LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. \V GIFT OF Ctes STUDIES IN THE ANGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE GOSPELS PART I : The Form of the Latin Original, and Mistaken Renderings A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY LANCELOT MINOR HARRIS BALTIMORE JOHN MURPHY COMPANY i go i PREFATORY NOTE The study of the Anglo-Saxon Gospels of which this disserta- tion is a part, was undertaken at the suggestion of Professor James W. Bright, whose encouragement and helpful advice I take pleasure in acknowledging. I have made use throughout of the collations of the manuscripts of the Gospels which were made by him with a view to a complete critical edition. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE BIBLIOGRAPHY, 5 INTRODUCTION, * 7-11 I. VARIATIONS BETWEEN THE CLEMENTINE VULGATE AND THE ORIGINAL OF THE ANGLO-SAXON VERSION, .... 12-34 (a). Peculiar Readings of the Clementine Vulgate, . . 13 (b). Peculiar Readings of the Original of the Anglo-Saxon Version, 16 (c). Character and Type of the Translator's Original, . 30 II. MISTAKEN RENDERINGS, 35-52 (a). Mistakes of the Eye, ...'... . 35 (6). Misapprehensions of the Meaning, . . . . 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY The following books have been especially consulted : Siblia Sacra Vulgatae Editionis Sixti V. Pont. Max. jussu recognita et de- mentis VIII. auctoritate edita. Tournay, 1885. BIANCHINI, Jos.: Evangelarium Quadruple*. Rome, 1749. BOSWORTH, EEV. JOSEPH, and WARING, GEORGE : The Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Gospels in Parallel Columns, with the Versions of Wycliffe and Tyndale ; Arranged with Prefaces and Notes. London, 1874. BRIGHT, JAMES W.: The Gospel of Saint Luke in Anglo-Saxon. Oxford, 1893. COOK, ALBERT S.: Biblical Quotations in Old English Prose Writers. London and New York, 1898. DRAKE, ALLISON : The Authorship of the West Saxon Gospels. New York, 1894. DUTRIPON, F. P.: Concordantiae Bibliorum Sacrorum Vulgatae Editionis. Paris, 1838. HANDKE, ROBERT : Ueber das Verhaltnis der westsachsischen Evangelien- Uebersetzung zum lateinischen Original. Halle dissertation. Halle, 1896. HARRIS, MATTIE ANSTICE : A Glossary of the West Saxon Gospels, Latin-West Saxon and West Saxon-Latin. Yale Studies in English, No. vi. Boston, 1899. HENSHAW, ALONZO N.: The Syntax of the Indicative and Subjunctive Moods in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels. Leipzig dissertation. Leipzig, 1894. MARSHALL, THOMAS: Quatuor D. N. Jesu Christi Euangeliorum Versiones perantiquae duae, Gothica scil. et Anglo-Saxon ica. Amsterdam, 1684. New Testament, Translated out of the Greek. Revised 1881. New York, 1891. RONSCH, HERMANN: Itala und Vulgata. 2 te . Ausgabe. Marburg, 1875. SABATIER, O. S. B.: Bibliorum Sacrorum Latinae Versiones Antiquae seu Vetus Italica. 3 vols. Rheims, 1743-49. SCRIVENER, F. H. A.: A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testa- ment. 2 vols. Fourth edition. London and New York, 1894. SKEAT, WALTER W.: The Holy Gospels in Anglo-Saxon, Northumbrian, and Mercian Versions. Cambridge, 1871-87. WESTCOTT, B. F. : The Vulgate. Article in Smith's Dictionary of the Bible. Boston, 1892. WESTCOTT, B. F., and HORT, F. J. A.: The New Testament in the Original Greek. Revised American Edition with an Introduction by Philip Schaff. New York, 1891. WORDSWORTH, J., and WHITE, H. J.: Nouum Testamentum Secundum Editionem Sancti Hieronymi. Partis prioris Fasciculi, i-iv. Oxford, 1889-95. WHITE, H. J.: Old Latin Biblical Texts. Vol. in. Oxford, 1888. WULFING, J. E.: Die Syntax in den Werken Alfreds des Grossen. Erster Theil. Bonn, 1894. (Zweiter Theil, 1901). 5 INTRODUCTION The following study is based on a part of the material collected in the course of a minute comparison of the Anglo-Saxon version of the Gospels with the corresponding Latin of the Clementine Vulgate. The ultimate object of this comparison was to deter- mine and to exhibit the manner in which the Anglo-Saxon translation was made. Before the way is clear, however, for such a general study of the manner of the translation, it is necessary to dispose of a large number of passages in which the readings of the Anglo-Saxon text are to be accounted for, not by anything in the general method of the translator, but by an explanation of the special conditions that pertain to the passage concerned. The present study is, in the main, an attempt to deal in a systematic way with these special passages. The first part has to do with those passages in which a discre- pancy between the Anglo-Saxon text and the Latin of the Vulgate must or may be explained by showing how the Latin of the translator's original in those passages must or may have differed from the Latin of the Vulgate. That the Clementine Vulgate should in many details have differed from the Latin text used by the Anglo-Saxon translator is a matter of course. The translator used one of the manuscripts of the Vulgate text written in the centuries between the date of the version of Jerome, the starting point of the Vulgate text, and the date of the translation, which is placed approximately at the year 1000. 1 These manuscripts themselves exhibit with reference to each other a very great variation in detail, readings from the various forms of the Old Latin version, current before the time of Jerome, and independent revisions being freely introduced. 2 The Clementine Vulgate was 1 Skeat, Preface to Mark, p. vi ; Bright, p. xii. 2 Wordsworth in Scrivener, vol. n, pp. 58 ff. 8 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels issued in 1592. Its text embodies many changes made in the later manuscripts and the earlier printed editions, 1 and is therefore at variance in many points with any one manuscript which the Anglo-Saxon translator could have used, and in some points with practically all the earlier manuscripts. It may be questioned whether the Clementine Vulgate should have been used at all as the basis for the comparison of the Anglo-Saxon text with the Latin. One of the better Hieronymian manuscripts, such as the Codex Amiatinus? would in strictness have been a more suitable basis. Better still, perhaps, would have been the use of Wordsworth and White's conjectural restoration of the text of Jerome. But it has seemed best, on the whole, to use that Latin text which has the advantage of being most accessible and which has generally been used in comparing Latin Scriptures with translations made from them. The main difficulty is in a measure obviated by the preliminary list of readings in which are registered the variations of the Clementine version from the great majority of the Hieronymian manuscripts, including the original of the Anglo-Saxon version. Correct the Clementine version according to this list, and the result is a text that is considerably nearer to the more normal form of Hieronymian manuscripts. The way is then clear for the second list which contains the peculiar readings presumed to be present in the original of the Anglo-Saxon version that is, those readings in which the particular text used by the translator seems to have varied from the more normal reading of Hieronymian texts. The section on the character and type of the Latin original follows naturally upon a consideration of the significance of this last list of peculiar readings supposed to have been characteristic of the Latin text from which the Anglo-Saxon version was made. A very slight examination was sufficient to prove that it was done from no one of the manuscripts of which the readings are recorded by Wordsworth and White, or which are elsewhere published. 3 The question then arose as to how far the peculiar readings would make possible the determination of the type of 1 Wordsworth in Scrivener, vol. n, pp. 62-64. * Wordsworth and White, pp. x-xi. 3 Cp. Handke, p. 5. Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 9 the original manuscript. This is a question which can be com- petently answered only by a student who is thoroughly familiar with the interrelations of the Latin texts of the New Testament, the data for the solution being here furnished. There are, however, certain interesting indications which force themselves upon one who considers these data carefully, and these are presented tenta- tively, in the hope that a more definite solution may be afforded by a student who is versed in Vulgate texts. The second part of the present study consists of an arrangement and classification of those special passages in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels in which the translator has mistaken the meaning of the Latin before him. A consideration of the alterations of the meaning, of the renderings open to misapprehension, and of the confused renderings would complete the preliminary to a general study of the manner of the translation. Many of the points noted, both in the lists of the Latin variants and the lists of mistaken renderings, are in themselves of very slight significance. It seemed necessary, however, to make the lists as complete as I could, since sound inferences depend on the collective significance of all the data. As regards previous work on the same subject, the question of the character and type of the translator's original has not hitherto been treated systematically. Marshall has cited from the texts accessible to him many Latin variants more in accord with the translation than are the Clementine readings; Handke (p. 13) gives sixteen instances from Wordsworth and White of additions to the ordinary text, which he attributes to the original ; and Bright has given in his notes on Luke all the variants that seemed to have been characteristic of the translator's Latin. But the only conjectures as to the 'type of the original those by Marshall (p. 495), by Skeat (Matthew, p. x), and by Bosworth (p. xi) are based on a very few passages and are hence of little value. The matter of mistaken renderings has been treated more at length. Marshall has many discerning notes on points of this nature ; Bright has called attention in his notes to most of those in Luke ; and one section of Handke's dissertation (" Missverstand- 10 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels nisse und Irrtumer," pp. 26-32) deals with them systematically. The present study attempts to treat this class of renderings more exhaustively than Handke has done, to group more thoroughly renderings of a related nature, and to go more fully into ex* planation. Further, there are several passages in which his explanations seem to be erroneous. 