CATALOGUE OF THE COINS OF THE VANDALS, OSTROGOTHS AND LOMBARDS AXD OF THE EMPIRES OF THESSALONICA, NICAEA AND TREBIZOND IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM BY WARWICK WROTH ASSISTANT-KEEPER OF THE COINS AND MEDALS WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND 43 PLATES LONDON PKINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES SOLD AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM, AND BY LONGMANS & CO., 39 Paternoster Row ; BERNARD QUARITCH, 11 Grafton Street, Bond Street, "W. ; ASHER & CO., 14 Bedford Street, Covent Garden ; HENRY FROWDE, Oxford University Press, Amen Corner, E.G.; and ROLLIN & FEUARDENT, 66 Great Russeil, \ / Street, W.C, and 4 Rue de Louvois, Paris 1911 [Afl rights reserved \ CONTENTS PREFACE • • • PAGE iii LIST OF PLATES xii ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS xiv INTRODUCTION XV § 1. COIXAGE OF THE VaNDALS : — The earliest Vandal coinages .... . . Vandalic coinages not inscribed with the kings' names . XV xvi Roman bronze coins, apparently countermarked by the Vandals > xviii Small bronze coins of the Vandal kings and the Mauri ? xviii General view of Vandal coinage in gold, silver, and bronze xxi Vandal coinage and Vandal civilization .... xxiv Coinage of Gaiseric .... xxvi Of Huneric . xxvi Of Gunthamund . . xxvii Of Trasamund xxvii OfHilderic .... , xxvii Of Gelimer .... xxviii § 2. Coinage of the Ostrogoths : — Study of the Ostrogothic coinage xxix Od ova car .... xxix Theodoric xxxi Amalasuntha xxxiii Athalaric xxxiii Theodahad . xxxiii Witigis Matasuntha .... XXXV XX xvi Ildibad .... xxxvii Eraric xxxvii Baduila (Totila) . xxxvii Theia .... xxxviii Denominations and Weights Inscriptions . Types .... XXX ix xlii xliii vi CONTENTS Coinage of the Ostrogoths {continued) : — page Portraiture .......... xliii Reverse types ......... xliv Table of Mints xliv On the attribution of Italian coins with Imperial names (Period of the Ostrogoths) . . . . . . . . xlv Gold coins .......... xlv Silver coins .......... xlviii Bronze coins .......... li §3. Coinage of the Lombard Kings: — Attribution of the anonymous coins Alboin, Cleph, and the Interregnum Authari ; Agilulf .... Adalwald — Grimwald . Perctarit ..... Cunincpert ..... Rude character of the Lombard coinage Legends ..... Weights and metals Mints its types Iv Ivi Ivi hi Ivii Ivii Ivii Iviii lix Ix § 4. Coinage of the Duchy and Principality of Beneventum The four great Lombard Duchies . Duchy of Beneventum : its earliest coinages Denominations and weights , Types, &c. .... Romoald II . Successors of Romoald II Arichis II ... . Portraiture on Beneventan coins Grimoald III Grimoald IV Sico Sicardus Radelchis I Siconulf Adelchis and successors Ixi Ixii Ixiii Ixiv Ixv Ixv Ixv Ixvi Ixvi Ixvii Ixvii Ixvii Ixvii Ixviii Ixviii § 5. Coinage of the Empire of Thessalonica : Theodore Angelus . Manuel Angelus . John Angelus Demetrius, despot . Metals and types . Ixix Ixix Ixix Ixix Ixx CONTENTS Vll § 6. Coinage of the Empire of Nicaea Theodore I Lascaris Nicaean gold coinage Titles of Theodore I John I (^11 ') Vatatzes Theodore II Lascaris John II ('IV') Lascaris. Michael VIII Palaeologus PAGE Ixxi Ixxi Ixxi Ixxi Ixxii Ixxii Ixxiii § 7. Coinage of the Despots of Epikus : — Michael I Theodore Angelas Ixxiii Ixxiii § 8. Coinage of the Duchy of Neopatras John I Angelas Comnenus . Constantino Angelus John II Angelus Comnenus . Ixxiv Ixxiv Ixxiv § 9. Coinage of the Empire of Trebizond : 1. The coinage and its arrangement : — Writers on the coinage . . Ixxiv Attribution of the silver coins Ixxv Bronze coinage Ixxvii 2. The Emperors and their coinage : — Alexius I ........ . Ixxvii Andronicus I Gidos • Ixxviii John I . Ixxviii Manuel I . . . . . Ixxviii Andronicus II ... . . Ixxix George ..... . Ixxix John II . Ixxix Theodora ..... Ixxx Alexius II .... . Ixxx Andronicus III .... . Ixxxi Manuel II . Ixxxi Basil . Ixxxi Irene ; Anna . Ixxxi John III . Ixxxi Michael . Ixxxi Alexius III .... . Ixxxii Manuel III . Ixxxii Alexius IV . Ixxxii John IV . Ixxxiii David . Ixxxiii VIU CONTENTS Coinage of the Empire of Trebizond {continued) : — 3. Metals and weight : — Silver coinage ..... Origin of the asper .... The nomisma ..... Bronze coinage ..... PAGE . Ixxxiii . Ixxxv . Ixxxvi . Ixxxvi 4. Types and inscriptions : — St. Eugenius .... Miscellaneous reverse types . Representations of the emperor Inscriptions .... Forms of letters 5. Symbols and letters . CATALOGUE OF COINS :— I. Vandals: — Gaiseric Huneric Gunthamund Trasamund . Hilderic Gelimer Small bronze coins of the Vandalic period . Ixxxvi Ixxxvii Ixxxviii Ixxxix Ixxxix xc 1 5 8 10 13 15 17 II. Ostrogoths : — Odovacar .......... 43 Theodoric 46 Athalaric 60 Amalasuntha ......... 71 Theodahad 72 Witigis 77 Matasuntha .......... 80 Ildibad ; Eraric 82 Baduila (Totila) 83 Theia 95 Quasi-autonomous bronze coins of Rome and Ravenna . . 98 Imperial coins of Justinian I struck at Rome and Ravenna . 108 Imperial coins of Justin II struck at Ravenna . . . 120 Imperial coins of Tiberius II struck at Rome and Ravenna . 122 Imperial coins of Maurice Tiberius struck at Rome and Ravenna ......... 122 III. Lombard Kings: — Alboin ; Cleph ; Inten*egnum ...... 123 Authari ; Agilulf 128 Adalwald ; Ariwald : Rothari ...... 130 CONTENTS IX III. Lombard Kings {continued): — Kodwald ; Aripert I Perctarit and Godepert ; Grimwald Perctarit Cunincpert Liutpert Raginpert Aripert II Ansprand Liutprand Hildeprand Ratchis Aistulf . Desiderius Quasi-autonomous coins of Lucca Italian tremisses of Charlemagne Uncertain of Lombardic series IV. Beneventum, Duchy, etc., of : — Grimoald I ; Romoald I ; Grimoald II Gisulf I Romoald II Audelais Gregorius Gottschalk Gisulf II Liutprand Arichis II Grimoald III Grimoald IV Sico Sicardus Radelchis I Radelgarius Adelchis Gaideris Radelchis II Aio Interregnum Uncertain Beneventan coinages V. Thessalonica, Empire of : — Theodore Angelus Manuel Angelus . John Angelus Demetrius .... Coinage of Thessalonica ? PAGE 133 133 134 138 140 140 141 142 143 145 146 147 149 150 152 153 155 155 155 158 159 161 162 164 167 170 174 176 179 181 183 183 187 187, 188 187 188 189 . 193 197 200, 202 . 202 . 202 CONTENTS VI. NiCAEA, Empire of : — Theodore I Lascaris John I (' III ') Ducas Vatatzes Theodore II Ducas Lascaris . John II ('IV') Lascaris Michael VIII Palaeologus VII. Epirus, Despots of: — Michael I . . . . page 204 210 220 224 224 226 VIII. Neopatras, Duchy of : — John I Angelas Comnenus Constantine Angelus John II Angelus Comnenus IX. Trebizond, Empire of : — Alexius I Comnenus Andronicus I Gidos John I Axuchos Manuel I Andronicus II George . John II John II and Alexius Theodora . . . Alexius II Andronicus III Manuel II . Basil Irene Anna . John III Michael Alexius III . Manuel III . Alexius IV . John IV David . Uncertain bronze coins of Trebizond 227 229 229 230 231 232 23G- 258 258 259 276 277 278 284 284 285 288 288 289 291 293 302 306 308 308 309 INDEXES :— I. IL IIL IV. Kings, Emperors, &c. Geographical (Mints, &c.) General Index (including types) Remarkable Inscriptions . 313 316 318 330 CONTENTS XI CHRONOLOGICAL LISTS:— page I. Vandal Kings 339 11. Ostrogothic Kings 339 III. Lombard Kings 339 IV. Dukes and Princes of Beneventum . . • . . . 340 V. Emperors of Thessalonica 340 VI. Emperors of Nicaea ........ 340 VII. Despots of Epirus ........ 340 VIII. Dukes and Sebastocrators of Neopatras .... 341 IX. Emperors of Trebizond 341 TABLE for converting English Inches into Millimetres and the measures of Mionnet's scale ........ 342 TABLE of the Eelative Weights of English Grains and French Grammes 343 LIST OF PLATES Fi-onlispiece. Gold coin (triple Solidus) of Theodoric (described p. 54 and p. xxxi). I. Vandals: — Gaiseric. Huneric. II. Vandals : — Gunthamund. Trasamund. Hilderic. Gelimer. III-IV. Small bronze coins of the Vandalic period. V. Ostrogoths : — Odovacar. Theodoric (Ravenna). VI. Ostrogoths : — Theodoric (Ravenna ; Rome). VII. Ostrogoths :— Theodoric (Rome, &c.). Athalaric (Ravenna). VIII. Ostrogoths : — Athalaric (Ravenna ; Rome). IX. Ostrogoths : — Theodahad (Ravenna ; Rome). X. Ostrogoths : — Witigis. Matasuntha. Baduila (Ticinum). XI. Ostrogoths : — Baduila (Ticinum ; Rome). XII. Ostrogoths : — Baduila (Rome). Theia. Quasi-autonomous bronze of Rome. XIII. Ostrogoths :— Quasi-autonomous bronze of Rome. XIV. Ostrogoths : — Quasi-autonomous bronze of Rome and Ravenna. XV. Imperial coins of Justinian I (Rome, bronze). XVI. Imperial coins of Justinian I (Rome ; Ravenna). XVII. Imperial coins : —Justinian I (Ravenna). Justin II (Ravenna). Maurice Tiberius. XVIII. Lombards :—Alboin — Interregnum. Authari. Agilulf. Adal- wald — Rothari. XIX. Lombards:— Adalwald — Rothari. Rodwald — Grimwald, Perc- tarit. XX. Lombards : — Cunincpert. Aripert II. Liutprand. Aistulf. Desi- derius. Coins of Lucca. Charlemagne. XXI. Lombard (Uncertain). Beneventum : — Romoald II. Gregox'ius. Gisulf II. XXII. Beneventum : — Liutprand. Arichis II. XXIII. Beneventum : — Grimoald III. Grimoald IV. XXIV. Beneventum : — Sico. Sicardus. XXV. Beneventum : — Radelchis I. Adelchis. Uncertain. XXVI. Thessalonica : — Theodore Angelus. Manuel Angelas. XXVII. Coinage of Thessalonica ? LIST OF PLATES xui XXVIIL Nicaea : — Theodore I. Lascaris. XXIX. Nicaea : — Theodore I Lascaris. John I Vatatzes. XXX. Nicaea: — John I Vatatzes. XXXI. Nicaea : — John I Vatatzes. Theodore II. Neopatras : — John I. XXXIL Trebizond :— John I. Manuel I. XXXIII. Trebizond :— Manuel I. XXXIV. Trebizond :— Manuel I. XXXV. Trebizond :— Manuel I ? (Silver). Manuel I (Bronze). George. John II. XXXVI. Trebizond :— John 11. XXXVII. Trebizond :— John II. XXXVIII. Trebizond :— Theodora. Alexius II. Basil. XXXIX. Trebizond :— John III. Michael. Alexius III. XL. Trebizond :— Alexius III. XLI. Trebizond :— Alexius III. Manuel III. XLII. Trebizond : — Alexius IV. Uncertain. b5 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS P. 104, notes, line 6, for Fostulus read Fostlus. P. 155 and \). 167, for Beneventine read Beneventan. P. 206. The weight of Professor Oman's coin is 84*7 grain. INTRODUCTION § 1. Coinage of the Vandals. The first coinages of the Vandals can hardly have originated in the period of their early wanderings in Europe, but at some time in the first half of the fifth century a.d., when their settlement in the „, T1I6 oarliost territory of the Empire had begun to acquire something of a permanent character.^ In the year 406 the Vandals, under their king Gun- deric, first entered Gaul : in 409 they passed into Spain, where they settled, but after a lapse of about twenty years, under pressure from their powerful rivals and neighbours the Visigoths, they crossed over to Africa (May, A.D. 429),2 where, under Gaiseric (who had succeeded his half-brother Gunderic in 428), the Vandal kingdom was established and organized. It is possible that during their stay in Gaul and their still longer sojourn in Spain they may have minted money imitated from Roman prototypes; but no such coins can be identified with certainty, and the earliest currency that can make anything like a certain claim to be Vandalic is probably not anterior to the migration to Africa in a. d, 429. Nor is it quite certain that coinage began even in 429, because the kingdom was organized only by degrees, and at that time not even the town of Hippo Regius had fallen into Vandal hands, while the great city of Carthage, the usual African mint-centre, did not become Vandal till ten 3'ears later. The difficulty of determining the date of issue of the earliest coins is further increased by the circumstance that of the six kings who occupied the Vandal throne till its overthrow by the Emperor Justinian in A. D. 533, the last four only (Gunthamund, Trasamund, Hilderic, and Gelimer) are known to have put forth money inscribed with their names. Yet it would be strange if the founder Gaiseric during his long reign of nearly fift}^ years, or his son and successor Huneric, made no attempt to institute a currency ; and there is, in fact, a mass of extant coinage which, though ^ On the history of the Vandals see chiefly Ludwig Schmidt, Geschichte der WamlaJen, Leipzig, 1901 ; T. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, vol. ii, 2nd ed., 1892. On the Vandal coinage, J. Friedlaender, Die Munzen der Vandalen, Leipzig, 1849 ; C. F. Keary, Coinages of Western Europe, London, 1879, pp. 30-42. 2 So L. Schmidt (pp. 36, 37), Gibbon, Clinton, &c. ; Mr. Hodgkin {Italy, &c., ii, pp. 230, 290 f.) argues in favour of May, 428. xvi INTRODUCTION not inscribed with tlio name of any Vandal king, is clearly, from its style, types, and provenance, of the Vandalic period and, at least in part, of V^andalie origin. It is therefore necessary, at the outset, to examine with some care tliese Anonymous Coinages,' wliich are as follows : — 1. GOLD. (Solidus and Trenmsis.) (a) With name of Valentinian III, A.D. 425-455. (13) With name of Anastasius I, a.d. 491-518. These are imitative coins— copied from Imperial prototypes — which the late Count de Salis has pronounced to be Vandal on grounds of style (and probably of provenance).^ Those of Class a Vandalic coinages ^^^ j ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ conjectured to have provided the not inscribed with ^^^^^ ^^.^^^.^ ^^ Gaiseric (a.d. 428-477); those of the kings' names. ^^^^^ ^ ^p^ jj g_g^ ^j^^ coinage of Trasamund 1. In gold. (^.D. 496-523). There is also, of course, the possibility that these coins may have been in circulation in reigns other than those of Gaiseric and Trasamund ; thus, some of the Valentinian coins (a) assigned to Gaiseric may belong to his son Huneric (a.d. 477-484), and the Anastasius coinage (/3) may have begun under Trasamund's predecessor Gunthamund (a.d. 484-496). 2. SILVER. (a) de Salis has classed as Vandalic some rather rude silver coins with the name of Honorius (a.d. 395-423) and rev. Roma seated (1^1. I. 3-6). (/3) Silver with name of Honorius. Rev. Carthage 2. In silver. ^^^^^^^1-^^^^ holding ears of corn (PI. I. 12), dated Anno IIII and Anno V. (y) Silver with name of Justin I (a.d. 518-527). Rev. FELIX CARTA Carthage holding ears of corn (PI. II. 12, 13). Classes a and /3, being imitations of coins of Honorius, who died A.D. 423, will be most naturally assigned to the earliest Vandal kings. It is possible that both types belong to the first king, Gaiseric, years IIII and V l)eing reckoned from the capture of Carthage in 439 (a date regarded as the Vandal ' Era ' ^). But as we need a silver coinage for his successor Huneric, a (Roma seated) may be assigned to Gaiseric, and ^ (Carthage holding ears of corn) to Huneric, Anno IIII and Anno V being regarded as regnal years of Huneric."* * That is, not bearing the names of Vandal rulers, though in some cases the names of emperors are inscribed. ' Cp. Keary, Coinages of W. Eur., pp. 19, 20. ' Schmidt, Gcsch. d. Wand.y p. 76. * Friedlaender {M. d. Vand., p. 21) had already assigned ^ to Huneric, though on the § 1. VANDALS. ANONYMOUS COINAGES xvii Class y, with the name of the Emperor Justin I (a. d. 518-527), cannot be earlier than the reign of Trasamund (a.d. 496-523), though it may belong to that of his successor, Hilderic (a.d. 523-530). The claim of Hilderie seems preferable because he has the ' Carthage ' tj-pe on his named silver coins (PI. II. 14, 15), and we know that he was in friendly relations with Justin and the Byzantine court. ^ 3. LARGE BRONZE COINS. These are of two types : — (a) Ohv. KAKTHAgO The Vandal king (?), standing. Rev. Horse's head (PL I. 7-11). (/?) Ohv. Carthage holding ears of corn. Rev. Mark of value in wreath (PI. I. 13-16). (Also a smaller denomination (y) with „ ., .„ ^ — ' ^ ' ' 3. In Bronze. rev. N nil (PI. I. 17,18).) Keary (ojj. cit., p. 40), by making a comparison between the marks of value found on these coins with those found on the silver coins of Van- dalic kings," has shown that it is unlikely that these bronze and silver coins were in circulation concurrently. The bronze coins, then, must be earlier than Gunthamund (the first king who issued named silver monej') or later than Gelimer, the last of the Vandal kings. The}'- do not seem to be later than Gelimer, because they bear no trace of the new Imperial sway.^ The alternative remains that they were issued in the period before Gunthamund, a period when it had not yet become customary to inscribe the regal coins with the regal name. Type a (PI. I. 7-11), which makes such pointed allusion to Carthage,* may well have been issued by Gaiseric immediately after his capture of that important city (October 19, 439). Type /3 (PI. I. 13-16), Carthage holding ears of corn, may have been introduced by his successor Huneric, to whom we have already assigned imitative silver coins with a similar type (PI. I. 12). Type y (PI. I. 17, 18) is akin to a and ^, but it is difficult to decide whether it belongs to Gaiseric or Huneric, and there is even a possibility that it may belong to a later period (see infra, p. 7). mistaken supposition that the ohv. inscription was a blundered form of the name ' Huneric '. Cp. Keary, op. cit., pp. 33-5. ^ See also p. 13, infra. 2 i. e. those found on silver coins inscribed with the names of the kings and there- fore of certain attribution. Cp. Friedlaender, M. d. Vand., p. 12 : ' The marks of value on the silver and the bronze coins clearly indicate that these coinages are not based on the same unit of value.' ' The marks of value if impressed by order of Justinian would no doubt, in accor- dance with the system of the Byzantine Follis, have been XXXX (or M) and XX (or K) and not (as we actually find) XLII and XXI. Cp. B. M. C, Imperial Byzantine Coins, i, p. 64, ' Justinian I, Carthage.' * On the horse's head as a symbol of Carthage see infra, p. 3. C xviii INTRODUCTION This coinage of large bronze coins was perhaps supplemented by the use of Imperial Roman bronze coins with Vandal countermarks. In the Berlin cabinet and other collections there exist coins of this class (usually a)-isei<) bearing the countermark * XLII, as on the Vandal bronze above described. These coins are of the earlier Empire, from the first century to the third (time of Salonina). There are also extant some Imperial coins countermark ed LXXXIII,^ the provenance of which is Italian (Padua and Rome), and on this account their Vandalic character is open to some doubt. Even with regard to the coins counter- marked XLII there may be some hesitation as to whether the countermark- ing was done by the Vandals.^ On the assumption that the countermarks on these coins are Vandalic, it may be conjectured that the utilization of Roman coins as Vandal currency took place before the regular issue of the Vandal bronze with mark of value XLII began, i.e. before the capture of Carthage (A. D. 439), after which event the Vandal mints were probably more care- fully organized. The possibility is not, however, to be excluded that these countermarked pieces were put in circulation subsequent to the issue of the Vandal bronze with XLII, i. e. (according to our arrangement) after the reign of Huneric, when the large bronze coins with marks of value ceased to be struck. Huneric's successors themselves issued only small bronze pieces of Vandal workmanship, but it may have been found necessary to put into currency larger bronze coins marked a^ equivalent in value to the XLII coins of Gaiseric and Huneric — hence the issue of the countermarked Roman pieces. Between these two hypotheses — an issue before 439 and an issue after aire. 484 (death of Huneric) — it is difficult to choose : only the evidence of Finds could probably settle the question. 4. SMALL BRONZE COINS. Hilderic and Gelimer, the last two Vandal rulers, struck small Ijronze coins inscribed with their names.^ But this inscribed Small bronze coins . , , i ^ n ., ,, coinage appears to nave been scanty, and the ' small change' of Vandalic times must mainly be sought for ^, „ . „ among a great mass of little bronze coins (PI. Ill, IV) the Maun ? i • i ;; j • i • u i • .1 which are found singly or in hoards in northern ' This countermark is stated to be certain, and is not LXXXIIII as would naturally have been expected. ^ At least I am not aware that these coins are of African provenance. On the whole series see Dressel in Dullettino delV List, di con: arch. (Rome), 1879, pp. 126 f . ; Friedlaender in Zeit.f. Num., vi (1879), pp. 21 f. ; BeiL Blatter, iii, p. 283. ' The coins supposed to bear the names of Gunthamund and of Trasamund are not of certain attribution. § 1. VANDALS. SMALL BRONZE COINS xix Africa and Sicily, and which have also been discovered in Italy, mingled with Ostrogothic and Imperial money.^ Count de Salis brought together about the year 1860 all the coins in the British Museum that seemed to him to belong to this Vandalic class ; among them being many specimens, presented by himself, of which he probably knew (though he has rarely recorded) the African provenance, and also a large series acquired by the Museum in 1849 from Mr. J. Doubleday, which there are reasons for thinking was procured in Africa.