H> V' *K ■■' '' -^"^'^ ■ ^K ^^^:--^ '^/''i- ■ iS ■ IS^"'-- w 0- / Ck ^f,^^ A HISTORY OF HAVERFORD COl.l.HGE History OF Havhrford College FOR TIU-: FIRST SIXTY YEARS OF ITS EXISTENCE Prep;ired by a Committee of the Alumni Association >:^?- ^^ \r. PuiLADHr-HlA PORTER & COATES 1892 V COPVRIOHT, 1892, BY PORTER & COAXES. F^IsTORV or -nils ll|sT()R>'. 1\) Him Ik- the glory forever! we l>i"ar To llie Lonl of tlie Imrvesi our wlieat wiili tin- tare; What we hkck ill our work tniiy He liiul in our will, \iiil wiiiimw in iiierey our f;o<**l from the ill. — Wiiiitikk. In tin- yrar 1^77 the Aiuinni Association of Iluverford College adopte«l a resolution providing for the appointment of a committee of five members, "with full power to procure the preparation and publieation of a deserijitive and illus- trated history of the College from its beginning as a School to the present time, as speedily as practiciible." 'Phis coin- mittee consisted of Benjamin V. Marsh, Charles K. Pratt, Charles Roberts, Francis \\. Gummere and llowanl Com- fort. They set to work in earnest, held fretpient meetings and accumulated much valuable material ; they asked a graduate of the College to undertake the work t)f eointment, after several years' promises, at find- 2'J?4l;5 6 HISTORY OF lIAVKKRtltD COLLEGE. ing that little or nothing had really been accomplished. Suffice it to say that in 1S84 the intention was abandoned and the committee discharged. In ISS-S the project was revived, and the undersigned was asked by the Alumni to undertake the preparation of a history. The invitation was accepted on condition that he was permitted to appoint an associate committee of such persons as he might designate to assist him. This proposition having been acceded to, the following Alumni were named on this com- mittee, to wit: Dr. Henry Hartshorne, class of '39; Dr. James J. Levick, of '42 ; Richard Wood, of '51 ; James Wood, Honorary A.M.; Henry T. Coates, of '62; Charles Roberts, of '04; Allen C. Thomas, of '65; Howard Comfort, of '70; Fran- cis B. Gummere, of 72; John G. Bullock, of '74; Seth K. (iifford, of '76; John C. Winston, of '81; George Vaux, Jr., of '84 ; and Charles H. Burr, Jr., of '80. These gentlemen all took hold of the work with such zeal and industry, every one of them actively participating, that each one is entitled to his share of the editorial credit as fully as the Editor. Howard Comfort, who had been very active in obtaining materials in 1877-8, acted as Assistant or Vice-Editor, and John C. Winston as Secretary, while Allen C. Thomas wrote up the Librarj^ and Charles H. Burr, Jr., Athletic Sports. To each of the others was assigned a period in the narrative — the Editor, an Introduction and the first three years of the History; Dr. Hartshorne, the period from 1834 to '39; Dr. Levick, 1839 to '46; Richard Wood, '40 to '52; James Wood, '52 to '5(5; Henry T. Coates, '50 to '00; Charles Roberts, '60 to '04; Francis B. Gummere, '64 to '72; Seth K. Gif- ford, '72 to '70 ; John C. Winston, '70 to '81 ; and George A^iux, Jr., '81 to '90. James Wood also undertook an in- troductory chapter on Education in the Society of Friends IIISTMKY OK Tlll> IIISlnKY. » prior to the fouiulini; of Utiverfoitl. \\ r uri- furtlu-r in- del)to(i to inaiiy jitrsons outside of the eoiiiinittci* for valu- able materials, and, especially, to I'lvsident Sharpless for a statement of iht- present condition of the College, and to Professor \V. S. llall for a History of the Scientitie \U- partments, which latter has heen incorporated, like iho paper on Athletic iSports by Charles 11. Burr, Jr., and one hy Howard Comfort on the Alumni Assoeiation, in the general lumative. Professor Hall also supjdied the de- scrij)tion of the .Mu I'ranklin U. Kirk- bride, class of 'so, for photographs, and to .lohn Thomson for compilation of tin* Index. This description of the allotment of the labt)r will be found necessary to account for the singular diversity of style, treatment and length of the ditterent chapters, which, while constituting a defect insei)arable from the plan adopted, may also lay claim to the merit of alfonling a pleasing variety in the writing. At the sanu' time, the Editor having necessarily been given a rartr blanche to modify the papers submitted, it may be that their style has been marred in the eoet who has made melaiuholy a luxury: Daaina taiiit'ii ifliTi*« rt- parent la-leslia liinu' ; Nos, iilii ilccidimus (/uo pater .KneuA, <|Uo ilives Tiilliis et Ancus, I'lilvis et iinilira MimiiM. U e who nearly sixteen years aj^o looked with awe at the names of gradujites in the catalojj;ue, simple Freshmen as we were — we who felt *' the desire of a moth for a star" when we saw great King and his fellows of •'•O carry oil their green-ribboned diplonni — we too are gone down where father .Kneas anide — we too are dust and shadow ; while your Charter Schools an .skirts of the grove, and prowled, not un- wary of hoarse cry and cadent brick, even to the edge of the "area? " We could sing a little Iliad of a fence which the .Nhm- agers once built about that gruesome brown box called the railroad station, and of the gate, l)eyond whieh no under- graduate was to set iiis foot. For in the dead of night pro- fane hands wrenched that gate from its well-oiled hinges and heaved it on a passing freight train. Whither did the fates whirl thee, O gate? Now. fence and station and the tirm rails themselves are all vanished from the spot; hut the Mickics of Kilkenny still filch chestnuts from the great tree luird by, just as they did of yore; for, lo, these things abide alway. We could sing, too, an ()dyssey «»f the wanderings, bil)a- cious or amatory, of thee, great Rooty of the stately lie — lie that not four nor four times "four colored men " could con- 12 HISTORY OF HAVEKFORI) VOU.VME. coct in these degenerate days! Thee, too, Joseph, brother of Rooty — we mind tliee too. Oxford bore thee — Oxford in pleasant Chester vales — and there some goil liad given thee that grace that neither wasp nor hornet, nor whatsoever l>oareth and useth a sting, could work thee woe — a grace that made thee glad in the mowing-field. Where, too, is Boll? Alas, men tell tliat he was lured away of Bacchus, and sought the vines of far California, deserting his kin; but all these things lie upon the knees of the gods. You, too, Haverfordians that are, will you not sing the places and the heroes of to-day? Never mind the essays on morals and history and philosophy — the sad, bad world is full of them; they strew our path liki- burs — but chant us the scrapes and the pranks of your mighty ones. And then in turn some boy of us will emerge, Orpheus-like, from the Hades of graduation, dragging his Eurydice of recol- lection after him, and he will sing you legends of the dim past; of the days when we had "bounds" and "deductions" and (in senior year) a daily lunch of pie; of the days M'hen Congdon batted and Rose bowled, and King took great "extras" in "private."' Such names and such deeds will he sing you, till you shall confess that your noontide was not without a flaming East to herald your splendor, till you shall look not all in scorn upon the men who came before you, and \vlio labored in the vineyard when the laborers were few. F. B. G., of 72, In fJte Haverfordian for 1885-1886. ' The written exaniiiialion was so called to distinguish it I'roiu tlie old jMil)lic and oral e.xaiiii nations. F'or a while tlie custom i)revailed of giving extra marks, so that with 100 for perfect, a mark like 102 or 104 was now and then obtained in a given subject. This was the case about 1869, and jjrobably for twenty years previous to that dale. CONTKNTS. I-AIIK UlSTnKV nK Till- Ill~l<'KY 5 I'ltt.KM '.' 1. IxTic«)i>ucniuv— Knviumn.mkxt 17 II. Eut'CATUiN IX TiiK S<»ciFrry »>k Kuikxio. 30 III. Okxj^is, 1S30 t.. 1S33 . M IV. Eaki.y Days, 1s:Wti. is:{y \W V. A Stiium .\i'nto.\ciiF», lvS39 r«i 1S4«> i:U VI. DVKKWIIKI.MKIi HY DiSASTKU, 1S46 To lSj"» IGO VII. TiiK Fl.. ls4,s I.) 1S.V2 \^^ VIII. TiiK L«m;axiax, fkum thk Rkoi'knim; t<> ISAl "Jl I IX. Cilti>WTII IIP THK Cm.l.KiJK Il>KA, 1S52t«> 1S5(> . . -\] X. BKCDMra A Coi.i.w;!.:, 1856 TO 18t)0 2(>1 XI. (.ivii. Wak Pkkioi., 1K60TO 1864 --'95 XII. G«»VKKXMKXT AT Aum's LKXtiTII, 1864 Ti> isTl.' . 327 XIII. (JoVKItXMKXT l»V TIIK pACri.TY", 1H7'J T«> 1S76 . 3S6 XIV. Bauci.ay Hai.i.Biii.t, 1876 TO 1881 41h XV. .i>sii>k CoTTA(iK, 1887 to IS90 . Aos .>CVni. SoCICTIES — Co|.|.K.«iK PaI'KKS — LlllUAKY AXI» MfSKl.M Col.- i.K.i-rioxs 594 MX. II vvKitKoitii AT Sixty 6:{6 APPHNOIX. Li.>»T OK SrrnKXT* •'>'>5 MKMBKRa op TIIK Faculty •'>"*«^ OkKICKK."* AXK MAXA<;Klf* ^^ OFFICKHS OK TIIK .\l.l'MSI A!**«)CIATION 693 <)U VTolt"', P.>»:r» VNI> iMll/.K WiNNKUS. ''M (18) IJST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Tilt whole-pagi" ilhistraiions are indicated thus * I'AtiE Alumni Ilall^ 261 Arcli, Ruined, of the Old Greenhouse . 184 Barclay Hall' 418 Entrance 470 Student's Room in 573 Bridge over the Old Railroad Hed 198 Bryn Mawr College, Tavlor Hall 451 Buck Tavern Ill Burial Ground, Haverford 271 Carpenter Shop, The, 1S3S 125 Castle Br'th, Llewellyn's House 21 Castner's (Whilehall)* 137 Chase Hall 568 Childs, George W., Residence of (Wootlon) 639 Classical Recitation-room 343 College Lawn, View on, near old Railroad Station 586 Cremation, The La«t 556 Cricket Creitse, The* . . 339 Drive, Scene on the* 205 Fishing-pool on Mill Creek 286 Founders' Hall* ... 327 Circle in front of 431 Stone Steps on Terrace 280 Student's Bedroom in 114 Gateway, Stone, at Knt ranee— Lancaster Turnpike* 474 General Wayne Tavern 213 Grammar School, Haverford 492 (ireenhouse. Ruined Arch of the Old 184 Gulf Road, Scene on the 562 Guniniere (Prof.), F. B., Residence of 649 Hall, Alumni* 261 (14) LIST (»K ILI.rSTRATloNS. 15 I'AUK Hall, Barelav* . 4 IS Hull, Chase :»GH Hall, Circle in front ><( KiMiniu-i;«' . . . I')l Harriton, Kfsiilciue of CliarU>s TlioniMiii . '.'14 Haverford Burial (irouml '21 \ Haverfoni ('olle>;e in 1S33* ... rwi Haverftinl Collf>?e in IMX* 1>»'» Haverford (ininimar Si-hool . . A\>'2 Haverford Meetinjj House* ... 4«)0 Library, Interior of tlie* lilS I.jini-a8(er Turnpike — Stone • Jaleway at Kntramv* . . 174 Llewellyn's House (Castle Br'th) "Jl Maple -\venut' .►*><• Meeting House, Haverfonl* . 4«>0 Meeting House, ()M Merion 'J^i •Mill Creek, Fisliin^-p«K)l on *»">♦» Old Building near ..... 114 Scene on . . . . 7'.» Obeervatories, The 2.VJ Old Merion Meeting House '.M> One of the Shady Haunts of the Miidenis 1»><> I'ai)er Mill— Oldest in I'enne, Thonia.s P. Si] Farnum, John AlVt Fothergill, Dr. John . 3H Gri.Hi-om, John . ol GumnuTc, John It'3 (tummere (I'resident), Samuel .1. 3".it'> Harlan, Jo«eph (i.* . . . . ■J4.'> Harris (Pn.f.i, J. Kendel* .'.'24 Hillet. Samuel ''5 Howlan«l, 6 Sliarpless (President), Isaac* 5:>U Smith, Daniel B* 63 Swift, Dr. Paul* 317 Yarnall, Charles 43S (^uadrai)gle, The 386 Radnor, St. David's — the Church 34 Recitation-room, Classical 343 Residence of Childs, George W. (Wootton) 639 Gummere (Prof.j, F. B 649 Sharpless (President) 406 Thomas (Prof), Allen C 612 Revolutionary Powder Mill, near Wynnewood . ]o9 Saint David's, Radnor — the Church 34 Serpentine, The 240 Sharpless (President), Residence of 406 Skating Pond 646 Steps, Stone, on Terrace, Founders' Hall . . .... 2S0 Student's Bedroom in Founders' Hall 114 Student's Room in Barclay Hall 573 Tavern, Buck Ill Tavern, General Wayne 213 Taylor Hall— Bryn Mawr College 451 Telescope, Equatorial* 4'.i0 Thomas (Prof.), Allen C, Residence of 612 Thomson, Charles, Residence of, Harriton 214 Whitehall, Castner-s* 137 Wootton, Residence of George W. Childs 639 Wynnewood, Revolutionary Powder Mill, near 159 Yarnall's, EUis, Cottage* 2!)5 ( iiAi'Ti:!: I. INTROni 'CTORV— !:N\'IR( )Nmi:nt. Williii) the latul of IViiii, The sectary yielded to the citizen, Aiul j»eacefiil dwelt the iiiany-c-reedetl men.— WiiirriKit >TeJ PKNN |if)l'NI).\RY-ST<>NK. Befork entering on tin- liistorv piopor, which it is tlio immediate purpose of tliese pages to narrate, it may not be unprolitahle to revert to tlie surroundings of tlie institution to wliich tliey refer, and form some conee|>tiou of tlie ante- natal influences that bear upon our history, as well as, by comparison, of the contrast between the state of things over half a century ago and in the Year of ( irace 1890, when this narrative is made. The Commonwealth of r»nn, the scene of his " holy ex- periment,' and the city of Penn, named by him Philnhlphia Brotherly Love, in witness of the same experiment, were most potent factors in the evolution of the America of the Nin«- 2 (17) 18 llISTOi;V OF IIAVKIUOKD COLLEGE. teeiilli Century. Jiidecd, llicy may be said to be, if not the corner-stone, at least one of tlie chief corner-stones of that Temple of LilnTty. "The Kdinljoro' of America,"' founded early in the seventeenth century on Massachusetts Bay, has frequently been credited with most that is fundamental, in- tellectually, in this country; and that she holds a prominent place in literary, if not in all intellectual things, cannot be denied. But there was too much that was combative and destructive in the early composition of that heroic little colony, too much that was stern and unbending in politics, too much that was selfish, bigoted and persecuting in re- ligion, to make the best material for the highest type of a free Republic. Democratic liberty must not be liberty to a class or to a sect, and subservience of all other classes, sects and opinions, but liberty to all alike. It must even include Quakers and aborigines. This was hard to tiie Massachusetts mind. She hung the Quaker, and was at constant warfare witli the Indian until he was exterminated from her borders. The peaceable teaching of Christ, in her opinion, did not apply to heretics and heathen. It was otherwise with the followers of Penn, who, even in the seventeenth century, announced those views of civil and religious liberty, which, in the nineteenth, the descendants of the Pilgrims of Plymouth Kock are fain to accept. C. F. Richardson, in his book on American Literature, devoted many pages to the early histor}'' of the Puritan colony and its paramount influence on the life of the nation, literary, jiolitical and religious, while he gives scant credit to the colony of Penn. He says briefly of it : " When the Friends fell into a minority they were still potent, but their range of ambition was more limited than that of the Mas- sachusetts Puritans ;" while, in the course of his dissertation INTKonUCToKY. — K.W IK< (NM INT. 1!» Oil the latter, he makes this reinarkahle assertion : " l'er>uiial liherty, in |iolitics aixl religion, was, of course, not ^enerully secured in the American colonies at first." It was, however, secureil in the province of Pennsylvania at the first, hefore theenil of the seventeenth eentury ; and " to the everlasting honor of the (^nakers he it reconled, the first of her laws was ' eoncerninj^ liherty of eonseienee.' " *' To the resolution and stronjj will of the (Quakers," a writer has said, " we oWe one of the «;reatest of onr ri«;hts, freedom of conscience, without which civil liherty is a name." The underlying idea of (Quakerism is "a spiritual democracy;" and there is little reason to douht that '• the Constitution of Pennsylvania served largely as a model for that of the great l{ej)uhlic, which was huilt and launched in its metropolis, then the largest city on the continent." Ilaverford College was within ten miles of this metropolis. It was on the edge of the celehrated W'elsli tract, and that portion of it, the trans- ference of which to I)elaware (then Chester) County was regarded hy our Cymric ancestors with such famous indig- nation. These worthy people had emigrated to tlu- New \\'(»rld with the desire to live (piietly apart from the people arttund them. (Jovernor Penn, the Proprietary, had given them reason to expect their wishes would he gratified. In a letter of instructions to the Surveyor-( Jeneral, he directed that the Welsh tract should he laid out in accordance with the understanding with him — i.e., contiguously as one harony, the intention of the Welsh settlers being to conduct their own afl'airs separately from the rest of the colony, and in own language, a." a county palatine. Tiinpt«eal, the rents w'ere assessed upon the whole forty thousand acres, heretofore exem})t; and, in spite of the original as- surance of the Proprietary hiiiLself, a line was run between Philadeli)hia and Chester counties, which divided the Welsh tract in two parts. A pathetic appeal was made from what they, at least, regarded as a grave act of injustice. " Being descended," says this appeal, " of the antient Britons, who always in the land of our Nativity, under the Crown of England, have enjoyed that liberty and priviledge as to have our bounds and limits by ourselves, within which all Causes, Quarrels, crimes and tithes were tryed and wholly determined by Officers, Magistrates and Juries of our own language." Their spirited claim did not avail, and the reservation was thrown open for settlement by others. Doubtless it seemed to them an act of glaring wrong, and seriously marred their pleasant pictures ; but it is a striking, commentary on tlie obliterations wrought by time that these ancient Britons are now completely merged, and all lines between them and their English-speaking neighbors have vanished, no distinction remaining save the old ^\'elsh names. The early dissensions probably account for the quiet obscurity of the annals of this part of the colony, of which we hear little, and the Welsh settlers were not, perhaps, much in accord with William Penn. They were a generous people. " If a newly arrived emi- grant," says Dr. Smith in his history of Delaware County, " or a poor Friend stood in need of a house, it was built for INTUODUCTOUY. — KNX 1 1;« >\M lAT. 21 liiiii; t»l" a ploiii^li uv a row, In- was jnovitKMl with one." llavtitnni Monthly Meeting coiitriliutt-d t(j(> lis. ll«l. in li'»t>7 to nliovo the een conducted, in those primitive times, by the Meeting;. ( >ne of their minutes, in 1 «"»'.•:), onK-rcd that the inliabitants of tlie townships of lIaverforn the I)tla\vai»' Kefore Fulton's more successful experiment on the Hudson, in lMiila(lel|)hia also was founded in colonial times, by Henjaniiii I'ranklin and others, the American Philosophieal Society, still j>rom- inent amon^ learned bodies; a!id here, in later days, the Philadelphia Acadenjy of Natural Sciences was also founded. Franklin here " drew lij;htning from the skies" anil made his other discoveries in science. Here has been ionj; the seat of the great mehia, with its libraries, an, u hitli was tlitii the hi^ljest expres- sion of art for purposes of illuiniiiatioii, would tax tlu' op- tics of the presnit y gas, with a capital of fifty millions or more invested in the plant, an«l no inconsiderable amount is already expended upon elec- trical appliances for the same purpose. Systenis of transportation have been revolutionized more than most other things, and their change affects njore than many others the experience of youths going to an«l from school or college. Tiie origin of our institution .saw the days of C'onestoga wagons — tho.so great hnnbering wains which were then the principal means of conveying merchan- tlise between the " ICast" and the " West." It is true the rail- 26 inSTORY OF HAVEKFOUD C'OLLEfiE. road, with all its wonderl'ul possibilities and results, was then springing into existence. 15ut it was in its earliest days, and bore little resenihlance, in point of speed, machinery or roadbed, to the magnificent iron higiiway of half a century later, which binds the Atlantic to tiie Pacific, and lias been perhaps the principal means of developing the 3'oung and })lucky nation of the first quarter of the nineteenth century into one of the wealthiest and most powerful ])eople on the face of the globe. The greatest of these artificial highways in the world ran by the doors of Haverford School, and its construction was begun about the time of Flounders' Hall. For many years its western terminus was on the eastern l)ank of the Susquehanna River, which was tlien prett}' far west, and it was only the Philadelphiaand Columbia Railroad. Many of the older students can remember the red covered bridge, known familiarly as " the Columbia Railroad bridge," which spanned the Schuylkill near Tom Moore's cottage, a short distance below the present Belmont, and the inclined plane up which the cars were drawn by means of a station- ary engine at the top — in those days regarded as a necessary piece of engineering. A student still living remembers a train being precipitated down the plane, and one car ])lunged into tlie Schuylkill, with fatal results to its occu- ))ants. The rails were laid on iron chairs, which were set in cubical stone sills; and the tradition is that the road was made to wind about, so as to stop at the various farms on the road; the serpentine course of the road was more likely due to an insufHcient knowledge of the value of a straight line for high speed, and of the heavy wear and tear of curves, and to an effort to cheai)en the cost of construc- tion by rounding hills and valleys. At first, the cars on this railroad were drawn by horse-power. INTR0I>Uadii)ji[. J. L. Kin^'walt, in liis '' 'I'laiisportation Systems of the I'niteil States," says that " WhiK' the poriotl hctweon 1825 ami 1830 was j)eeuliarly inipoiUmt in movements which laid the j^roundwork for pn-parations for railway construc- tion, it can scarcely be said that any lailway intended for miscellaneous trallic was com|)leted and in successful opera- tion in the United States before iNoO. That is, therefore, the year from which the growth of the American railway system is «;encrally dated." 