... RAN 
 
 CLAN 
 
University of California Berkeley 
 
PUEBLO INDIAN CLANS 
 
 BY 
 
 F. W. HODGE 
 
 [FROM THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST FOR OCTOBER, 1896] 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 JUDD A DETWEILER, PRINTERS 
 
 1896 
 
PUEBLO INDIAN CLANS 
 
 F. W. HODGE 
 
 In the study of the Pueblo tribes of New Mexico and Arizona 
 there is no subject of greater interest and importance than the 
 clanship system of that people. Indeed, their genesis and early 
 history are so closely interwoven with their clan divisions that 
 investigation of the former would be practically impossible with 
 out a somewhat comprehensive knowledge of these clans. In 
 the incorporation or adoption of other tribal peoples by any given 
 Pueblo tribe, we are apt to find that (1) the new people retain 
 their old clan name but form a new clan in their adopted vil 
 lage; (2) are given an entirely new clan name as a body, or (3) 
 are incorporated by a clan bearing the same name as that borne 
 by the new people or to whom the latter are supposed to be 
 related. With this in mind it is the intention to place on record 
 the aboriginal and English names of the various clans which the 
 writer was able to obtain during a reconnoissance of the pueblos 
 of New Mexico in the summer and autumn of 1895. The exist 
 ence of many it maybe said most of these clans has hitherto 
 been unknown, while the native names of but very few of them 
 have ever been published. Prof. Adolph F. Bandelier, however, 
 has given us the translations of the names of a number of the Rio 
 Grande pueblo clans, Dr Fewkes and the late A. M. Stephen have 
 published the names of the Hopi and Tewa clans of the First 
 Mesa of Tusayan, and to Mrs M. C. Stevenson we are indebted for 
 the names of a number of clans of the pueblo of Sia. 
 
 The Pueblo tribes of New Mexico and Arizona embody four 
 linguistic stocks Tanoan, Keresan, Zunian, and Shoshonean. 
 The Tanoan stock is, or rather was, composed of five dialectal 
 divisions Tano, Tewa, Tiwa, Jemez, and Piro. Of these the 
 Tano no longer maintain tribal relations ; indeed, they are ex 
 tinct as a tribe, but their descendants are scattered throughout 
 the other pueblos, the greater number being at Santo Domingo, 
 with whose inhabitants they have become thoroughly inter 
 mixed. The Tewa occupy the villages of San Juan, Santa Clara, 
 San Ildefonso, Pojoaque, Nambe, Tesuque, and the pueblo of 
 
346 THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [Vol. IX 
 
 Hano among the Hopi. The Tiwa, called by the Spaniards 
 Tigua, live in the pueblos of Taos, Picuris, Sandia, and Isleta. 
 The Jemez inhabit the single village of that name, in which the 
 few surviving members of the kindred Pecos also dwell. The 
 Piros, now almost completely Mexicanized, are found, intermixed 
 with some Tiwa, at the villages of Senecu and Isleta del Sur, be 
 low El Paso, on the Rio Grande in Texas and Chihuahua. The 
 population of the Tanoan stock (excluding the few remaining 
 Piros, but including the pueblo of Hano) is 3,266. 
 
 The divisions of the Keres or Keresan stock occupy the pueblos 
 of Acoma, Laguna, Sia, Santa Ana, San Felipe, Santo Domingo, 
 and Cochiti, and there is but slight dialectal variation in their 
 language. The population of the Keres is 3,561. 
 
 The Zufiian stock comprises the solitary pueblo of Zuni. They 
 number 1,621. 
 
 The Pueblo representatives of the Shoshonean stock are the 
 Hopi of northeastern Arizona, who occupy the towns of Sich- 
 umovi, Walpi, Mashongnavi, Shipaulovi, Shumopovi, and Oraibe. 
 The population of these villages is 1,839.* 
 
 The Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona therefore 
 number 10,287. From the accompanying schedule it will be 
 observed that of the Tewa pueblos San Juan has 19 clans (ex 
 clusive of three clans recorded by Bandelier, the past or present 
 existence of which was emphatically denied to me by the In 
 dians) ; Santa Clara, 15 ; San Ildefonso, 29 ; Nambe, 12 (includ 
 ing one extinct) ; Tesuque, 4 existing and 6 extinct, and Hano, 
 8 existing and 7 extinct. Of the Pojoaque there are only 19 
 surviving Indians, and of these but 5 are of full blood. The 
 governor, Antonio Montoya, is almost pure Mexican. The con 
 dition of their affairs is such that the oldest inhabitant claims 
 to have forgotten that they ever had a clan system. 
 