^ Some other specimens were acquired in 1854 from Mr. Aschkenasi of Tunis, others, in 1865, from Mr. Paul Gadban, a Turkish Consul-General, and others, again, found or procured in Egypt, were presented in 1888 by Mr. Jesse Ha worth. These supposed Vandalic issues (PI. Ill, IV) are of small module, rudely struck on inadequate flans, and do not often bear an inscription, or at least an intelligible one. They present a remarkable number of types, and even when a type, such as Victory, or the Cross, is often repeated it will be found that many varieties occur in design and fabric." Perhaps the best way to approach the examination of these puzzling but not, intrinsically, very important coins is, in the first place, to separate them into two classes, one of them formed by the coins that bear the names of emperors. The emperors represented (on the British Museum coins) are : — Theodosius I a. d. 379-395. Honorius 395-423. Theodosius II 408-450. Valentinian III 425-455. Marcian 450-457. Leo I ^ 457-474. Zeno * 474-491. Anastasius I 491-518. Justinian I 527-565. * This was the case with the hoard of Monte Rocluni unearthed in 1843 and described by Friedlaender in his Munzen der Vandalen, pp. 41 f. From the barbarous character of many of the coins I am disposed to consider them Vandalic or Moorish rather than Ostrogothic, though it may be that some of these small pieces were used by the Ostrogoths for convenience of small change (cp. infra, § 2, p. li). Since the descriptions in our text (pp. 17-42) were in type, P. Orsi has published a welcome account of a hoard partly consisting of small ' Vandalic ' bronze coins discovered in the Island of Lipari {Rivisfa Hal. di num., 1910, pp. 353 f.). Orsi has also briefly described (Notizie degli scavi, 1909, p. 61) a similar find made at Syracuse. "^ The small bronze coins in this purchase present the appearance of having formed part of a large find, and in connexion with some specimens de Salis has noted that they came 'from Africa'. The same purchase included various Greek coins of Africa and Egypt. ' A find of 3,418 small bronze coins of Vandalic times was made at Carthage about the year 1887 : see a brief note in Comptes rendus de VAcad. fran<;., 1902, p. 548, referring to an article by Delattre in Mem. Soc. arch, de Constantine, xxxv (1901). XX INTRODUCTION The first six of these emperors died many years before King Gaiseric (died A. D. 477), so that Vandalic imitations of their coins could have been struck by Gaiseric, or, equally, of course, by his successors. The coins with the name of Zeno could have been struck during the reigns of Huneric and Gunthamund ; those of Anastasius by Gunthamund and Trasamund. Those bearing the name of Justinian cannot have been issued earlier than the reign of Hilderic whose reign extends from a. d. 523 to 530. But although the presence of Imperial heads gives in several cases a rough clue to the arrangement of these small bronze coins, there are numerous other specimens, ivithoiit the names of emperors, which are very difficult to attribute. These latter coins are, usually, exceptionally rude in style and of very small size, and display a variety of types, some of which are imitated from coins of the Constantinopolitan emperors, while others seem to be original or at least not to be derived directly from any single prototype. For convenience of reference, and because of the present uncertainty of the attributions, it has seemed best to catalogue this whole series of small coins (pp. 17 ff. infra), rather mechanically, under the types of their reverses, placing first, under each type, the coins that bear Imperial heads. Thus, we have, first, a series of 'Victory' types (a favourite subject) with the heads of Honorius and Valentinian III on their obverses, or with a head (king's or emperor's) which cannot be identified. Reverse types relating to the emperor form another series : others, again, are grouped together because they bear an inscription (like VOT XIII) in the centre of the reverse, or because they show a monogram as ' type '. In some in- stances I have suggested an attribution to a specific Vandal sovereign, but in most cases the coins seem too baj:barous and too varied in their types to be assignable exclusively to Vandal rulers. To the Vandal 2^eriod they may well belong, but their issuers would seem to have been some tribe or people less civilized than the Vandals and who understood less well the art of coining and the regularization of currency. Now, all through the course of Vandal history in Africa we hear, in particular, of the Mauri as a con- stant source of trouble to the kings; if already subdued, we find them throwing off the yoke ; if free, they make temporary inroads and even permanent settlements at the expense of the Vandal monarchy. In the year 508, for instance, we hear of one Masuna who took to himself the full-sounding title of ' Rex Maurorum et Romanorum ' and gained posses- sion of territory that had once been Vandalic. Whether or not the few bronze coins that I have ventured to ascribe to him (p. 39, infra) are worthy of such a potentate or were, indeed, struck by him at all, may be open to some doubt, but at any rate the position and pretensions of a chieftain of this kind suggest the conditions under which the issue of these varied series of minute African bronze coins probably took place. Prototypes § 1. VANDALS. GENERAL VIEW OF COINAGE xxi were chosen, we may suspect, more or less at hazard, and the inscribing of a few not very intelligible letters on the coin — as apparently in the case of Masuna — was the summit of the engraver's ambition. 1. GOLD. The Vandals, unlike the Visigoths, Ostrogoths, and Lombards, made little use of gold for purposes of currency. Gold might be collected as bullion and even be coined to satisfy the barbarian fiTced and love of hoarding, or to pay a great tax or -^ , , *= , , , , , ., 11 of Vandal tribute, but, on the whole, silver and bronze were pro- „ coinage, bably an adequate medium of exchange for the not extensive commerce of the Vandal people, which was, indeed, chiefly con- cerned with the distribution of the products of their great main industry — agriculture. Gaiseric (if our attribution is correct) introduced imita- tive ^olidi and treinisses, weighing about 67 grains (or more) and 23 grains, respectively, and this coinage was probably renewed by Trasa- mund, the fourth king. The later rulers ceased to issue gold, and in no case was it struck with the king's own portrait. The well-known statement of Procopius that gold coins always bore the Imperial types, and that it was contrary to right and custom for any king, whether of the Persians or the Barbarians, to strike gold money with native types is undoubtedly true of the Vandals ; and we shall find it true also of the gold coinage of the Ostrogoths.^ ' The passage in Procopius, Bell. Goth., iii. 33, ed. Hauiy, vol. ii, pp. 442, 443 = ed. Bonn, ii, p. 417, is as follows: — KhI Kudr]i>Tm yiiv iv rt] 'ApeXuro) Tov InniKov aySiva d(o)fjL€vui, vofiio'jxa 8f )(pv(T0iiv (k T<i)v fv ruXXotf fifToXXav TTfTTolrivTai, ov tov Pa>fiai(iiv avroKpa- Topos, ^iTfp eWiorat, \apaKT^pa iv6(p.(voi tw aTarfjpi rovrta, aXXa rfjv a<p€Tepav avrav nKova. Kairoi vopicrpa pev dpyvpovv 6 Hfpaav ^acriXfvs f/ ^ovXoito iroiuv ("[(ode, xapanrripa 8e totov fpfia\ia6ai aTnTrjpi )(pv(Tm ovre avruv depis ovre 8e ciXXov ovTivaoiiv 3acrtX«a rap navrav ^ap^a- pcov, Koi ravra paXXov ovra ;^pvo"o{} Kvpiov, errel ov8f tois ^vp^uWovcn npoiecrOai. to vopxcrpa TovTO olo'i re elcnv, ft Koi ^ap^dpois tovs ^vpfidWovTas eivai ^vp^aivei. TavTa pev oSv Tijde ^pdy- yois ix^pw^'"- iv Tji 'ApeXaTw, the Franks at Aries. ;^(ipaKTf7pa {ivBipevoi), the whole design of the solidus or tremissis, including, no doubt, the ' legends ' as well as the ' types '. eiKova may perhaps be merely a synonym for x"P'^<'''Wct '• ^Ir- Keaiy {Coinages of W. Europe, p. 22) translates it ' portrait ', and no doubt the portrait-bust of the native ruler would be one of the ' types '. vopiapa dpyvpovv. The silver coins of the Sassanian dynasty bore the king's bust and name on one side and a representation of the Persian fire-altar on the other, ovre dtpis. The expression is probably used veiy broadly, so as to mean ' contrary to the Imperial privilege and also abhorrent to prevailing custom '. Procopius adds that even if gold coins with native types had been commonly struck, they would not have passed current even among the Barbarians themselves. We may gather then, as Mr. Keary (in Hodgkin's Italy, &c., iv, p. 543) has already well remarked, that custom and commercial convenience, quite as much as, or more than, reverence for the privileges of the emperor, induced the Barbarians to issue as their gold coinages mere imitations of the Imperial money. INTRODUCTION 2. SILVER. Gaiseric and Hiineric (if our attributions may be regarded as certain) each struck an imitative silver coin, apparently the weight of the siliqua, and probably intended to be of the normal weight of 40 grains troy.^ The third king CJunthamund retained the silver coin (siliqua) but gave it dis- tinctive types; on the ohv., his own name and Ijust; on the rev., the letters DN and c — , i. e. 100 bronze denarii,^ placed within a wreath. A mark of value surrounded by a wreath had already formed the reverse type of the bronze coins of Huneric (Pi. I. 13). Gunthamund also struck a half- siliqua (17-3 grains, Brit. Mus., highest) and a quarter-siliqua {7 -7 grains, Brit. Mus., highest), inscribed on the reverse, DN XXV. Trasamund, the fourth king, besides (if our conjecture is correct) renewing the supply of imitative gold coins, continued the issue of the half-siliqua marked DN L (16-8 grains, Brit. Mus., highest).^ Hilderic issued the half-siliqua (19-8 grains, Brit. Mus., highest) and the quarter-siliqua (9-3 grs., Brit. Mus.). Gelimer, the last king, also issued the half-siliqua, marked DN L. 3. BRONZE. It is probable that Gaiseric issued early in his reign imitative money in bronze, as he seems to have done in the case of his gold and silver currency. Such coins must be looked for among the small bronze pieces described infra, pp. 17-42, especially those with 'Victory' types.* But bronze did not become an important constituent of the Vandalic currency till the issue of the large thick coins marked XLII and XXI N(ummi), PI. 1. 7, 9, 13, 15 ; an issue which we have seen reason (suj^ra, p. xvii) to attri- l)ute to Gaiseric at a time (a. d. 439) when he had first become master of Carthage.' These coins, by their module and their value-marks, at ^ The heaviest specimens in the British Museum weigh only 284 and 21 grains, but thej- are clipped and worn. On the weight of the later Roman siliquae, see G. F. Hill, • Roman silver coins from Grovely AVood, Wilts.,' in Ninn. Chron., 1906, pp. 342 f. These are siliquae of the period from Constantius II to Arcadius. On the siliquae of Ana- stasius 1 and Justin I see B. M. C, Imperial Bijz. Coin.^, i, p. Ixxvi : see also Babelon, ' La Silique romaine.' in Ber. num., 1901, p. 334, * See Babelon, loc. cit., and his Traite, i, p. 582 ; Keary, op. cit., pp. 37 f. ; Fried- laender, M. d. Vamh, i^p. 10 f. ^ He perhaps also continued to issue the siliqua (' 100 denarii') and the quarter- siliqua ('25 denarii ') : see infra, p. 11, note. * And see No. 49, p. 23, infra, and No. 52, p. 24, infra. '^ Besides these coinages of XLI I and XXI nummi (cp. coins of XI I and 1 1 1 1 nummi) there is a coinage which may be assigned to Gaiseric, circ. 439 B.C., inscribed on ohv. DOMINO NOSTRO but with the royal name omitted. The coins thus inscribed are of remarkably neat work and in high relief: see infra, ' Small bronze of Vandalic period,' pp. 17 f., Nos. 15, 54, 83, and note to No. 15, p. 19. § 1. VANDALS. BRONZE COINAGE xxiii once recall the Byzantine bronze follis, stamped 40 (M) nummia and its half, stamped 20 (K) nummia.^ It must be borne in mind, however, that this typical Byzantine coin (with its subdivisions) was not instituted until the year 498, when Anastasius I carried out a great reform of the bronze currency by substituting for the very small, and probably very scarce, bronze coins of earlier reigns, a new and abundant issue of large, substantial-looking coins, each of which conspicuously displayed its value.^ But the year 498 is long subsequent to the death of Gaiseric and even of Huneric,^ and the first issue of these XLII and XXI coins — if, as seems probable, rightly attributed to Gaiseric— was a new and original departure in coinage, though it was one, no doubt, suggested to the Vandal ruler by some Roman financier or mint-master at his court.^ This issue of XLII and XXI was continued by Gaiseric's successor Huneric, and a bronze piece of XII nummi, first issued by Gaiseric, was also retained. There is, further, a piece of llll nummi (of Huneric, or Gaiseric ?) . The weights of these denominations as indicated by • -1 -o -J.- 1 Tir i- n Weights of specimens in the British Museum are as follows : — the larger XLII nummi. bronze coins. Gaiseric. Wt. 175 grs., highest (also 174 ; two about 154). Huneric. Wt. 200-5 grs., highest (others, 182-127 grs.). XXI Gaiseric. Wt. 146 grs., highest, a thick piece; others are thinner, and weigh 114-7 and 95-8, but may have lost weight. Huneric. Wt. 104-8 grs. (worn). The highest actual weight of XLII is 200-5 grs., but the weights of XXI point to a normal weight of about 230 or even of nearly 300 grs. (114 x 2 = 228; 146x2 = 292). XII Gaiseric. Wt. 86-5 grs., highest (49 grs. lowest). Huneric. Wt. 87-6 grs., highest (also 73, 64-7 grs.). llll Huneric (1), 21 grs., highest. The XII and llll denominations, as Mommsen has already remarked ^ 6000 nummia in the Byzantine system went to the solidus or nomisnia. * See Wroth, Imperial Byzantine Coins, i, p. xiii, and cp. the interesting interpreta- tion of the passage in Marcellinus (as to the currency reform of Anastasius) given by Prof. Bury in his review in The English Historical Review for 1909, p. 117. * It falls within the reign of Trasamund, the fourth king. * This coinage, for fabric and marks of value, should be compared with the Ostrogothic anonymous bronze chiefly struck at Rome (PI. XIII. 2, XIV. 2). XXIV INTRODUCTION (Hist. moan, ram., iii, pp. 166, 167), have no connexion metrologically with the XLII and XXI pieces, though, no doubt, all are contemporaiy issues. The issue of the XLII, &c., bronze series is presumed to have ceased with Huneric, but it is possible that their place was taken in the next reign (Gunthamund's) Ijy Roman bronze coins, issued two or three centuries earlier, but made current by the impress of the Vandal countermark.^ There is no certain evidence that either Gunthamund or his successor Trasamuud issued bronze money inscribed with their names,- and their coinage is difficult to identify, though it may perhaps be found among ' the small bronze coins of the Vandalic Period ' (pp. 17 f., infra). Hilderic and Gelimer, the two last kings, struck small bronze pieces with their names, and their coinage, especially Hilderic's, was probably- eked out by some of the uncertain ' Vandalic ' pieces. Thus, to Hilderic may belong the small coins which, bearing the name of Justinian I, do not seem to be certainly imperial,^ and some of the coins with the sacred monogram.* Before concluding this section something should be said of the coinage in relation to the civilization of the Vandal people and the story of their kings. The advent of Gaiseric in 429 with the whole host of the Vandals dealt a deadly, if not immediately fatal, blow to Roman civilization in Africa. The kings carved out for themselves a royal domain of vast extent ; the Vandal warriors received their ' lots ', while the Roman provincial was thrust out or compelled to live in the least fertile regions. Yet the Vandal was in constant contact with a higher culture than his own and with a language that was not his own.' Roman law and methods of administration still subsisted side hy side with what there was of Vandal legal custom and statecraft, and the general character of the coinage suggests that Roman engravers and financial advisers rendered service at the Vandal mints.*' The Roman features of the coinage may be discerned in several ways. The mechanical copying of previously existing Roman coins, such as apparentl}' took place in the reign of Gaiseric and under some of his successors is, indeed, not in itself a proof of deep-seated Roman influence, * See further on these coins p. xviii, supra', also on the countermark LXXXIII. The view may also bo maintainod that these coins were first put into circuhition bj- Gaiseric some time before 4.39 (V), the date when he probably began to issue his coins with XLII, XII. &c. 2 See infra, p. 9, and p. 12, note 2. " See pp. 28, 29, infra. * p. 37, infra. Gelimer may have imitated coins with the monogram of Theodosius II (p. 29, infm). '•' Cp. R. W. Church, Beffinniiiy of the Middle Ages (1895), chap, iii, pp. 66 f. " F. Martroye, Genseric, pp. 273, 283. § 1. VANDALS. COINAGE AND CIVILIZATION xxv for such servile borrowing is found on all hands among the various Teutonic invaders of the empire. But the Roman influence is more decisive in such points as details of costume and choice of types. Thus, in PI. I. 7-11, we have the representation of a warrior who can hardly be any other than a Vandal warrior or a Vandal king, yet he wears not the native, but the Roman costume. And on all the silver coins issued by Gunthamund and his successors, bearing their names and heads, the king has the imperial diadem and the paludamentum and cuirass of a Roman emperor. Latin is adopted for the coin-legends and the king is styled Domlnus noster, to which is generally added the title rex. If we omit the borrowed types of Gaiseric and those of the more or less barbarous currency of small bronze, it may be said that the range of types is extremely limited, the most distinctive being the mark of value in a wreath (e. g. N XLII ; DN XXV) and the female figure holding ears of corn who personifies Felix CartJiago- And with regard to these types it may be observed that this very conscientious and conspicuous attestation of value both on bronze and silver must almost certainly have been due to the suggestion of a Roman financier, and that the personifica- tion of Carthage, and even the epithet felix, were derived from Cartha- ginian coins struck by Diocletian and his successors.^ In addition to this we may note that the monogram which forms the reverse type of the bronze of Gelimer (PI. II. 20, 21') was obviously suggested by the coins of the Emperor Zeno or of one of his predecessors, and the massive (though not cumbrous) wreath which gives a touch of ornament to the severe DN of the reverses of Gunthamund and others ^ (PI. II. 3, 11) was, again, clearly derived from one of those wreaths which form such a frequent decoration of Byzantine monuments — such as sarcophagi at Ravenna — of the fifth and sixth centuries. The circumstance that the Vandals were already Christians (albeit Arians) when their African kingdom was founded, has left little trace upon the coinage : on the imitative coinage (gold and small bronze) the cross and the sacred monogram are often found, but on what may be called the independent Vandal money perhaps the only Christian emblems are the cross as a reverse type of the small bronze of Hilderic and the small cross which appears (above a mark of value) on a silver coin of Gelimer (Pi! II. 17, 19). Finally, in regard to style and execution the coins are not, on the whole, discreditable to mints of the fifth and early sixth centuries.^ The ' See p. 6, infra. - On Gunthamund's coins with ' 50 '. Those with ' 100 ' have a wreath that is not distinctively ' Byzantine '. The wreath was a favourite ornament of the reverses of the Ostrogothic coins. ■■ That is, the " named ' silver and bronze : the imitative gold are more or less barbarous and the small bronze of very varying styles of workmanship. d XXVI INTRODUCTION treatiiieut of the king's lioad, witli its angular delineation of nose and eye, is nearly always careless, if not positively barbarous, and the ' portraits ' are, throughout, entirely conventional. But in this respect the portraiture of contemporary emperors on the coinage of Byzantium — Anastasius I, Justin I, and (on part of his money) Justinian I — was no whit superior.^ It is to be regretted that the coinage of Gaiseric is conjectural, because Gaiseric is the one commanding figure among Vandal sovereigns, the great founder of the kingjdom and framer of its ual Vandal kings. Coinage of individual ... ,. rr ^ ■ ii ti. -i ^. j constitution, lakinrr the coinafre as attributed to him, it seems to indicate that the mint, like ' the kingdom itself, was oi'fjanized by slow A.D. 428 (429)-477. , a ^u 4. -4. w-n ^i ^on degrees, and that it was not till the year 439, when the king first gained possession of Carthage, that anj^ attempt at the issue of Vandal money with original types was made. Carthage was the great social, literary, and administrative centre of Africa, and both Gaiseric and Huneric seem to have emphasized its importance on their coins (PI. I. /, 13-16).=^ From his spoliation of Rome in 455 Gaiseric returned laden, not only with spoils of gold and silver (amongst them the sacred vessels of the Temple of Jerusalem), but with a human freight — the Empress Eudoxia and her daughters, and a band of skilful artificers, armourers, and other craftsmen. But nothing was done to improve the coinage in his reign beyond, apparently, the inauguration of the bronze money with value-marks (PI. I. 7). and even an independent silver currency was' not set on foot. On his bronze coins Gaiseric placed a horse's head — almost certainly as the emblem of Carthage — and another type (already referred to) of a man in Roman costume, intended for a Vandal soldier, or, perhaps, for the Vandal king himself. The descriptions that we have of Gaiseric make him out as lame and insignificant in stature, yet he was long renowned in Vandal tradition as a brave warrior, and was a man of restless energy in war and of extreme craftiness in statesmanship. His long reign of nearly fifty years was followed b}- the short seven HTTNERTP years' rule of his son Huneric, who was married to . ^ Ar,r, Ar.