LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 \V 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 Ctes 
 
STUDIES 
 
 IN THE 
 
 ANGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE GOSPELS 
 
 PART I : The Form of the Latin Original, and 
 Mistaken Renderings 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF 
 
 THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE 
 
 DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 BY 
 
 LANCELOT MINOR HARRIS 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 
 JOHN MURPHY COMPANY 
 i go i 
 
PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 The study of the Anglo-Saxon Gospels of which this disserta- 
 tion is a part, was undertaken at the suggestion of Professor 
 James W. Bright, whose encouragement and helpful advice I 
 take pleasure in acknowledging. I have made use throughout 
 of the collations of the manuscripts of the Gospels which were 
 made by him with a view to a complete critical edition. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY, 5 
 
 INTRODUCTION, * 7-11 
 
 I. VARIATIONS BETWEEN THE CLEMENTINE VULGATE AND THE 
 
 ORIGINAL OF THE ANGLO-SAXON VERSION, .... 12-34 
 
 (a). Peculiar Readings of the Clementine Vulgate, . . 13 
 (b). Peculiar Readings of the Original of the Anglo-Saxon 
 
 Version, 16 
 
 (c). Character and Type of the Translator's Original, . 30 
 
 II. MISTAKEN RENDERINGS, 35-52 
 
 (a). Mistakes of the Eye, ...'... . 35 
 
 (6). Misapprehensions of the Meaning, . . . . 38 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 The following books have been especially consulted : 
 
 Siblia Sacra Vulgatae Editionis Sixti V. Pont. Max. jussu recognita et de- 
 mentis VIII. auctoritate edita. Tournay, 1885. 
 BIANCHINI, Jos.: Evangelarium Quadruple*. Rome, 1749. 
 BOSWORTH, EEV. JOSEPH, and WARING, GEORGE : The Gothic and Anglo-Saxon 
 
 Gospels in Parallel Columns, with the Versions of Wycliffe and Tyndale ; 
 
 Arranged with Prefaces and Notes. London, 1874. 
 
 BRIGHT, JAMES W.: The Gospel of Saint Luke in Anglo-Saxon. Oxford, 1893. 
 COOK, ALBERT S.: Biblical Quotations in Old English Prose Writers. London 
 
 and New York, 1898. 
 
 DRAKE, ALLISON : The Authorship of the West Saxon Gospels. New York, 1894. 
 DUTRIPON, F. P.: Concordantiae Bibliorum Sacrorum Vulgatae Editionis. Paris, 
 
 1838. 
 HANDKE, ROBERT : Ueber das Verhaltnis der westsachsischen Evangelien- 
 
 Uebersetzung zum lateinischen Original. Halle dissertation. Halle, 1896. 
 HARRIS, MATTIE ANSTICE : A Glossary of the West Saxon Gospels, Latin-West 
 
 Saxon and West Saxon-Latin. Yale Studies in English, No. vi. Boston, 1899. 
 HENSHAW, ALONZO N.: The Syntax of the Indicative and Subjunctive Moods 
 
 in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels. Leipzig dissertation. Leipzig, 1894. 
 MARSHALL, THOMAS: Quatuor D. N. Jesu Christi Euangeliorum Versiones 
 
 perantiquae duae, Gothica scil. et Anglo-Saxon ica. Amsterdam, 1684. 
 New Testament, Translated out of the Greek. Revised 1881. New York, 1891. 
 RONSCH, HERMANN: Itala und Vulgata. 2 te . Ausgabe. Marburg, 1875. 
 SABATIER, O. S. B.: Bibliorum Sacrorum Latinae Versiones Antiquae seu Vetus 
 
 Italica. 3 vols. Rheims, 1743-49. 
 
 SCRIVENER, F. H. A.: A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testa- 
 ment. 2 vols. Fourth edition. London and New York, 1894. 
 SKEAT, WALTER W.: The Holy Gospels in Anglo-Saxon, Northumbrian, and 
 
 Mercian Versions. Cambridge, 1871-87. 
 WESTCOTT, B. F. : The Vulgate. Article in Smith's Dictionary of the Bible. 
 
 Boston, 1892. 
 WESTCOTT, B. F., and HORT, F. J. A.: The New Testament in the Original Greek. 
 
 Revised American Edition with an Introduction by Philip Schaff. New 
 
 York, 1891. 
 WORDSWORTH, J., and WHITE, H. J.: Nouum Testamentum Secundum Editionem 
 
 Sancti Hieronymi. Partis prioris Fasciculi, i-iv. Oxford, 1889-95. 
 WHITE, H. J.: Old Latin Biblical Texts. Vol. in. Oxford, 1888. 
 WULFING, J. E.: Die Syntax in den Werken Alfreds des Grossen. Erster Theil. 
 
 Bonn, 1894. (Zweiter Theil, 1901). 
 
 5 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The following study is based on a part of the material collected 
 in the course of a minute comparison of the Anglo-Saxon version 
 of the Gospels with the corresponding Latin of the Clementine 
 Vulgate. The ultimate object of this comparison was to deter- 
 mine and to exhibit the manner in which the Anglo-Saxon 
 translation was made. Before the way is clear, however, for such 
 a general study of the manner of the translation, it is necessary 
 to dispose of a large number of passages in which the readings 
 of the Anglo-Saxon text are to be accounted for, not by anything 
 in the general method of the translator, but by an explanation of 
 the special conditions that pertain to the passage concerned. The 
 present study is, in the main, an attempt to deal in a systematic 
 way with these special passages. 
 
 The first part has to do with those passages in which a discre- 
 pancy between the Anglo-Saxon text and the Latin of the Vulgate 
 must or may be explained by showing how the Latin of the 
 translator's original in those passages must or may have differed 
 from the Latin of the Vulgate. That the Clementine Vulgate 
 should in many details have differed from the Latin text used by 
 the Anglo-Saxon translator is a matter of course. The translator 
 used one of the manuscripts of the Vulgate text written in the 
 centuries between the date of the version of Jerome, the starting 
 point of the Vulgate text, and the date of the translation, which 
 is placed approximately at the year 1000. 1 These manuscripts 
 themselves exhibit with reference to each other a very great 
 variation in detail, readings from the various forms of the Old 
 Latin version, current before the time of Jerome, and independent 
 revisions being freely introduced. 2 The Clementine Vulgate was 
 
 1 Skeat, Preface to Mark, p. vi ; Bright, p. xii. 
 
 2 Wordsworth in Scrivener, vol. n, pp. 58 ff. 
 
8 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 issued in 1592. Its text embodies many changes made in the 
 later manuscripts and the earlier printed editions, 1 and is therefore 
 at variance in many points with any one manuscript which the 
 Anglo-Saxon translator could have used, and in some points with 
 practically all the earlier manuscripts. 
 
 It may be questioned whether the Clementine Vulgate should 
 have been used at all as the basis for the comparison of the 
 Anglo-Saxon text with the Latin. One of the better Hieronymian 
 manuscripts, such as the Codex Amiatinus? would in strictness 
 have been a more suitable basis. Better still, perhaps, would have 
 been the use of Wordsworth and White's conjectural restoration 
 of the text of Jerome. But it has seemed best, on the whole, 
 to use that Latin text which has the advantage of being most 
 accessible and which has generally been used in comparing Latin 
 Scriptures with translations made from them. The main difficulty 
 is in a measure obviated by the preliminary list of readings in 
 which are registered the variations of the Clementine version from 
 the great majority of the Hieronymian manuscripts, including the 
 original of the Anglo-Saxon version. Correct the Clementine 
 version according to this list, and the result is a text that is 
 considerably nearer to the more normal form of Hieronymian 
 manuscripts. The way is then clear for the second list which 
 contains the peculiar readings presumed to be present in the 
 original of the Anglo-Saxon version that is, those readings in 
 which the particular text used by the translator seems to have 
 varied from the more normal reading of Hieronymian texts. 
 
 The section on the character and type of the Latin original 
 follows naturally upon a consideration of the significance of this 
 last list of peculiar readings supposed to have been characteristic 
 of the Latin text from which the Anglo-Saxon version was made. 
 A very slight examination was sufficient to prove that it was 
 done from no one of the manuscripts of which the readings are 
 recorded by Wordsworth and White, or which are elsewhere 
 published. 3 The question then arose as to how far the peculiar 
 readings would make possible the determination of the type of 
 
 1 Wordsworth in Scrivener, vol. n, pp. 62-64. 
 * Wordsworth and White, pp. x-xi. 
 3 Cp. Handke, p. 5. 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 9 
 
 the original manuscript. This is a question which can be com- 
 petently answered only by a student who is thoroughly familiar 
 with the interrelations of the Latin texts of the New Testament, 
 the data for the solution being here furnished. There are, however, 
 certain interesting indications which force themselves upon one 
 who considers these data carefully, and these are presented tenta- 
 tively, in the hope that a more definite solution may be afforded 
 by a student who is versed in Vulgate texts. 
 
 The second part of the present study consists of an arrangement 
 and classification of those special passages in the Anglo-Saxon 
 Gospels in which the translator has mistaken the meaning of 
 the Latin before him. A consideration of the alterations of the 
 meaning, of the renderings open to misapprehension, and of the 
 confused renderings would complete the preliminary to a general 
 study of the manner of the translation. 
 
 Many of the points noted, both in the lists of the Latin 
 variants and the lists of mistaken renderings, are in themselves 
 of very slight significance. It seemed necessary, however, to make 
 the lists as complete as I could, since sound inferences depend 
 on the collective significance of all the data. 
 
 As regards previous work on the same subject, the question 
 of the character and type of the translator's original has not 
 hitherto been treated systematically. Marshall has cited from 
 the texts accessible to him many Latin variants more in accord 
 with the translation than are the Clementine readings; Handke 
 (p. 13) gives sixteen instances from Wordsworth and White of 
 additions to the ordinary text, which he attributes to the original ; 
 and Bright has given in his notes on Luke all the variants that 
 seemed to have been characteristic of the translator's Latin. But 
 the only conjectures as to the 'type of the original those by 
 Marshall (p. 495), by Skeat (Matthew, p. x), and by Bosworth 
 (p. xi) are based on a very few passages and are hence of little 
 value. 
 
 The matter of mistaken renderings has been treated more at 
 length. Marshall has many discerning notes on points of this 
 nature ; Bright has called attention in his notes to most of those in 
 Luke ; and one section of Handke's dissertation (" Missverstand- 
 
10 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 nisse und Irrtumer," pp. 26-32) deals with them systematically. 
 The present study attempts to treat this class of renderings more 
 exhaustively than Handke has done, to group more thoroughly 
 renderings of a related nature, and to go more fully into ex* 
 planation. Further, there are several passages in which his 
 explanations seem to be erroneous. 1 
 
 The five manuscripts of the Anglo-Saxon Gospels scarcely vary 
 from one another except in point of spelling and inflexional endings. 
 The Corpus manuscript, however, is certainly nearest to the 
 original, and it has accordingly been used almost to the exclusion 
 of the others. The following list comprises all the alterations 
 of the Corpus text that it has seemed necessary to make for the 
 purposes of the present study. It consists of readings adopted 
 from the other manuscripts and of one or two fairly obvious con- 
 jectures. Mistakes which affect the meaning and are not here 
 recorded are referred to the original translator rather than to 
 the copyists. 
 
 EMENDATIONS OF THE CORPUS TEXT 
 
 M. 9, 11. ys: manducat: yt. Cp. yt, M. 24, 49; elsewhere ytt. M. 10, 
 19. belcewak syllaft : tradent : syllaft. The translator evidently wrote first belcewa\> 
 and then altered to sylltift (used once before in this chapter to render trado), but 
 failed to erase the first word. M. 16, 7. namon: non accepimus : ne namon. 
 M. 17, 20. hyra (heora A) : uestram : eowre. M. 19, 8. Supply SoiSlice 
 nses hit on frynrSe swa AB, omitted in Corp. by homceoteleuton. M. 
 21, 16. sacerda: lactentium: sucendra as in Hush, gloss. M. 22, 11. wees . . . 
 gescryd : non uestitum : nses with A. 
 
 Mk. 1, 19. T zebedei: zebedei: zelbedei with A. Mk. 3, 8. iudea: idumea: 
 idumea. Mk. 11, 8. boceras: frondes : bog'as. Mk. 13, 4. gewurdon: 
 fient: geweorSen (geweorfton A). Mk. 15, 1. eallum werodum: universo 
 concilio : werede ABO. 
 
 L. 1, 36. \>e monaft : hie mensis : J>es A. L. 1, 80. dceg his celiwednessum : diem 
 ostensionis : setiwednesse. L. 2, 24. after \>am \>e drihlnes CB gecweden is : in 
 lege domini : on drihtnes se. L. 3, 3. -j synna forgifnesse : in remissionem 
 peccatorum : on synna forgifnesse. *j from ond for on. L. 3, 4. clypiende 
 stefen : uox clamantis : clypiendes Stefn ABC. L. 4, 22. eode : procede- 
 bant : eodon A. L. 5, 13. his handa abenede : extendens manum : abeniende 
 (cfoenigende A). L. 6, 24. witegum : diuitibus : weligum. L. 6, 35. Supply 
 my eel ABC. L. 7, 8. Omit ne with ABC. L. 7, 39. \>e man: hie: J>es 
 
 1 Until I had finished a minute comparison of the Anglo-Saxon with the Latin, 
 I purposely avoided consulting Marshall; and Handke's dissertation did not 
 reach me until the work was practically in its present shape. 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 11 
 
 mail A. L. 8, 47. hit : eum : bine. L. 9, 3. Omit ne ge with ABC. 
 L. 9, 55. hine bewende: conversus : hi lie bewend BC. L. 10, 13. menegu: 
 uirtutes: mgegenu (mcenegu A). L. 11, 13. he . . . synt: uos . . . sitis: ge 
 . . . Synt A. L. 12, 36. beo gelice: uos similes: beo ge gelice with A. 
 L. 15, 17. 19. yrftlinga: mercenarii : hyrlinga A. Mercenarily occurs in three 
 other passages in the Gospels: Mk. 1, 20, rendered hyrling ; J. 10, 12. 13, hyra. 
 L. 19, 16. \>ispund: mna tua: J>in pund (Jn/n A). L. 20, 23. Hwi fandige 
 min: hwi fandie ge min with A. L. 21, 12. i sy'ft&an: tradentes : 
 1 sylla$. L. 21, 36. -3 bida$ : orantes: T biddaft with A. 
 