'V\\v S\vit(lil»ack at Mauch Chunk and in ranthn- ( 'n-ck \ alley was in use in 182o, but was a jjravity road, with stationary engines for the inclined planes, as it continues to be. indeed, seventy years later. The Darlinj^ton Railway in Kn<;land was opened in 1820 for local trallic, and the Liverpool aixl Manchester in 1821>. Our I'^rieml. .losiali White, who was at one time a manager of Ilaverford, was the leading engineer of the Lehigh region at that jxrioil ; and Professor Silliman sai«l in 18o(i that .losiah White wrote in a public document that ho did not think it economical to run railway cars faster than six miles an hour, on account of wear ami tear. Thai was one mile faster than Fulton ran his lii-st steamboat on the Hudson. It was not until 1828, the year after the Friends' separation to which is ascribetl the origin of our college, that the Pennsylvania Legislature passed an act providing for the construction of a railway, by the State, from IMiila- delphia tlirough Lancaster to Columbia, aixl thence t<» York. This was the nucleus of tlie first of the great trunk lines, the Penn.sylvania Kailroa1.1 W'tultl. were vet in their infanev. Not onlv were the huii- OI,I» MKitlON MEKTINCJ HOUSE. dre«ls of manufaeturing in«lnstries with which New York an«l IMiiladelphia are crowded, and which represent every variety of product, then unhorn, hut the numerous cities wliich originated in some particular manufaeture, such as Lawrence, Lowell, Kail River, Pullman, Klgin, W'altham, etc., had not then sprung into being. The West was l>oundeNM KNT. 31 event uliicli iiivolvf.l a social. |>i»litical ami moral revolution in this country, and wiiieli was one of the great events in the history of the worlil — that " irrepressible eonlliet " whielj cost a million lives and thousands of millions in money, which reft a continent in twain for f<»ur years, and set five million slaves free from their chains, in 1830, so deeply was the I'nited States Constitution foundcnrc. vyiiij,' with the Alps of Switzerland. And, more rcnuirkablc than all. lands thou«;ht eapablu «)f yiehlinj; only the j)riekly cactus, or ecpially worthless ve«;etation. by the simple pro- cess of irri«;at ion have been transformed into productive plan- tations, and are supplanting; Italy and .Spain in tlitir rich harvests of the orange, the olive and the vine. And thus, within forty years, there has arisen, upon the Western slopes of this continent, upon shores thitherto almost as mythical as the cla.ssical shores of the (Jolden Fleece, a civilization as advanced as that upon the Atlantic Coast, a Pacific metropolis more populous, and busier, and more prosperous, than any found along the Atlantic forty years before the discovery of gold, a new intercourse with the great nations of Eastern Asia, that is coloring with new light the thought of both hemispheres, fresli paths for commerce over the Pacific seas, and all this carrying the centre of population and influence far toward the setting sun. Nor, turning our eyes to Kuroj»e, was Italy nnitieil. nor the thirty States of Germany consolidated under the llohenzollerns into the powerful (ierman Umpire; anT. DAVIDS CHURCH, RADXOR. albeit not great in itself, is disproportionately great for its size. Ivlucation in the United States was in a ver}' different stage of advancement at tlie time when Haverford School was established from that which it has attained since. In Pennsylvania, especially, general education was in a deplor- ablv backward condition. An old edition of the"EncYclo- INTKODUC'TOKY. — KN V I Kt iNMKNT. 35 ptt'dia Ainericaim" says tijat little lia«l bet-ii tloin- in IVimimI- vauia for common school tMliuation in 1^30. In tlit- i< ]Mnt of the Society for tlu- I'n (motion of Public Schools, tlated April, 1831, it is statiti that tlurin*; the preceding; year the number of children between the a^es of live and litteen was -HKI.OOU, of whieh there were not ir.(),(H)() in all the scho(ds of till' State. There was no le«;islativf provision for tin- sup- port of schools. In the adjoininj^ States of Delaware and Maryland somewhat more progress seems to have been made. In Delaware there was a school fund, the income of which was distributed to such towns as would raise a sum e«|ual to that which was received, and in .Maryland some attempts had been ma«le to establish a general system of priimiry etlucation. A free .scholic schools, besides great numbers of private schools, boarding-schools and academies, and eleven colleges. New Jersey had a small school fund, which, together with a tax on the capital stock of banks in the Commonwealth, was distributed in small sums to assist schools, very much as in the State of Delaware. The provision in the State of New York was fairly liberal, although slender in comparison with recent years. Of 9,062 school districts, into which the State was then divided, and which were provided with school-houses, furniture and fuel at the cost of the district, 8,030 made returns, and 499,424 scholars were taught, partly by the aid of funds from the State treasury, and partly by a town tax. In March, 1831, the New England system of free schools was introduced in Ohio; but little had been done for educa- tion in the Western States, and still less in the Southern, over wliich, indeed, slavery cast its withering shadow for thirty years more, if it has not, lengthening as its sun set, dark- ened their intellectual horizon even down to the present day. How much has been developed since, not only in the wider recognition of the broad j)rinciple laid down early in Connecticut, so essential in a republic, that none should be excluded from the advantages of a free education, but also in the appreciation of technical and art education, kinder- IMi;"iM( i«iKN . -I-..N\ 1K'»NMKNT. 37 gartens, and tlie relative pusitiun «>! j»iiiii;irv schools; in the imiltiplieation of eolletjes and true universities for lii}j;lu'r antl specialized training;, and in the exhaustive discussion of the whole suhjeet ! Ilaverford, even as a school, was really (juite well advanct'd in the scale in its early «lays, ami has shared in tlu' eonniion evolution <>f the science since. Other ehan«^es have happened in the last sixty years, not less impressive or signilieant than those which we have thus hastily sketched, althou<;h. as we have intinnited, lar«j:ely resultinj^ from the chanj^es of thought and changes in the drifts ant! currents of thought, Imt notahly a inucli greater freedom and independence of — shall we say the superstitions of mediieval days? — yes — but, njoreover, of all trammels save the sincere and earnest (piest for truth. That great social movement, which is etjuallizing and level- ling all classes and conditions of men, and recognizing the equality of less favored races, which, although enforced as a doctrine in the Christian Testament, hegan to be enforced as a fact by the Black iJeath and .Nhigna Charta, has made great strides in this era, and the consequent strife between wealth and labor, which seems raj)idly approacliing a crisis. We refer to these things in order to aid our readers in realizing what conditions were absent in 1S3(>. and making due allowances for what Ilaverfonl was at first, as well as to give due crei;. jnilX l-OTHKKon.I.. (3S) Ki)r«Aii..N IN nil, s()cii:ty of ri:ii:Nns. 3'.» the purposf of in^itrllctin•; tlifin " in all things civil unranches and Latin, with arithmetic and occasionally higher nuithematics, were taught. An elementary hook for teaching the Latin language was j)repareil and |iuh- lishe«>7 Hellers' co-operative plan was recommended by the morning Meeting and Meeting for Sufferings. The (Quarterly Meeting of London and Middlesex advised Monthly Meetings to encourage schools for the education of poor children, that they nniy be tit for employment, and it was suggested that the rooms at meeting houses be allowed to be used free, when convenient. About 1702 a house a|tpeai*s to have l)een obtainerolit. In 1«»1>7 the cpiestion of '*bree«ling up ."chool masters " had lH?en consideretl, and in 171"» the Yearly Meeting ae- 42 HISTORY OF iiavp:rfori) college. knowluilged " that tliL' want of proper persons amongst Friends, qualified for schoolmasters, has been a great damage to the Societ}^ in many places." Meetings were recommended " to take care that some weighty, suitable Friends go and inspect schools and families of Friends in the several counties; and to see that the advice of Friends be duly answered in this great concern." Care was also to be taken that " poor Friends' children might freely partake of the benefits so far as would be useful to them." In 1711 " the Friends that are schoolmasters signifying that they desire to have a meeting among themselves on second-day in the afternoon at the tliird hour, in the next Yearly Meeting week to advise with each other concerning the education of youth," the Meeting approved of it. The subject of increased facilities for education claimed the earnest attention of al most every Y e a r 1 y Meeting, from 17<)0 to 1740, and minutes upon the subject were regularly sent down to the subordi- nate Meetings. The great burden of these was for "godly care for the good education of children in the fear, nurture and ad- monition of the Jjord." The General Epistle of 17<»<» said: "It is the earnest desire of this i.iniili;y mi i;i;.\v. Meeting, for the Lord's sake, the honor of His name and truth, and the good of posterity, tliat a godly care be taken by'youfor the due k. - ^ g ^^.. I.IM ( ATMN IN Tin: SOCIKTY <)K lltlKNDS. 4.'> education of Fritiuls' tliiliirt'ii." Thus the sul»jett was constantly pressed upon tlie attt-ntion of Krit-nds. This fact proves the existence of a good (K';^ree of eduenlion aiHonj; the inenihers, for otlierw ise they wouhl have rested quietly in i;:;nor;iufe of its vahn-. At on*- time the Nfarly Meetinjj; sent a Uirf^v committee to visit all the meetings within its compass to secure increased attention to the suhject; at another (17; Croydon in is-j:',; Tottenham in IS'iS; York r>oys' School in 1S29, and that for girls in 1.S31 ; and, subsetjuently, tiiose at Rnwden, I'enketh, Ayton and Saflron-Wahlen. It is noticeable that four of the.« the Yearly Meeting directe7."), and the school was opened in IT'^l at l\)rtsmoutii, K. 1.. with Isaac l.awton, an eminent and i'lo(|uent minister, as teai-luT. Because of in- adequate su|)port, howiver, it was ili.scontinued in 17.S8, and the renuiinder of the fund was place. The Yearly Meeting gave special attention to the main- tenance of its permanent fund, the income of which was Klir« ATlnN IN THE SOCIKTY <»K IKll NDS. 17 useil I""'!' the t'diication t)f tlu' children <•! I'lit'inls in limitetl circuiiistaiiccs. In 17!>!> X"47r. iSs. (Kl. wore col Itcted for this [uirpose, ami in anothi-r year ^o,4'J'). Suhsocnu'ntly h'gacies amounting; to j?1(»,(KKI were received. Tliis pernuinent e«lu- cational fund is still maintained. William I'enn h:id n-ceivcd a liheral education at Oxford, and amon*^ those who accompanied him to I'eiinsylvania were a numher of Friends who were learned scholars, pro- ficient in the knowledj^e of (Jreek, Latin, llehrew.and some vf the modern lan«;ua»^es, as well a< in mallMniatics. Tenn's Frame of Govtrniutiit, written in Fn^land early in 1082, contains the following; "That the Governor an»l Provincial Council shall erect and order all public schools, and encourage and reward the authors of useful sciences and laudahle inventions in the saifl Province That all childi< n within this Province of the age of twelve years siiall be taught some useful trae liberal. Sj»ari' no cost ; for by such parsimony all is lost that is .saved." Penn's Frame of (iovernment was accepted without material alteration, and soon after his arrival the "(Jreat Law" was passed, containing the following provisions: "That the Laws of tiiis Provinci-, from tiint- to time, shall be |>u)>lished anle learning, which is to be preferred before wealth, Beit enacted, . . . That all 48 HISTORY OF HAVERFORD COLLEGE. persons in this Province and Territories thereof, having cliildren, and all guardians and trustees of orphans, shall cause sucli to be instructed in reading and writing, so that they may be able to read the Scriptures and to write by the time they attain to twelve years of age; and that then they be taught some useful trade or skill, tliat the poor may work to live, and the rich if they become poor may not want; of which every County Court shall take care. And in case such parents, guardians or overseers shall be found delicient in this respect, every such parent, guardian or overseer shall pay for every such child five pounds, except there should appear an incapacity in body or understanding to hinder it." "At a Council held at Philadelphia, ye 2Gth of ye 10th month, 1683. Present: Wm. Penn, Propor. and Govr. ; Th. Holmes, Wm. Haigue, Lasse Cock, Wm. Claj'ton." "The Govr. and Provcl. Councill having taken into their Serious Consideration the great Necessity there is of a School Master for ye instruction and Sober Education of youth in thetowne of Philadelphia, Sent for Enock flower, an inhabitant of the said Towne, who for twent}' year 2:»ast hath been exercised in that care and Imployment in England, to whom having Communicated their Minds, he Embraced it upon the following Terms: to Learne to read English 4s by the Quarter, to Learne to read and write 6s by ye Quarter, to learne to read. Write and Cast accot 8s by ye Quarter; for Boarding a Scholar, that is to say, dyet. Washing, Lodging, and Scooling, Tenn Pounds for one whole year." "At a Council 11 month ITtli, 1683, it was proposed that Care be Taken about the Learning and Instruction of Youth, to Witt : a Scool of Arts and Sciences.'' After Penn's return to England he wrote Governor Thomas KDICATION 1\ nil. stMii.iN (II lHIKMis, 49 Lloyd, instructing liiin to srt up a puMic ( iiaiiimar Scluiol in Philadi'lplua, wliic-h he agret'd to iMcorj)orate. Accord- ing to the Memorial, Lloyd " was hy hirth of them who arc called gentry." He was a graduate of Oxford and one of the ahlest and most accomplished (»f the colonists. Ills early death in lOl'l was an incalculable loss to I'eim and the ctdony. In 1(>1>7-S the school was chartered hy (lovernor Mark- ham. In 170], as Penn was about to return from America the second time, he granted a charter under the corporate title of " The Overseers of the Public School founded in Philadelphia," etc. This charter continued the control by the Monthly Meeting. In ITOS Penn granted another charter extending the privileges and powers. The preamble of this document recites that *' Whereas, the prosperity and wellfare of any people depemls in a great measure upon the good Education of Youth ami their early instruccon in the principles of true religeon and vertue, and (|ualifying them to Serve their Country an a feeling that greater good might be accomplishcfl l)y bavin",' a large institution where advanced studies might be pursued. In 17J)0 Owen Biddle issued a tract entitled, "A Plan f<»r a School on an Establishment Similar to That at Ackworth. in Yorkshire, (ireat Hrihiin, varied to suit the Circum- stances of the Youth within the Limits of the ^"(•aI•ly Meeting tor Pennsylvania and New .Jersey: Introduced with the Sense of Friends in New Knglaml, on the sub- ject of Kducation; And an .Vccount of some Schools in Cireat Britain, to which is added ( )bservations and Remarks, Intended for the Consideration of Friends." The subject received much consider- ation, and, finally, a com- mittee of the Yearly Meeting purciiased for 4:r.,083 Os. .Sd.($l(),222.22) a farm of over OIX) acres. at Westtown, in Chester County, and erected large and substantial buildings thereon, where the since celebrate, with Richard and Catherine Ilartshorne a.«« superintendent and nnUron. .lolIN (i|{IS< <)>! 52 HISTOliY OF IIAVKKFOKD COLLEOE. By 1802 the total cost of the premises had reached $4G,020.19. This had been the largest and most important school conducted by any Yearly Meeting of Friends on either side of the Atlantic. From "The Life and Times of John Dickinson," by Charles J. Stille, LL.D., a valuable work just published, it appears that Governor Dickinson had much to do with the establishment of Westtown. In 1782 he made a liberal donation to the College of New Jersey. In 1783 Dickinson College at Carlisle was incorporated, and was so named by charter "in memory of the great and important services rendered to his country by his Excellency John Dickinson, Esq., President of the Supreme Executive Coun- cil, and in commemoration of his very liberal donation to the institution." In 1786 Governor Dickinson and his wife gave to Wilmington Monthly Meeting of Friends £200 to facilitate education of poor children and the children of those not in affluent circumstances, without any distinction of religious profession. But, to quote Dr. Stille, "The be- nevolent enterprise which at that time Mr. Dickinson and his wife had most at heart seems to have been the establish- ment of a free boarding-school under the care of Friends. In 1789 lie offered to the Yearly Meeting of Friends in Philadelphia a considerable sum toward the endowment of a school under their care, in which the pupils should be instructed in the most advantageous branches of literature and in certain practical subjects. The Meeting for a long time hesitated to assume the trust. . . . His proposition led to a long correspondence. ... In 17*U the Yearly Meeting agreed to establish the school at Westtown, and the beneiaction of Mr. Dickinson and his wife was trans- ferred to that body toward its support." When Haverford EDUfATION IN THK SnCIKTY nr IKIKNlKS. 53 came to be fouiidtHl, about forty years later, tJoveriior Dickinson's dau^httr was anionic the lar<;('st subscribers to the stt>ek. Frientls of Baltimore Yearly Meeting; f»lt a like interest with Friends elsewhere in the education of tluir ehildren.biit no definite action appears to have been taken by the Yearly Meeting until 181'), when a eoinniittee was appointecl to take subscriptions for the establislnnent of a boardin;,^- school. By the following year i?2r),()0() had been subscribed, and in I'^IT a farm of 358 acres near Sandy Spring Meeting House in Montgomery County, Md.. was purchased, and work was at once begun to til it for the object intended. In I8ll> the school, known as Fair Hill Boarding-School, was opened with fourteen scholars. The number was in- creased in the following year to sixty. Samuel Thoma.s and wife wen- the lirst superintendent's, and at one time Benjamin Hallowtll, who subsecjuently prepared (leneral Kobert K. Lee in mathematics for West Point, was among the teachers. Ti>e school aj)pears never to have been prosperous, and it was suspended in the year 18'2('» for the want of sufficient support. The i)roperty was subsequentfy rented to private parties for school purposes, and finally wtus sold and the jtroceeds devoted to the education of Friends" children. A committee of North Carolina Yearly Meeting reporte«l in 1830: "Tiiere is not a sciiool in the limits of the Yearly Meeting that is under the care of a committee either of a Monthly or a Preparative Meeting. The teachers of Friends' children are mostly not members of our Society, and all the schools are in a mixed state;" "which brought tlie meetings und«r exercise for a better plan of education." A committee was then appointeroduced many men of distinction in various branches of science and letters; among whom were John and Peter Bartram, Peter Collinson, John Dalton, Dr. Thomas Young, Benjamin Robins, Richard and William Phillips, William Curtis, Di-. Lettsom, Luke Howard, William Darlington, Enoch Lewis, Bernard Barton, Thomas Say, the naturalist; Benjamin West, President of the Royal Academy; Amelia Opie, William and Mary Howitt, Anthony Purver, whose trans- lation of the Bible we value; John Woolman, whose pure writings have been used as a model of style at Harvard; and (loold Brown, the grammarian. Such a list, moreover, affords evidence in itself of the appreciation of education in the Society. The efforts of Friends to promote education, of which this brief narrative has been made, were largely directed toward fittiuii' their children "for business" and "for the Kin ( ATIDN IN Tin: Sy iIk' courts of IVmisylvaiiia aiitl NfW .Iti-sey. In thf coluimis of that jiniriial e loth of 7tli month, si»jned "II. (J.," weretlie foUowiiig tolliii'; j)assages: " Many of the early ministers in the So- ciety, whom we consithr as the hri;,'ht«'st ornaments of our eliurch, were nun that liad roieived a Hberal edueation ; ;iiid there is no doubt tliat, under the sanctifying power of Divine Grace, it contributed to enlarge the sphere of their usefulness, in religious as well as civil socit'ty. Barclay, Loe, Penn, Fisher, IVnington, ("laridge, Caton. Klwootl, Parnell, Camm and Burrough were all men of liberal edu- cation ; and the tirst four were bred at college \t no subserinciples more faithfully maintained, than during that periotl of persecution and sulUring." In the IHh month appeared another paper, entitled " Schools." uvw the signature " K. (i.. " in which the writer " urges the fact on the calm and serious consideration of every unprejudiced minir«lsall, Ilumjijirty Howland and Asa B. Smith, "to meet with and compare with Friends of other parts of the I'nited States on the subject, and to call a meeting in this city to report the result of their pro- ceedings." On the iSth of thr followiiii; mt»nth the tirst meeting convened in riiilaared with a draft of a constitution, which had already been submitted to the New ^'ork Frien«is and receive*! their fjualifieil, though not condi- tional, approval, a number of modifications being modestly proposed by them, wjjieh were rather summarily disposed of at tlie Phihulelphia Meeting by tin- minute, "The alter- ations therein suggested, not being deemed suitable at the 62 HISTORY OF llAVERFORD COLLEGE. present time, are not udopted." Samuel Parsons, in trans- mitting these, had said, " We wish it to be clearly under- stood that these are merely suggestions, which are not to embarrass your proceedings, but to be passed over, unless any of them meet your views." They related to the mini- mum age of students, a minimum charge for board and tuition, a qualification of the preambular provision that the teachers were to be members of the Society of Friends, and one or two minor matters. The report and constitu- tion "were adopted, and recommended to the attention of Friends," and the whole subject referred back to the com- mittee for the purpose of taking measures — in conjunction with the Committee of Friends in New York — for procur- ing the contributions and support of Friends throughout the different Yearly Meetings. The report of the commit- tee to which we append their proposed draft of a constitu- tion was as follows, viz. : "To the committee appointed on behalf of Friends of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting to digest and arrange a plan of a central school for the education of Friends' children in the higher branches of learning. "The sub-committee appointed at the meeting held on the 18th, report that they have met and examined the subject committed to them, and having had the company of Samuel Parsons, one of the committee appointed by the meeting of Friends in New York, have agreed to submit the following outline of a plan for accomplishing the very desirable objects in view. In proposing the sum of !