\ ^^^ Roiiian princess Eudocia, daughter of that Eudoxia A. D. 477-484. / . , p . . (widow of Valentinian III) whom Gaiseric had borne away from Rome to Carthage. During part of his reign he was a perse- cutor of the Catholics and of the Manicheans : it is also to be noted that some of the Mauretanian tribes who had been kept in subjection by his father now threw off the yoke. In the coinage he appears to have followed the traditions of Gaiseric, but on the large bronze money he changed the types, introducing the ' See Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Byzantine Coins, i, p. Ixxxviii. Such portraits as are found on Ostrogothic coins are ilistinctly superior to those on the Vandal money. » Cp. p. 19, No. 15, Infra. § 1. VANDALS. HISTORY OF THE KINGS xxvii personification of Carthage, displaying ears of corn in her hands (PL I. 13). This representation of ' Carthage ' was borrowed from Imperial coins, and had had its origin at a time when the province of Africa was the granary of Italy. On Huneric's coins such a type was significant to the Vandals only, for Gaiseric, who had created a fleet which was the terror of the Mediterranean, had long since cut off Italy from its old-established sources of corn-supply. Huneric was succeeded bj^ his nephew Gunthamund, the events of whose reign are of no great importance. The persecution of the Catholics ceased or was greatly relaxed. The attacks of the ^ ,^^„„ . ,,,,,,^ . GrXJNTHAMXJND Mauretanians continued. But Gunthamund was ' chiefly concerned with Sicilian affairs. The founder of the Vandal kingdom had won for his successors the islands of Corsica and Sardinia, and had gained at least a foothold in the fair island of Sicily. Gunthamund now endeavoured to establish his rule in the coveted land ; but he failed completely, and was compelled by Theodoric the Ostrogoth (a. d. 491) to renounce his claim to tribute from Sicily. In the currency he made, as we have seen, an important innovation by introducing the silver coinage marked with its value in bronze denarii — a coinage which served as the model for his successors. Gunthamund's successor was his brother Trasamund, an attractive figure among Vandal kings — handsome and cultured, virtuous and intelli- gent. His reign lasted for twenty-seven years, and ^RASAMUKD the leading idea of his policy was an alliance with ' the brilliant Theodoric, whose sister Amalafrida he ' ' married (a. d. 500). In tliis reign we hear much of the risings of the Mauri and other tribes who gained territory at the expense of the Vandals, and the chieftain Masuna — ' rex Maurorum et Romanorum,' — to whom, as well as to the Moorish tribes generally, we have found reason to attribute small bronze coins of rude workmanship,^ flourished in the time of Trasamund. Trasamund's coinage is on the model of his predecessor's, but he seems to have reinforced the currency of gold, apparently first introduced by Gaiseric, by striking solidi and tremisses imitative of the coins of the Emperor Anastasius I, his contemporary. The throne was next occupied by Hilderic, the son of Huneric the second king. He came late to his inheritance, and was about sixty-six at the time of his accession. Contrary to his promise tttld-ertc to Trasamund, Hilderic favoured the Catholics and ^„„ ^„' , r^ ,. , T 1 1 1 • .,, A. D. 523-530. reversed Trasamund s external policy by breakmg with the Ostrogoths and by allying himself with the court of Byzantium. The emperors of the period were, first, Justin I, and then Justinian I ; ^ p. XX, supra. xxviii INTRODUCTION and Hilderic seems to have placed the liead of Justin on some of his silver coins,^ and possibly that of Justinian on .small bronze coins.- He, moreover, partly discarded the mark of value which formed the reverse type of his predecessors coins, and revived the personification of FeliX Carthago. He struck small bronze coins with his own name and with a cross on the reverse, one of the very few religious types to be found on the Vandal coinage. During the last five years of his reign the Mauri appear to have wained control over Mauretania and Southern Numidia, and, at last, a defeat of Hilderic's troops l)y the Mau)i and tbe general unpopularity of his religious and foreign policy led to his deposition on 19 May, 530, and the enthronement of Gelimer, the nephew of Gun- ' thamund, and a great-grandson of Gaiseric. ' ■ ■ Gelimer in his earlier years had a reputation for bravery, but his character was not a strong one, and as a ruler he fell on difficult times. Justinian had already in view his great scheme for regaining the lost provinces of the empire — Africa (with Corsica and Sardinia), Sicily, and, finally, Italy. The dethronement of his ally Hilderic gave him a ready pretext for intervention in Vandal afiairs ; and by the end of June, 533, the imperial fleet under Belisarius had sailed from Byzantium. Africa was reached in September : on the thirteenth of the month, the battle of Decimum was fought and won by the Imperialists, and on the fifteenth Belisarius entered Carthage. The victory of Trica- marum in December and the flight of Gelimer, brouglit the Vandal kingdom to an end. It had lasted about a hundred years; but, at last, almost suddenly vanished, leaving behind singularly few traces of its existence. Vandal and Roman civilization had never, in fact, completely coalesced, as might have been the case had Gaiseric been Theodoric ; nor, on the other hand, had the Vandals been able to lay the foundations of a kingdom on a Teutonic basis, like the Franks and the Lombards." Of Gelimer, the last king, we have only to add that he surrendered in the spring of 534; was led in triumph through Constantinople by Belisarius, and was finally allowed to retire to Galatia. For the currency of his short reign he continued the silver money of his predecessor, but removed from it the ' Carthage ' type that Hilderic had reintroduced. He struck a small bronze coin with his name and with a monogram (of his own name) on the reverse. This monogrammatic reverse had been employed by some of the Constantinopolitan emperors (as by Zeno), and became especially characteristic of the coinage of the Ostrogoths. The coinage of Justinian, the new master of Africa, began (at Carthage) in 534 or, possibly, at the end of 533. Descriptions of it may be found in the British Museum Catalogue of Imperial Byzontlne Goin^, i, pp. 63-9. Some of his silver coins (Nos. 350-4) recall those of Gelimer and * p. 13, infra. ^ p. xvii, stq^ra. ' Schmidt, Gesch. d. Wandalen, p. 99. § 2. OSTROGOTHS. ODOVACAR xxix Gelimer's predecessors, but he entirely reorganized the bronze coinage on the Byzantine system introduced by Anastasius I. § 2. Coinage of the Ostrogoths. The coinage of the Ostrogoths was made the subject of a scholarly monograph, Z)i6 Milmen der Ostgothen, published by Julius Friedlaender in 1844. and Mr. Kea,Ty has devoted to it a section of his „ , rt • J- irr . r' -k^ ± • ^i . Study of the (Joinaqes of n estevn J^urope. JNot many coms that are , . *• 1 u / r u^ • A. Ostrogothic entirely new have come to light since these essays were written, but there is still ample room for further discus- sion as to date, attribution, and place of issue. The coins that hitherto have been most fully studied are those silver and bronze pieces which bear the names or monograms of Ostrogothic rulers ; but besides these there is extant a great mass of gold, silver, and bronze money which is of Italian, and probably of Ostrogothic, origin, though inscribed only with the name of a Roman Emperor. The late Count de Salis had separated many specimens of this series from the Byzan- tine Imperial coins, and classed them (in the British Museum collection) as ' Italian '. In a few cases he appears to have discriminated between an ' early ' and a ' late ' class, but he has made no precise allocations and has unfortunately left no notes as to the considerations — such as those of provenance — that guided him in his classification. In a separate section on ' the attribution of Italian coins with Imperial names' (Infra, p. xlv) I have endeavoured, as far as the evidence allows, to attribute these coins to the various Ostrogothic Kings. In addition to these imitative Imperial coins, there is a somewhat large class of aiwnymaui^hi'onze pieces of XL nummi and lesser value (PI. XII- XIV), which have been generally recognized as belonging to the Ostrogoths, though their dates and mint-places have been little discussed. In the text (infra, pp. 98 f.) an attempt has been made to attribute the coins of this class more definitely than heretofore. Under Odovacar (the leader of the Herulian mercenaries who revolted from the Imperial service) Italy became a Teutonic kingdom — like Spain and Africa^ — and the last Emperor of the West was deposed. Yet there was still a Roman Emperor — the ' Emperor at Constantinople, ' the greatest and most ma- ' , . ,. • ^u 11'- u- • . • 15 Mar. 493.^ jestic personage in the world. ' Jlis suzerainty was in * For the history of Italy during this period and the following Ostrogothic and Im- perial periods see chiefly Hodgkin, Itali/ and her Invaders, vols, ii, iii, and iv. and authorities there ; Bury, Hist, of later Roman Empire, i ; H. Bradley, The Goths, London, 1888 ; L. Schmidt, Gesch. d. deutschen Sfumme, pt. i, Books 2 and 3 ; Leuthold, Untersuch- ungen, See. ^ Bury, Hist, of later Bom. Empire, i, p. 278. ^ Church, The Beginning of the Middle Ages, p. 38. XXX INTRODUCTION some sort acknowledged even in Italy, and Roman law and Roman methods of administration still held their own, though the invaders seized one-third of the land. Odovaear, like his predecessors the Emperors of the West, fixed his capital at Ravenna, and it was there that he issued^ilver and bronze ^ coins with his own name. The gold coins that he appears to have minted were solidi and tremisses bearing the name and types of the Emperor Zeno, who had, indeed, recognized him as ' Patrician '. And it was in the reign of Odovaear that the city of Rome, which was no doubt left, as was the case under later rulers, in a state of semi-independence, probably issued, through its Senate, large bronze coins bearing the head of Zeno, a figure of Victory, and the legend IMVICTA ROMA.- The relations of Odovaear and Zeno began to be unfriendly from the year 486,^ and it may have been in this year or a little later that Odovaear first struck the silver and bronze coins with his own name and portrait. Yet, on the other hand, there is a difiiculty in supposing that during the ten years that elapsed between his accession and 486 this ruler made no attempt to issue bronze coins and that his silver coinage (if our attribution is correct) was confined to the imitation of Zeno's silver."* Moreover, Odovacar's issue of coins with his own name was not necessarily a sign of revolt, for he does not place his name on the gold coins, which would have offended the Imperial prerogative or the commercial convention of his time, but his portrait appears only on his silver and bronze, and even on these without the title of king,'' nor does he wear the regal diadem. Probably he appears as Odovaear the Patrician. These coins, then, may have been issued in the early years of his reign, though not necessarily at the time of his accession. The head of Odovaear (PI. V. 7-8) was probably modelled on the head of Zeno (PI. V. 6 "), yet it has at least the semblance of a portrait : the face is beardless, but the engraver has been careful not to omit Odovacar's thick yellow moustache.'^ ' See the bronze, p. 45, iufm. The name of Odoacer has also been read on a rude bronze coin of the ' Vandalic ' class, but I share the apparent doubts of P. Orsi {Kicista itul. di num., 1910, p. 356) as to the correctness of this reading. 2 PI. XII. 20-3 and pp. 100 f., infra. ^ Hodgkin, Italy, &c., iii, p. 149. * PI. V. 6 ; p. 44, infra, No. 8. ■'' The inscription is simply FL. ODOVAC. On his title of Rex or Rex Gothorum see Hodgkin, Italj/. &c., ii, p. 529; Friedlaender, Milnzen der Vaiulalen, p. 59. Cassiodorus says : — * Nomenque regis Odoacer adsumpsit, cum tamen nee purpura nee regalibus uteretur insignibus.' "^ As found on the silver coin probably issued by Odovaear, infra, p. 44, No. 8. '' Hodgkin, Ifaii/, &c., ii, p. 515. § 2. OSTROGOTHS. THEODORIC xxxi The indication of the king's name by means of a monogram (PI. V. 7) was no doubt suggested by the bronze coins of Zeno and his predecessors. It became a favourite reverse type of the Ostrogothic coins, and when encircled by a massive wreath has a good decorative effect. In the coinage of the great Theodoric, who finally overthrew Odovacar in 493 and established the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy, we may trace the influence of that civil Itas which was the ideal of his enlightened rule : regnum nostrum, he somewhat '. quaintly wrote, through his secretary Cassiodorus, ' to the Emperor Anastasius, Imitatlo vestrl} At ^^° ' least, it was to be a German kingdom, or one among a European federation of German kingdoms, absorbing all that was good in the ancient civilization of the Empire.- The coins of his long reign of thirty-three years (PL V. 14-21 ; VI ; A^II. 1-15) are singularly neat and even elegant, and he set the fashion for his successors. His gold coinage is, as regards types and inscriptions, a reproduction of the contemporary Imperial money, but the obverses of the tremisses are of quite delicate workmanship. His silver coins (of the Ravenna mint) show a well-modelled bust of the emperor in somewhat high relief, and on the reverse, placed within a wreath, his own monogram (PI. VII. 6-13), which resembles that still to be seen at Ravenna on the huge capitals of the columns from his Basilica of Hercules."^ Unlike some of his successors, and his predecessor Odovacar, Theodoric issued his silver and bronze coins without any portrait-head of himself. The same is true also of his gold coinage : only on the exceptional triple solidus ■* do we find his head accompanied by the words Rex Theodericus 2)ius princis. This precious relic of Romano-Gothic art, which some ancient possessor has set as a brooch,^ is known only in a single example, of which Comm. F. Gnecchi, the Italian numismatist, is the fortunate owner. In spite of its rarity it was perhaps intended for currency, for it is equivalent in weight to three solidi, and a bronze weight marked with this denomination and with Theodoric's name is preserved in the British Museum.'' Probably, however, it was made on some special occasion, to serve as a present or an offering, and issued in small numbers. Theodoric ' Quoted by Bury, Hist. later Rom. Emp., i. p. 381. ^ Theodoric allied himself by marriage with the Vandals and the Franks. At the same time he was familiar with Roman ideas and manners on account of his education as a youth at the Court of Byzantium. * Diehl, Ravenne (1903), fig. p. 42, and p. 44. Theodoric's monogram which he placed on \mgold coins, to differentiate them from the Imperial gold coins, is of a different form. * Frontispiece, and p. 54, infra. ^ In our photograph the setting still to be seen on the original has been omitted for the sake of effect. * See Dalton, cited infra, p. 54. xxxii INTRODUCTION might place his head on a piece of this exceptional character, but com- mercial convenience and old- established usage (not unmingled with reverence for the Imperial effigy) would have precluded him from placing any head but an emperor's^ on the solidi and tremisses — the ordinary currency of gold. As it is, the head is (like Odovacar's) without the royal or Imperial diadem, nor is it surmounted by a crown, such as Theodahad and Baduila, his later successors, assumed on their coins. The moustache and the treatment of the liair justify the belief that the bust is a portrait, or at least an attempted portrait, of Theodoric. The type is interesting, moreover, because it is much more than the mere conventional head or bust found on the Imperial coinage : it may almost be described as a half- leno-th figure, for each of the hands is displayed — one raised, as if in the adlocutlo, the other holding the globus upon which stands Victory. It may well be surmised that we have here a reproduction of the upper part of an actual statue or mosaic picture of Theodoric, and there is a record of the existence of statues or colossal figures of him at Rome, Ravenna, Ticinum, and all the chief cities of Italy .^ Theodoric's coins were issued at Rome, under at least the nominal authority of the Senate,^ no less than at Ravenna (Milan, for gold, is his only other mint-place ^), and the Roman quasi-autonomous coinage of bronze assigned to his reign (PI. XIII, XIV) is especially interesting, for it displays a bust of Invieta Roma, the Roman eagle, a fig-tree and two eao-les,-^ and the wolf suckling Romulus and Remus.^ The occasion of the issue of some at any rate of these coins may be conjectured to have been the visit paid by Theodoric to the Eternal City in a. d. 500, at which time he remained there six months. He was welcomed by the Pope, the Senate, and the people, exhibited the games of the Circus, and furnished ample funds for the annual supply of grain to the populace and for the restoration of the walls.'^ ' See the passage in Procopius commented on supra, § 1, p. xxi. 2 Hodgkin, Italy, &c., iii, p. 306 ; Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages (Eng. trans.), i, p. 337. Among the figures or statues were : — at Naples, a mosaic ei/ca)!-— a full-length figure— Procop., Bell. Goth., i. 24 ; Hodgkin, Italy, &.C., iv. 217 ; at Raceiina, a colossal figure (apparently mosaic) of Theodoric as an armed horseman (Hodgkin, op. cit., iii, p. 306). This could not— from the position of the hands— be the figure on the triple solidus; at Home, a gilded statue erected by the Senate. Cp, Stiickelberg in Bivista ital. di mim., 1898, p. 66. =* The silver coin, PI. VII. 5, rev. Victory, is inscribed S C, and S C appears later on the Roman coins of Athalaric. * The coins used in Theodoric's dominions in Provence have not, I believe, been identified. If a currency distinct from the Ostrogothic pieces of Italy, they would be solidi and tremisses imitated from the coins of the emperors. All the Ostrogothic possessions in Gaul were surrendered to the Franks by Witigis. '- Infra, p. 103, note 2. " The Ltqyercalia was still celebrated at Rome in Theodoric's reign : see infra,)). 105 n. ' Hodgkin, Italy, &c., iii, pp. 265, 266, quoting the Anonymns Valesii. Theodoric also §2. OSTROGOTHS. AMALASUNTHA— THEODAHAD xxxiii Theodoric died in August, 526, after a reign which,, in various aspects and on a smaller scale, recalls the rule of some of the best emperors of Rome and the ideals of Charles the Great. But he left no efficient successor. After his death the government was ■A 1. u- ;i u^ A 1 ^u ^ AMALASUNTHA, carried on by his daughter Amalasuntha, as regent for her son Athalaric, then a boy of ten. Amala- ' suntha had a genuine love of Latin science and ' literature, and possessed a sympathetic minister in P • • Cassiodorus. But the Goths complained that she was educating Athalaric effeminately and too much in the Roman manner. He was removed from her care, grew up vicious and idle, and died in the year 534. All the coins of this period (a. d. 526-534) are struck in the name of Athalaric,^ but the issues — at least the earlier ones — must have been made under the authority of Amalasuntha. Though the gold coinage is not so well executed as in the reign of ' Theodoric, the ordinary Ravenna coins show no falling off. The small bronze coins of Rome are of particular elegance, and we may remember that Amalasuntha encouraged professors to settle in Rome and was concerned for the welfare of the citizens. The obverse of these coins (PI. VIII. 21-5) shows a richly decorated bust of 'Invicfca Roma', and the reverse, a new type, namely, a figure of Athalaric represented as an armed warrior with spear and oval shield. After the death of Athalaric, Amalasuntha continued to rule as queen, but no coins bearing her name are known. Soon, however, she invited Theodahad to share her throne with the ' nominal ' title m-rr-pn-n a it a -n of king. Theodahad was the nephew of Theodoric, , ' a lover of ancient learning and the owner of nearly all the land in Tuscany. But in character he was vacillating, cowardly, and avaricious. The marriage and regal partnership of the pair was solemnly announced to the Emperor (Justinian) and to the Senate of Rome, but Theodahad was determined to be no phantom ruler. In the spring of 535 Amalasuntha was seized by his orders and imprisoned in an island of the Lake of Bolsena, and shortly afterwards put to death. Theodahad was thus left sole ruler, but he had furnished a pretext to Justinian for invading Italy. Amalasuntha had been the friend and ally of the Emperor, and, with the declared object of avenging her death, the Imperial expedition under Belisarius left Constantinople in the summer of 535. By the end of the year Sicily had submitted to Belisarius : in the visited Rome in a. d. 519 when Eutharic, who was married to his daughter Amalasuntha, was given the Consulship. On this occasion wild beast shows took place in the amphi- theatre. ^ That is, of course, when they are not anonymous or imitative (like the gold coins) of the Imperial money. e xxxiv INTRODUCTION following year (536) lie took Naples, and in December was in possession of Rome. A little before this (apparently in November) the Goths had dethroned the worthless Theodahad and installed Witigis, one of his officers, in his place. Theodahad's Ravenna coins are of the ordinary character, though their obverses (the head of Justinian) show some falling off in care of execution. But at Rome he issues, through the Senate, one of the most interesting and artistic coins in the Ostrogothic series (PI. IX. 13-18). The Victory on the reverse is imitated from a quasi-autonomous bronze coin of Rome, probably struck by Theodoric. On the obverse is a bust of the king, Dn. Theo- dahatus rex, with a head neither bare nor bound with a diadem, but wearing a closed crown ornamented with jewels and two stars. His robe is also richly ornamented with jewels and a cross. The hair is cut short ; the face beardless, but with a moustache such as has been seen already on the portrait coins of Odovacar and Theodoric, The modelling is good, and there is no reason, considering the general skill brought to bear on the production of this coin, why we should not regard the head as a true portrait, though it may indeed be doubtful whether we can, with a modern writer on the Goths,^ discern in it the ' mixture of knavery, folly, and cowardice ' which partly composed Theodahad's character. It is interesting to have some clue as to the object with which the king's portrait was placed on the coins from the words that Cassiodorus. the state -secretary, puts into the mouth of the Ostrogothic king. It is a duty of the Comes (Sacrarum Largitionum), declares the king, to see that ' our face is imprinted on our coins, a reminder to our subjects of our ceaseless care on their behalf and a memorial of our reign to future ages'.