1 The five manuscripts of the Anglo-Saxon Gospels scarcely vary from one another except in point of spelling and inflexional endings. The Corpus manuscript, however, is certainly nearest to the original, and it has accordingly been used almost to the exclusion of the others. The following list comprises all the alterations of the Corpus text that it has seemed necessary to make for the purposes of the present study. It consists of readings adopted from the other manuscripts and of one or two fairly obvious con- jectures. Mistakes which affect the meaning and are not here recorded are referred to the original translator rather than to the copyists. EMENDATIONS OF THE CORPUS TEXT M. 9, 11. ys: manducat: yt. Cp. yt, M. 24, 49; elsewhere ytt. M. 10, 19. belcewak syllaft : tradent : syllaft. The translator evidently wrote first belcewa\> and then altered to sylltift (used once before in this chapter to render trado), but failed to erase the first word. M. 16, 7. namon: non accepimus : ne namon. M. 17, 20. hyra (heora A) : uestram : eowre. M. 19, 8. Supply SoiSlice nses hit on frynrSe swa AB, omitted in Corp. by homceoteleuton. M. 21, 16. sacerda: lactentium: sucendra as in Hush, gloss. M. 22, 11. wees . . . gescryd : non uestitum : nses with A. Mk. 1, 19. T zebedei: zebedei: zelbedei with A. Mk. 3, 8. iudea: idumea: idumea. Mk. 11, 8. boceras: frondes : bog'as. Mk. 13, 4. gewurdon: fient: geweorSen (geweorfton A). Mk. 15, 1. eallum werodum: universo concilio : werede ABO. L. 1, 36. \>e monaft : hie mensis : J>es A. L. 1, 80. dceg his celiwednessum : diem ostensionis : setiwednesse. L. 2, 24. after \>am \>e drihlnes CB gecweden is : in lege domini : on drihtnes se. L. 3, 3. -j synna forgifnesse : in remissionem peccatorum : on synna forgifnesse. *j from ond for on. L. 3, 4. clypiende stefen : uox clamantis : clypiendes Stefn ABC. L. 4, 22. eode : procede- bant : eodon A. L. 5, 13. his handa abenede : extendens manum : abeniende (cfoenigende A). L. 6, 24. witegum : diuitibus : weligum. L. 6, 35. Supply my eel ABC. L. 7, 8. Omit ne with ABC. L. 7, 39. \>e man: hie: J>es 1 Until I had finished a minute comparison of the Anglo-Saxon with the Latin, I purposely avoided consulting Marshall; and Handke's dissertation did not reach me until the work was practically in its present shape. Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 11 mail A. L. 8, 47. hit : eum : bine. L. 9, 3. Omit ne ge with ABC. L. 9, 55. hine bewende: conversus : hi lie bewend BC. L. 10, 13. menegu: uirtutes: mgegenu (mcenegu A). L. 11, 13. he . . . synt: uos . . . sitis: ge . . . Synt A. L. 12, 36. beo gelice: uos similes: beo ge gelice with A. L. 15, 17. 19. yrftlinga: mercenarii : hyrlinga A. Mercenarily occurs in three other passages in the Gospels: Mk. 1, 20, rendered hyrling ; J. 10, 12. 13, hyra. L. 19, 16. \>ispund: mna tua: J>in pund (Jn/n A). L. 20, 23. Hwi fandige min: hwi fandie ge min with A. L. 21, 12. i sy'ft&an: tradentes : 1 sylla$. L. 21, 36. -3 bida$ : orantes: T biddaft with A. J. 3, 18. acennendan : unigeniti : ancennedan. J. 6, 64. \>a gelyfedan wceron : qui essent credentes : gelyfendan with ABC. J. 7, 17. gecwemft : cognoscet : gecnaewS ABC. J. 7, 42. cy% : dicit : cwyS ABC. J. 10, 20. he cwce^: insanit: he wet ABC. J. 11, 1. of marian ceasire ~j of martham: de castello Mariae et Marthae : marthan A. J. 11, 11. wylle . . . awreccan: exsuscitem: aweccan. J. 11, 31. ut eodon: exiit: ut code ABC. J. 12, 1. awrehte: suscitauit : awehte. J. 12, 7. of \xrne dceg : in diem: 0*3 >one daeg A. J. 13, 17. witod : scitis : witon with A. J. 15, 20. ahton : persecuti sunt: ehton ABC. J. 17, 8. com: exiui: com. J. 17, 11. com: sum : com. J. 17, 23. Supply nig swa t>u me lufodest ABC, omitted in Corp. by homceoteleuton. J. 20, 27. Insert ac geleaful AC. J. 20, 28. Insert eart AC. J. 21, 22. 23. cwaft : quid : hwset AC and originally Corp.: is a correction. J. 21, 24. gewrit: testimonium: gewitnys CHE. I. VARIATIONS BETWEEN THE CLEMENTINE VULGATE AND THE ORIGINAL OF THE ANGLO-SAXON VERSION The material , for the nearer determination of the form of the Latin text from which the Anglo-Saxon version was made was first furnished, in any adequate degree, by the publication of Wordsworth and White's edition of the Latin New Testament, completed for the Gospels in 1894. The object of this work is to restore the text of Jerome's revision of the Old Latin versions of the New Testament, and in the notes are given all the various readings of about twenty-six 1 manuscripts ranging from the sixth to the tenth century and conforming in the main to Jerome's revision rather than to the Old Latin versions. In many passages 2 the readings of the Old Latin versions are also" cited. These manuscripts present a very great variety of readings, and the passages in which the Anglo-Saxon version is at variance with the Clementine Vulgate can be usually accounted for by one or another of them. The lists which follow are the result of a minute comparison of the Anglo-Saxon text with the Latin of the Clementine version and, in all cases where variation seemed possible, with the variants in Wordsworth's edition. The readings are arranged in two divisions : (1) those of which there can be little question as to their identity with those of the original of the Anglo-Saxon version ; and (2) those of which the assumption that they are identical seems to explain the translator's divergence from the Clementine readings better than the assump- tion that the divergence is due to the translator. The acceptance of any given reading and its classification depend, of course, on two things the degree to which the assumption of such a reading 'Matthew, 24; Mark, 25; Luke, 27; John, 28. There are a good many lacunae in several of the manuscripts. 2 Sparingly, in Matthew and Mark; more fully, in Luke and John. 12 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 13 is necessary for the explanation of the divergence on the part of the Anglo-Saxon, and on the number of manuscripts in which the reading occurs. A reading is to be preferred that explains a divergence which it is hard to explain otherwise, even though very few manuscripts attest that reading ; and a reading is to be preferred that is attested by the great majority of manuscripts, even though it be possible to explain the divergence otherwise. As to deciding in an individual case whether or no the translator's divergence can be explained otherwise than by the variant Latin at hand, that depends on a number of things impossible to formu- late. In many of the cases below the citations of the Anglo-Saxon with the two forms of the Latin are themselves sufficient to show why the non-Clementine reading was adopted. In other cases regard must be had to the manner of the translation in general. For example, the supplying of an object, the insertion of Jns, and the like are common throughout, and a variant Latin that corresponds is by no means to be assumed as present in the original. Again, some parts of the translation are very free, while other parts are very literal, and it is obvious that in a literal context a divergence from the Clementine is more likely to be due to a divergence in the translator's original than is the case when the context shows a freedom of rendering. In the light of an exposition of the manner of the translation, which I hope to make in another paper, my reasons for a decision in any given case would be more apparent. Meanwhile I can only say that I have deliberated carefully in each instance. (a) PECULIAR READINGS OF THE CLEMENTINE VULGATE Under this head are listed the readings which conform to the Anglo-Saxon, but vary from the Clementine and, in most cases, also from a few of the MSS. and the older editions ; in other words, an approximate reduction of the Clementine to the normal text, so far as concerns the passages in which it shows a variation from the Anglo-Saxon. To each is added the number of Wordsworth and White's MSS. (if any) agreeing with the Clementine reading, the number of Hieronymian MSS. being on the left, of Old Latin, on the right of the line. 14 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 1. Non- Clementine Headings Assumed to be in Accord with the Translator's Original MATTHEW 1, 17. ergo for itaque. 3, 6. in iordane ab eo 3 / 3, 7. futura for ventura 1 /. 8, 25. om. ad ewm discipuli ejus 4/. 8, 26. om. Jesus 6/4. 8, 31. om. hinc 1 /. 10, 14. de ciuitate 2 /. 13, 4. om. coeft 2/3. 14, 22. iussit for compulit. 17, 3. apparuit for apparuerunt 4 /. 17, 20. om. i7Jwc 2/9. 19, 1 1 . om. illis 1 /. 19, 20. om. ajuventute mea 6/8. 20, 1. simile enim 8/5. 23, 14. Verse omitted 6/8. 24, 1 2. abundabit for abundavit 4 /. 24, 38. nuptum for rmpfoti 2 /. 27, 40. destruit . . . reaedi- ficat for destruis . . . reaedificas 3 / 1 . MARK 1, 2. om. ego 1 /. 1, 9. in iordane ab iohanne 1 /. 1, 10. apertos coelos. 1, 27. et for etiam 1 /. 2, 23. om. dominus. 4, 4. om. coeli / 6. 4, 29. se produxerit for produxerit /I. 5, 2. occurrit ei 4 /. 5, 7. summi for altissimi 1 /. 5, 33. awfem for vero. 6, 7. conuo- cauit for vocavit. 7, 3. lauent for laverint 1/8. 7, 19. introit for mra 1 /. om. vacfo'/ 6 /. 9, 3. om. e before Candida 4 /. 11, 5. iV&c for i#is. 14, 2. enm for autem. 14, 25. om. Aoc 1 /. 14, 29. om. in te. 14, 45. om. Ave 1 /. 14, 54. sedebat et calefaciebat se ad ignem. 14, 62. om. Dei 1 /. 15, 29. destruit . . . reaedificat for destruis . . . reaedificas 4/. om. Dei 1 /. 15, 32. conuiciabantur for convitiabanlur 2 /. LUKE 1, 66. gitzd for quis 1 /. 2, 4. om. m before civitatem / 9. 2, 38. hierusalem for Jsrae/ 1/2. 4, 5. om. in montem excelsum 4/7. 4, 18. om. sanare contritos corde 4/2., Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 15 4, 38. om. Jesus 8 /. 5, 25. om. lectum 1/2. 6, 26. bene uobis dixerint for benedixerint vobis 5/5. prophetis for pseudoprophetis 4 / all but 2. 6, 42. e for aw. 7, 31. om. Ait autem Dominus. 8, 1. ciuitatem et castellum for civitates et castella 7/7. 9, 29. om. et before refulgens. 9, 47. adprehendens puerum statuit /I. 9, 58. et ait for Dixit /I. 10, 17. sunt autem. 11, 25. om. et ornatam 3/9. 11, 26. om. secum 1/2. 11, 29. om. prophetae 2/5. 12, 31. om. et justitiam ejus. 12, 35. om. in manibus vestris 2 /. 14, 1. om. Jesus 1/2. 14, 8. euertit for everrit. 16, 19. e induebatur / 5. 17, 3. om. m fe 4/6. 19, 23. e e#o /I. 19, 26. om. et abundabit 4 /. 