coloured in sheet, 6s.; mounted on linen, in case, 95.; or on roller,
varnished, 15s.
BRITISH ISLES.— STEREOGRAPHICAL MAP of the BRITISH ISLES.
^ Constructed to show the Correct Relation of the Physical Features. Size,
50 inches by 58 ; scale, Hi miles to 1 inch. Price, mounted on rollers and
varnished, 21s.
ENGLAND and WALES.— LARGE SCALE RAILWAY and STATION
MAP of ENGLAND and WALES. In 24 sheets (sold separately). Con-
structed on the basis of the trigonometrical survey. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale,
3 miles to an inch ; size of each sheet, 20 inches by 28. Price, plain. Is. ;
mounted in case, 2s. 6d. ; coloured. Is. 6d. ; mounted in case, 3s. Size of the
complete map, 114 inches by 128. Price, plain, in case or portfolio, ll. 5s. ;
coloured, in case or portfolio, ll. 8s. ; mounted on cloth to fold, in case, coloured,
41. 4s. ; on canvas, roller, and varnished, 41. 14s. 6d. : on spring roller, 91. 9s.
ENGLAND and WALES.— STANFORD'S PORTABLE MAP of ENG-
LAND and WALES. With the Railways very clearly delineated ; the Cities
and Towns distinguished according to their Population, &c. Scale, 15 miles to
an inch ; size, 28 inches by 32. Colom-ed and mounted on linen, in case, 5s.;
or on roller, varnished, 8s.
ENGLAND and WALES.— WALL MAP. Scale, 8 miles to an inch
size, 50 inches by 58. Price, mounted on mahogany roller, varnished, 21s.
SCOTLAND.— NEW WALL MAP, showing the Divisions of the Counties,
the Towns, Villages, Railways, &c. Scale, 8 miles to an inch ; size, 34 inches
by 42. Price, coloured, mounted on mahogany roller, and varnished, 12s. 6d.
SCOTLAND, in COUNTIES. With the Roads. Rivers, &c. By J.
Arrowsmith. Scale, 12 miles to an inch; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet,
coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s.
IRELAND, in COUNTIES and BARONIES, on the basis of the
Ordnance Survey and the Census. Scale, 8 miles to an inch ; size, 31 inches
by 38. On two sheets, coloured, 8s. ; mounted on linen, in case, 10s. 6d. ; on
roller, varnished, 15s.
IRELAND.— NEW WALL MAP, showing the divisions of the Counties, all
the Towns, Principal Villages, Railways, &c. Scale, 8 miles to an inch ; size,
34 inches by 42. Price, coloured, mounted on roller, varnished, 12s. 6d.
IRELAND, in COUNTIES. With the Roads, Rivers, &c. By J.
Arrowsmith. Scale, 12 miles to an inch; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet,
coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s.
Edward Stanford, 66, Charing- Cross, London.
18
SELECTED LIST.
TuOlSlTDOTSr.
MODEBN LONDON and its SUBURBS, extending from Hampstead
to the Crystal Palace, and from Hammersmith Bridge to Greenwich ; showing
all the Railways and Stations, the Roads, Footpaths, &c. Scale, 6 inches to the
mile ; size, 5 feet by 6. On six large sheets, 25s. ; mounted on linen, in case, or
on roller, varnished, 42s.
COLLINS' STANDARD MAP of LONDON. Admirably adapted
for visitors to the City. Scale, 4 inches to a mile; size, 34^ inches by 21.
Price, plain, in case, Is. ; coloured, Is. 6d. ; mounted on linen, ditto, 3s. 6(2. ;
on roller, varnished, 7s. 6d.
BRITISH METROPOLIS.— DAVIES'S NEW MAP of the BRITISH
METROPOLIS. Scale, 3 inches to a mile ; size, 36 inches by 25^. Price,
plain sheet, 3s. 6d. ; coloured, 5s. ; mounted on linen, in case. Is. 6d. ; on roller,
varnished, 10s. Qd. With continuation southward beyond the Crystal Palace,
plain sheet, 5s.; coloured, 7s. Qd. ; mounted on linen, in case, lis. ; on roller,
varnished, 15s.
RAILWAY MAP of LONDON and ENVIRONS.-STANFORD'S
SPECIAL MAP of the RAILWAYS, RAILWAY STATIONS, TRAM-
WAYS, POSTAL DISTRICTS, and SUB-DISTRICTS, in LONDON and its
ENVIRONS. Scale, 1 inch to a mile ; size, 24 inches by 26. Ptice, coloured
and folded, Is. ; mounted on linen, in case, 3s.
. RAILWAY MAP of LONDON.— The 'DISTRICT' RAILWAY MAP
of LONDON, shewing all the Stations on the ' Inner,' ♦ Middle,' and • Outer *
Circles of the Metropolitan Underground Railways, with the principal Streets,
Parl<s, Public Buildings, Places of Amusement, &c. Size, 37 inches by 24.
Coloured, and folded in cover, 6d.
PARISH MAP of LONDON.— STANFORD'S MAP of LONDON and its
ENVIRONS, showing the boundary of the Jurisdiction of the Metropolitan
Board of Works, the Parishes, Districts, Railways, &c. Scale, 2 inches to a
mile ; size, 40 inches by 27. Price, in sheet, 6s. ; mounted on linen, in case, 9s. ;
on roller, varnished, 12s.
LONDON and its ENVIRONS.— DAVIES'S MAP of LONDON and its
ENVIRONS, Scale, 2 inches to a mile; size, 36 inches by 28. The main roads
out of London, the Minor Roads and Footpaths in the Environs, the Railways
completed and in progress, are carefully defined, Price, sheet, 45. ; coloured,
5s. Qd. ; mounted on linen, in case, 8s. ; or on roller, varnished, 14s.