 J. 3, 18. acennendan : unigeniti : ancennedan. J. 6, 64. \>a gelyfedan 
 wceron : qui essent credentes : gelyfendan with ABC. J. 7, 17. gecwemft : 
 cognoscet : gecnaewS ABC. J. 7, 42. cy% : dicit : cwyS ABC. J. 10, 20. 
 he cwce^: insanit: he wet ABC. J. 11, 1. of marian ceasire ~j of martham: 
 de castello Mariae et Marthae : marthan A. J. 11, 11. wylle . . . awreccan: 
 exsuscitem: aweccan. J. 11, 31. ut eodon: exiit: ut code ABC. J. 
 12, 1. awrehte: suscitauit : awehte. J. 12, 7. of \xrne dceg : in diem: 0*3 
 >one daeg A. J. 13, 17. witod : scitis : witon with A. J. 15, 20. ahton : 
 persecuti sunt: ehton ABC. J. 17, 8. com: exiui: com. J. 17, 11. com: 
 sum : com. J. 17, 23. Supply nig swa t>u me lufodest ABC, omitted 
 in Corp. by homceoteleuton. J. 20, 27. Insert ac geleaful AC. J. 20, 28. 
 Insert eart AC. J. 21, 22. 23. cwaft : quid : hwset AC and originally Corp.: 
 is a correction. J. 21, 24. gewrit: testimonium: gewitnys CHE. 
 
I. VARIATIONS BETWEEN THE CLEMENTINE 
 
 VULGATE AND THE ORIGINAL OF THE 
 
 ANGLO-SAXON VERSION 
 
 The material , for the nearer determination of the form of the 
 Latin text from which the Anglo-Saxon version was made was 
 first furnished, in any adequate degree, by the publication of 
 Wordsworth and White's edition of the Latin New Testament, 
 completed for the Gospels in 1894. The object of this work 
 is to restore the text of Jerome's revision of the Old Latin 
 versions of the New Testament, and in the notes are given all 
 the various readings of about twenty-six 1 manuscripts ranging 
 from the sixth to the tenth century and conforming in the main 
 to Jerome's revision rather than to the Old Latin versions. In 
 many passages 2 the readings of the Old Latin versions are also" 
 cited. These manuscripts present a very great variety of readings, 
 and the passages in which the Anglo-Saxon version is at variance 
 with the Clementine Vulgate can be usually accounted for by one 
 or another of them. The lists which follow are the result of a 
 minute comparison of the Anglo-Saxon text with the Latin of 
 the Clementine version and, in all cases where variation seemed 
 possible, with the variants in Wordsworth's edition. 
 
 The readings are arranged in two divisions : (1) those of which 
 there can be little question as to their identity with those of the 
 original of the Anglo-Saxon version ; and (2) those of which the 
 assumption that they are identical seems to explain the translator's 
 divergence from the Clementine readings better than the assump- 
 tion that the divergence is due to the translator. The acceptance 
 of any given reading and its classification depend, of course, on 
 two things the degree to which the assumption of such a reading 
 
 'Matthew, 24; Mark, 25; Luke, 27; John, 28. There are a good many 
 lacunae in several of the manuscripts. 
 
 2 Sparingly, in Matthew and Mark; more fully, in Luke and John. 
 
 12 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 13 
 
 is necessary for the explanation of the divergence on the part 
 of the Anglo-Saxon, and on the number of manuscripts in which 
 the reading occurs. A reading is to be preferred that explains a 
 divergence which it is hard to explain otherwise, even though 
 very few manuscripts attest that reading ; and a reading is to 
 be preferred that is attested by the great majority of manuscripts, 
 even though it be possible to explain the divergence otherwise. 
 As to deciding in an individual case whether or no the translator's 
 divergence can be explained otherwise than by the variant Latin 
 at hand, that depends on a number of things impossible to formu- 
 late. In many of the cases below the citations of the Anglo-Saxon 
 with the two forms of the Latin are themselves sufficient to show 
 why the non-Clementine reading was adopted. In other cases 
 regard must be had to the manner of the translation in general. 
 For example, the supplying of an object, the insertion of Jns, 
 and the like are common throughout, and a variant Latin that 
 corresponds is by no means to be assumed as present in the 
 original. Again, some parts of the translation are very free, 
 while other parts are very literal, and it is obvious that in a 
 literal context a divergence from the Clementine is more likely 
 to be due to a divergence in the translator's original than is 
 the case when the context shows a freedom of rendering. In 
 the light of an exposition of the manner of the translation, which 
 I hope to make in another paper, my reasons for a decision 
 in any given case would be more apparent. Meanwhile I can 
 only say that I have deliberated carefully in each instance. 
 
 (a) PECULIAR READINGS OF THE CLEMENTINE VULGATE 
 
 Under this head are listed the readings which conform to the 
 Anglo-Saxon, but vary from the Clementine and, in most cases, 
 also from a few of the MSS. and the older editions ; in other words, 
 an approximate reduction of the Clementine to the normal text, so 
 far as concerns the passages in which it shows a variation from 
 the Anglo-Saxon. To each is added the number of Wordsworth 
 and White's MSS. (if any) agreeing with the Clementine reading, 
 the number of Hieronymian MSS. being on the left, of Old Latin, 
 on the right of the line. 
 
14 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 1. Non- Clementine Headings Assumed to be in Accord 
 with the Translator's Original 
 
 MATTHEW 
 
 1, 17. ergo for itaque. 3, 6. in iordane ab eo 3 / 
 
 3, 7. futura for ventura 1 /. 8, 25. om. ad ewm discipuli 
 
 ejus 4/. 8, 26. om. Jesus 6/4. 8, 31. om. hinc 1 /. 
 
 10, 14. de ciuitate 2 /. 13, 4. om. coeft 2/3. 14, 22. 
 
 iussit for compulit. 17, 3. apparuit for apparuerunt 4 /. 
 
 17, 20. om. i7Jwc 2/9. 19, 1 1 . om. illis 1 /. 19, 20. 
 
 om. ajuventute mea 6/8. 20, 1. simile enim 8/5. 23, 
 
 14. Verse omitted 6/8. 24, 1 2. abundabit for abundavit 4 /. 
 24, 38. nuptum for rmpfoti 2 /. 27, 40. destruit . . . reaedi- 
 
 ficat for destruis . . . reaedificas 3 / 1 . 
 
 MARK 
 
 1, 2. om. ego 1 /. 1, 9. in iordane ab iohanne 1 /. 
 
 1, 10. apertos coelos. 1, 27. et for etiam 1 /. 2, 23. 
 om. dominus. 4, 4. om. coeli / 6. 4, 29. se produxerit 
 for produxerit /I. 5, 2. occurrit ei 4 /. 5, 7. summi 
 for altissimi 1 /. 5, 33. awfem for vero. 6, 7. conuo- 
 cauit for vocavit. 7, 3. lauent for laverint 1/8. 7, 19. 
 introit for mra 1 /. om. vacfo'/ 6 /. 9, 3. om. e before 
 Candida 4 /. 11, 5. iV&c for i#is. 14, 2. enm for 
 autem. 14, 25. om. Aoc 1 /. 14, 29. om. in te. 
 14, 45. om. Ave 1 /. 14, 54. sedebat et calefaciebat se 
 ad ignem. 14, 62. om. Dei 1 /. 15, 29. destruit . . . 
 reaedificat for destruis . . . reaedificas 4/. om. Dei 1 /. 15, 
 32. conuiciabantur for convitiabanlur 2 /. 
 
 LUKE 
 
 1, 66. gitzd for quis 1 /. 2, 4. om. m before civitatem / 9. 
 
 2, 38. hierusalem for Jsrae/ 1/2. 4, 5. om. in montem 
 excelsum 4/7. 4, 18. om. sanare contritos corde 4/2., 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 15 
 
 4, 38. om. Jesus 8 /. 5, 25. om. lectum 1/2. 6, 26. 
 
 bene uobis dixerint for benedixerint vobis 5/5. prophetis for 
 pseudoprophetis 4 / all but 2. 6, 42. e for aw. 7, 31. 
 
 om. Ait autem Dominus. 8, 1. ciuitatem et castellum for 
 
 civitates et castella 7/7. 9, 29. om. et before refulgens. 
 
 9, 47. adprehendens puerum statuit /I. 9, 58. et ait for 
 
 Dixit /I. 10, 17. sunt autem. 11, 25. om. et ornatam 
 
 3/9. 11, 26. om. secum 1/2. 11, 29. om. prophetae 
 
 2/5. 12, 31. om. et justitiam ejus. 12, 35. om. in 
 
 manibus vestris 2 /. 14, 1. om. Jesus 1/2. 14, 8. 
 
 euertit for everrit. 16, 19. e induebatur / 5. 17, 3. 
 
 om. m fe 4/6. 19, 23. e e#o /I. 19, 26. om. et 
 
 abundabit 4 /. 20, 3. om. Jesus 3/4. 20, 20. et 
 
 trader ent 1/3. 21, 9. non for nondum 1/2. 22, 2 
 
 eum for Jesum 1 /. 22, 37. d quod cum for ^ cwm 8/2. 
 
 JOHN 
 
 1, 3. 4. sine ipso factum est nihil ; quod factum in ipso uita eft*at 
 I/. 3,2. eum for Jesum 3/3. 3, 18. credidit for 
 
 2 nd credit 8/3. 3, 33. accipit for accept 5/2. 4, 41. 
 
 om. in eum /I. 5, 28. eius for Filii Dei 1 /. 5, 31. 
 
 me for meipso 1 / 3. 6,14. om. Jesws. 6,23. agentes 
 
 for agente 2/1. 6,41. om. twws I/. 6, 64. om. 
 
 non before credentes 2/5. 7, 33. om. m before Jesus 3 /. 
 
 7, 52. om. Scriptural 13/7. 8, 9. om. Jesus 8/3. 
 
 8, 45. quia for si 8, 46. om. 2 nd vobis /I. 8, 54. 
 noster for uesfer 3 / nearly all. 8, 56. et uidit 1/2. 9, 
 11. uidi for video 3/4. 9, 22. om. esse before Christum / 2. 
 9,25. om. m. 9,39. dixiteisl/4. 10,8. sednon. 
 11, 27. om. vivi 4/1. 11, 37. om. nati 2/1. ^ rf hie. 
 6/3. 11, 45. om. rf Martham. om. 7e*ws 1/4. 11, 
 50. nobis for vo6i's 2/5. 13, 18. mecum for raeww 1/1. 
 
 14, 10. credis for creditis 5/2. 14, 13. om. Pair em 1 /. 
 
 15, 6. eos . . . et ardent 7/4. 16, 3. om. vobis 4/5. 
 16,11. om.jaml/2. 18,26. om. eil/1. 18,28. 
 ad caipham. 19, 6. om. ewm after crucijige 3/5. 20, 
 17. etdeum3/4. 20,22. hoc cum 3 / 5. 20,29. 
 
 2 
 
16 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 om. Thoma. 21, 1. om. discipulis 2/8. 21, 4. mane 
 
 . . . iam facto / 3. 21, 7. tunicam for tunica 5/2. 
 
 2. Non- Clementine Readings Probably in Accord with 
 the Translator's Original 
 
 MATTHEW 
 
 11, 30. leue est 7 / 1. 13, 35. dictum est 15 /. 16, 
 
 15. om. Jesus 10/7. 16, 19. om. et after solutum 6/. 
 
 17, 20. om. Jesus 10 /. 
 
 MARK 
 
 6, 2. in cognatione . . . et in domo 2 /. 6, 15. om. 2 nd 
 
 quia 7 /. 6, 24. e for at 7/4. 6, 52. intellexerunt 
 
 for intellexerant 10 / 5. 14, 27. om. me in 5 / 1. 
 
 LUKE 
 
 13,35. om. deserta 11/5. 17, 6. obediret for obediet 
 
 2/3. 19, 37. discendentium for discipulorum 1/4. But 
 
 probably omitted : see p. 29. 
 
 JOHN 
 
 3, 23. adueniebant 11/6. 8, 9. om. ./mis 6/3. 
 
 8, 20. om. Jesus 12/2. 15, 6. aruit for aresc^ 11/5. 
 
 (b) PECULIAR READINGS OF THE ORIGINAL OF 
 THE ANGLO-SAXON VERSION 
 
 In this list of readings are given : (1) the reading of the 
 Clementine Vulgate (except in the passages enclosed in square 
 brackets, in which cases the Clementine reading coincides with 
 the peculiar reading preferred) ; (2) the Anglo-Saxon ; (3) the 
 reading assumed as, or believed to be, that of the Latin original. 
 The context is given as fully as seems necessary to make as plain 
 as may be the reason for preferring the special reading. In some 
 cases explanations are added. 
 
Studies in tJi^Anglo-Saxon Gospels 17 
 
 The letters used for the designation of manuscripts are those 
 used by Wordsworth and White. Capital letters (and S and. aur. 
 gat. gig. corp. oxon.) designate Vulgate manuscripts ; small italics, 
 Old Latin 1 manuscripts. The latter are given by Wordsworth 
 and White only in passages of special importance in Matthew and 
 Mark ; more frequently in Luke and John. But in no case can 
 the absence of citation of Old Latin manuscripts here be taken to 
 mean that they do not (or do) confirm the reading given. 2 They 
 are usually cited only to show the extent of the reading in certain 
 cases. In one or two instances only a reading is assumed which 
 is attested solely by Old Latin manuscripts. The following are 
 the abbreviations for the printed editions : 9 Stephen, Paris, 1528 ; 
 3^ Hentenius, Louvain, 1547; S Sixtine, Rome, 1590; (ft 
 Clementine, Rome, 1592 ; vg the agreement of these four editions. 
 
 1. Readings Assumed to be in Accord with the 
 Translator's Original 
 
 MATTHEW 
 
 4, 10. vade g an g J>u onbcec uade . . retro 
 
 r> E E-P L Q R x e z* 
 
 4, 16. populus Beoda folc . gentium populus. 
 
 gentium from v. 15 (which Anglo-Saxon omits) is joined with 
 populus in L 2 H. 
 