20, 3. om. Jesus 3/4. 20, 20. et trader ent 1/3. 21, 9. non for nondum 1/2. 22, 2 eum for Jesum 1 /. 22, 37. d quod cum for ^ cwm 8/2. JOHN 1, 3. 4. sine ipso factum est nihil ; quod factum in ipso uita eft*at I/. 3,2. eum for Jesum 3/3. 3, 18. credidit for 2 nd credit 8/3. 3, 33. accipit for accept 5/2. 4, 41. om. in eum /I. 5, 28. eius for Filii Dei 1 /. 5, 31. me for meipso 1 / 3. 6,14. om. Jesws. 6,23. agentes for agente 2/1. 6,41. om. twws I/. 6, 64. om. non before credentes 2/5. 7, 33. om. m before Jesus 3 /. 7, 52. om. Scriptural 13/7. 8, 9. om. Jesus 8/3. 8, 45. quia for si 8, 46. om. 2 nd vobis /I. 8, 54. noster for uesfer 3 / nearly all. 8, 56. et uidit 1/2. 9, 11. uidi for video 3/4. 9, 22. om. esse before Christum / 2. 9,25. om. m. 9,39. dixiteisl/4. 10,8. sednon. 11, 27. om. vivi 4/1. 11, 37. om. nati 2/1. ^ rf hie. 6/3. 11, 45. om. rf Martham. om. 7e*ws 1/4. 11, 50. nobis for vo6i's 2/5. 13, 18. mecum for raeww 1/1. 14, 10. credis for creditis 5/2. 14, 13. om. Pair em 1 /. 15, 6. eos . . . et ardent 7/4. 16, 3. om. vobis 4/5. 16,11. om.jaml/2. 18,26. om. eil/1. 18,28. ad caipham. 19, 6. om. ewm after crucijige 3/5. 20, 17. etdeum3/4. 20,22. hoc cum 3 / 5. 20,29. 2 16 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels om. Thoma. 21, 1. om. discipulis 2/8. 21, 4. mane . . . iam facto / 3. 21, 7. tunicam for tunica 5/2. 2. Non- Clementine Readings Probably in Accord with the Translator's Original MATTHEW 11, 30. leue est 7 / 1. 13, 35. dictum est 15 /. 16, 15. om. Jesus 10/7. 16, 19. om. et after solutum 6/. 17, 20. om. Jesus 10 /. MARK 6, 2. in cognatione . . . et in domo 2 /. 6, 15. om. 2 nd quia 7 /. 6, 24. e for at 7/4. 6, 52. intellexerunt for intellexerant 10 / 5. 14, 27. om. me in 5 / 1. LUKE 13,35. om. deserta 11/5. 17, 6. obediret for obediet 2/3. 19, 37. discendentium for discipulorum 1/4. But probably omitted : see p. 29. JOHN 3, 23. adueniebant 11/6. 8, 9. om. ./mis 6/3. 8, 20. om. Jesus 12/2. 15, 6. aruit for aresc^ 11/5. (b) PECULIAR READINGS OF THE ORIGINAL OF THE ANGLO-SAXON VERSION In this list of readings are given : (1) the reading of the Clementine Vulgate (except in the passages enclosed in square brackets, in which cases the Clementine reading coincides with the peculiar reading preferred) ; (2) the Anglo-Saxon ; (3) the reading assumed as, or believed to be, that of the Latin original. The context is given as fully as seems necessary to make as plain as may be the reason for preferring the special reading. In some cases explanations are added. Studies in tJi^Anglo-Saxon Gospels 17 The letters used for the designation of manuscripts are those used by Wordsworth and White. Capital letters (and S and. aur. gat. gig. corp. oxon.) designate Vulgate manuscripts ; small italics, Old Latin 1 manuscripts. The latter are given by Wordsworth and White only in passages of special importance in Matthew and Mark ; more frequently in Luke and John. But in no case can the absence of citation of Old Latin manuscripts here be taken to mean that they do not (or do) confirm the reading given. 2 They are usually cited only to show the extent of the reading in certain cases. In one or two instances only a reading is assumed which is attested solely by Old Latin manuscripts. The following are the abbreviations for the printed editions : 9 Stephen, Paris, 1528 ; 3^ Hentenius, Louvain, 1547; S Sixtine, Rome, 1590; (ft Clementine, Rome, 1592 ; vg the agreement of these four editions. 1. Readings Assumed to be in Accord with the Translator's Original MATTHEW 4, 10. vade g an g J>u onbcec uade . . retro r> E E-P L Q R x e z* 4, 16. populus Beoda folc . gentium populus. gentium from v. 15 (which Anglo-Saxon omits) is joined with populus in L 2 H. [in regione et umbra mortis on earde deafes sceade in regione umbrae mortis B H v vg.~\ 6, 11. panem . . supersubstantialem gedaBghwamlican hlaf panem .. cotidianum c D E E-P mg T w F. [6, 13. Omitted sd^lice amen O. Lat. (except -abc/igthK) vg.] 7, 4. Sine bro]>ur J;afa frater sine E-PR 8 "W. [8, 9. ego homo sum sub potestate ic eoru man under 1 For a list of Vulgate manuscripts, with indications of age, locality, and char- acter, see Wordsworth in Scrivener, vol. u, pp. 67 ff.; of Old Latin manuscripts, vol. rr, pp. 45 ff. * Except that in Mark every confirmatory passage in a b c d ffifft g q mm is indicated by the citation of these manuscripts. 18 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels anwealde gesett ego homo sum sub potestate constitutus D E Q B T (L) vg. abc gi h k q aur. gig. corp. oxon.~\ 9, 15. jejunabunt on %am dagum hig fsestaft ieiunabunt in illis diebus DELQ. 10, 23. fugite in aliam fleoj? on o]?re. 3 ftonne hi on }>cere eow ekta\ fleo\ on }>a \ryddan fugite in aliam. et cum in alia persequentur uos fugite in tertiam E, and similarly Qabff^^hkq gat. 12, 35. Bonus homo God mann so]>lice bonus enim homo D L B. 13, 36. parabolam zizaniorum -p bigspell ]>ces hwcetes .y ]?8es cocceles parobolam tritici et zizaniorum DE-P mg Q B T w gat. corp. oxon. . 14, 2, Joannes Baptista Johannes se fulluhtere j?e io beheafdode iohannes baptista quern ego decollaui D E E-P mfir Q T B corp. oxon. a b dffi g z h gat. 14, 3. propter . . uxorem fratris sui for ];am wife . . philippes hys broker propter . . uxorem philippi fratris sui (or fr. sui ph.) D E E-p mg H c Q B bfffz ffffzhqS our. gat. gig. corp. oxon. 16, 2. Serenum erit to morgen hyt by]? smylte serenum erit eras (in eras Q) E L B corp. oxon. gat. 16, 8. Sciens autem Jesus J?a se haelend wiste hyra ge]>ancas sciens autem iesus cogitationes eorum LQB corp* oxon. g 2 . 16, 9. 10. neque recordamini quinque panum in quinque millia hominum. . . Neque septem panum in quattuor millia hominum ne ge ne gej^enceaft ]?a3ra fif hlafa ^ fif J^usend manna. . . Ne J>sera seofon hlafa 3 feower ]?usend manna quin- que panum et (L Q w z &^ 2 e gelyfaQ on me his pusillis qui credunt in me (in me cr. E) LQB* corp. oxon.; similarly, bcdff^g^. 18, 21. Dixit : Domine, quoties peccabit in me frater meus r et dimittam ei? usque septies? 3 cwaeft drihten gyf min brofor synga]> wiiS me mot ic him forgyfan oft seofon styas? Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 19 dixit quod (quoniam Q) si peccauerit in me frater meus quoties dimittam ei. usque septies QR<7 2 / similarly, many O. Lat. MSS. 18, 26. Patientiam babe in me Hlaford gehafa gejjyld on me patientiam habe in me domine E L Q R T h (c?. h. p. in me E-P^J/,^). 20, 28. Omitted Ge wilniaft to gej?eonne on gehwaedum ]?inge *j beon gewanod on ]?am maestan ]>inge ; Witodlice j?onne ge to gereorde gelaj?ode beoiS, ne sitte ge on ]?am fyrmestan setlum ]>e laes J>e arwurSre wer setter j?e cume 3 se husbonda hate ]>e arisan ^ ryman \am oftron y jm beo gescynd. gyf ]?u sitst on gereorde on )?am ytemestan setle 3 sefter J>e cym); o]?er gebeor y se la];igenda cwej^e to ]>e site innor leof by); fte awurSlicor \>onne ]>e man uttor $cufe uos autem quaeritis de modico crescere et de maxim o minui. cum autem -introieritis ad caenam uocati nolite recumbere in* superioribus locis ne forte dignior te superueniat et accedens is qui te inuitauit dicat tibi adhuc inferius accede et confundaris. si autem" recubueris in inferiori loco et aduenerit humilior te dicet tibi qui te inuitauit accede adhuc superius et (om. o*) erit tibi hoc utilius H mg o Brit. Mus. Reg. I B vii ; similarly, abcdeff^g^hmnr and. emn. Brit. Mus. I A xviii (variations considerable). The Latin is given as in Wordsworth and White. The words in Italics indicate probable variations in the translator's text. 21, 17. abiit ..in Bethaniam : ibique mansit ferde .~. to bethania 3 Icerde hi \ar be godes rice abiit . . in bethaniam et docebat eos de regno del B. 21, 31. Dicunt ei : Primus J?a cwaedon hig se ceftera dicunt ei, nouissimus ABC E-P FH*JLORTXYZ* Brit. Mus. Reg. I A xiii etc. corp. oxon. Most O. Lat. MSS. 22, 45. Si ergo David vocat eum Dominum gyf dauid hyne on ga&te dryhten clypaft si ergo dauid in spiritu uocat eum dominum D E E-p mg F Q w. 24, 41. Omitted Twegen beo)? on bedde. an by$ genumen 3 oj?er by$ Isefed duo in lecto. unus adsumetur et unus (alter x) relinquetur BEH 1 0ORTXZa6crf efj}\, 2 h q gat. 27, 32. hominem mann cumende heom togenes homi- nem uenientem obuiam sibi B E-p mg I L o 1 - '" R x*- 2 Y* z E Q a b c fa hg z . 28, 3. sicut nix swa hwite swa snaw Candida (-um Q S) sicut nix D E E-P mg L B Q a bjfa hqr gat. B. 20 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels MARK [1, 2. praeparabit viam tuam gegearwaft jnnne weg beforan %e praeparabit uiam tuam ante te 1, 34. quoniam sciebat eum for]>am hi wiston ty he crist wees quoniam sciebat eum christum esse (chr. eum ease G I) M-T Y mg . 2, 22. sed vinum novum in utres novos mitti debet Ac niwe win sceal beon gedon on niwe bytta. ]>onne beo% butu gehealden sed uinum nouum in utres nouos mitti debet et utraque (ambo G H ef) (con- D) seruantur E E-p mg M-T Q R r z gat. 7, 13. per traditionem vestram for eower stuntan lage per t traditionem uestram stultam Xzabcdiqr. 10, 20. At ille respondens ait (illi) : Magister Da ^swarode he goda lareow at ille respondens ait magister bone KM-TOZ(V). [10, 33. soribis bocerum 3 ealdrum scribis et senioribus c i K L M-T o Q T v w z c I aur. vg.~\ 11, 15. veniunt comon hi eft ueniunt iterum, B M-T o a bffz'. 12, 14. qui venientes dicunt ei Da comon hi y )?us mid facne cwadon qui uenientes dicunt ei subdole bqff 2 e. 12, 29. Dominus deus tuus urne drihten god domi- nus deus nosier AC E-P H M-T OQRXYza^ dff z JolqB. 13, 1 . quales structurae hwylce getimbrunga ]>isses tem- ples quales structurae (structum L) templi B M-T o Q T x* z bd/ 2 lr(ckq). 13, 2. vides ne geseo ge nonne uide^is bcjfz (uidetis FX* aeg 2 kq; nonne uides BM-TOZ). 14, 14. Ubi est refectio mea hwar is min gysthus y min gereord ubi est diuersorium meum et refectio mea B H M-T o (z). LUKE 6, 10. Et circumspectis omnibus And him eallum gesceawodum mid yrre et circumspectis omnibus illis (il. omn. b q r) in ira z ff z I aur. (a c d). Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 21 6, 17. (ab) Jerusalem fram Jerusalem ^ ofer mvfyan (ab) hierusalem et trans /return G Q a b cff 2 Iqr. 9, 4. ibi manete, et inde ne exeatis wuniaft Jmr 0$ ge utgan ibi manete donee exeatis E/(e inde exeatis R and O. Lat. MSS. except c S aur.). 9, 55. 