>40,000 for the capital stock of the Association, the committee have supposed that fifty acres of land in the vicinity of Phila- delphia could be purchased for |8,000, and that tlie requisite building could be erected and furnished for $24,000, and UA-XIKL 1^. SMITH. GENK8IS. Go tluv have alloued $8,000 for appamtus ami library. .Sup- posing that Hfty sohohii's be obtaine*!, their board ami tuition will yield $l(),(K>(i. The boarding of fifty boys is estinuited to cost -St'O each per annum, making $4,500; salary of l'riiKii»al, $l,r>00; salary of two teachers, $2,000 ; amounting to $8,000, and leaving a profit of Sii.dlMt, whirli will be an interest of .'> per cent, on the capital invested. Whati'ver may be thought of tliese estinnitcs the committer ho{)e that the attention of i-'riends may not be diverted from the attainnjent of tiie priniii)al objects in view by a dilfer- ence of sentiment respecting them. {Signed) — Damki. B. Smith. Kuwakd Bkttlk, John Gr.M.MKRK, Samuki. (Iu.mmkkk, Thomas 1'vans. Tmomas Kimukk. PhUadelpfii'i. t; tw.. -J"^, ]^:\{)." Friends of a later day, who have the light of subsequent events to turn a red light on these figures, may be forgiven a smile at their .sanguine calculation ; but our predecessors, it is to be remembered, had a subscription paper to hand around as the .se(|UtI t(» tlnir report, and must be pardoned the tempting form in which they were obliged to present an opj>ortunity for investment. They were simj)ly business mill. Here followed the '' Outlines of a Plan:" ■ Whereas, the members of the Society of Friends have hitherto laljoured under very great di.^ad vantages in obtain- ing for their children a guarded education in the higher branches of learning, combining the re the children in a knowledge of the testimonies of our Keligious Society, and carefully 64 HISTORY OF IIAVERFORD COLLEGE. preserving them from the influence of corrupt princi})les and evil communications ; "It is therefore proposed that an institution be estabh'slied in which the children of Friends shall receive a liberal education in ancient and modern literature and the mathe- matical and natural sciences, under the care of competent instructors of our own .Society, so as not to endanger their religious principles or alienate them from their early at- tachments. " In order to carry the foregoing views into effect, the fol- lowing outlines of a plan are submitted, of which it is pro- posed that the third and fourth articles be the fundamental articles of association : " Article I. The Association shall be called 'The Contribu- tors to Friends' Central School.' " Art. II. The stock of the company shall consist of 400 shares of one hundred dollars each, the contributors being at liberty to increase the stock by new subscriptions, if at any future period they shall deem it expedient. " Art. III. The contributors shall be members of the Re- ligious Society of Friends ; and certificates of stock shall be transferable to members of that Society only. "Art. IV. A person holding one share and less than three shares shall be entitled to one vote at the meetings of the contributors ; a person holding three shares and less than five shares shall be entitled to two votes; a person holding five shares and less than ten shares shall be entitled to three votes; a person holding ten shares and less than twenty shares shall be entitled to four votes ; and a person holding twenty shares and upwards shall be entitled to five votes ; provided, always, that no person shall be entitled to attend the meetings of the contributors, to vote b}' proxy, or other- wise to partake in the management or direction of the insti- «.i.M.>is. 65 tution unless \\v be at the time a ineinber of tlie Religious Society of Friends. Tiu' votes may be «,MV(n in j»eison cir by proxy. "Art. V. Tiie coutril>utors shall meet annually on the (lay of nutntli, at whirh time a Clerk, Treasurer ami iioard o( ^hlnaJ;eI•s shall be elected by ballot. "Art. \'l. Tlu" allairs of the contributors shall be con- ducted by a Hoard of twenty-four Managers, in addition to the Clerk and Treasurer. "Art. \'ll. I In- institution shall be situated at a con- venient distance from riiiladelphia. "Art, \'III. The full cour.'ie of instruction in the school shall inchule Kni^lish literature, mathematics, natural, in- tellectual and moral philosophy, the Greek and Latin lan- guages, ancient literature and natural history. ( )pportunity also to be afforded for instruction in the I'rench, German. Spanish and other modern lanj^uages. "Art. IX. The coui"se of instruction shall be conducted under the direction of the Managers, by a Principal and a sutficient number of teachers. "Art. .\. No scholar shall bea«lmitted to the school under the age of twelve years, nor without the approbation of the Managers, and having passed a •satisfactory examination before the Principal and teachers as to his protlciemy in the re^juisite preparatory stmlies. "Art. XI. Kxaminations for the admission of .scholars shall be held twice in each year, and scholars shall not be admitted at intermediate times, nor for less than one year. "Art. XII. The full course of iu^tni.lioii <|iall imisist of not less than four years. '.\rt. .\III. The price of boarding, washing and tuition, exclusive of modern languages, shall be $200 per annum. 66 HISTORY OF HAVKRFORD COLLEGE, "Art. XI\'. The domestic economy of the liouse sliall be under the management of a steward and matron. "Art. XV. The scholars shall be Friends and the children of Friends. The children of contributors and those recom- mended by contributors shall have the preference when the school is full. "Art. XVI. The net profit of the school shall be divided among the contributors, provided it does not exceed five per cent, per annum on the capital stock. The surplus over this amount shall form a contingent fund, to be applied under the direction of the Managers, for the general benefit of the institution." It would, perhaps, be superfluous to say that the hope of profit on the stock was not realized, but that, on the con- trary, there was seldom a time in the history of the first sixty years when the school or college was not a severe drain on tlie i)rivate coffers of its friends to supply deficits and pay off debts. Very i)ro])aljly, however, the possibility of dividends implied in the sixteenth article of the plan facili- tated obtaining subscriptions to the stock. Clearly there was no intention at this time of making the institution a college. Not that the idea was excluded by the outline of a curriculum, for this was generic enough in its terms, and comprehensive enough, to render a college course possible within the limit of their meaning. But the minimum age of students was twelve years, and the Faculty to consist of a principal and two teachers at very moderate salaries, as stated in the committee's report, though not in the plan intended for publication. Teachers, moreover, as well as contributors, managers and pupils, were all to be members of the Society of Friends, and undoubtedl}'' when the bitter controversy of 1827, with its animosities and GENESIS. 67 prejiuUces, was still rankling in the nHinlsi»f Friends of one branch of the Society, it was much more ditlicult than iu>w, more impossible, if there are degrees of possibility, than now, even to tind within the Society a supply of professors to kee|) the ranks of a Faculty full. Nothing more was the aim of its founders than a school of very high standing, and so it was called. The joint committee of members of New York and Phila- delphia Yearly Meetings, as soon as the sumnur heats were over, issued a circular, addressed to individual Friends, reciting the concern which lay at the root of the movement, sketching the juoposed plan, and concluding with these words: "Although it is evident that, in order to raise so large a sum, a strong and united effort must he made by Friemls favorable to education throughout the Society, we do not doubt of accomplishing a good of .so great a magni- tude. We believe that if the present favorable opportunity be allowed to pa.ss unimproved, many years will elapse before another ellort can be successfully made for the pur- pose. We therefore solicit thy co-operation in jiromoting tiiese views by thy own personal sul>scription, and thy influence among thy friends and acijuaintance." Among tlie signatures to this circular appears the name of Goohl Brown, the gramnnirian, apjiarently substituted for that of Mahlon Day, a much-esteemed Friend, whoso sad fate, many years later, in is.') I, as one of the lost on the steamship "Arctic,'' has attaciied a melancholy celebrity to his name. It is to be presumed that he declined to .serve on tlje committee. Appended to the circular was a supple- ment, signed by nineteen other names of Frienf the com- mittee was Will. Hodgson, Jr., afterward a Icath-r in the secession from the Yearly Meeting of a small IxmIv known as the Olive Street Friends. Uefore the contributors adjourned at this time, they named two otluT committfes, one consisting of Thomas C. lames, Philip (Jarrett, Thomas Shijiley, Henry Cope, Daniel l>. Smith, Thomas Evans, Thomas Kimber, Samuel Bettle, (ieorge Stewardson, Edward Kettle, I'enjamin Jones, Isaac Collins, Bartholomew Wistar, Samuel B. Morris, John Cummere, Charles Yarnall, Thom.is Cock, Joseph King, Jr.. William F. Mott ami Daniel Cobb, '" to draft a constitu- tinn for the government of the company;'' a rather cundx'r- .'iome committee, and one would think a smaller one would be more useful; but it is interesting, because there is hanlly a man of them who.se name is not represented in connection with the college in succeetling generations. The other com- mittee was " to look out for a suitable situation for the loca- tion of the school," and this |»roved no easy matter. It was composed of Isaac Davis, Lind/ey Nicholson, Thomas C. James, Samuel Bettle, Israel Cope, Thomas I*. Cope and (ieorge Williams. The meeting then adjourned to assemble again on the ninth of the next month, at seven in the evening, at the committee room in Mulberry Street Meeting House: at which time forty-eight contributors atteiuled, evincing the continued interest felt in the enterprise by the little sect for who.se goorl it was originated. < >ii this occasion a draft 70 HISTORY OF IIAVEKFORD COLLEGE. of a constitution was produced, amended and adopted; and a committee, consisting of Tiiomas C. James, Thomas P. Cope, Isaac Collins, Philip Garrett and Thomas Shipley, was appointed to " apply to the Legislature of Pennsyl- vania, at such time as they may think expedient, for an act of incorporation for this Association, i)redicated on the Con- stitution which has now been adopted." As the two committees have undertaken tasks that will consume much time — more than might have been antici- pated, indeed — let us here digress a little, and res^ert to the somewhat questionable plan adopted by the committee, of holding out the inducement of a dividend for the purpose of obtaining subscriptions to the stock of the Association. No business man, certainh% would make an investment on the basis of their estimate, expecting a dividend on a bare five per cent, margin of gross profit without an allowance of one dollar for required imjirovements, depreciation in values, unexpected contingencies, or even ordinary repairs. It is hardly conceivable that the committee expected it themselves. Yet there is scarcely a doubt that money was subscribed by people little able to spare it as a donation, in the vague hope of dividends. The case is fairly stated by President Samuel J. Gummere in an address before the Haverford Loganian Society, delivered 10th mo. 6, 1S65. He says, " The want of such an establishment was not felt with sufficient force by that class whose interests in regard to the education of their sons it was designed to serve, to make it an easy matter to procure at once the requisite amount of funds. Indeed, it was deemed necessary to present tlie project in the light of a 'profitable adventure, and to solicit subscrij)- tions not merely as contributions to the cause of learning and morality, but as investments in a safe and dividend- GENESIS. 71 {taying stock. The fact, however, soon hecaine evident that so tar from heing a source of profit to the stock hokler.s, tiu- institution woukl not even he sclfsustaininj^; and as it was idU' to look for legacies or donations while the divitlend- paN Ing feature was retained, an etlbrt was soon made, which in most cases was successful, in induce tiie holders of stock to sign away all claim to any surplus that might accrue, in order that such surplus should always he devoted to the procuring of additional facilities for imparting sound and liberal instruction. In a few instiinces, I think, those un- willing thus to i»ind thtinselves found punhasers for their stock at its par value, though I know of at least one original subscriber who is still in the habit of in2,()(M), while their total resources did not exceed $15,000, or very little more than was reported one month after the issue of the first circular. This was a crisis "of peculiar anxiety on the part of the Managers," thus "deeply involved in debt,"' and tliev set to work to retrieve their f«»rtuni*s by obtaining 72 HISTORY OF llAVHRFORD COLLEGE. the additional subscription to the capital stock, for some years contemplated ; and such was the lil)eralitv again manifested that in 1836 they were able to report that the whole amount of stock subscribed was -SlMjSOO. Meanwhile, the committee which had been appointed to select a site for the new institution were busily at work and found it no easy matter. It was not until about eighteen months after the hrst meeting, and a 3'ear after the success of the appeal was assured, that a property was actually bought. There are indications of divergent sentiment as to where the school should be placed, which increased the delay. We cannot better describe the situation than by transcribing a letter from Thomas P. Cope to Samuel Par- sons, in the midst of the controversy. In the interval between the last meeting, which we have recorded and the writing of this letter, occurred, on the 30th of 12th mo., 1830, another meeting of the corporation, and one of much importance; for the first organization was then formed for the management of the institution, and it is the same in form which has been followed ever since. This organization consisted of a Secretary, who was more properly clerk or presiding officer (after the manner of Friends in those days, even at business meetings); a Treas- urer, and twenty-four Managers, to wit: Secretary, Henry Cope; Treasurer, Benjamin H. Warder; Managers, Samuel Bettle, Thomas P. Cope, Thomas C. James, John Paul, Isaac Davis, Abraham L. Pennock, John G. Hoskins, Thomas Evans, Daniel B. Smith, Thomas Kimber, Charles Yarnall, George Stewardson, Isaac Collins, Samuel B. Morris, Bartholomew Wistar, John Gummere, Thomas Cock, Sam- uel Parsons, Lindley Murray, Samuel F. Mott, John Griscom, Gerard T. Hopkins, Joseph King, Jr., and Benjamin ^\^ Ladd. (iEXESIS. to The iifw Managers wore autljorized to select a site and pureliase the «;rouiKl for the school, thus superseding the committee of the corporation, which, until then, had heen uniler ap|»ointment for that purpose; they were also em- powered to contract for and superintend the erection of the necessary buildings. It was six months later that Thomas 1*. Cope, who appears to have heen prominent on both com- mittees, wrote the letter to Samuel Parsons, of New York, to which we have alluded. H- urit.v:, under mo. 29th, 1S31: ''l)KAi; Frikni> — Thy acceptable favorot tin'Jlth reached me next day, and wouM have reciived an immediate ac- knowledgment, but as the H(»ard was to convene that evening, 1 hoped by waiting a few houi-s to have it in my jX)wer to communicate something more decisive on the subject of an election. There was a bare quorum j>re.sent, owing, in part, to the absence of several from the city; ami the assembled members concluded to af my priftMvnfe fur it. Having writttn thus much, I have concludid to wait tin- decision of Third day evening ht'fore I (inally close. " 21Uh. — W't' have had our meeting, our consultation ami debate, but have made no choice of a seat for the school. Burlington was not named ; ^\'illing's farm had one, perhaps two advocates; T. Thonnis's had a large majority in its favor; but, as three or four Friends o|>posed that location, its advocates would not press it ; and after adding three persons to the committee, jircviously consisting of five, we adjournetd often to toll us in his prearhing, ' exercise our situation.' May we be favored tn dwili in everlasting patience, ami perhaps all may yet end right. Very truly and affectionately thine, 'l"ii('M.\s r. Copi:." Little more has reached the historian as to this dilliiult quest, until, as appears from a second letter, which, haply, and happily for this history, as in the case of the one above, fate has rescued from tho flamis, the search was crownetl witli a happy result in the unanimous choice of the ground upon which the college stands. This letter was addre.'^seil by Daniel B. Smith to Uichanl Mott, on tin- 2 Jth of the 11th month, IS-'U, about si.x months, therefore, after the above. The first part of tin- l.n. r fr.;if.-.l of another suIj- ject. He thus continues : " I am thy debtor for a h»ng and interesting letter, received from thee in the early part of the present year. 76 HISTORY UF HAVERFORD COLLKGK. on the subject of the Central School. The difficulties of finding a site that pleased all parties have at length been overcome, and a farm purchased which even I, who was so bent upon going to Burlington, think an ad- mirable location. Samuel Parsons can give thee a mucii better description of it than I am able to, and I shall, there- fore, refer thee to him for the particulars. We shall pro- ceed at once with the preparations for the building, and I hope to see the institution opened in a year from this time. The views expressed in thy letter will, I trust, govern, or, at least, influence the managers; and in order to carry them into effect, a principal means must be the proper kind of head for the institution. A man not occupied with the drudgery of teaching or farming, having the charge of the boys in the intervals of study, and representing the institu- tion to visitors, should be procured. He must be a gentle- man in his manners, endued with habits of order and method, affable and companionable, religious, grave, yet cheerful. If such a man, of high standing among his friends, should feel it to be his religious duty to the opening of an institution so important in its consequences to our Society, would it not be almost a guarantee of its success ? If thou shouldst know of such a one, whisper in his ear a message from me, that the monitions of the " Stern daughter of tlie voice of God " are never to be disregarded with safety. Thy affectionate friend, Daniel B. Smith." "Further deponent saith not;" as to differences, love seems to have prevailed in the midst of and over them all, and they were completely healed. The first annual report of the Managers to the contributors was made on the 10th of the 12tli month, 1S31, and refers to this subject as follows: " Immediately after their appointment a committee was charged with the care of procuring a suitable farm for GKNESIS. 77 looatin;; the scliool. This cominittt'o diligently attt'iidtcl to their «luty, ami examined every place oU'ered for sale within ten nnle.s of the city, tliat was at all liktly to answer the purpose. The difheiilties in the way of our l»eing suitetl were, however, great, and .seemed for nianv months insuperable. . . . The only farm whieh united tlie sutlVages uf the whole Hoard, is a farm whiih has recently been offered to us, and whieh we have since pur- chased for the sum of §17,80.'). It is an oblong tract of 198.