 [in regione et umbra mortis on earde deafes sceade 
 
 in regione umbrae mortis B H v vg.~\ 
 
 6, 11. panem . . supersubstantialem gedaBghwamlican 
 hlaf panem .. cotidianum c D E E-P mg T w F. 
 
 [6, 13. Omitted sd^lice amen O. Lat. (except 
 -abc/igthK) vg.] 
 
 7, 4. Sine bro]>ur J;afa frater sine E-PR 8 "W. 
 [8, 9. ego homo sum sub potestate ic eoru man under 
 
 1 For a list of Vulgate manuscripts, with indications of age, locality, and char- 
 acter, see Wordsworth in Scrivener, vol. u, pp. 67 ff.; of Old Latin manuscripts, 
 vol. rr, pp. 45 ff. 
 
 * Except that in Mark every confirmatory passage in a b c d ffifft g q mm is 
 indicated by the citation of these manuscripts. 
 
18 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 anwealde gesett ego homo sum sub potestate constitutus 
 
 D E Q B T (L) vg. abc gi h k q aur. gig. corp. oxon.~\ 
 
 9, 15. jejunabunt on %am dagum hig fsestaft 
 ieiunabunt in illis diebus DELQ. 
 
 10, 23. fugite in aliam fleoj? on o]?re. 3 ftonne hi on 
 }>cere eow ekta\ fleo\ on }>a \ryddan fugite in aliam. et 
 cum in alia persequentur uos fugite in tertiam E, and similarly 
 Qabff^^hkq gat. 
 
 12, 35. Bonus homo God mann so]>lice bonus 
 enim homo D L B. 
 
 13, 36. parabolam zizaniorum -p bigspell ]>ces hwcetes 
 .y ]?8es cocceles parobolam tritici et zizaniorum DE-P mg Q 
 B T w gat. corp. oxon. 
 
 . 14, 2, Joannes Baptista Johannes se fulluhtere j?e io 
 
 beheafdode iohannes baptista quern ego decollaui D E E-P mfir 
 
 Q T B corp. oxon. a b dffi g z h gat. 
 
 14, 3. propter . . uxorem fratris sui for ];am wife . . 
 philippes hys broker propter . . uxorem philippi fratris sui 
 (or fr. sui ph.) D E E-p mg H c Q B bfffz ffffzhqS our. gat. gig. 
 corp. oxon. 
 
 16, 2. Serenum erit to morgen hyt by]? smylte 
 
 serenum erit eras (in eras Q) E L B corp. oxon. gat. 
 
 16, 8. Sciens autem Jesus J?a se haelend wiste hyra 
 
 ge]>ancas sciens autem iesus cogitationes eorum LQB corp* 
 
 oxon. g 2 . 
 
 16, 9. 10. neque recordamini quinque panum in quinque 
 millia hominum. . . Neque septem panum in quattuor millia 
 hominum ne ge ne gej^enceaft ]?a3ra fif hlafa ^ fif J^usend 
 
 manna. . . Ne J>sera seofon hlafa 3 feower ]?usend manna quin- 
 
 que panum et (L Q w z &^ 2 <?) quinque milia hominum. . . neque 
 septem panum et (E-P LOQTWXZ 4 a bff z g q) quattuor milia 
 hominum. (quinque . . quattuor, omitting in y most MSS.) 
 
 18, 10. ex his pusillis of )?ysum lytlingum ]>e gelyfaQ 
 
 on me his pusillis qui credunt in me (in me cr. E) LQB* 
 
 corp. oxon.; similarly, bcdff^g^. 
 
 18, 21. Dixit : Domine, quoties peccabit in me frater meus r 
 et dimittam ei? usque septies? 3 cwaeft drihten gyf min 
 
 brofor synga]> wiiS me mot ic him forgyfan oft seofon styas? 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 19 
 
 dixit quod (quoniam Q) si peccauerit in me frater meus quoties 
 dimittam ei. usque septies QR<7 2 / similarly, many O. Lat. MSS. 
 18, 26. Patientiam babe in me Hlaford gehafa gejjyld 
 
 on me patientiam habe in me domine E L Q R T h (c?. h. p. 
 
 in me E-P^J/,^). 
 
 20, 28. Omitted Ge wilniaft to gej?eonne on gehwaedum 
 ]?inge *j beon gewanod on ]?am maestan ]>inge ; Witodlice j?onne ge 
 to gereorde gelaj?ode beoiS, ne sitte ge on ]?am fyrmestan setlum 
 ]>e laes J>e arwurSre wer setter j?e cume 3 se husbonda hate ]>e arisan 
 ^ ryman \am oftron y jm beo gescynd. gyf ]?u sitst on gereorde on 
 )?am ytemestan setle 3 sefter J>e cym); o]?er gebeor y se la];igenda 
 cwej^e to ]>e site innor leof by); fte awurSlicor \>onne ]>e man uttor 
 $cufe uos autem quaeritis de modico crescere et de maxim o 
 minui. cum autem -introieritis ad caenam uocati nolite recumbere in* 
 superioribus locis ne forte dignior te superueniat et accedens is qui 
 te inuitauit dicat tibi adhuc inferius accede et confundaris. si autem" 
 recubueris in inferiori loco et aduenerit humilior te dicet tibi qui te 
 inuitauit accede adhuc superius et (om. o*) erit tibi hoc utilius H mg 
 o Brit. Mus. Reg. I B vii ; similarly, abcdeff^g^hmnr and. 
 emn. Brit. Mus. I A xviii (variations considerable). 
 
 The Latin is given as in Wordsworth and White. The words 
 in Italics indicate probable variations in the translator's text. 
 
 21, 17. abiit ..in Bethaniam : ibique mansit ferde 
 .~. to bethania 3 Icerde hi \ar be godes rice abiit . . in 
 bethaniam et docebat eos de regno del B. 
 
 21, 31. Dicunt ei : Primus J?a cwaedon hig se ceftera 
 
 dicunt ei, nouissimus ABC E-P FH*JLORTXYZ* Brit. Mus. 
 Reg. I A xiii etc. corp. oxon. Most O. Lat. MSS. 
 
 22, 45. Si ergo David vocat eum Dominum gyf dauid 
 hyne on ga&te dryhten clypaft si ergo dauid in spiritu uocat 
 eum dominum D E E-p mg F Q w. 
 
 24, 41. Omitted Twegen beo)? on bedde. an by$ 
 
 genumen 3 oj?er by$ Isefed duo in lecto. unus adsumetur et 
 
 unus (alter x) relinquetur BEH 1 0ORTXZa6crf efj}\, 2 h q gat. 
 
 27, 32. hominem mann cumende heom togenes homi- 
 nem uenientem obuiam sibi B E-p mg I L o 1 - '" R x*- 2 Y* z E Q a b c fa 
 hg z . 
 
 28, 3. sicut nix swa hwite swa snaw Candida 
 (-um Q S) sicut nix D E E-P mg L B Q a bjfa hqr gat. B. 
 
20 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 MARK 
 
 [1, 2. praeparabit viam tuam gegearwaft jnnne weg 
 
 beforan %e praeparabit uiam tuam ante te 
 
 1, 34. quoniam sciebat eum for]>am hi wiston ty he 
 crist wees quoniam sciebat eum christum esse (chr. eum ease 
 G I) M-T Y mg . 
 
 2, 22. sed vinum novum in utres novos mitti debet Ac 
 niwe win sceal beon gedon on niwe bytta. ]>onne beo% butu gehealden 
 sed uinum nouum in utres nouos mitti debet et utraque (ambo 
 G H ef) (con- D) seruantur E E-p mg M-T Q R r z gat. 
 
 7, 13. per traditionem vestram for eower stuntan lage 
 
 per t traditionem uestram stultam Xzabcdiqr. 
 
 10, 20. At ille respondens ait (illi) : Magister Da 
 ^swarode he goda lareow at ille respondens ait magister bone 
 KM-TOZ(V). 
 
 [10, 33. soribis bocerum 3 ealdrum scribis et 
 
 senioribus c i K L M-T o Q T v w z c I aur. vg.~\ 
 
 11, 15. veniunt comon hi eft ueniunt iterum, 
 B M-T o a bffz'. 
 
 12, 14. qui venientes dicunt ei Da comon hi y )?us 
 mid facne cwadon qui uenientes dicunt ei subdole bqff 2 e. 
 
 12, 29. Dominus deus tuus urne drihten god domi- 
 nus deus nosier AC E-P H M-T OQRXYza^ dff z JolqB. 
 
 13, 1 . quales structurae hwylce getimbrunga ]>isses tem- 
 ples quales structurae (structum L) templi B M-T o Q T x* z 
 bd/ 2 lr(ckq). 
 
 13, 2. vides ne geseo ge nonne uide^is bcjfz 
 (uidetis FX* aeg 2 kq; nonne uides BM-TOZ). 
 
 14, 14. Ubi est refectio mea hwar is min gysthus y 
 min gereord ubi est diuersorium meum et refectio mea B H 
 M-T o (z). 
 
 LUKE 
 
 6, 10. Et circumspectis omnibus And him eallum 
 
 gesceawodum mid yrre et circumspectis omnibus illis (il. omn. 
 
 b q r) in ira z ff z I aur. (a c d). 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 21 
 
 6, 17. (ab) Jerusalem fram Jerusalem ^ ofer mvfyan 
 
 (ab) hierusalem et trans /return G Q a b cff 2 Iqr. 
 
 9, 4. ibi manete, et inde ne exeatis wuniaft Jmr 0$ ge 
 
 utgan ibi manete donee exeatis E/(e inde exeatis R and 
 
 O. Lat. MSS. except c S aur.). 
 
 9, 55. 56. increpavit illos, dicens: Nesdtis cujus spiritus estis. 
 Filius hominis non venit animas perdere, sed salvare he hig 
 j?reade increpauit illos D E-P F G Q Y IS gat. 
 
 10, 11. pulverem qui adhaesit nobis ty dust . . on urum 
 fotum clifode puluerem qui adhaesit nobis in pedibus DEQ 
 (d)bcde (/) ilqr. 
 
 11, 2. Pater, sanctificetur nomen tuum Ure feeder ]>u 
 %e on heofene eart. si J>in nama gehalgod pater noster 
 (sancte D a cjfi) qui es in caelis sanctificetur nomen tuum P R z* 
 Dunhelm A ii 16 Brit. Mus. Harl. 1802 bcdflq(r)S. 
 
 Omitted gewurSe -Sin willa on heofene 3 on 
 
 eorj?an fiat uoluntas tua in caelo et in terra b G I. This form, 
 
 instead of fiat uoluntas tua sicut in caelo et in terra B B-F D E-P* 
 O P Q R T x* c dfff z iqrS aur., seems to make it certain that the 
 additions here were present in the translator's original, and not 
 transferred by him from M 6, 9-13. 
 
 11, 4. Omitted ac alys us fram yfele sed libera 
 
 (eripe B i (/)) nos a malo D O Q R b c dff z Iqr 8 aur. 
 
 11, 25. invenit earn he hit gemet amtig inuenit 
 
 earn uacantem fir 8. 
 
 11, 48. testificamini quod consentitis ge cySaft ~] ge 
 l?afia$ testificamini et (om. E gat) consentitis CT (consenti- 
 entesf). 
 
 12, 55. dicitis, Quia aestus erit ge secgaft )? is towerd 
 dicitis quia uenius erit A B c T Y For explanation of towerd t 
 see p. 38. 
 
 [16, 21. sed et canes veniebant 3 him nan man ne 
 
 sealde. ac hundas comon at nemo illi dabat sed et canes 
 ueniebant K T w 9 > (ft I m.~] 
 
 17, 26. ita erit et in diebus Filii hominis swa beo~S 
 mannes suna tocyme ita erit et aduenlus filii hominis E R gat. 
 
 20, 14. Occidamus ilium cuma]> uton hine ofslean 
 uenite occidamus ilium CTdeS. 
 
22 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 21, 21. et . . discedant y nyfter ne astigaft et . . 
 non descendant RT(et .. non discedant E-P mg d/ et discendant 
 B-F D J Q r). Cp. p. 37. 
 
 22, 52. Existis Ge ferdon . . ^ ge me gefengon 
 existis .. conprehendere me E rec Qjf 2 c . 
 
 , 22, 61. prius quam gallus cantet, ter J?riwa to-dceg 
 
 ar se hana crawe prius quam gallus cantet ter . . hodie 
 
 (+ nosse6Z)(F)/ 2 . 
 
 23, 35. stabat populus spectans $ folc stod gean- 
 bidiende stabat populus ex(s)pectans B B-F c E E-P G I J K M o 
 KTVWX*Z abef/zlrSaur. 
 
 24, 29. intravit cum illis he ineode ty he mid him 
 wunude intrauit manere (ut maneret a c ef) cum illis D E Q R 
 d r 8 gat. 
 
 JOHN 
 
 1, 18. Deurn nemo vidit umquam : unigenitus Filius . . 
 ipse enarravit Ne geseah nsefre nan mann god buton se 
 
 ancenneda sunu hit cySde deum nemo uidit umquam nisi 
 
 unigenitus filius . . ipse enarrauit c D E H @ J M-T R T w a b eff z * 
 I r aur. 
 
 (5, 4. This verse is omitted by Wordsworth and White and 
 in some MSS. It is present, however, in most MSS. in some one 
 of three forms, of which the Anglo-Saxon is nearest to that found 
 in B-F CEGH c @iK:oQTVWZ a gat. cffj B aur.) 
 
 7> 29. Ego scio eum Ic hyne can. y gif ic secge ty ic 
 
 hine ne cunne. ic beo leas y eow gelic. Ic hyne can. ego scio 
 
 eum et si dixero quia nescio eum ero similis uobis mendax et (sed 
 H M-T w) scio eum B-F c E K o Q T z aur. 
 
 20, 31. vitam ece lif uitam aeternam B D E KOR z 
 
 b efq r. 
 