56. increpavit illos, dicens: Nesdtis cujus spiritus estis. Filius hominis non venit animas perdere, sed salvare he hig j?reade increpauit illos D E-P F G Q Y IS gat. 10, 11. pulverem qui adhaesit nobis ty dust . . on urum fotum clifode puluerem qui adhaesit nobis in pedibus DEQ (d)bcde (/) ilqr. 11, 2. Pater, sanctificetur nomen tuum Ure feeder ]>u %e on heofene eart. si J>in nama gehalgod pater noster (sancte D a cjfi) qui es in caelis sanctificetur nomen tuum P R z* Dunhelm A ii 16 Brit. Mus. Harl. 1802 bcdflq(r)S. Omitted gewurSe -Sin willa on heofene 3 on eorj?an fiat uoluntas tua in caelo et in terra b G I. This form, instead of fiat uoluntas tua sicut in caelo et in terra B B-F D E-P* O P Q R T x* c dfff z iqrS aur., seems to make it certain that the additions here were present in the translator's original, and not transferred by him from M 6, 9-13. 11, 4. Omitted ac alys us fram yfele sed libera (eripe B i (/)) nos a malo D O Q R b c dff z Iqr 8 aur. 11, 25. invenit earn he hit gemet amtig inuenit earn uacantem fir 8. 11, 48. testificamini quod consentitis ge cySaft ~] ge l?afia$ testificamini et (om. E gat) consentitis CT (consenti- entesf). 12, 55. dicitis, Quia aestus erit ge secgaft )? is towerd dicitis quia uenius erit A B c T Y For explanation of towerd t see p. 38. [16, 21. sed et canes veniebant 3 him nan man ne sealde. ac hundas comon at nemo illi dabat sed et canes ueniebant K T w 9 > (ft I m.~] 17, 26. ita erit et in diebus Filii hominis swa beo~S mannes suna tocyme ita erit et aduenlus filii hominis E R gat. 20, 14. Occidamus ilium cuma]> uton hine ofslean uenite occidamus ilium CTdeS. 22 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 21, 21. et . . discedant y nyfter ne astigaft et . . non descendant RT(et .. non discedant E-P mg d/ et discendant B-F D J Q r). Cp. p. 37. 22, 52. Existis Ge ferdon . . ^ ge me gefengon existis .. conprehendere me E rec Qjf 2 c . , 22, 61. prius quam gallus cantet, ter J?riwa to-dceg ar se hana crawe prius quam gallus cantet ter . . hodie (+ nosse6Z)(F)/ 2 . 23, 35. stabat populus spectans $ folc stod gean- bidiende stabat populus ex(s)pectans B B-F c E E-P G I J K M o KTVWX*Z abef/zlrSaur. 24, 29. intravit cum illis he ineode ty he mid him wunude intrauit manere (ut maneret a c ef) cum illis D E Q R d r 8 gat. JOHN 1, 18. Deurn nemo vidit umquam : unigenitus Filius . . ipse enarravit Ne geseah nsefre nan mann god buton se ancenneda sunu hit cySde deum nemo uidit umquam nisi unigenitus filius . . ipse enarrauit c D E H @ J M-T R T w a b eff z * I r aur. (5, 4. This verse is omitted by Wordsworth and White and in some MSS. It is present, however, in most MSS. in some one of three forms, of which the Anglo-Saxon is nearest to that found in B-F CEGH c @iK:oQTVWZ a gat. cffj B aur.) 7> 29. Ego scio eum Ic hyne can. y gif ic secge ty ic hine ne cunne. ic beo leas y eow gelic. Ic hyne can. ego scio eum et si dixero quia nescio eum ero similis uobis mendax et (sed H M-T w) scio eum B-F c E K o Q T z aur. 20, 31. vitam ece lif uitam aeternam B D E KOR z b efq r. 2. Readings Probably in Accord with the Translator's Original MATTHEW 1, 2. Abraham Softlice abraham abraham autem DLR. Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 23 2, 12. per aliarn viam reversi sunt ac hie on ofterne weg . . ferdon sed per aliam uiam reuersi sunt D E L, Q. 3, 3. qui dictus est se be }>am ]>e gecweden de quo dictum est D T v/. 3, 5. circa Jordanem wiftgeondan iordanen trans iordanen D. [3, 9. potest Deus god ys swa mihtig $ he mceg potens est deus B E H c j K M-T w x* vg.~\ 12, 10. Et ecce homo fa wees \a ateowde se coccel hine tune apparuft zizania E R. 13, 45. quaerenti bonas margaritas J?e sohte j? gode meregrot quaerenti bonam margaritam D corp. oxon*. 13, 54. sapientia hsec et virtutes J?es wisdom 3 ]>is mcegen sapientia hsec et uirtus AE-P*FH*OXY. 14, 8. hie in disco on anum disce in disco 14, 11. allatum est . . et datum est puellae, et attulit matri suae man brohte . . 3 sealde psem msedene 3 f mceden hyre meder allatum est . . et datum est puellae et puella (ilia B E E-p mg ) matri suae Q R. 15,29. venit eft he com uenit iterum 15, 30. caecos, claudos, debiles healte y blinde y wan- hale claudos caecos debiles ABC E-P H* K L M M-T Q R T v W X Y Z. [16, 4. signum Jonae ionas tacen ]>ces witegan sig- num ionae prophetae E K L Q R vg.~\ 16, 12. c&vendum warmaft cauete LQR. 17, 14. homo genibus pro volutes sum mann gebi- gednm cneowum homo genibus prouolutzs ABCE-PF@M OQTXY/2. 17, 20. si habueritis fidem . . dicetis yf ge hsefdon geleafan . .3 ge cwsedon si habueritis fidem . . et dicetis H 1 . 24 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 19, 21. vende quae habes becyp eall ty }>u ahst uende omnia quae habes E E-p mg L Q (R) w f. 21, 5. super asinam et pullum filium subjugah's uppan tamre assene y hyre folan super asinam et pullum filium (om. A* Q R*) subiugalem R. tamre translates subiugalem, as teoma in the Mercian gloss to R. Cp. p. 48. 21, 20. Quomodo . . aruit hu . . ^ fictreow forscranc quomodo . . aruit ficulnea D L Q R. 21, 23. accesserunt ad eum docentem comon . . him to accesserunt ad eum H R a b c eff l g l h L 21, 29. abiit code . . to ]>am wingerde abiit in uin(e)am (suam Q) abed eff^.z h. 21, 39. ejecerunt . . et occiderunt ofslogon . . y awur- pon occiderunt . . et eiecerunt E. 22, 7. missts exercitiws suis, perdidit sende hys he- re to 3 fordyde misit exercitum suwm et perdidit D Q R a 6 c 22, 8. non fuerunt digni ne synt wyrj?e non sunt digni D Q R. 22, 10. malos et bonos gode 3 yfele bonos et malos E E-P o R x*. 22, 35. tentans eum fandode hys ]?ws cweftende temptans eum et dicens (dixit R) E. 23, 5. fimbrias heora reafa fnadu fymbria?ri uestimenti sui E. 25, 46. Et ibunt 3 \onne fara^ et tune ibunt E-p mg D (om. et). 26, 7. super caput ipsius recumbentis uppan hys heafud \wr he scet super caput eius (ipsius D o x*) recumbente ipso (eo E-p mg /) E* L Q R* a b cff 2 hqrr z . 26, 9. multo to myclum wur]>e pr(a)etio magno (multo D L) E-P mg Q R Wl. pr. B Y c E J. 26, 39. sicut tu swa swa J?u wylt sicut tu uis BDE E-P mg H c LOQRTXYZ* dbeffzfrhr. 26, 53. rogare Patrem meum et exhibe6^ biddan minne feeder j? he seude rogare patrem meum ut exhibere Q. 27, 62. quae est post Parasceven J?e wses gearcung- dseg quae est parasceuen F H* Y. Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 25 28, 7. ecce praedixi vobis nu ic secge eow ecce dixi uobis CEILR*T C abed eff^ h 8 gat. etc. MARK 1, 40. Si vis Drihten, gif f u wylt domine, si uis EH M-T o Q cjf 2 mm. 2, 16. videntes y cwsedon dicentes E-P*. 2, 19. filii nuptiarum foes brydguman cnihtas filii dponsz G M-T Q a c d ef/i g 2 ilq8. 2, 23. coeperunt progredi, et vellere spicas ongunnon fa ear pluccigean coeperunt uellere spicas Gbcdff 2 t. 3, 5. restituta gehaeled sona restituta . . statim G dfflg 2 . 3, 6. statim . . consilium faciebant feahtedon con- silium faciebant GLM-TR. 3, 10. 11. Multos enim sanabant ita ut irruerent in eum ut ilium tangerent quotquot haberent plagas. Et spiritws immundi, cum ilium videbant, procidebant ei Soflice manega he gehaBlde, swa ^ hi sethrinon his. ^ swa fela swa untrumnessa 3 unclaene gastas ha3fdon, |?a hi hine gesawon, hi toforon him astrehton multos enim sanabat ita ut irruerent in eum ut ilium tangerent. quotquot autem (enim E ; om. E-P mg z*) habebant plagas et spiritws inmundos cum ilium uidebant procidebant ei DKM-TOR/Stf. 4, 10. interrogaverunt eum hi qui cum eo erant cum duo- decim parabolas hine axodon ty bigspett J?a twelfe ]> e mid him wseron interrogauerunt eum hi qui cum eo erant duodecim c E E-P I K M-T v w x z vg parabolam w vg D. ' 4, 18. 19. hi sunt qui verbum audiunt, et aerumni saeculi . . suffocant verbum, et sine fructu e&icitur ty synt fa fte j? word gehyra^. 3 ofyrmfte . . ^ word offrysmaft, y synt buton wsestme gewordeng hi sunt qui uerbtim audiunt et aerumnae saeculi .. suffocant uerbum et sine fructu ef&ciuntur CDEGH 1 K L M-T O Q R T. 5, 19. Et non admisit eum Him fa se hcelend ne getrSode iesus autem non admisit eum (c aur.). 26 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 5, 42. et obstupuerunt 3 ealle hi wundredon et obstupuerunt omnes L cfff 2 g l i q. 6, 31. Venite seorsum Cuma$ 3 uton gan onsundron uenite'seorsum eamus B M-T o c a (c ff 2 ) d. 6, 46. abiit . . orare he ferde . . 3 hine ana |?ar gebsed abiit solus orare gat. 8, 8. septem sportas seofon wilian fulle septem sportas plenas E-p mg L Q B. [8, 19. Quando fregi . . quot sustulistis hwsenne ic brsec . . y hu fela . . ge namon quando fregi . . et quot sustu- listis A D i w Y vg. dflB aurJ] quot cophinos fragmentorum hu fela wyligena quot cophinos D M M-T o. 10, 7. Propter hoc homo ^ cwceft, for)?am se mann et dixit, propter hoc homo B K L, M-T owx-zbcdfaqr gat. 10, 17. rogabat eum cwceft y bsed hine rogabat eum dicens c H 1 @ K L M-T OTVWXZa6(c) dfklqr aur. 10,32. et stupebant : et sequentes timebant 3 hi adre- don him hine 3 him fyligdon et stupebant et sequentes timebant eum B M-T o G x*. 13, 6. dicentes, quia ego sum 3 cwej^aft ic eom Crist dicentes quia ego sum christus D E-P H @ Q gat. b cg 2 . 13, 19. Erunt .. dies illi tribulationes on ]>am dagum beo^ . . gedrefednessa erunt . . diebus illis tribulationes w akqd. 13, 32. De die autem illo vel hora Be ]?am dsege 3 ]>sdre tide de die autem illo et hora CE-P^GLM-TQRT. 14, 17. 18. discumbentibus eis mid him sittendum discumbentibus cum eis AH Y. Cp. p. 46. 14,43. lignis mid sahlum fustibus GLQX* fffz kcqd. sagol usually translates fustis. See Bosworth- Toller. 15, 1. vindentes Jesum, duxerunt laeddon ];sene hselend gebundenne uinctum iesum duxerunt D E-P M-T o a c djf z ^ TV aur. 15, 35. Eliam vocat )>es clypaiS heliam heliam uocat ist e L Q c d fa gat. Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 27 LUKE [1, 54. suscepit Israel puerum suum memorari misericordiae suae He onfeng israhel hys cniht 3 gemunde hys mildheort- nesse suscepit israhel puerum suum recordatus (memoratus B o) misericordiae suae w x* Jg & (ft aurj\ 1, 70. 71. Sicut locutus est . . salutem ex inimicis nostris Swa he sprsec . . 3 he alysde us of urum feondum sicut locutus est . . et liberauit nos ab inimicis nostris p G Q R b cff 2 Iqr aur. gat. 2, 15. pastores loquebantur ]?a hyrdas . . sprsecon 3 cwcedon pastores loquebantur dicentes D L etdixerunta bf t i 3, 2. verbum Domini godes word uerbum del ACFMOQTZ abe/S. [3, 8. potest Deus god is swa mihtig ty he mceg potens est deus Hsds brydguman beam fsestan? numquid possunt filii sponsi . . ieiunare ? GZ abed ejf 2 . [6, 40. omnis . . sicut magister ejus selc . . gif he is swylce his lareow omnis . . si sit sicut magister eius B 1 G H K M-T o sax P v w x* z vg a cfl q r aur. gat.