 The aggregate number of known clans in the Tewa villages, 
 excluding the 3 given doubtfully by Bandelier, is 100, 14 of 
 these being extinct. The population of the Tewa (exclusive 
 of Pojoaque) is 1,110. Regarding the total number of existing 
 clans as 86, the average number of natives forming a clan among 
 the Tewa is 12.9. The average number of San Juan Indians 
 
 i No account of the clanship system of these villages is here given, since such would 
 duplicate the excellent work of Dr J. Walter Fewkes and the late A. M. Stephen, 
 already published. 
 
Oct. 180(5] PUEBLO INDIAN CLANS 347 
 
 to a living clan is 24.77 ; of Santa Clara, 15 ; San Ildefonso, 5.1 ; 
 Nambe, 7.18; Tesuque, 22.75, and Hano, 20.12. 
 
 The Cloud clan is the only one which exists at all of these six 
 Tewa villages. The Sun people is found at all but Nambe, 
 where it has become extinct. The Calabash, Eagle, Earth, and 
 Turkois clans are or have been common to five of the Tewa 
 pueblos; the Coral, Corn, Firewood or Timber, Gopher, and 
 Grass to four of them, while several clans are represented at 
 three of the villages. 
 
 Of the Piros clans little or nothing is known, and of those of the 
 Tiwa very little information could be gained. Fortunately, how 
 ever, through Mr Charles F. Lummis, the well-known author 
 whose residence for many years at Isleta has gained for him and 
 consequently for us an intimate knowledge of the customs, my 
 thology, and traditions of the inhabitants of that village we 
 have learned the names of the 16 Isleta clans. 
 
 At Sandia and Picuris the existence of clans was persistently 
 denied, but Mr Lummis assures me that there is no possible 
 doubt that, at the former village at least, the clanship system 
 prevails. Bandelier states that the Taos have 13 clans, six of 
 which he mentions, but this investigator admits that his list is 
 "neither complete nor absolutely reliable." 
 
 \Yith respect to the Jemez and Pecos we are fortunately in 
 possession of more complete information. The population of 
 Jemez, including the two remaining full-blood Pecos, is 428, 
 divided into 11 clans, in addition to a clan given by Bandelier 
 as named from a flower of the genus dandelion, but the exist 
 ence of which my Jemez informants denied. All of these clans, 
 with the exception of the untraceable Dandelion, formerly ex 
 isted at Pecos, and the latter people had also 7 other clans not 
 now represented at Jemez. The average number of members of 
 the Jemez clans is 38.9. 
 
 Of the Keres villages Laguna has 18 existing and 2 extinct 
 or probably extinct clans ; Acoma, 14 existing, 6 extinct, and 2 
 (Pinon-eater and Ivy) given by Bandelier of which no trace 
 could be found ; Santa Ana, 7 ; Sia, 16 existing (3 of which are 
 almost extinct) and 21 extinct; San Felipe, 21 existing (3 of 
 which are practically extinct), 9 extinct, and one (Ivy) given 
 by Bandelier as dying out, but of which the writer could find 
 no trace; Cochiti, 12 existing (one of them almost extinct), 5 
 
348 THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [Vol. IX 
 
 extinct, and 2 (Ivy and Mexican Sage) given by Bandelier but 
 not traceable by the writer unless they occur under some other 
 name. Of the Santo Domingo clans our information is due to 
 Bandelier, who states that the village has the 18 clans common 
 to the other Keres villages. During his brief visit to Santo Do 
 mingo the writer found it impossible to learn the names of these 
 clans with accuracy, so that further investigation will be neces 
 sary. 
 