\ acres, lying on both sides of the JIaverford Koad, near the ten-mile stone, and extending from that road to the Pennsylvania Railroad, being nearly .soutli of the eight-mile stone on the Lancaster Turnpike There are about twentv acres of woodland, distributed in small groves, well adai>ted for ornamental cultivation. The soil is a light .sandy loam, easily cultivated, and a part is in very good condition. It is well watered. A narrow strij* of land, nearly the whole breadth of the farm, lies on the southwest side of the Haver- ford Road. Mill Brook, a branch of Cobb's Creek, runs through this part of the tract, being the boundary line along a part of it, anii the one hand desceiuls in tleej) and shadowy ravines to the beautiful valley of tlie Schuylkill; while, on the other, the Delaware winds like a white silken thread, doubled and twisted in the emerald woof around it. Few dell.«' are more rharmin^ than the hosky dell of Mill Creek, and tVw landscapes more jdea.sing SCKXK ON Mn.l, CKEKK. to the eye than the hroad and diversifiey alsot- further granted to the said William r»iiii his htirs ami assigns tVuin time to time powt-r antl litcnee to assign, aline, grant, demise or enfeofV such parts and i)arcels of the said province or tract of land as hee or they shall think litt to such per- son or persons as shall he willing to purciiase the same in fee simj)le fee tayU- or for term of life or yt'ars to be holden of thesaid \\'illiam IV-iin his lu-irs anf tluTtiii appointed, ami evcrv part of the same of ami fnun all iiiaiiiuT of tytU's ami rlaynies of any Imliaii or native of tlie said traet (»r province, an acres, and the said Hichard Davis dotii. for himself, his heirs and tussigns, covenant, promise and agree to and with the said William IVnn,his heirs aixl assigns that he, the said Kichard Davis, his heii's and assigns, within six months after such time as a Public Hegister shall be nppointecr acre, and one shillin<; sterling per annum. This sale was made for .f32 ir)s. lawful money of Kn*,dand, or about 40 cents per acre, subject presumably to the same ground-rent. The next deed which appears is dated the 2'>th al chronicler. On the l'>th day of the 1st montii, 1831, or about a fortnight after the first Board was elected, Thos. P. Ck)pe wrote as follows to Wm. Boyd, a member of the Assembly of Penn.«ylvania: " I forwarded, by the mail of yesterday, to .Ies.se H. Burden, of the Senate, a memorial, signed by my.«»elf and others, on be- half of the ' Friends' Central School A»ut wiiy should it be? !>; not every charter granted to a religious congregation obnoxious to tlie same exeep- tion ? We support our own poor, and educate our own children, at our own expense. Why not, then, give us a cimrter to protect us from the interference of otiiere in our exclusive concerns? Wi- inttrftre with nobody, and volun- tiirily and readily join our fellow-citizens in raising funds for the support and instruction of the common dependents on public bounty. We ask no aiil from any other denomi- nation, and ask none from the i)ul>lic purse. Now what possible burden or injury ean a tlKUttT, ^^'anted tt» us, inflict on any one else?' A letter which he addresseil on the same day to Jesse K. Hurden, of the Senate, reveals the fact that stress was then laid on a feature of the institution that has since been abandoned — that is, the limitation of students to the sons of Friend<. He writes: "The feature in <»ur l>ill, which confines the operations of the A.ssociation to members of the religious Society of Friends, should, I think, be con- clusive evidence that we have no desire to make proselytes, or to interfere in the educatit)n of rhildren belonging to other sects," and he refers later, obscurely, to some dispute in which Senator Burden apjiears to have feared the passage of this act might embroil the Legislature. " Nor can it,'" he says, "by any necessary conseijuence, involve the legislature in the unhappy dispute alluded to. It would seem to me, that to connect the pending «|uestion with that controversy would be to travel quite out of the record." On the 4th day of the 2d month. T. V. ('o|)e renews the argument with Senator Burden thus; "It has been objected to the Roman Catholics, that Protestant 90 HIST(JRY or HAVEIU'OKD COLLEGE. children, admitted into their seminaries, have, in conse- quence of tlie course of instruction pursued in them, and the influence of the priests on their tender and undis- ci})line(l minds, been converted to the Catholic faith. The Presbyterians have Ijeen accused of similar practices, am- bitiously striving, by their plans of school instruction, to bring over to their peculiar doctrines the offspring of other Christian professors. I do not allege tliese accusa- tions, nor vouch for their correctness, but I may be excused for asserting that we, at least, meditate no such con- trivances, and have, in our bill, effectually cut ourselves off from the exercise of them, in expressly excluding the children of other denominations from an entrance into our institution." It soon became evident that insidious efforts were on foot to defeat the school bill. The Legislature blew hot and cold. C. J. Ingersoll wrote: "The objection to the Sunday School Union was that it contemplated proselytes. The objection to the school you propose seems to be that you disclaim prosel3^tes, and will have none but your own followers." The bill was attacked, first on one ground and then on the other. The correspondence between Thos. P. Cope and the members of the Legislature continued for many weeks, thej'', on the one hand, keeping him advised of tlie arguments adduced against granting the charter, and he, on his part, perseveringly refuting them. At last the title of the bill was assailed, and the source of the attacks was revealed in the dissident Friends who had separated in 1827, and who now objected to the use of the word " Friends " in the title of " Friends' Central School." Tliis objection was promptly met by droj^ping the word, and " Ilaverford School Association " was substituted. The OEXtSIS. Ml puerile objection was tiun raist-cl, that Krieiuls lunl not Ixi-n accustomed to avail tiuinselves of ciiaiters, an allej,'ation as false as it was weak, the chairnuin of the committee reminding; the le«2;islators that Wm. Penn himself roceivcd a chaittT from Charles II, and that Ni'W England Yearly Meeting had hiin incorporated. At last Isaac Collins repaired to llarrisburg, to remain then- for a time and urge the passage of the bill, and the perseverance of our Friends was shortly aftt'r rewarded with triumph, and wo will close our rather lengthy allusion to this subject with a reference to two other letters of the chairman, addressed to Isaac Collins, in the first of which, atlverting to the repeated con- cessions made by the committee, he writes on th«' "J<1 of "Jd month, 1833, " It cannot be doubted that, hereafter, when the excitement, which at present prevails, shall have given place to calmer feelings, we shall be able to obtain any reasonable addition to our cliarter. l)r. Gibbon tells me, after (juoting the new provision, tiiat it appeai^s to be satis- factory to all parties.'' The second letter, i)enned three days later, says: " It is extremely gratifying to finill received the unanimous vote of the Senate; it argues well for its passage in the Lower House." And it passed. The charter secured, n» w matters of prt>ssing importance confronted the management. To procure a superintendent and instructors of such character as to assure success in building up the school, to erect suitable builtlings, and yet •' keep within ti»e bounds of their circumstances, and be just in the payment of their debts," to lay out ami plant the beautiful park, for which Nature had already done so n)urh,and to make a satisfactory arrangement for the profit- able cultivation of tiie farm, all claimed early attention. A library was to be built up; collections to be accumulated 92 HISTORY OF HAVKRFORI) COLLEGE. illustrative of natural history, archaeology, etc.; astronom- ical and physical apparatus to be acquired, and all of these must, as yet, have a beginning. The Managers also had, as we have seen, horticultural, agricultural and mechanical designs on the students ; but these probably never material- ized to the extent of their expectations. To the meeting of contributors, held in the 5th month, 1832, the Managers had reported a plan for building, which resulted in the erection of Founders' Hall, and stated that they had " not been inattentive to the duty of providing competent teachers," although no arrangements to that end were matured. It had been agreed " to erect a stone build- ing, 3 stories high, 110 feet long by 28 feet in depth, for the accommodation of the pupils. The kitchen and dining- room are in the basement story, a large collecting-room and two schoolrooms are on the ground floor, and the second and third stories are divided into 64 chambers, 9 feet by 5 J, for the accommodation of a single pupil in each. At each end of this building, and at right angles to it, is a building 50 feet by 28 feet for the accommoda- tion of the families of the principal and one of the teachers. The office of the Managers and the infirmary will be in one of these wings, and the library and an additional schoolroom in the other." At the following annual meeting, in 1833, the Board were able to report that the building had been erected and was under roof, " nearly according to the plan agreed upon. It is expected the house will be finished in the course of the coming autumn." They further reported that commit- tees had been " intrusted with the duties of providing furniture, books and apparatus, and of maturing a plan of instruction ; in all which progress has been made, and GENESIS. 03 partial reports have been given in to the lioanl.' An orchard haivine gui. 96 HISTORY OF IIAVERFORD COLLEGE. years, as assistant clerk in Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, will be remembered by many of our readers. He was, perhaps, the last to represent the liberal section of that body in any prominent official position, and was a man of singular urbanity, gentleness and sweetness of Christian life. The three instructors who were selected as his associates in the faculty, or council, as it was then called, were all men of unusual distinction intellectually. One of them. Dr. Joseph Thomas, the distinguished author of Thomas's Biographical Dictionary and Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World — both books involving great learning and an im- mense amount of research — still survives, more than half a century later, a monument to the ability with which this intellectual edifice was constructed. Dr. Thomas was the teacher of Latin and Greek, the objections to ac(|uiring those heathen languages having been overbalanced by the arguments of old Roger Ascliam. He was born in Caj^uga County, New York, in 1811, and passed his childhood in the countr}'. A passionate love of chemistry led him in a singular way to the study of the classic languages ; for reading that Sir Humphrey Davy had discovered a new gas, and named it chlorine, from the Greek word XXw/ad?, green, he conceived that he must study Greek in order to under- stand chemistry. He therefore acquired a love for the classics. In 1830 he went to the Polytechnic School at Troy, for one year, and graduated there, and in the Fall of 1832 he entered at Yale ; but his health failing, he went home before receiving his degree, and the baccalaureate was sent after him. It was then that he went to Haverford ; but most of his colleagues being older and married, much of the care of the boys devolved on him, and he found it too great a strain, and only remained a short time, returning. CIKNKSIS. U7 however, to teaelj at Ilavt-rt'onl many years later. In the sprintj of 1837 1k' «,'ra compliiiitntaiy titles. (>ur worthy fore tat heiN attached what seems now an uniKcessary weight to these testimonies as bearing upon a religious life, but they were very sincere in their conviction that these were essentials to true (hri-tianity. and a protection, a sort of amulet, against the assaults of the uinvtaried aprehension or other cause, it seems necessary to be more explicit; it will, therefore, be expecte] otliLT cluiinl»t-'r tluui his own, iiiid that at all times, whether in tlu' day «m- in tlu' iii^ht, when the stiulenti< are in their chunihei*s or in the adjaeent passage, tliey shall avoid all unnecessary conversation with eaeh other." They were to " conform in all their dejiortment to striet decorum, to use the plain language, to avoiparent throughout, that Haverfonl was regarded at its origin simply as a Friends' Select Boarding-School. Such, indeed, the membei-s of the Legislature, who were asked for their votes, were lussured was its object; such the original Articles of Association made it; and such the two funda- mental or unalterable Articles indicate*! it was to be kept, inalienably. Without anticipating the history, we may oidy say here that the stress of circumstances forced the Managers to the wise conviction, a few years later, that the only safety lay in a relaxation of the Uthis of the bond. 102 HISTORY OF HAVERFORD COLLEGE. To this necessity, so often the motlier of wisdom, while we must recognize it as also the daughter of Providence, we owe it that the school ultimately 0})ened its doors to others who were willing that their sons should be educated under the fostering care of Friends, and that it afterwhile blos- somed out into a college of highly respectable standing. To this we owe it that the munificent bequest, which has excelled all other gifts and be({uests many-fold, came from one who was not a member of that religious body, although bound to it by many ties of kinshiji and affec- tion, but whose well-beloved and lamented son was edu- cated within Haverford's walls. And, on many accounts, we cannot regret that misfortune resulted in an abandon- ment of the severe and iron-bound regulations which ill became that benignant liberality of thought and charity of opinion that so grace the halls of learning. JOHN OUM\/IERE. ciiAi'Ti:!: iw EAKl.^ DAYS— isv,-^,u. Have you no tnulitions — iioiu' Of tlie court of Solomon? — Maky llnwirr. A MUrTiTi'DK of lU'W duties jucsscil ujiou the attention of the Managers after tlie organization was effected. The school was not to be opened until the 2.Sth of lOth month, lSo3. But a system of instruction was yet to be devised ; and this was diilieult, for a great deal was to be taught by a very small Faculty. It was decided that the teacher of nnUhematics would " unort from the (.'ommittee on Teach- ers, "according to tlie principles adopted by the Mamigers, instruction must be given to the pupils." Furniture was to be l)ought — the building was not entirely completed — provision must be made for a su|)j)ly of water. A prepara- tory class was re.solveil upon, to which boys might In- ad- mitted " who have acquired a knowledge of reading, writ- (103) 104 HISTORY OF HAVERFORD COLLEGE. ing and arithmetic." These might be under twelve years of age, the minimum limit fixed for entrance into the Third Junior Class. In reporting upon the appointment of teacher of mental and moral philosophy and English litiTuturr, tlir committee entered into a disquisition on the serious importance of that department, and the exalted character of the person who should fill the position of its teacher, and stated that their colleague, Daniel R. Smith, had consented to accept it, concluding by recommending his appointment. Another perplexity presented itself to the minds of the Managers. The Friends' Central School Association had adopted a constitution, certain articles of which were un- alterable. Gould its incorporated successor, the Haverford School Association, legally re-enact the 3d, 4th and (Uh Articles and render them unalterable, according to the 10th Article? And if the corporation could not, could they in any way put it out of the power of a mere majority to alter them? Two of the most eminent lawj'^ers of the time, Charles Chauncey and Horace Binney, were consulted on this and other points of less importance, and gave it as their opinion that the new corporation had the power de- sired, to re-enact and make unalterable the said articles. The Managers little imagined then that, in twelve 3'ears from that time, the}^ would themselves seek from the same eminent counsel a means of escape from the " fundamental and unalterable" provisions. Matters went forward steadily. The two leading teachers were to receive $1,500 each, and a residence was to be pro- vided for each of them. The farmhouse was modified to accommodate Daniel B. Smith's family, and a piazza built across the north front. The government was managerial. KAKI.Y I 'AYS. IdO "Samuel 15. Morris aiitl ( k'orge Stewardsoii were aj)|ioiiitcHl to assist the Superintendent in tlie purchase of provisions for the family." The Council suhmitteil to them an elalx)- ratc plan of study and arranj,'ement of hours: the latt<'r may be inti-restin*; to our readers, because it sliows the sim- plicity and rul«' of those early days. The Managers con- cluded to adopt the report "for the present," as follows: "The students to rise in summer at half-past five, in spring and autumn at six, and in winter at half-past six. A bell to be rung at this timi*, and half an hour to be allowed, at the end of which all the students are to make their ap- pearance, dressed and uaslud, in tluir several school- rooms, to answer at roll-call, and hear the reading of a suitable portion of Scripture. The remaining time till breakfast to be passed here in private study and prepara- tion for the lessons of the day, under the charge of the Superintendent. " Breakfast to Ih> ready in summer at seven, half-past seven in spring and autumn, and eight in winter. One hour to be allowed for Ijreakfast and recreation. The tin»e from the expiration of this hour till school time to be passed in winter (being half an hotni in gymnastics or other suitable emj)loyment, at the discivtion of the Super- intendint, and in spring and autumn in horticultural labor or otherwise, under the .same direction. School to com- mence at half-past nine and continue till half-past twelve, except on meeting day, when it is to continue but one hour. The roll to be called at the opening of the school. Dinner at one o'clock. The time from half past twelve to two to be allowed for dinner and recreation. Seh(K)l to commence with roll-call at two, and continue in winter until half-past four, and in spring, summer and autumn 100 HISTORY OF HAVERFORD COLLKGi:. till five o'clock, except on Seventh Day afternoon, when there is to be no school. From the close of the school till six o'clock to be api)ropriated to active exercise, under the direction of the Superintendent. During the proper sea- son, it is supposed horticultural labor will be most suitable. Supper at six o'clock. From six to seven to be appropri- ated to supper and recreation. From seven to eight to be passed in the lecture-room. From eight to nine to be passed in the general school-room in private study and preparation for lessons, under cliarge of the Superintend- ent. The roll to be called at eight o'clock. The evening to be closed with suitable serious reading by the Superin- tendent. The students to go to bed at nine o'clock. The evening of Seventh Day to be appropriated to washing, etc." The plan then proceeds, with similar circumstantiality, to prescribe the routine for First Day, and the disposition of classes for study. Active efforts were set on foot to obtain contributions to a cabinet of natural history, which were crowned with con- siderable success, especially in the mineralogical branch : and simultaneously a movement was begun to accumulate a " Scientific and Classical Library." One matter that caused the Managers concern was the providing of a con- venient place for worship after the manner of Friends, and as it was understood that Radnor Monthly Meeting of Friends were desirous of erecting a meeting house in the neighborhood, it was decided to grant an acre of ground for the purpose and an appropriation of $400, provided the house was solidly built of good material and the plan a[)- proved by the Board. This concern was the ground of much negotiation between a neighbor named Samuel (iar- rigues and the Board, the former desiring to sell the As- KAUI.Y I)AY.«. 1(17 sociatioii lour acres of liis luiul lor tlu- j)ur{)Ost', t-oupled u ith c'oiulitionsof liis own, Tliis propusition was declined ; but tlie Monthly Meetin*; having refused their ofVer of an acre, and proceeded to enlar«;e the house they were occupy- ing, the IJoard ultimately found it best to buy two acres of Samuel Garriguos, which they proceeded to deed to trustees appointeil by Radnor Monthly Mcctin^^ for the jturjxiM desired. These two acres were situated on liuck Lane, where the meeting house was erecteresumably the one which was in the edge of the woods formerly, near Llewellyn's, and some gymnastic '■ fixtures" were erecte«l for the use of the students. In a gush of enterprise, the Managers expended some $')(X) on two railroad sidings, one in the city at Thirteenth and Willow Streets, and one at the school, and bought a freight car, which they believe-ophy. Daniki. B. S.mith, Teacher of Moral riiilosuphy, English Literature, etc. Wii.i.iAM Dknms, Teacher (»f the Latin Languages and Ancient Literature. Wii.i.iAM GfMMKKK, Assistant Teacher of the Latin Lan- guages and Ancient Literature. Benjamin IL I )ka(<»n. Teacher of the Introductory School. i>KN.iAMiN V. Haudy, Assistant Siijurintendent. In the summer term of 1S3G, the number of students was seventy-six. Most of the.