ENVIRONS of LONDON.— A MAP of the ENVIRONS of LONDON,
including twenty-five miles from the Metropolis. Scale, f of an inch to a mile ;
size, 36 inches by 35. This Map includes the whole of the County of Middlesex,
with parts of the Counties of Surrey, Kent, Essex, Herts, Bucks, and Berks.
Price, on one large sheet, coloured, 8s. ; mounted, in case, 10s. ; on roller, var-
nished, 14s.
ENVIRONS of LONDON. — DAVIES'S MAP of the ENVIRONS of
LONDON. Scale, 1 inch to a mile ; size, 43 inches by 32. Price, sheet, plain, 4s. ;
coloured, 5s. 6d. ; mounted on linen, in case, 8s. ; or on roller, varnished, 14s.
ENVIRONS of LONDON.-STANFORD'S NEW MAP of the COUNTRY
TWELVE MILES round LONDON. Scale, 1 inch to a mile; size, 25 inches
by 25. Price, plain, folded in case, 2s. 6d. ; coloured, ditto, 3s. 6d. ; mounted on
linen, ditto, 5s. Qd.
Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London.
MAPS.
19
I
GrENEBAL MAP OF ASIA.— By J. Arrowsmith. 'Scale, 300 miles to
an inch ; size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in case, 5s.
CENTRAL ASIA.— STANFORD'S MAP of CENTRAL ASIA, including
Teheran, Khiva, Bokhara, Kokan, Yarkand, Kabul, Herat, &c. Scale, 110 miles
to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 17. Coloured sheet, 2s. 6d.; mounted, in case, 5s.
ASIA MINOR, &C. (TURKEY in ASIA). With portions of Persia, the
Caspian Sea, and the Caucasian Mountains. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 55
miles to an inch ; size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in
case, 5s.
INDIA.— STANFORD'S NEW PORTABLE MAP of INDIA. Exhibiting the
Present Divisions of the Country according to the most Recent Surveys. Scale,
86 miles to an inch ; size, 29 inches by 33. Coloured, 6s. ; mounted on linen, in
case, 8s.; on roller, varnished, lis.
INDIA.— MAP of INDIA. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 90 miles to an Inch ;
size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted in case, 5s.
CEYLON.— MAP of CEYLON. Constructed from a Base of Triangulations and
corresponding Astronomical Observations. By Major-General John Eraser,
late Deputy-Quartermaster-General. Reconstructed by John Arrowsmith.
Scale, 4 miles to an inch ; size, 52 inches by 18. Eight sheets, coloured, 21. 5s. ;
mounted, in case, 31. 13s. 6d.; on roller, varnished, Al, 4s.; spring roller,
61. 16s. 6d.
CEYLON.— COFFEE ESTATES of CEYLON. Map showing the Position of the
CoflFee Estates in the Central Province of Ceylon. By J. Arrowsmith. Size,
15 inches by 20. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in case, 5s.
BXJRMAH, &c. — A Map showing the various Routes proposed for connecting
China with India and Europe through Burmah, and developing the Trade of
Eastern Bengal, Burmah, and China. Prepared under the direction of John
Ogilvy Hay, F.R.G.S. Scale, 33 miles to an inch; size, 27 inches by 32.
Coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in case, 5s.
BURMAH and ADJACENT COUNTRIES.— Compiled from
various MSS., and other Documents, By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 24 miles to
an inch ; size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in case, 5s.
CHINA.— MAP of CHINA. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 90 miles to an inch ;
size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in case, 5s.
CHINA and JAPAN.— STANFORD'S MAP of the EMPIRES of CHINA
and JAPAN, with the Adjacent Parts of British India, Asiatic Russia, Burmah,
&c. Scale, 110 miles to an inch ; size, 38 inches by 24. One sheet, full coloured,
8s. ; mounted on linen, in case, lOs. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 14s.
JAPAN.— LIBRARY MAP of JAPAN. Compiled by E. Knipping, Esq.
Size, 4 feet 6 inches by 5 feet 6 inches; scale, 17 miles to an inch. Coloured,
in sheets, 21. 2s. ; mounted, on rollers, or in case, 31. 3s. ; mounted, on spring
rollers, 6 J.
Edward Stanford, 56, Charing Cross, London.
20 SELECTED LIST.
GENEBAIi MAP of AFRICA.— By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 260 miles
to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in case, 5s.
EGYPT.— MAP of EGYPT. Compiled from the most authentic materials, and
founded on the best Astronomical Observations. By Colonel W. M. Leake,
R.A., LL.D., F.R.S. Scale, 10 miles to an inch; size, 34 inches by 52. Two
sheets, coloured, 21s. ; mounted, in case, 28s. ; on roller, varnished, 36s.
EG-YPT.— MAP of EGYPT: including the Peninsula of Mount Sinai. By
J. Arrowsmith. New Edition. Scale, 26 miles to an inch; size, 22 inches by
26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in case, 5s.
AFRICA (NORTH-WEST).— MAP of NORTH-WEST AFRICA, in-
cluding the Coast of Guinea, and the Isle of Fernando Po, on the South, and the
Western parts of Egypt and Darfur, on the East. By J. Arrowsmith, Scale,
130 miles to an inch ; size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in
case, 5s.
AFRICA (SOUTH).— MAP of SOUTH AFRICA to 16 deg. South Latitude.
By Henry Hall, Draughtsman to the Royal Engineers, Cape Town. Scale, 50
miles to an inch ; size, 34 inches by 28. Two sheets, coloured, 10s. 6d. ;
mounted on linen, in case, 13s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 15s.
AFRICA (SOUTH-EASTERN). — MAP of SOUTH-EASTERN
AFRICA. Compiled by Henry Hall. Scale, 25 miles to an inch; size, 26
inches by 22. Sheet, 4s. ; mounted on linen, in case, 6s.