 The population of the Keres villages is 3,561, and exclusive 
 of Santo Domingo (whose population is 671), 2,890. The total 
 number of their existing clans (exclusive of Santo Domingo, but 
 including the others given doubtfully by Bandelier) is 93, mak 
 ing the average membership of each Keres clan 31.07. On the 
 same basis the average number of individuals to a clan in Laguna 
 is 63.5; Acoma, 40.43; Santa Ana, 36.14; Sia,6.62; San Felipe, 
 25.18 ; Cochiti, 6.15. 
 
 From the accompanying table it will be seen that, omitting 
 Santo Domingo from our calculation, the Corn clan is the only 
 one represented at all the Keres villages, although the Eagle and 
 Turkey peoples have been common to all of them, but have be 
 come extinct at Cochiti. The Bear, Sun, Coyote, Antelope, Oak, 
 and Fire clans are or have been represented in five of the six 
 villages ; the Rattlesnake, Water, Parrot, Turkois, Road-runner 
 (also called Chapparal Cock and Pheasant), Calabash or Squash, 
 Mountain Lion, and Ivy in four of the towns, and the Earth, 
 Ant, and Dove in three. Several clans are also common to two 
 pueblos of this stock. 
 
 Zuni has 13 clans, as determined by Mr F. H. Gushing, and a 
 tribal population of 1,621. The average number of individuals 
 in a Zuni clan is therefore 124.69. 
 
 NATIVE NAMES OF THE CLANS 
 
 ANT. Nambe, Ku n y'i-tdoa ; Pecos, Amu*-}-} Acoma, Sii-hdnoq ch ; 
 Sia, Sii-hdno ; San Felipe, Sii-hdno. 
 
 ANTELOPE. San Ildefonso, To n -tdoa; Isleta, T am-? afiriin ; La 
 guna, Kur'tsi-hdno ch ; Acoma, Kur'ts-hdnoq h ; Sia, Ku'ts-hdno ; 
 San Felipe, Kuuts-hdno ; Cochiti, Ku'ts-hdnuch. 
 
 ARROW. Sia. Ishtowa-hdno ; San Felipe, Ish'to-hdno. 
 
 AXE. Given by Bandelier as existing at Taos; native name un 
 known. 
 
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Oct. 18U6] PUEBLO INDIAN CLANS 349 
 
 BADGER. San Juan, Keya-tdoa; Santa Clara, Ked-tdoa ; San Ilde- 
 
 fonso, Kea-tdoa; Jemez, Sonsadsh ; Pecos, So'hl + ; Laguna, 
 
 Chop'i-hdno ch ; Sia, Tyupi-hdno ; Zuni, T6nashi-kwe. 
 BEAR. San Juan and Nambe, Ke-tdoa ; Hano, Ke-towa; Pecos, 
 
 Whalatdash; Laguna. Koham-hdno ch ; Acoma, Kuwham- 
 
 hdnoq ch ; Sia, Kohai-hdno ; San Felipe, Kohai-hdno; Cochiti, 
 
 Kuhaia-hdnuch ; Zuni, Ainshi-kwe. 
 BLUEBIRD. San Ildefonso, Se-tdoa. 
 BUFFALO. San Ildefonso, Koo-tdoa ; Pecos, Tdshtye f -{- ; Acoma, 
 
 Moshaich-hdnjq ch ; Sia, Mushach-hdno. 
 CALABASH. San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Nambe, and 
 
 Tesuque, Po-tdoa; Jemez, Wehdtsa-dsh; Pecos, Wa' > -ha > -ha > ; 
 
 Acoma, Tdny'i-hdnoq ch ; Sia and San Felipe, Tdny'i-hdno ; 
 
 Cochiti, Tanyi-hdnuch. 
 CHAPPARAL COCK or ROAD-RUNNER. Laguna, Shidska-hdno ch ; 
 
 Acoma, Shdsk'-hdnoq ch ; Sia, Chosh'ka-hdno ; San Felipe, 
 
 Sosh'ka-hdno ; Zuni, Poye-kwe. 
 CLOUD. San Juan and Santa Clara, Oquwa-tdoa; San Ildefonso, 
 
 Oktiwa-tdoa ; Nambe, Owhu-tdoa; Tesuque, Owhdt-tdoa; 
 