«e were from Philadelphia; hut several came from New York, anil a ttu from Xiw .hrsi y. Maryland and North Carolina. By this time many improvements had been nnule in the equipments of the institution. Tlie water-works were com- plete;, l»»w farmhouse, where for many years visitoi"s to the school could lin was a collection of curiosities, prepared sjieciiuens of birtls, coins, varieties of wood, etc. These formed the nucleus of the museum now in the second story. In the picture just mentioned is seen, through the window, a Imllalley at the siile of the wootl. This, too, may have been tiie germ of the excellent gynuiasium now adjoining the main building. ■'There were bounds, beyond which we were not allowed to pa.ss without special permission. Tlie distanee ar«»und was a mile, and one of the then student.s delighted t«) make the run every day before breakfiust, the state of the weather permitting. Others attempted the feat, ImU none could ecpuil the pace of our swift runner, whose race was ended long ago. " Not long after the opening of llaverford it was judged best to engage some one as attendant and care-taker of the boys, both in and out of the house. Whether we of those times were worse than the j>resent generation wc would not decide, but some considered such an individual a useless appendage to the management of the school, and sought every means to avoid his espionage." It is related of this "care-taker" that on one occasion he traced two students to the famous White Hall, where there was a bar. Upon his entrance, the suspects eoncealed them- selves t)ehind the counter, when this oHicial, first assuring himself that there were no witnesses, asked for a drink ; whereupon the unblushing youths popped up and "turned tlie tables." Probably the story is exaggeratetl ; he nniy have ordered lemonade; but this and other similar stories show tlie inex|H?eculiarly distasteful to young men of "spunk." The name of this otlicial has, in con.se(juence, been hamled down to posterity (we presume unjustly) surrouncled by odium tliat will never be effaced. 114 HISTORY OF HAVERFOKD COLLEGE. "Tlie office was abolished on finding that the result was not satisfactory. "Part of the second floor was divided into very narrow apartments, suggestive of solitary confinement. Some of ickuw*^ ,f '-f* V> V A-: V''^ f^ STIDENT'S HEDKOOM IN" ForNDKItS' HALL. the larger boys could readily reach to either side with out- stretched arms, and the meagre furniture consisted of a very narrow Ix'dstead, a small cherry wardrobe with two drawers, a smaller table, a chair, and a minute looking- glass in the plainest possible frame. The outlook was from KAKI.Y DAYS. 115 lialf a wiiiduw. A corrrct (Irawiiii^ of (uu- of llicse duriiii- tories i.s to l»e sftii in Alunmi Ihill. Other accommoda- tions wt'iv niiu'li in tlu' same style, yet, witlial, we weiv content. It was the wise policy of tlie founders of Ilav- erford to maintain, as far as possible, rigiAYS. 117 mere's profound ubstruction iluiiii^^ >tiiily. The signal r<»r tliese fits of abstraction was a peculiarity wliicli he had of turning down one of Ids tliunibs when lost in thought. This he frequently did during the pithering of tlu- stu- dents in the collectin*;-rooni, and no sooner was tin- thumb turnrd than study oii their part was at an (.-nd. They talked, they read what they pleased, they even Kft thi- rot)ni and cut all sorts of capers, aiul so lon«; as the thumb was down they were sure of escape from observation. A timely signal from one of the students when the bmwn stuily was at an end. and instantly every boy was in his place. It was on the 21st of 1st month, ISrM,' that a number of the students of the school asseml)led to form an association for mutual improvement in literature and science. .loseph Walton, .)r., .h»hn Collins and Hartholoiiu \v Wyatl W'istar, as committee, prepared a constitution. The name of Haverford Loganian Society was given, in recollection of Logan, the intinuite friend of William Penn. Its objects were stated to be improvement in composition and elocution, the investigation of various scientific and literary subjects, and the formation of a mu.seum and cabinet of natural history, and of a library. The President was in all ca.ses to bean oHicer of the insti- tution; the Vice-i*resident to l>e chosen from the Senior Class each year; the Secretary tVom the .lunior Class. Tiie other oflicers were a Treasurer. Curator, and Librarian, and standing committees on diirerent departments of scientific observation were to be appointed. ' The enxuin^ pane* art- parilv r«'|>r<>«liiiiti fioni *' Havt-rfunl Kwive*!,"' an adilri?» by I)r. Henry Ifartiihorne, cn>ninuiii.,r iiin ■ iln- nvivnl ..f the •xlnxil after iu tem|M>nirr 8ii.s were presented by David Thomas, of New >'ork. The greenhouse was completed in the \'2th month. In their literary performances great activity and pumtu- ality now characterized the nu-mhers. Fssays, recitations and debates followeital |>unishment. In 2d month, 1S30, four prizes were awarded, after com- petition, for the best essays by members. Burke's Works, in 120 HISTORY OF HAVERFURD COLLEGE. three volumes, was the first, Aikin's British Poets the second. The fruit, consisting of strawberries, raspberries and cherries, belonging to the Society, was this summer so con- siderable as to require the special care of a committee. The duty of assisting them, however, in disposing of it, was cheerfully and effectually performed. The first fruits, as strawberries, oranges, etc., were usually given to the Super- intendent or teachers and their families. A handsome collection of hyacinths and tulips was ob- tained for the garden, whose rich colors and fragrance are strongly impressed upon some of our memories. The carpenter shop was at this time, as afterward, a flourishing and highly useful institution. In 12th month, 1836, a communication was read from Thomas P. Cope, Isaac Collins and Bartholomew Wistar, of Philadelphia, from which it appeared that they had erected, at their own expense, and presented to the Loganian Society, the spacious and elegant arbor for grape-vines at the east end of the greenhouse, together with the vines with which it was stocked. The members of the Society, sensible of the liberality which prompted the expenditure, and of the con- fidence in them which was implied by the gift, thereupon pledged themselves, by resolution, to take every needful care of the same, and to appropriate the fruit to the general use of the students and of the family of the institution. They reciprocated the wish expressed by the donors, not only that no unwholesome grapes might ever be borne on the spacious bower, but tliat tlie nobler vine, which had been planted by the public spirit and fostered by the wise liber- ality of the Haverford School Association, beneath whose ample shades they were now gathering the fruits of litera- KAKI.Y 1)AYS. 121 tiire and science, nii«;ht never disappoint its early promise, but mijjht continue, for ajjjes to come, to rejoice, with its plenteous luirvests, tia' lirarts of tliose to wlioni it niigiit lull as an inlitritance. It was, therefore', unanimously re- solved, tliat tlu' tiianivs of the Society hv j»rc'sent«'d to Thonuis r. Cope, Isaac ColUns and liartholonnw Wistar. for tJK'ir liberal donation. The arbor was placed under thr special charge of a com- mittee. Three prizes were ajjjain awarded fur the best essays on the 1st of 3d month, 1837. The tirst, this time, was a han|)ointcd,on given subjects, was also brought into practice. And a great interest was exciteii by an inipeacinnent aiif th»' directors of the carpt'iiter shop. I ►. 15. TIIK CAItPKNTKU MH»|- Smith was judge, Nathan Hill, sherill ; I5arkcr (iuniniere, Benjamin Collins, Richard Lawrence and Justus Adams, jury. The directory was accused of high crimes and mis- demeanors in their aay afternoons, and, with .some, botanical or entomological excursions, gave us abundant enjoyment of the oju-n air and of the beautiful country all around us. A few lines of verse may be permissible here. They are taken from an .Vluiiiiii A.ssociation address delivered at the college in 18SU: Iteneatli lUvsv .sliatic;*, niid near yon Ft)tintlen<' IImII, .\ lot!;;, fair jjallery o|)eiu to my lall, IIiiii^ rutintl with pictures of my l>oyisli days. Are there none here to eclio my faint pnu.se".' Comrades, now w-attere*!, were we young af;ain, Wouhl we drink more of joy, hear li>.s of pain .' June forest walks, ( >c'tol»i'r tinted ;:roves, Where frifndshi|>s ripenwl, sweet as later loves ; Winter's uns|>otteil ermine on the lawn, The skater's cireltiio'er the iee-|K)nd drawn; The (lying football and the cricket rim. The games, all gloriouH, whether lost or won : Full niiKtns more hright than we e'er since have si-en ; More hrilliant sun.sels than have elsewhere Keen. Tlie«»e were our joy.s ; hut these were far from all, In those old days we p:isxed at Founders' Hall. Comrades and rivals lioth in College lore, lioving not learning lens, though Nature more: Toward Truth and lieauty were our glancea turned, With high amhition every l»osom Imrned. Not then we knew, what now we sigh to know, How little man can ever learn Udow ; Nor, yet, the grander truth, in starlight writ. Our souls' growth upwani may lie infinite. Ia;m are «•«■ now, a* greater seems Ih' All ; I.«Te grows, will) worship, as pride's fignient-s fall. Little remains to the chronicler to record of this flourish- ing epoch. So confident of the future were the Managers that they ventured to raise the jirice of board ami tuition, in 1S37, to Ji^'-iJO per annum, from J?20(); and actually jip- |>ointed a committee to propose a plan for an " additional 128 HISTORY OK HAVKRFOKD COLLEGE. edifice " and an estimate of its cost. Alas I for tlie vanity of human expectations. Soon after came the deluge; and Barclay Hall was not erected till forty years later! The Association authorized the Board to proceed as soon as they could without resorting to borrowed money ; and, as the number of students declined from that time, the i)ro- ject died a natural death. On 0th month 27, 1837, the Committee on Finance and Economy were requested to inquire " Whether advantage would result from the introduction of coal for cookins:," from which it appears that wood had still been used as fuel at that date, ami, most likely, was yet in general use. Another proposition, of a very different character, was under consideration about the same time. This was, " The propriety of adopting a uniform dress to be worn by the students. After consideration at two meetings, it was re- ferred to the Committee on Instruction" to inquire into the experience of other institutions in this respect; and, if they deem it expedient, to report the form and materials of such dress, together with the probable cost. It must have been deemed inexpedient, for the proposal was "pigeon- holed in committee," and does not again appear. An interesting fact in 1838 was the passage of an act by the Legislature, releasing the "schoolhouse and grounds thereto annexed " of Haverford School from taxation. On the 7th of <')th month, a tract of land containing 11 acres, 77 perches, adjoining the eastern boundary of the farm, and extending to the Lancaster Turnpike — the voluntary gift of a number of Friends — was conveyed to the Associa- tion in fee. The following extract from a letter written by Jos. John Gurney to Amelia Opie, after his return to England in KAKl.Y I'AYS. 129 1841. will l>o interesting; in connection with this jMiiotl. The visit to Haverford was made about hS38. "A drive of fifteen miles from Westtown, across a ' roll- ing' country of much |>icture.sque beauty, brought us to Haverford, where tliere lias l)een lately established an academy, or rather college, for the cdiR-ation of an oMtr and more opulent class of lads. Repeatedly, and always with great pleasure, did I visit this institution. At this time there were seventy boys and young men accommodated in the house, which was built for the purpose, pursuing a couree of classical and scientilic .study under well-<|ualified teachers. Each of them is provided with a neat little chamber to liim.self, in which nniy be found his Bible, a few other books of his own .selection, and the retjuisite articles of furniture. This separate lodging I hohl to be a most im- {•ortant provision for the moral and religious welfare of the young people, as well as for their comfort. There was an appearance of order antl sobriety to be observed in these young j>ersons, accompanied by an obvious infusion of American independence, which pleased me greatly. A highly talented Friend on the spot, t<> whom they are greatly attached, devotes his time and mind to their moral and religious culture. In many of the young people whom 1 .saw in k l»aek on my 9 13U HISTORY OF HAVEltFOKD COLLEGE. visits to both of these seminaries with peculiar gratification. Long may they flourisli for the intellectual and s])iritual benefit of our young people.'" At the first meeting in 1839, it was concluded to erect " a small frame building, fitted up to answer tlic purpose of an Astronomical Observatory/' provided the whole expense could be defrayed out of the sum received from the State, under a law granting annuities to colleges and academies. At the same meeting, the Committee on Property, in re- porting the completion of the new greenhouse and work- shop, reported that " they were greatly aided by the experi- ence, skill and industry of William Carvill, the gardener." The decade closes with an apparent loss of interest on the part of Managers, and under the shadow of impending debt. At five of the Board meetings, in 1830, there was no quorum. The policy of liberal table sup])lies and low charges, wliich raised the number of students to seventy- nine in 1837, was abandoned. A long retrenchment report recommended rigid economy and reduced diet. In the spring of 1840, however, the i»rice of board and tuition was again reduced to $200, without avail in averting disaster, as we shall see in the next chapter. — iS;^;-4o. Sfe Frrftloiu't* Idilwiiiks in iliy snis :lri^t•. Ami lIuiiiiMleil, Kilbholl, Syilii.v, in iluir i'v« » — 1 i.i v i /kii KlLIOTT. «L1'1>I lAll l; Mil. I I.N ii..v.n^vi.v.v.si.\(,m:.\k ll.\Vi;i:|n|tl> TiiK nutiinin session of ISIO opened witli forty-sevt'n stulan of orpiniz4ition recently adopted, Jolin j)ing tlu' enthusiasm with whirh the nomi- nation for the Presidency of William Henry Harrison, a nmn born in Virginia, hut ideiitijiid with the free State of Ohio, was reci'ived. Processions and jtarades, which are now so familiar to us, were then hut little known as a feature in the political cam- paign, hut in this they took a most effective part It hav- ing been sneeringly said that General Harrison was until for tlie high oflice of President because he had lived in a log cabin and drunk hard cider, this became an electioneering cry, and log cabins, '' with the latcli-string out,'' and barrels of Inird cidtr appeared at almost every nu itiiig held in his favor. This excitement reached even the academic groves of Haverford, and in the earliest number of The Odlajinu, issued at this time, is quite a long es«ay on ''The Present Political Situation." The Collegian, which deserves more than a passing no- tice, was a manuscript journal startetl in \s:\i] hy the Loganian Society. Blank sheets of a uniform size were furnished to the members, and they were expected to write tlieir contributions on these slips, which were stitched to- gether and the number for the month issued. After each essay came a criticism, generally a favorable, always su|>- poseily soon k'd to Its disuse, and it lUed out with tin- session of 1811. In athletics, the llaverford buys of iS-ll- I'J had a less extended held of action than now, but what was done in this direc- tion was well done, ami would do nt> discredit to 1890. Cricket was practically unknown ; the ball-alley, for hand- l)all, which was at tirst near the main i»uilding, and was blown down, and replaeed by a larger one in the woods, was a favorite resort, and showed most skilful balling. "Town- I'ail" was a favorite, while football, played, as its name would es.sentially seem to indicate it shouhl be, witli the foot and the l>all, was immensely j)opular. The football- ground was originally in the rear of the school building, but the laundresses having complained that the linen hung out to dry invariably came back to them with the marks of the football on it. a large plot of ground near tiie entrance to "the lane" was selected, and provtd very .satisfactory. There were no games with outsiders, l)ut matches were made up promiscuously from among the students — each leas, the best athlete in the school, and had drilled his men well. Victory .seenuMl likely, liowever, to be with the Seniors, when an unlucky kick by one of their own number gave their opponents an advantage which 130 HISTORY OF IIAVERFOKD COLLEGE. they were quick to take hold of, and the victor}'^ was with the Juniors. As, by a rule of the school, "caps" were not to be worn, and as there is a practical incompatibility between "top hats" and playing foot])all, the boys of 1841-42 wore on their heads woollen " comforters," as they were called. As these were twisted into various shapes, and were of various colors, the effect was rather striking, if not picturesque. With that strange inconsistency which, while nobly grasping great things for the school failed signally in very little ones, this i)arti-color effect caused uneasiness in the minds of some of the older Friends, and an edict went forth that for the future these comforters should be of a uniform white ! During these years there prevailed among the students a craze for collecting moths, butterflies, beetles and the like. A good-sized " Luna " was considered a prize of the first magnitude, and just as twilight fell these young entomologists were seen dotted over the lawn, skirting the outlying edges of the woods and other places, armed with gauze nets attached to long poles, eager to catch the un- wary moth as he left the shelter he had sought during the heat of the morning. On the afternoon of Seventh Day, armed with hatchet, bottle of alcohol and boxes, they ex- plored the neighboring woods and fields in search of cur- culios and the like. Viewed from an anti-vivisection stand- point, the number of unfortunate creatures thus impaled in the interest of science was appalling, while, as has lately been suggested by one of these boys, " Haverford con- ferred a real benefit on the farmers of the neighborhood by the great slaughter of the curculios and other destructive insects." These and other sports on the lawn and its vicinity were one day suddenly interrupted. A messenger from Athens IBLfci^.r.^-?'-^^ A stui;m AriKo.vcuKs, 137 (later Athen.svillo, now Ardinoro) was seen riding in great haste with the alarming intelligence that a wad dug had passetl through their village, and was coming din-ctly toward the school-grounds. The excitenunt pnnluciil hv this intelligence was intense. Scouts were sent abroail to note the approach and act as guards against the enemy. The smaller hoys — the light infantry, as they were irrever- ently talletl — were summoned to (|uarters, and every means taken for defence. In a little time a tall mongrel yellow and white dog was seen making a direct line for the wo(m1s in the rear of the school. He trotted slowly along, with his head and tail down, looking neither to the right nor the left, and, showing no disposition for an attack, took refuge in a quarry, where he was killed by a young Irish- man in the employ of the school named Thomas Weldon. The llaverford boy loved a joke, and it was, therefore, with intense satisfaction that he read, two days later, in the Nortli American, the only daily paper taken at the school, the following paragraph : " \Vi:i,i.-i>oNi:. — The <|uiet grounds of Haverford School were yesterday the scene of an unusual excitement by the appearance in their midst of a dog apparently in the au|h1s owed their clearest percei)tions of the great doctrine of Christ as a Deliverer and Saviour. It would be impo.ssilde in this sketch to attempt even a brief synopsis of these lectures; this must be left to others I but it would be a serious loss were they, with the death of their author, to pass out of notice. Each lecture in full was reaonicas ancl smaller tlowers. All tlie trees and shrubbery were under the immediate care of the gardener, an Englishman by birth, a nursery- man by education, who, whatever were his peculiarities of dis|>osition, was certainly an expert in his jtrofession. To Isuac Collins, among the early Managei*s, and to William Carvill, the gardener, the Haverford of the jirescnt day owes much of its beauty and attractiveness. So far as the moral and intellectual .*,r)(l(). Interest was accruing on this, and on a further sum of .S'J,!)!)