CATALOGUE OF THE COINS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 VANDALS, OSTROGOTHS 
 AND LOMBARDS 
 
 AXD OF THE EMPIRES OF 
 
 THESSALONICA, NICAEA AND TREBIZOND 
 IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 
 
 BY 
 
 WARWICK WROTH 
 
 ASSISTANT-KEEPER OF THE COINS AND MEDALS 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND 43 PLATES 
 
 LONDON 
 PKINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES 
 
 SOLD AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM, AND BY 
 
 LONGMANS & CO., 39 Paternoster Row ; BERNARD QUARITCH, 11 Grafton 
 
 Street, Bond Street, "W. ; ASHER & CO., 14 Bedford Street, Covent 
 
 Garden ; HENRY FROWDE, Oxford University Press, Amen 
 
 Corner, E.G.; and ROLLIN & FEUARDENT, 66 Great Russeil, \ / 
 
 Street, W.C, and 4 Rue de Louvois, Paris 
 
 1911 
 
 [Afl rights reserved \ 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 PAGE 
 
 iii 
 
 LIST OF PLATES 
 
 xii 
 
 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 
 
 xiv 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 XV 
 
 § 1. COIXAGE OF THE VaNDALS : — 
 
 
 The earliest Vandal coinages .... . . 
 
 Vandalic coinages not inscribed with the kings' names . 
 
 XV 
 
 xvi 
 
 Roman bronze coins, apparently countermarked by the Vandals 
 
 > xviii 
 
 Small bronze coins of the Vandal kings and the Mauri ? 
 
 xviii 
 
 General view of Vandal coinage in gold, silver, and bronze 
 
 xxi 
 
 Vandal coinage and Vandal civilization .... 
 
 xxiv 
 
 Coinage of Gaiseric .... 
 
 
 
 xxvi 
 
 Of Huneric 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 xxvi 
 
 Of Gunthamund . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 xxvii 
 
 Of Trasamund 
 
 
 
 
 xxvii 
 
 OfHilderic .... 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 xxvii 
 
 Of Gelimer .... 
 
 
 
 
 xxviii 
 
 § 2. Coinage of the Ostrogoths : — 
 
 
 Study of the Ostrogothic coinage 
 
 xxix 
 
 Od ova car .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 xxix 
 
 Theodoric 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xxxi 
 
 Amalasuntha 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xxxiii 
 
 Athalaric 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xxxiii 
 
 Theodahad . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xxxiii 
 
 Witigis 
 
 Matasuntha .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 XXXV 
 
 XX xvi 
 
 Ildibad .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xxxvii 
 
 Eraric 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xxxvii 
 
 Baduila (Totila) . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xxxvii 
 
 Theia .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xxxviii 
 
 Denominations and Weights 
 
 Inscriptions . 
 
 Types .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 XXX ix 
 xlii 
 xliii 
 
vi CONTENTS 
 
 Coinage of the Ostrogoths {continued) : — page 
 
 Portraiture .......... xliii 
 
 Reverse types ......... xliv 
 
 Table of Mints xliv 
 
 On the attribution of Italian coins with Imperial names (Period 
 
 of the Ostrogoths) . . . . . . . . xlv 
 
 Gold coins .......... xlv 
 
 Silver coins .......... xlviii 
 
 Bronze coins .......... li 
 
 §3. Coinage of the Lombard Kings: — 
 Attribution of the anonymous coins 
 Alboin, Cleph, and the Interregnum 
 Authari ; Agilulf .... 
 Adalwald — Grimwald . 
 Perctarit ..... 
 Cunincpert ..... 
 Rude character of the Lombard coinage 
 Legends ..... 
 Weights and metals 
 Mints 
 
 its types 
 
 Iv 
 
 Ivi 
 
 Ivi 
 
 hi 
 
 Ivii 
 
 Ivii 
 
 Ivii 
 
 Iviii 
 
 lix 
 
 Ix 
 
 § 4. Coinage of the Duchy and Principality of Beneventum 
 The four great Lombard Duchies . 
 Duchy of Beneventum : its earliest coinages 
 Denominations and weights , 
 Types, &c. .... 
 Romoald II . 
 Successors of Romoald II 
 Arichis II ... . 
 Portraiture on Beneventan coins 
 Grimoald III 
 Grimoald IV 
 
 Sico 
 
 Sicardus 
 
 Radelchis I 
 
 Siconulf 
 
 Adelchis and successors 
 
 Ixi 
 
 Ixii 
 
 Ixiii 
 
 Ixiv 
 
 Ixv 
 
 Ixv 
 
 Ixv 
 
 Ixvi 
 
 Ixvi 
 
 Ixvii 
 
 Ixvii 
 
 Ixvii 
 
 Ixvii 
 
 Ixviii 
 
 Ixviii 
 
 § 5. Coinage of the Empire of Thessalonica : 
 Theodore Angelus . 
 Manuel Angelus . 
 John Angelus 
 Demetrius, despot . 
 Metals and types . 
 
 Ixix 
 Ixix 
 Ixix 
 Ixix 
 Ixx 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Vll 
 
 § 6. Coinage of the Empire of Nicaea 
 Theodore I Lascaris 
 Nicaean gold coinage 
 Titles of Theodore I 
 John I (^11 ') Vatatzes 
 Theodore II Lascaris 
 John II ('IV') Lascaris. 
 Michael VIII Palaeologus 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ixxi 
 
 Ixxi 
 
 Ixxi 
 
 Ixxi 
 
 Ixxii 
 
 Ixxii 
 
 Ixxiii 
 
 § 7. Coinage of the Despots of Epikus : — 
 
 Michael I 
 
 Theodore Angelas 
 
 Ixxiii 
 Ixxiii 
 
 § 8. Coinage of the Duchy of Neopatras 
 
 John I Angelas Comnenus . 
 
 Constantino Angelus 
 
 John II Angelus Comnenus . 
 
 Ixxiv 
 Ixxiv 
 Ixxiv 
 
 § 9. Coinage of the Empire of Trebizond : 
 1. The coinage and its arrangement : — 
 
 Writers on the coinage . 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxiv 
 
 Attribution of the silver coins Ixxv 
 
 Bronze coinage Ixxvii 
 
 2. The Emperors and their coinage : — 
 
 Alexius I ........ . Ixxvii 
 
 Andronicus I Gidos 
 
 
 
 
 • Ixxviii 
 
 John I 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxviii 
 
 Manuel I . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxviii 
 
 Andronicus II ... . 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxix 
 
 George ..... 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxix 
 
 John II 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxix 
 
 Theodora ..... 
 
 
 
 
 Ixxx 
 
 Alexius II .... . 
 
 
 
 
 Ixxx 
 
 Andronicus III .... 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxxi 
 
 Manuel II 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxxi 
 
 Basil 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxxi 
 
 Irene ; Anna 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxxi 
 
 John III 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxxi 
 
 Michael 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxxi 
 
 Alexius III .... 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxxii 
 
 Manuel III 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxxii 
 
 Alexius IV 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxxii 
 
 John IV 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxxiii 
 
 David 
 
 
 
 
 . Ixxxiii 
 
VIU 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Coinage of the Empire of Trebizond {continued) : — 
 3. Metals and weight : — 
 
 Silver coinage ..... 
 
 Origin of the asper .... 
 
 The nomisma ..... 
 
 Bronze coinage ..... 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . Ixxxiii 
 . Ixxxv 
 . Ixxxvi 
 . Ixxxvi 
 
 4. Types and inscriptions : — 
 
 St. Eugenius .... 
 Miscellaneous reverse types . 
 Representations of the emperor 
 Inscriptions .... 
 Forms of letters 
 
 5. Symbols and letters . 
 
 CATALOGUE OF COINS :— 
 I. Vandals: — 
 Gaiseric 
 Huneric 
 Gunthamund 
 Trasamund . 
 Hilderic 
 Gelimer 
 Small bronze coins of the Vandalic period 
 
 . Ixxxvi 
 
 Ixxxvii 
 
 Ixxxviii 
 
 Ixxxix 
 
 Ixxxix 
 
 xc 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 10 
 13 
 15 
 17 
 
 II. Ostrogoths : — 
 
 Odovacar .......... 43 
 
 Theodoric 46 
 
 Athalaric 60 
 
 Amalasuntha ......... 71 
 
 Theodahad 72 
 
 Witigis 77 
 
 Matasuntha .......... 80 
 
 Ildibad ; Eraric 82 
 
 Baduila (Totila) 83 
 
 Theia 95 
 
 Quasi-autonomous bronze coins of Rome and Ravenna . . 98 
 
 Imperial coins of Justinian I struck at Rome and Ravenna . 108 
 
 Imperial coins of Justin II struck at Ravenna . . . 120 
 
 Imperial coins of Tiberius II struck at Rome and Ravenna . 122 
 Imperial coins of Maurice Tiberius struck at Rome and 
 
 Ravenna ......... 122 
 
 III. Lombard Kings: — 
 
 Alboin ; Cleph ; Inten*egnum ...... 123 
 
 Authari ; Agilulf 128 
 
 Adalwald ; Ariwald : Rothari ...... 130 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 IX 
 
 III. Lombard Kings {continued): — 
 Kodwald ; Aripert I 
 Perctarit and Godepert ; Grimwald 
 Perctarit 
 Cunincpert 
 Liutpert 
 Raginpert 
 Aripert II 
 Ansprand 
 Liutprand 
 Hildeprand 
 Ratchis 
 Aistulf . 
 Desiderius 
 
 Quasi-autonomous coins of Lucca 
 Italian tremisses of Charlemagne 
 Uncertain of Lombardic series 
 
 IV. Beneventum, Duchy, etc., of : — 
 
 Grimoald I ; Romoald I ; Grimoald II 
 
 Gisulf I 
 
 Romoald II 
 
 Audelais 
 
 Gregorius 
 
 Gottschalk 
 
 Gisulf II 
 
 Liutprand 
 
 Arichis II 
 
 Grimoald III 
 
 Grimoald IV 
 
 Sico 
 
 Sicardus 
 
 Radelchis I 
 
 Radelgarius 
 
 Adelchis 
 
 Gaideris 
 
 Radelchis II 
 
 Aio 
 
 Interregnum 
 
 Uncertain Beneventan coinages 
 
 V. Thessalonica, Empire of : — 
 Theodore Angelus 
 Manuel Angelus . 
 John Angelus 
 
 Demetrius .... 
 Coinage of Thessalonica ? 
 
 PAGE 
 
 133 
 133 
 134 
 138 
 140 
 140 
 141 
 142 
 143 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 149 
 150 
 152 
 153 
 
 155 
 155 
 155 
 158 
 159 
 161 
 162 
 164 
 167 
 170 
 174 
 176 
 179 
 181 
 183 
 183 
 187 
 187, 188 
 187 
 188 
 189 
 
 . 193 
 197 
 
 200, 202 
 . 202 
 
 . 202 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 VI. NiCAEA, Empire of : — 
 Theodore I Lascaris 
 John I (' III ') Ducas Vatatzes 
 Theodore II Ducas Lascaris . 
 John II ('IV') Lascaris 
 Michael VIII Palaeologus 
 
 VII. Epirus, Despots of: — 
 
 Michael I . . . . 
 
 page 
 204 
 210 
 220 
 224 
 224 
 
 226 
 
 VIII. Neopatras, Duchy of : — 
 
 John I Angelas Comnenus 
 
 Constantine Angelus 
 
 John II Angelus Comnenus 
 
 IX. Trebizond, Empire of : — 
 
 Alexius I Comnenus 
 
 Andronicus I Gidos 
 
 John I Axuchos 
 
 Manuel I 
 
 Andronicus II 
 
 George . 
 
 John II 
 
 John II and Alexius 
 
 Theodora . . . 
 
 Alexius II 
 
 Andronicus III 
 
 Manuel II . 
 
 Basil 
 
 Irene 
 
 Anna . 
 
 John III 
 
 Michael 
 
 Alexius III . 
 
 Manuel III . 
 
 Alexius IV . 
 
 John IV 
 
 David . 
 
 Uncertain bronze coins of Trebizond 
 
 227 
 
 229 
 229 
 
 230 
 231 
 232 
 
 23G- 
 
 258 
 
 258 
 
 259 
 
 276 
 
 277 
 
 278 
 
 284 
 
 284 
 
 285 
 
 288 
 
 288 
 
 289 
 
 291 
 
 293 
 
 302 
 
 306 
 
 308 
 
 308 
 
 309 
 
 INDEXES :— 
 
 I. 
 
 IL 
 
 IIL 
 
 IV. 
 
 Kings, Emperors, &c. 
 Geographical (Mints, &c.) 
 General Index (including types) 
 Remarkable Inscriptions . 
 
 313 
 316 
 318 
 330 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 XI 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL LISTS:— page 
 
 I. Vandal Kings 339 
 
 11. Ostrogothic Kings 339 
 
 III. Lombard Kings 339 
 
 IV. Dukes and Princes of Beneventum . . • . . . 340 
 
 V. Emperors of Thessalonica 340 
 
 VI. Emperors of Nicaea ........ 340 
 
 VII. Despots of Epirus ........ 340 
 
 VIII. Dukes and Sebastocrators of Neopatras .... 341 
 
 IX. Emperors of Trebizond 341 
 
 TABLE for converting English Inches into Millimetres and the measures 
 
 of Mionnet's scale ........ 342 
 
 TABLE of the Eelative Weights of English Grains and French Grammes 343 
 
LIST OF PLATES 
 
 Fi-onlispiece. Gold coin (triple Solidus) of Theodoric (described p. 54 and p. xxxi). 
 I. Vandals: — Gaiseric. Huneric. 
 
 II. Vandals : — Gunthamund. Trasamund. Hilderic. Gelimer. 
 III-IV. Small bronze coins of the Vandalic period. 
 
 V. Ostrogoths : — Odovacar. Theodoric (Ravenna). 
 VI. Ostrogoths : — Theodoric (Ravenna ; Rome). 
 VII. Ostrogoths :— Theodoric (Rome, &c.). Athalaric (Ravenna). 
 VIII. Ostrogoths : — Athalaric (Ravenna ; Rome). 
 IX. Ostrogoths : — Theodahad (Ravenna ; Rome). 
 X. Ostrogoths : — Witigis. Matasuntha. Baduila (Ticinum). 
 XI. Ostrogoths : — Baduila (Ticinum ; Rome). 
 XII. Ostrogoths : — Baduila (Rome). Theia. Quasi-autonomous bronze 
 of Rome. 
 
 XIII. Ostrogoths :— Quasi-autonomous bronze of Rome. 
 
 XIV. Ostrogoths : — Quasi-autonomous bronze of Rome and Ravenna. 
 XV. Imperial coins of Justinian I (Rome, bronze). 
 
 XVI. Imperial coins of Justinian I (Rome ; Ravenna). 
 XVII. Imperial coins : —Justinian I (Ravenna). Justin II (Ravenna). 
 
 Maurice Tiberius. 
 XVIII. Lombards :—Alboin — Interregnum. Authari. Agilulf. Adal- 
 wald — Rothari. 
 XIX. Lombards:— Adalwald — Rothari. Rodwald — Grimwald, Perc- 
 tarit. 
 
 XX. Lombards : — Cunincpert. Aripert II. Liutprand. Aistulf. Desi- 
 
 derius. Coins of Lucca. Charlemagne. 
 XXI. Lombard (Uncertain). Beneventum : — Romoald II. Gregox'ius. 
 Gisulf II. 
 XXII. Beneventum : — Liutprand. Arichis II. 
 
 XXIII. Beneventum : — Grimoald III. Grimoald IV. 
 
 XXIV. Beneventum : — Sico. Sicardus. 
 
 XXV. Beneventum : — Radelchis I. Adelchis. Uncertain. 
 XXVI. Thessalonica : — Theodore Angelus. Manuel Angelas. 
 XXVII. Coinage of Thessalonica ? 
 
LIST OF PLATES xui 
 
 XXVIIL Nicaea : — Theodore I. Lascaris. 
 
 XXIX. Nicaea : — Theodore I Lascaris. John I Vatatzes. 
 
 XXX. Nicaea: — John I Vatatzes. 
 
 XXXI. Nicaea : — John I Vatatzes. Theodore II. Neopatras : — John I. 
 
 XXXIL Trebizond :— John I. Manuel I. 
 
 XXXIII. Trebizond :— Manuel I. 
 
 XXXIV. Trebizond :— Manuel I. 
 
 XXXV. Trebizond :— Manuel I ? (Silver). Manuel I (Bronze). George. 
 John II. 
 XXXVI. Trebizond :— John 11. 
 XXXVII. Trebizond :— John II. 
 XXXVIII. Trebizond :— Theodora. Alexius II. Basil. 
 XXXIX. Trebizond :— John III. Michael. Alexius III. 
 XL. Trebizond :— Alexius III. 
 XLI. Trebizond :— Alexius III. Manuel III. 
 XLII. Trebizond : — Alexius IV. Uncertain. 
 
 b5 
 
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 
 
 P. 104, notes, line 6, for Fostulus read Fostlus. 
 
 P. 155 and \). 167, for Beneventine read Beneventan. 
 
 P. 206. The weight of Professor Oman's coin is 84*7 grain. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 § 1. Coinage of the Vandals. 
 
 The first coinages of the Vandals can hardly have originated in the 
 
 period of their early wanderings in Europe, but at some time in the first 
 
 half of the fifth century a.d., when their settlement in the „, 
 
 T1I6 oarliost 
 territory of the Empire had begun to acquire something of 
 
 a permanent character.^ 
 
 In the year 406 the Vandals, under their king Gun- 
 deric, first entered Gaul : in 409 they passed into Spain, where they 
 settled, but after a lapse of about twenty years, under pressure from their 
 powerful rivals and neighbours the Visigoths, they crossed over to Africa 
 (May, A.D. 429),2 where, under Gaiseric (who had succeeded his half-brother 
 Gunderic in 428), the Vandal kingdom was established and organized. 
 
 It is possible that during their stay in Gaul and their still longer 
 sojourn in Spain they may have minted money imitated from Roman 
 prototypes; but no such coins can be identified with certainty, and the 
 earliest currency that can make anything like a certain claim to be Vandalic 
 is probably not anterior to the migration to Africa in a. d, 429. Nor is it 
 quite certain that coinage began even in 429, because the kingdom was 
 organized only by degrees, and at that time not even the town of Hippo 
 Regius had fallen into Vandal hands, while the great city of Carthage, the 
 usual African mint-centre, did not become Vandal till ten 3'ears later. 
 
 The difficulty of determining the date of issue of the earliest coins is 
 further increased by the circumstance that of the six kings who occupied 
 the Vandal throne till its overthrow by the Emperor Justinian in A. D. 533, 
 the last four only (Gunthamund, Trasamund, Hilderic, and Gelimer) are 
 known to have put forth money inscribed with their names. Yet it would 
 be strange if the founder Gaiseric during his long reign of nearly fift}^ 
 years, or his son and successor Huneric, made no attempt to institute 
 a currency ; and there is, in fact, a mass of extant coinage which, though 
 
 ^ On the history of the Vandals see chiefly Ludwig Schmidt, Geschichte der 
 WamlaJen, Leipzig, 1901 ; T. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, vol. ii, 2nd ed., 1892. 
 On the Vandal coinage, J. Friedlaender, Die Munzen der Vandalen, Leipzig, 1849 ; 
 C. F. Keary, Coinages of Western Europe, London, 1879, pp. 30-42. 
 
 2 So L. Schmidt (pp. 36, 37), Gibbon, Clinton, &c. ; Mr. Hodgkin {Italy, &c., ii, 
 pp. 230, 290 f.) argues in favour of May, 428. 
 
xvi INTRODUCTION 
 
 not inscribed with tlio name of any Vandal king, is clearly, from its style, 
 types, and provenance, of the Vandalic period and, at least in part, of 
 V^andalie origin. It is therefore necessary, at the outset, to examine with 
 some care tliese Anonymous Coinages,' wliich are as follows : — 
 
 1. GOLD. 
 (Solidus and Trenmsis.) 
 
 (a) With name of Valentinian III, A.D. 425-455. 
 (13) With name of Anastasius I, a.d. 491-518. 
 
 These are imitative coins— copied from Imperial prototypes — which 
 
 the late Count de Salis has pronounced to be Vandal on grounds of style 
 
 (and probably of provenance).^ Those of Class a 
 
 Vandalic coinages ^^^ j ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ conjectured to have provided the 
 
 not inscribed with ^^^^^ ^^.^^^.^ ^^ Gaiseric (a.d. 428-477); those of 
 
 the kings' names. ^^^^^ ^ ^p^ jj g_g^ ^j^^ coinage of Trasamund 
 
 1. In gold. (^.D. 496-523). 
 
 There is also, of course, the possibility that these coins may have been 
 in circulation in reigns other than those of Gaiseric and Trasamund ; thus, 
 some of the Valentinian coins (a) assigned to Gaiseric may belong to his son 
 Huneric (a.d. 477-484), and the Anastasius coinage (/3) may have begun 
 under Trasamund's predecessor Gunthamund (a.d. 484-496). 
 
 2. SILVER. 
 
 (a) de Salis has classed as Vandalic some rather rude silver coins with 
 the name of Honorius (a.d. 395-423) and rev. Roma seated (1^1. I. 3-6). 
 
 (/3) Silver with name of Honorius. Rev. Carthage 
 2. In silver. ^^^^^^^1-^^^^ holding ears of corn (PI. I. 12), dated Anno IIII 
 
 and Anno V. 
 
 (y) Silver with name of Justin I (a.d. 518-527). Rev. FELIX CARTA 
 Carthage holding ears of corn (PI. II. 12, 13). 
 
 Classes a and /3, being imitations of coins of Honorius, who died 
 A.D. 423, will be most naturally assigned to the earliest Vandal kings. 
 It is possible that both types belong to the first king, Gaiseric, years 
 IIII and V l)eing reckoned from the capture of Carthage in 439 (a date 
 regarded as the Vandal ' Era ' ^). But as we need a silver coinage for his 
 successor Huneric, a (Roma seated) may be assigned to Gaiseric, and ^ 
 (Carthage holding ears of corn) to Huneric, Anno IIII and Anno V being 
 regarded as regnal years of Huneric."* 
 
 * That is, not bearing the names of Vandal rulers, though in some cases the names 
 of emperors are inscribed. 
 
 ' Cp. Keary, Coinages of W. Eur., pp. 19, 20. 
 ' Schmidt, Gcsch. d. Wand.y p. 76. 
 
 * Friedlaender {M. d. Vand., p. 21) had already assigned ^ to Huneric, though on the 
 
§ 1. VANDALS. ANONYMOUS COINAGES xvii 
 
 Class y, with the name of the Emperor Justin I (a. d. 518-527), cannot 
 be earlier than the reign of Trasamund (a.d. 496-523), though it may 
 belong to that of his successor, Hilderic (a.d. 523-530). The claim of 
 Hilderie seems preferable because he has the ' Carthage ' tj-pe on his 
 named silver coins (PI. II. 14, 15), and we know that he was in friendly 
 relations with Justin and the Byzantine court. ^ 
 
 3. LARGE BRONZE COINS. 
 
 These are of two types : — 
 
 (a) Ohv. KAKTHAgO The Vandal king (?), standing. Rev. Horse's 
 
 head (PL I. 7-11). 
 
 (/?) Ohv. Carthage holding ears of corn. Rev. Mark of value in wreath 
 
 (PI. I. 13-16). (Also a smaller denomination (y) with „ ., .„ 
 
 ^ — ' ^ ' ' 3. In Bronze. 
 
 rev. N nil (PI. I. 17,18).) 
 
 Keary (ojj. cit., p. 40), by making a comparison between the marks of 
 value found on these coins with those found on the silver coins of Van- 
 dalic kings," has shown that it is unlikely that these bronze and silver 
 coins were in circulation concurrently. The bronze coins, then, must be 
 earlier than Gunthamund (the first king who issued named silver monej') 
 or later than Gelimer, the last of the Vandal kings. The}'- do not seem 
 to be later than Gelimer, because they bear no trace of the new Imperial 
 sway.^ The alternative remains that they were issued in the period before 
 Gunthamund, a period when it had not yet become customary to inscribe 
 the regal coins with the regal name. 
 
 Type a (PI. I. 7-11), which makes such pointed allusion to Carthage,* 
 may well have been issued by Gaiseric immediately after his capture of 
 that important city (October 19, 439). 
 
 Type /3 (PI. I. 13-16), Carthage holding ears of corn, may have been 
 introduced by his successor Huneric, to whom we have already assigned 
 imitative silver coins with a similar type (PI. I. 12). 
 
 Type y (PI. I. 17, 18) is akin to a and ^, but it is difficult to decide 
 whether it belongs to Gaiseric or Huneric, and there is even a possibility 
 that it may belong to a later period (see infra, p. 7). 
 
 mistaken supposition that the ohv. inscription was a blundered form of the name 
 ' Huneric '. Cp. Keary, op. cit., pp. 33-5. 
 
 ^ See also p. 13, infra. 
 
 2 i. e. those found on silver coins inscribed with the names of the kings and there- 
 fore of certain attribution. Cp. Friedlaender, M. d. Vand., p. 12 : ' The marks of value 
 on the silver and the bronze coins clearly indicate that these coinages are not based on 
 the same unit of value.' 
 
 ' The marks of value if impressed by order of Justinian would no doubt, in accor- 
 dance with the system of the Byzantine Follis, have been XXXX (or M) and XX (or K) and 
 not (as we actually find) XLII and XXI. Cp. B. M. C, Imperial Byzantine Coins, i, p. 64, 
 ' Justinian I, Carthage.' 
 
 * On the horse's head as a symbol of Carthage see infra, p. 3. 
 
 C 
 
xviii INTRODUCTION 
 
 This coinage of large bronze coins was perhaps supplemented by the 
 use of Imperial Roman bronze coins with Vandal countermarks. In the 
 Berlin cabinet and other collections there exist coins 
 of this class (usually a)-isei<) bearing the countermark 
 * XLII, as on the Vandal bronze above described. 
 
 These coins are of the earlier Empire, from the first 
 century to the third (time of Salonina). There are 
 also extant some Imperial coins countermark ed LXXXIII,^ the provenance 
 of which is Italian (Padua and Rome), and on this account their Vandalic 
 character is open to some doubt. Even with regard to the coins counter- 
 marked XLII there may be some hesitation as to whether the countermark- 
 ing was done by the Vandals.^ 
 
 On the assumption that the countermarks on these coins are 
 Vandalic, it may be conjectured that the utilization of Roman coins as 
 Vandal currency took place before the regular issue of the Vandal bronze 
 with mark of value XLII began, i.e. before the capture of Carthage 
 (A. D. 439), after which event the Vandal mints were probably more care- 
 fully organized. The possibility is not, however, to be excluded that these 
 countermarked pieces were put in circulation subsequent to the issue of 
 the Vandal bronze with XLII, i. e. (according to our arrangement) after the 
 reign of Huneric, when the large bronze coins with marks of value ceased 
 to be struck. Huneric's successors themselves issued only small bronze 
 pieces of Vandal workmanship, but it may have been found necessary 
 to put into currency larger bronze coins marked a^ equivalent in value to the 
 XLII coins of Gaiseric and Huneric — hence the issue of the countermarked 
 Roman pieces. 
 
 Between these two hypotheses — an issue before 439 and an issue after 
 aire. 484 (death of Huneric) — it is difficult to choose : only the evidence 
 of Finds could probably settle the question. 
 
 4. SMALL BRONZE COINS. 
 
 Hilderic and Gelimer, the last two Vandal rulers, struck small Ijronze 
 
 coins inscribed with their names.^ But this inscribed 
 
 Small bronze coins . , , i ^ n ., ,, 
 
 coinage appears to nave been scanty, and the ' small 
 
 change' of Vandalic times must mainly be sought for 
 
 ^, „ . „ among a great mass of little bronze coins (PI. Ill, IV) 
 
 the Maun ? i • i ;; j • i • u i • .1 
 
 which are found singly or in hoards in northern 
 
 ' This countermark is stated to be certain, and is not LXXXIIII as would naturally 
 have been expected. 
 
 ^ At least I am not aware that these coins are of African provenance. On the whole 
 series see Dressel in Dullettino delV List, di con: arch. (Rome), 1879, pp. 126 f . ; 
 Friedlaender in Zeit.f. Num., vi (1879), pp. 21 f. ; BeiL Blatter, iii, p. 283. 
 
 ' The coins supposed to bear the names of Gunthamund and of Trasamund are 
 not of certain attribution. 
 
§ 1. VANDALS. SMALL BRONZE COINS xix 
 
 Africa and Sicily, and which have also been discovered in Italy, mingled 
 with Ostrogothic and Imperial money.^ 
 
 Count de Salis brought together about the year 1860 all the coins 
 in the British Museum that seemed to him to belong to this Vandalic 
 class ; among them being many specimens, presented by himself, of which 
 he probably knew (though he has rarely recorded) the African provenance, 
 and also a large series acquired by the Museum in 1849 from Mr. J. 
 Doubleday, which there are reasons for thinking was procured in Africa.^ 
 
 Some other specimens were acquired in 1854 from Mr. Aschkenasi of 
 Tunis, others, in 1865, from Mr. Paul Gadban, a Turkish Consul-General, 
 and others, again, found or procured in Egypt, were presented in 1888 by 
 Mr. Jesse Ha worth. 
 
 These supposed Vandalic issues (PI. Ill, IV) are of small module, 
 rudely struck on inadequate flans, and do not often bear an inscription, 
 or at least an intelligible one. They present a remarkable number of 
 types, and even when a type, such as Victory, or the Cross, is often 
 repeated it will be found that many varieties occur in design and fabric." 
 Perhaps the best way to approach the examination of these puzzling but 
 not, intrinsically, very important coins is, in the first place, to separate 
 them into two classes, one of them formed by the coins that bear the 
 names of emperors. 
 
 The emperors represented (on the British Museum coins) are : — 
 
 Theodosius I a. d. 379-395. 
 
 Honorius 395-423. 
 
 Theodosius II 408-450. 
 
 Valentinian III 425-455. 
 
 Marcian 450-457. 
 
 Leo I ^ 457-474. 
 
 Zeno * 474-491. 
 
 Anastasius I 491-518. 
 
 Justinian I 527-565. 
 
 * This was the case with the hoard of Monte Rocluni unearthed in 1843 and described 
 by Friedlaender in his Munzen der Vandalen, pp. 41 f. From the barbarous character 
 of many of the coins I am disposed to consider them Vandalic or Moorish rather 
 than Ostrogothic, though it may be that some of these small pieces were used by 
 the Ostrogoths for convenience of small change (cp. infra, § 2, p. li). Since the 
 descriptions in our text (pp. 17-42) were in type, P. Orsi has published a welcome 
 account of a hoard partly consisting of small ' Vandalic ' bronze coins discovered in the 
 Island of Lipari {Rivisfa Hal. di num., 1910, pp. 353 f.). Orsi has also briefly described 
 (Notizie degli scavi, 1909, p. 61) a similar find made at Syracuse. 
 
 "^ The small bronze coins in this purchase present the appearance of having formed 
 part of a large find, and in connexion with some specimens de Salis has noted that they 
 came 'from Africa'. The same purchase included various Greek coins of Africa and 
 Egypt. 
 
 ' A find of 3,418 small bronze coins of Vandalic times was made at Carthage about the 
 year 1887 : see a brief note in Comptes rendus de VAcad. fran<;., 1902, p. 548, referring 
 to an article by Delattre in Mem. Soc. arch, de Constantine, xxxv (1901). 
 
XX INTRODUCTION 
 
 The first six of these emperors died many years before King Gaiseric 
 (died A. D. 477), so that Vandalic imitations of their coins could have been 
 struck by Gaiseric, or, equally, of course, by his successors. The coins 
 with the name of Zeno could have been struck during the reigns of 
 Huneric and Gunthamund ; those of Anastasius by Gunthamund and 
 Trasamund. Those bearing the name of Justinian cannot have been 
 issued earlier than the reign of Hilderic whose reign extends from a. d. 523 
 to 530. 
 
 But although the presence of Imperial heads gives in several cases 
 a rough clue to the arrangement of these small bronze coins, there are 
 numerous other specimens, ivithoiit the names of emperors, which are very 
 difficult to attribute. These latter coins are, usually, exceptionally 
 rude in style and of very small size, and display a variety of types, some 
 of which are imitated from coins of the Constantinopolitan emperors, 
 while others seem to be original or at least not to be derived directly from 
 any single prototype. 
 
 For convenience of reference, and because of the present uncertainty 
 of the attributions, it has seemed best to catalogue this whole series of 
 small coins (pp. 17 ff. infra), rather mechanically, under the types of their 
 reverses, placing first, under each type, the coins that bear Imperial heads. 
 Thus, we have, first, a series of 'Victory' types (a favourite subject) with 
 the heads of Honorius and Valentinian III on their obverses, or with 
 a head (king's or emperor's) which cannot be identified. Reverse types 
 relating to the emperor form another series : others, again, are grouped 
 together because they bear an inscription (like VOT XIII) in the centre of 
 the reverse, or because they show a monogram as ' type '. In some in- 
 stances I have suggested an attribution to a specific Vandal sovereign, but 
 in most cases the coins seem too baj:barous and too varied in their types 
 to be assignable exclusively to Vandal rulers. To the Vandal 2^eriod they 
 may well belong, but their issuers would seem to have been some tribe or 
 people less civilized than the Vandals and who understood less well the art 
 of coining and the regularization of currency. Now, all through the course 
 of Vandal history in Africa we hear, in particular, of the Mauri as a con- 
 stant source of trouble to the kings; if already subdued, we find them 
 throwing off the yoke ; if free, they make temporary inroads and even 
 permanent settlements at the expense of the Vandal monarchy. In the 
 year 508, for instance, we hear of one Masuna who took to himself the 
 full-sounding title of ' Rex Maurorum et Romanorum ' and gained posses- 
 sion of territory that had once been Vandalic. Whether or not the few 
 bronze coins that I have ventured to ascribe to him (p. 39, infra) are worthy 
 of such a potentate or were, indeed, struck by him at all, may be open to 
 some doubt, but at any rate the position and pretensions of a chieftain 
 of this kind suggest the conditions under which the issue of these varied 
 series of minute African bronze coins probably took place. Prototypes 
 
§ 1. VANDALS. GENERAL VIEW OF COINAGE xxi 
 
 were chosen, we may suspect, more or less at hazard, and the inscribing 
 of a few not very intelligible letters on the coin — as apparently in the case 
 of Masuna — was the summit of the engraver's ambition. 
 
 1. GOLD. 
 
 The Vandals, unlike the Visigoths, Ostrogoths, and Lombards, made 
 
 little use of gold for purposes of currency. Gold might be collected 
 
 as bullion and even be coined to satisfy the barbarian 
 
 fiTced and love of hoarding, or to pay a great tax or -^ , , 
 
 *= , , , , , ., 11 of Vandal 
 
 tribute, but, on the whole, silver and bronze were pro- 
 
 „ coinage, 
 
 bably an adequate medium of exchange for the not 
 
 extensive commerce of the Vandal people, which was, indeed, chiefly con- 
 cerned with the distribution of the products of their great main industry 
 — agriculture. Gaiseric (if our attribution is correct) introduced imita- 
 tive ^olidi and treinisses, weighing about 67 grains (or more) and 23 
 grains, respectively, and this coinage was probably renewed by Trasa- 
 mund, the fourth king. The later rulers ceased to issue gold, and in 
 no case was it struck with the king's own portrait. The well-known 
 statement of Procopius that gold coins always bore the Imperial types, 
 and that it was contrary to right and custom for any king, whether of the 
 Persians or the Barbarians, to strike gold money with native types is 
 undoubtedly true of the Vandals ; and we shall find it true also of the gold 
 coinage of the Ostrogoths.^ 
 
 ' The passage in Procopius, Bell. Goth., iii. 33, ed. Hauiy, vol. ii, pp. 442, 443 = 
 
 ed. Bonn, ii, p. 417, is as follows: — KhI Kudr]i>Tm yiiv iv rt] 'ApeXuro) Tov InniKov aySiva 
 d(o)fjL€vui, vofiio'jxa 8f )(pv(T0iiv (k T<i)v fv ruXXotf fifToXXav TTfTTolrivTai, ov tov Pa>fiai(iiv avroKpa- 
 Topos, ^iTfp eWiorat, \apaKT^pa iv6(p.(voi tw aTarfjpi rovrta, aXXa rfjv a<p€Tepav avrav nKova. 
 Kairoi vopicrpa pev dpyvpovv 6 Hfpaav ^acriXfvs f/ ^ovXoito iroiuv ("[(ode, xapanrripa 8e totov 
 fpfia\ia6ai aTnTrjpi )(pv(Tm ovre avruv depis ovre 8e ciXXov ovTivaoiiv 3acrtX«a rap navrav ^ap^a- 
 pcov, Koi ravra paXXov ovra ;^pvo"o{} Kvpiov, errel ov8f tois ^vp^uWovcn npoiecrOai. to vopxcrpa 
 TovTO olo'i re elcnv, ft Koi ^ap^dpois tovs ^vpfidWovTas eivai ^vp^aivei. TavTa pev oSv Tijde ^pdy- 
 yois ix^pw^'"- 
 
 iv Tji 'ApeXaTw, the Franks at Aries. ;^(ipaKTf7pa {ivBipevoi), the whole design of the 
 solidus or tremissis, including, no doubt, the ' legends ' as well as the ' types '. eiKova 
 may perhaps be merely a synonym for x"P'^<'''Wct '• ^Ir- Keaiy {Coinages of W. Europe, 
 p. 22) translates it ' portrait ', and no doubt the portrait-bust of the native ruler would 
 be one of the ' types '. vopiapa dpyvpovv. The silver coins of the Sassanian dynasty bore 
 the king's bust and name on one side and a representation of the Persian fire-altar on the 
 other, ovre dtpis. The expression is probably used veiy broadly, so as to mean ' contrary 
 to the Imperial privilege and also abhorrent to prevailing custom '. Procopius adds that 
 even if gold coins with native types had been commonly struck, they would not have 
 passed current even among the Barbarians themselves. We may gather then, as 
 Mr. Keary (in Hodgkin's Italy, &c., iv, p. 543) has already well remarked, that custom 
 and commercial convenience, quite as much as, or more than, reverence for the privileges 
 of the emperor, induced the Barbarians to issue as their gold coinages mere imitations 
 of the Imperial money. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 2. SILVER. 
 
 Gaiseric and Hiineric (if our attributions may be regarded as certain) 
 each struck an imitative silver coin, apparently the weight of the siliqua, 
 and probably intended to be of the normal weight of 40 grains troy.^ The 
 third king CJunthamund retained the silver coin (siliqua) but gave it dis- 
 tinctive types; on the ohv., his own name and Ijust; on the rev., the letters 
 DN and c — , i. e. 100 bronze denarii,^ placed within a wreath. A mark of 
 value surrounded by a wreath had already formed the reverse type of the 
 bronze coins of Huneric (Pi. I. 13). Gunthamund also struck a half- 
 siliqua (17-3 grains, Brit. Mus., highest) and a quarter-siliqua {7 -7 grains, 
 Brit. Mus., highest), inscribed on the reverse, DN XXV. 
 
 Trasamund, the fourth king, besides (if our conjecture is correct) 
 renewing the supply of imitative gold coins, continued the issue of the 
 half-siliqua marked DN L (16-8 grains, Brit. Mus., highest).^ 
 
 Hilderic issued the half-siliqua (19-8 grains, Brit. Mus., highest) and 
 the quarter-siliqua (9-3 grs., Brit. Mus.). Gelimer, the last king, also issued 
 the half-siliqua, marked DN L. 
 
 3. BRONZE. 
 
 It is probable that Gaiseric issued early in his reign imitative money 
 in bronze, as he seems to have done in the case of his gold and silver 
 currency. Such coins must be looked for among the small bronze pieces 
 described infra, pp. 17-42, especially those with 'Victory' types.* But 
 bronze did not become an important constituent of the Vandalic currency 
 till the issue of the large thick coins marked XLII and XXI N(ummi), 
 PI. 1. 7, 9, 13, 15 ; an issue which we have seen reason (suj^ra, p. xvii) to attri- 
 l)ute to Gaiseric at a time (a. d. 439) when he had first become master 
 of Carthage.' These coins, by their module and their value-marks, at 
 
 ^ The heaviest specimens in the British Museum weigh only 284 and 21 grains, but 
 thej- are clipped and worn. On the weight of the later Roman siliquae, see G. F. Hill, 
 • Roman silver coins from Grovely AVood, Wilts.,' in Ninn. Chron., 1906, pp. 342 f. These 
 are siliquae of the period from Constantius II to Arcadius. On the siliquae of Ana- 
 stasius 1 and Justin I see B. M. C, Imperial Bijz. Coin.^, i, p. Ixxvi : see also Babelon, ' La 
 Silique romaine.' in Ber. num., 1901, p. 334, 
 
 * See Babelon, loc. cit., and his Traite, i, p. 582 ; Keary, op. cit., pp. 37 f. ; Fried- 
 laender, M. d. Vamh, i^p. 10 f. 
 
 ^ He perhaps also continued to issue the siliqua (' 100 denarii') and the quarter- 
 siliqua ('25 denarii ') : see infra, p. 11, note. 
 
 * And see No. 49, p. 23, infra, and No. 52, p. 24, infra. 
 
 '^ Besides these coinages of XLI I and XXI nummi (cp. coins of XI I and 1 1 1 1 nummi) there 
 is a coinage which may be assigned to Gaiseric, circ. 439 B.C., inscribed on ohv. DOMINO 
 NOSTRO but with the royal name omitted. The coins thus inscribed are of remarkably 
 neat work and in high relief: see infra, ' Small bronze of Vandalic period,' pp. 17 f., 
 Nos. 15, 54, 83, and note to No. 15, p. 19. 
 
§ 1. VANDALS. BRONZE COINAGE xxiii 
 
 once recall the Byzantine bronze follis, stamped 40 (M) nummia and its 
 
 half, stamped 20 (K) nummia.^ It must be borne in mind, however, that 
 
 this typical Byzantine coin (with its subdivisions) was not instituted 
 
 until the year 498, when Anastasius I carried out a great reform of the 
 
 bronze currency by substituting for the very small, and probably very 
 
 scarce, bronze coins of earlier reigns, a new and abundant issue of large, 
 
 substantial-looking coins, each of which conspicuously displayed its value.^ 
 
 But the year 498 is long subsequent to the death of Gaiseric and even of 
 
 Huneric,^ and the first issue of these XLII and XXI coins — if, as seems 
 
 probable, rightly attributed to Gaiseric— was a new and original departure 
 
 in coinage, though it was one, no doubt, suggested to the Vandal ruler 
 
 by some Roman financier or mint-master at his court.^ 
 
 This issue of XLII and XXI was continued by Gaiseric's successor 
 
 Huneric, and a bronze piece of XII nummi, first issued by Gaiseric, was 
 
 also retained. There is, further, a piece of llll nummi (of Huneric, or 
 
 Gaiseric ?) . 
 
 The weights of these denominations as indicated by 
 
 • -1 -o -J.- 1 Tir i- n Weights of 
 
 specimens in the British Museum are as follows : — 
 
 the larger 
 
 XLII nummi. bronze coins. 
 
 Gaiseric. Wt. 175 grs., highest (also 174 ; two about 154). 
 Huneric. Wt. 200-5 grs., highest (others, 182-127 grs.). 
 
 XXI 
 
 Gaiseric. Wt. 146 grs., highest, a thick piece; others are thinner, and 
 weigh 114-7 and 95-8, but may have lost weight. 
 
 Huneric. Wt. 104-8 grs. (worn). 
 
 The highest actual weight of XLII is 200-5 grs., but the weights of XXI 
 point to a normal weight of about 230 or even of nearly 300 grs. (114 x 2 
 = 228; 146x2 = 292). 
 
 XII 
 
 Gaiseric. Wt. 86-5 grs., highest (49 grs. lowest). 
 Huneric. Wt. 87-6 grs., highest (also 73, 64-7 grs.). 
 
 llll 
 
 Huneric (1), 21 grs., highest. 
 
 The XII and llll denominations, as Mommsen has already remarked 
 
 ^ 6000 nummia in the Byzantine system went to the solidus or nomisnia. 
 
 * See Wroth, Imperial Byzantine Coins, i, p. xiii, and cp. the interesting interpreta- 
 tion of the passage in Marcellinus (as to the currency reform of Anastasius) given by 
 Prof. Bury in his review in The English Historical Review for 1909, p. 117. 
 
 * It falls within the reign of Trasamund, the fourth king. 
 
 * This coinage, for fabric and marks of value, should be compared with the 
 Ostrogothic anonymous bronze chiefly struck at Rome (PI. XIII. 2, XIV. 2). 
 
XXIV 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 (Hist. moan, ram., iii, pp. 166, 167), have no connexion metrologically 
 with the XLII and XXI pieces, though, no doubt, all are contemporaiy 
 issues. 
 
 The issue of the XLII, &c., bronze series is presumed to have ceased 
 
 with Huneric, but it is possible that their place was taken in the next 
 
 reign (Gunthamund's) Ijy Roman bronze coins, issued 
 
 two or three centuries earlier, but made current by the 
 
 impress of the Vandal countermark.^ 
 
 There is no certain evidence that either Gunthamund or his successor 
 Trasamuud issued bronze money inscribed with their names,- and their 
 coinage is difficult to identify, though it may perhaps be found among 
 ' the small bronze coins of the Vandalic Period ' (pp. 17 f., infra). 
 
 Hilderic and Gelimer, the two last kings, struck small bronze pieces 
 with their names, and their coinage, especially Hilderic's, was probably- 
 eked out by some of the uncertain ' Vandalic ' pieces. Thus, to Hilderic 
 may belong the small coins which, bearing the name of Justinian I, do 
 not seem to be certainly imperial,^ and some of the coins with the sacred 
 monogram.* 
 
 Before concluding this section something should be said of the coinage 
 in relation to the civilization of the Vandal people and the story of their 
 kings. 
 
 The advent of Gaiseric in 429 with the whole 
 host of the Vandals dealt a deadly, if not immediately 
 fatal, blow to Roman civilization in Africa. The 
 kings carved out for themselves a royal domain of vast extent ; the Vandal 
 warriors received their ' lots ', while the Roman provincial was thrust out 
 or compelled to live in the least fertile regions. Yet the Vandal was in 
 constant contact with a higher culture than his own and with a language 
 that was not his own.' Roman law and methods of administration still 
 subsisted side hy side with what there was of Vandal legal custom and 
 statecraft, and the general character of the coinage suggests that Roman 
 engravers and financial advisers rendered service at the Vandal mints.*' 
 
 The Roman features of the coinage may be discerned in several ways. 
 The mechanical copying of previously existing Roman coins, such as 
 apparentl}' took place in the reign of Gaiseric and under some of his 
 successors is, indeed, not in itself a proof of deep-seated Roman influence, 
 
 * See further on these coins p. xviii, supra', also on the countermark LXXXIII. The 
 view may also bo maintainod that these coins were first put into circuhition bj- Gaiseric 
 some time before 4.39 (V), the date when he probably began to issue his coins with XLII, 
 XII. &c. 
 
 2 See infra, p. 9, and p. 12, note 2. " See pp. 28, 29, infra. 
 
 * p. 37, infra. Gelimer may have imitated coins with the monogram of Theodosius II 
 (p. 29, infm). 
 
 '•' Cp. R. W. Church, Beffinniiiy of the Middle Ages (1895), chap, iii, pp. 66 f. 
 " F. Martroye, Genseric, pp. 273, 283. 
 
§ 1. VANDALS. COINAGE AND CIVILIZATION xxv 
 
 for such servile borrowing is found on all hands among the various 
 Teutonic invaders of the empire. But the Roman influence is more 
 decisive in such points as details of costume and choice of types. Thus, 
 in PI. I. 7-11, we have the representation of a warrior who can hardly 
 be any other than a Vandal warrior or a Vandal king, yet he wears not 
 the native, but the Roman costume. And on all the silver coins issued 
 by Gunthamund and his successors, bearing their names and heads, the 
 king has the imperial diadem and the paludamentum and cuirass of 
 a Roman emperor. Latin is adopted for the coin-legends and the king 
 is styled Domlnus noster, to which is generally added the title rex. 
 
 If we omit the borrowed types of Gaiseric and those of the more or 
 less barbarous currency of small bronze, it may be said that the range 
 of types is extremely limited, the most distinctive being the mark of 
 value in a wreath (e. g. N XLII ; DN XXV) and the female figure holding 
 ears of corn who personifies Felix CartJiago- And with regard to these 
 types it may be observed that this very conscientious and conspicuous 
 attestation of value both on bronze and silver must almost certainly have 
 been due to the suggestion of a Roman financier, and that the personifica- 
 tion of Carthage, and even the epithet felix, were derived from Cartha- 
 ginian coins struck by Diocletian and his successors.^ In addition to this 
 we may note that the monogram which forms the reverse type of the 
 bronze of Gelimer (PI. II. 20, 21') was obviously suggested by the coins 
 of the Emperor Zeno or of one of his predecessors, and the massive 
 (though not cumbrous) wreath which gives a touch of ornament to the 
 severe DN of the reverses of Gunthamund and others ^ (PI. II. 3, 11) was, 
 again, clearly derived from one of those wreaths which form such a 
 frequent decoration of Byzantine monuments — such as sarcophagi at 
 Ravenna — of the fifth and sixth centuries. 
 
 The circumstance that the Vandals were already Christians (albeit 
 Arians) when their African kingdom was founded, has left little trace 
 upon the coinage : on the imitative coinage (gold and small bronze) the 
 cross and the sacred monogram are often found, but on what may be 
 called the independent Vandal money perhaps the only Christian emblems 
 are the cross as a reverse type of the small bronze of Hilderic and the 
 small cross which appears (above a mark of value) on a silver coin of 
 Gelimer (Pi! II. 17, 19). 
 
 Finally, in regard to style and execution the coins are not, on the 
 whole, discreditable to mints of the fifth and early sixth centuries.^ The 
 
 ' See p. 6, infra. 
 
 - On Gunthamund's coins with ' 50 '. Those with ' 100 ' have a wreath that is not 
 distinctively ' Byzantine '. The wreath was a favourite ornament of the reverses of the 
 Ostrogothic coins. 
 
 ■■ That is, the " named ' silver and bronze : the imitative gold are more or less 
 barbarous and the small bronze of very varying styles of workmanship. 
 
 d 
 
XXVI 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 treatiiieut of the king's lioad, witli its angular delineation of nose and eye, 
 is nearly always careless, if not positively barbarous, and the ' portraits ' 
 are, throughout, entirely conventional. But in this respect the portraiture 
 of contemporary emperors on the coinage of Byzantium — Anastasius I, 
 Justin I, and (on part of his money) Justinian I — was no whit superior.^ 
 
 It is to be regretted that the coinage of Gaiseric is conjectural, because 
 Gaiseric is the one commanding figure among Vandal sovereigns, the great 
 
 founder of the kingjdom and framer of its 
 ual 
 
 Vandal kings. 
 
 Coinage of individual ... ,. rr ^ ■ ii ti. -i ^. j 
 
 constitution, lakinrr the coinafre as attributed 
 
 to him, it seems to indicate that the mint, like 
 
 ' the kingdom itself, was oi'fjanized by slow 
 
 A.D. 428 (429)-477. , a ^u 4. -4. w-n ^i ^on 
 
 degrees, and that it was not till the year 439, 
 
 when the king first gained possession of Carthage, that anj^ attempt at 
 
 the issue of Vandal money with original types was made. Carthage was 
 
 the great social, literary, and administrative centre of Africa, and both 
 
 Gaiseric and Huneric seem to have emphasized its importance on their 
 
 coins (PI. I. /, 13-16).=^ 
 
 From his spoliation of Rome in 455 Gaiseric returned laden, not 
 only with spoils of gold and silver (amongst them the sacred vessels of 
 the Temple of Jerusalem), but with a human freight — the Empress Eudoxia 
 and her daughters, and a band of skilful artificers, armourers, and other 
 craftsmen. But nothing was done to improve the coinage in his reign 
 beyond, apparently, the inauguration of the bronze money with value-marks 
 (PI. I. 7). and even an independent silver currency was' not set on foot. 
 
 On his bronze coins Gaiseric placed a horse's head — almost certainly 
 
 as the emblem of Carthage — and another type (already referred to) of 
 
 a man in Roman costume, intended for a Vandal soldier, or, perhaps, for 
 
 the Vandal king himself. The descriptions that we have of Gaiseric 
 
 make him out as lame and insignificant in stature, yet he was long 
 
 renowned in Vandal tradition as a brave warrior, and was a man of 
 
 restless energy in war and of extreme craftiness in statesmanship. His 
 
 long reign of nearly fifty years was followed b}- the short seven 
 
 HTTNERTP years' rule of his son Huneric, who was married to 
 
 . ^ Ar,r, Ar.\ ^^^ Roiiian princess Eudocia, daughter of that Eudoxia 
 A. D. 477-484. / . , p . . 
 
 (widow of Valentinian III) whom Gaiseric had borne 
 
 away from Rome to Carthage. During part of his reign he was a perse- 
 cutor of the Catholics and of the Manicheans : it is also to be noted that 
 some of the Mauretanian tribes who had been kept in subjection by his 
 father now threw off the yoke. 
 
 In the coinage he appears to have followed the traditions of Gaiseric, 
 but on the large bronze money he changed the types, introducing the 
 
 ' See Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Byzantine Coins, i, p. Ixxxviii. Such portraits as are 
 found on Ostrogothic coins are ilistinctly superior to those on the Vandal money. 
 » Cp. p. 19, No. 15, Infra. 
 
§ 1. VANDALS. HISTORY OF THE KINGS xxvii 
 
 personification of Carthage, displaying ears of corn in her hands (PL I. 13). 
 
 This representation of ' Carthage ' was borrowed from Imperial coins, and 
 
 had had its origin at a time when the province of Africa was the granary 
 
 of Italy. On Huneric's coins such a type was significant to the Vandals 
 
 only, for Gaiseric, who had created a fleet which was the terror of the 
 
 Mediterranean, had long since cut off Italy from its old-established sources 
 
 of corn-supply. 
 
 Huneric was succeeded bj^ his nephew Gunthamund, the events of 
 
 whose reign are of no great importance. The persecution of the Catholics 
 
 ceased or was greatly relaxed. The attacks of the ^ ,^^„„ . ,,,,,,^ 
 . GrXJNTHAMXJND 
 
 Mauretanians continued. But Gunthamund was ' 
 
 chiefly concerned with Sicilian affairs. The founder 
 
 of the Vandal kingdom had won for his successors the islands of Corsica 
 
 and Sardinia, and had gained at least a foothold in the fair island of 
 
 Sicily. Gunthamund now endeavoured to establish his rule in the 
 
 coveted land ; but he failed completely, and was compelled by Theodoric 
 
 the Ostrogoth (a. d. 491) to renounce his claim to tribute from Sicily. 
 
 In the currency he made, as we have seen, an important innovation 
 by introducing the silver coinage marked with its value in bronze denarii 
 — a coinage which served as the model for his successors. 
 
 Gunthamund's successor was his brother Trasamund, an attractive 
 figure among Vandal kings — handsome and cultured, virtuous and intelli- 
 gent. His reign lasted for twenty-seven years, and ^RASAMUKD 
 the leading idea of his policy was an alliance with ' 
 
 the brilliant Theodoric, whose sister Amalafrida he ' ' 
 
 married (a. d. 500). 
 
 In tliis reign we hear much of the risings of the Mauri and other 
 tribes who gained territory at the expense of the Vandals, and the 
 chieftain Masuna — ' rex Maurorum et Romanorum,' — to whom, as well as 
 to the Moorish tribes generally, we have found reason to attribute small 
 bronze coins of rude workmanship,^ flourished in the time of Trasamund. 
 
 Trasamund's coinage is on the model of his predecessor's, but he 
 seems to have reinforced the currency of gold, apparently first introduced 
 by Gaiseric, by striking solidi and tremisses imitative of the coins of the 
 Emperor Anastasius I, his contemporary. 
 
 The throne was next occupied by Hilderic, the son of Huneric the 
 
 second king. He came late to his inheritance, and was about sixty-six 
 
 at the time of his accession. Contrary to his promise tttld-ertc 
 
 to Trasamund, Hilderic favoured the Catholics and ^„„ ^„' 
 
 , r^ ,. , T 1 1 1 • .,, A. D. 523-530. 
 
 reversed Trasamund s external policy by breakmg with 
 
 the Ostrogoths and by allying himself with the court of Byzantium. 
 
 The emperors of the period were, first, Justin I, and then Justinian I ; 
 
 ^ p. XX, supra. 
 
xxviii INTRODUCTION 
 
 and Hilderic seems to have placed the liead of Justin on some of his 
 silver coins,^ and possibly that of Justinian on .small bronze coins.- He, 
 moreover, partly discarded the mark of value which formed the reverse 
 type of his predecessors coins, and revived the personification of FeliX 
 Carthago. He struck small bronze coins with his own name and with 
 a cross on the reverse, one of the very few religious types to be found 
 on the Vandal coinage. 
 
 During the last five years of his reign the Mauri appear to have 
 wained control over Mauretania and Southern Numidia, and, at last, 
 a defeat of Hilderic's troops l)y the Mau)i and tbe general unpopularity 
 of his religious and foreign policy led to his deposition on 19 May, 530, 
 and the enthronement of Gelimer, the nephew of Gun- 
 ' thamund, and a great-grandson of Gaiseric. 
 ' ■ ■ Gelimer in his earlier years had a reputation for 
 
 bravery, but his character was not a strong one, and as a ruler he fell on 
 difficult times. Justinian had already in view his great scheme for 
 regaining the lost provinces of the empire — Africa (with Corsica and 
 Sardinia), Sicily, and, finally, Italy. The dethronement of his ally Hilderic 
 gave him a ready pretext for intervention in Vandal afiairs ; and by the 
 end of June, 533, the imperial fleet under Belisarius had sailed from 
 Byzantium. Africa was reached in September : on the thirteenth of the 
 month, the battle of Decimum was fought and won by the Imperialists, 
 and on the fifteenth Belisarius entered Carthage. The victory of Trica- 
 marum in December and the flight of Gelimer, brouglit the Vandal kingdom 
 to an end. It had lasted about a hundred years; but, at last, almost 
 suddenly vanished, leaving behind singularly few traces of its existence. 
 Vandal and Roman civilization had never, in fact, completely coalesced, 
 as might have been the case had Gaiseric been Theodoric ; nor, on the 
 other hand, had the Vandals been able to lay the foundations of a kingdom 
 on a Teutonic basis, like the Franks and the Lombards." 
 
 Of Gelimer, the last king, we have only to add that he surrendered 
 in the spring of 534; was led in triumph through Constantinople by 
 Belisarius, and was finally allowed to retire to Galatia. For the currency 
 of his short reign he continued the silver money of his predecessor, but 
 removed from it the ' Carthage ' type that Hilderic had reintroduced. 
 He struck a small bronze coin with his name and with a monogram (of 
 his own name) on the reverse. This monogrammatic reverse had been 
 employed by some of the Constantinopolitan emperors (as by Zeno), and 
 became especially characteristic of the coinage of the Ostrogoths. 
 
 The coinage of Justinian, the new master of Africa, began (at Carthage) 
 
 in 534 or, possibly, at the end of 533. Descriptions of it may be found 
 
 in the British Museum Catalogue of Imperial Byzontlne Goin^, i, pp. 63-9. 
 
 Some of his silver coins (Nos. 350-4) recall those of Gelimer and 
 
 * p. 13, infra. ^ p. xvii, stq^ra. ' Schmidt, Gesch. d. Wandalen, p. 99. 
 
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. ODOVACAR xxix 
 
 Gelimer's predecessors, but he entirely reorganized the bronze coinage on 
 the Byzantine system introduced by Anastasius I. 
 
 § 2. Coinage of the Ostrogoths. 
 
 The coinage of the Ostrogoths was made the subject of a scholarly 
 
 monograph, Z)i6 Milmen der Ostgothen, published by Julius Friedlaender in 
 
 1844. and Mr. Kea,Ty has devoted to it a section of his „ , 
 
 rt • J- irr . r' -k^ ± • ^i . Study of the 
 
 (Joinaqes of n estevn J^urope. JNot many coms that are , . 
 
 *• 1 u / r u^ • A. Ostrogothic 
 
 entirely new have come to light since these essays were 
 
 written, but there is still ample room for further discus- 
 sion as to date, attribution, and place of issue. 
 
 The coins that hitherto have been most fully studied are those silver 
 and bronze pieces which bear the names or monograms of Ostrogothic 
 rulers ; but besides these there is extant a great mass of gold, silver, and 
 bronze money which is of Italian, and probably of Ostrogothic, origin, 
 though inscribed only with the name of a Roman Emperor. The late 
 Count de Salis had separated many specimens of this series from the Byzan- 
 tine Imperial coins, and classed them (in the British Museum collection) as 
 ' Italian '. In a few cases he appears to have discriminated between 
 an ' early ' and a ' late ' class, but he has made no precise allocations and has 
 unfortunately left no notes as to the considerations — such as those of 
 provenance — that guided him in his classification. In a separate section 
 on ' the attribution of Italian coins with Imperial names' (Infra, p. xlv) 
 I have endeavoured, as far as the evidence allows, to attribute these coins 
 to the various Ostrogothic Kings. 
 
 In addition to these imitative Imperial coins, there is a somewhat large 
 class of aiwnymaui^hi'onze pieces of XL nummi and lesser value (PI. XII- 
 XIV), which have been generally recognized as belonging to the Ostrogoths, 
 though their dates and mint-places have been little discussed. In the text 
 (infra, pp. 98 f.) an attempt has been made to attribute the coins of this 
 class more definitely than heretofore. 
 
 Under Odovacar (the leader of the Herulian mercenaries who revolted 
 
 from the Imperial service) Italy became a Teutonic kingdom — like Spain 
 
 and Africa^ — and the last Emperor of the West was 
 
 deposed. Yet there was still a Roman Emperor — the ' 
 
 Emperor at Constantinople, ' the greatest and most ma- ' , 
 
 . ,. • ^u 11'- u- • . • 15 Mar. 493.^ 
 
 jestic personage in the world. ' Jlis suzerainty was in 
 
 * For the history of Italy during this period and the following Ostrogothic and Im- 
 perial periods see chiefly Hodgkin, Itali/ and her Invaders, vols, ii, iii, and iv. and authorities 
 there ; Bury, Hist, of later Roman Empire, i ; H. Bradley, The Goths, London, 1888 ; 
 L. Schmidt, Gesch. d. deutschen Sfumme, pt. i, Books 2 and 3 ; Leuthold, Untersuch- 
 ungen, See. 
 
 ^ Bury, Hist, of later Bom. Empire, i, p. 278. 
 
 ^ Church, The Beginning of the Middle Ages, p. 38. 
 
XXX INTRODUCTION 
 
 some sort acknowledged even in Italy, and Roman law and Roman methods 
 of administration still held their own, though the invaders seized one-third 
 of the land. 
 
 Odovaear, like his predecessors the Emperors of the West, fixed his 
 capital at Ravenna, and it was there that he issued^ilver and bronze ^ coins 
 with his own name. 
 
 The gold coins that he appears to have minted were solidi and 
 tremisses bearing the name and types of the Emperor Zeno, who had, 
 indeed, recognized him as ' Patrician '. And it was in the reign of Odovaear 
 that the city of Rome, which was no doubt left, as was the case under later 
 rulers, in a state of semi-independence, probably issued, through its Senate, 
 large bronze coins bearing the head of Zeno, a figure of Victory, and the 
 legend IMVICTA ROMA.- 
 
 The relations of Odovaear and Zeno began to be unfriendly from the 
 year 486,^ and it may have been in this year or a little later that Odovaear 
 first struck the silver and bronze coins with his own name and portrait. 
 Yet, on the other hand, there is a difiiculty in supposing that during the 
 ten years that elapsed between his accession and 486 this ruler made no 
 attempt to issue bronze coins and that his silver coinage (if our attribution 
 is correct) was confined to the imitation of Zeno's silver."* Moreover, 
 Odovacar's issue of coins with his own name was not necessarily a sign of 
 revolt, for he does not place his name on the gold coins, which would have 
 offended the Imperial prerogative or the commercial convention of his time, 
 but his portrait appears only on his silver and bronze, and even on these 
 without the title of king,'' nor does he wear the regal diadem. Probably 
 he appears as Odovaear the Patrician. These coins, then, may have been 
 issued in the early years of his reign, though not necessarily at the time of 
 his accession. 
 
 The head of Odovaear (PI. V. 7-8) was probably modelled on the head 
 of Zeno (PI. V. 6 "), yet it has at least the semblance of a portrait : the face 
 is beardless, but the engraver has been careful not to omit Odovacar's thick 
 yellow moustache.'^ 
 
 ' See the bronze, p. 45, iufm. The name of Odoacer has also been read on a rude 
 bronze coin of the ' Vandalic ' class, but I share the apparent doubts of P. Orsi {Kicista 
 itul. di num., 1910, p. 356) as to the correctness of this reading. 
 
 2 PI. XII. 20-3 and pp. 100 f., infra. 
 
 ^ Hodgkin, Italy, &c., iii, p. 149. 
 
 * PI. V. 6 ; p. 44, infra, No. 8. 
 
 ■'' The inscription is simply FL. ODOVAC. On his title of Rex or Rex Gothorum see 
 Hodgkin, Italj/. &c., ii, p. 529; Friedlaender, Milnzen der Vaiulalen, p. 59. Cassiodorus 
 says : — * Nomenque regis Odoacer adsumpsit, cum tamen nee purpura nee regalibus 
 uteretur insignibus.' 
 
 "^ As found on the silver coin probably issued by Odovaear, infra, p. 44, No. 8. 
 
 '' Hodgkin, Ifaii/, &c., ii, p. 515. 
 
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. THEODORIC xxxi 
 
 The indication of the king's name by means of a monogram (PI. V. 7) 
 was no doubt suggested by the bronze coins of Zeno and his predecessors. 
 It became a favourite reverse type of the Ostrogothic coins, and when 
 encircled by a massive wreath has a good decorative effect. 
 
 In the coinage of the great Theodoric, who finally overthrew Odovacar 
 in 493 and established the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy, we may trace the 
 influence of that civil Itas which was the ideal of his 
 enlightened rule : regnum nostrum, he somewhat '. 
 
 quaintly wrote, through his secretary Cassiodorus, ' 
 
 to the Emperor Anastasius, Imitatlo vestrl} At ^^° ' 
 
 least, it was to be a German kingdom, or one among 
 
 a European federation of German kingdoms, absorbing all that was good in 
 the ancient civilization of the Empire.- 
 
 The coins of his long reign of thirty-three years (PL V. 14-21 ; VI ; 
 A^II. 1-15) are singularly neat and even elegant, and he set the fashion for 
 his successors. His gold coinage is, as regards types and inscriptions, 
 a reproduction of the contemporary Imperial money, but the obverses of 
 the tremisses are of quite delicate workmanship. His silver coins (of the 
 Ravenna mint) show a well-modelled bust of the emperor in somewhat 
 high relief, and on the reverse, placed within a wreath, his own monogram 
 (PI. VII. 6-13), which resembles that still to be seen at Ravenna on the 
 huge capitals of the columns from his Basilica of Hercules."^ 
 
 Unlike some of his successors, and his predecessor Odovacar, Theodoric 
 issued his silver and bronze coins without any portrait-head of himself. 
 The same is true also of his gold coinage : only on the exceptional triple 
 solidus ■* do we find his head accompanied by the words Rex Theodericus 
 2)ius princis. This precious relic of Romano-Gothic art, which some 
 ancient possessor has set as a brooch,^ is known only in a single example, 
 of which Comm. F. Gnecchi, the Italian numismatist, is the fortunate 
 owner. In spite of its rarity it was perhaps intended for currency, for it is 
 equivalent in weight to three solidi, and a bronze weight marked with this 
 denomination and with Theodoric's name is preserved in the British 
 Museum.'' Probably, however, it was made on some special occasion, to 
 serve as a present or an offering, and issued in small numbers. Theodoric 
 
 ' Quoted by Bury, Hist. later Rom. Emp., i. p. 381. 
 
 ^ Theodoric allied himself by marriage with the Vandals and the Franks. At the 
 same time he was familiar with Roman ideas and manners on account of his education 
 as a youth at the Court of Byzantium. 
 
 * Diehl, Ravenne (1903), fig. p. 42, and p. 44. Theodoric's monogram which he placed 
 on \mgold coins, to differentiate them from the Imperial gold coins, is of a different form. 
 
 * Frontispiece, and p. 54, infra. 
 
 ^ In our photograph the setting still to be seen on the original has been omitted for 
 the sake of effect. 
 
 * See Dalton, cited infra, p. 54. 
 
xxxii INTRODUCTION 
 
 might place his head on a piece of this exceptional character, but com- 
 mercial convenience and old- established usage (not unmingled with 
 reverence for the Imperial effigy) would have precluded him from placing 
 any head but an emperor's^ on the solidi and tremisses — the ordinary 
 currency of gold. As it is, the head is (like Odovacar's) without the royal 
 or Imperial diadem, nor is it surmounted by a crown, such as Theodahad 
 and Baduila, his later successors, assumed on their coins. The moustache 
 and the treatment of the liair justify the belief that the bust is a portrait, 
 or at least an attempted portrait, of Theodoric. The type is interesting, 
 moreover, because it is much more than the mere conventional head or 
 bust found on the Imperial coinage : it may almost be described as a half- 
 leno-th figure, for each of the hands is displayed — one raised, as if in the 
 adlocutlo, the other holding the globus upon which stands Victory. It may 
 well be surmised that we have here a reproduction of the upper part of an 
 actual statue or mosaic picture of Theodoric, and there is a record of the 
 existence of statues or colossal figures of him at Rome, Ravenna, Ticinum, 
 and all the chief cities of Italy .^ 
 
 Theodoric's coins were issued at Rome, under at least the nominal 
 authority of the Senate,^ no less than at Ravenna (Milan, for gold, is his 
 only other mint-place ^), and the Roman quasi-autonomous coinage of 
 bronze assigned to his reign (PI. XIII, XIV) is especially interesting, for it 
 displays a bust of Invieta Roma, the Roman eagle, a fig-tree and two 
 eao-les,-^ and the wolf suckling Romulus and Remus.^ The occasion of the 
 issue of some at any rate of these coins may be conjectured to have been 
 the visit paid by Theodoric to the Eternal City in a. d. 500, at which time 
 he remained there six months. He was welcomed by the Pope, the Senate, 
 and the people, exhibited the games of the Circus, and furnished ample 
 funds for the annual supply of grain to the populace and for the restoration 
 of the walls.'^ 
 
 ' See the passage in Procopius commented on supra, § 1, p. xxi. 
 
 2 Hodgkin, Italy, &c., iii, p. 306 ; Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages (Eng. trans.), 
 i, p. 337. Among the figures or statues were : — at Naples, a mosaic ei/ca)!-— a full-length 
 figure— Procop., Bell. Goth., i. 24 ; Hodgkin, Italy, &.C., iv. 217 ; at Raceiina, a colossal 
 figure (apparently mosaic) of Theodoric as an armed horseman (Hodgkin, op. cit., iii, 
 p. 306). This could not— from the position of the hands— be the figure on the triple 
 solidus; at Home, a gilded statue erected by the Senate. Cp, Stiickelberg in Bivista 
 ital. di mim., 1898, p. 66. 
 
 =* The silver coin, PI. VII. 5, rev. Victory, is inscribed S C, and S C appears later on 
 the Roman coins of Athalaric. 
 
 * The coins used in Theodoric's dominions in Provence have not, I believe, been 
 identified. If a currency distinct from the Ostrogothic pieces of Italy, they would be 
 solidi and tremisses imitated from the coins of the emperors. All the Ostrogothic 
 possessions in Gaul were surrendered to the Franks by Witigis. 
 
 '- Infra, p. 103, note 2. 
 
 " The Ltqyercalia was still celebrated at Rome in Theodoric's reign : see infra,)). 105 n. 
 
 ' Hodgkin, Italy, &c., iii, pp. 265, 266, quoting the Anonymns Valesii. Theodoric also 
 
§2. OSTROGOTHS. AMALASUNTHA— THEODAHAD xxxiii 
 
 Theodoric died in August, 526, after a reign which,, in various aspects 
 and on a smaller scale, recalls the rule of some of the best emperors of 
 Rome and the ideals of Charles the Great. But he left no efficient 
 
 successor. After his death the government was 
 
 ■A 1. u- ;i u^ A 1 ^u ^ AMALASUNTHA, 
 
 carried on by his daughter Amalasuntha, as regent 
 
 for her son Athalaric, then a boy of ten. Amala- ' 
 
 suntha had a genuine love of Latin science and ' 
 
 literature, and possessed a sympathetic minister in P • • 
 
 Cassiodorus. But the Goths complained that she was educating Athalaric 
 
 effeminately and too much in the Roman manner. He was removed from 
 
 her care, grew up vicious and idle, and died in the year 534. 
 
 All the coins of this period (a. d. 526-534) are struck in the name of 
 Athalaric,^ but the issues — at least the earlier ones — must have been made 
 under the authority of Amalasuntha. Though the gold 
 coinage is not so well executed as in the reign of ' 
 
 Theodoric, the ordinary Ravenna coins show no falling 
 off. The small bronze coins of Rome are of particular elegance, and we 
 may remember that Amalasuntha encouraged professors to settle in Rome 
 and was concerned for the welfare of the citizens. The obverse of these 
 coins (PI. VIII. 21-5) shows a richly decorated bust of 'Invicfca Roma', and 
 the reverse, a new type, namely, a figure of Athalaric represented as an 
 armed warrior with spear and oval shield. 
 
 After the death of Athalaric, Amalasuntha continued to rule as queen, 
 but no coins bearing her name are known. Soon, however, she invited 
 Theodahad to share her throne with the ' nominal ' title m-rr-pn-n a it a -n 
 of king. Theodahad was the nephew of Theodoric, , ' 
 
 a lover of ancient learning and the owner of nearly all 
 the land in Tuscany. But in character he was vacillating, cowardly, and 
 avaricious. The marriage and regal partnership of the pair was solemnly 
 announced to the Emperor (Justinian) and to the Senate of Rome, but 
 Theodahad was determined to be no phantom ruler. In the spring of 535 
 Amalasuntha was seized by his orders and imprisoned in an island of the 
 Lake of Bolsena, and shortly afterwards put to death. 
 
 Theodahad was thus left sole ruler, but he had furnished a pretext to 
 Justinian for invading Italy. Amalasuntha had been the friend and ally 
 of the Emperor, and, with the declared object of avenging her death, the 
 Imperial expedition under Belisarius left Constantinople in the summer of 
 535. By the end of the year Sicily had submitted to Belisarius : in the 
 
 visited Rome in a. d. 519 when Eutharic, who was married to his daughter Amalasuntha, 
 was given the Consulship. On this occasion wild beast shows took place in the amphi- 
 theatre. 
 
 ^ That is, of course, when they are not anonymous or imitative (like the gold coins) 
 of the Imperial money. 
 
 e 
 
xxxiv INTRODUCTION 
 
 following year (536) lie took Naples, and in December was in possession 
 of Rome. A little before this (apparently in November) the Goths had 
 dethroned the worthless Theodahad and installed Witigis, one of his officers, 
 in his place. 
 
 Theodahad's Ravenna coins are of the ordinary character, though their 
 obverses (the head of Justinian) show some falling off in care of execution. 
 But at Rome he issues, through the Senate, one of the most interesting and 
 artistic coins in the Ostrogothic series (PI. IX. 13-18). The Victory on the 
 reverse is imitated from a quasi-autonomous bronze coin of Rome, probably 
 struck by Theodoric. On the obverse is a bust of the king, Dn. Theo- 
 dahatus rex, with a head neither bare nor bound with a diadem, but wearing 
 a closed crown ornamented with jewels and two stars. His robe is also 
 richly ornamented with jewels and a cross. The hair is cut short ; the face 
 beardless, but with a moustache such as has been seen already on the portrait 
 coins of Odovacar and Theodoric, The modelling is good, and there is no 
 reason, considering the general skill brought to bear on the production of 
 this coin, why we should not regard the head as a true portrait, though it 
 may indeed be doubtful whether we can, with a modern writer on the 
 Goths,^ discern in it the ' mixture of knavery, folly, and cowardice ' which 
 partly composed Theodahad's character. It is interesting to have some 
 clue as to the object with which the king's portrait was placed on the coins 
 from the words that Cassiodorus. the state -secretary, puts into the mouth 
 of the Ostrogothic king. It is a duty of the Comes (Sacrarum Largitionum), 
 declares the king, to see that ' our face is imprinted on our coins, a reminder 
 to our subjects of our ceaseless care on their behalf and a memorial of our 
 reign to future ages'.^ 
 
 The date of this remarkable coin, of which a good many specimens 
 are still extant, is not quite easily determined. The idea that naturally 
 occurs is that it was struck at the time of Theodahad's accession, i. e. about 
 Oct. 534, and the inscription of the reverse, Victoria Principum. (not 
 Principis), if it is to be referred, as Mr. Hodgkin has suggested,^ to 
 Theodahad and his queen Amalasuntha, would fix the coin to a date not 
 later than April, 535, when Amalasuntha died. But one may feel some 
 doubt as to whether the meaning of Principuin is to be pressed, seeing 
 that we constantly find on the gold coins of this age the legend Victoria 
 Augustoruni, even when a sole emperor (as Justinian) occupies the throne. 
 It may be preferable, then, to assign this coin not to the time of Theoda- 
 
 1 H. Bradley, The Goths, p. 220. 
 
 2 Cassiodorus, Variae, vi. 7 (Hodgkin, Letters of Cassiodonis). Book vi, in wbicli this 
 passage occurs, stands before the matters relating to Athalaric's reign, and it maybe that 
 the formula is to be attributed to Theodoric ; but it much better suits Theodahad, because 
 Theodoric did not place his portrait on his ordinary coins but only on the exceptional 
 triple solidus. 
 
 ' Italy, &c., iii, p. 651. 
 
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. WITIGIS xxxv 
 
 had's accession, but to the occasion when he visited Rome in Jan. 536.^ 
 Had the coin been struck at the time of the king's accession (534), it would 
 almost certainly have borne the head of Justinian, but in 536, when the 
 Ostrogoths are at war with Justinian, the appearance of their own king's 
 portrait-head is not surprising. And it has been remarked ^ that during 
 his reign Theodahad had played a double part : on the one hand, entering 
 into treacherous negotiations with Justinian for the surrender of his 
 Italian kingdom ; on the other, pretending to act as champion of his Gothic 
 and Roman subjects ; and it may be in the latter capacity that his head 
 appears upon these coins. 
 
 Witigis, the supplanter of Theodahad, was not connected with the line 
 of the great Theodoric, and it was no doubt to make good this deficiency 
 that early in his reign (Dec. ? 536) he forced into 
 a marriage with himself Matasuntha, the young and WITIGIS, 
 beautiful daughter of Queen Amalasuntha, and thus the Nov. (?) 536- 
 granddaughter of Theodoric and the sister of King M:arch(?) 540. 
 Athalaric. 
 
 Belisarius was now in possession of Rome, and Witigis with 15,000 
 Goths began in 537 his memorable siege, which he was compelled to 
 abandon (March, 538) after it had lasted for more than a year. The 
 arrival in Italy of an Imperialist army under Narses inflicted a fresh 
 blow on the Ostrogoths, who were badly beaten (a. d. 538) at the battle 
 of Ticinum (Pavia), and were only just able to take refuge in Ticinum, 
 a city which, as their treasury and arsenal, was hardly less important to 
 them than Ravenna. 
 
 Finally, in the spring of 540, Ravenna opened its gates to Belisarius, 
 and Witigis and Matasuntha were seized and taken by Belisarius in 
 triumph to Constantinople. 
 
 The coinage of Witigis is of the ordinary Ostrogothic type. His 
 only mint is Ravenna, and he did not follow Theodahad's precedent of 
 placing his own head on the coins, the head represented being that of 
 Justinian. The only innovation that he makes, if our attribution is 
 correct,^ is in the series of silver coins, on which the place of his own 
 name or monogram is taken by the monogram of Theodoric. 
 
 The gold coinage that may be assigned to his reign is of the usual 
 types, with the name of Justinian. Much of it may have been needed 
 when, at the beginning of his reign, he secured a treaty of peace with 
 the Franks by a large payment of gold, estimated at £80,000, and by 
 the surrender of Provence and Dauphine, the Ostrogothic possessions 
 in Gaul. 
 
 ^ Cp. H.Leuthold, Untersuchungen zur ostgotischen Geschichte, Jena, 1908, p. 38 : the 
 chronologj' of Theodahad is discussed in this pamphlet. 
 ^ Leuthold, oj). cit., p. 42. 
 ^ See infra, p. 1. 
 
xxxvi INTRODUCTION 
 
 The existence of coins bearing the name (in monogram) of Mata- 
 suntha, and issued (as is generally, and most naturally assumed to be 
 the case) during the period 536-540, when she reigned as the queen of 
 
 Witiefis. is somewhat Remarkable. At least, it is 
 
 MATASUNTHA, ^ ^ . n , .u • * i • i 
 
 not usual to nnd the corns oi a king and queen 
 
 ^ ' issued separately, and indeed of the earlier Ostro- 
 
 gothic queens we possess no coins at all. Thus Amalasuntha was regent 
 
 for her youthful son Athalaric, but the coinage was issued in the son's 
 
 name, not in the mother's ; nor did she strike coins after her son's death, 
 
 or when she invited Theodahad to share her throne. 
 
 It may, however, be said that the great importance attached by 
 Witigis to the legitimization of his claim to the throne by his marriage 
 to Theodoric's granddaughter induced him to put forth coins with her 
 name ; and, as her name could not well be united with his on the same 
 coin (the obverse being, by custom, devoted to the head of the emperor), 
 king and queen had each their separate coin-designs. It would have 
 been with the same intention that Witigis issued silver coins bearing the 
 monogram of Theodoric. 
 
 No. 1, p. 80, infra (PI. X. 11), was apparently issued at Ravenna, 
 but Nos. 2-5 (PI. X. 12-14) cannot, for reasons of style, be attributed to 
 that mint. I have suggested (infra, pp. 80, 81) that Nos. 2-5, together 
 with the bronze coin No. 6 (PI. X. 15), were minted at Ticinum, either at 
 the time of the marriage of Matasuntha (536) or, perhaps, after the battle 
 of Ticinum in 538. 
 
 But there is another possible alternative. Friedlaender (Miinzen d. 
 Ostgothen, p. 42) has raised the question whether Matasuntha's coins may 
 not have been struck many years after she had ceased to reign in Italy ; 
 Imt lie has raised the question only to negative it without discussion. 
 Now, if we examine Nos. 2-5 (PL X. 12-14), we must admit there is 
 nothing distinctively Italian about them : so far as style is concerned 
 they might well have been struck at Constantinople. The bronze coin 
 No. 6 (PI. X. 15), again, though, as regards its reverse, of a more Italian 
 appearance, is yet of a size and denomination not usual in the Ostrogothic 
 coinage of the period of Witigis, and is apparently intended to correspond 
 
 to the twenty-nummi pieces (marked K) familiar at the Imperial mints. 
 
 The only occasion when such coins could have been struck at Con- 
 stantinople was in the year 550, when Justinian prepared a new expedition 
 for the conquest of Italy, headed by his nephew Germanus, who was to 
 be accompanied by Matasuntha, she (after the death in 542 of Witigis) 
 having become the wife of Germanus. Justinian's idea was to unite 
 (through Matasuntha) the house of Theodoric with his own, and to govern 
 Italy — in a way likely to be acceptable to its mixed population — by a 
 Gotho-Roman line.-^ Great enthusiasm for the expedition prevailed ; but 
 ' Buiy, Hist, of Later Roman Empire, i, p. 411. 
 
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. ILDIBAD. ERARIC. BADUILA xxxvii 
 
 it was at lirst diverted to Thessalonica, and finally rendered abortive by 
 the death of Germanus. This incident in the life of Matasuntha deserves 
 attention, though it would, no doubt, be hazardous (without further 
 evidence) to maintain that the coins under discussion were actually minted 
 at the Byzantine capital in order to support — and at the same time to 
 authenticate — the pretensions of Germanus to become ruler of Italy. 
 
 Ildibad, the son of Theudis King of the Visigoths, 
 was chosen king in place of Witigis. He gained a ILDIBAD, 
 great victory over the Imperialists near Treviso in the spring (: ) 540 
 autumn (?) of 540, but was assassinated in the spring -Mlay (?) 541. 
 of the following year. 
 
 Eraric was then set up as king by the Rugians, but ERARIC; 
 was not accepted by all the Ostrogoths. He, too, was May (?) 541 
 assassinated after a few months' reign. Neither Ildibad _sept. (?) 541. 
 nor Eraric would appear to have issued coins. 
 
 These ephemeral rulers were succeeded by the nephew of Ildibad, 
 
 Baduila (otherwise known as Totila ^), the only Ostrogothic king, besides 
 
 Theodoric, of remarkable character. Baduila was „ . -r^-rxx-r * 
 
 11-1 IT 1 BADUILA 
 
 an able statesman and a chivalrous soldier, and /mnTTT a^ 
 
 during his eleven years' reign displayed the same 
 
 ideals of kingfship and justice as Theodoric himself. ^ , * ' ^^_ 
 XT- f • \u T • r . ^ J? -July or Aug. 552. 
 
 His victories over the Imperialists at haenza 
 
 and Mugello were followed by the submission of Central and Southern 
 
 Italy and the surrender of Naples (543). In 545 he laid formal siege to 
 
 Rome, which he entered in December, 546, only, however, to evacuate the 
 
 deserted city. Rome, reoccupied by Belisarius in 547, was again recovered 
 
 in 549 by Baduila, who now in part rebuilt it, restoring the banished 
 
 senators and celebrating the Games. It was probably in this year that 
 
 those Roman coins of Baduila that are of Roman fabric and style were 
 
 struck : on the obverse (PI. XI. 29, 30) he placed his own head, crowned ; 
 
 on the reverse, an armed figure of himself, modelled on the older Roman 
 
 coins of Athalaric. The legend on these coins, apparently referring to 
 
 Roma,2 is Floreas semper. The letters S C (Seaatus consulto) do not 
 
 occur on the reverse of this coin, though they had appeared on the coins 
 
 of Athalaric which served as its model. One can hardly say whether the 
 
 omission is accidental or intentional ; for though the Roman senators had 
 
 originally been exiled from the city by Baduila, he afterwards showed 
 
 them favour and brought them back in 549. The Senate, it may be 
 
 observed, still continued in existence to the end of the fifth century, and 
 
 indeed made a last appearance in 603 to acclaim the statue of the Emperor 
 
 Phocas.^ 
 
 But the arrival of Narses was soon to change the fortunes of the 
 
 ' On his coins he is always Baduila or Baduela. 
 
 ^ Infra, p. 93 n. ^ Diehl, L'Exarchat de Ravenne, p. 125. 
 
xxxviii INTRODUCTION 
 
 Ostrogoths, and in 55:2 the general inflicted on them a great defeat in 
 the battle of the Apennines, and Baduila was mortall}' wounded. 
 
 During the whole of the reign of Baduila, Ravenna was in the hands 
 of the Imperialists. We may readily a^ume, therefore, that his chief 
 mint was at Ticinum, and this supposition is confirmed by the appearance 
 of the personification of Felix Ticinus on one of his bronze coins (PI. XI. 
 22). Yet it is not improbable that he occasionally set up mints elsewhere 
 as his conquests progressed, as for example at Naples after its surrender 
 in 543. At Rome the only Ostrogothic issue appears, as we have just 
 seen, to have taken place in 549. 
 
 Baduila's coins may be divided broadly into three classes : (i) with 
 the head of Justinian I ; (ii) with the head of Anastasius I ; (iii) with the 
 head of the king himself. Examples of the first class are very rare : 
 probably the head of Justinian was for political reasons soon rejected, 
 and that of Anastasius, the contemporary of Theodoric, substituted. Like 
 Theodahad, Baduila placed his own head upon his coins, and not only on 
 the Roman issue but on the ordinary regal issue of Ticinum. PI. XL 13, 
 a diademed head in profile, is, however, a portrait merely in name, so 
 closely is it imitated from the head of Anastasius. The bronze coins 
 (Ticinum and Rome) show the king's bust facing, probably in accordance 
 with a fashion made popular by Justinian's coins since A. d. 538. Like 
 Theodahad, he wears an embroidered robe and a closed crown decorated 
 with panels and sometimes with stars (PI. XL 25). The coins are neatlj'' 
 executed, but the attempt at portraiture is evidently less successful than 
 in the case of Theodahad.^ 
 
 The Goths at Ticinum crowned as their king Baduila's general Theia.^ 
 We hear that he expended the treasure stored in that city in an attempt 
 
 „„„ to win over the Franks to the Ostrogothic cause. His 
 
 ' coins — all evidently struck at Ticinum — consist appa- 
 
 rently only of gold tremisses of rough workmanship, 
 and of silver half siliquae and quarter siliquae, of the 
 usual types, but of very careless, and sometimes of almost barbarous 
 execution. 
 
 Theia perished in 553 in the prolonged battle of Mons Lactarius, in 
 which the Imperialists crushed the Ostrogothic host. All resistance did 
 not cease even then, but soon after the battle the remnant of the great 
 army left Italy for ever, passing over the Alps to be ' swallowed up in we 
 know not what morass of Gepid, of Herulian, of Slavonic barbarism '? 
 
 A Roman emperor was once again master of Italy, with Ravenna and 
 
 ^ Baduila, unlike Odovacar, Theodoric, and Theodahad, is represented without a 
 moustache. 
 
 ^ As to the form of his name see infra, p. 96, note 4. 
 ^ Hodgkin, Itahj, &c., iv, p. 657. 
 
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. DENOMINATIONS AND WEIGHTS xxxix 
 
 Rome as his mint-places.^ But after the lapse of only fourteen years, 
 a new phase opens with the invasion of the Lombards (A. D. 568), described 
 in the third section of this Introduction. 
 
 Denominations and Weights. 
 GOLD. 
 
 The solidi and tremisses issued by Odovacar and by the Ostroo-othic 
 kings are throughout the whole period of their rule not inferior in weio-ht, 
 nor, apparently, in quality, to the Imperial coins from which 
 they were imitated. The solidus weighs rather more than "■°^"- 
 68 grains and the tremissis over 22 grains. 
 
 A solidus of Theodoric, marked with his monogram, attains 69 orains, 
 and the only solidus of Baduila in the British Museum is of the same 
 weight. The very latest gold coins, namely the tremisses attributed to 
 Theia, weigh 22-7 grains and 23 grains. The triple solidus of Theodoric 
 is probably an exceptional issue (see supra, p. xxxi^). 
 
 SILVER. 
 
 The coins in this metal are half silicjuae and quarter siliquae.^ chiefly 
 struck at Ravenna. It will be seen from the following list of the highest 
 weights of specimens in the British Museum that the half 
 siliqua weighs over 21 grains and the quarter siliqua more ^^^"^®^- 
 than 10 or 1 1 grrains : — 
 
 King | i 
 
 Theodoric (Ravenna) 
 
 „ (Rome) 
 
 Athalaric (Ravenna) 
 Theodahad (Ravenna) 
 Witigls (Ravenna) 
 Matasuntha (Ravenna) 
 „ (Ticinum) 
 
 Baduila (Ticinum) 
 Theia (Ticinum) 
 
 ^ For the Imperial coins of Justinian I struck at Ravenna after the Ostrogothic over- 
 throw see Brit. Mus. Cat., Imprrial Byzantine Coins, i, pp. 70, 71, and infra, pp. xlvii, 
 xlviii, 113 f., and for Ravenna coins of his successor Justin II see infra, pp. 120 f. As to 
 the Roman mint see this Introduction, infra, p. liii. 
 
 ^ On the denominations and weights see Babelon in Revue numiamatique, 1901, j). 3.34, 
 and his Traite, i, p. -582 ; Mommsen, Hist. mon. ivni., iii, p. 165. 
 
 The Imperial silver coins struck at Ravenna by Justinian weigh, according to speci- 
 mens in the British Museum:— CN ('250'), 21 grains; PK€ i'r25'), 11-3 grains; PK 
 ('120'), 104 grains, all highest weights. The weights of various other sijecimens are 
 by Luschin von Ebengreuth in Der Denar der Lex Salica, Wien, 1910, pp. 3, 6. 
 
 Siliqua 
 
 i Siliqua 
 
 •23.7 
 
 11-4 
 
 
 13.7 
 
 21.4 
 
 11.2 
 
 21.5 
 
 11-4 
 
 22.6 
 
 IM 
 
 21.1 
 
 
 18-9 
 
 
 21.7 
 
 9-5 
 
 22-2 
 
 9.5^ 
 
xl INTRODUCTION 
 
 BRONZE. 
 
 We maj' notice first the thick coins struck at Rome of the value of 
 
 XL and XX nummi (PI. XIL 20-3: XWI ; XIV. 1-7):— 
 
 Odovacar : — XL. Rev. Victory. Size, 1-15. Weights 
 Bronze. ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ . j^jgj^^g|.^ ggg.g ^^^ gQg 
 
 eavy coins o THiODORir' and Athalaric: — XL. Rev. Eagle. 
 
 ' ■ Size, 1-1, or a little smaller. Weights, well over 
 100 grs. ; highest, 177-2, 183, 215-8 grs. 
 
 XX. Rev. Eagles and tree. Size, -85. Weights, 115-3, 129, 167-4. 
 
 XL. Rev. Wolf and Twins. Size, 1-05. Weight, over 200 grs., usually 
 rather over 230 grs. ; highest, 236-6 grs. 
 
 XX. Rev. Wolf and Twins. Size, -8-95. Weights, under 200 grs. ; 
 highest, 126-3 grs. 
 
 Theodahad :— [XL.] Ohv. Bust of Theodahad (PI. IX. 13-18). Size, 
 1-05. Weight, 181-7, highest ; well preserved. 
 
 Matasuntha : — 20 nummi (?). Size, -85. Weight, 87 grs. : see infra, 
 p. 81.^ 
 
 The ' workaday ' currenc}' in bronze probablj' consisted mainly of 
 
 small pieces, of which the /\ nummus piece was the highest denomination. 
 Size, from -65 to -85. Weight, usually over 60 grs. ; 
 Lighter Coins 1,;^^^^^^, 69-6 grs. 
 of X Nummi, &c. ■« r 
 
 There was also a V nummus piece, and a smaller 
 
 coin, size about -4, which at first sight might be taken for the nummus, 
 but which, as it often weighs from 12 to 15 grains, and even reaches 
 16 grains, must be intended for a higher denomination, probably 2^ nummi. 
 It is not improbable (as suggested Infra, pp. li f.) that the coinage wa'S 
 further supplemented in the time of Theodoric. and long after, b}' the 
 circulation of a number of small pieces with the names of the Emperors 
 Leo I, Zeno, Anastasius I, &:c. The actual issuers of these coins, however, 
 were probably the Vandals. 
 
 Odovacar. 
 Ravenna. Small bronze. Size, -4. Weights, 14-4 and 21-6 grs. 
 
 Theodoric. 
 Ravenna. Small /E. Rev. Star. Size, -35. Wt., 17-6, highest. 
 
 „ G (5 nummi). Size, -6. Wt., 34-1. highest. 
 
 * Imperial 40-nummi (1 1) pieces of Justinian I, struck at Rome : — Sizes, 1-05-1-15. 
 Weight of the well-executed coins of thick fabric, 207-2 to 311-4 grs., highest. The 
 specimens of thinner fabric and inferior workmanship weigh less than 200 grs.; highest, 
 163-8 grs. The weight of the corresponding 20-nummi pieces is usually over 100 grs. ; 
 highest, 134-5 grs. ; sizes, -8")--9. 
 
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. WEIGHTS OF BRONZE COINS xli 
 
 Ravenna. V (5 nummi). Sizes, '45—55. Wt., 32-3, highest. 
 
 „ [/\ nummi.] Obv. Felix Ravenna (p. 106, infra, No. 34). 
 Size, -7. Wt., 60 grs., highest. 
 
 Athalaric. 
 
 Ravenna. /\ nummi. Obv. Head of Justinian. Size, -75. Wt., 60-5 grs., 
 highest. 
 
 Ravenna. V nummi. Obv. Head of Justinian. Size, -45. Wt., 
 15-8 (only one specimen in Brit. Mus.). 
 
 Ravenna. Small M (2^ nummi?). Size, -4. Wt., 12 to 15 grs.; 
 highest, 16'4 grs. 
 
 Ravenna. [/\ nummi.] Obv. Invieta Roma. Size, -75. Wt., 50-5 grs., 
 highest. 
 
 Ravenna. V nummi. Obv. Invieta Roma. Size, -S. Wt., 24«7 grs., 
 highest. 
 
 Ravenna. [/\ nummi.] Obv. Felix Ravenna. Size, '65. Wt., 52-2 grs., 
 highest. 
 
 Rome. /\ nummi. i^ey. Athalaric, standing. Size, '75. Wt., 50-5 grs., 
 highest. 
 
 Theodahad. 
 
 Ravenna. V nummi, attributed to Theodahad. 06 v. Bust of Justinian. 
 
 Size, '65. Wt., 54-5 grs., highest. The mark of value V appears on the 
 
 rev., otherwise one would reckon the coin as a piece of /\ nummi. 
 
 Ravenna. Small M. Size, -35. Wt., 6-3 grs., worn (2^ nummi ?). 
 
 Ravenna. [/\ nummi.] Obv. Invieta Roma. Size, -85. Wt., 66-7, 
 highest. 
 
 WiTIGIS. 
 
 Ravenna. [/\ nummi.] Obv. Invieta Roma. Size, -65. Wt., 69-6 grs., 
 highest. 
 
 Matasuntha. 
 
 Ticimiim. An exceptional coin, apparently of 20 nummi. Size, "85. 
 Wt. of British Museum specimen, 87 grs. (p. 81, infra). 
 
 Baduila. 
 
 Ticinum. Small M, probably 2f nummi. Rev. Monogram or name of 
 Baduila. Size, -35. Weights, 11-8, 12-3, and 14-6, highest. Cp. also pp. 92 
 and 94, infra. 
 
 Ticinum. [/\ nummi f\ Obv. Felix Ticinus. Size, -6. Brit. Mus. 
 specimen weighs 46 grs. 
 
 Ticinum. \^/\ nummi.] Rev. Name of Baduila. 
 (i) Size, -7. Wt., 114-3 grs. 
 (ii) Size, .65-7. Wt., 71-6 grs. 
 
 f 
 
xlii INTRODUCTION 
 
 As remarked in the text, infra, p. 91, note 3, (i) and (ii) seem at first, 
 judging by their weights, to be two distinct denominations, of which one is 
 the double of the other. The same differences of weight are found on 
 Baduila's Roman coins (see next paragraph), but in that case the heavier 
 
 and the lighter pieces bear the same mark of value, viz. /\, and we can only 
 suppose that the Roman coins and — by analogy — these Ticinum coins, are 
 two separate coinages, heavy and light, of a single denomination which 
 was regarded as the ten-nummus piece. 
 
 Rome. /\ nummi. 
 
 (i) Sizes, -8-85. Wt., 121.4, highest, 
 (ii) Sizes, .65-7. Wt., 69-6, highest. 
 The heavj- and light coinage of the ten-nummus piece : both (i) and 
 
 (ii) bear the mark of value A.. 
 
 Inscriptions and Types. 
 
 The inscriptions are simple. The solidi and tremisses have, through- 
 
 . ^. out, the usual reverse legends of Imperial coins (Vidorin 
 
 Inscriptions. . , 
 
 Augg. and Victoria Augustorurn), though Theodoric in 
 
 certain instances adds his own monogram, unobtrusively. 
 
 The names of the kings as found on the silver and bronze are as 
 follows :— Odovacar appears without any title as FL. ODOVAC. Theodoric 
 identifies his coins by the bare monogram of his name,^ and only on his 
 triple-solidus ^ does he assume any title : the inscription of the obverse of 
 this piece is Theodericui^ Pms Frimis, and the reverse inscription Theo- 
 dericus Victor Gentium. 
 
 All Theodoric's successors prefix the title DN (Domimis noster) to 
 their names, and add, though not invariabl}-, the title REX, or, as it is often 
 written. RIX:— 
 
 DN ATHALAKICVS (or ATALAMCVS) REX 
 
 „ THEODAHATHVS (or THEODAHATVS) REX 
 
 ,. VVITICES (or VVITICIS) REX 
 
 „ BADVILA (or BADVELA) REX 
 
 „ THEIA (or THILA^) REX 
 DOMNVS THEIA P(/V.s ?) REX 
 
 Matasuntha is represented by the monogram of her name, and several 
 kings who write their names in full also use their monogram. 
 
 The inscriptions descriptive of tj- pes are Invicta Roma : Felix Ravenna ; 
 Felix Ticinut<. On a coin of Rome attributed to Theodoric (infra, p. 58 n.) 
 we find the letters CM. probably Caput Mundi. The presence of SC 
 
 ' As to its form see supra, p. x.xxi. n. 3. '^ p. x.xxi, supra. 
 
 ' See text, infra, p. 98. note 4. 
 
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. INSCRIPTIONS AND TYPES xliii 
 
 (Seiiatus coiiaulto) on the Roman coins of Theodoric and Athalaric is 
 interesting ^ ; so also the inscription Floreas (or Flureas) semper on a 
 Roman coin of Baduila, though it may be doubtful ^ whether this ejacu- 
 lation applies to Rome or to the Ostrogothic king. 
 
 The marks of value /\ and Y (nummi) occasionally occur on the 
 bronze coins; XL on the quasi-autonomous bronze of Rome. 
 
 There is little in the lettering that calls for notice. A is frequently 
 written A, and L, L. E and I are often interchanged, as KIX and REX ; 
 BADVILA and BADVELA. On the quasi-autonomous bronze of Rome, 
 attributed to Theodoric and Athalaric, Imvicta and Invicta (Roma) both 
 occur. On Athalaric's regal coins struck at Rome Invicta appears as 
 Inbicta. 
 
 The mint-place is sometimes indicated by the type of the busts of 
 Ravenna and Ticinus, or by that of Roma, though some of the ' Roma ' 
 coins were struck at Ravenna. The mint-name is seldom inscribed, but we 
 lind KV (Odovacar), R/ (Theodoric) for Ravenna; M for Rome (Theo- 
 doric). CO MOB and CO NOB stand both for Rome and for Ravenna; 
 some of the Imperial gold coins struck by Justinian at Rome are inscribed 
 ROMOB."' 
 
 Many details of the types have been discussed in the notes to the text 
 
 or in connexion with the history of the kings (supra), but a „ 
 
 ., 1 ,. , 4-- 1 6 V / ^ Types, 
 
 recapitulation may be useful. 
 
 The gold money displays the types usually found on the imitative 
 solidi and tremisses of Italy, i.e. rev. Victory holding a broad cross (PI. V. 15), 
 and Victory on the globus (PI. V. 17). Theodoric's triple solidus is in every 
 way exceptional. 
 
 The heads found on the coins are more often than not those of emperors, 
 usually the contemporary emperor ; but sometimes the head of a deceased 
 emperor is revived, as was Anastasius I by Baduila and ^ ^ .^ 
 by Theia, who were at war with the reigning emperor, 
 ^^J^istinian I. The heads of four kings are represented. First, the head of 
 Odovacar (PI. V. 7), probably an attempt at portraiture*; then, the deli- 
 cately engraved bust of Theodoric {Frontispiece), but this only on the 
 triple solidus,^ for his ordinary coins do not present his portrait. The 
 bust of Athalaric does not occur, but an armed figure on the bronze coins 
 of Rome (PI. VIII. .21) represents him, as the inscription indicates. The 
 next king, Theodahad, presents a finely modelled bust of himself, which 
 may be something of a likeness (PI. IX. 13-17),^ and for the first time 
 assumes a crown. There is no portrait of Witigis, and none of the latest 
 
 ^"^ ^ Cp. p. xxxii, supra. ^ See p. 93, infra. 
 
 ' A bronze coin of Justinian (p. 110, no. 24, infra) is inscribed ROMA (written retro- 
 grade and with MA in ligature). 
 
 * p. XXX, supra. ^ p. xxxi, supra. 
 
 " p. xxxiv, supra. 
 
xliv 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Reverse types. 
 
 king, Theia. Baduila's head appears, crowned, on some of his bronze 
 coins (PI. XI), but it is much less characteristic than Theodahad's, and 
 hardly a true portrait. His head on some of the silver money is entirely 
 conventional and modelled on the head of the Emperor Anastasius. Baduila 
 also appears as an armed warrior, reviving the type introduced by Athalaric 
 (PI. XI. 30). 
 
 The Ostrogothic reverse types (especially on the silver), though often 
 effective and elegant as coin designs, do not evince much originality, and 
 the almost entire absence of religious symbolism is 
 noticeable. The usual reverse type is either the mono- 
 gram or the name of the king encircled by a massive wreath. 
 
 The silver coinage begins to assume an almost stereotyped form under 
 Athalaric and his successor Theodahad. Their half siliquae have t-ev. Mono- 
 gram in wreath ; their quarter siliquae, rev. Name in wreath. 
 
 The half siliqua of Matasuntha has also as rev. Monogram in wreath, 
 l)ut the half siliqua of her husband Witigis has rev. Name in wreath, while 
 his quarter siliqua has the monogro.m in wreath. 
 
 Baduila follows his predecessor Witigis in taking for his half siliqua 
 the ' Name in wreath ' type, and for his quarter siliquae the ' Monogram in 
 wreath ' type. Theia copies Baduila in this. 
 
 The usual reverse type of the bronze coinage, especially the ten-nummi 
 pieces, is likewise the monogram, or the name of the king within a wreath. 
 The obv. of these coins is a bust of Invicta Roma. We have also busts of 
 Felix Ravenna and Felix Ticinus. 
 
 The quasi-autonomous bronze struck at Rome under Theodoric and 
 Athalaric supply some interesting types, all apparently connected with the 
 glories of ancient Rome.^ The obv. of these coins is a bust of Invicta Rovia ; 
 the reverses are Victory on a prow ; an eagle ; two eagles near a tree, 
 which is probably the Jicus ruminalis ; and the familiar group of the Wolf 
 and Twins. 
 
 A Table op Mints is appended : — 
 
 
 RULER 
 
 MINT 
 
 MINT 
 
 MINT 
 
 Table of 
 
 Odovacar 
 
 Ravenna 
 
 Rome 
 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Theodoric 
 
 Ravenna 
 
 Rome 
 
 Milan 
 
 
 Athalaric 
 
 Ravenna 
 
 Rome 
 
 
 
 Theodahad 
 
 Ravenna 
 
 Rome 
 
 
 
 Witigis 
 
 Ravenna 
 
 
 
 
 Matasuntha 
 
 Ravenna 
 
 
 
 
 Baduila 
 
 
 Rome 
 
 
 
 Theia 
 
 'v 
 
 . 99, infra 
 
 . 
 
 MINT 
 
 Ticinum (?) 
 
 Ticinum (and others ?) 
 
 Ticinum 
 
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. COINS WITH IMPERIAL NAMES xlv 
 
 Ox THE AtTEIBUTIOX OF ITALIAN COINS AVITH IMPERIAL NaMES 
 
 (Period of the Ostrogoths). 
 
 It has already been pointed out that over and above the coins which 
 are inscribed with the names or monograms of Ostrogothic kings there is 
 a considerable mass of money in gold, silver, and bronze which, judging 
 from its provenance, types, and style, evidently emanated from Italian 
 mints in the period of the Ostrogoths. These coins bear the name and 
 usually the head of an emperor, and their correct assignment in time and 
 place — hitherto but little discussed — is highly important if we would form 
 a correct idea of the currency of this period.^ 
 
 The emperors chiefly represented are Zeno, Anastasius I, ' Justin ' 
 
 (I and II), and Justinian I, their reigns covering the whole Ostrogothic 
 
 period (including the epoch of Odovacar). It may be convenient to examine 
 
 the coins with these names under the separate headings of gold, silver, and 
 
 bronze coinages. 
 
 GOLD COINS. 
 
 The frequent mention in Ostrogothic history of large payments of 
 pounds of gold would by itself suggest that the Ostrogoths, like other 
 Teutonic peoples, made use of gold money imitated from the coinage of the 
 Empire. The rhetorical formula composed by Gassiodorus for the Ostro- 
 gothic Master of the Mint, runs in this manner : — ' Let the flame of gold be 
 pale and unmixed, let the colour of silver smile with its gracious whiteness, 
 let the ruddy copper retain its native glow.' ^ And all doubt is dispelled 
 by the existence of gold solidi bearing the head of Anastasius I, but 
 inscribed on their reverse with the monogram of Theodoric and with the 
 mint-names of Ravenna and Rome (pp. 46, 55, infra). Although these 
 are the only gold coins that bear the name or monogram of an Ostrogothic 
 ruler, thej^ furnish us with valuable clues of style and fabric for identifying 
 further imitative gold coins as Ostrogothic currency.^ 
 
 Zeno, and the usurper Basiliscus. Both these Eastern emperors were 
 contemporary with Odovacar, and we find Italian coins p, i ^ f ^ 
 of the mints of Rome, Ravenna, and Milan bearing 
 their names. The difficulty is to determine which of 
 these coins were struck under Imperial authority, and which were issued 
 by the authority of Odovacar. 
 
 1 There are also anonymous (i. e. without name of emperor or king) bronze coins ot 
 Italy of the Ostrogothic period. These are discussed in the text, infra, p. 98, under 'Quasi- 
 autonomous coins of Rome and Ravenna '. 
 
 ^ Var., vii. 32 ; Hodgkin's Letters of Cassiodoi-us, p. 338. 
 
 ^ Some attention was devoted to these imitative gold coins by Charles Lenormant and 
 Ch. Robert, but their attempts to identify on them a number of Italian mint-names are 
 hazardous : see B. Biondelli, Sulle monete auree dei Goti in Italia, Milan, 1861 ; Keary, 
 Coinages of West. Europe, p. 44 ; cp. Friedlaender, VandaJen, pp. 59 f., and Marchant, 
 Lettres, p. 128 (ed. 1851). The work of de Salis in this field has already been alluded to 
 (p. xxix, supra). 
 
xlvi INTRODUCTION 
 
 Their periods of rule are as follows : — 
 
 Zeno (first reign), 47-1 — Nov. 475. 
 
 Basiliscus, Nov. 475 — July, 477. 
 
 Odovaear, 23 Aug. 476-493. 
 
 Zeno (second reign), July, 477-491. 
 
 It will thus be seen that any Italian coins issued with Zeno's name 
 
 during his first reign (474-475) cannot have been struck by Odovaear, 
 
 whose reign began in 476 ; nor can the earlier Italian issues of Basiliscus 
 
 have been struck by Odovaear. Odovocar may well, however, have imitated 
 
 the later coinages of Basiliscus (end of 476 to July, 477), and subsequently 
 
 (after July, 477) have struck coins bearing the name of Zeno, then in his 
 
 second reign. It is thus difficult to discriminate between the coins that 
 
 may have been struck before Odovacar's accession and those struck after 
 
 it. In the case of the coins bearing the name of Basiliscus I have left all 
 
 the specimens among the Imperial series, not venturing to regard any as 
 
 imitative issues put forth by Odovaear. 
 
 In the case of the Italian coins bearing the name of Zeno, it is perhaps 
 
 possible to distinguish between those struck 
 The gold of Zeno's \ . , • -n , . . ,, v 
 
 durmg his first reign — in the ordinary course, 
 second reign, probably ^ " , , t ^ i ■ 
 
 as Imperial money — and those struck durmg 
 struck by Odovaear. , . ^ , . ,, i i. i, • • -i. ^.^ 
 
 his second reign, these last being imitative 
 
 coins issued by the authority, or with the allowance, of Odovaear.^ 
 
 Anastasius I. There are solidi of Italian style inscribed CO MOB 
 
 (instead of CO NOB), which is usually, though not 
 Gold, with name . . , , . „ _., (> Ti. i- 
 
 invariably, a sign or Koman or oi Italian origin. 
 
 Some of these have the rough and, so to speak, gritty 
 
 reverses which are characteristic of many coins of the Ravenna mint : 
 
 • /I ^ others were probably struck at Rome and Milan, and 
 
 all were no doubt the coinage of Theodoric. The 
 
 ' solidi were supplemented by various series of tre- 
 
 misses, apparently, from their style, struck both at Rome and Ravenna. 
 
 ^ Zeno's gold coins are as follows ; — Rat-enna. A soliclus with RV of coarse style, 
 resembling the Italian coins of Basiliscus : this probably belongs to Zeno's first reign and 
 is thus Imperial. Solidi with a small narrow head (without RV) and some tremisses of 
 rough style were probably struck by Odovaear during Zeno's second reign. 
 
 Rome. Solidi of rough work like those of Basiliscus, and like the Ravenna coin above 
 assigned to Zeno's first reign, and therefore not of Odovaear. Tremisses {rev. Cross in 
 wreath. COMOB). An attribution is perhaps hazardous, but I venture to assign those 
 of fairly neat work (as regards the obverse) to the first reign of Zeno (thus they are 
 Imperial), and those with a ruder obverse head to Odovaear (PI. V. 3-5). 
 
 Mediolanutn. Gold and silver. Count de Salis has apparently divided each series into 
 an earlier and a later class. The first of these might be regarded as of Zeno's first reign 
 (Imperial coinage) and the second as imitative issues of Odovaear. But I do not venture 
 to make the distinction, and the two classes may be treated as Imperial issues and not as 
 Odovacar's coinage. 
 
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. COINS WITH IMPERIAL NAMES xlvii 
 
 Besides the coins above mentioned there are some solidi and many 
 tremisses which are of ruder style and (as can hardly be doubted) later 
 date. These pieces are certainly later than Theodoric (the contemporary of 
 Anastasius), and may well be assigned to the time of 
 Baduila and of Theia, who (as we know from their ^""^ ^^ Baduila 
 named regal money) placed the head of the deceased 
 Anastasius upon their coins in lieu of the head of their contemporary 
 Justinian, with whom they were at war, 
 
 Justin I. This emperor was the contem- 
 porary of Theodoric and, for a short time, of 
 
 Athalaric. The Ravenna solidi and tre- j ^ ° y 
 
 _• xuiu u- J.V, £ Theodoric and Athalaric. 
 
 misses that bear his name were therefore 
 
 probably struck by those kings. 
 
 Justinian I. Solidi aiul Treniiases. Justinian was the contemporary 
 
 of Athalaric, Theodahad, Witigis, Baduila, and 
 
 Theia. The two kings last named are not very likely ' 
 
 (as we have just seen) to have issued coins ' 
 
 with the name of their enemy Justinian, and the choice of possible issuers 
 
 is therefore probably to be limited to Athalaric, 
 
 Theodahad, and Witigis. As these three rulers 
 
 J -1 . -ii ii r- T J.- • Theodahad, and 
 
 issued Sliver coins with the name oi Justinian, 
 
 there is reason to suppose that they would also 
 
 issue gold coins imitated from the same emperor. The Italian gold coins 
 
 with Justinian's name may therefore be assigned to the period of these 
 
 three rulers, though it is hardlj' possible to make an exact assignment to 
 
 individual kings : certain solidi and tremisses which are of markedly 
 
 ruder style than others will naturally be attributed to Witigis rather than 
 
 to Athalaric or Theodahad. 
 
 Some still ruder solidi and tremisses with Justinian's name will be 
 found described infra in the Lombardic series. 
 
 Imperial issues of Justinian I. In addition to the above, there is 
 
 a series of solidi and tremisses with the name of Justinian recognizable by 
 
 its flat, spread fabric (PI. XVI. 11-16). These coins TTT^STXTsiTAisr'*? 
 
 were apparently classified by de Salis as Lombardic rivr-pii'-RTAT 
 
 or Ostrogothic, and were not included by me in the _^ _ _, 
 
 ^ ... , ?, r^ ^ ^ £ T • 7 zj ^- GOLD COINAGE 
 
 British Museum Catalogue or I'DVperiat Byzantine 
 
 Coins. I am now convinced that these coins, though of very bizarre 
 
 appearance, especially the solidi, are Imperial issues made . . „ 
 
 at Ravenna.^ They are, in fact, of the same fabric and 
 
 style as coins already recognized as the Ravenna currency of the Emperor 
 
 Justin II and his successors.^ 
 
 ^ A correction is therefore required of the statement in hnp. Byz. Coins, p. ciii n.,^ 
 that gold coins at Ravenna were ' apparently first issued in the reign of Justin 11 '. 
 ^ Lvp. Byz. Coins, p. 103. 
 
xlviii INTRODUCTION 
 
 The earliest date at which these coins of Justinian can have been 
 struck is A. d. 540, when Ravenna passed from the Ostrogoths to Belisarius 
 and his master; but what we know of the Ravenna coinage from other 
 sources renders it likely that these gold coins were not issued till A. d. 555, 
 Now. the bronze coins issued under Justinian's authority in Italy bear as 
 their earliest date — and they are all dated — year ' 29 ', 
 '^^^'" ■ ■ i. e. A. D. 555/6.^ The gold coins are probably of the same 
 
 period, and the likeness between the emperor's head on the solidi and that 
 on the small bronze coins issued at Ravenna, A. D. 555-564, is remarkable.^ 
 
 The Imperial coinage in Ravenna would thus seem to belong to the 
 period following the complete overthrow of the Ostrogothic kingdom, and 
 nearly to coincide with the rule of Narses in Italy, A. D. 555-567.^ 
 
 SILVER. 
 
 Zeno. The coin described infra, p. 44, No. 8, rev. Eagle (PL V. 6), 
 may best be assigned to Odovacar. It seems to be a somewhat rude 
 
 copy (not, however, as regards the reverse, an 
 
 ^®^' exmi imitation) of the silver coins of Zeno (Im- 
 
 wit name o eno, pg^^jg^j issues), which were probably struck at 
 
 probably struck by ^^.^^^^ ^j^^ obverse head is not unlike the silver 
 
 ovacar. bearing Odovacar's name (PL V. 7). The mint was 
 
 probably Ravenna. With the eagle on the reverse compare the eagle on 
 
 the quasi-autonomous bronze of Rome (PL XIII).* 
 
 Anastasius I. The silver coin (PL VII. 5) with rev. Victory and SC 
 
 was struck at Rome, and no doubt under Theodoric, perhaps at the time 
 
 of his visit in A. d. 500. 
 
 ' The coins with reverse >K, p. 49, infra (PL VI. 
 
 5-7), are thoroughly Ostrogothic in style, and have 
 
 ' . the appearance of issues of the mint of Ravenna. 
 
 y eo one. They resemble, especially in the blurred lettering, 
 
 certain silver coins of Theodahad and of Witigis, but seem to be earlier 
 
 than these reigns, and indeed both these kings indicated their own names 
 
 on their coins. They may, perhaps, be assigned to Theodoric^ 
 
 ' See Imp. Byz. Coins, pp. 70, 71. 
 
 2 Compare, especially, the solidi of Ravenna (PI. XVL 11) with the bronze of Ravenna 
 figured in Imp. Byz. Coins, PI. X. 13, p. 71, No. 408: in each case the curious treatment 
 of the corners of the eyes is remarkable. 
 
 •'' Some solidi with the name of Justinian are attributed infra, p. Ill, to the Imperial 
 mint at Rome, partly on account of their resemblance to the remarkable solidus at Berlin 
 (PI. XVI. 4 ; infra, p. Ill ; Z. f. N., i, p. 303), reading ROMOB. A tremissis inscribed 
 ROMOB no doubt belongs to the same time (p. Ill, No. 29, infra). 
 
 ^ Silver coins with rev. Standing figure and RV probably belong to Zeno's first reign 
 and are thus Imperial issues. On silver struck at Mediolanum with Zeno's name see 
 supra, p. xlvi n. 
 