AFRICA (WEST COAST).— MAP of the WEST COAST of AFRICA.
Comprising Guinea and the British Possessions at Sierra Leone, on the Gambia,
and the Gold Coast, &c. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 50 miles to an inch. Two
coloured sheets; size of each, 22 inches by 26, 6s. Mounted, in case, 10s.
CAPE of GOOD HOPE and SOUTH AFRICA.-MAP of SOUTH
AFRICA, Cape Colony, Natal, &c. By Henry Hall. Scale, 50 miles to an
inch; size, 29 inches by 17. Sheet, price 4s. 6d.; mounted, in case, 6s. 6d.
CAPE COLONY (EASTERN FRONTIER).— MAPof the EASTERN
FRONTIER of the CAPE COLONY. Compiled by Henry Hall. Scale,
8 miles to an inch; size, 40 inches by 38. Sheets, 18s. 6d. ; mounted on linen,
in case, 25s. ; on roller, varnished, 31s. 6d.
NATAIi.— A MAP of the COLONY of NATAL. By Alexander Majr, Land
Surveyor, Natal. Compiled from the Diagrams and General Plans in the
Surveyor-General's Office, and from Data furnished by P. C. Sutherland, Esq.,
M.D., F.R.S., Surveyor-General. Scale, 4 miles to an inch ; size, 64 inches by 80.
Coloured, Four Sheets, 21. 5s. ; mounted, in case, or on rollers, varnished, 31.
NATAIi.— MAP of the COLONY of NATAL. Compiled in the Surveyor-
General's Office. Size, lli^ Inches by 14^. Sheet, coloured. Is.; mounted, in
case, 2s. 6(2.
NUBIA and ABYSSINIA, including Darfur, Kordofan, and part of Arabia.
By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 65 miles to an inch ; size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet,
coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in case, 5s.
Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London.
MAPS. 21
BRITISH COLUMBIA.— NEW MAP of BRITISH COLUMBIA, to the
56th Parallel North Latitude, showing the New Gold Fields of Omineca, the
most recent discoveries at Cariboo and other places, and the proposed routes for
the Inter-Oceanic Railway. Scale, 25 miles to an Inch ; size, 39 inches by 27.
Price, in sheet, coloured, Is. 6d. ; or mounted on linen, in case, 10s. 6d.
CANADA.— MAP of UPPER and LOWER CANADA, New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia, Prince Edward's Island, Cape Breton Island, Newfoundland, and a large
portion of the United States. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 35 miles to an inch ;
size, 40 inches by 26. Two sheets, coloured, 6s. ; mounted, in case, 10s. ; on
roller, varnished, 15s.
TTNITED STATES and CANADA.— STANFORD'S NEW RAILWAY
and COUNTY MAP of the UNITED STATES and TERRITORIES, together
with Canada, New Brunswick, &c. Scale, 54^ miles to an inch ; size, 57 inches
by 36. Two sheets, coloured, 2 is. ; case, 25». ; on rollers, varnished, 30s.
UNITED STATES.— STANFORD'S HANDY MAP of the UNITED
STATES. Scale, 90 miles to an inch; size, 40 inches by 25. Coloured sheet,
7s. 6d. ; mounted, in case, 10s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 15s.
UNITED STATES.— STANFORD'S SMALLER RAILWAY MAP of the
UNITED STATES. Scale, 120 miles to an inch; size, 29 inches by 17^. Two
sheets, coloured, 4s. 6i. ; mounted on linen, in case, 6s. 6d.
CENTRAIi AMERICA.— BAILEY'S MAP of CENTRAL AMERICA,
including the States of Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa
Rica. Scale, 8 miles to an inch ; size, 40 inches by 27. Sheet, 7s. 6d. ; mounted
on linen, in case, 10s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 14s.
MEXICO.— A GENERAL MAP of the REPUBLIC of MEXICO. By the
Brigadier-General Pedro Garcia Conde. Engraved from the Original Survey
made by order of the Mexican Government. Size, 50 inches by 37. Sheets,
price, 10s. 6d. ; mounted on linen, in case, 18s.
BERMUDAS.— MAP of the BERMUDAS. Published by direction of His
Excellency Major-General J. H. Lefroy, C.B., R.A., Governor and Commander-
in-Chief of the Bermudas. Scale, 2i miles to an inch ; size, 62 inches by 63.
Mounted, in case, or on roller, varnished, 21s.
WEST INDIA ISLANDS and GUATEMALA.-Showing the
Colonies in possession of the various European Powers. By J. Arrowsmith.
Scale, 90 miles to an inch; size, 26 inches by 22. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted,
in case, 5s.
JAMAICA.— A NEW MAP of the ISLAND OF JAMAICA. Prepared by
Thomas Harrison, Government Surveyor, Kingston, Jamaica, under the direc-
tion of Major-General J. R. Mann, R.E., Director of Roads and Surveyor-General.
Scale, 2i miles to an Inch ; size, 64 inches by 27. Mounted, in case, or on roller,
varnished, 21s.
BARBADOES. — Topographical Map, based upon Mayo's Original Survey in
1721, and corrected to the year 1846. By Sir Robert H. Schomburgh, K.R.E.
Scale, 2 miles to an inch ; size, 40 inches by 50. Two sheets, coloured, 21s. ;
mounted, in case, 28s. ; on roller, varnished, 37s.
Edward Stanford, 55, Charing' Cross, London.
22 SELECTED LIST.
ATJSTRAIiASIA. — ^This Map includes Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand,
Borneo, and the Malay Archipelago. The Natural Features are accurately and
distinctly represented, and the Tracts of all the Australian Travellers up to the
present tirae are laid down. The Divisions of the British Possessions into
Provinces and Counties are shown. Scale, 86 miles to an inch ; size, 58 inches
by 50. Price, mounted on linen, on roller, varnished, 13s.