!), during the joint lives of a Friend and his wife. Hence it was a pleasing surprise when, at a special meeting, lieM Uth month 24th, 1840, Thomas V. Cope read to the Board the following letter from Nathan Dunn, a citizen of Philadelphia, wiio had been for many years successfully engaged in business in China and the lOast : Jo the Mnnagtrs of Haver Jord iiclioof : Dear Fkii:ni»s: I have at all times felt a deej» interest in the success of your institution, jtarticularly as it is the only one in the United .States in which the youthful mem- bers of the Society of Fric-nds can receive a lil)eral educa- tion under tin- instruttinii of professors, members of thai religious bo«iy The success of such an institution cannot but be a matter 144 HISTORY OF HAVERFORD COLLEGE. of paramount interest to parents and meml^ers, who believe the improvement of the mind by a liberal education to be an auxiliary to its religious duties. Such, then, being the nature of your institution, I cannot but hope it may prove eminently successful; and this sen- timent I wish to confirm by a donation to assist to remove one of the obstacles to so desirable an end, to wit, its pecu- niary embarrassments, by handing to Thomas P. Cope and Isaac Collins, Esquires, a draft drawn by Joseph Archer on Charles Taylor, dated 12th month 5th, 1840, payable at four months, for twenty thousand five hundred and seventy- five dollars ($20,575), subject to a condition guaranteed by your Thomas P. Cope and Isaac Collins for the return to me of ten thousand dollars (§10,000) on a certain contin- gency. Believe me, very sincerely, [Signed] Nathan Duxx. December 24, 1S40. The following minute was thereupon adopted by the Managers : "The munificent donation of our friend, Nathan Dunn, of the sum qf §20,575 (twenty thousand five hundred and seventy-five dollars) having impressed the Board with a deep sense of his liberality and a feeling of its obligation so to manage the trust committed to it as to promote the en- lightened views of the generous donor, Thomas P. Cope and Isaac Collins, in conjunction with the Secretary, are directed to conve}' to him the grateful acknowledgments of the Managers, and, at the same time, their hearty concurrence in his communication addressed to the Board, which has been directed to be entered at large upon its minutes." But the Managers were not so elated by this happy change in their condition as to hold out any delusive hopes for the future. On the contrary, the}' distinctly stated in their report the importance of an adequate patronage to meet the expenses unavoidably incurred in carrying on A ST0I:M AI'I'ltnACHHS. 1 «•» such a (•((lurni, aiitl that without tliis it must inevitably again he involved in t ami perjilexitirs siniilur to those now so iiappily surniountetl. They urged the iinpoitance of an endowment sutliriently ample to secure the delVay- ment of its expenditures even when the number of its pupils might be reduced to its probable minimum. Had this design of the Managers been then aeeom- plished, the subse«|Uent difliculties of the school niight have been averted. The sanie pecuniary troubles, which rendered it hard to obtain additional subscriptions, dimin- isiied the number of its pupils, which was now reduced to forty-six. In the gloom which .seemed to be slowly but steadily gathering there came a little further light with tjje follow- ing letter from the venerable Thonuis l\ Cope, which was read at a special meeting of the Managers, held tUh month 21Hij, 1.S42: To tff }f">"n/frs of JLucrJ'onl Sriiitol : PiiiLADA., Otii month •J2d, 184-2. I>KAH Frikxds: Vou will receive herewith a certificate for (50 shares of stock in the Lehigh C<»al and Navigation ('on)pany, issuetl in the nanuof Henj. II. Warder, 'i'reasurer, the dividends or income whereof are to be aj>propriated to theedtication of young men at IIav»rford School, to (jualifv them to l)ecome teachei-s, but who arc not of ability to pay for their own schooling. The.se <»tJ shares cost uu\ 3(>th of 11th month, KS.'iT, ??'>,' M>''»|'o»- 'l'l>«^' stock is now greatly de- pressed, but I trust it will eventually become ellectual in accomplishing my o))ject in this domition. If Ilaverford School Association should cense to exist, an event which I am unwilling to think can happen, my desire is that the fund slujuld i)e a)>]died to the education of young men, of the description j>ointed out by the «lonor, at any other 10 146 HISTORY OF IIAVKliFOJa) COLLEGE. school under the direction of Friends. The mode and manner of effecting this end I leave to the Association. Your friend, Thomas P. Cope. At an adjourned meeting, held 7th month 1st, 1842, present nine Managers, it was agreed to accept the liberal donation of sixty shares of stock in the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, made to tlie Association by Thomas P. Cope, on the terms and for the uses mentioned in his letter to the Managers, dated 22d ultimo, and copied at large upon the minutes of the last meeting, but upon which no further action was then taken for want of a quorum to transact business ; and the Secretary was directed to record an expression of gratification on the part of the Managers with the evidence thus furnished of the warm interest felt by the donor in the welfare of the institution, and also that a fund has thus been commenced for the very useful pur- pose to which the income of this donation is to be applied. This generous gift continues in active use. How many have been helped by the fund thus started, how great have been the benefits conferred by it, how wide-reaching their effects, can onl}' be fully known to the Searcher of hearts. To Thomas P. Cope the Haverford of the early day as of the later owes a debt of gratitude which must never be for- gotten, though it can never be fully repaid. A successful merchant who made the name of Philadelphia known and honored in foreign ports, a public-spirited citizen, a valued Friend, he was from the very beginning one of the most in- terested in the founding of Haverford, and, as has already been shown in another chapter, one of the most energetic in choosing the site of the school and in obtaining its charter, and so long as his strength permitted he continued its A STnUM AI'PROACHES. 147 active I'riiinl ami a jui'inpt ami jj^eiierous contrilnitoi* in time of need. A legacy of -S")!)! ) from Ahniluiin llillyard, an early mem- ber of the Association, and .^•J.OOO received from the sale of a lot on 'rhirieeiith Street t<» the association known a> the "Shelter for Coloml < )r|>hans," canif in usefully to the general hunl. A special gift from (Juorge Howland, of New Be«lford, for haths with hot and cold water, added greatly to the comfort of the students; on the other hand, with u view to economi/,e, the Treasurer was requested to discontinuf thf Lomlnn i^nnrterhj, Kc infincd that the resignation fol- lowed the pr<»j»ost'd changes. John (Jummere and his wife hatl long and faithfully de- voted themselves to the interests of Havcrford. Kli/alM-th a< mi s. 151 on two somewhat controverttHl points. Tliis nconl states tluit "the Secretary was tlireiteil to ooinnmnii-atf to onr tViuntl, Daniel 15. Smith, the sense which this Board enter- tains of the great valne of his services, and their regret that any eireumstiinces shonM have rendered tli«*m no longer availahle for the henetit of the institution. The Committee on Instruction were authorized to dispense with their stated meetings during the ituspoisimi of the school. The Committee on Library and Apparatus were directed to discontinue such periodicals as they may deem umietcssary nhilr the school remains suspended." An address was prepared and sent "to the friene only a Frientls' School ; and however nnich it nuiy have changed from its original character in these later days, nuich yet remains to characterize it as a (Quaker in- stitution, and distinguish it from other colleges, which we 152 HISTORY OF HAVKKIOKI) COLLEOK. owe in great part to the uncompromising faithfulness to their convictions of these friends of our early days. - The following sketch of John Gummere's life is adapted from a memorial of him by the late William J. Allinson, writ- ten soon after his death in 1845. Of this memorial, S. Austin Allibone says, in his "Dictionary of Authors:" "It is a well-merited tribute to the learning and virtues of a ripe scholar and an excellent man. ... It may be truly said — we speak from our own ex})erience — that the former disciples of John Gummere never approached their old master without sentiments of affection and esteem." His family came from Flanders, Johann Goemere, the ancestor who emigrated to America having died in German- town, Pa., in 1788. John Gummere was born near Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, in the year 1784, with none of those external advantages which give a pledge of distinction. His parents were pious, industrious, but poor. He had no other opportunities of education than those afforded bv the most common country schools, at a time when those schools were far below their present standard — a standard which, we may safely say, he has materially aided in elevating. Rarely was anything more attempted in them than the acquire- ment of reading, w^riting and arithmetic, and in these branches only he received instruction till the age of nineteen. Yet at quite an early age he had fully mastered arithmetic ; and it should be here noted that his father, who was at one time postmaster of Stroudsburgh, Pa., and was a recorded minister of Friends, was a very remarkable arithmetician, and could solve any problem wdiicli could be solved by mere arithmetic, beyond which he had never gone. At an early age (perhaps 13 years) John commenced, by himself, the study of matliematics, and, without any other aid A STollM Al ri:<»A( IIKS. 1 '»:) than that of l)ui)k-«, inadt- himself master of alj^i'l)ra, men- suration, g€»oinetry, trigonometry, surveying and pnutieal astronomy. It is said of him tliat he studied, hook in iiand, while guitling the j)lough. W'lun \\) years ohl he com- menced his lifetime career in the importiint vocation of a teacher, l)y accepting the care of a country school at Horsham, I'a. After teacliing six or nine months he wint as pupil to tilt Friends' l'>oarer of the West India islands. . . His school was remarkably well drillccl, and kept in order without any severity. His |»ower over his pupils was ab- solute, becau.se he ruled alike tlie judgment and the affec- tions. So strong was the sentiment of affection (which we 154 HISTORY OF HAVERFORD COLLEGE. have already described as amounting almost to a passion) tliat he was repeatedly known to quell disaffection by the moral power of a grieved look. Before he reached the age of 25 years his reputation as a scholar was well established, and he enjoyed the correspond- ence of Robert Adrain, Nathaniel Bowditch, and others of the most prominent mathematicians of the day. He con- tinued rapidly increasing his stock of mathematical knowl- edge up to the age of 40 or 45 years, by which time he confess- edly ranked among the most prominent mathematicians of America. . . . He also became well versed in natural philosophy and pliysical science generally, and his attain- ments in general literature were respectable. He was for thirty-one years a member of the American Philosophical Society, and some valuable papers on astronomical subjects, contributed by him, are preserved in its " Transactions." He was at one time solicited to accept the chair of mathe- matics in the University of Pennsylvania; but this honor, though accompanied by the offer of a liberal compensation, he decided, after mature deliberation, to decline. In the year 1825 the degree of Master of Arts was conferred upon him by the College of New Jersey at Princeton. His well-known treatise on Surveying was first published in 1S14, and has run through twenty-two editions. His treatise on Theoreti- cal and Practical Astronomy is also a work of high merit. It has passed through three editions, and is employed as the text-book of the Military Academy at West Point and others of the best scientific institutions in this country. He was a man of sound, discriminating judgment, of peculiar sensibility, and amiable to an unusual degree, com- bining a rational economy with great liberality of feeling and action. Those traits were beautifullv though un- A STOKM ArriCOACllKS. 155 obtrusively manifested in hi^ tl«>iuestic and social inter- course. He was u good and useful eiti/.en, never o|)posing l)rivate interest against public- benefit. . . . It is testi- fied of him, by those who knew him most intimately through life, that they never heard him, throughout his manhood, speak evil or slightingly of any one. .Vnd such was his tenderness of the reputation of others, that lit- rartly heard an indiviilual spoken harsjdy of without putting in some caveat, mentioning some good trait, if the person alluded to was known to him. . . . Ills life was spent in the observance of daily devotion, and a daily settlenient of his soul's accounts with " the (Jod of the spirits of all flesh." lie died on the ."Jlst of the fith month, 1845, in the sixty-first year of his age. His family have contributed a remarkable number of preceptors to Ilaverford; his two .sons, William and Samuel J.; the latter. President of the college; his two sons-in-law, Williain Oennisand Benjamin \'. Marsh, and ins grandson. Pr. Francis Barton (iummere, have all added, several of them conspicuously, to the stiind- ing of the institution; but none of them have shown a more illustrious combination of intellectual and spiritual qualities than this admirable ancestor, who was one of the intramural founders. Daniel B. Smith was born 7t]i month 1 Ith, 171>'2, and must, therefore, have been al>out eight years younger than his principal colleague. He received his literary education in the school of John Griscom, at Burlington, N. J., at that day a .somewhat famous seminary. After leaving scliool, he studied pharmacy with -lohn Biddle, in Philadelphia. I'pon acquiring a knowledge of chemistry and practical pharmacy, he was for a while the partner of his precej)tor, an, at the ripe age of nearly 01 years, revered by his cotemporaries, but especi- ally by those who had once been liis .scholars. Seldom do men of such marked personality esca|>e opposition, and Daniel H. Smith was no exception, and y»i liw head-masters have inspired their pupils with a greater reverence for their memory, or stamped a deeper impress on the i)upils'character. It is not for us to criticise the action of the Managers in closing the school. At the distance of forty-live veal's from the scene, it looks precipitate and too heroic a remedy for the disea.se. I'»ut it is not easy, so long afterward, to .see all the cau.'aragraph : "At tlie close of the last term a debt had bren incurrese circumstances must sooner or later iiave involved it in great embarrassment. Painful as was the alternative, the Mana- 158 HISTORY OF HAVERFORD COLLEGE. gers believed it was their duty to prevent the waste of the property intrusted to them, by closing for a time the doors of the institution, and to make another appeal to its friends for such aid as would effectually prevent the recurrence of so mortifying a event." They again state that they believe an endowment of ^50,000 requisite for the prosperous maintenance of the school. They adduce the example of the boarding-school at Westtoun, the schools of England and elsewhere, as pro- tected by endowment, or powerfully supported against the contingencies to which such institutions are liable. It would thus appear that the suspension of the school was expected to be a temporary, not a permanent one, and in tlie wisdom of the step, painful as it was, every friend of Haverford acquiesced. And yet, with what intensity of disappointment and sor- row this announcement was made we may faintly imagine, though we can never fully measure it. In the Board of 1845 were men who had been there since the first concep- tion of "The Friends' Central School." They gave to it the vigor of their early manhood and the mature wisdom of their riper years. The sacrifice of their time, the sacri- fice of their money, ihej counted as l)ut dust in the balance when weighed against the good they hoped to accomplish for the young men of the Society of Friends. They had entered on their solemn engagement, not un- advisedly or lightly, but soberly, discreetly, and, it may be reverently added, in the fear of God. They were too wise not to know that uncertainties might attend them, reverses come to them, perhaps even disaster overwhelm them ; but, as if she had been a bride, they pledged themselves to Haverford — for better, for worse ; for richer for poorer ; in A STOKM AIM'KOACIIKS. 150 sickness aiul in htaltli, till tU-atli shoiiKl ovrrtukf tlniii — aiul tlioy kept llio troth tlify had thus |)lij,'httMl. Deatli caim- to sonu" of tlu'iu, ami thi'ir phucs knew tluiu no UKtie. lleif and there the many worries alienated others: hut in the Board of .\hina«;ers of 184') were mm who, during all the ciiaiices and < hanj;es of yeai^s, never lost their love, weakened in tluir dev^S",<'"", and was unencumbered. lUit the Managers had, perhaps, rightly judged that this fund had not been committed to their care to be frittered away in the education of so few, and as good trustees they iiad closetl the school and determined to ri-port the facts t(» the Association. This they did on lUh month 2"Jd, 184'), to a special nieeting. This meeting appointed u committee to consider what was best to be done, and authorized it to con- sult counsel. This meeting adopted ;il>o the following minute, reiterat- ing the .-sentiment of the Managers: "()ur friend, Daniel H. Smith, having resigned his situa- tion as I'rincipal of the .school, the .\ssociation deems it proper to record upon il.s minutes liie .sense which it enter- tains of his devotion to the interest.«< of the institution, the 11 1G2 HISTORY OF IIAVEIU'ORD COLLEGK. great value of his services, and the deep regret that any circumstances shuuhl deprive it of the advantage of his talents, experience and literary attainments." The committee' called a few friends together for consulta- tion, and early in the following month unanimously reported at an adjourned meeting that it was necessary to secure not less than $50,000 for a permanent fund, the income of which should be devoted to the general purposes of the school, and aid in educating young men for teachers. They were able to say the subscription to the fund had been liberally begun, and that several friends had made verbal promises of further aid. The progress of the sub- scription had been arrested, however, by a matter upon which the judgment of the Association was required. The Articles of Association, which had been adopted at the meeting in 1833, provided that no pupil should be ad- mitted who was not a member, or the son of a member, of the Society of Friends. They seemed to be fundamental and unalterable. In the belief of the committee this restriction had been one cause of failure; and the school would not have been forced to sus})end, could it have received the children of professors or of descendants of Friends desirous of being educated as Friends; nor could it, even if supplied with $50,000 additional capital, be properly supported under the existing restriction, and this restriction, although funda- mental, was not unalterable. The discipline of the Society of Friends recognizes that trusts, when they cannot be administered in precise accord- ^ The committee was Daniel B. Sinitli, Charles Yaniall, Georjie Ilowhind, Josiali Tatiim, George Stewardson, Ahrain L. I'eniiock, Tlidmas Kiiiiher, Isaiali Hacker and Towiisend Sliarpless. iivi:i;\viii:i,Mi:i) i?y uisastkk. 1()3 aiice with tin.- terms oi lla-ir crualioii, may br admiiiislori'tl as nearly to tliose tt'rins as possible. This is the legal doc- trine of »i prea. W'r have faithfully adhered to our trust. We have ad- mitted none but Frientls, and the sehool has j;one down. is it not wiser, is it not our duty, to ailmit those who, if not Friends, wish to be like Friends, rather than to disajtpoint all the e.xpectations of tho.se who foundtd 1 lavtrford ' So reasoned the conuiiitttr, anciation cannot be altered in the numner jtro- posed without the con.sent of all the contributors and an alteration of the charter by the Legislature. The Constitu- tion of the A.ssociation as it existed at the time of the incor- |K>ration is referred to and embraced in the Act, tus the basis of the application of the rents, i.ssues and profits, income and interest of the corporate estate, and whatever was fun- damental and unalterable by that Constitution, is so under the charter of incorporation. '* Ib'KAf K r.ISNKY. *• rhUadelphia, October 8, 1845." This distinguished jiersonage, in his day the foremost lawyer in the Commonwealth. j»erhaj)s in the country, tlius 164 HISTORY OF HAVKRFOHD CoLLKCE. showed that by the payment of money under an agreement as to tlie application of its income, the Constitution of tlie Association of Haverford School had been so interwoven into tlie law of the State that nothing save the touch of that sovereign law, and the assent of those who had bound them- selves together, could dissolve the cum})act. Acting in accordance with this opinion, the meeting in- structed the Managers to seek legislation permitting the proposed change in tlie rules of the Association, and ap- pointed a committee to secure the written consent of the stockhohlers. It also instructed the Managers to issue an address to Friends upon the condition of the school. To memorialize the Legislature, Thomas P. Cope and Charles Yarnall were appointed, and to prepare the address to Friends a committee of nineteen, of which Thomas P. Cope was chairman. A memorial was presented to the Legislature, stating that restricting students to the Society of Friends had been found to be " inconvenient and injurious.' The committee also presented tlie draft of a bill to enable the members of the Association, or a majority of them, to amend the act which incorporated it, on condition that no regulation be made contrary to the act itself, or to the laws and Constitu- tion of the Commonwealth. The memorial and bill were drawn by the same distin- guished lawyer who had given the opinion. For all these services, to his honor be it said, he charged a fee of only $20. The bill passed the Legislature, was approved by the Gov- ernor, and became a law, 1st month 22d, 1847. The supplement to the charter was unanimously accepted by a special meeting of the Association, the written con- sent of nearly every member was obtained to the })roposed OVKKNS IIKI.Mi;i> I;Y I)I>.