~] 7, 39. sciret . . qualis est mulier he wiste . . hwylc J?is wif wcere sciret . . qualis esset mulier A E-P F Q I M o P Q Y (om. esset c D E J dfolS gat.). 8, 16. Nemo . . lucernam accendens, operit earn Ne oferwrihS nan man . . his oncelede leohtfset nemo . . lucernam accensam operit earn a c f 2 1 lice nis J>is mseden dead non est enim mortua puella EGHKOPVXzacd fffzlqrS aur. gat. 9, 28. Factum est . . dies octo et assumpsit wses geworden . . eahta dagas )? he nam factum est . . dies octo assumpsit EGJUabfalr. Jacobum et Joannem lohannem 3 Iacobum lohannem et Iacobum BB-FC E-P JK M-TORT vx z abcefff^l q S aur. gat. 9, 43. in omnibus quae fadebat be J>am ]?ingum f>e gewurdun in omnibus quae fiebant cw. 10, 30. Suscipiens autem Jesus dixit Da cwae]? se hselend hine upbeseonde suspidens autem iesus dixit A B-F CEFG0JKMM-TTVWXZ9S bdl c . 11, 4. dimitte nobis . . siquidem et ipsi dimittimus forgyf us . . swa we forgyfaS dimitte nobis . . sicut quidem et (sicut et a b edfff 2 l r ) uos dimittimus R. 14, 14. non habent retribuere tibi nabbaiS hwanun hig hit ]>e forgyldon non habent unde retribuere tibi H J o T x* z* acfffzlraur. 14, 19. Juga bourn . . quinque an getyme oxena luga bourn . . u D E F K T w. The numeral u might have easily been overlooked. 16, 11. quod verum est )? eower ys quod uestrum est B C D E F K* Q x* z* q aur. 17 5. dixerunt Apostoli Domino cwsedon apostolas, drihten dixerunt apostoli domine BDFQHQT^C eff^ q r. 17 7. pascentem seep laesgendne ones pascentem DKM-TQBT (6) c dfjfc I Iqr s S aur. gat. 17, 31. In ilia hora on iSam dcege in ilia die defq. 18, 16. pueros lytlingas paruulos DKRTwS. puer is rendered by lytling in none of the 43 passages in which it occurs in the Gospels. Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 29 19, 24. date illi, qui decem mnas habet syllaft J?am ]>e hsefS an pund date illi qui x ranas habet D E R w cff^ i q. Cp. 14, 19. The next verse dixerunt ei, Domine, habet decem mnas is probably taken as the disciples' correction of Jesus's apparent mistake. 19, 30. castellum quod contra est ^ castel J?e ongen me ys castellum quod contra uos est B D E E-P mg K M-T o Q B T w 5 g> q r aur. 19, 37. turbae discipulorum j;a menego turbae acffzils. Cp. p. 16. 21, 9. cum audieritis proelia J>onne ge geseoft gefeoht cum uideritis proelia D q. JOHN 1, 16. de plenitudine . . accepimus et gratiam pro gratia of . . gefyllednesse we . . onfengon gyfe for gyfe de pleni- tudine . . accepimus gratiam pro gratia A c D E E-P C J M-T Q R 8 T u x Y a b c eff 2 * Ir aur. 4, 17. Bene dixisti quia non habeo virum wel ]m cwsede ^ J?u ncefst ceorl bene dixisti quia non habes uirum 5, 43. veni . . et non accipitis me Ic com . . 3 ge me ne underfengon ueni . . et non accepistis me A* c E E-P H i*JKOQRWZ5S^^ ? * a ffz a ur - gat* 6,69. credidimus we gelyfa^S credimus CDEF GJKORTVWY*z5jgS) ceff 2 lr aur. 6, 71. dicebat . . Judam he hyt cwsej> be iuda dicebat de Iuda KQVWXZ 2 9S^c e/Qf 2 ) Ir (EHO aur.). 9, 3. ut manifestentur opera Dei ^ godes weorc wcere geswutelod ut manifestetur opus dei A B-F A E-P* F H M s x* Y (manifestaretur or -tetur opera BCGE@OQTX C adefff^qr aur.). 9, 41. dicitis Quia videmus. Peccatum vestrum manet ge secgaiS ^ ^ ge geseon ty is eowre synn dicitis quia uidetis peccatum uestrum manet T e (uos uidere I). 11, 1. Erat quidem languens Lazarus sum seoc man waes genemned lazarus erat quidem languens nomine lazarus D G a b cfffz I. 30 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels de castello Mariae et Marthae sororis ejus of marian ceastre 3 of marthan his swmtra de castello mariae et marthae sororum eius D E G mg Q R w z 9 > I gat. 11, 4; Infirmitas haec non est ad mortem, sed pro gloria Dei, ut glorificetur Filius Dei per earn Nys )?eos untrumnyss na for deafte ac for godes wuldre ty godes sunu si gewuldrod Jnirh hyne . . per eum A * B A E-P HJKORSVYZ (6 c)fff 2 * (I). 12, 13. jprocesserunt obviam ei eodon ut ongean hine eaierunt obuiam ei acd efjf 2 r our. 13, 12. Postquam ergo lavit pedes eorum et accepit vesti- menta sna : cum recubuisset iterum, dixit eis Sy&San he hsefde hyra fet aj>wogene he nam his reaf ^ ]>a he saet he cwseiS eft to him postquam ergo lauit pedes eorum accepit uesti- menta sua et cum recubuisset iterum dixit eis BETsS abcflm. (eorum accepit, also G^ 2 * aur.; et cum, also B-FDO* ejf 2 q.) 14, 1. Omitted 3 he cwseiS to his leorningcnihton et ait discipulis suis M-T a c d aur. 16* 17. Dixerunt ex discipulis ejus cwsedon his leorningcnihtas dixerunt discipuli sui B E E-p mg jQKTx* abcfff 2 r G . 19, 24. in vestem meam miserunt sortern ofer mine reaf hi wurpon hlott super uestem meam miserunt sortem E F J cff 2 q r aur. 20, 4. venit primus com raftor uenit prior c T w ab c dz r anr > riu8 E-P mg M-T. (c) CHARACTER AND TYPE OF THE TRANSLATOR'S ORIGINAL The following tables show the share of each one of Wordsworth and White's manuscripts in the above peculiar readings. The object is to see whether any manuscript or class of manuscripts exhibits, in these readings, a special nearness to the translator's original. Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 31 ASSUMED READINGS Matthew Mark Luke John (26 readings) (12 readings) (19 readings) (3 readings) Q 16 M-T 8 RT... 7 E 3 ER 14 Z - 7 DE CDKORTZ.. 2 L 1 9 6 BC 4 B B-F H J M-T D 10 Q.. 6 G 3 QW0 1 E-P mg 8 BGK.. 3 B-F E-P F K T 5 RTVWX.... 2 PWX* YZ... , 2 W 4 A E-P E-P mg A E rec E-P* 1 v BE-PFO 3 H I L X* Y JM VZ 1 C JXZZ*.... 2 Y mg ... . 1 A H H 1 H mg /".sax rjsax -r,* U A XV < ? TVXYY C .. 1 PROBABLE READINGS Matthew Marie Luke John (37 readings) (26 readings) (31 readings) (16 readings) R 18 M-T 13 D 12 E 8 O. . 17 10 KR. . ..... 11 R 7 E 14 L 9 T W 10 J 0... fi D 13 GO 8 EZ .., 9 DT W 5 10 D K W 6 G O 8 C K O -1 E-P mg TO 5 R 5 C 7 B F H M-T S BC0 Y. 4 CZ 4 F J M-T O VYZ 3 AE-PFH*K B E E-P H T V 6 A A* A E-P XX* 3 VX 3 B-FHX 6 E-P mg GX*... 2 H J M M-T AH 1 IX* Y.. 2 E-PM X*.... 4 B-F E-P* E-P C R*VWY C .... 2 E -p mg E-P 1 F A BP 3 G mg I M T c U E* E-P* H H 1 MO C 1 ILZ 2 X YZ C Z 2 1 IT C X C ZZ*.... 1 B^E-P^H 32 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels In the above figures there are two things which appear to be significant. The first is the fact that in both sets of figures for Matthew the number of readings attested by D E L Q R much exceeds that of the other manuscripts. 1 The second is the very small number of peculiar readings in John. Now DELQR (and E-p) 2 are the six manuscripts used by Wordsworth and White that exhibit the "Irish" type of text. 3 This type is very marked in its peculiarities (far more so than any other of Wordsworth and White's manuscripts), containing many Old Latin readings and independent revisions from the Greek. The extent to which the readings of the translator's original conformed in its peculiarities to this " Irish " type will appear more clearly from the following table : Peculiar Readings in Only " Irish MSS." 2 or more " " and 1 other 4 or more " " and 2 others 5 or more " " and 3 others It is .evident that the translator's original was marked by " Irish " readings in Matthew, while in the other Gospels these J It should be noted that in these MSS., and in M B u, the gaps are considerable. The number of the passages cited in the lists as peculiar, in which D E L Q B E-P are deficient is as follows (the whole number of passages being given as a denomi- nator to indicate the proportion) : ASSUMED PROBABLE M. Mk. L. J. M. Mk. L. J. 9 5 19 3 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 6 2 1 Assu M. M D 12/26 MED PROBABLE k. L. J. M. Mk. L. J. 25/37 E..., 9, fl2 2/19 2/3 14/26 10/31 13/16 18/19 3/3 23/31 17/16 1/3 .... . 4/16 K 6/19 6/31 E-P 4/26 4/37 * E-P is less distinctively " Irish." See Wordsworth in Scrivener, vol. n, p. 80. 8 Wordsworth in Scrivener, vol. n, p. 58 ; Wordsworth and White, p. x ; Wescott in Smith's Dictionary, vol. iv, p. 3457. Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 33 readings play a much smaller part. That is, the translator's original seems to show a special type of text for Matthew. This text, however, though characterized by " Irish " readings, is very far from being an " Irish " text. This will be evident at once on comparing the spelling of the proper names in the Anglo-Saxon with the spelling in DELQK. The Anglo-Saxon spelling (which appears to be an accurate reflex of the original 1 ) conforms, for the most part, to the usual Hieronymian spelling. The " Irish " manuscripts, on the other hand, are in the matter of spelling, both as regards the proper names and other words, eccentric to an extraordinary degree. Again there are a very great number of "Irish" readings which are at variance with the Anglo-Saxon. Westcott asserts 2 tha.t among the many British manuscripts still extant in England there are texts ranging all the way from the old Irish version (D E L, Q R) to versions almost Hieronymian, and that it is impossible to draw a sharp line of division. It seems probable that the original of the Anglo-Saxon version of Matthew was one of these British manuscripts (extant 3 or lost), and one marked with " Irish " readings. The special character of the translator's original in John is obvious. The number of readings noted as peculiar is very small. Indeed of the three " assumed" readings no one is, in strictness, peculiar at all. The testimony of the manuscripts is pretty evenly divided between the reading assumed and the reading rejected, and the same is true, for the most part, of the " probable " readings. In other words, the translator's text in John was almost Hieronymian. In the case of Mark and Luke there is nothing so marked. There are many peculiar readings, but there is no predominance of the readings of any one marked type. M-T is at the head of 1 The very slight variation in the spelling of the names among the several texts of the Anglo-Saxon shows that the scribes were careful in the transcription of names. ''Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, vol. iv, p. 3458. 8 The number of these manuscripts whose readings have not been recorded, which have not indeed been examined with any care, is said to be very large. Our translator's original may survive. 