 ^ A coin with rev. T^f) is discussed, p. li n., infra, where it is assigned to Baduila. 
 
§ •_>. OSTROGOTHS. COINS WITH IMPERIAL NAMES xlix 
 
 JuSTiNUS. There are silver coins inscribed IVSTINVS bearing the 
 numerals CN, PK€, and varieties of the sacred monogram on their reverses. 
 Coins withsimilar reverses also bear the name of Justinian. 
 
 These IVSTINVS coins have usually been regarded 
 a,s Imperial issues of Justin I, but in the Catalosrue of 
 
 In Q*!"! Tin ^ 
 
 Iinvperial Byzantine Coins,]). 21, it was pointed out that 
 they might possibly have been struck after the death of Justin I as Ostro- 
 gothic issues of Baduila, who might be supposed to have revived the head 
 of the deceased Justin I for the same reason — hostility to Justinian— that 
 he had revived the head of Anastasius.^ I am now more fully convinced 
 than before that these coins are later than the lifetime of Justin I, and 
 I believe, moreover, that it can be shown that they are not Ostrogothie 
 but Imperial issues made by order of Justin II, the successor of Justinian. 
 
 On the supposition that the coins bear the name and head of the first 
 Justin, they must obviously be Ostrogothie issues, for in the reign of 
 Justin I the Imperial authority had not yet been regained over any of 
 the Italian cities. But if we regard the coins as Ostrogothie and compare 
 them with the outvied silver coins of the Ostrogothie kings, we are struck 
 by the differences between tlie two series. While the undoubted Ostro- 
 gothie coins are comparatively thick and compact, these supposed Ostro- 
 gothie coins of Justin ' I ' are thin and flat. The Ostrogothie coins, again, 
 «how a well-modelled, rounded bust; in the other series -■«■ ^. ^ t 
 the bust is differently treated, and so also the cuirass ^ f t " i ' 
 
 and drapery. The ' Justin ' coins, then, are probably 
 not Ostrogothie, but in respect of their fabric and t f 
 
 the treatment of the bust they bear considerable 
 
 resemblance to the Imperial coins struck at Ravenna by Tiberius II 
 (lonjj. Byz. Coins, p. 124, No. 161) and by Maurice Tiberius (ib., p. 156, 
 No. 281). 
 
 The coins, then, are not Ostrogothie issues of the period of Justin I 
 but Imperial issues of Justin II, and the view that we may best take of 
 the CN, &c., silver coins may be thus expressed. This coinage was 
 inaugurated by Justinian I ^ at Ravenna, at some date after the year 540, 
 when the city passed from Ostrogothie into Imperial hands : probably the 
 date of the coinage was circ. 555-565. This Imperial coinage was con- 
 tinued at Ravenna in the time of Justinian's successor, Justin II, and all 
 the coins inscribed IVSTINVS were issued by him. ^ Some silver coins of 
 similar fabric continued to be issued at Ravenna by Justin's successors, 
 Tiberius II and Maurice Tiberius.^ 
 
 Justinian I. The numerous silver coins with CN, PK€, &c. (PL XVII. 
 
 ^ Imp. Byz. Coins, pp. 21, 22. ^ See next paragraph, 
 
 ' But some imitations of these coins are probably Lombardic, and will be found 
 •described infra in the Lombard Series. 
 * See infra, p. 122. 
 
 g 
 
1 INTRODUCTIOX 
 
 1-23), ma}', as already su<^gested in the preceding paragraph, be regarded 
 as the Ravenna coinage of Justinian.' The earliest 
 . issue of Justinian's gokl and bronze coins at Ravenna 
 
 probabl}'^ took place clrc. A. d. 555, and there is no 
 reason why these silver coins should not be assigned 
 to the period 555-565. They were succeeded by simi- 
 lar silver coins of Justin 11.^ 
 
 The coins in PI. X. 4-7 and PI. XI. 9 are hard to attribute. They 
 
 bear on the reverse a monogram Ic L| which is not identical with that 
 
 IS) 
 
 on any other Ostrogothic coins, but which, as Friedlaender has remarked. ' 
 
 is probably intended for the name of Theodoric 
 
 . (Tedericvs). These coins, however, were undoubtedly' 
 
 . not issued by Theodoric himself, for the coins in PI. X. 
 
 4-7 bear the head of Justinian, whose accession took 
 
 place after Theodoric's death, and the coin in PI. XI. 9, though it bears 
 
 the head of Anastasius I, the contemporary of Theodoric, is clearly, both 
 
 in style and fabric, of a much later period than that of the first Ostrogothic 
 
 king. 
 
 The coins, then, were not issued by Theodoi'ic, and we have to inquire 
 
 at what subsequent period in Ostrogothic history money is likely to have 
 
 been struck with his monogram. Friedlaender suggests that these coins 
 
 were struck at some crisis such as the interregnum between the fall of 
 
 Baduila and the election of Theia, or during the not universally recognized 
 
 rule of Eraric. A rather serious objection to this theorj' is that the coins 
 
 (with one exception) have on the obverse the head of Justinian. Now, 
 
 this emperor's head was, as we know, repudiated by Baduila and Theia. 
 
 Neither Friedlaender nor Keary happens to have been aware of the 
 
 rather remarkable resemblance existing between the head of Justinian 
 
 on one of these coins (PI. X. 4) and the head of that emperor on a silver 
 
 coin (PI. X. 11) of Matasuntha. This resemblance may fairly furnish 
 
 a clue to the date of the coins, and it may be suggested that their issue 
 
 took place somewhere in or about the time of Witigis and Matasuntha. 
 
 It would be possible to assign them to Ildibad and Eraric^ (a. d, 540-541), 
 
 the immediate successors of Witigis ; but these ephemeral rulers are not 
 
 .„ , , , ^ , known to have issued money bearing: their own names. 
 Probably struck . , , , , . , . , , - , ., , , , 
 
 „,.,. . and on the whole it is perhaps best to attribute the 
 
 by Witigis. • i. i-i • c \^-^ • 
 
 coins to the reign or W itigis. 
 
 According to this theory Witigis would have struck at Ravenna 
 
 ^ A few of rude style are probably Lombardic. ^ See p. xlix, supra. 
 
 ^ Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen, p. 54 ; Finder and Friedlaender, Milnzin Justinians,. 
 pp. 65, 66. 
 
 * Eraric entered into negrotiations with Justinian. 
 
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. COINS WITH LMPERIAL NAMES li 
 
 (i) half siliquae (PI. X. 1-3) and bronze (PI. X. 8-10) on exactly the same 
 pattern as his predecessors, though bearing his own name ; (ii) quarter 
 siliquae (the coins now under discussion, PI. X. 4-7) with the monogram 
 of Theodoric on their reverse, this monogram being intended to emphasize 
 the right of Witigis to the Ostrogothic crown, derived from his marriage 
 with Matasuntha, the granddaughter of Theodoric.^ 
 
 Justin II. The silver coins (Imperial issues of Ravenna) attributed 
 to this emperor, have been discussed under ' Justinus ', p. xlix, sujyra. 
 
 BRONZE. 
 
 Numerous small coins, bearing as their reverse types the monograms 
 
 of Leo I, Zeno, and Anastasius I, have been dis- 
 
 1 . Ti. 1 ' 1 i. i-i £ 11- Small bronze coins 
 
 covered ni Italy - : but they are round also in 
 
 . ,. . 1 i.1 • 1 £ ii 1 with names of Leo, 
 
 Africa, and the evidence ot provenance thus leaves 
 
 it undecided whether they are coins of the Ostro- ' 
 
 goths or of the Vandals. If of Ostrogothic origin, 
 
 those with the head of Leo I and Zeno might be assigned to Odovacar ; 
 
 those with the head of Anastasius to Theodoric. 
 
 But all the coins in question are so rude, more especially in respect 
 
 of tlie obverses, that they can hardly hnd a place among Ostrogothic 
 
 issues. They compare badly with the known Ostrogothic money, and 
 
 present — at least so far as I can detect — no features of style or fabric that 
 
 characterize the products of Ravenna, Rome, and other Italian mints. 
 
 They have therefore been here catalogued among 
 
 the miscellaneous coins of the Vandals (PI. Ill, IV), 
 
 to which in style they bear sufficient resemblance. At the same time, 
 
 it is difficult to exclude the suspicion that a number , ^ , 
 
 . • T 1 ^vLt perhaps used 
 
 of these minute coins found their way into Italy , ^, ^ ^ 
 
 r^ . ,, . . by the Ostrogoths. 
 
 aiul served to eke out the native Ostrogothic issues, 
 
 more especially in the pettj'^ buying and selling of everyday life. From 
 the number of coins of this class that occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard, 
 a hoard that must have been buried as late as the time of Baduila (died 
 552 A. D.), it might be inferred that these little coins did not cease to 
 circulate when Theodoric died, but formed a practical supplement to the 
 coinage for long years after his death.'^ 
 
 ' The little coin, p. 87. /»/>«, PI- XI. 9, with rei: monogram of Theodoric, and obverse 
 Head of Anastasius 1 (of inferior style), may be assigned to the reign of Baduila who, as 
 is known from his named coins, substituted the head of this deceased emperor for that of 
 his hostile contemporaiy Justinian. 
 
 ^ See Friedlaender's description of the Monte Roduni hoard in hisMunzen cler Vandalen, 
 pp. 41 f. 
 
 ^ So in England in the thirteenth century a mass of small foreign coins were imported, 
 and though illegal tender, practically played the part of currency of the realm. The 
 
lii INTRODUCTION 
 
 Anastasil'S I. Bronze assi<;ned to Tlieodoric : see text, infra, p. 51. 
 Justin I. The various coins of Italian origin bearing the name of 
 Justinus (and others bearing tlie name of Justinianus) have been insuffi- 
 ciently discussed bj' numismatists, though they present 
 a number of not unimportant problems. Thus we have 
 to determine whether the IVSTINVS of the coins wan 
 the first or second emperor of that name ; whether the coins are Imperial 
 issues or Ostrogothie, or partly of both classes ; at what periods they were 
 issued, and at what mints. 
 
 The coins inscribed IVSTINVS are small pieces marked V (PI. VI, 
 18-24), and also some marked € (PL VI. 16, 17).^ It is not easy to decide 
 between the claims of the two Justins to these coins, but I think an 
 attribution to Justin I has most in its favour. The head of the emperor^ 
 it must be observed, is represented in profile, and if the coins were issued 
 by Justin II we should expect the head to be shown facing, in accordance 
 with the practice introduced by his predecessor Justinian.- And an 
 attribution to Justin I receives further support when we compare the 
 treatment of the head (small and in high relief) with the head of Ju.stinian 
 found on small bronze of Athalaric (cp. PI. VI. 16-18 with PI. VIII. 15-18).- 
 
 On the reasonable assumption, then, that these coins bear the head of 
 Justin I, it follows that they were issues of tlie Ostrogoths and not of the 
 
 emperor who had no foothold in Italj'. They 
 
 _ , . . may be attributed to Theodoric, though it is 
 
 Ostrogothie, with -i i i.u + i i • i i 
 
 possi ble that some may have been issued by 
 name of Justinus I. ^^i i • i f i ^ i.- i.i t 
 
 Athalaric, who was, tor a short time, the contem- 
 porary of Justin I. The style of the coins — note the well-modelled bust 
 in prominent relief — suggests that they were struck at the Ravenna mint. 
 
 issue of bronze tokens by private traders supplied the dearth of official small change 
 during part of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 
 
 ^ Ohr. Head of Justin in profile. Rer. € in wreath. — There are bronze coins with a 
 similar rev. but with ohr. Head of Justinian I, and rather thicker and larger than the 
 'Justin' coins. Several specimens are in the British Museum, where I have found them 
 classed with the Italian or Ostrogothie coins. I am not aware that they are known to be 
 of Italian provenance : perhaps the occurrence of the wreath on the rer. may have been 
 suppo.sed by de Salis, or whoever arranged the coins, to be indicative of Ravenna. But 
 the wreath is not much like the wreaths that are found on undoubted coins of that mint, 
 nor do the obverses seem to me to be of Italian style. From the general treatment of 
 the bust (especially of the drapery) I should be disposed to assign them to the mint of 
 Carthage, where, however, we already find € coins marked with the mint-name (CAR). 
 
 Besides these, there are in the British Museum bronze coins with a similar rev., € in 
 wreath, but with a, full-face head of Justinian I on the ohr. These are probably of the 
 same mint (Carthage?) as the € coins of Justinian with profile head, just described. 
 
 ^ Or, as an alternative, we should expect that the ohr. would have consisted of facing 
 figures of Justin II and Sophia, the usual ofry. of the Imperial bronze coins of Justin II. 
 
 ' Compare also the head of Odovacar on his small bronze, PI. V. 8. 9. 
 
 I 
 
§ 2. OSTROGOTHS. ROMAN COINS OF JUSTINIAN liii 
 
 Justinian I. The coins of the denomination /\ nummi (PI. VIII. 
 11-14) are of the same style as the pieces with the 
 
 name of Justin I, marked V, which we have just Bronze, 
 
 assigned to the Ravenna mint under Theodoric with Justinian's 
 
 (PI. VI. 18, t^'c). They may therefore be assigned ^^ame, struck 
 
 to Athalaric, Theodoric's successor, who was a con- ^y Athalaric. 
 temporary of Justinian I.^ 
 
 Coins of Rome, chiefly of P'i and K denominations. In the Catalogue 
 
 of Imperial Byzantine Coins (pp. xvii, xviii, cii) doubts were expressed as 
 
 to whether any Imperial coins of Justinian were 
 
 struck at Rome until circ. a. d, 55.2, and the scanty 
 
 p., Ti . , 1 T j^- • > • T / coins of Justinian 
 
 issues or the Roman mmt under Justmian s immediate 
 
 J , , J. - 1 • • /-( i 1 struck at Home. 
 
 successors seemed to bear out this view. Count de 
 
 Salis appears to have considered that these coins were Ostrogothic and not 
 Imperial. But though this view as to the non-Imperial nature of the 
 coins is not to be hastily dismissed, I am now of opinion that these k1 
 
 and i> pieces (and also some others noted below) are best accounted for 
 on the supposition that they are Imperial issues. The insertion of them 
 in the Ostrogothic series proper would rather overload that coinage, 
 especially as we could not place them later than the earlier part of the 
 reign of Theodahad, for the reason that Theodahad at last repudiated the 
 head of Justinian, and his successors, Baduila and Theia, to a great extent 
 did likewise. On the other hand, there is no insuperable difficulty in 
 recognizing in them the Roman coinages of Justinian. 
 
 The earliest date at which coins of a true Imperial character can have 
 been issued at Rome is Dec. 536, when Justinian, through his general, 
 
 Belisarius, first became master of the city. The IM coins, of fine style 
 
 (PI. XV. 1-4), and the corresponding K coins (PI. XV. 9-14), may well 
 have been minted at that time, and a comparison of them with the large 
 
 * The mint-place was no doubt Ravenna : compare the ohv. of bronze nummi 
 of Ravenna with rev. monogram of Athalaric (PI. VIII. 16-18). Besides the /\, coins 
 
 with the head of Justinian there are pieces of the V denomination. One of these (PL 
 VIII. 15), of small module, resembles the nummi of Athalaric {rev. monogram of Athalaric. 
 
 PI. VIII. 16-18), and may be assigned to him. The other coins marked V (PI. IX. 
 7-10) are of larger module and display a different treatment of the head of Justinian on 
 the obi: (it is in lower relief and in some cases resembles the head on the earliest 
 Imperial coins of Justinian struck at Rome). Perhaps they may best be assigned to 
 the reign of Theodahad (early part). Their style is not distinctively that of Ravenna, 
 
 but their rev. type, V in wreath, fits in better with the bronze coins of Ravenna than 
 with the coinage of Rome. 
 
 On coins of Justinian with fc on rev, see sitpra, p. Hi, note 1. 
 
liv INTRODUCTION 
 
 M (40 nuDiini) bronze of Theodahad (a. d. 534-536), especially in regard 
 to the treatment of the head (PI. IX. 13-18), sug- 
 gests that the coins Ijelong to about this period, 
 
 i. e. Dec. 536-cm'C. 538. 
 
 Some of the IM coins (PI. XV. 5-8) form a class by themselves, 
 distinguished by their relatively light weight and their fabric, and by the 
 dry and careless engraving of the head. We could imagine these as 
 spreading ovei' a period of several years, but in view of the fact that we have 
 
 a new type of M coin — with & facing head — to fit into the Roman system, 
 it ma}'' be necessary to make the above-mentioned coins with the projile 
 
 head cease about a.d. 538. The degeneracy of the iM coins with the 
 profile head may, indeed, be accounted for, not unsatisfactorily, by a dis- 
 organization of the mint caused by the great siege of Rome under Witigis. 
 Tliis siege began in March, 537, and was only abandoned in March, 538. 
 
 ^\^^ Koo Soon after the departure of the Goths the M coin, 
 
 Cl I C. ooo^ 
 
 full-face t ^y'lth. the full-face head of Justinian (PL XVI. 6), may 
 
 have been minted. It cannot at any rate have been 
 issued earlier than this, for it was only after April, 538/9, that Justinian 
 introduced this full-face portrait on the principal coins of the Empire. 
 
 The full-face Pi issue at Rome was no doubt accompanied by full- 
 face 1 coins (one of which is in fact inscribed KOM) and by minute bronze 
 pieces with reverse, Lion, a type which is found also on the bronze of 
 Baduila, a. d. 541-552. It would probably be during this period, A. d. 538- 
 549, that the gold solidi with the full-face bust of Justinian, and the 
 tremissis with R.OMOB were issued by the Imperial authority at Rome 
 (see p. xlviii, mipra, note 3). 
 
 So far as we know no further Imperial coins were issued at Rome 
 
 till A. D. 552/3, when a (dated) coin of /N/\ nummi (henceforth the 
 .V, (._„ highest denomination in bronze at Rome) was put into 
 circulation (see Imp. Byz. Coins, p. 70, No. 402, PL X. 11). 
 A similar piece of /S/\ nummi was afterwards issued at Rome by Jus- 
 tinian's successor, Justin II (ib., p. 102).' 
 
 ' There are also small bronze coins with ohv. Head and name of Justinian I facing. 
 l^^"^'- i^K ^vdthin wreath. Specimens occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard (Fried- 
 laender, .V. <L Vand., -p. 43; Pinder and Friedlaender, Miinzt-n Jiistinians, p. -54, with 
 A(jl)), and they may jjossibly be Italian, i.e. Imperial coins of Justinian, struck (because 
 of the facing head) not earlier than A. D. 538. On the other hand, the rer. type is of 
 the kind found on Imperial coins of Carthage, and a specimen in the British Museum, 
 weight 6 grains, probably couies from an African source (Doubleday purchase, 1849, 
 7-17-374). The style of this specimen is not distinctly Italian, and on the whole, these 
 coins may perhaps be best regarded as Imperial struck at Carthage, circ. A.D. -539-541. 
 In the British Museum are two small bronze pieces (weight, 7 grains and 7-7 grains) 
 which seem to be rude (African ?) imitations of these coins. 
 
 I am also inclined to regard as Imperial African (of Justinian I) the following small 
 
§ 3. LOMBARDS. ANONYMOUS COINS 
 
 § 3. Coinage of the Lombard Kixgs.^ 
 
 The domination of the Lombardie invaders of Italy was of longer 
 duration than the Ostrogothic, and extended — so far as concerns the 
 Lombard kingdom — over a period of more than two centuries, from Alboin 
 the conqueror and ' Lord of Italj^ ' (a. d. 568-572) to Desiderius, the last 
 king who, in June, 774, became the prisoner of Charlemagne. 
 
 The number of coins inscribed with the names of Lombard rulers is 
 not large, but in order to ascertain the total output of their mints it is 
 necessary to take into account a considerable mass of gold and silver money 
 which, though modelled on the Imperial coinages, is evidently not Imperial, 
 and is of Italian style and provenance. 
 
 The practice of inscribing the coins with the king's name did not arise 
 till the Lombard kingdom had been long in existence, and perhaps not till 
 late in the seventh century.- In the time of Cunincpert (a. d. 688-700) the 
 practice first becomes settled, and the Lombard coinage assumes its well- 
 marked characteristics. This coinage of Cunincpert, imitated b}' his suc- 
 cessors, is found to consist almost entirely of gold, the coins being of 
 a single denomination — the treniissis, and, as shown hy its flat, bracteate- 
 like fabric, is evidentl}' derived from the Imperial solidi struck at Ravenna. 
 
 The main difficulties of attribution arise in tlie period that extends from 
 
 Alboin to Cunincpert, or perhaps from Alboin to Rothari, and have hardly 
 
 been noted bv previous inquirers.^ Though I am 
 
 p ,, " . , , , p ^, p „ . Attribution of the 
 
 aware or the conjectural nature oi the lollowing 
 
 , ^ ., .. ., J 1 i 1 anonymous coins of 
 
 attributions, there may at least be some con- 
 
 , , . • ,1 • j^ ^ c ^ • the Lombard kings, 
 
 vemence in attempting them instead or leaving 
 
 the coins to swell the already lengthy list of ' Uncertain ' pieces imitated 
 from Imperial issues. 
 
 First, then, there are several types of small silver coins (CN, &c., 
 PI. XVIII. 3-13) bearing the name of Justinian I, but which, from the 
 rudeness of their style, we cannot suppose to be Imperial, or even Ostro- 
 gothic money.'* If these are Lombardie imitations, as I suggest, they must 
 
 coin in the British Museum : ohr. Bust facing, draped ; on each side, a star : border of 
 
 P 
 
 dots. i?ec. ^tu" • border of dots. JE Size -35 inch. Wt. 8 grains (Doubleday purchase, 
 
 1849. 7-17-288). Cp. the rev. tj'pe on silver Carthage coins of Justinian and of Phocas. 
 
 ^ The coinage of the Lombard Duchy of Beneventum is discussed in § 4. 
 
 - The coins believed to bear the names of Rothari, of Grimwald and Perctarit [Cata- 
 logue, infra), may be, more or less, of doubtful attribution. 
 
 ' Count de Sal is does not seem to have given any special study to the Lombard 
 series. Mr. Keary's descriptions [Coinages of TT'. Europe, p. 96) begin only with 
 Cunincpert. 
 
 ^ They might, conceivably, be veiy careless productions of the Imperial mint of 
 Ravenna, but this seems less likely than the supposition that they are barbarous imita- 
 
Ivi INTRODUCTION 
 
 have been made as early as the time of Alboin (568-572), for Justinian died 
 
 in 565. and we have similar (i. e. Lombardic) imitations of the silver coins 
 
 of his successor Justin II. There are also certain imitative gold tremisses 
 
 with tiie name of ' Justin ' (II) ^ which, in style, already foreshadow the 
 
 gold coins of Cunincpert. 
 
 To the reigns of Alboin and Cleph and the period of interregnum 
 
 which followed the reign of Cleph I would. 
 Coinage of ALBOIN, .-, c • it. i- n • 
 
 therefore, assign the roJlownig coins : — 
 
 ' Gold. Tremisses with name of Justin IL 
 
 ' Silver, (i) With name of Justinian I. (ii) 
 
 With name of Justin II. (iii) With types of 
 
 Tiberius II. 
 
 The second group of imitative coins (tremisses and small silver) bears 
 
 the name of Maurice Tiberius, who reiomed 
 Coinage of AUTHARI kqo j- «no i,- • i -^u i 
 
 from 5o3 to b02, his reign being thus nearly 
 
 ' contemporaneous with the rule of Authari (584- 
 
 590) and Agilulf (590-615), by whom we may 
 
 well suppose these coins to have been minted. 
 
 We have next to deal with three groups of coins (mainly tremisses) 
 
 which bear (i) the name of Heraclius, (ii) the name of Constans II, (iii) the 
 
 blundered name of an emperor. All these coins are of smaller module than 
 
 the tremisses with the name of Maurice Tiberius above referred to, and in 
 
 the case of i. and ii. there are peculiarities about the engraving of the 
 
 types that differentiate them from the Lombardic imitations of the coins of 
 
 Maurice Tiberius and from the later Lombard issues of Cunincpert. Yet in 
 
 one notable point — the raised annular border — they seem to proclaim them- 
 
 Coinage of ADALWALD, selves coins of Northern (rather than of 
 
 ARIWALD, and ROTHARI, Southern or Central) Italy, and apparently 
 
 A.D. 615-652. ^^® conclusion to be drawn is that they 
 
 are regal issues of the Lombards.^ Class 
 
 Coinage of RODWALD, j (^^ith the name of Heraclius) we might 
 
 ARIPERT I, PERCTARIT assign to Adalwald, Ariwald, and Rothari ; 
 
 with GODEPERT, and glass ii. (with the name of Constans II) 
 
 GRIMWALD, to Rodwald, Aripert I, Perctarit with 
 
 A.D. 652-circ. 671. Godepert, and Grimwald.^ This would 
 
 carry the coinage to about the year 671. 
 
 tions. Another possible view, viz. that they are forgeries made in or near Ravenna to 
 compete with the contemporaneous Imperial coins, seems improbable because, though 
 some of the specimens are of i-ather light weight, the quality of the metal does not 
 appear to be inferior to that of the Imperial coins. 
 
 ' Possibly careless productions of the Imperial mint, but rather I think (Lombardic) 
 imitative coins. 
 
 ^ A less probable view would be that they belong to the Imperial mint of Ravenna. 
 
 •' To Grimwald, however, W. Boyne has attributed with fair probability a tremissis 
 of different types, namely, the monogram of the king's name ; see infra, p. 133. 
 
§ 3. LOMBARDS. PERCTARIT. CUNINCPERT Ivii 
 
 Class iii (with a blundered name accompanying the obverse head) must 
 
 probably be placed after the coins with the name of Constans II, though it 
 
 is uncertain which Emperor's name is intended to be recorded. But that 
 
 the coins are later than those (class ii) with the name of Constans II is 
 
 probable for the following reasons : — (i) because the obverse legend has 
 
 ceased to be intelligible ; (ii) the module is smaller and the flan thicker ; 
 
 (iii) the purity of the gold shows signs of deterioration, several specimens 
 
 being evidently of electrum. It should be added that these tremisses 
 
 display a peculiarity which characterizes the gold coins of Cunincpert (circ. 
 
 A. D. 688) and of later Lombard kings, namelj^, the placing (on the obv.) of 
 
 a letter (which may or maj^ not indicate the name of the mint) in close 
 
 proximity to the head. These coins, I sug;- 
 
 ^ , -^ , , . T> . -w 1 • Coinage of PERCTARIT, 
 
 gest, may belong to rerctarit (second reign. 
 
 672-688). These proposed attributions of 
 
 the imitative Lombard coins, which, it must be repeated, are distinctly 
 
 coniectural, brincr us down to the reign of . „ _ _„_ 
 
 n • w«QQ 'ynn\ i f u Coinage of CUNINCPERT, 
 
 Cunmcpert (688-700), who seems to have 
 
 been the first king to institute what may 
 
 be called an original, as opposed to an imitative, Lombard coinage. He 
 
 places his name on the obverse of the coins, and on the reverse the figure 
 
 of the archangel Michael (PI. XX. 1, 2). His coins are thin and spread, 
 
 and bear a considerable resemblance to the Lombard imitations of the 
 
 coins of Maurice Tiberius, with reverse. Victory (PI. XVIII. 22-24), but not, 
 
 as would have been expected, to the Lombard imitations of the coins of the 
 
 later Emperors Heraclius and Constans II, which have a cross potent as 
 
 their reverse. 
 
 This circumstance— the apparent derivation of the coins of Cunincpert 
 from the imitative coins bearing the name of Maurice Tiberius — may seem 
 to throw doubt on the correctness of our attribution to Lombard kings of 
 the imitative coins with the names of Heraclius and Constans II ; yet it is 
 difficult to see in what other way the long interval between Maurice Tiberius 
 and Cunincpert is to be bridged, unless, indeed, we are to suppose, what 
 does not seem probable, that the Lombard kings from the time of Authari 
 (A. D. 584) till the days of Cunincpert (A. d. 688) issued no gold coinage 
 except such as bore the name and types of Maurice Tiberius. 
 
 It has been observed by Gregorovius that the Roman civilization in 
 Italy was protected by the Ostrogoths and destroyed by the Lombards. 
 
 The correctness of this observation seems to be .,, ^ ^ ^ » 
 
 ■, ., , Rude character of 
 
 borne out at any rate as regards the regal ^^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ^ , -^ - T^ 7, 1 ii • the Lombard coinage, 
 
 coinage or these peoples, lor though the coin- 
 age of both is based on Roman models, of 
 
 which in many cases it is merely a slavish reproduction, the money of 
 the Ostrogoths displays, on the whole, not only neatness in execution 
 but a certain elegance in design. The Lombard coinage, on the con- 
 
 h 
 
Iviii INTRODUCTION 
 
 trary, remains, almost till the fall of the kingdom, both rude in work- 
 manship and poor in conception. The Lombard State in itself was, 
 indeed, not unprogressive, if we may judge by contrasting the Code of 
 Rothari with the laws of Liutprand, and, again, the laws of Liutprand with 
 those of the later kings, Ratchis and Aistulf. Moreover, certain of the 
 Lombard rulers — the Queen Theudelinda and the gentle Perctarit —en- 
 couraged the art of the architect and even of the painter by the fine 
 buildings that they caused to be erected and decorated. But their personal 
 tastes never influenced the coinage. From the first king Alboin (568/U) 
 till the time of Grimwald (662), or perhaps even later, the Lombard coinage 
 was a more or less barbarous reproduction of the gold and silver money of 
 the Empire. Grimwald and Perctarit, who (in his second reign) succeeded 
 him. made — if the attributions of numismatists are correct — some attempt at 
 innovation, but it was not till the (sole) reign of Cunincpert (688-700) that 
 the coinage became distinctive, Cunincpert's tremissis is in fabric and 
 style a kind of caricature of the Imperial coins of Ravenna, but, as we have 
 already seen, he inscribed it with his own name and introduced as the 
 reverse-type the winged figure of St. Michael, the patron saint of the Lom- 
 bards,^ And in selecting this latter type he was perhaps influenced by 
 a recollection of the figure of Victory which had formerly appeared on the 
 gold coinage of the Lombards in imitation of Roman originals. 
 
 The gold coins of Liutprand (712-744), the greatest of the Lombard 
 kings and the ruler who came nearest to consolidating a great Lombard 
 kingdom of Italy, are crude repetitious of the tj^pes of Cunincpert.^ 
 
 Lastly, the gold or electrum tremissis of Aistulf (749-756) (PI. XX. 9), 
 which was imitated by his successor Desiderius and even by Charlemagne, 
 is, by contrast, neat in fabric and lettering : the conventional cross potent 
 of the Byzantine money is retained for one side of the coin, but on the 
 reverse a not ineffective ornament is introduced which may be described 
 either as a star or, more probably, as the corolla of a flower. The signifi- 
 cance of this type has not been discovered, and perhaps it may be said that 
 it is merely decorative. 
 
 The legends present few features of interest. For a long series of years 
 they are merely reproductions — and often very illiterate and meaningless re- 
 productions — of those of the Imperial coins, that is, they record 
 Legends, ^j^^ Emperor's name and the familiar VICTOKIA AVCVSTO- 
 R.VM. The king's style — from the time of Cunincpert— is D[ominus] N[oster] 
 . . . REX. In one case, possibly Chridianus Rex (CRX, p. 147, infra). 
 
 Little use is made of monogrammatic types such as were favoured by 
 the Ostrogoths. If we except the coinages attributed to Grimwald (gold, 
 with monogram) and Perctarit (silver), the only instances are the monogram 
 on the silver of Liutprand and that on the quasi-autonomous coins of Lucca. 
 
 ' Hodgkin, Italy and her Invadeiv, vi. 317. 
 pi" ' See PI. XX. 1-2; 4-6. On his silver coins Liutprand places his monogram as 
 a reverse type. 
 
§ 3. LOMBARDS. LEGENDS. ^YEIGHTS. lix 
 
 The figure of St. Michael is identified by SCS MIHAHIL, and an 
 inscription of some importance is the word FLA VI A found on the tre- 
 misses of Aistulf and Desiderius in Flavia Liica, Flavia Ticino, Flavia 
 Sihrio, Flavia Placentia Aug\\\s,ia^, &c. 
 
 The application of an epithet to a city may possibly have been 
 suggested by earlier coin-legends (chiefly Ostrogothic) such as ' Felix 
 Carthago,' ' Felix Ravenna/ ' Felix Ticinus,' ' Invicta Roma,' but, of course, 
 the word flavius had been in use elsewhere and long before the Lombard 
 period — as Flavia Vindobona, Flavius Constantinus, Flavius lustinianus. 
 Originally importing connexion with the gens Flavia, the name was revived 
 by the Constantine family, was employed by Byzantine Emperors (Ana- 
 stasius I, &c.), and was adopted by the Lombard kings from the time 
 of Authari onwards, though no Lombard ruler inscribed it upon his 
 confessedly regal coins. Paulus {H. L., iii. 16) declares that Authari 
 received the title on account of his position of dignity — quern etiam oh 
 dif/iiitatem^ Flavium appellarunt — and, as Mr. Hodgkin has remarked,- it 
 may have been regarded as to some extent 'putting the seal of Roman 
 legitimacy upon barbaric conquest '. So, Odovacar and Recared the 
 Visigoth had called themselves ' Flavius'. 
 
 As applied to a city, the epithet ' Flavia ' (as in ' Flavia Luca ') may 
 be something more than an ornamental one and may, as Hartmann^ has 
 suggested, have a technical meaning, implying that the city was a ' royal 
 burgh ' under the jurisdiction of the king or his representative, and not 
 under the control of one of the more or less independent Lombard Dukes. 
 
 Gold. The only denomination is the tremissis, weighing,* in the case 
 
 of the imitative coins bearing the names of the Emperors (Justin II to 
 
 Constans II), from 22 grains to a little more than 23 -rxr • r,x 
 
 grains. The small thick tremisses that we have attributed 
 
 ]VE6ta.ls 
 to Perctarit (PI. XIX. 14-25) weigh 23 grains (highest), " 
 
 but among these are some specimens in electrum which weigh less than 
 
 20 grains. 
 
 From the time of Cuniucpert the tremissis (at least so far as specimens 
 
 in the present catalogue suggest) shows a tendency to decline in weight, 
 
 and under Aistulf and Desiderius the coin is of pale gold or electrum. 
 
 Cunincpert, 21-7 grains (highest). 
 
 Aripert II, 204 „ ,, 
 
 Liutprand, 19-5 ., „ (with large spread flans). 
 
 ^ Cp. ' suscepit Agilulf . . . legiani dignitatem ' (the office of king), H. L., iii. 35. 
 ^ Itali/, &c., V. p. 234. So also J. Weise, Italiett tind die Langohardenherrscher, 
 1887, p. 73. 
 
 * Quoted by Kubitschek in Xuniisinatische Zeitschrift (Wien), 1909, p. 46. See also 
 as to 'Flavia ', P. Bordeaux in Rivista Hal. di num., 1908, p. 107. 
 
 * The weights cited are chiefly those of specimens in the British Museum. 
 
Ix 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Ratchis, about 20 grains (Coll. of H.M. the King of Italy). 
 Aistulf, 17-4 grains (pale gold). 
 Desiderius, 17-2 ; 16-6 ; 10-6 (electrum). 
 Quasi-autonomous of Lucca, 21 (highest) (electrum). 
 Silver. The silver coinage — if our attributions are well founded — 
 must have been of some importance in the earlier period of the Lombard 
 kingdom, from Alboin to Agilulf, but, later, was not minted on a large 
 scale. 
 
 In the latter half of the seventh century King Perctarit (672-688) — if 
 the coins in question are correctly assigned — introduced a bracteate-like 
 coinage of low weight (3-4 grains, highest in Brit. Mus.), but his example 
 was not imitated. The silver coins struck by Liutprand are of the ordinary 
 fabric and weigh 8-4 grains (highest). 
 
 The weights of coins in the British Museum are as follows : — 
 
 ' Justinian I ' . . 
 
 CN 
 
 15.8 
 
 grains 
 
 
 J) 5> • • 
 
 1 
 
 11. 
 
 !» 
 
 (highest). 
 
 )) » • • 
 
 -p and "i" 
 
 5-8 
 
 ., 
 
 )) 
 
 ' Justin II ' . . . 
 
 ? 
 
 11-7 
 
 )> 
 
 5' 
 
 ' Tiberius II ' . . 
 
 small M, 
 
 6-1 
 
 ;5 
 
 :> 
 
 ' Maurice Tiberius ' 
 
 CN 
 
 16- 
 
 >) 
 
 )> 
 
 » 
 
 >> 
 
 4.5 
 
 ,, 
 
 (small module).^ 
 
 ' Heraclius ' . . . 
 
 small ^ 
 
 4. 
 
 >5 
 
 (highest). 
 
 'Perctarit' . . . 
 ' Liutnrand ' . . . 
 
 bracteates 
 
 3.4 
 
 8-4 
 
 !5 
 
 J) 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Bronze. It is curious that there are no coins in bronze identifiable as 
 Lombardic. It may be that some of the small bronze pieces that we have 
 referred to in connexion with the Vandals and the Ostrogoths had a circu- 
 lation in the Lombard dominions. But the conjecture could only perhaps 
 be accepted if we obtained evidence of the occurrence of such coins in 
 hoards of gold and silver money of undoubted Lombard origin. 
 
 The whole series of imitative coins (except the small tremisses ascribed 
 to Perctarit) is devoid of mint-marks or bears only the mechanically 
 repeated CO NOB of the Imperial coins. It is natural to suppose 
 that these coins were struck at Pavia (Ticinum), which from 
 the reign of Alboin onwards was the capital of the Lombard kings. ^ 
 
 On the gold coins assigned to Perctarit, Cunincpert, Aripert II, and 
 Ijiutprand, a number of letters occur which might prima facie be regarded 
 as indicating the place of issue, but it is not till the reign of Aistulf 
 (a. d. 749) that the coins are inscribed in full with a mint-name. One type 
 
 ^ There is also a coin marked PK€, Hirsch, Catal., cited infra, p. 129. 
 
 ^ Pavia was not captured till 572 ; any coins issued by Alboin before that date 
 were probably struck at his capital, Verona. Cp. L. Schmidt, Gcsch. der deiitschen 
 Stamme, Berlin, 1910, p. 453. 
 
 I 
 
§ 3. LOMBARDS. :MINTS. § 4. BENEVEXTU]^! Ixi 
 
 of this king's tremisses bears the inscription Flavla Luca, and the tremisses 
 of Desiderius not only bear the name of Lucca and of Pavia but of five 
 other mints : — Milan, Castel Seprio (' Sebrio '), Treviso, Vicenza, and Vercelli. 
 Whether these coins which show such a remarkable resemblance to one 
 another in style and design were struck at the different cities whose names 
 they record, or whether they really emanated from one central mint (Pavia 
 or Lucca), is a difficult point, which can hardly be settled without the minute 
 examination of a large number of specimens. The mention of Lucca on 
 the coins of Aistulf suggests that it had risen to a position of especial 
 importance, and, later, we find it issuing coins of a quasi-autonomous 
 character (p. 150, infra). 
 
 The occurrence of these numerous mint-names on the coins of Desi- 
 derius renders it at least arguable that the letters (already referred to) on 
 the coins of Perctarit, Cunincpert, Aripert II, and Liutprand may likewise 
 indicate the names of mints. These letters are usually, placed in close 
 proximity to the head of the obverse, and are mainly as follows : — 
 
 Perctarit (small tremisses), B, 2, < ; star. 
 
 Cunincpert, B, D, M, V ; hand. 
 
 Aripert II, C, M, S. 
 
 Liutprand, (H or M ?), L, M, N, S, S, T, V ; hand. 
 
 € 
 
 Some of these letters might readily be identified with mints ; thus, 
 
 M, Milan, L, Lucca, S and S, Seprio, T, Ticinum or Treviso, V, Vicenza. 
 
 € 
 But, on the other hand, there are others which cannot be so easily deter- 
 mined : such are B, D, N, and the symbols star and hand. Moreover, the 
 infrequent occurrence of T — supposing it to mean Ticinum (Pavia) — is 
 remarkable. It may also be pointed out that these letters do not stand 
 alone, but are sometimes accompanied by other letters which are engraved 
 on the bust of the obverse. Thus, in the coinage of Liutprand, S before the 
 
 € 
 head is accompanied by A ( = A?) on the bust, T before the head has the 
 same A on the bust, V before the head has L on the bust, the ' hand ' before 
 the head has C on the bust. 
 
 It may be prudent, therefore, at least on the present evidence, to 
 refrain from identifying any of these letters as the initials of mint-places. 
 
 § 4. COIXAGE OF THE DuCHY AND PRINCIPALITY OF BeNEVENTUM. 
 
 Of the four great Lombard duchies (sixth to eighth century a.d.), Bene- 
 
 ventum, Spoletium, Tridentum (Trent), and Forum 
 
 Julii (Friuli), the first only is known to have 
 
 _^„ J • £ J. mi •,• f. Lombard Duchies. 
 
 possessed a coinage oi its own. Ihe position of 
 
 practical independence, in relation to the Lombard kingdom, which was 
 
Ixii INTRODUCTION 
 
 won by the Dukes of Beneventum was, indeed, attained also by Spoletium, 
 and the apparent absence of coins in the latter case is somewhat remark- 
 able.^ If the Dukes of Spoletium ever issued money it was probably 
 imitative of the Imperial coinage and devoid of distinctive letters or 
 symbols such as those which enable us to classify the coins of Beneventum ; 
 and its identification, if practicable, must be left to Italian antiquaries who 
 are in a position to note what coins are found at Spoleto and in its neigli- 
 bourhood. The duchies of Tridentum - and Forum Julii," partly owing to 
 their northerly position, fell more readily under the regal jurisdiction 
 than did Spoletium and Beneventum, the duchies of central and southern 
 Ital}', and the complete absence of coinage in their case is therefore less 
 surprising. 
 
 In this volume, then, we have onlj'' to deal with the coinage of 
 the single duchy of Beneventum, and the present introductory section 
 may be comparatively brief, seeing that numismatists already possess in 
 M. Arthur Sambon's monograph * a sufficient, if not completely exhaustive, 
 survey and description of the Beneventum coinage, arranged in a very 
 well-considered sequence. 
 
 The earliest coins that can be identified with certainty as Beneventan 
 
 are gold solidi and tremisses marked with the letter K, 
 
 which is evidently — ^judging by the analogy of later 
 
 ' coins — the initial of their issuer, Duke Romoald II, who 
 s ear lest ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^.^^ ^p^ -^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 are closely modelled on the money of the Emperor 
 Justinian 11 struck during his first reign, a.d. 685-695.^ 
 
 In the long period that elapsed between the founding of the Bene- 
 ventan duchy (circ. a.d. 571) and the accession of Romoald II (a.d. 706), we 
 may suppose that the currency of the dukes consisted of Imperial coins of 
 the Constantinople, Ravenna, and Roman mints, or of imitations of those 
 coins. There are some grounds for believing ^ that at least as early as the 
 time of Romoald II the Imperial solidi had ceased to have any considerable 
 circulation in the duchy, but it may fairly be asked whether it is possible 
 
 ' See F. and E. Gnecchi, Sagg. di bibliografia num., -p. 368; C. Kunz in Periodico di 
 num. a sfrag., Florence, 1871, pii. 153 f.; Bull, di tuim. e sfiag., Camerino, 1884, vol. ii, 
 pp. 83 f. 
 
 ^ F. and E. Gnecchi, o}). cif., p. 386. During the Frankish invasion, according to 
 Paulus Diaconus, ransom was paid on the Tridentine side at the rate of a solidus per 
 head, the amount in this particular case being 600 solidi (Hodgkin, Ifalg and her Invaders, 
 vi. 32). But there is nothing to show that this was jjaid in a native ducal coinage. 
 
 == Cp. F. and E. Gnecchi. oj). cif., p. 393. 
 
 ■• Recueil des monnaies de Vltalir nieridiotiale. Bi'necent. Published in Le Mtisee for 
 June, 1908, and following parts. 
 
 •' See B. M. C, Imp. Bj/-. Coins. VI. 38. Nos. 13. 14, Constantinople mint, and PI. 39, 
 Nos. 16, 17, Roman mint. 
 
 * Sambon. s.v. Romoald II. 
 
§ 4. BENEVENTUM. EARLY COINS. WEIGHTS Ixiii 
 
 to identify any of the imitative solidi and tremisses which we may well 
 
 suppose that the Dukes of Beneventum — like the Lombard kings and so 
 
 many of the German invaders of the Empire — continued to issue until such 
 
 time as native currencies developed themselves. Sambon has not attempted 
 
 to identify any such imitative pieces, though an identification could 
 
 probably best be made by an Italian numismatist well acquainted with the 
 
 usual provenance of coins. There are, however, a few specimens in the 
 
 British Museum which seem to me to have some claim to be considered 
 
 Beneventan, and these are accordingly described, infra, pp. 189-92, under 
 
 the heading of ' Uncertain Beneventan Coinages '. They bear the names of 
 
 Constans II and Constantine IV, and may be regarded as the imitative 
 
 coinage^ of Grimoald I, Romoald I, Grimoald II, and Gisulf I, i.e. the 
 
 coinage of the period circ, a.d. 660-706. Besides these there is another 
 
 series which closely resembles the Beneventan Coins of Romoald II, namely, 
 
 the solidi and tremisses, which, in the British Museum Catalogue of Imperial 
 
 Byzantine Coins (II, pp. 342-5 ; cp. I, p. xxxii), are grouped together as 
 
 the 'Central and South Italian' coins of Justinian II, first reign, a.d. 
 
 685-695. Taken by themselves, these pieces might well be regarded as 
 
 Beneventan, and as constituting the currency of Grimoald II and Gisulf I, 
 
 the dukes who immediately preceded Romoald II, the first ruler (as we 
 
 have seen) to stamp his money with the initial of his name. On the other 
 
 hand, it must be borne in mind that these Central and South Italian coins 
 
 were issued not only with the name of Justinian II, but also with the 
 
 names of many succeeding Emperors, and that they continued to be minted 
 
 long after the Beneventan rulers (beginning with Romoald II) had adopted 
 
 the practice of stamping their coins with an indication of the ducal name. 
 
 The latei' coins of the Central and South Italian class it is almost impossible 
 
 to attribute to Beneventum (for this attribution would involve the highly 
 
 improbable existence of two concurrent coinages, one quasi-Imperial, the 
 
 other marked as ducal), and it would probably also be hazardous to assign 
 
 the earlier pieces of the same class to the mints of the duchy. 
 
 We may say, then, on the present evidence, that a strictly Beneventan 
 coinage first arose under Romoald II (a. d. 706), but that there is some reason 
 to think that his predecessors, from at least about a.d. 660, issued gold 
 money that was imitative of that of Constans II and Constantine IV. 
 
 The usual denominations are the solidus and tremissis, of gold, or 
 
 purporting to be of gold. No regular silver coinage appears till the reign 
 
 of Grimoald III, when the denarius is introduced ^ . ^. 
 
 „ ^, , „ Denominations 
 
 (a. d. 788-792) under the influence or Charlemagne.^ 
 
 From Romoald II to Grimoald III (circ. 706-806) ^"^ ^^'^ ^' 
 
 well-preserved specimens of the solidus usually weigh rather more than 
 
 ^ Or, rather, probably only a portion of such coinage. 
 
 '^ Small silver coins (weights, 4-8 and 3-7 grains, Brit. Mus. specimens) are somewhat 
 doubtfully attributed (p. 159, infra) to Duke Gregory, a.d. 732-739. With regard to the 
 
Lxiv INTRODUCTION 
 
 60 grains (60 to 62 or 64 <^rains). The tremissis during the same period 
 weighs from 19 to .21 grains. 
 
 In the hiter reigns (Sico, Sicardus, and Radelchis I, circ. A. D. 817-851) 
 the weight of the solidus falls off, and is commonly less than 60 grains. 
 
 The weigiits of the heaviest specimens of the denarius in the British 
 Museum are as follows : — 
 
 Grimoald III. 22-1 grs. (chipped); also about 24' and 21 grs, 
 
 (Sambon). 
 Grimoald IV. 22-1 grs. 
 
 Sico. 19-9 grs. ; about 21 grs. (Sambon). 
 
 Sicardus. 19-2 grs. 
 
 Radelchis I. 18-8 grs. 
 Adelchis. 16-6; 18-3. grs. 
 
 In respect of fineness the denarius is of good alloy, but the (juality 
 of the solidus and tremissis varies much. According to the analyses cited 
 by M. Sambon, the differences of the gold coins are as follows. The 
 coins of Romoald II are 20 carats fine, and those of Gregory from 20 to 
 18 carats. The gold of the three succeeding dukes — Gottschalk, Gisulf II, 
 and Liutprand — is of 18 carats. The coins of Arichis II (a. d. 758-787) 
 are also, at first, of 18 carats, but later in his reign only of 13i carats, 
 The coins of his successor Grimoald III are of 12 carats. Those of Sico, 
 though in a few cases apparently of fairly good gold, are on the whole 
 much alloyed either with silver or copper.^ Finallj^ under Sico's imme- 
 diate successors, Sicardus and Radelchis I, the coins fall to 10 carats fine ; 
 and in the reign of Adelchis the gold coinage disappears and the currencj" 
 consists solely of denarii. A similar tendency to lower the fineness of the 
 gold may be observed in the latest coinages of the Lombard kings. 
 
 Compared with the Byzantine solidus (at least with the specimens of 
 it that were struck at Constantinople) the Beneventan solidus was greatly 
 inferior not only in fineness but also in weight, and was, apparently, less 
 than half the value of the Imperial coin.'- The weight of the B3'zantine 
 solidus was always (at Constantinople) more than 60 grains, and the 
 heaviest extant specimens usuall}^ weigh 68-70 grains.^ 
 
 The duchy (afterwards, from 774, the principality) of Beneventum, 
 
 founded about 571 by Duke Zotto, soon acquired the geographical extent 
 
 that it maintained for several centuries, and may be described, 
 
 ' ' approximately, as including the old pi'ovinces of Samnium, 
 
 exchange value of the denarius, there is evidence in the time of Grimoald IV, a. d. 816, 
 that 18 denarii went to the solidus (Sambon, p. 16). About the end of this (ninth) 
 century, 48 denarii were reckoned as equivalent to the solidus. 
 
 ^ We have already noted that from Sico's reign onwards the weight of the solidus is 
 somewhat lower than in the earlier period. 
 
 '^ See Sambon, p. 10 and p. 16. 
 
 ^ Brit. Mus. Cat. Imp. Byz. Coins, p. Ixxiv. 
 
§ 4. BENEVENTUM. TYPES, «S:c. Ixv 
 
 Apulia, Campania, Lucania, and Bruttii.^ It was at all times bound only 
 by a slender tie to the Lombard and the Frankish kings, and its rulers 
 made war or peace with Pope and eastern emperor on their own initiative. 
 More especially were they in touch w^ith Byzantium ; and the Lombards 
 of Beneventum may be said to have served as intermediaries between the 
 Carolingian and Byzantine civilizations.- 
 
 We have already seen that the initiation of a distinctive Beneventan 
 coinage did not take place till the time of Romoald II (706-731), and 
 even his solidus is a close imitation of the solidus of the 
 Emperor Justinian II, displaying on the obv. both the 
 bust and name of this emperor, and on the Q^ev. a cross potent on steps 
 and the legend VictoHa Aug. The tremissis is very similar. In this 
 reign (as in later reigns) the name of the Beneventan issuer is indicated 
 only by its initial letter. These are neatly executed coins (PI. XXI. 5-15), 
 but they already display the peculiar style that is characteristic of the 
 Beneventan money — rough, high relief, and an arid and angular delinea- 
 tion of the bust. 
 
 Under Audelais, Gregorius, and Gottschalk the Successors of 
 types of these gold coins remain unchanged. Romoald II. 
 
 The types of Gisulf II (a. d. 742-751) are also 
 similar, but in his second coinage the Imperial bust holds the mappa in 
 addition to the globus cruciger. The money of Liutprand (751-758) is 
 like Gisulf's. In the early part of his reign his mother Scauniperga 
 was regent, and the coins of that period are marked with the letters S 
 and L. 
 
 The reign of Arichis II (a. d. 758-787), who became duke in 758, and 
 who in 774 assumed the title of prince, is in several ways important. He 
 was a brave and capable man, of considerable literary . • i,- 
 culture,^ and he embellished the city of Beneventum and 
 built there the church of St. Sophia and the monastery. He forced 
 Naples to pay tribute, fortified Salerno, and made it his second capital. 
 When the Lombard kingdom fell in 774 at the hands of Charlemagne, 
 he had the courage to hold his own, nor was the Beneventan duchy ever 
 actually incorporated witli the dominions of the Carlings.^ 
 
 His coinage is abundant and, though in the course of his reign it fell 
 in respect of fineness from 18 to 13^ carats, was in request long after his 
 death ; e. g. the later contracts specify payments in trimissi ex monetis 
 domni Arechis.^ 
 
 ^ Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, vi, p. 75, 
 ^ Gay, Vltalie meridionale et VEmpire bi/zantin, p. 47. 
 ^ Hodgkin, Itali/, &c., viii, p. 60. 
 
 * Bury, Hist, of later Roman Empire, ii, p. 514. Charlemagne, however, in 787 
 prepared to invade Beneventan territory and Arichis promised submission. 
 ° Sambon, op. cit., p. 11. 
 
 i 
 
Ixvi INTRODUCTION 
 
 M. Sambon discerns in the style of his coins ' une facile elegance'. 
 Elegance must here, indeed, be regarded as a somewhat relative term, 
 though no doubt the coins are carefully executed and their prominent 
 relief is not ineffective. No. 4 in our Catalogue (second coinage ; PL XXII. 
 10) is a favourable specimen. His earliest pieces are similar to those of 
 Gisulf II, but in his second period he removes from them the name of 
 Justinian II which had continued to form the obverse legend of the 
 Beneventan coins ever since the time of Romoald II, and which had 
 dwindled down to the almost unintelligible DNIVNPP or DN— VNPP. 
 This he replaced by the inscription DNS VICTORIA (Dominus victoriam 
 (led ?), a pious but neutral selection, as if he were unwilling to place on 
 his coins either the name of an emperor or his own. Meanwhile, the 
 conventional Victoria August, continued to constitute the reverse legend 
 till the year (774) in which Arichis assumed the title of Princeps, when 
 Victoria Frinpi was substituted. 
 
 In the matter of portraiture the coins of Arichis and also those of 
 his successors are entirely disappointing. In fact, a single head of a rather 
 
 ruflBanly appearance does duty for each successive 
 . prince. This head, as it first appears under 
 
 Arichis II, is to some extent distinguishable from 
 that on the coins of his predecessor Liutprand, but the difference is not 
 sufficient to authorize the belief that the Arichis head has any claim to 
 be a true portrait of the issuer; and with regard to the head on Liut- 
 prand's coins it is clearly developed from the head on the coins of 
 Romoald II, which (as the inscription testifies) was a representation of 
 Justinian II. Strictly, then, the only portrait found throughout the 
 whole Beneventan coinage is that of a single Byzantine emperor, slightly 
 varied during a long course of years. 
 
 Grimoald III (788-806), the next prince, was, like his father Arichis II, 
 brought into close connexion with Charlemagne. Grimoald was recognized 
 _ . . , .^j by the Frankish king as the legitimate successor of 
 Arichis on the conditions that he inscribed Charle- 
 magne's name on the Beneventan coinage ^ and paid an annual tribute 
 of 7,000 solidi. The gold coins of Grimoald — at least in the first period 
 of coinage (788-792) — accordinglj^ bear the name of Dominus Carolus rex 
 on their reverse, while on the obverse is the name Grlmvald,'-^ with the 
 title of dux (PI. XXIIl. 1). Even this title is sometimes omitted, and we 
 may gather that Grimoald was not permitted by his arrangement with 
 Charlemagne to take the title of princeps. 
 
 * Erchempei't, 5, quoted by Sambon, p. 14 ; cp.the passage in Erchempert, 4 ; p. 236, 
 in Mou. Germ, script, rerum Laiigobard., quoted by Prou, Monn. Carl., p. Ixxviii. 
 
 ^ Previous to this reign the name of the Beneventan ruler had been indicated by 
 an initial only. 
 
§ 4. BENEVENTUM. GRIMOALD IV, &c. Ixvii 
 
 Grimoald also introduced a silver coinage,^ which naturally took the 
 form of a Carolingian denarius, with his own name on one side and that 
 of Charlemagne on the other, both in monogram (PI. XXIII. 6). 
 
 Later in his reign, however (792-806), Grimoald discovers some of the 
 independent spirit of his father Arichis by repudiating the Frankish 
 suzerainty and marrying a niece of the Emperor Constantine VI. And 
 the coins of this period display his sole name accompanied b}' the title of 
 princeps. His denarius has his name in monogram on the ohv. , and on the 
 rev. a cross between A and U) and the word BENEBENTV which had not 
 till now appeared on the coins. - 
 
 Grimoald IV (806-817) is not known to have issued gold coins. His 
 denarius has a new type, apparentl}- a stylized representation of an ear 
 of corn and ivy-leaves; on the reverse, a star and the 
 words Archangelus Michael. He calls himself on the Grimoald IV. 
 coins Grimoald Filius Ermenrih, without any title. 
 
 Sico (817-832) styles himself on his coins Sico princeps. On his 
 solidus he places a full-length figure of St. Michael, perhaps suggested by 
 the Archangdus Michael inscription on the denarius of his 
 predecessor. A figure of St. Michael had long before formed 
 the distinctive type of the coinage of the Lombard kings, for the warrior 
 archangel was believed to have led the Lombard arms to victory when 
 Italy was invaded, and the grotto of Mount Garganus, where the Saint had 
 manifested himself, was a Lombard sanctuary.^ 
 
 The money of Sicardus (832-839) is substantially like that of his 
 father Sico, but on the reverse of the solidus he substitutes for the figure 
 of the archangel a cross potent on steps, a change perhaps 
 due to commercial considerations, the cross being a much 
 older and more familiar Beneventan coin-type. Sicardus made efforts 
 to extend the commerce of the principality, and his coinage is abundant ; 
 but ever since the death of Arichis II the gastalcli, with their strong 
 castles and armed adherents, had been growing more powerful; the 
 state lacked cohesion, and after the death of Sicardus its disintegration 
 begins. 
 
 The solidus" of the next prince, Radelchis I (839-851), is of the same 
 
 ^ The only previous silver coins were the small pieces rather doubtfully attributed 
 to Duke Gregory, p. 159, infra. 
 
 ^ But on the gold coins CONOB had been engraved in such away that the letter B 
 
 PRINCIP 
 was prominent and separated from the rest of the word ; thus, C B, and it is not 
 
 unlikely that the B was intended to signify Beneventum. 
 
 ' Cp. Gray, Ultalie merid., p. 147, who quotes from the beginning of the Chron. 
 S. Bened. {Script. R. L., p. 467): ' Horum princeps militia celestis exercitus Michahel 
 extitit archangelus . . . Graecorum Romanorumque Langobardi gentes superantes, 
 totam simul Beneventi possiderunt patriam.' 
 
Ixviii INTRODUCTION 
 
 type as that of Sicardus,^ but for one of the three types of his denarius 
 
 he revives the designs of Grimoald IV (the stylized ear 
 
 ' of corn ; rev. cross radiate). Under Radelcliis, the gold 
 and Siconolf. . , , n j p •- ^ 
 
 coinage — by courtesy so called, tor it was now only 
 
 10 carats fine — comes to an end. 
 
 Nearly the whole of his reign was occupied by a contest with 
 Siconolf, the brother of Sicardus — Radelchis employing the services of 
 a band of Saracens, and his rival a band of Moors. Finally, Siconolf 
 renounced the title of ' Prince of Beneventum ', and contented himself with 
 that of Prince of Salerno. It may be noted that the denarii struck by 
 Siconolf at Salerno all bear the title of Prince of Beneventum, and are 
 closely modelled (as is also his solidus) upon the Beneventan coins, 
 especially those of his brother Sicardus.^ 
 
 Salerno had been occupied by the rulers of Beneventum in the first 
 half of the eighth century, but since the year 839, when Siconolf was 
 proclaimed its prince, it was lost to the Beneventan state, and we now 
 find the Princes of Salerno and the Counts of Capua beginning to take 
 the leading part among the Lombards of South Italy. "^ 
 
 The coins of Adelchis (853-878) and those of his successors are of 
 
 silver only (denarii), yet evidently the gold coins of earlier princes con- 
 
 tinned in circulation, for in the reign of Adelchis, or 
 
 Adelchis . 
 
 ' a little earlier, the Salerno contracts mention the ' old ' 
 
 solidi of Sicardus and even the ' good ' tremisses of 
 
 Arichis II. 
 
 On the denarii of Adelchis the cross is the chief device, and in some 
 instances the words Sancta Maria and Arhangelu' Mih. are inscribed. 
 In the period between 866 and 871 the name of Adelchis appears on the 
 coins in conjunction with that of the Emperor Louis II, who had obtained 
 at Beneventum the submission of Adelchis, and the coinage, to this extent, 
 recalls the days of Grimoald III and Charlemagne."* 
 
 The denarii of Gaideris, Radelchis II (first reign), and Aio (i. e. from 
 A. D. 878 to 890) bear monogrammatic devices. 
 
 In 891 Beneventum was captured by the Greeks. It then "fell into 
 the hands of Guy of Spoleto and of Prince Guaimar of Salerno. In 897 
 Radelchis II was restored, but was expelled in 899, and the Beneventans 
 acknowledged Atenolf, Lord of Capua, as their prince (a. d. 900-910). 
 
 ^ The legend of the rev. is, however, changed by Radelchis from the Victor. Princi of 
 Sicardus to Archange. Michael, which may have been suggested by the legend on the 
 denarius of Sicardus. 
 
 '^ For a description of the coins of Salerno see Sambon, op. cit., pp. 33 f. 
 
 ' Gay, Ultalie merid., p. 62. 
 
 * For a coin which appears to bear the name of Pope John VIII in conjunction with 
 that of Adelchis see Sambon, No. 88, and cp. p. 186, infra. 
 
§ 5. THESSALONICA. EMPERORS Ixix 
 
 § 5. Coinage of the Empire of Thessalonica. 
 A.D. 1222-1243 (1246). 
 
 The Prankish kingdom of Salonika, which had been founded by 
 Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, after the fall of Constantinople in 1204, 
 was conquered from his successor Demetrius (1207-1222) by Theodore 
 Angelus Comnenus Ducas, the despot of Epirus. 
 
 Theodore, in 1222,^ caused himself to be crowned ' Emperor ', assumed 
 the gorgeous Imperial dress and held his Imperial court at his capital 
 Thessalonica, But this western 'Empire' mTTTi.n-nm?i? ATtfrirTTm 
 did not stand alone, for there had already ' 
 
 • ^ 1 • A • Af • xu ^ i / 1222-1230. 
 
 existed ni Asia Minor, since the catastrophe 
 
 of 1204, an Empire of Nicaea and an Empire of Tiebizond. Thus, in the 
 
 year 1222 there were three rulers, each claiming to be the lawful ' Emperor 
 
 of the Romans '. Of these, the Nicaean Emperor, the able and ambitious 
 
 John I (' III ') Vatatzes, who was bent on restoring the unity of the Greeks 
 
 under his sceptre,^ soon came into conflict with Theodore Angelus, whose 
 
 Empire of Thessalonica extended from the shores of the Adriatic to the 
 
 Black Sea. Theodore might have held his own had he not become 
 
 involved in war with the powerful Tsar of Bulgaria, John Asan, by 
 
 whom, in 1230, he was defeated and made prisoner. 
 
 Theodore's title of emperor was taken by his brother Manuel Angelus, 
 who ruled over the remnant of the Empire that the Bulgarians had not 
 appropriated. But after a short reign Manuel jj^jj^EL ANGELUS, 
 was ousted (1232) by Theodore, who had now ioqo 
 
 been released from captivity. 
 
 Theodore, who had been blinded by the Tsar, set up as emperor his 
 son John Angelus, who ruled till 1243, when 
 
 he was compelled by the Nicaean Emperor, JOHN ANGELUS, 
 John I ('III') Vatatzes, to relinquish the Emperor, 1232-1243. 
 Imperial title, though he retained till his Despot of Thessalonica, 
 death in 1244 the position of ruler of the 1244. 
 
 city of Thessalonica. 
 
 Demetrius, brother of John Angelus, likewise ruled the city for 
 a short period, but in 1246 he was removed •mnvriTTRIUS 
 
 by John I Vatatzes, who then incorporated _ ^ „ „, i ' •„„ 
 "^ . • • rni Despot of Thessalonica, 
 
 all that remained of the Empire of Thessa- ^oAA 194ft 
 
 lonica with his own Empire of Nicaea. 
 
 The numismatic study of the Empires of Thessalonica and Nicaea, 
 
 ' Or in the summer or autumn of a.d. 1223 ? : see B. Z., v, p. 212. 
 - W. Miller, The Latins in the Levant, p. 95. 
 
Ixx INTRODUCTION 
 
 especially of the former, is still in an unsatisfactory condition owing, no 
 doubt, to the comparative difficulty of obtaining specimens 
 of the coins, which, being poorly struck and badly pre- 
 ' served, have been neglected by collectors and coin-dealers ; 
 
 owing, also, to the illegibility of many of the legends (due sometimes, as 
 may be suspected, to deliberate erasures in antiquity) ; to the convention- 
 ality of the types (which, however, at the same time present numerous 
 varieties and combinations), finally to the difficulty of separating the coins 
 from the Imperial issues of Byzantium, and of discriminating the money 
 of different rulers who bore such common names as Theodore and John. 
 Sabatier, in his Monaaies byzaatiiies, made a courageous attempt to 
 describe these coinages, but his descriptions and attributions undoubtedly 
 demand a searching scrutiny. 
 
 Although n<>riii)<mata in gold have by some numismatists been 
 attributed to the Emperors of Thessalonica, and though it appears a i^Horl 
 probable that at least such an aspiring ruler as Theodore would issue 
 coins in the precious metals, it yet seems to be the fact that the only 
 nomismata issued were in silver and bronze. 
 
 Theodore (though not invariably), Manuel, and apparently John,^ 
 engrave on their coins the title Sea-rroTTj^, at that period equivalent to 
 ' Emperor ', and wear the Imperial dress. Their coins, in fact, are hardly 
 to be distinguished, except to some extent in fabric and style, from the 
 issues of Byzantine Emperors. The types are of the usual Byzantine 
 character — representations of the Saviour and the Virgin and of the 
 Archangel Michael. One saint, Demetrius, the martyr of Thessalonica, 
 is given special prominence on the coins of the FIOAIC 06CCAAONIKI,-' 
 yet he also is found on the coins of the Byzantines, Alexius III, Manuel I, 
 and Andronicus III.^ 
 
 § 6. Coinage of the Empire of Nicaea. 
 
 Of the three Greek ' Empires ' which came into existence after the 
 Frankish conquest of Constantinople in 1204, the Nicaean was— at least 
 during the brief period of its existence — the most important. Not only 
 did the city of Nicaea become the refuge of the aristocracy and the 
 higher ecclesiastics, but the state was governed by a succession of 
 
 * There seem to be no coins bearing the name of John and his successor Demetrius 
 as rulers of the city Thessalonica (i.e. after the title of Emperor of Thessalonica had 
 been relinquished in 1243). But the anonymous pieces with sacred types, described 
 p. 202, infra, ' Coinage of Thessalonica ? ' may possibly supply the gap in the coinage. 
 
 '^ This inscr. occurs on No. 2 of Manuel, infra, p. 198. 
 
 ^ See B. M. C. Imp. Bi/z. Coiun, Index III, under *St. Demetrius', and the note, 
 p. 573. 
 
§ 6. NICAEA. THEODORE I. JOHN I Ixxi 
 
 singularly able and upright rulers, who kept in view as a grand and 
 
 definite object the recovery of the lost Empire. 
 
 The first of these rulers, Theodore I Lascaris, was successful in his 
 
 encounters with the Latins and the Seljuks, and practically united the 
 
 whole of western Asia Minor under his sceptre. 
 
 He doubtless inaugurated the Nicaean gold 
 
 , • 1 J- 1 J 1 . Lascaris, 1204, 
 
 coinage, which was continued under his sue- , ' 
 
 T 1 . 1 i. 1 xi • • (crowned 1206)-1222. 
 
 cessors. in design and style this coinage is ' 
 
 conventional and dry, and better examples of Nicaean coin-engraving are 
 
 to be found on the silver and bronze nomismata. But the existence of 
 
 a coinage in gold points to the commercial importance 
 
 of Nicaea as compared (at that period) with Trebizond 
 
 and Thessalonica. The gold nomisma of Theodore I 
 
 happens to be very rare, and is not represented in the British Museum. 
 
 The gold nomismata of John I weigh from 69 to 73-3 grains (Brit. Mus.), 
 
 and two nomismata of Theodore II (Brit. Mus.) weigh 65-8 and 66-3 grains. 
 
 The extant gold coins of Theodore II and many of those of John I are 
 
 considerably alloyed, and we know from Pachymeres that John I issued 
 
 coin of which only two parts were of pure gold and the remaining third 
 
 alloy. ^ 
 
 On his gold coins, Theodore I — if the attribution is correct — takes the 
 
 title of Porphyrogenitus, though his only connexion with the Imperial 
 
 house was through his marriage with a daughter of 
 
 Alexius III. On his other coins he usually inscribes ', ' 
 
 7Ii6odor6 I 
 the title desjwtes. On his silver and bronze coins he 
 
 places himself under the protection of his namesake St. Theodore, a saint 
 found also on a seal that is probably his.'^ His coins are of careless 
 execution, with the exception of the silver nomisma, PI. XXVIII. 1-3." 
 
 John I Ducas Vatatzes, the second Emperor of Nicaea, had high 
 qualities both as statesman and general.* He was strict in the administra- 
 tion of justice, a financial reformer, and a pro- totttv t {^ ttt >\ 
 
 moter of agriculture and commerce. His long ^ .,,- . ^ 
 
 " 1 • (• 1 Ducas Vatatzes, 
 
 reisrn witnessed the further weakening oi the ,„„„ ^^,„-. 
 
 T f • A ^u ' ^- r tOAa\ V 1222-30 Oct. 1254. 
 
 Latin power and the incorporation (in 124d) or 
 
 the rival Empire of Thessalonica with his own, and the submission (in 
 1354) of Michael of Epirus, the last independent despot of the Greeks. 
 
 On his gold coinage, which is particularly abundant, John I takes the 
 title Porphyrogenitus, though he was not even the son, but only the son- 
 in-law, of his predecessor Theodore I. That he put forward pretensions 
 
 ^ Cp. Finlay, Hist. Greece, iii. 320. 
 "^ See note, p. 207, infra. 
 
 ^ Weight of silver nomisma. Theodore I, 68 grains (Paris) ; John I, 50-7 grains 
 (highest, Brit. Mus.) ; Theodore II, 49-2 grains (highest, Brit. Mus.). 
 ' Cp. Heiseaberg in B. Z., xiv, 1905, pp. 160 f. 
 
Ixxii INTRODUCTION 
 
 to royal descent may be judged from the inscription on a seal which is 
 with probability attributed to him ^ :— C<t>PAriC C€BACTOV IUJANN5 
 T5 A»KA PIZAN PGNOVC eXONTOC eK BACIAeUJN. 
 
 The silver nomismata ot" John I (PI. XXX. 1-4) are of a curious 
 bracteate-like fabric, and the designs are of good work for the period and 
 rich in appearance. St. Demetrius and St. George and a Seraph (head) 
 are represented on his coins,- and on the silver he is crowned either by 
 the Christ of Chalce (PI. XXX. 2-5) or by St. Constantine (PL XXX. 1). 
 This last-named saint is not elsewhere commemorated on the Nicaean 
 coins, and on the Imperial Byzantine coinage perhaps only occurs under 
 Alexius III. It may be legitimate, therefore, to find some special signiti- 
 cance in John's selection of this type. Now, John I (as has been men- 
 tioned) was not the son, but the son-in-law of his predecessor, and 
 Theodore I had left behind a young son named Constantine.^ Nothing 
 is known of the fate of this boy or in what way he was set aside by 
 John. Possibly for a time John affected to rule as regent, and the type 
 of the Emperor John crowned by St. Constantine may have been intended 
 to suggest that John ruled with the benediction and approval of the 
 patron saint of the young Constantine. 
 
 It may be noted that John I established the royal residence at 
 Nymphaion, a town between Smyrna and Sardis at the foot of Mount 
 Sip3'los, and had his royal treasury — which he kept well filled — at 
 Magnesia."* But as the city of Nicaea continued to be the seat of the 
 government and of the Patriarch, we may assume that it was there that 
 the coins of the Nicaean Emperors were minted. 
 
 Theodore II, a brave and able man, interested both as author and 
 
 patron in literature and philosophy, laboured during his short reign for 
 
 mTT-nii-k-rki-vTj-ci tt ^^^ happiness of his people, and was a true 'roi 
 
 . philosophe . ' 
 
 A 1 Ko ^^ ^^^^ coins he calls himself Theodore Lascaris, 
 
 Theodore Ducas, and Theodore Ducas Lascaris.'' He 
 
 takes the title despotes, but discontinues the Porphj'^rogenitus epithet 
 
 employed by his father, John I. 
 
 His most distinctive coin-type is a figure of Tryphon, the patron saint 
 of Nicaea, and one to whom he had especially displayed his devotion. 
 
 John II Lascaris, the young son of Theodore II, was soon ousted by 
 
 ^ Schlumberger, Sigillot/r., pp. 42S, 429. 
 
 ^ He strikes small bronze coins in addition to the scyphate bronze nomismata. 
 
 ' Meliaraki, 'lor. tov ^aa: ttjs UiKaias, p. 132. 
 
 * His successor, Theodore II, amassed a treasure at the forti-ess of Astytzion. J. B. 
 Pappadopoulos, Theodore II Lascaris. Paris, 1908, p. 88. 
 
 ° J. B. Pappadopoulos, oj). cif., p. 138. 
 
 * His funeral oration on Frederick II is headed : Qeodapov £^ovk(i tov AdaKapi, roi 
 vlov TOV i\l/T]\oTiiTov /3a(rtXeci)s Kvpov 'luuvvov tov AoOko. (Pappadopoulos, Oj). cif., p. 183.) 
 
§ 7. DESPOTS OF EPIRUS Ixxiii 
 
 the ambitious Michael (VIII) Palaeologus. Michael was proclaimed joint- 
 Emperor in Jan. 1260, and from thenceforth ,, , , 
 r ^^ ^ ^ i t i JOHN II ('IV') 
 was practically sole ruler ; nor does J ohn appear ^ 
 , , ^ . 1 . ^^ Lascaris, 1258-1259. 
 to have issued coins. 
 
 rru 1 r 1. 1 1 Ar- 1 1 • ^1 MICHAEL VIII 
 
 Ihe large sums disbursed by Michael in the 
 
 way of donations, bribes, and rewards render it ' 
 
 1-1 1 ^1, i. 1 • 1 11 • i- X XT- Jan. 1260-Aug. 1261. 
 
 likely that he issued gold nomismata at JNicaea, 
 
 and, if so, they are probably to be found in the coins with rev. Virgin 
 
 enthroned, which are usually regarded by numismatists as forming part 
 
 of the coinage that he issued at Constantinople subsequent to his recovery 
 
 of the capital.^ Yet he may have dispensed with the issue of gold coins 
 
 bearing his own name and have utilized the older nomismata which he 
 
 found among the treasures amassed by John I and Theodore II. One 
 
 less important denomination — the bronze nomisma — was certainly issued 
 
 by Michael as Nicaean Emperor, the type being St. Tryphon, as on coins 
 
 of the preceding emperor. 
 
 On 15 Aug. 1261 Michael was crowned in Constantinople, and the 
 
 brief, but not ignoble or valueless, existence of the Nicaean ' Empire ' was 
 
 merged in the larger life of the restored Empire of Byzantium. 
 
 § 7. Coinage of the Despots of Epirus. 
 
 There are no coins of these rulers in the British Museum, and 
 specimens seem to be very rare and of more or less doubtful attribution. 
 
 The founder of the despotat was Michael I Angelus Comnenus Ducas, 
 a prince of the Imperial family, who established himself, soon after the 
 great upheaval of the Empire in 1204, in territory that ■lurTr'TTA-PT 
 had not been appropriated by the Latins. Two bronze 
 iioniisiiuita {Ivfra, p. 226) have been attributed to 
 him, but of his brother and successor, Theodore Angelus Comnenus, no 
 coins are known, at any rate in his capacity THEODORE ANGELUS, 
 of despot, for he struck money on becoming 
 Emperor of Thessalonica (1222-1230).'- 
 
 Coins are equally wanting, or rather, perhaps, have not been recognized 
 by numismatists, for the reigns of Manuel, Michael II, Nicephorus I, and 
 Thomas Angelus (i. e. the period from 1230 to 1310). 
 
 Under the succeeding rulers of the house of Orsini deniers touriiois 
 were struck at Arta ; and descriptions of these are given in Schlum- 
 berger's Nitin. de VOrlent ltd., pp. 374 f. 
 
 Some seals of the earlier despots of Epirus are described in Schlum- 
 berger's Sigillographie, pp. 426 f. 
 
 * See infra, p. 224. ^ See supra, p. Ixix. 
 
 k 
 
Ixxiv 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 JOHN I 
 
 Angelus Comnenus, 
 
 1271-1296. 
 
 § 8. Coinage of the Duchy of Neopatras (Great Vlakia). 
 
 On the death of Michael II, despot of Epirus, his hastard son, John I 
 Angehis, established himself at Neopatras (La Patre) and ruled over 
 
 Great Vlakia, with Olympus as his northern and 
 Parnassus as his southern boundary ; his territory 
 including Thessaly and much of the old Lokris 
 Ozolis, running down on the east of Parnassus 
 to the Corinthian Gulf.^ 
 
 The title of Sebastocrator was conferred on John I, and he appears 
 to have been the issuer of bronze nomismata (described Infra, pp. 227, 228). 
 
 Of his successor Constantine An- 
 
 CONSTANTINE ANGELUS, gelus no coins are known. The third 
 
 1296-1303. duke, John II Angelus Comnenus, 
 
 JOHN II ANGELUS struck deniers toumois of the French 
 
 COMNENUS, 1303-1318. type inscribed Neopatrle or De la 
 
 Patria. 
 
 § 9. Coinage of the Empire of Trebizond. 
 
 1. The Coinage and its Arrangement.^ 
 
 The coinage of Trebizond supplies an instance, not very rare in numis- 
 . matics, of a currency of great abundance remaining un- 
 
 known, or practically unknown, to collectors for several 
 centuries. It was not until the 3'ear 1827 that the atten- 
 tion of numismatists was seriously called to these coins, through the modest 
 publication by the Baron de Marchant of a few specimens of the asper. Though 
 Marchant rightly assigned them to the Emperors of Trebizond, another excel- 
 lent numismatist, de Saulcy,^ maintained, because the surname ' Comnenus ' 
 
 ' W. Miller, Latins in the Levant, pp. 132 f. 
 
 ^ The numismatic literature is chiefly as follows : — 
 
 Marchant, Lettres du Baron Marchant, ed. Langlois, 1851, pp. 320 f. 
 
 Pfaffenhoffen, Essai sur les asinrs Comnenats . . . de Trebisonde. Paris, 1847. 
 
 KoEHNE, ' Die Komnenischen Silbermiinzen,' in the Memoires de la Societe d'archeo- 
 loffie et de luttnisniatique de St, Petershoury, vol. iii, 1849, pp. 103 f. 
 
 Sabatier, Description gin. . . . des monn. bi/z., 1862, ii, pp. 306 f. 
 
 Blau, G., 'Trapezunter Komnenaten,' in Berliner Blatter fur Miinz-, Siege?- unJ 
 WappenJiunde. Berlin, vol. iv, 1868. 
 
 0. Retowski, Die MUnzen der Koninenen ron Trapeznnt. Moscow, 1910 (see infra, 
 p. Ixxv). 
 
 ' Essai de classification des . . . inon. hijz., 1836, p. 423. 
 
§ 9. TREBIZOND. ATTRIBUTION OF THE COINS Ixxv 
 
 was inscribed upon them, that the real issuers were the Comnenian Emperors 
 of Byzantium, and that their mint-place was Cherson. Writing in 1849, 
 Koehne still hesitated between the Comneni of Constantinople and their 
 namesakes of Trebizond, and setting forth the two attributions side by side 
 and reign by reign he left the choice between them to his readers. But 
 Koehne, however inconclusive, was able to publish many new varieties of 
 the asper, and he also attempted a graphical reproduction of the legends and 
 symbols — a useful plan which has been adopted in the present Catalogue 
 and without which it would be almost impossible to study the minutiae of 
 the coinage. 
 
 In 1847, that is, about two years before Koehne wrote, there had 
 appeared the Essai sur les asjyres ConuieiuUs of Baron F. de Pfaffenhoffen, 
 in which considerable numbers of these coins were brought together and 
 illustrated. Many specimens have come to light since Pfaffenhoffen wrote, 
 but his book was a very serviceable one ; it suggested some probable attri- 
 butions and had the advantage of being based on the historical researches of 
 Fallmerayer, among which the most important was the discovery of the 
 Trebizond chronicle of Michael Panaretos, which, if in many respects arid 
 and incomplete, yet furnished historians and numismatists with a solid 
 framework of names and dates. 
 
 An account of the Trebizond coinage found a place in the second volume 
 of Sabatier's Descrljtt'ion (1862), but only typical specimens were described, 
 without any attempt at the enumeration of varieties. Sabatier was the first 
 writer to publish many examples of the bronze coinage, though his attribu- 
 tions of these are often open to ([uestion. To these publications may be 
 added an article l)y G. Blau (1868) containing descriptions of the aspers 
 obtained by him during several years' residence in Trebizond. 
 
 The latest and best work is that of O. Retowski, which is based on an 
 examination of a very large number of coins (especially in the Russian 
 collections) and fully illustrated by photographs.^ 
 
 The attribution of the coins to different rulers is rendered difficult by the 
 
 paucity of distinctive types and the absence of distinguishing titles for the 
 
 various Emperors. Thus, coins inscribed ' Alexius ' 
 Attribution of the , , • i , .i <? t^ i i ,,- 
 
 may be claimed by the tour Emperors who bore this 
 
 name, and those inscribed ' Manuel ' and 'John ' may 
 
 belong to three Manuels and four Johns. 
 
 The silver coinage — the bronze will be briefly noticed later on — may 
 
 almost be said to consist of a single type, the Emperor on the obverse, 
 
 ^ Retowski, Die Miinzett tier Komiieneii von Trapesunf. Moscow, 1910. I regret that 
 this monograph did not appear till the Trebizond section of the present Catalogue was 
 finished, the plates having been printed off and the text placed in the printer's hands. 
 I have, however, inserted in my text references wherever practicable and I have been 
 glad in this Introduction — though it had been pieviously written independently — to 
 avail myself of the valuable numismatic material collected by M. Retowski. 
 
Ixxvi INTRODUCTION 
 
 St. Eugenius on the reverse. On the great mass of the coins these figures 
 are represented as standing, facing the spectator, but on a smaller, though 
 not inconsiderable number, the same figures appear seated on horseback. 
 
 There has been general agreement among numismatists that the stand- 
 ing-figure type was the first to be introduced and that it was then superseded 
 by the equestrian type. But Pfaffenhofien, Sabatier, Blau, and others (though 
 not M. Ketowski) who are of this opinion seem to maintain a highly im- 
 probable view when they assign to the latest Emperors of Trebizond coins 
 not of the equestrian but of the standing type. Having regard to the tj'pe 
 alone — and apart from considerations of weight and fabric— it is extremely 
 unlikely that when the equestrian type had become familiar and almost stereo- 
 typed there would have been a reversion to the long-abandoned standing- 
 type. Those coins with standing figures which have been supposed, chiefl\' 
 on account of the rudeness of their style, to be the latest issues of the 
 Empire can equally well, or better, be regarded as foreign issues imitative 
 of the coins of the earlier Emperors, which coins they, in fact, in essential 
 points resemble. Thus, an asper inscribed lULi (John) is not to be assigned 
 to the middle of the fifteenth century and the reign of John IV, but to the 
 latter part of the thirteenth century and the period — or thereabouts — of the 
 reign of John II, when standing figures, not 3'et ousted by equestrian ones, 
 were the customary coin-types. 
 
 From this broad division between standing and equestrian types 
 several attributions seem inevitably to result. Thus, the coins which bear 
 the name ' Alexius ' can none of them be of Alexius I, because in his time, 
 or at any rate in that of his immediate successors, the standing figure was 
 in vogue, and these ' Alexius ' coins are all of the equestrian type. The 
 coins, then, belong, at the earliest, to Alexius II, though some may be 
 assigned to Alexius III and Alexius IV. Similarl}', in the case of coins 
 inscribed with the name ' John ', we are obliged (having fixed the intro- 
 duction of the equestrian type to the reign of Alexius II) to assign such 
 specimens as present standing figures to a period before Alexius II, i. e. to 
 John I and John II, and attribute those which show equestrian tj'pes to the 
 period after Alexius II, i.e. to John III and (as Retowski has shown) to 
 John IV. 
 
 The main outlines of attribution being fixed, it is desirable to group the 
 coins of the different reigns with some regard to the numerous symbols 
 (star, pellet, lis, &c.) and letters which appear in the field. An attempt has 
 been made in this Catalogue to describe these groups with minuteness, but 
 their sequence and the significance of symbol and letter still present various 
 points of difficult}'.^ Something further will be said on this head in 
 section 5 infra. 
 
 The bronze coinage has received comparatively little notice from writers 
 
 ' The recent work of Retowski sets forth all the minutiae with ^reat fullness. 
 
§ 9. TREBIZOND. ALEXIUS I ixxvii 
 
 on Trebizond.^ It was once, probably, sufficiently abundant, and should the 
 attention of coin- collectors be turned more than 
 hitherto in the direction of the subsidiary Byzantine 
 
 series it is likely that not a few specimens will be identified and described. 
 The attribution of some classes of these coins will be found discussed in the 
 text under ' Alexius III ', p. 297, infra, and it may be enough to say that 
 the earliest pieces seem to be those of the largest module, and that, while on 
 the earlier coins only figure-subjects occur — chiefly the Emperor and 
 St. Eugenius — on the latest coins new devices, such as varied forms of the 
 Cross, are employed as reverse-types. 
 
 2. The Emperors and their Coinage.^ 
 
 The founder (in the year a. d. 1204) of the Empire of Trebizond. 
 
 which was soon to become famous for the luxury of its court, the beauty of 
 
 its princesses, and the wealth derived from its unique 
 
 commercial situation, was Alexius I Comnenus, who ' 
 
 assumed and handed on to his successors the title of ' 
 
 -_, _^ , ^, ^ 111 A. D. 1204-1222. 
 
 Mcyay Ko/xvr]i/o9. ihe surname Comnenus belonged 
 
 to him as a grandson of Andronicus I Comnenus, the Bj'zantine Emperor, 
 
 and ' Great ' was a favourite epithet of many princes of that age.^ 
 
 Alexius paid tribute to the Seljuk sultan of Rum (Iconium), but his 
 
 long reign was prosperous commercially. His currency is a mj-stery. It 
 
 would naturally be supposed that it was of a Byzantine character, consisting 
 
 mainly of scyphate nomismata of gold and silver, like the currency of the 
 
 Xicaean Emperors. But of the existence of such pieces there is no trace, 
 
 though the coinage of silver nomismata (clrc, 1238) b}' one of his successors 
 
 (Manuel I) may possibly suggest that it was imitated from a model supplied 
 
 ^ See, however, the descriptions in Retowski's work and his PI. XV. 
 
 - The chief authorities for the history are: — 
 
 Fallmerayer, Geschichte (fes Kaiseiihums ron Trapezunt. Munich, 1827. 
 
 Fallmerayer, Original-Fragmente in AhhamUungen der Kdnigl.-Bayevischen Akade' 
 mie, Hist. Class., vol. iii (1843), pt. 3; also in vol. iv (1844), pt. 2, where the text of the 
 Trebizond Chronicle of Michael Panaretos is printed (cp. Krumbacher, Gesch. hyz. Lit., 
 pp. 393 f.). 
 
 FiNLAY, Historg of Greece: an interesting account of the Empire in vol. iv, 
 pp. 307-427. 
 
 T. E. Evangelides, 'loropia . . . TpairtCovvTos. Odessa, 1898. 
 
 Reference may also be made to Papadopulos-Kerameus, Fovtes historiae Impeni 
 Trapezuniii, i, St. Petersburg, 1897 (cp. Byz. Zeitschrift. vi. 630) ; Millet in Bull. corr. 
 hell, xix, 1895, pp. 419 f. (Churches, &c., of Trebizond) ; Bury's ed. of Gibbon's Decline 
 and Fall, vi. 420, 421 ; W. Fischer, 'Trapezunt und seine Bedeutung in der Geschichte,' 
 in Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Geschichte, Stuttgart, vol. iii (1886), pp. 13-39 ; Heyd, 
 Histoire dn Commerce du Levant. 
 
 ' As to the title of the Trebizond Emperors on the coins see infra, section 4, 
 ' Inscriptions.' 
 
Ixxviii INTRODUCTION 
 
 by Alexius. Tlie institution of the silver asper — the typical currency of 
 Trebizond — is clue, so far as we know, to one of the successors of Alexius.^ 
 During the reign of Andronicus I, Alexius's son-in-law, the little Empire 
 
 on the Black Sea had to submit to the revolt and 
 
 ANDRONICUS I , c tu ■ i i r^\ j -^ u 
 
 loss of Iberia ; but Cherson and its other possessions 
 
 Gidos, 1222-1235. ,,/-.• -• i ^ i i ii i t 
 
 m the Crimea continued to be held, and a not un- 
 favourable treaty was concluded with the Seljuk sultan. There is still no 
 trace of the issue of a coinage. 
 
 Of the three years' reign ^ of John I Axuchos, brother-in-law of 
 
 Andronicus I and eldest son of Alexius I, hardly anything 
 
 ' is known, yet PfafFenhoffen seems right in attributing to 
 
 him some of the many silver pieces that bear the name 
 
 ' John '. He is thus, apparently, the originator of the famous ' Comnenian 
 
 Aspers ' of whose types and value some account will be given in sections 
 
 3 and 4. 
 
 A great and varied mass of aspers (with the standing-figure types) 
 
 bears the name of ' Manuel ', who, as cannot be doubted, was Manuel I, a 
 
 T *^^^' ^^^® John I, of the first Emperor Alexius I. 
 
 ' He continued to satisfy the claims of the Seljuks and 
 
 the Mongols, and his long reign of twenty-five years was 
 
 prosperous. From the fact that Kirmaneoul (i.e.' Kuros ' or ' Kurios ' Manuel) 
 
 became the generic name for money in Georgia,'^ it has been reasonably 
 
 inferred that it was in the reign of Manuel that the silver coins of Trebizond 
 
 became for the first time well known and poj)ular in commerce, and that the 
 
 imitations of this coinage probably circulated in Iberia or other countries 
 
 beyond the limits of the Empire.'* 
 
 ' The bronze noniisma referred to on p. 230, infra, as being attributed by Sabatier 
 (PI. 67, 4) to Alexius I is of uncertain attribution, though doubtless of a Trebizond 
 Emi^eror (Retowski, Komn., p. 186, repeats Sabatier's description but places it under 
 ' Uncertain ' of Trebizond). On p. 230 I have remarked that the repetition of the name 
 of ' Eugenius ' on each side of this coin gives cause to suspect the correctness of Sabatier's 
 reading. Since then I have discovered among some ' uncertain ' coins in the British 
 Museum the actual specimen described and figured by Sabatier. It was acquired by the 
 British Museum of H. Hoffmann of Pans in 1864, 4-8-22 (Retowski's statement, p. 186, 
 that the coin described by Sabatier is now in the Stroganow collection is therefore 
 incorrect) ; it is in very poor condition and the legends are almost entirely illegible : — 
 Ohr. An emperor and the Saviour (?) holding ])atriarchal cross between them ; rev. 
 St. Eugenius (?) standing. 
 
 ^ As to the duration of the reign see Fallnierayer, Oriij. Frag., Fart II, p. 12, note 2, 
 and p. 42, note 3 : ' Six years ' in the MS. of the Chronicle of Panaretos is evidently an 
 error for ' three years '. Evangelides, oj). cit., p. 71, states that John reigned six years, 
 and places the death of .John and the accession of Manuel I in a. d. 1241. 
 
 ^ See text, infra, p. 256. 
 
 ■* The exceptional output of the coinage may perhai)s be partly accounted for by 
 the great increase in the transit-trade of Trebizond, which probably began to take place 
 (after a. d. 1258) in the last years of Manuel I : see infra, p. Ixxx. 
 
§ 9. TREBIZOND. MANUEL I- JOHN II Ixxix 
 
 Yet, though the asper-coinage seems to be specially identified with the 
 reign of Manuel, it is curious to find that he also issued a silver currency of 
 scyphate nomismata, entirely of the conventional Byzantine character 
 (PI. XXXII. 6-10). The attribution of these coins (proposed by Sabatier) can 
 hardly be disputed, and we can only conjecture either that the Emperor was 
 imitating similar nomismata of the founder Alexius I, or that the coinage 
 (in imitation of the nomismata of the Nicaean Empire) was introduced in 
 an experimental way at the beginning of his reign and then abandoned in 
 favour of the aspers, which thenceforward were never superseded. 
 
 In this reign we note the first appearance — or the first certain appear- 
 ance — of a currenc}^ in bronze. 
 
 Manuel I left three sons who became successively Emperors of Trebizond 
 — Andronicus II, George, and John II. 
 
 Of the three-years' reign of Andronicus II no coins exist, and per- 
 haps the enormous currency of Manuel I rendered 
 
 ^ . , *; . ., ANDEONICUS II, 
 
 a new coinagre — at any rate in silver — unneces- ' 
 
 ^ "^ 1263-1266. 
 
 sary. 
 
 But it is much more difficult to account for the entire absence of silver 
 issues during his successor's reign of fourteen years,^ for the reign of George, 
 though troubled by the aspiring and rebellious attitude of 
 the great ' feudal ' lords, was a period of national indepen- ' 
 
 dence : the power of the Seljuks and Mongols was waning, 
 and it was possible to concentrate upon the Turkomans when they attacked 
 the frontiers. 
 
 In the reign of John II, the third son of Manuel I, the Empire Mas no 
 longer in vassalage to the Mongols. The abundance of John's asper- 
 coinage, which is nearly comparable in bulk and variety to 
 his father's, furnishes evidence, even when we remember JOHN II, 
 that John's reign was a long one, of the great commercial 1280-1297. 
 activity of which Trebizond was the centre.^ 
 
 Trebizond had for centuries been famed as a great entrepot to which 
 the Greek and Mussulman merchants resorted, 
 
 to carry from thence, eastward and westward, the Conimercial position 
 products of the world.^ Under the rule of their of Trebizond. 
 
 ^ A scarce bronze coinage is known : see p. 258 infra. 
 
 ^ Many coins, however, that bear the name of John II are more or less barbarous and 
 are no doubt to be regarded not as money of Trebizond itself, but as foreign imitations, 
 struck, probably, in Georgia. Such coins, there is reason to think, were minted — or at 
 least remained in circulation— long subsequent to the thirteenth century: see, especially 
 on these coins, Retowski, Komn., pp. 108-29; cj). our text, infra, p. 272. 
 
 ^ In early Abbasid times (latter half of the eighth century, &c.) goods were brought 
 from Constantinople for sale at Trebizond to Moslem merchants, many of whom 
 permanently resided in the city. Thence, by the hands of Arabs or Armenians the 
 merchandise was carried across the mountains to Malatiyah and other towns on the 
 Euphrates. See G. Le Strange, Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, 1905, p. 136. 
 
Ixxx INTRODUCTION 
 
 Emperors tlie people of Trebizond were not themselves very actively 
 engaged in trade, though they had some products of their own to offer, and 
 silver was obtained from mines in their mountains. But the foreign 
 merchant was always welcome, and the State derived great revenue from 
 the duties that it was able to impose on every kind of commercial trans- 
 action in which the alien trader was permitted to engage.^ 
 
 In the latter half of the thirteenth century a great expansion took 
 place in the transit-trade of the Empire, due, in the first instance, to 
 Hula^ni's destruction of Bagdad in a. d. 1258. Products of the East which 
 hitherto had been carried westward by the Mediterranean were now taken 
 north to the Black Sea'^ and to Trebizond, which thus obtained new 
 opportunities of exacting dues and fresh openings for its own productions. 
 Traders from the West were also attracted to Trebizond, and already in 
 1266-7 we hear of merchants arriving from Marseilles. But the leading 
 merchants and carriers were Italians. During the reign of John II, and at 
 least as early as circ. A. d. 1290, the Genoese appeared upon the scene, and in 
 a few years' time (at the beginning of the fourteenth century) they are 
 found in possession of a quarter of their own and their own tribunal. They 
 were followed by their rivals the Venetians, who about the year 1319 
 obtained a similar footing in the capital.^ 
 
 In the year 1285 John's sister Theodora, the daughter of Manuel I by 
 
 Roussadan, an Iberian princess, making common cause with some of the 
 
 ambitious nobles, was enabled to depose her brother and 
 
 ' to mount the throne. Probably this usurpation did not 
 
 last long (and John certainly regained his crown), but 
 
 we have a witness to it in the issue of an asper of the ordinary character (also 
 
 a bronze nomisma) bearing the name and figure of Theodora (PI. XXXVIII. 
 
 1). This is the only instance of the issue of coin by a Trebizond Empress, 
 
 though in the frescoes of the churches it was usual for the Empress to 
 
 appear beside the Emperor, as, for example, in the Trebizond church of 
 
 St. Gregory of Nyssa, where the figure of John II was accompanied by that 
 
 of his wife Eudocia, daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII. 
 
 Alexius II, the eldest son of John II, proved a firm administrator. He 
 
 defeated a Turkoman force near Kerasunt and resisted the pretensions of 
 
 the Genoese merchants to escape from toll. In this 
 
 reio^n, as we have already noticed, a Venetian merchant- 
 1297—1330. J ' 
 
 colony was established at Trebizond (circ. a. d. 1319). 
 
 Alexius constructed a new wall for the city and repaired the ruins of 
 
 Leontokastron, the fortress contiguous to the land granted to the Genoese. 
 
 A not inconsiderable coinage of aspers may be attributed to this reign, 
 
 ' See further p. Ixxxv, infra. 
 • Heyd, Wist, du commerce, ii. 93 ; cp. p. 68. 
 
 ^ On the Genoese and Venetians at Trebizond see Heyd, Hist, du commerce du 
 Levant, vol. ii, pp. 92-107, 360-5. 
 
§ 9. TREBIZOND. ANDRONICUS III— MICHAEL Ixxxi 
 
 and a new denomination, the half-asper, makes its appearance. It is on these 
 
 aspers and half-aspers that equestrian figures first take the place of the 
 
 standing figures (PI. XXXVIII. 2). It is not easy to conjecture why a change 
 
 was made in such a popular and stereotyped coinage. At the time of his 
 
 accession Alexius II was only fifteen and was under the guardianship of 
 
 Andronicus II, the Byzantine Emperor, who interfered in his most trifling 
 
 actions and who may perhaps have been responsible for the alteration in the 
 
 coinage, if the coinage was issued on the accession of Alexius and before the 
 
 young emperor became independent of Andronicus. Yet the equestrian 
 
 type of St. Eugenius, though new on coins, was probably not unfamiliar to 
 
 the people of Trebizond, for we knoAv that it existed in art at least as early 
 
 as the time of Manuel I, who was represented in a fresco of the monastic 
 
 church of St. Sophia as a standing figure wearing on his breast a medallion 
 
 in which was a figure of St. Eugenius seated on horseback.^ 
 
 To the short reign of Andronicus III a few aspers have been attributed 
 
 (see p. 284, infra) ; of the still shorter reipfn of _ 
 
 i/r 1 TT • 1 13 ^ -ii ^1 ANDRONICUS III, 
 
 Manuel 11 no corns are known. But with the 
 
 accession of Basil, the son of Alexius II and 
 
 brother of Andronicus III, the asper-coinage is MANUEL II, 
 
 renewed, though not in any marked abundance Jan.-Sept. 1332. 
 
 or variety. The Empire was, in fact, once more 
 
 SA.SIX1 
 
 disturbed by the struggles of the provincial nobles ' 
 
 for independence, and,not long after Basil's death, 
 
 by the attacks of the Turkomans, who caused a great conflagration in the 
 
 capital, one incident of which was the total destruction of the Venetian 
 
 quarter (1341).2 
 
 During the reigns of Irene and of Anna, which IRENE. ANNA. 
 
 occupy the period between April 1340 and Sept. 
 
 1342, no new coins would appear to have been issued, and John III, the 
 
 idle and luxurious Emperor who followed, xnTTivr 
 
 minted, so far as can be made out, only „ ,„.„„„' ,^ . 
 '. , -^4 Sept. 1342-3 May 1344. 
 
 money in bronze. 
 
 Michael, father of John III and son of John II, renewed the asper- 
 coinage, but from about this period the importance of the Empire began to 
 decline. The intrigues of the nobles still con- MTrPTATS'T 
 
 tinned, and in a war with the Genoese the „ ,«..,„^ ,„.„ 
 __ ' i. A A i-u f t- V ^»y 1344-13 Dee. 1349. 
 
 Emperor was worsted and the fortress 01 
 
 1 Finlay, Hist, of Greece, iv, p. 340 n. ; p. 434 n. Evangelides, pp. 72, 73. The 
 representation of a horseman, though not found on Imperial Byzantine coins till the 
 very latest period, had been seen on the coins of the Seljuks as early as the twelfth 
 century. A Georgian silver coin (British Museum) of the thirteenth century (1253-1269) 
 also shows a horseman as a type. In the Armenian series a horseman is seen on coins 
 of Hethum and Kay-Kubad I, a. d. 1226-1236 : Langlois, Num. de VArmenie, p. 55, 
 PI. IV. 4. 
 
 ^ Heyd, Hist, du commerce, ii, p. 103. 
 
 1 
 
Ixxxii INTRODUCTION 
 
 Leontokastron was surrendered to them. Finlay has remarked that the 
 Imperial authority in the later days of Trebizond wears rather the aspect 
 of feudal suzerainty, blended with Oriental despotism, than that of the old 
 Byzantine ascendancy of supreme legislator and judge. 
 
 The position did not alter during the early years of Alexius III (son of 
 the former Emperor Basil), who, when only twelve years old, was seated on 
 
 the throne by the faction then dominant. 
 ALEXIUS III, V . ^u T? u 11 
 
 Yet, as the Emperor grew up, he was able, 
 13 Dec. 1340-20 Mar. 1390. ^ , . . f - . fu i • 
 
 at least in part, to restore the predomin- 
 ance of the crown. His long reign of about forty years was, indeed, a 
 kind of renaissance. The Genoese merchants at Trebizond were in possession 
 of their old privileges and of some new ones, and the transit-trade was a 
 source of large revenue to the exchequer. The asper-coinage, though it had 
 now fallen in weight and hardly contained 40 grains, as compared with the 
 45 grains of earlier days, is at least fairly abundant and well struck and 
 displays a number of symbols.^ Its divisions, the half- and quarter-asper, 
 were also coined, and the bronze coinage, though of small module, is 
 abundant and varied in its types. 
 
 There was also, at least in externals; a revival in religion, and Alexius 
 was magnificent in his ecclesiastical donations. In honour of the birthday 
 of St. Eugenius, long the patron of the State, and now specially invoked 
 as the patron of Alexius and his house, he re-established a splendid festival 
 — a Trduwxo? o-Taai? ^— in which banquets, revelry, and sacred rites were 
 strangely blended. 
 
 But, from without, great dangers were now beginning to threaten the 
 
 Empire. First, in the reign of Manuel III (son of Alexius III), the great 
 
 MANUEL III ii^vasion of Asia Minor by the Mongols ; under 
 
 * 1390-1417-^ Alexius IV (son of Manuel III), the onslaught of the 
 
 Turkoman hordes of the Kuyunli (the Black and White 
 
 ' Sheep), and, finally, under Alexius IV and his two 
 
 successors, John IV and David, those attacks of the 
 
 Othmanli Turks which culminated in the overthrow of the Empire. 
 
 For a time the Emperors fairly held their own. Manuel III, by 
 tendering tribute and vassalage, succeeded in diverting the ravages of Timiir. 
 Alexius IV, by the payment of tribute to Yusuf and by the marriage of his 
 daughter to Yiisuf's son, procured temporary relief, till finally, after Yusuf 's 
 death, the Turkoman army dispersed. 
 
 * It ought to be said, however, that some of the aspers of larger module attributed 
 in this Catalogue to Alexius III are assigned, on very reasonable grounds, by Retowski 
 to Alexius II (cp. p. 279, infra). If his view is correct, the asper-coinage of Alexius 111 
 will scarcely deserve the credit of being well struck. 
 
 ^ Fallmerayer, Original-Fragm., Part I, p. 39. 
 
 ' On the date of Manuel's death see Fallmerayer, op. cit., Part II, p. 106. On the 
 date of the death of Alexius IV see Retowski, Komii., p. 179 ; cp. p. 7. 
 
§ 9. TREBIZOND. METALS AND WEIGHTS Ixxxiii 
 
 Nor was the prosperity of Trebizond entirely at an end, though, if 
 we may judge from the coinage, it was already declining. Under both 
 Manuel III and Alexius IV there is no deficiency of silver currency, but 
 considering the length of their respective reigns the coinage is by no means 
 superabundant. Though struck with the old types and with some variety 
 of symbols, it had fallen still lower in weight. The silver coins of these two 
 reigns weigh, in fact, at the highest, only from 20 to 30 grains, and it is 
 doubtful whether they are to be regarded as degenerate aspers, or — the 
 asper being no longer «coined — as half-aspers. The frequent hostilities dur- 
 ing this reign between the Genoese and the people of Trebizond, and their 
 prevalence in various parts of the Empire during the succeeding reign 
 (John IV), cannot have been propitious to the Imperial revenue. 
 
 Under John IV the coinage is confined to an apparently scanty issue of 
 aspers or half-aspers, and David, the last Emperor, is not known to have 
 issued money. In the reign of John, the general of Moham- john IV 
 mad II (the conqueror of Constantinople) attacked Trebizond, ■i44fi_i4co 
 and John was compelled to pay a yearly tribute of 3,000 gold 
 pieces. UnderDavid, in the year 1461, Trebizond was finally ' 
 
 handed over to Mohammad. The nobles and rich landowners l^°°~ "• 
 were compelled to remove to Constantinople, and their estates were con- 
 fiscated. The magnificent palace of the Emperors was occupied by a pacha 
 and the mass of the population enslaved.^ 
 
 3. Metals and Weight. 
 
 There is no trace of a coinage in gold, though such existed in the 
 Empire of Nicaea. The chief denomination is the silver dairpov, which, 
 so far as our evidence indicates, was first struck 
 circa A. D. 1235 (by John I), and thus not until about 
 thirty years after the foundation of the Empire. 
 
 During the thirteenth century, i. e. from John I to the death of 
 John II in 1297, specimens of the asper will be found to weigh well over 
 40 grains, and, as will be seen from the weights of coins (in the British 
 Museum ^) recorded below, the highest weights attained are from 45 to 
 nearly 46 grains : — 
 
 John I (1235-1238). 44-6, 44-9 grains. 
 
 Manuel I (1238-1263). 44-7, 45-6, 45-8. 
 
 John II (1280-1297). 44-9, 45-6. 
 
 Theodora (1285). 44-5. 
 
 * It is worth noting that so late as the year 1460 a new band of Italian traders, the 
 Florentines, had acquired commercial rights in Trebizond, their import dues being fixed 
 at 2 per cent., while they were exempted from dues on export. Heyd, Hist, dn comme>re, 
 ii, p. 362. 
 
 ^ The weights of many other specimens are mentioned in Retowski's Munzen d. Komn. 
 
Ixxxiv INTRODUCTION 
 
 In tlie series of iiide or blundered coins which bear the names of 
 Manuel I and John II, and which were probably not issued within the 
 borders of the Empire, specimens rarely attain the weight of 40 grains, 
 but usually weigh from 30 to about 38 grains. The curious aspers 
 described on pp. 254 f. infra (' Manuel I'), and apparently struck after the 
 death of Manuel I and not within the Empire, all weigh, however, above 
 40 grains (44-3, 46-5, &c.). 
 
 The weights of the later coinage of Trebizond may be tabulated from 
 specimens in the British Museum as follows : — 
 
 Alexius II (1297-1330). Asper. 32-8, 35-5, 36-2, 36-8, 40-5, 41-7, 
 
 42.8. 
 Half-asper. 18-7, 19-6, 22-7, 27-5. 
 Basil (1332-1340). Asper. 30-3, and 18- and 21- (asper or 
 
 half-aspers ?). 
 John III (1342-1344). No silver coinage. 
 Michael (1344-1349). Asper. 25-8, 26- (pierced). 
 Alexius 111(1349-1390). As/Mr. 31-33 grs., 38-2 highest. 
 
 Half-asper. 17-4, 24- (pierced). 
 Qiiarter-as'per. 13-2. 
 Manuel III (1390-1417). Half-asjm^ (or as2>er'l). 14-6, 16-9, 17-5, 
 
 20-5. 
 Alexius IV (1417-1446). Half-asper {or asper 1). 21-, 27-5. 
 From this table it will be seen that with the opening of the fourteenth 
 century (reign of Alexius II) the asper begins to lose weight. The average 
 weights are lower than in the previous century, and the highest weight 
 attained (42-8 grains) has to compare with the 45-46 grains of earlier 
 reigns. 
 
 Under Alexius II the half-asper (highest weight, 27-5) was introduced.^ 
 The scanty coinages of Basil and Michael yield an asper of hardly more 
 than 30 grains ; but in the reign of Alexius III, which nearly covers the 
 latter half of the fourteenth century, there is an apparent revival in the 
 coinage. Even thus the asper does not reach the old level of at least 
 
 ' M. Retowski has no special dissertation in his Mihizen der Komnenen on metrology, 
 but 1 gather from his work (see especially pp. 150, 162) that he recognizes only one 
 denomination in the silver coinage of Trebizond, namely, the asper ; his view being that 
 those coins which are of unusually low weight are not half-aspers but simply aspers 
 struck on a reduced standard, or even perhaps fraudulent imitations of the period. In 
 determining the question a good deal will depend upon the attribution of the coins. 
 Thus, in the case of the coins of Alexius II {infra, pp. 280-3), we have to deal (if our 
 attribution to Alexius II is correct) with both heavy and light specimens which may 
 fairly well be respectively called aspers and half-aspers. But if our attribution of these 
 coins be not admitted, and (on the lines of Retowski's arrangement) we transfer the 
 lighter specimens to a later reign (Alexius III), then the sole denomination of Alexius 11 
 will be the asper, and the light coins transferred to Alexius III may perhaps be called 
 aspers of reduced weight rather than half-aspers. 
 
§ 9. TREBIZOND. ORIGIN OF THE ASPER Ixxxv 
 
 40 grains, for the usual weight of this denomination under Alexius III 
 may be stated as from 31 to 33 grains, while the highest weight attained 
 is 38-2 grains. In this reign we have the half- and the quarter-asper. 
 
 In the reigns of Manuel III and Alexius IV, which carry us forward 
 into the fifteenth century, the silver coinage is of smaller module than 
 hitherto, and it is somewhat doubtful whether these — the last silver — 
 issues of Trebizond are to be regarded as half-aspers, or as the old asper 
 reduced in weight to about 28 grains (highest). 
 
 The name ' asper ' {da-Trpop) was employed in the Levant and the East 
 
 as the designation of various European and Oriental ^ coins struck in 
 
 silver.^ Those issued at Trebizond appear to have -^ . . 
 
 received for distinctiveness (at any rate in the four- 
 
 Aspor. 
 teenth century) the name of ' Comnenians', as appears 
 
 from a passage in a charter of Alexius III '^ : — IIpoaTda-aeL ... 17 ^acriXeia 
 fiov . . . SiSovai kv avTTJ iTrjaico? da-rrpa deoavi^TT] piqrov xapayrjs avrrj^ rd Sr] 
 Xeyofiei'a Ko/xviquara x^'^ia- The genesis (circa 1235 A.D.) of the Trebizond 
 asper is somewhat obscure. As regards fabric and weight this coin is not 
 modelled on the Imperial Byzantine money, and even its types may be pro- 
 nounced original. For the module and flat fabric it might seem likely that 
 the Venetian silver grosao,^ which must have become well known in the 
 Eastern Empire after the Latin conquest of 1204, would furnish a pattern. 
 But it is noticeable that the grosso (clrc. 1235) weighs only about 35 grains, 
 while the earliest aspers weigh from 40 to nearly 46 grains. It seems 
 more likely that the weight of the new asper was suggested, not by the 
 Venetian currency,"' but by the principal silver coin {dirhem) which was 
 issued by the Turks and other Oriental peoples, and which, long before 
 and after this date, maintained a weiglit of about 43 grains.*^ 
 
 ' See e. g. Sauvaire, Matvnaux . . . de la numismutique ef de la metrologie musulmanes 
 (1882), p. 365. 
 
 ^ ".Kcrnpos in Byzantine and modern Greek means ichite. Svoronos {Joum. inteniat. 
 d'ai'ch. num., II, pp. -352 f.) has an ingenious argument in which he contends that "urnpov 
 (as applied e. g. to Imperial Byzantine coins of the eleventh and twelfth centuries) was 
 originally a mere transference into Greek of the Latin word asper, meaning a coin rough 
 to the touch and so unworn and fresh from the mint. Cp. Du Cange, Dissei-t. de inf. 
 aevi Hiimismatihus, § cvi (xcvi), 'aspri.' See also P. Lambros, Monete inedite del Gran 
 Maestri . . . in Bodi, Venice, 1865, pp. 22 f. 
 
 ^ Fallmerayer, Original-Fragm., Part I, p. 90 ; PfaffenhofiFen, p. 72. 
 
 * Called also matapan and silver diicato : B. M. Cat. Imp. Byz. Coins, p. Ixviii. 
 
 ^ On the Imperial Byzantine coinage the influence of the Venetian grosso is first 
 traceable under Michael IX and Andronicus II, a.d. 129.5-1320: B. M. Cat. Imp. Byz. 
 Coins, p. Ixx. 
 
 ® As to the dues paid to the State of Trebizond in the fourteenth century by Italian 
 and other merchants see Fallmerayer, Geschichte, &.C., pp. 319, 320, and Heyd, Hist, du 
 commerce, ii, pp. 102 f. The Venetians on re-exporting merchandise by caravan to the 
 interior of Asia had to pay a tax of 20 aspers for each animal's load. In the case of 
 a sale in Trebizond to purchasers who were not Venetians the vendor had to pay to the 
 
Ixxxvi INTRODUCTION 
 
 In addition to the asper a scyphate coin, the silver nomisma, was 
 struck, perhaps only experimentally, in the reign of 
 Manuel I. A specimen in the British Museum weighs 
 45-7' grains ; another attains 47-8 grains. 
 
 It may be conjectured that the bronze coinage was more abundant 
 than would appear from the comparatively few 
 specimens that have been published. The following 
 table is mainly based on specimens described in the present Catalogue : — 
 John I. No coins identified with certainty. 
 
 Manuel I. Large flan. Size 1-05 inch. Perhaps the bronze 
 nomimna. Brit. Mus. specimen weighs 48-7 grains. 
 George. Size about 1 inch. Bronze no7)ii8niata. 
 
 John II. Scyphate {nomisma). Size 1 inch. Wt. 35 gi-ains 
 
 {rev. Bust of St. John). 
 Theodora. Size about -8 inch (23 millimetres : Retowski, p. 133). 
 Alexius II. Apparentlj'^ no coins known. 
 Basil. Scyphate. Size -7 inch (Sabatier). 
 
 John III. (i) Scyphate. Sizes -8—85 inch. Wt. 41-2 grains, 
 
 (ii) Scyphate. Size -6 inch. Wt. 21-1 grains, (Src. 
 Michael. Sizes •75--55 inch. Usually -75 inch. 
 
 Alexius III. Sizes -8—55 inch. Usually -55 or -6 inch. 
 Manuel III. Sizes -6, -55 inch. 
 
 4. Types and Inscriptions. 
 
 The obverse type is always a figure of the reigning emperor.^ The 
 reverse type, invariably on the aspers and its divisions, and often on the 
 . bronze, relates to St. Eugenius, who was a native of Trebi- 
 
 zond martyred under Diocletian, and who had long been 
 venerated as the patron-saint of the city. In the early days of the Empire, 
 when under Andronicus I, Trebizond was beset by the Seljuk sultan, the 
 city had been saved by the intervention of the saint, whose head was carried 
 b}' the hegoumenos of his convent in solemn procession round the walls. 
 At a later period the festival of St. Eugenius and the buildings dedi- 
 cated to him gained fresh eclat through the munificence of Alexius III. 
 
 government 3 per cent, or sometimes more. If the buyer and seller were both Venetians 
 each had to pay 1] per cent., or 2 per cent, if the article disposed of was sold by weight. 
 Some articles were allowed to be imported by the Venetians duty-free, but if re-exported 
 they had, as we have seen, to pay a duty of 20 aspers. Merchandise brought in by the 
 Venetians from the interior of Asia had to pay 12 aspers an animal's load, and when sold 
 within the Empire itself had to pay 1 per cent, excise duty. In 1314, 15 aspers of 
 Trebizond appear to have been equivalent to 1 hyperpre, i. e. the Byzantine gold voniisma 
 (' bezant '). Heyd, op. cit., ii, p. 103. 
 
 ^ Except on the ' Uncertain Bronze ' described infra, pp. 309 f. 
 
§ 9. TREBIZOND. REVERSE TYPES Ixxxvii 
 
 ' Eugenius ' was one of the commonest personal names in the city ; and 
 a constant theme of the literature of Trebizond is the praise of tov kv 
 Oav/xacrt Tr^pi^orjTov Kal fieydXov Evyivlov. 
 
 On the coins St. Eugenius is represented as a bearded and nimbate 
 figure, clothed in an ample mantle, fastened by a brooch. In his right 
 hand he holds the cross (e. g. PI. XXXIII. 9). He is usually standing facing 
 the spectator, but from about 1297 onwards he appears (at least on the 
 silver money) on horseback. This equestrian figure of the saint, though 
 then an innovation so far as the coinage was concerned, had been known 
 to Trebizond at least as early as the time of Manuel I.^ 
 
 The reverse types that do not bear any relation to St. Eugenius are 
 
 not numerous. On the silver nomitimata issued during part of the reign 
 
 of Manuel I a figure of the Virgin is seen enthroned 
 
 .1 1 T^ .- • /Til vx-x-TT Miscellaneous 
 
 in the manner usual on rJyzantme corns (rl. AAAii. 
 