\STKIC. 1''»"> changes regulating atlniission of students, and upon 'Id month "JTth, is 17, tli<- Managers uiuminiously rasolveil upon a cautious widening of liuk* III, so as to admit the children of professoi-s with Friends to an education "in con- formity with the principles and testimonies ..f i>\\v r'ligious Society." Thus circumspectly «lid {\ii>hu-f the nit-ans of good in- struction and rtligious education beyond the reach, so far as we may, of the changes of the world. " When we reflect upon the earnestness wilii which William IVnn and his associates undertook the founding of a publii' school, upon a very broad basis, for instruction ' in tlu- languages, arts and sciences,' wiiih- they were yet but a feeble band of eniigrants, hardly seated in their new homes, and upon the contributions which were made under such ciroimstances to promote u liberal coui^se of instruc- tion, we cannot persuade ourselves that an institution founded with the .same object, seeking to perpetuate an attachment to tiie same religious princij)les, and in the midst of a community surrounded by the accumulated re- sources of nniny generations, will be sutlVred to fall for want of an adequate endowment.' "Twelftii month, 1S45." These measures prepared the way for the work of the Committee on Subscriptions to the Kund. 'The .Vililrev* w.t.H Hi;;n«'i| liy the fi>lli>winj» KrieiKl*: Th«w. I*. C"<>|>c, .lohn Fnrniini, \V. K. Mm-ker, t>lwnnJ Yanmll, Ji>hn Klliolt, (harlra Yiirnall, Jiwi.ih Taiiim. Tliomaii KiiiilK>r, .Mfrinl {'*>\h\ (harlf'. Kllift, Kliliii Pickering, Henry (op*., Isaiah Hacker. iMvid Scull, Paul \V. Newhnll s.,i,i,..| HIII.h. Jodoph Kinfc, Jr.. TnwnM>nil .SharpU-M nmi .^amnel Khoaii- 168 HISTORY OF IIAVERFORD COLLEGE. This committee was able to report on oth month llth, 184G, to the annual meeting of the Association that it had secured :^25,000, conditional upon the complete sum of $50,000 being subscribed by the next annual meeting. The sixty shares of Lehigh Navigation Company stock, which had been given by Thomas P. Cope; the gift by Joseph Ely of a reversionary interest in a house near Eighth and Arch Streets, Philadelpiiia, and certain other sums, seemed to the committee to be applicable to the endowment.' They thought §17,000 more to Ije needed; and though impressed with the injury being done to the Society of Friends by the suspension of the school, and hopeful of some future reopening of it, the}' did not ex- pect an early success, and appear to have been discouraged. The committee, which consisted of fourteen, was dis- charged. To continue the labor a new committee was chosen, six of whom had been on the former committee. Meanwhile, the debt of S4,000 had increased to S5,000; and the income of the farm, whicli had been leased to Jonathan Richards for a net yearly rental of about S500, was being absorbed in the maintenance of the general property. The Association requested the Managers to en- deavor to pay the debt by voluntary subscriptions, and, if this could not be done, authorized them to mortgage the farm for $0,000. The Managers did their best. But the summer and Fall passed away, and the debt remained unpaid. Late in the llth montii, despairing of further subscrip- tions, either toward the debt or Endowment Fund, they ^ Besides stock, scholarslii|is of $4,000 each were oflereil. Tliese entitled holders to forever maintain one student at Ilavorford for eacli certificate. One certilicate is known to have done dnty in educating six active men of one family, and to liave then been released from such liability. OVKUWHKLMKI) IIY hlSASTKR. 169 authorizeil the Committee on Property to sell ili*- farm-stock and utensils, j^reenhouse, plants, huusehoM and school furniture and philosophical instruments, ami to leuije the farm and the school buildings, either separately or together, for one year or a term of years, and to place the libraries and minerals in safe keeping. Acting on this authority the committee sold enough farming stock and utensils to re- duce the debt to §3,0()0. and ..n r_>th nioiilb r.ttli. 1840, the school buihlings, lawn ami farm were ollered for lease for a term of years by public advertisement in Tlie Frirnd. It did not break the force of this sad announcement that liberal terms were proposed t<» any I'rieiid who would, at his personal risk, undertake the task in wliieli the Mana- gers had failed, nor that they |)rotrered their j)ersonal assist- ance to such an one. Hut these melancholy proceedings and this saared some years lati'r for the Alumni Society — 170 irrsTORY of haverfokd college. " tlie scheme was a bold and novel one, and no marvel that our worthy elder Friends doubted at first the propriety of such a promiscuous gathering as was likely to take place. No wonder that none of the Managers and but one of the older preceptors of the institution sanctioned the occasion by their presence." But the wife of a former Superintendent, the "kind and courageous Mary W. Davis, personally superintended the entertainment, which was plenteous and well ordered, and by her co-operation and presence "eminently contributed to the dignity and interest of that festal day." It was, indeed, a gala day of the ex-students. " A rare scene awaited those who came late. The lawn, which had been bare and silent for a year or two, or ten- anted only by cornstalks and cattle, was now alive with the spirit of boyish sport, animating the bodies of those mostly grown up to sober manhood. " The football flew vigorously, as of yore ; married and unmarried, farmers and men of merchandise, busy men and idlers, all showing that what the cares of life had taken from their youth, was revived in breathing the air of their old haunts. " Many weary limbs, and some bruised ones, were among those which, after this and a game of corner-ball, bore those gathered to partake of their welcome dinner. The tables were arranged as nearly as possible in the order of years ago, and gave, besides a good repast, a most natural and delightful fund of recollections." At the meeting of the Loganian Society, Samuel J. Gum- mere was made chairman, and Henry Hartshorne secre- tary. About ninety members answered the roll-call, several of whom came in honor of the occasion from Baltimore and New York. OVEKWIIKIMKK ItY DISASTKJt. 171 Resolutions wiic adoptttl liy the iij«'«-tiM«; creutinj; the Maiiagei"s of tlio Ilavi'ifonl School Association trustees of the Loganian Society; thanking tiie late trustees; declar- ing with what lively interest its nienihcrs revert to the pleasures and advamtagcs the Society has allbrded them; announcing aflectionate renn iMl)rance of former teachers, and, with increasing experience, more full appreciation of their value; and also the sincere grief of the membere at the loss whicii they have sustained hy the death of their worthy and esteemed friend, .John (iummere. Upon the motion of Lindley Fisher, one of the mctst inllu- ential of the old students, it was " Eesolved, That this meeting views with sincere regret ilie continucil suspension of Ilaverford School : that its mem- bers {)ledge themselves individually to use their best ellorts for the a«lvancement of the interests of the institution; and that, in order to promote tliesr. tluy will endeavor to raise the sum of at least fifty dollars each by subscription.'' " Daniel H. Smith, Lindley Fisher, Robert B. Parsons, Thomas Kimber, Jr., and James J. Levick were appointed a committee to carry this motion into effect, and were authorized to call a meeting of the Society at such time as they may tiiink proper." The enthusiasm which had taken such a practical form was heightened by an address, entitle«l " II.wkrford Rk- visiTKD," by Isaac S. Serrill, a graduate of the school. It is not easy to condense the delicate witchery of tliis beauti- ful speech. Delivered to strong, active and outreaching men, drawn from the hauuLs of their business to tl)os€ of their boyhood, thronging halls and grounT1 i:. 173 ' in tlit'in Wf l>L'^aii to Ik- that i-niisi-iuus i-xislfiitr wc art- to bi' tlirougliout infinite (luralinn.' " \\ r curiously ask, what lias Ih'i-oum- of this peculiar taste, or that mental trait, whose gorni here first hudded and bloomed? and we go back to mark with stranj^e interest the very spot in our course where they lie, like wayside flowers, withered and deaci. Yet the very feelinj^ of that hour, in its orii^inal freshness and force, will not entirely return; though ever near us, it still eludes our grasj>. As we go from room to room, and yield to the illusion, an airy spectre, the shade of our former self, seems at our side. It leads us to the ohl library, and reads again with us the very volumes whose |)ages taught us that tin Trur is the only Beautiful, long ago. it beckons us to the door of oui- old rooms and bids us listen, and we hear the long-drawn breathing of our own light slumbers of old. It steals to our siile in the silent wood, and we gaze together on the same sunset clouds that made earth lovely then, and as its airy sigh echoes our own we turn to clasp it — an«l are alone with the old trees. 'There's no surli tiling — 'Tis the very t-oiiia^e of the l»r«in — A bv iiu-. l)Ut tlic rosemary ami thu pansies for you. •• 1 am content aiul very happy to regain, as 1 tlo now, some portion of the freslmess of tarly feeling, tliough it leave me again to-morrow ; happier to lintl the same feeling so alive in the hearts of so many arounitcher be broken at the fountain, when the fountain itself is no more, nor care how soon life's fitful fever ends, ' When nothing ran hring Imck the hour Of s|ilen(l«>r in the graaB, of glory in the Howor.'" The most emphatic thanks of the Society were |)resenteASTKI; 177 Danit'l B. Smiih, cliairimin o\' tin- tiMiiiiiiitcf and I'rrsi- (lent of the Lo»;anian Society. j>r(|»ari' head, was despatched to awaken the interest of New Knj;- land Friends, amonj; whom stood pre-eminently, as the friend of Ilaverford, (Jeorjje Howland, of New Bedford.' To him the committee promptly repaired. 'For the imrtniit of Ue«>rRc ilowlami, we nrv imlebled lo his kiwninn Frankirn Howland, the mithor nf n hUinry i>r the IlnwIniHl fnmily. 12 178 HISTORY OF HAVERFOHD COLLEGE. "He licard their story, and, without expressing much beyond a cordial welcome, invited them to a large family gathering, held that very day in honor of an aged relative. After the hospitalities of the occasion were over, he intro- duced to the company the object of the visit of these Haverford students, and requested them to read the narra- tive of the meeting at tlie school, and the address of Isaac Serrill delivered at the school. It was read witli all the emphasis tlie committee could impart ; and its fervor and freshness captivated old and young." AVhen the reading was over, George Howland put a vote to the company whether this effort of the students should be allowed to fail; whereupon S3,000 were at once pledged for its benefit, and the committee felt sure of ultimate suc- cess. Before they left New Bedford this generous man volunteered his assurance that if the old scholars achieved their $10,000 he would guarantee whatever was needful to complete the Endowment Fund. Thus made confident, the committee returned, and in a second circular, dated 3d month 10th, 1847, made their success known, and urged redoubled efforts. Within three months from the time of the appointment, b}^ unremitting exertions in Philadelphia, Baltimore, New England and New York, the students' com- mittee had gathered over $12,000. This left S10,000 still needed. Encouraged by the success, and animated by the enthusiasm of the students, certain Friends, who had al- ready contributed to the Endowment Fund, seem to have increased their several subscriptions. A few new subscrip- tions brought the completed fund to a little over $50,000. And thus "Haverford was at once placed on a durable and flourishing foundation — esto jjcrpetua." The subscription, as nearly as is now known, appears to nVKKWHKI.MKI) HY 1» ISASTKK. 170 l)efii as follows (liy a nn'inoran«luin ina«l i' at the time. in existence): (It'or^^e Ilowland, ^10,(I(MI .losiah White, . ■ -l.duo Richanl D. Wood. . 4,0(ii>n i"NM • George Ilowland. David S. Brown. Paul W. Newhall, Townsend .Sharples>, Kdward Yarnall. Moses Brown, . • j?.'.o.:i:)5 180 HISTORY OF iiavp:kford college. A letter from Dr. Kicliard II. Thomas to Thomas Kim- ber, Jr., dated oth month Ttli, 1847, reports Baltimore as follows: Miles White, S500 ; Jos. Kino;^ Jr., F. T. King, Isaac Tyson Jr.'s Sons and Richard H. Thomas, slOO each ; Thomas R. Matthews and Jas. Carey, ^50 each. The amount of the iMidowment Fund was .secured. There was, however, a debt (now risen to $4,000) to be paid, if the school were to start with clean hands. A letter from George Howland to Thomas Kimber, Jr., is extant, calling attention to this, and offering to subscribe $500 toward paying the debt. The letter concludes with these words: " Continue to labor faithfully ; it is tlie best of causes." Thou true and noble man, may these words of thine be, to all who work for Haverford, the incentive and the motto ! No finer deed was ever done than that of thine, thou princely owner of whale-ships, when, in rescue of Haver- ford, thou leddest the old men to the fore, then turned to beckon on the boys ! Among the suljscribers to the en- dowment were men of note, leaders of thought and action, who strongly influenced the communities around them, and whose names are written in their annals. But none among them so aided Haverford in this crisis of her history as did George Howland, and none so much as he merits from the annalist of the crisis a lasting memorial. To him, there- fore, must be given more than a passing notice. Howland was the surname of an English family, numer- ous at Newport and Wicken, in l']ssex, but not elsewhere to be found. It gave a bishop to the See of Peterborough, and a wife to the second Duke of Bedford, who obtained the title of Baron Howland becau.se of the vast estates acquired by this marriage — a title the family still holds. Note. — The dotails of the students' suhsL'riptious are not now known. <»VKK\\ IIKI MID IIV I»ISASTKI{. ISI Throe iiieinlM'rs of tlie I'lyinoutli toloiiy. Artliur, Joliii ami 1I« iirv, wire tlu* ancestors of the American Howhinds. It is upon «joo two estates, one over three times, an«l one nearly live timrs, as iarj^r ; and, in is.sl, one nearly seven times as large. There were so filed in 1882, IH80 and 1884, three hundred and sixty estates, each having; a per- sonal property of .^40,000 or over, hut in 184.'J, 1844 and 181") only forty-five such. Of the former, twenty-one be- longed to members of the Society of Friends; of the latter, five. These considerations and figures show why it was so much harder to collect a lar^^e sum hy subscrij^lion forty years ago than now. But these figures also seem to show that two per eent. of the people of Philadelphia who, to use an onlinary expres- sion, are comfortably oil, are members of the Society of Friends. The average personalty of such of their estates as were registered in the two periods referred to was .<13(>,000. •At no time within these jteriods should it have been diffi- cult for the Society to have maiiitaiiird mar I'hilad('lj)hia a college of the modest pretensions (»f Ilaverford. Tlu' en- tluisiasnj of her students, led by the generosity of (Jeorge I lowland, and nothing more, should have sufficed to rescue her from troulde anlish her linanees. Xeverthe- les.M, her snmll debt of $4.0(M) was not entirely paid o(V by ' Till- lenHiWi.f ls40wa.H 17,069,483; of IS.')0, i3.lyl.87r. ; niul tlic popiil.-i lion, thereforp, in 184'i mar lie fairly eatimatrd at t2iM)0ti the wealdi of xUv rnilc*! Sialw nt $7.i:V),7sO,- ■J25, orf.MN) |»fr ia|>ita, ami of IViuiMlvania nt f7"_'2,4>ri,l •_'<>, or $.'{13 |>tiM>8.' |«r cent, loo low. 184 HISTORY OF IIAVERFORD COLLEGE. subscription, and it remained for tlie fund of S50,000 to be burdened by a slight interest charge. The generosity and entliusiasni, however, were appropri- ately acknowledged by resolutions of the Association and Board of Managers, the action of the students being noted as the most gratifying evidence possible of the value of the school. HUIXKD ARCH OV THK (ILU GUEENHOUSE. ciiAi'Ti:!; \ii. Till ll.oon SUBSII)l-.S— MA\ 1 Kl < )RI) KI.- ()Pi:ni:i). iS4s-=>2. Yet think iii>t tli:it tin- vcimI is licacl Whifli ill ilie loiii'ly placf is >|ir(-!iii ; It live5, it lives — the spriii;? is nij,'h. And soon its life slinll tesiifv. — Heknakd Barton. I'roN Ttli nioiitli :')(>tli, 1M7, tin- Association requested tlu' Manajjers to look tor a SuprriiiloiKliut.aiul two iiioiitlis later tlie searc-li for teachers ijegaii. In the loth month the Board apjiointed John Farnuni, Charles Yarnall and David Scull to confer with the Lo^ai- nian iSocicty toucliiiii:; the cost of maintaining the •^n-ren- house, and authorized tlu- lease of the farm to Alexander Seott, for a term of years, at $050 a year. The Committee on the Reorganization of the School were Thomas Kimher, I*. \\ . Xewhall and John Farnnni. This committee called a special meeting of the Moartl 'Id nioiith l.'ith, iSlS, and ri'commcnded Lindley Murray Moore for I'rincijtal and Teacher of Knglish Literature; Hugh I). \'ail, Teacher of Mathematics and Natural IMii- lo-sophy; .Jose|)h \V. Aldrich, Teacher of Latin and (Jreek and Ancient Literature; Elizai)eth !'.. lli>|»kins, Matron. The recommendation was adopted, and 1 lavt'rf<>r KlOlKMIi. 189 with John llurchiy ami uthi-r .ScKtti.sh pruitrii-tors. She, her father, her graihlfather, and j»robahly her j^reat-grand- fatlier, were all born »in the same .sj>ot in I'lainlield, N. .1. lit- himself was horn there on 1th month Tith, l-Sls. It was then a small village of less than two hundred inhahi- tants, mostly farmers, and in large proportion Friends, whose ancestoi-s had settled in that vicinity soon after the j)ur(hase of East Jersey hy Pinn ami his associates, and tlie appointment of Robert liarclay as Governor. Hrought up to the light work of the farnj, before agricul- tural machinery was invented, when even the "cultivator" was unknown and corn had yet to be hoed, he had been sent to small family schools, taught by the wife of one neighbor, or the daughter of another, until his liftccnth year, when he became a pupil at Westtown. This was in the primitive days of that famous M-minary, and it may be interesting to digress, for a moment, to describe the state of things as they then were in that (juaint institution. It was the time when its pupils entered or left at all seasons, at the convenience of those who sent them; whin school years, and their rompted, to a.lic:il CliristiiitM tlie (/iiakvre liav itiK aiKleti n l>«lief (and i>n this U'lief has'in;; Mui^'lit to hnnc tlicir wontliip nnd relii;i'>ii8 |K)litv) in (iiMl'ii tiinit niid imnuHiintc revelation of III.h will to crerv man di-airotm to nhey it, have ihcrehy Ixh?h Ut\ to re<'o^iii/e more prompllv thnn other relii;ioii>t Uxiie* the ri^'htfiihuitH of religioiiH toleration, the ci|nalilr of men, the wrnnKfiilnes.<« of slavery nnd war. In a recent convvniniion regard- infc the prmiiecta of rfTrcting amnnK .\merii-an nalioiLi an arrenKemcnt pre- ventive of international want, .Sn-retarv of Stale Jamcn («. Itlaino renmrkttl to the writer that *' there in no doubt the (Quakers have been our exvinplnn« in all things eivil and religiou.*." 102 HISTORY OF HAVERFORD COLLEGE. l>rinei})k's wliicli underlie such action, the Quaker Schools, AVesttown and Haverford, agree. Probably without many reflections, and simply because it was the custom of West- town so to do, young Vail put off the "Babylonish garment" and donned the (Quaker coat. After a few weeks spent in taking lessons in elocution of a celebrated professor (probably Dr. Anthony Comstock, who taught near Arch and Fifth Streets, Philadelphia), he was installed in his new profession by Samuel Hilles, then Superintendent of Westtown. Here the business methods and acumen acquired in New York enabled him to perceive and })rovo that burning lluid in suspended lamps was more luminous and cheap than home-made tallow candles, which, in old iron candlesticks, were wont to darkly light the even- ing schools and collections, and that the old goose-quill should give place to the newl3'^-invented steel pen. Other changes were introduced b}^ H. D. Vail. Students ill mathematics were classified, demonstrations on black- boards introduced, and, if rules in the text-books were used to solve problems in trigonometry and surveying, they were required to be proved. Natural science was a study much loved b}^ the teachers at AVesttown. An occasion is on record when H. I). XaW and Davis Reece ("Old Davy," the boys' governor at West- town, upon whom many a generation of youths looked with an afiectionate awe), travelling in upper New Jersey in search of plants, minerals and birds, were met by a gentle- man who told them he liad botanized with Muhlenberg when Darlington was a boy, and who, taking them to his house to show his collections, pressed them to dine and put the modest Davis Reece to blush by drinking his health. The gentleman was Mahlon Dickerson, a Governor ot New Jersev, and member of President Jackson's Cabinet. THK I l.tMtl) SI l:sil>i:s. — HAVIKI i>i:|. KKOPKNKD. 