 2. Readings Probably in Accord with the 
 Translator's Original 
 
 MATTHEW 
 
 1, 2. Abraham Softlice abraham abraham autem 
 
 DLR. 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 23 
 
 2, 12. per aliarn viam reversi sunt ac hie on ofterne 
 weg . . ferdon sed per aliam uiam reuersi sunt D E L, Q. 
 
 3, 3. qui dictus est se be }>am ]>e gecweden de 
 quo dictum est D T v/. 
 
 3, 5. circa Jordanem wiftgeondan iordanen trans 
 
 iordanen D. 
 
 [3, 9. potest Deus god ys swa mihtig $ he mceg 
 
 potens est deus B E H c j K M-T w x* vg.~\ 
 
 12, 10. Et ecce homo fa wees \<zr an man et 
 
 ecce erat (-]- ibi R/) homo D E-P L Q. 
 
 12, 15. multi mycel mcenigeo turbae multae/. 
 
 13, 3. seminare hys seed to sawenne seminare 
 semen suum Q. 
 
 13, 26. tune apparuerunt et zizania J>a ateowde se coccel 
 
 hine tune apparuft zizania E R. 
 
 13, 45. quaerenti bonas margaritas J?e sohte j? gode 
 
 meregrot quaerenti bonam margaritam D corp. oxon*. 
 
 13, 54. sapientia hsec et virtutes J?es wisdom 3 ]>is 
 mcegen sapientia hsec et uirtus AE-P*FH*OXY. 
 
 14, 8. hie in disco on anum disce in disco 
 
 14, 11. allatum est . . et datum est puellae, et attulit matri 
 suae man brohte . . 3 sealde psem msedene 3 f mceden hyre 
 
 meder allatum est . . et datum est puellae et puella (ilia 
 
 B E E-p mg ) matri suae Q R. 
 
 15,29. venit eft he com uenit iterum 
 
 15, 30. caecos, claudos, debiles healte y blinde y wan- 
 hale claudos caecos debiles ABC E-P H* K L M M-T Q R T v 
 
 W X Y Z. 
 
 [16, 4. signum Jonae ionas tacen ]>ces witegan sig- 
 num ionae prophetae E K L Q R vg.~\ 
 
 16, 12. c&vendum warmaft cauete LQR. 
 
 17, 14. homo genibus pro volutes sum mann gebi- 
 gednm cneowum homo genibus prouolutzs ABCE-PF@M 
 
 OQTXY/2. 
 
 17, 20. si habueritis fidem . . dicetis yf ge hsefdon 
 
 geleafan . .3 ge cwsedon si habueritis fidem . . et dicetis 
 
 H 1 . 
 
24 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 19, 21. vende quae habes becyp eall ty }>u ahst uende 
 
 omnia quae habes E E-p mg L Q (R) w f. 
 
 21, 5. super asinam et pullum filium subjugah's uppan 
 
 tamre assene y hyre folan super asinam et pullum filium 
 
 (om. A* Q R*) subiugalem R. tamre translates subiugalem, as 
 
 teoma in the Mercian gloss to R. Cp. p. 48. 
 
 21, 20. Quomodo . . aruit hu . . ^ fictreow forscranc 
 
 quomodo . . aruit ficulnea D L Q R. 
 
 21, 23. accesserunt ad eum docentem comon . . him to 
 
 accesserunt ad eum H R a b c eff l g l h L 
 
 21, 29. abiit code . . to ]>am wingerde abiit in 
 
 uin(e)am (suam Q) abed eff^.z h. 
 
 21, 39. ejecerunt . . et occiderunt ofslogon . . y awur- 
 pon occiderunt . . et eiecerunt E. 
 
 22, 7. missts exercitiws suis, perdidit sende hys he- 
 re to 3 fordyde misit exercitum suwm et perdidit D Q R a 6 c 
 
 22, 8. non fuerunt digni ne synt wyrj?e non 
 
 sunt digni D Q R. 
 
 22, 10. malos et bonos gode 3 yfele bonos et 
 
 malos E E-P o R x*. 
 
 22, 35. tentans eum fandode hys ]?ws cweftende 
 temptans eum et dicens (dixit R) E. 
 
 23, 5. fimbrias heora reafa fnadu fymbria?ri 
 uestimenti sui E. 
 
 25, 46. Et ibunt 3 \onne fara^ et tune ibunt 
 E-p mg D (om. et). 
 
 26, 7. super caput ipsius recumbentis uppan hys heafud 
 \wr he scet super caput eius (ipsius D o x*) recumbente ipso 
 (eo E-p mg /) E* L Q R* a b cff 2 hqrr z . 
 
 26, 9. multo to myclum wur]>e pr(a)etio magno 
 
 (multo D L) E-P mg Q R Wl. pr. B Y c E J. 
 
 26, 39. sicut tu swa swa J?u wylt sicut tu uis 
 
 BDE E-P mg H c LOQRTXYZ* dbeffzfrhr. 
 
 26, 53. rogare Patrem meum et exhibe6^ biddan 
 minne feeder j? he seude rogare patrem meum ut exhibere Q. 
 
 27, 62. quae est post Parasceven J?e wses gearcung- 
 dseg quae est parasceuen F H* Y. 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 25 
 
 28, 7. ecce praedixi vobis nu ic secge eow ecce 
 
 dixi uobis CEILR*T C abed eff^ h 8 gat. etc. 
 
 MARK 
 
 1, 40. Si vis Drihten, gif f u wylt domine, si 
 uis EH M-T o Q cjf 2 mm. 
 
 2, 16. videntes y cwsedon dicentes E-P*. 
 
 2, 19. filii nuptiarum foes brydguman cnihtas filii 
 
 dponsz G M-T Q a c d ef/i g 2 ilq8. 
 
 2, 23. coeperunt progredi, et vellere spicas ongunnon 
 fa ear pluccigean coeperunt uellere spicas Gbcdff 2 t. 
 
 3, 5. restituta gehaeled sona restituta . . statim 
 G dfflg 2 . 
 
 3, 6. statim . . consilium faciebant feahtedon con- 
 
 silium faciebant GLM-TR. 
 
 3, 10. 11. Multos enim sanabant ita ut irruerent in eum ut 
 ilium tangerent quotquot haberent plagas. Et spiritws immundi, 
 cum ilium videbant, procidebant ei Soflice manega he 
 gehaBlde, swa ^ hi sethrinon his. ^ swa fela swa untrumnessa 
 3 unclaene gastas ha3fdon, |?a hi hine gesawon, hi toforon him 
 astrehton multos enim sanabat ita ut irruerent in eum ut 
 ilium tangerent. quotquot autem (enim E ; om. E-P mg z*) habebant 
 plagas et spiritws inmundos cum ilium uidebant procidebant ei 
 
 DKM-TOR/Stf. 
 
 4, 10. interrogaverunt eum hi qui cum eo erant cum duo- 
 decim parabolas hine axodon ty bigspett J?a twelfe ]> e mid him 
 wseron interrogauerunt eum hi qui cum eo erant duodecim 
 c E E-P I K M-T v w x z vg parabolam w vg D. 
 
 ' 4, 18. 19. hi sunt qui verbum audiunt, et aerumni saeculi 
 . . suffocant verbum, et sine fructu e&icitur ty synt fa fte j? 
 
 word gehyra^. 3 ofyrmfte . . ^ word offrysmaft, y synt buton 
 wsestme gewordeng hi sunt qui uerbtim audiunt et aerumnae 
 
 saeculi .. suffocant uerbum et sine fructu ef&ciuntur CDEGH 1 
 
 K L M-T O Q R T. 
 
 5, 19. Et non admisit eum Him fa se hcelend ne 
 getrSode iesus autem non admisit eum 
 
 (c aur.). 
 
26 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 5, 42. et obstupuerunt 3 ealle hi wundredon et 
 obstupuerunt omnes L cfff 2 g l i q. 
 
 6, 31. Venite seorsum Cuma$ 3 uton gan onsundron 
 uenite'seorsum eamus B M-T o c a (c ff 2 ) d. 
 
 6, 46. abiit . . orare he ferde . . 3 hine ana |?ar gebsed 
 
 abiit solus orare gat. 
 
 8, 8. septem sportas seofon wilian fulle septem 
 
 sportas plenas E-p mg L Q B. 
 
 [8, 19. Quando fregi . . quot sustulistis hwsenne ic 
 
 brsec . . y hu fela . . ge namon quando fregi . . et quot sustu- 
 
 listis A D i w Y vg. dflB aurJ] 
 
 quot cophinos fragmentorum hu fela wyligena 
 
 quot cophinos D M M-T o. 
 
 10, 7. Propter hoc homo ^ cwceft, for)?am se mann 
 
 et dixit, propter hoc homo B K L, M-T owx-zbcdfaqr gat. 
 
 10, 17. rogabat eum cwceft y bsed hine rogabat 
 
 eum dicens c H 1 @ K L M-T OTVWXZa6(c) dfklqr aur. 
 
 10,32. et stupebant : et sequentes timebant 3 hi adre- 
 
 don him hine 3 him fyligdon et stupebant et sequentes 
 
 timebant eum B M-T o G x*. 
 
 13, 6. dicentes, quia ego sum 3 cwej^aft ic eom Crist 
 
 dicentes quia ego sum christus D E-P H @ Q gat. b cg 2 . 
 
 13, 19. Erunt .. dies illi tribulationes on ]>am dagum 
 
 beo^ . . gedrefednessa erunt . . diebus illis tribulationes w 
 
 akqd. 
 
 13, 32. De die autem illo vel hora Be ]?am dsege 3 
 ]>sdre tide de die autem illo et hora CE-P^GLM-TQRT. 
 
 14, 17. 18. discumbentibus eis mid him sittendum 
 discumbentibus cum eis AH Y. Cp. p. 46. 
 
 14,43. lignis mid sahlum fustibus GLQX* 
 
 fffz kcqd. sagol usually translates fustis. See Bosworth- 
 
 Toller. 
 
 15, 1. vindentes Jesum, duxerunt laeddon ];sene 
 hselend gebundenne uinctum iesum duxerunt D E-P M-T o 
 a c djf z ^ TV aur. 
 
 15, 35. Eliam vocat )>es clypaiS heliam heliam 
 
 uocat ist e L Q c d fa gat. 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 27 
 
 LUKE 
 
 [1, 54. suscepit Israel puerum suum memorari misericordiae 
 suae He onfeng israhel hys cniht 3 gemunde hys mildheort- 
 
 nesse suscepit israhel puerum suum recordatus (memoratus 
 
 B o) misericordiae suae w x* Jg & (ft aurj\ 
 
 1, 70. 71. Sicut locutus est . . salutem ex inimicis nostris 
 Swa he sprsec . . 3 he alysde us of urum feondum sicut 
 locutus est . . et liberauit nos ab inimicis nostris p G Q R b cff 2 Iqr 
 aur. gat. 
 
 2, 15. pastores loquebantur ]?a hyrdas . . sprsecon 3 
 cwcedon pastores loquebantur dicentes D L etdixerunta 
 
 bf t i 
 
 3, 2. verbum Domini godes word uerbum del 
 ACFMOQTZ abe/S. 
 
 [3, 8. potest Deus god is swa mihtig ty he mceg 
 
 potens est deus H<B)KMXW7acd efff z I q r.~\ 
 
 3, 9. ad radicem arborurn, to ftces treowes wyrtruman 
 
 ad radicem arboris x K z; 
 
 [fructum godne wsestm fructum bonum 
 
 B-F c D E-P H 1 u K L M-T RTVWZvgbcd efffj I q r &.] 
 
 3, 38. Omitted o^ fif ^ hundseofantig cneoryssa 
 generationes LXXV B-F K 1 z rec . 
 
 4, 1. agebatur in spiritu . wses /ram haligum gaste 
 gelsed agebatur a spiritu CD. 
 
 5, 34. Numquid potestis filios spqnsi . . facere jejunare ? 
 cwyst ]m magon ]>sds brydguman beam fsestan? numquid 
 possunt filii sponsi . . ieiunare ? GZ abed ejf 2 . 
 
 [6, 40. omnis . . sicut magister ejus selc . . gif he is 
 
 swylce his lareow omnis . . si sit sicut magister eius B 1 G H 
 
 K M-T o sax P v w x* z vg a cfl q r aur. gat.~] 
 
 7, 39. sciret . . qualis est mulier he wiste . . hwylc 
 J?is wif wcere sciret . . qualis esset mulier A E-P F Q I M o 
 P Q Y (om. esset c D E J dfolS gat.). 
 
 8, 16. Nemo . . lucernam accendens, operit earn Ne 
 oferwrihS nan man . . his oncelede leohtfset nemo . . lucernam 
 accensam operit earn a c f 2 1 <? r E - 
 
28 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 8, 51. et Jacobum et Joannem 3 lohannem 3 iacobum 
 
 et lohannem et Iacobum B-F c E-P jKOQBTVWzaftcc? efjf 2 1 q 
 r & aur. 
 
 8, 52. non est mortua puella So]>lice nis J>is mseden 
 dead non est enim mortua puella EGHKOPVXzacd 
 fffzlqrS aur. gat. 
 
 9, 28. Factum est . . dies octo et assumpsit wses 
 geworden . . eahta dagas )? he nam factum est . . dies octo 
 assumpsit EGJUabfalr. 
 
 Jacobum et Joannem lohannem 3 Iacobum 
 
 lohannem et Iacobum BB-FC E-P JK M-TORT vx z abcefff^l 
 q S aur. gat. 
 
 9, 43. in omnibus quae fadebat be J>am ]?ingum f>e 
 gewurdun in omnibus quae fiebant cw. 
 
 10, 30. Suscipiens autem Jesus dixit Da cwae]? se 
 hselend hine upbeseonde suspidens autem iesus dixit A B-F 
 
 CEFG0JKMM-TTVWXZ9S bdl c . 
 
 11, 4. dimitte nobis . . siquidem et ipsi dimittimus 
 forgyf us . . swa we forgyfaS dimitte nobis . . sicut quidem 
 et (sicut et a b edfff 2 l r ) uos dimittimus R. 
 
 14, 14. non habent retribuere tibi nabbaiS hwanun 
 
 hig hit ]>e forgyldon non habent unde retribuere tibi 
 
 H J o T x* z* acfffzlraur. 
 