 6-10). This figure, though without distinctive attri- 
 butes, would probably represent to the people of Trebizond their Virgin 
 ' of the golden head ' — the Panagia Chrysokephalos, whose church was one 
 of the most revered in the empire, and the burial-place of several of its 
 later emperors.^ 
 
 A bronze coin of John II shows an interesting bust of the Baptist — 
 6 7rp68pofjL09 (PL XXXVII. 17), but .the apparent absence of any repre- 
 sentation of the Saviour and of the Virgin (except on the short-lived 
 nomismata just described) is somewhat remarkable. The Emperor George 
 chooses, in addition to St. Eugenius, his namesake St. George for the 
 reverse of his bronze coinage ; but the type usually found on the latest 
 bronze of Trebizond is some variety of the cross : even thus St. Eugenius 
 is not forgotten, for his name is often written in the angles of the cross. 
 One variety, on small bronze coins inscribed with the name ' Alexius ', is 
 noteworthy, as showing the cross planted upon what are evidently the 
 walls of Trebizond, for a gateway and battlements are represented 
 (PI. XL. 15). Interest would be added to this type if we could assign it 
 to Alexius II, who is known to have constructed a new wall for the city ; 
 but on numismatic grounds ^ it is almost certain that the coins on which 
 this type appears were issued by Alexius III, whose successor, Manuel III, 
 repeated it. Alexius III himself may well have repaired or rebuilt the 
 city wall, for he has a name in the liistory of Trebizond as a great builder 
 and restorer of churches and convents. The cross — intended, possibly, for 
 the cross always held by Eugenius — is probably fixed upon the wall in 
 the pious spirit of JYli^l Dominus cicdodlerlt civitatem.* 
 
 A double-headed eagle, displayed, on the coins of Alexius III (PI. XLI. 3), 
 
 ^ See supra, p. Ixxxi. ^ Millet, BitU. corr. hell, xix, pp. 420 f.. 
 
 3 See infra, p. 297. 
 
 * As to the B and SB found as types on some ' Uncertain Bronze ' see infra, p. 310. 
 
Ixxxviii INTRODUCTION 
 
 and an eagle, sometimes with a cross on its head (PL XLII. 5), on the 
 late ' Uncertain Bronze ', are the only remaining reverse types that call 
 for notice. These types, unless possibly they have, like the other reverse 
 types, a religious meaning, may perhaps be explained as the badge or 
 arms of the emperor. Wo know from contemporary paintings that 
 Imperial personages at Trebizond were sometimes represented in robes 
 ornamented with eagles. Thus, the robe of Manuel I displayed two rows of 
 eagles on circular medallions.^ The robes of John II were likewise adorned 
 with single-headed eagles, while those of his wife Eudocia, the daughter 
 of the Byzantine Emperor Michael YIII, were distinguished bj- double- 
 headed eagles.^ The church of the monastery of St. Sophia is ornamented 
 on the fa9ade of the western portico and at the extremity of the great 
 apse by a single-headed eagle, which is interpreted by Millet^ as 'the 
 special emblem of the Comneni of Trebizond '. 
 
 The emperor on the obverse of the silver coins is represented standing, 
 crowned (as had long been usual on the Imperial Byzantine money) by 
 
 the manus Dei. From the time of Alexius II on- 
 Representations i .1 / -i -i • v • 1 
 
 wards, the emperor (on the silver coins) is on norse- 
 
 ' back and the onanus is omitted. The portraiture 
 of the most conventional kind — a bearded head which essentially never 
 changes. It is useless, therefore, to confront the coins with the information 
 that we derive from other sources as to the personal appearance of the 
 different emperors.'* 
 
 The variations in the Imperial costume may be worth attention, but 
 probably not much importance is to be attached to the changes in the 
 objects held by the emperor, except in so far as they enable the numis- 
 matist to differentiate the coins. On the aspers John I appears holding 
 the cross and roll. Manuel I holds the labarum and roll. John II retains 
 the labarum, but holds instead of the roll the globus cruciger. Theodora 
 also holds the globus. Alexius II and the later emperors, who are shown 
 on horseback, hold a sceptre with a head of var}- ing forms which furnishes 
 a useful clue to the arrangement of the coins,^ even if it does not reproduce 
 the form of sceptre in actual use bj^ the different emperors. 
 
 * Finlay, iv, p. 340. 
 
 ^ According to Finlay (iv, p. 348) 'to mark her rank as an imperial princess of the 
 Kast and the West ' (cp. Koehne, ' Vom Doppeladler ' in Berliner BlMterfiir Munz-, Siegel- u. 
 Wappenkunde, vi. p. .5). On these figures see Finlay, iv, pp. 347, 348 ; cp. iv. 373 n. ; 383 n. 
 
 3 Bull, corn hell., xix (1895). p. 428. 
 
 * The appearance of Alexius III is known to us from a description (see Fallmei-ayer, 
 (trig. Frag., Part I, pp. 35 f.), from the illuminated charter of the St. Dionysius Convent, 
 and from the seal thereto attached (Finlay, iv. 383-5; Evangelides, p. 117 n.). For 
 paintings of Manuel I and John II see Finlay, iv. 340 n. and 348 n. 
 
 ' See pp. 278 f., infra. Manuel III is the first emperor to use (on the coins) a sceptre 
 
 with a three-barred cross, i. There is perhaps no special significance in this, but it 
 
§ 9. TREBIZOND. INSCRIPTIONS Ixxxix 
 
 The inscriptions are very simple, being nothing more than identifica- 
 tions of the types. St. Eugenius is always accompanied by his name : — 
 
 O AflOC eVreNIOC; on later coins, usually (a) €Vr€N 
 
 (or abbreviated). The Baptist's title is given in Inscriptions. 
 
 monogram.^ 
 
 The Emperor's name is generally given in an abbreviated form, as 
 iUj = John II, and III; lYIUHA = Manuel I. It is always followed by 
 the surname ' Comnenus ', thus, lUU O KOhNiNOC (John II), H KOhNHN, 
 after the name of Theodora. But this surname is not often written in 
 full. From the lapidary inscriptions, the Chronicle of Panaretos, &c., it 
 is quite certain that the official title of Alexius I and his successors was 
 the ' Great-Comnenus ', 6 /zeyay Kofivrivos'^ Joinville refers to Manuel I, his 
 contemporary, as lequel se falaolt appeller le Grant-Gomnene et Sire de 
 Traffeaontet^. But on the coins /zeya? is never found except on some rare 
 aspers attributed by Retowski (p. 16.'2) to Alexius III. Some numismatists 
 have, indeed, explained a solitary H which occasionally follows the name 
 of the emperor as the initial letter of /x^ya?, but a comparison of a large 
 number of coins makes it practically certain that this letter is merely the 
 broken-down representative of KOMNHNOC, a word which we find 
 abridged as KHN, and even as WN. It may be further noted that there 
 is no trace on the coins of any such style as avroKpaTcop or /Sao-tXei^y, 
 which are known from other sources to have been employed Ijy the 
 emperors. 
 
 The ornamental, if somewhat stiff and square, writing with its 
 
 numerous ligatures — somewhat resembling the Georgian and Armenian 
 
 coin-script — which is characteristic of the insciiptions ^ ^ , ^^ 
 
 . pmi- 1Q-1 11 Forms of letters, 
 
 and manuscripts oi irebizond,'' is hardly seen upon 
 
 the coins. Such ligatures as occur are of an ordinary kind, as ItN=^ MN, 
 
 may be worth noting that this emperor was at the beginning of his reign in possession 
 of a fi-agment of the Cross of Christ which he presented to the monastery ofSumelas, as 
 appears from the inscription on the silver shrine that holds it : — 
 
 'Ej/^hSc KCirat to TpiaoX^iov ^vXop, 
 
 'Ev w 6 Xpiaros I'jyiaae rqv Kriaiv. 
 
 'O 'JLfipavovqX TOv 'AXe^iov yuvos, 
 
 \\0fivr)v6s, lipa^, iv<Te^r]s, avroKparcop, 
 
 'Qs ^latpov ayvov r;) Tlnvayvc^ 7Tpo(T(f)epei. 
 (Quoted, Fallmerayer, Orig. Frag., Part I, p. 57 : the date of the dedication is A.D. 1390.) 
 ^ p. 276, infra. On the inscr. 6 TpmrfCovvTios, identifying St. Eugenius on coins 
 that were probably issued beyond the limits of Trebizond, see pp. 254-6. The epithet 
 is also found, though rarely, even on coins of Trebizond itself (John II : see Retowski, 
 Komn., pp. 79, 80). 
 
 2 See e. g. the titles of Alexius 111 in Evangelides, 'lar. Tpair., pp. 113, 125. Panaretos 
 
 heads his Chronicle : — Ufp'i rav rf)? TpnTi-e^oOi'TOS' ^a(TiX(<ov twv MeydXoiu KopvrjV(ov. 
 
 ' For examples see Fallmerayer, Orlg. Frag., pp. 101 f.; Pfaffenhoifen, PI. XIV-XVII ; 
 Bull co>r. hell, six (1895), p. 424. 
 
 ni 
 
xc INTRODUCTION 
 
 though there are occasional instances of some more closely resembling 
 those of the inscriptions and manuscripts ; such are H = FH (Manuel I, 
 
 p. 239); U^ = re (Manuel I, p. 251); l7 = r€NH (Manuel I, p. 253); 
 
 ■OO^AUJ (Theodora).^ As to individual letters, A is written A, A, or 
 A, A. B is generally B. M is represented Ijy IY1 and W, perhaps indiffer- 
 ently, y or f , found on p. 241, infra, is apparently a form of H. A is 
 sometimes written X/ or /V- (Alexius III). The accent is inserted on some 
 coins of John II in the name Eugenius, which is written €Vr'€NIOC, 
 
 €Vr€'NIOC, and €vfeNIOC. 
 
 5. Symbols and Letters. 
 
 The silver monej^ (not, however, the bronze) is throughout the whole 
 period of coinage marked hy a number of letters and symbols. These 
 signs have been little studied by numismatists, though PfafFenhoffen 
 (p. 79) has suggested that the letters served to indicate mints. Thus, S was 
 ^aa-iXeiov, the palace-mint ; K, Kerasunt ; A, Limnia, a strong fortress where 
 the emperors occasionally resided ; *^, A and K, the fortress Leontokastron. 
 
 For many reasons I believe this view to be untenable. First, as 
 regards B, which is found both on obverse and reverse on the coins of many 
 reigns, it is at least as likely (as suggested infra, p. 310) that it has 
 a religious significance, B0HQ6I, as that it is to be interpreted ^aaiXcLov. 
 K, on the coins of Manuel I, might, if it stood alone, be indicative of 
 Kerasunt, the second cit}^ of the Empire ; but doubts are raised when we 
 find on the coins of the same Emperor Manuel that K is combined with 
 A as KA, a combination which, according to Pfaifenhoften, should mean 
 * Leontokastron ', and further, that one of the coins that has K on its 
 obverse bears A on its reverse, and A, in Pfaffenhofien's view, should mean 
 ' Limnia '.^ Moreover, this K, which first occurs under Manuel I, does not, 
 apparently, reappear till the time of Alexius IV, one of the latest of the 
 emperors. Nor does Pfaffenhofien's list exhaust the series of letters, for 
 an explanation is still required of the N which appears on the earliest 
 coins (those of John I); the 7" — ~ found on coins of Manuel I : the A 
 found on coins of John 11.^ 
 
 * Also "p = T(j, i»fra, p. 255, and Retowski, Komn., p. 22 : cp. -E and a, P- 254, infra, 
 note. 
 
 * This objection to PfaflFenhoffen's view had suggested itself, independently, to 
 M. Retowski, Konnu, p. 19. 
 
 * Nos. 22-8. On one specimen, no. 22, we find •-, which may possibly stand for 
 
 nyios and be a religious ejaculation, as B on various Trebizond coins is conjectured 
 (p. 310) to be. 
 
§ 9. TREBIZOND. SYMBOLS AND LETTERS xci 
 
 Moreover, if all these letters indicate, as Pfaft'enhoffen suggests, the 
 names of mints, we should expect them to correspond to differences of style 
 and fabric ; but though it is easy to separate from the great bulk of the 
 coinage certain series of careless or barbarous workmanship, which are 
 perhaps merely foreign imitations, it is by no means equally easy to 
 detect such differences in style and fabric betw^een, e.g. the K, B, and N 
 series of coins, as would necessarily compel us to assign them to different 
 mints. On the whole, the style and fabric of the coinage of this Empire 
 is remarkably uniform : there may be changes from reign to reign, but at 
 any given time and within the limits of any one reign it is hard, if not 
 impossible, to discover such differences as might seem to arise from the 
 minting of the coins at various centres. The safest hypothesis, then, is 
 that all the coins— at any rate those of silver — were struck in the capital 
 of the Empire.^ These letters and symbols probably, for the most part, 
 belong to the category of secret marks, from which the mint-master could 
 ascertain at what date, under what circumstances, and, perhaps, at what 
 ojfficiua the coins were issued. 
 
 Some analysis of these signs may here be attempted, even if it is 
 impossible to explain their individual significance. First, as to the letters. 
 These are, apparently, to be found chiefly, if not exclusively, in the earliest 
 reigns. Thus, John I has N. Manuel 1 : — E on obv. and rev. ; K on obv. ; 
 K both on obv. and rev. ; KA on obv. ; KA on obv. and A on rev. ; y on obv. ; 
 D = C? on obv.; X (if a letter?) on obv. In the next reign (John II) only 
 
 A (and ^) occurs = AriOC'? (p. xc n., tsuj^ra), but after this, letters — except 
 
 only § on obv. and rev. — are absent from the coinage.- The use of letters, 
 then (excepting B, which is found in nearly every reign), would seem to 
 have been only temporarily in vogue, chiefly during the reign of Manuel I 
 (A.D. 1238-1263). 
 
 In addition to the letters, John 1 and Manuel I made a considerable 
 use of the star and the pellet, so often found in later reigns. Although in 
 some cases the j»;e/Zeit6' seen in the field of the Trebizond coins may be 
 purely decorative, it can hardly be doubted that as a rule they are of the 
 nature of secret or differentiating marks which a numismatist ought not 
 to ignore. On the obverses of Manuel I we find the pellets varying in 
 number from 1 to 9 : on the reverses the number of pellets varies, some- 
 times, though by no means always, repeating the exact number of the 
 
 ^ Cherson, the Crimean possession of Trebizond, may be borne in mind as a possible 
 mint, whether for the silver or the bronze. Specimens of the asper have often come 
 from the Crimea, though this does not prove that they were struck there: see de Saulcy, 
 Essai de class. . . . mon. byz., p. 421 ; Blau, op. cit., p. 155, says that the aspers of 
 Manuel I usually come from the Crimea and Georgia. Retowski procured specimens 
 during his residence in the Crimea (Komn., p. 4). 
 
 ^ K, however, appears under Alexius IV. 
 
xcii INTRODUCTION 
 
 pellets found on the obv.^ The dari< on the obverses of Manuel I are 
 from 1 to 4 in number : — 
 
 4 stars on obv. and 3 on rev. 
 
 3 stars on obv. and 3 on rev. 
 
 2 stars on obv. and 2 on rev. 
 
 1 star on obv. (usually). 
 The pellet also plays its part in these star-series, as it does in other series 
 in later reigns. 
 
 In the following reign (John II) we find % (on reverses), and E^ (on 
 obverses). The cross occurs : this was found already in the reign of 
 
 Manuel I, and is found under Alexius II. A curious symbol B (or 1 mono- 
 gram of which E is a part) is seen in this reign (p. 264). The lis (p. 263) 
 is a new symbol. 
 
 Alexius II, under whom the equestrian types first appear, has the 
 )K on (}bv. and rev.; also a quatrefoil ornament ^ on obv. and rev. 
 
 (p. 280). The coins offer a new symbol, a plant or flower 'V which, on 
 the aspers, is thrice repeated on the obv. and thrice on the rev. On the 
 
 half-aspers 'V* occurs on obv. and *V on rev. 
 
 The coinage of Basil is perhaps only marked by pellets. Michael has 
 )fC, also •,•. On the more abundant issues of Alexius III we note first the 
 reappearance of the lis (on obv. and rev.), seen previously on coins of 
 John II. A new symbol appears, a bird's head (on obv. and rev.), which 
 may be the head of an eagle, and so have perhaps an Imperial significance.^ 
 The half-asper and quarter-asper are marked by B on obv. and rev. 
 
 Alexius III also uses the plant or flower of Alexius II in the form ^ 
 (on obv. and rev.). These ' plant ' coins have also an additional symbol on 
 their obverses, either a cross or a sun.^ The latter device deserves atten- 
 tion. In one ease (PI. XL. 1) it maj^ be described as a globular mass, 
 radiate ; in another, as the rayed disk of the sun represented with human 
 features (PI. XL. 2). These representations are so distinct from the con- 
 ventional star-symbol, that it seems legitimate to find in them some special 
 significance. Now, in the reign of Alexius III, on the 5th May, 1361 A. D., 
 there took place a remarkable eclipse of the sun, described by the chronicler 
 Panaretos* as oia ovk eyei/ero kv r^ Kad' rjfids yei'ea &(rT€ €<f>dur](rav Kal 
 da-Tipes Iv t5 ovpavZ. At the time of the eclipse, which was of more than 
 
 * In many cases (as under Manuel I, pp. 243 f., infm, I have grouped the varieties 
 according to the vumber of pellets present. M. Retowski [op. cit.) has also thought it 
 worth while to enumerate the pellets, and he has combined with this enumeration an 
 instructive arrangement suggested by the position of the pellets. 
 
 ^ As to the eagle on the bronze coins see p. Ixxxviii, stqn-a. 
 
 * In M. Retowski's scheme of arrangement {Komn., p. 136, the coins with the sun 
 are regarded as issues of Alexius II. 
 
 * §29 in Fallmerayer, Orig. Frag., Part 2 ; Evangelides, op. cit., p. 107 n. 
 
§ 9. TREBIZOND. SYMBOLS AND LETTERS xciu 
 
 an hour's duration, Panaretos happened to be in the conipanj^ of Alexiua 
 and the emperor's mother, at the monastery of Sumelas, about thirty miles 
 from the capital, and he tells hoAv they uttered manj- prayers and supplica- 
 tions. The use of the sun as a symbol would certainly serve admirablj' to 
 mark the date of issue of such aspers of Alexius III as were minted about 
 this period, and it may even be suspected that it was intended to have 
 a prophylactic influence.^ And doubtless the former great eclipse of the 
 reign of Basil,^ when the people in terror rose up and stoned the emperor, 
 was still remembered. 
 
 The symbols of Manuel III link themselves to those of Alexius II and 
 Alexius III, and are as follows : — 
 
 ^ on obv. and rev. (also with B on ohv. and rei*.). 
 
 Y on ohv. and rev. (also with B on ohv. and rei\). 
 
 )K on ohv. and Y on rev. 
 
 Bird's head on obv. and Y on rev. 
 
 Alexius IV has X^ on ohv. and Y on rev., and in this reign we find 
 the letter K (besides B and B) accompanying the )|C of the obverse, and also 
 joined to the Y of the reverse. 
 
 In the notes to this volume references will be found throughout to 
 the various articles and monographs that have been used in preparing the 
 Introduction and the descriptive Catalogue. On the historical side, these 
 references relate more particularly to the valuable works of Bury, Finlaj% 
 and Hodgkin, and to those of Diehl, Fallmerayer, Jules Gay, Schlumberger, 
 and Ludwig Schmidt. Among the numismatic monographs to which 
 frequent reference is made are the essays of J. Friedlaender on the coins 
 of the Vandals and the Ostrogoths, and Mr. C. F. Keary's Coinages of 
 Western Europe, which is especiall}'' interesting and suggestive on the 
 economic side. For the coins of the Duchy of Beneventum, M. Arthur 
 Sambon's papers in Le Musee (1908) have been very serviceable ; but for 
 the coinage of the Lombard kings there is practically no guide beyond 
 a brief section in Mr. Keary's work. The coinages of the empires of 
 Thessalonica and Nicaea have never been thoroughly investigated, and 
 there is much to be corrected in Sabatier's account of them in his Mon- 
 naies hyzantines. To the recent monograph of O. Retowski on the 
 coinage of Trebizond I have already referred on p. Ixxv. 
 
 As in my previous volumes on the Imperktl Byzantine Coins, I have 
 pleasure in calling attention to the debt our national collection owes to its 
 generous benefactor, the late Count J. F. W. de Salis. A great number 
 of coins described in this volume are presentations from him to the 
 
 ^ On some aspers of this series, p. 294, Nos. 4 and 5, the place of the sun is taken br 
 the cross. 
 
 2 Panaretos, Chron., § 9. 
 
xciv INTRODUCTION 
 
 Trustees of the British Museum, and the original arrangement and attribu- 
 tion of tlie specimens in the Museum cabinets were no doubt largely due 
 to his rare numismatic acumen, and it is the more regrettable that he has 
 left behind no notes to explain or justify his views. 
 
 1 have heartily to thank Mr. Grueber, the Keeper of Coins, and 
 Mr. G. F. Hill for their care in collating the descriptions with the coins 
 and for valuable suggestions made to me in the course of reading the 
 proof-sheets. 
 
 WARWICK WROTH. 
 
CATALOGUE OF COINS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 VANDALS, OSTROGOTHS, LOMBARDS, ETC. 
 
I. 
 
 COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 GAISERIC 'ir 
 
 A. D. 4-28 — 25 Jan. 477 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Solldus 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Imitated from Solidus of Valentinian III, 
 
 
 
 
 
 A. D. 425—455) 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNPLAVALENTI N 
 
 VICTOKI AAVGGGZ 
 
 
 
 
 
 lANVSPFAVG Bust 
 
 The Emperor, wear- 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Valentinian III, 
 
 ing- helmet and mili- 
 
 
 
 
 
 r., beardless, wear- 
 
 tary dress, standing- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing- jewelled diadem, 
 
 facing, trampling- 
 
 
 
 
 
 paludamentum, and 
 
 with r. foot on human 
 
 
 
 
 
 cuirass. 
 
 head with serpent 
 attached ; in his r., 
 cruciform sceptre ; 
 in 1., globus sur- 
 mounted by Victory, 
 who crowns him ; in 
 field, R M (Rome); 
 in ex., CO MOB 
 
 
 1 
 
 67. 
 
 N .8 
 
 (8 for S) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 i. 1 
 
 2 
 
 66-6 
 
 N .8 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 (A for A) (S for Z) 
 [Purchased, 1863, 
 7-11-7] 
 
 
 3 
 
 6G.4 
 
 A^ .8 
 
 (PLA) 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 
 ^ The attribution of the following coins to Gaiseric is conjectural (see Inti-od. § 1) : 
 no coins are known to be inscribed with his name (cp. Friedlaender, itfu^^ew der Vandalen, 
 pp. 14-18). 
 
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tremissis 
 (Imitated from Tremissis of Valentinian III) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Valen- 
 tinian III r., beard- 
 less, wearing- dia- 
 dem, paludamentum, 
 and cuirass. 
 
 Within wreath, smaU 
 cross pattee ; in ex., 
 COMOB 
 
 
 4 
 
 •21.8 
 
 A^ 
 
 .55 
 
 DNPLAVAL[E?]NTI 
 NIAN8PFAVG 
 
 
 i. 2 
 
 5 
 
 21.8 
 
 N 
 
 •5 
 
 DNPLAVALENTINI 
 ANVSPF 
 
 [de SaUs gift] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Imitated from Silver 
 mint of Honorius 
 
 Coins of the Ravenna 
 , A. D. 395-423) 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 DNHONOR.I VSPF 
 AVG Bust of Hono- 
 rius r., beardless, 
 wearing^ jewelled 
 diadem (with cres- 
 cent and pellet), 
 paludamentum, and 
 cuirass (part of inscr. 
 and type off flan). 
 
 VKBS KOMA Roma, 
 wearinof lono- robes 
 and lielmet, seated 
 1. on cuirass ; in r., 
 Victory holding 
 wreath ; in 1., scep- 
 tre ; in ex., KVPS 
 (part of inscr. and 
 type off flan). 
 
 
 6 
 
 •28.4 
 
 M 
 
 •6 
 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 i. 3 
 
 7 
 
 19. 
 
 A\ 
 
 •5 
 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 i. 4 
 
 8 
 
 25- 
 
 M 
 
 •6 
 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 i. 5 
 
 9 
 
 23-6 
 
 A\ 
 
 •6 
 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 i. 6 
 
GAISERIC— BRONZE 
 
 No. 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 13 
 
 Weight 
 
 175. 
 
 174. 
 
 154-1 
 154.8 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE 1. 
 
 .E 1. 
 
 jE 1. 
 JE 1. 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Bronze 
 
 (Struck subsequent to the capture of 
 Carthage, a. d. 19 Oct. 439) 
 
 XLII (42 nummi) 
 
 KART HACO Male 
 fig-ure (the Vandal 
 king ?) standing fac- 
 ing-, wearing- cuirass 
 and paludaraentum ; 
 head bare ; 1. resting 
 on spear ; r. arm low- 
 ered ; exergue plain. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 (Described, T. Combe, 
 Vet. Pop. et Be(/. 
 Num., 1814, p. 241, 
 No. 2) 
 
 (Type smaller than on 
 Nos. 10-12) 
 
 Horse's head 1., bri- 
 dled ; in the exergue 
 (Avhich occupies 
 nearly half the coin), 
 XIM. Border of 
 dots.' 
 
 [Presented bv Mr. 
 C. H. Read, P. S. A., 
 1905] 
 
 [Cracherode bequest, 
 1799] 
 
 [Purchased, 1847, 
 6-19-72] 
 
 (On Imperial Roman bronze coins counter- 
 marked XL" and LXXXIII see Introduc- 
 tion, § 1) 
 
 Plate 
 
 i. 7 
 
 i. 8 
 
 ^ Types. Obv. The figure probably represents, as Friedlaender has suggested (M. d. 
 Vand., p. 36), the Vandal king, though he wears the Roman and not the Vandal dress. 
 The coins of Gunthamund and other Vandal kings show the king in Roman costume. 
 Rev. The horse's head, taken in conjunction with the legend KARTHAGO, must be 
 regarded as appearing here as the emblem or town-arms of Carthage. A horse's head 
 had appeared on silver coins of the city in the fourth century B.C. (see B. V. Head, 
 Guide to the Coins of the Ancients, PI. 26, No. 40), and the Vandal type may have been 
 suggested, though not of course necessarily, by one such coin. The horse figures in the 
 foundation-legends of ancient Carthage: cp. Justin, xviii. 5 'ibique [i.e. on the spot 
 where Carthage was subsequently founded] equi caput repertum, bellicosum poten- 
 temque populum futuram significans '. 
 
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 XXI (21 nummi) 
 
 
 
 
 
 KAR.T HACO Tj'pe as 
 Nos. 10-12 ; exergue 
 plain. Border of dots. 
 
 Horse's head as Nos. 
 10-12 ; in ex., XXI. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 
 14 
 
 114-7 
 
 JE .8 
 
 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906] 
 
 i. 9 
 
 15 
 
 146- 
 
 ^ -85 
 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-459] 
 
 
 16 
 
 111-7 
 
 JE .85 
 
 
 [R. Payne Knight be- 
 quest, 1824 = Nuvi- 
 mi veteres, p. 217, 
 No. 31] 
 
 
 17 
 
 95.8 
 
 JE -75 
 
 (Type smaller than on 
 Nos. 14-16) 
 
 
 i. 10 
 
 
 
 
 XII (12 nummi) 
 
 
 
 
 
 KAKT HACO Type as 
 Nos. 10-12 ; exerg-ue 
 plain. Borderofdots. 
 
 Horse's head as Nos. 
 10-12; in ex., XII. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 
 18 
 
 86.5 
 
 JE -75 
 
 
 
 i. 11 
 
 19 
 
 75-2 
 
 JE -75 
 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 
 20 
 
 67-2 
 
 JE -75 
 
 
 [Presented bv Mr. C.H. 
 Read, P.S.A., 1905] 
 
 
 21 
 
 56-3 
 
 JE -8 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 49- 
 
 JE -7 
 
 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 5-6-13] 
 
 
HUNERIC 
 
 A.D. 26 Jan. 477 — 23 Dec. 484 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 21. 
 
 14-2 
 
 (worn) 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Silver 
 
 (With name of the Emperor Honorius, 
 A.D. 395-423) 
 
 M .55 
 
 M .5 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Hono- 
 rius r., beardless, 
 wearing diadem 
 (with crescent and 
 pellet) and drapery. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 HONOMVS PV.A^T 
 
 HONOB.IVS PVSA^T 
 
 Inscr. Female figure 
 (Carthage) wearing- 
 robe and mantle, 
 standing facing, each 
 hand outstretched 
 holding ears of corn '^j 
 in ex., star between 
 two branches (of 
 palm ?). Border of 
 dots. 
 
 ANN O K=' 
 
 [Bouglit of Mr. East- 
 wood in 1865 ; from 
 tlie Charlemont sale] 
 
 ANN O nil K 
 
 [Bought of E. Asch- 
 kenasi of Tunis, 
 
 1854] 
 
 Plate 
 
 i. 12 
 
 ^ Huneric, like his fathex* Gaiseric, does not appear to have struck coins bearing his 
 own name (cp. Keary, Coinages of W. Eur., p. 34, as to a coin with the supposed name 
 of Huneric) : as to the attribution to him of the following coins, see Introd. § 1. 
 
 ^ Compare a similar figure accompanied by the inscription FELIX KART^ on 
 silver coins of Hilderic described infra. 
 
 ^ The date, following Anno, is off the flan. K = Karthago. A specimen in the 
 Berlin Museum (procured in Rome) is dated ANNO V (see Friedl., M. d. Vand., p. 19; 
 Keary, op. cit., pp. 33 f.). The dates are presumably regnal years of Huneric. 
 
I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 
 XLII (42 nummi) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Female fig'ure (Car- 
 tluig-e) wearing' robe 
 and mantle and with 
 liair wreathed, stand- 
 ing-facing ; each hand 
 raised and holding 
 ears of corn ^ ; whole 
 in laurel wreath with 
 circular ornament. 
 
 NX-[n. within laurel 
 wreath with circular 
 ornament. 
 
 
 3 
 
 •200.5 
 
 jE m 
 
 
 [Purchased, 1847, 
 6-19-71] 
 
 i. 13 
 
 4 
 
 179. 
 
 JE 1.05 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 182.1 
 
 .E M 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 159- 
 
 -E 105 
 
 
 [Louis Fraser, 1847 -] 
 
 
 7 
 
 126.9 
 
 JE 1. 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-601] 
 
 (A cross instead of a 
 pellet in the centre 
 of the circular orna- 
 ment) 
 
 i. 14 
 
 
 
 
 XXI (21 nummi) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Type (Carthage stand- 
 ing) as Nos. 3-6. 
 
 NXXI within laurel 
 wreath with circular 
 ornament. 
 
 
 8 
 
 104.8 
 
 ^ .9 
 
 
 [Purchased, 1847, 
 6-25-18^] 
 
 i. 15 
 
 ' The figure on the obv. was no doubt derived from the similar figure that had 
 appeai-ed on the coins struck at Carthage by Diocletian and his successors (see, e.g. 
 Cohen, Med. Imji., vi, p. 464, No. 437). The legends on Diocletian's coins of this type 
 are: — 5a?r/\s Aif/;/. et Caess. avcta Kart.. and Sahis At-c/f/. et Caess. fel. Kart. The female 
 pei-sonificationoif Carthage is represented on mosaics and other monuments of the fourth 
 and fifth centuries (see J. Maurice, Numismatique Const ant inienne (1908), i, p. 344r(.). 
 
 - Coins of Byzantine emperors of the Carthage mint were included in the same 
 
 3 Another example described, Friedl., M. d. Vand., p. 38, No. 5. Specimens of the 
 coin are rare. 
 
HUNERIC— BRONZE 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 XII (12 nummi) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Type (Carthag-e stand- 
 ing-) as Nos. 3-6. 
 
 NXII within laurel 
 wreath with circular 
 ornament. 
 
 
 9 
 
 73- 
 
 JE -8 
 
 
 [E. Aschkenasi, of 
 Tunis, 1854] 
 
 i. 16 
 
 10 
 
 64-7 
 
 JE .7 
 
 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 5-6-14] 
 
 
 11 
 
 87.G 
 
 JE -75 
 
 
 [Parkes Weber g'ift, 
 1906 : purchased of 
 Sambon] 
 
 
 
 
 
 III! 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Bust 1. (the king), 
 beardless, wearing- 
 diadem, paludamen- 
 tum, and cuirass ; in 
 front, palm-brancli. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 N 
 nil Border of dots.' 
 
 
 12 
 
 21. 
 
 JE .55 
 
 
 [Presented by Mr. J. 
 Doubleday, 1846] 
 
 i. 17 
 
 13 
 
 17-8 
 
 JE .45 
 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] ' 
 
 
 14 
 
 17-2 
 
 JE .4 
 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 
 1849] ' 
 
 i. 18 
 
 ^ Of the specimens referred to by Friedlaender (M. d. Vand., p. 39 ; p. 45), one was 
 found at Carthage, two others in Italy, in the Monte Roduni hoard. Specimens have 
 also been found in Algeria mixed with small bronze coins of King Hilderic (see Lettres 
 de Baron Ma reliant, ed. 1851, p. 196 ; cp. p. 201), and this fact suggests the possibility of the 
 coins belonging to Hilderic himself or one of his immediate predecessors. But as the 
 coins are in respect of their mark of value akin to those assigned to Gaiseric (p. 4) and 
 Huneric (p. 7) I assign them to this period, pointing out, however, the uncertainty 
 of the attribution and the possibility of their having been issued in a later reign than 
 Huneric's. 
 
GUNTHAMUND 
 
 A.D. 24 Dkc. 484—3 Sept 496 
 
 No. 
 
 Weitfht 
 
 29-4 
 
 32-8 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 17-3 
 
 15.G 
 
 M .5 
 Ai -6 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 Silver 
 100 
 
 Inscr. BustofGuntha- 
 mund r., beardless, 
 weariug- jewelled dia- 
 dem (with crescent 
 and pellet), palu- 
 damentum, and cui- 
 rass. Border of dots. 
 
 Al .65 DNREXCVLN] THA 
 MVNDV 
 
 M -6 DNKeX^VN THAM 
 VND 
 
 D-N ( = 100 denarii^) 
 witliin laurel wreath 
 with circular orna- 
 ment. Borderofdots. 
 
 [Blacas coll., pur- 
 chased, 1867] 
 
 [E. Aschkenasi, of 
 Tunis, 1854] 
 
 50 
 
 DNKXC VNTHA 
 Bust of Gunthamund 
 r., beardless, wear- 
 ing jewelled diadem 
 (with crescent and 
 pellet), paludamen- 
 tum, and cuirass. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 D-N within wreath - 
 with circular orna- 
 ment. 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855'] 
 
 [Bank of England gift, 
 
 1877] 
 
 ii. 1 
 
 ii. 2 
 
 ii. 3 
 
 ' DN almost certainly = denarii (as Babelon, Traite, i, pt. 1, p. 582). The only 
 difficulty is the coin No. 3, where DN appears without any accompanyinfr numeral. 
 Friedhiender {M. il. VmuL, p. 9) suggested that DN= Dominus noster. Marchant's 
 interpretation Dtnarius novus has found no acceptance. 
 
 2 Presumably a laurel wreath, as on Nos. 1 and 2, but the leaves are very thin and wiry. 
 
 ' The other coins in this purchase were chiefly Italian. 
 
GUNTH AMUND - SILVER 
 
 No. 
 5 
 
 Weight 
 
 15-3 
 
 14-8 
 
 15-5 
 
 7.7 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 M .5 
 
 M -bb 
 
 JR .55' 
 
 M 4 
 
 Reverse 
 
 [Campanasale, London, 
 1846, lot 1187] 
 
 [Parkes Weber g-ift, 
 1 906 ; from the Georg-e 
 Sim sale, 1890, lot 
 694] 
 
 25 
 
 DN[RXC] [V]NTHA,D.N .,, . ., 
 
 r>„ .* ^Jn,.^ *1 „ „ J WW witlim wreath 
 
 Bust of Gunthamund 
 r., beardless, wear- 
 ing jewelled diadem 
 (with crescent and 
 pellet), paludamen- 
 tum, and cuirass. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 XXV 
 
 [Purchased, 1854] 
 
 Bronze 
 
 For bronze coins that ]iave been attributed 
 to Guntliamund (Keary, Coinages of W. Eur., 
 p. 31) see infra, ' Small bronze of Vandalic 
 period,' Victoiy types, p. 21. 
 
 Plate 
 
 ii. 4 
 
 ii. 5 
 
 ^ Marchant (cp. Friedlaender, op. cit., p. 25) published from the Dupoujet collection 
 a coin reading DN L on the rec. This coin is not represented in the British Museum, 
 and no original was known either to Friedlaender or to Keary. Its existence seems open 
 to doubt: possibly it is really a mis-read coin of Trasamund (see infra), who issued two 
 varieties of the '50' denarii piece, namely (i) with DN only, (ii) with DN L. We may 
 perhaps conjecture that Gunthamund issued only No. (i), and that this type was repro- 
 duced by his successor Trasamund at the beginning of his reign ; afterwards, in ord er, 
 perhaps, to avoid confusion with the pieces of DN XXV, Trasamund modified the type by 
 the addition of the distinctive numeral L. 
 
10 
 TRASAMUND' 
 
 A.D. 3 Ski't. 496—6 May 523 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 G7.1 
 
 N .8 
 
 ■22-2 N .55 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Solidus' 
 (with head of Anastasius I, a. d. 491-518) 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 AVG Bust of Anasta- 
 sius I, beardless, witli 
 head three-quarters 
 r. ; wearshelinet(with 
 plume and cross), 
 diadem, and armour; 
 r. hand liolds spear 
 behind his head ; 1. 
 hand liolds shield de- 
 corated with group 
 of horseman attack- 
 ing prostrate enemy. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTORI AAVGGG 
 
 Victory in girdled 
 chiton standing 
 1., holding in r. 
 broad cross ; in ex., 
 CONOB 
 
 At endof inscr., H; in ii. q 
 field r., star. 
 
 Plate 
 
 Tremissis 
 (with liead of Anastasius I) 
 
 DNANASTASIVSPPF 
 
 AV Bust of Anastasius 
 I r., wearing jewelled 
 diadem, paludamen- 
 tum and cuirass. 
 
 (PK for PP) 
 
 [Purchased in 1850, 
 4-9-5] 
 
 VICTORIAAGVSTO 
 RVM Victory in 
 girdled chiton ad- 
 vancing r., holding 
 in r. wreath, in 1. 
 palm-branch; in ex., 
 CONOB 
 
 ii. 7 
 
 ' On the spellinjT of the name see Friedlaender, M. d. Vamh, p. 7 : cp. Rev. arch., 1900, 
 July-Dec, p. 518, No. 205, inscr. with TRASAMVNDI. For the name on the coins 
 see Nos. 10-14, infra. 
 
 ^ The Vandalic origin of this solidus and of the following tremisses was suggested 
 by de Salis. The coinage of these may, possibly, have begun during the last few years 
 of Trasamund's predecessor, Gunthamund. 
 
TRASAMUND— GOLD ; SILVER 
 
 11 
 
 Weight 
 
 •2'2-S 
 
 90. 
 
 22.1 
 
 23.3 
 
 22. 
 
 22.5 
 
 22.4 
 
 16-7 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N .55 
 
 N -5 
 
 N .55 
 
 N .5 
 
 N .55 
 
 A^ .5 
 
 M .55 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (PK for PP) 
 
 [de Salis g'ift] 
 
 (Ends PRFAVP) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (Ends PRFAVIG) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 N .5 (DNANASTA SIVSP 
 PAVG) 
 
 (DNANASTASIV8P 
 RFAI %•) 
 
 [de Salis g'ift] 
 
 (DNANA8TA8IV3II 
 Af) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (DNANA2TA8IV2P 
 PAV) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (VICTORIAAVGGTO 
 KVMA) (COMOB) 
 
 (VICTOKIAAVGGTO 
 RVM) (COMOB) 
 
 (Inscr. partly obscure) 
 (CO nOBMn field 1., 
 S [de Salis gift] 
 
 (VICTOMAAVGGTO 
 
 KVMI) (style less stiff 
 
 than on Nos. 2-6) 
 
 (VICT0MAAVG8T0 
 
 RVM (ONOB) (style 
 as No. 7) 
 
 (VICTOKIAAVGSTO 
 KVM) (CONOB) 
 (style as No. 7) 
 
 Plate 
 
 ii. 8 
 
 Silver 
 
 50 1 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Trasa- D»N within wreath 
 mund r., beardless, with circular oma- 
 wearingjeweUeddia- ment. Borderof dots, 
 deni (with crescent \ 
 and pellet), paluda-l 
 mentum,and cuirass. ; 
 Border of dots. 
 
 DNR^THR ASAMV 
 DS 
 
 [Purchased, 1862, 
 4-17-43] 
 
 ii. 9 
 
 ^ Sabatier, i, p. 217, No. 1, describes and fissures as being in the British Museum 
 a silver coin with DN^ — ( = 100 denarii). But this coin is certainly not in the collection. 
 
12 
 
 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 11 
 
 15.7 
 
 12 
 
 16-8 
 
 13 
 
 14-6 
 
 14 
 
 15. 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M -55 
 
 M .55 
 
 M -55 
 
 Al 
 
 ■DO 
 
 Obverse 
 
 DNR^TH. (rest off 
 tlan) 
 
 [do Salis gift] 
 
 DNRC'TH SAMVNDS 
 
 [E. Aschkenasi, of 
 Tunis, 1854] 
 
 DNR^TH[R. SAJMVN 
 DS 
 
 [Blacas coll., 1867] 
 
 DNKgTH SAMVl/IS 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (Cross in circular orna- 
 ment) 
 
 (D.N) 
 
 (D.N) 
 
 (DN) 
 
 [The Earl of Ennis- 
 kiUen, 1856 2] 
 
 Plate 
 
 ii. 10 
 
 ii. 11 
 
 ^ R^ = rer/is. Friedlaender (M. d. VatuL, p. 8) remarks that the following word 
 is in the nominative. But the S at the end of THSAMVNDS may perhaps be a mark 
 of abbreviation, ThsamumV = Thrasamundi. 
 
 ■ Friedlaender {M. d. Yand.. p. 28) describes (after Falbe, Recherches, PI. VI, No. 25) 
 a silver coin with D N XXV on the rer. The ohr. legend is incomplete, but would seem 
 to be the name of Trasamund. The bronze coin in Sabat., i, p. 218, No. 6, is not of 
 cei-tain attribution : it is here described, infra, among the small bronze of the Vandalic 
 period. Seal of Trasamund. Schlumberger (Revue mem., 1883, pp. 457, 458, PI. X. 5) pub- 
 lishes the following seal in his own collection as the seal of the Vandal king :— Obv. Bust 
 of Trasamund facing between two crosses. Rev. TRASEMVND Cross potent on steps. 
 A word or two must be said as to this description, (i) The obv. bust appears to me to 
 be intended for the Saviour and not for a Vandal king, (ii) The rev. tji^e perhaps suggests 
 a later period than the reign of Trasamund (the cross potent first appears on Byzantine 
 coins in the reign of Tiberius 11 Constantine, a.d. 578-582). Is the inscription on the 
 rev. clearly TRASEMVND and not^as Sabatier originally read it— SALVS MVNDI? 
 I note that Schlumberger's text gives TRASEMVND and his engraving TRASEMVND. 
 
13 
 
 HILDERIC 
 
 A.D. 6 May 523—19 May 530 (d. 533) 
 
 No, 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [50] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (with name of Justin I, a.d. 518-527) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Justin 
 I' r., beardless, wear- 
 ing- diadem, paluda- 
 mentum, and cuirass. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 FELIX CARTA Fe- 
 male figure (Car- 
 thage) standing fac- 
 ing wearing robe, 
 mantle, and wreath ; 
 in each hand, ears of 
 corn. Border of dots. 
 
 
 1 
 
 15-G 
 
 M 
 
 ■55 
 
 Ends INVSPPA 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 ii.l2 
 
 2 
 
 14.2 
 
 M 
 
 •55 
 
 DNIVSTI NVSPPA 
 VG 
 
 (with name 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Hilderic 
 r. , beardless, wearing- 
 diadem, paludamen- 
 tum, and cuirass. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [Purchased, 1868, 
 5-9-5] 
 
 of Hilderic) 
 
 FELIX KARTC Type 
 (Carthage standing) 
 as on No. 1. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 ii. 13 
 
 3 
 
 19-3 
 
 M 
 
 •55 
 
 DNHILDI KIXREX"- 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 ii. 14 
 
 4 
 
 17-2 
 
 A\ 
 
 •6 
 
 DNHILD. RIXREX 
 
 [Blacas coll., 1867] 
 
 ii. 15 
 
 5 
 
 18-2 
 
 M 
 
 •6 
 
 DNHILD. KIXREX 
 
 [Campana sale, 1846, 
 lot 1187] 
 
 
 ^ In the Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Bi/z. Coins, i, p. 21, I have given reasons for sup- 
 posing that the coin bears the head of Justin I and not that of Justin II, and, further, 
 for regarding it not as an Imperial issue, but probably Vandalic. A similar view had 
 already been taken by Friedlaender (ill d. Vand., p. 32). Justin I was contemporary 
 partly with Trasamund, partly with his successor Hilderic. The present coin should, no 
 doubt, be regarded as issued at the instance or with the approval of Hilderic, who was 
 on terms of friendship with the Byzantine court and made an alliance with Justinian. 
 Hilderic himself uses the reverse type on Nos. 3-7. It may be remarked that the coins 
 with the head of Justin are of better style (at least on the ohv.) than those with the head 
 of Hilderic (cp. PI. II. 12, 13 with 14-16). 
 
 ^ In an African inscr. (C I. L., No. 10,516) we find regis Ildirix. 
 
14 
 
 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 6 
 
 18-5 
 
 Ai 
 
 •G5 
 
 DNHIL RIXKEX 
 
 TDoubledav purchase, 
 1849] ' 
 
 
 7 
 
 19-8 
 
 (pierced) 
 
 M 
 
 .G5 
 
 DNHILDI 
 
 [Purchased, 1849, 
 6-28-3] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNHIL. (rest obscure). 
 Bust of Hilderic r., 
 
 XXV within wreath. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 beardless, wearing- 
 paludamentum and 
 cuirass. Border of 
 dots.' 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9-3 
 
 M 
 
 45 
 
 
 [Purchased,! 868, 5-9-6] 
 
 ii. 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Hilderic 
 r. , beardless, wearing 
 diadem, paludamen- 
 tum, and cuirass. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 Cross potent within 
 wreath, with circu- 
 lar ornament. Bor- 
 der of dots.^ 
 
 
 9 
 
 6-8 
 
 ^ 
 
 •35 
 
 HIL (rest off flan) 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] " 
 
 ii.l7 
 
 10 
 
 84 
 
 M 
 
 •35 
 
 (Ends .KEX; begin- 
 ning^ of inscr. off flan) 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 ii. 18 
 
 1 Other specimens, Friedlaender, M. d. Vaiid., p. 31. Friedlaender (op. cit., p. 33) 
 also describes a silver coin with similar rev. which probably has on obv. the name and bust 
 of Justin I : cp. Nos. 1, 2, $it2)ra. 
 
 ^ For other specimens see Friedlaender, op. cit., p. 31; Thomsen, Caf., Nos. 1075, 
 1076. Specimens occurred in a hoard found at Guelma in Algeria in 1843: Nta». Chroti., 
 xvii (1855), p. 5 and p. 11. See also Lettrea de Baron Marchant, ed. 1851, p. 201 ; cp. 
 p. 196. The rev. type may perhaps have been suggested by the gold tremissis attributed 
 {stqyra, p. 2, No. 4) to Gaiseric. 
 
15 
 
 GELIMER 
 
 A.D. 19 May 530— Dec. 533 
 
 No. Weiffht 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 19-] 
 
 19-5 
 
 18-5 
 
 M -65 
 
 A\ -65 
 
 M -6 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Silver 
 50 
 
 DNREXC EILAMIR' 
 
 Bust of Gelinier r., 
 beardless, wearing- 
 jewelled diadem 
 (with crescent and 
 pellet), paludamen- 
 tum, and cuirass; 
 whole in wreatlnvith 
 circular ornament. 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-57] 
 
 (First half of inscr. off 
 flan) 
 
 D«N ; above, small 
 
 cross ; all within 
 wreath, with circular 
 ornament ; whole in 
 border of dots. 
 
 (Two pellets between 
 letters) 
 
 [Blacas coll., 1867] 
 
 [deSalisgift-] 
 
 Plate 
 
 ii. 19 
 
 ^ In an inscr., C. I.L., No. 10,862, AOMN GEILIMER. On the silver dish found 
 in Italy bearing the king's name the inscr. is GeUamirrex Vaudalonuti et Alaiioruni : the 
 name is therefore spelt as on the coins (C. I. L., viii, suppl. 1, No. 17.412, p. 1651 ; Baron 
 J. Pichon's sale Catal. (Paris, 1897), p. 34, No. 205^ PL V). C. I. L.. No. 17,412, also hiis 
 Geilamir. For other spellings, L. Schmidt, Gesch. d. Vand., p. 124 n. In Procopius, 
 TiKlfiep. 
 
 ^ The following silver coins have also been attributed (correctly?) to Gelimer: — 
 Sambon, S(de Cat., Sotheby's, June, 1872, lot 670, ' Monogram, rer. Cross in wreath ' ; 
 Caucich's BnVettino di numismatica italiann (Florence), An. iv, 1870, p. 31, PI. II. 2-4. 
 Similar types. 
 
16 
 
 1. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 13.6 
 
 7-2 
 
 114 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE .85 
 
 JE -35 
 
 JE- 35 
 
 Obverse- 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Bronze 
 
 Inscr. HeadofGelimer 
 r. , beardless, wearing 
 diadem, paludamen- 
 tum, and cuirass. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 CEIL 
 
 (Inscr. and type ob- 
 scure) 
 
 CEIL 
 
 ^^^C (Monog-rani of 
 f p^l Geilamir) 
 
 within 
 wreath.' 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-458] 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 Plate 
 
 ii. 20 
 
 ii. 21 
 
 ' Specimens occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard: Friedl., M. d. Vand., p. 45. 
 A variety of the monogram is described, Thomsen, Cat., No. 1079. 
 
17 
 
 SMALL BRONZE COINS OF THE 
 VANDALIC PERIOD 
 
 The types, attribution, provenance, &c., of these coins will be found 
 discussed in the 'Introduction', supra, § 1. The specimens are here, for 
 convenience, classed according' to their reverse types, but in some cases an 
 attribution is sugg-ested. It is by no means certain that all the coins here 
 described were minted by Vandal kings, though they seem to be mostly of 
 African origin and of the Vandal period. Some may have been issued by 
 tribes like the Mauri (cp. Nos. 179-181 infra). 
 
 VICTORY TYPES 
 
 Victory is one of the commonest types. The usual representation is 
 a figure of the goddess turned to the left, holding wreath and palm, but there 
 are several variations. The coins with the heads of Honorius (Nos. 1-11), 
 Theodosius II (Victory facing, No. 42), and Valentinian III (Nos. 12-14) — 
 Emperors who reigned a. d. 395-455 — may be of the reign of Graiseric, though, 
 of course, possibly kter. As to coins with DOMINO NOSTRO (witliout 
 name of ruler), see infra. No. 15. 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 25-7 
 26-2 
 18-6 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE -5 
 M -4 
 JE .4 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Victory to left 
 (with head of Honorius, a. d. 395-423) 
 
 Inscr. Head of Hono- 
 rius r., wearing dia- 
 dem and drapery. 
 
 DNHONOKI &c. 
 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 SPFAVG 
 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 ..HONORI &c. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Inscr. Victory stand- 
 ing or advancing 1., 
 holding wreath and 
 palm. 
 
 VICTO &c.; in field 1., 
 P; in ex., KM 
 
 VICTOR. &c. ; infield 
 1., P; in ex., KM.? 
 
 VI &c. ; infield 1., P; 
 in ex., KM 
 
 Plate 
 
18 
 
 I. COINS OF THi: VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 18-6 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 16. 
 
 1G4 
 
 17.-J 
 
 18-3 
 
 18-6 
 
 16.3 
 
 18.2 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 17.7 
 
 14-8 
 
 •25.1 
 
 JE .4 
 
 .E 4 
 
 ,E .45 
 
 .E .45 
 
 .E -5 
 
 .E .45 
 
 E -4 
 
 JE 4 
 
 Obverse 
 
 DNHONOKI &c. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (Inscr. obscure) 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 .E -45 
 
 JE .45 
 
 .E .45 
 
 VSPFA 
 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 . . NORI &c. 
 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 VSPFAVG 
 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 Reverse 
 
 VICTO &c. (type 
 rude) ; in field 1., P; 
 in ex., Rw 
 
 VICTOR &c. ; in field 
 1., P 
 
 lAAVGG ; in 
 
 field 1., S 
 
 VICT0[K1 lAAVG ; 
 in field 1, T 
 
 Plate 
 
 . ..ONORI 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 (Inscr. obscure) 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 AVG 
 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 .... lAAVGG ; in 
 
 field 1., T ; in ex., 
 KM? 
 
 AAVGG 
 
 iii. 1 
 
 iii. 2 
 
 VICTOR 
 
 lAA 
 
 Victory to left {Salus Reipuhlieae) 
 
 (with head of Valentinian III, a.d. 425-455) 
 
 Inscr. Head of Valen- I Inscr. Victory advanc- 
 tinian III r. , Avearing ing-1., holding* wreath 
 diadein and drapery. and palm. 
 
 ....INIANVS... SALVS ....VBLICE; 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] in field 1., € ; in ex., 
 
 [D]NVALeNT . . . . NV SALVS BLICE ; in 
 
 SPFAV 
 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 DMVALeNTINI... 
 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 fieldl.,T;inex.,RM 
 
 .S...PVBLIC 
 
 iii. 3 
 
VICTORY TYPES— BRONZE 
 
 19 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Keverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Victory to left (obv. Domino nostro') 
 
 
 
 
 
 DOMINO NOSTRO 
 Head r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem and 
 drapery. 
 
 CAKT A GINEPP 
 
 Victory advancing 1., 
 holding in r., wreath, 
 in 1., palm-branch; 
 in ex., pellet.' 
 
 
 15 
 
 18-6 
 
 jE 45 
 
 (Xo drapery) 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, July 
 1852, lot 846] 
 
 (Dress long) 
 
 ill. 4 
 
 IG 
 
 16- 
 
 JE 4 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (Dress short) 
 
 ill. 5 
 
 
 
 
 Victory to left 
 
 
 
 
 
 (with blundered legends) 
 
 
 
 
 
 laser. Head r., wear- 
 ing diadem and 
 drapery. 
 
 Inscr. Victory advanc- 
 ing 1., holding' in r., 
 wreath, in 1., palm- 
 branch. 
 
 
 17 
 
 18.2 
 
 M .45 
 
 ..A CMIA..? 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 
 1849] * 
 
 AVgVS ; in field 
 
 1., cross; in ex., . OA 
 
 iii. 6 
 
 18 
 
 13-2 
 
 ^ 4 
 
 .... CNIN. 
 
 [de Salis ^-ift] 
 
 ....AV^V; in field 1., 
 cross ; in ex., . .A 
 
 
 19 
 
 11-5 
 
 jE -4 
 
 (Inscr. off flan) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTOR. &c. ; in field 
 
 l.,€^ 
 
 
 20 
 
 11. 
 
 jE .4 
 
 Dm&c. 
 
 [de SaHs gift] 
 
 In field 1., cross.* 
 
 iii. 7 
 
 ' Cp. Sabat., i, p. 221, No. 9. DOMINO NOSTRO. Coins with similar ohi\ 
 occur infra, No. 54 {rev. Emperor standing) and No. 83 [rev. Gate). All are of neat, 
 almost delicate, workmanship and in unusually high relief (in general style they rather 
 resemble No. 42, /n/ro, with head of Theodosius II, a. D. 408-450). I am inclined to 
 ascribe them to Gaisenc or to his successor Huneric. The rev. of Nos. 15, 16 apparently 
 emphasizes the fact that the coin was sti-uck at Carthage, as do the thick bronze coins 
 already attributed to Gaiseric (p. .3, No. 10, supra). Domino nosiro, without the addition 
 of the king's name, would, moreover, be suitable to Gaiseric or Huneric, because their 
 personal names were not, so far as we know, placed upon their coins, nor were such names 
 inscribed till the reign of Gunthamund, the third king. Gaiseric and Huneric may 
 simply have styled themselves on their bronze coins Dominus Noster: later on, under 
 Gunthamund, the Dominus noster (abbreviated DN) is supplemented by rex and the 
 king's name. (DN is familiar on Roman coins from the time of Constantine the Great, 
 but written at full length as Dominorum nostrorum or Domini N. it is rare.) 
 
 - Cp. No. 12, supra. 
 
 ^ In style not unlike the coins attributed to Masuna, infra, p. 39. 
 
20 
 
 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 Victory to left 
 
 (Inscr. usually represented by strokes : pro- 
 bably barbarous imitations — by the Mauri ?) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. mainly repre- 
 sented by strokes or 
 
 Inscr. mainly repre- 
 sented by strokes or 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lozeng-es. Head r., 
 
 lozenges. Victory 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wearing diadem and 
 
 advancing 1., hold- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 drapery. 
 
 ing in r. wreath, in 1. 
 palm-branch. 
 
 
 21 
 
 7. 
 
 .E 
 
 .35 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Above, 1., cross. 
 
 iii. 8 
 
 22 
 
 13.2 
 
 jE 
 
 45 
 
 FDoubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 (No inscr.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Types partly off flan) 
 
 
 23 
 
 10-8 
 
 .E 
 
 •45 
 
 (Inscr., \\A\A\A) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 iii. 9 
 
 24 
 
 13-6 
 
 JE 
 
 .4 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 
 1849] 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 18. 
 
 JE 
 
 4 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 iii. 10 
 
 26 
 
 15- 
 
 JE 
 
 .4 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (Inscr. not indicated) 
 
 
 27 
 
 10.8 
 
 JE 
 
 .35 
 
 [Doubleday purchase. 
 1849] 
 
 (Type partly off flan) 
 
 
 28 
 
 17.8 
 
 JE 
 
 •4 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (AVI III) 
 
 
 29 
 
 13-8 
 
 JE 
 
 •45 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 8-8 
 
 a: 
 
 •45 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 17-6 
 
 JE 
 
 •4 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 
VICTORY TYPES— BRONZE 
 
 21 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 Victory to left 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (ohv. inscr. DNRC &c.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In sc r. B ust r. , wearin g 
 diadem and drapery. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 Victory standing- 1., 
 holding in r. wreath. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 
 32 
 
 9-5 
 
 JE 
 
 4 
 
 rMX\?] ..lAi 
 fDoubledav purchase, 
 1849] ^ 
 
 Pellets representing- 
 inscr. ; in field r., 
 cross ; in front, ? 
 
 iii. 11 
 
 33 
 
 9. 
 
 ^ 
 
 •35 
 
 DNRC .AU 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] ' 
 
 Tvpe barbarous, partlv 
 'off flan. 
 
 iii. 12 
 
 34 
 
 124 
 
 .■E 
 
 4 
 
 DNKC 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 Type rude. 
 
 
 35 
 
 74 
 
 ^E 
 
 •35 
 
 DNC 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 91 
 
 .E 
 
 4 
 
 DNI 
 
 [Doubledav ])urchase, 
 1849] 
 
 Type barbarous, partlv 
 off flan. 
 
 iii. 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 Victory to left 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (o6t". inscr. doubtful) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust r. , wearing- 
 diadem and drapery. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 Victory standing 1., 
 holding in r. wreath. 
 (Type rude.) 
 
 
 37 
 
 (j-G 
 
 .E 
 
 4 
 
 Ends ASM 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 iii. 14 
 
 ' Mr. Keary (Coinages of W. Eur., p. 31, No. 4) has read this specimen as 
 * DNC . . . THA (obscure)' and attributed it doubtfully to Gunthamund. The attri- 
 bution is far from improbable, and the form of the legend on Nos. 33, 84 suggests that 
 it is either the- coin of a Vandal king, or a co]}y of some such coin. No. 82 is of compara- 
 tively careful work on the rer., though the legend is very doubtful : Nos. 88-6 are more 
 or less barbarous. I therefore hesitate definitely to assign these coins to Gunthamund, 
 though it is not impossible that they reproduce some bronze coins of his that are no 
 longer extant, or that they are copies (as regards the obv.) of his silver coins. Compare 
 Nos. 37-41, infra. 
 
 - The beginning of the inscr. (if any) is off the flan, or broken away. Sabatier 
 
 (i, p. 218, No. 6) read this identical specimen AS«P and assigned it to King Trasa- 
 
 mund. Here, again, as in the case of Nos. 82-6, the obscurity of the legend and the 
 rudeness of the rev. types will prevent us from definitely adopting the attribution to 
 Trasamund or another Vandal king. The coins are related to Nos. 82-6, of which they 
 appear to be copies, further degraded. 
 
22 
 
 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 Weight 
 
 44 
 45 
 
 9-7 
 6-2 
 5-4 
 21 
 
 13-8 
 
 6-2 
 
 18-2 
 16.() 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 ^E .4 
 
 .E .35 
 
 JEl .35 
 
 .E .3 
 
 /E -4 
 
 ^E .4 
 
 Obvei-se 
 
 . . . (letters obscure) 
 
 DM 
 
 (No inscr.) 
 
 (No inscr.) 
 
 Revei"se 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 
 1849] ' 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 Victory facings 
 (with head of Theodosius II, a.d. 408-450) 
 
 Inscr. Head of Tlieo- 
 dosius II r., wearing- 
 diadem and drapery. 
 
 DNTHEO &c. 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Inscr. Victory advan- 
 cing to front, holding- 
 wreatli in each liand. 
 
 [C]ONCO &c. 
 
 (with uncertain head) 
 
 Victory standing- fa- 
 cing-, within "wi-eath. 
 
 Head r., beardless 
 (wearing-diadem and 
 drapery ?y 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 
 1849] 
 
 Victory and Captive 
 
 (with head of Valentinian III, a.d. 425-455) 
 
 Inscr. Head of Valen- 1 1 n s c r . Victory 1. 
 tinian III r., wearing- \ dragg-ing- caj)tive. 
 diadem and drapery. 
 
 ^E -45 IdNVALE? &c. 
 
 [Gadban, 18G5] 
 
 JE -4 i . . 
 
 TmiAMVSPFA 
 
 (no drapery ?) 
 
 SALVS?; in ex.,? 
 
 ..I AAVG 
 
 [do Salis gift] 
 
 Plate 
 
 iii. 15 
 
 ill. 16 
 
 iii. 17 
 
 iii. 18 
 
 rev. 
 
 iii. 19 
 
ROMA- PAX— BRONZE 
 
 23 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 46 
 
 15-5 
 
 .E .45 
 
 TINIAN &c. 
 
 (Traces of inscr.) 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 
 47 
 
 174 
 
 uE 45 
 
 ANVSPFAVG 
 
 VICT... AACG 
 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 22.(j 
 
 M -4 
 
 (Valentiniau ? inscr. 
 
 IPFIV.?) 
 ("Doublediiv purchase, 
 
 1849] ' 
 
 PVBLICe 
 
 
 
 
 
 Roma seated 
 
 
 
 
 
 (with uncertain head) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Head r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem (and 
 drapery ?). 
 
 Traces of inscr. Female 
 fig-ure (Roma?) seat- 
 ed facing-, holding- in 
 r. g-lobus surmounted 
 by Victory ; in 1., 
 sceptre.' 
 
 
 49 
 
 8. 
 
 ^E -5 
 
 [de Sails g-ift] 
 
 AIOIP.?Headr.,l)eard- 
 ed (wearing- diadem 
 and drapery ?). 
 
 Traces of inscr. Roma ? 
 seated, as No, 49. 
 (Rude.) 
 
 iii. 20 
 
 50 
 
 9-4 
 
 .E -55 
 
 [Doubleda V purchase , 
 1849] 
 
 
 iii. 21 
 
 
 
 
 Pax 
 
 
 
 
 
 (with uncertain head) 
 
 
 
 
 
 ....T.. Head r., 
 bearded ? 
 
 PAX AVG Pax stand- 
 ing- 1. ; in 1., cornu- 
 copiae ; in r., scep- 
 tre ? ; in front, g-lobe ? 
 
 
 51 
 
 10.L> 
 
 .-E 4 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 
 iii. 22 
 
 ^ Not unlike the imitations of silver coins of Honorius attributed, supra, p. 2, to 
 Gaiseric. 
 
24 
 
 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Emperor standing- to r. 
 (with head of Theodosius I, a. d. 379-395) 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNTHEODO SIVSP 
 FAG Head of Theo- 
 
 .VSR. MANOR The 
 
 Emperor in military 
 
 
 
 
 
 dosius I 1-., Avearing- 
 diadem, paludamen- 
 tum, and cuirass. 
 
 dress standing- to 
 front, looking^ r. ; in 
 r., labarum ; 1. hand 
 rests on shield.^ 
 
 
 52 
 
 21. 
 
 JE .45 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 iii. 23 
 
 
 
 
 (with head of Valentinian III, a.d. 425-455) 
 
 
 
 
 
 [DNJVAL &c. Head 
 of Valentinian HI r., 
 wearing diadem and 
 drapery. 
 
 Inscr. (obscure). Em- 
 peror standing- 1. ; 
 in 1., spear ; in r., 
 [globe ?] ' 
 
 
 53 
 
 20.5 
 
 JE .5 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 
 iii. 24 
 
 
 
 
 (^Obv. Domino nostro) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Head r., beard- 
 less, wearingdiadem, 
 paludamentum, and 
 cuirass. 
 
 Inscr. Emperor in mili- 
 tary dress standing 
 r. ; in r., labarum ; in 
 1., globus.- 
 
 
 54 
 
 177 
 
 M .4 
 
 DOMINO NOS... 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 VICTOKI .A... 
 
 iii. 25 
 
 
 
 
 (^Obv. Uncertain head) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Head r., beardless, 
 wearing diadem, 
 paludamentum, and 
 cuirass. 
 
 Emperor (?) standing, 
 w^ i t h arms o u t- 
 stretched. (Rude 
 figure.) 
 
 
 55 
 
 8. 
 
 JE -4 
 
 [Doubled av purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 
 iii. 26 
 
 ' Reign of Gaiseric (?). 
 
 2 Cp. Nos. 15, 16, supra (p. 19), and Sabat., i, p. 222, No. 10. 
 
EMPEROR STANDING— BRONZE 
 
 25 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Emperor standing to 1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 (with liead of Valentinian III, a. d. 425-455) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Head of Valen- 
 
 Inscr. Emperor in mili- 
 
 
 
 
 
 tinian III, wearing- 
 
 tary dress standing 
 
 
 
 
 
 diadem and drapery. 
 
 1. ; in 1., sj)ear; inr., 
 globus ? 
 
 
 56 
 
 24-3 
 
 .E .45 
 
 DNVA....INIA... 
 
 \C\? 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 iii. 27 
 
 
 
 
 {Obv. Uncertain head) 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Barbarous imitations ?] 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Head r., wear- 
 
 Inscr. Emperor in mili- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing diadem and 
 
 tary dress standing 
 
 
 
 
 
 draiiery. 
 
 1. ; in 1., spear; in r., 
 globus ? 
 
 
 57 
 
 24. 
 
 .E -45 
 
 ANIA &c. ? 
 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 (Inscr. obscure; globus 
 obscure) 
 
 
 58 
 
 18-6 
 
 .E -5 
 
 (Inscr. obscure) 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 (Without inscr.) 
 
 iii. 28 
 
 59 
 
 11.5 
 
 .E .45 
 
 N . . . &c. 
 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 NKN.. 
 
 iii. 20 
 
 60 
 
 8. 
 
 .E .4 
 
 (lllll for inscr.) 
 [Doubledav purcliase, 
 
 1849] 
 
 (No inscr. ; type partly 
 off flan) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Two Emperors standing 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Head r., beard- 
 
 Inscr. Two Emperors 
 
 
 
 
 
 less, wearing diadem. 
 
 standing to front, 
 each holding spear 
 and supporting glo- 
 bus between tliem. 
 
 
 61 
 
 21.3 
 
 .E .5 
 
 VSPFA 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 GLO .. . &c. 
 
 iii. 30 
 
 62 
 
 19-3 
 
 .E .4 
 
 .VS[P?] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (Inscr. obscure ; type 
 partly off flan) 
 
 
2G 
 
 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Eeverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 Emperor and captive ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Head r. , beard- 
 less, wearing- diadem. 
 
 Inscr. Emperor r., 
 dragg-ing captive; 
 
 
 63 
 
 12-8 
 
 JE 
 
 .35 
 
 (Inscr. obscure ; type 
 
 rude) 
 fDoubledav purchase, 
 
 1849] ' 
 
 NIA? 
 
 [Purchased, 1878, 
 11-3-6] 
 
 V . . . Captive held by 
 Emperor's r. hand. 
 
 iii. 31 
 
 64 
 
 14-2 
 
 jE 
 
 •35 
 
 (No inscr.) Captive 
 held by Emperor's 1. 
 hand. 
 
 iii. 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lion, looking- back 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Head r., beardless, 
 wearing^ diadem and 
 drapery. 
 
 Lion standing- 1., look- 
 ing back.^ 
 
 
 65 
 
 11-3 
 
 JE 
 
 •4 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 (Type partly off flan) 
 
 
 66 
 
 5-8 
 
 JE 
 
 •3 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 iii. 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lion standing- r. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Head r. 
 
 Lion standing- r. 
 
 
 67 
 
 9-3 
 
 M 
 
 4 
 
 (Inscr. obscure : repre- 
 sented by strokes ?) 
 
 [Presented bv Mr. Jesse 
 Haworth, 1888] 
 
 iii. 34 
 
 rev. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Palm-tree -' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bust r., beardless, Avear- 
 ing- diadem, paluda- 
 mentum,and cuirass. 
 
 Palm-tree with fruit. 
 
 
 68 
 
 11-3 
 
 jE 
 
 •35 
 
 (Dots for inscr.) 
 
 [Presented bv Mr. J. 
 Doubleday,' 184()] 
 
 iii. 35 
 
 69 
 
 7.4 
 
 jE 
 
 •45 
 
 (Dots for inscr.) 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 
 ' Cp. this type on coins of Leo I, a.d. 457-474. 
 
 ^ Imitated from the Constantinopolitan bronze coins of Leo I, a.d. 457-474: cp. 
 Friedlaender, 3/. d. Vaudahn, ]\ 50 ; PI. II. 3. 
 ^ C}}. Friedlaender, M. d. Vandalen, p. 40. 
 
PALM-TREE— GATE— BRONZE 
 
 27 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 70 
 
 11.2 
 
 JE 
 
 •45 
 
 (Traces of inscr.) 
 
 [Townley coll.] 
 
 iii. 36 
 
 71 
 
 7.6 
 
 JE 
 
 •25 
 
 (Traces of inscr.) 
 
 [Presented by Mr. J. 
 Doubleday, 1846] 
 
 
 7-2 
 
 6-4 
 
 JE 
 
 .45 
 
 (Dots for inscr.) 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (with head of Valentinian III, a. d. 425-455) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Valen- 
 tinian III r., wearing 
 diadem, paludamen- 
 tum, and cuirass. 
 
 Gate with opening in 
 centre ; above, star. 
 
 
 TS 
 
 18-6 
 
 JE 
 
 5 
 
 DNVAL...INIA &c. 
 
 AO . 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 iii. 37 
 
 74 
 
 15-8 
 
 JE 
 
 •45 
 
 DNVAL c^c. 
 
 (Traces of inscr.) 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 
 75 
 
 14. 
 
 JE 
 
 .5 
 
 TINIA &c. 
 
 [Purchased, 1878, 
 11-3-5] 
 
 
 76 
 
 17. 
 
 jE 
 
 •55 
 
 V? AVG 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 77 
 
 24- 
 
 JE 
 
 •5 
 
 DNA 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 78 
 
 19- 
 
 ^ 
 
 •45 
 
 VA 
 
 (Traces of inscr.) 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 
 79 
 
 12-5 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■4 
 
 Ends NA 
 
 [Gadban, 1865] 
 
 
 80 
 
 21.7 
 
 JE 
 
 .45 
 
 (Traces of inscr.) 
 
 On I., cir 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 iii. 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Obv. Uncertain liead) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Head r., beard- 
 less, wearing diadem 
 and drapery. 
 
 Gate with opening in 
 centre ; above, star. 
 
 
 81 
 
 6. 
 
 JE 
 
 .35 
 
 .VI &c. 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 iii. 39 
 
 82 
 
 4-8 
 
 ^ 
 
 .35 
 
 (Inscr. ?) 
 
 [Doubleday jrarchase, 
 
 1849] 
 
 
28 
 
 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 83 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 
 Weight 
 
 18-5 
 
 5-2 
 
 19-8 
 
 86 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE .45 
 
 JE -35 
 
 JE -45 
 
 14-5 
 
 JE .35 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 (^Obv. Domino nosfro) 
 
 [DIOMINO NOSTRO 
 Bust r., beardless, 
 wearing diadem, 
 paludamentum, and 
 cuirass.^ 
 
 Gate with opening in 
 centre. 
 
 [Presented by Sir J. 
 Anderson, 1875] 
 
 Temple 
 
 Head r., with diadem 
 (Barbarous) 
 
 Temple. 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 
 1849] 
 
 Probablv non-Vandalic. 
 
 Inscr. Bust r. , wearing- 
 diadem and drapery. 
 
 TINIAN? 
 
 Inscription 
 TOV 
 
 XVX 
 
 within wreath. 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 (With head of Justinian 1, a. d. 527-565) 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Jus- Inscr. in wreath.^ 
 tinian I r., beardless, 
 wearing diadem, 
 paludamentum, and 
 cuirass. 
 
 I VST &c. 
 
 iii. 40 
 
 ill. 41 
 
 iii. 42 
 
 rev. 
 
 VOT 
 XIII 
 
 [Doubledav 
 1849] 
 
 purchase, 
 
 iii. 43 
 
 ^ Cp. Nos. 15, 16, supra, p. 19. 
 
 " On these small pieces with Justinian's name see Friedlaender, M. d. Vandaleii, 
 p. 43 and p. 51. The reverses are neatly executed, but not so the obveraes. It may be 
 that these are really Imperial issues (a.d. 533 or 534) struck after the capture of Carthage 
 by Belisarius (cp. Brit. Mus. Cat., Ii)ip. Byz. Coins, pp. 63-9; PI. IX. 11-17; PI. X. 5-8). 
 But if not Imperial, they must have been struck by some Vandal ruler who reigned 
 contemporaneously with Justinian (whose reign was A.D. 527-565), thus, either Hilderic 
 or Gelimer. Of these two Hilderic is the more probable issuer on account of his friendly 
 relations with the Bj'zantine court. 
 
INSCRIPTION— MONOGRAM— BRONZE 
 
 29 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 87 
 
 9-5 
 
 JE .35 
 
 IVSTI 
 
 VOT 
 Xill 
 
 [de Sails g-ift] 
 
 
 88 
 
 10-3 
 
 JE 4 
 
 IVST 
 
 VOT 
 XIII 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 
 89 
 
 10-8 
 
 JE .35 
 
 NAN 1? 
 
 VOT 
 XIII 
 
 
 90 
 
 11-3 
 
 JE .4 
 
 IVS NIAN 
 
 rv]OT 
 
 Xjlll 
 
 "Procured at Carthag-e 
 and presented by the 
 Rev. Arthur Dixon, 
 1906] 
 
 
 91 
 
 11.8 
 
 JE -35 
 
 IVST...ANVS 
 
 VOT 
 Xllll 
 
 iii. 44 
 
 92 
 
 124 
 
 JE .35 
 
 (Traces of inscr.) 
 
 VOT 
 Xllll 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 
 93 
 
 12.8 
 
 JE .4 
 
 .VST NIAN? 
 
 VOT 
 Xllll 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 
 
 
 
 Monog-i-ams 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Monogram of Theodosius II, a. d. 408-450) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Head of Theo- 
 
 1 OT (Monog-ram of 
 
 
 
 
 
 dosius II r., wearing 
 
 1 a ■! Theodosius 
 
 
 
 
 
 diadem and drapery. 
 
 wreath.^ 
 
 
 94 
 
 5-8 
 
 JE -35 
 
 (No inscr. visible) 
 
 Above, branch. 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849=] 
 
 iv. 1 
 
 ^ This imitation of the coins of Theodosius II may possibly have been produced as 
 early as the reign of Gaiseric, but as the oir. heads are more or less rude and the coins of 
 small size, I would rather assign them to one of the later Vandal rulers nearer to the 
 time of Gelimer, who adopts a monogram as the rev. type of his bronze coins (p. 16, No. 4, 
 supra). It may be noticed, also, that No. 96 shows the obv. head enclosed in a wreath, 
 like the silver coins of Gelimer. 
 
 ^ Procured from Africa, according to a note made by de Salis. On the monogram 
 see Friedlaender, M. d. Vandalen, p. 48. 
 
30 
 
 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE -3 
 
 95 
 
 7.6 
 
 96 
 
 4.6 
 
 JE -3 
 
 97 
 
 10-4 
 
 .E -35 
 
 98 
 
 ■2-2.8 
 
 ^E .45 
 
 99 
 
 23-2 
 
 .E -4 
 
 100 
 
 0-6 
 
 {.flan 
 h>Jnre<I) 
 
 .E -35 
 
 101 
 
 11-5 
 
 tE -4 
 
 10i> 
 
 IS- 5 
 
 .E .4 
 
 108 
 
 14-6 
 
 JE .45 
 
 104 
 
 10-6 
 
 .E .45 
 
 105 
 
 20-2 
 
 .E .4 
 
 106 
 
 8-5 
 
 jE -35 
 
 Obverse 
 
 . ... AC 
 
 (No inscr. ; liead in 
 wreath) 
 
 (lYaces of inscr.) 
 
 Revei'se 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849'] • 
 
 (M) 
 
 [Doubledav purcliase, 
 1849'] 
 
 (Monogram ofMarcian,- a.d. 450-457) 
 
 Inscr. Head of Mar- 
 cian r., wearing* dia- 
 dem and drapery. 
 
 NOPFA/ (the begin- 
 ning of inscr. is off 
 the tlan) 
 
 . N M ? (rest off flan) 
 
 DNMARCIANVS 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Traces of inscr. 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Traces of inscr., AN.'* 
 &c. 
 
 RCIS 
 
 Inscr. ends AVC 
 
 Inscr. Head of Mar- 
 cian r., wearing dia- 
 dem and drapery. 
 
 Inscr. ends NVSI 
 (type 1.) 
 
 ■^^^(Monogram of 
 V^^ Marcian)with- 
 ■ 5 L in wreath. 
 
 Above mon., star, 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Above mon., star. 
 
 Above mon., cross. 
 [Purchased, 1878, 
 11-3-1] 
 
 Above mon., cross (S 
 blundered) 
 
 (Monogram varied) 
 
 (Mon. as No. 102) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (Mon. as No. 102) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Above mon., star ? 
 [Purchased, 1878, 
 11-3-3] 
 
 J^^p (Mon. ofMar- 
 ^^CJ^ cian) witliin 
 "■ S 1 border. 
 
 Above mon., cross. 
 [Presented b v Mr. Jesse 
 Haworth, 1888J 
 
 Plate 
 
 iv. 2 
 
 iv. 3 
 
 iv. 4 
 
 iv. 5 
 
 iv. 6 
 
 iv. 7 
 
 ' 'From Africa' (de Salis's note). 
 
 Issued in the period of Gaiseric, or later (?). 
 
MONOGRAM— BRONZE 
 
 31 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 107 
 
 9.5 
 
 JE .35 
 
 Inscr. obscure. 
 
 Above mon., cross. 
 [Presented bv Mr. Jesse 
 Haworth, 1888] 
 
 
 108 
 
 10- 
 
 jE .4 
 
 Inscr. obscure. 
 
 Inscr. Head of Mar- 
 clan r., wearing" dia- 
 dem and drapery. 
 
 Above mon., cross? 
 [Presented bv Mr. Jesse 
 Haworth, 1888] 
 
 ^^^^ (Monoo-ram 
 Q ^^ r^ of Mar- 
 J^ § cian) with- 
 in wreath. 
 
 
 109 
 
 12.8 
 
 .E .4 
 
 Inscr. ends lANVS? 
 
 Monog'ram of Leo 
 
 Head r., wearing- dia- 
 dem and drapery. 
 
 [Presented bv Mr. Jesse 
 Haworth, 1888] 
 
 I (a. 1). 457-474) 
 
 £|5m (Monogram of 
 rC 1- Leo I) within 
 \\|_ wreath. 
 
 iv. 8 
 
 110 
 
 16.1 
 
 JE .35 
 
 ....NNA.? 
 
 (Border of dots instead 
 
 of wreath) 
 [Presented by Mr. Jesse 
 
 Haworth, 1888] 
 
 iv. 9 
 
 111 
 
 16.G 
 
 JE .35 
 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 112 
 
 13-3 
 
 .E .35 
 
 
 
 
 113 
 
 10. 
 
 JE .35 
 
 Traces of inscr. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 iv. 10 
 
 114 
 
 10.7 
 
 ^E .35 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (Mon. partly off flan) 
 
 
 115 
 
 10.4 
 
 JE 4 
 
 Traces of inscr. 
 
 [Purchased, 1878, 
 11-3-2] 
 
 
 IIG 
 
 10.3 
 
 JE .3 
 
 
 [de Salis gift '] 
 
 
 117 
 
 10.6 
 
 JE -3 
 
 (Type obscure) 
 
 (Tvpe partly off flan) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 118 
 
 19.7 
 
 jE .45 
 
 PFRA.(=PERA?) 
 
 (Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906-^) 
 
 iv. 11 
 
 A specimen occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard, Friedlaender, M. d. Vand., p. 4G. 
 The coin was originally purchased from an Italian coin-dealer. 
 
32 
 
 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 Monogram, of Zeno (a. d. 474-491) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Head r., ^vearing• dia- 
 
 71 O (Monog-ram of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dem and drapery. 
 
 P^l Zeno) witliin 
 Sl/>L wreath. 
 
 
 119 
 
 10-9 
 
 .E 
 
 •35 
 
 Traces of inscr. 
 (..MO ?) 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849 >] 
 
 iv. 12 
 
 120 
 
 12-5 
 
 .E 
 
 .35 
 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 
 121 
 
 114 
 
 .E 
 
 •3 
 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 
 122 
 
 7.8 
 
 .E 
 
 .3 
 
 . NV. 
 
 [Presented bv ^Ir. .Jesse 
 Haworth, 1888] 
 
 
 123 
 
 13-2 
 
 .E 
 
 •4 
 
 .EN. 
 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 5-6-11] 
 
 (H) . 
 
 iv. 13 
 
 124 
 
 14-7 
 
 JE 
 
 .35 
 
 
 (Mon. as No. 123) 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 
 1849] 
 
 
 125 
 
 16. 
 
 JE 
 
 •35 
 
 Traces of inscr. 
 
 (Mon. as No. 123) 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 
 4-8-18] 
 
 
 126 
 
 122 
 
 JE 
 
 .35 
 
 DN... 
 
 (^lon. as No. 123) 
 [Presented bv Mr. Jesse 
 Hawortli, J 888] 
 
 
 127 
 
 14.5 
 
 .E 
 
 •35 
 
 Monog-ram of Anasta 
 
 Head r., wearing dia- 
 dem and drapery. 
 
 (feC) 
 
 [Doubledav inirchase, 
 1849'^] ' 
 
 sius I (a.d. 491-518) 
 
 O 2^ (Monog-ram of 
 PsJ Anastasius) 
 ■▼X" within border 
 of dots. 
 
 
 128 
 
 11-6 
 
 JE 
 
 •4 
 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 iv. 14 
 
 129 
 
 13- 
 
 JE 
 
 .4 
 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 * This specimen came 'from Africa' according to de Salis's note. 
 ^ 'From Africa' (de Saliss note). 
 
MONOGRAM- BRONZE 
 
 33 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 130 
 
 9- 
 
 JE 
 
 •35 
 
 Traces of inscr. 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 
 131 
 
 8-2 
 
 JE 
 
 .35 
 
 Traces of inscr. ( — V). 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-309] 
 
 iv. 15 
 
 132 
 
 74 
 
 M 
 
 .35 
 
 (Type obscure) 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 
 133 
 
 7- 
 
 JE 
 
 •3 
 
 (IN.&c.) 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 
 134 
 
 7-1 
 
 JE 
 
 •3 
 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 
 135 
 
 112 
 
 JE 
 
 •4 
 
 Border of dots. 
 
 m 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 136 
 
 7-7 
 
 JE 
 
 .35 
 
 
 „ [de Salis gift] 
 
 iv. 16 
 
 137 
 
 8-2 
 
 JE 
 
 .3 
 
 
 ,, [Doubleday pur- 
 chase,1849] 
 
 
 138 
 
 7. 
 
 JE 
 
 ■35 
 
 Border of dots. 
 
 Monog-ram of Justin 
 Head of Justinian I r., 
 
 „ [de Salis gift] 
 
 ian I (a.d. 527-565) 
 
 I^T (Monogram of 
 1^^ Justinian) 
 
 1 Cr^ within wreath. 
 
 iv. 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 wearing diadem and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 draper3\ 
 
 
 139 
 
 18. 
 
 JE 
 
 .35 
 
 Ends . IVSTI ? 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 iv. 18 
 
 140 
 
 10-5 
 
 JE 
 
 .35 
 
 Ends lANV. 
 
 (W 
 
 iv. 19 
 
 ^ Specimens of Nos. 139 and 140 occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard (see Friedl., 
 M. d. Vand., pp. 42, 43, 52). If these coins are of African, and not (as is conceivable) 
 of Italian origin, they were probably issued during the reign of Hilderic, which ended in 
 May, 530. 
 
34 
 
 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 (with liead of Justinian I) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Jus- 
 
 X within border of 
 
 
 
 
 
 tinian I r., wearing 
 
 IX dots.» 
 
 
 
 
 
 diadem, paludamen- 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 tuni, and cuirass. 
 
 
 
 Ul 
 
 7.5 
 
 JE .4 
 
 DNIP....2I.? 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 iv. 20 
 
 142 
 
 144 
 
 .E -4 
 
 IVSTI N..V 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 143 
 
 21-8 
 
 JE 4 
 
 N .5 AV 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 144 
 
 10-3 
 
 JE -35 
 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] ' 
 
 iv. 21 
 
 145 
 
 11-2 
 
 .E -35 
 
 
 [Procured at Carthage, 
 and presented by the 
 Rev. Arthur Dixon, 
 1906] 
 
 
 146 
 
 6-8 
 
 JE -35 
 
 (Without inscr.) 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 
 147 
 
 8-4 
 
 JE -35 
 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 
 148 
 
 7- 
 
 JE -3 
 
 (Inscr. obscure) 
 
 [Presented bv Mr. 
 GeorgeFinlay,"l854=] 
 
 
 ^ Cp. Friedlaender, M. d. Vandahn, p. 43 and p. 52 (specimens in the Monte Roduni 
 ihoard). 
 
 ^ Found at Athens (see Finlay's Hist, of Greece, i, p. 446 n. ; cp. Brit. Mus. Cat., 
 Imperial Bi/za>ttine Coins, i, p. 43».). These small coins (Nos. 141-8) are in much the 
 same case as those with the head of Justinian I described supra, p. 28, No. 86 sq. {rev. 
 VOT XIII &c.). It is possible that they are Imperial issues, struck, A.D. 533 or 534, 
 after the capture of Carthage by Belisarius, but as their obverses (head and inscription) 
 are somewhat i-ude it is more likely that they are coins of Hilderic (cp. p. 14, supra). 
 A probably = 1 vovnixiov ; cp. Justinian's coins struck at Thessalonica (B. M. C, Liq). Btjz. 
 Coins, p. 43). 
 
 i 
 
LETTERS, ETC.— BROXZE 
 
 35 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 (with head of Justinian I ? ') 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bust r., beardless, 
 wearing" diadem [and 
 drapery]. 
 
 Inscr. p 
 
 A 
 
 
 149 
 
 12-6 
 
 ^ .35 
 
 [Presented by Mr. Jesse 
 Haworth, 1888] 
 
 (Inscr. obscure, DNIV 
 STIN...?) 
 
 iv. 22 
 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bust r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem and 
 drapery. 
 
 — ^ within wreath. 
 
 
 150 
 
 8-4 
 
 ^ .35 
 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 
 1849] 
 
 iv. 23 
 
 151 
 
 8-4 
 
 JE -35 
 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Head r., wear- 
 ing- diadem and dra- 
 pery. 
 
 Kt 
 
 
 152 
 
 15- 
 
 JE .35 
 
 SIVS....? 
 
 [Presented by Mr. Jesse 
 Haworth, 1888] 
 
 
 
 
 
 AV 
 
 
 
 
 
 Head r., wearing- dia- 
 dem and drapery. 
 
 J^y^ within border 
 /ji\ of dots. 
 
 
 153 
 
 5-2 
 
 JE -3 
 
 (Rude style) 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 
 1849 2] 
 
 iv. 24 
 
 ^ Cp. the coins with 7X, Nos. 141-8, supra. - ' From Africa ' (de Salis's note). 
 
36 
 
 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 154 
 155 
 
 12-4 
 
 11.8 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 vE -35 
 JE -35 
 
 156 
 
 12-3 
 
 157 
 
 N 
 
 Inscr. represented by 
 dots. Head r. , wear- 
 ing- diadem and 
 draper^^ 
 
 (Head partly off flan) 
 
 N 
 
 within border of 
 dots. 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 [Presented by Mr. Jesse 
 Haworth, 1888] 
 
 K 
 
 (?) 
 
 Inscr. Bust r., wear- 
 ing diadem and dra- 
 pery. 
 
 JE -4 Ends AVC 
 
 16-6 JE -4 
 
 158 
 
 11- 
 
 JE -3 
 
 K 
 
 (?) within bor- 
 der of dots. 
 
 iv. 25 
 
 [de Salis gift] iv. 26 
 
 T 
 
 Head r. [wearing dia- 
 dem and drapery]. 
 
 T 
 
 within wreath. 
 
 [Presented bv Mr. Jesse 
 Haworth, 1888] 
 
 Inscr. Head r., wear- 
 ing diadem and dra- 
 pery. 
 
 Ends A > I 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 Letters in angles (?). 
 
 iv.27 
 
SACRED MONOGRAM— BRONZE 
 
 37 
 
 Weight 
 
 111 
 
 9-2 
 
 7-6 
 64 
 6-7 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 23-6 
 
 JE -35 
 JE .35 
 
 ^E .35 
 
 M .35 
 JE .35 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (with head of Justinian I) 
 
 JE .4 
 
 Inscr. Head of Jus- 
 tinian I r., wearing- 
 diadem and drapery. 
 
 DNIVTI(s2c) NIA 
 
 Blundered inscr., VlAI 
 /I HI ? 
 
 *" 
 
 within two borders 
 of dots. ^ 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849^] 
 
 Plate 
 
 iv. 28 
 
 >& in wreath 
 
 Inscr. Head r., wear- 
 ing- diadem and dra- 
 pery. 
 
 Ends VI U 
 
 (No inscr. on flan) 
 
 (No inscr. on flan) 
 
 ^ with pellets in the 
 ^ ang-les ; whole in 
 wreath.^ 
 
 [Presented bv Mr. J. 
 Doubledav,' 1846] 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849^] ' 
 
 (Without pellets) 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 
 1849^] 
 
 Obv. A. Bev. T^ 
 
 A within border of ^ within border of 
 ^^ dots.^ ^^ dots. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 iv. 29 
 
 iv. 30 
 
 ^ Hardly Imperial, but more probably of the time of Hilderic: cp. note 2, p. 34, 
 supra. A specimen occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard (Friedlaender., M. d. Vand., 
 p. 43 and p. 52). 
 
 ^ ' From Africa ' (de Salis's note). 
 
 * Later Vandal ; Hilderic or Gelimer (?). 
 
 * Cp. the coins with rev. A described supra, id. 34. This coin, however, is of thicker 
 fabric. 
 
38 
 
 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 165 
 
 166 
 
 167 
 
 168 
 
 169 
 170 
 
 171 
 172 
 
 Weiffht 
 
 173 
 174 
 
 9-8 
 117 
 111 
 
 5-4 
 
 {thin) 
 11. 
 
 13-7 
 
 6-4 
 5-2 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 ^ -35 
 
 JE .3 
 
 .E .4 
 
 JE -4 
 
 ^ .35 
 
 JE -35 
 
 JE .35 
 
 ^E .3 
 
 14. 
 
 9-6 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plato 
 
 Head r., beardless, 
 wearing" diadem and 
 drapery. 
 
 Behind, • • • • ( = inscr.) 
 
 Beliind, ••••( = inscr.) 
 
 In front, ••••( = inscr.) 
 
 Obv. Head. Rer. ^ 
 
 ^L^ witliin Avreatli.' 
 
 (Dots for inscr. ?) 
 
 JE -45 
 JE .45 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849J 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 [de Sails g-lft] 
 
 [Doubledav purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 Cross 
 
 Cross potent in wreath 
 
 (with head of Theodosius II, a. d. 408-450) 
 
 iv. 31 
 
 Inscr. Head of Theo- 
 dosius II r., wearing 
 diadem and drapery. 
 
 SIVSPFA 
 
 [T]H€ODSIVSPF 
 
 Cross potent m wreath. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [Purchased in 1878, 
 11-3-7] 
 
 [Presented by Mr. Jesse 
 Haworth, 1888] 
 
 iv. 32 
 
 ' For the style, &c., compare Nos. 161-3. They appear to be coins of the late Vandal 
 period, but the substitution of dots for the letters of the inscription and the rudeness of 
 the oh: heads suggest that the coins are not the issues of Vandal kings, but of some 
 barbarous tribes (the Mauri ?). 
 
CROSS— BRONZE 
 
 39 
 
 No. 
 
 175 
 
 176 
 177 
 178 
 
 179 
 
 180 
 
 181 
 
 ,fWeight 
 
 9-2 
 
 194 
 
 17. 
 
 13-5 
 
 11.2 
 
 10.3 
 
 IM 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 M .35 
 
 yE 4 
 
 JE .4 
 
 JE 45 
 
 JE .35 
 
 M .35 
 
 Obverse 
 
 (Traces of inscr., blun- 
 dered 
 
 SIVSPFA 
 ...VSPFA 
 
 DNTH. (the rest off 
 flan) 
 
 Reverse 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [de Salis gift '] 
 [de Salis gift] 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (With head of Masuna ?, Rex Maurorum, 
 circ. A. D. 508, and later) 
 
 Inscr. (Name of 
 Masuna?). Headr., 
 beardless, Avearing 
 diadem and drapery. 
 
 mNA2MA (border of 
 dots. 
 
 nNA8n 
 
 ASNA (rest of inscr. 
 off flan). 
 
 Cross potent in wreath 
 (represented bv pel- 
 lets). 
 
 (Type defeced) 
 [Presented bv Mr. Jesse 
 Haworth, 1888^] 
 
 [Presented by Mr. Jesse 
 Ha worth, ~ ~ 
 
 [Presented bv Mr. Jesse 
 Haworth, 1888] 
 
 Plate 
 
 iv. 33 
 
 iv. 34 
 
 iv. 35 
 
 ^ Nos. 176-8 are of thicker fabric than Nos. 173-5. 
 
 ^ The obv. inscription of Nos. 179-81 does not appear to adumbrate the name of any 
 Roman emperor or Vandal king. I suggest that it is intended for the name of Masuna, 
 an important chieftain of the Mauri who gained territoiy at the expense of Trasamund 
 and the Vandals. According to an inscription in C. I. L., viii, No. 9835, Masuna was in 
 A. D. 508 ruler of Safar, Altava, and Castra Severiana in the west of Mauretania Caesarien- 
 fiis, and styled himself 'Rex Maurorum et Romanorum'. {Pro sal. et incol. reg. Masu- 
 nae [first two letters in ligature] f/ent. Maitr. et Romano):, &c.) 
 
 He is probably identical with the Maaacovas of Procopius. ' Masuna rex anno 508 
 fortasse est ipse ille Massona rex qui a. 534 una cum Ortaia Byzantiorum duceni 
 Solomonem incitabat ad bellum inferendum regi Maurorum ad montem Aurasium 
 labdae (Procop., BeU. Vand., ii. 13),' Commentary on C.I.L., No. 9835 ; cp. Schmidt's 
 Gesch. d. Vattdalen, p. 120 ; Diehl, VAfr. hyz., p. 43 and p. 264. If the attribution of 
 these coins happens to receive further confirmation it will be of some importance in 
 connexion with the whole series of small bronze coins of the Vandalic period (here 
 described, pp. 17 ff.). For it would become evident that the Mauri (and perhaps other 
 barbarous peoples) employed during the later Vandal period, and perhaps even after the 
 conquest of Africa by Justinian, a currency of small bronze which they modelled more 
 or less rudely on Roman or Vandal prototypes. The existence of the vqy^ numerous 
 types and varieties of small bronze coins which seem to furnish a superabundant coinage 
 for the Vandal kings will excite less astonishment if we consider that they were in part 
 the currency of the Mauri. 
 
 No. 20, p. 19; No. 110, p. 31; No. 188, p. 40, bear a certain resemblance to Nos. 179-81 
 just described. 
 
40 
 
 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 182 
 
 27. 
 
 JE -45 
 
 183 
 
 16. 
 
 JE .45 
 
 184 
 
 21.2 
 
 .E .45 
 
 185 
 
 144 
 
 ^ -45 
 
 186 
 
 33-4 
 
 ^ -55 
 
 187 
 
 18-1 
 
 ^ -4 
 
 188 
 
 11. 
 
 JE .35 
 
 189 
 
 10-5 
 
 .E -45 
 
 190 
 
 8.5 
 
 JE .35 
 
 191 
 
 8.7 
 
 JE .45 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (^Obv. uncertain head') 
 
 Head r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem and 
 drapery. 
 
 DNVI (Valentinian 
 III ?) 
 
 Inscr. ends NA. 
 
 (Type blurred throug-li 
 double-striking) 
 
 Inscr. ends A ? VG 
 
 Cross potent in wreath. 
 
 Border of dots, 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [P. Gadban, 1865] 
 
 Border of dots. 
 [P. Gadban, 1865] 
 
 Border of dots, 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (Bust broad, rudely 
 executed) 
 
 (Similar to No. 186) 
 
 [E. Aschkenasi, of 
 Tunis, 1854] 
 
 [Townley coll.] 
 
 [.OCAnVI.?] (head 
 small) 
 
 Traces of rude inscr. 
 
 Inscr. (IV ? &c.) 
 
 Dots for inscr. ; type 
 rude. 
 
 [de Salis gift ^] 
 
 (Double-struck) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Plate 
 
 iv. 36 
 
 iv. 37 
 
 iv. 38 
 
 iv. 39 
 
 iv. 40 
 
 ' Nos. 182-94 may be coins of the Mauri or, at any rate, non-Vandalic. 
 ^ This somewhat resembles the coins assigned, supra, p. 39, to Masuna. 
 
CROSS— BRONZE 
 
 41 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 192 
 
 11.6 
 
 .E -35 
 
 
 Border of dots, 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 193 
 
 4. 
 
 jE -35 
 
 
 Border of dots. 
 FDoubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 
 194 
 
 4-3 
 
 JE 3 
 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 iv. 41 
 
 
 
 
 Plain cross in wreath 
 
 
 
 
 
 Head r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem and 
 drapery. 
 
 Plain cross in wreath. 
 
 
 195 
 
 12. 
 
 .E 4 
 
 In front, palm-branch 
 or part of wreath ? 
 
 
 iv. 42 
 
 196 
 
 13- 
 
 JE -35 
 
 In front, part of wreath. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 197 
 
 7. 
 
 .E .4 
 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 iv. 43 
 
 198 
 
 8.2 
 
 .E 35 
 
 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906] 
 
 
 199 
 
 12-1 
 
 .E -35 
 
 
 Border of dots. 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906] 
 
 
 200 
 
 7-6 
 
 -E .3 
 
 DH 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cross pattee in border of dots 
 
 
 
 
 
 Head r., beardless, 
 wearing- [diadem 
 and] drapery. 
 
 Cross pattee and two 
 pellets. Border of 
 dots.^ 
 
 
 201 
 
 12-8 
 
 JE -35 
 
 
 
 iv. 44 
 
 ^ Period of the later Vandal kings. 
 
42 
 
 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Pentagram 
 
 
 
 
 
 Two (or tliree ?) rows 
 of CCCC (imitating 
 inscrijitions ?). 
 
 Pentagram. 
 
 
 202 
 
 4- 
 
 JE -35 
 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 iv.45 
 
 
 
 
 Plain (or witli a type 
 that has been ob- 
 literated). 
 
 Pentagram. 
 
 
 203 
 
 7.3 
 
 JE -4 
 
 
 [DouT)leday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 iv. 46 
 
 204 
 
 6-6 
 
 JE -3 
 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 
II. 
 
 COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 ODOVACAR' 
 
 A. B. -.'3 Auc. 476—15 March 493 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 RAVENNA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Solidus 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNZENO PEKPFAVC 
 Bust of Zeno,- beard- 
 less, with head three- 
 
 VICTOR. AAVCCC 
 
 Victory draped 
 standing 1., holding 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 quarters r. ; wears 
 helmet with plume 
 and armour ; r. hand 
 holds spear behind 
 his head ; 1. hand 
 
 in r. broad cross; 
 in ex., CONOB; in 
 field, r., star. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (not represented) 
 supports shield deco- 
 rated with the g-roup 
 of a horseman r., at- 
 tacking- with spear a 
 prostrate enemy. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 68-2 
 
 N 
 
 •8 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-2J 
 
 (VICTOK 1) (A for A) 
 after inscr., A 
 
 v.l 
 
 2 
 
 68-5 
 
 N 
 
 •8 
 
 [Purchased, 1874, 
 7-15-144*] 
 
 After CONOB, KV 
 (Ravenna) 
 
 V.2 
 
 ^ As to Odovacar, who is here, for convenience, included among the Ostrogoths, see 
 'Introduction', supra, § 2. 
 
 2 The Emperor Zeno, a.d. 474-491. On the attribution to Odovacar of coins with 
 Zeno's name see ' Introduction', § 2, on coins with Imperial names. 
 
44 
 
 11. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 3 
 
 66-9 
 
 N 
 
 .75 
 
 (Ends AYC) 
 
 (AAYCCC) after CO 
 NOB, RV 
 
 
 4 
 
 68-3 
 
 A' 
 
 •8 
 
 (Ends AYC) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (VICTOR 1) after 
 inscr,, Z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNZENO PEKPFAV 
 Bust of Zeno r., 
 
 Cross within wreath ; 
 beneath, CO NOB 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 beardless, wearing 
 diadem and drapery. 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 22.2 
 
 M 
 
 •55 
 
 
 (l/l for N ?) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 V.3 
 
 6 
 
 21.7 
 
 N 
 
 .5 
 
 (P€KP) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 V. 4 
 
 7 
 
 224 
 
 N 
 
 •5 
 
 (Ends P€RPFAVC) 
 
 (COM) 
 
 V.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNSENO PEKPFAV 
 Bust of Zeno r., 
 beardless, wearing 
 diadem and drapery. 
 
 Eagle, with wings 
 sj^read, standing 1., 
 looking back ; above 
 head, cross.' 
 
 
 8 
 
 14.5 
 
 (pierced) 
 
 M 
 
 •55 
 
 FLOD[OV]AC Bust 
 of Odovacar r. , beard- 
 less, but with mous- 
 tache ; head bare ; 
 wears paludamen- 
 tum and cuirass. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 |MD ^ (monogram of 
 Ukll Odovacar) 
 ■ ^i^ within wreath, 
 with circular orna- 
 ment ; beneath, RV. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 V.6 
 
 9 
 
 12-7 
 
 M 
 
 •5 
 
 [Purchased, 1882, 
 4-5-1 2] 
 
 
 V. 7 
 
 ^ The types were probably suggested by the Imperial silver coins already struck in 
 Italy— probably at Milan— in the name of Zeno. 
 
 ^ This rare coin was sold to the British Museum by Miss A. Lucas, an EngUsh lady 
 resident in Rome, where, I believe, it was obtained. Cp. Keary, Coinages of Western 
 Europe, p. vii (conrigenda), referring to the specimen engraved on the title-page of 
 Pallmann's Gesch. der Volkertvandeningen. For other specimens see Friedlaender, M. d. 
 Vandaleit, pp. 58, 59, PI. II. 1, 2 ; cp. M. d. Ostgothen, p. 8. The silver coin (with head 
 of Anastasius) assigned to Odovacar in Sabat., i, p. 195, PI. XVIII. 1, is of doubtful 
 description; see Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen, p. 8; cp. Engel and Serrure (Traite de 
 Num., i. 23). As to the date, &c., of our No. 9, see ' Introduction', supra, § 2, ' Odovacar.' 
 The A in the monogram is carelessly formed, perhaps A. 
 
ODOVACAR— RAVENNA— ROME 
 
 45 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ODO VAC Bust of 
 Odovacar r., beard- 
 less, [but with mous- 
 tache ?] ; head bare ; 
 
 ^P ^ within wreath. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wears paludamen- 
 tuni and cuirass. 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 21-6 
 
 JE 
 
 •4 
 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 V. 8 
 
 11 
 
 14-4 
 
 JE 
 
 .4 
 
 
 
 V. 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 ROME 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNZENOP ERPFAVC 
 Bust of Zeno r., 
 
 Cross within wreath ; 
 beneath, CO MOB 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 beardless, wearing- 
 diadem, paludamen- 
 tum, and cuirass. 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 22-4 
 
 N 
 
 •5 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 V. lO 
 
 13 
 
 22-2 
 
 N 
 
 •55 
 
 (DNZENO PEKPFA 
 VC) 
 
 [Blacas coll., 1867] 
 
 V. 11 
 
 14 
 
 22-3 
 
 N 
 
 •55 
 
 (DNSENO PEKPFA 
 VC) 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-14] 
 
 V. 12 
 
 15 
 
 22. 
 
 N 
 
 .5 
 
 (DNZ€NO P6KPFA 
 VC) 
 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 dealer, 1869, 7-9-61] 
 
 V. 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 See infra^ ' Quasi-autoi 
 of Ode 
 
 lomous of Rome,' time 
 vacar. 
 
 
46 
 THEODORIC 
 
 son of Theudemir 
 A.D. Maech 493—30 Aug. 526 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 68-7 
 
 68-8 
 68-5 
 
 69- 
 
 A^ .8 
 
 M -8 
 M .8 
 
 N 
 
 (i> 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 RAVENNA 
 
 Gold 
 
 (i) with head of Anastasius I. Struck by 
 Tlieodoric, circ. a,d. 493-518 
 
 Solidus 
 A.D. 493-518 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPF 
 AVC Bust of Anasta- 
 sius, beardless, three- 
 quarters r., wears 
 helmet with plume 
 and ornament, and 
 armour; r. hand 
 holds spear behind 
 his head ; 1. hand 
 (not represented) 
 supports shield with 
 horseman device. 
 
 [Presented by Mr. Ed- 
 ward Wig-an, 1864] 
 
 [Blacas coll., 1867] 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 [Purchased, 1863, 
 7-11-17] 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-1] 
 
 VICTOK I AAVCCC 
 
 Victory draped 
 standing- 1., holding- 
 in r. broad cross ; 
 in ex., COMOB; in 
 field r., star. 
 
 At end of inscr. , A 
 
 At end of inscr., A 
 
 (VICTORI AAVCCC) 
 
 (CO NOB); in field 
 1. , R/ (Ravenna) ; at 
 
 end of inscr., JfX^ 
 
 (monogram of Theo- 
 doric). 
 
 (Inscr. as on No. 3) ; 
 in field, 1., traces of 
 Ry ? wliich has been 
 apparently oblite- 
 rated ; at end of 
 inscr., monog-ram of 
 TheodoricasonNo. 3. 
 
 Plate 
 
 V.14 
 
 V. 15 
 
 v.ie 
 
THEODORIC— RAVENNA- GOLD 
 
 47 
 
 Weierht 
 
 224 
 
 
 22.2 
 
 09. 
 
 22-2 
 
 224 
 
 00. o 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 AT -55 
 
 M -5 
 
 A^ .5 
 
 M .55 
 
 A/ -5 
 
 ^ .55 
 
 A^ .55 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Tremissls 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 
 AVC Bust of Anasta- 
 sius, beardless, r., 
 wearing- diadem, 
 paludamentum, and 
 cuirass. 
 
 (A for A) above head, 
 cross. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (TA) (AVC) above 
 head, star. 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-73] 
 
 (A, A, A, A in inscr.) 
 above head, star, 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (A, A, A, A in inscr.) 
 above liead, star, 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (A for A in inscr.) 
 above head, star, 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (D for D) (Siva) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (A for A, except second 
 A) 
 
 VICTORIAAVCVSTO 
 
 KVM Victory stand- 
 ing on globus' to 
 front, looking 1. ; in 
 r. wreath, in 1. glo- 
 bus cruciger; in 
 field 1., star ; in ex., 
 CONOB 
 
 (COS for CVS) (star in 
 field r., instead of 1.) 
 
 IVCTORIAAVCVSTO 
 KON 
 
 ^^ 
 
 VICTOKIAAVCVSO 
 
 ON) 
 
 (VICTOKIAAVCVSO 
 ROM) (COMOB) 
 
 (VICTOMAA VIVST 
 OKOM) 
 
 (VICTORIAA VCVST 
 
 OKN) (star in field r., 
 instead of 1.). 
 
 (C for Q (COMOB) 
 (star in field r., in- 
 stead of 1.). 
 
 Plate 
 
 V. 17 
 
 V. 18 
 
 V. 19 
 
 V. 20 
 
 V. 21 
 
 ^ The globus is often very slightly indicated, and is sometimes not to be distinguished 
 from the left foot of the goddess. It is more distinct on the tremisses struck at Rome 
 under Theodoric. The type can be traced back on Roman coins to the aurei of Augustus 
 (e.g. Coll. de H. Montagu, Monn. d'or, PI. III. 77). 
 
48 
 
 11. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 68-2 
 
 68-7 
 68-6 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 22.G 
 
 22-6 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N .8 
 
 N -8 
 N .8 
 
 N .6 
 
 N .6 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Gold 
 
 (ii) with head of Justin I. Struck by Theo- 
 doric, f/rc. a. d. 518-526, andby Athalaric?, 
 end of 526 and begfinnino^ of 527. 
 
 Solidus 
 
 DNIVSTI NVSPFAVC 
 
 Bust of Justin I, 
 beardless, three- 
 quarters r. ; wears 
 helmet with illume 
 and armour ; r. hand 
 holds spear behind 
 his head ; 1. hand 
 (not represented) 
 supports shield with 
 horseman device. 
 
 [Purchased, 1870, 
 2-1-2J 
 
 (Ends A/C) 
 
 [Bank of England gift, 
 
 1877] 
 
 VICTOR. I AAVCCCA 
 
 Victory draped 
 standing 1., holding 
 in r. broad cross ; 
 in field 1., star; in 
 ex., COMOB 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 DNIVSTI NVSPFA/C 
 
 Bust of Justin I, 
 beardless, r. , wearing 
 diadem, paludamen- 
 tum, and cuirass. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTORIAAVCVST 
 OKVM Victory stand- 
 ing on globus to 
 front,' looking 1. ; in 
 r., wreath ; in ]., glo- 
 bus cruciger; in 
 field r., star; in ex., 
 COMOB 
 
 (Space before CVS) (N 
 for M) (cross sepa- 
 rated from globus). 
 
 (EndsORII) 
 
 Plate 
 
 vL 1 
 
 vi. 2 
 
 On the type see note 1, p. 47, supra. 
 
THEODORIC— RAVENNA— SILVER 
 
 49 
 
 No. 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 Weiffht 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 22 
 
 21.7 
 22.5 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 18.6 
 
 22. 
 
 22-6 
 23-7 
 
 M -55 
 N .6 
 
 M -5 
 
 M -5 
 
 M -55 
 M .5 
 
 Obverse 
 
 [cle Salis g-ift] 
 
 (Ends AVC) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (Ends WA) 
 
 (VICTOKIAACVSTO 
 KVM) (star 1. instead 
 of r.).' 
 
 Silver 
 
 (i) witli head of Anastasius I. Struck by 
 Theodoric, circ. a.d, 493-518 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPF 
 AVC Bust of Anasta- 
 sius r., beardless, 
 wearing' paludamen- 
 tuni and cuirass. 
 
 Half Siliqua 
 
 within wreath; 
 beneath, CONS 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [Cracherode bequest, 
 1799 ■•=] 
 
 DNANAST ASIVSA 
 VC Bust of Anasta- 
 sius r., beardless, 
 wearing^ paludamen- 
 tum and cuirass ; be- 
 neath bust, two pel- 
 lets. Border of dots. 
 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 coin-dealer, 1867] 
 
 (Pellets off flan) 
 [Parkes Weber g-ift, 
 
 1906 ; procured in 
 
 Rome] 
 
 >K within wreath, in 
 upjDer part of which, 
 circular ornament. 
 
 (Without ornament ?) 
 
 Plate 
 
 vi. 3 
 
 vi. 4 
 
 vi. 5 
 
 vi. 6 
 
 vi. 7 
 
 ^ Head on dbv. smaller than on Nos. 1-5-17, and more like that on the tremisses assigned 
 {infra) to Rome in the time of Theodoric. 
 
 "^ In spite of CONS this coin does not belong to Constantinople either by type or 
 style. A wreath similar to that on the rev. (but encircling a cross) is found on the gold 
 tremisses struck in Italy by the latest Emperors of the West. The exact rev. type occurs 
 on silver coins of Rome, of Libius Severus, and of Anthemius, and on silver of Anthemius- 
 assigned to Milan. This coin might possibly be of Milan, but hardly of Rome, for the 
 letters SC are not present. On the whole, Ravenna seems the most likely place of issue,. 
 the head, and the wreath on rev. having affinities with Nos. 23-6, infra. 
 
 H 
 
50 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 Weight 
 
 10-5 
 
 10-6 
 
 10. 
 
 114 
 
 27 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Ai 45 
 
 Ai 4 
 
 M 4 
 
 M 45 
 
 10-2 
 
 Ai 45 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 Quarter Siliqua 
 
 DNANAST ASIVSAV 
 
 Bust of Anastasius 
 r., beardless, Avearing- 
 diadem and drapery. ' 
 Border of dots. 
 
 Beneatli, two pellets. 
 
 (DNANASTA [SI]VS 
 AVC) 
 
 (DNANASTA SIVSA 
 VC; beginnino^of inscr. 
 obscure) 
 
 (DNANA STASIVS 
 
 [A]) (^obv. worn) 
 [Baron Kolb coll., 
 
 1847] 
 
 m 
 
 (monogram of 
 Theodoric) ; 
 above, cross. 
 ^yhole in wreatii. 
 
 [Parkes ^yeber g-ift, 
 1 906 ; purchased of an 
 Italian coin-dealer] 
 
 no) 
 
 b e n e a t h 
 mon..star. 
 
 (ii) with head of Justin I. Struck by 
 Theodoric, a. d. 518-526 
 
 Quarter Siliqua 
 
 DNIVSTI NVSAVC 
 
 Bust of Justin I r., 
 beardless, Avearing- 
 diadem and drapery. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [Parkes Weber g-ift, 
 1906 ; boug-ht of an 
 Italian coin-dealer] 
 
 "US ^\ (monog-ramof 
 P^l Theodoric); 
 ■ <!>^'^ above, cross. 
 
 \Miole in wreath. 
 
 (o placed outside mono- 
 gram, beneath.-) 
 
 vi. 8 
 
 vi. 9 
 
 rev. 
 
 vi. 10 
 
 ^ No doubt here, and in later reigns, the bust is intended to wear a paludamentum 
 and cuirass, but they are often so carelessly rendered that the details are not distinct. 
 
 2 Nos. 27, 28, 29 are probably earlier than Nos. 30-4 because the monogram on 
 them appeal's to have been suggested by the monogram on No. 26, stipnt. 
 
 I 
 
THEODORIC— RAVENNA— SILVER 
 
 51 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 28 
 
 10-8 
 
 M .4 
 
 (Ends NVSPAVC) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 vi. 11 
 
 29 
 
 10-7 
 
 M -45 
 
 (End of inscr. obscure) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 30 
 
 10-4 
 
 M .4 
 
 In front, counter- 
 mark, ? crescent. 
 
 (ID) 
 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 5-6-4] 
 
 vi, 12 
 
 31 
 
 IM 
 
 M -45 
 
 [Purcliased, 1904, 
 5-11-55] 
 
 GO 
 
 vi. 13 
 
 32 
 
 11. 
 
 M -45 
 
 
 GO 
 
 
 33 
 
 10.8 
 
 M .45 
 
 (Ends NVSPAVC) 
 
 („) [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 34 
 
 10- 
 
 JR .45 
 
 (Ends NVS[P?]AVC) 
 
 GO 
 
 [Parkes ^^ eber gift, 
 
 1906; bought in 
 
 Rome] 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 
 (1) with head of Anastasius I. Struck by 
 Theodoric, circ. a.d. 493-518 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Head of Ana- 
 stasius r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem and 
 drapery. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 Star witliin wreatli,^ 
 
 
 35 
 
 10-1 
 
 M .35 
 
 DNA (AVC?) 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 7-19-27] 
 
 vi. 14 
 
 36 
 
 17-6 
 
 JE -35 
 
 DNA VC 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 7-19-26] 
 
 vi. 15 
 
 ^ These coins are quite of Italian style. They recall, by their reverse type, the 
 silver coins with the head of Anastasius I described stipra, p. 49, No. 20, &c., and assigned 
 to Theodoric, Ravenna. 
 
52 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 
 Weight 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 34-1 
 
 30-1 
 25-3 
 
 JE -6 
 
 JE -55 
 JE .5 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (ii) with head of Justin I. Stru 
 Theodoric, circ. a.d. 518-526 
 
 Struck Ijv 
 
 P 
 
 ^^ (5 nummi) 
 
 DNIVSTI NVSPPA 
 
 VC Bust of Justin I 
 
 r. , "beardless, wearing" 
 
 diadem and drapery. 
 
 Border, 
 
 30-3 JE .55 
 
 25.7 
 
 30.2 
 23-9 
 
 323 
 
 28-4 
 
 JE .5 
 
 JE .55 
 
 ^ -55 
 
 JE .55 
 
 JE .5 
 
 and cross ; all 
 within wreath. 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-721 
 
 Plate 
 
 vi. 16 
 
 vi. 17 
 
 V 
 
 (5 nummi) 
 
 (Some of these may, possibly, have been issued 
 in the early part of tlie reign of Atlialaric) 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Justin I 
 r. , beardless, wearin g- 
 diadem and drapery. 
 Border. 
 
 DNIVSTI NVSPPA 
 VC 
 
 [Off flan] NVSPPAVC 
 
 DNIVSIII IPPAVC 
 
 DNIVSTINI(6/t) NV 
 SPPAVC 
 
 within 
 wreath. 
 
 DNIVSTIII 
 A/C 
 
 NVSPP 
 
 V 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-70] 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-109] 
 
 vi. 18 
 vi.l9 
 
 vi. 20 
 
 ' On nearly all these specimens the head is in the high relief chai-acteristic of the 
 Ravenna mint. 
 
THEODORIC— RAVENNA— BRONZE 
 
 53 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 46 
 
 24. 
 
 .E 
 
 •45 
 
 DNIVSTI (double- 
 struck) NVSPPAVC 
 
 [BlacascoU.,1867] 
 
 
 47 
 
 27-8 
 
 M 
 
 •55 
 
 DNIVSTIII .NVSPP 
 AVC 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 29-7 
 
 JE 
 
 •5 
 
 DMIVSTIN NVSPA 
 VC 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-298] 
 
 
 49 
 
 26-5 
 
 JE 
 
 .5 
 
 [DJNIVSTII (NVSPP 
 
 
 vi. 21 
 
 50 
 
 22-5 
 
 JE 
 
 •5 
 
 VSPPAVC 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-91] 
 
 
 51 
 
 13. 
 
 .E 
 
 •35 
 
 . NIV (head of some- 
 wliat rude style) 
 
 [Northwick sale, 1860] 
 
 vi. 22 
 
 52 
 
 21-1 
 
 yE 
 
 •45 
 
 .. TINIPI 
 
 Above, star. 
 
 vi. 23 
 
 53 
 
 23-5 
 
 vE 
 
 ■45 
 
 Dl/IIV STINIP 
 
 Above, star. 
 
 vi. 24 
 
 54 
 
 19.7 
 
 ^E 
 
 •45 
 
 DNIVS TINIPI 
 
 Above, star. 
 