AUSTBAIjIA. — "With all the Recent Explorations, Tracts of the Principal
Explorers, the Roads, Railways, Telegraphs, and Altitudes. Originally Drawn
by, and Engraved under the immediate superintendence of, the late John {
Arrowsmith. Revised and Corrected to present date. Scale, 80 miles to an {
inch ; size, 44 inches by 26. Sheets, coloured, 6s. ; mounted in case, 10s. '
WESTERN AXJSTRAIjIA.— With Plans of Perth, Fremantle, and Guild-
ford. From the Surveys of John Septimus Roe, Esq., Surveyor-General, and from
other OflBcial Documents in the Colonial Office and Admiralty. By J. Arrow-
smith. Scale, 16 miles to an inch ; size, 40 inches by 22. Two sheets, coloured,
6s. ; in case, 10s.
SOUTH AXTSTRAIjIA.— Showing the Division into Counties of the settled j
portions of the Province. With Situation of Mines of Copper and Lead. From
the Surveys of Capt. Frome, R.E., Surveyor-General of the Colony. By J.
Arrowsmith. Scale, 14 miles to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, |
coloured, 3s. ; in case, 5s.
aUEENSLAND.— STANFORD'S NEW MAP of the PROVINCE of
QUEENSLAND (North-Eastern Australia) : Compiled from the most reli-
able Authorities. Scale, 64 miles to an inch ; size, 18 inches by 23. In sheets, ;
coloured, 2s. &d. ; mounted on linen, in case, 4s. 6d. |
VICTORIA.— A NEW MAP of the PROVINCE of VICTORIA (Australia) :
Showing all the Roads, Rivers, Towns, Counties, Gold Diggings, Sheep and
Cattle Stations, &c. Scale, 20 miles to an inch; size, 31 inches by 21. In
sheet, 2s. 6d. ; or mounted on linen, in case, 4s. Qd.
NEW ZEALAND.— With all Recent Topographical Information, New Ad-
ministrative Divisions, Railways, Submarine I'elegraphs, &c. Size, 24 inches
by 42 ; scale, 25 miles to an inch. Price, mounted in case or on roller, var-
nished, 9s.
NEW ZEALAND.— STANFORD'S MAP of NEW ZEALAND: Compiled
from the most recent Documents. Scale, 64 miles to an inch ; size, 17 inches
by 9. Full-coloured, in sheet, 2s. ; mounted on linen, in case, 3s. 6d.
NEW ZEALAND. — From Official Documents. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale
38 miles to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3s. ; mounted, in
case, 5s.
TASMANIA (Van Diemen's Land).— From MS. Surveys in the
Colonial Office, and in the Van Dlemen's Land Company's Office. By J. Arrow-
smith. Scale, 10^ miles to an inch ; size, 22 inches by 26. Sheet, coloured, 3*. ;
mounted in case, 5s.
Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London.
^mloQud ^Ki^B.
BRITISH ISLES.— GEOLOGICAL MAP of the BRITISH ISLES. By
Professor A. C. Ramsay, LL.D., F.R.S., Director-General of the Geological
Surveys of the United Kingdom. Scale, 11^ miles to an inch; size, 50 inches
by 58. Mounted on rollers, varnished, 42s.
BRITISH ISLES.— STANFORD'S GEOLOGICAL MAP of the BRITISH
ISLfcS. Compiled under the Superintendence of E. Best, H.M. Geological
Survey. Scale, 25 miles to an inch; size, 23 inches by 29.
ENGLAND and WALES. By Andrew C. Ramsay, LL.D., F.R.S., and
G.S., Director-General of the Geological Surveys of Great Britain and Ireland,
and Professor of Geology at the Royal School of Mines. This Map shows all
the Railways, Roads, &c., and when mounted in case, folds into a convenient
pocket size, making an excellent Travelling Map. Scale, 12 miles to an inch ;
size, 36 inches by 42. Fourth Edition, with Corrections and Additions. Price, in
sheet, 11. 5s. ; mounted on linen, in case, ll. 10s. ; or on roller, varnished, 11. 12s.
ENG-LAND and WALES. Showing the Inland Navigation, Railways,
Roads, Minerals, &c. By J. Arrowsmith. Scale, 18 miles to an inch ; size,
22 inches by 26. One sheet, 12«. ; mounted in case, 15s.
SOUTH-EAST ENGL AND. —GEOLOGICAL MODEL of the SOUTH-
EAST of ENGLAND and Part of France ; including the Weald and the Bas
Boulonnais. By William Topley, F.G.S., Geological Survey of England and
Wales, and J. B. Jordan, Mining Record OflSce. Scale, 4 miles to an inch
horizontal, and 2,400 feet to an inch vertical. Coloured and varnished in black
frame, to hang up, 61. ; or packed in case for safe transit, 51. 5s.
LONDON and its ENVIRONS. Scale, l inch to a mile ; size, 24 inches
by 26. Compiled from various authorities by J. B. Jordan, Esq., of the
Mining Record OfiQce. Price, folded in cover, 5s. ; mounted on linen, in case,
7s. 6d. ; or on roller, varnished, 9s.
IRELAND. Founded on the Maps of the Geological Survey of Sir Richard
Griffith and of Professor J. B. Jukes. By Edward Hull, M.A,, F.R.S.,
Director of H.M.'s Geological Survey of Ireland. Scale, 8 miles to an inch ;
size, 31 inches by 38, Price, in sheets, 25s. ; mounted on linen, in case, 30s. ;
on rollers, varnished, 32s.
SOUTH AFRICA.— GEOLOGICAL SKETCH MAP of SOUTH AFRICA.