 14, 19. Juga bourn . . quinque an getyme oxena 
 
 luga bourn . . u D E F K T w. The numeral u might have 
 
 easily been overlooked. 
 
 16, 11. quod verum est )? eower ys quod uestrum 
 est B C D E F K* Q x* z* q aur. 
 
 17 5. dixerunt Apostoli Domino cwsedon apostolas, 
 
 drihten dixerunt apostoli domine BDFQHQT^C eff^ q r. 
 
 17 7. pascentem seep laesgendne ones pascentem 
 
 DKM-TQBT (6) c dfjfc I Iqr s S aur. gat. 
 
 17, 31. In ilia hora on iSam dcege in ilia die 
 defq. 
 
 18, 16. pueros lytlingas paruulos DKRTwS. 
 puer is rendered by lytling in none of the 43 passages in which 
 it occurs in the Gospels. 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 29 
 
 19, 24. date illi, qui decem mnas habet syllaft J?am 
 
 ]>e hsefS an pund date illi qui x ranas habet D E R w cff^ i q. 
 
 Cp. 14, 19. The next verse dixerunt ei, Domine, habet decem 
 mnas is probably taken as the disciples' correction of Jesus's 
 apparent mistake. 
 
 19, 30. castellum quod contra est ^ castel J?e ongen 
 
 me ys castellum quod contra uos est B D E E-P mg K M-T o Q 
 
 B T w 5 g> q r aur. 
 
 19, 37. turbae discipulorum j;a menego turbae 
 
 acffzils. Cp. p. 16. 
 
 21, 9. cum audieritis proelia J>onne ge geseoft gefeoht 
 
 cum uideritis proelia D q. 
 
 JOHN 
 
 1, 16. de plenitudine . . accepimus et gratiam pro gratia 
 of . . gefyllednesse we . . onfengon gyfe for gyfe de pleni- 
 
 tudine . . accepimus gratiam pro gratia A c D E E-P C J M-T Q R 8 
 T u x Y a b c eff 2 * Ir aur. 
 
 4, 17. Bene dixisti quia non habeo virum wel ]m 
 
 cwsede ^ J?u ncefst ceorl bene dixisti quia non habes uirum 
 
 5, 43. veni . . et non accipitis me Ic com . . 3 ge me 
 ne underfengon ueni . . et non accepistis me A* c E E-P H 
 
 i*JKOQRWZ5S^^ ? * a ffz a ur - gat* 
 
 6,69. credidimus we gelyfa^S credimus CDEF 
 
 GJKORTVWY*z5jgS) ceff 2 lr aur. 
 
 6, 71. dicebat . . Judam he hyt cwsej> be iuda 
 dicebat de Iuda KQVWXZ 2 9S^c e/Qf 2 ) Ir (EHO aur.). 
 
 9, 3. ut manifestentur opera Dei ^ godes weorc wcere 
 
 geswutelod ut manifestetur opus dei A B-F A E-P* F H M s x* Y 
 
 (manifestaretur or -tetur opera BCGE@OQTX C adefff^qr 
 aur.). 
 
 9, 41. dicitis Quia videmus. Peccatum vestrum manet 
 ge secgaiS ^ ^ ge geseon ty is eowre synn dicitis quia uidetis 
 
 peccatum uestrum manet T e (uos uidere I). 
 
 11, 1. Erat quidem languens Lazarus sum seoc man 
 
 waes genemned lazarus erat quidem languens nomine lazarus 
 
 D G a b cfffz I. 
 
30 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 de castello Mariae et Marthae sororis ejus of 
 
 marian ceastre 3 of marthan his swmtra de castello mariae 
 
 et marthae sororum eius D E G mg Q R w z 9 > I gat. 
 
 11, 4; Infirmitas haec non est ad mortem, sed pro gloria 
 Dei, ut glorificetur Filius Dei per earn Nys )?eos untrumnyss 
 na for deafte ac for godes wuldre ty godes sunu si gewuldrod Jnirh 
 hyne . . per eum A * B A E-P HJKORSVYZ (6 c)fff 2 * (I). 
 
 12, 13. jprocesserunt obviam ei eodon ut ongean hine 
 eaierunt obuiam ei acd efjf 2 r our. 
 
 13, 12. Postquam ergo lavit pedes eorum et accepit vesti- 
 menta sna : cum recubuisset iterum, dixit eis Sy&San he 
 hsefde hyra fet aj>wogene he nam his reaf ^ ]>a he saet he cwseiS 
 eft to him postquam ergo lauit pedes eorum accepit uesti- 
 menta sua et cum recubuisset iterum dixit eis BETsS abcflm. 
 (eorum accepit, also G^ 2 * aur.; et cum, also B-FDO* ejf 2 q.) 
 
 14, 1. Omitted 3 he cwseiS to his leorningcnihton 
 et ait discipulis suis M-T a c d aur. 
 
 16* 17. Dixerunt ex discipulis ejus cwsedon his 
 
 leorningcnihtas dixerunt discipuli sui B E E-p mg jQKTx* 
 
 abcfff 2 r G . 
 
 19, 24. in vestem meam miserunt sortern ofer mine 
 reaf hi wurpon hlott super uestem meam miserunt sortem 
 E F J cff 2 q r aur. 
 
 20, 4. venit primus com raftor uenit prior 
 c T w ab c dz r anr > riu8 E-P mg M-T. 
 
 (c) CHARACTER AND TYPE OF THE TRANSLATOR'S 
 ORIGINAL 
 
 The following tables show the share of each one of Wordsworth 
 and White's manuscripts in the above peculiar readings. The 
 object is to see whether any manuscript or class of manuscripts 
 exhibits, in these readings, a special nearness to the translator's 
 original. 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 31 
 
 ASSUMED READINGS 
 
 Matthew 
 
 
 Mark 
 
 
 Luke 
 
 
 John 
 
 
 (26 readings) 
 
 (12 readings) 
 
 (19 readings) 
 
 (3 readings) 
 
 Q 
 
 16 
 
 M-T 
 
 8 
 
 RT... 
 
 7 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 ER 
 
 14 
 
 Z 
 
 - 7 
 
 DE 
 
 
 CDKORTZ.. 
 
 2 
 
 L 
 
 1 9 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 BC 
 
 4 
 
 B B-F H J M-T 
 
 
 D 
 
 10 
 
 Q.. 
 
 6 
 
 G 
 
 3 
 
 QW0 
 
 1 
 
 E-P mg 
 
 8 
 
 BGK.. 
 
 3 
 
 B-F E-P F K 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 5 
 
 RTVWX.... 
 
 2 
 
 PWX* YZ... 
 
 , 2 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 4 
 
 A E-P E-P mg 
 
 
 A E rec E-P* 1 
 
 
 v 
 
 
 BE-PFO 
 
 3 
 
 H I L X* Y 
 
 
 JM VZ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 C JXZZ*.... 
 
 2 
 
 Y mg ... . 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 A H H 1 H mg 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /".sax rjsax -r,* 
 
 U A XV 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 ? 
 
 TVXYY C .. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PROBABLE 
 
 READINGS 
 
 
 
 
 Matthew 
 
 
 Marie 
 
 
 Luke 
 
 
 John 
 
 
 (37 readings) 
 
 (26 readings) 
 
 (31 readings) 
 
 (16 readings) 
 
 R 
 
 18 
 
 M-T 
 
 13 
 
 D 
 
 12 
 
 E 
 
 8 
 
 O. . 
 
 17 
 
 
 10 
 
 KR. . ..... 
 
 11 
 
 R 
 
 7 
 
 E 
 
 14 
 
 L 
 
 9 
 
 T W 
 
 10 
 
 J 0... 
 
 fi 
 
 D 
 
 13 
 
 GO 
 
 8 
 
 EZ .., 
 
 9 
 
 DT W 
 
 5 
 
 
 10 
 
 D K W 
 
 6 
 
 G O 
 
 8 
 
 C K O 
 
 -1 
 
 E-P mg TO 
 
 5 
 
 R 
 
 5 
 
 C 
 
 7 
 
 B F H M-T S 
 
 
 BC0 Y. 
 
 4 
 
 CZ 
 
 4 
 
 F J M-T O 
 
 
 VYZ 
 
 3 
 
 AE-PFH*K 
 
 
 B E E-P H T 
 
 
 V 
 
 6 
 
 A A* A E-P 
 
 
 XX* 
 
 3 
 
 VX 
 
 3 
 
 B-FHX 
 
 6 
 
 E-P mg GX*... 
 
 2 
 
 H J M M-T 
 
 
 AH 1 IX* Y.. 
 
 2 
 
 E-PM X*.... 
 
 4 
 
 B-F E-P* E-P C 
 
 
 R*VWY C .... 
 
 2 
 
 E -p mg E-P 1 F 
 
 
 A BP 
 
 3 
 
 G mg I M T c U 
 
 
 E* E-P* H H 1 
 
 
 MO C 
 
 1 
 
 ILZ 
 
 2 
 
 X YZ C Z 2 
 
 1 
 
 IT C X C ZZ*.... 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 B^E-P^H 
 
 
 
 
32 
 
 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 In the above figures there are two things which appear to be 
 significant. The first is the fact that in both sets of figures for 
 Matthew the number of readings attested by D E L Q R much 
 exceeds that of the other manuscripts. 1 The second is the very 
 small number of peculiar readings in John. 
 
 Now DELQR (and E-p) 2 are the six manuscripts used by 
 Wordsworth and White that exhibit the "Irish" type of text. 3 
 This type is very marked in its peculiarities (far more so than 
 any other of Wordsworth and White's manuscripts), containing 
 many Old Latin readings and independent revisions from the 
 Greek. The extent to which the readings of the translator's 
 original conformed in its peculiarities to this " Irish " type will 
 appear more clearly from the following table : 
 
 Peculiar Readings in 
 Only " Irish MSS." 
 2 or more " " and 1 other 
 
 4 or more " " and 2 others 
 
 5 or more " " and 3 others 
 
 It is .evident that the translator's original was marked by 
 " Irish " readings in Matthew, while in the other Gospels these 
 
 J It should be noted that in these MSS., and in M B u, the gaps are considerable. 
 The number of the passages cited in the lists as peculiar, in which D E L Q B E-P 
 are deficient is as follows (the whole number of passages being given as a denomi- 
 nator to indicate the proportion) : 
 
 ASSUMED 
 
 PROBABLE 
 
 M. 
 
 Mk. L. J. 
 
 M. 
 
 Mk. 
 
 L. 
 
 J. 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Assu 
 M. M 
 D 12/26 
 
 MED PROBABLE 
 k. L. J. M. Mk. L. J. 
 25/37 
 
 E..., 9, 
 
 fl2 2/19 2/3 14/26 10/31 13/16 
 
 
 18/19 3/3 23/31 17/16 
 
 
 1/3 .... . 4/16 
 
 K 
 
 6/19 6/31 
 
 E-P 4/26 
 
 4/37 
 
 * E-P is less distinctively " Irish." See Wordsworth in Scrivener, vol. n, p. 80. 
 8 Wordsworth in Scrivener, vol. n, p. 58 ; Wordsworth and White, p. x ; 
 Wescott in Smith's Dictionary, vol. iv, p. 3457. 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 33 
 
 readings play a much smaller part. That is, the translator's 
 original seems to show a special type of text for Matthew. 
 
 This text, however, though characterized by " Irish " readings, 
 is very far from being an " Irish " text. This will be evident 
 at once on comparing the spelling of the proper names in the 
 Anglo-Saxon with the spelling in DELQK. The Anglo-Saxon 
 spelling (which appears to be an accurate reflex of the original 1 ) 
 conforms, for the most part, to the usual Hieronymian spelling. 
 The " Irish " manuscripts, on the other hand, are in the matter 
 of spelling, both as regards the proper names and other words, 
 eccentric to an extraordinary degree. Again there are a very 
 great number of "Irish" readings which are at variance with 
 the Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 Westcott asserts 2 tha.t among the many British manuscripts 
 still extant in England there are texts ranging all the way from 
 the old Irish version (D E L, Q R) to versions almost Hieronymian, 
 and that it is impossible to draw a sharp line of division. It 
 seems probable that the original of the Anglo-Saxon version of 
 Matthew was one of these British manuscripts (extant 3 or lost), 
 and one marked with " Irish " readings. 
 
 The special character of the translator's original in John is 
 obvious. The number of readings noted as peculiar is very 
 small. Indeed of the three " assumed" readings no one is, in 
 strictness, peculiar at all. The testimony of the manuscripts is 
 pretty evenly divided between the reading assumed and the 
 reading rejected, and the same is true, for the most part, of the 
 " probable " readings. In other words, the translator's text in 
 John was almost Hieronymian. 
 
 In the case of Mark and Luke there is nothing so marked. 
 There are many peculiar readings, but there is no predominance 
 of the readings of any one marked type. M-T is at the head of 
 
 1 The very slight variation in the spelling of the names among the several 
 texts of the Anglo-Saxon shows that the scribes were careful in the transcription 
 of names. 
 
 ''Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, vol. iv, p. 3458. 
 
 8 The number of these manuscripts whose readings have not been recorded, 
 which have not indeed been examined with any care, is said to be very large. 
 Our translator's original may survive. 
 
34 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 both lists in Mark, and there are several exclusively " Irish " 
 readings in Luke, but there is nothing marked enough to warrant 
 or suggest an inference. 
 
 The translator's original, therefore, seems to show at least three 
 types of texts one for Matthew, a second for John, and a third 
 for Mark and Luke. This can mean either that there were three 
 separate manuscripts, 1 or that the translation was made from one 
 manuscript of a varied type. Whether or not the latter is likely 
 the special student of Vulgate texts is best qualified to say. 
 
 1 Which would suggest three translators, one for M., a second for Mk. and L. r 
 and a third for J. This is actually the conclusion of Drake (p. 45). On the 
 basis of certain differences in the mode of rendering the same word, phrase, or 
 construction, and certain other features that, he thinks, differentiate one part 
 irom another, he assigns M. to one translator, Mk. and L. to another, and J. to a 
 third (or possibly to the translator of M.). The evidence which he presents is 
 certainly suggestive, but is hardly sufficient to justify his conclusion. He deals- 
 with a comparatively small number of data:, for a trustworthy conclusion all 
 the data must be considered. 
 