34 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels both lists in Mark, and there are several exclusively " Irish " readings in Luke, but there is nothing marked enough to warrant or suggest an inference. The translator's original, therefore, seems to show at least three types of texts one for Matthew, a second for John, and a third for Mark and Luke. This can mean either that there were three separate manuscripts, 1 or that the translation was made from one manuscript of a varied type. Whether or not the latter is likely the special student of Vulgate texts is best qualified to say. 1 Which would suggest three translators, one for M., a second for Mk. and L. r and a third for J. This is actually the conclusion of Drake (p. 45). On the basis of certain differences in the mode of rendering the same word, phrase, or construction, and certain other features that, he thinks, differentiate one part irom another, he assigns M. to one translator, Mk. and L. to another, and J. to a third (or possibly to the translator of M.). The evidence which he presents is certainly suggestive, but is hardly sufficient to justify his conclusion. He deals- with a comparatively small number of data:, for a trustworthy conclusion all the data must be considered. II. MISTAKES IN RENDERING (a) MISTAKES OF THE EYE Under this head may be arranged those passages in which the translator, from haste, carelessness, or a preconceived notion of the meaning, seems to have mistaken the actual form before him for another form which is similar. In a number of cases a due regard for the meaning or even the grammatical forms of the context would have prevented the mistake ; but both these essential matters are, throughout the translation, frequently overlooked. In some of the instances below the form supposed to have been taken by mistake is present in some of Wordsworth and White's MSS., in which cases these MSS. are designated. In other instances also it is of course possible that the mistaken forms were in the original, though not recorded in these MSS. gui taken as quia : Mk. 1, 24. scio qui sis, sanctus dei ic wat J>u eart godes halga (quia D E-p 2 L Q T w r 2 aur.)'. L. 61 27. uobis dico qui auditis ic eow secge for\>am \e ge gehyraj?. (quia G). L. 8, 13. qui ad tempus credunt ' for]>am \e hi hwilum gelyfaft (quia EH0KQVXZ 1 bfff 2 lq l r aur.). quia taken as qui : M. 11, 25. quia abscond isti ]>u \e behyddyst (qui DETWZ*). M. 23, 15. uae uobis . . quia circuitis mare Wa eow . . ge befaraS sa3 (qui r> E J K M-T Q T v z*). L. 11, 42. uae uobis . . quia decimatis wa eow . . ge \e teoj>ia$ (gui D E M T v w). J. 8, 25. principium quia et loquor uobis ic eom fruma \>e to eow sprece (qui K M-T v w Y e vg). 35 36 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels quid taken as quia or quod : J. 6, 30. Quod . . tu facis signum ut . . credamus ? quid operaris? hwset dest Jm to tacne f we . . gelyfon f ]?u hit wyrce ? et taken as ut: M. 4, 6. et in manibus tollent te ^ hig J?e on hyra handum beron (ut D L, 2 ). Mk. 9, 31. et Occident eum ^ hi hine ofslean. J. 4, 10. petisses ab eo et dedisset Jm baede hine f- he sealde. J. 12, 5. et datum est egenis )? man mihte syllan ]?earfon. J. 17, 23. et cognoscat mundus ^ middaneard on- cnawe (ut M-T ader). ut taken as et : J. 10, 17. ego pono animam meam, ut iterum sumam earn ic sylle mine sawle 3 hig eft nime (et A A E-P H 1 K M-T o s v w x Y c). J. 12, 46. ut omnis qui credit in me . . non maneat y nan J?ara }>e gelyf 3 on me ne wuna-S. J. 19, 33. cum uenissent, ut uiderunt ]>a hi . . comon ^ gesawon (et EGTX anq aur. gat.). et si confused with etsi : M. 21, 21. sed et si monti huic dixeritis ac eac }>ek ge cwe)>an to J?isum munte. Mk. 8, 26. et si in uicum introieris 3 ]>cah Jni on tun ga. Mk. 16, 18. et si mortiferum quid biberint, non eos nocebit him nederaft ]>eah hi hwset deadbserlices drincan. nee scit taken as nescit : J. 14, 17. quia non uidet eum, nee scit eum He ne cann hyne forSam j?e he ne gesyh-8 hyne (nescit D E Q K rgat.). Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 37 -em or e- taken as -e : M. 24, 15. aborainationem . . quae dicta est a Danielo propheta stantem in loco sancto onsceonunge . . J>e se witega gecwseft daniel ]>a he stod on haligre stowe. Read stante. Mk. 16, 20. domino cooperante et sermonem confirmante drihtne mid wyrcendum y trymmendre spraece. Read sermone. -i -e taken as -in -en or i- e- : Mk. 15, 32. qui cum eo crucifixi erant, conuiciabantur ei J?a iSe him mid hangodon waeron him mid gebundene. Read conuinciebantur. L. 21, 21. non discedant nyfter ne astigaft. Read descendant. Cp. p. 22. Miscellaneous : M. 15, 30. mutos, claudos manega healte. Taken as multos. Mk. 5, 40. adsumit patrem et matrem puellae nam petrum y J>ses msedenes modor. Read petrum, absurdly, as there is no mention of Peter in the context. ingrediuntur ubi puella arat iacens inneo- don suwiende ]?ar ty mseden wses. Read tacens. Mk. 12, 36. Ipse enim Dauid dicit in spiritu sancto Dauid sylf cwseft to ]>am halgan gaste. Neglected in, and took spiritu as spiritui. The rendering is absurd. Mk. 14, 64. condemnaaerunt eum esse reum mortis hyrw- don . . hine ^ cwcedon ty he wsere dea^es scyldig. Read contemnauerunt, which also makes necessary 3 cwcedon. The rendering of hyrwan by " condemn " in the dictionaries seems to be based only on this passage. L. 1, 5. de uice Abia of abian tune. Read uico. L. 1, 78. oriens ex alto of eastdcete upspringende. Possibly confused with austro, with substitution of eastdcde for su]>dcele (which renders austram M. 12, 42, L. 11, 31) on account of oriens. L. 2, 3. ibant omnes ut profiterentur singuli in suam ciuita- tem ealle hig eodon 3 syndrie ferdon on hyra ceastre. 38 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels The translator is confused by the somewhat unusual sense of profiteri. ut is taken as et y profiterentur as proficiscerentur, and grammar disregarded. L. 10, 6. requiescet super illam pax uestra . . ad uos reuerte- tur reste J;ar eower sib . . sy to eow gecyrred. Con- fused with requiescat . . reuertatur. L. 11, 7. et ille deintus respondens dicat And he ]>onne him J;us "jswarige. Confused with delude. L. 12, 1 5. cauete ab . . auaritia quia non in abundantia . . uita . . est warniaft wr3 . . gytsunge forj?am |?e nys . . lif on gytsunge. Taken as repetition of auaritia. L. 12, 55. dicitis quia uentus (see p. 21) erit ge secgea-3 ^ is towerd. Taken as uenturus, which is rendered by toweard 9 times in the Gospels. L. 13, 32. tertia die consummor ];riddan dsege ic beo fornumen. Taken as consumor, which is rendered by forniman L. 9, 54. L. 22, 44. guttae sauguinis decurrentis blodes dropan . . yrnende. Taken as decurrentes. J. 9, 2. quis peccauit hwcet syngode. Taken as quid. J. 14, 1. creditis in deum, et in me credite ge gelyfaft on god 3 gdyfafc on me. Possibly taken as creditis. Should be geLyfaft eac on me. M. 15, 22. mulier Chananea, afinibus illis egressa, clamauit of ]>am chananeiscum gemcerum clypode sum wif. The trans- lator possibly read Chananeae ex finibus, and this would make it possible to neglect egressa. (b) MISAPPREHENSIONS OF THE MEANING In many of the passages under this heading there is an actual ambiguity in the meauing of the Latin. Reference to the Greek will usually make the meaning clear. The translations in quota- tion marks are those of the English version of 1881. quia or quoniam, " that," taken as quia or quoniam, " because : " M. 6, 26. Respicite uolatilia . . quoniam non serunt Behealdaft . . fuglas for]>am ]>e hig ne sawaiS. Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels M. 26, 54. implebuutur scripturae quia sic opportet fieri . . for\am ]>us hyt gebyraft to beonne. L. 12, 51. See p. 47. J. 11, 1 5. gaudeo . . quoniam non eram ibi (" that I was not there ") ic com blij?e . . for]>am ic nses ]?ara. J. 16, 19*. quaeritis inter uos quia dixi (" that I said ") . . for]>am ic ssede. J. 16, 26. non dico uobis quia ego rogabo patrem de uobis ic eow ne secge for)>am ic bidde minne feeder be eow. The translator does not make a good sense. quia, quod, "because," "since," taken as quia, quod, "that." Mk. 15, 42. quia erat Parasceue )? wses parasceue. And this }>cet is further certain to be taken as demonstrative. J. 5, 28. Nolite mirari hoc, quia uenit hora (" for the hour cometh") Ne wundrigeon ge ftses ^ seo tid cynrS. J. 14, 2. Si quominus, dixissem uobis ; quia (el Se fjurj, elirov &v vfuv on: "If it were not so, I would have told you, for") uado parare uobis locum ne ssede ic eow hyt ys lytles wana j? ic fare 3 wylle eow eardungstowe gearwian. The Anglo- Saxon seems to be interrogative. It is hard to see how the first part of the sentence could have been got out of the Latin. quod, "that which," taken as quod, "that" conj. M. 26, 13. quod haec fecit (o eTrolrjaev CLVTITJ) j? heo dyde. Mk. 14, 9. quod fecit haec, narrabitur in memoriam eius ty heo ]>is on his gemynde dyde. Cp. p. 41. quid, " what," taken as quid, " why : " M. 11, 7. 8. Quid existis in desertam uidere? arundinem uento agitatam ? Sed quid existis uidere? hominem etc. Hwi code ge on wesften geseon winde awegyd hreod. oft^e hwi code ge ut geseou mann &c. Similarly, L. 7, 24, 25, 26. M. 11, 9. quid existis uidere ? prophetam ? (& or uidere prophetam (" wherefore went ye out ? to see a prophet ? ") 40 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels hwcet code ge ut witegan geseon. hwcet seems here to mean "why." Cp. Wiilfing, 313. quid, " why," taken as quid, " what : " Mk. 2, 24. Ecce, Quid faciunt discipuli tui (see p. ) quod non licet loca nu hwcet Jrine leorningcnihtas do-3 '^ him alyted naes. The translator may have taken quid as quod. quid, " what," taken as quid, " anything : " Mk. 11, 3. si quis uobis dixerit : quid facitis ? dicite etc. gyf hwa to inc hwcet cwy$, secgaft etc. The mistake makes necessary the omission of facitis. hie, " this," taken as hie, " here : " M. 3, 17. hie est (ovro? eVr>) films menus Her is min . . sunu. Similarly, M. 17, 5 ; Mk. 12, 7 ; L. 20, 14. hie, " here," taken as hie, " this : " M. 12, 6. maior est hie (o>Se) ]?es ys mserra. Simi- larly, M. 12, 42; L. 11, 31, 32. ut, " as," taken as ut, " that : " L. 3, 23. erat . . annorum triginta, ut putabatur, filius Joseph ("the son, as was supposed, of Joseph") waes .. J?ritig wintre ty menu wendon -j? he waere &c. One case taken as another : M. 13, 38. zizania autem filii sunt nequam Se coccel synt so]?lice J>a manfullan beam. Taken as nom. sg. M. 13, 25. superseminauit zizania (Greek ace. pi.) ofer- seow hit mid coecele. Seems to be taken as abl. sg. Mk. 5, 7. Jeu fill dei summi mcera hselend godes sunu. summi seems to be taken as voc. Mk. 6, 21. cum dies . . accidisset, Herodes natalis sui caenam fecit ]?a se dseg com herodes gebrydtide, he gegear- wode &c. (Herodis B c E E-p 1 R z 8 (T L)). Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 41 Mk. 7, 26. Syrophoenissa genere ("'a S. by race") siro- fenisces cynnes, Mk. 14, 9. See p. 39. Mk. 14, 35. orabat ut . . transiret ab eo hora (" the hour might pass away ") . . ^ he on ]>cere tide fram him gewite. The antecedents of he and him are not clear. L. 4, 35. cum proiecisset ilium daemonium in medium (" when the devil had thrown him down in the midst ") J>a he utadraf hine on heora midlene. daemonium is taken as object. L. 7, 18. Nuntiauerunt Johanni discipuli eius Cyddun iohannes leorningcnihtas him. lohanni may have been con- fused with the genitive. L. 24, 33. inuenerunt . . undecim et eos qui cum ipsis erant, dicentes (Xeyovras) gemetton endlufan . . 3 cwcedun. di- centes taken as nom. J. 19, 32. Uenerunt ergo milites : et primi quidern (rov fjuev TTpcorov) fregerunt crura et alterius qui crucifixus est cum eo Da comon ];a cempan -j brsecon cerest $aes sceancan J?e mid him ahangen wses. primi seems to be taken as nom. pi. with milites (cp. the rendering of primus, L. 2, 2 and J. 8, 7). et alterius is then forced into the meaning of eius. One tense taken as another : L. 13, 35. qui uenit (6 e/9%o/Ltez>o?) se J>e com. Similarly, J. 3, 31 ; 12, 13. J. 2, 17. comedit me me et. Present meaning of perfect form not observed : J. 5, 42. cognoui uos (" I know you ") ic gecneow eow. L. 6, 27. qui uos oderunt J?e eow hatedon. Future or present taken as irn perative : M. 10, 23. non consummabitis ne befarcfy ge. J. 6, 26. quaeritis me non quia etc. ne sece ge me forSam &c. 42 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels J. 19, 36. Os non comminuetis ex eo ne forbrcece ge nan ban on him. M. 7, 5. eice primum trabern de oculo tuo et tune uidebis eicere etc. . . 3 behawa ]?onne )? Jni ut ado &c. Adjective taken as noun : M. 8, 30. grex porcorum multorum swyna heord manegra manna Seems to be understood as "belonging to many men." Declarative taken as interrogative : M. 26, 2. Scitis quia ("ye know that") etc. wite ge ty &c. Mk. 10, 19. Praecepta nosti Canst ]>u $a bebodu. L. 12, 56. nostis ("ye know not") probare cunne ge afandian. L. 18, 20. mandata nosti canst ]>u j?a bebodu. Interrogative taken as declarative : Mk. 8, 17. nondum cognoscitis . . ? gyt ge ne oncnawaft. Mk. 14, 48. existis . .? geferdon. L. 22, 48. Filium hominis tradis ? mannes sunu \u . . sylst. Interrogative taken as relative : M. 5, 13. in quo salietur? on \am \e hit (gesylt bi% supplied by A) The translator's failure to render salietur is probably due to his inability to find a meaning in relative quo and a subject for salietur. Mk. 9, 50. Bouum est sal: quod si sal insulsum fuerit, in quo illud condietis ? God is sealt. gif }? sealt unsealt bij? on \am \e ge hit syltaft. What is the translator's notion of the meaning ? L. 14, 34. Bonum est sal. Si autem sal euanuerit, in quo condietur ? God is sealt gif hit awyrS on j?am \e hit gesylt br$. The meaning is very vague. L. 9, 41 . usquequo ero apud uos et patiar uos ? Swa lange swa ic beo mid eow y eow J?olie. The rendering cannot be construed. Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 43 J. 16, 31. Modo creditis? Nu ge gelyfaS. Relative taken as interrogative : Mk. 14, 14. Ubi est refectio rnea ubi . . manducem ? hwar is min gysthus . . hwar ete ic. Parenthetical sense not observed : J. 4, 8. Dicit ei Jesus : Da mini bibere. (Discipuli enim eius abierant.) . . His leorningcnihtas ferdon j;a. The force of enim is also missed, as often. J. 19, 4. 5. Exiit . . Pilatus . . (exiit ergo Jesus portans spiueam coronam et purpureum uestimentum) : et dicit eis : Ecce homo . . )?a code se hselend ut y bser Jjyrnenne cynehelm 3 purpuren reaf 3 ssede him. her is mann. The ecce homo is put into the mouth of Jesus himself. Antecedent mistaken : M. 11, 19. Ecce . . publicanorum et peccatorum amicus. Et iustificata est sapientia a filiis suis (sc. sapientia) . . fram heora bearnum. M. 13, 21. qui uerbum audit . . Non habet autem in se radicem . . hyt nsefS. The meaning is, " he hath not." M. 23, 16. nihil est ("it is nothing") he ys naht. (v. 18, however, j? is naht.) M. 27, 24. uidens . . Pilatus quia nihil proficeret (" he prevailed nothing") -j? hyt naht ne fremode. L. 6, 19. uirtus de illo exiebat et sanabat omnes mse- gen of him code 3 he ealle gehaelde. L. 10, 31. uiso illo (" him ") J?a he j? geseah. L. 16, 16. Lex et prophetae usque ad Johannem : ex eo (OLTTO rore) regnum dei euangelizatur . . oiS lohannem 3 of him is bodud. J. 8, 44. (diabolus) . . cum loquitur mendacium, ex propriis loquitur, . . et pater eius (sc. mendacii) . . he is leas "j his feeder eac. For a similar interpretation of the Latin, assigning a father to the devil, cp. Wordsworth and White's note to this passage. 44 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels J. 11, 10. Si . . ambulauerit in nocte, offendit, quia lux non est in eo (sc. "in him ") . . forj?am J?e leoht nis on hyre (sc. niht). J. 19, 42. Ibi ergo propter parasceuen ludeorum, quia iuxta erat monumentum (" for the tomb was nigh at hand ") posnerunt lesum Soj^lice }>ar hig ledon ];one hselend for|?am faera iudea gearcung wses wr$ ]>a byrgenne. The translator takes the implied subject of erat to be parasceue, and construes monumentum as object of iuxta. Force of participle mistaken : Mk. 10, 32. et stupebant et sequentes ("they that followed") adredon him hine 3 himfyligdon. L. 22, 32. tu aliquando conuersus (TTOTC eTrio-rpetyas : " when once thou hast turned again ") confirma fratres tuos )>u set sumum cyrre gewend y tryme ]>ine gebroftru. J. 10, 40. ubi erat Johannes baptizans primum (" where J. was at the first baptizing ") J?e iohannes waes 3 serest on r fullode. The participle is taken in a continuative sense. , Mistakes in phrasing: The mistakes under this heading consist in taking together into a phrase words which do not belong together. It is natural that there should be many such in translating from a manuscript with little or imperfect punctuation. M. 4, 7. Ait illi . . : Rursum scriptum est cwse$ . . eft to him ; Hit ys awriten. M. 11, 9. Etiam dico uobis, et plus quam prophetam ic eow secge eac maran J?onne witegan. eac is due to etiam rather than to et. M. 11, 11. qui . . minor est in regno caelorum, maior est illo se ]>e Isessa ys, ys on heofena rice him mara. The sense is lost. M. 13, 52. omnis scriba doctus in regno caelorum (?ra9 e him sseton mid. Construed thus, iussit dari cannot be rendered and is therefore passed by. M. 14, 13. et cum audissent turbae, secutae sunt eum pedestres ("on foot") ]?a \a gangendan mcenigeo ty gehyrdon, hig fyligdon him. M. 21, 8. caedebant ramos de arboribus heowun J>cera treowa bogas. de seems to be taken with ramos instead of caedebant (cp. ex ludeis in J. 12, 11, quoted below). Mk. 2, 15. 16. erant enim multi qui sequebantur etim^ Et scribae et Pharisaei, dicentes (see p. 25) quia manducaret cum publicanis et peccatoribus, dicebant discipulis eius : Quare etc. SoJ>lice manega \a %e him fyligdon wceron boceras y farisei, 3 cwsedon, witodlice he ytt mid manfullum 3 synfullum, -j hi cwsedon to his leorningcnihtum, hwi am dagum nan man ne siwaft &c. Mk. 6, 26. Et contristatus est rex : propter iusiurandum et propter simul recumbentes noluit earn contristare J>a wearS se cinincg geunret for pam afte ^ for }>am ^e him mid sseton ; Nolde ]>eah hi geunretan. Mk. 5, 38. uidet tumultum . . et eiulantes multum (" wailing greatly ") geseah my eel gehlyd . . y geomriende. Mk. 7, 29. ait illi : propter hunc sermonem, uade saede he hyre for fycere sprcece ; Ga. Mk. 13, 9. 10. in testimonium illis. Et in omnes gentes primum opportet etc. him on gewitnesse 3 on ealle \eoda: JErest gebyraiS &c. Mk. 13, 14. cum autem uideritis abominationem . . (qui legit, intelligat) : tune qui in Judaea sunt, fugiant in montes. Donne ge geseoft . . asceonunge . . ]>onne ongyte se ]?e rset. fleon ]?onne on muntas ]?a ^e synt on iudea. 46 Studies in the AnglorSaxon Gospels Mk. 13, 23. Uos ergo uidete : ecce praedixi uobis omnia Warniaft eow nu ealle Jnng \t ic eow foressede. The force of ecce is lost, and a relative forced in. Mk. 14, 4. indigne ferentes intra semetipsos, et dicentes unwurSlice forba3ron 3 betwux him sylfum cwsedon. Mk. 14, 17. 18. Vespere autern facto, uenit cum daodecim. Et discumbentibus cum (see p. 26) eis et manducantibus, ait lesus So]>lice J>a a3fen com him twelfum mid him sittendum y etendum s^de se haBlend. An instance of extreme slovenliness, com seems to render both facto and uenit. Duodecim is then run in with dis- cumbentibus, and the 1st cum and et neglected, him, which must be taken as sg., seems to correspond to eis. Mk. 15, 8. cum ascendisset turba, coepit rogare 3 ]?a he (sc. Pilatus) ferde, ]?a ongan seo menegeo. L. 1, 35. (sanctum is construed with nascetur in (&, Anglo- Saxon, and King James version, but with uocabitur in Revised version.) L. 1, 73. lusiurandum, quod iurauit . . daturum se nobis (" the oath to grant unto us ") Hyne us to syllene }>one aft. L. 1, 78. uisitauit nos oriens ex alto ("the dayspring from on high hath visited us ") he us geneosode of eastdsele upspringende. Cp. p. 37. L. 2, 12. hoc uobis signum ("this is the sign") ]>is tacen eow byft. L. 4, 18. Spiritus Domini super me propter quod unxit me euangelizare pauperibus misit me praedicare captiuis remissio- nem etc. drihtnes gast is ofer me. forj>am $e he smyrede me. he sende me J>earfum bodian. y gehseftum alysednesse &c. he sende seems to begin a new sentence, and Wordsworth and White's text is pointed according to such a construction, (ft construes unxit me and euangelizare pauperibus misit me as coordinate after propter quod. The Revised version has : " The Spirit of the Lord is upon me because (or wherefore) he annointed me to preach good tidings to the poor : he hath sent me to proclaim &c." In any case, for]>am \e is a wrong rendering of propter quod, and bodian, made to do service for both euangelizare and praedicare, gives a very awkward CLTTO KOIVOV construction. Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 47 L. 8, 42. dum iret a turbis comprimebatur }>a he ferde of ]>am menegum he waes ofj>rungen. L. 9, 5. puluerem . . excutite in testimonium supra illos (eV avrovs : " against them ") asceacaS . . dust ofer hig on witnesse. L. 11, 24. ambulat . . quaerens requiem : et rion iueniens, dicit gse"5 . . reste secende 3 nane ne gemet ]>onne cwyft he. L. 12, 50. 