Compiled by E. J. Dunn from personal observations, combined with those of
Messrs. A. G. and T. Bain, Wylie, Atherstone, Pinchin, Sutherland, and
BnTTON. Scale, 35 miles to an inch ; size, 34 inches by 28. One sheet, IDs. ;
mounted in case, 13s. 6d. ; on roller, varnished, 16s.
CANADA and the ADJACENT REGIONS, Including Parts of the
other BRllTSH PROVINCES and of the UNITED STATES. By Sir W. E.
Logan, F.R.S., &c., Director of the Geological Survey of Canada. Scale, 25 miles
t-o an inch ; size, 102 inches by 45. On eight sheets, 31. 10s. ; mounted on linen,
on roller, varnished, or in two parts to fold in morocco case, 51. 5s.
NEWFOUNDLAND.— GEOLOGICAL MAP of NEWFOUNDLAND. By
Alexander Murray, F.G.S., assisted by James P. Howley, and Drawn by
Robert Barlow. Scale, 25 miles to an inch ; size, 26 inches by 26. One
sheet, 10s. ; mounted in case, 12s. 6d.
Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London.
24
SELECTED LIST.
STANFORD'S NEW SERIES OF SCHOOL MAPS.
Prepared under the direction of the Committee of General Literature and Education
appointed by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and of the
National Society fok Promoting the Education of the Poor.
Used by Her Majesty's Government for the Army and Navy Schools, etc. ; The
Commissioners of National Education (Ireland); The Principal School Boards,
including those of London, Edinburgh, Birmingham, Bradford, Glasgow, Liverpool,
Manchester, etc., and the chief Educational Establishments of Great Britain and the
Colonies.
THE "LARGE" SERIES.
Constructed upon the principle of combining with Geographical accuracy and
systematic arrangement the bold outline and lettering requisite for teaching.
They also include all the latest discoveries and political changes.
Size of each Map, 50 inches by 58. Price, Mounted on Roller, Varnished, 13s.
Eastern Hemisphere.
Western Hemisphere.
Europe.
British Isles.
Eng-land and "Wales.
London.
Scotland.
Ireland.
Asia.
Holy Land.
India.
Africa.
North America.
South America.
Australasia.
New. South "Wales.
New Zealand.
The Hemispheres can also be had, mounted as one Map ; size, 100 inches by 58.
Price 265.
THE "INTERMEDIATE" SERIES.
Reduced from or supplementing the Series Published under the direction of the
Committee of General Literature and Education appointed by the Society fob
Pkomoting Christian Knowledge, and of the National Society.
Size, 34 inches by 42. Price, Mounted on Roller, Varnished, 9s.
The British Isles.
Engrland and "Wales.
Scotland.
Ireland.
Old Testament (Palestine).
New Testament (Palestine).
Acts and Epistles.
Journeying-s of the Child-
ren of Israel.
Australia.
New Zealand.
Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London.
MAPS.
25
STANFORD'S SERIES OF SCHOOL MAPS
(Continued),
THE "SMALLER" SERIES.
These New Maps retain all the characteristic boldness of the larger Series, and are
specially suitable for Small Classes.
Size, 27 inches by 32. Price, Mounted on Roller, Varnished, 6s.
New Testament (Pales-
tine).
Acts and Epistles.
Eastern Hemisphere.
"Western Hemispliere.
Europe.
British Isles.
England and Wales.
London.
Scotland.
Ireland.
Asia.
Holy Land.
Old Testament (Palestine).
Journeyingrs of the Child-
ren of Israel.
India.
Africa.
North America.
South America.
Australia.
New Zealand.
The Hemispheres can also be had, mounted as one Map : size, 54 inches by 32.
Price, Coloured, on Roller, Varnished, 12s.
EXTRA LARGE SCHOOL MAPS.
THE BRITISH ISLES.
Scale, 8 miles to an inch ; size, 75 inches by 90. Price, Mounted on
Roller, Varnished, 42s.
The Map is constructed with the greatest care and accuracy, and has undergone
rigid scrutiny. It contains every place in Great Britain with 2000 inhabitants and
upwards, and every place in Ireland with 1500 and upwards; also, the principal
villages, railway junctions, battle fields, &c. The Outline and Hills are reduced
from the Ordnance Survey, as far as it has been carried.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Scale, 3f miles to an inch ; size, 8 feet by 9 feet 6 inches. Price, Mounted on
Roller, Varnished, 63«.
The largest and grandest Map of England and Wales for school use ever published
in this country. It is a careful reduction of the Ordnance Survey with the chief
physical features emphasised to produce a striking picture, retaining at the same
time the accuracy of detail for which our Government maps are famous.
This map is also published on the reduced scale of 5 miles to an inch ; size, 6 feet
10 inches by 8 feet ; price, mounted on roller, 42s.
Edward Stanford, 66, Charing Cross, London.
26 SELECTED LIST.
staSford^s new orographical series of
wall maps.
For use in Schools and Colleges. Edited by A. C. Ramsay, LL.D., F.R.S., &c.,
Director-General of the Geological Surveys of the United Kingdom.
This series of Orographical Maps has been prepared in order to supply the want
long felt in Schools where Physical Geography is taught, of good and reliable
scientific maps.
This series aims at exhibiting in the first place, and prominently, the forms of
relief and of contour of the land masses of the globe, and next of the sea bed. At
once a general idea is gained by the youngest student, on an inspection of the Map,
of the relative position of the high, dry, and cold table-lands and mountainous
regions, and the warm, moist, and fertile plains in each great division of the globe.
For instance, in our own country it is seen at once why the eastern part is devoted
to agricultural purposes, and the western part to mining and manufacturing; or by
reference to the Map of Europe we can readily see how a rise in the level of the sea
of a few hundreds of feet would suflBce to Inundate the whole northern part of
Europe ; and on the other hand, how the general upheaval of the land of a few hun-
dreds of feet would alter the whole contour of Europe, connecting the British Isles
with the Continent, and annihilating the North Sea and the Baltic.