 
 55 
 
 18.2 
 
 vE 
 
 •45 
 
 ..IV TINII 
 
 Above, star. 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-151] 
 
 
 56 
 
 22.G 
 
 .E 
 
 •45 
 
 DNIV ..NIP 
 
 Above, star. 
 
 
 57 
 
 21-8 
 
 .E 
 
 •45 
 
 DNIV TINIP 
 
 Above, star. 
 [Rev. Greville J. 
 Chester, 1877] 
 
 
 58 
 
 21-5 
 
 ^ 
 
 •45 
 
 DNIVS TI[NIP?] 
 
 Above, star. 
 [Rev. Greville J. 
 Chester, 1877] 
 
 
 59 
 
 27.5 
 
 ^ 
 
 •45 
 
 ..IVSTI NVS.... 
 
 Above, star. 
 
 
 60 
 
 21-6 
 
 JE 
 
 •45 
 
 DN[IVS] TINIPAV 
 
 See also 'quasi-autc 
 infra, for bronze coins 
 of Theodoric. 
 
 Above, star. 
 [Parkes Weber g-ift, 
 1906] 
 
 )nomous of Ravenna ', 
 attributed to the period 
 
 
54 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 236. 
 
 {with 
 
 setting) 
 
 N 14 
 
 ROME 
 Gold. Triple Solidus 
 
 REXTHEODERICVSV 
 ICTORCENTIVM. 
 
 Victory in girdled 
 chiton standing r. on 
 globus ; in r., wreath ; 
 in 1., i^alm-branch ; at 
 end of inscr., palm- 
 branch; in ex., COM 
 OB. Border of dots. 
 
 REXTHEODERICVSP 
 IVSPMNCIS Bust of 
 
 Theodoric facing; head 
 
 bare ; hair curled ; wears 
 
 p a 1 u d a m e n t u m and 
 
 cuirass ; r. hand raised ; 
 
 1. holds globus, on which 
 
 stands Victory 1., hold- 
 ing wreath and palm ; 
 
 at end of inscr., small 
 
 palm-branch. 
 
 Collection of Com. F. Gnecchi, Milan. Found 
 near Sinigallia in Italy in Dec. 1894. The 
 specimen is here reproduced on an enlarg-ed 
 scale from a cast of the orig'inal kindly sent 
 bv its owner. See Gnecchi in Bivista itcd. di 
 JSTum., 1895, p. 149, PL III; A. von Sallet, 
 Mi'inzen nnd Mcdaillen (Handbilcher der 
 Konig-1. Museen zu Berlin), Berlin, 1898, 
 p. 101 ; ed. Reeling-, 1909, p. 125. 
 
 This coin or medallion was set in antiquity 
 as a brooch, and the remains of the setting- 
 (omitted in our frontispiece) are seen on the 
 rev. of the original. Its weight (including the 
 brooch-setting) is 15,320 grammes, or a little 
 more than 236 Engiisli grains. If (on a rough 
 estimate) we deduct 26 grains for the weight 
 of the setting, the weight of the coin will be 
 210 grains, i.e. it is (as Gnecchi, op. cit., has 
 alreatly pointed out) a piece of three solidi, 
 based on a solidus of 70 grains. The heaviest 
 extant solidi (in Brit. Mus.) weigh 68-69 grains. 
 It may be noted, however, tliat a bronze weight 
 (in the Brit. Mus. ) of Theodoric, marked 3 solidi, 
 weighs only 184 grains (Dalton, Cat. Early 
 Christian Antiq., No. 444 ; cp. Nos. 445, 446). 
 
 The place of mintage, as suggested by 
 CO MOB, was an Italian city ; presumably, 
 either Rome or Ravenna. As there is nothing 
 in the piece specially characteristic of Ravenna, 
 it may be assigned to Rome, for which city the 
 Victory on the reverse is suitable, as may be seen 
 by comparison with tlie Victory on the silver 
 TNo. 73, infra ; PI. YII. 5) and bronze coins 
 (quasi-autonomous of Rome) attributed to Rome 
 during the reign of Theodoric. 
 
 PM NCIS on the ohv. is explained by Stiickel- 
 berg (Ri vista ital. di num., 1898, pp. 63 f.) as 
 PMNC. I. S, i.e. Princeps invictissimus (or 
 inclijtus') semper; cp. T. Allara, ib., p. 67. 
 
 Frontis- 
 piece 
 
THEODORIC— ROME— GOLD 
 
 55 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 68-7 
 
 65-3 
 
 64 
 
 67. 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 68-9 
 
 68-3 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 .V -8 
 N -85 
 
 N .75 
 
 .V .75 
 
 N -75 
 
 A^ -75 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 Gold (Solidus; Tremissis) 
 
 With head of Anastasius I. Struck in the time 
 of Theodoric, clrc. a.d. 493-518 (or 526?) 
 
 Solidus 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPF 
 AVC Bust of Anasta- 
 sius, beardless, three- 
 quarters r. ; wears 
 lielinet with plume 
 and ornament, and 
 armour; r. hand 
 liolds spear behind 
 his liead ; 1. liand 
 (not represented) 
 supports shield with 
 liorseman device. 
 
 [Cracherode bequest, 
 1799] 
 
 [.J. E. Sinyauki, 185-J] 
 
 VICTOR. I AAVCCC 
 
 Victory, wearing- 
 drapery, standing- L, 
 lioldingf in r. broad 
 cross ; in field r., 
 star; inex.jCOMOB 
 
 At end of inscr., A 
 
 (A foi A) At end of 
 inscr., ^ 
 
 [Edward Solly, 1846] 
 
 At end of inscr., B ; in 
 field 1., R7I (mono- 
 g-ram of Rome), 
 
 [Blacas coll., 1867] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-10] 
 
 (A for A) At end of 
 inscr., /T j ^ (mono- 
 
 g-ram of Theodoric) ; 
 in field 1., R/l (mono- 
 gram of Rome). 
 
 At end of inscr. , mono- 
 g-ramof Theodoric, as 
 on No. 64; in field L, 
 M 
 
 At end of inscr. , mono- 
 g-ram of Theodoric, as 
 on No. 64; in field 1., 
 
 vi. 25 
 
 vi. 26 
 
 vi. 27 
 
 vi. 28 
 
 vi. 29 
 
56 
 
 ir. COEs'S OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obvei-se 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 224 
 
 22- 
 
 22-4 
 
 23. 
 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 22-8 
 
 21-6 
 
 N .55 
 
 N -5 
 
 N -55 
 
 N -55 
 
 N -5 
 
 N -55 
 
 Tremlssis 
 
 (Victory to front) 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPF 
 AVC Bust of Anasta- 
 sius r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem, 
 paludanientum, and 
 cuirass. 
 
 [Blacas coll., 1867] 
 
 [Mrs. Farren, 1845] 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTOKIAAVCVST 
 OKVM Victory stand- 
 ing on globus to 
 front, looking 1. ; 
 in r., wreath ; in 1., 
 globus cruciger; in 
 field, r, and 1., star ; 
 in ex., COMOB 
 
 (AV for AV) 
 
 (Globus cruciger de- 
 tached from hand) 
 
 (ACVSTOKVM) (CO 
 HOB) 
 
 (ACVSTORVM) Cross 
 separated from glo- 
 bus. 
 
 (Victory in profile) 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSP 
 
 FAVC Bust of Ana- 
 
 stasius r., as No. 67. 
 
 [Blacas coll., 1867] 
 
 (Surface rough) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTORIA AVC VST 
 OKVM Victory ad- 
 vancing r., liolding 
 in r. wreath ; in 1., 
 palm-brancli ; in 
 ex., COMOB > 
 
 (VM in ligature) (tvpe 
 tol.) (CONOB") 
 
 vii. 1 
 
 vii. 2 
 
 vii. 3 
 
 vii. 4 
 
 ^ The profile Victory is usually found on the Frankish and Visigothic imitations 
 of the Imi^erial tremisses, and the fronting Victory on Italian imitations. The inscr. 
 COMOB and the style of the head (cp. No. 71 with Nos. 67-70) seem, however, in this 
 case to point to Rome. 
 
 '■* This coin reads CONOB, but from the style of obi: and rer. may be judged to 
 belong to the same mint as No. 71. 
 
THEODORIC— ROME— SILVER 
 
 57 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 15. 
 (broken) 
 
 M -G 
 
 13-7 M 45 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Silver 
 
 with head of Anastasius I. Struck in the time 
 of Theodoric, circ. a.d. 493-518 (or 526 ?) 
 
 Half Siliqua 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSP 
 
 AVC Bust of Anasta- 
 sius 1-., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem, 
 paludamentum, and 
 cuirass. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 [Purcliased, 1904, 
 5-11-36] 
 
 INVIC[TA] KOMA^ 
 
 Victory, in chiton 
 and peplos, advan- 
 cing- r. ; in r., wreath; 
 in L, trophy resting 
 on iier shoulder ; in 
 field, S C. Border 
 of dots.- 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Ana- 
 stasius' r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem and 
 cuirass. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 DNANASTASIVS... 
 
 (inscr. beg-ins in 
 front of bust, read- 
 ing' outwards) 
 
 Quarter Siliqua 
 INVIC 
 
 TAROMA 
 
 (monog-ram of 
 Theodoric); 
 above, cross; 
 beneatli, star. Bor- 
 der of dots.* 
 
 
 (Monog-ram varied') 
 [Loscombe sale, 1855] 
 
 Plate 
 
 vii. 5 
 
 vii. 6 
 
 ' The legend Invicta Roma occurs also on the ' Quasi-autonomous bronze coins of 
 Rome ', described infra, of the time of Odovacar, Theodoric, and Athalaric. It is found, 
 earlier, on the coins of L. Domitius Alexander struck at Carthage, a.d. 308-311 : Lirida 
 Roma Felix Katihago (Maurice, Nnm. constaiUinienne, i, pp. 360 f.). On the coins and 
 medallions of Priscus Attalus, a.d. 409-416, the legend Invicta Roma aetenia occurs 
 (Cohen, MM. imp., viii, pp. 204 f.). A contorniate in the E. F. Weber collection (Hirsch, 
 Sale Catalogue, 1909, No. xxiv, p. 207, lot 2911, PI. 54) is inscribed Invicta Roma Felix 
 Senatiis (Head of Roma). 
 
 '■^ Cp. Friedlaender, M. d. Osfgothen, p. 55, No. 2, and p. 56, No. 3. 
 
 ^ If the descriptions referred to by Friedlaender, M. d. Osfgothen, p. 28, are correct, 
 there are also coins of this type with the head of Justin I. 
 
 * These coins may be assigned to Rome (i) on account of the rev. inscr. (though this 
 does not invariably indicate the Roman mint), (ii) because the obv. head (except perhaps 
 on Nos. 74, 75) is in lower relief and less carefully modelled than on Ravenna coins, (iii) 
 because the rev. is not ornamented with the heavy wreath characteristic of the Ravenna 
 mint. 
 
58 
 
 11. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 75 
 
 7G 
 
 u 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 Weight 
 
 10-8 
 
 114 
 
 13-7 
 
 10-8 
 
 12-2 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 13-2 
 
 13-3 
 
 M 45 
 
 .11 45 
 
 M 45 
 
 Al 45 
 
 Al -5 
 
 M 45 
 
 Al 
 
 Obverse 
 
 DNAN....SIVSPAVC 
 
 (inscr. beg-ins in 
 front of bust, read- 
 ing- outwards) 
 
 DNANAS SPP... 
 
 (inscr. beg-ins in 
 front of bust, read- 
 ing- outwards) 
 
 DNANASTASI.. 
 
 (inscr. retrog-rade, 
 beg-inning- behind 
 bust) 
 
 DAMAS TA . . . . 
 
 (inscr. begins behind 
 bust) (style rude) 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 
 AVC (inscr. retro- 
 grade, beginning- be- 
 liind bust) ; beneath 
 bust, 110' 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 
 AVC (inscr. retrog-rade, 
 
 beginning behind 
 
 bust ; beneath bust. 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 AVC (inscr. retro- 
 grade, beginning be- 
 hind bust) ; beneath 
 bust, ?. 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (INVICT AROM[A]) 
 (star partly off flan 
 [Baron Kolb, 1847] 
 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906] 
 
 (H) (MA in ligature) 
 [Earl of Enniskillen, 
 1856] 
 
 (S for 8 in mon.) 
 [Baron Kolb, 1847] 
 
 (IIAIVIC &c.) (base of 
 monogram varied) 
 [Cracherode bequest, 
 1799] 
 
 (INVIT AKOMAC 
 
 M ^) (monogram as 
 on No. 79). 
 
 (INVIT AKOMAC 
 
 M ) (monogram as on 
 No. 79). 
 
 Plate 
 
 vii. 7 
 
 vii. 8 
 
 vii. 9 
 
 vii. 10 
 
 vii. 11 
 
 vii. 12 
 
 1 Probably for CONO[B] ; cp. No. 82. 
 
 ' Cp. Berliner BWter fUr Mihiz-Kunde, i (1863), p. 152. 
 
 ' The letters CM should apparently be read in connexion with the rest of the legend. 
 Mr. G. F. Hill well suggests that they mean Caput Mtindi, though it must be said that 
 the familiar ' Roma caput mundi ' inscription is not found on coins till a considerably 
 later date (it occurs on coins of Aix-la-Chapelle, of Frederick Barbarossa, 12th cent. ; 
 on coins of the Roman Senate, 13th cent. ; on the Papal coinage, Eugenius IV, 15th cent. : 
 see Gregorovius, Bo»ie in the Middle Ayes, vol. i, p. 7, and vol. iii, p. 471 (Eng. trans.) ;. 
 Engel and Serrure, Traite de Xitm., ii, pp. 595, 596, 794; iii, pp. 1373, 1874). 
 
 
THEODORIC— MILAN— GOLD 
 
 59 
 
 No. 
 
 Wemlit 
 
 82 
 
 9-5 
 
 S3 
 
 68-2 
 
 84 
 
 68. 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M -45 
 
 N -75 
 
 N .8 
 
 Obverse 
 
 A/NVI VaVVC(inscr. 
 
 beg^ins behind bust) ; 
 beneath bust, COHO 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (Inscr. blundered, V 
 
 pivic 1/ivvvnv?) 
 
 (monogram as on No. 
 79, but S for 3) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (Contemporary forg-ery, or barbarous 
 imitation ?) 
 
 Bronze 
 
 (See ' Quasi-autonomous of Rome ') 
 
 :milan 
 
 Solidus 
 
 with head of Anastasius I. Probably struck 
 by Theodoric, a.d. 493-518 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Ana- 
 stasius, beardless; 
 three-quarters r. ; 
 ■wears helmet with 
 plume and orna- 
 ment, and armour ; r. 
 hand holds spear be- 
 liind his head ; 1. 
 hand (not repre- 
 sented) supports 
 shield witli liorseman 
 device. 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 AVC 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 AVC 
 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 - 5-6-3] 
 
 Inscr. Victory, in chi- 
 t(mandpeplos, stand- 
 ing 1., holding in r. 
 broad cross ; in field 
 r., star. 
 
 VICTOKI AAVCCC ; 
 
 beneath, CO NOB 
 I IVD (monogram of 
 Mediolanum). 
 
 VICTORI AAVCCC ; 
 beneath, CO NOB 
 IIVD 
 
 Plate 
 
 vii. 13 
 
 vii. 14 
 
 vii. 15 
 
60 
 
 ATHALARIC 
 
 son of Anialasuntha 
 31 Arc. 526—2 Oct. 534 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 68-1 
 
 684 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 A' .9 
 
 N .85 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 RAVENNA 
 
 Solidus and Tremissis 
 
 (i) with head of Justin I. Struck by Atlialaric, 
 end of 526 or beginning- of 527 
 
 (See under Theodoric, Ravenna, Gold (ii), 
 p. 48, siqjra) 
 
 (ii) with head of Justinian I. Struck by 
 Athalaric after Aug. 527 — 2 Oct. 534, and by 
 his successors, Theodahad and W'itigis, a. d. 
 534-540 
 
 Solidus 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSPF 
 
 A/C Bust of Justinian 
 I, beardless, with 
 head three-quarters 
 r. ; wears helmet 
 with plume and ar- 
 mour ; r. hand liolds 
 spear behind his 
 head ; 1. hand (not 
 rejDresented) sup- 
 ports shield deco- 
 rated with horseman 
 device. 
 
 (A; A/C) 
 
 [Bank of England gitt, 
 
 1877] 
 
 (A ; A/C) (plume and 
 circular ornament on 
 helmet) 
 
 VICTOR I AAVCCC 
 
 Victory, in chiton 
 and peplos, standing 
 1., holding in r. broad 
 cross ; in field 1. , star ; 
 in ex., COMOB 
 
 (A for A) at end of 
 inscr., A 
 
 (CC»C) at end of inscr., 
 A 
 [Townsliend coll.] 
 
 Plate 
 
 vii. 16 
 
 i 
 
ATHALARIC— RAVENNA— GOLD 
 
 61 
 
 Weight 
 
 68-5 
 
 68-8 
 
 67-8 
 
 6 68-5 
 
 684 
 
 N 
 
 .8 
 
 68-2 
 
 N 
 
 .85 
 
 654 
 
 M 
 
 .8 
 
 22.6 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N .8 
 
 N .85 
 
 M -8 
 
 M .85 
 
 Obverse 
 
 (A ; AVC) 
 
 [Royal coll.] 
 
 [Purchased, 1873, 
 12-1-2] 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 (A ; A/C) (plume and 
 circular ornament on 
 helmet) 
 
 Eeverse 
 
 (A for A) at end of 
 inscr., .A 
 
 (A for A) at end of 
 inscr,, -A 
 
 At end of inscr., ^A 
 
 (A for A) at end of 
 inscr., A 
 
 [Royal coll.] 
 
 (Ruder style) 
 
 (A ; ends AV) 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 (A ; ends A/C) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (A ; A/ ; C blundered) 
 (style barbarous) 
 
 (VICTOKI AAVCCC) 
 
 at end of inscr., A 
 
 At end of inscr, 
 (COHOD) 
 
 A 
 
 (Ends AAVCCCAV) 
 (CON I CI for CO 
 MOB) (type bar- 
 barous) 
 
 Tremissis 
 (with CO MOB) 
 
 M .6 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 FA/C Bust of Justin- 
 ian I r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem, 
 paludamentum, and 
 cuirass. 
 
 [Royal coll.] 
 
 VICTORIAAVCVST 
 OKVM Victory on 
 g-lobus to front or 
 rig-ht, looking- 1. ; in 
 r., wreath ; in 1., 
 g-lobus cruciger ; in 
 field r. , star ; in ex. , 
 COMOB 
 
 Plate 
 
 vii, 17 
 
 vii. 18 
 
 vii, 19 
 
 vii, 20 
 
 rer. 
 
 vii. 21 
 
 ^ It is possible that the exergual inscriptions COMOB and CONOB (see p. 62) 
 may indicate two distinct mints — Rome and Ravenna, but I have not ventured to make 
 this separation. All the coins have the rough, gritty reverses which are apparently 
 characteristic of the tremisses of Ravenna. As the capital of the Ostrogothic kings, 
 Ravenna is a more likely mint than Rome. 
 
62 
 
 11. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 U 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22.7 
 
 22-5 
 
 22-2 
 
 224 
 
 22-4 
 
 21-8 
 
 22-2 
 
 22-3 
 
 22-2 
 
 22.5 
 
 22-5 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N .G 
 
 N -0 
 
 N .6 
 
 A^ .6 
 
 Obverse 
 
 N -55 
 
 A^ .65 
 
 N -6 
 
 N .6 
 
 N .65 
 
 N .6 
 
 N .55 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 [Royal coll.] 
 
 (A/C) 
 
 [Royal coll.] 
 
 (Inscr. continuous; 
 AVC) 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 (COI/IOB) 
 
 (Star 1. instead of r.) ' 
 
 (with CO NOB) 
 
 (DNIVSTI NIANVSP'(CONOB) (star 1. in 
 
 FA/C) 
 
 (PP for PF) 
 
 [Purcliased, 1863, 
 7-11-28] 
 
 (PP for PF) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (Ends P(P?)AC) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (PP for PF) above 
 head, ^ in graffito. 
 
 (Ends ANVSPPAVC) 
 
 (Ends ANVSPPAIC) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 tead of r. ) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (CO NOB) (star 1. in- 
 stead of r.) 
 
 (A for A) (CO NOB) 
 (star omitted) 
 
 (AVSTOKVM) (CON 
 OB) 
 
 (A for A) (CONOB) 
 [Blacas coll., 1807] 
 
 (CONOB) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (A for A) (CONOB) 
 
 vii. 22 
 
 vii. 23 
 
 viii. 1 
 
 viii. 2 
 
 ^ The tremissis of Justinian, set in a third-century ring, described in Marshall, 
 Catal. of Fi')i(/er Kings in the British Museum. No. 262, belongs to the same class as our 
 Nos. 10-14 (on rev. COMOB and Victory). 
 
ATHALARIC— RAVENNA— GOLD ; SILVER 
 
 63 
 
 Weight 
 
 22. 
 
 22-2 
 
 22.7 
 
 22.2 
 
 21. 
 
 21.4 
 
 29 
 
 10.6 
 10.8 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N -55 
 
 N .6 
 
 N -6 
 
 M .55 
 
 Obverse 
 
 (DMIVSTINI ANVSP 
 PA/.) 
 
 [Purchased, 1863, 
 7-11-29] 
 
 (PI instead of PF) 
 
 (PI instead of PF) 
 
 (Ends PriCI) 
 [Royal coll.] 
 
 N .6 (Ends PPACA) (end 
 of diadem detached 
 from head) 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 (II for M) (CONO 
 
 (K?)) 
 
 (CONO\) 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-6] 
 
 (CONO\) 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 (II for M) (COIIOT) 
 
 (VICTOR.IAA/ACVS 
 
 TORVAA/) (CONOI) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 M .55 
 
 .fl .5 
 M .45 
 
 Silver 
 
 (i) with head of Justin I. Struck by Athalaric, 
 end of 526 or beg-inniug of 527 
 
 Half Siliqua 
 
 DNIVSTI NVSPAVC 
 
 Bust of Justin I r., | D 
 beardless, -wearing- 
 diadem and cuirass. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 M" 
 
 (monog-ram 
 of Atha- 
 1 a r i c ) ; 
 above, cross ; be- 
 neath, starj whole 
 in wreath. 
 
 viii. 3 
 
 viii. 4 
 
 Quarter Siliqua 
 
 DNIVSTI NVSPAVC 
 
 Bust of Justin I r., 
 beardless, wearing- 
 diadem and cuirass. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 DN 
 
 ATHA .,,. ,, 
 
 I AD I withm wreath. 
 
 CVS 
 
 viii. 5 
 
 viii. 6 
 
u 
 
 TI. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 Weight 
 
 20-8 
 
 31 18-8 
 
 20-6 
 
 21-8 
 
 lG-5 
 
 (cor- 
 roded) 
 
 10-8 
 
 IM 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Al .5 
 
 .'K -5 
 
 M -55 
 
 Ai -5 
 
 M -55 
 
 ^l -45 
 
 iH -4 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (ii) with head of Justinian I. Struck bv Atlia- 
 laric after Aug. 527—2 Oct. 534 
 
 Half Siliqua 
 D 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 
 AVC Bust of Justin- 
 ian I r., beardless, 
 wearing" diadem and 
 cuirass. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 (P omitted; ends A/C) 
 
 (DNIVSTI NIANAV 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-56J 
 
 (End of inscr. obscure) 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-15] 
 
 (monogram 
 of Atha- 
 1 a r i c ) ; 
 above, cross ; be- 
 neath, star ; whole 
 in wreatli. 
 
 •M" 
 
 [Parkes Weber g-ift, 
 1906; bought of an 
 Italian coin-dealer] 
 
 (Cross-bar of mou. 
 
 placed liigher) 
 [Rollin sale, Sotheby's, 
 
 12 July, &c., 1853, 
 
 lot 587] 
 
 / -nST \ (star 
 (DpHNj omitted) 
 
 (Monogram as on No. 
 33) (star omitted) 
 
 Plate 
 
 viii. 7 
 
 Quarter Siliqua 
 
 DNIVSTI NIANAVCi DN 
 
 Bust of Justinian IiATHAL witliin 
 
 r. , beardless, weairng 
 diadem and cuirass. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [Baron Kolb, 1847] 
 
 (DNIVSTIN; rest ob- 
 scure, ends AVC) 
 
 ARICVS 
 RIX 
 
 wreatli. 
 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906; bought <if an 
 Italian coin-dealer] 
 
 viii. 8 
 
 viii. 9 
 
 viii.lO 
 
ATHALARIC— RAVENNA— BRONZE 
 
 65 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 37 
 
 10-2 
 
 M 
 
 •45 
 
 fDNIVSTIN] lANA 
 VC 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 10.7 
 
 M 
 
 .4 
 
 [Rollin sale, Sotheby's, 
 12 Julv, &c., 1853, 
 lot 587] 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 11-2 
 
 JR 
 
 •4 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 10-6 
 
 M 
 
 •4 
 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906 ; bought of an 
 Italian coin-dealer] 
 
 (KEX) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (i) with head of Justin I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V (^ nummi) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Some of the bronze coins of this denomination 
 described supra under Theodoric, p. 52, may 
 have been issued by Athalaric, end of 526 or 
 beginning of 527, Cp. Thomsen, Cat.^ p. 82, 
 No. 993 (rey. monogram of Athalaric), but 
 the ohv. described by Thomsen as intended 
 for Justin 1 may conceivably be of Jus- 
 tinian I. Cp. also Friedlaender, M. d. Ost- 
 qothen, p. 32, and Sabatier, i, p. 200, No. 9, 
 PL XVllI. 18 {ohv. Head of Justin, rev. Mono- 
 gram of Athalaric .^) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (ii) with head of Justinian I. Struck by 
 Athalaric after Aug. 527—2 Oct. 534 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /\ (10 nummi) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Jus- 
 tinian I r., beardless. 
 
 A. within wreath. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wearing diadem, 
 paludamentum, and 
 cuirass. 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 54. 
 
 M 
 
 •75 
 
 DNIVSTII [A]NVSPP 
 AVC 
 
 
 viii. 11 
 
66 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 42 
 
 60-5 
 
 JE 
 
 ■6 
 
 DNIV8TINI .NVSP 
 PAVC 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 viii.l2 
 
 43 
 
 37. 
 
 JE 
 
 •55 
 
 DNIVSTIII. .NVSPP 
 AVC 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-149] 
 
 viii.13 
 
 44 
 
 332 
 
 ^ 
 
 .55 
 
 DNIVSNI VSPPAVC 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-296] 
 
 
 45 
 
 32.7 
 
 JE 
 
 .55 
 
 DNIVSII VSPPAVC 
 
 V(5. 
 
 rpNIVJSTINI ANVS 
 
 PP Bust of Justinian 
 1 1., beardless, wear- 
 ing diadem and cui- 
 rass. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 aummi) 
 V within wreath. 
 
 viii.l4 
 
 46 
 
 15-8 
 
 M 
 
 •45 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 viii. 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 (iii) with head of Justinian I and monogram 
 of Athalaric 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Small 
 
 Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Jus- 
 tinian I r., beardless, 
 
 P^pJ within wreath. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wearing diadem 
 and cuirass. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 Vc^ 
 
 
 47 
 
 16-4 
 
 ^ 
 
 .4 
 
 IVST INIANII 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 7-19-31] 
 
 viii.16 
 
 48 
 
 15. 
 
 JE 
 
 .35 
 
 VSTI 
 
 
 viii. 17 
 
 49 
 
 12-5 
 
 JE 
 
 .4 
 
 Ends NIANI 
 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 5-6-6] 
 
 
 50 
 
 13-4 
 
 JE 
 
 4 
 
 .... NIAM.. 
 
 [Baron Kolb, 1847] 
 
 
ATHALARIC— RAVENNA— BRONZE 
 
 67 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 51 
 
 12-2 
 
 JE .35 
 
 IVST Nl 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-461] 
 
 
 52 
 
 12-7 
 
 M .45 
 
 .VSTI N... 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 viii.18 
 
 53 
 
 13-8 
 
 JE .4 
 
 IVSTI 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 54 
 
 15.1 
 
 iE .4 
 
 IVSTI NIAN 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 55 
 
 14-7 
 
 JE .4 
 
 IVSTI l/l... 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 12.5 
 
 JE .4 
 
 .VST INI. 
 
 [Presented bv Mr. J. 
 Doubleday,'l846'] 
 
 
 
 
 
 (iv) with name of Athalaric (only) 
 
 
 
 
 
 [X] 
 
 
 
 
 
 INVICT AROMA 
 
 Bust of Roma r., 
 wearing- helmet with 
 plume, earring, neck- 
 lace, and drapery ; 
 hair long. 
 
 DN 
 AT HAL 
 AKICVS 
 
 REX 
 
 within wreath, with 
 circular ornament 
 above and X be- 
 neath. '^ 
 
 
 57 
 
 77.4 
 
 JE .7 
 
 [Parkes Weber g-Lft, 
 1906 ; bought of an 
 Italian coin-dealer] 
 
 
 
 ^ If the descriptions in Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen, p. 33, No. 6, and Sabatier, i. 
 p. 201, No. 14, PI. 18, 23, may be relied on there are also X nummi pieces with ohv. Head 
 of Justinian, rev. Monogram of Athalaric. 
 
 ''■ The X, found also on silver coins, is strictly only the tie of the wreath (cp. the 
 M (40 nummia) coins of Justinian I at Rome, PI. XV. 2, where the X is very prominent), 
 but may possibly have been here regarded as also indicating the denomination (10 nummi) 
 of the coin. 
 
68 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 58 
 
 59 
 
 Weight 
 
 604 
 
 52. 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 ^ .65 
 
 JE .7 
 
 24-7 
 
 14.5 
 
 (worn) 
 
 JE -5 
 
 JE -45 
 
 Obverse 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 [Northwick sale, 1860] 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 [X] 
 
 Friedlaender (J/, d. Ostgotlien^ p. 35, No. 11, 
 PI. I. 11) describes and figures after Pinci, 
 De nummis Ravennatibus, the following": obv. 
 FELIX RAVENNA Bust of Ravenna r., with 
 mural crown, rev. Monogram of Athalaric. 
 
 V (^ nummi) 
 
 INVIC TAROMA 
 
 Bust of Roma r., 
 wearing- helmet with 
 plume, earring, neck- 
 lace, and drapery ; 
 hair lonsf. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-460] 
 
 4. DNATHALARICV 
 ' SKIX 
 
 \F with pellet in 
 " centre. 
 
 (A for A ?) 
 
 Plate 
 
 viii. 19 
 
 viii.20 
 
 See also ' Quasi-autonomous of Ravenna '. 
 
ATHALARIG— ROME— BRONZE 
 
 69 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 ROME 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 
 X nummi 
 
 
 
 
 
 INVICT AKOMA 
 Bust of Roma r., 
 wearing helmet with 
 plume, circular ear- 
 ring with pendant, 
 necklace of two rows, 
 and drapery ; long 
 hair. Border of dots. 
 
 DNATAL AKICVS 
 
 Atlialaric standing 
 r. , holding inr. spear, 
 in 1. oval shield with 
 pellet in centre ; 
 wears helmet, cui- 
 rass, and paludamen- 
 
 turn ; in field, ^ 
 
 (i. e. Senatus con- 
 sulto ; 10 nummi). 
 Border of dots.^ 
 
 
 62 
 
 44.2 
 
 ^ .75 
 
 (INBICT) 
 
 (QM) 
 
 viii.21 
 
 63 
 
 50-5 
 
 JE .75 
 
 (INBICT) 
 
 (a) 
 
 
 64 
 
 40-3 
 
 JE .7 
 
 (INBICT) 
 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 5-6-5] 
 
 
 65 
 
 41.4 
 
 JE -7 
 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 viii.22 
 
 66 
 
 45-1 
 
 JE .7 
 
 [Bank of England gift, 
 1877] 
 
 (A; A; A) 
 
 
 67 
 
 44-7 
 
 JE -7 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906 ; bought of an 
 Italian coin-dealer] 
 
 (A; A; A?) (on shield, 
 pellet in circle ?) 
 
 
 ^ Nos. 62^ (with INBICTA) are probably the earliest coins of this series, for they 
 give the details with great fidelity : on the succeeding coins the details (especially the 
 treatment of the long hair) are less carefully executed. 
 
70 
 
 n. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight M^^gt^^^*^ 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 68 
 69 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 46.1 
 
 37-6 
 39-6 
 41-5 
 
 JE .7 
 JE .65 
 JE .7 
 JE .65 
 
 [Baron Kolb, 1847] 
 (INVIC TAKOMA) 
 
 (INVIC TAKOMA) 
 
 [Baron Kolb, 1847] 
 
 (INVIC TAROMA) 
 
 [de SaHs gift] 
 
 (DNATHAL AKIC 
 
 VS) (on shield, pellet 
 in circle) 
 
 (DNATHA[L] AKIC 
 
 VS) (on shield, pellet 
 in circle) 
 
 rpNATHA[L] [A]M 
 CVS) (shield - orna- 
 ment as on No, 69 ?) 
 
 (DNATHAL AKIC 
 VS) (shield-ornament 
 obscure) 
 
 viii.23 
 viii. 24 
 viii.26 
 
 
 See also ' Quasi-autonomous of Rome '. 
 
 
71 
 
 AMALASUNTHA 
 
 daughter of Theodoric ; 
 
 regent for her son Athalaric, 31 Aug. 526 — 2 Oct. 534 ; wife of Theodahad 
 from 534 till her death, 30 April, 535 
 
 No coins appear to have been issued in her name. 
 
72 
 
 THEODAHAD 
 
 son of Amalafrida, the sister of Theodoric 
 3 Oct. 534— (Nov. ?) 536 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 RAVENNA 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gold 
 
 
 
 
 
 For g-old coins with the name of Justinian I 
 probably struck by Theodahad see under 
 ' Athalaric ', supra^ p. 60 (ii) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 
 
 
 (with head of Justinian I) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Half Siliqua 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNIVSTI NIANAVC 
 
 Bust of Justinian r., 
 beardless, wearing- 
 diadem and cuirass. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 T^ re (monogram 
 l^-f ] of Theoda- 
 
 W>4C. had) within 
 wreath, with circular 
 ornament in upper 
 part. 
 
 
 1 
 
 19-3 
 
 M .5 
 
 (A/C) 
 
 [Rollin sale, Sotheby's, 
 12 July, &c., 1853, 
 lot 588] 
 
 ix. 1 
 
 2 
 
 21.5 
 
 Al .55 
 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 ix. 2 
 
 3 
 
 21.1 
 
 M -G 
 
 (AVC obscure) 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] ! 
 
 ix. 3 
 
THEODAHAD— RAVENNA— SILVER ; BRONZE 
 
 73 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 Quarter Siliqua 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNIVSTI NIANAVC 
 
 DN 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bust of Justinian r., 
 
 THEODA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 beardless, wearing 
 
 HATHVS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 diadem and cuirass. 
 
 REX 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Border of dots. 
 
 within wreath, with 
 circular ornament in 
 upper part, and X in 
 lower part. 
 
 
 4 
 
 11-3 
 
 M 
 
 45 
 
 [BLacas coU., 1867] 
 
 (Without X ?) 
 
 
 5 
 
 11- 
 
 M 
 
 45 
 
 [Baron Kolb, 1847] 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 ix. 4 
 
 6 
 
 114 
 
 M 
 
 45 
 
 (A/C) 
 
 [Rollin sale, Sotheby's, 
 12 July, &c., 1853, 
 lot 588] 
 
 ix. 5 
 
 7 
 
 114 
 
 M 
 
 45 
 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906 ; bought at 
 Sotheby's, 1 July, 
 1890, lot 197] 
 
 (KIX) 
 
 
 8 
 
 11-2 
 
 .11 
 
 4 
 
 [Loscombe sale, 1855] 
 
 (RIXO 
 
 ix. 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (i) with name of Justinian I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V nummi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 
 V within wreath. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PAVC Bust of Jus- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tinian r., beardless, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wearing paludamen- 
 tum and cuirass. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Border of dots. 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 45-8 
 
 ^ 
 
 •65 
 
 (DNIV3TNII NVS 
 PPAVC) 
 
 
 ix. 7 
 
 ^ The silver coin with 7-ev. AMENITAS DEI, which has been sometimes assigned 
 toTheodebert I the Merovingian, and which Keary {Coinages of Western Europe, pp. 79 f.) 
 proposed to attribute to Theodahad, is Imperial Byzantine of Theodosius, the son of 
 Maurice Tiberius (Wroth, Imp. Byz. Coins, i, p. 160, No. 293). 
 
 L 
 
74 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 Weight 
 
 54-5 
 
 53.2 
 
 53-3 
 
 48-2 
 
 51.3 
 
 6-3 
 
 (tcorn ) 
 
 60-4 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M -65 
 
 JE .65 
 
 JE .6 
 
 JE .6 
 
 JE .6 
 
 JE .35 
 
 Obverse 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-150] 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 (inscr. continuous) 
 
 (DNIV8T...; rest 
 partly obscure) 
 (style ruder than on 
 Nos. 9-13) 
 
 Reverse 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-133] 
 
 (Style ruder than on 
 Nos. 9-13) 
 [de Sails g-ift] 
 
 Plate 
 
 ix. 8 
 
 ix. 9 
 
 ix, 10 
 
 Small Bronze 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Jus- 
 tinian r., beardless, 
 wearino- diadem and 
 
 cuirass. 
 
 (Inscr. obscure ; ends 
 Nl?) 
 
 m 
 
 (monogram 
 of Tlieoda- 
 had) within 
 wreath.^ 
 
 (ii) with name of Theodahad 
 
 [X] 
 
 jE .7 
 
 INVICT AKOMA 
 Bust of Roma r., 
 wearing crested hel- 
 met, earring, neck- 
 lace, and drapery ; 
 hair long. 
 
 DN 
 THEODA 
 HATHVS 
 
 REX 
 
 within wreath, in 
 lower T)art of whicli, 
 X 
 
 ix. 11 
 
 ix. 12 
 
 ^ For similar specimens and varieties see Friedlaender, M. d. Vandalen, p. 44 and 
 p. 67; M. d. Ostgothen, p. 38; Thomsen, Cat., p. 83, No. 1005; Sabatier, i, PL XVIII. 30, 
 31, and 32. 
 
THEODAHAD- ROME— BRONZE 
 
 75 
 
 No. 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 Weight 
 
 66-7 
 
 53-2 
 
 (worn) 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE .85 
 
 ^ -7 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 181.7 
 
 163-2 
 
 21 154-8 
 
 JE 1-05 
 
 JE 1-05 
 
 JE 1-05 
 
 Obverse 
 
 [Baron Kolb, 1847] 
 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906 ; purchased of 
 an Italian coin- 
 dealer] 
 
 Reverse 
 
 ROME 
 
 Bronze 
 
 XL nummi 
 
 Struck Jan. 536 ? ' 
 
 DNTHEODA HATVS 
 REX Bust of Tlieo- 
 dahad r., beardless, 
 but with moustache ; 
 hair short ; wears 
 closed crown orna- 
 mented with jewels 
 and two stars, and 
 with pellet Avithin 
 crescent at its apex ; 
 also robe ornamented 
 with jewels and a 
 cross. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 (Cross smaller than on 
 Nos. 19, 20) 
 
 VICTORIA PRINCI 
 
 PVM Victory in gir- 
 dled chiton stand- 
 ing- r., on prow ; in r., 
 wreath; in 1., palm- 
 branch ; in field, S C. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 a 
 
 [Baron Kolb, 1847] 
 
 (H for M) 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 5-6-7] 
 
 [Townley coll.] 
 
 Plate 
 
 ix. 13 
 
 ix.14 
 
 ix. 15 
 
 ' On the date see 'Introd.', supra, § 2, under 'Theodahad'. Mr. Hodgkin {Itali/ and 
 her Invaders, iii, p. 651) suggests that the legend Principuni of the rev. may refer to the 
 union of Theodahad and Amalasuntha, but it is possible that Principuni (instead of 
 Principis) may be used by analogy with the conventional 'Victoria Augustorum' 
 found on the Imperial gold coins. The legend VICTORIA AVCVST. is also 
 stated to occur (Sabatier, Descript., vol. i, Theodahad, No. 2 ; Mem. Soc. Arch. St. Peters- 
 burg, 1851, p. 159; cp. Friedlaender, M. (I. Ostgothen, p. 39). The Victory type of the 
 rev. is derived from a specimen of the 'Quasi-autonomous bronze of Rome' (time of 
 Theodoric), described infra and PI. XIII. 1, and figured in Friedlaender, M. d. Vandalen, 
 PI. II and p. 68, and Sabatier, i, p. 211, No. 6, PI. XIX. 29. 
 
7G 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 Weight 
 
 150- 
 
 162-3 
 
 147.2 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE 1. 
 
 JE 1.05 
 
 JE h 
 
 Obverse 
 
 (DNTHEO DAHATV 
 SREX) 
 
 (DNTHEO DAHATV 
 
 SRwEX) (cross smaller 
 
 than on Nos. 19, 20) 
 
 (DMTHCOD AHATV 
 SKC X") (cross ob- 
 scure) 
 
 Revei-se 
 
 (VICTORIAP KING 
 IPVM) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (VICTOKIAP RINCI 
 PVM) 
 
 [Earl of EnniskiUen, 
 1856] 
 
 VICLOKIVb KMCP 
 
 VM (sic) (2 C) 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906; from the York 
 Moore sale, Sothe- 
 by's, 9 March, &c., 
 1889, lot 1146'] 
 
 Plate 
 
 ix. 16 
 
 ix.l7 
 
 ix. 18 
 
 ^ The engraving of the types and legends is careless. Perhaps the coin is an ancient 
 forgery. For modern forgeries of bronze coins of Theodahad see Num. Zeitschrift, 
 iii, p. 140 ; xxvii, pp. 123, 124. In some cases the name Theodahatus has been altered 
 into ' Theodebaldus '. Cp. Regling, Jahresberichte uher die num. Literatur, 1901, 1902 
 (in Z.f. N., xxiv), p. 58. 
 
77 
 
 WITIGIS 
 
 husband of Matasuntha, grand-daughter of Theodoric 
 
 Nov. ? 536~Spring, 540 (deposition) 
 
 {died, 542) 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 RAVENNA 
 
 Gold 
 
 For gold coins with the name of Justinian I 
 probably struck by Witigis see under 'Atha- 
 laric ', supra, p. 60 (ii). 
 
 Silver 
 (with head of Justinian I) 
 
 Half Siliqua 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Jus- 
 
 DN 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tinian r., beardless, 
 
 WIT 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wearing diadem and 
 
 1 C ES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cuirass. Border of 
 
 KEX 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dots. 
 
 within wreath, in 
 upper part of which, 
 circular ornament ; 
 in lower part, X 
 
 
 1 
 
 22-6 
 
 M 
 
 .55 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSPr 
 AV 
 
 [Baron Kolb, 1847] 
 
 X. 1 
 
 2 
 
 22. 
 
 M 
 
 .55 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 lAV 
 
 [Devonshire coll.] 
 
 X. 2 
 
 3 
 
 19-5 
 (worn) 
 
 M 
 
 •5 
 
 DNIVSTI NIAN(A 
 VC?) 
 
 (Letters small) 
 [Devonshire coll.] 
 
 
78 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 10 
 
 Weight 
 
 19. 
 
 20-8 
 
 19-6 
 
 IM 
 
 9-6 
 
 11. 
 
 10-6 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M .55 
 
 M -5 
 
 M -5 
 
 M 45 
 
 M 45 
 
 M 45 
 
 ^l 45 
 
 Obverse 
 
 DNIVSTI NIANPn 
 VC 
 
 DNIVSTI [NIANIA 
 VC 
 
 DNIVSTI (NIANPF 
 A/C?) 
 
 Reverse 
 
 [Devonshire coll.] 
 
 (U!) 
 
 [Blacas, 1867] 
 
 ICIS) 
 
 Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906 ; boug-ht at Sim 
 sale, Sotheby's, 23 
 June, &c., 1890, lot 
 694] 
 
 Quarter Siliqua 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Jus- 
 tinian r., beardless, 
 wearing diadem and 
 cuirass. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 DNIVSTI NIANVSA 
 
 ti> 
 
 (monogram of 
 Theodoric) 
 within 
 broad wreath.' 
 
 (K disjoined ; Avreath 
 narrow) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-14] 
 
 DNIVSTI NIANA/C 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 DNIVSTI [NIANIA 
 VC 
 
 DNIVSTI NIANA/C 
 
 m 
 
 S iv \ m upper 
 part of 
 wreath, 
 
 circular ornament ; in 
 
 lower, X 
 
 (Mon. as on No. 8, but 
 ^ for C ; limbs of E 
 shown) ; wreath has 
 circular ornament. 
 
 (Mon. as No. 9, but 
 limbs of T shown ; 
 no pellet) ; wreath 
 has circular orna- 
 ment. 
 
 Plate 
 
 X. 3 
 
 X. 4 
 
 X. 5 
 
 X. 6 
 
 X. 7 
 
 * As to the attribution of these coins see ' Introduction', supra, § 2, Italian coins 
 with Imperial names, Justinian I. The obv. of No. 7 closely resembles the obv. of 
 Matasuntha, infra, No. 1. 
 
WITIGIS— RAVENNA— BRONZE 
 
 79 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 69-6 
 
 47. 
 
 56. 
 
 JE .65 
 
 JE .65 
 
 JE .65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Bronze 
 10 nummi 
 
 INVICT AROMA 
 
 Bust of Roma r., 
 wearing- crested hel- 
 met, necklace, and 
 drapery ; hair long-. 
 
 [Baron Kolb, 1847] 
 
 (Obv. badly preserved) 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 DN 
 WIT 
 I CES 
 
 REX 
 
 within wreath, in 
 upper part of which, 
 circular ornament ; 
 in lower part, X 
 
 (Ornaments of wreath 
 obscure) 
 
 (ICIS) (circular orna- 
 ment obscure) 
 
 Plate 
 
 X. 8 
 
 X. 9 
 
 X. 10 
 
80 
 
 MATASUNTHA 
 
 grand-daughter of Theodoric, queen of "Witigis 
 (Dec. ?) 536— (Spring ?) 540 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 21.1 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M .55 
 
 18-9 
 
 M .55 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 RAVENNA 
 
 Silver 
 Half Siliqua 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 
 PA Bust of Justinian 
 
 r., beardless, wearing 
 
 diadem and cuirass. 
 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [Rev. Greville J. Ches- 
 ter, 1890 1] 
 
 m 
 
 (monogram 
 of Matasun- 
 tha) within 
 wreath. 
 
 TICINUM ? 
 
 Silver 
 Half Siliqua 
 
 Plate 
 
 X. 11 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 
 PAC Bust of Jus- 
 tinian r., beardless, 
 wearing ornamented 
 diadem, paludamen- 
 tum, and cuirass. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [Rollin sale, Sotheby's, 
 12 Julv, &c., 1853, 
 lot 588] 
 
 m) 
 
 within circu- 
 lar border ; 
 whole in 
 wreath.* 
 
 X. 12 
 
 ^ The ohi: head is of the same style as No. 7, PI. X. 4, of Witigis, sitpj-a. 
 
 "^ The low relief of the ohi\, the style of the drapery, &;c., prove that these coins 
 (Nos. 2-5) were not struck at Ravenna. Ticinum (Pavia), the second Ostrogothic capital, 
 has probably the best claim to their issue, which may have taken place at the time of 
 the marriage of Matasuntha (Dec? 536) or, later, after the battle of Ticinum (a.d. 538), 
 when the Goths, defeated by the Imperialists, took refuge in Pavia. On these coins see 
 further ' Introduction ', supra, § 2, ' Matasuntha,' where the possibility of Constantinople 
 being the mint-place is alluded to. 
 
 * A modern forgery of these types is noted in Xum. Zeitschrift, xxvii, p. 123. 
 
MATASUNTHA— TICINIIM ?— SILVER ; BRONZE 
 
 81 
 
 ' Another specimen of this rare coin is described in the Thomsen Catalogue, p. 84, 
 No. 1013, PI. II. 1013 ; and another was in the E. F. Weber collection (Sale Catalogue, 
 Hirsch, No. xxiv, Munchen, iMay, 1909, lot 3038). K may be explained as ' 20 ' (nummi), 
 the mark of value found on the Imperial coins of Justinian. The style of the rev. would 
 be quite suitable to Ravenna, but the ohv. in its low relief and its ti-eatment of the 
 drapery resembles the obverses of Nos. 2-5. The coin may therefore be assigned, like 
 them, to Ticinum. See further, ' Introduction,' supra, § 2, ' Matasuntha.' 
 
82 
 
 ILDIBAD 
 
 Spring? 540— May? 541 
 Apparently did not issue coins. 
 
 ERARIC 
 
 May ? — Sept. ? 541 
 Apparently did not issue coins. 
 
83 
 
 BADUILA 
 
 (also called TOT I LA) 
 
 nephew of Ildibad 
 
 Sept. ? 541 — July or Aug. 552 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 TICINUM 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gold' 
 
 
 
 
 
 A. ]). 541-552 
 
 
 
 
 
 Solidus 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPF 
 
 AV^ Bust of Anasta- 
 
 siiis I r., beardless, 
 
 with head tliree- 
 
 VICTOKI AAVCCC 1 
 
 Victory in chiton 
 and peplos standing- 
 1, , holding in r. broad 
 
 
 
 
 
 cjuarters r. ; Avcars 
 helmet, witli plume 
 and ornament, and 
 armour ; r. hand holds 
 spear behind his 
 head ; 1. hand (not 
 represented) sup- 
 ports sh ield deco- 
 rated witli horseman 
 device. 
 
 cross ; in field r. , 
 star; in ex., COM 
 OB 
 
 
 1 
 
 69. 
 
 N -75 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 X. 16 
 
 ^ The mint-place was probably Ticinum (Pavia), the Gothic centre, now that Ravenna 
 was in the hands of the Imperialists. It is not unlikely, however, that some of the coins 
 may have been struck, for convenience, at other cities, such as Naples, which came into 
 Baduila's hands in May, 543. 
 
84 
 
 n. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 20-2 
 
 20-2 
 
 22.2 
 
 21-6 
 
 21-8 
 
 224 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 A^ -55 
 
 A' .55 
 
 PJ -6 
 
 N .55 
 
 A^ .55 
 
 AT .6 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 Inscr. Jiustof Anasta- 
 sius I r., beardles.'?, 
 Avearing- diadem, pa- 
 lud amentum, and 
 cuirass. 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 A/C On liead, crescent 
 and pellet. 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 A/C On head, crescent 
 and pellet. 
 
 Inscr. Victory to front 
 movino- r., lookinof 
 1.; mr.,wreatli ; inl., 
 globus crucigfer; in 
 field r., star; in ex., 
 CONOB' 
 
 VICTOKIAAVCVST 
 ORVM (COMOB) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTORIAAVCVST 
 
 ORVM (COMOB) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Plate 
 
 DNANATA SIVSPP 
 A/C On liead, ^. 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSP 
 AVC On head, +. 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 AVC 
 
 DNANASTASIVSPP 
 AVC 
 
 VICTORIAAVCVST 
 ORVM (CONOI) 
 [Purchased, 1803, 
 7-11-20] 
 
 VICTOKSAAVCOSTR 
 VI 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTORIAA VCSTO 
 RVM 
 
 [Purchased, 1863, 
 7-11-18] 
 
 VICTOKI AAVCV8T 
 
 N (Star, in field 1.) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 X. 17 
 
 X. 18 
 
 X. 19 
 
 X. 20 
 
 X. 21 
 
 X. 22 
 
 ' The globus on which the Victory stands on the tremisses of earlier reigns is now no 
 longer represented. 
 
BADUILA— TICI^'UM— GOLD 
 
 85 
 
 No. 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Weight 
 
 22.2 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 A' 
 
 22-7 
 
 21-6 
 
 231 
 
 224 
 
 21- 
 
 A" -65 
 
 N -55 
 
 A' -G 
 
 A -G 
 
 A^ .65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPA VICTOKIAAVCVST 
 
 VC On head, +. , OKVM 
 
 I [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 AVC 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-72] ' 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 AVC 
 
 DNANAST SIVSPPA 
 VC 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 DNANASTA' SIVSP 
 PAVC 
 
 [Dr. G. F. Nott's sale, 
 1842] 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 AVC 
 
 [Koval coll.] 
 
 VICTORI AAVCVST 
 ROVH 
 
 VICTOKIAAVCVST 
 O^VM 
 
 [de SaUs gift] 
 
 VICTOKIAAVCVST 
 
 OKV (without star) 
 (CONOR) 
 
 VICTORIAAVCVSTO 
 RAH (CONOR) 
 
 VICTORIAAVCVSTO 
 RVH (CONOR) 
 
 Silver 
 
 (i) with liead of Justinian 
 issued ciix. a.d. 541 ^ 
 
 Half Siliqua 
 
 A ' siliqua ' (weig-lit not stated ; ? half 
 siliqua) is described in the Rossi Sale Catalog-ue 
 (Rome, 1880), p. 251, lot 3359, with ohv. 
 Head of Justinian, rev. DN BADV I LA REX in 
 wreatli. The similar coin described bv Fried- 
 laender (J/. <J. Ostnothen, p. 46, No. 1, Pi. II. 1) 
 as a ' siliqua ' is a quarter siliqua : see the next 
 description. 
 
 Plate 
 
 X. 23 
 
 X. 24 
 
 X.25 
 
 X. 26 
 
 xi. 1 
 
 xi. 2 
 
 ^ On Nos. 9-13 the neck of the ohv. bust is abnormally long. 
 
 2 Coins of Baduila with the head of Justinian are very rare. It may be presumed 
 that they were issued for a short time at the beginning of Baduila's reign, but that the 
 king was soon induced by jjolitical reasons to reject the head of the reigning emperor 
 and to substitute for it (since commercial convention required the presence of an Imperial 
 effigy) the head of another emperor. He selected Anastasius, who had been the contem- 
 porary of Theodoric, and whose head had appeared on Theodoric's coins. 
 
86 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 14 
 
 Weight 
 
 214 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Quarter Siliqua 
 
 DMIVSTl/ll Al/IVS... 
 
 Bust of Justinian r., 
 beardless, wearing palu- 
 damentum and cuirass. 
 
 DN 
 BADV 
 I L A 
 REX 
 
 within wreath. 
 
 JR. Size, -5 inch ; weight, 405 grammes ( = 6-7 grains 
 troy). National Museum, Copenhagen. 
 
 This rare coin is here photographed from, a 
 plaster cast of the original kindly sent to the 
 British Museum by Dr. C. Jorgensen. It has 
 been previously described and figured by 
 Friedlaender in his M. d. Ostgotlien^ p. 46 a, 
 PI. II. 1. It must be a quarter siliqua of light 
 weight, and not, as Friedlaender described it, a 
 siliqua. The oh v. legend is very faint, but 
 sufficiently clear to show that it consists of the 
 name of Justinian, and not (as we should rather 
 have expected) of the name of Anastasius. 
 
 Sabatier, i, p. 208, No. 17, PL XIX. 18, de- 
 scribes a coin with ohv. head of Justinian, rev. 
 ^k y^ i. e. monogram of Baduila (as on the 
 fvVj-l bronze coins, PL XI. 14, /??/>«), with- 
 L/VMfc in wreatli. He does not state from 
 wliat source this description is derived. 
 
 (ii) witli head of Anastasius I 
 
 Half Siliqua 
 
 Issued 541 (or 542)-549 ? 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Ana- 
 stasius r., beardless, 
 wearing diadem and 
 cuirass. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 •55 DNANASTA SIVSP 
 AVC 
 
 DN 
 
 BADV 
 
 I L A 
 
 REX 
 
 within wreath, in 
 upper part of which, 
 circular ornament ; 
 in lower j^art, X ^ 
 
 [Rollin sale, Sotheby's, 
 12 July, &c., 1853, 
 lot 58G] 
 
 Plate 
 
 xi. 3 
 
 xi. 4 
 
 _ These coins cannot have been struck at Ravenna, but Nos. 14 and 15 are good 
 
 imitations of the productions of that mint, perhaps due to the employment at Ticinum 
 of an old Ravenna craftsman. The remaining specimens are of much cruder work, which 
 hkewise characterizes the corresponding coins of the next reign. 
 
BADUILA—TICINUM— SILVER 
 
 87 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19-8 
 
 21.2 
 
 19- 
 
 16-7 
 
 {chipped) 
 
 19 
 
 Ai -55 
 
 M -55 
 
 Al -55 
 
 Al -55 
 
 64 
 
 Al 4 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 DNANASTA SIVS.... 
 
 DNANAS TASIVS.. 
 
 [Blacas coll., 1867] 
 
 DNANAS TASIVSPA 
 
 [de Sails g'ift] 
 
 DOMI/IOIAM ..\S/VC 
 Above head, pellet 
 in crescent ; (tie of 
 diadem separated 
 from the diadem) 
 
 (L for L) 
 
 [Baron Kolb coll., 1847] 
 
 (+ before DN ; peUet 
 above L) 
 
 (RIX, with pellet be- 
 neath the I) 
 
 (KIX) 
 
 [Baron Kolb coll., 
 1847^] 
 
 Quarter Siliqua 
 (circ. 541 or 542 ?) 
 
 DNAIIA ITAIIVI 
 
 Bust of Ana stasias 
 r. , beardless, wearinf;^ 
 diadem and cuirass. 
 
 [de Salis ^ift] 
 
 m 
 
 (monogram 
 of Tlieodo- 
 ric) within 
 wreath, in upper 
 part of which, cir- 
 cular ornament.'^ 
 
 Plate 
 
 xi. 5 
 
 xi. 6 
 
 xi. 7 
 
 xi. 8 
 
 Sabatier describes (i, p. 208, No. 9, PI. XIX. 
 13) a quarter siliqua with obc. Head of Ana- 
 
 stasius, rec. [jXri (monogram of Baduila), 
 
 as on p. 86, siqyra. 
 
 xi. 9 
 
 ^ A similar (or possibly the same) coin is engraved by Banduri, vol. ii, Plate, p. 621 : 
 Friedlaender (M. d. Ostgothen, p. 48) doubted his reading, which is, however, confirmed 
 in essentials by our No. 18. The obv. legend seems in the main blundered, but 
 DOMNOI (domino) may be compared with the DOMNVS on a silver coin of Theia 
 described infra. 
 
 ^ A later development of the coins with the monogram of Theodoric that we have 
 assigned, supra, p. 78, to Witigis. 
 
88 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 -20 
 
 '21 
 
 22 
 
 Weiffht 
 
 95 
 
 G4 
 
 8-7 
 
 o?. 
 
 21-7 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 Al 
 
 M 4 
 
 Al .4 
 
 Al .55 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Issued 541 (or 542)-549 ! 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Ana- 
 stasius 1'., beardless, 
 wearing diadem and 
 cuirass. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 DNANAS TASIAVC 
 
 (letters blurred) ; 
 above head, star. 
 
 Ends AST AS I 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 Inscr. obscure, ends 
 VSAVC 
 
 DN 
 BADV 
 I LA 
 K I X 
 
 witliin wreath. 
 
 X in lower part of 
 wreath. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Plate 
 
 xi. 10 
 
 (BADV) (REX) circular xi. 11 
 ornament in upper 
 part of wreath. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (iii) with head of Baduila 
 Half Siliqua 
 circ. A. D. 549 ' 
 
 DNBADV ILARIXi DN 
 Bust of Baduila r. J B A D V 
 beardless, wearing- I L A 
 
 within wreath. 
 
 diadem and cuirass. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [Baron Kolb coll., 1847] Pellet in centre, be- 
 tween L and A 
 
 REX 
 
 xi. 12 
 
 xi. 13 
 
 ^ The appearance of a portrait of Baduila on his bronze coins (see iii/ra, p. 91, 
 No. 38) may be assigned to the year 549. The head on this coin, inscribed with 
 Baduila's name, may also be another innovation introduced at about the same date. 
 No doubt it was intended to pass as a portrait of the king, though it is in reality hardly 
 modified from the head of Anastasius. As the types of the regal half siliqnae had 
 become stereotyped, any startling change — such as one from the profile bust to the full- 
 face bust seen on the bronze money of Baduila— would no doubt have impeded the free 
 circulation of the coins. 
 
BADUILA—TICINUM— BRONZE 
 
 89 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 
 (i) with head of Anastasius I 
 cln: A.D. 541-540' 
 
 
 
 
 
 Small Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Type A) 
 
 
 
 
 
 DN ANASTASIVS P 
 P A Bust of Anastasius 
 r., beardless, wearing 
 diadem and cuirass. 
 
 DN 
 BADV . 
 1 L A ^" wreath. 
 
 KEX 
 
 
 
 
 
 JE. Size, .4 inch. Described in Thomsen, Cutal., 
 i, p. 84, No. 1016. 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Type B) 
 
 
 
 
 
 laser. Bust of Ana- 
 stasius r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem and 
 drapery. 
 
 rv y^ (nionoo-ram 
 K)f H of liaduila) 
 l/S/Mfc w i t li i n 
 
 wreath ; above mono- 
 g'ram, small cross. 
 
 
 24 
 
 12.3 
 
 vE -85 
 
 (Traces of inscr.) 
 
 [Purcliased, 1904, 
 5-11-450] 
 
 xi. 14 
 
 25 
 
 12-2 
 
 JE .85 
 
 ANAS AV(D ?) 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 xl. 15 
 
 26 
 
 11. 
 
 J^ .35 
 
 Ends ASIVS 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 
 27 
 
 11. 
 
 JE -35 
 
 (Traces of inscr.) 
 
 [Doulileday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 
 ^ Baduila does not (as in the case of his silver money, p. 85, siqyra) appear to have 
 issued bronze with the head of Justinian. The coins with the head of Anastasius may- 
 be assigned to the period 541-549,. in which last-named year, in all probability (see 
 p. 91, '(iii) Bronze,' infra), the profile bust of Anastasius was withdrawn in favour of 
 the full-face bust of Baduila. 
 
 Of the coins with the head of Anastasius there are three types, the order of which 
 is somewhat hard to determine. Type A corresponds to the regal half siliquae and 
 quarter siliquae (pp. 86-8, supra) issued 541 or 542-549? Type B perhaps precedes 
 C, as its monogrammatic reverse is based on old models (e.g. the bronze of Theodahad), 
 while C displays a rev. type of a new kind. 
 
90 
 
 II. COINS (»1- THi: OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 28 
 
 14-6 
 
 •29 
 
 10. 
 
 30 
 
 11.5 
 
 31 
 
 11-8 
 
 32 
 
 8.2 
 
 33 
 
 13- 
 
 34 
 
 10-7 
 
 35 
 
 10.5 
 
 36 
 
 8.3 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 JE .35 
 
 JE .35 
 
 .E -3 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 (Type G) 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Ana-|DNREX 
 stasias r., beardless, B 
 Avearinj;.'- diadem and j within wieatli. 
 tlraperv. 
 
 DNANA STA &c. 
 
 lu front, N . . 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-462] 
 
 (Inscr. off tlan) 
 
 .E .4 I Ends AVC 
 .E .3 Ends AVC 
 
 JE .35 
 
 JL .35 
 
 ,E .35 
 
 .E .3 
 
 (Inscr. off flan) 
 
 DN &c. 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 (Inscr. otY flan) 
 
 Traces of inscr. 
 
 Above inscr., ^ 
 [Cracherode bequest, 
 1799] 
 
 Above inscr., 5K 
 
 [Doubledav purchase. 
 1849] 
 
 xi. 16 
 
 xi. 17 
 
 xi. 18 
 xi. 19 
 
 (DN for DN) xi. 20 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 (DN for d"N) 
 
 [Doublethiv pui-ciiase, 
 1.S49] 
 
 [Presented bv Mr. J. xi. 21 
 Doubleday," 1846] j 
 
 ^ Most of these coins are struck on flans of insufficient size, and the X in REX, and 
 other details, are, therefore, often not visible. 
 
 * This coin is modelled, as regards the obv., on the Felix Ravenna coins (PI. XIV. 8-1 3), 
 which we assign to the time of Theodoric and Athalaric (with the name of the city 
 compare Paul. Diac, H. L., ii. 15 'Ticinus, quae alio nomine Papia appellatur '). Two 
 specimens (weighing about 42 and 72 grains respectively) in the Brambilla collection 
 (C. Brambilla, Monete di Pavia (188-3), PI. I, Nos. 3 and 4, pp. 9 f.) show the X in the 
 lower part of the wreath on the rev., and the coins are for this reason perhaps to be 
 identified as 10-nummus pieces. However, specimens occur of varying module and 
 weight: thus, Brambilhi, PI. I. 4, is considerably larger than our No. 37, and weighs 
 over 72 grains troy, as contrasted with the 46 grains of No. 37. AVe might consider these 
 two weights as representing the 10-nummus and the 5-nummus, but perhaps it is best to 
 regard them as a heavy and light coinage of the 10-nummus denomination. (Cp. the 
 heavy and light 10-nummus described, iufra, p. 91, note 3.) 
 
 With regard to date. No. 37 may be most conveniently placed in the period 541-549, 
 because it will supply the large bronze currency, the small coinage being represented by 
 
BADUILA—TICINUM— BRONZE 
 
 91 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 (ii) Avitli head of Ticinus 
 
 
 
 
 
 A. I.. 541 (or later) -540 
 
 
 
 
 
 X n LI m m i ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 Insci-. Bust of Ticiuas 
 
 DN 
 
 
 
 
 
 (female i)ei'Sonifica- 
 tion of the city of 
 
 BADV . . . ,, 
 ILA '^^■'thiu wreatJi. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ticinum) v.. wearin;^- 
 
 REX 
 
 
 
 
 
 turreted head-dress 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and dni|»eiy. 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 40. 
 
 JE -6 
 
 FELIXTI CINVS- 
 
 [Jlollin sale, Sotheby's, 
 12 July, &c., 1853, 
 lot 7] * 
 
 x'.22 
 
 
 
 
 (iii) witli head or name of Baduihi onlv 
 
 
 
 
 
 A.i>. 549-552 
 
 
 
 
 
 X n u m m i ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Heavy coinaLfo) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Baduila, ; DNB 
 
 
 
 
 
 l)eardless, facing-, 
 ■\vtnirin^emI)roidered 
 
 EL A ^^'^''''^ wreath.^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 robes and closi'd 
 
 REX 
 
 
 
 
 
 crown ornamented 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with ball at a])ex, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and dividt'd in front 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l)y vertical bars into 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 two divisions. Bor- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 der of dots. 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 1U.3 
 
 jE .7 
 
 ONBAQ [VELA &c. ?] 
 
 (ILA) 
 
 xi. 23 
 
 the pieces bearing the head of Anastasius (supra, pp. 89, 90). But it may be doubtful 
 whetlier it was first issued in 541, i.e. from the very beginning of the reign of Baduila : 
 the lettering of the rev. perhaps suggests a time nearer 549 (compare rev. of No. 37 v?ith 
 rev. of No. 38). Whatever, however, be the first date of issue, the latest date may be 
 fixed to A.D, 549, when the full-face head of Baduila was introduced on his large bronze 
 coinage (see No. 38). 
 
 ^ This series would, at first sight, appear to present two distinct denominations, one 
 (No. 38) the double of the other (Nos. 39-43). On referring to the corresponding bronze 
 coins struck by Baduila at Rome (infra, pp.93, 94) we find similar weights, one set of coins 
 being double the other. But at Rome both series of coins are marked X. Perhaps the 
 best course is to regard all these coins (at Rome and Ticinum) as intended for lO-nummus 
 pieces, representing both a heavy and a light issue of the denomination. 
 
 * A comparison with the bronze coins of Rome (infra, p. 93) suggests that the issue 
 of these pieces began in a. d. 549, the probable date of the Roman coins. With regard 
 
92 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 39 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 43 
 
 Weight 
 
 62-7 
 65-7 
 
 71-0 
 
 67-6 
 58-6 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE .65 
 
 JE .G5 
 
 .E .7 
 
 .E -7 
 
 JE .65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (Lio;lit coinage) 
 DNBAQV ELAREX (ILA) 
 
 DNBADV ELAREX 
 
 Star in eacli division 
 of crown ' 
 [Northwick sale, 1860] 
 
 DNBAD (rest off flan) 
 star in each division 
 of crown. 
 
 . NBADA . (rest ob- 
 scure) star in each 
 division of crown. 
 
 DN[BADV] ELAREX 
 Star in each division 
 of crown. 
 
 (DN)(ELA. 5^) between 
 REX and wreath, X ^ 
 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906 ; bought at 
 Webster sale, Sothe- 
 by's, 1886] 
 
 (Circular ornament in 
 upper part of wreath) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 5-6-23] 
 
 Small Bronze 
 A. ]). 549-552 
 
 D N (no type) 
 
 m 
 
 within wreath, 
 in upper part 
 of which, cir- 
 cular orna- 
 ment ; above monogram, 
 small cross. 
 
 JE. Size, -3 inch ; weight, about 12 grains. Berlin 
 Museum: described, Friedlaender, M. d. Ostqothfii. 
 p. 51, No. 11, PI. II. 11. 
 
 Tlie monogram on the rev. would suggest 
 that this coin belongs to class (i), .sitjjra., 
 
 Plato 
 
 xi. 24 
 
 xi. 25 
 
 xi. 26 
 
 xi. 27 
 
 xi. 28 
 
 to their place of mintage, it is difficult, for reasons of style and fabric, to avoid the 
 suspicion that they were struck at Rome. I have, however, assigned them to Ticinum 
 on the following grounds : (1) It is more likely that these coins, being a regal issue (on 
 the general model of the older Ostrogothic coins of the Ravenna mint) would be struck 
 at the royal capital— at that time Ticinum — than at Rome, where the coinage was pri- 
 marily a ciric concern. (2) The letters of the reverse inscription closely resemble those 
 found on the rev. of No. 37, a coin which, on account of its obr. consisting of a personi- 
 fication of Ticinum, it is reasonable to suppose was struck at Ticinum itself (3) The 
 Roman style of these coins may be sufficiently accounted for by the employment at 
 Ticinum of some skilful workman from the Roman mint. 
 
 ' Compare the crown of Theodahad, PI. IX. 13-18. 
 
 ^ The X, originally the binding of the wreath, is here detached, as if a mark of value. 
 
BADUILA— ROME— BRONZE 
 
 93 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 121.4 tE .8 
 
 11().5 
 
 .E -75 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 pp. 89, 90, but it is without the head of 
 Anastasius. Equally, it lacks the head of 
 Baduila, but the omission of the emperor's 
 head indicates that the coin belongs to the 
 time of Baduila's numismatic autonomy, and 
 we may, therefore, assign it to the last period 
 of his' reign, 549-552. It supplies a small 
 denomination to accompany the 10-nummus 
 piece, Nos. 38-43. 
 
 ROME 
 
 Bronze 
 
 A.I). 549-552 
 
 (with liead of Baduila) 
 
 X n u m m i .'^ 
 
 (Heavy coinage) 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Baduila, 
 beardless, facing, 
 wearingembroidered 
 robes and crown or- 
 namented with ball 
 at apex, and divided 
 in front by vertical 
 bars into two divi- 
 sions. Border of dots. 
 
 Inscr. Baduila stand- 
 ing r., holding in r. 
 spear, in 1. oval 
 shield ; wears helmet, 
 cuirass, and paluda- 
 mentum. In field r., 
 X. Border of dots.* 
 
 Plate 
 
 DNBADV ELAR.EX [FLOKEA?] [a2]EMP 
 
 (partly obscure) [ ER Pellet in centre of 
 shield. 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 
 Ends [E]LAREX 
 
 5-6-8] 
 
 FLVRrEA?] 38EMPE xi. 30 
 
 K 1 
 
 xi. 29 
 
 * Nos. 44-9. Types. The ohv. portrait-bust may have been partly suggested by 
 the portrait-bust found on the Roman bronze coins of Theodahad (see PL IX. 13), and is 
 represented with a similar closed crown (but without the stars ?). That the bust is full- 
 face, and not in profile, is probably due to the portiait on the Imperial coins of Justinian 
 which, since the year 538, had usually shown the emperor's bust full-face (see especially 
 the Roman bronze coins of Justinian, PI. XYI. 6-10). The rev. type is borrowed from 
 the Roman coins of Athalaric (see PL VIII. 21-5), but the disappearance of the letters 
 S. C. is noteworthy. The significance of the inscr. Floreas semper is not quite obvious. 
 The most natural interpretation of the words is probably as a wish for the prosperity of 
 Rome, though on the present coin the head of Invicta Roma which appeared on the coin 
 of Athalaric (PL VIII. 22) is omitted. Still, however, the coins would be generally recog- 
 nized as emanating from the mint of Rome. The other alternative is to treat the words 
 as an acclamation for the long life of the king. (Cp. coins of the Constantine period, 
 
94 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 46 
 
 113-7 
 
 ^ 
 
 •85 
 
 [DNJBADV[EL]AR.EX 
 
 [FLvpiKEA ra?ieEM 
 ;pEK] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Lig-lit coinaiie) 
 
 
 47 
 
 69-6 
 
 JE 
 
 •65 
 
 ONBAQV [ELAKEX] 
 (without ball on 
 crown) 
 
 ...KEA SSEM[P] 
 
 [Northwick sale, 1860] 
 
 xii. 1 
 
 48 
 
 66-2 
 
 JE 
 
 • 7 
 
 DNBADV ELAKEX 
 Qiartly obscure) 
 (without ball on 
 crown) 
 
 FLOKEAS SEMPER 
 
 xii. 2 
 
 49 
 
 54-2 
 
 JE 
 
 •65 
 
 QNBAD VELA[R]EX 
 
 (without ball on 
 crown ?) 
 
 FLOREAS 
 
 xii. 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Small Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bustof Baduila, 
 beardless, facino-. 
 
 Lion advancing- r., 
 within wreath.' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wearing" crown and 
 robes. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 15-6 
 
 JE 
 
 •35 
 
 Ends ADVE 
 
 Above, >K (border of 
 dots instead of 
 wreath) 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 7-19-32] 
 
 xii. 4 
 
 51 
 
 18-5 
 
 jE 
 
 •35 
 
 [DNB] VrL ( = VEL) 
 
 [de Salis g'ift] 
 
 xii. 5 
 
 52 
 
 15-2 
 
 jE 
 
 •4 
 
 DNB [AJDVELA 
 
 [de Salis g'ift] 
 
 xii. 6 
 
 Constantine Cues. Vivas; Hercidi Cues. Vincas ; Maurice, Num. Constanthiienne, i, p. 347. 
 Cp. also Wvoth, Itnpericfl Byzantine Coins, i, p. 99 n., Vita on coins of Justin 11.) 
 
 Denomination. Nos. 44-6 seem to represent a value that is double that of 
 Nos. 47-9 ; thus, the 20-nummus and the 10-nummus. But it will be observed that 
 all these coins are marked X ; therefore (unless we are to assume that Baduila's engraver 
 mechanically copied the X from the coins of Athalaric regardless of its changed meaning) 
 we are almost bound to believe that all these specimens were intended to pass current as 
 pieces of ten nummi, though issued both of a heavy and of a light weight (cp. the bronze 
 coins of Ticinum, sujyra, Nos. 38-43). 
 
 Date. Baduila hrst came into possession of Rome on 17 Dec, 546, but the city (which 
 had been practically deserted) was soon given up, and it is in the highest degree unlikely 
 that he issued money at that time. But in 549 Baduila, after a siege, again recovered 
 Rome, and he now recalled the exiled senators, began to rebuild the city, and was him- 
 self present at games held in the Circus Maximus. There can be little doubt that it was 
 in this year that the issue of these coins was first undertaken. 
 
 ' The coin is modelled on the small Roman bronze of Justinian, with the same rev. 
 See PI. XVI. 9, 10. 
 
95 
 
 THEIA 
 
 July or xVug. 552-553 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 23. 
 
 oo .•) 
 
 l-2-l 
 
 22.2 
 
 22. 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 N -0 
 
 A'' -55 
 
 N .65 
 (base) 
 
 N .65 
 
 N .6 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 TICIXUM 
 Tremissis 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Anasta- 
 sius I r., beardless, 
 Avearino- diadem, pa- 
 ludamentuin, and 
 cuirass ; on head, 
 pellet in crescent. 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 AVC (without pellet 
 
 and crescent). 
 [Boug-ht of an Italian 
 
 coin-<lealer, 18G9J 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 AVC 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 AVC 
 
 [Roval coll.] 
 
 DNANAS TA8IVaP 
 PA 
 
 DNANASTA 8IVSP 
 PAVC 
 
 Inscr. Victory to front, 
 juoving- r., looking- 
 1. ; in r., wreath ; in 
 1., g-lobus crucig-er; 
 in field r., star ; in 
 ex., CO NO 
 
 VICTOKIAAVCVST 
 OKVM (COMOI) 
 
 VICTORIAAVCVCT 
 OKIV 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 VICTORIAAVCVST 
 OKVII (pellet after 
 CONO) 
 
 VICTORIAAVCVST 
 OKVII 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 VICTORIAAVCVST 
 OKVN 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 Plate 
 
 xii. 7 
 
 xii. 8 
 
 xii. 9 
 
 xii. 10 
 
 xii. 11 
 
m 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 Weight 
 
 22.7 
 
 21-2 
 
 21. 
 
 20-8 
 
 17-6 
 
 20. 
 
 22-2 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N -6 
 
 N -65 
 
 N .6 
 
 M -G 
 
 Al .55 
 
 Ai .55 
 
 M 
 
 Obverse 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSPP 
 AVC 
 
 DNANA8T A2IVaP 
 PAVC (uu head,cross). 
 
 DNANSTA SIVSPA' 
 
 (on head, star ?). 
 
 Reverse 
 
 VICTOKIAAVCVITO 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 VICTOKIAAVCVST 
 ORVI (COl/IO) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTORIAAVCVST 
 OVI (COIIC) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Half Siliqua 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Anasta- 
 sius I r., beardless, 
 wearing diadem and 
 cuirass. 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSP 
 PA 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 D NAN AST ASIVSA 
 
 V[C?] On head, cres- 
 cent 
 [Baron Kolb coll., 1847] 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSA 
 
 VC On head, crescent. 
 [Blacas coll., 1867] 
 
 DNANA8 TAaiVaP 
 
 AC On head, pellet 
 in crescent. 
 [Purcliased, 1904, 
 4-3-16] 
 
 Inscr. within wreath, 
 in upper part of 
 which, circular or- 
 nament ; in lower 
 part, X 
 
 DN 
 THE 
 
 l/\ 
 REX 
 
 DN 
 THEI- 
 AKEX 
 
 DN 
 THIL' 
 AREX 
 
 DOAA 
 NVaTH 
 
 eTap 
 
 REX^ 
 
 Plate 
 
 xii. 12 
 
 xii. 13 
 
 xii. 14 
 
 xii. 15 
 
 xii. 16 
 
 xii. 17 
 
 xii. 18 
 
 ^ The head is treated very much as on Nos. 11, 12, infra. 
 
 ^ Either a badly formed I, or L 
 
 ^ THILA occurs on a coin in the Rossi catalogue (Rome, 1880), p. 251, and on 
 a silver coin described in Friedlaender, M. d. Ostcioihni, p. .5-3, No. 3. 
 
 * Name of Thda. Procopius calls this king Teias. On the coins his name appears as 
 THEIA, TEIA, THELA (Paris: Friedlaender, M. d. Ostijothen, p. 53), and THILA. 
 
THEIA—TICmUM— SILVER 
 
 97 
 
 No. 
 
 13 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 9.5 
 
 Al .55 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Quarter Sillqua 
 
 DNANASTA SIVSP 
 
 PA/ Bust of Anasta- 
 sius I r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem and 
 cuirass ; on head, 
 pellet and crescent. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [de Salis gift]^ 
 
 DN 
 THE 
 
 I A 
 KEX 
 
 within wreath, in 
 upper part of which, 
 circular ornament. 
 
 Plate 
 
 xii. 19 
 
 The form THEIA may be judged to be the oflBcial spelling of the mint, more especially 
 as it occurs on No. 12 in an inscr. on which some extra thought appears to have been 
 expended (i.e. DN is expanded to -Dow( j)«»s, and a unique title, P — presumably Pws — 
 is added). The variety TEIA is very rare, apparently occurring only on a coin in the 
 Strogonoff collection, described by Sabatier (i, p. 209, No. 2). With regard to THELA 
 and THILA, I would suggest the probability that they are engravers' blunders, a ising 
 thus:— a badly formed I in THEIA (cp. our No. 10) would give rise to THE A or 
 THELA. Of THELA, THILA would be an easy variant, either I being deliberately written 
 for E (a common interchange), or an E with the projecting limbs faintly represented (as 
 is sometimes the case) being mistaken for I. 
 
 Attrihutioti. Dr. H. Bradley, in his interesting account of Tlie Goths (London, 1888), 
 has suggested (chap. 28, p. 311) that these coins may have been issued by Thelane, the 
 son and titular collea^e of Odovacar. But this view must be negatived, because (1) we 
 do not know that Thelane was also called Theia, and this series of ' Thela ' and ' Theia ' 
 coins clearly emanated from a single issuer ; (2) these coins belong to the continuous 
 series of Ostrogothic silver coins, and, by style and fabric, take their place in it as the 
 latest, not the earliest, issues ; (3) it is not improbable that ' Thela ' is an engraver's 
 blunder, and does not reproduce any actual name. 
 
 ' The silver (or bronze ?) coin with rev. monogram, described by Sabatier (i, p. 210, 
 No. 6), after Lagoy, is ascribed to Theia on no sure grounds, as Friedlaender {M. d. 
 Ostgothen, p. 52) has already pointed out. So far as is known, Theia issued no coinage 
 in bronze. 
 
98 
 
 QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE COINS OF 
 ROME AND RAVENNA 
 
 We have here (PI. XII-XIV), as lias been generally admitted, coinages 
 struck at Rome and Ravenna. Of these, the Roman series is the more extensive 
 and important, and may be first discussed. 
 
 ROME. Tlie types of these Roman coins, and tlie entire absence from 
 tliem of the regal or Imperial name, suggest that they were issued on some 
 special occasion or in accordance witli the grant of special privileges. Such 
 a coinage may have talcen place at any period when the Ostrogotlis were 
 masters of the Imperial City, or, on the other liand, in tlie period, under 
 Justinian, when Rome had been won back for the Empire. But altliougli the 
 hypothesis of tlie Imperial origin of these coins is not at first sight an unlikely 
 one, it is seen to be hardly tenable when we take into consideration the bronze 
 coins (PL XY, XYI. 1-10) which Justinian issued for his newly-regained city. 
 Of these there are at least two distinct issues, each bearing a portrait of the 
 emperor and a large M, the familiar Byzantine mark of value (40 nummia), 
 and it is extremely hard to find a place for a third Imperial coinage of Rome — 
 and that, moreover, a coinage entirely anonymous and with the mark of 
 value in jRomaw numerals (XL). 
 
 The coins, then, may be best regarded as issues made while Rome was Ostro- 
 gothic. I am not aware of any quite decisive data for fixing the exact period 
 of coining, but an accumulation of evidence of various kinds will be found to 
 lead us in the direction of Theodoric rather than that of the latest Ostrogothic 
 rulers. At the outset, one king— Theodahad— may certainly be rejected as 
 a claimant, because we know that the large bronze money which he caused to 
 be issued in Rome bore his own name and — what was an innovation — his own 
 portrait (PL IX. 13). For a nearly similar reason, one of Theodahad's successors, 
 Baduila, may be excluded. Theia, the last king, had no authority at Rome ; 
 and in the reign of Witigis Rome was mainly in the hands of the Imperialists, 
 and its coins may be expected to bear the stamj) of Justinian. 
 
 There remain only Theodoric and Athalaric his successor. Athalaric is 
 known to have struck at Rome small bronze coins, ' X nummi,' with his own 
 name (PL VIII. 21-5), and these, it must be noted, bear the head of Invicta 
 JRomUy the head that figures on the obverse of the large quasi-autonomous 
 bronze coins now in question (PL XIII, XIY). Athalaric, therefore, may 
 seem to have some claim, but still more, perhaps, Theodoric, who is not other- 
 wise represented by any bronze coins at the Roman mint. 
 
 The whole of this Invicta Roma coinage, with its thick flans and bold 
 types, contrasts in a rather remarkable way with the ordinary coins of the 
 Ostrogothic series, but it becomes less strange when we study its genesis. 
 Now, among the issues of the Roman mint that immediately precede the 
 Ostrogothic issues are thick bronze pieces bearing the head of Zeno (ce?r. 
 
QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME AND RAVENNA 99 
 
 A. D. 474 : PL XII. 20-3). Evidently it was from this source that our coins 
 derived their peculiar fabric, their prominent border of dots, their mark of 
 value X L, and one of their types, the Victory : even their obverse type, the 
 bust of Invicta Roma, was probably suggested by the legend Invicta Roma 
 found on the prototype coins. 
 
 The ' Invicta Roma ' coins are mainly of three classes : — 
 (i) With rev. Victory (PI. XIII. 1). 
 
 (ii) With o-ev. Eagle (PL XIII. 2-8 ; also rev. Two Eagles and Tree, 
 PL XIII. 9-11). 
 
 (iii) With rev. Wolf and Twins (PL XIV. 1-7). 
 
 1 suggest that this coinage first began in the time of Theodoric, under 
 whom life and government in the city of Rome went on without any violent 
 changes ; and that the first type struck was No. (i) with the Victory reverse, 
 a type which was modelled on the nearly similar reverse of the Roman bronze 
 coins bearing the name of the Emperor Zeno (PL XII. 20-3), which were 
 probably struck by the Senate (SC) during the reign of Odovacar and which 
 would be in circulation at least till Zeno's death in 491, and perhaps until 
 the accession of Theodoric in 493. 
 
 Coins of this ' Victory ' type are now very rare : perhaps the borrowed 
 design was soon displaced by a more distinctively Roman emblem — the 
 Eagle (ii) or the Wolf and Twins (iii). As tliis coinage displays three (or, 
 rather, four) types, it is probable that it extended over a considerable period. 
 Thus, it may have constituted the large bronze coinage of Rome under 
 Athalaric as well as under liis predecessor, Theodoric' 
 
 Type i, the Victory-reverse, will naturally be assigned to Theodoric, as 
 imitated from the ' Victory ' coins witli Zeno's head (PL XII. 20-3). Type ii 
 (the Eagle) might also be assigned to him, and type iii (Wolf and Twins) to 
 Athalaric ; but seeing that the precedence of type ii over type iii is not com- 
 pletely certain, the safest course will be to group types ii and iii together 
 as Roman coins ' of the time of Theodoric and Athalaric '. 
 
 Athalaric's successor, Theodahad, struck at Rome large bronze coins with 
 his own head upon them (PL IX. 13-18).^ In the troubled times that followed 
 his deposition (a. d. 536) the bronze currency of Rome consisted chiefly of 
 the portrait-coins of Baduila and (as will be seen infra^ ' Coins with Imperial 
 names ', p. 108) of Justinian. 
 
 KAVENNA. These are small pieces of ten nummi, all having on the 
 obv. the bust of FELIX RAVENNA. There are three reverse types : — 
 (i) Victory (p. 106). 
 (ii) Eagle (PL XIV. 8). 
 
 (iii) Monogram of Ravenna in wreath (PL XIV. 10). 
 
 ' For the smaller bronze coinage of Rome, Athalaric himself provided by allowing 
 the Senate to strike pieces of X nummi with the bust of Invicta Roma on the dbv. and 
 his own name on the rev. (PI. VIIL 21). 
 
 2 But the Romans may even, for a time (and previous to the issue of the portrait- 
 coins of Theodahad), have continued to mint the Invicta Roma bronze : compare the bust 
 of Invicta Roma on some of the Ravenna bronze of Theodahad (PI. IX. 12) with the 
 bust on some of the 'Invicta Roma' (Theodoric and Athalaric) coins (PI. XIV. 7, &c.). 
 
100 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 As Ravenna was the capital and residence of Odovacar and of the Ostro- 
 gothic king's, and finally the residence of the Imperial representative, it is not 
 easy to point to a period wlien it is likely to have issued these quasi-autonomous 
 coins. Such coins (as we have just seen) were, indeed, in use at Rome, but 
 Rome always enjoyed a semi-independence : it was still in possession of its 
 ancient Senate (who apparently controlled the local coinage),* and it was 
 never — in our period — the capital or permanent residence of king- or emperor. 
 In point of style these coins, perhaps, most resemble the bronze coins of 
 Athalaric,' and the best course may be to assig-n tliem to him and to Theodoric. 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 211-1 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE 1-05 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 ROME 
 
 XL nummi 
 
 (with head of Zeno) 
 
 Probably stt^ck in the time of Odovacar, 
 A.D. 477-491 ' 
 
 Inscr. (reading- out- 
 wards from front of 
 neck). Bust of the 
 Emperor Zeno r., 
 bearded, laureate. 
 Border. 
 
 IJMPJENOFELirCIS 
 I ?]NOSENAVC 2; be- 
 neath head , . . .^ 
 
 IMVICT A KOMA 
 
 Victory in girdled 
 chiton advancing- 
 r. ; in r., wreath ; 
 in 1., trophy resting 
 on her shoulder ; in 
 field, S C (Se7iatus 
 consulto') ; in ex., 
 •XL* Border of dots. 
 
 [Northwick sale, 1860] 
 
 Plate 
 
 xii.20 
 
 ^ Notice the wreath, which is of the same style as the wreath on coins of Athalaric. 
 The ohv. type is, moreover, found joined to a rev. with the monogram of Athalaric on 
 a bronze coin which Friedlaender {M. d. Ostgoihen, p. 35, PI. I. 11) repeats from 
 the original description bv Pinci, though this descrijition may requii-e verification. 
 A coin of Baduila (PL XI."'22) displays a bust of FELIX TICINVS, but this coin is of 
 coarser (and, no doubt, later) style than the FELIX RAVENNA coins. 
 
 ^ The ohv. inscriptions on these coins are hard to read, but there seems to be no good 
 authority (as M. Sambon has remarked to me) for reading on any of the coins of this 
 class the names of Zeno and Leo in conjunction, and the legend given by Sabatier 
 (i, p. 141, No. 21), viz. ZENO ET LEO CAES NOV. CAES, is probably misread. N, in 
 NO, is written for M ; SEN = SEM{per). 
 
 ^ In the Catal. of the Mus. Naz. di Napoli; ii, specimens (Nos.15,202-4) are described 
 as reading II I I beneath the head ; but on our examples letters seem to be represented. 
 
QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME 
 
 101 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 213-6 
 
 251.4 
 
 306. 
 
 283-6 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE 1-1 
 
 JE 1.15 
 
 JE 1.15 
 
 JE M 
 
 Obverse 
 
 CISSIMOS 
 
 E N A VC ; beneath head, 
 IIOI? 
 
 INPJENOFE 
 
 ....NAVC; beneath 
 head, I.I. 
 
 IIIPXENOFEL N 
 
 .SEIIAVC; beneath 
 head, . . I . 
 
 IMPZENOSEMPERA 
 VC (inscr. beginning- 
 
 behind liead) (bust 
 
 draped) ^ 
 
 Reverse 
 
 [Townley coU.] 
 
 [Northwick sale, 1860] 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 XL nummi 
 
 Probably struck in the time of Theodoric, 
 circ. A.D. 493 
 
 IHVICT A ROMA 
 
 Bust of Roma r., wear- 
 ing helmet, earring, 
 necklace, and drapery ; 
 hair long. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 Victory in girdled chiton 
 standing r. on prow ; 
 in r., wreath ; in 1., 
 palm-branch resting 
 on her shoulder ; in 
 front, lighted altar, be- 
 neath which, I I ; be- 
 hind, w Border of dots. 
 
 M. Size, 1-05. Berlin Museum. (Figured in Fried- 
 laender, M. d. Vandalen, PI. II, p. 68 ; cp. Sabatier, 
 i, p. 211, No. 6, PI. XIX. 29 ; Rev. num., 1858, p. 200, 
 PL X. 7.) 
 
 This coin may be placed next after the coins 
 with the head of Zeno (Nos. 1-5, supra) because 
 it has a similar reverse-type (Victory). 1 1 on 
 the rev. is perhaps the mark of the ofBcina. 
 
 As to the leg-end INVICTA ROMA, see 
 note, supra, p. 57. 
 
 Plate 
 
 xii. 21 
 
 xii.22 
 
 xii. 23 
 
 xiii. 1 
 
 ^ The inscription and bust show signs of having been touched by a modern graver's 
 tool; the coin is, however, antique, and this obv. legend is found on other coins, e.g. 
 Thomsen, Catal., p. 4, No. 58 ; Windisch-Gratz coll., vi, p. 6, No. 50 ; cp. Sabatier, i, p. 140, 
 No. 16. 
 
102 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 XL and XX nummi 
 
 
 
 
 
 Probably struck in the reigns of TlieodoHc 
 and Athalaric^ circ. a.d. 494(?)-534 
 
 
 
 
 
 (a) First Series 
 
 
 
 
 
 XL 
 
 
 
 
 
 (with rev. Eagle) ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Roma r., 
 wearing crested hel- 
 met, pendent ear- 
 ring, necklace, and 
 drapery ; hair long. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 Eagle with wings 
 spread, standing 1., 
 looking back ; in 
 
 field 1., Z. Border 
 
 of dots. 
 
 
 6 
 
 215-8 
 
 JE 1-1 
 
 I[N]VIC TAROMA 
 
 Exergue plain. 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-451] 
 
 xiii. 2 
 
 7 
 
 143-5 
 
 ^ -95 
 
 INVIC TAROMA 
 
 [BaronKolb coll., 1847] 
 
 r J j Exergue plain. 
 
 xiii. 3 
 
 8 
 
 177-2 
 
 JB 1- 
 
 INVIC TAROMA 
 
 In ex., • A -^ 
 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 5-6-9] 
 
 
 9 
 
 156-5 
 
 ^ 1. 
 
 IMVICT AROMA 
 
 In ex., • A • 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-598] 
 
 xiii. 4 
 
 10 
 
 157.3 
 
 jE 1. 
 
 IMVIT AROMA 
 
 In ex., • A • 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-452] 
 
 
 This series may be placed immediately after the coin with rev. Victory, described 
 on p. 101, because the mark of value XL is, as on that piece, placed heside the type and 
 
 in the form J. (The XL on Nos. 24 f., infra, rev. Wolf and Twins, is differently 
 arranged.) The eagle, if imitated from a coin (as need not necessarily be the case), 
 ™%,H^/ o ^^^" suggested by the eagle on the (Italian) coins of Zeno ; see Sabatier, 
 PI. VIII. 3, 4, 5. 
 
 ^ This is an exceptional arrangement of the mark of value. 
 
 ' This and other similar numerals in the exergue may be best explained as oflBcina- 
 marks ; they run from 1 to 5. 
 
QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME 
 
 103 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 11 
 
 128- 
 
 M -9 
 
 IMVICT AROMA 
 
 In ex., • 1 1 • 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-455] 
 
 
 12 
 
 152-2 
 
 JE -95 
 
 IMVICT AKOMA 
 
 In ex., • r« 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-453] 
 
 
 13 
 
 130-3 
 
 JE M . 
 
 IMVICT AROMA 
 
 In ex., • r» 
 
 [Purchased, 1835] 
 
 xiii. 5 
 
 14 
 
 174-? 
 
 JE 1- 
 
 INVICT AKOMA 
 
 In ex., • A • 
 
 [Purchased, 1893, 
 10-7-39] 
 
 xiii. 6 
 
 15 
 
 135-2 
 
 JE -95 
 
 IMVICT AROMA 
 
 In ex., • € • 
 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 5-6-10] 
 
 xiii. 7 
 
 16 
 
 139-8 
 
 JE 1-05 
 
 IMVICT AROMA 
 
 In ex., • 9 • . 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-454] 
 
 
 17 
 
 183- 
 
 JE -95 
 
 IMVIC TAROMA 
 
 In ex., • [9] •^ 
 
 
 18 
 
 174-2 
 
 ^E 1-05 
 
 INVIC TAROMA 
 
 In ex., • € • 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 xiii. 8 
 
 
 
 
 XX 
 
 
 
 
 
 (with rev. Tree and two Eagles) 
 
 
 
 
 
 IMVICT AROMA 
 
 Fig-tree, beneath 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bust of Roma r., 
 
 which, on each side. 
 
 
 
 
 
 wearing- crested hel- 
 
 eagle with head 
 
 
 
 
 
 met, necklace, and 
 
 turned back ; in ex.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 drapery ; hair long-. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 .XX. Border of 
 dots.- 
 
 
 19 
 
 167-4 
 
 JE -95 
 
 [Parkes Weber g-ift, 
 1906 ; bought of an 
 Italian coin-dealer] 
 
 
 xiii. 9 
 
 ^ Only the top of the numeral is visible, the rest being off the flan. 
 
 ^ The eagles on the rev. connect these coins with Nos. 6-18, su2)ra (rev. Eagle), which 
 are of the denomination XL. 
 
 No explanation of the rev. type has been offered except by Eckhel (Doct. num. vet., 
 viii, p. 216 ; cp. Friedlaender, M. d. Osfgotheti, p. 57), who suggested that the two eagles 
 symbolizBcl Rome and New Rome (Constantinople), but this explanation takes no account 
 of the tree. As to the general meaning of the type, it is hardly doubtful that it refers in 
 
104 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 20 
 
 129. 
 
 JE 
 
 .9 
 
 (Ends MA) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-600] 
 
 xiii.lO 
 
 21 
 
 116.2 
 (u-om) 
 
 JE 
 
 •85 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 115-3 
 
 JE 
 
 .85 
 
 (IMVICT A ROMA) 
 
 [Baron Kolbcoll.,1847] 
 
 
 23 
 
 82-5 
 
 ^ 
 
 .85 
 
 (IMVICT A ROMA) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-599] 
 
 xiii.U 
 
 
 
 
 
 (fi) Second Series 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 XL 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (with rev. Wolf and Twins) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IMVICT AROMA 
 
 Wolf 1., with head 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bust of Roma r,, 
 
 turned r,, suckling 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wearing- crested hel- 
 
 the Twins, Romulus 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 met, pendent ear- 
 ring-, necklace, and 
 
 and Remus ; above, 
 XL. Border of dots.' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 drapery ; hair long. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 189-8 
 
 JE 
 
 -95 
 
 (A; A) 
 
 In ex., "[1 1] •- 
 
 xiv. 1 
 
 25 
 
 221. 
 
 JE 
 
 1.05 
 
 [Purchased, 1835] 
 
 In ex., •Ill* 
 
 xiv. 2 
 
 some way to the ancient glories or legendary history of the Eternal City, because the 
 obr. type is Inricta Roma, and other coins of the same class represent the Roman 
 eagle (p. 102) and the wolf and twins (p. 104). The tree is almost certainly a fig-tree, 
 and it is natural to identify it with ihQjicus ruminalis beneath which Romulus and Remus 
 were suckled by the wolf. A well-known denarius (second century b.c.) of Sextus 
 Pompeius Fostulus {Grueber, B. M. C, Rom. Coins, i, p. 131) shows the wolf suckling the 
 twins, and the shepherd Faustulus surveying the scene : in the background is the 
 fig-tree with three birds perched on its branches (one variety of our coins, Nos. 19-23, is 
 stated in the Thomsen Cat., p. 80, No. 978, to show a bird on the tree ; so also Sabatier, 
 i, PI. XIX. 28, p. 211, No. 5). 
 
 If the tree of our coins is the Jicus rmni^talis, the substitution of the eagles for the 
 twins is of course remarkable ; and the only comment I am able to make is that the 
 Ostrogothic type seems, at any rate, to have been derived from a much older original. 
 A small bronze coin of Scepsis in the Troad (Imhoof-Blumer, Kleinasiatische Miiuzen, i. 
 p. 46, No. 5, PI, 11. 6), which — from its ohv. type, a Capricorn — is probably of the time of 
 Augustus, shows on the rev. a gnarled fig-tree, near the trunk of which stands an eagle 
 with head turned back towards it, a type identical, except for the absence of the second 
 eagle, with the Ostrogothic type. Unfortunately, the interpretation of the Scepsian 
 reverse is, itself, doubtful, though it is probably of Imperial and not of local significance. 
 
 'There are no very strong reasons for placing these later than the XL coins 
 described as the 'First Series', sujrra, p. 102: the position of the mark of value seems, 
 however, to indicate that their place is here and not earlier (see p. 102, note 1). 
 
 - Apparently I I, as on Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgotheu, p. 58, No. 1, and Thomsen, 
 Cat., p. 80, No. 972. 
 
QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME 
 
 105 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 26 
 
 2342 
 
 M 
 
 1-05 
 
 (Inscr. partly obscure) 
 
 In ex., • 1 1 II • 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-456] 
 
 
 27 
 
 233-2 
 
 JE 
 
 1-05 
 
 (A ROMA) 
 
 In ex., •Mill. 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-457] 
 
 
 28 
 
 224-6 
 
 JE 
 
 1-15 
 
 
 In ex., -V* 
 
 
 29 
 
 236-6 
 
 JE 
 
 1-05 
 
 (IMVIC TAROMA) 
 
 X 
 
 IMVIC TAROMA 
 
 Bust of Roma r., 
 wearing crested hel- 
 met, pendent ear- 
 ring, necklace, and 
 drapery ; hair long. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 (Exergue worn) 
 
 X 
 
 Wolf 1., with head 
 turned r., suckling 
 the Twins, Romulus 
 and Remus ; above, 
 two stars'; in ex., 
 • X • X • Border of 
 dots. 
 
 xiv. 3 
 
 30 
 
 118- 
 
 {b7vken) 
 
 JE 
 
 •95 
 
 
 Between the stars, 1 ? 
 
 xiv. 4 
 
 31 
 
 111- 
 
 JE 
 
 -85 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Between the stars, 1 
 
 xiv. 5 
 
 32 
 
 126-2 
 
 JE 
 
 -8 
 
 (INVIC &c.) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Between the stars, ^ 
 
 xiv. 6 
 
 33 
 
 100- 
 
 JE 
 
 -8 
 
 [Royal coll.] 
 
 Between the stars, ^ 
 (in ex., XX) 
 
 xiv. 7 
 
 1 The two stars are not ornaments or mint-symbols, but part of the type, as may be 
 seen on comparison with the representation of the Wolf and Twins on the medallions of 
 Constantino the Great (Froehner, Med. de Vemp. rotn., pp. 287, 288 {obv. bust of Vrbs 
 Bontci) ; Grueber, Cat. Rom. Medallions, p. 86, Nos. 6 and 7). 
 
 The group is a reproduction of an older representation, such as that found on the 
 medallions of Constantine (just referred to) ; on the denarius of Fostulus (second century 
 B.C. ; cp. p. 104, sttjifa) ; and on Romano-Campanian coins of the late fourth century and 
 early third century B. c. (cp. figures in Klio, 1909, p. 34). On the group see further 
 E. Petersen's ' Lupa Capitolina ', in Klio, 1908, pp. 440 f., and 1909, pp. 29 f. It may be 
 added that the festival of the Lupercalia was still celebrated at Rome at the beginning 
 of the reign of Theodoric (Fowler, Roman Festivals, p. 321 ; Gregorovius, Hist, of City of 
 Rome, bk. ii, chap. 1, vol. i, p. 269, Eng. trans.). 
 
 P 
 
106 
 
 n. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 RAVENNA 
 
 
 
 
 
 X nummi^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. With i-ev. Victory 
 
 
 
 
 
 Time of Theodoric? 
 
 
 
 
 
 FELIXK AVENNA 
 
 R. V Victory advancing 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bust of Ravenna r., 
 
 1. ; in r., wreath ; in 1., 
 
 
 
 
 
 wearing mural crown, 
 earring, necklace, and 
 drapery. Border of dots. 
 
 IDalm-branch. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 M. Size, -65 inch. 
 
 
 
 
 
 This coin is described and figured by 
 
 
 
 
 
 Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen^ p. 60, No. 3, 
 
 
 
 
 
 PL III. 8, but only on the authority of Ramus 
 and Pinci. 
 
 
 
 
 
 2. With. rev. Eagle 
 
 
 
 
 
 Time of Theodoric ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 FELIXR AVENNA 
 
 Eagle, between two 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bust of Ravenna 
 
 stars, standing on 
 
 
 
 
 
 r., wearing mural 
 
 branch to front. 
 
 
 
 
 
 crown, earring, 
 
 looking 1. ; beneath, 
 
 
 
 
 
 necklace, and dra- 
 
 X. Border of dots.^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 pery. Border of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dots. 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 60. 
 
 JE .7 
 
 [Rollin sale, Sotheby's, 
 12 July, &c., 1853, 
 lot?] 
 
 
 xiv. 8 
 
 35 
 
 38.8 
 
 JE -65 
 
 
 
 xiv. 9 
 
 i 
 
 ^ As to the date of these coins see p. 100, supra. 
 
 * With the eagle type cp. No. 6, p. 102, supra. It is no doubt the eagle of Rome. 
 Two stars are seen above the Wolf and Twins on No. 30, p. 105, supra. 
 
 FELIX RAVENNA. Compare the inscr. Felix CaHa. on Vandal coins of Carthage 
 {supra, p. 13) and the Felix Ticinus on the coins of Baduila {supra, p. 91). Felix Roma 
 does not occur on Ostrogothic coins {invicta Roma perhaps taking its place), but is found 
 on monuments of the time, as on the tiles of Theodoric and of Athalaric : reg{nante) 
 d{omino) n{ostro) Tlieoderico, felix Roma (see Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, 
 bk. ii, chap. 2, pp. 315, 316, Eng. trans. ; Cabrol, Diet, d'arch. chret., s. v. brique, 
 p. 1322 and p. 1326). The legends FLAVIA LVCA, FLAVIA TICINO, &c., on Lombard 
 coins may also be recalled in this connexion (see 'Introduction', supra, § 3, on legends 
 of Lombard coins). 
 
QUASI-AXJTONOMOUS BRONZE OF RAVENNA 
 
 107 
 
 No. 
 
 36 
 37 
 
 38 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 48-1 
 46-5 
 
 49-6 
 46-6 
 
 52.2 
 
 JE -7 
 
 JE -6 
 
 JE .65 
 
 JE .65 
 
 JE -65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 3. With rev. Monogram of Ravenna 
 Time of Athalaric ? 
 
 FELIXR AVENNA 
 
 Bust of Ravenna 
 r. , wearino^ mural 
 crown, earring-, 
 necklace, and dra- 
 pery. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 (Ends NA) 
 
 [R. Payne Knight be- 
 quest, 1824; Nummi 
 veteres, p. 304, No. 2] 
 
 [BaronKolbcoU.,1847] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 T^ f" "within wreath, 
 Kk r in upper part 
 P'^L of which, cir- 
 cular ornament ; in 
 lower part, X.^ Bor- 
 der of dots. 
 
 KE 
 
 Above monogram, + 
 
 4, With obv. Invicta Roma 
 
 Time of Athalat'ic ? 
 
 INVICTA ROMA 
 
 Bust of Roma r., wear- 
 ing helmet and drapery. 
 
 U 
 
 within wreath, in 
 upper part of 
 which, circular 
 ornament ; in 
 lower part, X. 
 
 M. Size, .6 inch. 
 
 This coin is engraved and described by 
 Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgotlien^ p. 60, No. 4, 
 PL III. 4, but only on the authority of Pinci, 
 De Nummis Raven. 
 
 xiv.lO 
 
 xiv. 11 
 xiv.l2 
 
 xiv. 13 
 
 ^ On Nos. 36, 37 the X is boldly represented and almost separated from the wreath, 
 as if clearly to denote the denomination of the coin (as on Nos. 84, 35). On Nos. 38-40 
 the X is smaller, and has more distinctly the appearance of being the tie of the wreath. 
 
108 
 
 IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN I 
 
 struck at 
 ROME AND RAVENNA 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 3114 
 
 287-5 
 
 207-2 
 
 248-6 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE 1-1 
 
 JE 1-15 
 
 JE 1. 
 
 JE -95 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 ROME 
 
 Period I. Dec. 536-538 ' 
 
 M (40 nummi) 
 
 DUIVSTMI ANVSPP 
 
 AVC Bust of Justi- 
 nian 1*., beardless; 
 hair short, but ar- 
 ranged in fringe in 
 front ; wears diadem, 
 cuirass, and paluda- 
 mentum. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 (A for A) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-84] 
 
 (Beginning doubtful 
 ends AV) 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-241] 
 
 Pi above, + ; in ex., 
 ROMA; whole in 
 wreath, in upper part 
 of which, circular 
 ornament ; in lower 
 part, X. 
 
 (A for A) ; beneath 
 M, A ; on 1., + ; on 
 r., + 
 
 (A for A) ; beneath 
 M, Zi; on 1., + ; on 
 r., + 
 
 (H ? for A) ; beneath 
 M, >5i; on 1., ^ ; on 
 r.,5|C 
 
 (A for A) ; beneath 
 M, A ; on 1., ¥: ; on 
 
 Plate 
 
 XV. 1 
 
 XV. 2 
 
 XV. 3 
 
 XV. 4 
 
 ' On the date of the Imperial coins of Justinian I struck at Rome and Ravenna 
 see ' Introduction ', sujyra, § 2, under ' Coins with Imperial Names '. All the Roman 
 coins of Period I show the head in profile ; those of Period II have the bust facing, 
 except on the tremissis, where, by the convention of Byzantine coins, it is in profile. 
 
 ^ Nos. 1-4 are of thick fabric. Nos. 5-14 are of thinner fabric and inferior work- 
 manship : they are without the ofl5cina-mark (Zk). 
 
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN— ROME— 
 
 M 
 
 109 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 5 
 
 154-8 
 
 JE -95 
 
 (DI/IIVSTirN ?]l AN 
 VSPPAV) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-85] 
 
 (ROM); on 1., +; on 
 r, ^ 
 
 XV. 5 
 
 6 
 
 138- 
 
 JE 1-05 
 
 (DMIVSTINI ANVSP 
 PAV) 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 (A for A); on 1., +; 
 on r., ¥: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 163-8 
 
 JE 12 
 
 (N for M ; ends PPV 
 
 On 1., + ; on r., •{C 
 
 XV. 6 
 
 
 
 
 [Townley coll.] 
 
 
 8 
 
 146-1 
 
 JE 1-2 
 
 (N for l/l; ends PPV 
 AC) 
 
 Onl. 3|C; onr., + 
 [Townley coll.] 
 
 XV. 7 
 
 9 
 
 170.5 
 
 JE 1-15 
 
 (Ends ANVSPPAV) 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-83] 
 
 On 1., H ; on r., + 
 
 
 10 
 
 152-2 
 
 JE 1-15 
 
 (DNIVSTINI ANVS 
 [Royal coU.] 
 
 (A for A) ; on 1., 5K ; 
 on r., + 
 
 
 11 
 
 144-8 
 
 JE 1-05 
 
 (DNIVSTIN lANVSP 
 PAVC) 
 
 [Townley coll.] 
 
 (A for A); on 1., ¥: ; 
 on r., +■ (circular 
 ornament absent) 
 
 
 12 
 
 126- 
 
 JE 1-05 
 
 (DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 PAVC) 
 
 [Townley coll.] 
 
 On 1., * ; on r., + 
 
 
 13 
 
 152-7 
 
 ^ 1-15 
 
 (Type double-struck) 
 [Townley coll.] 
 
 Onl.,[5|c?]; onr., + 
 
 
 14 
 
 161-6 
 
 JE 1-15 
 
 (DNIVSTI NIANVSP 
 PA) 
 
 [Townley coll.] 
 
 Onl., *; on r., + (up- 
 per part of wreath 
 has ® ; lower part, 
 
 X) 
 
 XV. 8 
 
 
 
 
 IN (20 nummi) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Justi- 
 
 l>* in wreath ; in up- 
 
 
 
 
 
 nian I r., as on No. 1. 
 
 jjer part of which, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Border of dots. 
 
 © ; in lower part, X 
 
 
 15 
 
 102-8 
 
 ^ -85 
 
 DUIVSTII/II ANVSP 
 PAV 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-271] 
 
 On 1., + ; on r., ¥: 
 
 XV. 9 
 
110 
 
 XL COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 Weight 
 
 115.5 
 
 134-5 
 117-4 
 
 128.5 
 
 97-5 
 
 113-8 
 85-5 
 
 82-2 
 
 43-1 
 
 64-1 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE .9 
 
 ^ .85 
 
 JE .85 
 
 JE .8 
 
 JE .85 
 
 JE .8 
 
 JE .9 
 
 JE .9 
 
 ^ -65 
 
 ^ -65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Dl/IIASTIMI ANVSP 
 
 PAV 
 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 
 DMIVSTIl/II ANVSP 
 PAV 
 
 [Blacas coll., 1867] 
 
 DMIA8Tim [ANVSP 
 PAV ?] 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-270] 
 
 Dl/IIVooTI NIANV«/» 
 PP 
 
 [Townley coll.] 
 
 DI/IIVST INIANVSP 
 
 DNIVoo TINIANrS.?] 
 
 [Townley coll.] 
 
 DNIVSTIN lANVSPP 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-269] 
 
 DMIVST TINIANV 
 
 [Townley coll.] 
 
 Reverse 
 
 On 1., + ; on r., 3|c 
 
 On 1., + ; on r., ^ 
 
 On 1., ¥: ; on r., + 
 
 On 1., ^ ; on r., + 
 
 On 1., ¥: ; on r., + 
 (without •) (wreath 
 without ornaments) 
 
 On 1., ¥: ; on r., + 
 
 (without •) 
 
 On 1., 5|c ; on r., + 
 
 (without •) (upper 
 part of wreath has 
 <S> ; lower part, \^ » 
 
 On 1., ^ ; on r., + 
 (without •) (wreath 
 without ornaments) 
 
 i (10 nummi) 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 PA Bust of Justi- 
 nian Ir.,as on No. 1. 
 (Border obscure) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-284] 
 
 (End of inscr. obscure) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 1 between 5|c and ^ ; 
 all in wreath. 
 
 Below, within wreath, 
 AMOH (Roma: AM 
 in ligature). 
 
 (Mark of value smaller 
 than on No. 24) 
 
 Plate 
 
 XV. 10 
 
 XV. 11 
 
 XV. 12 
 
 XV. 13 
 
 XV. 14 
 
 XV. 15 
 
 XV. 16 
 
 ^ Cp. the wreath on No. 14. This coin has been washed or plated with silver. 
 
IMPERIAL corns OF JUSTINIAN— ROME— SOLIDUS 111 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 68-3 
 
 68-3 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N -85 
 
 N .85 
 
 N .8 
 
 29 23. 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Period II. 538-549 
 Solidus' 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 PAVC Bust of Justi- 
 nian I, beardless, 
 full-face ; wears hel- 
 met with plume, and 
 cuirass ; in r, , globus 
 crucig"er ; 1. (not re- 
 presented) holds 
 sliield, on which, 
 horseman device. 
 
 N .85 (Ends A/C) 
 
 [Dr. Nott's sale, 1842] 
 
 (Ends A/C) 
 
 [Lord Elgin] 
 
 VICTOR I AAVCCC 
 
 Victory wearing chi- 
 ton and peplos, stand- 
 ing facing ; in r. , 
 long cross ; in 1., 
 globus cruciger ; in 
 field r., star; in ex., 
 CONOB 
 
 (Pellet after last C) 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 [Bank of En gland gift, 
 
 1877] 
 
 At end of inscr., A 
 
 (Ends AVC) 
 
 (Rl) at end of inscr., A 
 (ROMOB instead of 
 CONOB) 
 (In the Berlin Museum : cp. Zeit.f. Xtim., i, p. 303.) 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 N .65 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 PAVC Bust of Justi- 
 nian I r., beardless, 
 wearing jewelleddia- 
 dem, paludamentum, 
 and cuirass. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTORIAAVCVST 
 OKVM Victory in 
 girdled chiton mov- 
 ing r. on globus, 
 looking 1. ; in r., 
 wreath ; in 1., glo- 
 bus cruciger; in ex., 
 ROMOB^ 
 
 Plate 
 
 xvi. 1 
 
 xvi. 2 
 
 xvi. 3 
 
 xvi. 4 
 
 xvi. 5 
 
 1 The attribution of Nos. 26-8 to Rome is not determined by any decisive evidence, 
 but seems probable, seeing that the coins cannot so well be attributed to Constantinople 
 or to any other mint. No. 26 appears to me to be of Italian style and fabric, and its 
 provenance— the collection of Dr. Nott— to some extent bears this out: the lettering 
 on the obv. is small and close. Nos. 27, 28 are of much the same style as No. 26. 
 
 - Of neat work: with ROMOB compare the preceding solidus (PI. XVI. 4) in the 
 Berlin Museum. The tremissis with the supposed monogram of Roma (ohv. head of 
 Justinian, rev. Victory r.), assigned to the Roman mint by Pinder and Friedlaender, 
 Miinzen Justinians, p. 24, PI. III. 5, is evidently Visigothic. 
 
112 
 
 n. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 
 200-1 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE 1.15 
 
 86.7 
 
 96-3 
 
 7G.2 
 
 79-8 
 
 JE .65 
 
 ^ .75 
 
 JE .65 
 
 JE .65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Revei'se 
 
 M 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 
 PAV Bust of Justi- 
 nian I, beardless, fac- 
 ing-, -wearing- lielmet 
 with plume, cuirass, 
 and paludamentum ; 
 in r. , g-lobus cruciger. 
 
 O Im A above, + ; be- 
 neath, 5|c ; whole in 
 wreath. 
 
 [Maximilian Borrell, 
 
 1850] 
 
 Plate 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 xvi. 6 
 
 DNIVSTINIA NVSP 
 
 AVC Bust of Justi- 
 nian I, beardless, fac- 
 ing-, wearing helmet 
 with plume, cuirass, 
 and paludamentum ; 
 in r., globus cruciger; 
 1. (not represented) 
 holds shield orna- 
 mented with horse- 
 man device. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 [Purchased, 1835] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 AVC) 
 
 between 5|c and 5K ; 
 whole in wreath ; in 
 upper part of which, 
 circular ornament. 
 
 xvi. 7 
 
 xvi. 8 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ A very fine specimen of this coin, stated to have been found in Rome, was shown 
 at the British ^Museum in March, 1910. 
 
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN— ROME ; RAVENNA 113 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Small Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 
 IVSTIN lANVS Bust 
 
 of Justinian I, facing-, 
 as on No. 31. Bor- 
 der of dots. 
 
 Lion advancing r., 
 within wreath.^ 
 
 
 35 
 
 15-6 
 
 JE A 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 7-19-30] 
 
 
 xvi. 9 
 
 36 
 
 17-7 
 
 M .4 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-156] 
 
 
 xvi.lO 
 
 
 
 
 Period III. Circ. a.d. 552/3 
 
 
 
 
 
 XX 
 
 
 
 
 
 See a coin of this denomination described in 
 Brit. Mus. Cat., Imjjenal Byzantine Coins, 
 vol. i, p. 70, No. 402. 
 
 
 
 
 
 RAVENNA 
 
 
 
 
 
 Circ. A.D. 555-565 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soiidus 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSPP 
 
 AVC Bust of Justinian, 
 beardless, facing- ; 
 wears helmet with 
 plume, cuirass, and 
 paludamentum ; in 
 r. , g-lobus crucig-er ; 
 1. holds shield with 
 horseman device. 
 