^ The date of this remarkable coin, of which a good many specimens are still extant, is not quite easily determined. The idea that naturally occurs is that it was struck at the time of Theodahad's accession, i. e. about Oct. 534, and the inscription of the reverse, Victoria Principum. (not Principis), if it is to be referred, as Mr. Hodgkin has suggested,^ to Theodahad and his queen Amalasuntha, would fix the coin to a date not later than April, 535, when Amalasuntha died. But one may feel some doubt as to whether the meaning of Principuin is to be pressed, seeing that we constantly find on the gold coins of this age the legend Victoria Augustoruni, even when a sole emperor (as Justinian) occupies the throne. It may be preferable, then, to assign this coin not to the time of Theoda- 1 H. Bradley, The Goths, p. 220. 2 Cassiodorus, Variae, vi. 7 (Hodgkin, Letters of Cassiodonis). Book vi, in wbicli this passage occurs, stands before the matters relating to Athalaric's reign, and it maybe that the formula is to be attributed to Theodoric ; but it much better suits Theodahad, because Theodoric did not place his portrait on his ordinary coins but only on the exceptional triple solidus. ' Italy, &c., iii, p. 651. § 2. OSTROGOTHS. WITIGIS xxxv had's accession, but to the occasion when he visited Rome in Jan. 536.^ Had the coin been struck at the time of the king's accession (534), it would almost certainly have borne the head of Justinian, but in 536, when the Ostrogoths are at war with Justinian, the appearance of their own king's portrait-head is not surprising. And it has been remarked ^ that during his reign Theodahad had played a double part : on the one hand, entering into treacherous negotiations with Justinian for the surrender of his Italian kingdom ; on the other, pretending to act as champion of his Gothic and Roman subjects ; and it may be in the latter capacity that his head appears upon these coins. Witigis, the supplanter of Theodahad, was not connected with the line of the great Theodoric, and it was no doubt to make good this deficiency that early in his reign (Dec. ? 536) he forced into a marriage with himself Matasuntha, the young and WITIGIS, beautiful daughter of Queen Amalasuntha, and thus the Nov. (?) 536- granddaughter of Theodoric and the sister of King M:arch(?) 540. Athalaric. Belisarius was now in possession of Rome, and Witigis with 15,000 Goths began in 537 his memorable siege, which he was compelled to abandon (March, 538) after it had lasted for more than a year. The arrival in Italy of an Imperialist army under Narses inflicted a fresh blow on the Ostrogoths, who were badly beaten (a. d. 538) at the battle of Ticinum (Pavia), and were only just able to take refuge in Ticinum, a city which, as their treasury and arsenal, was hardly less important to them than Ravenna. Finally, in the spring of 540, Ravenna opened its gates to Belisarius, and Witigis and Matasuntha were seized and taken by Belisarius in triumph to Constantinople. The coinage of Witigis is of the ordinary Ostrogothic type. His only mint is Ravenna, and he did not follow Theodahad's precedent of placing his own head on the coins, the head represented being that of Justinian. The only innovation that he makes, if our attribution is correct,^ is in the series of silver coins, on which the place of his own name or monogram is taken by the monogram of Theodoric. The gold coinage that may be assigned to his reign is of the usual types, with the name of Justinian. Much of it may have been needed when, at the beginning of his reign, he secured a treaty of peace with the Franks by a large payment of gold, estimated at £80,000, and by the surrender of Provence and Dauphine, the Ostrogothic possessions in Gaul. ^ Cp. H.Leuthold, Untersuchungen zur ostgotischen Geschichte, Jena, 1908, p. 38 : the chronologj' of Theodahad is discussed in this pamphlet. ^ Leuthold, oj). cit., p. 42. ^ See infra, p. 1. xxxvi INTRODUCTION The existence of coins bearing the name (in monogram) of Mata- suntha, and issued (as is generally, and most naturally assumed to be the case) during the period 536-540, when she reigned as the queen of Witiefis. is somewhat Remarkable. At least, it is MATASUNTHA, ^ ^ . n , .u • * i • i not usual to nnd the corns oi a king and queen ^ ' issued separately, and indeed of the earlier Ostro- gothic queens we possess no coins at all. Thus Amalasuntha was regent for her youthful son Athalaric, but the coinage was issued in the son's name, not in the mother's ; nor did she strike coins after her son's death, or when she invited Theodahad to share her throne. It may, however, be said that the great importance attached by Witigis to the legitimization of his claim to the throne by his marriage to Theodoric's granddaughter induced him to put forth coins with her name ; and, as her name could not well be united with his on the same coin (the obverse being, by custom, devoted to the head of the emperor), king and queen had each their separate coin-designs. It would have been with the same intention that Witigis issued silver coins bearing the monogram of Theodoric. No. 1, p. 80, infra (PI. X. 11), was apparently issued at Ravenna, but Nos. 2-5 (PI. X. 12-14) cannot, for reasons of style, be attributed to that mint. I have suggested (infra, pp. 80, 81) that Nos. 2-5, together with the bronze coin No. 6 (PI. X. 15), were minted at Ticinum, either at the time of the marriage of Matasuntha (536) or, perhaps, after the battle of Ticinum in 538. But there is another possible alternative. Friedlaender (Miinzen d. Ostgothen, p. 42) has raised the question whether Matasuntha's coins may not have been struck many years after she had ceased to reign in Italy ; Imt lie has raised the question only to negative it without discussion. Now, if we examine Nos. 2-5 (PL X. 12-14), we must admit there is nothing distinctively Italian about them : so far as style is concerned they might well have been struck at Constantinople. The bronze coin No. 6 (PI. X. 15), again, though, as regards its reverse, of a more Italian appearance, is yet of a size and denomination not usual in the Ostrogothic coinage of the period of Witigis, and is apparently intended to correspond to the twenty-nummi pieces (marked K) familiar at the Imperial mints. The only occasion when such coins could have been struck at Con- stantinople was in the year 550, when Justinian prepared a new expedition for the conquest of Italy, headed by his nephew Germanus, who was to be accompanied by Matasuntha, she (after the death in 542 of Witigis) having become the wife of Germanus. Justinian's idea was to unite (through Matasuntha) the house of Theodoric with his own, and to govern Italy — in a way likely to be acceptable to its mixed population — by a Gotho-Roman line.-^ Great enthusiasm for the expedition prevailed ; but ' Buiy, Hist, of Later Roman Empire, i, p. 411. § 2. OSTROGOTHS. ILDIBAD. ERARIC. BADUILA xxxvii it was at lirst diverted to Thessalonica, and finally rendered abortive by the death of Germanus. This incident in the life of Matasuntha deserves attention, though it would, no doubt, be hazardous (without further evidence) to maintain that the coins under discussion were actually minted at the Byzantine capital in order to support — and at the same time to authenticate — the pretensions of Germanus to become ruler of Italy. Ildibad, the son of Theudis King of the Visigoths, was chosen king in place of Witigis. He gained a ILDIBAD, great victory over the Imperialists near Treviso in the spring (: ) 540 autumn (?) of 540, but was assassinated in the spring -Mlay (?) 541. of the following year. Eraric was then set up as king by the Rugians, but ERARIC; was not accepted by all the Ostrogoths. He, too, was May (?) 541 assassinated after a few months' reign. Neither Ildibad _sept. (?) 541. nor Eraric would appear to have issued coins. These ephemeral rulers were succeeded by the nephew of Ildibad, Baduila (otherwise known as Totila ^), the only Ostrogothic king, besides Theodoric, of remarkable character. Baduila was „ . -r^-rxx-r * 11-1 IT 1 BADUILA an able statesman and a chivalrous soldier, and /mnTTT a^ during his eleven years' reign displayed the same ideals of kingfship and justice as Theodoric himself. ^ , * ' ^^_ XT- f • \u T • r . ^ J? -July or Aug. 552. His victories over the Imperialists at haenza and Mugello were followed by the submission of Central and Southern Italy and the surrender of Naples (543). In 545 he laid formal siege to Rome, which he entered in December, 546, only, however, to evacuate the deserted city. Rome, reoccupied by Belisarius in 547, was again recovered in 549 by Baduila, who now in part rebuilt it, restoring the banished senators and celebrating the Games. It was probably in this year that those Roman coins of Baduila that are of Roman fabric and style were struck : on the obverse (PI. XI. 29, 30) he placed his own head, crowned ; on the reverse, an armed figure of himself, modelled on the older Roman coins of Athalaric. The legend on these coins, apparently referring to Roma,2 is Floreas semper. The letters S C (Seaatus consulto) do not occur on the reverse of this coin, though they had appeared on the coins of Athalaric which served as its model. One can hardly say whether the omission is accidental or intentional ; for though the Roman senators had originally been exiled from the city by Baduila, he afterwards showed them favour and brought them back in 549. The Senate, it may be observed, still continued in existence to the end of the fifth century, and indeed made a last appearance in 603 to acclaim the statue of the Emperor Phocas.^ But the arrival of Narses was soon to change the fortunes of the ' On his coins he is always Baduila or Baduela. ^ Infra, p. 93 n. ^ Diehl, L'Exarchat de Ravenne, p. 125. xxxviii INTRODUCTION Ostrogoths, and in 55:2 the general inflicted on them a great defeat in the battle of the Apennines, and Baduila was mortall}' wounded. During the whole of the reign of Baduila, Ravenna was in the hands of the Imperialists. We may readily a^ume, therefore, that his chief mint was at Ticinum, and this supposition is confirmed by the appearance of the personification of Felix Ticinus on one of his bronze coins (PI. XI. 22). Yet it is not improbable that he occasionally set up mints elsewhere as his conquests progressed, as for example at Naples after its surrender in 543. At Rome the only Ostrogothic issue appears, as we have just seen, to have taken place in 549. Baduila's coins may be divided broadly into three classes : (i) with the head of Justinian I ; (ii) with the head of Anastasius I ; (iii) with the head of the king himself. Examples of the first class are very rare : probably the head of Justinian was for political reasons soon rejected, and that of Anastasius, the contemporary of Theodoric, substituted. Like Theodahad, Baduila placed his own head upon his coins, and not only on the Roman issue but on the ordinary regal issue of Ticinum. PI. XL 13, a diademed head in profile, is, however, a portrait merely in name, so closely is it imitated from the head of Anastasius. The bronze coins (Ticinum and Rome) show the king's bust facing, probably in accordance with a fashion made popular by Justinian's coins since A. d. 538. Like Theodahad, he wears an embroidered robe and a closed crown decorated with panels and sometimes with stars (PI. XL 25). The coins are neatlj'' executed, but the attempt at portraiture is evidently less successful than in the case of Theodahad.^ The Goths at Ticinum crowned as their king Baduila's general Theia.^ We hear that he expended the treasure stored in that city in an attempt „„„ to win over the Franks to the Ostrogothic cause. His ' coins — all evidently struck at Ticinum — consist appa- rently only of gold tremisses of rough workmanship, and of silver half siliquae and quarter siliquae, of the usual types, but of very careless, and sometimes of almost barbarous execution. Theia perished in 553 in the prolonged battle of Mons Lactarius, in which the Imperialists crushed the Ostrogothic host. All resistance did not cease even then, but soon after the battle the remnant of the great army left Italy for ever, passing over the Alps to be ' swallowed up in we know not what morass of Gepid, of Herulian, of Slavonic barbarism '? A Roman emperor was once again master of Italy, with Ravenna and ^ Baduila, unlike Odovacar, Theodoric, and Theodahad, is represented without a moustache. ^ As to the form of his name see infra, p. 96, note 4. ^ Hodgkin, Itahj, &c., iv, p. 657. § 2. OSTROGOTHS. DENOMINATIONS AND WEIGHTS xxxix Rome as his mint-places.^ But after the lapse of only fourteen years, a new phase opens with the invasion of the Lombards (A. D. 568), described in the third section of this Introduction. Denominations and Weights. GOLD. The solidi and tremisses issued by Odovacar and by the Ostroo-othic kings are throughout the whole period of their rule not inferior in weio-ht, nor, apparently, in quality, to the Imperial coins from which they were imitated. The solidus weighs rather more than "■°^"- 68 grains and the tremissis over 22 grains. A solidus of Theodoric, marked with his monogram, attains 69 orains, and the only solidus of Baduila in the British Museum is of the same weight. The very latest gold coins, namely the tremisses attributed to Theia, weigh 22-7 grains and 23 grains. The triple solidus of Theodoric is probably an exceptional issue (see supra, p. xxxi^). SILVER. The coins in this metal are half silicjuae and quarter siliquae.^ chiefly struck at Ravenna. It will be seen from the following list of the highest weights of specimens in the British Museum that the half siliqua weighs over 21 grains and the quarter siliqua more ^^^"^®^- than 10 or 1 1 grrains : — King | i Theodoric (Ravenna) „ (Rome) Athalaric (Ravenna) Theodahad (Ravenna) Witigls (Ravenna) Matasuntha (Ravenna) „ (Ticinum) Baduila (Ticinum) Theia (Ticinum) ^ For the Imperial coins of Justinian I struck at Ravenna after the Ostrogothic over- throw see Brit. Mus. Cat., Imprrial Byzantine Coins, i, pp. 70, 71, and infra, pp. xlvii, xlviii, 113 f., and for Ravenna coins of his successor Justin II see infra, pp. 120 f. As to the Roman mint see this Introduction, infra, p. liii. ^ On the denominations and weights see Babelon in Revue numiamatique, 1901, j). 3.34, and his Traite, i, p. -582 ; Mommsen, Hist. mon. ivni., iii, p. 165. The Imperial silver coins struck at Ravenna by Justinian weigh, according to speci- mens in the British Museum:— CN ('250'), 21 grains; PK€ i'r25'), 11-3 grains; PK ('120'), 104 grains, all highest weights. The weights of various other sijecimens are by Luschin von Ebengreuth in Der Denar der Lex Salica, Wien, 1910, pp. 3, 6. Siliqua i Siliqua •23.7 11-4 13.7 21.4 11.2 21.5 11-4 22.6 IM 21.1 18-9 21.7 9-5 22-2 9.5^ xl INTRODUCTION BRONZE. We maj' notice first the thick coins struck at Rome of the value of XL and XX nummi (PI. XIL 20-3: XWI ; XIV. 1-7):— Odovacar : — XL. Rev. Victory. Size, 1-15. Weights Bronze. ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ . j^jgj^^g|.^ ggg.g ^^^ gQg eavy coins o THiODORir' and Athalaric: — XL. Rev. Eagle. ' ■ Size, 1-1, or a little smaller. Weights, well over 100 grs. ; highest, 177-2, 183, 215-8 grs. XX. Rev. Eagles and tree. Size, -85. Weights, 115-3, 129, 167-4. XL. Rev. Wolf and Twins. Size, 1-05. Weight, over 200 grs., usually rather over 230 grs. ; highest, 236-6 grs. XX. Rev. Wolf and Twins. Size, -8-95. Weights, under 200 grs. ; highest, 126-3 grs. Theodahad :— [XL.] Ohv. Bust of Theodahad (PI. IX. 13-18). Size, 1-05. Weight, 181-7, highest ; well preserved. Matasuntha : — 20 nummi (?). Size, -85. Weight, 87 grs. : see infra, p. 81.^ The ' workaday ' currenc}' in bronze probablj' consisted mainly of small pieces, of which the /\ nummus piece was the highest denomination. Size, from -65 to -85. Weight, usually over 60 grs. ; Lighter Coins 1,;^^^^^^, 69-6 grs. of X Nummi, &c. ■« r There was also a V nummus piece, and a smaller coin, size about -4, which at first sight might be taken for the nummus, but which, as it often weighs from 12 to 15 grains, and even reaches 16 grains, must be intended for a higher denomination, probably 2^ nummi. It is not improbable (as suggested Infra, pp. li f.) that the coinage wa'S further supplemented in the time of Theodoric. and long after, b}' the circulation of a number of small pieces with the names of the Emperors Leo I, Zeno, Anastasius I, &:c. The actual issuers of these coins, however, were probably the Vandals. Odovacar. Ravenna. Small bronze. Size, -4. Weights, 14-4 and 21-6 grs. Theodoric. Ravenna. Small /E. Rev. Star. Size, -35. Wt., 17-6, highest. „ G (5 nummi). Size, -6. Wt., 34-1. highest. * Imperial 40-nummi (1 1) pieces of Justinian I, struck at Rome : — Sizes, 1-05-1-15. Weight of the well-executed coins of thick fabric, 207-2 to 311-4 grs., highest. The specimens of thinner fabric and inferior workmanship weigh less than 200 grs.; highest, 163-8 grs. The weight of the corresponding 20-nummi pieces is usually over 100 grs. ; highest, 134-5 grs. ; sizes, -8")--9. § 2. OSTROGOTHS. WEIGHTS OF BRONZE COINS xli Ravenna. V (5 nummi). Sizes, '45—55. Wt., 32-3, highest. „ [/\ nummi.] Obv. Felix Ravenna (p. 106, infra, No. 34). Size, -7. Wt., 60 grs., highest. Athalaric. Ravenna. /\ nummi. Obv. Head of Justinian. Size, -75. Wt., 60-5 grs., highest. Ravenna. V nummi. Obv. Head of Justinian. Size, -45. Wt., 15-8 (only one specimen in Brit. Mus.). Ravenna. Small M (2^ nummi?). Size, -4. Wt., 12 to 15 grs.; highest, 16'4 grs. Ravenna. [/\ nummi.] Obv. Invieta Roma. Size, -75. Wt., 50-5 grs., highest. Ravenna. V nummi. Obv. Invieta Roma. Size, -S. Wt., 24«7 grs., highest. Ravenna. [/\ nummi.] Obv. Felix Ravenna. Size, '65. Wt., 52-2 grs., highest. Rome. /\ nummi. i^ey. Athalaric, standing. Size, '75. Wt., 50-5 grs., highest. Theodahad. Ravenna. V nummi, attributed to Theodahad. 