The Maps are uniform in scale and size with the Political Series already hi use,
and which have acquired so great a popularity ; and will be found as accurate and
useful in teaching Physical Geography as the companion series are in Political
Geography.
Some of the series have been adopted by the School Board for London,
BRITISH ISLES. Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 11^ miles
to an inch ; size, 50 inches by 58. Price 30s.
ENGrliAND and "WALES. Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale,
8 miles to an inch ; size, 50 inches by 58. Price 30s.
SCOTLAND. Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 8 miles to an
inch; size, 34 inches by 42. Price 18s.
IRELAND. Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 8 miles to an inch ;
size, 34 inches by 42. Price 185.
EUROPE. Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 65 miles to an inch ;
size, 58 inches by 50. Price 30s.
ASIA. Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 140 miles to an inch ;
size, 58 inches by 50. Price 30s.
AFRICA. Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 116 miles to an inch ;
size, 50 inches by 58. Price 30s.
NORTH AMERICA, Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 91
miles to an Inch j size, 50 inches by 58. Price 30s.
SOUTH AMERICA. Mounted on linen, on rollers, varnished. Scale, 97
miles to an inch ; size, 50 inches by 58. Price 30s.
Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London.
MAPS.
27
VARTY'S EDTJCATIONAIi SERIES of CHEAP WALL
MAPS, for class teaching, constructed by Arrowsmith, Walker, &c. New
and revised editions, coloured, mounted, and varnished.
The "World in Hemisplieres. Size, 51 inches by 26. Price 12«.
The "World (Mercator). Size, 50 inches by 32. Price 10s.
The British Isles. Size, 51 inches by 41. Price 10s.
Also the following, each 6s., size, 34 inches by 26 : —
Europe. Australia.
Asia. Engrland.
Africa. Scotland.
America. Ireland.
New Zealand. I Roman Empire.
JoTirneyingrs of
the Children of
Israel.
S. Paul's "Voyages
and Travels.
Price, in plain sheet, 2s. ;
Price, in plain
VARTY'S LARGE OUTLINE MAPS.
coloured, 3s. ; mounted on rollers, 7s.
The "World (globular), 2 feet 3 inches by 4 feet 3 inches.
sheet. Is. ; coloured, Is. 6d.
The "World (Mercator), 21 inches by 15 In.
And the following, plain sheet, Is. 3d. ; coloured, Is. 6d, ; mounted on rollers, 4s. ;
size, 2 feet 10 inches by 2 feet 2 inches.
Europe.
America.
Ireland.
Asia.
England.
Palestine (0. Test.).
Africa.
Scotland.
Palestine (N. Test.).
STANFORD'S OUTLINE MAPS. Size, 17 inches by 14, printed on
drawing paper. A Series of Geographical Exercises, to be filled in from the
Useful Knowledge Society's Maps and Atlases. Price 6d. each.
"World in Hemi-
spheres, "West.
"World in Hemi-
spheres, East.
Europe.
British Isles.
Engrland.
Scotland.
Ireland.
France.
Netherlands.
Switzerland.
Germany, G-eneral.
Italy, G-eneral.
Spain and Portu-
gal.
Russia.
Denmark. ^
Sweden. I ^^®
Norway. J ^^P-
Turkish Empire.
Asia.
Asia Minor.
G-reece.
India.
China.
Palestine.
Africa.
Egypt.
America, North.
Canada, and the
United States.
America, South.
"West India Islands
Australia.
New Zealand.
STANFORD'S PROJECTION SERIES. Uniform in size, price, &c.,
with Stanford's Outlines.
The OXFORD SERIES of OUTLINE MAPS. Size, 16 inches by 14.
Price 3d. each.
Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London.
28
SELECTED LIST.
^mgrEms of lateral pistnrg.
These Diagrams, compiled by the eminent Scientific Men whose names are
appended, are drawn with the strictest regard to Nature, and engraved in the best
style of art. The Series consists of Eleven Subjects, each arranged so that it may be
mounted in one sheet, or be divided into four sections and folded in the form of a
book, thus rendering them available either for Class Exercises or Individual Study.
Price of each, mounted on roller and varnished, 6s. ; or folded in book form, 4s.
L CHABACTERISTIC BRITISH FOSSILS. By J. W. Lowry.
F.R.G.S. Exhibits nearly 600 of the more prominent forms of Organic remains
found in British Strata.
II. CHARACTERISTIC BRITISH TERTIARY FOSSILS.
By J. W. LoWEY, F.R.GjS. This Diagram is similarly Arranged to No. 1, and
illustrates upwards of 800 specimens of the Tertiary Formation.
in. FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. By J. W. Salter, A.L.S., F.G.S., and H.
Woodward, F.G.S., F.Z.S. Consisting of about 500 Illustrations of the Orders
and Sub-Orders, and showing their Range in Geological time.
IV. The VEGETABLE KING-DOM. By A. Henfrey. Arranged
according to the Natural System, each Order being illustrated by numerous
examples of representative species.
V. The ORDERS and FAMILIES of MOLLUSCA. By Dr.
Woodward. Represented in six classes : Cephalapoda, illustrated by 20
examples; Gasteropoda, 4 Orders, illustrated by 180 examples; Pteropoda,
illustrated by 18 examples; Conchifera, illustrated by 158 examples; Brachio-
poda, illustrated by II examples ; and Tunicata, illustrated by 20 examples.
VL MYRIAPOD A, —ARACHNID A, - CRUSTACEA, — AN-
NELID A,— and ENTOZOA. By Adam White and Dr. Baird. The
numerous Tribes represented under these Orders are illustrated by upwards of
180 examples, including Centipedes, Spiders, Crabs, Sandhoppers, Seamice,
Serpulas, Leeches, &c.