II. MISTAKES IN RENDERING 
 
 (a) MISTAKES OF THE EYE 
 
 Under this head may be arranged those passages in which the 
 translator, from haste, carelessness, or a preconceived notion of the 
 meaning, seems to have mistaken the actual form before him for 
 another form which is similar. In a number of cases a due regard 
 for the meaning or even the grammatical forms of the context 
 would have prevented the mistake ; but both these essential matters 
 are, throughout the translation, frequently overlooked. In some 
 of the instances below the form supposed to have been taken by 
 mistake is present in some of Wordsworth and White's MSS., in 
 which cases these MSS. are designated. In other instances also it is 
 of course possible that the mistaken forms were in the original, 
 though not recorded in these MSS. 
 
 gui taken as quia : 
 
 Mk. 1, 24. scio qui sis, sanctus dei ic wat J>u eart 
 
 godes halga (quia D E-p 2 L Q T w r 2 aur.)'. 
 
 L. 61 27. uobis dico qui auditis ic eow secge for\>am 
 
 \e ge gehyraj?. (quia G). 
 
 L. 8, 13. qui ad tempus credunt ' for]>am \e hi hwilum 
 gelyfaft (quia EH0KQVXZ 1 bfff 2 lq l r aur.). 
 
 quia taken as qui : 
 
 M. 11, 25. quia abscond isti ]>u \e behyddyst (qui 
 
 DETWZ*). 
 
 M. 23, 15. uae uobis . . quia circuitis mare Wa eow 
 
 . . ge befaraS sa3 (qui r> E J K M-T Q T v z*). 
 
 L. 11, 42. uae uobis . . quia decimatis wa eow . . ge 
 
 \e teoj>ia$ (gui D E M T v w). 
 
 J. 8, 25. principium quia et loquor uobis ic eom 
 
 fruma \>e to eow sprece (qui K M-T v w Y e vg). 
 
 35 
 
36 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 quid taken as quia or quod : 
 
 J. 6, 30. Quod . . tu facis signum ut . . credamus ? quid 
 operaris? hwset dest Jm to tacne f we . . gelyfon f ]?u hit 
 
 wyrce ? 
 
 et taken as ut: 
 
 M. 4, 6. et in manibus tollent te ^ hig J?e on hyra 
 
 handum beron (ut D L, 2 ). 
 
 Mk. 9, 31. et Occident eum ^ hi hine ofslean. 
 
 J. 4, 10. petisses ab eo et dedisset Jm baede hine f- 
 he sealde. 
 
 J. 12, 5. et datum est egenis )? man mihte syllan 
 ]?earfon. 
 
 J. 17, 23. et cognoscat mundus ^ middaneard on- 
 cnawe (ut M-T ader). 
 
 ut taken as et : 
 
 J. 10, 17. ego pono animam meam, ut iterum sumam earn 
 ic sylle mine sawle 3 hig eft nime (et A A E-P H 1 K M-T o s v 
 w x Y c). 
 
 J. 12, 46. ut omnis qui credit in me . . non maneat y 
 
 nan J?ara }>e gelyf 3 on me ne wuna-S. 
 
 J. 19, 33. cum uenissent, ut uiderunt ]>a hi . . comon 
 
 ^ gesawon (et EGTX anq aur. gat.). 
 
 et si confused with etsi : 
 
 M. 21, 21. sed et si monti huic dixeritis ac eac }>ek 
 
 ge cwe)>an to J?isum munte. 
 
 Mk. 8, 26. et si in uicum introieris 3 ]>cah Jni on 
 
 tun ga. 
 
 Mk. 16, 18. et si mortiferum quid biberint, non eos nocebit 
 him nederaft ]>eah hi hwset deadbserlices drincan. 
 
 nee scit taken as nescit : 
 
 J. 14, 17. quia non uidet eum, nee scit eum He ne 
 
 cann hyne forSam j?e he ne gesyh-8 hyne (nescit D E Q K rgat.). 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 37 
 
 -em or e- taken as -e : 
 
 M. 24, 15. aborainationem . . quae dicta est a Danielo 
 propheta stantem in loco sancto onsceonunge . . J>e se witega 
 
 gecwseft daniel ]>a he stod on haligre stowe. Read stante. 
 
 Mk. 16, 20. domino cooperante et sermonem confirmante 
 drihtne mid wyrcendum y trymmendre spraece. Read sermone. 
 
 -i -e taken as -in -en or i- e- : 
 
 Mk. 15, 32. qui cum eo crucifixi erant, conuiciabantur ei 
 J?a iSe him mid hangodon waeron him mid gebundene. Read 
 
 conuinciebantur. 
 
 L. 21, 21. non discedant nyfter ne astigaft. Read 
 
 descendant. Cp. p. 22. 
 
 Miscellaneous : 
 
 M. 15, 30. mutos, claudos manega healte. Taken 
 
 as multos. 
 
 Mk. 5, 40. adsumit patrem et matrem puellae nam 
 
 petrum y J>ses msedenes modor. Read petrum, absurdly, as 
 
 there is no mention of Peter in the context. 
 
 ingrediuntur ubi puella arat iacens inneo- 
 
 don suwiende ]?ar ty mseden wses. Read tacens. 
 
 Mk. 12, 36. Ipse enim Dauid dicit in spiritu sancto 
 Dauid sylf cwseft to ]>am halgan gaste. Neglected in, and 
 
 took spiritu as spiritui. The rendering is absurd. 
 
 Mk. 14, 64. condemnaaerunt eum esse reum mortis hyrw- 
 
 don . . hine ^ cwcedon ty he wsere dea^es scyldig. Read 
 
 contemnauerunt, which also makes necessary 3 cwcedon. The 
 rendering of hyrwan by " condemn " in the dictionaries seems to 
 be based only on this passage. 
 
 L. 1, 5. de uice Abia of abian tune. Read uico. 
 
 L. 1, 78. oriens ex alto of eastdcete upspringende. 
 
 Possibly confused with austro, with substitution of eastdcde for 
 su]>dcele (which renders austram M. 12, 42, L. 11, 31) on account 
 of oriens. 
 
 L. 2, 3. ibant omnes ut profiterentur singuli in suam ciuita- 
 tem ealle hig eodon 3 syndrie ferdon on hyra ceastre. 
 
38 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 The translator is confused by the somewhat unusual sense of 
 profiteri. ut is taken as et y profiterentur as proficiscerentur, and 
 grammar disregarded. 
 
 L. 10, 6. requiescet super illam pax uestra . . ad uos reuerte- 
 tur reste J;ar eower sib . . sy to eow gecyrred. Con- 
 
 fused with requiescat . . reuertatur. 
 
 L. 11, 7. et ille deintus respondens dicat And he 
 
 ]>onne him J;us "jswarige. Confused with delude. 
 
 L. 12, 1 5. cauete ab . . auaritia quia non in abundantia . . 
 uita . . est warniaft wr3 . . gytsunge forj?am |?e nys . . lif 
 
 on gytsunge. Taken as repetition of auaritia. 
 
 L. 12, 55. dicitis quia uentus (see p. 21) erit ge 
 
 secgea-3 ^ is towerd. Taken as uenturus, which is rendered 
 
 by toweard 9 times in the Gospels. 
 
 L. 13, 32. tertia die consummor ];riddan dsege ic beo 
 
 fornumen. Taken as consumor, which is rendered by forniman 
 
 L. 9, 54. 
 
 L. 22, 44. guttae sauguinis decurrentis blodes dropan 
 
 . . yrnende. Taken as decurrentes. 
 
 J. 9, 2. quis peccauit hwcet syngode. Taken 
 
 as quid. 
 
 J. 14, 1. creditis in deum, et in me credite ge gelyfaft 
 
 on god 3 gdyfafc on me. Possibly taken as creditis. 
 
 Should be geLyfaft eac on me. 
 
 M. 15, 22. mulier Chananea, afinibus illis egressa, clamauit 
 of ]>am chananeiscum gemcerum clypode sum wif. The trans- 
 
 lator possibly read Chananeae ex finibus, and this would make 
 it possible to neglect egressa. 
 
 (b) MISAPPREHENSIONS OF THE MEANING 
 
 In many of the passages under this heading there is an actual 
 ambiguity in the meauing of the Latin. Reference to the Greek 
 will usually make the meaning clear. The translations in quota- 
 tion marks are those of the English version of 1881. 
 
 quia or quoniam, " that," taken as quia or quoniam, " because : " 
 
 M. 6, 26. Respicite uolatilia . . quoniam non serunt 
 
 Behealdaft . . fuglas for]>am ]>e hig ne sawaiS. 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 M. 26, 54. implebuutur scripturae quia sic opportet fieri 
 . . for\am ]>us hyt gebyraft to beonne. 
 
 L. 12, 51. See p. 47. 
 
 J. 11, 1 5. gaudeo . . quoniam non eram ibi (" that I was 
 not there ") ic com blij?e . . for]>am ic nses ]?ara. 
 
 J. 16, 19*. quaeritis inter uos quia dixi (" that I said ") 
 . . for]>am ic ssede. 
 
 J. 16, 26. non dico uobis quia ego rogabo patrem de uobis 
 ic eow ne secge for)>am ic bidde minne feeder be eow. The 
 
 translator does not make a good sense. 
 
 quia, quod, "because," "since," taken as quia, quod, "that." 
 
 Mk. 15, 42. quia erat Parasceue )? wses parasceue. 
 
 And this }>cet is further certain to be taken as demonstrative. 
 
 J. 5, 28. Nolite mirari hoc, quia uenit hora (" for the 
 
 hour cometh") Ne wundrigeon ge ftses ^ seo tid cynrS. 
 
 J. 14, 2. Si quominus, dixissem uobis ; quia (el Se fjurj, elirov 
 &v vfuv on: "If it were not so, I would have told you, for") 
 uado parare uobis locum ne ssede ic eow hyt ys lytles wana 
 
 j? ic fare 3 wylle eow eardungstowe gearwian. The Anglo- 
 
 Saxon seems to be interrogative. It is hard to see how the first 
 part of the sentence could have been got out of the Latin. 
 
 quod, "that which," taken as quod, "that" conj. 
 
 M. 26, 13. quod haec fecit (o eTrolrjaev CLVTITJ) j? heo 
 
 dyde. 
 
 Mk. 14, 9. quod fecit haec, narrabitur in memoriam eius 
 ty heo ]>is on his gemynde dyde. Cp. p. 41. 
 
 quid, " what," taken as quid, " why : " 
 
 M. 11, 7. 8. Quid existis in desertam uidere? arundinem 
 uento agitatam ? Sed quid existis uidere? hominem etc. Hwi 
 
 code ge on wesften geseon winde awegyd hreod. oft^e hwi code 
 ge ut geseou mann &c. Similarly, L. 7, 24, 25, 26. 
 
 M. 11, 9. quid existis uidere ? prophetam ? (& or uidere 
 
 prophetam (" wherefore went ye out ? to see a prophet ? ") 
 
40 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 hwcet code ge ut witegan geseon. hwcet seems here to mean 
 
 "why." Cp. Wiilfing, 313. 
 
 quid, " why," taken as quid, " what : " 
 
 Mk. 2, 24. Ecce, Quid faciunt discipuli tui (see p. ) quod 
 non licet loca nu hwcet Jrine leorningcnihtas do-3 '^ him alyted 
 
 naes. The translator may have taken quid as quod. 
 
 quid, " what," taken as quid, " anything : " 
 
 Mk. 11, 3. si quis uobis dixerit : quid facitis ? dicite etc. 
 gyf hwa to inc hwcet cwy$, secgaft etc. The mistake makes 
 
 necessary the omission of facitis. 
 
 hie, " this," taken as hie, " here : " 
 
 M. 3, 17. hie est (ovro? eVr>) films menus Her is 
 
 min . . sunu. Similarly, M. 17, 5 ; Mk. 12, 7 ; L. 20, 14. 
 
 hie, " here," taken as hie, " this : " 
 
 M. 12, 6. maior est hie (o>Se) ]?es ys mserra. Simi- 
 
 larly, M. 12, 42; L. 11, 31, 32. 
 
 ut, " as," taken as ut, " that : " 
 
 L. 3, 23. erat . . annorum triginta, ut putabatur, filius 
 Joseph ("the son, as was supposed, of Joseph") waes .. 
 
 J?ritig wintre ty menu wendon -j? he waere &c. 
 
 One case taken as another : 
 
 M. 13, 38. zizania autem filii sunt nequam Se coccel 
 
 synt so]?lice J>a manfullan beam. Taken as nom. sg. 
 
 M. 13, 25. superseminauit zizania (Greek ace. pi.) ofer- 
 
 seow hit mid coecele. Seems to be taken as abl. sg. 
 
 Mk. 5, 7. Jeu fill dei summi mcera hselend godes 
 
 sunu. summi seems to be taken as voc. 
 
 Mk. 6, 21. cum dies . . accidisset, Herodes natalis sui 
 caenam fecit ]?a se dseg com herodes gebrydtide, he gegear- 
 
 wode &c. (Herodis B c E E-p 1 R z 8 (T L)). 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 41 
 
 Mk. 7, 26. Syrophoenissa genere ("'a S. by race") siro- 
 
 fenisces cynnes, 
 
 Mk. 14, 9. See p. 39. 
 
 Mk. 14, 35. orabat ut . . transiret ab eo hora (" the hour 
 might pass away ") . . ^ he on ]>cere tide fram him gewite. 
 
 The antecedents of he and him are not clear. 
 
 L. 4, 35. cum proiecisset ilium daemonium in medium 
 (" when the devil had thrown him down in the midst ") J>a 
 
 he utadraf hine on heora midlene. daemonium is taken as 
 
 object. 
 
 L. 7, 18. Nuntiauerunt Johanni discipuli eius Cyddun 
 
 iohannes leorningcnihtas him. lohanni may have been con- 
 
 fused with the genitive. 
 
 L. 24, 33. inuenerunt . . undecim et eos qui cum ipsis erant, 
 dicentes (Xeyovras) gemetton endlufan . . 3 cwcedun. di- 
 
 centes taken as nom. 
 