06 v. Bust of Justinian. Size, '65. Wt., 54-5 grs., highest. The mark of value V appears on the rev., otherwise one would reckon the coin as a piece of /\ nummi. Ravenna. Small M. Size, -35. Wt., 6-3 grs., worn (2^ nummi ?). Ravenna. [/\ nummi.] Obv. Invieta Roma. Size, -85. Wt., 66-7, highest. WiTIGIS. Ravenna. [/\ nummi.] Obv. Invieta Roma. Size, -65. Wt., 69-6 grs., highest. Matasuntha. Ticimiim. An exceptional coin, apparently of 20 nummi. Size, "85. Wt. of British Museum specimen, 87 grs. (p. 81, infra). Baduila. Ticinum. Small M, probably 2f nummi. Rev. Monogram or name of Baduila. Size, -35. Weights, 11-8, 12-3, and 14-6, highest. Cp. also pp. 92 and 94, infra. Ticinum. [/\ nummi f\ Obv. Felix Ticinus. Size, -6. Brit. Mus. specimen weighs 46 grs. Ticinum. \^/\ nummi.] Rev. Name of Baduila. (i) Size, -7. Wt., 114-3 grs. (ii) Size, .65-7. Wt., 71-6 grs. f xlii INTRODUCTION As remarked in the text, infra, p. 91, note 3, (i) and (ii) seem at first, judging by their weights, to be two distinct denominations, of which one is the double of the other. The same differences of weight are found on Baduila's Roman coins (see next paragraph), but in that case the heavier and the lighter pieces bear the same mark of value, viz. /\, and we can only suppose that the Roman coins and — by analogy — these Ticinum coins, are two separate coinages, heavy and light, of a single denomination which was regarded as the ten-nummus piece. Rome. /\ nummi. (i) Sizes, -8-85. Wt., 121.4, highest, (ii) Sizes, .65-7. Wt., 69-6, highest. The heavj- and light coinage of the ten-nummus piece : both (i) and (ii) bear the mark of value A.. Inscriptions and Types. The inscriptions are simple. The solidi and tremisses have, through- . ^. out, the usual reverse legends of Imperial coins (Vidorin Inscriptions. . , Augg. and Victoria Augustorurn), though Theodoric in certain instances adds his own monogram, unobtrusively. The names of the kings as found on the silver and bronze are as follows :— Odovacar appears without any title as FL. ODOVAC. Theodoric identifies his coins by the bare monogram of his name,^ and only on his triple-solidus ^ does he assume any title : the inscription of the obverse of this piece is Theodericui^ Pms Frimis, and the reverse inscription Theo- dericus Victor Gentium. All Theodoric's successors prefix the title DN (Domimis noster) to their names, and add, though not invariabl}-, the title REX, or, as it is often written. RIX:— DN ATHALAKICVS (or ATALAMCVS) REX „ THEODAHATHVS (or THEODAHATVS) REX ,. VVITICES (or VVITICIS) REX „ BADVILA (or BADVELA) REX „ THEIA (or THILA^) REX DOMNVS THEIA P(/V.s ?) REX Matasuntha is represented by the monogram of her name, and several kings who write their names in full also use their monogram. The inscriptions descriptive of tj- pes are Invicta Roma : Felix Ravenna ; Felix Ticinut<. On a coin of Rome attributed to Theodoric (infra, p. 58 n.) we find the letters CM. probably Caput Mundi. The presence of SC ' As to its form see supra, p. x.xxi. n. 3. '^ p. x.xxi, supra. ' See text, infra, p. 98. note 4. § 2. OSTROGOTHS. INSCRIPTIONS AND TYPES xliii (Seiiatus coiiaulto) on the Roman coins of Theodoric and Athalaric is interesting ^ ; so also the inscription Floreas (or Flureas) semper on a Roman coin of Baduila, though it may be doubtful ^ whether this ejacu- lation applies to Rome or to the Ostrogothic king. The marks of value /\ and Y (nummi) occasionally occur on the bronze coins; XL on the quasi-autonomous bronze of Rome. There is little in the lettering that calls for notice. A is frequently written A, and L, L. E and I are often interchanged, as KIX and REX ; BADVILA and BADVELA. On the quasi-autonomous bronze of Rome, attributed to Theodoric and Athalaric, Imvicta and Invicta (Roma) both occur. On Athalaric's regal coins struck at Rome Invicta appears as Inbicta. The mint-place is sometimes indicated by the type of the busts of Ravenna and Ticinus, or by that of Roma, though some of the ' Roma ' coins were struck at Ravenna. The mint-name is seldom inscribed, but we lind KV (Odovacar), R/ (Theodoric) for Ravenna; M for Rome (Theo- doric). CO MOB and CO NOB stand both for Rome and for Ravenna; some of the Imperial gold coins struck by Justinian at Rome are inscribed ROMOB."' Many details of the types have been discussed in the notes to the text or in connexion with the history of the kings (supra), but a „ ., 1 ,. , 4-- 1 6 V / ^ Types, recapitulation may be useful. The gold money displays the types usually found on the imitative solidi and tremisses of Italy, i.e. rev. Victory holding a broad cross (PI. V. 15), and Victory on the globus (PI. V. 17). Theodoric's triple solidus is in every way exceptional. The heads found on the coins are more often than not those of emperors, usually the contemporary emperor ; but sometimes the head of a deceased emperor is revived, as was Anastasius I by Baduila and ^ ^ .^ by Theia, who were at war with the reigning emperor, ^^J^istinian I. The heads of four kings are represented. First, the head of Odovacar (PI. V. 7), probably an attempt at portraiture*; then, the deli- cately engraved bust of Theodoric {Frontispiece), but this only on the triple solidus,^ for his ordinary coins do not present his portrait. The bust of Athalaric does not occur, but an armed figure on the bronze coins of Rome (PI. VIII. .21) represents him, as the inscription indicates. The next king, Theodahad, presents a finely modelled bust of himself, which may be something of a likeness (PI. IX. 13-17),^ and for the first time assumes a crown. There is no portrait of Witigis, and none of the latest ^"^ ^ Cp. p. xxxii, supra. ^ See p. 93, infra. ' A bronze coin of Justinian (p. 110, no. 24, infra) is inscribed ROMA (written retro- grade and with MA in ligature). * p. XXX, supra. ^ p. xxxi, supra. " p. xxxiv, supra. xliv INTRODUCTION Reverse types. king, Theia. Baduila's head appears, crowned, on some of his bronze coins (PI. XI), but it is much less characteristic than Theodahad's, and hardly a true portrait. His head on some of the silver money is entirely conventional and modelled on the head of the Emperor Anastasius. Baduila also appears as an armed warrior, reviving the type introduced by Athalaric (PI. XI. 30). The Ostrogothic reverse types (especially on the silver), though often effective and elegant as coin designs, do not evince much originality, and the almost entire absence of religious symbolism is noticeable. The usual reverse type is either the mono- gram or the name of the king encircled by a massive wreath. The silver coinage begins to assume an almost stereotyped form under Athalaric and his successor Theodahad. Their half siliquae have t-ev. Mono- gram in wreath ; their quarter siliquae, rev. Name in wreath. The half siliqua of Matasuntha has also as rev. Monogram in wreath, l)ut the half siliqua of her husband Witigis has rev. Name in wreath, while his quarter siliqua has the monogro.m in wreath. Baduila follows his predecessor Witigis in taking for his half siliqua the ' Name in wreath ' type, and for his quarter siliquae the ' Monogram in wreath ' type. Theia copies Baduila in this. The usual reverse type of the bronze coinage, especially the ten-nummi pieces, is likewise the monogram, or the name of the king within a wreath. The obv. of these coins is a bust of Invicta Roma. We have also busts of Felix Ravenna and Felix Ticinus. The quasi-autonomous bronze struck at Rome under Theodoric and Athalaric supply some interesting types, all apparently connected with the glories of ancient Rome.^ The obv. of these coins is a bust of Invicta Rovia ; the reverses are Victory on a prow ; an eagle ; two eagles near a tree, which is probably the Jicus ruminalis ; and the familiar group of the Wolf and Twins. A Table op Mints is appended : — RULER MINT MINT MINT Table of Odovacar Ravenna Rome Mints. Theodoric Ravenna Rome Milan Athalaric Ravenna Rome Theodahad Ravenna Rome Witigis Ravenna Matasuntha Ravenna Baduila Rome Theia 'v . 99, infra . MINT Ticinum (?) Ticinum (and others ?) Ticinum § 2. OSTROGOTHS. COINS WITH IMPERIAL NAMES xlv Ox THE AtTEIBUTIOX OF ITALIAN COINS AVITH IMPERIAL NaMES (Period of the Ostrogoths). It has already been pointed out that over and above the coins which are inscribed with the names or monograms of Ostrogothic kings there is a considerable mass of money in gold, silver, and bronze which, judging from its provenance, types, and style, evidently emanated from Italian mints in the period of the Ostrogoths. These coins bear the name and usually the head of an emperor, and their correct assignment in time and place — hitherto but little discussed — is highly important if we would form a correct idea of the currency of this period.^ The emperors chiefly represented are Zeno, Anastasius I, ' Justin ' (I and II), and Justinian I, their reigns covering the whole Ostrogothic period (including the epoch of Odovacar). It may be convenient to examine the coins with these names under the separate headings of gold, silver, and bronze coinages. GOLD COINS. The frequent mention in Ostrogothic history of large payments of pounds of gold would by itself suggest that the Ostrogoths, like other Teutonic peoples, made use of gold money imitated from the coinage of the Empire. The rhetorical formula composed by Gassiodorus for the Ostro- gothic Master of the Mint, runs in this manner : — ' Let the flame of gold be pale and unmixed, let the colour of silver smile with its gracious whiteness, let the ruddy copper retain its native glow.' ^ And all doubt is dispelled by the existence of gold solidi bearing the head of Anastasius I, but inscribed on their reverse with the monogram of Theodoric and with the mint-names of Ravenna and Rome (pp. 46, 55, infra). Although these are the only gold coins that bear the name or monogram of an Ostrogothic ruler, thej^ furnish us with valuable clues of style and fabric for identifying further imitative gold coins as Ostrogothic currency.^ Zeno, and the usurper Basiliscus. Both these Eastern emperors were contemporary with Odovacar, and we find Italian coins p, i ^ f ^ of the mints of Rome, Ravenna, and Milan bearing their names. The difficulty is to determine which of these coins were struck under Imperial authority, and which were issued by the authority of Odovacar. 1 There are also anonymous (i. e. without name of emperor or king) bronze coins ot Italy of the Ostrogothic period. These are discussed in the text, infra, p. 98, under 'Quasi- autonomous coins of Rome and Ravenna '. ^ Var., vii. 32 ; Hodgkin's Letters of Cassiodoi-us, p. 338. ^ Some attention was devoted to these imitative gold coins by Charles Lenormant and Ch. Robert, but their attempts to identify on them a number of Italian mint-names are hazardous : see B. Biondelli, Sulle monete auree dei Goti in Italia, Milan, 1861 ; Keary, Coinages of West. Europe, p. 44 ; cp. Friedlaender, VandaJen, pp. 59 f., and Marchant, Lettres, p. 128 (ed. 1851). The work of de Salis in this field has already been alluded to (p. xxix, supra). xlvi INTRODUCTION Their periods of rule are as follows : — Zeno (first reign), 47-1 — Nov. 475. Basiliscus, Nov. 475 — July, 477. Odovaear, 23 Aug. 476-493. Zeno (second reign), July, 477-491. It will thus be seen that any Italian coins issued with Zeno's name during his first reign (474-475) cannot have been struck by Odovaear, whose reign began in 476 ; nor can the earlier Italian issues of Basiliscus have been struck by Odovaear. Odovocar may well, however, have imitated the later coinages of Basiliscus (end of 476 to July, 477), and subsequently (after July, 477) have struck coins bearing the name of Zeno, then in his second reign. It is thus difficult to discriminate between the coins that may have been struck before Odovacar's accession and those struck after it. In the case of the coins bearing the name of Basiliscus I have left all the specimens among the Imperial series, not venturing to regard any as imitative issues put forth by Odovaear. In the case of the Italian coins bearing the name of Zeno, it is perhaps possible to distinguish between those struck The gold of Zeno's \ . , • -n , . . ,, v durmg his first reign — in the ordinary course, second reign, probably ^ " , , t ^ i ■ as Imperial money — and those struck durmg struck by Odovaear. , . ^ , . ,, i i. i, • • -i. ^.^ his second reign, these last being imitative coins issued by the authority, or with the allowance, of Odovaear.^ Anastasius I. There are solidi of Italian style inscribed CO MOB (instead of CO NOB), which is usually, though not Gold, with name . . , , . „ _., (> Ti. i- invariably, a sign or Koman or oi Italian origin. Some of these have the rough and, so to speak, gritty reverses which are characteristic of many coins of the Ravenna mint : • /I ^ others were probably struck at Rome and Milan, and all were no doubt the coinage of Theodoric. The ' solidi were supplemented by various series of tre- misses, apparently, from their style, struck both at Rome and Ravenna. ^ Zeno's gold coins are as follows ; — Rat-enna. A soliclus with RV of coarse style, resembling the Italian coins of Basiliscus : this probably belongs to Zeno's first reign and is thus Imperial. Solidi with a small narrow head (without RV) and some tremisses of rough style were probably struck by Odovaear during Zeno's second reign. Rome. Solidi of rough work like those of Basiliscus, and like the Ravenna coin above assigned to Zeno's first reign, and therefore not of Odovaear. Tremisses {rev. Cross in wreath. COMOB). An attribution is perhaps hazardous, but I venture to assign those of fairly neat work (as regards the obverse) to the first reign of Zeno (thus they are Imperial), and those with a ruder obverse head to Odovaear (PI. V. 3-5). Mediolanutn. Gold and silver. Count de Salis has apparently divided each series into an earlier and a later class. The first of these might be regarded as of Zeno's first reign (Imperial coinage) and the second as imitative issues of Odovaear. But I do not venture to make the distinction, and the two classes may be treated as Imperial issues and not as Odovacar's coinage. § 2. OSTROGOTHS. COINS WITH IMPERIAL NAMES xlvii Besides the coins above mentioned there are some solidi and many tremisses which are of ruder style and (as can hardly be doubted) later date. These pieces are certainly later than Theodoric (the contemporary of Anastasius), and may well be assigned to the time of Baduila and of Theia, who (as we know from their ^""^ ^^ Baduila named regal money) placed the head of the deceased Anastasius upon their coins in lieu of the head of their contemporary Justinian, with whom they were at war, Justin I. This emperor was the contem- porary of Theodoric and, for a short time, of Athalaric. The Ravenna solidi and tre- j ^ ° y _• xuiu u- J.V, £ Theodoric and Athalaric. misses that bear his name were therefore probably struck by those kings. Justinian I. Solidi aiul Treniiases. Justinian was the contemporary of Athalaric, Theodahad, Witigis, Baduila, and Theia. The two kings last named are not very likely ' (as we have just seen) to have issued coins ' with the name of their enemy Justinian, and the choice of possible issuers is therefore probably to be limited to Athalaric, Theodahad, and Witigis. As these three rulers J -1 . -ii ii r- T J.- • Theodahad, and issued Sliver coins with the name oi Justinian, there is reason to suppose that they would also issue gold coins imitated from the same emperor. The Italian gold coins with Justinian's name may therefore be assigned to the period of these three rulers, though it is hardlj' possible to make an exact assignment to individual kings : certain solidi and tremisses which are of markedly ruder style than others will naturally be attributed to Witigis rather than to Athalaric or Theodahad. Some still ruder solidi and tremisses with Justinian's name will be found described infra in the Lombardic series. Imperial issues of Justinian I. In addition to the above, there is a series of solidi and tremisses with the name of Justinian recognizable by its flat, spread fabric (PI. XVI. 11-16). These coins TTT^STXTsiTAisr'*? were apparently classified by de Salis as Lombardic rivr-pii'-RTAT or Ostrogothic, and were not included by me in the _^ _ _, ^ ... , ?, r^ ^ ^ £ T • 7 zj ^- GOLD COINAGE British Museum Catalogue or I'DVperiat Byzantine Coins. I am now convinced that these coins, though of very bizarre appearance, especially the solidi, are Imperial issues made . . „ at Ravenna.^ They are, in fact, of the same fabric and style as coins already recognized as the Ravenna currency of the Emperor Justin II and his successors.^ ^ A correction is therefore required of the statement in hnp. Byz. Coins, p. ciii n.,^ that gold coins at Ravenna were ' apparently first issued in the reign of Justin 11 '. ^ Lvp. Byz. Coins, p. 103. xlviii INTRODUCTION The earliest date at which these coins of Justinian can have been struck is A. d. 540, when Ravenna passed from the Ostrogoths to Belisarius and his master; but what we know of the Ravenna coinage from other sources renders it likely that these gold coins were not issued till A. d. 555, Now. the bronze coins issued under Justinian's authority in Italy bear as their earliest date — and they are all dated — year ' 29 ', '^^^'" ■ ■ i. e. A. D. 555/6.^ The gold coins are probably of the same period, and the likeness between the emperor's head on the solidi and that on the small bronze coins issued at Ravenna, A. D. 555-564, is remarkable.^ The Imperial coinage in Ravenna would thus seem to belong to the period following the complete overthrow of the Ostrogothic kingdom, and nearly to coincide with the rule of Narses in Italy, A. D. 555-567.^ SILVER. Zeno. The coin described infra, p. 44, No. 8, rev. Eagle (PL V. 6), may best be assigned to Odovacar. It seems to be a somewhat rude copy (not, however, as regards the reverse, an ^®^' exmi imitation) of the silver coins of Zeno (Im- wit name o eno, pg^^jg^j issues), which were probably struck at probably struck by ^^.^^^^ ^j^^ obverse head is not unlike the silver ovacar. bearing Odovacar's name (PL V. 7). The mint was probably Ravenna. With the eagle on the reverse compare the eagle on the quasi-autonomous bronze of Rome (PL XIII).* Anastasius I. The silver coin (PL VII. 5) with rev. Victory and SC was struck at Rome, and no doubt under Theodoric, perhaps at the time of his visit in A. d. 500. ' The coins with reverse >K, p. 49, infra (PL VI. 5-7), are thoroughly Ostrogothic in style, and have ' . the appearance of issues of the mint of Ravenna. y eo one. They resemble, especially in the blurred lettering, certain silver coins of Theodahad and of Witigis, but seem to be earlier than these reigns, and indeed both these kings indicated their own names on their coins. They may, perhaps, be assigned to Theodoric^ ' See Imp. Byz. Coins, pp. 70, 71. 2 Compare, especially, the solidi of Ravenna (PI. XVL 11) with the bronze of Ravenna figured in Imp. Byz. Coins, PI. X. 13, p. 71, No. 408: in each case the curious treatment of the corners of the eyes is remarkable. •'' Some solidi with the name of Justinian are attributed infra, p. Ill, to the Imperial mint at Rome, partly on account of their resemblance to the remarkable solidus at Berlin (PI. XVI. 4 ; infra, p. Ill ; Z. f. N., i, p. 303), reading ROMOB. A tremissis inscribed ROMOB no doubt belongs to the same time (p. Ill, No. 29, infra). ^ Silver coins with rev. Standing figure and RV probably belong to Zeno's first reign and are thus Imperial issues. On silver struck at Mediolanum with Zeno's name see supra, p. xlvi n. ^ A coin with rev. T^f) is discussed, p. li n., infra, where it is assigned to Baduila. § •_>. OSTROGOTHS. COINS WITH IMPERIAL NAMES xlix JuSTiNUS. There are silver coins inscribed IVSTINVS bearing the numerals CN, PK€, and varieties of the sacred monogram on their reverses. Coins withsimilar reverses also bear the name of Justinian. These IVSTINVS coins have usually been regarded a,s Imperial issues of Justin I, but in the Catalosrue of In Q*!"! Tin ^ Iinvperial Byzantine Coins,]). 21, it was pointed out that they might possibly have been struck after the death of Justin I as Ostro- gothic issues of Baduila, who might be supposed to have revived the head of the deceased Justin I for the same reason — hostility to Justinian— that he had revived the head of Anastasius.^ I am now more fully convinced than before that these coins are later than the lifetime of Justin I, and I believe, moreover, that it can be shown that they are not Ostrogothie but Imperial issues made by order of Justin II, the successor of Justinian. On the supposition that the coins bear the name and head of the first Justin, they must obviously be Ostrogothie issues, for in the reign of Justin I the Imperial authority had not yet been regained over any of the Italian cities. But if we regard the coins as Ostrogothie and compare them with the outvied silver coins of the Ostrogothie kings, we are struck by the differences between tlie two series. While the undoubted Ostro- gothie coins are comparatively thick and compact, these supposed Ostro- gothie coins of Justin ' I ' are thin and flat. The Ostrogothie coins, again, «how a well-modelled, rounded bust; in the other series -■«■ ^. ^ t the bust is differently treated, and so also the cuirass ^ f t " i ' and drapery. The ' Justin ' coins, then, are probably not Ostrogothie, but in respect of their fabric and t f the treatment of the bust they bear considerable resemblance to the Imperial coins struck at Ravenna by Tiberius II (lonjj. Byz. Coins, p. 124, No. 161) and by Maurice Tiberius (ib., p. 156, No. 281). The coins, then, are not Ostrogothie issues of the period of Justin I but Imperial issues of Justin II, and the view that we may best take of the CN, &c., silver coins may be thus expressed. This coinage was inaugurated by Justinian I ^ at Ravenna, at some date after the year 540, when the city passed from Ostrogothie into Imperial hands : probably the date of the coinage was circ. 555-565. This Imperial coinage was con- tinued at Ravenna in the time of Justinian's successor, Justin II, and all the coins inscribed IVSTINVS were issued by him. ^ Some silver coins of similar fabric continued to be issued at Ravenna by Justin's successors, Tiberius II and Maurice Tiberius.^ Justinian I. The numerous silver coins with CN, PK€, &c. (PL XVII. ^ Imp. Byz. Coins, pp. 21, 22. ^ See next paragraph, ' But some imitations of these coins are probably Lombardic, and will be found •described infra in the Lombard Series. * See infra, p. 122. g 1 INTRODUCTIOX 1-23), ma}', as already su<^gested in the preceding paragraph, be regarded as the Ravenna coinage of Justinian.' The earliest . issue of Justinian's gokl and bronze coins at Ravenna probabl}'^ took place clrc. A. d. 555, and there is no reason why these silver coins should not be assigned to the period 555-565. They were succeeded by simi- lar silver coins of Justin 11.