VII. INSECTS. By Adam White. Contains nearly 250 drawings of the
different Orders: Coleop.tera; Euplexoptera ; Orthoptera ; Thysanoptera —
Thripidffi, &c. ; Neuroptera; Trichoptera; Hymenoptera; Strepsiptera —
Hylechthrus rubis; Lepidoptera; Homoptera — Heteroptera ; Diptera; and
Aphaniptera.
VIII. FISHES. By P. H. Gosse. Showing over 130 of the most conspicuous
types, arranged in their Orders and Families.
IX. REPTILIA and AMPHIBIA. By Drs. Bell and Baird. Contains
105 figures of the principal typical forms.
X. BIRDS. By George Gray. Contains drawings of 236 of the leading illus-
trative specimens.
XI. MAMMALIA. By Dr. Baird. Exhibits 145 of the chief illustrations
selected from the several Orders.
Also, uniform in Price,
A GEOLOGICAL SECTION. Showing the Order of Superposition and
Approximate Maximum Thickness of Sedimentary Strata in the British Islands.
By James B. Jordan. Scale, 3000 feet to 1 inch ; size, II inches by 40.
TABLE of BRITISH SEDIMENTARY and FOSSILIFER-
OUS STRATA. By Hknry Wilmam Bristow, F.R.S., F.G.S., Director
of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. The Description of Life Groups
and l^istributlon by R. Etheridge, F.R.S. Second Edition, revised.
Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London.
REAPING BOOKS. 29
W^Mmtirfi Series oi Stanbartr ^l^airmg-
§00lis fox #xrfe.
Edited by the Rev. J. P. Faunthorpe, M.A., Principal of Whitelands Training
College. With original Illustrations. Post 8vo, cloth.
Standard 1.— Illustrated Short Stories, &c. 84 pp. 6d.
„ 2.— Illustrated Easy Iiessons. 164 pp. is. 3d.
„ 3.— Instructive Lessons. Illustrated. 206 pp. is. ed.
„ 4.— Original Stories and Selected Poems. 264 pp. is. 9d.
„ 5.— -Domestic Economy and Household Science.
356 pp. 2S. 6d.
„ 6.— Literary Beading: Book. 386 pp. 3s.
§00kB f0r §0gs*
Edited by the Rev. Canon Daniel, M.A., Principal of the Battersea Training
College. Post 8vo, cloth.
Standard I. 88 pp. Price sd.
,, II. 140 pp. Price Is.
,, III. 184 pp. Price Is. 6d.
Illustrated.
Standard IV. 244 pp. Price is. 9d.
,, V. 288 pp. Price 2s.
,, VI, 336 pp. Price 2s. 6d.
Cl^^ '§RihxBm iprimers, f0r §0ns nnii ^xxh.
Written by the Rev. Canon Daniel, M.A.
Primer I. Illustrated. Large type. 42 pp. Price 5d.
,, II. „ 64 pp. Price 7d.
Chiefly Intended for Elementary Schools, and for Home Use.
Our Bodily Life— How and Why "We Breathe— Food— Drink-
Cookery— Needlework— Clothing:— Air and Ventilation-
Sicknesses that Spread— Weather— Astronomy— Birds —
Flowers — Money.
BY
Mrs. Fenwick Miller ; G. Phillips Bevan, F.G.S. ; Dr. Mann, F.R. A.S.,
F.R.G.S. ; J. C. BucKMASTER, B. A. ; Mrs. Benjamin Clarke ; J. J. Pope ;
Richard A. Proctor, B.A. ; Rev. F. 0. Morris, M.A. ; Rev. G. Henslow, M.A.,
F.L.S. ; Rev. T. E. Crallan, M.A.
Price 16s. per 100. Single copies 3d. each. Also bound in one volume, cloth, 25. 6d.
Edward Stanford, 66, Charing Cross, London.
30 SELECTED LIST.
Edited by ROBERT JAMES MANN, M.D., F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., late Super-
intendent of Education in Natal. Price 9d. each.
Alg'ebra.
Astronomy.
Botany.
British. Constitution.
Chemistry,
Classical Biogrraphy.
English Grammar.
English History.
French G-rammar.
French History.
General Geography.
General Knowledge.
Grecian Antiquities.
Grecian History.
Irish History.
Italian Grammar.
Jewish Antiquities.
Music.
Natural Philosophy.
Koman Antiquities.
Roman History.
Sacred History.
Scottish History.
Universal History.
MnnioxiQi*B €hmzninx^ ^thnm.
INSTRUCTIVE ATLAS of MODERN GEOGRAPHY, in-
tended for tlie use of Young Pupils. Containing Seventeen Coloured Maps,
each 17 inches by 14. Fcap. folio, Is. 6d.
ELEMENTARY PHYSICAL ATLAS, intended chiefly for Map-
Drawing, and the Study of the Great Physical Features and Relief Contours of
the Continent, with an Introduction to serve as a Guide for both purposes. By
the Rev. J. P. Faunthorpe, M.A., F.R.G.S., Principal of Whitelands Training
College. Ninth Edition. Sixteen Maps, printed in Colour, with descriptive
Letterpress. Price 4s.
OUTLINE ATLAS.— Containing Sixteen Maps, intended chiefly for use with
the ' Elementary Physical Atlas.' Coloured Wrapper, Is.
PROJECTION ATLAS.— Containing Sixteen Plates of Projections, intended
chiefly for use with the • Elementary Physical Atlas.' Coloured Wrapper, Is.
BLANK SHEETS for MAPS.— Sixteen Leaves of Blank Paper for Map-
Drawing, intended chiefly for use with the 'Elementary Physical Atlas.'
Coloured Wrapper, 6d.