 VICTOKI AAVCCC 
 
 Victory in chiton and 
 peplos standing fac- 
 ing ; in r., cross 
 (with P); in 1., glo- 
 bus cruciger ; in field 
 r., star; in ex., CO 
 NOB 
 
 
 37 
 
 66.8 
 
 N .75 
 
 (A/C) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 At end of inscr,, A 
 (CONOH) 
 
 
 ^ A specimen occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard (Friedlaender, M. d. Vandalen, 
 p. 43) : see also Pinder and Friedlaender, Munzen Justinians, p. 54. The lion type was 
 borrowed by Baduila : see supra, p. 94, No. 50. 
 
 2 As to the date of these coins see ' Introduction ', supra, § 2, ' Coins with Imperial 
 Names,' Gold, Justinian I. 
 
IM 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 Weight 
 68. 
 
 68-3 
 
 67-2 
 
 53. 
 
 42 
 
 34.1 
 
 43 
 44 
 
 22-7 
 
 45 22.7 N .65 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N .85 
 
 N .85 
 
 N .85 
 
 M .75 
 
 N .7 
 
 N .6 
 A^ .65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 (Ends ANVSPPA/C) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (TININI) 
 
 [Purchased, 1865, 
 8-10-14] 
 
 (PF for PP) 
 
 Reverse 
 
 At end of inscr., T 
 [Blacas coU., 1867] 
 
 At end of inscr., V 
 (CONOP) 
 
 (K I) At end of inscr., 
 
 r 
 
 (K I) at end of inscr., 
 i ; pellet after CO 
 NOB 
 
 Semissis 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 PAVC Bust of Justi- 
 nian I r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem, with 
 crescent and pellet, 
 cuirass, and paluda- 
 mentum. 
 
 VICTOKIAAVCCC 
 
 Victory wearing 
 mantle over lower 
 limbs seated r. on 
 shield and cuirass ; 
 on her knees she sup- 
 jjorts a shield on 
 which with her r. 
 hand she inscribes 
 numerals (rudely re- 
 presented); in front, 
 
 •f ; behind, star 
 ex., CONOB 
 
 (B formed like D) 
 
 m 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 PAVC Bust of Justi- 
 nian I r., beardless, 
 wearing diadem with 
 crescent and pellet, 
 cuirass, and paluda- 
 mentum. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [Purchased, 1863, 
 7-11-26] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTORIAAVCVSTO 
 KVM Victory moving 
 r. , looking 1. , holding 
 in r., wreath ; in 1., 
 globus cruciger ; in 
 field r., star; in ex., 
 CONOB 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 (CONOR) 
 
 (Ends RVH) 
 
 Plate 
 
 xvi. 11 
 
 xvi.l2 
 
 xvi. 13 
 
 xvi. 14 
 
 xvi. 15 
 
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN— RAVENNA— SILVER 115 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 21-2 
 
 22-7 
 
 22-5 
 
 21.5 
 
 21-6 
 16-3 
 
 21-9 
 
 16-3 
 
 15.2 
 
 20-3 
 
 Obverse 
 
 N .6 
 
 N .55 
 
 N .6 
 
 M .65 
 
 M .55 
 
 M -55 
 
 M .55 
 
 M .5 
 
 M .55 
 
 M -55 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [Bank of England gift, 
 1877] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (VICT0MAAVCV2T 
 ORVH) 
 
 (VICTOR I AAVCVST 
 ORVII) 
 
 (Ends RVN) 
 
 (Ends RVN)(B formed 
 nearly like H) 
 
 Silver' 
 CN (250) 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 PA/C Bust of Justi- 
 nian r., beardless, 
 wearing diadem with 
 crescent and pellet, 
 cuirass, and paluda- 
 mentum. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 coin - dealer, 1867, 
 7-4-111] 
 
 (Ends A/) 
 
 (Crescent and pellet 
 wanting) 
 
 (Crescent and pellet 
 wanting) 
 
 (Ends ANVSHA/C) 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-49] 
 
 C • N within wreath, 
 in upper part of 
 which, circular orna- 
 ment ; in lower part, 
 X 
 
 [Purchased, 1906, 
 11-4-1] 
 
 (N has ornamented 
 base) 
 
 [Purchased of anitalian 
 coin - dealer, 1867, 
 7-4-114] 
 
 Beneath CN, X- 
 [Purchased, 1868, 
 5-14-128] 
 
 (CN.), beneath CN, 
 X 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 
 5-11-48] 
 
 (Without pellet) above 
 CN, + 
 
 Plate 
 
 xvi.16 
 
 xvii. 1 
 
 xvii. 2 
 
 xvii. 3 
 
 xvii. 4 
 
 xvii. 5 
 
 xvii. 6 
 
 1 See Babelon, Traite, i, p. 579, and ' Introduction,' supra, § 2, ' Denominations.' 
 ^ This is, strangely enough, in addition to the X which forms the tie of the vpreath. 
 
116 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 Weight 
 
 21-8 
 15-8 
 
 13-8 
 
 11.3 
 
 9.7 
 
 8-3 
 
 8.6 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M .6 
 M .5 
 
 M .5 
 
 M .45 
 
 M .45 
 
 M .4 
 
 M .4 
 
 Obverse 
 
 (DNIVSTIN lANVSP 
 Pi" letters partly con- 
 fused) 
 
 (Ends AV) 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 
 coin - dealer, 1867, 
 
 7-4-113] 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 Above CN, star^ 
 
 (Without pellet) be- 
 neath CN, star 
 
 (Without pellet) be- 
 neath CN, star 
 
 PKC (125) 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Justi- 
 nian r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem and 
 cuirass. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 DNIVSTI NIANVS 
 
 [A/.P] 
 
 UNIVS[TIN IA]NVS 
 PIA/C 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 DNIVSTIN I ANVSP 
 PAV 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-52] 
 
 DNIVSTI NIANVS 
 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 coin - dealer, 1867, 
 7-4-122] 
 
 PK€ within wreath, in 
 upper part of which, 
 circular ornament ; 
 in lower part, X 
 
 Above numerals, + 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-53] 
 
 Above numerals, star ' 
 
 (Limbs of K short) be- 
 neath numerals, star 
 (without ornaments 
 in wreath) 
 
 Beneath numerals, 
 scroll-ornament ' 
 
 PK (120) 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Justi- 
 nian r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem with 
 crescent and pellet, 
 and cuirass. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 P • K within wreath 
 
 xvii. 7 
 xvii. 8 
 
 xvii. 9 
 
 xvii. 
 10 
 
 XVH. 
 11 
 
 xvu. 
 12 
 
 ^ The symbol has rather the appearance of a leaf, but is probably a rudely-formed 
 star; cp. No. 60, infra. 
 
 ' Probably a misformed star rather than a leaf; cp. No. 56, supra. 
 ^ Cp. No, 51, supra. 
 
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN— RAVENNA— SILVER 117 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 63 
 
 10-2 
 
 M 
 
 .45 
 
 DNIVSTI NIANAVC 
 
 
 xvii. 
 13 
 
 64 
 
 10-4 
 
 M 
 
 •45 
 
 DNIVSTI NIANVSP. 
 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 coin - dealer, 1867, 
 7-4-115] 
 
 xvii. 
 14 
 
 65 
 
 10-2 
 
 M 
 
 •45 
 
 [DNJIVSTINI ANVS 
 
 (PK.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bev. i* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNIVSTI NIANVS 
 
 A/C Bust of Justinian 
 r., beardless, -wearing 
 diadem with crescent 
 and pellet, and cui- 
 rass. Border of dots. 
 
 4* within wreath, in 
 upper part of which, 
 circular ornament ; 
 in lower part, X 
 
 
 66 
 
 16-2 
 
 M 
 
 .5 
 
 [Royal coll.] 
 
 
 xvii. 
 15 
 
 67 
 
 15-4 
 
 M 
 
 •55 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-13] 
 
 
 xvii. 
 16 
 
 68 
 
 16-7 
 
 M 
 
 •5 
 
 [D]NIVSTIN lANV 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 xvii. 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 JRev. rF 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNIVSTI NIANAVC 
 
 Bust of Justinian r., 
 as on No. 66. Bor- 
 der of dots. 
 
 >P within wreath. 
 
 
 69 
 
 22-1 
 
 M 
 
 •55 
 
 
 [deSansgift]^ 
 
 xvii. 
 18 
 
 70 
 
 21-9 
 
 M 
 
 •55 
 
 [Purchased of anitalian 
 coin - dealer, 1867, 
 7-4-110] 
 
 
 xvii. 
 19 
 
 71 
 
 17. 
 
 M 
 
 •55 
 
 (DNIVS.... ANSAV 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 xvii. 
 20 
 
 ^ The monogram on the 7-ev. is in high relief, like the numerals PK on No. 63, supra. 
 
118 
 
 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 72 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 11-6 
 
 11. 
 
 12. 
 
 10-4 
 
 76 
 
 7.7 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M -55 
 
 M .5 
 
 M .5 
 
 JR .5 
 
 M .45 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Rev. *I* 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 PAVC Bust of Justi- 
 nian r., beardless, 
 wearing" diadem 
 with crescent and 
 pellet, and cuirass. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 coin - dealer, 1867, 
 7-4-116] 
 
 [Sale at Sotheby's, 
 20 Dec, 1852, lot 
 376] 
 
 (DNIVSTI NIANV 
 SIC) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (DNIVSTI NIANVSI) 
 
 [Rollin sale, Sotheby's, 
 12 July, &c., 1853, 
 lot 587] 
 
 *I* with step at base, 
 beneath the globus ; 
 all within wreath, 
 with circular orna- 
 ment and X 
 
 (Circular ornament 
 wanting) 
 
 (Circular ornament 
 wanting) 
 
 Rev. * 
 
 DNIVS[TI NI]ANA/ 
 
 C Bust of Justinian r., 
 beardless, wearing 
 diadem and cuirass. 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-54] 
 
 5|c within wreath, in 
 lower part of which, 
 X 
 
 Plate 
 
 xvu. 
 21 
 
 xvu. 
 22 
 
 XVll. 
 
 23 
 
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN— RAVENNA— BRONZE 119 
 
 No. 
 
 77 
 
 Weight 
 
 49.3 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M -65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Bronze 
 10 numml 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 PAVC Bust of Justi- 
 nian, beardless, fac- 
 ing-, wearing- cuirass 
 and paludamentum ; 
 holding: in r. g-lobus 
 cruciger ; 1. (not re- 
 presented) holds 
 shield with horse- 
 man device. 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-145]^ 
 
 /JC within wreath. 
 
 For other Imperial bronze coins of Ravenna, 
 
 of denominations Pu and 1, see Brit. Mus. 
 Cat., Imperial Byzantine Coins, i, pp. 70, 71. 
 
 Plate 
 
 xvu. 
 24 
 
 ^ Another specimen was published by Baron d'Ailly (in Rev. num., vii (1842), p. 19, 
 PI, II. 4), who suggested its attribution to Rome. But the treatment of the bust, when 
 compared with the solidi of Ravenna {supra, p. 113, Nos. 37-41, PI. XVI. 11, 12; notice 
 especially the rendering of the eyes), seems to me to indicate Ravenna. The denomina- 
 tion I (10 nummi) may, as d'Ailly has pointed out, be indicated in the rev. type. 
 
120 
 
 IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTIN II 
 
 struck at 
 RAVENNA 
 
 A.D. 565-578 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gold 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 See Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Byzantine Coins, 
 i, pp. 103, 104 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silver^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ON (250) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNIVSTI NVSPPAV 
 C Bust of Justin 11 r. , 
 beardless, -wearing- 
 diadem with cres- 
 cent and pellet, and 
 cuirass. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 CN within wreath, in 
 upper part of which, 
 circular ornament ; 
 in lower part, X 
 
 
 1 
 
 10.6 
 
 M 
 
 .45 
 
 
 In field r., + 
 
 xvii. 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 8-2 
 
 M 
 
 .45 
 
 (Ends AV) 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 Beneath, * 
 
 xvii. 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 114 
 
 M 
 
 .5 
 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 ^ 1906] " ' 
 
 
 xvii. 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 104 
 
 M 
 
 .45 
 
 [Purchased, 1868, 
 5-14-129] 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 114 
 
 M 
 
 5 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-37] 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 11. 
 
 M 
 
 45 
 
 (Ends AV) 
 
 [Purchasedofanltalian 
 coin-dealer, 1867, 
 74-123] 
 
 
 ^ As to the attributi 
 Imperial Names,' Silver, ' 
 
 on of these coins see ' Introduction ', supra, § 2, ' Coins with 
 Justinus.' 
 
IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTIN II— RAVENNA— SILVER 121 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 PKG (125) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNIVSTIN \WS(sic)P 
 PAVC Bust of Justin 
 n r., beardless, wear- 
 ing- diadem and cui- 
 rass. Border of dots. 
 
 PK€ within wreath. 
 
 
 7 
 
 11- 
 
 M 
 
 45 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 Beneath K, *> 
 
 xvii. 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rev. *l5s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNIVSTI NVSPPAV 
 
 C Bust of Justin II r., 
 beardless, wearing 
 diadem, with cres- 
 cent and pellet, and 
 cuirass. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 £ within wreath, in 
 *I* upper part of 
 which, circular orna- 
 ment ; in lower part, 
 X 
 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 11. 
 10-7 
 
 
 45 
 45 
 
 (1 for C) 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 xvii. 
 29 
 
 10 
 
 11-2 
 
 M 
 
 •55 
 
 (A) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-38] 
 
 xvii. 
 30 
 
 11 
 
 11-2 
 
 M 
 
 ■5 
 
 (Ends A/I) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-42] 
 
 (Base of cross varied) 
 
 xvii. 
 31 
 
 12 
 
 11-3 
 
 M 
 
 45 
 
 (Ends NVSPI.?) 
 (type and lettering 
 rough) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-39] 
 
 xvii. 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rev. T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNIVSTI NVSPPAV 
 C Bust of Justin II r. , 
 
 as on No. 8. Border 
 
 of dots. 
 
 £ within wreath, in 
 T upper part of 
 which, circular orna- 
 ment ; In lower part, 
 X 
 
 
 13 
 
 6. 
 
 M 
 
 •35 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-43] 
 
 
 xvii. 
 33 
 
 ^ The leaves of the wreath are not compressed as on the other Ravenna coins, and 
 the treatment of the obv. bust is somewhat peculiar ; but it is difficult to suggest any 
 other mint. 
 
122 
 
 IMPERIAL COINS OF TIBERIUS II 
 
 Mints of 
 ROME and RAVENNA 
 
 See Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Byzantine Coins, pp. 123-4 
 
 IMPERIAL COINS OF MAURICE TIBERIUS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 22-8 
 
 N .6 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 ROME 
 Tremissis 
 
 DNTIbemA VKICPP 
 AVI Bust of Maurice 
 Tiberius r., beard- 
 less, wearing- diadem, 
 paludamentum, and 
 cuirass. Raised 
 border. 
 
 VICTOKIAAVCVSTO 
 KVM Victoryin chiton 
 advancing to front, 
 looking 1. ; in r., 
 wreath ; in 1., globus 
 cruciger ; in ex., CO 
 NOB 
 
 [Rev. R, Mylne, 1909] In field r., star. 
 
 RAVENNA 
 
 See Brit. Mus. Cat., ImjJO'ial Byzantine Coins, 
 pp. 154 f. (Solidus, tremissis, &c.) 
 
 Plate 
 
 xvii. 
 34 
 
 * This coin is of neat work, rather recalling the Roman tremissis of Justinian I 
 described si</)ra, p. Ill, PI. XVI. 5. 
 
Ill 
 
 COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS 
 
 Circ, A.D. 568-584 
 Reig-ns of 
 
 ALBOIN 
 
 568 — spring- 572 
 
 CLEPH 
 
 spring' 572-574 
 
 INTERREGNUM 
 
 574-584 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight ^^^l^""^ 
 
 23-2 
 
 A^ -65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 (with name of Justin II, 565-578) 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Justin 
 II r., beardless, wear- 
 ing- diadem, cuirass, 
 and paludamentum. 
 Annular border in 
 liig-h relief. 
 
 DNIVSTI NVSPPAVI 
 
 Before the head a 
 leaf-like incision,per- 
 haps accidental. 
 
 Inscr, Victory advan- 
 cingf to front, looking- 
 1. ; in r. , wreath ; in 
 1. , globus cruciger ; in 
 field r., star; in ex., 
 CO NOB. Annular 
 border in high relief. ' 
 
 VICTOKIAAVCVSTO 
 KVN 
 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 coin-dealer, 1869, 
 7-9-63] 
 
 Plate 
 
 xviii.l 
 
 ^ Nos. 1 and 2 differ but little from the Imperial tremisses struck at Ravenna 
 (B.M.C., Imp.Bjiz. Corns, i, p. 104, Nos. 291-3, PI. XIII. 16), but are perhaps best 
 explained as Lombardic imitations. 
 
124 
 
 III. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 23- 
 
 15-8 
 
 11. 
 
 10-7 
 
 10-2 
 
 9-2 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M .7 
 
 M -55 
 
 M -55 
 
 M -5 
 
 M -45 
 
 A\ -5 
 
 Obverse 
 
 DNIVSTI NVSPPAV 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Reverse 
 
 VICTOKIAA IVDVS 
 TRVN (CONOH) 
 
 Silver 
 
 (i) with name of Justinian I, 527-565 ^ 
 
 CN (250) 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 PAVD Bust of Jus- 
 tinian r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem with 
 crescent, cuirass, 
 and paludamentum. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 CN within wreath. 
 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 coin-dealer, 1867, 
 7-4-112] 
 
 *1* 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Jus- 
 tinian r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem and 
 cuirass. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 D...VSTIIII A2IAV 
 
 C pellet in crescent 
 on diadem (linear 
 border) 
 
 DNIVSTI [NIAN]VS 
 PPA 
 
 DNIVSTI I (rest ob- 
 scure) 
 
 DNIVSTII ANVSPP 
 N 
 
 P within wreath, 
 *I* in upper part 
 of which, cir- 
 cular ornament ; in 
 lower part, X 
 
 (X obscure) 
 [Purchasedof an Italian 
 
 coin-dealer, 1867, 
 
 7-4-120] 
 
 (Bar of cross, forked 
 
 instead of potent) 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 (Bar forked) 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 
 coin-dealer, 1867, 
 
 7-4-119] 
 
 (Bar forked) 
 [Purchasedof an Italian 
 
 coin-dealer, 1867, 
 
 7-4-118] 
 
 Plate 
 
 xviu. 
 2 
 
 XVlll. 
 
 3 
 
 XVIU. 
 
 4 
 
 XVUl. 
 
 5 
 
 XVlll. 
 
 6 
 
 XVUl. 
 
 7 
 
 ^ Cp. the Imperial coins of Justinian struck at Ravenna, supra, p. 115. 
 
ALBOIN, CLEPH, INTERREGNUM— SILVER 
 
 125 
 
 No. 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Weiffht 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 104 
 
 4-6 
 
 5-8 
 
 5-6 
 
 M -5 
 
 M -35 
 
 JR -35 
 
 M -45 
 
 5-5 
 
 5-4 
 
 M -4 
 
 M 
 
 Obverse 
 
 DNIVSTINI ANVSP 
 PA/ 
 
 Reverse 
 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 coin-dealer, 1867, 
 7-4-117] 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Jus- 
 tinian r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem and 
 cuirass. Linear 
 border. 
 
 DNIVSTIII A..AVC 
 
 (no border) 
 
 \NIVST AlVIVC 
 
 DIIVIIAI (rest ob- 
 scure) 
 
 { within wreath, in 
 upper part of 
 which, circular orna- 
 ment; in lower part, 
 
 [X] 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-44] 
 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 coin-dealer, 1867, 
 7-4-121] 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Jus- 
 tinian^ r,, beardless, 
 wearing- diadem and 
 cuirass. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 (.iivsTi?) ivirnic 
 
 on head, cross. 
 
 DNIVST SPPA/C? 
 
 (partly obscure) 
 
 within wreath, in 
 upper part of 
 which, circular orna- 
 ment; in lower part, 
 X 
 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 coin-dealer, 1867, 
 7-4-125] 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-51] 
 
 Plate 
 
 xviu. 
 8 
 
 XVIU. 
 
 9 
 
 XVlll. 
 
 10 
 
 xviii. 
 11 
 
 XVIU. 
 
 12 
 
 XVlll. 
 
 13 
 
 ^ The legend of these coins is blundered and abbreviated, and it would suit Justin II 
 as well as Justinian, but an attribution to Justinian may be preferred because this rev. 
 type is found on the Ravenna coins of Justinian (which are, however, of larger module) 
 and because the style of the ohv. is somewhat better than in the case of the imitative 
 coins of Justin II, described infra, Nos. 14 f. 
 
126 
 
 III. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 114 
 
 11-7 
 
 10-7 
 
 10-3 
 
 11-6 
 
 G.7 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JR -5 
 
 M -5 
 
 M 45 
 
 JR 45 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Ai '5 
 
 JR 45 
 
 (ii) with name of Justin 11, 565-578 • 
 
 ♦1* 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Justin 
 II r. , beardless, wear- 
 ing- diadem and cui- 
 rass. Border of dots. 
 
 DNIVSTI NVSPPA 
 
 (linear border) 
 
 OIIVST NVSPPAII 
 
 ONIVSTI NVSPPAII 
 
 DNIVSTI NVSPPA/I 
 
 l/IV.t/» ViaSNI (type 
 rude) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-45] 
 
 NVSPPA/ 
 
 (partly obscure) (no 
 border) 
 
 JP within wreath, in 
 *I* upper part of 
 which, circular orna- 
 ment ; in lower part, 
 
 (X omitted) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-41] 
 
 (Bar instead of globe 
 at foot of cross) 
 (circular ornament 
 omitted) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-40] 
 
 (Cross pattee ; base 
 varied) 
 
 [de SaHs gift] 
 
 (Type as on No. 16) 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 
 1906 ; purchased in 
 
 Rome] 
 
 (Type as on No. 16, but 
 ruder ; base varied ; 
 ornaments in wreath 
 omitted) 
 
 (Type as on No. 16) 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-10] 
 
 Plate 
 
 xvui. 
 14 
 
 XVIU. 
 
 15 
 
 xvm. 
 16 
 
 xviu. 
 17 
 
 xvm. 
 18 
 
 xvm. 
 19 
 
 ' Cp. the ./R of Justin II struck at Ravenna, supra, p. 121. 
 
ALBOm, CLEPH, INTERREGNUM— SILVER 
 
 127 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 4-8 
 
 6.1 
 
 M .4 
 
 M .45 
 
 (iii) with types of Tiberius II Constantine, 
 578-582 ' 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Tiberius 
 II r. , -wearing- diadem 
 and cuirass. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 Inscr. obscure, VNI/II 
 PPAV? 
 
 Inscr. obscure, VHHS 
 COP? 
 
 Cross potent on two 
 stepSjWithin wreath. 
 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 coin-dealer, 1867, 
 7-4-129] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 xviu. 
 20 
 
 XVUl. 
 
 21 
 
 1 Compare the silver coin struck at Ravenna by Tiberius II in B. M. C, Inq). Byz. 
 Coins, i, p. 124, No. 161, PI. XVI. 18. There is a similar Ravenna type of Maurice 
 Tiberius, op. cit., No. 281. 
 
128 
 
 Circ. A.D. 584-615 
 Reig-ns of 
 
 AUTHARI 
 
 Apeil (?) 584—5 Sept. 590 
 "\ and 
 
 AGILULF 
 
 Nov. 590—615 
 
 No. 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 Weight 
 
 21-9 
 
 20. 
 
 23- 
 
 22-3 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 N -65 
 
 N .65 
 
 N .65 
 
 A^ .75 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 with name of Maurice Tiberius, 582-602 ^ 
 
 In scr. Bust of Maurice 
 Tiberius r., beard- 
 less, wearing^ diadem, 
 paludamentum, and 
 cuirass. Annular 
 border in hierh relief. 
 
 DNmAVR CTIbPPVI 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 DUmAVR CTIbPPVI 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 DNfnAVR. CTbPPVI 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 DNmAVK CTbPPVI 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Inscr. Victory advan- 
 cing to front, looking 
 1. ; in r. ,wreath ; in 1. , 
 globus cruciger ; in 
 field r., cross ; in ex., 
 CO NOB, blundered. 
 Border as on obv. 
 
 VICTOMAAVIVITO 
 RVN (C ONOK) 
 
 VICTORIAAVIVITO 
 KVU (CONOA) 
 
 VNTOVRIAAVIVI 
 TOKVN (CONOR) 
 
 VICTORIAAVIVITO 
 RV (CONOR) 
 
 Plate 
 
 XVlll. 
 
 22 
 
 XVlll. 
 
 23 
 
 ^ Compare the tremissis struck at Ravenna by Maurice Tiberius, B, M. C, Imp. Byz. 
 Coins, i, pp. 155, 156. On the Ravenna coins the Emperor's eye on the obi: is represented 
 less clumsily, and in the field of the iev. is a star instead of a cross. 
 
AUTHARI— AGILULF— SILVER 
 
 129 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 26 
 
 21-1 
 
 N .75 
 (base) 
 
 .NmAVK CTdPPV 
 
 (letters carelessly 
 formed) 
 
 VIITORIAAVIVITO 
 RV (COIIOR) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 xviii. 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 12.2 
 
 N .65 
 {hase'>) 
 
 Dl/imVI (lb?)PPVI 
 
 (without border) 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 7-16-31] 
 
 VlinOTVIVITO (10 
 1/IOIRw) (type very 
 rude) 
 
 xviii. 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 
 
 
 with name of Maurice Tiberius, 582-602 
 
 
 
 
 
 CN (250) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Maurice 
 Tiberius r., beard- 
 less, wearing- diadem 
 and cuirass. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 C N within wreath. 
 
 
 28 
 
 16- 
 
 {chipped) 
 
 M .5 
 
 DNmA VRCTIPA 
 
 [de SaUs gift] 
 
 Between the numerals, 
 • ; above N, star.' 
 
 xviii. 
 26 
 
 29 
 
 12-2 
 
 M .55 
 
 DNTIb€Km AVRIC 
 
 (partly obscure) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 xviii. 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 4-5 
 
 M. .35 
 
 Ends MAKIAI ? [Purchased, 1904, 
 
 5-11-50] 
 
 PKe (125) 
 
 Name and bust of Maurice PK€ within wreath; 
 Tiberius r. above K, star. 
 
 xviii. 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 IR, -45 inch. Hirsch's Si 
 E. F. Weber's coll. , Miinc] 
 
 lie Catalogue (No. xxiv) of 
 aen, 1909, Pl.LIX, No. 3102. 
 
 
 ^ A similar specimen in Hirsch's Sale Catalogue (No. xxiv) of Consul E. F. Weber'i 
 coll., Miinchen, 1909, PI. LIX, No. 3101. 
 
 S 
 
130 
 
 arc, A.D. 615-652 
 
 ADALWALD 
 
 G15-624 ? 
 
 ARIWALD 
 
 624-636 
 
 ROTHARr 
 
 636-652 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Tremissis^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 with name of Heraclius, 610-641 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Hera- 
 clius r. , beardless, 
 
 Inscr. Cross potent. 
 Border as on ohi\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 wearing- diadem, 
 paludamentum, and 
 cuirass. Annular 
 border in high relief. 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 23-2 
 
 N .6 
 
 ONHIKACL P€R.P'A 
 VI ; on head, cross. 
 
 VIITORIAAVCVSTO 
 KVN; in ex., lOHOO 
 (=CONOB) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 xviii. 
 29 
 
 ^ Brambilla {Tremisse di Rotari, Pavia, 1887) has read on a tremissis in the Brescia 
 Museum the name ROTHARY, but Engel and SeiTure {TmiU, i, p. 31) agree with 
 M. Prou in considering this to be only a blundered imitation of the legend on an 
 Imperial coin. Moreover, one side of this tremissis bears the name of a moneyer, and 
 moneyers' names are not otherwise known to occur on Lombard coinage. 
 
 More recently, V. Dessi {Rivista ital. di mini., 1908, p. 298) declares the coin to be of 
 Rothari, speaking from an examination of a photograph of it, which, however, he has 
 not published. The coin is in the Museo Civico of Brescia, is of very thin fabric, and 
 weighs 1,380 grammes (i.e. over 21 grains) : — 
 
 Obv. MARINVS MON . REX in monogram. Head r. 
 
 Rev. DN OTARI VIVTORIIV Victory holding long sceptre and cross. In ex., 
 CONOI. 
 
 I yet strongly doubt whether this coin was intended to bear the name of Rothari. 
 Compare another blundered tremissis in the Erba Sale Catalogue, Paris [1900], p. 51 
 lot 558. 
 
 In connexion with Rothari, several numismatists have already called attention 
 to an enactment in the Lombard Laws (which he first reduced to writing) enforcing 
 
ADALWALD— ARIWALD-ROTHARI— GOLD 
 
 131 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 32 
 
 22-6 
 
 N 
 
 •6 
 
 DNH6RACLI VSPPA 
 VSI 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTORIAAVSTOI 
 II ; in ex., CONOB 
 
 xviii. 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 22-5 
 
 N 
 
 .55 
 
 H6RACL VSPPAVC 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VITOMAAVIVITOR 
 
 V; in ex., \0\AO\A 
 
 xviii. 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 22-7 
 
 M 
 
 .6 
 
 DNH6RACL IVSPPA 
 VCCC 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTOMAAVCVST 
 OKVM ; in ex., CON 
 OB 
 
 xix. 1 
 
 35 
 
 22-5 
 
 N 
 
 .65 
 
 DNH6RACL IVSPPA 
 VCCC (bust similar to 
 No. 34) 
 
 VICTOKIAAVCVST 
 
 OKVI; in ex., CONOB 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 36 
 
 224 
 
 N 
 
 .55 
 
 DH6R.A LIVSPPAV 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTORIAAVIVSTO 
 KVN; in ex., CONO 
 
 xix. 2 
 
 37 
 
 23-3 
 
 N 
 
 .55 
 
 DMHIR[A]CLI? row 
 AVCC 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VAIOKIAAVVSTOIV 
 N ; in ex., lONOB 
 
 xix. 3 
 
 38 
 
 22. 
 
 N 
 
 •65 
 
 DNHIRA CIVIPAVC; 
 on head, •*• 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VIIONINVIVIIONV 
 II; in ex., CONOD 
 
 xix. 4 
 
 39 
 
 22-6 
 
 N 
 
 .65 
 
 CAII/II.. AOVIl/1 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VIITORVAIIIOIKV 
 
 V\ ; in ex., lOHO 
 
 xix. 5 
 
 a penalty (the loss of a hand) on any one who struck gold money or stamped it without 
 the king's command. This passage, though it proves that a gold currency was in 
 common use at the time, does not necessarily imply (as has been asserted) that Rothari 
 struck coins bearing his own name ; nor, again, need we suppose that the Lombards first 
 began to employ a gold coinage under Rothari, for his law may very well have been 
 a re-enunciation of a much older enactment. 
 
 ^ The British Museum possesses three varieties of a rare semissis (weight, 
 34-5 grains) with the name and head of Heraclius. Its i-ev., with inscr. VICTOKIA 
 AVCVSTOR.VN CONOB (or abbreviated), has the type of the Constantinople 
 semissis of Heraclius (B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, PI. XXIII. 13-15), viz. cross potent on 
 globus, but the globus is represented like a wreath with a pellet in the centre. From 
 their fabric these coins are undoubtedly Italian. I was formerly inclined from the 
 style of their obverses to regard them as Lombardic, but I now think they may best 
 be regarded as Imperial coins of the Ravenna mint, which otherwise (so far as I know) 
 would not be provided with any coins of this type and denomination ; it must be said, 
 however, that the inscriptions on the coins are not free from blunders. 
 
 ^ P€KP, as on the Ravenna tremissis of Heraclius, B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, No. 484. 
 
132 
 
 III. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS 
 
 No. 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 Weight 
 
 22.5 
 
 3. 
 
 3.4 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N .55 
 
 M .4 
 
 M -4 
 
 M .4 
 
 Obverse 
 
 .niqnACi ovsppn 
 
 V 
 
 [Purchased, 18G7, 
 12-24-3] 
 
 Reverse 
 
 lAM.ATIMMATOI/l 
 Al ; in ex., dOHOb 
 
 Silver 
 with monogram of Heraclius, 610-G41 
 
 Bust of Heraclius r., 
 wearing diadem and 
 cuirass. Border of 
 dots. (Type rude) 
 
 In front, HA 
 
 (Type 1.) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (Typel.) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 T_p (monogram of 
 ^* Heraclius); 
 above, cross ; be- 
 neath, pellet.^ An- 
 nular border. 
 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 coin-dealer, 1867, 
 7-4-130] 
 
 (Cross represented by 
 pellets) 
 
 (Cross represented by 
 pellets) 
 
 Plate 
 
 xix. 6 
 
 xix. 7 
 
 six. 8 
 
 ^ Compare the Ravenna silver coin of Heraclius in B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, i, p. 247, 
 No. 450, PI. XXIX. 21. 
 
133 
 
 Circ. A.D. 652-671 
 
 RODWALD 
 
 652 
 
 ARIPERT I 
 
 653-661 
 
 PERCTARIT and GODEPERT 
 
 661-662 
 
 GRIMWALD 
 
 662-671 ^ 
 
 No. 
 
 44 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 Weight 
 
 22. 
 
 22-8 
 
 22-9 
 22-7 
 224 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N -55 
 
 N .55 
 
 N -65 
 
 N .6 
 
 N .6 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Eeverse 
 
 Tremissis 
 with name of Constans U, 641-668 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Con- 
 stans n r., beardless, 
 wearing diadem, 
 paludamentum, and 
 cuirass. Annular 
 border. 
 
 DNIOITA NTINVI 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 r+?]STANCON UN 
 HSPC ; above head, •*• 
 
 VATONV VATINS 
 Tl 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VITONIA VATINS 
 VI 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 ONH^IVIC HVINP 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Inscr. Cross potent. 
 Annular border. 
 
 VICTIRIAAVIVITI ; 
 
 in ex., 10 NO A 
 
 ICTORIAAVS30; in 
 ex., CONOB 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 ICTOKIA AVSTOS; 
 in ex., CONOB 
 
 ITOKIA IVSTO ; in 
 ex., CONOB 
 
 VIOTIVIVINBOTV; 
 
 in ex., 50H0I 
 
 Plate 
 
 xix. 9 
 
 xix.lO 
 
 xix.U 
 
 xix.l2 
 
 xix.l3 
 
 ^ W. Boyne {Annuaire de la Soc. franc, de num., x, p. 461) has proposed to assign to 
 this king a rare tremissis of Lombardic fabric which bears both on the dbv. and rev. a 
 monogram which may be read as Grimoaldus rex : see Engel and Serrure, Traite, i, p. 32, 
 Fig. 90, and Guriel, Mommies royales de France, Part 2, PI. IV, Nos. 84, 85, pp. 86, 87, 
 where the monograms are read as those of Carloman and Charles the Great. 
 
134 
 
 PERCTARIT 
 
 son of Aripert I 
 Second reign, a. d. 672-688 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 22. 
 
 21-2 
 
 23. 
 
 22-2 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N .45 
 
 N .45 
 
 N .45 
 
 N .45 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 with name of an emperor, blundered 
 
 Inscr. Bust of an em- 
 peror r., beardless, 
 wearing diadem, 
 paludamentum, and 
 cuirass ; above head, 
 ^ and \ Linear or 
 annular border. 
 
 I VI IV VUOV:; before 
 head, B 
 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906] 
 
 I VI IV V::OVI; before 
 head, B 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 IVIIV Vil/IVI 
 
 head, B 
 
 before 
 
 IVHV IVOHVI ; before 
 head, B : behind, • 
 
 Inscr, Cross potent. 
 Annular border. 
 
 NIONVAVHOP; be- 
 neath, A NAN 
 
 r.oniAniiO; 
 
 neath, UNUll 
 
 be- 
 
 Plate 
 
 xix.l4 
 
 niOHVAVHOI ; be- 
 neath, AMAH 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 niOHVAVHOI ; be- 
 neath, AMAH 
 [Woodhouse gift, 1866] 
 
 xix.15 
 
 xix.16 
 
 xix.17 
 
 ^ O (twice repeated) occurs in all these blundered series (Nos. 1-14). It is, doubtless, 
 ultimately derived from the ' Victoria Augustorum ' legend, but on these coins the 
 letters are placed — evidently with decoi^ative intention — so that one of them is always 
 at the extremity of the horizontal bar of the cross. 
 
PERCTARIT— TREMISSIS 
 
 135 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 5 
 
 22-5 
 
 N .45 
 
 IVHVA AVIHVIi; be- 
 fore head, B 
 [Royal coU.] 
 
 niOHVAVHOI ; be- 
 neath, DAN AH 
 
 
 6 
 
 14. 
 
 El. .45 
 
 VAV VI I.I V; before 
 head, B 
 [Baron Kolb, 1847] 
 
 VOIAIAVOA; be- 
 neath, lAVA 
 
 xix. 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 19-2 
 
 El. -45 
 
 VAVI VAVA.; before 
 head, B 
 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 7-7-4] 
 
 AIOVAV/.VIO; be- 
 neath, AAAV 
 
 
 8 
 
 16-3 
 
 El. .45 
 
 VAV VAIV; before 
 head, B 
 
 VOVVVVVIO ; be- 
 neath, AAAA 
 [Parkes Weber g-ift 
 1906] 
 
 xix. 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 18- 
 
 El. .5 
 
 VI WIVI.; before 
 head, star. 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 10-8-2] 
 
 lOVIVVIO; beneath, 
 AAVA 
 
 xix. 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 2M 
 
 El. .5 
 
 VI.VI. VIIOVA; be- 
 fore head, 2 (with- 
 out ornaments above 
 head) 
 
 IVOIVVIVIOI; be- 
 neath, AIIIA 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 xix. 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 19.7 
 
 N .5 
 
 1/IVAIA VNOVA; be- 
 fore head, < ; behind 
 head, star (without 
 ornaments above 
 head) 
 
 IIIO[n?]VAVnO; be- 
 neath, ANAU 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 xix. 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 21-5 
 
 N -5 
 
 INVNV VIONVI 
 
 (without ornaments 
 above head) 
 
 IIIONVIVNOI ; be- 
 neath, Al/IAN 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 5-6-12] 
 
 xix. 
 23 
 
 13 
 
 22. 
 
 N .55 
 
 .l/IIVA .VAOm 
 
 (without ornaments 
 above head) 
 
 IIIOMVIVHOI ; be- 
 neath, ANAU 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 xix. 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 22.1 
 
 N .5 
 
 IVNVA VHOIV 
 
 (without ornaments 
 above head) 
 
 niONVAVNO ; be- 
 neath, AHAn 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 xix. 
 25 
 
136 
 
 m. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PAVIA? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Type 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i i Iv (}' ^- Perctarit 
 Rex) within circle 
 (scyphate). 
 
 Traces of inscr. Bust 
 of king- r., in cui- 
 rass/ within incuse 
 circle. 
 
 
 15 
 
 34 
 
 M 
 
 .5 
 
 [Baron Kolb, 1847] 
 
 
 xix. 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 Type 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P6 (in monogram) and 
 Bt,'^ represented as 
 below. Whole with- 
 in circle (scyphate). 
 
 Similar to obv., but not 
 always struck up ; 
 letters reversed, and 
 in incuse. Whole 
 within incuse circle. 
 
 
 16 
 
 2-6 
 
 M 
 
 •45 
 
 •ei- 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 xix. 
 27 
 
 17 
 
 2-3 
 
 M 
 
 45 
 
 • • • 
 • p p 
 
 [Baron Kolb, 1847] 
 
 xix. 
 28 
 
 18 
 
 3.3 
 
 JR 
 
 •55 
 
 • • • 
 • 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 xix. 
 29 
 
 19 
 
 2.7 
 
 M 
 
 •45 
 
 • • • 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 xix. 
 30 
 
 ^ Rudely represented and faintly struck, as on the specimens figured by Promis, 
 Monete del Romani j)onte/ici, Turin, 1858, PI. X ; cp. p. 101. 
 
 ^ REX is thus written on the tremisses of Cunincpert and Aripert II described infra. 
 
PERCTARIT— SILVER 
 
 137 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 20 
 21 
 
 2-6 
 33 
 
 M 45 
 M .55 
 
 • • • 
 
 if- 
 
 rParkes Weber e-ift, 
 1906] 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855»] 
 
 xix. 
 31 
 
 xix. 
 32 
 
 ^ I follow the usual attribution of these coins (see Thomsen, Cat., p. 85 ; Gnecchi 
 Sale Cat. (Hamburger, Frankfurt a. M.), 1902, p. 198 ; Brambilla, Monete di Pavia, pp. 39, 
 40 : Keary, Coinages of Western Europe, p. 96, makes no reference to these pieces), but it 
 must be admitted that they do not fit very well into this place in the Lombardic series. 
 Perhaps, however, the issue of silver in this form was only a temporary experiment, and 
 the peculiar bracteate-like fabric, with the broad annular border, may be accounted for 
 as derived ultimately from the fabric of the gold coins of Ravenna. A writer in 
 H. Grote's Blatter f. Munzfreiinde, Leipzig, 1881, p. 804, has gone so far as to deny 
 altogether that these are coins of the Lombard period and claims them as bracteates of 
 about the time of Frederick II (thirteenth century), the letters of the inscr. being read as 
 IPER, i.e. Imperator. But this view must almost certainly be rejected, if only for the 
 reason that in the hoard of these coins that was discovered in 1833 at Biella in Piedmont 
 (Promis, Monete dei Rowani piontefici, Turin, 1858, pp. 101-3, PI. X) there occurred several 
 specimens of the gold tremissis of the Lombard king Liutprand (a. D. 712-744), whose 
 coins can hardly have been so long hoarded as to form part of a deposit of the thirteenth 
 century. 
 
138 
 
 CUNINCPERT 
 
 son of Perctarit 
 
 A.D. 688-700 
 
 (with his father, 680-688) 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 21.7 
 20-9 
 
 N -lb 
 N -lb 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 DNCVNI NCPEBc 
 Bust of Cunincpert 
 r., beardless, wearing 
 diadem, cuirass, and 
 paludamentum. 
 
 Before head, D 
 shoulder, D ? 
 
 on 
 
 (M for N ; € for E) he- 
 fore head, M ^ 
 
 SCSMI HAHIL St. 
 
 Michael, wirig-ed and 
 Avearing- long- robes, 
 standing- 1., holding- 
 in 1. circular shield ; 
 in r., long cross. ^ 
 Annular border 
 hiofh relief. 
 
 in 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 XX. 1 
 
 XX. 2 
 
 * The head of the cross is formed by three pellets. R = REX. SCS = SANCTUS 
 (Michael). 
 
 ^ M also on a specimen in the Gnecchi Sale Cat. (Hamburger, Frankfurt a. M.), 1902, 
 lot 3946. Keary {Coinar/es of W. Eurojye, p. 96) has read it as H. On tremisses of this 
 type various letters are found in front of the head: — B (and D on the shoulder: Gnecchi, 
 Cat., No. 3948) ; D (and D ? on the shoulder: Brit. Mus.) ; M (Brit. Mus. ; Gnecchi, Cat., 
 No. 3946); V (and D on the shoulder: Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3947). We also find a hand 
 placed before the head, but no letter on the shoulder : see the specimens described in 
 Thomsen, Catalogue, No. 1034, and in the Gnecchi Sale Catalogue, No. 3949. These are 
 probably mint-masters' marks, but it is doubtful whether they indicate the names of mints. 
 
CUNINCPERT— TREMISSIS 139 
 
 [According' to Brambilla (^Monete di Pavia, p. 28), citing Promis, there 
 is a tremissis of Cunincpert with 7'ev. Star and inscr. Fiavia Mediolano 
 (cp. the coins of Aistulf and of Desiderius described infra). But Dessi 
 {Rivista ital. di num.., 1908, p. 301) seems to doubt the attribution of this 
 type to Cunincpert, which, certainly, does not seem a probable one.] 
 
 Dessi (Rivista ital. di num., 1908, p. 308) has suggested that the hand was placed on the 
 coins as a reminder to forgers of the penalty they would incur under the law of Rothari:— 
 ' Si quis sine iussione regis aurum figuraverit, aut monetam confixerit, manus eius inci- 
 datur.' But if this were the intention of the hand, we should expect it to be engraved on 
 all the coins of Cunincpert, and not only on certain varieties whereon it seems to take 
 the place of letters. (So also in the case of the tremisses of Liutprand described infra.) 
 Moreover, an instance of such a warning to evil-doers is probably not to be found on 
 ancient or early mediaeval coins, though in modern times we have such inscriptions 
 as the Has \litteras] nisi periturus mihi nemo adimat on the edge of the crowns of Oliver 
 Cromwell (a warning against the illegal clipping of the coin], and the inscription ' To 
 Counterfeit is Death ' on the paper-money of the early American Colonies {circ. a.d. 1771 
 and later). 
 
140 
 
 LIUTPERT 
 
 aon of Cunmcpert 
 A-D. 700 (eight months) 
 
 In ihe Gnecdii Sale Cdalo^e (HambtLrger. FrankftLrt a. M.). 1902, 
 lot 3951. the foUowing triens is attributed to this kmg, though -with a note of ■ 
 interrogation : — ■ 
 
 O^r. DTTLVT VDHVX Bust of kins- r. 
 
 Rer. SCS AH ILL St. Michael standing L Cp. Marchant, Lettre^ 
 (ed. 1S51), p. 308. Xo. 3. 
 
 According to Brambilla. Monez^ at Facia, pp. 28. 29, citing Promis, there 
 is a tremissis of liutpert with rer. Star and inscr. Flairia Mtdidano. But 
 Dessi fRirista ital. di num., 1908, p. 301) seems to doubt the attribution 
 of this tvpe to liutpert. 
 
 RAGINPERT 
 
 am of Godepert 
 
 A.D. 700 
 
 No coins hare been attributed to this king. 
 
141 
 
 ARIPERT II 
 
 son of Raginpert 
 A-D. 701-712 
 
 No. Weight l^^^^^^'^ 
 
 204 
 
 N .lb 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Revetse 
 
 Plate 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 DNA RIP€Bc Bust of 
 Aripert U r., beard- 
 less, wearing dia- 
 dem^ cuirass, and 
 paludamentiun. 
 
 Before head, M ' 
 
 SCSMI HAHIL St. 
 
 Michael, winged and 
 wearing long robes, 
 standing L, holding 
 in L, circular shield ; 
 in r., lon^ cross. 
 Annular border in 
 hiffh reliel 
 
 [de Sails g^] 
 
 ' M also on a specimen in the Gnecchi Sale C^t. (Hamburger, Frankfurt a. M.), 1902, 
 lot 3954. Keary (Coinages of W. Europe, p. 97) has read it as H. As on the tre misses 
 of Cunincpert (p. 138, supra\, a variety of letters appear:— C in front of head (Gnecchi, 
 Cat., No. 3952 ; cp. No. 3953) ; M in front of head (Brit. Mus.) ; M in front of head 
 and M on bust (Gnecchi, Cat^ No. 39.55 1 ; no letter before head, but M on bust (Gnecchi, 
 Cat., No. 3956) ; S in front of head (Berlin ; figured in Dahn's Urgesch. d. germ. u. row. 
 Volker, iv, p. 243). A curious variety is described in Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3956 : — obr. 
 DM AM P€RT K€X Bust of king r. ; M on bust. Rer. VIVIT 1/IORVI VMTO 
 KIAAI Victory facing, looking 1.; in L, globus; beneath, COHOR.. This coin 
 possibly does not properly belong to the Lombard regal series ; but from the character 
 of the rer. (which is not Lombardic but based on an Imperial prototype i one would be 
 inclined to assign it to Aripert I ( a. D. 653-661 1 rather than to Aripert II. The follow- 
 ing tremissis, described by Promis, Monete di zecche italiane (Turin, 1867 1, pp. 5 f. PL 1. 1 
 (cp. Engel and Serrure, Traite de num., L p. -33; Brambilla, Moneie di Paria. p. 26l can 
 hardly belong to the Lombard regal series, but is probably an issue of Central or Southern 
 Italy ( Beneventum *?). The dux IFFO is otherwise unknown. Obr. AKIP6R. XC6L 
 K€X Bust of Aripert, bearded, facing, draped, holding globus cruciger. Ber. IFFO 
 CLORIVSO DVX. Cross potent. 
 
142 
 
 ANSPRAND 
 
 A.D. 712 (three montlis). Ob. 13 June, 712 
 
 A tremissis in the Vienna Museum has been assigned to Ansprand by 
 Arneth (cp. Marchant, Lettres, ed. 1851, p. 303, No. 5, PI. XXI. 10). It 
 resembles the tremisses of Cunincpert, Aripert II, and Liutprand (with rev. 
 
 St, Michael), but is described as reading- SPRANPc on the obv. The coin, 
 
 however, is of rude style, and this reading may be doubtful : in the engraving 
 published in Marchant, oj). cit.^ the legend appears as SPPAIB^. From the 
 style of the bust (with ^ ornament) and the broad, spread flan, I suspect that 
 it is in reality a coin of Liutprand (cp. our No. 3 of Liutprand described infra). 
 
143 
 
 LIUTPRAND 
 
 son of Ansprand 
 A.D. 712 -Jan. 744 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 18- 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N .9 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Liut- 
 prand r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem, 
 cuirass, and paluda- 
 mentum.^ 
 
 DNLIV TPRAN8c(?) 
 partly obscure ; be- 
 fore head, M "^ 
 
 Inscr. St. Michael, 
 winged and wearing 
 long robes, standing- 
 1., holding- in 1., cir- 
 cular shield ; in r., 
 long- cross. Annular 
 border in hig-h relief. 
 
 .SCS IIIIL 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 Plate 
 
 XX. 4 
 
 1 A leaden seal with the name of Liutprand, published by Schlumberger in Rev. num., 
 1905, -p. 356, is probably of Liutprand, Duke of Beneventum, A. d. 751-758, as suggested 
 by Sambon in Le Mtis^e, 1908 (Bull. Num.), p. 9. 
 
 ^ Here, as on the similar coins of Cunincpert and Aripert II, various letters, &c., 
 occur : — 
 
 H [? M] before head (Rivisfa ital, 1908, p. 303, No. 6). 
 LV „ „ (Boyne Sale Cat., 1896, ii, lot 145). 
 
 M „ „ (Brit. Mus., No. 1). 
 
 N ,, „ {Ri vista ital, 1908, p. 304, No. 10). 
 
 M „ „ (Gnecchi, Cat., 1902, No. 3960). 
 
 S ,» >, ; on bust, R( (Brit. Mus., No. 2 ; Gnecchi, ojj. cit.. 
 
 No. 3962). 
 „ „ ; on bust, + {Rimsta ital, 1908, p. 304, No. 7). 
 
 s 
 s 
 
 € 
 
 T 
 T 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 Hand 
 
 Hand 
 
 on bust, A (Rivista ital, 1908, p. 304, No. 11). 
 
 on bust, A (Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3958). 
 
 (Brit. Mus., No. 3). 
 
 (Boyne Sale Cat., 1896, ii, lot 144 ; Thomsen, Cat., 
 
 lot 1035 ; Rivista ital, 1908, p. 304, No. 8). 
 L on bust (Gnecchi, Cat, No. 3959). 
 (Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3961 ; Rivista ital, 1908, p. 304, 
 
 No. 13). 
 on bust, C [Rivista ital, 1908, p. 304, No. 12). 
 
144 
 
 m. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS 
 
 No. Weight 
 
 18-6 
 
 19-5 
 
 8-3 
 
 8-4 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N .95 
 
 N -9 
 
 M -5 
 
 M 5 
 
 Obverse 
 
 CNLVT PRI[P?] 
 
 (inscr. and type 
 blurred and con- 
 fused) ; before head, 
 S ; on bust, ?c 
 
 DN-V TPRANR; be- 
 fore head, T 
 
 Reverse 
 
 SCS IIIIIL 
 
 (type blurred) 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 coin-dealer, 1869, 
 7-9-66] 
 
 SCSM HAHIL 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 Silver 
 
 Inscr, Bust of Con- 
 stans II (Constan- 
 tinus III) r., beard- 
 less, wearing- dia- 
 dem and cuirass.^ 
 Border of dots. 
 
 DllCOl TANTI 
 
 DNIOI. AIIIIIM 
 
 ^ 
 
 (i.e. DN LI 
 VTPKAND 
 (or LIVDP 
 
 KAND)KEX) within 
 
 wreath. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [Campana sale, 1846, 
 lot 1187] 
 
 Plate 
 
 XX. 5 
 
 XX. 6 
 
 XX. 7 
 
 XX. 8 
 
 ^ The bust was probably copied from the silver coins of Constans II, struck at 
 Ravenna: see B. M. C, Imperial Byz. Coins, p. 310, Nos. 399 f., PI. 35, Nos. 17, 18. 
 
 * Two specimens occurred in the Boyne Sale Cat., 1896, ii, lot 140, but the reading 
 DN LOITPRAND maybe suspected. The assignment of coins of these tj^pes to Liut- 
 prand was suggested by de Salis, and there is no difficulty in reading the monogram as 
 Dn. Liudprand rex {or Liiitprand, if the X is made to do duty for T also). The attribution 
 is not, however, without its difficulties : thus, it will be observed that the coins are 
 totally different in fabric from the silver pieces that were apparently introduced by 
 Perctarit (PI. XIX. 26-32). Again, we should expect that the obv. would, at this period, 
 bear the name of the Lombard king, and not the name of an emperor. Perhaps, however, 
 the Lombards, having been in the habit of servilely copying the Imperial silver coins, 
 without (except in the case of Perctarit) originating types of their own for the silver 
 coinage, may have felt no repugnance in copying an Imperial obv. (Constans II, in this 
 instance), being content to record the king's name on the rev. 
 
145 
 
 HILDEPRAND 
 
 nephew of Liutpraiul 
 
 Associated with Liutprand, 735 — Jax. 744 
 
 Sole reig-u from Jan. 744, about six months. 
 
 No coins are known of this ruler. 
 
146 
 
 RATCHIS 
 
 brother of Aistulf 
 Sept. 744^749 
 
 (Second reign, Dec. ? 756 — March, 757) 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 DIVRA TCHIS Bust of SCS IIIIIL St. Michatl, 
 Ratchis, bearded, fac- [ winged and wearing 
 long robes, standing 1., 
 holding in 1., circular 
 shield; in r., long cross; 
 in field r., star. Annu- 
 lar border in high relief. 
 
 ing, draped. On 1. of 
 head, A ; on r. of head, 
 T ; on drapery, A/T 
 Hland+?c. 
 
 M- Weight, about 20 grains. Collection of His 
 Majesty the King of Italy. Described and 
 figured by G. Ruggero in liivista ital. di num., 1908, 
 p. 137. 
 
 The name of Ratchis has also been read in 
 the monog-ram on the tremissis, p. 151, No. 3, 
 PI. XX. 15, but, as Keary (^L'oinayes of \V. 
 Europe., p. 98, No. 1 ; cp. Eng-el and Seirure, 
 Traite, p. 33) has remarked, ' without niucli 
 probability.' To arrive at the true inter])reta- 
 tion of this monogram we must compare it witli 
 the tremissis in Pi. XX. 16, p. 151, No. 4, wliich 
 Keary was inclined to assign to 'Athalgis'. 
 This comparison shows that the small R. in 
 No. 3,p. 151,is in all probability a mere money er's 
 letter, for on No. 4 another letter (A) is seen ; 
 and, furthei', that the straggling- stroke on 
 No. 3 tliat looks like ])art of a large R is only 
 l)art of N or V, as on No. 4. The monog-rams 
 on tlie two coins may, indeed, be pronounced 
 to be identical., at any r.ite in all essentials. 
 llugg"ero, writing- in the Rivista ital. di num. 
 for 1908 (p. 138), lias suggested that tliis mono- 
 g-ram sliould be read LVCA, an interpretation 
 that can, I tliink, be readily accepted. More- 
 over, in type and legends, the reverses of both 
 coins, especially No. 4, agree admii-ably with 
 the Flavia Luca coins figured in PI. XX. 13, 14, 
 and described under ' Quasi-Autonomous Coins 
 of Lucca ', Nos. 1 and 2, p. 150. 
 
 Plate 
 
147 
 
 AISTULF 
 
 brother of Ratcliis 
 July, 749— Dkc. ? 756 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Tremissis 
 Type 1 
 
 + DN AI</>TVLF REX 
 
 In centre, monogram 
 composed of CR.X ; 
 beneath, +. 
 
 SCS IIIIIL St. Michael, 
 winged and wearing 
 long robes, standing 1. ; 
 in 1., circular shield ; 
 in r., long cross. An- 
 nular border in high 
 relief. 
 
 A^. Size, -8 inch. Gnecchi Sale Cat., May, 1902 
 (Hamburger), p. 199, No. 3963, PI. XXIX. 3963. 
 
 A very similar specimen in the Museo Civico, 
 Brescia, is described by Promis in his Monete 
 ell zecche italiane (Torino, 1867), p. 9, PI. I. 3. 
 Another variety, in the Gariel collection, is 
 described by Gariel, Monnaies royales de 
 France, part ii, p. 87, No. 86, PI. IV. 86. 
 
 Gariel (ii, p. 87) interprets the monogram on 
 the obv. as that of Charles [Charlemagne] the 
 son of Pepin, and supposes that the coin was 
 struck in 754 to express ' la reconnaissance par 
 Astaulfe de la suzerainete du roi des Franks et, 
 d'une sorte de lieutenance du royaume lango- 
 bard . . . etablie jmr Pepin en faveur de son fils 
 Charles '. Some doubt may be felt as to this 
 interpretation, more especially as it implies 'un 
 fait dont les historiens n'ont fait mention nuUe 
 part '. A simpler view would be to regard the 
 coin as a purely Lombardic issue and to explain 
 the CRX as ' Christianus rex ', an expression 
 that occurs in the formula of enactment of the 
 Lombard laws : — ' Ego in Dei nomine . . . ex- 
 cellentissimus Christianus et Catholicus Lango- 
 bardorum rex.' 
 
 Plate 
 
148 
 
 III. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Type 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 DTJ AISTVLFK6X 
 
 Cross potoiit with 
 liinbsofequal lenglli. 
 Annular border in 
 hig-li relief. 
 
 + FLAVIALVCA Star 
 (or flower ') within 
 circle. Wiiole in 
 linear border. 
 
 
 1 
 
 174 
 
 N -65 
 
 
 [Collection of Miss 
 Sarah Banks, pre- 
 sented, 1818] 
 
 XX. 9 
 
 ' The t}'i)e may be regarded either as a star of twelve rays, or as the corolla of 
 a flower with its petals and stamens. — SoJidus. Promis {Monete di zecche italimie, 
 Torino, 1867, pp. 7 f., PI. I. 2 ; cp. Engel and Serrure, Tiaite de mim., i, p. 34, Fig. 94 ; 
 and cp. Marchant, Lettres (ed. 1851), p. 304, No. 7, Vienna coll.) describes the following 
 .solidus, which he ascribes to Aistulf: Ohv "CMLF^t Bearded bust of the king, 
 
 facing, holding globus cruciger. Rev. VICCO KIA SA Cross potent, with mon. ^^ 
 at its foot ; in field r., Z ; in ex., CO. Some doubt may possibly be felt as to whether 
 this coin really bore the name of Aistulf; but, in any case, it may be doubted whether 
 it belongs to the regal series of the Lombards. The solidus was a denomination that 
 formed no part of their usual issues, and the types and thick fabric of this coin rather 
 suggest Central or Southern Italy as the region of its mintage. Promis, indeed (p. 9), 
 maintains that it was struck in Ravenna by Aistulf, subsequent to his occupation of 
 that city in 751 ; but, in that case, we should expect thejfaii to reproduce the bracteate- 
 like fabric that was characteristic of the Imperial solidi of Ravenna. 
 
149 
 
 DESIDERIUS 
 
 757 — JuxE, 774 
 
 No. 
 
 Weierht 
 
 10-6 
 
 17-2 
 
 10-6 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 Inscr. Cross potent 
 with limbs of equal 
 leng-tli. Annular 
 border. 
 
 El. -65 +DND6SID6I^.I^ 
 
 El. .6a D.HD€SID€B(R€X 
 
 I (type ^'presented by 
 ! dots instead of lines) 
 
 Inscr. Star (or flower) 
 within circle. ^Yhole 
 in linear border. 
 
 +FliAVIAkVCA 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 + FLAVIALVCA 
 
 [Purchased, 1847, 
 6-19-100] 
 
 E'. -65 
 
 +DND6SID(ERyVSe^.(A 
 
 pellet at each ex- 
 tremity of the cross). 
 
 + FliA«E.AC€NTI/OG 
 
 [de Salis gift] ' 
 
 Plate 
 
 XX. 10 
 
 XX. 11 
 
 XX. 12 
 
 ^ Besides these tremisses of Desiderius, bearing the names of Lucca and Placentia 
 (' Flavia Placentia Augusta '), there are others known of the same type inscribed with 
 the names of Milan (' Mediolano'), Pavia ('Ticino '), Castel Seprio (' Sibrlo ', ' Sebrio '), 
 Treviso,Vicenza (' Vicentia'), and Vercelli (' Vircelli'j. Specimens (now in the Museum 
 of Coire) occurred in the llanz hoard referred to infra, p. 152, under ' Italian tremisses of 
 Charlemagne'. Whether these tremisses all emanated from a central mint (Lucca or 
 Pavia), or whether they were actually struck at the cities whose names they bear, is 
 a question that can only be detei-mined by a careful comparison of a large number of 
 specimens. 
 
150 
 
 QUASI-AUTONOMOUS COINS OF LUCCA 
 
 Struck at some time after Juxk, A.n. 774^ 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 Type 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 + FLAVIALVCA Star 
 (or flower) within 
 circle. Wliole in 
 linear border. 
 
 .VIVIVIVIVIVIVIVI 
 V 1 V Cross potent, with 
 
 1 i mbs of equal leng-th. 
 
 Annular twrder. 
 
 
 1 
 
 21. 
 
 El. .65 
 
 [Sp. Mostray, 1852] 
 
 
 XX. 13 
 
 2 
 
 20-8 
 
 El. .65 
 
 (+FLAVIVCL(I ?)V) 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 (.VIVIVIVIVIVIVIVI 
 V) 
 
 XX. 14 
 
 * Nos. 1 and 2 resemble the tremisses of Aistulf and Desiderius, but as they are not 
 inscribed with the name of any Lombai-d ruler, and bear a meaningless legend on the 
 rev., the presumption is that thej were issued after the fall of Desiderius, the last of the 
 Lombard kings. Nos. 3 and 4, judged by their metal, fabric, and )-ev. type and legends, 
 are clearly Lombard coins of about the same period as Nos. 1 and 2. The monograms 
 that they bear almost certainly indicate the name of Lucca, though they have been 
 sometimes interpreted as the names of Ratchis and Athalgis (see supra, p. 146, under 
 'Ratchis'). It is not easy to fix the precise date when these pieces (Nos. 1-4) were 
 issued. The Lombard kingdom was overthrown in June, 774, when Charlemagne became 
 master of Pavia and captured Desiderius, and the obvious view would be to regard 
 these coins as issues made in the latter part of 774, or a little later. But it must be 
 borne in mind that there exist similar ' star' (or 'flower ') tremisses of Lucca which bear 
 the name of Charlemagne (infra, p. 152, 'Italian tremisses of Charlemagne'). It is 
 a question, then, whether our Nos. 1-4 preceded the Carolingian issues, or whether 
 they were minted at some later period when the Cai-olingian gold coins had ceased 
 to be current. I do not attempt to settle this point, but it may be remarked that 
 specimens of our Nos. 1-4 were absent from the Ilanz hoard, which included tremisses 
 of Desiderius and of Charlemagne (the latter pieces bearing the mint-names of Lucca 
 and also of various other Italian cities). The non-inclusion in this hoard of these 
 ' quasi-autonomous ' coins of Lucca may, of course, be accidental, but it, so far, suggests 
 that these tremisses were issued snhseqnently to the Carolingian tremisses. For quasi- 
 autonomous tremisses of Pisa, of the same class as our Nos. 1, 2, see Th. Friedlaender, 
 Numtsmata medii aevi inedita, Berlin, 1835, pp. 18 f., PI. I, Nos. 7, 8. 
 
QUASI-AUTONOMOUS OF LUCCA-TREMISSIS 
 
 151 
 
 No. Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 18-8 
 chipped) 
 
 20-2 
 
 chipped) 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 El. -55 
 
 El. -'yj 
 
 Type 2 
 
 50 y* (monogram of i VIVIVIVIVIVI VIVI VI 
 tSj\ Lucca). With- VI VI VI Cross potent, 
 I V^ in linear bor- with limbs of nearly 
 ^^ ■>- oqmil leng-th. Annu- 
 
 lar border. 
 
 Plate 
 
 [Sp. Mostras, 1852] 
 
 <U 
 
 (VAVAVAVAVAVV 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 XX. 15 
 
 XX. 16 
 
152 
 
 ITALIAN TREMISSES OF CHARLEMAGNE 
 
 These coins are not represented in the British Museum, but it is desirable 
 to refer to them as illustrating the quasi-autonomous pieces of Lucca described 
 p. 150, and because of their unusual historical and numismatic interest. 
 
 i 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 D.N.CAKVLVSK.eX 
 
 Cross potent 
 
 Reverse 
 
 + FL.AVIA.LVCA 
 
 Star (oi* tlower) within 
 circle. Whole in linear 
 border. 
 
 N' Tremissis. Bibliotbeque nationale, Paris. (See 
 Prou, Monnaies Cafolingiemies, 1896, p. Ixxv.) 
 
 On other specimens the ohi: type is a facing bast 
 of Charlemagne (see Engel and Serrure, Traite de 
 num., i, p. 35, Fig. 96). 
 
 The hoard discovered in 1904 at Ilanz, Can- 
 ton Grisons, Switzerland, contained, l)esides 
 one or two tremisses of Liutprand, many 'star' 
 (or 'flower') tremisses of Desiderius, and many 
 similar 'star' (or 'flower') tremisses bearing" 
 the name of Cliarlemagne. These Caroling-ian 
 pieces were further inscribed with the name of 
 several Italian mints : — Milan, Pa via, Berg-amo, 
 Lucca, Seprio. For a description of this find 
 see F. Jecldin, I)er lanf/ohardisch-karolingisclie 
 Miinzfund bei Ilanz., ^lunchen, 1906 ; see also 
 the reviews of this monog'rapli, Rei\ iiuvi., 
 1906, p. 361 (Blanchet) ; Ricista ital. di num., 
 1906, p. 273 (Perini). 
 
 Plate 
 
 XX. 17 
 
153 
 
 UNCERTAIN 
 
 of 
 LOMBARDIC SERIES 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight j ^^^Q^J"""^ 
 
 19-5 .V -65 
 
 21.1 
 
 N .65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 VNIIVIINIIVIIIVIIV 
 NIIVIIII Cross potent. 
 
 Annular border in 
 
 hii^h relief. 
 
 V-lllll TOTO+(?) 
 Bust r., beardless, 
 wearing" diadem and 
 cuirass. Annula r 
 border. 
 
 [Purcliased, 186.3, 
 7-11-74] 
 
 From the style, and the character of the ?'ev. 
 leg-end, probably of tlie eighth century. There 
 was a Duke Toto of Nepi (Hodgkin, Itali/ and 
 her Invaders, vii, p. 279), whose date is circ. 
 A. D. 767 ; but it would probably be rash to 
 attribute the coin to liim, nor is the reading of 
 the obv. beyond dispute, for it mav possibly be 
 + 0T0+ or +0±0±. 
 
 xxi. 1 
 
 VITIIOITIIHATIO 
 
 VII Cross potent ; be- 
 low, 0H0±. Annu- 
 lar border in higli 
 relief. 
 
 (dots 
 
 instead of letters). 
 Bust r., beardless, 
 wearing- diadem and 
 cuirass. Annular 
 border, 
 
 [Purchased, 1867, 
 12-24-4] 
 
 The obv. is of much the same stvle as No. 1. 
 
 xxi. 2 
 
154 
 
 III. COINS OF THt: LOMBARD KINGS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 22-7 
 
 22.G 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N -65 
 
 M -05 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 VIITORVHIIOIKVI 
 
 Cross potent ; below, 
 lOMOT. Annular 
 border in hig-h relief. 
 
 Dl irM?]AVrR?]T 
 
 [T?]iiqpAvr Bust 
 
 r., beardless, wearinf;- 
 diadem and cuirass. 
 Annular border. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 On the obi\ an attempt seems to be made to 
 write the name of Maurice Tiberius (a.d. 582- 
 (j02), but the form of the cross potent on the 
 rev. sug-ofests that the coin is not earlier than 
 tiie pi'riod of Heraclius, clrc. a. d. 610. 
 
 Vll/llll. IIAinV Bust 
 r., beardless, wearing- 
 diadem and drapery. 
 Amiular border. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VI ATOIMIOATV 
 
 Cross potent ; be- 
 neatli, 01/10. Annu- 
 lar border in liig-h 
 relief. 
 
 Perhaps of the period of Heraclius (a.d. 610- 
 641). The paludamentum and cuirass on the 
 ohv. ai-e curiously rendered. 
 
 Plate 
 
 \ 
 
 xxi. 3 
 
 xxi. 4 
 
f 
 
 IV 
 
 COINS OF THE DUCHY (AND 
 PRINCIPALITY) OF BENEVENTUM ' 
 
 GRIMOALD I, 647-662; King of Lombards, 662-671 
 
 ROMOALD I, 662-687 
 
 GRIMOALD II, 687-689 
 
 GISULF I, 689-706 
 
 The coinage of these dukes, or a portion of it, is perhaps to be identified 
 with the gold coins described, i7ifra, under ' Uncertain Beneventine Coinages '. 
 
 ROMOALD II 
 
 A.D. 706-731 
 
 No. Weight ^^flj""^ 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Solidus 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Justi- 
 nian II, bearded, 
 facing; wears crown 
 (with globus), man- 
 tle, and robe ; in r., 
 globus cruciger. Bor- ' 
 der of dots. 
 
 Inscr. Cross potent, 
 with base, placed on 
 three steps ; in field 
 1., K (initial of Ro- 
 moald) ; in ex., CO 
 NOB. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 Plate 
 
 ' On the coins generally see especially A. Sambon, Becueil des monnaies de Vltalie 
 meridionale, ' Benevente,' published in Le Musee for June, 1908, and following parts. 
 
156 
 
 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 ()44 
 
 G4- 
 
 64-2 
 
 63-5 
 
 61-2 
 
 62-2 
 
 20- 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 A^ -8 
 
 A^ -75 
 
 N .8 
 
 N .8 
 
 A^ .75 
 
 A^ .8 
 
 N •() 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Obverse 
 
 (Variety 1) 
 
 DNNST INIANVSP 
 
 P€A ' (On crown, g-lo- 
 bus cruciger) 
 
 DNNST INIANVSP 
 
 P€A (On crown, glo- 
 bus crucig"er) 
 
 VICTOKI AV^ys. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTORI AVCM8. 
 
 [Blacas coll., 1867] 
 
 Plate 
 
 xxi. 5 
 
 (Variety 2) 
 
 DNIVS TINIVN 
 
 ^PP 
 
 [Purchased of an Italian 
 coin-dealer, 1869, 
 7-9-65] 
 
 DNIVS TINIVN 
 
 qPP 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 10-8-53] 
 
 DNIVS[ri?]H IVNV 
 8PP[+ ?] (On crown, 
 cross instead of glo- 
 bus) ; pellet (flaw ?) 
 in field r. 
 
 Dl/liUa hlN ..VP 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTORI AVCVS. 
 
 (globus instead of 
 base) 
 
 VICTORIA AVgVST. 
 
 (globus instead of 
 base) 
 
 VICTORIA AVCVSV. 
 
 (globus instead of 
 base) 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906 ; obtained from 
 an Italian dealer] 
 
 VICTORA AVCUZ. 
 
 (globus instead of 
 base ; four steps) - 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Justi- 
 nian II, bearded, fac- 
 ing ; wears crown 
 (with cross), mantle, 
 and robe ; in r., glo- 
 bus cruciger. Linear 
 border. 
 
 Inscr. Cross potent, 
 with base ; in field 
 1., R; in ex., CON 
 OB. Linear border. 
 
 (Variety 1) 
 
 DNNS TimVNMS 
 
 VICTO Asvy 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 xxi. 6 
 
 xxi. 7 
 
 xxi. 8 
 
 xxi. 9 
 
 * PP€A = Pei'petutis Auf/ustus. 
 
 * A variant of Nos. 3-6 (Naples Museum = Sambon, No. 3) has R and • in the field 
 of the rev., instead of R only. 
 
ROMOALD II— TREMISSIS 
 
 157 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 8 
 
 17.6 
 
 9 
 
 19-5 
 
 10 
 
 17-3 
 
 11 
 
 21-6 
 
 12 
 
 20.7 
 
 13 
 
 20-9 
 
 U 
 
 21.3 
 
 15 
 
 18-3 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 PJ .55 
 
 N .6 
 
 N .() 
 
 A^ -55 
 
 A 
 
 •00 
 
 Obverse 
 
 DNIV 8TINANVa 
 
 VAIA 2[l?]Tl/IVa 
 
 (crown has globus) 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 Dl/IM VICVI2V 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 
 r;-4-483] 
 
 Reverse 
 
 VICTO AVCUS 
 
 [Purchased, 1904. 
 10-8-58] 
 
 VICTOR lA^Va (base 
 detached fFom cross) 
 
 VICTO Aavv. 
 
 (Variety 2) 
 
 DNNS TJNIANUS 
 
 (crown has pellet) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 DNIVS TTINIVD 
 
 (crown has globus). 
 Same die as No. 13. 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 7-18-34] 
 
 VICTOR lAVgVS 
 
 (globus between 
 cross and base) 
 
 VITORIA AVCS. 
 
 (globus between 
 cross and base) 
 
 DNIVS TTINI7D jVICTOK AV^V. 
 
 (crown has globus). \ (globus between 
 
 Same die as No. 12. 
 
 DNIV ooT I N I V N 
 
 (crown without 
 cross^ 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 DH 21 N IAN (crown 
 has globus) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 cross and base) 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTO RIVVC (glo- 
 bus between cross 
 and base) 
 
 VICTOR lAVCV. 
 
 (globus between 
 cross and base) ^ 
 
 Plate 
 
 xxi.lO 
 
 xxi. 11 
 
 xxi.l2 
 
 xxi. 13 
 
 xxi. 14 
 
 xxi. 15 
 
 ' A variant of Nos. 11-15 (Sambon. No. 4) has R and • in the field of the rev., instead 
 of R only. 
 
158 
 
 AUDELAIS 
 
 A. IX 731-732 
 
 To this usurper Sambon (Nos. 5 and 6) has assigned a rare solidus and 
 trcmissis similar in character to those of llomoald II, but marked on the rec. 
 witli A. This letter (on the analogy of other coins in this series) is almost 
 certainly the initial of tlie issuer, but among the Beneventine rulers there are 
 five besides Audelais whose names begin with A. Of these, Arichis I and his 
 son Aio lived long before the time of Justinian II, and cannot have struck 
 tliese coins which are imitated (ultimately) from that Emperor's money. 
 Adelchis and a later Aio, both rulers of the ninth century, are, on the other 
 hand, too late for claimants, and their known coinage is of a different 
 character. 
 
 There remains Arichis II, whose coins, though marked on tlie rev. with 
 A, may without difficulty be distinguished from these which M. Sambon 
 rightly assigns to Audelais, viz. by their roughness of style and fabric ; by 
 the type (in the First Coinage) of the Emperor holding the mappa and globus 
 cruciger ; by the inscriptions (in the Second Coinage) VICTORIA on obv. and 
 VICTIR on rev. ; both of which inscriptions are found on the series of A coins 
 inscribed PKINPI (^Princeps)., which last-named coins can only belong to 
 Arichis II, Prince (and, originally, Duke) of Beneventum. 
 
I 
 
 159 
 
 GREGORIUS 
 
 A. P. 732-739 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 Solidus 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNI —..^ NVSPP 
 
 Bust of Justinian II, 
 bearded, facing ; wears 
 crown, mantle, and 
 robe ; in r., globus cru- 
 ciger. Border of dots. 
 
 vicTO[K?j vcva* 
 
 Cross potent with glo- 
 bus and base, placed on 
 three steps ; in ex., CO 
 NOB ; in field 1., <;. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. Sambon, No. 8. Fig. ' 7 ' (i.e.; 8). Cp. Sambon, 
 No. 7. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DN. NVSPP Bust of 
 Justinian II, bt'arded, 
 faciny; wears crown, 
 mantle, and robe ; 
 in r., globus cruciger. 
 Linear border. 
 
 VICT Cja# Cross 
 potent, with base ; 
 in ex., CONOB; in 
 field 1., ^. Linear 
 border. 
 
 
 1 
 
 19-2 
 
 A^ 
 
 .6 
 
 [de Salis gift] ' 
 
 
 xxi.16' 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bearded bust of an 
 emperorfacing, wear- 
 ing crown, mantle, 
 and robe ; in r., glo-, 
 bus cruciger, above 
 which, star. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 O within border 
 ^ -J- R^ of dots ; pellet 
 c at extremities 
 of cross. 
 
 
 2 
 
 48 
 
 A\ 
 
 4 
 
 [de SaHs gift] 
 
 
 xxi.l7 
 
 3 
 
 3-7 
 
 A\ 
 
 4 
 
 [Baron Kolb coll., 1847] 1 
 
 
 xxi.18 
 
 ^ Cp. Sambon, No. 9. The attribution to Gregory of gold coins (solidus and 
 tremissis) with ^ is fairly certain, the only other likely claimant being Gottschalk, the 
 next duke ; but the division between the two rulers proposed by Sambon seems i^robable. 
 
160 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM 
 
 Tlie attribution of these coins (Nos. 2, 3) to Duke Gregon,-, supported by 
 Muratori, Promis, and otliers, is dismissed by M. Sambon (op. cit., p. 5) 
 as ' tout a fait invraisemblable '. He does not specify liis grounds of doubt : 
 one objection would be, probably, that silver coins are not known to have 
 been issued by tlie Beneventine rulers of this period. Another, that small 
 Byzjintine silver coins hardly occur so late as a. v. 732, and yet the coins in 
 (question would seem to liave been inspired by Byzantine originals. 
 
 With regard to provenance, M. Sambon does not furnish any details. 
 I do not know wliether tliese coins are usually found in Italy, though our 
 No. 3 came from the Kolb collection of Italian coins. In style, fabric, and size, 
 and in the general character of the reverse type, the coins present some 
 similarity to Imperial coins struck in Italy by Constans II (B. M. C, Imp. Byz. 
 Coins., Nos. 379-83, Rome ; No. 399, Ravenna) and by Constantine FV (pp. cit.^ 
 No. 95, Ravenna) which belong, approximately, to the period a. d. 654-680. On 
 the other hand, the treatment of the obverse bust seems to me to suggest 
 a later period than 680, and one may notice especially the arrangement of the 
 hair in straight lines on the forehead, just as we find it on the Beneventine 
 coins of the eighth century (gold of Romoald II and of Duke Gregory). 
 
 M. Sambon would follow those numismatists who assign these coins to 
 Gregory the Patrician, the governor of Africa who revolted from the Emperor 
 Constans II in 647, and who, according to Ibn Abd-el-Hakam, struck coins 
 with his own effigy (^see B. ^M. C, Ivip. Bij-. Coins., j). xxviii n.). This 
 attribution is not lightly to be rejected, but it must be observed that we liave 
 no evidence as to the African provenance of these coins, but that, if anything, 
 they are somewhat Italian in style, and that the obverse, and perhaps even the 
 reverse, seem to belong to a later date than 647. 
 
 Until further light is forthcoming, Muratori's attribution of these coins 
 to Duke Gregory of Beneventum may therefore, perhaps, be conveniently 
 retained, though it is by no means entirely sjitisfactory. 
 
161 
 
 GOTTSCHALK 
 
 A. D. 739-742 
 
 Solidi and tremisses marked D ^ (D = dux) may be attributed to this 
 duke (Sambon, Nos. 12, 13) ; they belong- to him rather than to his prede- 
 cessor Gregory, because D ^ seems to lead up to the ^ ^ found on the coins of 
 the successor of Gottschalk, viz. Gisulf 11. 
 
 These coins witli D ^ liave as obverses tlie conventional name and bust of 
 Justinian II, but there are also solidi and tremisses with C, on the reverse which 
 bear on the obverse the name and bust of the Emperor Leo III, a. n. 717-741 
 (Sambon, Nos. 10, 11). Tliese coins, which seem to be Beneventine in style, 
 might possibly have been struck by Duke Gregory (a.d. 732-739), but 
 Gottsclialk is the more probable issuer because, as Sambon has pointed out, he 
 was for a time in alliance with the Emperor's representative at Kavenna. 
 
162 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 58. 
 
 61.6 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N -8 
 
 -V .75 
 
 GISULF II 
 
 A. D. 742-751 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Type 1 
 Solidus 
 
 VICTOR. A^VSTO 
 
 Cross potent, with 
 globus and base, 
 placed on three steps; 
 in ex., CONOB; in 
 field, Q and (,. Bor- 
 der of dots. 
 
 DNI - - INVSPP 
 Bust of Justinian II, 
 bearded, facing- ; 
 wears crown (above 
 which three pellets), 
 mantle, and robe ; 
 in r., globus cruciger. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [Purchased, 1863, 
 7-13-3] 1 
 
 Tremissis 
 See Sambon, Nos. 15, 16 (with C, ^). 
 
 Type 2 
 Solidus 
 
 DV - - INVPP 
 Bust of Justinian II, 
 bearded, facing ; 
 wears crown (above 
 which, three pellets), 
 mantle, and robe ; in 
 r. , globus cruciger ; 
 inl.,mappa.'^ Border 
 of dots. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTKV VCVSTV 
 
 Cross potent, with 
 globus and base, 
 placed on three steps; 
 in ex., CONOB; in 
 field, C and ^. Bor- 
 der of dots. 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXI. 
 
 19 
 
 XXI. 
 
 20 
 
 ^ Cp. Sambon, No. 14. On the attribution of Gisulfs coins see Sambon, p. 7. The 
 monogram Q appears also in the form ^, and sometimes precedes and sometimes follows 
 (,. Sambon explains it as containing 'the elements of the word di(x': a more easily 
 interpreted monogram of dux is seen on the coins of Duke Liutprand (pp. 165, 166, 
 hifm, and Sambon, Figs. 24-5). 
 
 j^ This representation of an Imperial bust holding the mappa as well as the globus 
 cruciger does not occur onthe Imperial coins of Justinian II, but is first found on those 
 
GISULF II— TREMISSIS 
 
 163 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Justi- 
 nian n, bearded, fac- 
 ing ; wears crown, 
 mantle, and robe ; in 
 r., globus cruciger ; 
 in L, mappa. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 Inscr. Cross potent, 
 ■with base ; in ex., 
 CO NOB; in field, 
 C and g. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 
 3 
 
 20-2 
 
 N 
 
 •6 
 
 DNIV- -IVSPP 
 
 VICT VCTO 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 xxi. 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 20-3 
 
 N 
 
 .55 
 
 DN- -IVCPP 
 
 vicor vrTV 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 5 
 
 204 
 
 N 
 
 •55 
 
 D- -VCPP 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICAO VgrV (ON 
 
 OB) 
 
 xxi. 
 22 
 
 of Anastasius II (a.d. 713-716). Later emperors also bold the mappa, and it is found on 
 the coins of the Beneventine rulers who immediately succeeded Gisulf II, but in the 
 course of the reign of Arichis II the mappa is once more abandoned, permanently. 
 
164 
 
 LIUTPRAND 
 
 A. D. 751-758 
 
 No. 
 
 Weiffht 
 
 20.1 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 N .6 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Period /, a. d. 751-755 
 (with his mother Scauniperg-a as regent) 
 
 Solidus 
 
 DN — ...— IVNPP 
 
 Bust of Justinian II, 
 bearded, facing ; wears 
 crown, mantle, and 
 robe ; in r., globus cru- 
 ciger ; in 1., mappa. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 VICTOKV.:.V^VSTV 
 
 Cross potent, with glo- 
 bus and base, placed 
 on three steps; in ex., 
 CONOB; in field, S 
 and L (i. e. Scauniperga 
 and Liutprand). 
 
 PJ. Weight about 60 grains : see Sambon, No. 19 ; 
 and Martinori in Bitisfa ital. di num., 1908, p. 219. 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 DN IVNPP Bust of 
 Justinian II, bearded, 
 facing ; wears crown, 
 mantle, and robe ; in 
 r., globus cruciger ; 
 in 1., mappa; above 
 crown, _•••••_ 
 Border of dots. 
 
 VTKA ACVT Cross 
 potent, with base ; 
 in ex., CONOB; in 
 field, S and L. Bor- 
 der of dots. 
 
 Period II, A.D. 756-757 
 Solidus 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Justi- 
 nian II, bearded, 
 facing; wears crown, 
 mantle, and robe ; in 
 r. , globus cruciger ; 
 in 1., mapj)a ; above 
 crown, _•••,_ 
 Border of dots. 
 
 Inscr. Cross potent, 
 with globus and base, 
 on three steps ; in 
 ex., CONOB; in 
 field 1., L (i.e. Liut- 
 prand). Border of 
 dots.' 
 
 Plate 
 
 xxii. 1 
 
 ' A leaden seal with ohv. and rev. types as on Nos. 2-4 and the name LIVTRRFl is 
 attributed by Schlumberger {Eei\ num., 1905, p. 356) to the Lombard king Liutprand 
 (712-744), but it may rather, as M. Sambon suggests, belong to Duke Liutprand. 
 
LIUTPRAND— SOLIDUS 
 
 165 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 2 
 
 61-9 
 
 A^ 
 
 •75 
 
 DN IVNPP 
 
 VICTVRV.^.V^VST 
 VI 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 xxii. 2 
 
 3 
 
 60-5 
 
 N 
 
 •75 
 
 DH .VNVPP 
 
 VITORV VgVSTI 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 xxii. 3 
 
 4 
 
 33-4 
 
 JE .75 
 
 DM .VNPP 
 
 VICTOR. A^VSTV 
 
 [de Sails gift] ^ 
 
 xxii. 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Justi- 
 nian II, facing ; all 
 as on Nos. 2-4. Bor- 
 der of dots. 
 
 Inscr. Cross potent, 
 with base ; in ex., 
 CO NOB; in field 1., 
 L. Border of dots. 
 
 
 5 
 
 20-3 
 
 N 
 
 •55 
 
 DN VNPP 
 
 VITRV V^VTV 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 xxii. 5 
 
 6 
 
 20-3 
 
 N 
 
 •55 
 
 DN VNPP 
 
 VITR. vgvT 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Period III, A.D. 757-758 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Solidus 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DNI INVSPP Bust of 
 
 Justinian II, facing ; 
 all as on No. 1. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 VICTROV V^VSTV 
 
 Cross potent, with glo- 
 bus and base, on three 
 steps; in ex., CO NOB 
 
 in field r., {j^ (i.e. 
 L. DVX). Border of 
 dots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. Weight about 60 gr 
 
 ains. Sambon, No. 23. 
 
 
 ^ This coin is of bronze, but traces of gilding or gold plating are visible both on obv. 
 and rev. It is perhaps the identical specimen, formerly in the Reichel collection, pub- 
 lished by Koehne in Mem. Soc. imp. (Varch. de St. -Pet, y. 1851, p. 341, No. 1, PL XII. 3. 
 Another similar bronze 'solidus' of Liutprand was in the Colonna collection (Sale 
 Catalogue, Canessa, Naples, Part i, May, 1909, lot 7). These pieces are no doubt ancient 
 contemporary forgeries. 
 
 ^ I here follow the classification of M. Sambon, who assigns to Period III ' Monnaies 
 de Liutprand rebelle, avec le titre de dux, 757-758.' 
 
166 
 
 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 19-5 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N .55 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Tremlssis 
 
 D V^PP BustofJusti- VICTO V^TV Cross 
 uian II, bearded, fac- potent, with base ; 
 
 ing; wears crown, 
 mantle, and robe ; in 
 r., globus crucigfer ; 
 in l.,mappa; above 
 crown, —•••••_ 
 Border of dots. 
 
 in ex., CO NOB; in 
 
 field r., IV? (= L 
 
 DVX).» " 
 
 dots. 
 
 Border of 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Plate 
 
 xxii. 6 
 
 Cp. Sarabon, No. 25, a variety with D in field 1., and VC in field r. 
 
167 
 
 ARICHIS II 
 
 A.D. 758-787 
 
 No. 
 
 Weiffht 
 
 G1.2 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 21.5 
 
 20. 
 
 N -8 
 
 A^ .6 
 
 N .6 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 L As DUX (758-774) 
 
 Period I, a.d. 758 >— arc. 770 
 
 Solidus 
 
 DM IVNPP Bust of 
 Justinian n, bearded, 
 facing ; wears crown, 
 robe, and mantle ; in 
 r., globus cruciger ; 
 in 1., mappa; above 
 crown, — • • • • •— . 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VICTIKV.^.V^VSTI 
 
 Cross potent, witli 
 globus and base, on 
 three steps ; in ex. , 
 
 COUOB; in field 1., 
 A (= Arichis). Bor- 
 der of dots. 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 luscr. Bust of Jus- 
 tinian II, facing; all 
 as on No. 1. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 DN VNPP 
 
 DN VNPP (above 
 crown, • — ) 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 7-7-1] 
 
 Inscr. Cross potent, 
 with base ; in ex., 
 COUOB; in field 1., 
 A. Border of dots. 
 
 VITIKV.^.V^VTI 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 VTKV.'.VgVT (I I for 
 
 M) 
 
 Plate 
 
 xxii. 7 
 
 xxii. 8 
 
 xxii.9 
 
 * Sambon (Nos. 26, 27) assigns to circ. a.d. 758 a 'Monnayage anonyme 'with the 
 symbol of a hand ; on this coinage see infra under ' Uncertain Beneventine Coinage '. 
 
168 
 
 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 59. 
 60-2 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 194 
 19-2 
 
 19-8 
 20-1 
 
 N .85 
 N -75 
 
 M -55 
 
 N -6 
 
 N .6 
 
 N .6 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Period II, circ. a.d. 770-774 
 Solidus 
 
 Inscr. Bust (of Ariel lis 
 II?),beardecl,facing; 
 wears crown with 
 cross, and mantle ; 
 in r., giobus cruci- 
 g-er.^ Plain border 
 in relief. 
 
 DNSVI CTOKIA 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 DNSVI CTOKIA 
 
 [BaronKolb coll. , 1847] 
 
 Inscr. Cross potent, 
 
 with base, on three 
 
 • 
 
 steps ; in ex., CON 
 
 • 
 
 OB ; in field 1., A. 
 Plain border in re- 
 lief. 
 
 VICTlKV.^.VgVSTV 
 VICTIKV.;.V^VSTI 
 
 Plate 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 Inscr. Bust(of Arichis 
 II?), facing ; all as on 
 Nos. 4-5. Plain bor- 
 der in relief. 
 
 DNSVI— ^CTOKIA 
 
 Dl/ISVI— ^CTOKIA 
 [Purcliased, 1908, 
 7-7-2] 
 
 DNSVI CTOKIA 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 DNSVI CTORIA 
 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906 ; originally in 
 an Italian collection] 
 
 Inscr. Cross potent, 
 with base ; in ex., 
 
 CONOB ; in field 
 1., A. Plain border 
 in relief. 
 
 VITIR.V.:.VgVTV 
 
 [Losconibe sale, 1855, 
 lot 957] 
 
 VITIR.V.:.V^VTI (O 
 
 NOB) (A for A in 
 field) 
 
 VITIRV.'.VCVTI (C 
 OI/IOB) 
 
 VITVKV.;.V^VTV 
 
 xxii. 
 10 
 
 xxii. 
 H 
 
 XXll. 
 
 12 
 
 XXll. 
 
 13 
 
 xxu. 
 14 
 
 xxii. 
 15 
 
 ^ The mappa once more disappears, and is not represented again iu later reigns ; cp. 
 note, p. 162, supra. 
 
ARICHIS II 
 
 169 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 10 
 
 00-3 
 
 A^ -85 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 20- 
 
 19-8 
 
 N -Gb 
 
 N -65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 II. As PRINCEPS (774-787) 
 Solidus 
 
 DNSVI— ^CTORI 
 
 A Bust (of Aricliis 
 n ?), bearded, facing- ; 
 wears crown with 
 cross, and mantle ; 
 in r., g-lobus cruci- 
 ger. Plain border 
 in relief. 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 VICTIK7.;.PKINPI 
 
 Cross potent, with 
 base, on three 
 steps ; below cross, 
 
 1., A. Plain border 
 in relief. 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 Inscr. Bust facings ; all 
 as on No. 10. Plain 
 border in relief. 
 
 DNSVI— ^CTORIA 
 
 DNSVI— —CTOKI 
 A 
 
 Inscr. Cross potent, 
 with base ; below 
 
 ^^^^^' ^•ONO'^' 
 in field 1,, A. Plain 
 border in relief. 
 
 VJTIRV.'.PMNPI 
 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 7-7-3] 
 
 VITIKV.'.PKINPI 
 
 [BaronKolb coll., 1847] 
 
 xxu. 
 16 
 
 17 
 
170 
 
 GRIMOALD 
 
 May ? 788-806 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 19-3 
 
 20-3 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 M .G5 
 
 A'' .05 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Period L a.d. 788-792 
 
 (Coinaofe with names of Grimoald HI and 
 Charlemag-ne) 
 
 (a) with title of DVX 
 
 Solidus 
 
 CR.IM— — VALCX DO MS .'.CAR. ft 
 
 Cross potent, with base, 
 on three steps ; in ex., 
 *VICA'; in field, ^ 
 and R. Plain border in 
 relief. 
 
 (i.e. Dux) Bust of 
 Grimoald ill, bearded, 
 facing ; wears crown, 
 with cross, mantle, and 
 robe ; in r., globus cru- 
 ciger. Plain border in 
 relief. t 
 
 M. Weight about 59 grains. Sambon, No. 34. 
 
 (VIC (or VI CA, on No. 1, &c.) occupies the 
 usual position of CO NOB : it is probably an 
 abbreviation of the VICTORIA introduced by 
 Arichis II; see siipra^ p. 168.) 
 
 Tremlssis 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Gri- 
 moald in, facing- ; 
 all as on tlie corre- 
 sponding solidus 
 (see supra^ Sambon, 
 No. 34). 
 
 CMM— ^VALX 
 
 [Earl of Enniskilleu, 
 
 1857] 
 
 Inscr. as on No. 1. 
 
 [Parkes Weber g-ift, 
 1906 ; orig-inally 
 acquired in Naples] 
 
 Inscr. Cross potent, 
 with base ; in ex., 
 
 VIC A; in field, ^ 
 and K (i.e. name of 
 Grimoald). Plain 
 border in relief. 
 
 DOMS/.CAK'ft (i.e. 
 Dominus Carolus 
 rex) 
 
 Inscr. as on No. 1. 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXlll. 
 
 1 
 
GRIMOALD III 
 
 171 
 
 Weight 
 
 60-5 
 60-6 
 
 60. 
 
 18- 
 
 19-2 
 194 
 
 17.8 
 
 {chipped\ 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 N -8 
 N .85 
 
 N -da 
 N -6 
 
 Al 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (/?) without title of DVX 
 Solidus 
 
 CRIM— ^VALD 
 
 Bust of Grimoald III, 
 bearded, facing; 
 wears crown with 
 cross, mantle, and 
 robe ; in r., globus 
 cruciger. Plain bor- 
 der in relief. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [J. G. Plister, 1855] 
 
 A^ .8 [J. G. Pfister, 1857] 
 
 DOMS.^.CAR.Bt 
 
 Cross potent, with 
 base, on three steps ; 
 in ex., 'VICA'; in 
 field, ^ and R. 
 
 (A, in ex., varied, as 
 on No. 5) 
 
 (CVAKforCAR..)(A, 
 in ex., varied)^ 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 CKIM— ^VALD 
 
 Bust of Grimoald III, 
 facing : all as on Nos. 
 3-5. Plain border in 
 relief. 
 
 (A for A) 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1857] 
 
 [BaronKolb coll., 1847] 
 [BaronKolb coll. , 1847] 
 
 D O M S .;. C A K . Bt 
 
 Cross potent, with 
 
 base ; in ex., ViCA; 
 in field, ^ and K. 
 Plain border in relief. 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 (In field 1. , V^, instead 
 of <; and K^) 
 
 Denarius 
 
 + 
 
 (i.e. Carolus 
 Rex) within 
 wreath. 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 U. 
 
 (i. e. Gi'i- 
 tnoal d u s) 
 within 
 wreath.^ 
 
 Plate 
 
 xxm. 
 2 
 
 XXIU. 
 
 3 
 
 XXUl. 
 
 4 
 
 XXUl. 
 
 5 
 
 xxiu. 
 6 
 
 * The solidus in Sambon, No. 38, has Vl in the field of the rev. instead of C, and R. 
 It corresponds to the tremissis No. 8, infra. 
 
 ^ Cp. note 1. 
 
 * As Sambon, No. 41 ; for other types of the denarius see Sambon, Nos. 40 and 42. 
 
172 
 
 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM 
 
 No. 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Weight 
 
 GO-3 
 
 61-6 
 59.G 
 57-3 
 
 19-7 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 El. .85 
 
 N .8 
 
 El. .85 
 
 El. .85 
 
 El. .65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Period II, A.D. 792-806 
 
 (Coinage with name of Grimoald III only 
 and title PRINCEPS) 
 
 Solidus 
 
 CKIM— —VALD 
 
 Bust of Grimoald III, 
 bearded, facing-; 
 wears crown, with 
 cross, mantle, and 
 robe ; in r., giobus 
 cruciger. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 [Purchased, 1847, 
 6-19-95] 
 
 VICTOKV.SPRINCI 
 
 P Cross potent, with 
 globus and base, rest- 
 ing on two steps ; 
 below, C.Q^Q.a; 
 
 in field, ^ and R. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 (No globus; three 
 steps)' (PKINC6 
 for PKINCIP) 
 
 [de SaUs gift] (C a a 8) 
 
 [BaronKolb coll., 1847] 
 
 (A) 
 
 [J. G. Ptister, 1855] 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 CR.IM-. —VALD 
 Bust of Grimoald III, 
 facing : all as on Nos. 
 10-13. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 (A) (plain border in 
 relief) 
 
 [Purchased, 1847, 
 6-19-96] 
 
 VITOKV.^.PRINCIP 
 
 Cross potent on gio- 
 bus and base ; below, 
 
 C 
 
 ONO 
 
 C and R 
 dots. 
 
 •B; in field, 
 Border of 
 
 (PRINCI) (without 
 globus) (plain bor- 
 der in relief) 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXUl. 
 
 7 
 
 XXlll. 
 
 8 
 
 xxiii. 
 
 9 
 
 XXUl. 
 
 10 
 
 * The representation on No. 10 of the cross with base (only) and three steps is as 
 on the solidi, Nos. 3-5, supra. On Nos. 11-13, which may be assumed to be a little later 
 in issue than No. 10, the cross has both globus and base,' and rests on two steps. 
 
GRIMOALD III 
 
 173 
 
 No. 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 Weight 
 
 19-3 
 19-3 
 
 22-1 
 
 {chipped) 
 
 18-7 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 El. .65 
 
 El. 
 
 M 
 
 Obverse 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 [Baron Kolb coll., 
 1847] 1 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (CONoa) 
 (coNoa) 
 
 Denarius 
 
 ttVO {Grimoaldus) 
 [f M In centre, pel- 
 IVL let. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 •75 (O for O in mon.) ; 
 on 1., cross ; on r., 
 star-like object, with 
 long- stem.'^ 
 
 M 
 
 •75 On 1., cross (wreath for (Wreatli for border) 
 border). [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 BENE. .BEN TV Cross 
 potent, with base on 
 two steps ; above, pel- 
 let ; beneath, — • -- ; 
 in field, A and UL). 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXIU. 
 
 11 
 
 XXlll. 
 
 12 
 
 XXUl. 
 
 13 
 
 ^ There is a curious variety of these tremisses reading on the ohv. AMAND ... 
 PFAV : see Prorais, Monete di zecche italiane, Turin, 1867, p. 14, PI. I.7 = Sambon, No. 45. 
 
 ^ Cp. Sambon, No. 47, where it is described as a ' une comete ' or ' un ostensoir ? ' 
 [ostensorium, monstrance]. Cp. the similar object on a denarius of Adelchis, infra, 
 PI. XXV. 6. 
 
174 
 
 GRIMOALD IV, Princeps 
 A.D. 806-817 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 22-1 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M -65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Denarius 
 
 CRIMOALDFILIVSER 
 MENRwIH. Ornament 
 formed of an ear of 
 corn, two ivy-leaves, 
 and stem. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 (CR.IN for CRIM) 
 
 AR.CHANCELV8MIC 
 HAEL» Cross pattee, 
 
 radiate. Border of 
 
 dots.- 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 Plate 
 
 xxui. 
 14 
 
 ^ The absence of a gold coinage is remarkable, because Grimoald's reign was of some 
 length, and both his predecessor and successor issued gold solid i and tremisses. The 
 simplest supposition is that the numerous gold coins of Grimoald Ill's latest issue 
 (a.d. 792-806) continued to supply the currency of Grimoald IV. 
 
 It is, indeed, natural to ask whether among the gold coins assigned to Grimoald III 
 there may not be some that belong to Grimoald IV ; but an examination of the gold 
 l^ieces bearing the name of Grimvald (latest issue) will show that they are all so much 
 of one style that there are no rational criteria for dividing them between the two kings 
 of this name. 
 
 Still, it may be by an accident that Grimoald IV's gold has not come down to us ; and 
 that he was no servile imitator of the coins of his predecessor is shown by his selection of 
 new types for his denarius and by his inscribing upon it the name of the archangel 
 Michael. His successor Sico retained this Archaiif/elus Michael legend on his silver coins, 
 and on his gold solidi placed not only the name but also the full-length figure of the 
 archangel. If Grimoald IV struck solidi it may be conjectured that they bore a similar 
 figure of St. Michael, though on his denarius— as we know — only the name of the arch- 
 angel appeared. 
 
 ^ The type of the rev. may, conceivably, have been suggested by the star or flower 
 type of the tremisses of the Lombard king Desiderius (dethroned a.d. 774 ; PI. XX. 12), 
 and the legend Archangelus Michael by the Scs. Mihahil of the Lombard regal coinage. 
 But in neither case can there have been more than a suggestion, and the obv. type is 
 original, or at any rate new, on the coins. This curious design (PI. XXIII. 14-17) has been 
 described as a trident with an ear of corn, as a flower, and even as an anchor. The best 
 view may be that it is a stylized representation of an ear of corn and ivy leaves (cp. 
 Sambon, No. 49 ; Keary, Coinages of W. Europe, p. 100. On the denarii of Prince 
 Radelchis I Ca.d. 839-851), described iiifni, the type or a variation of it reappears; 
 PI. XXV. 2, 3). 
 
GRIMOALD IV 
 
 175 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 2 
 
 21.1 
 
 (chipped) 
 
 M .7 
 
 3 
 
 16-5 
 
 {broken) 
 
 M -65 
 
 4 
 
 204 
 
 M .65 
 
 5 
 
 18-8 
 
 M .75 
 
 Obverse 
 
 (AL for AL) 
 
 (CR.IM .. . DFIL 
 
 MENRIHI.) 
 
 [BaronKolb coll., 1847] 
 
 (GMMOALDFILVSEK 
 MENRIHI.) (stem of 
 Y form) 
 
 (CRIIVIOADFILIVSER 
 MENRIHI.) (stem of 
 Y form) 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (S for 3) 
 
 [Samuel Smith sale, 
 
 London, Mav, 1908, 
 
 lot 138J 
 
 (ARCHAM....aMI 
 AEL.) 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 (AKCHANCELVaMI 
 CHAEL.) 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 Plate 
 
 15 
 
 XXIU. 
 
 16 
 
 XXlli. 
 
 17 
 
176 
 
 SI CO, Prlnceps 
 
 A.D. 817-832 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 59.7 
 
 58. 
 
 59. 
 
 204 
 
 El. -85 
 
 {pale) 
 
 N -65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Solidus 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Sico, 
 bearded, facing'; 
 wears crown with 
 cross, mantle, and 
 robe ; in r., globus 
 crucig'er. Plain bor- 
 der in relief. 
 
 El. 85 SICO-^ — PKINCeS 
 
 I [de Salis gift] 
 
 N .85 SICOP— ^KINCeS; 
 in field r., ▲ 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 (All as on No. 2) 
 
 Inscr. The archangel 
 Michael, winged, 
 standing facing ; in 
 r., long cross with 
 crooked head ' ; in 
 1., globus cruciger ; 
 below, towards 1. , 
 CO NO. Plain bor- 
 der in relief. 
 
 ARCHANC€LVS Ml 
 CHAeL 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 1 
 
 ARCHANC6LVS Ml xxiv. 
 HA€L (ONO); be- 2 
 
 neath, type, ▲ 
 
 (AU as on No. 2) 
 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906 ; originally in 
 an Italian coll.] 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Sico, 
 facing ; as on No. 1 . 
 
 SICO— .-PMNC€S; 
 
 in field r., pellet. 
 Plain border in re- 
 lief. 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 Inscr. Cross potent, 
 with base ; in field, 
 S and C (i.e. Sico). 
 
 ARCHANC€LV.%S 
 MICHA6L.; inscr. 
 beginning beneath 
 type : a pellet at 
 each end of base. 
 Plain border in re- 
 lief. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 3 
 
 Evidently derived from P, part of XP, the name of Christ. 
 
SICO— TREMISSIS : DENARIUS 
 
 177 
 
 ^7- . V . Metal and 
 Weight c:,. 
 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 18-6 
 
 194 
 
 18-8 
 
 19-9 
 
 19-8 
 
 19-8 
 
 El. .65 
 
 El. .65 
 
 16-6 .R .7 
 
 JR .65 
 
 .R .75 
 
 .R 
 
 .R .75 
 
 19.6 M -65 
 
 SICO— ^PKINCeS; 
 
 in field r., A. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 [Purchased, 1862, 
 4-15-5J 
 
 SICO— ^PKINCeS; 
 
 in field r., ▲. Bor- 
 der of dots. 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855J 
 
 .;. AKCHANC€LVSM 
 
 ICHA6L; inscr. beg-in- 
 
 ning- on r. ; on 1. of 
 
 cross, pellet. Plain 
 
 border in relief. 
 
 (D and 2 for S and C) 
 ARCHANC6LVSM 
 ICHA6LA; inscr. 
 beginning- on r. Bor- 
 der of dots. 
 
 Denarius 
 PRINCESBENEBEN 
 
 (i.e. Sico). 
 Border of dots. 
 
 
 Inscr. begins at top 
 pellet in centre. 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 Inscr. begins at bottom ; 
 
 pellet in centre. 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 
 1906J 
 
 Inscr. begins at bottom; 
 pellet in centre, 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (+ for •) inscr. begins 
 at top ; in centre and 
 each angle of cross, 
 pellet. 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 (PKIH for PRIN) 
 
 inscr. begins at top ; 
 in lower r. angle of 
 cross, pellet. 
 [Baron KolbcoU., 1847] 
 
 (PRIl/ICESBENIBEN 
 Tl) inscr. begins at 
 
 top ; in upper r. 
 
 angle of cross, pellet, 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Inscr. Cross potent, 
 with base, on two 
 steps. Border of dots. 
 
 ARCHAN^ELVSMIC 
 HAEL* ; inscr. begins 
 at top ; in field, pel- 
 let r. and 1. 
 
 ANCNANCELVSMI 
 CNACL. ; inscr. be- 
 gins at top ; in field, 
 pellet r. and 1. 
 
 ANCNANCELVSMIC 
 NACL« ; inscr. begins 
 at top ; in field, pel- 
 let r. and 1. 
 
 ARCHANCELVSMIH 
 AEL; inscr. begins at 
 
 top ; in field, pellet 
 
 r. and 1. 
 
 AR.CHANC€LVSMIC 
 HA€L«; inscr. begins 
 
 at top ; in field 1. , 
 
 pellet. 
 
 ARCHAN^CLVSMIC 
 HA€L» ; inscr. begins 
 
 at bottom; in field 
 
 1., pellet. 
 
 A a 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 4 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 5 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 7 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 8 
 
178 
 
 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 13 
 
 17.3 
 
 14 
 
 19- 
 
 15 
 
 17.2 
 
 16 
 
 154 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M 65 
 
 M .7 
 
 M .7 
 
 M .65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 (PRIH tor PRIN ; ▲ 
 for •, and +) inscr. 
 beg-ins at top ; in 
 lower 1. angle of 
 cross, star. 
 
 [Samuel Smith sale, 
 London, 1908, lot 
 138] 
 
 (A for •, and +) inscr. 
 begfins at top ; in 
 lower r. angle of 
 cross, star. 
 [J. a Pfister, 1855] 
 
 (PMH for PKIN ; ▲ 
 
 for •, and +) inscr. 
 begins at top ; pellet 
 in centre ; in lower 
 r. angle of cross, star. 
 
 (PKIHCESBENEBEHM 
 
 IT) ; inscr. begins at 
 top ; (/ instead of •) 
 
 Reverse 
 
 ARCHANC€LVSMIC 
 HA€LA ; inscr. be- 
 gins at bottom ; in 
 field 1., pellet. 
 
 AR.CHANC6LVSMIC 
 HA€LA ; inscr. be- 
 o-ins at bottom. 
 
 AR.CHANC6LVSMIC 
 HA€L» ; inscr. begins 
 at bottom. 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 AKCHANC€LVSMIC 
 HA€LA ; inscr. be- 
 gins at bottom. 
 [BaronKolb coll., 1847] 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 9 
 
179 
 
 SICARDUS, Princeps 
 
 A.D. 832— July 839 
 
 v)tT • 1,4. ' Metal and 
 "^^'S^h Size 
 
 54. 
 
 58-8 
 58-2 
 
 52-2 
 
 (^chipped) 
 
 18. 
 19.2 
 
 18-4 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Solidus 
 
 SIC— ^ARDV. 
 
 Bust of Sicardus r., 
 bearded, facing; 
 wears crown with 
 cross, robe, and 
 mantle ; in r., glo- 
 bus cruciger ; in field 
 r., A. Border of dots. 
 
 El. .9 Two pellets above 
 head. 
 
 El. .9 
 El. .9 
 
 M .9 
 (or El.) 
 
 El. .65 
 El. .65 
 El. .65 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855J 
 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906 ; from an Italian 
 source] 
 
 [BaronKolbcoU.,1847] 
 
 VICTORS + PRINCI 
 
 Cross potent, with 
 base, on two steps ; 
 
 M ► 
 
 below, CON 08; in 
 field, S and I (i.e. 
 name of Sicardus). 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [Purchased, 1849, 
 6-28-2] 
 
 (. for V) 
 (. for V) 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 SIC— —ARDV. VICTORV.VPRINCI 
 
 Bust of Sicardus ' Cross potent, with 
 facing, as on Nos. I base ; below, CON 
 1-4 ; in field r., A. ' 03 ; in field, S and 
 Border of dots. I. Border of dots. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 (^) 
 
 < > 
 (A) '(CONOa) 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 10 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 11 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 12 
 
180 
 
 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Denarius 
 
 
 
 
 
 + PRINC€B€N€B€NT 
 5-6h (i.e. Sicard) 
 Border of dots. 
 
 .A.RCHANC€LVniC 
 HA€L» Cross potent, 
 with base, on two 
 steps ; in field, r. and 
 1. , pellet. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 
 8 
 
 19.2 
 
 M .7 
 
 PeUet in centre. 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 xxiv. 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 174 
 
 M -65 
 
 Pellet in centre (D for 
 B') 
 
 [de Sails gift] 
 
 xxiv. 
 14 
 
 ' The letter B is intended, which on No. 8 is formed as D with a horizontal stroke. 
 
181 
 
 RADELCHIS 
 
 A.D. 839-851 
 
 No. 
 
 Weiffht 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 53. 
 
 EL -9 
 
 (pale) 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Solidus 
 
 KAD— ^€LCHIS •:• ARCHAN^e ▼ HI 
 
 Bust of Radelchis I, CHA€L» Crosspotent, 
 
 bearded, facing-; with base, on two 
 
 wears crown witli steps ; in field, R 
 
 cross, mantle, and and A (i.e. Radel- 
 
 robe ; in r,, g-lobus cliis). Borderof dots 
 crucig"er ; in field r., 
 A. Border of dots. 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 Denarius 
 
 Type 1 
 
 See Sanibon, No. 64, The ohv. has the 
 letters RADEL attached to a cross (as on the 
 denarius of Sicardus) ; on rev. Cross potent, on 
 steps. 
 
 Type 2 
 
 See Sambon, No. 65, and Colonna Sale Cat. 
 (Naples ; Canessa), 1909, p. 3, No. 28. Similar 
 monog'rammatic cross with letters RA DEL. On 
 rev. Cross potent, on steps, and inscr. KAD6LC 
 HIS PKINC6S. 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXV. 1 
 
182 
 
 IV. corns OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 16.5 
 
 18.8 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 M -75 
 
 M .7 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverae 
 
 Type 3 
 
 Inscr. Ornament 
 formed of an ear of 
 corn and two ivy- 
 leaves on stalks bent 
 downwards.' Border 
 of dots. 
 
 KAD€LCIHSPK3NC€ 
 PS. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 R.AD6LCHISPRNIC6 
 
 pr 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 Inscr. Cross pattee, 
 radiate. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 ARHANC€miCHA€ 
 L. 
 
 ARCHANCe'niCHA 
 6L. 
 
 Plate 
 
 i 
 
 XXV. 2 
 
 XXV. 3 
 
 ^Compare the nearly similar type on denarii of Grimoald IV (a.d. 806-817), 
 described supra, p. 174. 
 
183 
 
 RADELGARIUS, Princeps 
 
 A.D. 851-853 
 
 Of the son and successor of Radelchis I no coins are known. 
 
 ADELCHIS, Princeps 
 A.D. 853-878 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 A. Witlc name of Adelchis only. 
 
 Denarius ' 
 
 Type 1 
 
 With po iKi oil obv. and Cross radiate on rev. 
 
 Sambon, No. 68 ; Papadopoli in Rivista ital. 
 di num.., 1894, p. 306. 
 
 Type 2 
 
 On ohv. Cross on steps and inscr. ADELHIS 
 PRINCE ; on rev. Cross with two rosettes, &c. 
 Sambon, No. 69. 
 
 Plate 
 
 ^ Adelchis is not known to have struck any coins in gold. In his reign, or a little 
 earlier, we find frequent mention in the contracts of Salerno of the gold money of 
 earlier Beneventine rulers; e.g. Pretium auri /igurati solidi ex monetis domni Sicardi 
 veteri. — Boni tremissi ex monetis domni Arechis: see Sambon, 02). cit., pp. 24 f. 
 
184 
 
 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Type 3' 
 
 
 
 
 
 + SANCTAMAKIA 
 P 
 
 In centre, A D L 
 
 K 
 (i.e. Adelcliis Prin- 
 ceps). Border of 
 dots. 
 
 +ARHAN^ELVniH 
 
 Cross pattee. Bor- 
 of dots. 
 
 
 1 
 
 16-6 
 
 M -75 
 
 [Purcliased, 1908, 
 10-8-5] 
 
 
 XXV. 4 
 
 
 
 
 Type 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 With cruciform monog-ram of St. Maria on 
 obv. ; on rev. Cross potent on steps. Inscr. 
 Sambon, No. 71. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Type 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 +ADELCISIPKINCE 
 
 Cross pattee,bet ween 
 A and UJ. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 +ARHANCELVSniH 
 
 ^ 5 
 In centre, r>-4^ 
 
 (i.e. Sancta Maria). 
 Border of dots. 
 
 
 2 
 
 13-6 
 
 [chipped) 
 
 M -8 
 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 10-8-3] 
 
 
 XXV. 5 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Type 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Obv. Temple and AC 
 Cross on steps and SCA 
 Sambon, No. 74. 
 
 )ELCHIS PRIN. Rev. 
 MAKIA. 
 
 
 * Sambon, No, 70. 
 
 » Sambon, No. 72 ; cp. No. 73. 
 
ADELCHIS -DENARIUS 
 
 185 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 18.3 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Ai 
 
 < J 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Type ?• 
 
 Plate 
 
 BENE. .BENTV 
 
 Cross potent, witli 
 base, on two steps ; 
 in field, fl and H 
 (i. e. Michael) ; be- 
 neath, -• • — . Bor- 
 der of dots. 
 
 ^^C (liai^t! of 
 
 TLj Adelchis) ; on 
 t S 1., cross pat- 
 toe ; on r. , star-like 
 object with long 
 stem.^ Border of 
 dots. 
 
 rPm-chased, 1908, 
 
 10-8-4] 
 
 B. With names of Adelchis and the Emperor 
 Tahiis II. 
 
 Dkc. 86(1 -Aug. 871 « 
 Denarius 
 
 («) Obc. LVDOVICVSIMPE Ornament (cp. 
 Radelchis I, p. 182, supra) formed of ear of corn 
 and two ivy-leaves on stalks bent downwards, 
 between A and K (Arc/umgelus). Rev. ADEL 
 HISPKINCE3 Patriarchal cross between M 
 and H {Michael)^ 
 
 Sambon, No. 7(). 
 
 (A) Obv. V V^l'c^ ' ^^''- '''^^'' Ai^HANCE 
 P 
 
 P 
 MIHAEL, and in centre, ADEL 
 
 K 
 Sambon, No. 77. 
 
 Tliere are also denarii struck at Beneventum 
 with the names of Louis 11 and his wife 
 Ang'ilberga. 
 
 Sambon, Nos. 78-87. 
 
 XXV. 6 
 
 1 Sambon, No. 75. m ttt ino -ki ^n 
 
 2 The same object is found on a denarius of Grnnoald III, siipni, p. lid, JNo. i/, 
 PI. XXIII. 12, which has evidently suggested the types of both sides of the present com 
 
 ^'•' These dates respectively refer to the submission of Adelchis at Beneventum to the 
 invadino- emperor Louis II and to the capture and imprisonment of Louis by Adelchis. 
 
 i; b 
 
i8n 
 
 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BExXEVENTUM 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 C. With the names of Ar/e/c/n's and 
 Pope Jolni VIII 
 
 CI re. A.i>. 875' 
 
 Denarius 
 
 Obc. ADEL^I.PKl/1, and in centre crucifonu 
 monogram composed of 10 HA. Rev. SCAMR 
 (^Sancta Maria) written across the field; aboAe 
 and below, a rosette. 
 
 Sambon, No. 88. 
 
 Plate 
 
 * When the Pope was endeavouring to briug the Lombard states under his 
 suzei*ainty. 
 
187 
 
 GAIDERIS, Princeps 
 
 A.D. 878-881 
 
 Denarius 
 
 Obi'. Monog-rammatic cross with letters of ^AIDERI PKIN. Rev. Mono- 
 grammatic cross with letters of S MAKIA. 
 
 Samhon, No. 89 ; Promis, Monete di zecche italicme^ 1867, p. 19, PL I. 14. 
 
 RADELCHIS II, Princeps (First Reign) 
 
 A.i^. 881-884 
 
 Denarius 
 
 Oho. Monogrammatic cross with the letters of R.ADELHIS PRIN. 
 Rev. SCAMARIA and monogram matic cross with Ml HA {Michael Arch- 
 angelus). 
 
 Sambon, No. 90. 
 
 AiO, Princeps 
 
 A.B. 884-890 
 
 The only coin known of this prince is a denarius of base alloy with 
 obv. Monogrammatic cross with letters AIO PR; and rev. Cross potent on 
 steps between A and UL). 
 
 Sambon, No. 91 ; Promis, Monete di zecche italiane, 1867, p. 20, PL II. 16. 
 