^ The coins in PI. X. 4-7 and PI. XI. 9 are hard to attribute. They bear on the reverse a monogram Ic L| which is not identical with that IS) on any other Ostrogothic coins, but which, as Friedlaender has remarked. ' is probably intended for the name of Theodoric . (Tedericvs). These coins, however, were undoubtedly' . not issued by Theodoric himself, for the coins in PI. X. 4-7 bear the head of Justinian, whose accession took place after Theodoric's death, and the coin in PI. XI. 9, though it bears the head of Anastasius I, the contemporary of Theodoric, is clearly, both in style and fabric, of a much later period than that of the first Ostrogothic king. The coins, then, were not issued by Theodoi'ic, and we have to inquire at what subsequent period in Ostrogothic history money is likely to have been struck with his monogram. Friedlaender suggests that these coins were struck at some crisis such as the interregnum between the fall of Baduila and the election of Theia, or during the not universally recognized rule of Eraric. A rather serious objection to this theorj' is that the coins (with one exception) have on the obverse the head of Justinian. Now, this emperor's head was, as we know, repudiated by Baduila and Theia. Neither Friedlaender nor Keary happens to have been aware of the rather remarkable resemblance existing between the head of Justinian on one of these coins (PI. X. 4) and the head of that emperor on a silver coin (PI. X. 11) of Matasuntha. This resemblance may fairly furnish a clue to the date of the coins, and it may be suggested that their issue took place somewhere in or about the time of Witigis and Matasuntha. It would be possible to assign them to Ildibad and Eraric^ (a. d, 540-541), the immediate successors of Witigis ; but these ephemeral rulers are not .„ , , , ^ , known to have issued money bearing: their own names. Probably struck . , , , , . , . , , - , ., , , , „,.,. . and on the whole it is perhaps best to attribute the by Witigis. • i. i-i • c \^-^ • coins to the reign or W itigis. According to this theory Witigis would have struck at Ravenna ^ A few of rude style are probably Lombardic. ^ See p. xlix, supra. ^ Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen, p. 54 ; Finder and Friedlaender, Milnzin Justinians,. pp. 65, 66. * Eraric entered into negrotiations with Justinian. § 2. OSTROGOTHS. COINS WITH LMPERIAL NAMES li (i) half siliquae (PI. X. 1-3) and bronze (PI. X. 8-10) on exactly the same pattern as his predecessors, though bearing his own name ; (ii) quarter siliquae (the coins now under discussion, PI. X. 4-7) with the monogram of Theodoric on their reverse, this monogram being intended to emphasize the right of Witigis to the Ostrogothic crown, derived from his marriage with Matasuntha, the granddaughter of Theodoric.^ Justin II. The silver coins (Imperial issues of Ravenna) attributed to this emperor, have been discussed under ' Justinus ', p. xlix, sujyra. BRONZE. Numerous small coins, bearing as their reverse types the monograms of Leo I, Zeno, and Anastasius I, have been dis- 1 . Ti. 1 ' 1 i. i-i £ 11- Small bronze coins covered ni Italy - : but they are round also in . ,. . 1 i.1 • 1 £ ii 1 with names of Leo, Africa, and the evidence ot provenance thus leaves it undecided whether they are coins of the Ostro- ' goths or of the Vandals. If of Ostrogothic origin, those with the head of Leo I and Zeno might be assigned to Odovacar ; those with the head of Anastasius to Theodoric. But all the coins in question are so rude, more especially in respect of tlie obverses, that they can hardly hnd a place among Ostrogothic issues. They compare badly with the known Ostrogothic money, and present — at least so far as I can detect — no features of style or fabric that characterize the products of Ravenna, Rome, and other Italian mints. They have therefore been here catalogued among the miscellaneous coins of the Vandals (PI. Ill, IV), to which in style they bear sufficient resemblance. At the same time, it is difficult to exclude the suspicion that a number , ^ , . • T 1 ^vLt perhaps used of these minute coins found their way into Italy , ^, ^ ^ r^ . ,, . . by the Ostrogoths. aiul served to eke out the native Ostrogothic issues, more especially in the pettj'^ buying and selling of everyday life. From the number of coins of this class that occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard, a hoard that must have been buried as late as the time of Baduila (died 552 A. D.), it might be inferred that these little coins did not cease to circulate when Theodoric died, but formed a practical supplement to the coinage for long years after his death.'^ ' The little coin, p. 87. /»/>«, PI- XI. 9, with rei: monogram of Theodoric, and obverse Head of Anastasius 1 (of inferior style), may be assigned to the reign of Baduila who, as is known from his named coins, substituted the head of this deceased emperor for that of his hostile contemporaiy Justinian. ^ See Friedlaender's description of the Monte Roduni hoard in hisMunzen cler Vandalen, pp. 41 f. ^ So in England in the thirteenth century a mass of small foreign coins were imported, and though illegal tender, practically played the part of currency of the realm. The lii INTRODUCTION Anastasil'S I. Bronze assi<;ned to Tlieodoric : see text, infra, p. 51. Justin I. The various coins of Italian origin bearing the name of Justinus (and others bearing tlie name of Justinianus) have been insuffi- ciently discussed bj' numismatists, though they present a number of not unimportant problems. Thus we have to determine whether the IVSTINVS of the coins wan the first or second emperor of that name ; whether the coins are Imperial issues or Ostrogothie, or partly of both classes ; at what periods they were issued, and at what mints. The coins inscribed IVSTINVS are small pieces marked V (PI. VI, 18-24), and also some marked € (PL VI. 16, 17).^ It is not easy to decide between the claims of the two Justins to these coins, but I think an attribution to Justin I has most in its favour. The head of the emperor^ it must be observed, is represented in profile, and if the coins were issued by Justin II we should expect the head to be shown facing, in accordance with the practice introduced by his predecessor Justinian.- And an attribution to Justin I receives further support when we compare the treatment of the head (small and in high relief) with the head of Ju.stinian found on small bronze of Athalaric (cp. PI. VI. 16-18 with PI. VIII. 15-18).- On the reasonable assumption, then, that these coins bear the head of Justin I, it follows that they were issues of tlie Ostrogoths and not of the emperor who had no foothold in Italj'. They _ , . . may be attributed to Theodoric, though it is Ostrogothie, with -i i i.u + i i • i i possi ble that some may have been issued by name of Justinus I. ^^i i • i f i ^ i.- i.i t Athalaric, who was, tor a short time, the contem- porary of Justin I. The style of the coins — note the well-modelled bust in prominent relief — suggests that they were struck at the Ravenna mint. issue of bronze tokens by private traders supplied the dearth of official small change during part of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. ^ Ohr. Head of Justin in profile. Rer. € in wreath. — There are bronze coins with a similar rev. but with ohr. Head of Justinian I, and rather thicker and larger than the 'Justin' coins. Several specimens are in the British Museum, where I have found them classed with the Italian or Ostrogothie coins. I am not aware that they are known to be of Italian provenance : perhaps the occurrence of the wreath on the rer. may have been suppo.sed by de Salis, or whoever arranged the coins, to be indicative of Ravenna. But the wreath is not much like the wreaths that are found on undoubted coins of that mint, nor do the obverses seem to me to be of Italian style. From the general treatment of the bust (especially of the drapery) I should be disposed to assign them to the mint of Carthage, where, however, we already find € coins marked with the mint-name (CAR). Besides these, there are in the British Museum bronze coins with a similar rev., € in wreath, but with a, full-face head of Justinian I on the ohr. These are probably of the same mint (Carthage?) as the € coins of Justinian with profile head, just described. ^ Or, as an alternative, we should expect that the ohr. would have consisted of facing figures of Justin II and Sophia, the usual ofry. of the Imperial bronze coins of Justin II. ' Compare also the head of Odovacar on his small bronze, PI. V. 8. 9. I § 2. OSTROGOTHS. ROMAN COINS OF JUSTINIAN liii Justinian I. The coins of the denomination /\ nummi (PI. VIII. 11-14) are of the same style as the pieces with the name of Justin I, marked V, which we have just Bronze, assigned to the Ravenna mint under Theodoric with Justinian's (PI. VI. 18, t^'c). They may therefore be assigned ^^ame, struck to Athalaric, Theodoric's successor, who was a con- ^y Athalaric. temporary of Justinian I.^ Coins of Rome, chiefly of P'i and K denominations. In the Catalogue of Imperial Byzantine Coins (pp. xvii, xviii, cii) doubts were expressed as to whether any Imperial coins of Justinian were struck at Rome until circ. a. d, 55.2, and the scanty p., Ti . , 1 T j^- • > • T / coins of Justinian issues or the Roman mmt under Justmian s immediate J , , J. - 1 • • /-( i 1 struck at Home. successors seemed to bear out this view. Count de Salis appears to have considered that these coins were Ostrogothic and not Imperial. But though this view as to the non-Imperial nature of the coins is not to be hastily dismissed, I am now of opinion that these k1 and i> pieces (and also some others noted below) are best accounted for on the supposition that they are Imperial issues. The insertion of them in the Ostrogothic series proper would rather overload that coinage, especially as we could not place them later than the earlier part of the reign of Theodahad, for the reason that Theodahad at last repudiated the head of Justinian, and his successors, Baduila and Theia, to a great extent did likewise. On the other hand, there is no insuperable difficulty in recognizing in them the Roman coinages of Justinian. The earliest date at which coins of a true Imperial character can have been issued at Rome is Dec. 536, when Justinian, through his general, Belisarius, first became master of the city. The IM coins, of fine style (PI. XV. 1-4), and the corresponding K coins (PI. XV. 9-14), may well have been minted at that time, and a comparison of them with the large * The mint-place was no doubt Ravenna : compare the ohv. of bronze nummi of Ravenna with rev. monogram of Athalaric (PI. VIII. 16-18). Besides the /\, coins with the head of Justinian there are pieces of the V denomination. One of these (PL VIII. 15), of small module, resembles the nummi of Athalaric {rev. monogram of Athalaric. PI. VIII. 16-18), and may be assigned to him. The other coins marked V (PI. IX. 7-10) are of larger module and display a different treatment of the head of Justinian on the obi: (it is in lower relief and in some cases resembles the head on the earliest Imperial coins of Justinian struck at Rome). Perhaps they may best be assigned to the reign of Theodahad (early part). Their style is not distinctively that of Ravenna, but their rev. type, V in wreath, fits in better with the bronze coins of Ravenna than with the coinage of Rome. On coins of Justinian with fc on rev, see sitpra, p. Hi, note 1. liv INTRODUCTION M (40 nuDiini) bronze of Theodahad (a. d. 534-536), especially in regard to the treatment of the head (PI. IX. 13-18), sug- gests that the coins Ijelong to about this period, i. e. Dec. 536-cm'C. 538. Some of the IM coins (PI. XV. 5-8) form a class by themselves, distinguished by their relatively light weight and their fabric, and by the dry and careless engraving of the head. We could imagine these as spreading ovei' a period of several years, but in view of the fact that we have a new type of M coin — with & facing head — to fit into the Roman system, it ma}'' be necessary to make the above-mentioned coins with the projile head cease about a.d. 538. The degeneracy of the iM coins with the profile head may, indeed, be accounted for, not unsatisfactorily, by a dis- organization of the mint caused by the great siege of Rome under Witigis. Tliis siege began in March, 537, and was only abandoned in March, 538. ^\^^ Koo Soon after the departure of the Goths the M coin, Cl I C. ooo^ full-face t ^y'lth. the full-face head of Justinian (PL XVI. 6), may have been minted. It cannot at any rate have been issued earlier than this, for it was only after April, 538/9, that Justinian introduced this full-face portrait on the principal coins of the Empire. The full-face Pi issue at Rome was no doubt accompanied by full- face 1 coins (one of which is in fact inscribed KOM) and by minute bronze pieces with reverse, Lion, a type which is found also on the bronze of Baduila, a. d. 541-552. It would probably be during this period, A. d. 538- 549, that the gold solidi with the full-face bust of Justinian, and the tremissis with R.OMOB were issued by the Imperial authority at Rome (see p. xlviii, mipra, note 3). So far as we know no further Imperial coins were issued at Rome till A. D. 552/3, when a (dated) coin of /N/\ nummi (henceforth the .V, (._„ highest denomination in bronze at Rome) was put into circulation (see Imp. Byz. Coins, p. 70, No. 402, PL X. 11). A similar piece of /S/\ nummi was afterwards issued at Rome by Jus- tinian's successor, Justin II (ib., p. 102).' ' There are also small bronze coins with ohv. Head and name of Justinian I facing. l^^"^'- i^K ^vdthin wreath. Specimens occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard (Fried- laender, .V. <L Vand., -p. 43; Pinder and Friedlaender, Miinzt-n Jiistinians, p. -54, with A(jl)), and they may jjossibly be Italian, i.e. Imperial coins of Justinian, struck (because of the facing head) not earlier than A. D. 538. On the other hand, the rer. type is of the kind found on Imperial coins of Carthage, and a specimen in the British Museum, weight 6 grains, probably couies from an African source (Doubleday purchase, 1849, 7-17-374). The style of this specimen is not distinctly Italian, and on the whole, these coins may perhaps be best regarded as Imperial struck at Carthage, circ. A.D. -539-541. In the British Museum are two small bronze pieces (weight, 7 grains and 7-7 grains) which seem to be rude (African ?) imitations of these coins. I am also inclined to regard as Imperial African (of Justinian I) the following small § 3. LOMBARDS. ANONYMOUS COINS § 3. Coinage of the Lombard Kixgs.^ The domination of the Lombardie invaders of Italy was of longer duration than the Ostrogothic, and extended — so far as concerns the Lombard kingdom — over a period of more than two centuries, from Alboin the conqueror and ' Lord of Italj^ ' (a. d. 568-572) to Desiderius, the last king who, in June, 774, became the prisoner of Charlemagne. The number of coins inscribed with the names of Lombard rulers is not large, but in order to ascertain the total output of their mints it is necessary to take into account a considerable mass of gold and silver money which, though modelled on the Imperial coinages, is evidently not Imperial, and is of Italian style and provenance. The practice of inscribing the coins with the king's name did not arise till the Lombard kingdom had been long in existence, and perhaps not till late in the seventh century.- In the time of Cunincpert (a. d. 688-700) the practice first becomes settled, and the Lombard coinage assumes its well- marked characteristics. This coinage of Cunincpert, imitated b}' his suc- cessors, is found to consist almost entirely of gold, the coins being of a single denomination — the treniissis, and, as shown hy its flat, bracteate- like fabric, is evidentl}' derived from the Imperial solidi struck at Ravenna. The main difficulties of attribution arise in tlie period that extends from Alboin to Cunincpert, or perhaps from Alboin to Rothari, and have hardly been noted bv previous inquirers.^ Though I am p ,, " . , , , p ^, p „ . Attribution of the aware or the conjectural nature oi the lollowing , ^ ., .. ., J 1 i 1 anonymous coins of attributions, there may at least be some con- , , . • ,1 • j^ ^ c ^ • the Lombard kings, vemence in attempting them instead or leaving the coins to swell the already lengthy list of ' Uncertain ' pieces imitated from Imperial issues. First, then, there are several types of small silver coins (CN, &c., PI. XVIII. 3-13) bearing the name of Justinian I, but which, from the rudeness of their style, we cannot suppose to be Imperial, or even Ostro- gothic money.'* If these are Lombardie imitations, as I suggest, they must coin in the British Museum : ohr. Bust facing, draped ; on each side, a star : border of P dots. i?ec. ^tu" • border of dots. JE Size -35 inch. Wt. 8 grains (Doubleday purchase, 1849. 7-17-288). Cp. the rev. tj'pe on silver Carthage coins of Justinian and of Phocas. ^ The coinage of the Lombard Duchy of Beneventum is discussed in § 4. - The coins believed to bear the names of Rothari, of Grimwald and Perctarit [Cata- logue, infra), may be, more or less, of doubtful attribution. ' Count de Sal is does not seem to have given any special study to the Lombard series. Mr. Keary's descriptions [Coinages of TT'. Europe, p. 96) begin only with Cunincpert. ^ They might, conceivably, be veiy careless productions of the Imperial mint of Ravenna, but this seems less likely than the supposition that they are barbarous imita- Ivi INTRODUCTION have been made as early as the time of Alboin (568-572), for Justinian died in 565. and we have similar (i. e. Lombardic) imitations of the silver coins of his successor Justin II. There are also certain imitative gold tremisses with tiie name of ' Justin ' (II) ^ which, in style, already foreshadow the gold coins of Cunincpert. To the reigns of Alboin and Cleph and the period of interregnum which followed the reign of Cleph I would. Coinage of ALBOIN, .-, c • it. i- n • therefore, assign the roJlownig coins : — ' Gold. Tremisses with name of Justin IL ' Silver, (i) With name of Justinian I. (ii) With name of Justin II. (iii) With types of Tiberius II. The second group of imitative coins (tremisses and small silver) bears the name of Maurice Tiberius, who reiomed Coinage of AUTHARI kqo j- «no i,- • i -^u i from 5o3 to b02, his reign being thus nearly ' contemporaneous with the rule of Authari (584- 590) and Agilulf (590-615), by whom we may well suppose these coins to have been minted. We have next to deal with three groups of coins (mainly tremisses) which bear (i) the name of Heraclius, (ii) the name of Constans II, (iii) the blundered name of an emperor. All these coins are of smaller module than the tremisses with the name of Maurice Tiberius above referred to, and in the case of i. and ii. there are peculiarities about the engraving of the types that differentiate them from the Lombardic imitations of the coins of Maurice Tiberius and from the later Lombard issues of Cunincpert. Yet in one notable point — the raised annular border — they seem to proclaim them- Coinage of ADALWALD, selves coins of Northern (rather than of ARIWALD, and ROTHARI, Southern or Central) Italy, and apparently A.D. 615-652. ^^® conclusion to be drawn is that they are regal issues of the Lombards.^ Class Coinage of RODWALD, j (^^ith the name of Heraclius) we might ARIPERT I, PERCTARIT assign to Adalwald, Ariwald, and Rothari ; with GODEPERT, and glass ii. (with the name of Constans II) GRIMWALD, to Rodwald, Aripert I, Perctarit with A.D. 652-circ. 671. Godepert, and Grimwald.^ This would carry the coinage to about the year 671. tions. Another possible view, viz. that they are forgeries made in or near Ravenna to compete with the contemporaneous Imperial coins, seems improbable because, though some of the specimens are of i-ather light weight, the quality of the metal does not appear to be inferior to that of the Imperial coins. ' Possibly careless productions of the Imperial mint, but rather I think (Lombardic) imitative coins. ^ A less probable view would be that they belong to the Imperial mint of Ravenna. •' To Grimwald, however, W. Boyne has attributed with fair probability a tremissis of different types, namely, the monogram of the king's name ; see infra, p. 133. § 3. LOMBARDS. PERCTARIT. CUNINCPERT Ivii Class iii (with a blundered name accompanying the obverse head) must probably be placed after the coins with the name of Constans II, though it is uncertain which Emperor's name is intended to be recorded. But that the coins are later than those (class ii) with the name of Constans II is probable for the following reasons : — (i) because the obverse legend has ceased to be intelligible ; (ii) the module is smaller and the flan thicker ; (iii) the purity of the gold shows signs of deterioration, several specimens being evidently of electrum. It should be added that these tremisses display a peculiarity which characterizes the gold coins of Cunincpert (circ. A. D. 688) and of later Lombard kings, namelj^, the placing (on the obv.) of a letter (which may or maj^ not indicate the name of the mint) in close proximity to the head. These coins, I sug;- ^ , -^ , , . T> . -w 1 • Coinage of PERCTARIT, gest, may belong to rerctarit (second reign. 672-688). These proposed attributions of the imitative Lombard coins, which, it must be repeated, are distinctly coniectural, brincr us down to the reign of . „ _ _„_ n • w«QQ 'ynn\ i f u Coinage of CUNINCPERT, Cunmcpert (688-700), who seems to have been the first king to institute what may be called an original, as opposed to an imitative, Lombard coinage. He places his name on the obverse of the coins, and on the reverse the figure of the archangel Michael (PI. XX. 1, 2). His coins are thin and spread, and bear a considerable resemblance to the Lombard imitations of the coins of Maurice Tiberius, with reverse. Victory (PI. XVIII. 