PHYSICAL ATLAS.— A Series of Twelve Maps for Map-Drawing and
Examination. By Charles Bird, B.A., F.R.A.S., Science Master in the Brad-
ford Grammar School. Royal 4to, stiff boards, cloth baclc, 4s. 6d.
Edward Stanford, 55, Charing Cross, London.
FEINTS. 31
PRECEPTIVE ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BIBLE. A Series
of Fifty-two Prints to aid Scriptural Instruction, selected in part by the Author
of ' Lessons on Objects.' The whole from Original Designs by S. Bendixen,
Artist, expressly for this Work. They have been recently re-engraved, and are
carefully coloured. Size, 17^ inches by 13.
. Price of the Work.
The Set of 52 Prints, in Paper Wrapper 52«.
in One Volume, handsomely half-bound . . . . 60s.
in Varty's Oak Frame, with glass, lock and key 60s.
Single Prints, Is. each ; mounted on millboard, Is. 4d. each.
VARTY'S SELECT SERIES of DOMESTIC and "WILD
ANIMALS, Drawn from Nature and from the Works of Eminent Artists. In
36 carefully-coloured Plates, exhibiting 130 Figures. Size, 12 inches by 9.
The selection of Animals has been limited to those which are most known and
best adapted to elicit inquiry from the young, and afford scope for instruction and
application.
Bound In Frame
in Cloth. and Glass.
Set of 36 Prints, Coloured 18s. . . 24s. . . 24s.
Plain.. 12s. .. 17s. .. 18s.
Single Prints, coloured, 6d. ; mounted on millboard, lOd.
The ANIMAL KINGDOM at ONE VIEW, clearly exhibiting, on
four beautifully-coloured Plates containing 1 84 Illustrations, the relative sizes of
Animals to Man, and their comparative sizes with each other, as arranged in
Divisions, Orders, &c., according to the method of Baron Cuvier.
Exhibited on four Imperial Sheets, each 30 inches by 22 : —
Cloth,
Complete Set,
Animals and Landscape, /mW coloured
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Single Flsites, full coloured
KoUers, and
Varnished.
38s.
35s.
10s.
On
Sheets.
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15s.
5s.
VARTY'S GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS of ANIMALS,
showing their Utility to Man, in their Services during Life and Uses after
Death. Beautifully coloured. Size, 15 inches by 12. Price, the set, 31s. 6d. ;
in frame, with glass, lock and key, 39s. 6d. ; or half-bound m leather, and
lettered, 1 vol. folio, 42s.
The 21 separate Prints may also he had, price Is. 6d. each.
Or Mounted on Millboard, Is. lOd.
For complete lists of Edwaed Stanford's Publications, see his General
Catalogue of Maps and Atlases, List of Books, Educational Catalogue, &c.,
gratis on application, or by post for one penny stamp.
Edward Stanford, 56, Charing Cross, London.
CATALOGUES
ISSUED BY
EDWAED STANFORD,
55, OHAEIfra OEOSS, S.¥.
1. ATLASES and MAPS.— Creneral Catalogue of Atlases and Maps
published or sold by Edwabd Stanford.
2. BOOKS.— List of Books published by Edward Stanford, including
Naval and Military Books, Ordnance Survey Publications, Memoirs of the
Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, and Meteorological Office
Publications, published on account of Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
4. LONDON and its ENVIRONS.— Selected List of Maps of
London and its Environs, published by Edward Stanford.
iJVew Editixm preparing.
5. ORDNANCE MAPS.— Selected List of Principal Publications of the
Ordnance Survey of Great Britain and Ireland (gratis). Also, the Official
Detailed Catalogue, in Three Divisions, with Index Maps. — England and
Wales, Is. ; by post, Is. 4c?. Scotland, 8d. ; by post, lid. Lreland, 6d. ;
by post, M.
6. GEOLOaiCAL SURVEY of GREAT BRITAIN and
IRELAND.— Catalogue of the Geological Maps, Sections, and Memoirs of
the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland, under the Superin-
tendence of Andrew C. Ramsay, LL.D., F.R.S., Director-General of the
Geological Surveys of the United Kingdom. Price Qd. ; per post, Id.
8. ADMIRALTY CHARTS.— Catalogue of Charts, Plans, Views, and
Sailing Directions, &c., published by order of the Lords Commissioners of
The Admiralty. 200 pp. royal 8vo. Price is. ; per post. Is. Zd.
9. INDIA. — Catalogue of Maps of the British Possessions in India and
other parts of Asia, with continuation to the year ISTO. Published by
order of Her Majesty's Secretary of State for India, in Council. Post free
for Two Penny Stamps.
10. EDUCATIONAL. — Select List of Educational Works, published by
Edward Stanford, including those formerly published by Varty and
Cox.
11. EDUCATIONAL WORKS and STATIONERY.— Stan-
ford's Catalogue of School Stationery, Educational Works, Atlases, Maps,
and Globes.
12. SCHOOL PRIZE BOOKS.— List of Works specially adapted for
School Prizes, Awards, and Presentations.
13. BOOKS. — A Catalogue of Selected Books in every department of English
Literature (irrespective of Publisher) classified and arranged with a view
to easy reference.
14. BOOKS and MAPS for TOURISTS.— Stanford's Tourist's
Catalogue, containing a List, irrespective of Publisher, of all the best
Guide Books and Maps suitable for the British and Continental Traveller ;
with Index Maps to the Government Surveys of England, France, and
Switzerland. [^New Edition preparing.
%* With the exception of those with price affixed, any of the above Cata-
logues can be had gratis on application ; or, per post, for penny stamp.
Edward Stanford, 65, Charing Cross, London.
Agent, by Appointment, for the sale of the Ordnance and Geological
Survey Maps, the Admiralty Charts, Her Majesty^s Stationery
Office and India Office PuhlicationSy <^c.
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