 Hano, Okuwa-towa ; Jemez, Wdhdtsa-dsh; Pecos, Wd'hah-\-'j 
 
 Sia, He'nuti-hdno. 
 .CORAL. San Juan, Kopi n -td6a; Santa Clara. Kupi-toda; San 
 
 Ildefonso, Kupi n -tdoa; Tesuque, Kupi n -tdoa ; San Felipe, 
 
 Ydscha-hdno (Coral bead). 
 CORN. San Juan, Kun-tdoa; Santa Clara, Khu n -tdoa; Hano, 
 
 Kulo n -towa; Jemez, Kyunutsa-dsh ; Pecos, Kyunu'-{-; Sia 
 
 and San Felipe, Ydka-hdno ; Santa Ana, Yak'-hdno; Cochiti, 
 
 Ydk'a-hdnuch; Zuni (Corn or Seed), Td'a-kwe. 
 CORN (BLACK). San Ildefonso, Ku n fetdi-td6a. 
 CORN (BLUE). San Ildefonso, Ku n tsoa-tdoa ; Isleta, Teshur-t'aimn;- 
 
 Acoma, Ku''ishkoshydka-hdnoq ch . 
 CORN (BROWN). Acoma, Ku f: ishi l fydka-hdnoq ch . 
 CORN (RED). San Ildefonso, Ku n pi-tdoa; Isleta, hfe'urt'ainm ; 
 
 Acoma, Ku'kams'hydka-hdnoq ch ; Laguna, Ku'kinishydka- 
 
 hdno eh . 
 
 CORN (SWEET). San Ildefonso, Ku n aii-td6a. 
 CORN (WHITE). San Ildefonso, Ku n tsd-tdoa ; Isleta, lebathu- 
 
 tfairiin ; Acoma, Kuseshydka-hdnoq ch . 
 CORN (YELLOW). San Ildefonso, Ku n tsei-tdoa ; Isleta, lechur- 
 
 Vairiin; Acoma, K6chmishydka-hdnoq ch ; Laguna, Kochinish- 
 
 ydka-hdno ch . 
 
350 THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [Vol. IX 
 
 COTTONWOOD. San Juan, Santa Clara, and San Ildefonso, Te-tdoa; 
 
 Cochiti, I'trahdni-hdnuch. 
 COYOTE. San Juan, San Ildefonso, and Tesuque, De-tdoa; Jemez, 
 
 Ya n tsaa; Pecos, IV -f; Laguna, Tsushki-hdno ch ; Sia, SMfeim'- 
 
 hdno ; San Felipe, Shrotsona-hdno ; Santa Ana, Shutson-hdno ; 
 
 Cochiti, Shrutsuna-hdnuch ; Zufii, Suski-kwe. 
 CRANE or HERON. Hano, Kapulo-towa; Sia, Shuta-hano ; Zuni, 
 
 Kd'lokta-kwe. 
 CROW. Jemez, Kyialish ; Pecos, Kyid l hl-}-; Sia, Schira-hdno ; San 
 
 Felipe, Schilrd-hdno. 
 
 DANCE-KILT. Sia, Wdshpa-hdno ; Cochiti, Wdshpa-hdnuch. 
 DEER. Santa Clara, Pd-tdoa ; San Ildefonso, Pd n -tdoa; Isleta, 
 
 Pim-t'aimn; Pecos, Pa'-f-j Sia and San Felipe, Dydni-hano ; 
 
 Zuni, Shohoita-kwe. 
 DOVE. Sia, Hohoka-hdno ; San Felipe, Huuka-hdno ; Santa Ana, 
 
 Hooka-hdno. 
 
 DUCK. San Felipe, Waiushr-hdno. 
 
 EAGLE. San Juan (given by Bandelier) ; Santa Clara and Te 
 suque, Tse-tdoa; San Ildefonso and Nambe, Tse-tdoa ; Isleta, 
 
 Shm-Vainin ; Jemez, Sehtsa-dsh ; Pecos, See-\- ; Laguna, 
 
 Tydmi-hdno ch ; Acoma, T'ydm'i-hdnoq ch ; Sia, San Felipe, and 
 
 Santa Ana, D'ydmi-hdno ; Cochiti, Dydmi-hdnuch ; Zuni, 
 
 K'ydk'yali-kwe. 
 