22-24), but not, as would have been expected, to the Lombard imitations of the coins of the later Emperors Heraclius and Constans II, which have a cross potent as their reverse. This circumstance— the apparent derivation of the coins of Cunincpert from the imitative coins bearing the name of Maurice Tiberius — may seem to throw doubt on the correctness of our attribution to Lombard kings of the imitative coins with the names of Heraclius and Constans II ; yet it is difficult to see in what other way the long interval between Maurice Tiberius and Cunincpert is to be bridged, unless, indeed, we are to suppose, what does not seem probable, that the Lombard kings from the time of Authari (A. D. 584) till the days of Cunincpert (A. d. 688) issued no gold coinage except such as bore the name and types of Maurice Tiberius. It has been observed by Gregorovius that the Roman civilization in Italy was protected by the Ostrogoths and destroyed by the Lombards. The correctness of this observation seems to be .,, ^ ^ ^ » ■, ., , Rude character of borne out at any rate as regards the regal ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ , -^ - T^ 7, 1 ii • the Lombard coinage, coinage or these peoples, lor though the coin- age of both is based on Roman models, of which in many cases it is merely a slavish reproduction, the money of the Ostrogoths displays, on the whole, not only neatness in execution but a certain elegance in design. The Lombard coinage, on the con- h Iviii INTRODUCTION trary, remains, almost till the fall of the kingdom, both rude in work- manship and poor in conception. The Lombard State in itself was, indeed, not unprogressive, if we may judge by contrasting the Code of Rothari with the laws of Liutprand, and, again, the laws of Liutprand with those of the later kings, Ratchis and Aistulf. Moreover, certain of the Lombard rulers — the Queen Theudelinda and the gentle Perctarit —en- couraged the art of the architect and even of the painter by the fine buildings that they caused to be erected and decorated. But their personal tastes never influenced the coinage. From the first king Alboin (568/U) till the time of Grimwald (662), or perhaps even later, the Lombard coinage was a more or less barbarous reproduction of the gold and silver money of the Empire. Grimwald and Perctarit, who (in his second reign) succeeded him. made — if the attributions of numismatists are correct — some attempt at innovation, but it was not till the (sole) reign of Cunincpert (688-700) that the coinage became distinctive, Cunincpert's tremissis is in fabric and style a kind of caricature of the Imperial coins of Ravenna, but, as we have already seen, he inscribed it with his own name and introduced as the reverse-type the winged figure of St. Michael, the patron saint of the Lom- bards,^ And in selecting this latter type he was perhaps influenced by a recollection of the figure of Victory which had formerly appeared on the gold coinage of the Lombards in imitation of Roman originals. The gold coins of Liutprand (712-744), the greatest of the Lombard kings and the ruler who came nearest to consolidating a great Lombard kingdom of Italy, are crude repetitious of the tj^pes of Cunincpert.^ Lastly, the gold or electrum tremissis of Aistulf (749-756) (PI. XX. 9), which was imitated by his successor Desiderius and even by Charlemagne, is, by contrast, neat in fabric and lettering : the conventional cross potent of the Byzantine money is retained for one side of the coin, but on the reverse a not ineffective ornament is introduced which may be described either as a star or, more probably, as the corolla of a flower. The signifi- cance of this type has not been discovered, and perhaps it may be said that it is merely decorative. The legends present few features of interest. For a long series of years they are merely reproductions — and often very illiterate and meaningless re- productions — of those of the Imperial coins, that is, they record Legends, ^j^^ Emperor's name and the familiar VICTOKIA AVCVSTO- R.VM. The king's style — from the time of Cunincpert— is D[ominus] N[oster] . . . REX. In one case, possibly Chridianus Rex (CRX, p. 147, infra). Little use is made of monogrammatic types such as were favoured by the Ostrogoths. If we except the coinages attributed to Grimwald (gold, with monogram) and Perctarit (silver), the only instances are the monogram on the silver of Liutprand and that on the quasi-autonomous coins of Lucca. ' Hodgkin, Italy and her Invadeiv, vi. 317. pi" ' See PI. XX. 1-2; 4-6. On his silver coins Liutprand places his monogram as a reverse type. § 3. LOMBARDS. LEGENDS. ^YEIGHTS. lix The figure of St. Michael is identified by SCS MIHAHIL, and an inscription of some importance is the word FLA VI A found on the tre- misses of Aistulf and Desiderius in Flavia Liica, Flavia Ticino, Flavia Sihrio, Flavia Placentia Aug\\\s,ia^, &c. The application of an epithet to a city may possibly have been suggested by earlier coin-legends (chiefly Ostrogothic) such as ' Felix Carthago,' ' Felix Ravenna/ ' Felix Ticinus,' ' Invicta Roma,' but, of course, the word flavius had been in use elsewhere and long before the Lombard period — as Flavia Vindobona, Flavius Constantinus, Flavius lustinianus. Originally importing connexion with the gens Flavia, the name was revived by the Constantine family, was employed by Byzantine Emperors (Ana- stasius I, &c.), and was adopted by the Lombard kings from the time of Authari onwards, though no Lombard ruler inscribed it upon his confessedly regal coins. Paulus {H. L., iii. 16) declares that Authari received the title on account of his position of dignity — quern etiam oh dif/iiitatem^ Flavium appellarunt — and, as Mr. Hodgkin has remarked,- it may have been regarded as to some extent 'putting the seal of Roman legitimacy upon barbaric conquest '. So, Odovacar and Recared the Visigoth had called themselves ' Flavius'. As applied to a city, the epithet ' Flavia ' (as in ' Flavia Luca ') may be something more than an ornamental one and may, as Hartmann^ has suggested, have a technical meaning, implying that the city was a ' royal burgh ' under the jurisdiction of the king or his representative, and not under the control of one of the more or less independent Lombard Dukes. Gold. The only denomination is the tremissis, weighing,* in the case of the imitative coins bearing the names of the Emperors (Justin II to Constans II), from 22 grains to a little more than 23 -rxr • r,x grains. The small thick tremisses that we have attributed ]VE6ta.ls to Perctarit (PI. XIX. 14-25) weigh 23 grains (highest), " but among these are some specimens in electrum which weigh less than 20 grains. From the time of Cuniucpert the tremissis (at least so far as specimens in the present catalogue suggest) shows a tendency to decline in weight, and under Aistulf and Desiderius the coin is of pale gold or electrum. Cunincpert, 21-7 grains (highest). Aripert II, 204 „ ,, Liutprand, 19-5 ., „ (with large spread flans). ^ Cp. ' suscepit Agilulf . . . legiani dignitatem ' (the office of king), H. L., iii. 35. ^ Itali/, &c., V. p. 234. So also J. Weise, Italiett tind die Langohardenherrscher, 1887, p. 73. * Quoted by Kubitschek in Xuniisinatische Zeitschrift (Wien), 1909, p. 46. See also as to 'Flavia ', P. Bordeaux in Rivista Hal. di num., 1908, p. 107. * The weights cited are chiefly those of specimens in the British Museum. Ix INTRODUCTION Ratchis, about 20 grains (Coll. of H.M. the King of Italy). Aistulf, 17-4 grains (pale gold). Desiderius, 17-2 ; 16-6 ; 10-6 (electrum). Quasi-autonomous of Lucca, 21 (highest) (electrum). Silver. The silver coinage — if our attributions are well founded — must have been of some importance in the earlier period of the Lombard kingdom, from Alboin to Agilulf, but, later, was not minted on a large scale. In the latter half of the seventh century King Perctarit (672-688) — if the coins in question are correctly assigned — introduced a bracteate-like coinage of low weight (3-4 grains, highest in Brit. Mus.), but his example was not imitated. The silver coins struck by Liutprand are of the ordinary fabric and weigh 8-4 grains (highest). The weights of coins in the British Museum are as follows : — ' Justinian I ' . . CN 15.8 grains J) 5> • • 1 11. !» (highest). )) » • • -p and "i" 5-8 ., )) ' Justin II ' . . . ? 11-7 )> 5' ' Tiberius II ' . . small M, 6-1 ;5 :> ' Maurice Tiberius ' CN 16- >) )> » >> 4.5 ,, (small module).^ ' Heraclius ' . . . small ^ 4. >5 (highest). 'Perctarit' . . . ' Liutnrand ' . . . bracteates 3.4 8-4 !5 J) Mints. Bronze. It is curious that there are no coins in bronze identifiable as Lombardic. It may be that some of the small bronze pieces that we have referred to in connexion with the Vandals and the Ostrogoths had a circu- lation in the Lombard dominions. But the conjecture could only perhaps be accepted if we obtained evidence of the occurrence of such coins in hoards of gold and silver money of undoubted Lombard origin. The whole series of imitative coins (except the small tremisses ascribed to Perctarit) is devoid of mint-marks or bears only the mechanically repeated CO NOB of the Imperial coins. It is natural to suppose that these coins were struck at Pavia (Ticinum), which from the reign of Alboin onwards was the capital of the Lombard kings. ^ On the gold coins assigned to Perctarit, Cunincpert, Aripert II, and Ijiutprand, a number of letters occur which might prima facie be regarded as indicating the place of issue, but it is not till the reign of Aistulf (a. d. 749) that the coins are inscribed in full with a mint-name. One type ^ There is also a coin marked PK€, Hirsch, Catal., cited infra, p. 129. ^ Pavia was not captured till 572 ; any coins issued by Alboin before that date were probably struck at his capital, Verona. Cp. L. Schmidt, Gcsch. der deiitschen Stamme, Berlin, 1910, p. 453. I § 3. LOMBARDS. :MINTS. § 4. BENEVEXTU]^! Ixi of this king's tremisses bears the inscription Flavla Luca, and the tremisses of Desiderius not only bear the name of Lucca and of Pavia but of five other mints : — Milan, Castel Seprio (' Sebrio '), Treviso, Vicenza, and Vercelli. Whether these coins which show such a remarkable resemblance to one another in style and design were struck at the different cities whose names they record, or whether they really emanated from one central mint (Pavia or Lucca), is a difficult point, which can hardly be settled without the minute examination of a large number of specimens. The mention of Lucca on the coins of Aistulf suggests that it had risen to a position of especial importance, and, later, we find it issuing coins of a quasi-autonomous character (p. 150, infra). The occurrence of these numerous mint-names on the coins of Desi- derius renders it at least arguable that the letters (already referred to) on the coins of Perctarit, Cunincpert, Aripert II, and Liutprand may likewise indicate the names of mints. These letters are usually, placed in close proximity to the head of the obverse, and are mainly as follows : — Perctarit (small tremisses), B, 2, < ; star. Cunincpert, B, D, M, V ; hand. Aripert II, C, M, S. Liutprand, (H or M ?), L, M, N, S, S, T, V ; hand. € Some of these letters might readily be identified with mints ; thus, M, Milan, L, Lucca, S and S, Seprio, T, Ticinum or Treviso, V, Vicenza. € But, on the other hand, there are others which cannot be so easily deter- mined : such are B, D, N, and the symbols star and hand. Moreover, the infrequent occurrence of T — supposing it to mean Ticinum (Pavia) — is remarkable. It may also be pointed out that these letters do not stand alone, but are sometimes accompanied by other letters which are engraved on the bust of the obverse. Thus, in the coinage of Liutprand, S before the € head is accompanied by A ( = A?) on the bust, T before the head has the same A on the bust, V before the head has L on the bust, the ' hand ' before the head has C on the bust. It may be prudent, therefore, at least on the present evidence, to refrain from identifying any of these letters as the initials of mint-places. § 4. COIXAGE OF THE DuCHY AND PRINCIPALITY OF BeNEVENTUM. Of the four great Lombard duchies (sixth to eighth century a.d.), Bene- ventum, Spoletium, Tridentum (Trent), and Forum Julii (Friuli), the first only is known to have _^„ J • £ J. mi •,• f. Lombard Duchies. possessed a coinage oi its own. Ihe position of practical independence, in relation to the Lombard kingdom, which was Ixii INTRODUCTION won by the Dukes of Beneventum was, indeed, attained also by Spoletium, and the apparent absence of coins in the latter case is somewhat remark- able.^ If the Dukes of Spoletium ever issued money it was probably imitative of the Imperial coinage and devoid of distinctive letters or symbols such as those which enable us to classify the coins of Beneventum ; and its identification, if practicable, must be left to Italian antiquaries who are in a position to note what coins are found at Spoleto and in its neigli- bourhood. The duchies of Tridentum - and Forum Julii," partly owing to their northerly position, fell more readily under the regal jurisdiction than did Spoletium and Beneventum, the duchies of central and southern Ital}', and the complete absence of coinage in their case is therefore less surprising. In this volume, then, we have onlj'' to deal with the coinage of the single duchy of Beneventum, and the present introductory section may be comparatively brief, seeing that numismatists already possess in M. Arthur Sambon's monograph * a sufficient, if not completely exhaustive, survey and description of the Beneventum coinage, arranged in a very well-considered sequence. The earliest coins that can be identified with certainty as Beneventan are gold solidi and tremisses marked with the letter K, which is evidently — ^judging by the analogy of later ' coins — the initial of their issuer, Duke Romoald II, who s ear lest ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^.^^ ^p^ -^^^ ^^^^ are closely modelled on the money of the Emperor Justinian 11 struck during his first reign, a.d. 685-695.^ In the long period that elapsed between the founding of the Bene- ventan duchy (circ. a.d. 571) and the accession of Romoald II (a.d. 706), we may suppose that the currency of the dukes consisted of Imperial coins of the Constantinople, Ravenna, and Roman mints, or of imitations of those coins. There are some grounds for believing ^ that at least as early as the time of Romoald II the Imperial solidi had ceased to have any considerable circulation in the duchy, but it may fairly be asked whether it is possible ' See F. and E. Gnecchi, Sagg. di bibliografia num., -p. 368; C. Kunz in Periodico di num. a sfrag., Florence, 1871, pii. 153 f.; Bull, di tuim. e sfiag., Camerino, 1884, vol. ii, pp. 83 f. ^ F. and E. Gnecchi, o}). cif., p. 386. During the Frankish invasion, according to Paulus Diaconus, ransom was paid on the Tridentine side at the rate of a solidus per head, the amount in this particular case being 600 solidi (Hodgkin, Ifalg and her Invaders, vi. 32). But there is nothing to show that this was jjaid in a native ducal coinage. == Cp. F. and E. Gnecchi. oj). cif., p. 393. ■• Recueil des monnaies de Vltalir nieridiotiale. Bi'necent. Published in Le Mtisee for June, 1908, and following parts. •' See B. M. C, Imp. Bj/-. Coins. VI. 38. Nos. 13. 14, Constantinople mint, and PI. 39, Nos. 16, 17, Roman mint. * Sambon. s.v. Romoald II. § 4. BENEVENTUM. EARLY COINS. WEIGHTS Ixiii to identify any of the imitative solidi and tremisses which we may well suppose that the Dukes of Beneventum — like the Lombard kings and so many of the German invaders of the Empire — continued to issue until such time as native currencies developed themselves. Sambon has not attempted to identify any such imitative pieces, though an identification could probably best be made by an Italian numismatist well acquainted with the usual provenance of coins. There are, however, a few specimens in the British Museum which seem to me to have some claim to be considered Beneventan, and these are accordingly described, infra, pp. 189-92, under the heading of ' Uncertain Beneventan Coinages '. They bear the names of Constans II and Constantine IV, and may be regarded as the imitative coinage^ of Grimoald I, Romoald I, Grimoald II, and Gisulf I, i.e. the coinage of the period circ, a.d. 660-706. Besides these there is another series which closely resembles the Beneventan Coins of Romoald II, namely, the solidi and tremisses, which, in the British Museum Catalogue of Imperial Byzantine Coins (II, pp. 342-5 ; cp. I, p. xxxii), are grouped together as the 'Central and South Italian' coins of Justinian II, first reign, a.d. 685-695. Taken by themselves, these pieces might well be regarded as Beneventan, and as constituting the currency of Grimoald II and Gisulf I, the dukes who immediately preceded Romoald II, the first ruler (as we have seen) to stamp his money with the initial of his name. On the other hand, it must be borne in mind that these Central and South Italian coins were issued not only with the name of Justinian II, but also with the names of many succeeding Emperors, and that they continued to be minted long after the Beneventan rulers (beginning with Romoald II) had adopted the practice of stamping their coins with an indication of the ducal name. The latei' coins of the Central and South Italian class it is almost impossible to attribute to Beneventum (for this attribution would involve the highly improbable existence of two concurrent coinages, one quasi-Imperial, the other marked as ducal), and it would probably also be hazardous to assign the earlier pieces of the same class to the mints of the duchy. We may say, then, on the present evidence, that a strictly Beneventan coinage first arose under Romoald II (a. d. 706), but that there is some reason to think that his predecessors, from at least about a.d. 660, issued gold money that was imitative of that of Constans II and Constantine IV. The usual denominations are the solidus and tremissis, of gold, or purporting to be of gold. No regular silver coinage appears till the reign of Grimoald III, when the denarius is introduced ^ . ^. „ ^, , „ Denominations (a. d. 788-792) under the influence or Charlemagne.^ From Romoald II to Grimoald III (circ. 706-806) ^"^ ^^'^ ^' well-preserved specimens of the solidus usually weigh rather more than ^ Or, rather, probably only a portion of such coinage. '^ Small silver coins (weights, 4-8 and 3-7 grains, Brit. Mus. specimens) are somewhat doubtfully attributed (p. 159, infra) to Duke Gregory, a.d. 732-739. With regard to the Lxiv INTRODUCTION 60 grains (60 to 62 or 64 <^rains). The tremissis during the same period weighs from 19 to .21 grains. In the hiter reigns (Sico, Sicardus, and Radelchis I, circ. A. D. 817-851) the weight of the solidus falls off, and is commonly less than 60 grains. The weigiits of the heaviest specimens of the denarius in the British Museum are as follows : — Grimoald III. 22-1 grs. (chipped); also about 24' and 21 grs, (Sambon). Grimoald IV. 22-1 grs. Sico. 19-9 grs. ; about 21 grs. (Sambon). Sicardus. 19-2 grs. Radelchis I. 18-8 grs. Adelchis. 16-6; 18-3. grs. In respect of fineness the denarius is of good alloy, but the (juality of the solidus and tremissis varies much. According to the analyses cited by M. Sambon, the differences of the gold coins are as follows. The coins of Romoald II are 20 carats fine, and those of Gregory from 20 to 18 carats. The gold of the three succeeding dukes — Gottschalk, Gisulf II, and Liutprand — is of 18 carats. The coins of Arichis II (a. d. 758-787) are also, at first, of 18 carats, but later in his reign only of 13i carats, The coins of his successor Grimoald III are of 12 carats. Those of Sico, though in a few cases apparently of fairly good gold, are on the whole much alloyed either with silver or copper.^ Finallj^ under Sico's imme- diate successors, Sicardus and Radelchis I, the coins fall to 10 carats fine ; and in the reign of Adelchis the gold coinage disappears and the currencj" consists solely of denarii. A similar tendency to lower the fineness of the gold may be observed in the latest coinages of the Lombard kings. Compared with the Byzantine solidus (at least with the specimens of it that were struck at Constantinople) the Beneventan solidus was greatly inferior not only in fineness but also in weight, and was, apparently, less than half the value of the Imperial coin.'- The weight of the B3'zantine solidus was always (at Constantinople) more than 60 grains, and the heaviest extant specimens usuall}^ weigh 68-70 grains.^ The duchy (afterwards, from 774, the principality) of Beneventum, founded about 571 by Duke Zotto, soon acquired the geographical extent that it maintained for several centuries, and may be described, ' ' approximately, as including the old pi'ovinces of Samnium, exchange value of the denarius, there is evidence in the time of Grimoald IV, a. d. 816, that 18 denarii went to the solidus (Sambon, p. 16). About the end of this (ninth) century, 48 denarii were reckoned as equivalent to the solidus. ^ We have already noted that from Sico's reign onwards the weight of the solidus is somewhat lower than in the earlier period. '^ See Sambon, p. 10 and p. 16. ^ Brit. Mus. Cat. Imp. Byz. Coins, p. Ixxiv. § 4. BENEVENTUM. TYPES, «S:c. Ixv Apulia, Campania, Lucania, and Bruttii.