188 
 
 i 
 
 INTERREGNUM 
 
 A.D. 890-897 
 
 Beneventan coins probably ceased to be issued during the greater part 
 of this period, but an anonymous denarius is attributed by Sambon (No. 92) to 
 Bishop Peter, governor of the town in 897. 
 
 RADELCHIS 11 (Second Reign) 
 
 A.D. 897-899 
 
 Apparently issued no coins. On tlie expulsion of Radelchis in 899 the 
 Beneventans acknowledged Atenolf, lord of Capua, as their prince (a. ix 900- 
 910). Some small silver coins (half denarii ?) bearing simply SCA on the obv. 
 and M AK on the rev. (^=Sancta Maria) have been assigned to the period of his 
 rule at Beneventum (Sambon, Nos. 93, 94). 
 
189 
 
 UNCERTAIN BENEVENTAN COINAGES 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 674 
 
 A^ -75 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 ? Reign of GRIMOALD I, a.d. 647-662 
 
 Solidus 
 
 — NCON rgvATi 
 
 NO VAT BustofCon- 
 stans II (on 1.) with 
 long- beard and mous- 
 tache and smaller 
 bust of Constan- 
 tino rV, beardless, 
 each facing- and wear- 
 ing- paludamentum 
 and cuirass, and 
 crown with g-lobus 
 cruciger ; between 
 them, small cross. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [Sale of Cav. J. P. 
 Campana of Rome, 
 London, Sotheby's, 
 1846, lot 1367] 
 
 VATNI- r 1 VAT 
 
 <-ir Cross potent, with 
 base, on three steps; 
 on 1., Heraclius ; on 
 r. , Tiberius ; each is 
 beardless, stands fac- 
 ing-, wears long- robes 
 and crown with 
 cross, and holds in r. 
 g-lobus cruciger ; 
 beneath, CO NOB. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 This coin closely resembles a solidus of the 
 Emperor Constans II assigned in B. M. C, 
 Imp. Bijz. Coins (p. 306, No. 378, PL XXXV. 3), 
 to the mint of Rome, a. d. 659-668, and there 
 would be no difficulty in assigning- it to the 
 same mint were it not for the gross blundering 
 of the inscriptions (representing Dn. Constan- 
 tiniis et Constant. PP. Av. on the ohv. and 
 Victoria Aiigu on the rev.~) which seems to pre- 
 clude Rome, and renders Beneventum at this 
 early period a not unlikely mint-place. 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXV. 7 
 
190 
 
 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 6(5- 
 
 N -75 
 
 El. -55 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 ? Reigns of ROMOALD I (662-687) 
 
 GRIMOALD II (687-689) 
 
 GISULF I (689-706) 
 
 Solldus 
 
 •DNCO V SPPX 
 Bust of Constan- 
 tine IV, bearded, 
 facing-, wears cuirass, 
 diadem, and helmet 
 with crest ; in r., 
 spear held trans- 
 versely ; in 1., shield 
 witli horseman de- 
 vice. Border of dots. 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 10-8-36] 
 
 VICTKA VN/?TO 
 
 Cross potent, witli 
 base, on three steps ; 
 in ex., GO NOB and 
 +. Border of dots. 
 
 Plate 
 
 Comj^are B. M. C, Ivip. Byz. Coins, ' Con- 
 stantine IV,' Nos. 13-17, Constantinople, and 
 No. 77, Rome ; date, circ. a. d. 670-685. The 
 minute dots of the border and the rough relief 
 of the types point to Rome and Southern Italy, 
 but the blundering of the legends renders 
 Beneventum a more likely mint-place than 
 Rome. 
 
 Tremissis 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Con- 
 stantino IV r., beard- 
 less, wearing dia- 
 dem, paludamentum, 
 and cuii-ass. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 ICONT. <TOINAV 
 [Purcliased, 1863, 
 7-11-56J 
 
 Inscr. Cross 
 with base, 
 of dots. 
 
 potent, 
 Border 
 
 XXV. 8 
 
 VIITOIIII IVIITII;in xxv. 9 
 
 ex.,COMO; infield 
 r., e 
 
UNCERTAIN BENEVENTAN 
 
 191 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 21-7 
 
 62-0 
 
 N -55 
 
 N .8 
 
 194 
 
 PJ -6 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 •DIDOAIT-ll±-IOPI 
 
 ir 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 viiroAi 
 
 in ex., 
 field r.. 
 
 [l.?]TOIir;lxxv. 
 
 I0±0 
 
 
 
 Compare the similar tremisses in B. M. C, 
 Imp. Byz. Coins, 'Constantine IV,' Nos. 78- 
 86, assig-ned to the Roman mint ; but here 
 again the blundered legends of our Nos. 3 and 4 
 may be held to preclude an attribution to Rome. 
 
 Period of GISULF II (742-751) 
 Solidus 
 
 VICTOR VgVSTO 
 
 Cross potent, on 
 globe and four steps ; 
 beneath, CO NOB ; 
 in field 1., open riglit 
 hand. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 DNI -...- INVS 
 PP Bust of Justi- 
 nian II, bearded, fac- 
 ing ; wears crown, 
 mantle, and robe ; in 
 r. , globus cruciger ; 
 inl.,mappa. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 [Montagu sale, Paris, 
 189G,lot 1291 ; found 
 at Benevento] 
 
 Tremissis 
 DNI- -IVSPP Bust i VICT V^TO Cross 
 
 of Justinian II, fac- 
 ing ; all as on No. 5, 
 but witliout mappa 
 and no pellets above 
 crown. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 [J. G. Pfister, 1855] 
 
 potent, with base 
 beneatli, CO NOB ; 
 in field r., open left 
 hand ; in field 1., 
 pellet. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 10 
 
 XXV. 
 
 11 
 
 XXV. 
 
 12 
 
 No. 5 probably came from the lioard of Beneventan gold coins discovered 
 at Benevento about the year 1878 (see Capobianchi in Rivista ital. di nnm., 
 1892, p. 88 ; cp. Photiades, Cat, 'Monn. byzantines,' Paris, 1890, No. 370, PI. I. 
 370, apparently our No. 5). Sambon (Nos. 26 and 27) would assign the solidi 
 and tremisses of this class— the chief characteristic of which is the hand 
 symbol on the i-ev.—to about the year. 758, and Capobianchi (Joe. cif.) 
 attributes them to the reign of Duke Liutprand, a. d. 751-758. 
 
 It cannot be doubted that this dating is near the mark, but I think 
 it mav be shown on numismatic grounds that the coins should be placed some 
 
DNI 
 
 INVSPP 
 
 D[N] 
 
 INVPP 
 
 DNI 
 
 INVSPP 
 
 DN 
 
 IVNPP 
 
 DN 
 
 IVNPP 
 
 192 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM 
 
 few years earlier tliau 758 or 751, and even that their exact position, or at any 
 rate the position of the solidus, is between the first and second coinages of 
 Gisulf n (PI. XXI. 19, 20 ; p. 162, supra). In the case of the solidus (No. 5) 
 til is may be shown as follows : — 
 
 i. From a comparison of the obc. legend with that on other Beneventan 
 solidi of the eig:hth century. 
 Duke Gisulf II (Type 1) 
 (Type 2) 
 Uncertain Beneventan solidus (No. 5) 
 Duke Liutprand (usual leg^end) 
 Duke Ariel lis II (first coinage, a. n. 758) 
 If the solidus (No. 5) were inserted between Liutprand and Arichis, 
 circ. 758, as proposed by Sambon, it would break the sequence of the 
 leo-ends, i.e. DN INVSPP would come between coins reading DN 
 IVNPP. (One coin of Liutprand, however, reads DNI INVSPP.) 
 ii. Style. — The solidus on the obv. closely resembles the solidus of the 
 first coinage of Gisulf II (PI. XXI. 19), but it is not quite so rougli in 
 appearance as the second coinage of the same duke (PI. XXI. 20), or 
 as the solidi of his successors, Liutprand and Arichis II. In colour, 
 moreover, it approximates to that of the first solidus of Gisulf II. 
 iii. Tjfpe. — Tlie solidus, though in style like the first coinage of Gisulf II, 
 has the obc. type of his second coinage, i.e. the figure holds the 
 mappa in addition to the globus. Its place is, therefore, between the 
 two coinages. 
 Similar arguments apply to the tremissis (No. 6), except that it would 
 seem to be slightly earlier than the solidus (No. 5), because it has 
 the obc. type of the first coinage of Gisulf II (bust with globus and 
 without mappa). 
 But tliougli the approximate date of issue of these coins may not be 
 4loubtful, i.e. it must be some time between 742 and 751 (the extreme dates 
 of the reign of Gisulf II), it would, perhaps, be rash to assert that the issuer 
 was Gisulf himself, tliough I regard this as very probable. The clue to the 
 issuer is doul)tless given by the symbol of the hand on the rec.^ which here 
 takes the place of the letter or letters which are regularly inserted for the 
 purpose of recording the issuer's name (e.g. L on coins of Liutprand, C, on 
 those of Gisulf, &c.). But the precise significance of the hand is unfortunately 
 oljscure. All that w(^ can say, perhaps, is that it appears to be a Lombard 
 emblem; at any rate, it occasionally occurs on the Lombard regal coins as early 
 as the time of Cuninc])ert, a. d. 688-700, and is also found on coins of King 
 Liutprand, a. d. 712 744. If we miglit regard the hand as distinctly the badge 
 of Lombard kings— and this is very doubtful — we might bring it into con- 
 nexion with King Liutprand who, in 742, visited Beneventum and installed 
 Gisulf II as Duke. But, on the wliole, it seems best for the present to leave 
 the issuer's name uncertain. 
 
V. 
 
 COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF 
 THESSALONICA 
 
 A. D. r22-2— 1243 (1246) 
 
 THEODORE Angelus Comnenus Ducas 
 1222-1230 
 
 No. Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 Silver Nomlsma (Scyphate) 
 
 Inscr. Tlieodore An- 
 gelus, bearded, on 
 l.,and St. Demetrius, 
 beardless,onr., stand- 
 ing- facing-, holding 
 between them long 
 cross ornamented 
 with O, •, and A ; 
 on r. and 1. of base 
 of cross, a star. 
 Theodore wears 
 crown, tunic, and 
 sash with stellate 
 ornament ; his r. 
 hand placed on heart. 
 St. Demetrius wears 
 nimbus, military 
 cloak, and cuirass, 
 and holds in 1. drawn 
 sword. Two borders 
 of dots. 
 
 iC xc 
 
 r AK Ohristjbearded, 
 
 seated, facing, on 
 throne without laack ; 
 wears nimbus (orna- 
 mented with radiat- 
 ing lines and with • 
 and •*), mantle, and 
 tunic, and holds in 1. 
 book of Gospels.* 
 
 ^ This coin has usually been assigned to Theodore II ('III ') Ducas Lascaris, Emperor 
 of Nicaea (see Marchant, Lettres, p. 357; De Saulcy, Essai de class., PI. 31. 7 ; Sabatier, 
 ii, p. 296, No. 4, PI. 65. 5 ; Windisch-Gratz, Cat., p. 31, No. 347), and there are, at least, 
 no decisive objections to this attribution. I am, however, inclined to assign the coin to 
 
 c C 
 
194 
 
 COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF THESSALONICA 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 419 
 
 (pierced) 
 
 40-7 
 
 (pierced) 
 
 M 1-05 
 
 M M 
 
 75-5 
 
 M 1-2 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 (K obscure) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-406] 
 
 fde Sails gift] 
 
 On 1., eeOAULIPOCAB 
 
 KAC (some letters 
 indistinct) ; on r., 
 OA[rHOC?]AHM 
 HTPO (letters care- 
 lessly formed) 
 
 (Tracesof similarinscr. 
 to No. 1 ; ends H M 
 ' HTP O); stars ob- 
 scure ; sash orna- 
 mented with cross 
 and squares. 
 
 Bronze Nomisma (Scyphate) 
 Type 1 
 
 Inscr. Theodore An- 
 gelus, bearded, on 1., 
 and St. Demetrius, 
 bearded, on r., stand- 
 ing- facing-. Theo- 
 dore wears crown, 
 mantle, and tunic ; 
 places r. hand on 
 heart and holds in 1. 
 sword. The Saint 
 wears nimbus, cloak, 
 and cuirass, and 
 holds in 1. drawn 
 sword. Two borders. 
 
 reejoAiDPoc on i. ; 
 
 OArHOC[AHM?] 
 on r. (type double- 
 struck) 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Christ, 
 beardless, facing-, 
 wearing- nimbus cru- 
 ciger with *•*, tunic, 
 and mantle. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 1 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 2 
 
 IC X C 
 
 € N S 
 
 [M] M [A] H 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1111]' 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 3 
 
 Theodore Angelus because (i) we have no silver nomismata of his reign, while 
 Theodore II is already provided with at least one type of the silver nomisma ; 
 (ii) Demetrius is the patron-saint of Thessalonica, while Theodore II especially honours 
 St. Tryphon ; (iii) the treatment of the figures on the obv., the repi-esentation of the 
 nimbus of Christ, &c., differ from what we find on the coins of Theodore II. But the 
 atti'ibution can hardly be settled satisfactorily without evidence as to proretiauce. 
 
 The rev. inscr. has been explained by Svoronos (Joiirn. int. d'Arch. Num., ii, p. 387) 
 as an abbreviation of 'lijo-oOj Xpiaros ds ayios Kvpios. 
 
 ^ The identical specimen described by Sabatier (ii, p. 298, No. 11, PI. 65, 12j, who 
 has preferred to attribute it to Theodore II (' III ') of Nicaea. 
 
THEODORE— BRONZE 
 
 195 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Type 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 e € 
 
 Bust of the Saviour 
 
 
 
 
 
 OAOI [KOMNHN 
 
 (Emmanuel) facing-. 
 
 
 
 
 
 fPlOC OC AS 
 
 beardless ? ; wears 
 
 
 
 
 
 A'€C KAqi 
 
 nimbus and drapery ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 noiT 
 
 r. hand blessing- ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 [HC?] 
 
 [1. holding- g-lobus 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Emperor Theodore 
 
 crucig-er ?] ; in field, 
 
 
 
 
 
 standing- facing, 
 
 ^^ ci n CL .^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 liolding* in r, labaru m , 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 1. globus crucig-er; 
 
 Border. 
 
 
 
 
 
 wears crown, robe, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and mantle. Border. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 53-2 
 
 M 1.15 
 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 xxvi. 
 
 
 {pierced) 
 
 
 Bronze (flat fabric) 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Bust of Theo- 
 
 + 06 
 
 
 
 
 
 dore Angelus on 1. 
 
 OAOJPOC 
 
 
 
 
 
 and bust of St. Deme- 
 
 Men or 
 
 
 
 
 
 trius on r., both fac- 
 
 HCOZ^OV 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing- ; between them 
 
 KAC 
 
 
 
 
 
 cross crosslet, adorn- 
 
 Border of dots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ed with crescent and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •, placed on steps. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Emperor wears 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 crown and drapery ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and holds in 1. volu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 men. St. Demetrius 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 holds in r. sword, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 1. shield. Border 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of dots. 
 
 
 
 ^ The last three words of the inscr. are nearly obliterated, but the coin may be 
 compared with Sabatier, ii, p. 301, No. 1, PL 66. 7; with Photiades, Ca^., No. 634, 
 which is described as similar to Sabatier's PL 66. 7 ; and with Photiades, No. 635. 
 (Some specimens have the word 6MMANSHA on the rev.) The attribution to this 
 Theodore in preference to either of the two Theodores who were Emperors of Nicaea is 
 due to Marchant {Lettres, ed. 1851, p. 348, No. 2, and p. 357). A concave bronze coin is 
 attributed in Photiades, Cat., No. 636, to this Theodore reading on ohv. 06OAOPOC (sic) 
 AS and with the type of the Emperor and St. Michael standing ; ret: Christ seated 
 facing. The possibility of its being of Theodore II of Nicaea is not to be overlooked. 
 
 The small bronze coin attributed by PfafFenhoffen in Rev. Num., 1865, p. 291, PI. XII. 5, 
 to this Theodore would seem, if correctly described, rather to belong to Theodore II 
 of Nicaea. It has obv. [e€0]AUJPOC A€CnOTHC Theodore standing holding cross 
 and volumen, and rev. Lis. Cp. the lis on coins of Theodore II of Nicaea. The bronze 
 nomisma in Sabatier, ii, p. 302, No. 2, PL 66. 8 (originally published by Sabatier in 
 
196 
 
 V. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF THESSALONICA 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 eeOAOJPOCZieConl.; 
 AnOCAIMI onr. 
 
 (Inscr. illegible) 
 [Doubleday purchase, 
 1849, 7-17-444] 
 
 Revei*se 
 
 Plate 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 62.7 
 30-8 
 
 {room) 
 
 M .85 
 JE .9 
 
 [Sale at Sotheby's, 
 20 Dec, &c., 1852, 
 lot 169] 
 
 (Inscr. as above, but 
 written thus : — 
 +06 
 
 OZ^UJPOC 
 
 TOnC€A 
 
 V07\0CH 
 [K]AC) 
 
 XX vi. 
 6 
 
 The numismatists who have published specimens of these coins have assigned 
 them to Theodore II (' III ') Ducas Lascaris, Emperor of Nicaea (see Marchant, 
 Lettres^ p. 357, No. 3 ; de Saulcy, Essai de class. ^ PI. 31. 8 ; Sabatier, ii, p. 297, 
 No. 7, PI. 65. 8 ; Thomsen, Cat., p. 67, No. 839). Preference should, however, 
 perhaps, be given to Theodore Angelus Ducas of Thessalonica, partly on 
 account of the jjresence of St. Demetrius, the patron saint of Tliessalonica. 
 
 No one has commented on the curious fact that the ohv, type (two busts 
 and cross crosslet) and the rev. consisting entirely of an inscription are 
 characteristic — at least so far as coins are concerned — of a considerably earlier 
 age than the period of Theodore II (1254-1258) or even than that of Theodore 
 Angelus (1222-1230). The latest occurrence on coins of types like these is, 
 so far as I know, to be found under the Emperor Nicephorus III, Botaniates, 
 A. D. 1078-1081 (B. M. C, ImjJ. Bijz. Coins, p. 537, PI. 63. 8), though a coin of 
 Alexius m, A. D. 1195-1203 (B. M. C, ojj. cit., PL 73. 13) has types of a not very 
 dissimilar character. Judging from tlie types, then, we should expect our 
 coins (Nos. 5, 6) to belong to some ruler of the eleventh or twelfth centuries 
 rather than to one of the thirteenth century. Thus, the pretender Theodore 
 Mankaphas (B. M. C, op. cit., p. Ixvi ; A. Meliaraki, 'Io-t. Bao-. NtKams, pp. 13, 
 23, 44) who struck coins (according to Niketas, silver coins) during his 
 rebellion in 1189, and later, might conceivably have issued money with such 
 types, but we have no reason to suppose that he assumed the surname Ducas 
 which figures on our coins. 
 
 We are thrown back, then, on Theodore II Ducas Lascaris of Nicaea, and 
 Theodore Angelus Ducas of Thessalonica, and, of tlie two, Theodore Angelus, 
 as the earlier in date, is perhaps to be preferred ; and it has already been 
 suggested that the Saint (Demetrius) is somewhat more appropriate for his 
 coins than for those of Theodore II Ducas Lascaris. 
 
 Revue helge, 1859, p. 320, PI. 11. 10) attributed to this Theodore, is in the British Museum 
 and is described, uifm, among the coins of Theodore II of Nicaea. 
 
 If the reading of the name Theodore on the M published by Sestini, Descriz. . . . 
 Mus. Hetlen-arhow, 1830, iv, p. 118, No. 87 (cp. Sestini, Descr. Xion. Vet, p. 123, No. 113 
 = Mionnet, Supj)!., iii, p. 172, No. 1110), is to be relied on we should have a coin of 
 Theodore resembling in its main details the coin of his successor Manuel described. 
 infra, p. 198, No. 2, PI. XXVI. 7, i. e. ohv. the Emperor and St. Demetrius and the name of 
 Thessalonica FIOAIC ; rev. St. Michael. 
 
 J 
 
197 
 
 MANUEL Angelus Comnenus Ducas 
 A.D. 1230-1232 
 
 1 
 No. Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Silver Nomlsma (Scyphate)' 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 Inscr. Manuel Angelus 
 bearded, on 1., and 
 the Virg-in, on r., 
 standing- facing. 
 Manuel wears crown, 
 mantle, tunic, and 
 sash with stellate 
 ornament, and holds 
 
 IC XC Bust of Christ 
 [bearded] facing ; 
 wears nimbus cru- 
 ciger, mantle, and 
 tunic, and holds in 1. 
 book of Gospels ; r. 
 in benediction. Bor- 
 der. 
 
 
 
 
 
 in r. long- cross, in 1. 
 volumen. Tiie Vir- 
 gin wears nimbus, 
 veil (witli •"•), tunic, 
 and mantle,and with 
 r. crowns the Em- 
 peror ; 1. on lieart ; 
 above, M^ ; in field 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 r., eV. Border. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 26-2 
 
 M 1-05 
 
 MANSHAMCn 
 
 (Some letters indis- 
 tinct) double-struck. 
 
 [de Salis gift] - 
 
 xxvi. 
 6 
 
 ^ The gold nomisma (rev. Christ seated) assigned by Sabatiev (ii, p. 303, No. 1, 
 PI. 66. 9) to Manuel Angelus is probably a coin (silver gilt ?) of Theodore I Lascaris, 
 Emperor of Nicaea : see infra under ' Theodore I ', p. 206, note 3. 
 
 ^ The identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 297, No, 9, PI. 65. 10, who 
 has assigned it to Theodore II ('III') Ducas, Emperor of Nicaea, reading on the obv. 
 eeOAUUPOC (on l.) and ASKAC (on r.). But of the word ASKAC I cannot detect 
 the slightest trace, nor can GcOAUJPOC be regarded as correct, for the first letter of 
 the legend is certainly M or N- Though the letters are minute and blurred through 
 double-striking the legend may, I think, be fairly read as MAN6HA (or MANOVA?) 
 A€Cn. There is no legend on the right of the obv. except 0V. 
 
 Cp. a bronze coin published by Baron de Koehne (Rev. beige, 1881, p. 351, PI. 16. 20) 
 with 3€0AUJ . . . VKAC ; but the reproduction does not seem very satisfactory. 
 
11)8 
 
 V. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF THESSALONICA 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal ami 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Bronze Nomisma 
 
 
 
 
 
 Type 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 [MANttHA A€CnO 
 THCl [OAnOC AH 
 MHTPIOC?] The 
 
 St. Michael, the arch- 
 
 
 
 
 
 angel, winged, stand- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing facing; on 1. and 
 
 
 
 
 
 Emperor Manuel (on 
 
 r. of head, ^ ^ ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.) and St. Demetrius 
 
 
 
 
 
 (on r.) seated facing- 
 
 wears nimbus, short 
 
 
 
 
 
 on throne, holding- 
 
 military tunic, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 between them, glo- 
 
 cloak ; holds ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 bus crucig-er ? ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 above, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nOA[IC] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 eectq 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AAO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 1 K 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tlie Emperor wears 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 crown, mantle, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 robe, and holds in r. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sceptre. St. Deme- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 trius wears nimbus, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 robe, and mantle, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and holds in r. sword? 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 38. 
 
 JE 1.15 
 
 Concave ; pressed flat. 
 
 (Double -struck ; and 
 
 xxvi. 
 
 
 
 
 fParkes ^Yeber gift, 
 
 the whole coin per- 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 1906] 
 
 haps re-struck on 
 older types) ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tyi: 
 
 e 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. The Emperor 
 
 1 C XC Bust of Christ, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Manuel, bearded, 
 
 beardless, fiicing ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 standing- facing. 
 
 wears mantle and 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 holding- in r. long 
 
 tunic, and nimbus 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 cross, in 1. globus 
 
 cruciger witli • in 
 
 
 ' Cp. Sabatier, ii, p. 303, Nos. 3 and 4. PI. 66. 11 and 12 ; Photiades, Cat., No. 640; 
 de Saulcy in Bev. mtm., 1842, p. 416, PI. 20. 1. According to de Saulc}- (/. c.) the object 
 held by the Emperor and the Saint is ' un edifice surmonte de trois tours ', the TTOAIC of 
 Thessalonica. If Sestini's description may be relied on the type was initiated by 
 Manuel's predecessor, Theodore (see under Theodore, note, p. 196, supra). 
 
 It may be mentioned that a representation of the Civifas Tliessalonicarum occurs on 
 a seal of Boniface, Marquis of Montfen-at ; Schlumberger, Melain/es (Vaixh., i, i>. 57. 
 
MANUEL— BRONZE NOMISMA 
 
 199 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 cruciger ; wears 
 crown, tunic, sash, 
 and mantle. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 limbs of cross; r.hand 
 blessing ; 1. holds 
 book of Gospels. 
 Border of dots.^ 
 
 
 3 
 
 46. 
 
 M 1-05 
 
 MANVHAA (rest of 
 inscr. obliterated) 
 ••• on sash. Con- 
 cave. 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-551] 
 
 xxvi. 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 54. 
 
 M 1-15 
 
 MAN.VHA A . . 
 TT . . . . "jil^ OQ sash. 
 Concave. 
 
 [de Salis gift] - 
 
 xxvi. 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Type 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 MAN8HAA€Cn OA 
 [AHMHTPIOC ?] 
 The Emperor Manuel 
 (on 1. ) and St. Deme- 
 trius ? (on r.) stand- 
 ing facing, holding 
 between them globus 
 cruciger ? The Em- 
 
 Bust of the Virgin fac- 
 ing, orans ; wears 
 nimbus, veil, tunic, 
 and mantle ; V on 
 drapery ; in field, 
 f5R>and[eV]. Border 
 of dots.^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 peror wears crown, 
 tunic, and sash with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 )i(, and holds in r. 
 long cross. The Saint 
 wears nimbus, long 
 robe, and mantle, 
 and holds in 1. long 
 cross. Borderofdots. 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 30.7 
 
 {pierced) 
 
 M 1. 
 
 Concave. 
 
 
 xxvi. 
 10 
 
 ^ Similar to Photiades, Cat., No. 639, where also another coin is described apparently 
 with rev. St. Michael. Their rough style differentiates our coins from those of the 
 Byzantine Emperor Manuel I, A.r>. 1143-1180. 
 
 ^ The identical specimen described and figured by Sabatier, ii, p. 303, No. 2, 
 PI. 66. 10. 
 
 * The style of this coin, especially of its rev., seems more suitable to Manuel than to 
 his namesake the Byzantine Emperor (Manuel I). 
 
 Photiades, Cat. (No. 641), further attributes to Manuel a scyphate bronze coin : 
 ohv. The Emperor standing crowned by ' un ange ' [St. Michael] ; reo. The Virgin seated 
 facing. The ohv. inscr. is IV1AN6HA A€CrT. 
 
200 
 
 JOHN Angelus 
 Emperor, 1232-1243 ; oh. 1244. Despot of Thessalonica, 1244. 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Bronze 
 
 Nomisma 
 
 
 
 
 
 lUU A€C The Emperor 
 
 M X St. Michael, winged, ; 
 
 
 
 
 John (on 1.) and Christ 
 
 standing facing ; wears 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 (on r.) standing facing. 
 
 nimbus and military ; 
 
 
 
 
 Christ wears nimbus (on 
 
 dress ; in r., sceptre ; in 1 
 
 
 
 
 1. and r. of vsrhich, IC 
 
 1., globus cruciger. Bor- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 der of dots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 and XC), mantle, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tunic ; his r. hand 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 blesses the Emperor ; in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 his 1. is the book of the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gospels. The Emperor 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wears crown, mantle, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and robe ; in r., laba- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rum ; in 1., globus cru- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ciger. Border of dots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 JE. Concave nomisma. 
 
 Size, 1-05 inch. Described 
 
 
 
 
 
 by Sabatier, ii, p. 306, No 
 
 2, PI. 67. 2. 
 
 
 This attribution of Sabatier's may be correct ; at any rate, the style of 
 the rev. seems not unsuitable to Tliessalonica, and the coin does not appear to 
 be of John II Comnenus, the Byzantine Emperor. (John I Ang-elus, Duke and 
 Sebastocrator of Neopatras, might also perhaps claim the coin.) But the f/old 
 nomisma assigned by Sabatier (ii, p. 305, No. 1, PI. 67. 1) and other 
 numismatists to John Angelus is much better given to John II Comnenus. 
 Again, the small bronze coin (not a nomisma) with rev. Bust of St. Demetrius, 
 assigned by Sabatier (ii, p. 306, No. 3, PI. 67. 3) to John Angelus is 
 more likely, judging from style and fabric, to be of John II Comnenus. 
 
 In addition to the concave bronze nomisma above described (Sabatier, 
 PI. 67. 2) there is another ' petit bronze concave ' described in the Pliotiades 
 Cat, No. 644, which may perhaps belong to John Angelus : — • 
 Obv. lUJANNHC ^ecnOTHC L'Empereur debout. 
 Rev. OAfHOC («/c) AHMHTPIOC Saint Demetrius debout. 
 
 With regard to Nos. 645 and 646, attributed in the Photiades Cat. to John 
 Angelus, it is difficult to judge. 
 
 i 
 
JOHN— BRONZE 201 
 
 It may be convenient to state here that the British ^luseum specimen of 
 the bronze nomisma referred to in B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins^ p. 613 n. 
 (= Sabatier, ii, p. 244, No. 15, PI. 59. 16), as having- been assig-ned, perhaps by 
 de Salis, to John Ang-ehis of Thessalonica, is a very curious piece. It seems to 
 be cast and perhaps tooled (so also a specimen in the Windisch-Griitz Cat, 
 No. 337), but if not an ancient coin it no doubt reproduces an ancient 
 original. It was presented to the British Museum by Count de Salis. 
 
 I cannot find any decisive reason for attributing- it to John Ang-elus, 
 though the rude style of the rev. (Bust of the Virgin) and the choice of the 
 Saint (apparently Demetrius) might suit the Thessalonica mint. The coin 
 seems to me to read on ohv. Ml (JVIichael ?) and IfDIT (St. Demetrius.^). 
 Sabatier thought M I must indicate Michael VIII Palaeologus, a. d. 1261-1282, 
 but the coin does not at all harmonize with the known money of that 
 Emperor. 
 
 Dd 
 
202 
 
 DEMETRIUS 
 
 Despot of Thessalonica, a. d. 1244-124(3 
 No coins bearing his name are known ; but see below. 
 
 COINAGE OF THESSALONICA? 
 
 Under JOHN Angelas (Despot), 1243-1244 
 
 and 
 
 DEMETRIUS (Despot), 1244-1246 
 
 ■NT Uin- • 1 4. Metal and 
 No. Weight I g.^^ 
 
 56. 
 
 JE 1.1 
 
 50.3 I JE 1-05 
 
 38-5 
 
 JE 1-05 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Bronze Nomisma 
 
 (Concave ; flans of irregular sliape) 
 
 X X ' 
 
 » -- St. Michael, 
 
 the a r c h a n g' e 1, 
 wing;ed, standing- 
 facing" ; wears nim- 
 bus and military 
 dress, and holds in 
 r. trifid sceptre, in 
 1. g-lobus cruciger. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Bust of Clirist, beard- 
 less, facing ; wears 
 nimbus cruciger with 
 pellet in each limb of 
 cross, mantle, and 
 tunic ; r. hand in 
 blessing ; 1. holds 
 boolc of Gospels ; in 
 field, IC and XC. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 (Double-struck) 
 
 (Double-struck) 
 
 Plate 
 
 xxvii. 
 1 
 
 xxvii. 
 2 
 
 xxvii. 
 3 
 
 ' For APX. MIX. (Cp. B. M. C, Imjy. Byz. Coins, p. 597, Nos. 44-7, and p. 595, 
 No. 37.) The letters are seldom completely legible. 
 
COINAGE OF THESSALONICA— BRONZE 
 
 203 
 
 Weight 
 51.4 
 
 5M 
 
 44. 
 
 19. 
 
 (clipped) 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE 1. 
 
 JE .95 
 
 JE .9 
 
 JE .7 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [North wick coll., 1860] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 I found tliese coins classified in the British 
 Museum series of Thessalonica, probably by 
 Count de Salis, who presented five specimens to 
 tlie collection. I am not aware if there is any 
 evidence as to provenance, but fabric and style, 
 and especially the resemblance of the reverse to 
 the reverse of Manuel Angelus (Nos. 3, 4, supra, 
 PI. XXVI. 8, 9), render the attribution at least 
 plausible. 
 
 The coins do not bear the name of the issuer, 
 but if of Tliessalonica they would probably 
 have been minted in the city by the despot 
 John Angelus during 1243-1244 (that is, after 
 he had renounced (a.d. 1243) the title of 
 Emperor, under pressure from the Emperor of 
 Nicaea, Jolm I (' III ') Vatatzes), and by his 
 successor the weak Demetrius (1244-1246) 
 whose rule did not extend beyond the city and 
 who was eventually dethroned by the Nicaean 
 Emperor. 
 
 Sabatier, PL 58. 7, is evidently of the same 
 class as our Nos. 1-7. Sabatier has attributed 
 it to Isaac II Angelus, the Byzantine Emperor, 
 A.D. 1185-1195 (first reign), 'but the style and 
 fabric seem to me to be later than Isaac's time. 
 There is, however, another bronze nomisma 
 with similar, but not identical, types which 
 may fairly be assigned to Isaac II : see B. M. C, 
 Imp. Bi/z. Coins, p. 595, No. 37, PL LXXII. 9. 
 
 Plate 
 
 XX vu. 
 4 
 
 xxvii. 
 5 
 
 xxvii. 
 6 
 
 xxvii. 
 7 
 
VI. 
 
 COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF 
 
 NICAEA 
 
 A.D. 1204-1261 
 
 I 
 
 THEODORE I Lascaris 
 
 1204-1222 
 
 (crowned, 1200) 
 
 No. 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 I 
 
 Gold Nomisma (Scypliate) 
 
 IC XC Christ, bearded, 
 seated facing on throne 
 ■without back ; wears 
 nimbus, mantle, and 
 tunic, and holds in 1. 
 book of the Gospels ; r. 
 hand in benediction ; 
 above throne, r. and 1., 
 r and r. 
 
 e€[0]AUJPOC A€C 
 
 n CD n<D[Y?]Pore 
 
 Theodore I, bearded, 
 on 1., and the Virgin 
 on r., standing facing. 
 The Virgin wears nim- 
 bus, veil, mantle, and 
 tunic, and with her r. 
 hand crowns the Em- 
 peror ; I. hand in bene- 
 diction. The Emperor 
 wears crown, tunic, 
 mantle, and scarf, and 
 holds in r. labarum, 
 in 1, sword in sheath. 
 Above, r^FP ; in field r., 
 ■e-V. Border. 
 
 AT. Size. I'Oo inch. Rollin in Rev. num., 1841, 
 p. 172, PI. Wll. Cf. Sabatier, ii. p. 295, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 
 assigned to Theodore ' III ' ( = 11). No. 3, according 
 
THEODORE I— GOLD 
 
 205 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 to Sabatier, reads eGOAOJPOC A8K ACCnO 
 
 THC, a reading which may be suspected, and in 
 any case he is in error in stating that a coin with this 
 reading exists in the British Museum. Photiades, 
 Cat, No. 628, is stated to be like Sabatier, No. 1, 
 PI. 65. 2. 
 
 This coin was found at Brusa (Prusa Bithy- 
 niae), as were other ^old nomismata which 
 there is reason to think are issues of the 
 Nicaean Emperors (see Rollin's account of the 
 find in Rev. num., 1841, pp. 171-6 ; cp. R. iV., 
 1863, p. 459 n.). I follow the reading- and 
 attribution of Rollin, hut the title ' Porphyro- 
 g-enitus ' is strange, because Theodore I was not 
 of the Imperial stock, though he had, it is true, 
 married a daughter of the Emperor Alexius 111. 
 This title was, however, inscribed on the gold 
 coins of Theodore's successor, John I Yatatzes. 
 
 The issue of a g-okl coinage by Theodore I is 
 apparently implied in an agreement made in 
 1219 between Tiepolo, Venetian podesta at Con- 
 stantinople, and Theodore I not to strike any 
 g-old or silver coins in imitation of one another 
 (see Schlumberger, Niivi. de F Orient lat., 
 pp. 275, 276). 
 
 RoUin (o]>. cit., p. 172) further attributes 
 to Theodore I the gokl nomismata with 
 O AACKAPIC, whicli I have assigned in this 
 work to Theodore n (see PI. XXXI. 6, 7). My 
 reasons for the attribution are (i) that it is 
 unlikely that Theodore I would use on his 
 gold coins two distinct legends, viz. the simple 
 name 'Lascaris' and the title 'Porphyro- 
 genitus ' ; (ii) that if these coins are assigned 
 to Theodore I, Theodore II will remain unpro- 
 vided with a g-old coinage, unless, indeed, we 
 may trust the reading- (AVK A O AACKAPI) 
 of the coin which Rollin (p. 174) has assig-ned 
 to Theodore II, a reading which seems to me 
 open to doubt ; (iii) these coins in their style 
 and fabric (rather thick) seem to be later than 
 John I (' III ') Vatatzes, i. e. they must belong 
 to the second and not to the first Theodore ; 
 (iv) as has already been pointed out by 
 Borrell (Num. Qiron., iv, 1841, p. 17), these 
 coins with O AACKAPIC are much alloyed and 
 must therefore be placed later than John 1 
 ('III') Vatatzes, who (according- to Pachy- 
 meres) first considerably debased the g-old 
 coinage, i.e. they must be assigned to John's 
 successor, Theodore 11, and not to John's pre- 
 decessor, Theodore I. 
 
200 
 
 VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Silver Nomisma (Scyphate) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Theodore I, 
 
 Christ, bearded, seated 
 
 
 
 
 
 bearded, on 1. , and St. 
 
 facing- on throne 
 
 
 
 
 
 Theodore, bearded, 
 
 with back, above 
 
 
 
 
 
 on r., standing- fac- 
 
 which, IC and XC ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing-, holding- between 
 
 he wears nimbus 
 
 
 
 
 
 them long- cross with 
 
 cruciger with ♦, 
 
 
 
 
 
 X. The Emperor 
 
 mantle, and tunic, 
 
 
 
 
 
 wears crown, mantle. 
 
 and holds in 1. book 
 
 
 
 
 
 tunic, and sash Avitli 
 
 of Gospels. 
 
 
 
 
 
 stellate orna- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ment, and holds in r. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sheathed sword. St. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Theodore wears nim- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bus, military cloak. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and cuirass, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 holds in 1. sheathed 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sword. Double bor- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 der. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 45-2 
 
 .U M5 
 
 Inscr. obliterated, ex- 
 
 Legs of throne with 
 
 xxviii. 
 
 
 
 
 cept C 
 
 crooked ornament. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 [H. P. Borrell] 
 
 as on coins of John I 
 Vatatzes (PI. XXX. 
 2, 4, 5).^ 
 
 
 
 
 M 1-2 
 
 [eieoAuuPAec no 
 
 
 xxviii. 
 
 
 
 (pierced) 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 In the collection of Profe 
 
 ssor C. W. Oman, Oxford ^ 
 
 
 
 68. 
 
 M 1-3 
 
 A€Cn T 0^ 
 
 (Two borders of dots) 
 
 xxviii. 
 
 
 
 {gilt) 
 
 eeOAUUPOC ; (head 
 of cross varied, with 
 circular ornament) 
 
 Bibliotheque Nationale, 
 num., 1904, p. 107 = B.M. 
 PI. LXIX. 9.=' 
 
 Paris. De Foville in Bev. 
 C, Imp.B\is. Coins, p. 571, 
 
 3 
 
 \ 
 
 ' The identical specimen described and figured {ohr. only) b}' Sabatier, ii, p. 297, 
 No. 6, PI. 6.5. 7. Cp. Sale Cat. of Consul E. F. Weber coll. ; Miinchen (Hirsch, No. xxiv), 
 1909, lot 3342 ; cp. lot 3343. 
 
 ^ Prof. Oman has kindly permitted the publication of this coin, which furnishes 
 valuable testimony as to the issuer's name. It is possible that the issuer may have 
 been Theodore II of Nicaea, but I rather incline to Theodore I, partly because the 
 St. Theodore type seems especially to belong to him, as shown by his billon and bronze 
 coins. In the obv. inscr. P is nearly I, and € in A€C is confused. 
 
 ^ M. de Foville, /. c, attributed this specimen to Manuel I Comnenus (a. D. 1143- 
 1180), relying mainly on a coin of similar type, stated by Sabatier (ii, p. 303, No. 1, 
 PI. 66. 9) to be of gold and to read MANOVHA. This 'Manuel' coin, formerly in the 
 
THEODORE I— BILLON 
 
 207 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Billon Nomisma (Scj-phate) 
 
 
 
 
 
 [eeOAUUPOC on 1. ; 
 eeOAUUPOS on 
 
 fH> -O-y The Virgin, 
 holding the infant 
 
 
 
 
 
 r. *]. Theodore I and ' 
 
 Christ, seated facing 
 
 
 
 
 
 St. Theodore, both 
 
 on throne ; she wears 
 
 
 
 
 
 bearded, standing- 
 
 nimbus, veil, mantle, 
 
 
 
 
 
 facing", liolding- pa- 
 triarchal cross. The 
 
 and tunic; the throne 
 is without back, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 Emperor wears 
 
 is decorated with 
 
 
 
 
 
 crown and long- 
 tunic, and holds in 
 
 squares and pellets. 
 
 
 
 
 
 r. labaruni. St. Theo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dore wears nimbus 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and military dress, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and holds in 1. spear.* 
 Double border. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 64.6 
 
 Billon 
 
 (Traces of inscr. on r.) 
 
 Double-struck. 
 
 xxviii 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-470] 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 54-5 
 
 Billon 
 
 (Traces of inscr. on 
 
 Double-struck. 
 
 xxviii 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 1. and r.) ; double- 
 struck. 
 
 Bronze Nomi 
 
 Inscr. Theodore I and 
 St. Theodore, both 
 bearded, standing 
 facing-, holding pa- 
 triarchal cross. The 
 Emperor wears 
 crown, tunic, and 
 sash, and holds in 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-448] 
 
 snna (Scyphate) 
 
 n? -eV The Virgin, 
 holding the infent 
 Christ, seated facing 
 on throne ; she wears 
 nimbus, veil, mantle, 
 and tunic ; the throne 
 is without back, and 
 is decorated with 
 
 5 
 
 Hoffmann collection, is not now forthcoming, and Sabatier's testimony as to the reading 
 of the issuer's name can hardly be accepted without corroboration. Prof. Oman's coin 
 (PI. XXVIII. 2) renders it almost certain that the name should be read ' Theodore ', and 
 fabric and style point in the direction of Nicaea. 
 
 1 Cf JReviie beige, 1858, p. 275, No. 2, PI. XV. 12, with 0eoA(a)) on 1. The types, 
 and no doubt the inscriptions, are as on the bronze nomisma (Nos. 4-11). 
 
 ^ For a seal attributed to Theodore I see Jouf)ial international d'arch. nntn., Athens, 
 1903, p. 4, and Schlumberger, Me'l. cVarch. hi/z., i, p. 238 : Obr. St. Theodore standing with 
 spear and shield. Rev. e€OAUUPON [AAJCKAPIN TO[N] [BA]CIA€A, &c. 
 
208 
 
 VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 9 
 
 55.3 
 
 59-5 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE 1.15 
 
 JE 1.2 
 
 50-5 .E M 
 
 554 
 
 62. 
 
 50-5 
 
 M 1.05 
 
 M 1.15 
 
 JE M 
 
 Obverse 
 
 r. labarum. St. Theo- 
 dore wears nimbus 
 and military dress, 
 and holds in 1. spear. 
 Double border. 
 
 Traces of inscr. on r. 
 
 ■e-eoA 
 A. ...2 
 
 o-e-6 
 
 Inscr. nearly oblite- 
 rated. 
 
 OAUUPOC ; rest of 
 inscr. obliterated. 
 (Emperor holds in r. 
 cross instead of la- 
 barum) (single bor- 
 der) 
 
 Traces of inscr. on r. 
 (cross? instead of la- 
 barum) (single bor- 
 der) 
 
 Traces of inscr. on r. 
 
 Reverse 
 
 squares and pellets. 
 Double border. 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1106; found 
 in Cyprus ^] 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1106; found 
 in Cyprus] 
 
 Double-strucJi. 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 
 1852, lot 1106; found 
 
 in Cyi^rus] 
 
 Type blurred throug-h 
 
 mis-striking-. 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 
 1852, lot 1106; found 
 
 in Cyprus] 
 
 Double-struck. 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 
 1852, lot 1106; found 
 
 in Cyprus] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 Plate 
 
 xxvm. 
 6 
 
 XXVIU. 
 
 7 
 
 XXVIU. 
 
 8 
 
 XXVIU. 
 
 9 
 
 ' Lot 1106, acquired by the British Museum, consisted of 'five extremely fine and 
 patinated varieties of an unpublished type, all concave ; found in Cyprus '. In the sale 
 catalogue they are attributed to the rebel 'Emperor' Theodore Mankaphas (a.d. 1189 
 and later: cp. B. M. C, Imp. Bijz. Coins, p. Ixvi). The attribution has nothing much to 
 recommend it, and the seat of the short-lived power of Mankaphas was at Philadelphia. 
 No doubt, however, coins are needed for Mankaphas, and are probably to be found among 
 some of the pieces that it is customary to assign to the Theodores of Nicaea and Thessa- 
 lonica (cp. also under Theodore Angelus of Thessalonica, bronze coin, PI. XXVI. 5, p. 196, 
 No. 5, supra). 
 
 ^ This, judging from the shape of the flan, is the identical specimen figured by 
 
 Sabatier, ii, p. 298, No. 12. PI. 65. 13, who has, however, misread the clear O -©-eOA 
 
 as O API OCA and described the saint as Demetrius. For another apparent variety 
 
 of the legend see Photiades, Cat, No. 637. 
 
THEODORE I— BRONZE 
 
 209 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 10 
 
 70. 
 
 M 1-15 
 
 (On 1., 0-e-€OAUJP 
 
 (eV) Type partly 
 
 xxix. 
 
 
 
 
 and the figure of St. 
 
 blurred through mis- 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Theodore upside 
 
 striking. 
 
 
 
 
 
 down ; on r. , 0-O-60 . . 
 and the fig-ure of St. 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-569] 
 
 
 
 
 
 Theodore : throug-h 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mis-striking', the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 figure of the Em- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 peror and the patri- 
 archal cross do not 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 appear) (single bor- 
 der) 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 64-6 
 
 M 1-15 
 
 eeoAUJ poc o.... 
 
 Type blurred through 
 
 xxix. 
 
 
 {pierced) 
 
 {flattened) 
 
 .... Type double-struck, 
 so that each figure 
 appears to liold a 
 patriarchal cross. 
 
 mis-striking, 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 2 
 
 E e 
 
210 
 
 JOHN I Clll') 
 
 Ducas Vatatzes 
 1222-30 Oct. 1254 
 
 No. 
 
 Weiffht 
 
 66S 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 N 1-05 
 
 57-6 
 
 N .9-j 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Gold Nomlsma (scyphate) 
 
 Inscr. On 1., John I, 
 bearded, standing- 
 facing", crowned by 
 the Virgin, who 
 stands on r. , facing- ; 
 above, M-p (or m* or 
 M);jn field r., GV 
 (or -BV). John wears 
 crown, tunic, sash, 
 and mantle,and holds 
 in r. labaruni, in 
 1. sword in sheath. 
 The Virgin wears 
 nimbus, veil, tunic, 
 and mantle ; •*• on 
 drapery ; 1. hand in 
 benediction. Double 
 border of dots. 
 
 lUU 
 
 
 A€C 
 
 CD C=Tw) 
 
 no 
 
 n 
 
 T 
 
 p 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 Double-struck. 
 
 iTI) 
 
 CL 
 
 A€ 
 
 n 
 
 cn 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 [0] 
 
 Christ, bearded, seated 
 facing- on throne 
 without back ; in 1. , 
 book of Gospels ; r. 
 outstretched in bene- 
 diction ; wears tunic, 
 mantle, and nimbus 
 crucig-er, with • in 
 limbs of cross ; above, 
 IC and XC. Double 
 border of dots (some- 
 times not visible). 
 
 On seat of throne, r. 
 and 1., +. Double- 
 struck. 
 
 [C. A. Murray, 1849J 
 
 On seat of throne, r. 
 
 and 1., + 
 [C. A. Murray, 1849] 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 3 
 
JOHN I VATATZES— GOLD 
 
 211 
 
 Weisrht 
 
 61-8 
 
 69-5 
 
 5 64-2 
 
 02- 
 
 G5.7 
 
 714 
 
 644 
 
 69- 
 
 66.7 
 
 (pierced) 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 N 1.05 
 
 N 1-1 
 
 N 1-1 
 
 N M 
 
 N -95 
 
 N 1-05 
 
 Obverse 
 
 M 105 
 
 {formerly 
 plated) 
 
 N 145 [ijoj 
 ..C 
 
 IJOJ 
 
 cn 
 o 
 
 lUU 
 
 lUU 
 .€C 
 
 no 
 
 [T?] 
 
 n 
 p 
 
 V 
 
 n 
 
 [CD?] 
 
 T 
 
 n 
 
 [O?] 
 
 <t) 
 
 [p?] 
 
 'IIUU 
 
 GD 
 
 .€C 
 
 n 
 
 
 <t> 
 
 
 [r?] 
 
 fllUJ 
 
 GQ 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 PO 
 
 r 
 
 GQ 
 
 n 
 <t> 
 p 
 
 r 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (Legend obscure and 
 blundered) 
 
 .V r 
 
 . c ? . ? 
 
 lUU OD 
 
 .6 np 
 
 no 
 
 T V 
 
 .V 1-05 (Inscr. obliterated) 
 
 On seat of throne, r. 
 
 and 1., + 
 [C. A. Murray, 1849] 
 
 On seat of throne, r, 
 
 and 1., + 
 [C. A. .Murray, 1849] 
 
 On seat of throne, 1. 
 [and r. ?], + 
 
 On seat of tlirone, r. 
 and 1., + 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-27] 
 
 Above seat of throne, 
 
 ^•1 •!• (!•! instead 
 of • in cross) 
 [C. A. Murray, 1849] 
 
 Above seat of throne, 
 
 ^•■> •!• {\*\ instead 
 of • in cross) 
 [C. A. Murray, 1849] 
 
 Above seat of throne, 
 
 r., [•?!:• 
 
 [Presented by Mr. J. T. 
 Wood (the explorer 
 of Ephesus), 1874] 
 
 Above seat of throne, 
 r, and 1., • 
 
 Above seat of throne, 
 r. andl., •. Double- 
 struck 
 
 [C. A. Murray, 1849] 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXIX. 
 4 
 
 XXIX. 
 5 
 
 XXIX. 
 
212 
 
 VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 12 
 
 70-2 
 
 N M 
 
 [IJUJ (L 
 A€C P 
 
 no VP 
 
 T 
 
 H r 
 
 [C. A. Murray, 1849] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 73-8 
 
 {flattened) 
 
 iTD (OD blundered) 
 A€C n 
 
 n. 
 
 n p 
 
 r 
 
 [H. P. Borrell .sale, 
 1852, lot 971] 
 
 xxix. 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 (Pressed flat) 
 
 
 14 
 
 64-8 
 
 N l-O.") 
 
 [IIUU CD 
 .€C n 
 
 <D 
 
 V 
 
 P 
 
 r 
 
 (One border, linear 
 only .?) 
 
 Double-struck. 
 [Royal coll.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 67.0 
 
 N h 
 
 [I]UJ CD 
 
 .€c n 
 n. <D 
 
 T 
 
 (One border only ?) 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 972] 
 
 
 16 
 
 62-1 
 
 {jnerced 
 
 N 1-2 
 
 (Ml for nFp) 
 
 lUJ CD 
 
 . €C (blurred) n 
 
 (D 
 
 P 
 
 r 
 
 Double-struck. 
 [Purchased, 1905, 
 4-8-27] 
 
 xxix. 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 r.5. 
 
 .V -95 
 
 [IJUJ CD 
 
 ..c n 
 
 (Border obliterated) 
 (On o6r., graffito X ; 
 
 Above seat of throne, 
 on 1,, A, on r., P 
 
 on rec.^ graffito lUJ) 
 
 
 18 
 
 (17.2 
 
 N \.\ 
 
 [l]lD CD (1^ blun- 
 A€C n dered) 
 
 n 
 
 c <t> 
 
 1 
 
 r. 
 
 •c 
 
 • 
 
 [Blacas, 18()7] 
 
 
JOHN I VATATZES— GOLD 
 
 213 
 
 No. 
 19 
 
 Weight 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 65-6 
 
 (pierced 
 
 69- 
 
 46-2 
 
 (^pierced) 
 
 65-9 
 
 {pierced) 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 N 1. 
 
 {flattened) 
 
 N M 
 
 M 1- 
 
 A^ 1-05 
 
 73-3 A^ 105 
 
 61-9 ; A^ 1-05 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (;:: for NFf ; V for eV) 
 
 (Pressed flat) 
 
 [Colonel De Bosset] 
 
 (e for M-P;eV omitted 
 
 [l]UJ 
 
 A.C 
 
 no 
 
 T 
 
 lUU 
 
 no 
 
 T 
 
 T 
 
 n 
 p 
 
 CD 
 
 n 
 
 Inscr. on 1., 
 on r., (L 
 
 n 
 
 blurred 
 
 UU 
 
 UJ 
 
 ' ' border 
 I J only) 
 
 CD 
 
 n (One bor- 
 
 <t> deronlv) 
 
 [Pj 
 
 (••* for • in cross) 
 [C*. A. Murray, 1849] 
 
 (^Ancient forg-erv ?) 
 [Royal coll.] 
 
 Double-struck. 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 6-4-481] 
 
 (One border only) 
 [Townshend coll.] 
 
 Double-struck ; above 
 
 throne, r., • 
 [Parkes ^^'eber g-ift, 
 
 1906] 
 
 Nos. 1-21 have ali-eady been described in 
 B. M. C, Imperial Byzantine Coins Q^^. 557 ff., 
 Nos. 20-40), where they are attributed to the 
 Constantinopolitan Emperor John II Com- 
 nenus, a. d. 1118-1143. The main argument 
 in favour of that attribution was the presence 
 on them of the epithet ' Porphyrogenitus ', an 
 epithet wliich is found on the indisjiutable coins 
 of John n (such as B. M. C, Imp. B(jz. Coins, 
 PI. LXYII. 1 1), and which is not known — at 
 least from literature — to have been borne by 
 any other emperor named John. 
 
 in spite, however, of this consideration, I am 
 now convinced by the arguments of Rollin 
 (^Revue numismatique, 1841, vol. vi, pp. 173 f.) 
 andH. P. Borrell (xV^^7?i. C/iron.,iy, 1841, p. 18) 
 that, on grounds of style, fabric, and pro- 
 venance, the coins belong- to John I Yatatzes 
 of Nicaea. 
 
 Plate 
 
214 
 
 VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA 
 
 No. 
 
 Weiffht 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (i) The most convincino- evidence in favour 
 of the attribution of Nos. 1-24 to John I is 
 obtained by comiiaring- tliein with the g-old 
 nomismata of Tiieodore II of Nicaea (PI. XXXI. 
 G-7), wliich last-named coins (whetherlhey are 
 really of Theodore II or, as is possibly the 
 case, of Theodore I) are beyond all question 
 the issues of a Nicaean Emperor, for thev bear 
 the surname O AACKAPIC. 
 
 (ii) Although in type and g-eneml appear- 
 ance (especially tlie seated Christ of the rci\) 
 Nos. 1-24 bear not a little resemblance to the 
 g'old nomismata of John II, it will be found 
 on a minute examination that there are dif- 
 ferences in several details, and that, in point 
 of style, the coins of John II the Byzantine 
 are of more careful workmanship and design 
 than those wliicli we here transfer to John I 
 the Nicaean. The coins, moreover, indicate 
 a difference of alloy wliich the eye can easily 
 detect ; thus, it can be seen that several of the 
 coins assigned to John I are of a brownish hue 
 (betraying the presence of cojiper), while those 
 of John II are yellow or orange. 
 
 (iii) A hoard of nearly 1000 gold coins, 
 discovered near Smyrna " and described by 
 H. P. BorreU (^Num.^ Chron., iv, 1841, p. 18), 
 consisted almost entirely of coins of ' John ' 
 (like our Nos. 1-24) mixed with a few of Theo- 
 dore II of Nicaea and a few of ]\Iichael VIII 
 Palaeologus, the latest emperor of Nicaea. 
 Now, the coins of Theodore II and Michael VIII 
 cover (approximately) the period a.d. 1254- 
 1282, and (as Mr. Borrell has already observed) 
 it is highly probable that the ' John ' of this 
 hoard is the predecessor of Theodore II, namely 
 John I Vatatzes (a. d. 1222-1254), and not the 
 Emperor John II Comnenus who had reigned 
 so long before as a. d. 1118-1143. A less 
 important piece of evidence from provenance 
 is the finding of a coin resembling our Nos. 1-24 
 at Brusa in Bithynia, together (apparently) 
 with other gold coins of Nicaean emperors (see 
 Rev. num.., 1841, vi, pp. 172 f ). 
 
 (iv) The ti-ansference of our Nos. 1-24 from 
 John II to John I offers the advantage of 
 relieving the former of a somewhat super- 
 abundant coinage in gold and of providing 
 the latter with a currency in a metal that 
 there are good historical grounds for believing 
 him to have employed. Thus, Pachymeres 
 (vol. ii, p. 493, ed. JBonn ; cp. Finlay, Hist. 
 Greece., iii, p. 320) clearly testifies to the issue 
 
JOHN I VATATZES— SILVER 
 
 215 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 of gold coins by Jolm I, thoug-li he tells us 
 that only two parts were of the pure metal, 
 the rest being- alloy. Cp. p. 214 (ii), supra. 
 
 (v) The arguments above suggested (i, ii, 
 iii, iv) seem to me to be much weightier 
 tlian any that can be based on the inscription 
 ' Porphyrogenitus '. John I had, indeed, no 
 right to such a title, for he was not the son 
 of the preceding emperor (Theodore I), with 
 whom he was only connected through having 
 married his daughter Irene (cp. Pappadopoulos, 
 Theodore II Lascaris^ p. 4). Yet it is not 
 inconceivable that John, in his position of 
 assertor, against foreign and other rivals, of 
 the claims of the ancient empire, took such 
 a title as Porphyrogenitus, and there is reason 
 to suppose that it had already been assumed 
 by Tlieodore I (see the gold coin assig-ned to 
 Theodore I, supra, p. 204). The high pre- 
 tensions of John are, moreover, apparent in 
 the inscription of a seal which, according to 
 Schlumberger (Sigillogr., pp. 428, 429), should 
 be assigned to him rather than to John I of 
 Neopatras: COPAPIC C€BACTOV IUUANNS 
 T» ASKA PIZAN r€NOVC 6X0NT0C €K 
 BACIAeUJN. 
 
 It may perhaps be added that among the 
 gold coins assig'ned to John II Comnenus in 
 B. M. C, Imjh Byz. Coins, pp. 559 f., are certain 
 other specimens which may seem to have some 
 claim to be transferred to John I Yatatzes : 
 these are Nos. 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 15-19, But I believe, 
 after careful consideration, that they are best 
 left — as at present — to John II. 
 
 Silver Nomlsma (scyphate) 
 
 Type 1 
 
 Inscr. John I (on 1.) 
 and St. Constantine 
 (on r.) standing 
 facing, holding be- 
 tween them patri- 
 archal cross with X 
 on its upper shaft. 
 The Emperor is 
 bearded, and wears 
 crown, tunic, and 
 sash with stellate 
 ornament : he holds 
 
 Christ, bearded, seated 
 facing" on throne 
 with back ; in 1., 
 book of Gospels ; 
 wears tunic, mantle, 
 and nimbus cruciger, 
 with • in limbs of 
 cTOSs; above, IC and 
 XC. Linear border. 
 
 Plate 
 
216 
 
 VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA 
 
 No. 
 
 ■JO 
 
 Weight 
 
 41-6 
 
 L>6 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 M 14 
 
 50-7 
 
 Ai 1-3 
 
 Obverse 
 
 in r., plain cross. 
 The Saint is bearded, 
 and wears nimbus, 
 crown, tunic, and 
 sash, the two latter 
 being- richly orna- 
 mented, but varying 
 from tlie dress of the 
 Emperor ; lie liolds 
 in 1. sword in 
 sheath (?). Linear 
 border. 
 
 HJUA€[C]nOT[H?] 
 (onl.) O/KUUTAN 
 TIN (onr.) 
 
 Reverse 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1035 '] 
 
 Type 2 
 
 Inscr. John I (on 1.), 
 bearded, and the 
 Christ of Chalce, 
 bearded (on r.), 
 standing facing. The 
 Emperor wears 
 crown, tunic, mantle, 
 and sash with stellate 
 ornament, and holds 
 in r. labarum, in 1. 
 g-lobus cruciger. 
 Christ wears nimbus 
 cruciger (with • in 
 cross), mantle, and 
 tunic, and with r. 
 hand crowns the 
 Emperor, holding in 
 1. liand book of Gos- 
 pels. Double linear 
 border. 
 
 HJU_A[€CnOTH?]C IC 
 X [XAAJKITHC 
 
 The Virgin, seated fa- 
 cing on throne with 
 back, holding infant 
 Christ ; she wears 
 nimbus, veil, tunic, 
 and mantle, with •*• 
 ornament ; above, 
 fy? and -O^ ; legs of 
 throne with crooked 
 ornament. Linear 
 border. - 
 
 PJatc 
 
 XXX. 1 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 
 4-3-28] 
 
 XXX. 2 
 
 * This coin (like Nos. 26-9, Infra) is of spread, thin fabric, and somewhat resembles 
 a large bracteate (No. 1 of Theodore I, sxpra, has a very similar fabric). It is the 
 identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 296, No. 5. PI. 65. 6, who has entirely 
 
 misread the legend as eGOAUU O AflOC AHMHTPI and assigned the coin 
 
 to Theodore ' III' (= II) of Nicaea. 
 
 St. Constantine is also represented on the coins of Alexius III (a. d. 1195-1203) 
 standing beside the Emperor: see B. M. C, Imp. Bij:. Coins, pp. 699-604. 
 
 ^ Nos. 26-9 have the same bracteate-like appearance as No. 25. , As to the Christ of 
 Chalce see Dumout in Rev. num., 1867, p. 199, &c. ; Schlumberger, VEpop. hyz., i, pp. 80, 
 
JOHN I YATATZES— SILVER ; BRONZE 
 
 217 
 
 No. 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 Weight 
 
 48-8 
 
 49-1 
 
 (chipped) 
 
 473 
 
 (chipped) 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 30 
 
 JR 1-3 
 
 M 1-3 
 
 M 1-25 
 
 4G-4 JE 1-2 
 
 KJUA€CnOTI IC 
 X (rest obliterated) 
 
 ILUA€CnOTHI IC 
 XC [0?]XAAKITIC 
 
 IUJ....OTI IC 
 XC XAAKITIC 
 
 Reverse 
 
 [H. P. BorreU sale, 
 1852, lot 1032] 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1029] 
 
 [de Salis gift] ^ 
 
 Bronze Nomisma (scypliate) 
 
 Type 1 
 
 Inscr. John I, bearded, 
 standing- facing-, 
 holding in r. la- 
 barum, in 1. sword in 
 sheath; wears crown, 
 mantle, tunic, and 
 sash with stellate 
 ornament. Double 
 linear border. 
 
 [I]UJ 
 
 [A€]C 
 
 o 
 
 A 
 5 
 
 KA 
 C 
 
 Inscr. Christ of Chalce, 
 bearded, standing 
 facing, holding in 1. 
 book of Gospels ; 
 wears nimbus cru- 
 el ger (with • in 
 cross), tunic, and 
 mantle. Linear bor- 
 der. 
 
 above. 
 
 X Kl 
 
 [A]A TH 
 
 [IC] and XC 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1109]" 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXX. 3 
 
 XXX. 4 
 
 XXX. 5 
 
 XXX. 6 
 
 83 ; cp. B. M. C. Imp. Byz. Coins, pp. 545 n., 599, 600. Dumont {op. cit., p. 195 ; cp. 
 Photiades, Cat., No. 676) has suggested that a silver scyphate coin in the Photiades collec- 
 tion with ohv. the Christ of Chalce, IC XC O XAAKHTHC, rev. the Virgin standing, 
 belongs to the reign of John 'IIP (=1) Yatatzes (cp. the rev. of No. 29, infra (Christ of 
 Chalce). The attribution seems probable, but no issuer's name appears upon the coin. 
 
 With the type of the Virgin on Nos. 26-9 compare coins of Isaac II, B. M. C, Imp. 
 Byz. Coins, PI. LXXI. 17. 
 
 ^ The coin in Sabatier, ii, p. 198, No. 8, PI. 53. 18, of the same type as our 
 Nos. 26-9, has evidently been misread and wrongly attributed to the Emperor John II 
 Comnenus. 
 
 '^ This is the identical specimen published by Sabatier, PI. 64. 10, ii, p. 293, No. 4, 
 but he has misread O A5KAC as O A€CnOTHC and not deciphered the rev. 
 inscr. On the Christ of Chalce see p. 216 n., supra. 
 
 F f 
 
218 
 
 VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA 
 
 No. 
 
 31 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 61-2 JE 1-2 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 29-3 .E .75 
 
 32-5 
 
 JE -85 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Type 2 
 
 Inscr. Jolin I, bearded, 
 seated facings on 
 throne with back, 
 holding in r. cruci- 
 form sceptre ; in 1. 
 globus cruciger; 
 wears crown and 
 tunic. Double linear 
 border. 
 
 lUU MCn OAS KA. 
 
 (double-struck) 
 
 v^ -Fi 
 
 lYI 8 
 
 I 
 
 St. Demetrius, wear- 
 ing* nimbus and mili- 
 tary dress, standing 
 facing ; holds in r. 
 spear ; ]. rests on 
 kite-shaped sliield. 
 Linear border. 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot nil'] 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXX. 7 
 
 Bronze 
 
 Type 1 
 
 Inscr. John I, bearded, 
 standing facing, 
 holding in r. laba- 
 rum, in 1. globus 
 cruciger ; wears 
 crown, tunic, and 
 mantle. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 iiD o 
 
 € 
 
 lUJ 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 Head of seraph, with 
 two wings - ; on each 
 side, •,' Border of 
 dots. 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 XXX. 8 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 1 
 
 ' The identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 298, No. 10, PI. 65. 11 (cp. 
 Photiades, Cat., No. 633^), who has strangely read the ohv. legend as 660^0 P Z\6Cn 
 and assigned the coin to Theodore ' III ' (= II) of Nicaea. 
 
 2 Contrast the seraph-head on coins of Andronicus II and Michael IX ; B. M. C. Imp. 
 Bijz. Coins, p. 623, No. 32, PI. LXXV. 10, The specimen described by Ranch and Fried- 
 laender (in Koehne's Zeitschrift filr Mum-, Siec/el- uiid Wappenkunde (Berlin), ii, 1842, 
 p. 203, PI. VI. 17= de Saiilcy 'in 'i?cy. num., 1842, p. 416, PL XIX. 8j as having on the 
 rtc. a vine-leaf or a shield is really of the seraph-type. 
 
JOHN I VATATZES— BRONZE 
 
 21& 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 34 
 
 27.9 
 
 JE 
 
 •65 
 
 O 
 A 
 8 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 27-5 
 
 M 
 
 •75 
 
 lUJ 
 
 A 
 
 €C 
 
 no 
 
 Tl 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Type 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. John I, beard- 
 ed, standing- facing, 
 holding- in r. laba- 
 runi, in 1. sword in 
 sheatli ; wears crown, 
 mantle, tunic, and 
 sash. Border of dots. 
 
 (A) ^ Bust of St. 
 Georg-e, beardless, 
 facing- ; hair curly ; 
 wears nimbus, cui- 
 rass, and cloak, and 
 holds in r. spear, in 
 1. shield. ' Border of 
 dots. 
 
 
 36 
 
 332 
 
 JE 
 
 •8 
 
 .OD 0A» 
 
 .€ K 
 
 C A 
 
 S 
 
 [Northwick sale, 1860] 
 
 xxxi. 
 2 
 
 37 
 
 49-8 
 
 M 
 
 •75 
 
 lUJ 
 A6C A 
 
 no s 
 
 H 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-471] 
 
 xxxi. 
 3 
 
 38 
 
 34-4 
 
 M 
 
 .85 
 
 iTD 
 
 A€ A 
 
 no e 
 
 T K 
 H A 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 xxxi. 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 30-3 
 
 M 
 
 ■Cro 
 
 .Gu 
 
 A€ AS 
 C K 
 
 no A 
 
 c 
 
 (A for A) 
 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 xxxi. 
 5 
 
 * With this type of St. George on coins cp. B. M. C, Imp. Buz. Coins, p. 587, Nos. 19 r 
 20 ; p. 606, No. 43. 
 
 To tyi^es 1 and 2 of the bronze coinage should be added the following : Ohv. ILU A€C 
 O ASKAC. The Emperor standing. Eev. Four interlaced bands. Thomsen, Cat., 
 No. 836 ; Sabatier, PL 64. 11 and 12 ; de Saulcy in Rev. num., 1842, p. 416, PI. XIX. 7. 
 
220 
 
 THEODORE II Ducas Lascarls 
 1-254— Aug. 1258 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 66-3 
 
 65. 
 
 N 1. 
 
 N 1.05 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Gold Nomisma (scypliate) 
 
 Inscr. Theodore II, 
 bearded, on 1., and 
 the Virgin, on r., 
 standing-facing. The 
 Virgin wears nim- 
 bus, veil, mantle, and 
 tunic, and with her 
 r. hand crowns the 
 Emperor ; herl. hand 
 in benediction. The 
 Emperor wears 
 crown, tunic, man- 
 tle, and sash ; holds 
 in r. labarum, in 1. 
 sword in sheath ; 
 above, NH»; in field 
 r., eV. Double 
 linear border. 
 
 e€ 
 
 no 
 
 OAUU 
 
 Tie 
 
 POC 
 
 OA 
 
 AC 
 
 rKi 
 
 C 
 
 LpJ 
 
 ee 
 
 n . 
 
 . AUU 
 
 1\. 
 
 . . c 
 
 OA 
 
 .€ 
 
 K 
 
 c 
 
 P 
 
 IC XC Christ,bearded, 
 seated facing on 
 throne without back ; 
 wears nimbus, man- 
 tle, and tunic, and 
 holds in 1. book of 
 Gospels ; r. liand in 
 benediction. Linear 
 border. 
 
 Above throne, on r., A 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 
 1852, lot 968] 
 
 Above throne, on r.,7K 
 
 [H. P. BorreU sale, 
 
 1852, lot 970] 
 
 Nos. 1 and 2 are from a hoard discovered 
 near Smyrna (Borrell in Num. Ckron.., iv, 1841, 
 p. 18). It is somewhat strange that Theodore II 
 abandons the title Porpliyrogenitus borne on 
 the gold coins of his father and predecessor 
 John I Vatatzes, and on this account it might 
 be thought that tlie gold coin assigned, supra^ 
 
 Plate 
 
 6 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 7 
 
 i 
 
THEODORE II— SILVER 
 
 221 
 
 No. 
 
 Weisrht 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 p. 204, to Theodore I, which has the epithet 
 Porphyrog-enitus, would be best attributed to 
 Theodore 11. On the whole, however, for the 
 reasons stated supra., p. 205, the attribution of 
 our gold coins (Nos. 1 and 2) with O AACKA 
 PIC to Theodore II seems preferable ; and the 
 g-old coins with Porphyrog'enitus are thus left 
 to Theodore 1. 
 
 No. 1 is the identical specimen published by 
 Sabatier, ii, p. 296, No. 3, PL 65. 4, who has 
 wrongly read L^C as AttK and omitted O A, 
 &c., on"^the ohv. The A above the throne on 
 the rev. of Nos. 1 and 2 has by some been 
 regarded as a monogram of AA (Lascaris) but 
 it is much simpler to consider it a form of the 
 letter A. SimiLar letters are found above the 
 throne of the Saviour on Nicaean coins, as 
 foUows:— r r on gold of Theodore I, sinjra., 
 p. 204 ; A A (or A Zi ?) on a gold coin of Tlieo- 
 ilore II {Rev. num., 1841, PI. IX. 1) ; f P on 
 a silver coin attributed to Theodore II {infra., 
 No. 4, rev. Virgin enthroned) ; cp. IC AK on 
 a silver coin assigned to Theodore Angelus of 
 Thessalonica, supra, p. 193, No. 1. These may, 
 of course, be money ers' marks denoting different 
 issues, but the view of Svoronos (Journal inter- 
 nat. (Parch, num., ii, 1899, p. 387) is perhaps 
 to be preferred, viz. that such letters are 
 descriptive of the enthroned figure (Christ or 
 the Virgin). Thus, IC XC A A is explained as 
 
 'Ir;o-ot)s XptOTOS "A/J^wv ' Apypvnav ; A aS aytos, «&C. 
 
 Sliver Nomlsma (scyphate) 
 
 Plate 
 
 Type 1 
 
 Inscr. Theodore II, 
 bearded, on 1., and 
 Christ, bearded, on 
 r., standing facing. 
 Christ Avears nimbus 
 cruciger (with •), 
 tunic, and mantle, 
 and with r. crowns 
 the Emperor ; in 1., 
 book of Gospels ; 
 above, IC; on r., 
 XC. The Emperor 
 wears crown, mantle, 
 tunic, and sash with 
 
 The Virgin seated fac- 
 ing on throne with 
 back, holding infant 
 Christ ; she wears 
 nimbus, veil, tunic, 
 and mantle ; above, 
 r^Ff and eV. Border 
 of dots. 
 
222 
 
 VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 42-3 
 
 {pierced) 
 
 49-2 
 
 63-G 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M M 
 
 {gilt) 
 
 A{ M5 
 
 JE M5 
 
 Obverse 
 
 stellate ornament, 
 and holds in r. long" 
 sword, in 1. roll or 
 short staff. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 eeOAUJPC ASKAC 
 
 [de Salis g-ift] 
 
 . . . C ASKAC 
 
 [Purchased, 1D05, 
 4-8-22] 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Two lis on back of 
 throne (IVP eV) 
 (no border) ' 
 
 (Back of throne varied, 
 and instead of the 
 lis, r and P) ^ 
 
 Type 2 
 
 Similar to the bronze nomisma No. 5, infra : 
 see Moiistier, Cat. ^ 'No. 41 G8; Photiades, Cat., 
 No. 630. 
 
 Bronze Nomisma (scyphate) 
 
 Type 1 
 
 Inscr. Tiieodore II, 
 bearded, standing- 
 facing-, holding' in r. 
 labarum, in 1. glo- 
 bus crucig-er ; wears 
 crown, mantle, and 
 tunic ; above, r., 
 QnanvH Dei crowning- 
 Emperor. 
 
 ee 
 
 OAUJ 
 . . C 
 
 AS 
 
 KAC 
 
 OA. 
 
 CK . 
 
 P. 
 
 C 
 
 Inscr. St. Tryphon, 
 wearing^ nimbus, 
 tunic, and mantle, 
 standing- facing- ; in 
 r., patriarchal cross; 
 in field, 1. and r. , lis. 
 
 ® J 
 
 [TP in mon.] V 
 [de Salis gift] =* 
 
 Pressed flat. 
 
 ^ The identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 297, No. 8, PI. 65. 9. The 
 Emperor holds a long sword, and not, as Sabatier states, a cross or labarum. The lis 
 (which occurs also on No. 5, infra, has been regarded as an emblem of the Lascaris 
 family (Sathas in Rev. airJu'oL 1877, Pt. 1, p. 99), but it appears not infrequently on 
 Byzantine and mediaeval coins (see Longperier, (Euvres, vi. 26 = Rev. num. 1869-70, 
 pp. 270 f.). 
 
 - This coin was acquired by the Museum in 1905, from MM. Rollin and Feuardent, 
 and is probably the identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 175, No. 4, PI. 51. 5, 
 as belonging to them. Sabatier attributed it to Michael Vll Ducas. With r P compare 
 remarks on Nos. 1 and 2. siq)m. 
 
 ^ The identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 298, No. 13, PI. 66. 1 = Revue 
 
THEODORE II— BRONZE 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 69. 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE 1.15 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 Type 2 
 
 Inscr. Theodore II, 
 bearded, on 1., and 
 the Virg-in, on r., 
 standing- facing-. The 
 Emperor wears 
 crown, mantle, tunic, 
 and sash with stel- 
 late ornament, and 
 holds in r. long 
 cross, in 1. globus 
 cruciger. The Virgin 
 wears nimbus, veil, 
 mantle, and tunic 
 (•/ on drapery), and 
 with r. liand crowns 
 the Em])eror ; 1. hand 
 in benediction. Bor- 
 der. 
 
 66 
 
 An 
 p.c 
 
 n[0] 
 Tic 
 
 OA. 
 K. 
 
 [A€C] [P?] 
 
 above, and on r., 
 
 traces of i^H* and 
 
 ev 
 
 Pressed flat ; double-struck on rev., and 
 restruck ? ' 
 
 Inscr. Christ seated 
 (or standing?) fac- 
 ing ; holding in 1. 
 book of Gospels. 
 
 B and traces of 
 other letters, 
 [de Salis gift] 
 
 two 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 11 
 
 beige, 1859, p. 319. St. Tiyphon, who is also represented on the bronze nomisma of 
 Michael VIII, described infra, was martyred at Nicaea, and honoured as its patron. 
 Theodore II built a church at Nicaea dedicated to this saint, and wrote an eulogium 
 of him. With the lis cp. the rev. of No. 3, supra. The lis occurs as the rev. type of 
 a bronze coin (of Theodore II ?) with the name 'Theodore ', attributed in Bev. num., 1865, 
 p. 291, PI. XII. 5, to Theodore Angelus of Thessalonica, Sabatier, PI. 67. 10, 
 ' Trebizond,' is clearly misdrawn, and evidently represents on the rev. St. Tryphon ; the 
 coin (as already suggested in Journ. int. cVarch. mtni., ii, p. 224, by C. M. Constanto- 
 poulos) is doubtless not of Trebizond, but of Nicaea (Theodore II or John I ?). 
 
 ^ Evidently the same specimen as Sabatier, ii, p. 302, No. 2, PI. 66. 8 = Sabatier in 
 Revue helge, 1859, p. 320, though the rev. type is unaccountably described as a ' croix 
 grecque'. Sabatier has assigned the coin to Theodore Angelus of Thessalonica, but the 
 name O AACKAPIC (not recognized by Sabatier on the coin) proves that the specimen 
 belongs to one of the Nicaean Theodores, and probably to Theodore II, as a comparison 
 of the obv. with the obv. of the gold nomisma of Theodore II (PI. XXXI. 6) suggests (cp. 
 also the ohv. of the bronze nomisma of Michael VIII described infra). On the B B see 
 Svoronos in Journ. int. (Varch. num., ii, pp. 381 f, 386; Sathas in Rev. arche'ol., 1877, 
 Pt. 1, pp. 92 f. Cp. Hasluck, Ann. Brit. Sch. Athens, xv (1908-9), p. 265. 
 
224 
 
 JOHN II('IV') Lascaris 
 A.D. 1258-1259 
 
 No coins known. 
 
 MICHAEL VIII Palaeologus 
 
 Jak. 1260 ' — Aug. 1261 (at Nicaea) 
 (15 Aug. 1261—11 Dec. 1282, at Constantinople) 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Gold Nomisma 
 
 The extant g'old coins bearing- the name of 
 Michael are of two types : i. with rev. View of 
 Constantinople (B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins., 
 Pi. LXXIY. 1 ) ; ii. with rev. Virg-in enthroned 
 {ib. PI. LXXIV. 3). Of these, No. i was 
 obviously struck in Constantinople ; No. ii has 
 some claims to be regarded as belong-ing- to 
 the Nicaean coinag-e of Michael, but until con- 
 vincing- evidence from finds is forthcoming- it 
 seems best to regard it as another type of tlie 
 Constantinopolitan coinage of Micliael: see 
 B. M. C, Imj). Bijz. Coins, p. 610, note 1. 
 With regard to tlie specimens described in the 
 British Museum Catalogue, Nos. 1-5 are un- 
 doubtedly of Constantinople. If the gold 
 nomisma, No. 6 {rev. Virgin enthroned), be 
 assigned to Nicaea, it would seem that the 
 bronze nomismata, Nos. 7-12, should also be 
 attributed to tlie same mint. 
 
 Plate 
 
 ^ As to this date see Bury, ed. Gibbon's Decline and Fall, vol. vi, p. 439. 
 
MICHAEL ATII— BRONZE 
 
 225 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Bronze Nomisma 
 
 X 
 
 M 
 
 r 
 
 
 (A) 
 
 <t) 
 
 T P 
 
 UJ 
 
 V 
 
 N 
 
 St. Tryphon, standing 
 facing, wearing nimbus 
 and mantle ; holds in 
 r, short cross. Border. 
 
 on 
 
 AA 
 
 €0 
 AO 
 
 r 
 c 
 
 Michael VIII, bearded, on 
 1., and the Virgin, on 
 r., standing facing. 
 Michael wears crown, 
 mantle, tunic, and sash 
 with stellate ornament, 
 and holds in r. long 
 cross, in 1. roll or staff. 
 The Virgin wears nim- 
 bus, veil, mantle, and 
 tunic, and with r. hand 
 crowns Michael ; her 
 1. in benediction. 
 Above /, (for M-f) ; in 
 
 field r.,-^V. Border. 
 
 M. Size, 1 inch. Published by P. Lambros in Zeit- 
 schrift fur Num., ix, 1882, p. 44. (With the rev. cp. 
 Theodore II, No. 5, p. 222, supra.) If the description 
 of the obv. legend is correct, the title despotes, found 
 on his Constantinopolitan money, is omitted by 
 Michael on this coinage. 
 
 Plate 
 
 ogr 
 
VII. 
 
 COINS OF THE DESPOTS OF 
 EPIRUS 
 
 MICHAEL I Angelus Comnenus Ducas 
 A.D. 1205-1214 
 
 Nomisma 
 Obv. C\ k LH Michael I and St. Demetrius standing facing", holding 
 between them a nimbate cross. 
 
 V 
 
 Rev. «- St. Michael standing- facing. 
 
 M Concave. 
 
 Schlumberger, Num. de I'Or. lat., p. 373. Cp. PI. XIII. 21. Berlin 
 Museum, &c. Cp. Sabatier, PI. 59. 10 and 11 (incorrectly engraved, and 
 attributed to the Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus). 
 
 A specimen of the coin has been found in Epirus : see W. Miller, Latins 
 in the Levant^ p. 80 and references there. 
 
 Another concave nomisma is attributed by P. Lambros and Schlumberger 
 to Michael I (or Michael II), and is thus described by Schlumberger :— 
 
 Obv. St. Michael standing holding a castle with three towers (the 
 
 Castle of Arta ?). 
 Rev. O Af XMHA Bust of the despot Michael. Schlumberger, 
 
 Num. de I' Or. lat., p. 373. (Bronze or Billon.) 
 
 This coin is also described by Sabatier, ii, p. 242, No. 10, PI. 59. 12, who, 
 however, attributes it to the Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, a less 
 probable attribution. Sabatier reads on the oJr. MX, and describes the rev. 
 type not as the despot Michael, but as the Archangel Michael, and this 
 description would seem, from the accompanying legend, to be more jirobable 
 than Schlumberger's. But the coin does not, at present, appear to be quite 
 satisfactorily figured and described. 
 
 As to the coinage of later Despots of Epirus see ' Introduction ', supra., 
 § vii. 
 
VIII. 
 
 COINS OF THE DUCHY OF 
 NEOPATRAS 
 
 (Great Vlakia) 
 
 JOHN I Angelus Comnenus, Duke and Sebastocrator 
 A.D. 1271-1296 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Bronze Nomij 
 lUJ Le 
 
 cn 
 
 OT 
 HC 
 
 John l,standing' facing-, 
 crowned by 77t((>im 
 Dei (on r.) ; wears 
 crown, robe, and 
 mantle ; liolds in r. 
 labarum, in 1. volu- 
 men ; in field 1., 
 angel's wing- ? 
 Double border. 
 
 sma (scyphate) 
 
 fH> eV Bust of the 
 Virg-in facing ; wears 
 nimbus, veil, tunic, 
 and mantle ; in field, 
 1. and r., small cross. 
 Border. 
 
 
 1 
 
 44.3 
 
 JE 11 
 
 
 [de Salis gift 'J 
 
 xxxi. 
 12 
 
 * The attribution is that of P. Lambros {Rev. num., 1869-1870, p. 188, No, 2), who 
 published a similar nomisma in the Athens Museum. If the object in the field of the 
 obv. is, as Lambros explains it, an angel's wing, it is no doubt a symbol of John Angelus. 
 Lambros thinks that on grounds of style the coin is more likely to belong to this John 
 Angelus than to John Angelus the Despot of Thessalonica. I do not feel quite the same 
 certainty, but the attribution (accepted also by Schlumberger, Num. de VOrient lat, 
 p. 381) may be adopted. The appearance of the symbol or signet of Angelus seems 
 like a new departure, such as might be made by the first duke and founder of Neopatras, 
 but which is less likely to have been due to John Angelus of Thessalonica because he 
 was not the founder but only the third ruler of that empire, and his predecessors, 
 though also Angeli, made no use of any such symbol. 
 
228 
 
 \']II. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF NEOPATRAS 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 lUJ 
 
 C 
 
 n 
 o 
 
 A M Bust of St. Mi- 
 chael, facing ; wears 
 nimbus and robe ; hold- 
 ing in r. sword, in 1. 
 srlobus cracisrer. Border. 
 
 John I, seated facing on 
 throne, crowned by 
 tnaiiKS Dei (on r.); wears 
 crown, robe, and man- 
 tle ; in r.. cruciform ; 
 sceptre ; in 1.. volumen ; 
 in field 1., angel's wing ? 1 
 Double or triple border. 
 
 M. Scyphate Nomisma. Size, 1-1 inch. Athens 
 National Museum. Described, Ret: num., 1869-1870, 
 p. 187, No. 1, PI. IX. 2 (P. Lambros) = Schlumberger, 
 Kiini. de VOrient lat., p. 381, PI. XIII. 22.i 
 
 Plate 
 
 * The seal of ' John Ducas', assigned by P. Lambros {loc. cit., p. 188) to this John I 
 Angelus, is thought by Schlumberger (S(V/i7., p. 429) to appertain i-ather to John I ('III') 
 Ducas Vatatzes, the Emperor of Nicaea. In the rer. inscription the owner of the seal 
 proclaims himself as PIZAN r€NOVC 6X0NT0C €K BACIA6UJN. Cp. p. 215, 
 si<2)>'a. 
 
229 
 
 CONSTANTINE Angeius 
 A.D. 1296-1303 
 
 No coins known. 
 
 JOHN II Angelas Comnenus 
 
 A.D. 1303-1318 
 
 Struck deniers toiirnois of the French type (obv. Chatel tournois : rev. 
 Cross) with iiiscr. angelvs sab. c. (i.e. Sebastocrator, Coiunenus) neopatkie 
 or DELA PATEiA. Some with dvx angelvs. See Schlumberger, Nvm. de POr. 
 laL, pp. 382, 383 ; Lambros, Rev. num., 1869-1870, pp. 191 f. 
 
IX. 
 
 COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF 
 TREBIZOND 
 
 A.D. 1204-1461 
 
 ALEXIUS I Comnenus 
 1204-1222 
 
 Altliough it is not impossible tliat Alexius I struck coins, none have 
 hitlierto been identified. It may be conjectured that they would be Byzantine 
 in style and fabric, like the silver nomismata attributed to Manuel I, Emperor 
 of Trebizond (PI. XXXII. (i-lO). 
 
 The characteristic ' Asper ' coinag-e of Trebizond did not apparently arise 
 till the reigfn of John I Axuchos (see p. 232), and the aspers that bear the 
 name ' Alexius ' must be attributed to Alexius II, III, and IV, because they are 
 of the 'equestrian' type whicli evidently did not prevail on the coins till 
 comparatively late in tlie history of Trebizond. 
 
 Sabatier (ii, p. 309, No. I, PL 67. 4) attributes to Alexius I a large bronze 
 concave nomisma : — 
 
 Oh I'. Emperor and St. Eugenius holding patriarchal cross ; on 1., O 
 
 €V re Nl OC; onr., star. 
 Rev. St. Eugenius standing facing ; on 1., € V r€ Nl O C. 
 
 Sabatier does not state from whence this description is derived (Moustier, 
 Cat., p. 287, No. 4171, would appear to be a similar coin, but uninscribed .f*), 
 and some inaccuracy may be suspected in his description. Thus, the name of 
 the Saint occurs on both sides of the coin, and the name of the Emperor is 
 omitted. Also it is strange that a representation of the Saint should appear 
 both on ohv. and rev. One would rather suppose that the rev. type is the 
 Saviour. Even if the coin is of Trebizond, its attribution to Alexius I is 
 entirely conjectural. (See also Introduction, supra, § 9, 'Alexius I.') 
 
 TJie bronze coin covered with inscriptions both on ohv. and rev., attri- 
 buted by Sabatier (ii, p. 310, No. 2, PI. 67. 5) to Alexius I, is really a coin 
 of Gabalas of Rhodes, and is similar to a specimen figured in .Journal int. 
 (Tarch. num., ii, p. 389, No. 31. 
 
^1 
 
 ANDRONICUS I Gidos 
 
 A.D. 1222-1235 
 
 No coins have been identified as struck by this Emperor, and this fact, 
 coupled with the absence of coins of Alexius I, tends to induce a belief that the 
 Trebizond coinage did not come into existence till after the death of Alexius I 
 and Andronicus I. 
 
232 
 
 JOHN I Axuchos 
 A.D. 1235-1238 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Aspers^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. John I, bearded, 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 
 
 
 
 
 standing- facing, 
 
 bearded, standing 
 
 
 
 
 
 holding in r. long 
 
 facing; in r., long 
 
 
 
 
 
 cross (witli crescent- 
 
 cross ; 1. holds robe ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 shaped object below 
 
 wears nimbus and 
 
 
 
 
 
 the cruciform top), 
 
 robe fastened by 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 1. roll ; wears 
 
 brooch. Border of 
 
 
 
 
 
 crown, tunic, and 
 
 dots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 mantle with one end 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 falling over 1. arm 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (on tunic and mantle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^•) ; in field r., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 manus Del in sleeve 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 crowning the Em- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 peror. Border of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 (PeUets) 
 
 
 1 
 
 43-7 
 
 M -9 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 € V 
 
 xxxii. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 A 
 
 r€ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 (s; 
 
 .[0 
 
 n 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 R 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nl 
 
 h\ 
 
 • • 
 
 ;• 
 
 
 
 
 
 • c .*. 
 
 • • • 
 
 &c., ob- 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 literated] 
 
 
 
 
 
 (pellets for ^' on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bottom of tunic; long 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sceptre with lis head 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 instead o1 
 
 ' cross) 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 ' The attribution was proposed by Pfaft'enhoffen. As compared with the silver coins 
 of John II (PI. XXXV, &c.) these have the name of John wiitten at full length and not 
 abbreviated, and the emperor holds a long cross instead of a labarum with a short shaft. 
 The vertical line in the descriptions of ohv. and rev. represents, apj)roximately, the 
 position of the type as it appears on the coins. 
 
JOHN I~ASPERS 
 
 233 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 431 
 
 43-6 
 
 44-6 
 
 44-3 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M -95 
 
 M .9 
 
 M -95 
 
 M .95 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 I 
 
 /J 
 
 [Nl] 
 
 [.•.?]c. 
 
 O 
 K 
 hi 
 N 
 
 (pellets for ^ on 
 bottomof tunic; long- 
 sceptre with lis head 
 instead of cross) 
 
 [O 
 
 n 
 o 
 
 • € 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 I 
 OJ 
 
 ?SH 
 C 
 
 O 
 K 
 M 
 N 
 
 (pellets instead of ^ 
 on tunic) 
 
 O 
 
 [r]« 
 
 [O] 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1037] 
 
 Nl 
 O 
 
 (■^ and pellets) 
 
 I 
 
 UL) 
 
 Nl 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 ''^: 
 
 [OJ 
 
 (pellets instead of ^ 
 on bottom of tunic) 
 
 ' € 
 
 Nl 
 O 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 (9|e, N, and pellets) 
 
 I 
 UU 
 
 Nl 
 C 
 
 (the 
 
 .• o 
 
 K 
 N H 
 
 * N 
 
 second N is 
 attached to the shaft 
 of the long- cross) 
 
 O 
 
 n 
 
 [O] 
 
 V 
 
 ' € 
 Nl 
 
 [O?] 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 Hh 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXXll. 
 
 2 
 
 XXXll. 
 
 3 
 
234 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 Reverse 
 
 43.9 
 
 M -85 
 
 I 
 
 UU 
 /S 
 Nl 
 C 
 (the 
 
 .• O 
 
 K 
 
 N W 
 
 ^ N 
 
 second N is 
 attached to the shaft 
 of the long cross) 
 
 N 
 
 € 
 V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 Plate 
 
 (the N on 1. is attached 
 to the shaft of the 
 long cross) 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 (N and pellets) 
 
 I 
 
 OJ 
 
 N 
 
 N 
 
 V[0 
 K 
 H 
 
 N] 
 
 (the second N is at- 
 tached to the shaft 
 of the long cross) 
 
 [€ 
 
 V] 
 
 N 
 
 44.9 
 
 M -95 
 
 UU 
 
 N 
 
 N 
 
 • O 
 K 
 W 
 
 [N] 
 
 (the second N is at- 
 tached to the shaft 
 of the long cross) 
 
 O 
 /S 
 
 n 
 o 
 c 
 
 (the N on 1. is at- 
 tached to the shaft 
 of the long cross) 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 r€ 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 € 
 
 /J 
 
 V 
 
 n N 
 
 •"€ 
 Nl 
 
 [0] 
 
 (the N on 1. is at- 
 
 taclied to the shaft 
 
 of the long cross) 
 
 [de Sali 
 
 s, 1862] 
 
 XXXll. 
 
 4 
 
 43.5 M -9 
 
 I 
 
 OJ 
 /If 
 Nl 
 C 
 
 N 
 
 K 
 M 
 N 
 
 (the second N is at- 
 tached to tlie riglit 
 side of the shaft of 
 tlie long cross) 
 
 
 
 € 
 
 A 
 
 V 
 
 n 
 
 re 
 
 N 
 
 [. or N ?] 
 
 (the N is attached to 
 the left side of the 
 shaft of the long 
 cross) 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
JOHN I— BRONZE 
 
 235 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 10 
 
 44.5 
 
 M .95 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 € 
 
 xxxii. 
 
 
 
 
 UU 
 
 
 /^ 
 
 V 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 r € 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 Nl 
 
 K 
 
 N 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^N 
 
 H 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 (the N on 1. is at- 
 
 
 
 
 
 (the second N is at- 
 
 tached to the shaft 
 
 
 
 
 
 tached to the shaft 
 
 of the long cross) 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 
 
 
 
 
 of the long- cross) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-3-34] 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 
 The bronze coins, if any, of this reign have 
 
 
 
 
 
 not been identified. 
 
 
 
 
 
 The coin in Sabatier, ii, p. 312, No. 4, PI. 67. 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 (= our PLate XXXVII. 17), assigned by him to 
 
 
 
 
 
 John I, is better (on account of tlie abbreviated 
 
 
 
 
 
 form of the Emperor's name, the short labarum, 
 
 
 
 
 
 and the globus cruciger) assigned to John II : 
 
 
 
 
 
 see infra under bronze of John II. 
 
 
 
 
 
 The coin in Sabatier, ii, p. 312, No. 5, 
 
 
 
 
 
 PI. G7. 10, also assigned by him to John I, is 
 
 
 
 
 
 really a coin of the Nicaean Empire with 
 
 
 
 
 
 St. Tryphon (not St. John) on the 
 
 ■ev. 
 
 
236 
 
 MANUEL I 
 
 A.D. 1238-1263 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Silver Nomisma (scyphate)* 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. ]SIanuel I, beard- 
 ed, standing facing, 
 holding in r. la- 
 baruni (on which, 
 jDcllets), in 1. roll ; 
 wears crown, tunic, 
 and mantle with one 
 end falling over 1. 
 arm (on tunic and 
 mantle, ^•) ; in field 
 
 ^ eV The Virgin 
 (Panagia Chr%'soke- 
 phalos?) wearing 
 nimbus, A^eil, mantle, 
 and tunic, seated fa- 
 cing on throne with 
 back, holding infant 
 Christ. 
 
 
 
 
 
 r., manus Dei in 
 sleeve crowning the 
 Emperor. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 47.8 
 
 Al 11 
 
 {gift) 
 
 M 
 \A 
 HX 
 
 
 K 
 N 
 
 On back of throne, • 
 and • 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 xxxii. 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 45. 
 
 Al M 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 HX 
 
 
 K 
 
 m 
 
 n 
 
 On back of throne, 
 pellets. 
 [Baron Marochetti, 
 1860] 
 
 xxxii. 
 7 
 
 * These nomismata are doubtless rightly assigned by Sabatier to Manuel I of Trebi- 
 zond. The reverse tyjje and fabric may be compared with the nomismata of contem- 
 porary Nicaean emperors (PI. XXIX-XXXI), but usually the execution is very careless. 
 This coinage of silver nomismata was probably experimental, and was soon completely 
 superseded by the silver aspers. 
 
MANUEL I— SILVER NOMISMA— ASPERS 
 
 237 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 3 
 
 45-7 
 
 M 11 
 
 lYI 
 
 N 
 
 (A?) 
 
 
 K 
 
 (N) 
 
 On back of throne, pel- 
 lets (on r., •.•) 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 xxxii. 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 41-4 
 
 M M 
 
 M 
 N 
 
 (A?) 
 
 
 K 
 M 
 
 (N?) 
 
 On back of throne, pel- 
 lets (on r,, •«•) 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 5 
 
 416 
 
 Ai 105 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 (W) 
 
 On back of throne, '•* 
 and •'• 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 xxxii. 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 43-6 
 
 Ai M 
 
 (Inscr. nearly ob- 
 literated) 
 
 On back of throne, 
 pellets, 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 7 
 
 41-8 
 
 M M 
 
 (Traces of inscr. ; on 1., 
 H ; on r., K, &c.) 
 
 (©) 
 [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, 
 
 • lot 1038] 
 
 xxxii. 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 Aspers 
 
 
 
 
 
 (letters) 
 
 
 
 
 
 (letter, B) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Manuel 1, beard- 
 ed, standing facing, 
 holding in r. la- 
 barum, in 1. roll ; 
 wears crown, tunic, 
 and mantle with one 
 end falling over 1. 
 arm (on tunic and 
 mantle, >!j^); in field 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 bearded, standing 
 facing ; in r., long 
 cross ; 1. holds robe ; 
 wears nimbus, and 
 robe fastened by 
 broocli. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 r., manus Dei in 
 sleeve crowning the 
 Emperor. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 44-7 
 
 M -9 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 W 
 M 
 A B 
 
 (pellets ins 
 on bottoi 
 
 [0] 
 
 tead of ^ 
 n of tunic) 
 
 
 
 n B 
 
 rPurchas 
 4-3-38] 
 
 • 
 • • 
 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 (NH?) 
 Bd, 1904, 
 
 xxxii. 
 11 
 
238 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 9 
 
 43. 
 
 Al -85 
 
 • • • 
 H • •• 
 H . . K 
 A B 
 
 
 
 n B 
 
 • 
 • • 
 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 ISH 
 
 
 
 
 
 (pellets instead of ^ 
 on tunic) 
 
 rH.P.Borrellsale,1852, 
 lot 1040] 
 
 
 10 
 
 38.7 
 
 Ai .8 
 
 H 
 
 
 • 
 
 ■JTX^ii 
 
 
 
 
 H B .' K 
 
 
 
 €(V) 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 A /. 
 
 n ? 
 
 • • 
 
 • 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-6-20] 
 
 
 
 
 
 (letter K on ohv. : for K both on obv. and rev. 
 
 
 
 
 
 see Retowski, Komn., p. 28) 
 
 
 11 
 
 44.() 
 
 M -9 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 € V 
 
 xxxii. 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 /J 
 
 re 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 N K 
 
 K 
 
 n . 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 D 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 (two pellets on shaft 
 
 (two pellets on shaft 
 
 
 
 
 
 of labarum) 
 
 of cross) 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 12 
 
 44-3 
 
 M .9 
 
 H 
 N K K 
 
 [l?]A . H 
 
 (two pellets on shaft 
 of labarum) 
 
 
 A 
 
 n . 
 
 • 
 
 ev 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (two pellets on shaft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of cross) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-3-41] 
 
 
 13 
 
 444 
 
 M -85 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 ev 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 lA ^ 
 
 K 
 
 n . 
 
 N. 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 D • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 (pellets on cross ?) 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 
 
 
 
 
 (two pellets on shaft 
 
 
 
 
 
 of labarum) 
 
 5-6-17] 
 
 
 U 
 
 39.4 
 
 M -85 
 
 • 
 
 
 e« 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 [VJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 lA ^ 
 
 K 
 
 A . 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 n •: 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (two pellets on shaft 
 
 (pellets on cross) 
 
 
 
 
 
 of labarum) 
 
 rH.P.Borrellsale,1852, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lot 1039] 
 
 
 
MANUEL I— ASPERS 
 
 239 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 Obvei-se 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 15 
 
 45-5 
 
 M .85 
 
 • 
 
 
 ! • 
 
 xxxiii 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 ev 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 M . 
 
 K 
 
 /^ 
 
 ^6 
 
 
 
 
 
 A K 
 
 M 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 •:. 
 
 ISH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-3-40] 
 
 
 16 
 
 40-9 
 
 M .85 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 N K 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 € 
 
 
 
 
 
 lA 
 
 M 
 
 A 
 
 r€ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 17 
 
 40-9 
 
 M .9 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 €V 
 
 xxxiii. 
 
 
 
 
 N K 
 
 . K 
 
 A 
 
 r€ 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 lA 
 
 hi 
 N 
 
 S'- 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 (two pellets on shaft 
 
 (two pellets on shaft 
 
 
 
 
 
 of labarum) 
 
 of cross) 
 [de SaHs, 1862] 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 18 
 
 455 
 
 M -9 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 N K 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 €V 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 r€ 
 
 
 
 
 
 (+ on sliaft of labarum) 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (cross bar on shaft of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cross) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lot 1041] 
 
 
 19 
 
 34.3 
 
 M -85 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 • 
 • • 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 W . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 €V 
 
 
 
 
 
 N K 
 
 .. K 
 
 A 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 rwi 
 
 n 
 
 HI 
 
 
 
 
 
 (two pellets on sliaft 
 
 [0?] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of labarum) 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 
 
 
 (lette 
 
 rs, K) 
 
 
 20 
 
 43-6 
 
 M -85 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 €V 
 
 
 
 
 
 N K 
 
 K 
 
 A 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 A 
 
 M 
 
 n 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-3-39; 
 
 1 
 
 
•240 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 45.5 
 
 23 
 
 43-2 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M .85 
 
 A{ -85 
 
 M -85 
 
 24 
 
 43.5 
 
 M -9 
 
 Obvei-se 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 H 
 
 N K 
 I A 
 A 
 
 N K 
 
 [I] A 
 A 
 
 M 
 
 N K 
 I A 
 A 
 
 H 
 N K 
 I 
 A A 
 
 O 
 K 
 H 
 
 O 
 K 
 N 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 O 
 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, 
 lot 1040] 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 N[l] 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 O 
 K 
 N 
 
 XXXIU. 
 
 3 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 e 
 
 V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 (letters, K aud A) 
 A 
 
 O 
 K 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 A 
 
 e[v] 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 rH.P.Borrellsale,1852, 
 lot 1040] 
 
 (letter A) 
 
 Pfaffenlioflfeu, p! 82, PI. VI. 56-9, describes 
 certain specimens as bearing* the letter A on 
 obv. ; but it is possible that this is not a mint- 
 letter but part of the name of ' Manuel '. 
 
MANUEL I— ASPERS 
 
 241 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 25 
 
 44. 
 
 M -85 
 
 Obverse 
 
 20 
 
 43.^ 
 
 M -85 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 44-1 
 
 H 
 N 
 lA 
 
 44-0 
 
 M .9 
 
 W 
 
 N 
 
 lA 
 
 H 
 
 [N 
 IA?J 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 (letter, y or 7 ') 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 • • 
 
 N 
 
 7K 
 
 
 
 €V 
 
 lA 
 
 N 
 
 A 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 [H.P.Borrell,sale,18a2, 
 
 
 
 lot 1043] 
 
 
 o 
 Tk 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 K 
 N 
 
 O 
 K 
 N 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 n 
 o 
 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 xxxm. 
 4 
 
 [Ptircliased, 1904, 
 4-3-48] 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 ev 
 re 
 
 N[l] 
 
 o 
 
 [Parkes Weber g-ift, 
 1906] 
 
 O 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 ev 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 [H.P.BorreUsa]e,1852, 
 lot 1043] 
 
 ^ This seems to be a letter— though its position on the coin is unusual — and is no 
 doubt 3 and not, as PfaffenhofFen (p. 82) declares, Z: cp. the plates of letters in 
 Pfaftenhoffen, PI. XIV, XVI, XVII. 
 
 I i 
 
242 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverae 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 (Letter 
 
 (?), :>') 
 
 
 29 
 
 43-6 
 
 /U -85 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 xxxiii 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 €V 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 K 
 
 A 
 
 r€ 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 3 
 
 H 
 
 n 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1852, lot 1040] 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Letter (?), X on 
 
 shaft of labarum) 
 
 
 30 
 
 43-2 
 
 M -85 
 
 . 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 €V 
 
 
 
 
 
 N X 
 
 K 
 
 A 
 
 r € 
 
 
 
 
 
 [>] 
 
 H 
 
 n 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 [A] 
 
 [N] 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1852, lot 1041] 
 
 
 31 
 
 44-5 
 
 M -8 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 [0] 
 
 
 
 e[V] 
 
 
 
 
 
 N X 
 
 1 
 
 K 
 H 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 re 
 
 N[l] 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 32 
 
 43-5 
 
 M .1) 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 xxxiii 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 €V 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 N X 
 
 1 
 
 ... K 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Purcliased, 1904, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-3-47] 
 
 
 33 
 
 43-8 
 
 Al .0 
 
 • 1 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 ev 
 
 
 
 
 
 N X 
 
 ... K 
 
 A 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 lA 
 
 N 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [H. p. Borrell sale. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1852, 1( 
 
 3t 1043] 
 
 
 ^ Two specimens with this letter (apparent)}' C reversed) are described b}' 
 Pfaffenboffen, p. S2, PI. VI. 60. See further Retowski, Konm., pp. 34 f. 
 
MANUEL I— ASPERS 
 
 243 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 34 
 
 44-6 
 
 M 
 
 •9 
 
 H 
 N X 
 
 ' A 
 
 
 K 
 H 
 N 
 
 • 
 O 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 35 
 
 39-5 
 
 M 
 
 •85 
 
 H X K 
 \A N 
 
 
 
 e 
 r 
 
 xxxiii 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Perhaps Georgian : see 
 Retowski, Komn.^ 
 pp. 20, 64) 
 
 n € 
 
 [N] 
 
 (reverse type rude) 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 (Pellets) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (1 pellet 
 
 on ohv.') 
 
 
 36 
 
 39-6 
 
 Al 
 
 •85 
 
 • 
 
 M 
 N 
 lA 
 
 
 K 
 W 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 ev 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 xxxiii 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 (pellets ins 
 on bottoL 
 
 N 
 tead of "-^ 
 a of tunic) 
 
 (two pellets on shaft 
 of cross) 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 37 
 
 45-3 
 
 Al 
 
 •95 
 
 W 
 
 N . 
 
 [I?]A 
 
 (the pellet 
 shaft oft] 
 
 O 
 K 
 H 
 N 
 
 is on the 
 le labarum) 
 
 
 /J 
 
 n [...?] 
 
 
 [H. P. Bo 
 
 1852, 1( 
 
 ev 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 rrell sale, 
 )t 1043] 
 
 
 38 
 
 43-8 
 
 M 
 
 •85 
 
 H 
 
 N 
 
 lA 
 
 
 K 
 N 
 
 • 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 • • 
 
 e 
 
 V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1043] 
 
 
 39 
 
 39-8 
 
 M 
 
 •9 
 
 H 
 Nl 
 A . 
 
 (also + \\ 
 on the s] 
 labarum) 
 
 
 K 
 
 [H] 
 ith pellets 
 laft of the 
 
 2 
 
 n . . 
 
 [de Sali 
 
 ev 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 s, 1862] 
 
 
244 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 40 
 
 41-9 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Ai -95 
 
 41 
 
 43-8 
 
 42 
 
 43-3 
 
 43 
 
 28.8 
 
 44 
 
 44.1 
 
 M -85 
 
 A{ .0 
 
 Al -85 
 
 /U .'J 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (2 pellets on oljc.) 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 ev 
 
 N . 
 
 K 
 
 /J 
 
 re 
 
 1 • 
 
 H 
 
 n 
 
 NH 
 
 A 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 (one of tlie pellets on 
 shaft of labaruni) 
 
 H 
 N 
 
 O 
 K 
 H 
 
 H 
 N 
 I A 
 
 O 
 K 
 N 
 
 ('<v attached to base of 
 shaft of labarum) 
 
 H 
 
 [1]^ • N 
 
 (the pellets are on the 
 shaft of the labarum) 
 
 (cross bar on shaft of 
 the cross) 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1043] 
 
 [O 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 o] 
 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 Plate 
 
 (part of inscr. on 1. 
 otf flan) 
 [de Sails, 1862] 
 
 O . 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1043] 
 
 e[v] 
 r e 
 
 N 
 
 re 
 
 n : N[i?] 
 
 (the pellets are on the 
 shaft of the labarum) 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 XXXlll. 
 
 9 
 
 H 
 N 
 
 A 
 
 (3 pellets on obr.) 
 
 O 
 K 
 W 
 N 
 
 (two of the ptdlets on 
 sliaft of labarum) 
 
 
 
 e[V] 
 
 xxxiii 
 10 
 
 
 
 tSH 
 
 
 
 (cross-bar ( 
 
 labarum) 
 
 [H. P. Bo 
 
 1852, h 
 
 )n shaft of 
 
 rrell sale, 
 )t 1042] 
 
 
 I 
 
MANUEL I— ASPERS 
 
 245 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 45 
 
 44-3 
 
 M 
 
 .9 
 
 N • [U ?] 
 A 
 
 
 K 
 H 
 
 o . 
 n 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 ev 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (pellets instead of ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on bottom of tunic) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (4 pellets 
 
 5 on oh v.) 
 
 
 46 
 
 443 
 
 M 
 
 .9 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 •/ K 
 
 A 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lA 
 
 N 
 
 n 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1852, lot 1042] 
 
 
 47 
 
 43-4 
 
 A{ 
 
 •95 
 
 H 
 
 N . 
 
 [I]A-. 
 
 • 
 
 K 
 H 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 n : 
 
 
 
 ev 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 (the pellets are on the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (one of the pellets on 
 
 shaft of the cross) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sliaft of labarum) 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 48 
 
 45-4 
 
 M 
 
 •85 
 
 H 
 
 N : 
 
 [i?]A : 
 
 
 K 
 H 
 N 
 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 el 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (two of the pellets on 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shaft of labarum) 
 
 1852, lot 1042] 
 
 
 49 
 
 44. 
 
 M 
 
 •95 
 
 H 
 
 N . 
 
 •[OP] 
 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 ev 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lA 
 
 H 
 
 ISH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 N 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (also + with pellets 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on the shaft of the 
 
 1852, lot 1041] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 labarum) 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 41. 
 
 JR 
 
 .9 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 xxxiii. 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 eV 
 re 
 
 N 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 N • 
 A . 
 
 K 
 H 
 N 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (also + with pellets 
 on the shaft of the 
 
 • 
 
 [H. P. BorreU sale. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 labarum) 
 
 
 1852, 1( 
 
 )t 1043] 1 
 
 
246 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 Weight 
 
 44-2 
 
 43-6 
 
 43- 
 
 437 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Al .85 
 
 Al .9 
 
 M -8 
 
 Ai -9 
 
 34.1 M .85 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (5 pellets on oho.') 
 
 H 
 N 
 lA 
 
 O 
 K 
 H 
 Nl 
 
 M 
 
 N .:. 
 
 o 
 
 [l]A N 
 
 (the pellets, forming a 
 cross, are on the shaft 
 of the labarum ') 
 
 H 
 N 
 lA 
 
 O 
 
 (inscr. on r. partly off 
 flan) 
 
 N •: 
 
 I A 
 
 o 
 
 K 
 H 
 
 (two of the pellets on 
 sliaft of labarum) 
 
 o ro?i 
 
 H . K 
 
 \A . H 
 
 ••• \A 
 
 (Rude style ; probably 
 Georgian : Retowski, 
 Komn.^ p. 61) 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 r 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 r 
 
 N 
 
 (inscr. double-struck) 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-43] 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 [o?] 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 €V 
 
 r€ 
 
 Nl 
 
 € 
 • V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 O 
 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 (inscr. on 1. nearly off 
 flan : two of the pel- 
 lets on shaft of cross) 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1043] 
 
 Plate 
 
 xxxm. 
 12 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 O 
 
 V 
 
 o 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 xxxm. 
 13 
 
 ^ Cp. No. 92, infra, with cross on ohv. but not on the shaft of the labarum. Strictly, 
 on No. 52, there are no pellets on the ohv. apart from those that form the cross, but the 
 coin seems to fit in best with the '5 pellets' series: cp. Nos. 39, 49, 50, supm, and 
 No. 57, infra, where there are pellets on ohv. in addition to the cross of pellets. 
 
MANUEL I-ASPERS 
 
 247 
 
 No. 
 
 56 
 
 Weifflit 
 
 36-2 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 A\ -85 
 
 57 
 
 43-8 
 
 Al 
 
 58 
 
 43-8 
 
 M 9 
 
 59 
 
 43-7 
 
 Al .85 
 
 60 
 
 44-1 
 
 Al .85 
 
 Obverse 
 
 . /V 
 A 
 
 O 
 K 
 
 (Rude style ; probably 
 Georg-ian : Retowski, 
 p. 65, No. 210) 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 € 
 
 re 
 
 v\ 
 o 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-49] 
 
 (6 pellets on obv.) 
 
 M 
 
 N OK 
 
 lA H 
 
 o •:• N 
 
 (also + witli pellets 
 on the shaft of the 
 labarum) 
 
 H 
 HI 
 A 
 
 O 
 
 K 
 
 H 
 N 
 
 (two of tlie pellets on 
 sliaft of labarum) 
 
 H 
 N 
 lA 
 
 O 
 K 
 M 
 
 H :. 
 
 
 
 [N] •: 
 
 K 
 
 [l]A 
 
 H 
 
 
 N 
 
 (three of the x^ellets on 
 sliaft of labarum) 
 
 
 
 ev 
 
 A 
 
 r€ 
 
 n : 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 (the pellets are on the 
 
 shaft of the cross) 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 
 1852, lot 1041] 
 
 A ^V 
 
 n i re 
 
 o I ^ 
 ! o 
 
 [Purchased, 1905, 
 5-6-18] 
 
 
 
 ev 
 
 A 
 
 re 
 
 n 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Campanasale, London, 
 1846, lot 1191] 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 ev 
 ^e 
 
 Nl 
 O 
 
 Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1042] 
 
 [H. P 
 
 XXXUl. 
 
 14 
 
248 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 -- 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 61 
 
 44-8 
 
 JR .9 
 
 H 1 O 
 
 
 • 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 N :. 1 K 
 
 A 
 
 ev 
 
 
 
 
 
 lA*: H 
 
 n : 
 
 r€ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 N 
 
 • 
 
 NI 
 
 
 
 
 
 (three of tlie pellets on 
 
 D 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 sliaft of labarum) 
 
 (; are on shaft of cross) 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 
 1852, lot 1040] 
 
 
 62 
 
 43.4 
 
 M .85 
 
 N • : 
 
 
 
 
 • # 
 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 €V 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 /^ .. 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 [l]A 
 
 N 
 
 n •: 
 
 NI 
 
 
 
 
 
 (three of the pellets on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shaft of labarum) 
 
 (two of the pellets on 
 shaft of cross) 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 03 
 
 42.7 
 
 M -9 
 
 H . K 
 
 [l]A 
 (three of the pellets on 
 shaft of labarum) 
 
 
 
 A . 
 
 • • 
 
 n :: 
 
 0* 
 
 • 
 • • 
 
 €V 
 
 •"6 
 
 N. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (four of the pellets on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shaft of cross) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-3-37] 
 
 
 f)4 
 
 44-1 
 
 M .95 
 
 H .. 
 
 €V 
 
 xxxiv 
 
 
 
 
 N :: K 
 
 A . 
 
 re 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 A H 
 
 n :: 
 
 NI 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 3 • 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 (three of the pellets on 
 
 (three of the pellets on 
 
 
 
 
 
 shaft of labarum) 
 
 sliaft of cross) 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-409] 
 
 
 
 
 
 (7 pellets on obc.') 
 
 
 Go 
 
 40-2 
 
 Al .85 
 
 • 1 
 H . ! 
 
 [0] 
 A . . 
 
 ev 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Ni ;: 1 K 
 
 n :: 
 
 ^e 
 
 N 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;i]A ' • H 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 (three of the pellets on 
 
 
 -) 
 
 
 
 
 
 shaft of labarum) 
 
 (three of the pellets on 
 shaft of cross) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [de Sali 
 
 s, 18G2] 
 
 
MANUEL I— ASPERS 
 
 249 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 66 
 
 44-6 
 
 M .8 
 
 • 
 M 
 
 N :: 
 
 A •• 
 
 
 K 
 H 
 N 
 
 • 
 A 
 
 n:: 
 o •• 
 
 ev 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (three of the pellets on 
 shaft of labarum) 
 
 (three of the pellets on 
 shaft of cross) 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1042] 
 
 
 67 
 
 44.1 
 
 AX .9 
 
 N :: 
 
 1 A • 
 
 (three of th 
 shaft of 1 
 
 
 K 
 M 
 
 e pellets on 
 ^barum) 
 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 [0?] 
 
 ev 
 n:i 
 
 [0?] 
 
 xxxiv. 
 2 
 
 68 
 
 41-9 
 
 M -9 
 
 N :: 
 
 1 A* 
 
 (three of th 
 shaft of 1 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 e pellets on 
 abarum) 
 
 €V 
 
 A re 
 n Nl 
 
 [0?] 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1040] 
 
 
 69 
 
 44-9 
 
 JR .9 
 
 H 
 N 
 
 lA ..;. 
 
 .0 
 K 
 W 
 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 ev 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 (one of the 
 shaft of 1 
 
 N 
 
 pellets on 
 ibarum) 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1042] 
 
 
 70 
 
 43-2 
 
 M -85 
 
 N 
 
 lA ..:• 
 
 (one of the 
 shaft of 1 
 
 • 
 
 K 
 H 
 N 
 pellets on 
 xbarum) 
 
 
 A? 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 [de Sal 
 
 ev 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 is, 1862] 
 
 
 
 
 
 (8 pellets 
 
 on obv.) 
 
 
 71 
 
 37. 
 
 M .85 
 
 hi 
 
 N :. 
 