 J. 19, 32. Uenerunt ergo milites : et primi quidern (rov 
 fjuev TTpcorov) fregerunt crura et alterius qui crucifixus est cum eo 
 Da comon ];a cempan -j brsecon cerest $aes sceancan J?e mid him 
 ahangen wses. primi seems to be taken as nom. pi. with 
 
 milites (cp. the rendering of primus, L. 2, 2 and J. 8, 7). 
 et alterius is then forced into the meaning of eius. 
 
 One tense taken as another : 
 
 L. 13, 35. qui uenit (6 e/9%o/Ltez>o?) se J>e com. Similarly, 
 J. 3, 31 ; 12, 13. 
 
 J. 2, 17. comedit me me et. 
 
 Present meaning of perfect form not observed : 
 
 J. 5, 42. cognoui uos (" I know you ") ic gecneow eow. 
 
 L. 6, 27. qui uos oderunt J?e eow hatedon. 
 
 Future or present taken as irn perative : 
 
 M. 10, 23. non consummabitis ne befarcfy ge. 
 
 J. 6, 26. quaeritis me non quia etc. ne sece ge me 
 
 forSam &c. 
 
42 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 J. 19, 36. Os non comminuetis ex eo ne forbrcece ge 
 
 nan ban on him. 
 
 M. 7, 5. eice primum trabern de oculo tuo et tune uidebis 
 eicere etc. . . 3 behawa ]?onne )? Jni ut ado &c. 
 
 Adjective taken as noun : 
 
 M. 8, 30. grex porcorum multorum swyna heord 
 
 manegra manna Seems to be understood as "belonging to 
 
 many men." 
 
 Declarative taken as interrogative : 
 
 M. 26, 2. Scitis quia ("ye know that") etc. wite ge ty &c. 
 
 Mk. 10, 19. Praecepta nosti Canst ]>u $a bebodu. 
 
 L. 12, 56. nostis ("ye know not") probare cunne 
 ge afandian. 
 
 L. 18, 20. mandata nosti canst ]>u j?a bebodu. 
 
 Interrogative taken as declarative : 
 
 Mk. 8, 17. nondum cognoscitis . . ? gyt ge ne oncnawaft. 
 
 Mk. 14, 48. existis . .? geferdon. 
 
 L. 22, 48. Filium hominis tradis ? mannes sunu 
 \u . . sylst. 
 
 Interrogative taken as relative : 
 
 M. 5, 13. in quo salietur? on \am \e hit (gesylt bi% 
 
 supplied by A) The translator's failure to render salietur is 
 
 probably due to his inability to find a meaning in relative quo 
 and a subject for salietur. 
 
 Mk. 9, 50. Bouum est sal: quod si sal insulsum fuerit, in 
 quo illud condietis ? God is sealt. gif }? sealt unsealt bij? on 
 
 \am \e ge hit syltaft. What is the translator's notion of the 
 
 meaning ? 
 
 L. 14, 34. Bonum est sal. Si autem sal euanuerit, in quo 
 condietur ? God is sealt gif hit awyrS on j?am \e hit gesylt 
 
 br$. The meaning is very vague. 
 
 L. 9, 41 . usquequo ero apud uos et patiar uos ? Swa 
 
 lange swa ic beo mid eow y eow J?olie. The rendering cannot 
 
 be construed. 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 43 
 
 J. 16, 31. Modo creditis? Nu ge gelyfaS. 
 
 Relative taken as interrogative : 
 
 Mk. 14, 14. Ubi est refectio rnea ubi . . manducem ? 
 hwar is min gysthus . . hwar ete ic. 
 
 Parenthetical sense not observed : 
 
 J. 4, 8. Dicit ei Jesus : Da mini bibere. (Discipuli enim 
 eius abierant.) . . His leorningcnihtas ferdon j;a. The 
 
 force of enim is also missed, as often. 
 
 J. 19, 4. 5. Exiit . . Pilatus . . (exiit ergo Jesus portans 
 spiueam coronam et purpureum uestimentum) : et dicit eis : Ecce 
 homo . . )?a code se hselend ut y bser Jjyrnenne cynehelm 3 
 
 purpuren reaf 3 ssede him. her is mann. The ecce homo is 
 
 put into the mouth of Jesus himself. 
 
 Antecedent mistaken : 
 
 M. 11, 19. Ecce . . publicanorum et peccatorum amicus. 
 Et iustificata est sapientia a filiis suis (sc. sapientia) . . fram 
 
 heora bearnum. 
 
 M. 13, 21. qui uerbum audit . . Non habet autem in se 
 radicem . . hyt nsefS. The meaning is, " he hath not." 
 
 M. 23, 16. nihil est ("it is nothing") he ys naht. 
 
 (v. 18, however, j? is naht.) 
 
 M. 27, 24. uidens . . Pilatus quia nihil proficeret (" he 
 prevailed nothing") -j? hyt naht ne fremode. 
 
 L. 6, 19. uirtus de illo exiebat et sanabat omnes mse- 
 
 gen of him code 3 he ealle gehaelde. 
 
 L. 10, 31. uiso illo (" him ") J?a he j? geseah. 
 
 L. 16, 16. Lex et prophetae usque ad Johannem : ex eo 
 (OLTTO rore) regnum dei euangelizatur . . oiS lohannem 3 of 
 
 him is bodud. 
 
 J. 8, 44. (diabolus) . . cum loquitur mendacium, ex propriis 
 loquitur, . . et pater eius (sc. mendacii) . . he is leas "j his feeder 
 
 eac. For a similar interpretation of the Latin, assigning 
 
 a father to the devil, cp. Wordsworth and White's note to this 
 passage. 
 
44 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 J. 11, 10. Si . . ambulauerit in nocte, offendit, quia lux non 
 est in eo (sc. "in him ") . . forj?am J?e leoht nis on hyre 
 
 (sc. niht). 
 
 J. 19, 42. Ibi ergo propter parasceuen ludeorum, quia iuxta 
 erat monumentum (" for the tomb was nigh at hand ") posnerunt 
 lesum Soj^lice }>ar hig ledon ];one hselend for|?am faera iudea 
 
 gearcung wses wr$ ]>a byrgenne. The translator takes the 
 
 implied subject of erat to be parasceue, and construes monumentum 
 as object of iuxta. 
 
 Force of participle mistaken : 
 
 Mk. 10, 32. et stupebant et sequentes ("they that followed") 
 adredon him hine 3 himfyligdon. 
 
 L. 22, 32. tu aliquando conuersus (TTOTC eTrio-rpetyas : " when 
 once thou hast turned again ") confirma fratres tuos )>u set 
 
 sumum cyrre gewend y tryme ]>ine gebroftru. 
 
 J. 10, 40. ubi erat Johannes baptizans primum (" where J. 
 was at the first baptizing ") J?e iohannes waes 3 serest on r 
 
 fullode. The participle is taken in a continuative sense. , 
 
 Mistakes in phrasing: 
 
 The mistakes under this heading consist in taking together into 
 a phrase words which do not belong together. It is natural that 
 there should be many such in translating from a manuscript with 
 little or imperfect punctuation. 
 
 M. 4, 7. Ait illi . . : Rursum scriptum est cwse$ . . 
 
 eft to him ; Hit ys awriten. 
 
 M. 11, 9. Etiam dico uobis, et plus quam prophetam ic 
 
 eow secge eac maran J?onne witegan. eac is due to etiam 
 
 rather than to et. 
 
 M. 11, 11. qui . . minor est in regno caelorum, maior est 
 illo se ]>e Isessa ys, ys on heofena rice him mara. The 
 
 sense is lost. 
 
 M. 13, 52. omnis scriba doctus in regno caelorum (?ra9 
 <ypafJifjLaT6v<; /jLaOrjrevQels rrj ftao-iXeia rwv ovpav&v : " who hath 
 been made a disciple in the kingdom of heaven") aelc gelcered 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 45 
 
 bocere on heofenan rice. The predicative force of doctus is 
 
 missed, and the sense lost. 
 
 M. 14, 9. Et contristatus est rex : proptcr iuramentum 
 autera (om. DEL) et eos qui pariter recumbebant, iussit dari etc. 
 Da wses se cyning geunret for )?am a$e 3 for |?am ]>e him sseton 
 mid. Construed thus, iussit dari cannot be rendered and 
 
 is therefore passed by. 
 
 M. 14, 13. et cum audissent turbae, secutae sunt eum pedestres 
 ("on foot") ]?a \a gangendan mcenigeo ty gehyrdon, hig 
 
 fyligdon him. 
 
 M. 21, 8. caedebant ramos de arboribus heowun J>cera 
 
 treowa bogas. de seems to be taken with ramos instead of 
 
 caedebant (cp. ex ludeis in J. 12, 11, quoted below). 
 
 Mk. 2, 15. 16. erant enim multi qui sequebantur etim^ 
 Et scribae et Pharisaei, dicentes (see p. 25) quia manducaret cum 
 publicanis et peccatoribus, dicebant discipulis eius : Quare etc. 
 SoJ>lice manega \a %e him fyligdon wceron boceras y farisei, 3 
 cwsedon, witodlice he ytt mid manfullum 3 synfullum, -j hi cwsedon 
 to his leorningcnihtum, hwi <fec. 
 
 Mk. 2, 20. 21. tune ieiunabant in illis diebus. Nemo 
 assu men turn . . assuit etc. ]xmue hi fsestaft. On ]>am dagum 
 
 nan man ne siwaft &c. 
 
 Mk. 6, 26. Et contristatus est rex : propter iusiurandum 
 et propter simul recumbentes noluit earn contristare J>a 
 
 wearS se cinincg geunret for pam afte ^ for }>am ^e him mid sseton ; 
 Nolde ]>eah hi geunretan. 
 
 Mk. 5, 38. uidet tumultum . . et eiulantes multum (" wailing 
 greatly ") geseah my eel gehlyd . . y geomriende. 
 
 Mk. 7, 29. ait illi : propter hunc sermonem, uade saede 
 
 he hyre for fycere sprcece ; Ga. 
 
 Mk. 13, 9. 10. in testimonium illis. Et in omnes gentes 
 primum opportet etc. him on gewitnesse 3 on ealle \eoda: 
 
 JErest gebyraiS &c. 
 
 Mk. 13, 14. cum autem uideritis abominationem . . (qui 
 legit, intelligat) : tune qui in Judaea sunt, fugiant in montes. 
 Donne ge geseoft . . asceonunge . . ]>onne ongyte se ]?e rset. fleon 
 ]?onne on muntas ]?a ^e synt on iudea. 
 
46 Studies in the AnglorSaxon Gospels 
 
 Mk. 13, 23. Uos ergo uidete : ecce praedixi uobis omnia 
 Warniaft eow nu ealle Jnng \t ic eow foressede. The force of 
 
 ecce is lost, and a relative forced in. 
 
 Mk. 14, 4. indigne ferentes intra semetipsos, et dicentes 
 unwurSlice forba3ron 3 betwux him sylfum cwsedon. 
 
 Mk. 14, 17. 18. Vespere autern facto, uenit cum daodecim. 
 Et discumbentibus cum (see p. 26) eis et manducantibus, ait lesus 
 So]>lice J>a a3fen com him twelfum mid him sittendum y etendum s^de 
 se haBlend. An instance of extreme slovenliness, com seems to 
 render both facto and uenit. Duodecim is then run in with dis- 
 cumbentibus, and the 1st cum and et neglected, him, which must 
 be taken as sg., seems to correspond to eis. 
 
 Mk. 15, 8. cum ascendisset turba, coepit rogare 3 ]?a 
 
 he (sc. Pilatus) ferde, ]?a ongan seo menegeo. 
 
 L. 1, 35. (sanctum is construed with nascetur in (&, Anglo- 
 Saxon, and King James version, but with uocabitur in Revised 
 version.) 
 
 L. 1, 73. lusiurandum, quod iurauit . . daturum se nobis 
 (" the oath to grant unto us ") Hyne us to syllene }>one aft. 
 
 L. 1, 78. uisitauit nos oriens ex alto ("the dayspring 
 from on high hath visited us ") he us geneosode of eastdsele 
 
 upspringende. Cp. p. 37. 
 
 L. 2, 12. hoc uobis signum ("this is the sign") ]>is 
 
 tacen eow byft. 
 
 L. 4, 18. Spiritus Domini super me propter quod unxit 
 me euangelizare pauperibus misit me praedicare captiuis remissio- 
 nem etc. drihtnes gast is ofer me. forj>am $e he smyrede me. 
 
 he sende me J>earfum bodian. y gehseftum alysednesse &c. he 
 
 sende seems to begin a new sentence, and Wordsworth and White's 
 text is pointed according to such a construction, (ft construes 
 unxit me and euangelizare pauperibus misit me as coordinate after 
 propter quod. The Revised version has : " The Spirit of the 
 Lord is upon me because (or wherefore) he annointed me to 
 preach good tidings to the poor : he hath sent me to proclaim &c." 
 In any case, for]>am \e is a wrong rendering of propter quod, and 
 bodian, made to do service for both euangelizare and praedicare, 
 gives a very awkward CLTTO KOIVOV construction. 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 47 
 
 L. 8, 42. dum iret a turbis comprimebatur }>a he 
 
 ferde of ]>am menegum he waes ofj>rungen. 
 
 L. 9, 5. puluerem . . excutite in testimonium supra illos 
 (eV avrovs : " against them ") asceacaS . . dust ofer hig on 
 
 witnesse. 
 
 L. 11, 24. ambulat . . quaerens requiem : et rion iueniens, 
 dicit gse"5 . . reste secende 3 nane ne gemet ]>onne cwyft he. 
 
 L. 12, 50. 51. quomodo coartor usquedum perficiatur? 
 Putatis quia pacem ueni dare in terrain ? Non, dico uobis, sed sepa- 
 rationem wene ge hu beo ic ge)?read oft hyt sy gefylled for)>am 
 
 J?e ic com sybbe on eorfan sendan. ne secge ic eow ac todal. 
 Putatis seems to be construed with quomodo etc., being rendered 
 by wene ge. The sense of the translation is thus contrary to that 
 of the original not, "do you think that I have come," but, 
 " because I have come." ne secge ic eow &c is a word for word 
 rendering that must have been meaningless to the translator. 
 