 EAGLE (PAINTPJD). San Juan, Sepi n -tdoa. 
 EARTH or SAND. San Juan and Santa Clara, Na-tdoa; Nambe 
 
 and Tesuque, Na n -tdoa ; Hano, Ndn-towa; Isleta, Num- 
 
 t'ainin; Jemez, Dd'dt'hl-^] Pecos, Dad'hl-}-] Laguna, Hdtsi- 
 
 hdno ch ; San Felipe, Hdatsu-hdno. 
 FEATHER. Given by Bandelier as existing at Taos ; native name 
 
 unknown. 
 JT IRE> g an Ildefonso and Narnbe, Pa-tdoa; Pecos, Fwahd; 
 
 Acoma, Hdka-hdnoq ch ; Sia and Santa Ana, Hdkan-hdno ; 
 
 San Felipe, Hdkanyi-hdno ; Cochiti, Hdkanyi-hdnuch. 
 FIREWOOD or TIMBER. San Juan and Santa Clara, Pe-tdoa; San 
 
 Ildefonso, Petdoa; Hano, Pe-toiva. 
 FLOWER (red and white). San Felipe, I'si-hdno. 
 FLOWER (genus Dandelion). Given by Bandelier as existing at 
 
 Jemez ; native name unknown. 
 
 FROG or TOAD. San Felipe, Pe'ruka-hdno ; Zuni, Tdk'ya-kwe. 
 GOOSE. Isleta, Kurm-famm. 
 
Oct. 1896] PUEBLO INDIAN CLANS 351 
 
 GOPHER. San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, and Tesuque, 
 Dye-tdoa. 
 
 GRASS. San Juan, Nambe,and Tesuque, Td-tdoa; Hano, Td-towa. 
 
 HAWK. San Ildefonso, Kyu n gd n -tdoa ; Sia, Spia-hdno. 
 
 HERB. Hano, Pohido-towa. 
 
 HUMMING-BIRD. San Felipe, M'litsr-hano. 
 
 IVY. Given by Bandelier as existing at A coma, San Felipe, and 
 
 Cochiti ; native names unknown; Sia, A'kuch-hdno. 
 KNIFE. Given by Bandelier as existing at Taos ; native name 
 
 unknown. 
 LIZARD. San Juan and San Ildefonso, Ye-tdoa ; Laguna, Meyo- 
 
 hano ch ; Sia, Shkandtulu-hdno. 
 MARTEN. Given by Bandelier as existing at San Juan ; possibly 
 
 identical with the Gopher clan. 
 MOLE. Isleta, Ckufehu-Vairiin. 
 MOON. Given by Bandelier as existing at San Juan ; native 
 
 name unknown ; Sia and San Felipe, Tdivash-hdno. 
 MOUNTAIN LION. San Juan and San Ildefonso, Kd n -td6a ; Nambe, 
 
 Qen-tdoa ; Isleta, Kim-fain in ; Pecos, Shiank'yd -j- ; Laguna, 
 
 M6kaiqch-hdno ch ; Sia and San Felipe, Mokaich-hdno ; Cochiti, 
 
 Mohkach-hdnuch. 
 OAK. Santa Clara, ; Pecos, Gyuu n sh; Laguna, Hdpai- 
 
 hdno eh ; Acoma, Hdpanyi-hdnoq ch ; Sia, Hdpan-hdno ; San 
 
 Felipe, Hdpanyi-hdno ; Cochiti, Hdpanyi-hdnuch. 
 PARROT. Isleta, 1 ; Laguna, Shdivit'i-hdno ch ; Acoma, 
 
 ShdwU'-hdnoq ctl ; Sia and Santa Ana, Shb' witi-hdno ; San 
 
 Felipe, Sho'wati-hano ; Zuni, Pichi-kwe (or Mula-kwe, Macaw). 
 PEGWOOD (?). Sia, Chdnatya-hdno. 
 
 PINE. Hano, Tenyo-hdno ; Jemez, Kiotsad ; Pecos, K'otsaa'. 
 PINON. Sia, Tyaia-hdno. 
 PINON-EATER. Given by Bandelier as existing at Acoma ; native 
 
 name unknown. 
 