 [i]A • : 
 
 
 K 
 H 
 N 
 
 
 A 
 
 n : 
 
 
 
 ev 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (four of tlu 
 shaft of 1 
 
 i pellets on 
 abarum) 
 
 3 
 
 (the pellets 
 
 shaft of t 
 
 rde Sali 
 
 are on the 
 lie cross) 
 3, 18621 
 
 
 Kk 
 
250 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 72 
 
 45.6 
 
 73 
 
 43-9 
 
 74 
 
 43-8 
 
 75 
 
 44-3 
 
 76 
 
 331 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Ai -85 
 
 Al .85 
 
 M -9 
 
 M -8 
 
 M -85 
 
 Obvex-se 
 
 Reverse 
 
 N : 
 
 lA 
 
 o 
 
 K 
 W 
 N 
 
 H 
 
 N : 
 
 lA 
 
 o 
 
 [N] 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 r I 
 
 [O] 
 
 € 
 V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 O 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-44] 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 n 
 o 
 
 [•?][V] 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 [de Sails, 1862] 
 
 (9 pellets on obc.) 
 
 N 
 lA 
 
 O 
 K 
 H 
 
 [N] 
 
 (three of the pellets on 
 shaft of labarum) 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 n :: 
 
 o •• 
 
 ev 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 (three of the pellets on 
 shaft of cross) 
 [de Sails, 1862] 
 
 (Stars) 
 (1 star on obc.) 
 
 H i • O 
 l/I \ % K 
 
 A . ! N 
 
 (pellets instead of ^ 
 on bottom of tunic) 
 
 ^^H? 
 
 O 
 K 
 
 O 
 
 n 
 
 e. 
 re 
 
 Ni 
 
 [H. P. Borrell Side, 
 1852, lot 1039] 
 
 o e 
 
 A [V] 
 
 (one of the pellets on 
 shaft of cross) 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-30] 
 
 (reverse of rude style: Georgian imitation?) 
 
MANUEL I— ASPERS 
 
 251 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 77 
 
 43. 
 
 Ai 
 
 .75 
 
 H 
 lA 
 
 [inscr. off 
 flan] 
 
 [0] 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 € 
 
 V 
 
 r 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (the star is on the shaft 
 of the labarum) 
 
 [0?] Nl 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 78 
 
 41-4 
 
 Al 
 
 •85 
 
 l/I X 
 
 lA 
 
 [inscr. 
 nearly 
 off flan] 
 
 
 
 \0?] 
 
 € 
 V 
 
 r 
 
 € 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (the star is on the shaft 
 of the labarum) 
 
 Nl 
 
 [0?] 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1041] 
 
 
 79 
 
 42. 
 
 Al 
 
 .85 
 
 [inscr. ob- 
 literated] 
 
 (the star is 
 of the lal 
 
 O 
 
 . K 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 an the shaft 
 )aruni) 
 
 [0] 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 [de Sali 
 
 6 
 V 
 
 C€ 
 Nl 
 
 
 s, 1862] 
 
 
 80 
 
 45.5 
 
 Al 
 
 .85 
 
 • 
 
 M 
 N 
 [']A X 
 
 (the star is 
 of the lal 
 
 H 
 
 N 
 
 on the shaft 
 )arum) 
 
 [0] 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 [0] 
 
 [H. P. Bo 
 
 1852, 1( 
 
 € 
 V 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 rrell sale, 
 )t 1041] 
 
 xxxiv. 
 7 
 
 81 
 
 44-9 
 
 Al 
 
 .8 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 re 
 
 N[l] 
 
 
 xxxiv. 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1039] 
 
 
 82 
 
 44-4 
 
 M 
 
 •85 
 
 H 
 N 
 
 [H. P. Bo 
 1852, 1( 
 
 rrell sale, 
 3t 1043] 
 
 • 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 
 (A and f 
 
 €V 
 
 r. 
 
 N. 
 
 conjoined") 
 
 
252 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 83 
 
 44.7 
 
 84 
 
 444 
 
 85 
 
 86 
 
 44. 
 
 87 
 
 40.9 
 
 45-8 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M -9 
 
 Al -9 
 
 39.5 Al .8 
 
 M -85 
 
 M -85 
 
 M -85 
 
 Obverse 
 
 H 
 N 
 
 fl]A 
 
 N 
 I A 
 
 N 
 
 N 
 
 [I?] A 
 
 N 
 I A 
 
 % • 
 H 
 
 A % 
 
 O 
 ^ K 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 ^ K 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 X( K 
 
 N 
 
 )!( K 
 
 )!( K 
 
 Revewe 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 e 
 
 V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-45] 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 € 
 V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 [H. p. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1043] 
 
 O 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 • • 
 ev 
 re 
 
 N 
 
 [H. p. BorreU sale, 
 1852, lot 1039] 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 € 
 V 
 
 re 
 
 N 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1039] 
 
 O 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 • • 
 ev 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-46] 
 
 (2 stars on obv.) 
 
 O 
 K 
 H 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 n % 
 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-35] 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 9 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 10 
 
MANUEL I— ASPERS 
 
 253 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 (3 stars on obv.) 
 
 
 89 
 
 43.7 
 
 M .8 
 
 • 
 
 
 X 
 
 xxxiv 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 €V 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 •••i^ 
 
 
 re 
 wo 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 (pellets on bottom of 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 
 
 
 
 
 tunic instead of ^ ) 
 
 5-11-408] 
 
 
 90 
 
 42.G 
 
 M .9 
 
 H 
 
 ^ ° 
 
 
 
 )K 
 
 xxxiv. 
 
 
 
 
 H ^ 
 
 /J 
 
 €V 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 •• % 
 
 K 
 
 n X 
 
 re 
 
 isH 
 
 
 
 
 
 (pellets on bottom of 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 tunic instead of ^•) 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1039] 
 
 
 
 
 
 (4 stars on obv.) 
 
 
 91 
 
 43-8 
 
 M .9 
 
 % • 
 
 
 % 
 
 xxxiv 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 €V 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 )*Ch 
 
 no % 
 
 re 
 
 ISH 
 
 
 
 
 
 lA )1( 
 
 \ % 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 (pellets on bottom of 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 
 
 
 tunic instead of ^•) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (J« on oil", and rev.) 
 
 
 92 
 
 43-5 
 
 jR .8 
 
 [H] 
 [H] + 
 
 
 •/ K 
 
 
 0] 
 
 T 
 
 ev 
 re 
 
 xxxiv. 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 (pellets on bottom of 
 
 Lnj -r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tunic instead of )i^) 
 
 (cp. similar coin, 
 Pfafifenhoffen, p. 82, 
 PL VII. 61) 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-3-42' 
 
 
 
254 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 93 
 
 Weiffht 
 
 431 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M -9 
 
 94 
 
 433 
 
 Ai -85 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Aspers probably struck after the death of 
 Manuel I and beyond the Empire of Trebizond. 
 
 Inscr. Manuel I, beard- 
 ed, standing" facing, 
 holdinc^in r. labarum 
 witli short shaft, in 
 1. giobus crucig"er ; 
 wears crown, tunic 
 (with ^), and sash 
 (with •.;) tailing 
 over 1. arm ; in field 
 r., mamis Dei in 
 sleeve crowning* the 
 Emperor. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 A? 
 H 
 
 NV 
 [H]A 
 
 H 
 N 
 HA 
 
 K 
 W 
 I I 
 
 K 
 H 
 
 N 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 bearded, standing- 
 facing; in r., long 
 cross ; 1. liolds robe ; 
 wears nimbus and 
 robe. Border of dots. 
 
 ® 
 
 €V 
 
 rev 
 
 N 
 O 
 
 Tl 
 
 o 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1052] 
 
 O 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 ® 
 
 ev 
 /? 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 1 
 
 ^ This inscription (cp. the corresponding inscriptions on Nos. 94-8) may from its 
 position on the coin be presumed to refer to St. P]ugenius. The word intended is probably 
 Vpant^ovvTioi, as Koehne has suggested (Mem. Soc. cVArch. et Num. de Sf.-Pt'tersbourg, iii, 
 1849, p. 109: cp. Pfaffenhotfen, p. 83. Koehne himself has, however, preferred the un- 
 tenable view that the letters of this inscr. are blundered letters of the name of 
 St. Eugenius). 
 
 The form of the inscr., the sign "5 used for T/j, and the sign 3 at the end of the inscr. 
 (Nos. 94, 9.5) are less surprising on the supposition (suggested infra, after No. 98) that 
 these coins (93-98) were struck beyond the limits of Trebizond and by an engraver 
 imperfectly acquainted with Greek. It may be worth noting that '^, 3 bear some 
 resemblance to the Georgian letters "b = Z and T^ = L (see Plate I in V. Langlois, Essai 
 de classification des suites monetaires de la Georgie, Paris, 1860). (See further the recent 
 work of Retowski Komn., p. 22.) 
 
MANUEL I— ASPERS 
 
 255 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 95 
 
 44-3 
 
 M -95 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 K 
 
 ® 
 
 ev 
 /? 
 
 Tl^ 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 HA 
 ^0 
 
 [H] 
 N 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-3-51] 
 
 
 96 
 
 40-8 
 
 M -85 
 
 H 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 [H]A. 
 C 
 
 
 K 
 H 
 
 N 
 
 [inscr. ? 
 off flan] 
 
 €vr 
 
 NIOC 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 0[TA.?] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (€ and V conjoined) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-3-50] 
 
 
 97 
 
 42. 
 
 M -85 
 
 M 
 N 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 . H 
 
 N 
 
 
 ® 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 
 
 
 
 [A?] 
 
 €VrE 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 HA 
 
 
 r?\\ 
 
 NIOC 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OC^ 
 
 Ol^A 
 
 
 
 
 
 (inscr. on 1. nearly oil 
 
 
 nrr?i 
 
 
 
 
 
 flan) (tunic orna- 
 mented with pellets 
 
 [de Salis, 18G2] 
 
 
 
 
 
 and squares : on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sash, : : :) 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 46-5 
 
 JR -95 
 
 W 
 
 [inscr. 
 
 
 ® 
 
 evr[e] 
 
 NIO 
 
 
 
 
 
 NV 
 HA 
 
 nearly 
 off flan] 
 
 [inscr. 
 obliter- 
 
 
 
 
 
 (tunic omamentedwith 
 
 ated] 
 
 o[TA?] 
 
 
 
 
 
 pellets and squares : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on sash, j ; ;) 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1051] 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nos. 93-98 form a somewliat curious group. 
 
 
 
 
 
 In the first place, it may be regarded as almost 
 
 
 
 
 
 beyond doubt that the 'Manuel' named on 
 
 
 
 
 
 these coins is Manuel I of Trebizond, and not 
 
 
 
 
 
 either Manuel II or III whose reigns fell in 
 
 
 
 
 
 a period when, on the Trebizond aspers, stand- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing figures (such as are here seen) had been 
 
 
 
 
 
 superseded by equestrian figures. These coins, 
 
 
 
 
 
 however, differ in several respects from the 
 
 
 
 
 
 aspers of Manuel I previously described (Nos. 
 
 
 
 
 
 8-92), especially (on the obverse) in having 
 
 
 
 
 
 a shoi't shaft for the labarum, in the introduc- 
 
 
 
 
 
 tion of the 
 
 sash, and in 
 
 the 
 
 ' substiti 
 
 ition of the 
 
 
256 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOXD 
 
 No. 
 
 Weiffht 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 oflobus for the roll in the emperor's left hand. 
 And they, moreover, resemble the aspers of 
 Jolni II, the next of the successors of Manuel I 
 to strike this denomination. 
 
 It is, at first, natural to supposo tha/t these 
 coins formed the latest issue of Manuel I and 
 served as the model for the aspers of John II. 
 But a closer examination renders it very 
 doubtful whether Manuel I can have Ijeon tlie 
 issuer of the coins of this g'roup, because, (i) 
 they are inferior in style and execution not 
 only to the bulk of the coins of flannel I 
 (Nos. 8-92), but also to those of John II Avliicli 
 were struck seventeen years or more after tlie 
 death of Manuel. And, again, if Manuel I 
 towards the end of his long- reig-n thoug-lit it 
 worth while to make considerable alterations 
 in his hitlierto stereotyped coinag-e, it is strang-e 
 tliat they should have been carried out so 
 clumsily ; (ii) the scheme of lettering- differs 
 from that found on the aspers of Manuel I and 
 John II, and the epithet — apparently o TpaTrt- 
 (ovi'TLo^ (see note on p. 254, supra) — is hardly 
 ever found on any coins that are incontestably 
 of Trebizond. 
 
 Tlie view that I would sug'g-est as to the 
 orig-in of tliese coins (Nos. 93-98) is this. They 
 were not issued in the Empire of Trebizond 
 itself, but in some country — perhaps Georg-ia — 
 where tlie asper-coinag-e was in demand (see 
 J. Bartholomaei, Lcttres mnn.^ St.-Pet., 1859, 
 pp. 35 f. ; cp. Blau in Berliner Blatter^ iv, 1868, 
 p. 155). They were not struck till after the 
 death of Manuel I and were copied, as reg'ards 
 their tvpes, from the aspers of John II 
 (a.d. 1280-1297). The leg-ends were not 
 directly transferred from any Trebizond coins, 
 Ijut the name of Manuel (I) was adopted because 
 his coins had already acquired g-reat reputation 
 as media of exchang-e (in Georg-ia we know that 
 Kirvunieoid (Kyr or Kurios Manuel) became the 
 g-eneric name for silver coins : see Bartholomaei, 
 oj). cit., p. 35), and tlie epithet o TpaTrc^oi'i'rtos 
 was added to the Saint's name for tlie sake of 
 identification and to su])ply information. In 
 the same way, in the Europe of the Middle 
 Ag-es, foreig-ners mig-ht speak of St. James 'of 
 Compostella ' and St. Thomas ' of Canterbury ', 
 though it was enough for the native Spaniard 
 and the native Englishman to refer simply to 
 St. James and St. Thomas. (See also Retowski's 
 Komn.^ l>P-'^2, 66-8, 79,80, published since this 
 was written.) 
 
MANUEL I— BRONZE 
 
 257 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Bronze h 
 
 omisma?) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Manuel I, 
 bearded, standing- 
 facing-, holding- in r. 
 labarum. with long- 
 shaft, in 1. globus 
 
 Inscr. Bust of St. 
 Eugenius, facing, 
 holding in r. short 
 cross ; wears nimbus 
 and robe. Border of 
 
 
 
 
 
 cruciger; wears 
 crown, tunic, and 
 
 dots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 mantle (with ^•) 
 with one end falling 
 over 1. arm ; in field 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r., maniis Dei in 
 sleeve crowning- the 
 Emperor, Border of 
 dots. 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 48-7 
 
 JE 1-05 
 
 H 
 N K 
 lA/. H 
 
 (flat ; originally con- 
 cave ?) 
 
 
 P. 
 
 n 
 
 
 [Bought oj 
 mann, F 
 4-8-22 •] 
 
 [inscr. ob- 
 scure, 
 € 
 
 V&c] 
 • H. Hoft- 
 'aris, 1864, 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 5 
 
 * The identical specimen published by Sabatier, ii, p. 315, No. 8, PL 68. 2, though 
 with some inaccuracies in the reading of the legends. In Retowski, Konin., p. 69, 
 No. 221, Sabatier's description is rejieated and the specimen is incorrectly stated to be in 
 the Stroganow collection. Sabatier, ih., No. 7, PI. 68. 1, further desci'ibes and attributes 
 to Manuel I (correctly ?) a smaller bronze coin (concave) with obv. standing figure of 
 Manuel, rev. standing figure of St. Eugenius. ( Retowski, Konin., p. 69, No. 222, repeats 
 Sabatier's description.) I may point out that the ohv. bears considerable resemblance to 
 the coin of Manuel I of Thessalonica figured in our PI. XXVI. 8. 
 
 l1 
 
258 
 
 ANDRONICUS 
 
 A.D. 1263-1266 
 No coins known. 
 
 GEORGE 
 
 A.D. 1266-1280 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M 1. 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 No silver coins are known of this reign, but 
 Retowski, Komn.^ pp. 70-2, well assigns to it 
 bronze coins of the foUowiDg- tyiies : — 
 
 1. Obi\ The Emperor and St. Eugenius standing. 
 Rev. Bust of St. George. 
 
 M Nomisma. Tolstoi coll. PI. XV. 1. 
 
 2. Ohv. The Emperor standing, holding trifid 
 
 sceptre. 
 Rev. St. Eugenins standing, holding long cross. 
 M Nomisma. Hermitage. PI. XV. 2 (cp. 
 Rev. beige, 1881, p. 346, PI. XVI, No. 14). 
 
 3. Obv. The Emperor standing, holding labarum. 
 Rev. Cross crosslet on steps. 
 
 JE Nomisma. PI. XV. 3. 
 
 The following, a variety of No. 2, is de- 
 scribed from a plaster cast kindly supplied by 
 M. J. N. Svoronos : — 
 
 Plate 
 
 Inscr. The Emperor 
 George, bearded, stand- 
 ing facing, holding in r. 
 cross with empearled 
 head, and in 1. globus ; 
 wears crown, tunic, and 
 mantle. Border of dots. 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, stand- 
 ing facing, wearing nim- 
 bus and robe ; in r., long 
 cross. [Border of dots. J 
 
 n 
 
 T 
 
 [inscr. ob- 
 scure] 
 
 iE Nomisma. National Mus., Athens. Cp. Konstanto- 
 poulos in Jouni. internat., ii, 1899, pp. 219 f. 
 
 i 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 6 
 
259 
 
 JOHN II 
 
 A.D. 1280-1297 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 Asp 
 
 ers 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (with pellets on rev.^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. John 11, bearded, 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 standing- facing-, 
 
 bearded and nimbate. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 holding- in r. laba- 
 runi with short shaft. 
 
 standing facing; in 
 r., long cross ; 1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 1. globus cruci- 
 
 holds robe. Border 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ger ; wears crown, 
 
 of dots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tunic (with 0), and 
 mantle falling over 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. arm ; in field r., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 vianus Dei in sleeve 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 crowning the Em- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 peror. Border of dots. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 43-2 
 
 M 
 
 •9 
 
 luD 
 
 
 ® 
 
 e 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 hN 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 €V 
 
 r 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 •:-5 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [H.P.BorreUsale,1852, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lot 1048] 
 
 
 2 
 
 42-7 
 
 A\ 
 
 .85 
 
 ItD 
 
 K 
 
 N 
 
 
 ® 
 €V 
 
 r 
 
 € 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [H.P.BorreUsale,1852, 
 lot 1048] 
 
 
 3 
 
 425 
 
 M 
 
 •95 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 hN 
 
 N 
 
 
 ® 
 
 6V 
 
 r 
 
 € 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [H.P.BorreUsale,1852, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lot 1045] 
 
 
 
260 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 4 44-2 
 
 44-9 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 44-8 
 
 435 
 
 M -85 
 
 .R -9 
 
 43-8 M -85 
 
 M -85 
 
 M .9 
 
 45-6 M .9 
 
 Obverse 
 
 lUJ 
 
 o 
 
 K 
 
 N 
 O 
 
 lUJ 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 hN 
 
 ^ 
 
 lOJ 
 
 o 
 
 K 
 
 (inscr. 
 obscure) 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 ® 
 €V 
 
 r 
 
 € 
 
 Nl 
 O 
 
 v5 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-G2] 
 
 ® € 
 
 €V Nl 
 
 r o 
 
 •:-5 
 
 [H. P. Borrellsale,1852, 
 lot 1048] 
 
 ® 
 
 ev 
 
 Nl 
 O 
 
 [de Sails, 1862] 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 8 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 9 
 
 (Similar to Nos. 1-6, but pellets on rev. 
 omitted) 
 
 lUJ 
 
 
 o 
 
 N 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 WM 
 
 y 
 
 [l]UJ 
 
 o 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 O 
 
 lUJ 
 
 o 
 
 KO 
 
 M 
 N 
 
 ® 
 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 5 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-53] 
 
 (A) 
 €V 
 
 '6 
 Nl 
 O 
 
 [OorV?] 
 
 s 
 
 [de Sails, 1862] 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 10 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 11 
 
 ® 
 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 N 
 
 o 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
JOHN II-ASPERS 
 
 261 
 
 No. 
 
 Weiffht 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 10 
 
 43-5 
 
 M .9 
 
 11 
 
 41.9 
 
 M -85 
 
 12 
 
 43. 
 
 M .9 
 
 13 
 
 44.7 
 
 M -8 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 (+ on obv. or rev.) 
 
 Inscr. John II, bearded, 
 standing- facing-, 
 holding in r. hxbarum 
 with siiort shaft, in 
 1. g-lobus cruciger ; 
 wears crown, tunic 
 (with •), and sash 
 
 (witli )j(.) falling 
 over 1. arm ; in field 
 r., manus Dei in 
 sleeve crowning the 
 Emperor. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 lUJ 
 
 O N 
 
 KO ; O 
 WN i 5 
 
 (wears tunic with 0, 
 and mantle over 1. 
 arm, as on Nos. 1-6 ; 
 no sash) 
 
 [l]UJ 
 
 o 
 
 KO 
 
 lOJ 
 
 O 
 
 KO 
 
 lUU 
 
 LK] 
 
 [hN] 
 
 N 
 O 
 C 
 
 N 
 O 
 C 
 
 N 
 O 
 
 i 
 
 (tunic with ^) 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 bearded and nim- 
 bate, standing- fac- 
 ing- ; in r. , long cross ; 
 1. holds robe. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 ® r€ 
 
 €V Nl 
 
 O 
 
 5 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-60] 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 €V 
 
 r€ 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 ® r€ 
 
 €V Nl 
 
 O 
 C 
 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 5-6-19] 
 
 ® 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 XXXVl. 
 
 1 
 
 XXXVl. 
 
 2 
 
 XXXVl. 
 
 3 
 
 XXXVl. 
 
 4 
 
 (cross in 1. hand ; holds 
 robe with r.) 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
262 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 14 
 
 Weight 
 
 421 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M .9 
 
 15 
 
 42. 
 
 16 
 
 42-3 
 
 17 
 
 42-8 
 
 18 
 
 43-7 
 
 M .9 
 
 M -9 
 
 M .85 
 
 Al .85 
 
 Obverse 
 
 [lUUJ 
 
 o 
 
 KO 
 hrfsi 
 
 N 
 O 
 C 
 
 (sash witli •••) 
 
 lUJ 
 
 O 
 
 KO 
 
 hrM 
 
 N 
 O 
 C 
 
 (sash witli • • •) 
 
 lUU 
 
 o 
 
 KO 
 
 H 
 
 (sash with 
 
 [N] 
 O 
 [C] 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (A) 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 (cross in 1. hand ; holds 
 robe witli r.) 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-57] 
 
 (A) 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 c 
 
 (cross in 1. hand ; holds 
 robe with r.) 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 5-6-22] 
 
 (A) 
 
 ev 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 + c 
 
 (cross in 1. hand ; holds 
 
 robe with r.) 
 [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, 
 
 lot 1044] 
 
 (Lis ('$') on obv.) 
 
 Inscr. Jolm II, stand- ] Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 ing facing- : all as on standing- facing-: 
 No. 10. all as on No. 10. 
 
 lO) 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 HN 
 
 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 f c 
 
 (sash with 
 
 dotted X) 
 
 ® 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 c 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 Similar to No. 17 (C | Similar to No. 17. 
 off flan) (sash with [H. P. BorreU sale, 1852, 
 dotted X) 'lot 1044] 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXX VI. 
 
 5 
 
JOHN II— ASPERS 
 
 263 
 
 No. 
 
 Weigth 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 19 
 
 45-8 
 
 M -9 
 
 lUU 
 
 KO N 
 
 • 
 (sash with X ^^d slot- 
 ted ornamentation ; 
 lis between • and •) 
 
 ® re 
 
 €9 Nl 
 V P 
 C 
 
 [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, 
 lot 1045] 
 
 
 20 
 
 43-3 
 
 M -85 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 ^0 
 
 T C 
 
 ® 
 V ' 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 c 
 
 xxxvi. 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 (sash with 
 
 ted orna 
 
 lis betwe 
 
 X and dot- 
 mentation ; 
 en • and •) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-56] 
 
 
 21 
 
 42-8 
 
 .R .9 
 
 r.u5] 
 
 [K]0 
 hffM 
 
 • [N?l 
 
 [0?] 
 
 f [C?] 
 
 ® 
 [€] 
 
 V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (sash with •)!(. ; tunic 
 with X aiid 2 ; lis 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 
 
 
 blundered) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (letter 
 
 on ohv.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. John II, bearded, 
 standing facing, 
 holding in r. laba- 
 rum with short shaft, 
 in 1. globus cruciger ; 
 wears crown, tunic 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 bearded and nimbate, 
 standing facing ; in 
 r. , long cross ; 1. holds 
 robe. Border of dots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 (with .-), 
 falling OM 
 in field 
 Dei in sle 
 ing the 
 Border of 
 
 and sash 
 ^er 1. arm ; 
 r., manus 
 ;eve crown- 
 Emperor, 
 dots. 
 
 
 
 
264 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 Weight 
 
 42. 
 
 37-G 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Al .85 
 
 M .95 
 
 42.9 M -9 
 
 25 39-3 
 
 26 
 
 M .9 
 
 43-7 M .9 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 lUJ I 
 
 o 
 
 KO N 
 
 hM O 
 
 A C 
 
 r 
 
 ( t • I ou sash) 
 
 lOJ 
 O 
 
 KO 
 hN 
 
 (• • • on sash) 
 
 NO 
 
 A 
 
 lUU 
 
 O 
 
 KO 
 hN 
 (•V» oil sash) 
 
 NO 
 
 •^r 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 O 
 C 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-59] 
 
 6Vp 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 c 
 
 [H.P.BorreIlsale,1852, 
 lot 1044] 
 
 (A) 
 
 ev 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 c 
 
 Plate 
 
 xxxvi. 
 7 
 
 [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, 
 lot 1044] 
 
 lOJ 
 
 A 
 
 ® 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 ev 
 
 N[l] 
 
 KO 
 
 
 
 
 
 hN 
 
 NO 
 
 
 C 
 
 (•V» on sash) 
 
 [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, 
 
 
 lot 1048] 
 
 iGD 1 A 
 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • V 
 
 Nl 
 
 KO 
 
 
 
 
 
 hrN 
 
 [NO] 
 
 
 c 
 
 (•V» on sash) 
 
 [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, 
 
 
 
 lot 1048] 
 
 
 ' This object occurs also in the Lis series, No. 17, suj)ra. a 
 
 '^ This letter nearly resembles A, but probably A is intended. So also on the follow- i 
 
 ingr coins of this series. 
 
JOHN n— ASPERS 
 
 265 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 27 
 
 43-8 
 
 M -9 
 
 iGD 
 
 A 
 
 ® 
 
 re 
 
 xxxvi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 €V 
 
 Nl 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 hrN 
 
 O 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 
 
 
 
 
 (.*• on sash) 
 
 4-3-52] 
 
 
 28 
 
 444 
 
 M -9 
 
 iQj 1 A 
 
 O ^^ 
 
 xxxvi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 A 
 
 r€ 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 n 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 [hN] 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 (^ on sash) 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 
 
 
 i% on 
 
 rev.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. John II, bearded, 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 
 
 
 
 
 standing- facing, 
 
 bearded and nim- 
 
 
 
 
 
 holding in r. labaruni 
 
 bate, standing fac- 
 
 
 
 
 
 with short shaft, in 
 
 ing; in r., long cross ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. globus cruciger ; 
 
 1. holds robe. Border 
 
 
 
 
 
 wears crown, tunic 
 
 of dots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 (with 2), and sash 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 falling over 1. arm ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in field r., manus Dei 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in sleeve crowning 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the Emperor. Bor- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 der of dots. 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 42-5 
 
 M -9 
 
 liD 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 xxxvi. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 A 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 (tunic and 
 
 
 
 C 
 sash orna- 
 
 n 
 
 % 
 
 c 
 
 N[l] 
 [OC] 
 
 
 
 
 
 mented with 0) 
 
 [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, 
 lot 1045] 
 
 
 30 
 
 44-2 
 
 M .9 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 A 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 WN 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 n 
 ^ 
 
 N[n 
 
 [OC] 
 
 
 
 
 
 (tunic and sash with \ 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^) 
 
 
 [Purchase 
 5-6-15] 
 
 Jd, 1908, 
 
 1 
 
 
 M m 
 
266 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 31 
 
 , 44-8 
 
 M .9 
 
 iGD 
 
 
 €V 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 A 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 n 
 
 Nrn 
 
 
 
 
 
 hN 
 
 [?J 
 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 otcl 
 
 
 
 
 
 (tunic and sash with 
 
 [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, 
 
 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 lot 1048] 
 
 
 32 
 
 42.6 
 
 JR -95 
 
 iGu 
 
 6V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 n % 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 [hrN] 
 
 
 • C 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (sash with 0) 
 
 [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, 
 lot 1045] 
 
 
 33 
 
 30-5 
 
 Al -9 
 
 [luD] 
 
 
 o 
 
 e[V] 
 
 xxxvi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 re 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 
 n t. 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 [Purchas 
 
 OC 
 
 ed, 1904, 
 
 
 
 
 
 (sash with 0) 
 
 4-3-55] 
 
 
 34 
 
 42.5 
 
 M .9 
 
 luD 
 
 
 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [KO] 
 
 N 
 
 [A] 
 
 / 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 tffl. 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 N[l] 
 
 
 
 
 
 [NJ 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (sash with -X) 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [H.P.BorreUsaIe,1852, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lot 1045] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^ xxxvi 
 
 35 
 
 .35.7 
 
 M .8 
 
 loi 
 
 
 
 
 €V 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 KG 
 
 N 
 
 o 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 hrN 
 
 [C] 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 ed, 1904, 
 
 
 
 
 
 (sasli with X-) 
 
 [Purchas 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-3-54 
 
 1 
 
 
JOHN II— ASPERS 
 
 267 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 (^ on 
 
 Inscr. John II, bearded, 
 standing" facing-, 
 holding- in r. laba- 
 runi with short shaft, 
 in 1. globus crucig-er ; 
 wears crown, tunic 
 
 (witli ;), and sash 
 
 (with ^^^) falling 
 over 1. arm ; in field 
 r., manus Dei in 
 sleeve crowning- the 
 Emperor, Border of 
 dots. 
 
 oho.) 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 bearded and nimbate, 
 standing facing- ; in 
 r. , long cross; 1. holds 
 robe. Border of dots. 
 
 
 36 
 
 43-3 
 
 M -85 
 
 [luD] 
 
 
 ® 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [K]0 
 
 N 
 
 
 € 
 V 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 WM 
 
 C 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 (double-struck) 
 
 
 
 
 
 (sash with ^) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-58] 
 
 
 37 
 
 41-5 
 
 M -95 
 
 
 KO 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 € 
 V 
 
 ^6 
 
 xxx-n 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 (sasli w 
 
 ith X) 
 
 
 [Purchas 
 
 N 1 
 
 ed, 1904, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-11-407] 
 
 
 38 
 
 45-4 
 
 M .95 
 
 lUJ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ® 
 
 r^€ 
 
 xxxvi. 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 €V 
 
 N 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 hN 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 • • 
 • 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 (sash with X) 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-61] 
 
 
 39 
 
 40-6 
 
 M -8 
 
 lUJ 
 O 
 
 KO 
 hN 
 
 N 
 
 
 [q 
 
 ® 
 € 
 V 
 
 • • 
 
 • 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 (sash w 
 
 ith X) 
 
 [de Sali 
 
 s, 1862] 
 
 
268 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 40 
 
 41-7 
 
 Al .9 
 
 idj 
 
 
 ® re 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 €V 
 
 NI 
 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 O 
 
 • 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 hN 
 
 t^ c 
 
 • • 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 (sash with X) 
 
 [H. P. Borrellsale, 
 1852, lot 1048] 
 
 
 41 
 
 47-8 
 
 .U .9 
 
 lUD 
 
 
 ® 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 € 
 
 NI 
 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hN 
 
 ^ c 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 (sash with X) 
 
 [H. P. BorreU sale, 
 1852, lot 1048] 
 
 
 42 
 
 45-5 
 
 M -9 
 
 iQJ 
 
 
 ® 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 €V 
 
 NI 
 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hN 
 
 ^ c 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 (sash with X) 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 43 
 
 43-6 
 
 M -85 
 
 lUU 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 . C 
 
 ® 
 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 NI 
 
 
 xxxvi. 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 fTN {sic) H^ 
 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 5-6-16] 
 
 
 44 
 
 41.8 
 
 M -9 
 
 iGQ 
 
 
 ® 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 €V 
 
 • • 
 
 NI 
 
 
 
 
 
 hN 
 
 
 
 v^ r 
 
 • 1 
 (pellet on shaft of cross) 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Qo" ■*■ 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 45 
 
 34-7 
 
 Al -85 
 
 n1 
 
 
 ® re 
 ev Ni 
 
 xxxvi. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 (C?) 
 
 [h:^?] 
 
 0' 
 
 • • 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1852, lot 1049] 
 
 
 ' This blundered piece was probably not produced at the official mint, but may be 
 a contemporary forgery. 
 
JOHN II— ASPERS 
 
 269 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 46 
 
 38-4 
 
 M -85 
 
 idj 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 
 C 
 
 ® 
 
 ev 
 
 re^ 
 
 Nl 
 O 
 
 xxxvii 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 hN 
 
 (4 pellets 
 
 > in sash) 
 
 1 »- 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 47 
 
 42. 
 
 JR .9 
 
 lUJ 
 O 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 ^ c 
 
 ® re 
 e Nl 
 
 V OC 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 48 
 
 441 
 
 M .85 
 
 iGD 
 
 KO 
 
 hN 
 
 (inscr. on ] 
 flan ; 6 
 sash) 
 
 N 
 
 
 . partly oft 
 pellets in 
 
 ® 
 
 6 
 V 
 
 [de Sali 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 OC 
 
 s, 1862] 
 
 
 49 
 
 40.7 
 
 M .85 
 
 Similar (inscr. com- 
 plete ; 5 pellets in 
 sasli) 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 Similar, but CV for 
 w ; pellet on shaft 
 of cross. 
 
 
 50 
 
 41.7 
 
 M .8 
 
 iGQ 
 
 
 KO 
 
 hN 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 ® 
 
 ev 
 
 [de Sali 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 OC 
 
 s, 1862] 
 
 
 51 
 
 41.2 
 
 M .85 
 
 iGD 
 o 
 
 KO 
 
 [hN] 
 (4 pellets 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 ^ c 
 
 in sash) 
 
 [®] 
 
 [e]v 
 
 [de Sali 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 OC 
 
 s, 1862] 
 
 
 52 
 
 44. 
 
 M .9 
 
 lUJ 
 O 
 
 KO 
 
 hN 
 
 (4 pellets 
 
 N 
 
 
 ^ c 
 
 in sash) 
 
 ® 
 
 ev 
 
 [de Salis 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 OC 
 
 3, 1862] 
 
 
270 
 
 IX. COINS OF TPIE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 .li .85 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 53 
 
 424 
 
 lUJ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ® 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 ev 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 JtN 
 
 O 
 
 oc 
 
 [de Sails, 1862] 
 
 
 54 
 
 42. 
 
 M -85 
 
 id) 
 
 
 [®] 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 
 
 [e]v 
 
 Nl 
 
 oc 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ v" 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 55 
 
 3G.8 
 
 Al -8 
 
 lUJ 
 
 KO 
 
 
 ® 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 €V 
 
 0' 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hN 
 
 ^ ?^ 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 L^J 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 56 
 
 434 
 
 M -9 
 
 lUU 
 
 
 
 ® 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 
 €V 
 
 Nl 
 
 oc 
 
 
 
 
 
 HSH 
 
 ^ c 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 
 
 
 (4 pellets in sash) 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 32-3 
 
 yR -9 
 
 [lUJ] 
 
 
 1 r€ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ® 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 [ev] 
 
 Nl 
 
 oc 
 
 
 
 
 
 MSH 
 
 ^ 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 
 
 
 (several pellets in sash) 
 
 L ' -1 
 
 
 58 
 
 394 
 
 .R .85 
 
 lOD 
 
 
 ® ' '"^ 
 
 XXX vi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 K, 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 hfsH ^ ^ ^? 
 
 V 
 
 oc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 59 
 
 44-5 
 
 .R -8 
 
 lUJ 
 O 
 
 N 
 
 
 c 
 
 ® 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 hN^ 
 
 (tunic with 
 
 ; stripes 
 
 [de Sali 
 
 c 
 
 s, 1862] 
 
 
 
 
 
 instead of pellets in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sash) 
 
 
 
 ' Perhaps not a letter but an annulet inserted to balance the O on the other side 
 of the type. 
 
JOHN II— ASPERS 
 
 271 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 60 
 
 39-2 
 
 M .85 
 
 lUU 
 
 
 ® J re 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 WNH 
 
 N 
 
 6V 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [de SaHs, 1862] 
 
 
 61 
 
 444 
 
 M .85 
 
 iCD 
 
 KO 
 
 
 ® ! '^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 €V Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 HSH 
 
 ^ • 
 
 [de Salis, 18G2] 
 
 
 62 
 
 41-1 
 
 M -85 
 
 \UJ 
 
 
 ® 1 r€ 
 
 xxxvii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KOH 
 N\N 
 
 (sash, -r^ 
 
 ; double- 
 
 € Nl 
 V OC 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 struck) 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 42.6 
 
 M .8 
 
 lOD 
 
 
 KO 
 hrN 
 
 (sash. 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 ^ c 
 
 • • • • J 
 
 ® r€ 
 
 € NIO 
 
 V c 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 64 
 
 40.2 
 
 JR .85 
 
 [iCu] 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 ^T^H 
 
 N 
 
 
 E^K C 
 
 ® 
 € 
 V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 (sash. 
 
 ...) 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 65 
 
 42-8 
 
 Al -85 
 
 lUU 
 
 
 KO 
 
 WsH 
 
 (sash. 
 
 N 
 • 
 
 ^' C 
 ...) 
 
 "®] 
 € 
 V 
 
 [H. P. Bo 
 
 1852, 1( 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 c 
 
 rrell sale, 
 3t 1045] 
 
 
 QG 
 
 43.7 
 
 M .9 
 
 iGu 
 
 
 1 ""^ 
 
 xxxvii. 
 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 • i 
 
 ® ! Nl 
 
 ev 1 o 
 
 1 c 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 (sash, 
 
 •••) i 
 
 i 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 4-3-63] 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^Cp. 
 
 No. 43, siq)ra. 
 
 
 
 
272 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 44-7 M -85 
 
 Obverse 
 
 43-6 
 
 46.4 
 
 Al .85 
 
 lUJ 
 
 o 
 
 K O 
 
 (sash, •£•) 
 
 luD 
 o 
 
 KO 
 
 (sash, ^T7 ) 
 
 N 
 O 
 C 
 
 N 
 O 
 C 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 ® 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 O 
 
 C 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 ® 
 €V 
 
 r€ 
 
 N 
 
 oc 
 
 [de Salis, 1802] 
 
 (Z^ on obi'. : aspers of rude style) 
 
 Inscr. 
 
 .^ -95 
 
 Style rude 
 
 UJ 
 O 
 
 John II, stand- 
 as on No. 36. 
 
 N 
 O 
 
 K 
 
 (monogram blundered ; 
 sash with -^"^^^^^ 
 
 30.8 ; A\ -86 
 
 KO I 
 ^N I t^ 
 (sash witli ^ 
 
 N 
 O 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 standing, as on 
 No. 36. Style rude.^ 
 
 € 1 Nl 
 V I O 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 XXXVll. 
 5 
 
 xxxvu. 
 6 
 
 re 
 
 ' Nl 
 6 
 V 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-414] 
 
 XZXVll. 
 
 7 
 
 ^ The barbarous character of these coins has led PfafFenhoffen (p. 102), Blau {Berl. 
 Blatter, iv, p. 181), and Sabatier to attribute them to John IV (Kalojoannes), one of the 
 latest of the Emperors of Trebizond (died A. D. 1458). But this attribution is, surely, 
 most improbable, if only for the reason that long before the period of John IV the 
 standing figures on the asper had been replaced by equestrian types. Aspers of the 
 reign of John IV should therefore present equestrian figures, and we should, moreover, 
 expect them to be struck on much smaller flans than those which characterize the coins 
 now under discussion. The coins, then, must be regarded either as contemporary 
 forgeries of the reign of John II or, more probably, as barbarous imitations of the aspers 
 of John 11 made in some country — Iberia (Georgia) ?— where the silver coins of Trebizond 
 were a popular medium of exchange. (Cp. note to No. 73, infra.) These coins will thus 
 be not earlier than A. D. 1280, the date of the accession of John II, but it is not 
 impossible that they may have continued to be struck even after the death of John II 
 which took place in a. d. 1297. (Retowski, Komn.. pp. 73 f., 108 f., cp. p. 20, has 
 independently reached very similar conclusions as to these and other barbarous coins.) 
 
JOHN II— ASPERS 
 
 273 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 71 
 
 884 
 
 M .85 
 
 iQj 
 
 KO N 
 
 (monog-ram blundered) 
 (sash with ^il!^) 
 
 ""^ 
 ^ N 
 V . 
 
 € 
 
 (V small) 
 [de SaUs, 1862] 
 
 xxxvii 
 8 
 
 72 
 
 30-3 
 
 M -85 
 
 UU 
 KO 
 
 hN 
 
 (monog-ram 
 (sash wit 
 
 1 1 
 
 O 
 
 blundered) 
 
 ev NI 
 
 0* 
 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-412] 
 
 XXX vii 
 9 
 
 73 
 
 34-7 
 
 M -85 
 
 W 
 O 
 KO 
 HI 
 
 (sash wi 
 
 
 
 th^) 
 
 re 
 
 [0?] Ill 
 V 
 [Purchased, 1904, 
 5-11-413]^ 
 
 xxxvii 
 10 
 
 74 
 
 35-2 
 
 M -85 
 
 Similar to No. 73. 
 
 
 CV 
 
 re 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [de SaHs, 1862] 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Annulet — c 
 
 r p — on rev.-) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. John II, stand- 
 ing", as on No. 36, 
 supra. 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 standing, as on 
 No. 36, supra. 
 
 
 75 
 
 45. 
 
 JR -9 
 
 iOj 
 
 O 
 KO 
 
 HM 
 
 N 
 
 C 
 
 [®] 
 
 re 
 
 Ni 
 
 o 
 c 
 
 xxxvii 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 (sash w 
 
 ith m) 
 
 [de Sali 
 
 s, 1862] 
 
 
 ^ This rudely executed coin (so also No. 74) should be compared with an undoubted 
 Georgian imitation of the Trebizond aspers, and specially in regard to the curious form 
 of the crown : see Langlois, Essai de class, des suites monetaires de la Georgie (1860), p. 104, 
 PI. VIII. 9. The coin reads on the obv. ' King George ' in Georgian letters. It is 
 attributed by Langlois to George VIII, a.d. 1452-1469, but it would not seem impossible 
 to assign it to one of the earlier kings of Georgia bearing this name. Cp. another 
 imitation in the 1852 edition of Langlois, PI. V. 11. (See also Retowski, Komn.,y. 109.) 
 
 ^ Probably only inserted to balance the letter O of the reverse inscription ; cp. 
 No. 55, supra. The annulet on No. 76 has a hook. 
 
274 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 76 
 
 38-6 
 
 M h 
 
 03 
 
 
 r- 
 
 xxxvii. 
 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 
 ® 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 hN 
 
 C 
 
 [€]VQ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (sash with ^) 
 
 [H. P. BorreU sale, 
 1852, lot 1045] 
 
 
 
 
 
 (without 
 
 symbol) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr, Johnlljbearded, 
 
 Inscr. St. Eug-enius, 
 
 
 
 
 
 standing- facing-, 
 
 beardedandnimbate. 
 
 
 
 
 
 holding in r. laba- 
 
 standing facing ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 rum with short shaft, 
 
 in r., long cross ; 1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 1. globus cruciger; 
 
 holds robe. Border 
 
 
 
 
 
 wears crown, tunic 
 
 of dots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 (with ;), and sash 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 falling over 1. arm ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in field r., manus 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dei in sleeve crown- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing the Emperor. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Border of dots. 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 434 
 
 M -85 
 
 lOu 
 
 OK 
 
 [HN] 
 
 N 
 
 ® 
 6V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 oc 
 
 
 
 
 
 (sash with X) 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 78 
 
 41.7 
 
 M .8 
 
 iGD 
 
 
 ® 
 
 N[l] 
 
 xxxvii 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 [N] 
 
 €V 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 
 
 re 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 hN 
 
 [C] 
 
 [H. P. BorreU sale, 
 
 
 
 
 
 (tunic with 0) (sash 
 
 1852, lot 1044] 
 
 
 
 
 
 with 0) 
 
 
 
 79 
 
 42-8 
 
 M -95 
 
 lUJ 
 
 
 [0] 
 
 ev 
 
 xxxvii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 re 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 KO 
 
 N 
 
 [1] 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 
 
 
 hN 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (tunic witl 
 
 L X and :) 
 
 ^a 
 
 [5] 
 
 
 
 
 
 (sash wit 
 
 hXX) 
 
 [de Salig 
 
 , 1862 '] 
 
 
 * The rev. bears a very close resemblance to the coin of Theodora (circ. a.d. 1285) 
 described infm (PI. XXXVIII. 1). The ornamentation of the Emperor's dress is also in 
 some respects similar to that found on Theodora's dress as represented on the same coin. 
 
JOHN n—ASPERS— BRONZE 
 
 275 
 
 No. 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 83 
 
 84 
 
 Weight 
 
 42-6 
 
 44. 
 
 40-2 
 
 43-6 
 
 364 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M .85 
 
 M -95 
 
 M .95 
 
 M -95 
 
 M .85 
 
 Obverse 
 
 lO) 
 
 o 
 
 N 
 O 
 C 
 
 KO 
 hN 
 
 (sash with M.) 
 
 lUU 
 
 O 
 
 KO 
 
 (sash with IE ) 
 
 N 
 O 
 C 
 
 Similar to No. 81. 
 
 Similar to No. 81 ; sash 
 with i. 
 
 lUU 
 O 
 KO 
 hN 
 
 (sash with ' 
 
 Reverse 
 
 ev 
 
 Nl 
 O 
 
 [de SaUs, 1862] 
 
 [inscr. off 
 flan] 
 
 ® 
 
 €V 
 
 r€ 
 
 Nl 
 
 oc 
 
 [de SaHs, 1862] 
 
 Similar to No. 81. 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1044] 
 
 ® 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 O 
 C 
 
 [H. P. BorreU sale, 
 1852, lot 1048] 
 
 ® 
 € 
 V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 Q2 
 
 [de SaUs, 1862] 
 
 See also sitpra, p. 260, Nos. 7-9, and on 
 the whole asper-coinage, Retowski, Komn.. 
 pp. 76-129. 
 
 Bronze 
 Nomisma (scyphate) 
 
 Inscr. John II, stand- 
 ing facing, holding 
 in r. labarum with 
 short shaft ; in 1. 
 globus cruciger; 
 wears crown, striped 
 tunic, and sash fall- 
 ing over 1. arm. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 Inscr. Bust of St. John 
 the Baptist, bearded 
 and nimbate, facing; 
 r. hand in blessing ; 
 1. holds long cross. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 Plate 
 
 xxxvu. 
 15 
 
 xxxvu. 
 16 
 
 ' The t-ev. closely resembles the rev. of the coin of Theodora in PI. XXXVIII. 1. 
 ^ The O has a tail or hook, resembling Q. Cp. No. 76. 
 
276 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 85 
 
 35. 
 
 JE 1. 
 
 lUU 
 
 o 
 
 N 
 
 ® 
 
 ffP 
 
 xxxvii. 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 0(i.e.6 
 
 7rpo8po/A09, 
 
 th-e Fore- 
 runner) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-22] ' 
 
 
 JOHN II AND HIS SON ALEXIUS 
 
 There are aspers with obv. John II and Alexius, standing- ; rev. St. Eu- 
 g-enius, standing: see Retowski, Komn.^ p. 130: cp. Revue bel(/e, 1881, 
 pp. 347, 348 ; Sabatier, ii, p. 332, ' Manuel III and Alexius IV ' ; Photiades 
 CataL, p. 46, No. 651. 
 
 A bronze coin with obv. John II, standing ; rev. Alexius, standing, is 
 described by Sabatier, ii, p. 318, No. 1, PL 68. 5 : cp. Retowski, p. 131. 
 
 ' This is the identical specimen published by Sabatier (ii, p. 312, No. 4, PI. 67. 9). 
 who has attributed it to John I ; but the short-shafted labarum and the globus cruciger 
 are better suited to John II, as has already been pointed out, p. 232, supra, 'John I.' 
 Sabatier has not und erstood the monogram on the rev., and has read the whole reverse 
 inscr. as O A. lUJ ANNE. (In Retowski's Komn., p. 105, Sabatier's engraving is 
 reproduced and the coin is incorrectly stated to be in the Stroganow collection.) 
 
 To John II, Sabatier (ii, p. 317, No. 2, PI. 68. 4) has assigned a bronze coin with 
 rev. ' Bust of St. Eugenius ' [St. George ?], but there is reason to think that his descrip- 
 tion of it is incorrect: see Konstantopoulos in Jouni. internat. cVarch. num., ii, 1899, 
 pp. 223, 224. (Retowski, p. 187, reproduces Sabatier's engraving.) As to other bronze 
 coins that have been attributed to John II {rev. St. Eugenius) see Retowski, pp. 75 f., and 
 pp. 105-7. 
 
 I 
 
277 
 
 THEODORA 
 
 circ. 1285 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 44.5 
 
 M -95 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Asper 
 
 Inscr. The Empress 
 Theodora, standing 
 facing-, holding- in r. 
 globus cruciger ; 1. 
 hand placed on 
 breast ; wears crown, 
 tunic (with X))aiid 
 sash (with XX) 
 falling over r. arm ; 
 in field 1., manus Dei 
 in sleeve crowning 
 tlie Empress. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 [P]A 
 {manus Dei off flan) 
 
 H 
 
 KO 
 
 hN 
 
 HN 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 bearded, standing 
 facing, holding in r. 
 long cross ; wears 
 nimbus and robe 
 (fastened by brooch), 
 which he holds in 1. 
 hand. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 O 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 o 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] ' 
 
 Bronze 
 
 There is a bronze nomisma, obv. Theodora, 
 standing ; rev. St. Eugenius (Retowski, p. 133). 
 In Revue beige, 1881, p. 348, PI. XVI. 16, a bronze 
 coin with obv. Standing figure ; rev. The 
 Virgin, Christ, and Empress (.?) is attributed 
 to Theodora, but the specimen is not satis- 
 factorily preserved. Cp. Retowski, p. 134. 
 A bronze coin with obv. Equestrian figure, 
 rev. Cross, engraved in Berliner Blatter, ii, 
 1865, PI. XIX. 2, is also attributed (correctly ?) 
 in the Thomsen Sale Catalogue, p. 68, No. 846, 
 to Theodora. 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXXVlll. 
 
 1 
 
 ^ For similar aspers see Sabatier, ii, p. 319 ; Pfaffenhoffen, p. 88 ; Koehne in Mem. 
 Soc. d'Arch. et Num. de St.-Fetersbourg, iii, 1849, p. 152, PI. III. 10 ; cp. Bartholomaei, 
 Lettres num. et arch., 1859, p. 39. (Also Retowski, pp. 132 f.) Some aspers (Nos. 79, 80, 
 siq)ra) of John II resemble Theodora's aspers in various respects. 
 
278 
 
 ALEXIUS II 
 
 A.D. 1297-1330 
 
 The various aspers and half-aspers inscribed with the name ' Alexius ' 
 must be distributed between Alexius II, III, and IV, for there is good ground 
 for refusing to assign any of them to Alexius I (see supj^a^ p. 230, Alexius I). 
 
 Pfaffenhoffen (p. 92) has well noted that the sceptre held by the emperor 
 on the obv. of the 'Alexius' coins assumes several forms, and that these 
 changes seem likely to give a clue to the attribution of the coinage. The 
 sceptre is represented, as regards its head, in three different ways : with an 
 
 empearled head (represented by several pellets, •) with a triple head, Yi with 
 
 a three-barred cross as head, ^. 
 
 Pfaffenhoffen has assigned to Alexius II those coins which display the 
 triple-headed sceptre, and to Alexius III those which display the empearled 
 sceptre. But if we take a broader survey of the coinage than was possible 
 for Pfaffenhoffen Avith his comparatively scanty material, cause can be shown 
 why we should reverse this arrangement, i. e. we must assign to Alexius II 
 the silver coins with the empearled sceptre, and to Alexius III those with the 
 triple head. 
 
 The distribution of the sceptres is as follows :— 
 
 Alexius II [j ? or Y ?]. 
 Basil I Y. ' 
 Michael Y . 
 
 Alexius III [\? or y .?]. 
 Manuel III Y and ^. 
 Alexius IV ^ . 
 
 It is thus clear that if the • sceptre is assigned (as Pfaffenhoffen 
 proposed) to Alexius III it will break the sequence of Y sceptres. It is 
 necessary, therefore, to place it before the introduction of the Y sceptre, i. e. 
 
 in the reign of Alexius II, and the coins with this • scej^tre are, moreover, 
 by their style and fabric, better suited to this position than to the reign of 
 Alexius III. 
 
 To Alexius IV falls the series with ^ , a form of sceptre already in use 
 during part of the reign of his predecessor, Manuel III. 
 
ALEXIUS II— ASPERS 
 
 279 
 
 M. Retowski, in his Munzen d. Komnenen, pp. 136 f., and pp. 161 f., 
 published since the above was written, takes a different view, in several 
 cases, as to the coins to be assig-ned to Alexius 11 and Alexius III. He 
 attributes many of those with the Y sceptre to Alexius 11 (not III), and on 
 the whole appears to attach less importance to the ornamentation of the 
 sceptre than to the indications supplied by the form of the legends, the 
 weight, &c. — indications which certainly deserve full consideration. 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Asp 
 
 Inscr. Alexius II, 
 bearded, facing-, 
 seated on horse walk- 
 ing r. ; wears crown 
 
 and tunic (with ;) ; 
 in r. hand, sceptre 
 with empearled head 
 
 (;); 1. hand on bridle. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 (lett( 
 
 ers 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 bearded, seated fac- 
 ing on horse walking 
 r. ; wears nimbus 
 and tunic (with 0) ; 
 in r. hand, cross ; 
 1. hand on bridle. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 3r B) 
 
 
 1 
 
 35-5 
 
 M -9 
 
 A 
 € 
 
 W 
 
 ® 
 
 N 
 
 xxxviii 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 X/ 
 
 BN 
 
 €V 
 
 r 
 
 B[0 ?] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [H. P. Bo 
 
 rrell sale, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1852, lot 1046] 
 
 
 2 
 
 29-7 
 
 (chipped) 
 
 M -85 
 
 A 
 € 
 
 M 
 
 ® 
 [de Sali 
 
 N 
 B 
 
 s, 1862] 
 
 xxxviii 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 32-8 
 
 M -85 
 
 Similar to No. 2. 
 
 Similar to No. 2 ; inscr. 
 on 1. complete ; inscr. 
 on r. off flan. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [de Sali 
 
 s, 1862] 
 
 
280 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 36-2 
 
 40. 
 
 36-7 
 
 40-5 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Ai -8 
 
 JB. -9 
 
 M -9 
 
 M .85 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 A 
 
 (Quatrefoil ornament and B) 
 lYI 
 
 B 
 
 € 
 
 beneath horse, (5) 
 (quatrefoil orna- 
 ment) 
 
 N 
 
 ® 
 €V 
 
 r 
 
 beneath horse, (5) 
 (quatrefoil orna- 
 ment) 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1050] 
 
 (Cross) 
 
 A 
 
 € 
 
 + K 
 
 ® 
 
 GV 
 
 + 
 
 xxxviii. 
 5 
 
 
 N 
 
 r 
 
 • 
 
 [N] 
 
 
 
 
 (tunic covered with 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 pellets) 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1852, lot 1046] 
 
 
 A 
 € KO 
 
 + M 
 
 [®] 
 
 €V 
 
 + 
 N 
 
 
 >y 
 
 N 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 (tunic covered with 
 
 
 
 
 pellets) 
 
 
 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale. 
 
 
 
 
 1852, lot 1046] 
 
 
 A 
 
 •:• lYi 
 
 ® 
 €V 
 
 • 
 
 • • 
 • 
 
 xxxviiL 
 6 
 
 e 
 
 N 
 
 r 
 
 N 
 
 
 >y 
 
 
 (tunic covered with 
 pcUets) 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 
 
 
 
 1852, 1 
 
 ot 1046] 
 
 
 Plate 
 
 xxxviu. 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
ALEXIUS n— ASPERS 
 
 281 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 (Si 
 
 ar) 
 
 
 8 
 
 42-8 
 
 M -95 
 
 A 
 
 5|C 
 
 ® 
 
 >|c 
 
 xxxviii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 . V N 
 
 (tunic covered with 
 pellets) 
 
 [H. P. BorreU sale, 
 1852, lot 1046] 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 40-2 
 
 M .9 
 
 [inscr. 
 obscure] 
 
 5|C K 
 
 M 
 N 
 
 ® 
 
 5|C 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (tunic covered with 
 pellets) 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Plants or 
 
 Flowers) 
 
 
 10 
 
 417 
 
 M -85 
 
 A 
 € 
 
 M 
 
 ® 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 N 
 
 xxxviii. 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 ok" 
 
 beneath hoi 
 (tunic wi 
 
 N 
 
 thO) 
 
 beneath horse, ^, H', 
 ^ (tunic covered 
 with pellets) 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 11 
 
 36-8 
 
 M .9 
 
 € 
 
 hi 
 
 re 
 
 .V N 
 
 
 
 
 
 beneath hor 
 ^partly 
 (tunic wi 
 
 N 
 
 se,Y,Y,H' 
 
 obscure) 
 thO) 
 
 beneath ho 
 two neai 
 plants, 
 scure (tui 
 w'ith pell 
 [de Sali 
 
 rse, H', and 
 fly similar 
 partly ob- 
 aic covered 
 
 3ts) 
 
 3, 1862] 
 
 
 o o 
 
282 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 27-5 
 
 13 24-3 
 
 17.3 
 
 18-5 
 
 19.G 
 
 M .75 
 
 M -75 
 
 M .65 
 
 18.6 
 
 {chipped) 
 
 M .65 
 
 M .75 
 
 M .65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 A 
 A€0 
 
 Half Aspers 
 
 (Plant or Flower) 
 
 ^ ® 
 
 €vr 
 
 beneath liorse, *V* 
 (double-struck) 
 
 A 
 /V€0 
 
 hN 
 
 beneath horse, *V' 
 
 A 
 /V€0 
 
 beneath horse, *Y' 
 
 A hN 
 
 /V€0 
 
 beneath horse, *Y 
 
 A [WM] 
 
 € 
 'X/ O 
 
 r 
 
 beneatli horse, 4^ 
 
 A 
 € 
 
 O? 
 beneatli horse, >l^ 
 
 Nl 
 
 beneath horse, *V 
 (€Vr double-struck) 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 ® , Nl 
 
 6vr .? I 
 
 beneath horse, * y 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 ® 
 [€]V 
 
 Ijeneath horse, traces 
 
 of-y- 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1053] 
 
 Plate 
 
 xxxviii. 
 9 
 
 XXX VUl. 
 
 10 
 
 ® 
 
 €vr 
 
 m 
 
 beneath horse, y 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 ® 
 6V 
 
 r 
 
 Nl 
 
 beneath horse, -^ 
 
 [H. P. BorreU sale, 
 
 1852, lot 1053] 
 
 ® I N 
 beneath horse, A^ • 
 [H. P. BorreU sale, 
 
 1852, lot 1053] 
 
 XXXVUl. 
 
 11 
 
 XXXVIU. 
 
 12 
 
ALEXIUS II— HALF ASPERS— BRONZE 
 
 283 
 
 No. 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 18-7 
 (chipped) 
 
 22-7 
 
 (chipped) 
 
 M .7 
 
 M .75 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 HM 
 
 g 
 
 beneath horse, ifc ? 
 (type double-struck ; 
 inscr. on 1. nearlv 
 off flan) 
 
 OH 
 
 Nl 
 
 r 
 
 beneath horse, • (^ 
 (plant or flower ?) 
 
 ®? 
 
 €vr 
 
 fSH 
 
 & 
 
 beneath horse, ^ ? 
 (type and €Vr 
 double-struck) 
 [H. P. BorreU sale, 
 1852, lot 1055] 
 
 ® 
 €V 
 
 Nl 
 
 y 
 
 beneath horse, (J 
 
 [H. P. BorreU sale, 
 
 1852, lot 1050] 
 
 Bronze 
 
 The coin in Sabatier, ii, p. 321, No. 6, 
 PI. 68. 13, rev. bust of St. Eugenius, described 
 as of Alexius II, is probably better assigned to 
 Alexius III on account of the small module 
 and the form of the border on the obv. (Re- 
 towski, however, Komn.^ p. 147, agrees to 
 Sabatier's attribution.) 
 
 XXXVUl. 
 
 13 
 
 XXXVUl. 
 
 14 
 
 ' The letters NI^ are inscribed in this position through a careless or ignorant 
 blunder : they really represent the end of the name of St. Eugenius as the rev. inscr. 
 proves. Retowski, p. 164, No. 5, attributes this coin to Alexius III. 
 
284 
 
 ANDRONICUS III 
 
 A.D. 1330— Jan., 1332 
 
 Coins have not usually been attributed to this emperor, but M. Retowski, 
 Miinzen d. Komn.^ p. 148, PI. XII. 1-3, publishes three varieties of a rare 
 asper on the ohv. of wliich he reads the initials (in monogi-am) of the name 
 of Andronicus. 
 
 MANUEL II 
 
 Jan.— Sept. 1332 
 
 No silver coins are known, and the bronze coins with rev. figure of Christ 
 in oval frame, attributed by Sabatier (ii, p. 322, Nos. 1, 2, PI. 68. 14, 15) 
 to this Manuel, are better assigned to the Byzantine emperor Manuel II ; see 
 Retowski, op. cit.^ p. 149 ; cp. Brit. Mus. Cat., Imj^erial Byzantine Coins., 
 p. 638, No, 16 ; cp. p. 642, No. 12. 
 
285 
 
 BASIL 
 
 Sept. 1332— Apeil, 1340 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 Asp 
 
 ers 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Basil, bearded, 
 facing, seated on 
 horse walking- r. ; 
 wears crown and 
 tunic ; in r. triple- 
 headed sceptre ; 1. 
 onbridle. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 bearded, facing, 
 seated on horse walk- 
 ing r. ; wears nimbus 
 and tunic ; in r. cross ; 
 1. on bridle. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 
 1 
 
 30-3 
 
 M 
 
 •85 
 
 
 ® 
 
 N 
 
 .1 
 
 xxxviii 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [de SaHs, 1862] 
 
 
 2 
 
 26. 
 
 (chipped) 
 
 M 
 
 •85 
 
 Similar to No. 1 ; • ob- 
 scure. 
 
 Similar to No. 1, but 
 € instead of €V, and 
 V instead of N. 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1047] 
 
 
 3 
 
 18. 
 
 (flan 
 small) 
 
 JR 
 
 •75 
 
 B*A 1 
 
 ® 
 [€?] 
 
 [de SaHs 
 
 V 
 
 5,1862-] 
 
 xxxviii 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 21. 
 
 M 
 
 • 7 
 
 B.A i ^ 
 
 ® 
 
 beneath 
 
 [Purchas 
 
 5-11-4] 
 
 1 
 
 horse, • 
 ed, 1904, 
 
 LI] 
 
 xxxviii 
 17 
 
 ^ Specimens described by Retowski, Komn., pp. 151 f., display as symbols V, *•*> &c. 
 
 2 The low weights would suggest that Nos. 3 and 4 are half aspers, but on account 
 of the style and size of the types it is diflScult to separate them from the aspers : the 
 flans of both specimens have been clipped. 
 
286 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE .7 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Bronze 
 
 Inscr. Basil, standing 
 facing, holding in r. 
 triple-headed sceptre, 
 in 1. globus cruciger ; 
 wears crown, tunic, and 
 sash falling over 1. arm. 
 (Seyphate.) 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, stand- 
 ing facing, holding in 
 r. long cross ; wears 
 nimbus and mantle. 
 
 BA 
 
 H 
 
 ® 
 
 n 
 
 €V 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 This description is taken from Sabatier, ii, 
 p. 324, Nos. 5, 6, PI. 68. 20, 21. (BA on obv. 
 should probably be §A.) 
 
 None of the other bronze coins assigned by 
 Sabatier to this emperor can be regarded as 
 correctly placed. Sabatier, in his attributions, 
 no doubt relied on the letter B which is a con- 
 spicuous feature of these coins, but his inter- 
 pretation of it as the initial of ' Basil ' is 
 decidedly hazardous. In the first place — on 
 the analogy of the silver coins of tliis emperor 
 and of his bronze coins as above described 
 (= Sabatier, PL 68. 20 and 21)— we should 
 expect the name of the emperor to be indi- 
 cated not by B, but by SA. Again, this S is 
 found on other coins of Trebizond, for example, 
 on the bronze money of John III, where, of 
 course, it cannot be interpreted as ' Basil '. 
 (See further, infra, ' Uncertain Bronze Coins 
 of Trebizond ' at end of Trebizond series, where 
 it is suggested that B and BB have a religious 
 significance.) On account of their types, 
 moreover, these coins would seem to belong 
 to a later time than the reign of Basil. For 
 during the reign of Basil and his successors, 
 John III and Michael, the usual types of the 
 bronze coinage consisted of the standing figures 
 of the Emperor and St. Eugenius ; but after 
 the reign of Michael the standing figure of 
 Eugenius begins to be replaced by a cross 
 (accompanied by the name of Eugenius) or by 
 some other type. 
 
 I am of opiniou, then, that of the bronze 
 
BASIL— BRONZE 
 
 287 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 coins assigned by Sabatier, ii, pp. 323 f., to 
 Basil, only Nos. 5 and 6 (standing figures) 
 are rightly attributed. Nos. 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11 
 probably belong to the latest emperors of 
 Trebizond, subsequent to Michael. No. 7, with 
 B both on ohv. and on rev.^ is perhaps not a 
 coin of Trebizond. 
 
 (Retowski, in his Miinzen d. Komn., pp. 153- 
 5, published since the above was written, 
 repeats the descriptions of Sabatier, ii, pp. 323, 
 324, Nos. 5 and 6, PL 68. 20 and 21. These coins 
 (with BA and the figure of St. Eugenius : see 
 siqyra, p. 286) must certainly belong, as he 
 remarks, to Basil. With regard to the other 
 bronze coins ascribed by Sabatier to Basil 
 (which I have discussed above), Retowski, 
 though apparently with some hesitation, assigns 
 most of them to Basil, namely, Sabatier, 
 Dcscript, ii, pp. 323, 324, Nos. 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 
 10, Bg he interprets as Bao-t'Aios /Jao-tAcvV) 
 
 Plate 
 
288 
 
 IRENE PALAEOLOGINA 
 
 April, 1340— July, 1341 
 No coins have been identified as belonging- to this short reign. 
 
 ANNA 
 
 July, 1341— Sept. 1342 
 
 No coins are known of this empress : op. Retowski, Miinzen der Kom- 
 nenen von Trapezunt, p. 156. 
 
289 
 
 JOHN III 
 
 Sept. 1342— May, 1344 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 
 
 
 If silver coins were struck by John III they 
 doubtless bore equestrian types like those of 
 the emperors who immediately preceded and 
 followed him. The coins with standing fig-ures 
 which Pfaffenhoffen and Sabatier (ii, p. 326) 
 have assigned to this John, belong-, from the 
 character of their types, to an earlier period 
 of the Trebizond coinage, i.e. to the time of 
 John I or John II. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. John III, beard- 
 ed, standing facing, 
 holding in r. triple- 
 headed sceptre, in 
 1. globus cruciger ; 
 wears crown, tunic, 
 and sash falling over 
 1. arm. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 bearded, standing 
 facing, liolding in r. 
 long cross ; 1. holds 
 robe ; wears nimbus 
 and robe. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 
 1 
 
 41.2 
 
 jE .85 
 
 : 
 
 lUU KO 
 H 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 ® 
 
 r 
 
 xxxix. 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 (Sabatier, ii, p. 326, 
 No. 5, PI. 69. 8 : the 
 identical specimen.) 
 
 (scyphate) 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-22] 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 24-8 
 
 loom) 
 
 M -8 
 
 [I]IU 
 OK H 
 
 (without globus cru- 
 ciger ; 1. liand holds 
 dress) 
 
 €V 
 
 (inscr. part 
 (flat) 
 [Purchas( 
 4-8-23] 
 
 ly obscure) 
 3d, 1864, 
 
 xxxix. 
 2 
 
 * Retowski, Komn., p. 107, No. 155, assigns this specimen to John II. 
 
 pp 
 
290 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 ■M I TIT • ui. I Metal and 
 No. Weight gi^g 
 
 144 
 
 211 
 
 204 
 
 {tvom) 
 
 JE S'j 
 
 JE .65 
 
 JE .65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 [l?]UL) 
 
 (smaller module) 
 B 
 
 Inscr. obscure ; style 
 rude (tunic varied) 
 
 (scvphate) 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 
 4-8-23] 1 
 
 (inscr. partly obscure) 
 (scvphate) 
 [de Sails, 1862] 
 
 (inscr. and type ob-iOn 1., E, rest of inscr. 
 scure) obscure (flat) 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23] 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXXIX, 
 
 3 
 
 XXXIX. 
 
 4 
 
 ^ The identical specimen i^ublislied by Sabatier, ii, p. 336, No. 3, PI. 70. 5. who 
 assigned it to John IV. i.e. nearly a century later ; but the fabric, types, form of the 
 sceptre, &c., point much more directly to the reign of .John III. (Retowski, Komn., 
 p. 157, No. 2, who reproduces Sabatier's de-^scription, rightly assigns the specimen to 
 John III ; but his statement that it is in the Stroganow cabinet requires correction.) 
 
291 
 
 MICHAEL 
 
 May, 1344— Dec. 1349 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 26. 
 
 (pierced) 
 
 25-8 
 
 M 
 
 M .75 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Aspers 
 
 Inscr. Michael, beard- 
 ed, facing-, seated on 
 horse walking r. ; 
 Avears crown and tu- 
 nic (with •) ; in r., 
 triple-headed scep- 
 tre ; 1. on bridle. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 X I lYl 
 
 mi I 
 
 beneath horse, ? 
 
 X M 
 
 Ml 
 
 beneath horse, */ 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 bearded, facing-, 
 seated on horse walk- 
 ing- r. ; wears nim- 
 bus and tunic (with 
 <2>); in r., cross; 1. 
 on bridle. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 ® 
 
 [€]V 
 
 beneath horse, ^K 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 ® [N] 
 
 €V 
 
 [de SaUs, 1862] 
 
 Bronze (scyphate) 
 
 Inscr. Michael, beard- 
 ed, standing facing, 
 holding in r. triple- 
 headed sceptre, in 1. 
 round shield with 
 star; wears crown, 
 tunic, and sash. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 bearded and nim- 
 bate, standing fac- 
 ing, holding in r. 
 long cross; 1. holds 
 robe. Border of dots. 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXXIX. 
 
 5 
 
 xxxix. 
 6 
 
292 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 3 
 
 12-8 
 
 JE .7 
 
 X 
 
 Ml 
 
 m 
 
 • 
 
 r 
 
 xxxix. 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 € (flat) 
 [de Salis, 1802] 
 
 
 4 
 
 25. 
 
 JE .75 
 
 Similar to No. 3. 
 
 Similar to No. 3 (inscr. 
 on r. complete) 
 rPurcliased, 1864, 
 4-8-23] 
 
 xxxix. 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 (figure on rev. lialf-leng-th only) 
 
 
 5 
 
 16-9 
 
 JE .55 
 
 X M 
 
 mi 
 
 € 
 V 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23] 
 
 xxxix. 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 204 
 
 JE .75 
 
 Similar to No. 5 (inscr. 
 obscure) 
 
 Similar to No. 5 (inscr. 
 obscure) 
 
 [Purcliased, 1864, 
 4-8-23] 
 
 xxxix 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 18-9 
 
 JE -75 
 
 Similar to No. 5 (inscr. 
 partly obscure) 
 
 Similar to No. 5 (inscr. 
 obscure) 
 
 [Purcliased, 1864, 
 4-8-23] 
 
 xxxix 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 13-5 
 
 JE .65 
 
 Similar to No. 5 (inscr. 
 partly obscure) 
 
 Similar to No, 5. 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23] 
 
 
293 
 
 ALEXIUS III 
 
 13 Dec. 1349—20 Maech, 1390 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Aspers 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 Inscr. Alexius in, 
 bearded, seated fac- 
 ing on horse walking 
 r. ; wears crown and 
 
 tunic (with ;) ; in 
 r., sceptre with triple 
 head(t);l. on bridle. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 bearded, seated fac- 
 ing on horse walking 
 r. ; wears nimbus 
 and tunic (with 0) ; 
 in r., cross; 1. on 
 bridle. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Lis) 
 
 
 1 
 
 38.2 
 
 M .85 
 
 A 
 € 
 
 beneath ho 
 (sceptre -i 
 
 M 
 
 rse, '^ (lis ^) 
 vith ; liead) 
 
 ® 
 
 €V 
 
 beneath ho 
 
 [Purchas 
 
 4-3-33; 
 
 N 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 rse, '1' (lis) 
 3d, 1904, 
 
 xxxix 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 31-3 
 
 M .8 
 
 A 
 
 lYl 
 
 ® 
 
 N 
 
 xxxix 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 € 
 
 beneath lio 
 (sceptre 
 head) 
 
 rse, '1' (lis) 
 with *p as 
 
 € V 
 
 r 
 
 beneath ho 
 [de SaH 
 
 
 
 rse, •|»(lis) 
 s, 1862] 
 
 
 ^ The actual form of the lis is less elaborate. 
 
294 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 31.3 
 
 [chipped) 
 
 32.9 
 
 33. 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Al .9 
 
 M .85 
 
 M .85 
 
 Obverse 
 
 >y 
 
 lYI 
 
 N 
 
 [beneath horse, '^ (lis)] 
 (sceptre with *j* as 
 head) 
 
 30-2 
 
 33-2 
 
 (pierced) 
 
 M -8 
 
 M -85 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (A) 
 
 ev 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 beneath horse, '^ (lis) 
 [de Salis, 1862] ' 
 
 A 
 
 € 
 
 W NO 
 
 beneath horse, ^I^ 
 A J^ 
 
 € 
 W 
 
 beneath horse, ^ 
 
 (Plant or flower) 
 
 + 
 
 A 
 
 
 X/ N 
 
 beneath horse, [^I^] 
 
 A 
 
 [€] 
 [V] 
 
 n 
 
 beneath horse, ^ 
 
 Ni 
 
 ® 
 €V 
 
 r 
 
 beneath horse, ^If 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 ® 
 €V 
 
 NH 
 
 beneath horse, ^Jf ; 
 several small pellets 
 in front of horse, 
 [de Salis, 18G2] 
 
 ® 
 [€.P]V 
 
 1/11 
 
 Plate 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 O? 
 o 
 
 beneath horse, ^ 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 ® 
 
 ev 
 
 Ml 
 
 beneath horse, ^ 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 5-6-21] 
 
 xl. 1 
 
 ^ The sceptre on those aspers that appear to belong to Alexius III (see supra, p. 278, 
 at beginning of Alexius II) has a triple head ("t), but on Nos. 1. 2, and 3 the form is 
 different. No. 1 shows the sceptre with the empearled top that seems to be charac- 
 teristic of Alexius II, but the treatment of the emperor's head differs from that on the 
 coins of Alexius II, and so closely resembles the head on the coins of Alexius III, that 
 it seems necessary to assign it to the latter reign. On Nos. 2 and 3 a cruciform (or 
 lis-shaped?) top is adopted for the sceptre, but these (as in the case of No. 1) appear 
 to be only abnormal varieties of the type of sceptre ("t) mainly represented on the coins 
 of Alexius III. (As to Retowski's attributions see p. 279, siqiya.) 
 
 i 
 
ALEXIUS III— ASPERS 
 
 295 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 28-5 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M -8 
 
 35-8 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 29-6 
 
 M -85 
 
 Obverse 
 
 A 
 
 [V] 
 
 M 
 
 beneath horse, ^I^ 
 
 A 
 
 M '85 
 
 241 
 
 29-2 
 
 *■ 
 
 € 
 beneath horse, [^Jf] 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (A) 
 €V 
 
 Ml 
 
 beneath horse, ^ 
 [Purchased, 1908, 
 7-7-5] 
 
 ® I ^ 
 €V 
 
 beneath horse, ^I^ 
 [de Salis, 1862J 
 
 Plate 
 
 xl. 2 
 
 A 
 
 € 
 
 KO 
 
 (Bird's head) 
 MM i 
 N. 
 
 ® 
 €V 
 
 r 
 
 Nl 
 
 in front of horse, bird's 
 head. 
 
 .11 .75 
 
 M -8 
 
 in front of horse, bird's rj. q^ pgster, 18501 
 head r. ■- -■ 
 
 xl. 3 
 
 (Pellets) 
 
 A 
 € 
 
 lYI 
 
 beneath horse, ',• 
 
 A I M 
 
 in front of horse, • 
 
 N 
 
 ® I 
 €V I 
 
 beneath horse, • 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 I N 
 in front of liorse, • 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 xl. 4 
 
 ^ As to the solar device found on Nos. 6-9 see Introduction, supra, S 9 under 
 ' Symbols and letters '. x- j . 
 
296 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 TTT •„•! ♦ Metal and 
 ^«'»^H Size 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 24. 
 
 (pierced) 
 
 17-4 
 
 13-2 
 
 M -8 
 
 M -7 
 
 16 
 
 13-2 
 
 M .65 
 
 M .6 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Half Aspers 
 
 Inscr. Alexius III, 
 riding- r., as on the 
 aspers (No. 4, &c.). 
 Border of dots. 
 
 A JtN.? 
 
 /V€0 
 
 beneath horse, B (nu- 
 merous pellets on 
 tunic) 
 
 A 
 -I 
 
 € 
 A- 
 
 beneath horse, 
 
 hN 
 
 Inscr. St. Euo^enius, 
 ridings r., as on the 
 
 • aspers (No. 4, «S:c.). 
 Border of dots. 
 
 (A) ^^H 
 
 evr 
 
 beneath liorse, S» 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 ® 
 
 €vr 
 
 B (A 
 
 beneath horse 
 blundered) 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1053] 
 
 Plate 
 
 xl. 5 
 
 Quarter Aspers 
 
 Inscr. Alexius III, Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 riding r., as on the riding r., as on tlie 
 aspers (No. 4, &c.). aspers (No. 4, &c.). 
 Border of dots. Border of dots. 
 
 A j ^ 
 
 beneath horse, B 
 
 A I [hN ?] 
 beneath horse, B 
 
 ® 
 
 V 
 
 l)eneatli iiorse, B 
 written A) 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1053] 
 
 (A 
 
 m 
 
 beneath horse, B (A 
 written A) 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 xl. 6 
 
 xl. 7 
 
 xl. 8 
 
ALEXIUS III— BRONZE 
 
 297 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Bronze (scyphate) 
 
 Some of the coins here attributed to 
 Alexius III have been assigned by Sabatier 
 to Alexius IV, and the claims of the latter 
 emperor, as well as those of Alexius II, fairly 
 demand consideration. These coins (Nos. 17-34) 
 seem to form a homog-eneous group, on account 
 of their fabric, which is characterized by the 
 irregular shape and the thickness of the flans, 
 and on account of their reverse types which, 
 except in the case of Nos. 17 and 18, consist of 
 devices (cross, eag-le, &c.) not found on the 
 earlier bronze coinage of Trebizond, of which 
 coinage, it will have been observed, figure-sub- 
 jects are the usual types. It is highly probable, 
 therefore, that they were all issued hj a single 
 emperor of the name of Alexius ; and that this 
 emperor was Alexius III, rather tlian either 
 Alexius II or Alexius IV, may perhaps be 
 regarded as likely, on the following grounds : — 
 
 The bronze coins of the reigns that precede 
 and follow tlie reign of Alexius II are of com- 
 paratively large module, and their reverses 
 consist of a figure-subject, usually, St. Euge- 
 nius. Our Nos. 17-34, therefore, by reason of 
 their small module and their lack (except 
 Nos. 17, 18) of figure-tyi)es on the rev., do not 
 seem Avell suited to the reign of Alexius II. 
 
 Tlieir unsuitability to the reign of Alexius IV 
 is not so obvious ; yet an examination of the 
 coins of Manuel III, the emperor who inter- 
 venes between the reigns of Alexius III and 
 Alexius IV, wiU probably suggest that our 
 Nos. 1 7-34 are earlier, rather than later, than 
 the coins of Manuel III, that is to say, they 
 belong to Alexius III, and not to Alexius IV. 
 (Retowski, Komn.^ pp. 162, 179, has indepen- 
 dently reached the same conclusions.) 
 
 Type 1 
 
 Inscr. Within six- 
 foil enclosure, 
 Alexius III, standing 
 facing ; wears crown, 
 tunic, and sash ; 
 holds in r. sceptre 
 with empearledhead, 
 in 1. globus cruciger. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 Inscr. Within six- 
 foil enclosure, 
 St. Eugenius, stand- 
 ing facing ; wears 
 nimbus and robe, and 
 liolds in r. cross ; 1. 
 holds robe. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 Q q 
 
 Plate 
 
298 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 Weight 
 31. 
 
 24-5 
 
 244 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE .65 
 
 JE .65 
 
 .E .8 
 
 17-9 jE .7 
 
 {worn) 
 
 Obverse 
 
 A 
 €? 
 
 A 
 
 € 
 
 M 
 
 Reverse 
 
 I N 
 
 ® 
 < I 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23] 
 
 ® 1 N 
 A I 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 
 4-8-23] 
 
 Type 2 
 
 Inscr. Alexius III, 
 standing- facing-, as 
 on No. 17 (six-foil 
 enclosure omitted). 
 Border of dots. 
 
 A 
 
 /ye 
 
 o 
 
 (bent flat) 
 
 [H?] 
 
 [H?] 
 
 (bent flat) 
 
 Cross, fourchee, resting- 
 on base ; inscr. in 
 angles. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 OA 
 
 ev 
 
 re 
 
 Nl[(?] 
 
 (base 
 
 bscure) 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 
 4-8-23 
 
 ■] 
 
 OA 
 
 ev 
 
 re 
 
 Nl 
 
 [Purchased, 1864] 
 4-8-23] 
 
 Type 3 
 
 Inscr. Alexius III, 
 stand ing^facing, as on 
 No. 17 (globus rudely 
 indicated) (six-foil 
 enclosure omitted). 
 Border of dots. 
 
 Cross of dots, with dot- 
 ted wreath attached 
 to the horizontal 
 limbs ; inscr. in 
 angles of cross. Bor- 
 der of dots. 
 
 Plate 
 xl. 9 
 
 xl. 10 
 
 xl.ll 
 
 xl. 12 
 
 ^ The identical specimen published by Sabatier, ii, p. 334, No. 2, PI. 69. 26, who has 
 attributed it to Alexius IV. Retowski, Komn., p. 170, No. 46, is the same piece. 
 
ALEXIUS III— BRONZE 
 
 299 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 21 20-6 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 13-8 
 
 16-5 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 JE .6 
 
 JE .55 
 
 M .7 
 
 24 
 
 204 
 
 Obverse 
 
 />€ 
 
 Similar to No. 21. 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 ® 
 N 
 
 r 
 
 €V 
 
 5 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23 >] 
 
 Similar to No. 21. 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23] 
 
 Type 4 
 
 Inscr. Alexius III, 
 standing facing-, as 
 on No. 17 (g-lobus 
 rudely 
 (six-foil 
 omitted). Border of 
 dots. 
 
 indicated) 
 enclosure 
 
 JE 55 
 
 A€ 
 / 
 
 O? 
 
 N 
 
 Cross planted on wall 
 (apparently the city- 
 wall of Trebizond 
 with its battlements 
 and gateway) ; on 1. 
 of cross, OA ; on r. 
 of cross, €V. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23^] 
 
 Type 5 
 
 Inscr. Alexius III, 
 standing- facing-, as 
 on No. 17 (g-lobus' 
 rudely indicated in 
 field r.) (six-foil 
 enclosure omitted). 
 Border of dots. 
 
 A 
 A€ 
 
 [H?] 
 
 Dotted cross within 
 
 jilain cross voided ; 
 
 inscr. in ang-les of 
 
 cross. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 xl. 13 
 
 xl.14 
 
 OA 
 
 re 
 
 €V 
 Nl 
 
 rPurchased, 1864, 
 "" 4-8-23] 
 
 xl. 15 
 
 xl. 16 
 
 ^ Compare a similar specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 334, No. 4, PI. 70. 2, who 
 has assigned it to Alexius IV. 
 
 * The identical specimen published by Sabatier, ii, p. 334, No. 3, PI. 70. 1, who 
 assigned it to Alexius IV. Cp. Retowski, p. 171, No. 47. 
 
 ^ Here, and on some of the following types, the globus cruciger is ignorantly or 
 carelessly represented by a mere detached circlet, and the emperor's left arm is placed 
 against his side. 
 
300 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 25 
 
 22.4 
 
 JE 
 
 •6 
 
 Similar to No. 24; 
 letter on r. obscure. 
 
 ® 
 
 r 
 
 €V 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Type 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Alexius III, 
 standing- facing, as 
 on No. 17 (sash 
 omitted ; globus 
 rudelv indicated in 
 field r., as on No. 24) 
 (six-foil enclosure 
 omitted). Border of 
 dots. 
 
 Cross potent within 
 Avreath, with two 
 loops above and two 
 below; inscr. in 
 angles of cross. Bor- 
 der of dots. 
 
 
 26 
 
 174 
 
 ^ 
 
 •55 
 
 A€ i 
 
 € < 
 
 A 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23 'J 
 
 xl. 17 
 
 27 
 
 26-2 
 
 JE 
 
 .55 
 
 ye 
 
 W 
 
 € < 
 
 A 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 
 4-8-23] 
 
 xl. 18 
 
 28 
 
 22. 
 
 M 
 
 .55 
 
 A€ , 
 
 € 
 A 
 
 < 
 O 
 
 xl. 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Purcliased, 1864, 
 4-8-23] 
 
 
 29 
 
 11.2 
 
 JE 
 
 .55 
 
 Similar to No. 27. 
 
 Tyi 
 
 Similar to No. 27. 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23] 
 
 DC 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. A 
 standing- 
 No. 17(g] 
 indicatec 
 24 ; sas 
 (six-foil 
 omitted) 
 dots. 
 
 exius III, 
 facing,ason 
 obus rudely 
 , as on No. 
 ii omitted) 
 enclosure 
 Border of 
 
 Cross pat 
 dotted si 
 angles ot 
 der of do 
 
 tee within 
 ar ; inscr. in 
 cross. Bor- 
 ts. 
 
 
 » Cp. Sabatier, ii, PI. 69. 15, 16. 
 
ALEXIUS III— BRONZE 
 
 301 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 30 
 
 16-4 
 
 JE .55 
 
 A 
 A 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 € 
 
 xli. 1 
 
 
 
 
 € 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 
 4-8-23] 
 
 
 31 
 
 224 
 
 JE .6 
 
 A 
 A 
 € 
 
 H 
 
 € 
 
 r M 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23] 
 
 xli. 2 
 
 
 
 
 Type 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inscr. Alexius III, 
 standings facing-, as 
 on No. 17 (g-lobus 
 rudelv indicated, as 
 on No. 24) (six-foil 
 compartment omit- 
 ted). Border of dots. 
 
 Double-headed eag-le, 
 displayed. Border 
 of dots. 
 
 
 32 
 
 15-3 
 
 JE .55 
 
 A 
 
 M 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23 '] 
 
 xli. 3 
 
 33 
 
 19.3 
 
 JE .5 
 
 A 
 
 Ae 
 
 H 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23] 
 
 xli. 4 
 
 34 
 
 19-1 
 
 JE .55 
 
 /V€ 
 
 A? 
 M 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23 2] 
 
 xli. 5 
 
 ^ Cp. a similar specimen in Revue helge de num., 1881, p. 350, which — if Koehne's 
 reading is correct — bears the name of Manuel (III). 
 
 ^ Retowski, Konni., p. 171, No. 48, describes this actual specimen as having a single- 
 headed eagle, but a comparison with our Nos. 32 and 33 will show that it is double- 
 headed. The attribution to Alexius III of Sabatier, ii, p. 329, No. 4, PI. 69. 17 (rev. Christ 
 standing within oval frame), is j)robably to be suspected. The coin is, perhaps, one of 
 Manuel II, the Byzantine emperor. Cp. B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, ii, PI. LXXVII. 5. 
 See p. 284, suptv, 'Manuel II,' and Retowski, p. 149. 
 
302 
 
 MANUEL III 
 
 A.D. 1390-1417 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 14-6 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M .7 
 
 13. 
 
 {dipped) 
 
 lG-9 
 
 M -55 
 
 JR .65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Half Aspers 
 (or Aspers ?) 
 
 Inscr. Manuel III, 
 bearded, seated fac- 
 ing on horse walking- 
 r. ; in r. , sceptre with 
 three-barred cross 
 (i) 5 1. 0^1 bridle ; 
 wears cro"svn and 
 
 tunic (with ;). Bor- 
 der of dots. 
 
 Inscr. St. Eugenius, 
 bearded, seated fac- 
 ing on horse walking 
 r. ; wears nimbus 
 and tunic (witli O) ; 
 in r. , long cross ; 1. on 
 bridle. Border of 
 dots.i 
 
 (Star) 
 
 H 
 A 
 
 H 
 
 B 
 
 beneatli horse, )|( 
 (sceptre lias triple 
 head, Y) 
 
 H H? 
 
 B 
 
 beneath horse, XC 
 (sceptre has triple 
 head, Y) 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 B 
 
 beneath liorse, ■X 
 (head of sceptrt' 
 obscure) 
 
 O 
 
 er 
 
 beneath horse, >jC 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1055] 
 
 O 
 
 V\ 
 
 B (off 
 flan) 
 
 beneatli horse, XC 
 [de Salis, 18G2] 
 
 \A 
 
 (beneath horse, ^?} 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 Plate 
 
 xU. 6 
 
 ^ The aspers with standing figures assigned by Sabatier (ii, PL 69. 18, 19) to this 
 reign obviously belong to an earlier period. 
 
:nl\nuel III -half aspers 
 
 303 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 16.8 
 
 14. 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 M .6 
 
 M -6 
 
 (Plant or flower) 
 
 H 
 AO 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 €r 
 
 1/1 
 
 17.5 iR .65 
 
 7 16-7 ' M -65 
 
 16-2 M .65 
 
 beneath horse, Y j 
 (sceptre has triple I 
 head, Y) ' 
 
 H H 
 
 AO 
 
 beneath liorse, Y^ 
 
 beneath horse, Y 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 M 
 
 beneath horse, Y 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 (Star and plant or flower) 
 
 AO 
 
 K 
 
 ]A 
 
 beneath liorse, ^ 
 
 H 
 AO 
 
 K 
 
 {A) 1 
 
 beneath horse, Y 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 (A) 
 
 €r 
 
 beneath horse, )(( 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 AO 
 
 M 
 
 K 
 
 beneath horse, >|( (cross 
 of sceptre with one 
 bar only) 
 
 beneath horse, Y 
 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 
 1852, lot 1054] 
 
 Plate 
 
 ® 
 
 er 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 xH. 7 
 
 xli. 8 
 
 xli. 9 
 
 beneath horse, Y 
 [Rollin sale, London, 
 July, 1853, lot 588] 
 
 xli. 10 
 
 On this coin the cross-headed sceptre (^) is first introduced. 
 
304 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 12 
 
 Weight 
 
 17. 
 
 15- 
 
 20-5 
 17-6 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M -6 
 
 JR .6 
 
 M .7 
 M -6 
 
 13 
 
 9-3 
 
 JE -6 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 (Bird's head and plant or flower) 
 
 H 
 AO 
 
 H 
 K 
 
 beneath horse, • • • and 
 bird's (eac^le's.^) 
 head r. 
 
 A 
 HO 
 
 H 
 K 
 
 ® 
 
 er 
 
 i/i 
 o 
 
 beneath horse, '^ 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 ® 
 
 €r 
 
 beneath horse, • • • and 
 bird's (eagle's ?) 
 head r. 
 
 Similar to No. 10. 
 
 H 1 H 
 beneath horse, •• and 
 bird's head ? r. 
 
 l^ 
 
 O 
 
 beneath horse, Y 
 [Parkes Weber gift, 
 1906] 
 
 Similar to No. 10. 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 ® 
 
 €r 
 
 \A 
 
 o 
 
 beneath horse, Y 
 [de SaUs, 1862 ^] 
 
 Bronze (scyphate) 
 
 Type 1 
 
 Plate 
 
 xU.U 
 
 Inscr. Manuel III, 
 
 standing facing, 
 holding in r. cross, 
 in 1. globus ; wears 
 crown, tunic, and 
 sash. Border of dots. 
 
 r? 
 
 w 
 
 Inscr. Cross planted 
 on wall (apparently 
 the city-wall of 
 Trebizond with its 
 battlements and 
 gateway). Border 
 of dots. 
 
 [OA?] I [€V?] 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23^] 
 
 xli. 12 
 
 xU. 13 
 
 1 The coin in Sabatier, ii, p. 332, PI. 69. 25, attributed to Manuel III and Alexius IV, 
 is an asper of John II and Alexius : see p. 276, siqira. 
 
 ^ Cp. Introduction, sujira, § 9, Miscellaneous reverse types. A similar rev. occurs on 
 coins of Alexius III, supra, p. 299, No. 23. 
 
MANUEL III— BRONZE 
 
 305 
 
 No. 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 Weiffht 
 
 12-3 
 
 13-6 
 
 13-9 
 
 11.7 
 
 Metal and 
 
 Size 
 
 JE .6 
 
 M -55 
 
 JE -('y 
 
 JE -G 
 
 Obverse 
 
 • O 
 
 w 
 
 K 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Similar to No, 13 ; 
 leg'end obscure. 
 [Purchased, 1864. 
 4-8-23] 
 
 Type 2 
 
 Inscr. Manuel III, i Inscr. Cross pattee, 
 standing- facing-,' ornamented with pel- 
 liolding- in r. cross, lets. Border of dots. ^ 
 in 1. globus ; wears 
 crown, tunic, and 
 sash. Border of dots. 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 € 
 H 
 
 K 
 
 [Pure 
 
 based , 
 
 1864 
 
 
 4-8 
 
 -23] 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 K 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 V\ 
 
 o 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23] 
 
 O I € 
 [f] I M 
 [Purcliased, 1864, 
 4-8-23] 
 
 Type 3 
 
 If the reading- of Koehne (^Recne beii/e de 
 num., 1881, p. 350, PI. XVI. 18) is correct, 
 tliere is a small bronze coin of Manuel III with 
 ohc. Emperor standing- ; rev. Double-headed 
 eag-le. (The double-headed eag-le is also found, 
 supra, on coins of Alexius III, No. 32, p. 301.) 
 
 Type 4 
 
 Sabatier, ii, p. 331, No. 6, PI. 69. 23, 
 publishes a small bronze coin with obv. Em- 
 peror Manuel III facing- (^ ); rev. Eag-le 
 facing', head r. 
 
 Plate 
 
 xli. 14 
 
 xli. 15 
 
 xli. 16 
 
 xli. 17 
 
 ^ Cp. Sabatier, ii, p. 331. Nos. 3 and 4, and rev. type of Alexius III. No. 24, p. 299, 
 supra. 
 
 E r 
 
306 
 
 ALEXIUS IV 
 
 A.D. 1417-144G 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 27-5 
 
 13-5 
 
 {pierced) 
 
 20.3 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Al 
 
 Ai 
 
 io 
 
 ti) 
 
 Ai .7 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Half Aspers 
 
 (or Aspers) 
 
 (Pellets) 
 
 Inscr. Alexius IV, 
 bearded, seated fac- 
 ing- on horse walking- 
 r. ; in r. , sceptre with 
 three-barred cross 
 (i) ; 1. on bridle ; 
 wears crown and 
 tunic (witli •). Bor- 
 der of dots. 
 
 Inscr. St. Eug-enius, 
 bearded, seated fac- 
 ing- on horse walking 
 r. ; wears nimbus and 
 tunic (with O) ; in 
 r., long- cross ; 1. on 
 bridle. Border of 
 dots. 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 lYI 
 
 (A) 
 
 [N?] 
 
 (double-struck) 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 (Star and plant or flower) 
 
 Plate 
 
 xlii. 1 
 
 "A 
 7^ 
 
 hi 
 
 [B?] 
 
 beneath liorse, [* , .^1 
 and ¥: 
 
 
 m 
 
 B 
 
 beneath horse, K and 3K 
 (two bars on cross) 
 
 ® 
 
 €r 
 
 M 
 
 [B?] 
 beneath liorse, * and 
 
 Y 
 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 (A) 
 
 rVr 
 
 M 
 
 B 
 
 beneath horse, K and Y 
 [H. P. Borrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1053] 
 
 xlii. 2 
 
ALEXIUS IV— SILVER 
 
 307 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 20-3 
 
 21- 
 
 21- 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 M -65 
 
 M -6 
 
 Al .65 
 
 Obverse 
 
 TV 
 
 NH 
 B 
 
 beneath horse, K and 5K 
 ()k carelessly formed) 
 
 beneath liorse, K and >lc 
 (^ as on No. 4) 
 
 TV 
 
 
 beneath horse, K and J(c 
 (^ as on No. 4) 
 
 Revei'se 
 
 (AJ 
 
 [N?] 
 B 
 
 beneatli horse, K and Y 
 
 [Rollin sale, London, 
 
 July, 1853, lot 588] 
 
 ® 
 
 n 
 
 [B] 
 
 beneath horse, Kand Y 
 [de Sails, 1862] 
 
 (A) 
 
 M 
 
 6 
 
 beneath liorse, K and H^ 
 [H. P. Eorrell sale, 
 1852, lot 1053] 
 
 For the silver coins that M. Retowski lias 
 attributed to Alexius IV see his Milnzen d. 
 Kovmenen, pp. 179 f. 
 
 Bronze 
 
 No coins can witli certainty be attributed 
 to this reig-n (cp. Retowski, loc. cit.^, tlioug-h 
 some of the ' Uncertain ' pieces described infra^ 
 pp. 309 f., may belong- to it. 
 
 Plate 
 
 xlii. 3 
 
 xlii. 4 
 
308 
 
 JOHN IV (Kalojoannes) 
 A.]). U4()-1458 
 
 Retowski {Komn., p. 184, Nos. 1-7, 1*1. X\^) lias for the first tiiue 
 attributed to John IV some rare Jispers (or half aspers ?) in tlie Hermitage 
 Museum and in liis own collection. They bear types resembling those of 
 Alexius IV, the preceding emperor, and are inscribed lUJ O H, UJ H, &c. 
 
 DAVID 
 
 A.n. 1458-1461 
 
 No coins can with certainty be attributed to this emperor. The asper 
 assigned, to him by Sabatier (ii, ]). 33G, No, 1, PI. 70. 6) is the identical 
 specimen first i)ublished, from a private French collection, by Victor Langlois 
 (Revue arcJieol., vi, 1849, p. 115). The first letters of the legend of this coin, 
 AE, have been interpreted as the name of 'David ', but the types (^standing 
 figures of the Emperor and St. Eugenius), the symbol (large star), the large 
 //aw, and the form of inscription point to a much earlier period of the 
 Trebizond coinage. Moreover, A may be intended for A, and the coin is 
 probably a blundered asper of the period of John II. (Retowski, in his recent 
 Mil men d. Komn., pp. 119, 186, takes a similar view of this coin and considers 
 it to be a Georgian imitation of the aspers of John 11.) 
 
309 
 
 UNCERTAIN BRONZE COINS OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 15-8 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 .E .55 
 
 M .55 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 The following coins have a fair claim to be 
 considered money of Trebizond, but they do 
 not bear the name of their issuers. Judging- 
 from style and fabric they are not earlier than 
 the reign of Alexius III, and may, perhaps, be 
 best regarded as coins of Alexius TV (a. d. 
 1417-1446) or, possibly, of his two successors. 
 
 (Scj-phate) 
 
 Eagle r., with wings 
 spread ; on head, 
 cross. Border of dots. 
 
 Eagle v., with wings 
 spi-ead ; on head, cross. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 See Sabatier, ii, p. 324, 
 No. 9, PI. 69. 1. 
 
 Cross planted on city- 
 wall. Border of dots. 
 
 [Purcliased, 1864, 
 4-8-28 '] 
 
 B • B Border of dots 
 
 Plate 
 
 xlii. 5 
 
 ' This is the identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 324, No. 11, PI. 69. 3, 
 who has assigned it on insufficient grounds (cp. supra, p. 287j to Basil. (Eetowski, 
 p. 178, No. 30, gives it to Manuel 111.) The rev. type, cross on city-wall, is found on 
 bronze of Alexius 111 and of Manuel 111. The fabric would suit Alexius III, but the 
 bronze coins of Alexius III (and of Manuel III) have as obv. a figure of the emperor. 
 
 The obv., Eagle with cross on head, is found conjoined (see the next coin described) 
 with B& as rev., and it would therefore seem that our coin should be grouped with the 
 coins, described infra, that have B or BB as one of their types. 
 
310 
 
 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Metal and 
 Size 
 
 Obverse 
 
 Reverse 
 
 Plate 
 
 
 
 
 Eagle facing, with 
 
 E%%' Borderofdots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 wings spread, liead 1. 
 Border of dots. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 13-5 
 
 JE .6 
 
 )jCB.)|C Borderofdots. 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 4-8-23 '] 
 
 Cross with letter in 
 each angle. Border 
 
 of dots. 
 
 xlii. 6 
 
 3 
 
 14- 
 
 JE .7 
 
 
 "A 
 € 
 
 r 
 n 
 
 xlu. 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-8-23 '] 
 
 
 4 
 
 10-8 
 
 JE .6 
 
 Similar to No. 3. 
 
 Similar to No. 3. 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 
 4-8-23] 
 
 xlii. 8 
 
 5 
 
 13. 
 
 ^ .55 
 
 Similar to No. 3. 
 
 Similar to No. 3. 
 [de Salis, 1862] 
 
 
 « 
 
 20-5 
 
 JE .65 
 
 Cross potent (flat 
 fabric). 
 
 Cross potent (flat 
 fabric). 
 [Purchased, 1864, 
 
 xlii. 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-8-23 
 
 '] 
 
 
 ' These letters are probably best explained as having a religious significance. 
 §B, 6BBB, or B occur on some Byzantine imperial coins of the fourteenth century 
 (B. M. C, /mp. Bi/z. Coins, p. 627, 49, p. 629, 1) and on many coins that more or 
 less show traces of Byzantine influence (e. g. the coins of Rhodes, Schlumberger, Num. de 
 V Orient lat., Plates VIII and IX), and their meaning has been discussed at length by 
 Svoronos in his Joiirn. interna f. cVarch. num., ii, pp. 363 ff. Svoronos (p. 388) would 
 interpret the two letters on our No. 2 as HacriXeu (Xpiarf) ^ol^dfi. The single B on No. 3 
 may be read in connexion with the name of St. Eugenius on the rer. —Boij^ei (tw 
 0a(Ti'hfi). Svoronos's suggestion (p. 388) that B is a monogram composed of B and P, 
 signifying BuaiXea pva<u, is less acceptable, because B is, at this period, a common form 
 of B and there is no necessity to regard it as monogrammatic. Cp. pp. 286, 287, supra. 
 
 - Cp. Sabatier, ii, PI. 68. 23, ' Basil.' 1 
 
 * The identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 323, No. 3, PI. 68. 18, ' Basil.' 
 
 * Resembles the specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 339, No. 9, PL 70. 15, who has 
 classed it among the ' Uncertain Byzantine coins ', at the same time remarking : — 
 ' Plusieurs exemplaires du cuivre precedent se trouvant meles parmi les monnaies de 
 Trebizonde qui formaient une grande partie des deux trouvailles que j'ai eues en main, 
 je suis autorise a croire que ces cuivres ont ete frappes dans cet empire.' 
 
INDEXES 
 
 In the following Indexes the Arabic numerals refer to the pages in the 
 Text, and the Roman numerals to pages in the Introduction. 
 
 I. Kings, Emperors, etc. 
 
 II. Geographical (Mints, etc.). 
 
 III. General Index (Including Types). 
 
 IV. Remarkable Inscriptions. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL LISTS 
 
 I. Vandal Kings. 
 
 II. OSTROGOTHIC KiNGS. 
 
 III. Lombard Kings. 
 
 IV. Dukes and Princes of Beneventum. 
 V. Emperors of Tiiessalonica. 
 
 VI. Emperors of Nicaea. 
 
 VII. Despots of Epirus. 
 
 VIII. Dukes and Sebastocrators of Neopatras. 
 
 IX. Emperors of Trebizond. 
 
 TABLES OF Sizes and Weights. 
 
INDEX I 
 
 KINGS, EMPERORS, ETC. 
 (See also in Index III) 
 
 Adalwald, 130 ; Ivi. 
 
 Adelchis, 183-6 ; Ixviii. 
 
 Agilulf, 128 ; Ivi. 
 
 Aio, 187. 
 
 Aistulf, 147, 148 ; Iviii. 
 
 Alboin, 123 ; Ivi. 
 
 Alexius I Comnenus, Treb., 230; 
 
 Ixxvii, Ixxviii. 
 Alexius n, Treb., 278-83, 294 n, 297 ; 
 
 Ixxx Ixxxi. 
 Alexius in, Treb., 278, 279, 283, 293- 
 
 301, 304 w, 305, 309 w; Ixxxii, 
 
 Ixxxviii, xcii. 
 Alexius IV, Treb., 297, 298 w, 299 «, 
 
 304 n, 306, 307, 309 ; Ixxxii. 
 Alexius, son of John II, Treb., 276. 
 Amalasuntha. 71, 75 n ; xxxiii. 
 Anastasius I, 10, 11, 32, 33, 46, 47, 49- 
 
 51, 55-9, 83-90, 95-7 ; xvi, xix, xx, 
 
 xxii w, xxiii, xlvi, xlviii, 1-lii. 
 Andronicus I, Treb., 231 ; Ixxviii. 
 Andronicus II, Treb., 258 ; Ixxix. 
 Andronicus EI, Byz. Emperor, Ixxxi. 
 Andronicus lU, Treb., 284. 
 Ang^ilberga, 185. 
 Anna, Treb., 288. 
 Ansprand, 142. 
 Arichis II, 167-9 ; Ixv, Ixvi. 
 Aripert I, 133, 141 n ; Ivi. 
 Aripert 11, 141. 
 Ariwald, 130; Ivi. 
 AtenoK, 188. 
 Athalaric, 60-70, 102-5, 107 ; xxxiii, 
 
 xxxvii, liii. 
 Audelais, 158. 
 Authari, 128 ; Ivi. 
 
 B 
 
 Baduila, 83-94 ; xxxvii, xxxviii. 
 Basil, Treb., 285-7 ; Ixxxi. 
 Basiliscus, xlv, xlvi. 
 Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, 198. 
 
 Charlemagne, 133 n, 147 «, 150 n, 
 
 152, 170, 171 ; Ixv-lxvii. 
 Charles the Great, see Charlemagne. 
 Cleph, 123 ; Ivi. 
 Constans II, 133, 144, 189 ; Ivi, Ivii, 
 
 Ixiii. 
 Constantine HE, see Constans II. 
 Constantine IV, 190, 191 ; Ixiii. 
 Constantine Angelus, Neopatras, 229. 
 Cunincpert, 138, 139 ; Ivii, Iviii. 
 
 D 
 
 David, Treb., 308 ; Ixxxiii. 
 Demetrius, Thessalonica, 202, 203 ; 
 
 Ixix. 
 Desiderius, 149, 150 w, 152. 
 
 E 
 
 Eraric, 82 ; xxxvii. 
 
 Gaideris, 187. 
 
 Gaiseric, 1-4, 17, 19 n, 23 n, 24, 30 w; 
 
 xv-xvii, xx-xxiv, xxvi. 
 Gelimer, 15, 16, 28 n, 29 h, 37 w ; xvii, 
 
 xviii, xxii, xxiv, xxv, xxviii. 
 Genseric, see Gaiseric. 
 George, Treb., 258 ; Ixxix. 
 George VIII of Georgia, 273 n. 
 Gisulf I, 155, 190. 
 Gisulf II, 162, 163, 191, 192. 
 Godepert, 133 : Ivi. 
 Gottschalk, 161. 
 
 Gregorius, Beneventan Duke, 159-61. 
 Gregorius the Patrician, 160. 
 Grimoald I, 155, 189. 
 Grimoald II, 155, 190. 
 Grimoald III, 170-3 ; Ixvi, Ixvii. 
 Grimoald IV, 174, 175 ; Ixvii. 
 Grimwald, 133 ; Ivi. 
 Gunthamund, 8, 9, 21 n ; xvi-xviii, xx, 
 
 xxii, xxiv, xxv, xxvii. 
 
 s s 
 
314 
 
 INDEX I 
 
 H 
 
 Heraclius, 180-2, 154, 189 ; Ivi. 
 
 Hildeprund, 145. 
 
 Hikleric, 13, 14, 28 n, 33 n, 34 n, 37 n ; 
 
 xvii, xviii, xx, xxii, xxiv, xxvii, 
 
 xxviii. 
 Houorius, 2, 5, 17, 18 ; xvi, xix, xx. 
 Huneric, 5-7, 19 n ; xvi-xviii, xx, 
 
 xxii-xxiv, xxvi, xxvii. 
 
 I 
 ' Ilfo Dux ', 141. 
 Ildibad, 82 ; xxxvii. 
 Irene Palaeologina, Treb., 288. 
 Isaac n Angelas, 203. 
 
 J 
 
 John Ang-elus, Thessal, 200-3, 227 n ; 
 
 Ixix. 
 John I Ang-elus Comnenus, Neopa- 
 
 tras. 200, 227, 228 ; Ixxiv. 
 •lohn I ('III') Ducas Vatatzes, Nic, 
 
 210-19; 228 «; Ixxi, Ixxii. 
 .lohn I Axuchos, Treb., 232-5, 276 n ; 
 
 Ixxviii. 
 .John II, Treb., 259-76, 308 ; Ixxix. 
 John II and Alexius, Treb., 276. 
 John II Angelus Comnenus, Neo- 
 
 patras, 229 ; Ixxiv. 
 John II Comnenus, Byzantine Em- 
 peror, 213-15. 
 John II ('IV') Lascaris, Nic, 224; 
 
 Ixxiii. 
 John III, Treb., 289, 290 ; Ixxxi. 
 John IV, Treb., 272 n, 308; Ixxxiii. 
 John VIII, Pope, 186. 
 Justin 1, 13, 48, 50-3, 60, 63, 65 ; xvi, 
 
 xvii, xxii ?/, xxviii, xlix, lii. 
 •Justin II, 13, 120, 121, 125 n, 126; 
 
 xlix, li, lii, Ivi, Ix. 
 Justinian I, 28, 29, 33-5, 37, 60-7, 
 
 72-4, 77, 78, 80, 81, 85, S6, 108-19, 
 
 124, 125 ; xvii, xix, xx, xxiv, xxviii, 
 
 xxxviii, xxxix ?i, xl n, xlvii-1, liii- 
 
 Ivi, Ix. 
 Justinian II, 155-7, 161-7, 191 ; Ixii, 
 
 Ixv, Ixvi. 
 
 L 
 
 Leo I, Emperor, 26 /i, 31, 100 « ; xix. 
 
 li. 
 Liutpert, 140. 
 Liutprand, Beneventan Duke, 143 n, 
 
 164-6, 191. 
 Liutprand, Lombard King, 137 n ; 
 
 142-4, 152, 164 w, 192; Iviii. 
 Louis II, Emperor, 185 ; Ixviii. 
 
 M 
 
 Mankaphas, TJieodore, 196, 208 n. 
 
 Manuel Angelus Comnenus Ducas, 
 Thessal., 197-9, 257 n ; Ixix. 
 
 Manuel T, Treb., 236-57 ; Ixxviii. 
 
 Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Em- 
 peror, 199 71, 206 n. 
 
 Manuel II, Bvzantine Emperor, 284, 
 301 n. 
 
 Manuel II, Treb., 284. 
 
 Manuel m, Treb., 301 7i, 302-5, 309 7i ; 
 Ixxxii. 
 
 Marcian, 30, 31 ; xix. 
 
 Masuna, 19 //, 39, 40 u ; xx, xxi, xxvii. 
 
 Matasuntha, 80, 81 ; xxxvi, xxxvii. 
 
 Maurice Tiberius, 122, 127 w, 128, 129, 
 154; Ivi, Ivii. 
 
 Michael, Treb., 291, 292 ; Ixxxi, 
 Ixxxii. 
 
 Michael I Angelus Comnenus Du- 
 cas, Epirus, 226 ; Ixxiii. 
 
 Michael VIII Palaeologus, 201, 214, 
 224-6; Ixxiii. 
 
 
 
 Odoacer, ace Odovacar. 
 Odovacar, 43-5, 100, 101 ; xxix-xxxi, 
 xlvi. 
 
 P 
 
 Perctarit, 133-7 ; Ivi-lviii. 
 Peter, Bishop, Bene v., 188. 
 
 R 
 
 Radelchis I, 181, 182 ; Ixvii, Ixviii. 
 
 Radelchis II, 187, 188. 
 
 Radelgarius, 183. 
 
 Raginpert, 140. 
 
 Ratchis, 146. 
 
 Rodwald, 133 ; Ivi. 
 
 Romoald 1, 155, 190. 
 
 Romoald II, 155-7 ; Ixii, Ixiii, Ixv. 
 
 Rothari. 130 ; Ivi. 
 
 Scauuiperga, 164. 
 Sicardus, 179, 180 ; Ixvii. 
 Sico, 176-8; Ixvii. 
 Sieonulf, Ixviii. 
 
 T 
 
 Theia, 95-7 ; xxxviii. 
 Thelane, 97 n. 
 
 Theodahad, 72-6 ; xxxiii-xxxv. 
 Theodora, Treb., 274 w, 275 ii, 277; 
 Ixxx. 
 
KINGS, EMPERORS, ETC. 
 
 315 
 
 Theodore Angelus Comnenus, Epirus, 
 
 Ixxiii. 
 Theodore Angelus Comnenus Ducas, 
 
 Thessal., 193-6, 223 n ; Ixix. 
 Theodore I Lascaris, Nic, 197 «, 
 
 204-9, 221 ; Ixxi. 
 Theodore 11 ('HI') Ducas Lascaris, 
 
 Nic, 193 w, 194 M, 195 n, 196, 197 n, 
 
 205, 206 w, 220-3 ; Ixxii. 
 Tlieodoric, 46-59, 101-6 ; xxvii, xxxi- 
 
 xxxiii, 1. 
 Theodosius I, 24 ; xix. 
 Tiieodosius II, 22, 29, 30, 38, 39; xix. 
 Tiberius, son of Constans II, 189. 
 Tiberius II Constant ine, 122, 127. 
 
 Totila, see Baduila. 
 Toto, Duke, 153. 
 
 Ti-asamund, 10-12, 21 n ; xvi-xviii, 
 XX, xxii, xxiii w, xxiv, xxvii. 
 
 V 
 
 Valentinian III, 1, 2, 18, 22-5, 27, 40 ; 
 xvi, xix, XX. 
 
 W 
 
 Witigis, 77-9 ; xxxv, xxxvi, 1. 
 
 Z 
 
 Zeno, 32, 43-5, 100, 101; xix, xx, 
 XXV, xxviii, XXX, xxxi, xlv, xlvi, li. 
 
316 
 
 INDEX II 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL (MINTS, ETC.) 
 (See also Index IV for Mint -names) 
 
 Africa, Vandal King-s of, 1-4'i ; xv- 
 
 xxix : see also Mauretania. 
 Alg-eria, coins found in, 7 ?«, 14 n. 
 Arta, Ixxiii. 
 Astytzion. Ixxii 7i. 
 
 B 
 
 Bagdad, ixxx. 
 
 Benevento hoard, 191. 
 
 Bene vent um, Dachy and Principality 
 
 of, 155-92 ; Ixi-lxviii. 
 Bergamo, 152. 
 
 Biella (Piedmont) hoard, 137 n. 
 Brusa, find of coins at, Nic, 205, 214. 
 
 Capua, 188 ; Ixviii. 
 
 Cartilage, 3-6, 7 w, 19 n, 28 7«, 34 7i • 
 
 xv-xvii, xix n, xxv-xxviii, lii n, 
 
 liv 7i, Iv n. 
 Castel Seprio, 149 ?i, 152 n ; Ixi. 
 Cherson, Ixxv, xci n. 
 Constantinople, xxxvi. 
 Cy|)rus, find of coins in, Nic, 208 n. 
 
 E 
 
 Iberia, Treb., 272; Ixxviii: see also 
 
 Georgia. 
 Ilanz hoard, 149 w, 150, 152. 
 Italy, Lombard Kings of, 123-54 ; Iv- 
 
 Ixi ; Ostrogothic Kings of, 46-97 ; 
 
 xxix-liv : see also Beneventum. 
 
 Kerasunt, xc. 
 
 K 
 L 
 
 Leontokastrou, Ixxx, Ixxxii, xc. 
 
 Limnia, xc. 
 
 Lipari, xix n. 
 
 Lucca, 146, 148, 150-2 ; Ixi. 
 
 M 
 
 Magnesia, Ixxii. 
 
 Mauretania, coins struck bv the 
 
 Mauri (?) in, 17, 20, 38 «, 39,*40 w; 
 
 xix, XX, xxvii. 
 Mediolanum, see ^lilau. 
 Milan, 49 n, 59, 139, 140, 149 n, 152; 
 
 xliv-xlvi, Ixi. 
 Monte Roduni hoard, 7 ;<, 16 n, 31 w, 
 
 33 iK 34, 37 n, 113 n ; xix >/, li. liv. 
 
 Epirus, Despotat of, 226 ; Ixxiii, Ixxiv. y^.^^^^^^ ^3 ^^ . ^^^-^ ,^ 
 
 } Neopatras, Ducliv of, 227, 228 ; Ixxiv. 
 F Nepi, 153. 
 
 Florence, ixxxiii. \ ^'^^^b. ^"^P"'^ «f' ^04-2 5 ; Ixx- 
 
 Forum Julii, Ixi, Ixii. xr i^'- 1 •• 
 
 Friuli, see Forum Julii. ! Nymphaion, Ixxii. 
 
 G 
 
 Gaul, Vandals in, xv. 
 Genoa, see Index III. 
 
 Georgia, Treb., 243, 246, 247, 250, 254, Pisa, 150 «. 
 256, 272, 273, 308 ; Ixxix ;/, xci n. 
 
 Pavia, 149 //, 152 ; Ix, Ixi : see also 
 
 Ticinum. 
 Persia, coins of, xxi. 
 
 Placentia, 149. 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL (MINTS, ETC.) 
 
 317 
 
 R 
 
 Ravenna, 2, 43-53, 60-8, 72-5, 77-80, 
 98-100, 106, 107, 113-22, 131 n. 
 132 7i, 148 71 ; xxx-xxxii, xxxix. 
 xliv, xM-xlviii, 1, lii, liii, Iv, Ivi n. 
 
 Rhodes, 310 n. 
 
 Rome, 45, 54^9, 69, 70, 75, 76, 93, 94, 
 98-105, 108-13, 122, 189-91 ; xxxv, 
 xxxvii, xl, xliii, xliv, xlvi, liii, liv. 
 
 S 
 
 Salerno, 183 ii ; Ixv, Ixviii. 
 
 Seprio, see Castel Seprio. 
 
 Sicily, xix, xxvii. 
 