193 Nine yt-ars almost continuously spent in such services furnished Hugh with that adnnrable equipnuiit (»f knowl- edge and practical experience which he brought to Ilavcr- ford as a Teacher of Mathematics and Natural History. From John Cluinniere to Isaac Sharplcss and Frank Morlcy, a long line t>f eminent instructors have gaine. \"ail liclil a mo-t lionoraMf plarr. He came there in tin- priim- of his faculties. Slender, active, agile, ipiick of observation, char of Judgment, he po.sscsscd a remarkable ability for precise explanation and ready illustration. Few teachers have been better fitted to im- part habits of observation ami precision. None bcttt r than he could make a student clearly undei-sland a dem- onstration in geometry, or grasp the stejjs which led to a formula of the calcidus; and none more delighted to point out the stars and constellations, to detect tin- plu- mage and note of binls, or to mark the characteristics of the trees and landscape. In the study or in the recita- tion-room, before the blackboanl or afoot in the field or the forest, alert and lucid. Master Hugh awakmiMl the senses and aroused the energies; and to him will the Haverford boy of his day attribute a large share of whatever there was of the practical in the education he has received. He was offered the position of Principal of Haverford when Lindley Murray Moore resigned in lsr)(), annths until the varr patiently or more intelli- gently guided, oven t<> tla- nion- abstruse investigations of the higlier nnithennitics, than hy him. Ilaverford havinj^ closed, he tau}j;lit at Samuel Alsop's scliool in \\'ilniin;^ton, Del., during the winter of 1847—18, and. when Ilaverford reopened, returned t<» it, as we have seen, as a 'I'eacher of Classics. He may have been led to cliange the subject of his atten- tion by such views of the effect upon character produced by Mathenuitics and Classics as he expresseart of a well-appointed system of education. lUit prosecute them exclusively, and there not infrequently results a habit of dreamy abstraction, which .scarcely allows the student to take cognizance of the living world around ; the juoys. In 1853 he resigned from Haverford, and soon after received its degree of A.M. honoris causd. He shortly after became Principal of Friends' Select School, Philadelphia, and so continued for about nine years. His subsequent existence was a struggle for life. He made two trips for his health to the Ijracing climate of Lake Superior — one of them lasting ten months — including a winter which he em- ployed in publishing descriptions of the mineral resources of that region, and after a long illness, bravely borne, died 4th month 12th, 1865, full of the Christian's blessed hope. The matron selected was Elizabeth B. Hopkins, and a true matron this lady was. The whole liousehold felt the touch of her inspiring hand. The tidy kitchen, the well- supplied table, the clean bedrooms, the well-kept lawn, no less than the cheerful })arlor, bespoke her watchful care. Six years .saw her at work at Haverford, the next two at Friends' Asylum, Frankford, and the following three at Earlham College. Thoughts of a quiet life passed in private cares and pleasures were then beginning to form themselves in her mind. But from these she was awakened by a call to "lix up'" the household at Haverford. She came, not expecting her stay would be long, but remained six years a second time. Then she settled in her own cottage home at Richmond, Ind. Now, in her eighty- seventh year, too blind to read, she employs her lengthened activity and tinds "j)lenty of work"" with the Home for THK Fi.«)()i> sri:sii>i:>. — iia\ i :i:i oiiD UEorKNKh. I'.'T Fritiulle^.s W'uukii, and visitin*; the uci'dy. Her modest testimony of herself in old n^e is, "I have tried to do what my hands fonnd to ilo, and now I am laid a-itir, feeling I have done hnt little. " Not so has she printed herself in the memory of those she is pleased to call her children of Ilaverford. They remember the hrij;ht glance, the ad altcrnatcil with wuotlcn ties in the tracks that skirted the Ilaverford lawn, and Uryn Mawr was yet undreamed of. Its acres, risen from the ten cents paid l>y thtir Welsh set- tlers to Penn, were held at a ^'ood round li;,Min' for farming land, but were far below the thousands upon thousands of dollars per acre which is now their price. The hanreserveil its five or six acres of original forest. Bounding these on the south (in part) were the cou- ple of acres or so of a vegetable ganlen, with long rows of gooseberries and currants, and great beds of rhubarb and asparagus. Again to the south, skirting this garden, ran a long gravel walk, al»out sixteen feet wide, overarched by the lofty arbor of grape vines, which had been the gift, in 183»», of three generous Friemls among the foumlers, one of whom, Thomas P. Cope, was famous as a distributer of mer- chandise to the interior, as owner of the Philadelphia and Liverpool Packet Line, as an executor of Stephen CJirard's vast estate, anI» SUBSIDKS. — H AVKKFtUM* KK<»rKNKI). JOl Siidi wt'if llu- I'f.iiitiful prt'inises now to be rcstorecl to tlieir wonted usi ' Tlie hall could contain seventy-live students and the fam- ilies of their instructors and care-takers. The school year was divided intt» two terms — a winter (»l six and a summer of four months, with four weeks' vacation each spring and Fall. Tuition and hoard were still S'iOO a year; the total sala- ries, now :?-JJ),00(), were then hut §2,000 a year. As the scliool «;rew, these increased hy the en<;agement of a hook- keeper at >*300 or $400, and of advanced under«j;raduates to give half time to study and half to instruction, receiv- ing therefor hoard and tuition, mid sloo or >?20(> a year more. The careers of certain of these show how much talent was thus secured, and how much .service was ren- dered from devotion to duty rather than for reward. This low scale of receipts and expenditures was maintained for several years. Such small annual deficits as resulted were taken care of hy the income of the I'und, hy which, aLso, education was given to needy youn^^ I'riends preparing themselves for teachers. Appropriations of §1,(»0(> each for gratuitous instruction were made 2d month 23<1. 1S40, and 1st month 2r)tii, 1850, and on «",th month 27th, IS.'l.one of :?1,2(K>. At the end of the sciiool year closing ith month 8th, l.SoO, $00(i had hien expended on sucii educaticui and $1,">00 on deficit. The Funil, the source of so much goo»l, was cherished as the apple of the eye; its accounts were kept separately; its condition was reported eacli Ith Jiionth, and its current interest balance nearly every month. There was a stand- ing committee to invest it (on which Paul W. N<'whall, John Farnuni and Marnniduke C Cope served), with oniers 202 HISTORY OF HAVERFORD COLLEGE. to buy real estate securities only, unless witli the previous approbation of the Board. This buying had been well done, and the value of the securities was reported on 5th month 10th, 1850, to be §52,459.07. Much of the work of Ilaverford was carefully and lovingly wrought out by com- mittees of its Managers. Such a committee gave its pres- ence at the reopening. It was a well-contented score of lads who met on that 10th day of 5th month, 1848, to assault the heights of learning under Quaker colors. No other undergraduate class of their like was elsewhere to be found. They were the advance guard of their generation. Tliey knew hard work ajid strict discipline were to be theirs, but they had not been bred in self-indulgence; they knew the white- washed fence that bounded the lawn would be their "bounds," which, except by leave, the}' could not cross, or go into any house beyond it, save on permission. They knew no mone}' would be in their pockets but the scant sums furnished through the school authorities; they knew these authorities would inspect their books and withhold all fiction, would select their newspapers and lock them up on First days; would require them to rise early and be at breakfast at tap of bell, to avoid at all hours each other's rooms, and each his own in the hours of forenoon. They knew their dress must be simple and plain; that "plain'' meant likeness to forms worn by Friends, avoidance of which was held as an indisposition to avow the beliefs of the Society. They knew that to jackets and coats one row of buttons only would be allowed, and tliat the collars of their frock coats must be straight like those of Washington. Such frock coats the cadets of West Point wore who are in training to be leaders of material forces; to do the same — THi: ll.ool) SIHSIKKS. — IIAVKRFORD KK<»I'ENKD. 203 sliuuld tl»i:5 be felt a luir(Uhi|> by those in training; to bo leadei-s in the nobler vocation of maintaining onlor through tlie force of persuasion anriou8 days" — and in such scorning founnica, azalea a ntl rose-tree leaf should never serve a like end on a half holiday after Monthly Meeting. Yet such infractions were to be but occasional. Good order, decorum an«l, above all, good feeling were to prevail, and no rule finds more general or ea.sy observance than this: "Students will be expected to be atlableand courteous in their intercourse witii each other anoor f« IImw. had been -04 HISTORY OF IIAVK];i"ORD COLLKGK. reared in the surroundings of the charcoal pig iron business, and to souls tried in that furnace of affliction nuich is to he forgiven. The education these young fellows were to receive closely resembled the four years' course of the best colleges. Its mathematics ended in Differential and Integral Calculus, Optics and Astronomy; its Latin in Juvenal and Tacitus; its Greek in Euripides or Sophocles and Longinus; its English in Moral and Mental Philosophy, Political Economy, Story's Commentaries, Arnold's Lectures on Modern History, and in Butler's Analogy. "Its aim," in the words of the Mana- gers' report of 1850, was "the due cultivation of all the facul- ties, and its tendency to check those excesses into which the overstrained exercise of some of the powers of the mind often leads partially educated men. It is an error to object to such a course, that it is not practical. It is eminently so in the highest sense. Nor shall it be forgotten tliat that is not a course of Christian training, which aims at the acqui- sition of property only, without due regard to the efficient discharge of the social obligations." For those to whom want of time and means denies such a course, Haverford now provides teaching in acquirements of instant pecuniary value. But to do this is not its tone. The book which most distinguished its course from others was Dymond's Moral Philosophy. Other philosophies have not fully embraced the teaching of this splendid treatise, based as it is on close attachment to tlie doctrines of the Sermon on the Mount and humble reliance on their Author. The right rule of action it teaches to be truth, which is never to be swerved from because of apparent expediency, and it holds that to be untrue which is intended to deceive. The S Q X > z a z 03 Till-: FLOOD SUHSIDKS. — HAVKKFOKD KKoPKNKD. 205 part consisttMl in Hihle ri'iuliuj^s at brt-akfast tal)K' and ait collection for l)i'(l, in uttenilancf <>u I'irst ilay and Fittli day niornint; nieotings for worsiiip, and in lessons in tin- (iri't'lv Testament on First day afternoons. Meetin«;s for \voi*sliip were often held in silence. lUit at times the voices of Thomas Kvans and Samuel Hettle anf lunjamin Seehohm, seemetl to throw (»n this worhl a li.uht jjiven them in a better. Then' was no resident minister at that time. Upon examining; the students, not more than six proved fully i»reparetl for the Third Junior Class, and the rest were remanded to studies in varyintj degrees preliminary. Studying at Ilaverford, before the building' of Barclay Hall, was not done in chambers, but in the large room west of the stairway in Founders' Hall, where each student had his desk, and where at certain hours of the day, and in winter of the evenings, study hours were kept, and an olVicer sat to preserve order and help the harncr ovtr pu/./.lin^ points. Recitations were made in class-room.s. Study was |>rosecuted amid the pleasantest surroundings. < )ftieei-s and students lived together as in an agreeable home. Their mutual dispositions and their small numbers fostered this. All were welcome to the nnitron's parlor, and al.so to the general sitting-room, known as the boys' parlor. In the former were kept 'I'li* Frlaid, The Friends' Jlcvieo and Friends Library: in the other the daily papers. To deck either parlor from greenhouse or lawn or gardens was a pleasure; to plant and tend tl»e gardens, a delight. N(»r was it a small satisfaction to wander among the gooseberry bushes in the vegetiible garden an1'KNEI». 20l» Karly in the cigliteontli ft'iitury his father's ancestor came from Scothuul to a part of Dover, N. H., nameeech and vote on the Fugitive Slave Hill he had just sent " IcIuiImhI " rolling through tlie land. Tin- students were proud of our (Quaker [)oet; often talked of him, and sympathized in his characterization of the fall of the great statesman from his moral height of defen^ •Joseph Cartlaiid remained in charge of the discipline and business of Haverford until 1853. In 1855 he married Gertrude E. Whittier, Principal of the Female Department of Friends' Boarding-School at Providence, R. I., and a relative of his own and of the poet. They afterward con- ducted that school together on their own account, and in- troduced a systematic course of teaching, suggested by that of Haverford, which is still largely maintained there, and has been followed by other Friends' boarding-schools. After five prosperous years they retired from labor, and now at Newburyport in his eighty-first year, his eye un- dimmed, his hand steady as at forty, surrounded by friends and relations, Joseph Cartland lives, a contented and grate- ful man. Would there were more lives like his to model after, as void of self-seeking and as pure ! The summer term of 1850 opened with sixty-two stu- dents — another increase. The total that had now been enrolled was eighty, viz.: From Pennsylvania, ..... 46 Massachusetts, Maryland, New Jersey, . New York, . Ohio, . Maine, . Indiana, New Hampshire, Delaware, 8 8 6 3 3 2 2 1 _1 80 THK lI.O«»I> sli;sll)is — ll.\VKKKOHl> KK«>I'KNK1». Jl 1 The ilistiii^^iiisliiii^' cvrnt of this term was the delivery of a short course of lectures on entomology In' Henry (loiulby. lioth the subject and the lecturer fell in well with the humor of the students. Sixty -r)l found the students imnaAcd to sixty-five. Lindley Murray Moore had resij^ned his posi- tion of Principal, and the duties (jf that oHiir ha, or a dozen for $100; and how he Hourishe*! his cambric handkerchief about and re<, he «lid reiteratingly declare, "Ideas can never die," were highly amusing |>erfornninces. And yet he stim- ulated a taste for iiistory, and made us still more eager than we were for an early reading of each outcoming vol- ume of Abbott's Scries of Historical Sketches, published in crimson covers, and written with views as highly colored as their bindings. The student who lives in an isolated college, apart from the diversions of a great town or city, easily forms a habit 212 HISTORY OF IIAVEKFORD COLLEGE. of reading after his daily hours of study and recreation are over. Excellent libraries of standard and current literature fostered this habit at Haverford, and her graduates have been said to excel in general information. The professors of the two oldest universities of America have remarked that. The close of the term brought the graduation of Thomas J. Levick. Of the twenty students with whom the school reorganized, he was the first to complete the course of study. The summer term of 1851 opened with sixty-six students, still an increase in number, though slight. The most curi- ous affair about the term was its close, which was accident- ally and unintentionally postponed for a week by tlie Council of Teachers, and that, oh marvellous thing, without notice to or remonstrance by the students! The annual picnic was held in the leafy month of June, record does not say where ; presumably it was as usual on the steep side of the Schuylkill hill, at the mouth of Mill Creek. Once at a picnic there a great stone was carelessly rolled down the hill by some students, and struck a tree against which was sitting the wife of one of America's most distinguished surgeons.' Luckily it glanced aside, and did no damage. At the commencement, held Hth month 15th, 1851, the diploma of the school was given to Joseph L. Baily, . . . Berks County, Pa. Philip C. Garrett, . Franklin E. Paige, . Zaccheus Test, James Carey Thomas, Richard Wood, Dr. Joseph Pancoast, all of whose sons were Haverford .students. Philadelphia, Pa. Weare, N. H. Richmond, Ind. Baltimore, Md. Philadelphia, Pa. THK FLO(>I» SUIWIDKS. — M V\ IKKoKh i:i:< >ii:\ Fl). 21;; Little reiiiaiiis of a gfHt-ral natun- lur us to ivconl as to this period. It is to be regretted tliat for i'f«»noinic reasons it was (leteriiiiiied to al>anrrio(l tht n ending can with more pleasure perpetuate. Hut before proceeding with the general narrative, we will devote one chapter to illustratinL' 'hr liiN (Tlip Resilience of Cli:iil.>> Tlinmson, Secretary ol the Continental Congress). (214) THK LOLiANIAN. 215 Amonc the attractions ofFert'tl to visitors were the weekly meetings of the Lo«j;anian Society, luM on Secon each on Botany. Ornithology and Entomology. The memhers numhered twenty-thre( — the twenty stu- dents and three male officers; the matron was made an lionorary member the next term. W in thi< ttrm the Society was small, it was also a very active little body. All its memhers freciucntly, and never less than twenty-one. at- tended its meetings. Seventeen were ollicei*s or committee- men ; more than one iield six places. Its first ve or Revenge?" had been gallantly decided for Love. Its exerci.ses were recitations, essays, addresses, orations, etc. Twt) addresses by I.. M. Moore on the Po.stal System, and an essay "On the Present Events in France" by .Io.s. W. Aldrich, called forth the thanks of the Society. Supplying material to the carpenter shop, and tools to the garden, and labelling the jdants and trees of the lawn, busied the appropriate committees. The Ornitiudogical Committee, or some other inlluence, .set many students to collecting birds' eggs. To protect the birds on 216 HISTORY OF HAVKKFOHD COLLEGE. the lawn tliis collecting was finally strictly i)rohibite(l by the Managers. No such protection awaited the unhappy butterflies and beetles. Upon these the full, wonted ento- mological rage of the Haverford collector was let forth un- trammelled. To secure from the rotten stumj) the largest Calosoma, with its lustrous coat of mail ; to net a glorious moth poised over a rose in the garden ; to drown these in alcohol, to pin them m masse in glass-covered boxes, with little regard to classification or nomenclature — these were the prizes and this the pride that delighted the Haverford insect-catcher ! It was the mania of the collector ratlier than the love of the scientist. So far did this mania go, such havoc was wrought by it all about, that at last a noble Coleopteron — the sole survivor of his race — by some tele- phonic process as yet occult, hummed into the pages of TJie Collegian (of which journal more anon) — THE LAMENT OF THE BEETLE TO THE BUGGER. [lie hears Jiis companions.^ Hark ! hark I the buzz and hum As of murtled drum, And the s^tirr and tlie wliirr As the beetles come. \^His lament.] Does my horny coat so hrif,dit appear In your eager eyes, Tliat you seek me out and pin me liere As your lawful ))rize ? Why take me from my native air (Jr woody cell, Where ne'er was heard the voice of care, With you to dwell ? Do you never think of tlie j^rief That 1 must feel ? Your eyes are dull, your cars arc deaf, Your heart of steel. Wliy plunge me in your liorrid batli Of liquid fire ? Wiiat have 1 done to court your wrath Or raise vour ire ? THK iJMiAMAN. J 1 7 Why ifar me froin my puniit.s dear, And tender wife? Why muse mv tints to end in fear My wrvtelietl life '.' ( >h ! in tlie old stump, us it lit* 'Neath yonder tree, My children now with ea^jer tye« l/M(k out for me. Oil I pin me nut in that dreadful place. Well painted re;ave me life. Oh I then thy name with sweetettt .son;: We'll j;ladly hinn In Hhade l>y day, anening spring; We list for music where the winds once bore Eden-like strains : those birds no longer sing! Yet myriad flowers still carpet the fair earth, And thousand songsters cijarm the summer air. Why o'er our hearts will fall such woful dearth That blights all beauty, fragrance, music there? TMK I.odAMAN. 2I!> It is the clouil, () iiiuii ! i>t° tliiiie filijMe ; It 18 the .sliuilow of thy mortal woe; Youth otVeni llo|>e'8 Nweet chiilice to our lips, Hut ere Youth llees, Trutli l>iiis thtit h«>|»e forego. We knew not then, though tiiu^ht, how Sin cuuld reign, C'ouhl blind the eye of I>»y, anil unntar Ninht ; Coultl {Mtison plea.xure, lend new darts lo |>iiiii, And forestall l>ealh ere I>eulh had claimed liia right. We know it now ; luiy more, the spell hath wrought In UM, and therefore hath our sky grown dull ; Anil therefore have our day-4lreanis oome to naught, And naught, ils tmee it seenie«l, i** lieautiful. Yet fear me not ; no. Heaven forliid lli:it fear. That life's young glory was a dream alone; lie who hath seen the sun shine strong :u)d t lear, Shall he despair, though storms now gird its /.one? We have a " more sure wonl of prophei-y ;" We mark the day-l)eam through the uiK.*ning heaven ; From shining mounlain-(w>tands — our eertain promise given I "It is as one of tliu former .slu