 REINDEER. Cochiti, Kishqra-hdnuch. 
 SACRED DANCER (KACHINA). Hano, Kachina-towa. 
 SAGE (MEXICAN). Given by Bandelier as existing at Cochiti ; 
 
 native name unknown. 
 
 i Mr Lummis, to whom we are indebted for the native and English names of the 
 Isleta clans, could not give the Tiwa name of the Parrot gens without reference to his 
 notes, which at the time were inaccessible. 
 
352 THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [Vol. IX 
 
 SALT. Sia and San Felipe, Mma-hdno. 
 
 SHELL (pink conch). Hano, Kopeli-towa. 
 
 SHELL BEAD. San Ildefonso, Kwdtsei-tdoa ; Taos, given by Ban 
 delier, native name unknown ; Sia, Wdpon-hdno. 
 
 SHRUB (RED TOP). Zufii, Aiyaho-kwe. 
 
 SKY. Acoma, Huwdka-hdnoq ch . 
 
 SNAKE (RATTLE). Laguna, Sqowi-hdno ch ; Acoma, Shquw'i-hdnoq ch ; 
 Sia, Squ-hdno; Cochiti, Shruhwi-hanuch ; Zufii. Chitola-kwe. 
 
 SNAKE (WATER). Laguna, Shu'rshka-hdno ch . 
 
 STAR. Sia, Shike-hano. 
 
 STONE. San Juan, Na n -tdoa; San Ildefonso, K : u-tdoa; Hano, 
 Ku-towa ; Sia, Ydunyi-hdno. 
 
 SUN. San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, and Tesuque, 
 Ta n -ldoa; Nambe, Tan-tdoa; Hano, Tan-tow a ; Taos, given 
 by Bandelier, native name unknown; Isleta, Thur-Camin; 
 Jemez, Petsad; Pecos, Pe'~|- ; Laguna, Ohshdhch-hdno ch ; 
 Acoma, Osdch-hdnoq ch ; Sia, Osdch-hdno ; San Felipe, O'shach- 
 hdno; Cochiti, O'shach-hdnuch ; Zufii, Ya'tokya-kwe. 
 
 SWALLOW. San Felipe, Sisika-hdno. 
 
 TOBACCO. Nambe, Sa-tdoa; Hano, Sd-towa; Sia, Hdmi-hano ; 
 San Felipe, Hdami-hdno ; Zufii, A'na-kwe. 
 
 TREE (birch ?). Nambe, Ndna-tdoa. 
 
 TREE (spruce?). San Ildefonso, Tse-tdoa. 
 
 TURKEY. Pecos, P 'etdelu' '+ ; Laguna, Tsi'na-hdno ch ; Acoma, Tsina- 
 hanoq ch ; Sia, Tsi hdno ; San Felipe, Tsina-hdno ; Santa Ana, 
 Tsinha-hdno ; Cochiti, Tsi'n-hano ; Zuni, Tona-kwe. 
 
 TURKOIS. San Juan and Santa Clara, Kunyd-tdoa; San Ilde 
 fonso, Ku n ye-tdoa; Tesuque, Ko n yd-tdoa; Hano (Turkois ear- 
 pendant), Kuyanwe-towa ; Isleta, Shurmuyu-Vainin ; Jemez, 
 Su n kitsad; Pecos, Su n ti-{-] Laguna, Shu'wimi-hd>io clt ; Sia, 
 Shiuwimi-hdno ; San Felipe, Shuwimi-hdno ; Cochiti, Shu- 
 whami-hdnuch. 
 
 WATER. San Juan and San Ildefonso, P'o-tdoa ; Taos, given by 
 Bandelier, native name unknown ; Laguna, Sits-hdno ch ; Sia, 
 Ts'i'ts-hdno ; San Felipe, Tsits-hdno ; Acorna and Cochiti, 
 Tsits-hdnuch. 
 
 WATER- PEBBLE. Isleta, P'dshir-tfaimn. 
 
 WILLOW. Santa Clara, Yd'n-tdoa. 
 
 WOLF. Isleta, Tuim-Vairiin; Laguna, Kdkhan-hano clt . 
 
 YELLOW- WOOD. Zufii , Td'hluptsi-kwe. 
 
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