 Smyrna, find of coins near, Nic, 214, 
 
 220. 
 Spain, Vandals in, xv. 
 Spoletium, Ixi, Ixii. 
 
 T 
 
 Thessalonica, citv, 196 w, 198, 202, 
 
 203 ; Ixix, Ixx. 
 Thessalonica, Empire of, 193-201. 
 Ticinum, 80, 81, 83-92, 95-7, 149 n; 
 
 xxxvi, xxxviii, xliv, Ix, Ixi. 
 Trebizond, Empire of, 230-310; Ixxiv- 
 
 xciii. 
 Treviso, 149 n ; Ixi. 
 Tridentum, Ixi, Ixii. 
 
 Venice, see Index III. 
 Vercelli, 149 n ; Ixi. 
 Verona, Ix n. 
 Vicenza, 149 n ; Ixi. 
 Vlakia, Great, see Neopatms. 
 
318 
 
 INDEX III 
 
 GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES) 
 
 Accent, Greek, on Trebizond coins, xc. 
 
 Adalwald, imitative coins of, Lomb., 
 Ivi. 
 
 Adelcliis, coins of, Benev., Ixviii. 
 
 Africa, coins found in, Vand., xix. 
 
 Ag-ilulf, imitative coins of, Lomb., Ivi. 
 
 Aistulf, Lomb., Iviii ; bust of (.''), 148 n. 
 
 Alboin, imitative coins of, Ivi. 
 
 Alexius and John II, standing', Treb., 
 270. 
 
 Alexius I, reig-n and coinag-e of, Treb., 
 Ixxvii, Ixxviii ; coins attributed to, 
 230 ; Ixxviii n. 
 
 Alexius II, reig-n and coinag-e of, Treb., 
 Ixxx, Ixxxi, Ixxxii w, Ixxxvii ; at- 
 tribution of coins to, 278, 279; re- 
 presented riding-, 279-83. 
 
 Alexius III, reign and coinag-e of, 
 Treb., Ixxxii, Ixxxvii, Ixxxviii n ; 
 attribution of coins to, 278, 279 ; 
 bronze coins of, 297-301 ; repre- 
 sented riding-, 293-G ; standing-, 
 297-301. 
 
 Alexius lY, reign of, Treb., Ixxxii, 
 Ixxxiii ; riding-, 30(5, 307. 
 
 Alg-eria, coins found in, 7 ?/, 14 n. 
 
 Altar, Ostrog-., 101. 
 
 Amalasuntlia, Ostrog., 71, 75 7i ; ac- 
 count of, xxxiii, xxxiv. 
 
 Anastasius I, bust or Jiead of, Vand., 
 10, 32, 33 ; Ostrog-., 46, 47, 49-51, 
 55-9, 83-90, 95-7 ; xlvi-xlviii ; 
 bronze currency reform of, xxiii. 
 
 Andronicus I, reign of, Treb., Ixxviii. 
 
 Andronicus II, niign of, Treb., Ixxix. 
 
 Andronicus III, coins of, Treb., 284. 
 
 Angel, wing- of (?), Neopatras, 227, 
 
 Anna, Empress, Treb., 288. 
 Annulet, Treb., 270 v, 273, 274. 
 Arichis II, bust of, Benev., 1G8, 169; 
 
 coins of, 183 fi ; reig-n and coinage 
 
 of. Ixv. Ixvi. 
 
 Aripert I, imitative coins of, Lomb., 
 
 Ivi. 
 Aripert II, bust of, 141. 
 Arivvald, imitative coins of, Lomb., 
 
 Ivi. 
 Arta, castle of (?), Epirus, 226. 
 Asper-coinage, Treb., 285 7i; Ixxiv- 
 
 Ixxvi, Ixxviii-lxxxv ; origin of the, 
 
 Ixxxv ; of John II without svmbols, 
 
 Treb., 260, 274, 275. 
 Athalaric, coins of, Ostrog., 60-70, 
 
 102-5, 107 ; rein-esented standing, 
 
 69, 70 ; monog-ram of, (53, 64, 66-8 ; 
 
 bronze coins of period of, 99, 1(X) ; 
 
 liii ; imitative g-old coins of, xlvii ; 
 
 account of, xxxiii. 
 Autliari, imitative coins of, Lomb., Ivi. 
 
 B 
 
 Baduila, O; 
 reigfn of. 
 
 •og-., coins of, 83-94 ; 
 xxxvii, xxxviii ; bust 
 of, 88, 91-4; standing, 93, 94; 
 monogram of, 86, 87, 89, 92 ; imi- 
 tative g-old coins of, xlvii ; heavy 
 and liglit bronze coins of, 90 ;?, 91 ?/, 
 94 li ; bronze coins of time of, 99 ; 
 jjortrait of, 88 w, 91, 93 n ; xxxviii ; 
 mints of, xxxviii ; in Rome, xxxvii. 
 
 Bands, four, interlaced, Nic, 219 )i. 
 
 Baptist, tlie : .s-^' St. Jolm. 
 
 Basil, Treb., bronze coins of, 286, 287; 
 ridings, 285 ; standing-, 286 ; reign 
 of, Ixxxi. 
 
 Basiliscus, gold coins of, xlv, xlvi. 
 
 Benevento hoard, Benev., 191. 
 
 Beneventum, coinage of, Ixi-lxviii ; 
 earliest coins of, Ixii, Ixiii ; imi- 
 tative coins of, Ixii, Ixiii ; silver 
 coins of, Ixiii ; uncertain coins of, 
 188-92 ; denominations and weights 
 of coins of, Ixiv ; portraiture on coins 
 of, Ixvi ; alloy of gold coins of, Ixiv. 
 
 Biella lioard, Lomb., 137 ii. 
 
 Bird, liead of, Treb., 295, 304. 
 
GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES) 
 
 319 
 
 Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, seal 
 
 of, Thessal., W8 n. 
 Brauch, Vand., 29; Ostrog-., 106; of 
 
 palm. Valid., 7, 41 ; Ostrog-., 106. 
 Branches, t^Y0, and star, Vand., 5. 
 Bronze coins, quasi-autonomous, of 
 
 Rome and Ravenna, Ostrog-., 98. 
 Brusa, find of coins at, Nic, 205, 214. 
 Bust, uncertain. Lomb., 153. 154. 
 
 C 
 
 Cartliag-f, xvi, xvii, xxvi ; female per- 
 sonification of, Vand., 6 n ; xxv, xx^'ii, 
 xxviii ; standing-, holding ears of 
 corn, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14 ; horse as em- 
 blem of, 3 ; Vandalic mint of, 19 «, 
 28 /?, 34 11 ; coins found at, xix n : 
 see also Index II, ' Cartliag-e.' 
 
 Castle, Neo]iatras, 229 ; of Arta .^, 
 Epirus, 226. 
 
 ('liarlemag-ne, Benev., Ixv, Ixvi ; bust 
 of, 152 ; monog-ram of, Benev., 171 : 
 see also Index I, ' Charlemag-ne.' 
 
 Clierson, Treb., xci n. 
 
 Christ, bust of, beardless, Thessal., 
 194, 195, 198, 199, 202, 203; bust 
 of, bearded, Thessal., 197; seated, 
 Thessal., 193. 195/?. 197 7i ; Nic, 
 204, 206, 210-13, 215, 216, 220, 223 ; 
 standing-, Avithin oval frame, 301 n ; 
 standing (?), Nic, 223 ; of Chalce, 
 standing, Nic, 217 ; of Chalce, 
 crowning- Jolin I Vatatzes, Nic, 
 216, 217 ; crowning' Theodore 11, 
 Nic, 221, 222 ; standing-, with John 
 Angelus, Thessal., 200; Infant, and 
 the Virgin, Treb., 236, 237. 
 
 Christian emblems on Vandal coins, 
 xxv, xxviii. 
 
 Chrysokephalos, Panagia, Treb., 236, 
 237 ; Ixxxvii. 
 
 Cleph, imitative coins of, Lomb., Ivi. 
 
 ' Conmenians ', coins called, Treb., 
 Ixxxv. 
 
 Constans II, bust of, Lomb., 133, 144 ; 
 Benev., 189. 
 
 Constantine Angelus, Neopatras, 
 Ixxiv. 
 
 Constantine III, see Constans 11. 
 
 Constantine IV, bust of, Benev., 190, 
 191. 
 
 Constantine, St., see St. Constantine. 
 
 Corn, ear of and ivv-leaves, Benev., 
 174, 175, 182, 185.' 
 
 Countermarks, Vand., 3; xviii; Os- 
 troo-.. 51. 
 
 Crescent (?), Ostrog-., 51. 
 
 Crescent and pellet as head-dress, Os- 
 trog., 87, 95-7, 114-18, TJO, 121, 
 124. 
 
 Cross, Vand., 15, 19-21, 30, 31, 35, 
 41 ; Odovac, 44, 45 ; Ostrog., 50-2, 
 57-9, 64, 84, 85, 87, 89, 92, 96, 
 107-10, 112, 116. 120; Lomb., 125, 
 128-33, 143 u : Benev., 177-9, 183, 
 184, 189, 190; Tlie-ssal., 193, 194, 
 197-9 ; Nic. 206, 216,223, 225, 227, 
 228 ; Neopatras, 229 ; Treb., 243-7, 
 253, 261, 262, 277, 280, 294, 309 ; 
 long, Treb., 232-5, 237-53, 258-75, 
 277, 279-83, 285, 286, 289-98, 302- 
 
 4, 306, 307; crosslet, Thessal., 195, 
 196 ; Treb., 258 ; fourchee on base, 
 Treb., 298; nimbate, Epirus, 226; 
 patriarchal, Benev., 185 ; Nic, 207, 
 208, 215 ; Treb., 230 ; pattee, Vand., 
 41; Lomb., 126; Benev., 184, 185 ; 
 Treb., 305 ; pattee and radiate, 
 Benev., 174, 175, 182 ; pattee witli- 
 in star, Treb., 300, 301 ; potent, 
 Vand., 14, 38-41 ; Lomb., 127, 130- 
 
 5, 141 V, 148-54 ; Benev., 155-60, 
 162-73, 176-9, 181, 184, 185, 187, 
 189-91 ; Treb., 310 ; potent on 
 globus, 131 n ; radiate, Benev., 183 ; 
 voided, Treb., 299, 300; within 
 cross voided, Treb., 299, 300 ; with 
 wreath attaclied, Treb., 298, 299; 
 with letters in angles, Treb., 310 ; 
 on throne of Christ, Nic, 210 ; with- 
 in wreath, Vand., 12 ; Odovac, 44 ; 
 Treb., 300 ; on city-wall, Treb., 299, 
 304, 305, 309 ; fragment of, Ixxxix?^. 
 
 Crown, worn by Theodaliad, Ostrog., 
 75, 76 ; worn bv Baduila, Ostrog., 
 91-4. 
 
 Cunincpert, bust of, Lomb., 138 ; 
 coins of, Ivii, Iviii. 
 
 Cyprus find, Nic, 208 n. 
 
 D 
 
 David, Emperor, Treb., 308 ; Ixxxiii. 
 Demetrius, Thessal., 202 ; Ixix. 
 Demetrius, St., see St. Demetrius. 
 Denarius of Beneventum, Ixiv. 
 Duchies, the Lombard, Ixi, Ixii. 
 
 Eagle, Odovac, 44 ; Ostrog., 102, 103 
 Treb., 301 7i, 305, 309, 310 
 Ixxxviii ; head of, Treb., 304 ; xcii 
 with cross on head, Treb., 309 
 
320 
 
 INDEX 111 
 
 between two stars, Ostrog., 106 ; 
 
 double-lioaded, Treb., 301, 805; 
 
 Ixxxvii, Ixxxviii ; as emblem of the 
 
 Comneni, Treb., Ixxxviii. 
 Eaorles, two, Ostro<v., 103, 104. 
 Ear of corn and ivv-leaves, Bonev., 
 
 174, 175, 182, 185.' 
 Eclipse of sun, Treb., xcii, xciii. 
 Emmanuel, bust of, Thessal., 195. 
 Emperor, bust of an,Lomb., 134, 135; 
 
 Benev., 159 ; standing-, Vaud., 24, 
 
 25 ; dragging captive, Vand., 26. 
 Emperor or king, bust or head of, 
 
 Vand., 19-28, 35-8, 40, 41. 
 Emperors, two, standing, Vand., 25. 
 Epirus, coinage of the despots of, 
 
 Ixxiii. 
 Eraric, Ostrog., 82 ; xxxvii. 
 Eugenius, St., .set', St. Eugenius. 
 
 F 
 
 Faustulus, the sliejilierd, Ostrog. , 104 n. 
 
 Ficioi i-iimiiudis^ Ostrog'., 104 n. 
 
 Fig-tree and eagles, Ostrog., 103, 104. 
 
 Finds of coins, in Algeria, 7 w, 14 n ; 
 at Briisa, 205, 214 ; near Smyrna, 
 214, 220; in Cyprus, 208 n -, at 
 llanz, 149 w, 150-2; in Italy, 7 n, 
 16 '/f, 31 ??, 33 n, 37 n, 113 w, 137 n. 
 
 'Flavia', the epithet, Lomb., lix. 
 
 Fleur de lis, see Lis. 
 
 Flower (or plant), Treb., 281-3, 285 w, 
 294, 295, 303, 304, 306, 307. 
 
 Flower (or star), Lomb., 148-50, 152 ; 
 Benev., 174 n. 
 
 Forgeries of coins, ancient, Ostrog., 
 59, 76 n ; Lomb., 139 n ; Benev., 
 165 ;i; Nic, 211; Treb., 268 w ; 
 modern, Ostrog., 76 n^ 80 n. 
 
 Forum Julii, duchy of, Ixii. 
 
 Fostlus, Sextus Pompeius, coin of, 
 Ostrog., 104 n. 
 
 G 
 
 Gabalas of Rliodes, coin of, 230. 
 Gaiseric, coins of, Vand., 1-4 ; stand- 
 ing, 3, 4 ; reign of, xxvi. 
 Gate of city, Vand., 27, 28 ; Treb., 
 
 299, 304, 305. 
 Gelimer, coins of, Vand., 15, 16 ; bust 
 
 or head of, 15, 16 ; name of, 15 w ; 
 
 coins attributed to, 29 n • reign of, 
 
 xxviii. 
 Genoa, merchants of, Treb., Ixxx- 
 
 Ixxxiii. 
 George the Emperor, standing, liold- 
 
 ing cross or labarum, Treb., 258 : 
 
 standing witli St. Eugenius, 258; 
 
 reign and coins of, Ixxix. 
 George, St., see St. George. 
 Georgia, coins of, Treb., 243, 247, 250, 
 
 254, 256, 272, 273, 308; Ixxviii, 
 
 Ixxix, xci n. 
 Gisulf 11, coins of, Benev., Ixv. 
 Globus, Ostrog., 84 n ; Victory stand- 
 ing on, Ostrog., 47 n; cruciger, 
 
 Treb., 254, 255, 257-75, 277, 299 7i. 
 Godepert, Lomb., Ivi. 
 Gottschallc, coins attributed to, Benev., 
 
 161. 
 Graffiti, Nic, 212. 
 Great Vlakia, Ixxiv. 
 Gregorius, Beneventan Duke, coins 
 
 of, discussed, 160. 
 Gregorius, tlie Patrician, coins of, 160. 
 Gregory, see Gregorius. 
 Grimoald III, bust of, Benev., 170-3 ; 
 
 reign of, Ixvi, Ixvii. 
 Grimoald IV, coins of, discussed, 
 
 Benev., 174 n ; Ixvii. 
 Grimwald, imitative coins of, Lomb,, 
 
 Ivi. 
 Guntliamund, coins of, Vand., 8, 9 ; 
 
 bust of, 8, 9 ; coins attributed to, 
 
 21 ?i ; reign of, xxvii. 
 
 H 
 
 Half-asper, Treb., Ixxxiv. 
 
 Hand, Lomb., 138 n^ 139 )i ; Benev., 
 
 167 w, 191, 192. 
 Heraclius, bust of, Lomb., 130-2. 
 He radius and Tiberius, sons of Con- 
 
 stans II, standing, Benev., 189. 
 Hilderic, coins of, Vand., 13, 14 ; bust 
 
 of, 13, 14 ; coins attributed to, 28, 
 
 33 w, 34 7?, 37 n ; reign of, xxvii, 
 
 xxviii. 
 Hoards of coins, see Finds. 
 Honorius, bust or head of, Vand., 2, 
 
 5, 17, 18 ; Vandal imitations of 
 
 coins of, XV i. 
 Horse, head of, Vand., 3, 4. 
 Horseman, Treb., 277 ; Ixxxi n. 
 Huneric, coins of, Vand., 5-7 ; dates 
 
 on coins of, 5 ; bust of, 7 ; reign of, 
 
 xxvi, xxvii. 
 
 I 
 
 Iberia, coins of, Treb., 272 w ; Ixxviii. 
 llanz hoard, 149 7i, 150, 152. 
 Ildibad, Ostrog., 82 ; xxxvii. 
 Imperial coins, of Justinian I, struck 
 
 at Rome and Ravenna, 108-19 ; 
 
 of Justin II, struck at Ravenna, 120, 
 
GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES) 
 
 321 
 
 121 ; of Tiberius II, struck at 
 Rome and Ravenna, 122 ; of Maurice 
 Tiberius, struck at Rome and Ra- 
 venna, 122. 
 
 Irene Palaeologina, Treb., 288. 
 
 Italy, coinag-es of central and south, 
 discussed, Ixiii. 
 
 IvY-leaves and ears of corn, Benev., 
 174, 175, 182, 185. 
 
 J 
 
 John the Baptist, see St. John the 
 Baptist. 
 
 John Angelus, standing-, Thessal., 
 200; standing-, with Christ, Thessal., 
 200 ; reign of, Ixix. 
 
 John I ('III') Ducas Vatatzes, Nic, 
 seated, 218 ; standing-, holding laba- 
 rum and globus, 218, 219 ; stand- 
 ing, holding- labarum and sword, 
 217, 219 ; crowned by the Christ 
 of Chalce, 216, 217 ; crowned by 
 the Virgin, 210-13 ; gold coinage 
 of, discussed, 213-15 ; seal of, 215, 
 228 n ; Ixxii ; treasuries of, Ixxii ; 
 reign of, Ixxi, Ixxii : see also St. 
 Constantine. 
 
 John I, Neopatras, standing, 227 ; 
 seated, 228 ; Ixxi v. 
 
 John I, Treb., standing, holding cross 
 and roll, 232-5 ; bronze coins attri- 
 buted to, 235 ; reign of, Ixxviii. 
 
 John II, Treb., standing, holding la- 
 barum and globus, 259-76 ; aspers 
 of, without syml)ol, 260, 274, 275 ; 
 standing, with Alexius, 276 ; reign 
 of, Ixxix, Ixxx. 
 
 John II els'"') Lascaris, Nic, Ixxii, 
 Ixxiii. 
 
 John II, Neopatras, Ixxiv. 
 
 John III, Treb., 289, 290 ; Ixxxi. 
 
 John rV, Treb., coins of, 308 ; reign 
 of, Ixxxiii. 
 
 Joinville, quoted, Treb., Ixxxix. 
 
 Justin I, bust or head of, Vand., 13 ; 
 Ostrog., 48-53, 57 n, 60, 63, 65 ; 
 xlvii. 
 
 Justin II, bust of, Ostrog., 120, 121 ; 
 Lomb., 123, 124, 126 ; Imperial 
 coins of, struck at Ravenna, 120, 
 121 ; xlvii 7i ; Imperial silver coins 
 of, xlix. 
 
 Justinian I, bust or head of, Vand., 
 28, 29, 33-5, 37; Ostrog., 60-7, 
 72-4, 77, 78, 80, 81, 85, 86, 108-19; 
 Lomb., 124, 125 ; Imperial coins 
 
 of, struck at Rome and Ravenna, 
 108-19 ; head of, facing, Uv ??, Iv n; 
 African coinage of, xxviii, xxix ; 
 bronze coins of, of Carthage, lii n, 
 liv ?i, Iv n ; Imperial gold coinage 
 of, xlvii, xlviii ; Imperial silver 
 coins of, xlix, 1 ; bronze coins of, 
 struck at Rome, liii, liv ; weights 
 of Ravenna coins of, xxxix. 
 
 Justinian II, bust of, Benev., 155-67, 
 191 ; coins of, imitated at Bene- 
 ventum, Ixii, Ixiii ; Central and 
 South Italian coins of, Ixiii. 
 
 ' Justinus ', silver coins inscribed with 
 name of, Ostrog. , xlix ; bronze coins 
 inscribed with name of, lii. 
 
 K 
 
 King or Emperor, bust or head of, 
 
 Vand., 19-28, 35-8, 40, 41. 
 • Kirmaneoul ', Treb., 256 ; Ixxviii. 
 
 Labarum, Thessal., 195, 200; Nic, 
 204, 207, 208, 210-13, 216-20, 222 ; 
 Neopatras, 227 ; Treb., 236-55, 257- 
 76. 
 
 Laurel-wreath, see Wreath. 
 
 Leaf (?), Ostrog., 116 w. 
 
 Leaf-like incision, Lomb., 123. 
 
 Leo I, Emperor, head of, Vand., 31 ; 
 coins of, imitated, Vand., 26 ; sup- 
 posed coins of, Ostrog., 100 ?i. 
 
 Letters on aspers, Treb., 233-5, 237- 
 43, 263-5, 279, 280 ; on Lombard 
 coins, Ix, Ixi. 
 
 Lily, see Lis. 
 
 Lion, advancing, Ostrog., 94; 113; 
 standing, Vand,, 26. 
 
 Lipari, coins found in, Vand., xix. 
 
 Lis, 195 n; Nic, 222, 223 n ; Treb., 
 232, 233, 262, 263, 293, 294. 
 
 Liutpert(?), bust of, Lomb., 140. 
 
 Liutprand, Beneventan Duke, seal of, 
 143 n, 164 ; Ixv. 
 
 Liutprand. Lombard Iving, bust of, 
 143, 144 ; coins of, Iviii ; seal of, 
 143 n, 164. 
 
 Lombard regal coinage, 123-54 ; Iv- 
 Ixi ; anonymous coins, Iv ; coins, 
 weights, and metals, lix, Ix ; coinage 
 and civilization, Ivii, Iviii ; inscrip- 
 tions on coins, Iviii, lix ; mints, Ix ; 
 coins of uncertain attribution, 153, 
 154 ; duchies, Ixi, Ixii. 
 
 Tt 
 
322 
 
 INDEX 111 
 
 Louis II, Emperor, Bene v., Ixviii. 
 Lucca, Lomb., lix, Ixi. 
 Lupercalia, Ostrog-., 105 n. 
 
 M 
 
 Mankaphas, coins of, 208 7i. 
 
 Manuel Ang-elus, Thessal., standing-, 
 holding- cross and globus, 198, 
 199 ; standing-, crowned by St. 
 Michael (?), 199 ?i ; crowned by tlie 
 Virg-in, 197 ; standing-, Avith St. 
 Demetrius, 199 ; seated, with St. De- 
 metrius, 198 ; reign of, Ixix. 
 
 Manuel I, Tretj., standing, holding 
 labarum and roll, 236-53 ; hold- 
 ing labarum and globus, 254, 255, 
 257 ; standing, 257 n ; reign of, 
 Ixxviii, Ixxix. 
 
 Manuel II, Treb., coins attributed to, 
 284. 
 
 Manuel III, Treb., riding, 302^; 
 standing, 304, 305 ; reign of, Ixxxii, 
 Ixxxiii ; possesses fragment of the 
 Cross, Ixxxix. 
 
 Manus Dei, Nic, 222, 227, 228 ; Treb., 
 232-55, 257, 259-75, 277 ; Ixxxviii. 
 
 Mappa, held by Emperor, Bene v., 
 1G2 n ; cp. 168 n. 
 
 Marcian, head of, Vand., 30, 31. 
 
 Masuna, Yand., 19 ??, 39, 40 n ; xx, 
 xxvii. 
 
 Matasuntha, coins of, Ostrog., 80, 81 ; 
 monogram of, 80, 81 ; account of, 
 xxxvi, xxxvii. 
 
 Mauri, coins attributable to the, Vand. , 
 17, 20, 38 7i, 39, 40 n ; xviii-xxi. 
 
 Maurice Tiberius, bust of, Ostrog., 
 122 ; Lomb., 128, 129 ; coins of, 
 Lomb., Ivi, Ivii ; Imperial coins 
 of, struck at Rome and Ravenna, 
 122. 
 
 Michael I Angelus Comnenus, bust 
 of, Epirus, 226 ; standing, with St. 
 Demetrius, 226 ; Ixxiii. 
 
 Michael, Treb., riding, 291 ; standing, 
 291, 292; half-length figure of, 
 292 ; reign of, Ixxxi, Ixxxii. 
 
 Michael VIII Palaeologus, coins of, 
 discussed, 224 ; Ixxiii ; standing, 
 crowned by the Virgin, Nic, 225. 
 
 Michael, St., see St. Michael. 
 
 Milan, 49 n ; Ixi : see also Index 11. 
 
 Mint-marks, Lomb., 138 n, 141 w, 
 143 11 ■ Ixi. 
 
 Monogrammatic types, xxviii, xxxi, 
 Iviii. 
 
 Monstrance (?), Benev., 173 n, 185. 
 Monte Roduni lioard, 7 w, 16 n,Sln: 
 see also Index II. 
 
 N 
 
 Naples, 83 ii. 
 
 Narses, xlviii. 
 
 Neopatras, coinage of the Duchy of, 
 
 Ixxiv. 
 Nicaea, coinage of, Ixx-lxxiii. 
 Nike, see Victory. 
 Nummus, the, and its multiples, xl- 
 
 xlii. 
 
 
 
 Odoacer, see Odovacar. 
 
 Odovacar, coins of, 43-5, 100, 101 ; 
 bust of, 44, 45 ; monogram of, 44, 
 45 ; bronze coins of time of, 99 ; 
 imitative gold and silver coins of, 
 xlvi, xlviii ; portrait of, xxx ; ac- 
 count of, xxix-xxxi. 
 
 Officina-marks, Ostrog., 101, 102 n, 
 108 n. 
 
 Orsini family, Epirus, Ixxiii. 
 
 Ostrogothic coinage, 43-119 ; xxix- 
 liv ; inscriptions and types of, xlii- 
 xliv ; denominations and weights 
 of, xxxix-xlii ; portraiture on, xliii, 
 xliv ; mint-places of, xliv ; of small 
 bronze, li ; with Imperial names, 
 xlv-xlviii ; modern writers on, xxix. 
 
 Palm-branch, Vand., 7, 41, 54. 
 
 Palm-tree, Vand., 26, 27. 
 
 Panagia Chrysokephalos, Treb., 236, 
 
 237 ; Ixxxvii. 
 Pavia, see Index II. 
 Pax standing, Vand., 23. 
 PeUet or pellets, Vand., 19, 37, 39, 
 
 41 ; Ostrog., 50, 68-70f87, 88, 93, 
 
 95-7, 111, 114-18, 120,121 ; Lomb., 
 
 129, 132 ; Benev., 173, 176-8, 180; 
 
 Nic, 211, 213 ; Treb.., 232-55, 257, 
 
 259-64, 266-73, 282, 283, 285, 291- 
 
 6, 304, 306 ; xci, xcii. 
 Pellet and crescent head-dress, see 
 
 Crescent and pellet. 
 Pellets representing letters, Vand., 
 
 21, 38. 
 Pentagram, Vand., 42. 
 Perctarit, bust of, Lomb., 136, 137 ; 
 
 coins of, Ivii, Iviii ; imitative coins 
 
 of, with Godepert, Ivi. 
 
GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES) 
 
 323 
 
 Plant or flower, Treb., 281-3, 285 7i, 
 294, 295, 303, 304, 306, 307 ; xcii, 
 xciii. 
 
 Plated coin, Ostrog-., 110 7i. 
 
 ' Porphyrog-enitus ', title, discussed, 
 Nic, 215, 220, 221. 
 
 Portraiture on Barbarian coins, xxi ti ; 
 on Vandal coins, xxvi. 
 
 Procopius on g-old coins of the Bar- 
 barians, xxi. 
 
 Prow, Victory standing i on, Ostrog., 
 75, 101. 
 
 Q 
 
 Quarter-asper, Treb., 29G ; Ixxxiv. 
 Quatrefoil ornament, Treb., 280. 
 
 R 
 
 Radelchis I, bust of. Bene v., 181 ; 
 coins of, Ixvii, Ixviii. 
 
 Ratchis, bust of, Lomb., 146. 
 
 Ravenna, bust of, Ostrog-., 68, 106, 
 107 ; monogram of, Ostrog., 107 ; 
 issue of quasi-autonomous coins at, 
 Ostrog., 100 ; under Justinian I, 
 xlviii ; coinage of Justinian at, 1 : 
 see also Index II. 
 
 Rhodes, coins of, Treb., 310 n. 
 
 Ring with tremissis of Justinian I, 
 Ostrog., 62 n. 
 
 Rodwald, imitative coins of, Lomb., 
 Ivi. 
 
 Roma, bust of, Ostrog., 67-70, 74, 75, 
 79, 101-5, 107 ; supposed mono- 
 gram of, Ostrog., Ill n: seated, 
 Vand., 2, 23. 
 
 Rome, under Justinian, xlviii, liii, liv; 
 quasi-autonomous coinage of, xxxii : 
 see also Index II. 
 
 Romoald 11, Benev., Ixii, Ixiii, Ixv. 
 
 Romulus and Remus, Ostrog., 104, 
 105. 
 
 Rosette or rosettes, Benev., 183, 186. 
 
 Rothari, supposed coin of, Lomb., 
 130 ?i ; laws of, 130 n, 139 n ; imi- 
 tative coins of, Ivi. 
 
 St. Constantine and John I Vatatzes, 
 standing, holding- cross, Nic, 215, 
 216 ; Ixxii. 
 
 St. Demetrius, bust of, 200 ; bust of, 
 and bust of Theodore Angelus, 
 Thessal. ,195, 196 ; standing,Thessal. , 
 200 ; Nic, 218 ; standing, with 
 Theodore Angelus holding- lons: 
 
 cross, Thessal., 193, 194 ; stand- 
 ing, with Manuel Angelus holding 
 globus (?), Thessal., 199 ; standing, 
 with Michael I Angelus Comnenus 
 holding cross, Epirus, 226 ; seated, 
 with Theodore Angelus, Thessal., 
 196 n ; seated, with Manuel An- 
 gelus, Thessal., 198 ; patron-saint 
 of Thessalonica, 194 h, 196 ; Ixx. 
 
 St. Eugenius, Treb., bust of, 257 
 276 ;?, 283 ; standing, 230, 232-5 
 237-55, 257 n, 258-77, 286, 289-92 
 297, 298, 308 ; riding, 279-83, 285 
 291, 293-6, 302-4, 306, 307 ; stand- 
 ing, with an Emperor holding cross, 
 230 ; patron of Trebizond, 256 
 Ixxxii, Ixxxix ; account of, Ixxxvi 
 Ixxxvii ; in art, Ixxxi. 
 
 St. George, bust of, Nic, 219; Treb. 
 276 n ; Ixxxvii. 
 
 St. John the Baptist, bust of, Treb. 
 275, 276 ; Ixxxvii. 
 
 St. Michael, bust of, Neopatras, 228 
 standing, Lomb., 140 ; Thessal. 
 196 n, 198, 199 n, 200, 202, 203 
 Epirus, 226 ; standing, holding 
 castle (?), Epirus, 226 ; standing 
 holding cross and globus, Benev. 
 176 ; standing, holding shield and 
 cross, Lomb., 138, 141, 143, 144 
 146, 147 ; Iviii ; standing, with 
 Theodore Angelus, Thessal., 195 n 
 type of, Benev., 174 /i ; Ixvii. 
 
 St. Theodore, standing, Nic, 207 n 
 (seal) ; standing, holding cross, 206- 
 9 ; Ixxi. 
 
 St. Tryphon, 194 ?i ; standing, Nic, 
 222, 223 w, 225 ; Ixxii, Ixxiii. 
 
 Salerno, contracts of, 183 « ; Ixv, 
 Ixviii. 
 
 Scauniperga, Benev., Ixv. 
 
 Scepsis, bronze coin of, 104 7i. 
 
 Sceptres, varying forms of, Treb., 278, 
 279, 294 n ; Ixxxviii. 
 
 Scroll-ornament, 116. 
 
 Scyphate coins, Lomb., 136, 137. 
 
 Seprio, Lomb., Ixi. 
 
 Seraph, head of, Nic, 218, 219. 
 
 'Shield', Nic, 218 n. 
 
 Sicardus, bust of, Benev., 179 ; coins 
 of, 183 n ; Ixvii. 
 
 Sico, bust of, Benev., 176-8 ; Ixvii. 
 
 Siconulf, Benev., Ixviii. 
 
 Siliqua and divisions, Vand. , xxii ; 
 Ostrog., xxxix, xliv. 
 
 Six-foil enclosure, Treb., 297, 298. 
 
324 
 
 INDEX in 
 
 Smyrna hoard, Nic, 214, 220. 
 
 Solidi of Vandals, xxi. 
 
 Spoletium, Duchy of, Ixi, Ixii. 
 
 Star (or stars), Vand., 10, 27, 30; 
 Odovacar, 43, 44; Ostro^., 46-51, 53, 
 56-64, 84, 85, 92, 95, 96, 105, 106, 
 109, 111, 113-16, 122 ; Lomb., 123, 
 129, 135, 139, 140, 146; Benev., 
 159, 178 ; Thessal., 193, 194 ; Treb., 
 230, 233, 234, 250-3, 265-73, 281, 
 289, 291, 302, 303, 306, 307, 310 ; 
 xcii. 
 
 Star (or flower ?), Lomb., 148-50, 152, 
 174 ». 
 
 Star (or sun), Treb., 294, 295. 
 
 Star between two branches, Vand., 5. 
 
 Star enclosing cross, Treb., 300, 301. 
 
 Star-like object with stem, Benev., 
 173, 185. 
 
 Sun, Treb., 294, 295 ; xcii ; eclipse of, 
 commemorated, xcii, xciii. 
 
 T 
 
 Temple, Vand., 28 ; Benev., 184. 
 Theia, coins of, Ostrog., 95-7 ; various 
 
 forms of name of, 96 n ; account of. 
 
 xxxviii ; imitative gold coins of, 
 
 xlvii. 
 Thelane, supposed coins of, Ostrog-., 
 
 97 n. 
 Theodahad, coins of, Ostrog-., 72-6 ; 
 
 bust of, 75, 76 ; portrait of, xxxiv ; 
 
 monog-ram of, 72, 74 ; imitative g:old 
 
 coins of, xlvii ; bronze coins of time 
 
 of, 99 ; liii ; account of, xxxiii- 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 Theodora, Treb., standing-, holding- 
 globus, 277 ; coins doubtfully attri- 
 buted to, 277 ; Ixxx. 
 
 Theodore Angelus, Epirus, Ixxiii. 
 
 Theodore Angelus, Thessal., stand- 
 ing, liolding labarum and globus, 
 195 ; bust of, with bust of St. De- 
 metrius, 195, 196 ; standing, with 
 St. Demeti'ius, holding long cross, 
 193, 194; standing, with St. De- 
 metrius, holding sword, 194 ; stand- 
 ing, with St. Michael, 195 ?<; seated, 
 with St. Demetrius, 196 7i ; reign 
 of, Ixix. 
 
 Theodore I, Nic, standing, crowned 
 by tlie Virgin, 204 ; standing, Mitli 
 St. Theodore, holding long cross, 
 206-9 ; gold coinage of, discussed^ 
 205 ; seal of, 207 n ; Ixxi ; account 
 of, Ixxi. 
 
 Theodore II, Nic, standing, liolding 
 cross and volumen, 195 7i ; holding 
 labarum and globus, 222 ; crowned 
 bv Christ, 221, 222 ; crowned bv 
 the Virgin, 220, 223 ; Ixxii. 
 
 Theodore, St., see St. Theodore. 
 
 Theodoric the Ostrogoth, coins of, 46- 
 59, 101, 102-6 ; bust of, 54 ; por- 
 trait of, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiv w ; 
 statues of, xxxii ; monogram of, 
 46, 50, 51, 55, 57-9, 78, 87 ; xxxi, 
 1, li 11 ; triple solidus of, 54 ; xxxi ; 
 imitative gold coins of, xlvi, xlvii ; 
 imitative silver coins of, xlviii ; 
 bronze coins of time of, 99, 100; lii; 
 visit of, to Rome, xxxii ; dominions 
 of, in Provence, xxxii n ; reign and 
 coinage of, xxxi-xxxiii. 
 
 Theodosius I, head of, Vand., 24 ; 
 standing, Vand., 24. 
 
 Theodosius II, head of, Vand,, 22, 29, 
 30, 38, 39. 
 
 Thessalonica, representations of, Thes- 
 sal., 198 7i ; Empire of, Ixix-lxx ; 
 metals and types of the coins of, 
 Ixx. 
 
 Tiberius and Heraclius, standing, 
 Benev., 189. 
 
 Tiberius II Constantine,bust of, Lomb., 
 127 ; Imperial coins of, struck at 
 Rome and Ravenna, 122. 
 
 Ticinum, see Index II. 
 
 Ticinus, bust of, Ostrog., 91. 
 
 Totila, see Baduila. 
 
 Toto(.'^), bust of Duke, Lomb., 153. 
 
 Trasamund, Vandals, coins of, 10-12 ; 
 bust of, 11, 12 ; name of, 10 n ; 
 coin attributed to, 21 n ; seal of, 
 12 n ; account of, xxvii. 
 
 Trebizond, coinage and history of, 
 Ixxiv-xciii ; city-wall of, Treb., 299, 
 304, 305, 309 ; Ixxxvii ; attribution 
 of coins of, Ixxvi, Ixxvii ; represen- 
 tations of the Emperors of, Ixxxviii ; 
 titles of Emperors of, Ixxxix ; in- 
 scriptions and forms of letters on 
 coins of, Ixxxix, xc ; symbols and 
 letters on coins of, xc-xciii ; mint- 
 places of, xc, xci ; metals and 
 weights of coins of, Ixxxiii-lxxxvi ; 
 weights of silver coins of, Ixxxiii, 
 Ixxxiv ; aspers of, see Asper-coinage ; 
 size of bronze coins of, Ixxxvi ; 
 bronze coinage of, Ixxvii ; uncertain 
 bronze coins of, 309 ; uncertain 
 bronze nomisma of, Ixxviii ; com- 
 
GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES) 
 
 325 
 
 merce and transit-trade of, Ixxviii ?/. 
 
 Ixxix, Ixxx, Ixxxiii ??, Ixxxv n ; 
 
 writers on the coinag-e and history 
 
 of, Ixxiv-lxxvii. 
 Tremisses, of Vandals, xxi. 
 Treviso, Lomb., Ixi. 
 Tridentum, Duchy of, Ixii. 
 Tryphon, St., see St. Tryphon. 
 
 U 
 
 Uncertain Lombardic coins, 153, 154. 
 
 Valentinian III, bust or head of, Vand., 
 1, 2, 18, 22-5, 27, 40; standing-, 
 Vand., 1, 24, 25. 
 
 Vandals, coins of the, 1-42 ; xv-xxviii ; 
 earliest coins of, xv ; gfold coin- 
 age of, xxi ; silver coins of, xxii ; 
 bronze coins of, xxii-xxiv ; small 
 bronze coins of, 17-42 ; xviii-xxi, 
 li ; weig-hts of the larg'er bronze 
 coins, xxiii, xxiv ; anonymous coin- 
 ages of, xvi-xxi ; king or soldier of 
 the, standing-, 3, 4 ; xxvi ; por- 
 traiture on coins of, xxvi ; marks 
 of value on coins of, xvii ; counter- 
 marks of the, xviii ; civilization of 
 the, xxiv-xxvi ; Roman influence 
 on the, xxiv, xxv ; era of the, xvi. 
 
 Venice, merchants of, Treb., Ixxx, 
 Ixxxv ?<, Ixxxvi n ; influence of 
 coinage of, Treb., Ixxxv. 
 
 Vercelli, Lomb., Ixi. 
 
 Verona, Lomb., Ix n. 
 
 Vicenza, Lomb., Ixi. 
 
 Victory, seated, inscribing shield, 
 114 ; standing, holding broad cross. 
 Vand., 10; Odovac.,43, 44; Ostrog., 
 46, 48, 55, 59-61, 83 ; standing, 
 holding globus, 141 n ; standing, 
 holding cross and globus. 111, 
 113-14 ; standing or advancing, 
 holding wreath and globus, Ostrog., 
 47-9, 56, 61-3, 84, 85, 95, 96, 111, 
 114, 122; Lomb., 123, 124, 128, 
 129 ; standing or advancing, hold- 
 ing wreath and palm-branch, Vand. , 
 10, 11, 17-20 ; Ostrog., 54, 56, 106 ; 
 advancing, holding wreath and 
 trophy, Ostrog., 57, 100, 101 ; stand- 
 
 ing, holding wreath, Vand., 21, 22 ; 
 advancing, holding wreaths, Vand., 
 22; standing, facing, Vand.,_ 22; 
 standing on prow, Ostrog., 75, 76, 
 101 ; on globus held by Theodoric, 
 Ostrog., 54 ; dragging captive, 
 Vand., 22, 23 ; types of, profile 
 and fronting, Ostrog., 56 n ; type 
 of, on quasi-autonomous ibronze 
 coins, Ostrog., 99. 
 
 'Vine-leaf, Nic, 218 ?i. 
 
 Virgin, bust of the, Thessal., 199, 201 ; 
 Neopatras, 227 ; seated, holding in- 
 fant Christ, Nic, 207-9, 216, 217, 
 221, 222 ; Treb., 236, 237 ; stand- 
 ing, crowning John 1 Ducas Va- 
 tatzes, Nic, 210-13 ; crowning 
 Manuel Angelus, Thessal., 197 ; 
 crowning Michael VIll, Nic, 225; 
 crowning Theodore I, Nic, 204 ; 
 crowning Theodore II, Nic, 220, 
 223 ; Chrysokephalos, Treb., 236, 
 237 ; Ixxxvii. 
 
 Visigothic coin, 111 n. 
 
 Makia, see Great Vlakia. 
 
 W 
 
 Wall of Trebizond, Treb., 299, 304, 
 305, 309 ; Ixxxvii. 
 
 Wiug of angel, Neopatras, 227, 228. 
 
 Witigis, coins of, Ostrog., 77-9 ; imi- 
 tative gold coins of, xlvii ; imita- 
 tive silver coins of, 1, li ; account 
 of, XXXV, xxxvi. 
 
 Wolf and Twins, Ostrog., 104, 105. 
 
 Wreath, Vand., 6-9, 11, 12, 14-16, 
 22, 28-33, 35-41 ; Odovacar, 44, 45 ; 
 Ostrog., 49-53, 63-8, 72-5, 77-81, 
 86-92, 94, 96, 97, 107-10, 112, 113, 
 115-21; Lomb., 124-6, 127, 129; 
 Benev., 173 ; with loops, Treb., 300 ; 
 encircling cross, Vand., 2 ; with 
 pellet in centre, 131 n. 
 
 Zeno, bust or head of, Vand., 32 ; 
 Odovacar, 43-5 ; Ostrog., 100, 101 ; 
 bronze coins of, struck at Rome, 
 Ostrog., 98, 99 ; gold coins of, xxx, 
 xlv, xlvi, xlviii. 
 
•6-26 
 
 INDEX III 
 
 DN, Vand., 8, 9, 11, 12. 
 D-N, Vand., 8, 11 7i; xxii. 
 
 DN_L(?), Vand., 9 n. 
 D.N, Vand., 12, 15; xxii. 
 
 D^ 
 
 NX-lli, Vand., 6. 
 
 NXXI, Vand., 6. 
 
 NXll, Vand., 7. 
 
 N Mil, Vand., 7; xxiii, xxiv. 
 
 LXXXIII, 3 ; xviii (countermark^ 
 
 Xjll, Vand., 3 ; xvii w, xviii, xxii-xxv. 
 
 XL", 3 ; xviii (countermark). 
 
 XL or .XL., Ostrog., 98-101, 104 ; xL 
 
 j-XL, Ostrog., 102. 
 
 J=XL, Ostrog., 101-3. 
 
 XXV, Vand., 14. 
 
 XXI, Vand., 4 ; xvii ??, xxii-xxiv. 
 XX, .XX*, or .X.X., Ostrog-., 103-5; 
 113 ; liv. 
 
 MARKS OF VALUE 
 
 XII, Vand., 4; xxiii, xxiv. 
 
 X, Ostrog., 65, 66, 67 n, 69, 70, 90 /?, 
 91 }i, 92 >i, 94 w, 107 n ; xl-xlii. 
 
 V, Ostrog., 52, 53, 65, 66, 68, 73, 74; 
 xl, xli, lii, liii. 
 
 CN, CN, &c. (250), 115, 116, 120; 
 xxxix 72, xlix ; Lonib., 124, 129; Iv, 
 
 Ix. 
 
 PKt (125), 116, 121 ; xxxix ??, xlix; 
 Lonib., 129 ; Ix. 
 
 p. K or PK., Ostrog., 116, 117 ; xxxixw. 
 
 M (40), Ostrog., 98; 108, 109, 112; 
 xl 71., liii, liv. 
 
 K (20), Ostrog., 81 n; 109, 110; liii. 
 I (10), 110, 112; cp. 119 n; liv. 
 
 (5), Ostrog'., 52 ; xl, lii, liii. 
 
 A 
 
 , Vand., 34, 37. 
 
 MONOGRAMS, ETC. 
 
 vPSL (Geilamir), Vand., 16. 
 
 IaI (Tlieodosius II), Vand., 29, 30. 
 
 ■Al (Theodosius II), Vand., 30. 
 r^L (Marcian), Vand., 30. 
 4^i (Marcian), Vand., 30, 31. 
 
 A S (Marcian), Vand., 31. 
 ^\L i^") I), Vand., 31. 
 
 <^L (I^eo I), Vand., 31. 
 S^t, (Zeno), Vand., 32. 
 I>^ (Zeno), Vand., 32. 
 l/^l (Zeno), Vand., 32. 
 k^L (Anastasius I), Vand., 32, 33. 
 1^4. (Anastasius I), Vand., 33. 
 Iq^ (Justinian I), Vand., 33. 
 
1^ (Justinian I), Vand., 33 
 
 PM/ (Odovacar), 44, 45. 
 
 f^ (Theodoric), Ostrog., 46. 
 
 W 
 W 
 
 GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES) 
 
 327 
 
 (Theodoric), Ostrog-., 50. 
 
 (Theodoric), Ostrog., 50, 51. 
 
 lO"^^^ (Theodoric), Ostrog-., 50 
 
 1§B 
 
 (Theodoric), Ostrog., 57-9. 
 (Theodoric), Ostrog., 78. 
 (Theodoric), Ostrog., 78; 1, li. 
 
 1^ 
 
 l^^XI (Theodoric), Ostrog., 87. 
 
 Q (\ (Theodoric), Ostrog., 55. 
 
 ^^S]'* (Athalaric), Ostrog., 63. 
 ^fsj'^ (Athalaric), Ostrog., 64, 68. 
 '^IC^^ (Atlialaric), Ostrog., 64. 
 ^[^ (Athalaric), Ostrog., 6Q, 67. 
 
 f^Xl (Theodahad), Ostrog., 72. 
 |/g\[J (Theodahad), Ostrog., 74. 
 f^Jy (Matasuntha), Ostrog., 80,81. 
 
 (Matasuntha), Ostrog., 81. 
 
 m 
 
 89, 92. 
 
 (Baduila), Ostrog., 86, 87, 
 
 (Liutprand rex), Lomb., 144. 
 
 CR,X (in monogram = Christianas 
 rex.^), Lomb., 147. 
 
 .50 
 
 
 (Lucca), Lomb., 151. 
 (Lucca), Lomb., 151. 
 
 O 
 
 ^ + R, (Gregorius), Benev., 159. 
 € 
 
 IJ^ (Liutprand dux), Benev., 165. 
 
 Q/^ (Liutprand dux), Benev., 166. 
 
 ^, Benev., 166 w. 
 
 ^^^ (Carolus rex), Benev., 171. 
 l^^l (Grimoaldus), Benev., 171. 
 
 |V(L (Grimoaldus), Benev., 173. 
 ^J* (Sico), Benev., 177, 178. 
 *g* (Sicard), Benev., 180. 
 
 ' 1^ (Sancta Maria), Beuev., 184. 
 
 Ls (Adelchis), Benev., 185. 
 ^, 148 n. 
 
 /\ , Vand., 35. 
 
328 
 
 H, Ti-eb.,239; xc. 
 
 NH, Treb., 252, 253 ; xc. 
 [Ig, Treb., 251 ; xc. 
 
 ■ft", Treb., 277 ; xc. 
 
 I~P (Heraclius), Lomb., 132. 
 
 ^ (Grimoald), Bene v., 171 /^ 
 ^(St. George), Nic, 219. 
 MD (Mediolanum), Ostrog-., 59. 
 SH ev, Treb., 236, 237. 
 
 INDEX III 
 
 K 
 
 (?), VancL, 36. 
 [j^ (TTpdSpo/ios), Treb., 276. 
 
 1^ 
 
 (Ravenna), Ostrog'., 107. 
 
 (Ravenna), Ostrog-., 107. 
 
 KA (Rome), Ostrog., 55 ; xliii. 
 Ry (Ravenna), Ostrog., 46 ; xliii, 
 
 Be (rex), Lomb., 136, 138, 141-3, 146, 
 
 149. 
 ]f, Treb., 255 ; xc n. 
 
 J, Nic, 222. 
 
 IX (Dux), Bene v., 170. 
 
 ^ (Dux.?), Benev., 162, 163. 
 
 ^ (Dux ?), Benev., 162 n. 
 
 "5, Treb., 254; xc ?i. 
 
 a, Treb., 254; xc w. 
 
 A 
 
 ,, Vand., 34, 37. 
 
 E, Treb., 286, 287, 290, 296, 302, 303, 
 306, 307, 309 ; xc. 
 
 BB, Treb., 286, 287, 309, 310. 
 
 B B B B, Treb., 310 n. 
 
 D 
 
 Vand., 35. 
 • • • 
 6 P, Lomb., 136. 
 
 K 
 
 N 
 
 , Vand., 35. 
 
 , Vand., 35. 
 
 , Vand., 36. 
 y,T ( = H), Treb., 241 
 
 xc. 
 
 4 P', Lomb., 137. 
 
 • • • 
 
 •€ [?•, Lomb., 136. 
 
 i fy, Lomb., 137. 
 J 6 * 1^-, Lomb., 136. 
 
 • E Iv (Perctarit rex), Lomb., 136. 
 
 • • • 
 
 : f: [:•, Lomb., 136. 
 
 I , Vand., 36. 
 
 •f, 117; Lomb., 125. 
 
 *F, 121 ; Lomb., 125. 
 
 -P, 114. 
 
 ^, Vand., 36. 
 
 *T*, 121. 
 
 ^'f*, 118; Lomb., 124-6. 
 
 ^, Vand., 37 ; Ostrog., 49, 105. 
 
 51^, Vand., 37. 
 
 *, 117. 
 
 fi^u, Iv n. 
 (4a, liv 71. 
 
 *:, 119. 
 
 % Ostrog., 49, 84, 90, 94 ; 109, 110, 
 112, 118, 120, 121 ; Thessal., 195 ; 
 Treb., 250, 252, 253, 265, 266, 281, 
 291, 302, 303, 306, 307, 310. 
 
 ¥:, 108-10 ; Treb., 251, 253, 302, 303, 
 306. 
 
GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES) 
 
 5, 109, 110. 
 
 329 
 
 ^, Vand., 37, 38 ; Treb., 266, 289 
 ^, Treb., 267-73. 
 
 /,\ , Treb., 294. 
 
 , Treb., 295 ; xcii, xciii. 
 
 "7^4^", Treb., 295 ; xcii, xciii. 
 
 )!(, Treb., 251, 252. 
 
 yf., Treb., 252. 
 
 ^, Treb., 252. 
 
 p, Treb., 262-4. 
 
 Q), Treb., 273, 274. 
 
 •f, Treb., 262, 263, 293, 294. 
 
 <8>, Trelx, 280. 
 
 ▲, Benev., 170, 176-9, 181. 
 
 V, Treb., 281. 
 
 V, Treb., 303. 
 
 ^, Treb., 281. 
 
 ^, Treb., 294, 295 ; xcii. 
 
 V, Treb., 285 n. 
 
 Y,Treb., 303, 304, 306, 307. 
 
 >U, Treb., 282. 
 
 V*, Treb., 282; xcii. 
 ;i;(?), Treb., 283. 
 <5, Treb., 283. 
 
330 
 
 INDEX IV 
 
 REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS 
 
 (Tlie forms of the letters are in some cases, for convenience,* given 
 conventionally. 
 
 For marks of value and various monograms, &c., see at end of Index III.) 
 
 (a) LATIN LEGENDS 
 
 A (Audelais), Benev. , 1 58 ; ( Arichis II), 
 
 Benev., 167-9. 
 AAA A, Lomb., 135. 
 ADELCHIS PKIN, Benev., 184. 
 ADELCISI PRINCE, Benev., 184; cp. 
 
 186. 
 ADELHIS PKINCE, Benev., 183 ; cp. 
 
 185. 
 
 P 
 A D L (Adelchis), Benev., 184 ; cp.l85. 
 
 K 
 
 AMAND . . . PFAV, Benev., 173 n. 
 
 AMENITAS DEI, 73 n. 
 
 AMOiJ, seeKOMA. 
 
 AMAH, Lomb., 134. 
 
 ANNO INI, Vand.,5. 
 
 ANNO V, Vand., 5 7i. 
 
 ANCANCELVS MICNACL, Benev., 
 
 177. 
 ANGELVS SAB.C (John II Angelas), 
 
 Neopatras, 229. 
 A/THI,Lomb., 146. 
 AR.CHANC6" niCHA€L, Benev., 
 
 182. 
 AKCHANCeLV niCHA€L, Benev., 
 
 180; cp. 181. 
 ARCHANG€LVS MICHAEL, Benev., 
 
 174-8 ; Ixvii, Ixviii. 
 ARHANCELVS HI HA, Benev., 184. 
 ARIP€R. XC€L KEX, Lomb., 141 n. 
 
 B 
 
 BENEBENTV, Benev., 173,185 ; Ixvii. 
 
 CAR, lii n. 
 
 CARTAGINE PP, Vand., 19. 
 
 CCCC (imitating inscription), Vand., 
 
 42. 
 C M (Caput Mundi?), Ostrog., 58. 
 CO MOB, Vand., 1, 2 ; Ostrog., 45-8, 
 
 54-6, 60-2, 83, 84 ; xlvi. 
 [CJONCO, Vand., 22. 
 CO NO, Ostrog., 95, 96 ; Benev., 176. 
 COMO, Ostrog., 96 ; Benev., 190. 
 CO NOB, Vand., 10 ; Ostrog., 43, 44, 
 
 46, 47, 56, 59, 61 w, 62, 84 ; 111, 
 
 113, 122; Lomb., 123, 131, 133 ; Ix ; 
 
 Benev., 155, 159, 162-4, 167-9, 189- 
 
 91 ; Ixvii n. 
 CONOa, Benev., 173, 179. 
 COUOB, Ostrog., 62. 
 CONOH, 113. 
 CONOP, 114. 
 CONOR, Ostrog., 85, 114; Lomb., 
 
 128, 141. 
 CONS ('Constantinople'), Ostrog., 
 
 49. 
 CRX (in monogram = Christianas 
 
 rex?), Lomb., 147. 
 CVAR (=CAR), Benev., 171. 
 
REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS— LATIN LEGENDS 
 
 331 
 
 DELA PATRIA, Neopatras, 229. 
 D^ (Gottschalk, dux), Benev., 161. 
 •DIIOOAIT-llXlOPIir, Benev., 191. 
 DM COITANTI, Lonib., 144. 
 D^ (ilenarii)^ Vand., 8 n. 
 DN (^Dominus ?ios^er),Vand., 8?i, 19?i; 
 
 Ostrog'., 97 11. 
 DN AISTVLF REX, Lomb., 147, 148. 
 DN ANASTASIVS AVG, Ostrog-., 49, 
 
 50. 
 DN ANASTASIVS P AVG, Ostrog., 
 
 57, 58, 86. 
 DN ANASTASIVS P F AVG, Ostrog., 
 
 46, 49, 55, 56, 83. 
 DN ANASTASIVS PP AVG, Vand., 
 
 10 ; Ostrog., 47, 59, 84, 85, 95, 96. 
 DN ARIP€ B(, Lomb., 141. 
 DH ARIPERT R€X, Lomb., 141 n. 
 DN ATALARICVS, Ostrog-., 69. 
 DN ATHALARICVS, Ostrog., 63. 
 DN ATHALARICVS REX (or RIX), 
 
 Ostrog., 64, 65, 67-9. 
 DNA VC, Ostrog., 51. 
 DN BAD VELA, Ostrog., 94. 
 DN BAD VELA REX, Ostrog., 91-3. 
 DN BADVILA REX, Ostrog., 85-9, 91. 
 DN BADVILA RIX, Ostrog., 87, 88. 
 DN CARVLVS REX, Lomb., 152. 
 "DN CO yS PPy (Constantine IV), 
 
 Beuev., 190. 
 DN CVNINCPE Bf, Lomb., 138. 
 DN D(ESID6R/VS Re, Lomb., 149. 
 DN D€SIDeR(, Lomb., 149. 
 DN DeSID€Bi R6X, Lomb., 149. 
 DN HEPACLIVS PP AVCCC, Lomb., 
 
 131. 
 DN HILDIRIX Rex, Vand., 13. 
 DN HONORI, &c., Vand., 17, 18. 
 DN HONORIVS P F AVG, Vand., 2. 
 DNI INVS PP (Justinian II), Benev., 
 
 162, 165, 191, 192. 
 DNI IVS PP (Justinian II), Benev., 
 
 191. 
 DN INVS PP (Justinian II), Benev., 
 
 159, 192. 
 
 DNIV IVS PP (Justinian II), Benev., 
 
 163. 
 DN IVN PP (Justinian II), Benev., 
 
 164, 165, 167, 192 ; Ixvi. 
 DN IVSTINIAN AVC, Ostrog., 64, 
 
 65, 72, 73, 78, 117, 118. 
 DN mSTINIANUS, Benev., 157. 
 DN IVSTINIANVS AVC, Ostrog., 117. 
 DN IVSTINIANVS P AVC, Ostrog., 
 
 64. 
 DN IVSTINIANVS P F AVC, Ostrog., 
 
 60-2. 
 DN IVSTINIANVS PP AVC, Ostrog., 
 
 Q2, 63, 65, m, 73, 74, 108, 111, 113- 
 
 16, 118, 119 ; cp. Lomb., 124, 125. 
 DN IMSTINIANVSPP€A,Benev.,156. 
 DN IVSTINVS AVC, Ostrog., 50, 51. 
 DN IVSTINVS P AVC, Ostrog., 63. 
 DN IVSTINVS P F AVC, Ostrog., 
 
 48, 49. 
 DN IVSTINVS PP AVC (or abbrev.), 
 
 Vand., 13; Ostrog., 52, 53; 120, 121. 
 DN IVSTINVS PP AVI, Lomb., 123, 
 
 126. 
 DN LIVTPRAN Bc(.?), Lomb., 143 ; 
 
 cp. 144. 
 DN LVTVDHVX, Lomb., 140. 
 DN MARC I AN VS, Vand., 30. 
 DN mAVRC Tib PP VI, Lomb., 
 
 128. 
 DN mAVRC Tl P A, Lomb., 129. 
 DN PLA VALENTINIANVS P F 
 
 AVC, Vand., 1 ; cp. 2. 
 DN RATCHIS, Lomb., 146. 
 DN RC, &c., Vand., 21. 
 DN REX B, Ostrog., 90. 
 DN REX CEILAMIR, Vand., 15. 
 DN REX ^VNTHAMVNDV, Vand., 
 
 8. 
 DN RC THRASAMVDS, Vand., 11. 
 DN RC THSAMVNDS, Vand., 12. 
 DN TEIA REX, Ostrog., 96 n, 97??. 
 DN THEIA REX, Ostrog., 96, 97. 
 DN THELA REX, Ostrog., 96 n, 97 n. 
 DN THEODAHATHVS REX (or 
 
 RIX), Ostrog., 73-5. 
 
33: 
 
 INDEX IV 
 
 DN THEODAHATVS REX, Ostrog., 
 
 75, 76. 
 DN THEODOSIVS P F AC (Theodo- 
 
 sius I), Vand., 24. 
 DN THILA KEX, Ostrog., 96, 97 «. 
 DN Tlb€ fDAVRIC PP AVI, 12-2. 
 DN TIbeR mAVRIC, Loinb., 129. 
 Dl/I VALGNTINI, &c., Vand., 18. 
 DN VN PP (Justinian II), Bene v., 
 
 165, 167. 
 DN VVITICES REX, Ostrog., 77-9. 
 DN VVITICIS REX, Ostrog., 78, 79. 
 DN ZENO PERP F AVC, Ostrog., 
 
 43-5. 
 DNS VICTORIA, Benev., 168, 169; 
 
 Ixvi. 
 DOMINO NOSTRO, Vand., 19, 24, 
 
 28 ; xxii ii. 
 DOM NO I (Domino?), Ostrog., 87 n. 
 DOMNVS (Dominus), Ostrog., 87 n. 
 D0MNV8 THEIA P REX, Ostrog., 
 
 96. 
 DO MS CAR gc, Benev., 170, 171; Ixvi. 
 DVX, Benev., Ixvi. 
 
 FELIX CARTA, Vand., 13; xxv, 
 
 xxviii. 
 FELIX KARTC, Vand., 13. 
 FELIX RAVENNA, Ostrog., 99, 106, 
 
 107. 
 FELIX TICI NVS, Ostrog., 91 ; xxxviii. 
 FLA EACeNTI/OC, Lomb., 149. 
 FLAVIA LVCA,Lomb.,148, 150, 152; 
 
 lix. 
 FL ODOVAC, 44 ; cp. 45 ; xxx. 
 FLOREAS (or FLVREAS) SEMPER, 
 
 Ostrog., 93, 94. 
 
 C (Gregorius), Benev., 159; (Gott- 
 
 schalk), Benev., 161. 
 CLO(ria), &c., Vand., 25. 
 C R (Grimoald III), Benev., 170-2. 
 CRIMOALD FILIVS ERMENRIH, 
 
 Benev., 174, 175. 
 
 CRIMOALD FILVS ERMENRIHI, 
 
 Benev., 175. 
 CRIMVALD, Benev., 171, 172. 
 CRIMVAL CX (Grimoald III, Dux), 
 
 Benev., 170. 
 CRINOALD, Benev., 174. 
 g ^ (Gisulf II, Dux), Benev., 162, 163. 
 
 H 
 
 HA, Lomb., 132. 
 
 H6RACLVS PP AVC, Lomb., 131. 
 HIL, &c., Vand., 14. 
 HONORIVS PVS A^T, Vand., 5. 
 
 I 
 
 I CO NT. <TOIN AV, Benev., 190. 
 ICTORIA AVSTOS, Lomb., 133. 
 IFFO CLORIVSO DVX, Lomb., 141. 
 IIOI(?), Ostrog., 101. 
 IMD (Mediolanum), Ostrog., 59. 
 IMP ZENO FELICISSIMO SEN 
 
 AVC, Ostrog., 100, 101. 
 IMPZENO SEMPER AVC(.?),Ostrog., 
 
 101. 
 IMVICTA ROMA, Ostrog., 58,100- 
 
 5 ; xxx. 
 I M VITA ROMA, Ostrog., 102. 
 INBICTA ROMA, Ostrog., 69. 
 INVICTA ROMA, Ostrog., 57, 58, 
 
 67-70, 74, 75, 79, 98, 99, 101-3, 
 
 106 w, 107 ; xxxiii. 
 IN VITA ROMA, Ostrog., 58. 
 INVNV VIONVI, Lomb., 135. 
 lOHOO (= CO NOB), Lomb., 130. 
 lOMOT, Lomb., 154. 
 10X0, Benev., 191. 
 I VI IV VMVI, Lomb., 134. 
 IVSTINIANVS, 113. 
 I VST I NVS, xlix, Hi. 
 I VST Nl (Justinian I), Ostrog., 67. 
 
 K 
 
 K (Karthago), Vand., 5. 
 KARTHA^O, Vand., 3, 4 ; xvii. 
 
REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS— LATIN LEGENDS 
 
 333 
 
 L (Liutprand), Benev., 164. 
 LVDOVICVS IMPE, Benev., 185. 
 
 M 
 
 MH (Michael), Benev., 185. 
 MIHAEL, Benev., 177, 185. 
 mNAaiVIA (Masuna?), Vand., 39. 
 
 N 
 N CON rUVATINO VAT (Con- 
 
 stans II), Benev., 189. 
 NEOPATRIE, Neopatras, 229. 
 
 O 
 Olio, Ostrog., 58. 
 ON HIRACL P€RP AVI, Lomb., 
 
 130. 
 OHO, Lomb., 154. 
 ONO, Benev., 176. 
 ON OB, Benev., 163, 168. 
 0H0±, Lomb., 153. 
 OTO?, Lomb., 153. 
 0±0±?, Lomb., 153. 
 
 P 
 
 P (=pius ?), Ostrog., 96, No. 12. 
 
 PAX AVC, Vand., 23. 
 
 P€R.P, Lomb., 130. 
 
 PIVS, Ostrog., 54. 
 
 PP€ A {perpetuus Augustus)^ Benev., 
 
 156. 
 PRINC6, Benev., 172. 
 PRINCES BENEBENTI, Benev., 177, 
 
 178 ; cp. 180 ; Ixvi, Ixvii. 
 PRIHCESBENEBEH MIT, Benev., 178. 
 PKINC. I. S, Ostrog., 54. 
 
 R (Romoald 11), Benev., 155-7. 
 RADELCHIS, Benev., 181. 
 RADELCHIS PR N I C€ PS, Benev., 182. 
 RADELCIHS PR^NCEPS, Benev., 182. 
 REX, Ostrog., xlii, xliii. 
 REX THEODERICVS PIVS PRINCIS, 
 
 Ostrog., 54. 
 REX THEODERICVS VICTOR CEN 
 
 TIVM, Ostrog., 54. 
 R^ (= )'egis\ Vand., 12 n. 
 
 RIX, Ostrog., xlii, xliii. 
 
 RM (Rome), Vand., 1, 17, 18. 
 
 R/l (Rome), Ostrog., 55. 
 
 ROM, Ostrog., 109; liv. 
 
 ROMA, Vand., 2; Ostrog., 108-10, 
 
 112 ; see also INVICTA ROMA. 
 ROM OB, 111 ; liv. 
 RV (Ravenna), Ostrog., 43, 44, 106; 
 
 xlvi, xlviii n. 
 R/ (Ravenna), Ostrog., 46. 
 RV PS (Ravenna mint), Vand. , 2. 
 Uc (r^.r), Lomb., 136, 138, 141-3, 146, 
 
 149; Benev., 170. 
 
 S 
 
 S (abbreviation mark ?), Vand., 12 n. 
 SAB. C (Sebastocrator, Comnenus), 
 
 Neopatras, 229. 
 SALVS PVBLICE, Vand., 18. 
 SANCTA MARIA, Benev., 184. 
 S C {=Senatus consulto), Ostrog., 57, 
 75, 93 n, 99, 100 ; xxxii w, xxxvii ; 
 (= Sico), Benev., 176, 177. 
 SCA MAR (Sancta Maria), Benev., 
 
 188. 
 SCA MARIA, Benev., 184, 187. 
 SCA MR (Sancta Maria), Benev., 186. 
 SCS AH I LL (St. Michael), Lomb., 140. 
 SCS IIIIIL (St. Michael), Lomb., 146, 
 
 147. 
 SCS MIHAHIL, Lomb., 138, 141. 
 SEN (= semper), Ostrog., 100. 
 S L (Scauniperga and Liutprand), 
 
 Benev., 164. 
 S I (Sicardus), Benev., 179. 
 SI CARD V, Benev., 179. 
 SICO PRINCES, Benev., 176, 177. 
 
 T 
 [TJHEODSIVS P F (Theodosius II), 
 Vand., 38. 
 
 XVX' ^^^^■' ^^• 
 
 V 
 VATNI- r "I VATUr, Benev., 189. 
 VAVA, &c., Lomb., 151. 
 VAV VI I. IV, Lomb., 135. 
 
334 
 
 INDEX IV 
 
 VIATOIH, &c., Loiiib., 154. 
 VIC {=Victoria), Benev., 170, 171. 
 VICAO V^TV, Benev., 163. 
 VICOr VrTV, Benev., 163. 
 VICTIKV V(;VSTI, Benev., 167, 
 
 i(;8. 
 
 VICTIKV PMNPI, Benev., 169 ; Ixvi, 
 
 Ixviii 11. 
 VICTOR.(m), &c., Yand., 17-19. 
 VICTOR. ACVSTO, Benev., 162. 
 VICTOR VCVSTO, Benev., 191. 
 VICTORIA ACVSTORVM, Vand., 
 
 10. 
 VICTORIA AVCCC, Vand., 1, 10 
 
 Ostrog-., 43, 44, 46, 48, 55, 59-61 
 
 111, 113, 114. 
 VICTORIA AVCVSORON, Ostrog-. 
 
 47. 
 VICTORIA AVCVST, Ostrog-., Ibn 
 
 Benev., Ixvi. 
 VICTORIA A VCVSTORVM, Ostrog-. 
 
 47-9, 56, 61-3, 84, 85, 95 ; 111, 114 
 
 115, 12-2. 
 VICTORIA AVCVSTORVM, Lonib. 
 
 131 ; Iviii. 
 VICTORIA AVCVSTORVN, Lomb. 
 
 123. 
 VICTORIA AVCVSTORVN, 131 w. 
 VICTORIA AVIVITORVN, Lomb. 
 
 1-28. 
 VICTORIA PRINCIPVM, Ostrog. 
 
 75, 7() ; xxxiv. 
 
 VICTORI AVCMS., Benev., 156. 
 VICTORV V(;VSTV, Benev., 164. 
 VICTORV PRINCI, Benev., 179. 
 VICTORV PRINCIP, Benev., 172. 
 VICTRA VN/^TO, Benev., 190. 
 VICTRV VgVSTV, Benev., 162. 
 VICT VCTO, Benev., 163, 191. 
 VICTUa, Benev., 159. 
 V-lllll TOTO, Lomb., 153. 
 VlirOAl, &c., Benev., 191. 
 VIITOIII, &c., Benev., 190. 
 VIUIII, &c.,Lomb., 154. 
 VITIIOI, &c., Lomb., 153. 
 VITIRV PRINPI, Benev., 169. 
 VITORV V^VSTI, Benev., 165. 
 VITRV VgVTV, Benev., 165. 
 VITVRV V^VTV, Benev., 168. 
 VIVIVIVI, &c., Lomb., 150, 151. 
 VOIAIAVOA, Lomb., 135. 
 
 VOT 
 
 X,„ , Vand., 28, 29. 
 
 X„„,^-^nd.,29. 
 
 VRBS ROMA, Vand., 2. 
 VTRA AgVT, Benev., 164. 
 VTRV VgVT, Benev., 167. 
 
 ZENO ET LEO CAES (?), Ostrog., 
 100 n. 
 
 n H ( = Michael), Benev., 185. 
 niOHVAVHOI, Lomb., 134. 
 
 I, Ostrog., 105. 
 
 II, Ostrog., 101. 
 
 •II., Ostrog., 103, 104. 
 • III., Ostrog., 104. 
 
 • IIIU, Ostrog., 105. 
 
 .IIIIU, Ostrog., 105. 
 
 I II II (representing inscription), Vand., 
 
 25. 
 •v., Ostrog., 105. 
 
 i5k (ofQcinu mark), 108. 
 •A^, Ostrog., 102. 
 (a), see under O. 
 
 (J3) GREEK LEGENDS 
 
 A A, Nic, 221. 
 
 Ar ( = aytos?), Treb., 264; xc ;i, xci. 
 
 AflOD, Treb., 248. 
 
 AriOC AIMI,Thessa]., 196. 
 
REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS- GREEK LEGENDS 
 
 335 
 
 A AH (St. Demetrius), Epirus, 226. 
 AE'X/ O KOMN, Alexius II, Treb., 
 
 28L 
 AX/6, Alexius III, Treb., 295. 
 A/V6, Alexius III, Treb., 299. 
 A>s/€ KOMN, Alexius H, Treb., 280. 
 A>^€ KOrVNN, Alexius III, Treb., 
 
 295. 
 AA€ lYl, Alexius II, Treb., 279, 280. 
 A>ye lYl, Alexius III, Treb., 293, 295. 
 A>y€ lYI, Alexius IV, Treb., 306. 
 AX/e H, Alexius II, Treb., 279. 
 AA€ H, Alexius III, Treb., 300, 301. 
 A/V€ hN, Alexius HI, Treb., 296. 
 A^e VH, Alexius IV, Treb., 306, 307. 
 AX/€ NO, Alexius III, Treb., 294. 
 A'K^e O K, Alexius H, Treb., 281. 
 
 J 5, ^'^, Alexius II, Treb., 283. 
 
 O m 
 
 A/V€ O [H?], Alexius m, Treb., 298. 
 A/ye O JtN, Alexius II, Treb., 282. 
 A/ye O hN ?, Alexius III, Treb., 296. 
 A M (St. Michael), Neopatras, 228. 
 
 o r?--,=APX MIX, Thessal., 198. 
 A [M] 
 
 ^ ?^ = APX MIX, Thessal., 202, 203. 
 
 A UJ (Alpha and Omega), Bene v.. 
 173, 187. 
 
 B 
 
 §, Treb., 283, 286, 287, 290, 296, 299, 
 
 302, 303, 306-7, 309, 310. 
 BA H, Basil, Treb., 285, 286. 
 BB or BB, Nic, 223 ; Treb., 286, 287, 
 
 309, 310. 
 BBBB, 310w. 
 
 •r», Ostrog"., 103. 
 
 r r, Nic, 204, 221. 
 
 ^(St. George), Nic, 219. 
 
 r^r ART, Emperor George, Treb., 
 
 258. 
 r P, Nic, 221. 
 
 •A», Ostrog., 103. 
 AB, Treb., 308. 
 A6CnO, Nic, 206. 
 A€CnOTH, Nic, 210, 212 ; Ixxi, Ixxii. 
 AecnOTHC, Neopatras, 227. 
 AH (St. Demetrius), Epirus, 226. 
 AHIYII"fia (St. Demetrius), Nic, 218. 
 AS (Ducas), Nic, 218, 219. 
 ASKAC, John I, Nic, 217-19; Theo- 
 dore II, Nic, 222. 
 ART (= A€CnOTHC), Treb., 258. 
 
 .€., Ostrog., 103. 
 
 •9., Ostrog., 103. 
 
 ern, Treb., 302, 303. 
 
 erUO, Treb., 303, 304. 
 
 6MMAN6HA, Thessal., 195; cp. 194. 
 
 €1^, Treb., 302. 
 
 €NH, Treb., 296. 
 
 €V, Treb., 292. 
 
 €Vr, Treb., 290, 296. 
 
 €Vr€N, Treb., 281. 
 
 6VreNH. Tieb., 238, 253. 
 
 6VNH , Treb., 238, 253 ; cp. 252. 
 
 evremo, Treb., 244, 245, 247. 
 
 evrENHOC, Treb., 253. 
 evretsHOC, Treb., 274. 
 €Vr€NI, Treb., 286, 298, 299. 
 evreNIO, Treb., 239, 241-52, 261, 
 
 268. 
 eVCI^NIO, Treb., 251. 
 
 evreNlOy, Treb., 259-61, 263, 265, 
 
 268, 277. 
 evr€NIOC, Treb., 230, 261-75. 
 
 evreNIOC, Treb., 270. 
 eVr/6NI0C, Treb., 266, 267. 
 
 evreNIOC, Treb., 266, 269. 
 
 evreNIOC o "^An[c.?], Treb., 255. 
 
 eVreNISV, John II, Treb., 272. 
 eVreND, Manuel I, Treb., 248. 
 eVPN (Eugenius), Treb., 279, 280, 
 293, 300. 
 
83fi 
 
 INDEX IV 
 
 evrn. Trel)., 306. 
 
 eVrNNH, Treb., 296. 
 
 eVrNH, Treb., '282, 283, 294. 
 
 eVrNI, Treb., 282, 295. 
 
 €VN, Treb., 285, 291, 293, 295, 300, 
 
 307. 
 €VNH, Treb., 295. 
 eVl^l, Treb., 294, 295. 
 €VNI^, Treb., 283. 
 €V5, Treb., 299. 
 €< 
 
 AO 
 
 , Treb., 300. 
 
 H 
 
 H H ( = H H), Manuel III, Treb., 304. 
 H Xl/I KN, Treb., 243. 
 
 e 
 
 e€0"6b"PA H KOItNHN, Theodora, 
 
 Treb., 277. 
 eeOAUJPOC, Thessal., 194. 
 
 eeOAUJPOj (St. Theodore), Nic, 
 
 207. 
 eeOAUUPOC MC, Thessal., 196. 
 e60AaJ[P]0C [A]€C[nO]T[HC ?] 
 
 [KOMNHNOC O ASKAC], 
 
 Thessal., 195. 
 
 eeoAuupoc T^ecnoTHc o aov- 
 
 KAC, Thessal., 195, 196. 
 
 eeoAULiPOc AecnoTic o a.kp 
 
 (Theodore II Ducas Lascaris), Mc, 
 220 ; cp. 205, 214, 221. 
 
 ee.AQP.c [Mc]n[0]lHc o a..k 
 
 [P ?] (Theodore II Ducas Lascaris), 
 Nic, 223. 
 
 eeoAUjpoc A€cn (l n0[Y]Por€ 
 
 (Theodore I Lascaris 'Porphyro- 
 genitus'), Nic, 204. 
 eeOAUUPOC ASKAC (Theodore An- 
 gelas Comnenus Ducas), Thessal., 
 194; cp. 195 72. 
 
 eeoAUj[PO]c askac o a.ck.p.c 
 
 (Theodore II), Nic, 222. 
 eeOAUUPC ASKAC (Theodore II), 
 Nic, 222. 
 
 eeC[CJAAONIKI, Thessal., 198. _ 
 ■eV_(e60V), Treb., 236 : see also w» 
 
 ev. 
 
 O = (a) : see vnder O 
 
 I 
 
 imiT (Demetrius.?), 201. 
 
 K AK_Thessal., 193, 194 ; cp. 221. 
 
 IC XC Thessal., 193-5, 197-200, 
 
 202, 203 ; Nic, 204, 206, 210-13, 
 
 215-17, 220-2. 
 
 fUJ (graffito), Nic, 212. 
 
 lUU/JNHC. John I, Treb., 233. 
 
 Iv:;/JNIC, John I, Treb., 2.32, 233. J 
 
 lUU/JNIC, John I, Treb., 233, 234. 1 
 
 lULIANNHC AecnOTHC, Thessal., 
 
 200. 
 lOJ B, John III, Treb., 290. 
 lUJ A6C, Thessal., 200. 
 lUU A€C O Att,JohnIVatatzes,Nic, 
 
 218. 
 
 lOD AecnO, John I, Neopatras, 228. 
 Ill) Aecn O ASKA[C]. John I Va- 
 
 tatzes, Nic, 218. 
 lUD A€CnO O ASK AC, John I Va- 
 
 tatzes, Nic, 219. 
 
 lUD A€[C]nOT[H .?], John I Vatatzes, 
 Nic, 216. 
 
 lUJ AecnOTHI, John 1 Vatatzes, 
 Nic, 217. 
 
 lOD A€CnOTHC. John I, Neopatras, 
 227. 
 
 lUD A€CnOTH CD nP<t). John I Va- 
 tatzes, Nic, 210. 
 
 lUL) O KhrNNO, John II, Treb., 259. 
 
 lOD O KhNNOi, John II, Treb., 260, 
 276. 
 
 lOD O KOM, John III, Treb., 289. 
 
 lUl O KOKNiNOC, John II, Treb., 
 270-2. 
 
 I CD O KOHMN, John II, Treb., 273. 
 
 IGU O KOHNsN, John II, Treb., 271. 
 
liEMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS— GREEK LEGENDS 
 
 337 
 
 lUU O KOhrNNOy, John II, Trek, 
 
 260, 261. 
 Id) O KOHNNOC, John II, Treb., 
 
 262-70. 273-5. 
 lOD O W, John IV, Treb., 308. 
 [I]GD O (tP (John the Baptist), Treb., 
 
 276. 
 
 K 
 
 K, Treb., 303-7. 
 KHN, Treb., Ixxxix. 
 KOMNHNOC, Treb., Ixxxix. 
 KUUTANTIN (St. Constantine), Nic, 
 216. 
 
 A 
 
 A[A]KP (Lascaris), Nic, 220. 
 A[A]CK[A]P[I]C, Theodore II, Nic, 
 
 222. 
 AN (St. Eugenius), Treb., 298. 
 
 M 
 
 M H, Treb., 305. 
 
 MANSHA A€Cn, Thessal., 197.199. 
 
 [MANSHA AecnOTHC O AflOC 
 
 AHMHTPIOC], Thessal., 198; cp. 
 
 199. 
 MANVHA A, Thessal., 199. 
 HA O H, Manuel III, Treb., 303,304. 
 fy? (or M) eV (or -eFV), Thessal., 
 
 197, 199; Nic, 204, 207-13, 216, 
 
 217, 220, 221, 222 (IVP), 223; cp. 
 _ 225 ; Neopatras, 227. 
 ^W eV,Treb., 236, 237. 
 M I (Micliael .?), 201. 
 
 ^ '^, Emperor Michael, Treb., 291, 
 Ml 292. 
 
 MN, Treb., Ixxxix. 
 HNHA, Manuel I, Treb., 254, 255. 
 MI/IHA O KIYIH, Manuel I, Treb., 
 
 236. 
 HNIA O KHN, Manuel I, Treb., 
 
 238, 239, 242-53 ; cp. 257. 
 HMA O K, Manuel I, Treb., 237, 238. 
 H H 
 A 
 
 H O, Manuel III, Treb., 302. 
 MX (St. Michael), Thessal., 200. 
 
 , Michael I, Epirus, 226. 
 
 X 
 
 M 
 
 O nAAeOAOrC, Michael VIII 
 Palaeolog'us, Nic, 225. 
 
 , Manuel III, Treb., 302. 
 
 NIO(C?) NO. Treb., 268. 
 Nl^, Treb., 283. 
 
 ^, Treb., 289. 
 
 O 
 = (a), Treb., 273, 302. 
 
 ® (or (A), (a), ®) = APIOC, 
 Nic, 218, 219; Treb., 254, 255, 
 259-65, 267, 276, 279-83, 285, 286, 
 289, 291, 293-6, 298-300, 302-7. 
 
 r 
 
 (a), Nic, 225. 
 
 (A)ri, Treb., 286. 
 
 (a) I, Treb., 285. 
 
 (a) N, Treb., 282. 
 
 (A) V, Treb., 29(5. 
 
 O A R, Treb., 253. 
 
 O AfHOC AHMHTPIOC,Thess.,200. 
 
 O A[rHOC.?] AH MHTPO, Thessal., 
 
 194. 
 O AriO, Treb., 2.39, 241-52, 257, 261, 
 
 265-7. 
 O AnO €Vr€NIO, Treb., 232, 233. 
 O AnOC, Treb., 265, 266, 277. 
 O AnOC evreNIO, Treb.,234,249; 
 
 Ixxxix. 
 O APID, Treb., 238,248. 
 O Ar XM HA (?), Epirus, 226. 
 O A €Vr, Treb., 290. 
 O A €Vr6NI, Treb., 298, 299. 
 
 ^ ^, Treb., 301. 
 
 ^ ^ , Treb., 305. 
 
 O KH, Treb., 232. 
 O KHN, Treb., 233, 235. 
 O KN, Manuel I, Treb., 240, 241,244, 
 250, 252. 
 
 X X 
 
338 
 
 INDEX IV 
 
 O^ KOJTANTIN (St. Constantine), 
 Nic, 21C). 
 
 O H€ = o fiiya<; Ko/xi'//i'os, Tivll. , Ixxvii, 
 
 Ixxxix. 
 O Tl^n^Tia, Treb., 254, 255. 
 O ^Ane^TIO (6 TpaTTc^owTtos), Treb., 
 
 254 ; Ixxxix n. 
 
 n 
 
 nOA[IC] eeC[CjAAONIKI,Thessal., 
 
 198 ; cp. 196 «, and 198 n ; Ixx. 
 nPVPOr, Nic, 212. 
 nPV0, Nic, 211. 
 nP<J), Nic, 210. 
 nP0V, Nic, 211. 
 n0Pr, Nic, 211, 212. 
 n<t>VPr, Nic, 212. 
 n0[Y]POr€, Nic, 204 ; Ixxi, Ixxii. 
 
 TOnceZi, Thessal., 196. 
 
 TP (in monogram) V $ (St. Tryphon), 
 
 Nic, 222. 
 TPV<t>UUN (St. Tryphon), Nic, 225. 
 OD = Toi, Nic, 210-13. 
 
 Y 
 
 VOAOCH, Thessal., 196. 
 
 X (graffito), Nic, 212. 
 XAAKITHC (Christ of Chalce), Nic, 
 216 ; cp. 217. 
 
 a 
 
 UD KOhfM, John II, Treb., 273. 
 
 UJ K03NN0, John II, Treb., 272. 
 
 CD H, John IV, Treb., 308. 
 
 ID O KHNNO, John II, Treb., 272. 
 
 C<t>PAriC C6BACT0V IUJANN6, UL) O ffp (John the Baptist), Treb., 
 Nic, Ixxii. I 276. 
 
 N O 
 
 Treb., 247. 
 
 A K 
 
 fj^ (TT/joSpo/xos), Treb., 276. 
 
 y or 7 (= H), Treb., 241 ; xc 
 C, Treb., 283. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL LISTS 
 
 I. VANDAL KINGS 
 
 (See L. Schmidt, Gescli. der Wandalen^ p. 203; cp. Hodg-kin, Italy and her 
 
 Invaders^ ii, p. 290.) 
 
 1. Gaiseeic, 428 (429 in Africa)— 25 
 Jan. A.D. 477 
 
 2. HuNEEic, son of Gaiseric, 26 Jan. 
 477—23 Dec. 484. 
 
 8. GuNTHAMUND, ncphew of Huneric, 
 
 24 Dec. 484—3 Sept. 496. 
 4. Trasamund, nephew of Huneric and 
 
 brother of Gunthamund, 3 Sept. 
 ^ 496— 6 May 523. 
 
 5. HiLDEEic, son of Huneric by Eu- 
 docia, 6 May 523—19 May 530 (d. 
 533). 
 
 6. Gelimee, nephew of Gunthamund, 
 19 Mav 530 -Dec. 533. 
 
 II. OSTROGOTHIC KINGS 
 
 (OnovACAB, 23 Aug-. 476 — 15 March 
 493.) 
 
 Theodoeic, March 493—30 Aug. 526. 
 Athalaric, 31 Aug. 526—2 Oct. 534. 
 Amalasuntha, regent, 31 Aug. 526 — 
 
 2 Oct. 534 ; queen, 534—30 Apr. 
 
 535. 
 Theodahad, 3 Oct. 534— (Nov. ?) 536. 
 
 WiTiGis, (Nov. ?) 536 — (spring) 540 
 
 (deposition) ; d. 542. 
 Matasuntha, (Dec. ?) 536 — (spring ?) 
 
 Ildibad, (spring .?) 540 — (Mav ^) 541. 
 Eeaeic, (May ?) 541— (Sept. >) 541. 
 Baduila (Totila), (Sept. .?) 541 — 
 
 July or Aug. 552. 
 Theia, July or Aug. 552 — 553. 
 
 III. LOMBARD KINGS 
 
 Alboin, 568-572 (reign in Italy). 
 
 Cleph, 572-574. 
 
 Inteeeegnum, 574-584. 
 
 Authaei, son of Cleph (married Theu- 
 delinda), (April?) 584—5 Sept. 590. 
 
 Agilulf (married Theudelinda), Nov. 
 590-615. 
 
 Abalwald, son of Agilulf and Theu- 
 delinda, 615-624 ? (reigns jointly 
 with Theudelinda, who dies 628). 
 
 Aeiwald, 624-636. 
 
 RoTHARi, 636-652. 
 
 RoDWALD, son of Rothari, 652 (about 
 5 months). 
 
 Aeipeet I, nephew of Theudelinda, 
 653-661. V 
 
 Peectaeit and Godepert, sons of Ari- 
 pert I (joint rulers), 661-662. 
 
 Geimwald, 662-671. 
 
 Peectaeit (second reign), 672-688 
 (with his son Cunincpert from 680). 
 
 CuNJxcPEET (sole reign), 688-700. 
 LiuTPEET, son of Cunincpert, 700 (8 
 
 months). 
 Raginpeet, son of Godepert, 700. 
 Aeipeet II, son of Raginpert, 701- 
 
 712. 
 Anspeand, 712 (3 months) ; oh. 13 
 
 June 712. 
 LiuTPEAND, son of Ansprand, 712 — 
 
 Jan. 744. 
 HiLDEPEAND, uephew of Liutprand 
 
 (with Liutprand), 735 — Jan. 744; 
 
 alone from Jan. 744 (about 6 months). 
 Ratchis (first reign), Sept, 744—749. 
 AisTULF, brother of Ratchis, July 
 
 749— (Dec. .?) 756. 
 Ratchis (second reign), (Dec. .?) 756 — 
 
 March 757. 
 Desideeius, 757 — June 774 (with his 
 
 son Adelchis, Aug. 759—773). 
 
340 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL LISTS 
 
 IV. DUKES AND PRINCES OF BENEVENTUM 
 (i) Dukes 
 
 ZoTTo, 571?-5i)l. 
 
 Arichis I, 51)1-()41. 
 
 Aio, (J41-t)4-i. 
 
 Radoald, t)4'i-G47. 
 
 <!rimoald I, (147-662; King of the 
 
 Lombards, 662-671. 
 JioMOALi) I, 662-671 (with his father 
 
 Grimoakl as Duke ; 671-687 alone). 
 Grimoald II, 687-689. 
 GisuLF I, 689-706. 
 
 RoMOALD II, 706-731. 
 
 Audelais, 731-732. 
 
 Gregorius, 732-739. 
 
 Gottschalk, 739-742. 
 
 GisuLF II, 742-751. (Married Scauni- 
 
 perga.) 
 LiUTPRAND, 751-758. 
 Arichis II, 758-774. (See also as 
 
 Prince.) 
 
 (ii) Princes 
 
 Arichis II, 774-787. 
 Grimoald III, 788-806. 
 Grimoald IV, 806-817. 
 Sico, 817-832. 
 Sicardus, 832-839. 
 Radelchis I, 839-851. 
 Radelgarius, 851-853, 
 
 Adelchis, 853-878. 
 
 Gaideris, 878-881. 
 
 Radelchis II, 881-884 (first reign). 
 
 Aio, 884-890. 
 
 Interregnum, 890-897 (Bp. Peter 
 
 governor, 897). 
 Radelchis II, 897-899. 
 
 V. EMPERORS OF THESSALONICA 
 
 Theodore Angelus Comnenus Ducas, 
 
 1222-1230. 
 Manuel Angelus Comnenus Ducas, 
 
 1230-1232. 
 John Angelus (as Emperor), 1232- 
 
 1243 ; (as Despot of Thessalonica, 
 1244). 
 Demetrius (Despot of Tliessalonica), 
 1244-1246. 
 
 VI. EMPERORS OF NICAEA 
 
 Theodore I Lascaris, 1204-1222 
 
 (crowned 1206). 
 John I (' 111') Ducas Vatatzes, 1222— 
 
 30 Oct. 1254. 
 Theodore II Ducas Lascaris, 125-: 
 
 Aug. 1258. 
 John II ('IV') Lascaris, 1258-1259. 
 Michael V'III Palaeologus, Jan. 1260 — 
 
 Aucr. 1261. 
 
 VII. DESPOTS OF EPIRUS 
 
 Michael 1 Angelus Comnenus Ducas, 
 
 1205-1214. 
 Theodore Angelus Comnenus Ducas, 
 
 1214-1230(EmperorofT]iessalonica, 
 
 1222-1230). 
 Manuel, 1230-1237. 
 
 Michael II, 1237-1271. 
 NiCEPHoRus I, 1271-1296. 
 Thomas Angelus, 1296-1310. 
 (Succeeded by rulers of tlie House 
 oi' Orsini.) 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL LISTS 
 
 341 
 
 VIIL DUKES AND SEBASTOCRATORS OF NEOPATRAS (GREAT 
 
 VLAiaA) 
 
 John I Angelus Comnenus, r271-1296. 
 CoNSTANTiNE Angelus, 1296-1303. 
 
 John II Ang-elus Comnenus, 1303- 
 1318. 
 
 IX. EMPERORS OF TREBIZOND 
 
 Alexius I Comnenus, 1204-1222. 
 Andeonicus I Gidos, 1222-1235. 
 John I Axuchos, 1235-1238. 
 Manuel I, 1238-1263. 
 Andronicus II, 1263-1266. 
 George, 1266-1280. 
 John II, 1280-1297. 
 Theodora, clrc. 1285. 
 Alexius II, 1297-1330. 
 Andronicus III, 1330 — Jan. 1332. 
 Manuel II, Jan. — Sept. 1332. 
 Basil, Sept. 1332— April 1340. 
 
 Irene Palaeologina, April 1340 — July 
 
 1341. 
 Anna, July 1341— Sept. 1342. 
 John III, 4 Sept. 1342—3 May 1344. 
 Michael, May 1344—13 Dec. 1349. 
 Alexius III, 13 Dec. 1349—20 March 
 
 1390. 
 Manuel IH, 1390-1417. 
 Alexius IV, 1417-1446. 
 John IV (Kalojoannes), 1446-1458. 
 David, 1458-1461. 
 
TABLE 
 
 FOR 
 
 CONVERTING ENGLISH INCHES INTO MILLIMETRES 
 
 AND THE 
 
 MEASURES OF MIONNET'S SCALE 
 
 English 
 
 Inches 
 
 
 French 
 
 UM). 
 
 Millimetres 
 
 
 -3-5 
 
 ^ 
 
 2- 
 
 1-5 
 
 1- 
 •9 
 
 •8 
 ■7 
 •6 
 •5 
 •i 
 •3 
 
 •1 
 
 
 95 
 90 
 8? 
 80 
 75 
 
 ro 
 
 65 
 GO 
 55 
 50 
 45 
 40 
 35 
 30 
 26 
 20 
 15 
 10 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MIONNET'S Scale 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ ■ -18 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 6- 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
343 
 
 TABLE 
 
 OF 
 
 THE RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF ENGLISH GRAINS 
 AND FRENCH GRAMMES 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 1 
 
 •064 
 
 41 
 
 2-656 
 
 81 
 
 5-248 
 
 121 
 
 7-840 
 
 2 
 
 •129 
 
 42 
 
 2720 
 
 82 
 
 5-312 
 
 122 
 
 7-905 
 
 3 
 
 •194 
 
 43 
 
 2^785 
 
 83 
 
 5-378 
 
 123 
 
 7-970 
 
 4 
 
 •259 
 
 44 
 
 2^850 
 
 84 
 
 5-442 
 
 124 
 
 8-035 
 
 5 
 
 •324 
 
 45 
 
 2915 
 
 85 
 
 5-508 
 
 125 
 
 8-100 
 
 6 
 
 •388 
 
 46 
 
 2980 
 
 86 
 
 5-572 
 
 126 
 
 8-164 
 
 7 
 
 453 
 
 47 
 
 3045 
 
 87 
 
 5-637 
 
 127 
 
 8-229 
 
 8 
 
 •518 
 
 48 
 
 3110 
 
 88 
 
 5-702 
 
 128 
 
 8-294 
 
 9 
 
 •583 
 
 49 
 
 3175 
 
 89 
 
 5-767 
 
 129 
 
 8-359 
 
 10 
 
 •648 
 
 50 
 
 3240 
 
 90 
 
 5-832 
 
 130 
 
 8-424 
 
 11 
 
 •712 
 
 51 
 
 3304 
 
 91 
 
 5896 
 
 131 
 
 8-488 
 
 12 
 
 •777 
 
 52 
 
 3^368 
 
 92 
 
 5-961 
 
 132 
 
 8-553 
 
 13 
 
 •842 
 
 53 
 
 3434 
 
 93 
 
 6026 
 
 133 
 
 8-618 
 
 14 
 
 •907 
 
 54 
 
 3498 
 
 94 
 
 6091 
 
 134 
 
 8-682 
 
 15 
 
 •972 
 
 55 
 
 3564 
 
 95 
 
 6156 
 
 135 
 
 8-747 
 
 16 
 
 1036 
 
 56 
 
 3628 
 
 96 
 
 6220 
 
 136 
 
 8-812 
 
 17 
 
 1101 
 
 57 
 
 3693 
 
 97 
 
 6285 
 
 137 
 
 8-877 
 
 18 
 
 '1166 
 
 58 
 
 3-758 
 
 98 
 
 6350 
 
 138 
 
 8-942 
 
 19 
 
 1231 
 
 59 
 
 3823 
 
 99 
 
 6415 
 
 139 
 
 9-007 
 
 20 
 
 1296 
 
 60 
 
 3^888 
 
 100 
 
 6480 
 
 140 
 
 9-072 
 
 21 
 
 1360 
 
 61 
 
 3952 
 
 101 
 
 6544 
 
 141 
 
 9-136 
 
 22 
 
 1425 
 
 62 
 
 4017 
 
 102 
 
 6609 
 
 142 
 
 9-200 
 
 23 
 
 1490 
 
 63 
 
 4082 
 
 103 
 
 6674 
 
 143 
 
 9-265 
 
 24 
 
 1555 
 
 64 
 
 4146 
 
 104 
 
 6739 
 
 144 
 
 9330 
 
 25 
 
 1620 
 
 65 
 
 4211 
 
 105 
 
 6^804 
 
 145 
 
 9-395 
 
 26 
 
 1684 
 
 66 
 
 4276 
 
 106 
 
 6^868 
 
 146 
 
 9460 
 
 27 
 
 1749 
 
 67 
 
 4341 
 
 107 
 
 6933 
 
 147 
 
 9525 
 
 28 
 
 1-814 
 
 68 
 
 4406 
 
 108 
 
 6998 
 
 148 
 
 9590 
 
 29 
 
 1-879 
 
 69 
 
 4471 
 
 109 
 
 7063 
 
 149 
 
 9655 
 
 30 
 
 1-944 
 
 70 
 
 4536 
 
 110 
 
 7-128 
 
 150 
 
 9720 
 
 31 
 
 2-008 
 
 71 
 
 4-600 
 
 111 
 
 7-192 
 
 151 
 
 9-784 
 
 32 
 
 2073 
 
 72 
 
 4-665 
 
 112 
 
 7-257 
 
 152 
 
 9-848 
 
 33 
 
 2138 
 
 73 
 
 4-729 
 
 113 
 
 7-322 
 
 153 
 
 9-914 
 
 34 
 
 2-202 
 
 74 
 
 4794 
 
 114 
 
 7-387 
 
 154 
 
 9-978 
 
 35 
 
 2-267 
 
 75 
 
 4859 
 
 115 
 
 7-452 
 
 155 
 
 10-044 
 
 36 
 
 2-332 
 
 76 
 
 4924 
 
 116 
 
 7-516 
 
 156 
 
 10-108 
 
 37 
 
 2-397 
 
 77 
 
 4989 
 
 117 
 
 7-581 
 
 157 
 
 10-173 
 
 38 
 
 2-462 
 
 78 
 
 5054 
 
 118 
 
 7-646 
 
 158 
 
 10-238 
 
 39 
 
 2-527 
 
 79 
 
 5119 
 
 119 
 
 7-711 
 
 159 
 
 10-303 
 
 40 
 
 2-592 
 
 80 
 
 5-184 
 
 120 
 
 7-776 
 
 160 
 
 10-368 
 
344 
 
 TABLE 
 
 THE RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF ENGLISH GRAINS 
 AND FRENCH GRAMMES 
 
 (irains. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 GraiiiH. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 161 
 
 10-432 
 
 201 
 
 13-024 
 
 241 
 
 15-616 
 
 290 
 
 18-79 
 
 162 
 
 10-497 
 
 202 
 
 13-089 
 
 242 
 
 15-680 
 
 300 
 
 19-44 
 
 163 
 
 10-562 
 
 203 
 
 13-154 
 
 243 
 
 15-745 
 
 310 
 
 20-08 
 
 164 
 
 10-626 
 
 204 
 
 13-219 
 
 244 
 
 15-810 
 
 320 
 
 20-73 
 
 165 
 
 10-691 
 
 205 
 
 13-284 
 
 245 
 
 15-875 
 
 330 
 
 21-38 
 
 166 
 
 10-756 
 
 206 
 
 13-348 
 
 246 
 
 15-940 
 
 340 
 
 22-02 
 
 167 
 
 10-821 
 
 207 
 
 13-413 
 
 247 
 
 16-005 
 
 350 
 
 22-67 
 
 168 
 
 10-886 
 
 208 
 
 13.478 
 
 248 
 
 16-070 
 
 360 
 
 23-32 
 
 169 
 
 10-951 
 
 209 
 
 13-543 
 
 249 
 
 16-135 
 
 370 
 
 23-97 
 
 170 
 
 11016 
 
 210 
 
 13-608 
 
 250 
 
 16-200 
 
 380 
 
 24-62 
 
 171 
 
 11-080 
 
 211 
 
 13-672 
 
 251 
 
 16-264 
 
 390 
 
 25-27 
 
 172 
 
 11-145 
 
 212 
 
 13-737 
 
 252 
 
 16-328 
 
 400 
 
 25-92 
 
 173 
 
 11-209 
 
 213 
 
 13-802 
 
 253 
 
 16-394 
 
 410 
 
 26-56 
 
 174 
 
 11-274 
 
 214 
 
 13-867 
 
 254 
 
 16-458 
 
 420 
 
 27-20 
 
 175 
 
 11-339 
 
 215 
 
 13-932 
 
 255 
 
 16-524 
 
 430 
 
 27-85 
 
 176 
 
 11-404 
 
 216 
 
 13-996 
 
 256 
 
 16-588 
 
 440 
 
 28-50 
 
 177 
 
 11-469 
 
 217 
 
 14-061 
 
 257 
 
 16-653 
 
 450 
 
 29-15 
 
 178 
 
 11-534 
 
 218 
 
 14-126 
 
 258 
 
 16-718 
 
 460 
 
 29-80 
 
 179 
 
 11-599 
 
 219 
 
 14-191 
 
 259 
 
 16-783 
 
 470 
 
 30-45 
 
 180 
 
 11-664 
 
 220 
 
 14-256 
 
 260 
 
 16-848 
 
 480 
 
 31-10 
 
 181 
 
 11-728 
 
 221 
 
 14-320 
 
 261 
 
 16-912 
 
 490 
 
 31-75 
 
 182 
 
 11-792 
 
 222 
 
 14-385 
 
 262 
 
 16-977 
 
 500 
 
 32-40 
 
 183 
 
 11-858 
 
 223 
 
 14-450 
 
 263 
 
 17-042 
 
 510 
 
 33-04 
 
 184 
 
 11-922 
 
 224 
 
 14-515 
 
 264 
 
 17-106 
 
 520 
 
 33-68 
 
 185 
 
 11-988 
 
 225 
 
 14-580 
 
 265 
 
 17-171 
 
 530 
 
 34-34 
 
 186 
 
 12-052 
 
 226 
 
 14-644 
 
 266 
 
 17-236 
 
 540 
 
 34-98 
 
 187 
 
 12117 
 
 227 
 
 14-709 
 
 267 
 
 17-301 
 
 550 
 
 35-64 
 
 188 
 
 12-182 
 
 228 
 
 14-774 
 
 268 
 
 17-366 
 
 560 
 
 36-28 
 
 189 
 
 12-247 
 
 229 
 
 14-839 
 
 269 
 
 17-431 
 
 570 
 
 36-93 
 
 190 
 
 12312 
 
 230 
 
 14-904 
 
 270 
 
 17-496 
 
 580 
 
 37-58 
 
 191 
 
 12-376 
 
 231 
 
 14-968 
 
 271 
 
 17-560 
 
 590 
 
 38-23 
 
 192 
 
 12-441 
 
 232 
 
 15-033 
 
 272 
 
 17-625 
 
 600 
 
 38-88 
 
 193 
 
 12-506 
 
 233 
 
 15-098 
 
 273 
 
 17-689 
 
 700 
 
 45-36 
 
 194 
 
 12-571 
 
 234 
 
 15162 
 
 274 
 
 17-754 
 
 800 
 
 51-84 
 
 195 
 
 12-636 
 
 235 
 
 15-227 
 
 275 
 
 17-819 
 
 900 
 
 58-32 
 
 196 
 
 12-700 
 
 236 
 
 15-292 
 
 276 
 
 17-884 
 
 1000 
 
 64-80 
 
 197 
 
 12-765 
 
 237 
 
 15-357 
 
 277 
 
 17-949 
 
 2000 
 
 129-60 
 
 198 
 
 12-830 
 
 238 
 
 15-422 
 
 278 
 
 18014 
 
 3000 
 
 194-40 
 
 199 
 
 12-895 
 
 239 
 
 15-487 
 
 279 
 
 18079 
 
 4000 
 
 259-20 
 
 200 
 
 12-960 
 
 240 
 
 15-552 
 
 280 
 
 18144 
 
 5000 
 
 32400 
 
FRONTISPIECE, 
 
 GOLD COIN OF THEODORIC ^ENLARGED) IN THE COLLECTION OF 
 COM. F, GNECCHI. MILAN. 
 
PI. 
 
 3 /R 
 
 4 /R 
 
 2 A/ 
 
 6 /R 
 
 7 /E 
 
 8 /E 
 
 9 /E 
 
 10 /E 
 
 11 >C 
 
 17 /E 
 
 16 /E 
 
 18 >E 
 
 VANDALS !-GAISERIC (1-11). HUNERIC (12-^8). 'f'. 
 
PI. II. 
 
 3 /R 
 
 A M 
 
 5 M 
 
 L.^ 
 
 12 /R 13 /R 14 /R 
 
 15 /R 
 
 16 /R 17 /C 18 /E 
 
 20 /E 
 
 20 /E 
 
 21 /E 
 
 VANDALS :-GUNTHAMUND (1-5). TRASAMUN0 ^Q-tl); 
 HILDERIC (12-18). GELIMER (19-21). 
 
PI. III. 
 
 • M '^^ ^ A /A A 
 ^ \^ ^ ^ ^ W 
 
 io 
 
 14 
 
 11 12 13 
 
 14 15 
 
 ^fc ^ Mi ^ y \|M|Mfl^ 
 
 16 
 
 •„ 
 
 17 
 
 • • # ^ " 
 
 ^^ ™" 23 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 • 31 
 
 
 # 
 
 32 33 
 
 34 
 
 ^^&km^w^^.mm 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 SMALL BRONZE COINS OF THE VANDALIC- PERIOD; -- 
 
PI. IV. 
 
 ^ &■ 
 
 1 ""^ 2^3 4 
 
 (??S. M, ^^ 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 ^^^r w ® ® ^^ ^©^5 ^P 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 & 
 
 
 vS) Aii^' <<^ 
 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 ^.» ( 
 
 26 
 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 33 
 
 30 
 
 34 
 
 ^ W v/ t3^' 
 
 31 32 
 
 35 36 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 % 
 
 # • • • 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 SMALL BRONZE COINS OF THE VANDALIC PERJC^TJ. ' ' 
 
PI. V. 
 
 5 N 
 
 6 M 
 
 7 M 
 
 10 A/ 
 
 8 /E 
 
 11 N 
 
 12 N 
 
 9 /E 
 
 13 N 
 
 19 A/ 
 
 20 A/ 
 
 21 A/ 
 
 OSTROGOTHS :-ODOVACAR (1-13). THEODORIC (RAVEN.lvfAi W-i-2t).^ 
 
PI. VI. 
 
 2 N 
 
 3 A/ 
 
 1 A/ 
 
 9 M 
 
 m m w 0^1 
 
 8 M 
 
 \0 m 11 /R 12 /R 13 /R 14 /E 15 /E 
 
 22 /E 
 
 23 /t 
 
 24 /E 
 
 OSTROGOTHS:— THEODORIC (RAVENNA; ROiVIF.): ■•. \ ''.' . 
 
PI. VII. 
 
 OSTROGOTHS.— THEODORIC (ROME, &ci^i)^^."., .,^., \ 
 ATHALARIC (RAVENNtA,, l^J-.^syi -.' i\ 
 
PI. VIII. 
 
 /'■"*•: v\V. 
 
 4 N 
 
 OSTROGOTHS:— ATHALARIC (RAVENNA; RQWE): . 
 
PI. IX 
 
 
 OSTROGOTHSi-THEODAHAD (RAVENNA; ftOWifej; ' 
 
PI. X. 
 
 6 M 7 /R 
 
 10 /E 
 
 
 
 16 A/ 
 
 OSTROGOTHS :-WITIG IS (1-10). MATASUNTHA (ilrl,5)^ '\; 
 BADUILA CTICINUM, 16-26). •>.•*'*' ' ' 
 
PL. XI. 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 
 7 /F? 8 /R 9 A? 10 /R 11 /R 12 /R 13 /R 
 
 ,-^^S, fP>; 
 
 St 
 
 14^/E 15 /E 16^^ 17 yC 18 /E 19 /E 20 /E 21 >E 
 
 22 /E 
 
 25 /E 
 
 23 /E 
 
 26 /E 
 
 24 /E 
 
 
 27 /E 
 
 28 — ^/E 
 
 Berlin 
 
 OSTROGOTHS!— BADU I LA CTICINUM, 1-27; ROME, 28-30)'': .' 
 
PI. XII 
 
 1 /t 
 
 2 /E 
 
 4 /E 
 
 5 /E 
 
 3 /E 
 
 ^ <^ • © S 
 
 6 /E 
 
 
 OSTROGOTHS:— BADUILA (ROME, 1-6). THEIA (7-19). QUASI-AUTONOMOUS 
 BRONZE OF ROME (20-23). ' ; . ^ 
 
PI. XIII. 
 
 ^.*^f^. 
 
 "^^^^ 
 
 OSTROGOTHS :-QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME. 
 
PI. XV. 
 
 
 ,^S'"X • ''^, 
 
 ■^A#\^^i^l>^'^,:.. 
 
 IMPERIAL COINS 
 
 OF JUSTINIAN I (ROME, BRQN^E;> J '. / 
 
PI. XVI. 
 
 4 Berlin N 
 
 N 
 
 9 /E 
 
 10 >E 
 
 IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN I (ROME; RAVENT^jA;^.'', / 
 
PI. XVII. 
 
 7 /R 
 
 8 /R 9 /R 10 /R 11 /R 12 /R 13 /R 14 /R 
 
 w% fi^i if 
 
 
 UJk 
 
 ^ti^« 
 
 15 y4^ 16 y4? 17 /R 18 /R 
 
 19 /R 20 /R 
 
 -IN 
 
 21 /R 
 
 22 /R 
 
 23 /R 
 
 24 /E 
 
 
 h @i @ # ca- 4. 
 
 25 /R 26 /R 27 /R 28 /R 29 /R 30 /R 
 
 ^'^ 
 
 fe^ \i^ 
 
 32 /R 
 
 34 A/ 
 
 33 /R 
 
 IMPERIAL COINS:-JUSTINIAN I (RAVENNA, 1-24), JUSTIN II ^RAVtrjN^A, 25-33),' 
 
 MAURICE TIBERIUS (No. 34). , , ,,,,, ,., 
 
PI. XVIII. 
 
 7 /R 
 
 ## 
 
 ti i"^ 1^ 
 
 8 /R 9 /R 10 /R 11 >R 12 /R 13 >R 
 
 14 /R 15 /R 16 /R 17 /« 18 /R 19 /R 20 /R 21 /R 
 
 26 /R 
 
 22 A/ 
 
 23 N 
 
 24 A^ 
 
 28 M 
 
 31 A/ 
 
 LOMBARDSi-ALBOIN— INTERREGNUM (1-21). AUTHARI-AGILULF.(22-28). 
 ADALWALD—ROTHARI (29-31). * ;**>,:; °', ^ 
 
PI. XIX. 
 
 6 N 
 
 29 M 
 
 30 /R 
 
 31 M 
 
 LOM BARDS :-ADALWALD-ROTHARI (1-8). RODWALD— GRJMW.<liL;D*<9.-13). 
 
 PERCTARIT (14-32). ; „ , ...^ ,,,^ 
 
PI. XX. 
 
 LOMBARDSi-CUNINCPERT (1, 2). ARIPERT II (No. 3). LI"JTPI^"Ar*0.(4-8}. 
 AISTU.LF (No. 9). DESIDERIUS (10-12). COINS OP LUCCA C13.-16,). ... ', 
 CHARLEMAGNE (No. 17). 'o,' ,''>'\ ;,,;;• '.J'/i \'- 
 
PI. XXI. 
 
 12 A/ 13 A/ 
 
 17 /R 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 18 /R 
 
 16 A/ 
 
 LOMBARD, UNCERTAIN ,1-4). BENEVENTUM :-ROMOALD:ilHS^^.^)' 
 GREGORIUS ,16-18). GISULF II ^19-22). ••-''" "' ' 
 
PI. XXII 
 
 
 5?t^ 
 
 
 A/ 
 
 fiJ 
 
 N 
 
 4i^\J^ 
 
 
 15 A/ 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 A/ 
 
 BENEVENTUM:-LIUTPRAND ^1-6). ARICHIS II (7^tVj.*'* ' *'* 
 
PI. XXIII. 
 
 
 
 1 A/ 
 
 4 A/ 5 A/ 
 
 
 8 A/ 
 
 12 /R 
 
 U/. 
 
 <;>i 
 
 ^•Ji IS 
 
 13 /R 
 
 15 /R 
 
 
 16 /R 
 
 
 17 /R 
 
 BENEVENTUM:-GRIMOALD III (1-13). GRIMOALD IV (If r17).,., ., > . 
 
PI. XXIV. 
 
 EL 
 
 5 /R 
 
 6 /R 
 
 V*^^, 
 
 
 
 7 /R 
 
 8 >R 
 
 9 M 
 
 10 EL 
 
 11 EL 
 
 &^ii^ ^^^<i> ^Sji^i^S' vJ^^'i^V N^^w ^@^v 
 
 12 EL 
 
 13 M 
 
 14 /R 
 
 BENEVENTUM:-SICO (1-9). SICAROgS, (1p-14).. .,,,,,,,,. > >, 
 
PI. XXV. 
 
 
 1 EL 
 
 
 5 /R 
 
 7 A/ 
 
 7 N 
 
 8 A/ 
 
 9 EL 
 
 10 A/ 
 
 8 A/ 
 
 11 A/ 
 
 12 A/ 
 
 BENEVENTUMi-RADELCHIS I (1-3). ADELGHIS ^^^-^V 
 UNCERTAIN (7-12). 
 
PI. XXVI. 
 
 8 /E 
 
 
 9 /E 
 
 4.K 
 
 10 /E 
 
 .4; 
 
 THESSALONICA:— THEODORE ANGELUS (1-5). MANUtL, ANGELUS («l-1G). 
 
PI. XXVII. 
 
 
 1 /E 
 
 4 /E 
 
 M / 
 
 2 /E 
 
 5 /E 
 
 7 /E 
 
 3 /E 
 
 -» « « * ° * «i 
 
 COINAGE OF THESSALONICA (f). 
 
PI. XXVIII 
 
 Billon 
 
 
 /E 
 
 •*^.^^--i. 
 
 ^3^^^ 
 
 Oman Coll. 
 
 Billon 
 
 
 / 
 
 ( 
 
 NICAEA:— THEODORE I LASCARIS. 
 
PI. XXIX. 
 
 2 /E 
 
 3 N 
 
 A A/ 
 
 5 N 
 
 7 N 
 
 8 N 
 
 NICAEA:— THEODORE I LASCARIS (1,2). JOHN T VATAtZtS (3-8^ 
 
PI. XXX. 
 
 NICAEAi-JOHN I VATATZES : ll'll', : 
 
i 
 
PI. XXXI. 
 
 *^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 1 /E 
 
 2 >E 3 /E 
 
 4- /E 
 
 ^\^ <^ 
 
 6 N 
 
 7 A/ 
 
 8 /R 
 
 9 /R 
 
 NICAEA:-JOHN I VATATZES (1-5). THE0D6R^{%\i€-^\\. 
 NEOPATRAS:-JOHN I iNo. 1.2'> . „ „_„, 
 
PI. XXXII. 
 
 6 M 
 
 7 m 
 
 8 /R 
 
 9 M 
 
 11 /R 
 
 10 /R 
 
 11 /R 
 
 12 /R 
 
 
 13 /R 
 
 » » * « » 
 
 TREBIZONDs— JOHN I (1-5). MANUEL'f'cblii).''* ' '*' * 
 
PI. XXXIII 
 
 TREBI20ND:-MANUEL I. SILVER. 
 
PI. XXXIV. 
 
 
 i^Vxv. 
 
 
 
 ^i..-v 
 
 Ml^ 
 
 TREBIZONDi-MANUEL I (SILVER)'. ■ i'.j ; '■,, 
 
PI. XXXV. 
 
 5 /E 
 
 6 /t 
 
 Athens 
 
 
 p /K 
 
 mA 
 
 / 
 
 9 /R 
 
 10 /R 
 
 11 /TQ 
 
 TREBIZONDj— MANUEL I ? /R (1-4). MANUEL l.'/E (5).: G:E9"PGl|."(4>: 
 
 JOHN II (7-11). •..•;•*.:.. y- •.--•' 
 
PI. XXXVI. 
 
 
 (Ri& /M'l'- 4-L^)^- /:;,v?^"^'- ^-^ix-nXv 
 
 TREBIZOND:-JOHN II. SILVER. 
 
PI. XXXVII 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 K\ 
 
 12 
 
 kP 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 14 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 15 
 
 16 /R 
 
 17 /E 
 
 16 /R 
 
 TREBIZOND:— JOHN II (1-16, SILVER} ^l/.BfldKlZ^): 
 
PI. XXXVIII, 
 
 TREBIZOND:-THEODORA (1). ALEXIUS II (2-14 /«> ; \BASI I. (15-17 VF.). 
 
i 
 
PI. XXXIX. 
 
 ^■^ 
 
 )^^'[ 
 
 /*5i 
 
 3 /E 
 
 / 
 
 4 /E 
 
 5 /R 
 
 6 /R 
 
 
 7 /E 
 
 8 /E 
 
 10 /E 
 
 11 /E 
 
 13 /R 
 
 14 /R 
 
 ^ ;^^^^] 
 
 i^ik .^^ 
 
 ^r^^m 
 
 15 /R 
 
 TREBIZOND:-JOHN III (1—4). MICHAEL (5-11). AllEXliUS" .511. (12^'^)^ 
 
PI. XL. 
 
 
 16 
 
 TREBIZONDi— ALEXIUS III (1-8 /R ; &-1^'/^;i. '. , 
 
PI. XLI. 
 
 TREBIZOND:~ALEXIUS III .1-5 /E). MANUEL IIJ^ (6-12 >R; 13-1 7^>^). 
 
PI. XLII. 
 
 1 M 
 
 
 2 /R 
 
 
 
 
 W^ 
 
 3 /R 
 
 4 /R 
 
 ^^ 
 
 5 /E 
 
 6 /E 
 
 7 >t 
 
 8 /E 
 
 9 /E 
 
 TREBIZONDi— ALEXIUS IV (1-4). UNCERJAJN :(5;-'9J.', j.': -'.J '. /;. 
 
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