51. quomodo coartor usquedum perficiatur? Putatis quia pacem ueni dare in terrain ? Non, dico uobis, sed sepa- rationem wene ge hu beo ic ge)?read oft hyt sy gefylled for)>am J?e ic com sybbe on eorfan sendan. ne secge ic eow ac todal. Putatis seems to be construed with quomodo etc., being rendered by wene ge. The sense of the translation is thus contrary to that of the original not, "do you think that I have come," but, " because I have come." ne secge ic eow &c is a word for word rendering that must have been meaningless to the translator. L. 12, 58. cum uadis cum aduersario tuo . ., in uia da operam Donne j?u gcest on wege &c. L. 14, 33. Sic ergo omnis . . qui non renuntiat . . non potest meus esse discipulus Witodlice swa is selc of eow . . ne mseg he berm &c. omnis is construed as predicate. L. 17, 7. dicat illi : Statim transi him sona secgft ga. L. 20, 37. sicut dicit dominum, deum Abraham, et deum Isaac, et deum Jacob. Deus autem non est mortuorum swa he cwceft ; Drihten abrahames god . . nys god deadra. " Calleth the Lord &c." The translator makes cwceft cover the whole sentence. L. 21, 34. superueniat in uos repentina dies ilia (at^tSto? f) Tjiiepa e/ceivw). Tamquam laquens enim superueniet in omnes qui etc. on eow se fcerlice dceg becume swa swa grin ; He becymj? on ealle ]?a $e &c. The predicative repentina is taken as attributive, and tamquam laquens construed with what precedes instead of with what follows. Enim is neglected. L. 22, 25. Reges gentium dominantur eorum (" Kings of the Gentiles have lordship over them ") cyningas wealdaft hyra ]>eoda. gentium is taken directly with eorum. J. 3, 2. Rabbi, scimus quia a deo uenisti magister rabbi, f is lareow, we witon ^ Jm come fram gode. 4 48 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels J. 4, 24. Spiritus est deus (" God is a spirit ") gast is god. J. 4, 54. Hoc iterum secundum signum fecit lesus (" This is again the second sign that Jesus did ") se hselend worhte J>is tacen eft o]>re stye. The translator failed to see the predi- cative force of secundum signum. J. 6, 13. impleuerunt duodecim cophinos fragmentorum ex quinque panibus hordeaciis qui superfuerunt his qui manduca- uerant fyldon twelf wyligeon fulle ]?sera brystena of |?am ]>e j?a Isefdon ]>e of ]>amfif berenan hlafon ceton. ex quinque etc. is taken with manducauerant instead of with fragmentorum. J. 12, 11. multi . . abibant ex ludaeis (TO>V IovSaia>v) ma- nega for on fram ]>am iudeon. J. 19, 38. rogauit Pilatum Joseph ab Arimathia, (eo quod esset discipulus lesu, occultus autem propter metum Indaeorum) ut tolleret corpus lesu. iosep fram ariinathea baed pilatus ^ he moste niraan )?8es hselendes lichaman. forj>am J>e he wses J>aes hselendes leorningcniht. }ns he dyde dearnunga for J>sere iudea ege. occultus is construed with rogauit. Mistakes in the meaning of words : M. 20, 13. nonne ex denario conuenisti mecum Hu ne come J?u to me to wyrceanne wr$ anum peninge. conuenio, " agree " is taken as (cori)uenio, " come," and to wryceanne added for explicitness. M. 21, 5. sedens super asinam, et pullum filum subiugalem (see p. 24) . . uppan tamre assene y hyre folan. subiugalis (vTTogvyiov) is a noun meaning " beast of burden." M. 23, 16. ut faciatis unum proselytum gedon anne etyeodine Cp. proselitum : aduenam, Wright- Wiilcker, Glosses, 482, 2. M. 27, 19. per uisum (ovap) J?urh gesyhfte. Mk. 2, 21. aufert supplementum nouum a ueteri he afyrS J>one niwan scyp of ]?am ealdan reafe. The subject, supplementum (" that which should fill it up "), is taken to mean the same as assumentum in the same verse, and is construed as object. The result is nonsense. Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 49 Mk. 4, 33. loquebatur eis . . prout (KaOoxi : "as ") poteraut audire . . fycet hi mihton gehyran. Mk. 5, 22. uenit quidam de archisynagogis (" rulers of the synagogue ") . . sum of heahgesamnungum. In v. 35, ab archisynagogo is rendered /ram ]>am heahgesamnungum, with reference to v. 22; in 36, ait synagogo will not yield to the mistaken sense, and the word is omitted ; in 38, in domum archi- synagogi at length forces the meaning upon the translator, and it is correctly rendered heahealdres. The passages show that no pains were taken to revise the translation even when errors were perceived. Mk. 6, 20. oustodiebat eum (" kept him safe ") heold hine on cwerterne. Mk. 10, 14. (lesus) indigne tulit unwurftlice he hit forbead. L. 1, 41. exultauit (ecnclpTtio-e) infans in utero gtfag- nude f cild on . . innofte. exultauit seems to be literal : " leapt." L. 9, 24. animam ("life") .. saluam facere .. perdiderit animam . . sawle . . sawle. Especially unhappy in the second instance : " Whosoever shall lose his soul shall save it." L. 13, 1. quidam .. nuntiantes illi de (" told him of") Galilaeis sume . . of galileum him cyj>ende. L. 13, 9. siquidem (tcav pev) fecerit fructum witodlice he wsestmas bring'S. L. 15, 17. in se .. reuersus ("when became to himself") dixit ]>a be]>ohte he hine y cwaeft. Translator has in mind, " retired into himself." L. 21, 13. Continget (aTro/S^o-erat : "it shall turn unto you ") uobis in testimonium J?is eow gebyraft on gewitnesse. L. 23, 26. de uilla (air aypov : " from the country ") of J?an tune. J. 8, 37. sermo meus non capit (x,(opel : " hath not free course ") in uobis. . . ne wuna]> on eow. J. 12, 5. Quare hoc unguentum non ueniit (" was not sold ") Hwi ne sealde heo ]?as sealfe. ueniit seems to be understood as an active verb. 50 Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels J. 12, 6. loculos habens, ea quae mittebantur (ra " what were put therein ") portabat baer )>a fting ]>e man sende. Passive taken as deponent : M. 11, 5. pauperes euangelizantur J;earfan bodiaft. Similarly, L. 7, 22. Mistakes attributable to Graecisms in the Latin text : M. 28, 1. Uespere autem sabbati, quae lucescit in prima sabbati (ei? piav o-aftftdrcov) Softlice ]>am restedaeges aefene se ]?e onlihte on ]>am forman restedsege. The translation is meaningless. Mk. 6, 20. audito eo, multa faciebat (TTO\\& eVotet : " was much perplexed") he gehyrde \ : " could ") haec, fecit J;eos sealde ty heo hsefde. Mk. 15, 8. rogare sicut semper faciebat illis (alreladai Aca^o>9 ael cTroiei avrols : " ask him to do ") hine biddan swa heo symle dyde. . The illis which shows that Pilate is the subject of faeiebat is neglected. L. 6, 1. in sabbato secundo primo (SevrepoTTpwrq) : " second after the first") cum transiret on ]>am cefteran restedsage. ceryst ]>SL he ferde. secundo is taken as "the following," and primo construed with cum transiret, as it is in (ft. L. 16, 16. omiiis in illud uim facit (ftid&rcu : " entereth violently into") ealle on ty strangnysse wyrcaft. L. 20, 37. Moyses ostendit secus rubum (eVl rr}? fidrov : " in the place concerning the bush ") sicut dicit Dominum Deum Abraham (0)9 \eyei, Kvptov rbv Oebv 'Afipaa/j, : " when he calls the Lord the God of Abraham") moyses aetywde wi$ anne beigbeam swa he cwseiS ; Drihten abrahames god. The trans- lator hardly saw a meaning. Studies in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels 51 J. 7, 40. ex ilia . . turba cum audissent . . dicebant (etc rov . . afcovcravTes . . e\eyov : " some of the multitude, when they heard . . said ") Of -Saare tide seo menigeo cwseS. J. 20, 19. Cum esset ergo sero die illo, una sabbatorum (ri/juepa efceivrj rfj pia o-affpaTcov : " on that day, the first day of the week ") Da hit wses seuen on anon ]>cera restedaga. Unclassified mistakes: Mk. 3, 23. 24. quomodo potest Satanas Satanam eicere ? Et si regnum in se diuidatur, non potest stare regnum illud . . 3 gif his (sc. satanes) rice &c. Mk. 3, 20. et conuenit . . turba, ita ut non possent neque panem manducare (" so much as eat bread ") him to com swa micel menigu $ hi ncefdon hlaf to etanne. ita seems to be construed with turba. Mk. 7, 2 ff. uitupauerunt. Pharisei enim . . non mandu- cant hi tseldon hi y cwcedon Pharisei . . ne eta$. The translator puts into the mouth of the Pharisees what is really an explanation of the writer. Mk. 7, 17. interrogabant . . parabolam an bigspell ahsodon. The reference is to the parable just given. Mk. 7, 24. ingressus domum (" entered into a house ") inagan on j? hus. Mk. 8, 1. cum turba multa esset ("when there was") him wses mid micel menigu. Mk. 12, 40. deuorant domos uiduarum sub obtentu prolixae orationis . . forswelga$ mid heora langsuman gebede. L. 1, 9. 10. Secundum consuetudinem sacerdotii, sorte exiit ut incensum poneret, ingressus in templum Domini : Et omnis multitude etc. : "According to the custom of the priest's office, it fell to his lot to (ut of result) go into the temple of the Lord and place the incense. And the whole multitude &c. : " Karci TO e0o$ TT}8 heelendes) swurd. L. 4, 40. qui habebant infirmos . ., ducebant illos ad eum ealle J>e untrume wceron . . hig Iseddon him to. hig must be taken as the indefinite subject of Iceddon. L. 5, 11. subductis .. nauibus relictis omnibus (" they left all ") secuti sunt eum hig tugon hyra scipo . . 3 forleton hig y folgodon ]?am hselende. The translator understands omnibus to refer to the ships. L. 5, 27. publicanum nomine Leui publicanum he wees o]>rum naman leui. publicanus is taken as a cognomen of Levi. L. 20, 38. omnes enim uiuunt ei ("all men live unto him") ealle hig &c. J. 1, 18. ipse enarrauit (sc. deum) hit cyiSde. J. 7, 4. Nemo . . in occulto quid facit, et quaerit ipse in palam esse (" and himself seeketh to be known openly ") ac seciS -p hit open sy. J. 13, 29. putabant . . quod dixisset ei lesus : erne ea etc. wendon . . j? se haelend hit cwsede be him. A strange ignoring of the context. LIFE The writer of this dissertation was born at Lexington, Virginia, July 11, 1868; graduated, Bachelor of Arts, from Washington and Lee University, 1888; was a graduate student at Johns Hopkins University, 1890-93, in the departments of English, German, and History; was Instructor and Assistant Professor of English in Indiana University, 1893-98; and since 1898 has been Professor of English in the College of Charleston, South Carolina. UNIVEKSITY OF CALIFOENIA LIBEAEY, BEEKELEY THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW Books not returned on time are subject to a fine of 50c per volume after the third day overdue, increasing to $1.00 per volume after the sixth day. Books not in demand may be renewed if application is made before expiration of loan period. OCT 14 If 11 20m-ll,'20 rsion of the gospels . **#