 L. 12, 58. cum uadis cum aduersario tuo . ., in uia da 
 operam Donne j?u gcest on wege &c. 
 
 L. 14, 33. Sic ergo omnis . . qui non renuntiat . . non potest 
 meus esse discipulus Witodlice swa is selc of eow . . ne 
 
 mseg he berm &c. omnis is construed as predicate. 
 
 L. 17, 7. dicat illi : Statim transi him sona secgft ga. 
 
 L. 20, 37. sicut dicit dominum, deum Abraham, et deum 
 Isaac, et deum Jacob. Deus autem non est mortuorum swa he 
 cwceft ; Drihten abrahames god . . nys god deadra. " Calleth 
 
 the Lord &c." The translator makes cwceft cover the whole 
 sentence. 
 
 L. 21, 34. superueniat in uos repentina dies ilia (at^tSto? 
 f) Tjiiepa e/ceivw). Tamquam laquens enim superueniet in omnes 
 qui etc. on eow se fcerlice dceg becume swa swa grin ; He 
 
 becymj? on ealle ]?a $e &c. The predicative repentina is 
 
 taken as attributive, and tamquam laquens construed with what 
 precedes instead of with what follows. Enim is neglected. 
 
 L. 22, 25. Reges gentium dominantur eorum (" Kings of 
 the Gentiles have lordship over them ") cyningas wealdaft 
 
 hyra ]>eoda. gentium is taken directly with eorum. 
 
 J. 3, 2. Rabbi, scimus quia a deo uenisti magister rabbi, 
 
 f is lareow, we witon ^ Jm come fram gode. 
 4 
 
48 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 J. 4, 24. Spiritus est deus (" God is a spirit ") gast 
 
 is god. 
 
 J. 4, 54. Hoc iterum secundum signum fecit lesus (" This 
 is again the second sign that Jesus did ") se hselend worhte 
 
 J>is tacen eft o]>re stye. The translator failed to see the predi- 
 
 cative force of secundum signum. 
 
 J. 6, 13. impleuerunt duodecim cophinos fragmentorum ex 
 quinque panibus hordeaciis qui superfuerunt his qui manduca- 
 uerant fyldon twelf wyligeon fulle ]?sera brystena of |?am ]>e 
 
 j?a Isefdon ]>e of ]>amfif berenan hlafon ceton. ex quinque etc. 
 
 is taken with manducauerant instead of with fragmentorum. 
 
 J. 12, 11. multi . . abibant ex ludaeis (TO>V IovSaia>v) ma- 
 
 nega for on fram ]>am iudeon. 
 
 J. 19, 38. rogauit Pilatum Joseph ab Arimathia, (eo quod 
 esset discipulus lesu, occultus autem propter metum Indaeorum) 
 ut tolleret corpus lesu. iosep fram ariinathea baed pilatus ^ 
 
 he moste niraan )?8es hselendes lichaman. forj>am J>e he wses J>aes 
 hselendes leorningcniht. }ns he dyde dearnunga for J>sere iudea 
 ege. occultus is construed with rogauit. 
 
 Mistakes in the meaning of words : 
 
 M. 20, 13. nonne ex denario conuenisti mecum Hu 
 
 ne come J?u to me to wyrceanne wr$ anum peninge. conuenio, 
 
 " agree " is taken as (cori)uenio, " come," and to wryceanne added 
 for explicitness. 
 
 M. 21, 5. sedens super asinam, et pullum filum subiugalem 
 (see p. 24) . . uppan tamre assene y hyre folan. subiugalis 
 
 (vTTogvyiov) is a noun meaning " beast of burden." 
 
 M. 23, 16. ut faciatis unum proselytum gedon anne 
 
 etyeodine Cp. proselitum : aduenam, Wright- Wiilcker, 
 
 Glosses, 482, 2. 
 
 M. 27, 19. per uisum (ovap) J?urh gesyhfte. 
 
 Mk. 2, 21. aufert supplementum nouum a ueteri he 
 
 afyrS J>one niwan scyp of ]?am ealdan reafe. The subject, 
 
 supplementum (" that which should fill it up "), is taken to mean 
 the same as assumentum in the same verse, and is construed as 
 object. The result is nonsense. 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 49 
 
 Mk. 4, 33. loquebatur eis . . prout (KaOoxi : "as ") poteraut 
 audire . . fycet hi mihton gehyran. 
 
 Mk. 5, 22. uenit quidam de archisynagogis (" rulers of the 
 synagogue ") . . sum of heahgesamnungum. In v. 35, 
 
 ab archisynagogo is rendered /ram ]>am heahgesamnungum, with 
 reference to v. 22; in 36, ait synagogo will not yield to the 
 mistaken sense, and the word is omitted ; in 38, in domum archi- 
 synagogi at length forces the meaning upon the translator, and 
 it is correctly rendered heahealdres. The passages show that no 
 pains were taken to revise the translation even when errors were 
 perceived. 
 
 Mk. 6, 20. oustodiebat eum (" kept him safe ") heold 
 
 hine on cwerterne. 
 
 Mk. 10, 14. (lesus) indigne tulit unwurftlice he hit 
 
 forbead. 
 
 L. 1, 41. exultauit (ecnclpTtio-e) infans in utero gtfag- 
 
 nude f cild on . . innofte. exultauit seems to be literal : 
 
 " leapt." 
 
 L. 9, 24. animam ("life") .. saluam facere .. perdiderit 
 animam . . sawle . . sawle. Especially unhappy in the 
 
 second instance : " Whosoever shall lose his soul shall save it." 
 
 L. 13, 1. quidam .. nuntiantes illi de (" told him of") 
 Galilaeis sume . . of galileum him cyj>ende. 
 
 L. 13, 9. siquidem (tcav pev) fecerit fructum witodlice 
 
 he wsestmas bring'S. 
 
 L. 15, 17. in se .. reuersus ("when became to himself") 
 dixit ]>a be]>ohte he hine y cwaeft. Translator has in 
 
 mind, " retired into himself." 
 
 L. 21, 13. Continget (aTro/S^o-erat : "it shall turn unto 
 you ") uobis in testimonium J?is eow gebyraft on gewitnesse. 
 
 L. 23, 26. de uilla (air aypov : " from the country ") 
 of J?an tune. 
 
 J. 8, 37. sermo meus non capit (x,(opel : " hath not free 
 course ") in uobis. . . ne wuna]> on eow. 
 
 J. 12, 5. Quare hoc unguentum non ueniit (" was not sold ") 
 Hwi ne sealde heo ]?as sealfe. ueniit seems to be understood 
 
 as an active verb. 
 
50 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 J. 12, 6. loculos habens, ea quae mittebantur (ra 
 " what were put therein ") portabat baer )>a fting ]>e man sende. 
 
 Passive taken as deponent : 
 
 M. 11, 5. pauperes euangelizantur J;earfan bodiaft. 
 
 Similarly, L. 7, 22. 
 
 Mistakes attributable to Graecisms in the Latin text : 
 
 M. 28, 1. Uespere autem sabbati, quae lucescit in prima 
 sabbati (ei? piav o-aftftdrcov) Softlice ]>am restedaeges aefene 
 
 se ]?e onlihte on ]>am forman restedsege. The translation is 
 
 meaningless. 
 
 Mk. 6, 20. audito eo, multa faciebat (TTO\\& eVotet : " was 
 much perplexed") he gehyrde \<xi he fela wundra worhte. 
 
 The translation is very forced. 
 
 Mk. 7, 4. a foro nisi baptizentur (air hyopas : " when they 
 come from the market place") non comedunt on strcete hi 
 
 ne etaiS buton hi gej?wegene beon. 
 
 Mk. 9, 29. Hoc genus in uullo (eV ovbevl : " by nothing ") 
 potest exire . . of nanum men &c. 
 
 Mk. 14, 8. Quod habuit (eZ%6z> : " could ") haec, fecit 
 J;eos sealde ty heo hsefde. 
 
 Mk. 15, 8. rogare sicut semper faciebat illis (alreladai 
 Aca^o>9 ael cTroiei avrols : " ask him to do ") hine biddan 
 
 swa heo symle dyde. . The illis which shows that Pilate is 
 the subject of faeiebat is neglected. 
 
 L. 6, 1. in sabbato secundo primo (SevrepoTTpwrq) : " second 
 after the first") cum transiret on ]>am cefteran restedsage. 
 
 ceryst ]>SL he ferde. secundo is taken as "the following," 
 
 and primo construed with cum transiret, as it is in (ft. 
 
 L. 16, 16. omiiis in illud uim facit (ftid&rcu : " entereth 
 violently into") ealle on ty strangnysse wyrcaft. 
 
 L. 20, 37. Moyses ostendit secus rubum (eVl rr}? fidrov : 
 " in the place concerning the bush ") sicut dicit Dominum Deum 
 Abraham (0)9 \eyei, Kvptov rbv Oebv 'Afipaa/j, : " when he calls 
 the Lord the God of Abraham") moyses aetywde wi$ anne 
 
 beigbeam swa he cwseiS ; Drihten abrahames god. The trans- 
 
 lator hardly saw a meaning. 
 
Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 51 
 
 J. 7, 40. ex ilia . . turba cum audissent . . dicebant (etc rov 
 . . afcovcravTes . . e\eyov : " some of the multitude, when they 
 heard . . said ") Of -Saare tide seo menigeo cwseS. 
 
 J. 20, 19. Cum esset ergo sero die illo, una sabbatorum 
 (ri/juepa efceivrj rfj pia o-affpaTcov : " on that day, the first day of 
 the week ") Da hit wses seuen on anon ]>cera restedaga. 
 
 Unclassified mistakes: 
 
 Mk. 3, 23. 24. quomodo potest Satanas Satanam eicere ? 
 Et si regnum in se diuidatur, non potest stare regnum illud 
 . . 3 gif his (sc. satanes) rice &c. 
 
 Mk. 3, 20. et conuenit . . turba, ita ut non possent neque 
 panem manducare (" so much as eat bread ") him to com 
 
 swa micel menigu $ hi ncefdon hlaf to etanne. ita seems to 
 
 be construed with turba. 
 
 Mk. 7, 2 ff. uitupauerunt. Pharisei enim . . non mandu- 
 cant hi tseldon hi y cwcedon Pharisei . . ne eta$. The 
 
 translator puts into the mouth of the Pharisees what is really an 
 explanation of the writer. 
 
 Mk. 7, 17. interrogabant . . parabolam an bigspell 
 
 ahsodon. The reference is to the parable just given. 
 
 Mk. 7, 24. ingressus domum (" entered into a house ") 
 inagan on j? hus. 
 
 Mk. 8, 1. cum turba multa esset ("when there was") 
 him wses mid micel menigu. 
 
 Mk. 12, 40. deuorant domos uiduarum sub obtentu prolixae 
 orationis . . forswelga$ mid heora langsuman gebede. 
 
 L. 1, 9. 10. Secundum consuetudinem sacerdotii, sorte exiit 
 ut incensum poneret, ingressus in templum Domini : Et omnis 
 multitude etc. : "According to the custom of the priest's office, it 
 fell to his lot to (ut of result) go into the temple of the Lord and 
 place the incense. And the whole multitude &c. : " Karci TO e0o$ 
 TT}<? iepaTias eXa^e rov Ov/jLtacrat (ut incensum poneret) ela-6\6a)v et9 
 TOV vabv rov Kuptof, /ecu irav TO 77X7)^09 K.T.\. sefter gewunan 
 
 ftaes sacerdhades hlotes he code }?aet he hys oifrunga sette. Da he 
 on godes tempel code eall werod &c. : "According the custom of 
 the lot of the priest's office, he went (exiit) to (ut of purpose) place 
 
52 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 
 
 his offerings. (Now) when he went into God's temple, the whole 
 multitude &c." The translator failed to perceive the meaning 
 
 of sorte exiit, " it fell to his lot," and was thus led to misconstrue 
 the whole passage. 
 
 L. 2, 35. gladius (" a sword ") his (sc. J>8 heelendes) 
 
 swurd. 
 
 L. 4, 40. qui habebant infirmos . ., ducebant illos ad eum 
 ealle J>e untrume wceron . . hig Iseddon him to. hig must be 
 
 taken as the indefinite subject of Iceddon. 
 
 L. 5, 11. subductis .. nauibus relictis omnibus (" they left 
 all ") secuti sunt eum hig tugon hyra scipo . . 3 forleton hig 
 
 y folgodon ]?am hselende. The translator understands omnibus 
 
 to refer to the ships. 
 
 L. 5, 27. publicanum nomine Leui publicanum he 
 
 wees o]>rum naman leui. publicanus is taken as a cognomen 
 
 of Levi. 
 
 L. 20, 38. omnes enim uiuunt ei ("all men live unto him") 
 ealle hig &c. 
 
 J. 1, 18. ipse enarrauit (sc. deum) hit cyiSde. 
 
 J. 7, 4. Nemo . . in occulto quid facit, et quaerit ipse in 
 palam esse (" and himself seeketh to be known openly ") 
 ac seciS -p hit open sy. 
 
 J. 13, 29. putabant . . quod dixisset ei lesus : erne ea etc. 
 wendon . . j? se haelend hit cwsede be him. A strange 
 
 ignoring of the context. 
 
LIFE 
 
 The writer of this dissertation was born at Lexington, Virginia, 
 July 11, 1868; graduated, Bachelor of Arts, from Washington 
 and Lee University, 1888; was a graduate student at Johns 
 Hopkins University, 1890-93, in the departments of English, 
 German, and History; was Instructor and Assistant Professor 
 of English in Indiana University, 1893-98; and since 1898 
 has been Professor of English in the College of Charleston, 
 South Carolina. 
 
UNIVEKSITY OF CALIFOENIA LIBEAEY, 
 BEEKELEY 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 Books not returned on time are subject to a fine of 
 50c per volume after the third day overdue, increasing 
 to $1.00 per volume after the sixth day. Books not in 
 demand may be renewed if application is made before 
 expiration of loan period. 
 
 OCT 14 If 11 
 
 20m-ll,'20 
 
rsion of 
 
 the gospels 
 
. 
 
 **#