^ It was at all times bound only by a slender tie to the Lombard and the Frankish kings, and its rulers made war or peace with Pope and eastern emperor on their own initiative. More especially were they in touch w^ith Byzantium ; and the Lombards of Beneventum may be said to have served as intermediaries between the Carolingian and Byzantine civilizations.- We have already seen that the initiation of a distinctive Beneventan coinage did not take place till the time of Romoald II (706-731), and even his solidus is a close imitation of the solidus of the Emperor Justinian II, displaying on the obv. both the bust and name of this emperor, and on the Q^ev. a cross potent on steps and the legend VictoHa Aug. The tremissis is very similar. In this reign (as in later reigns) the name of the Beneventan issuer is indicated only by its initial letter. These are neatly executed coins (PI. XXI. 5-15), but they already display the peculiar style that is characteristic of the Beneventan money — rough, high relief, and an arid and angular delinea- tion of the bust. Under Audelais, Gregorius, and Gottschalk the Successors of types of these gold coins remain unchanged. Romoald II. The types of Gisulf II (a. d. 742-751) are also similar, but in his second coinage the Imperial bust holds the mappa in addition to the globus cruciger. The money of Liutprand (751-758) is like Gisulf's. In the early part of his reign his mother Scauniperga was regent, and the coins of that period are marked with the letters S and L. The reign of Arichis II (a. d. 758-787), who became duke in 758, and who in 774 assumed the title of prince, is in several ways important. He was a brave and capable man, of considerable literary . • i,- culture,^ and he embellished the city of Beneventum and built there the church of St. Sophia and the monastery. He forced Naples to pay tribute, fortified Salerno, and made it his second capital. When the Lombard kingdom fell in 774 at the hands of Charlemagne, he had the courage to hold his own, nor was the Beneventan duchy ever actually incorporated witli the dominions of the Carlings.^ His coinage is abundant and, though in the course of his reign it fell in respect of fineness from 18 to 13^ carats, was in request long after his death ; e. g. the later contracts specify payments in trimissi ex monetis domni Arechis.^ ^ Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, vi, p. 75, ^ Gay, Vltalie meridionale et VEmpire bi/zantin, p. 47. ^ Hodgkin, Itali/, &c., viii, p. 60. * Bury, Hist, of later Roman Empire, ii, p. 514. Charlemagne, however, in 787 prepared to invade Beneventan territory and Arichis promised submission. ° Sambon, op. cit., p. 11. i Ixvi INTRODUCTION M. Sambon discerns in the style of his coins ' une facile elegance'. Elegance must here, indeed, be regarded as a somewhat relative term, though no doubt the coins are carefully executed and their prominent relief is not ineffective. No. 4 in our Catalogue (second coinage ; PL XXII. 10) is a favourable specimen. His earliest pieces are similar to those of Gisulf II, but in his second period he removes from them the name of Justinian II which had continued to form the obverse legend of the Beneventan coins ever since the time of Romoald II, and which had dwindled down to the almost unintelligible DNIVNPP or DN— VNPP. This he replaced by the inscription DNS VICTORIA (Dominus victoriam (led ?), a pious but neutral selection, as if he were unwilling to place on his coins either the name of an emperor or his own. Meanwhile, the conventional Victoria August, continued to constitute the reverse legend till the year (774) in which Arichis assumed the title of Princeps, when Victoria Frinpi was substituted. In the matter of portraiture the coins of Arichis and also those of his successors are entirely disappointing. In fact, a single head of a rather ruflBanly appearance does duty for each successive . prince. This head, as it first appears under Arichis II, is to some extent distinguishable from that on the coins of his predecessor Liutprand, but the difference is not sufficient to authorize the belief that the Arichis head has any claim to be a true portrait of the issuer; and with regard to the head on Liut- prand's coins it is clearly developed from the head on the coins of Romoald II, which (as the inscription testifies) was a representation of Justinian II. Strictly, then, the only portrait found throughout the whole Beneventan coinage is that of a single Byzantine emperor, slightly varied during a long course of years. Grimoald III (788-806), the next prince, was, like his father Arichis II, brought into close connexion with Charlemagne. Grimoald was recognized _ . . , .^j by the Frankish king as the legitimate successor of Arichis on the conditions that he inscribed Charle- magne's name on the Beneventan coinage ^ and paid an annual tribute of 7,000 solidi. The gold coins of Grimoald — at least in the first period of coinage (788-792) — accordinglj^ bear the name of Dominus Carolus rex on their reverse, while on the obverse is the name Grlmvald,'-^ with the title of dux (PI. XXIIl. 1). Even this title is sometimes omitted, and we may gather that Grimoald was not permitted by his arrangement with Charlemagne to take the title of princeps. * Erchempei't, 5, quoted by Sambon, p. 14 ; cp.the passage in Erchempert, 4 ; p. 236, in Mou. Germ, script, rerum Laiigobard., quoted by Prou, Monn. Carl., p. Ixxviii. ^ Previous to this reign the name of the Beneventan ruler had been indicated by an initial only. § 4. BENEVENTUM. GRIMOALD IV, &c. Ixvii Grimoald also introduced a silver coinage,^ which naturally took the form of a Carolingian denarius, with his own name on one side and that of Charlemagne on the other, both in monogram (PI. XXIII. 6). Later in his reign, however (792-806), Grimoald discovers some of the independent spirit of his father Arichis by repudiating the Frankish suzerainty and marrying a niece of the Emperor Constantine VI. And the coins of this period display his sole name accompanied b}' the title of princeps. His denarius has his name in monogram on the ohv. , and on the rev. a cross between A and U) and the word BENEBENTV which had not till now appeared on the coins. - Grimoald IV (806-817) is not known to have issued gold coins. His denarius has a new type, apparentl}- a stylized representation of an ear of corn and ivy-leaves; on the reverse, a star and the words Archangelus Michael. He calls himself on the Grimoald IV. coins Grimoald Filius Ermenrih, without any title. Sico (817-832) styles himself on his coins Sico princeps. On his solidus he places a full-length figure of St. Michael, perhaps suggested by the Archangdus Michael inscription on the denarius of his predecessor. A figure of St. Michael had long before formed the distinctive type of the coinage of the Lombard kings, for the warrior archangel was believed to have led the Lombard arms to victory when Italy was invaded, and the grotto of Mount Garganus, where the Saint had manifested himself, was a Lombard sanctuary.^ The money of Sicardus (832-839) is substantially like that of his father Sico, but on the reverse of the solidus he substitutes for the figure of the archangel a cross potent on steps, a change perhaps due to commercial considerations, the cross being a much older and more familiar Beneventan coin-type. Sicardus made efforts to extend the commerce of the principality, and his coinage is abundant ; but ever since the death of Arichis II the gastalcli, with their strong castles and armed adherents, had been growing more powerful; the state lacked cohesion, and after the death of Sicardus its disintegration begins. The solidus" of the next prince, Radelchis I (839-851), is of the same ^ The only previous silver coins were the small pieces rather doubtfully attributed to Duke Gregory, p. 159, infra. ^ But on the gold coins CONOB had been engraved in such away that the letter B PRINCIP was prominent and separated from the rest of the word ; thus, C B, and it is not unlikely that the B was intended to signify Beneventum. ' Cp. Gray, Ultalie merid., p. 147, who quotes from the beginning of the Chron. S. Bened. {Script. R. L., p. 467): ' Horum princeps militia celestis exercitus Michahel extitit archangelus . . . Graecorum Romanorumque Langobardi gentes superantes, totam simul Beneventi possiderunt patriam.' Ixviii INTRODUCTION type as that of Sicardus,^ but for one of the three types of his denarius he revives the designs of Grimoald IV (the stylized ear ' of corn ; rev. cross radiate). Under Radelcliis, the gold and Siconolf. . , , n j p •- ^ coinage — by courtesy so called, tor it was now only 10 carats fine — comes to an end. Nearly the whole of his reign was occupied by a contest with Siconolf, the brother of Sicardus — Radelchis employing the services of a band of Saracens, and his rival a band of Moors. Finally, Siconolf renounced the title of ' Prince of Beneventum ', and contented himself with that of Prince of Salerno. It may be noted that the denarii struck by Siconolf at Salerno all bear the title of Prince of Beneventum, and are closely modelled (as is also his solidus) upon the Beneventan coins, especially those of his brother Sicardus.^ Salerno had been occupied by the rulers of Beneventum in the first half of the eighth century, but since the year 839, when Siconolf was proclaimed its prince, it was lost to the Beneventan state, and we now find the Princes of Salerno and the Counts of Capua beginning to take the leading part among the Lombards of South Italy. "^ The coins of Adelchis (853-878) and those of his successors are of silver only (denarii), yet evidently the gold coins of earlier princes con- tinned in circulation, for in the reign of Adelchis, or Adelchis . ' a little earlier, the Salerno contracts mention the ' old ' solidi of Sicardus and even the ' good ' tremisses of Arichis II. On the denarii of Adelchis the cross is the chief device, and in some instances the words Sancta Maria and Arhangelu' Mih. are inscribed. In the period between 866 and 871 the name of Adelchis appears on the coins in conjunction with that of the Emperor Louis II, who had obtained at Beneventum the submission of Adelchis, and the coinage, to this extent, recalls the days of Grimoald III and Charlemagne."* The denarii of Gaideris, Radelchis II (first reign), and Aio (i. e. from A. D. 878 to 890) bear monogrammatic devices. In 891 Beneventum was captured by the Greeks. It then "fell into the hands of Guy of Spoleto and of Prince Guaimar of Salerno. In 897 Radelchis II was restored, but was expelled in 899, and the Beneventans acknowledged Atenolf, Lord of Capua, as their prince (a. d. 900-910). ^ The legend of the rev. is, however, changed by Radelchis from the Victor. Princi of Sicardus to Archange. Michael, which may have been suggested by the legend on the denarius of Sicardus. '^ For a description of the coins of Salerno see Sambon, op. cit., pp. 33 f. ' Gay, Ultalie merid., p. 62. * For a coin which appears to bear the name of Pope John VIII in conjunction with that of Adelchis see Sambon, No. 88, and cp. p. 186, infra. § 5. THESSALONICA. EMPERORS Ixix § 5. Coinage of the Empire of Thessalonica. A.D. 1222-1243 (1246). The Prankish kingdom of Salonika, which had been founded by Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, after the fall of Constantinople in 1204, was conquered from his successor Demetrius (1207-1222) by Theodore Angelus Comnenus Ducas, the despot of Epirus. Theodore, in 1222,^ caused himself to be crowned ' Emperor ', assumed the gorgeous Imperial dress and held his Imperial court at his capital Thessalonica, But this western 'Empire' mTTTi.n-nm?i? ATtfrirTTm did not stand alone, for there had already ' • ^ 1 • A • Af • xu ^ i / 1222-1230. existed ni Asia Minor, since the catastrophe of 1204, an Empire of Nicaea and an Empire of Tiebizond. Thus, in the year 1222 there were three rulers, each claiming to be the lawful ' Emperor of the Romans '. Of these, the Nicaean Emperor, the able and ambitious John I (' III ') Vatatzes, who was bent on restoring the unity of the Greeks under his sceptre,^ soon came into conflict with Theodore Angelus, whose Empire of Thessalonica extended from the shores of the Adriatic to the Black Sea. Theodore might have held his own had he not become involved in war with the powerful Tsar of Bulgaria, John Asan, by whom, in 1230, he was defeated and made prisoner. Theodore's title of emperor was taken by his brother Manuel Angelus, who ruled over the remnant of the Empire that the Bulgarians had not appropriated. But after a short reign Manuel jj^jj^EL ANGELUS, was ousted (1232) by Theodore, who had now ioqo been released from captivity. Theodore, who had been blinded by the Tsar, set up as emperor his son John Angelus, who ruled till 1243, when he was compelled by the Nicaean Emperor, JOHN ANGELUS, John I ('III') Vatatzes, to relinquish the Emperor, 1232-1243. Imperial title, though he retained till his Despot of Thessalonica, death in 1244 the position of ruler of the 1244. city of Thessalonica. Demetrius, brother of John Angelus, likewise ruled the city for a short period, but in 1246 he was removed •mnvriTTRIUS by John I Vatatzes, who then incorporated _ ^ „ „, i ' •„„ "^ . • • rni Despot of Thessalonica, all that remained of the Empire of Thessa- ^oAA 194ft lonica with his own Empire of Nicaea. The numismatic study of the Empires of Thessalonica and Nicaea, ' Or in the summer or autumn of a.d. 1223 ? : see B. Z., v, p. 212. - W. Miller, The Latins in the Levant, p. 95. Ixx INTRODUCTION especially of the former, is still in an unsatisfactory condition owing, no doubt, to the comparative difficulty of obtaining specimens of the coins, which, being poorly struck and badly pre- ' served, have been neglected by collectors and coin-dealers ; owing, also, to the illegibility of many of the legends (due sometimes, as may be suspected, to deliberate erasures in antiquity) ; to the convention- ality of the types (which, however, at the same time present numerous varieties and combinations), finally to the difficulty of separating the coins from the Imperial issues of Byzantium, and of discriminating the money of different rulers who bore such common names as Theodore and John. Sabatier, in his Monaaies byzaatiiies, made a courageous attempt to describe these coinages, but his descriptions and attributions undoubtedly demand a searching scrutiny. Although n<>riii)<mata in gold have by some numismatists been attributed to the Emperors of Thessalonica, and though it appears a i^Horl probable that at least such an aspiring ruler as Theodore would issue coins in the precious metals, it yet seems to be the fact that the only nomismata issued were in silver and bronze. Theodore (though not invariably), Manuel, and apparently John,^ engrave on their coins the title Sea-rroTTj^, at that period equivalent to ' Emperor ', and wear the Imperial dress. Their coins, in fact, are hardly to be distinguished, except to some extent in fabric and style, from the issues of Byzantine Emperors. The types are of the usual Byzantine character — representations of the Saviour and the Virgin and of the Archangel Michael. One saint, Demetrius, the martyr of Thessalonica, is given special prominence on the coins of the FIOAIC 06CCAAONIKI,-' yet he also is found on the coins of the Byzantines, Alexius III, Manuel I, and Andronicus III.^ § 6. Coinage of the Empire of Nicaea. Of the three Greek ' Empires ' which came into existence after the Frankish conquest of Constantinople in 1204, the Nicaean was— at least during the brief period of its existence — the most important. Not only did the city of Nicaea become the refuge of the aristocracy and the higher ecclesiastics, but the state was governed by a succession of * There seem to be no coins bearing the name of John and his successor Demetrius as rulers of the city Thessalonica (i.e. after the title of Emperor of Thessalonica had been relinquished in 1243). But the anonymous pieces with sacred types, described p. 202, infra, ' Coinage of Thessalonica ? ' may possibly supply the gap in the coinage. '^ This inscr. occurs on No. 2 of Manuel, infra, p. 198. ^ See B. M. C. Imp. Bi/z. Coiun, Index III, under *St. Demetrius', and the note, p. 573. § 6. NICAEA. THEODORE I. JOHN I Ixxi singularly able and upright rulers, who kept in view as a grand and definite object the recovery of the lost Empire. The first of these rulers, Theodore I Lascaris, was successful in his encounters with the Latins and the Seljuks, and practically united the whole of western Asia Minor under his sceptre. He doubtless inaugurated the Nicaean gold , • 1 J- 1 J 1 . Lascaris, 1204, coinage, which was continued under his sue- , ' T 1 . 1 i. 1 xi • • (crowned 1206)-1222. cessors. in design and style this coinage is ' conventional and dry, and better examples of Nicaean coin-engraving are to be found on the silver and bronze nomismata. But the existence of a coinage in gold points to the commercial importance of Nicaea as compared (at that period) with Trebizond and Thessalonica. The gold nomisma of Theodore I happens to be very rare, and is not represented in the British Museum. The gold nomismata of John I weigh from 69 to 73-3 grains (Brit. Mus.), and two nomismata of Theodore II (Brit. Mus.) weigh 65-8 and 66-3 grains. The extant gold coins of Theodore II and many of those of John I are considerably alloyed, and we know from Pachymeres that John I issued coin of which only two parts were of pure gold and the remaining third alloy. ^ On his gold coins, Theodore I — if the attribution is correct — takes the title of Porphyrogenitus, though his only connexion with the Imperial house was through his marriage with a daughter of Alexius III. On his other coins he usually inscribes ', ' 7Ii6odor6 I the title desjwtes. On his silver and bronze coins he places himself under the protection of his namesake St. Theodore, a saint found also on a seal that is probably his.'^ His coins are of careless execution, with the exception of the silver nomisma, PI. XXVIII. 1-3." John I Ducas Vatatzes, the second Emperor of Nicaea, had high qualities both as statesman and general.* He was strict in the administra- tion of justice, a financial reformer, and a pro- totttv t {^ ttt >\ moter of agriculture and commerce. His long ^ .,,- . ^ " 1 • (• 1 Ducas Vatatzes, reisrn witnessed the further weakening oi the ,„„„ ^^,„-. T f • A ^u ' ^- r tOAa\ V 1222-30 Oct. 1254. Latin power and the incorporation (in 124d) or the rival Empire of Thessalonica with his own, and the submission (in 1354) of Michael of Epirus, the last independent despot of the Greeks. On his gold coinage, which is particularly abundant, John I takes the title Porphyrogenitus, though he was not even the son, but only the son- in-law, of his predecessor Theodore I. That he put forward pretensions ^ Cp. Finlay, Hist. Greece, iii. 320. "^ See note, p. 207, infra. ^ Weight of silver nomisma. Theodore I, 68 grains (Paris) ; John I, 50-7 grains (highest, Brit. Mus.) ; Theodore II, 49-2 grains (highest, Brit. Mus.). ' Cp. Heiseaberg in B. Z., xiv, 1905, pp. 160 f. Ixxii INTRODUCTION to royal descent may be judged from the inscription on a seal which is with probability attributed to him ^ :— C<t>PAriC C€BACTOV IUJANN5 T5 A»KA PIZAN PGNOVC eXONTOC eK BACIAeUJN. The silver nomismata ot" John I (PI. XXX. 1-4) are of a curious bracteate-like fabric, and the designs are of good work for the period and rich in appearance. St. Demetrius and St. George and a Seraph (head) are represented on his coins,- and on the silver he is crowned either by the Christ of Chalce (PI. XXX. 2-5) or by St. Constantine (PL XXX. 1). This last-named saint is not elsewhere commemorated on the Nicaean coins, and on the Imperial Byzantine coinage perhaps only occurs under Alexius III. It may be legitimate, therefore, to find some special signiti- cance in John's selection of this type. Now, John I (as has been men- tioned) was not the son, but the son-in-law of his predecessor, and Theodore I had left behind a young son named Constantine.^ Nothing is known of the fate of this boy or in what way he was set aside by John. Possibly for a time John affected to rule as regent, and the type of the Emperor John crowned by St. Constantine may have been intended to suggest that John ruled with the benediction and approval of the patron saint of the young Constantine. It may be noted that John I established the royal residence at Nymphaion, a town between Smyrna and Sardis at the foot of Mount Sip3'los, and had his royal treasury — which he kept well filled — at Magnesia."* But as the city of Nicaea continued to be the seat of the government and of the Patriarch, we may assume that it was there that the coins of the Nicaean Emperors were minted. Theodore II, a brave and able man, interested both as author and patron in literature and philosophy, laboured during his short reign for mTT-nii-k-rki-vTj-ci tt ^^^ happiness of his people, and was a true 'roi . philosophe . ' A 1 Ko ^^ ^^^^ coins he calls himself Theodore Lascaris, Theodore Ducas, and Theodore Ducas Lascaris.'' He takes the title despotes, but discontinues the Porphj'^rogenitus epithet employed by his father, John I. His most distinctive coin-type is a figure of Tryphon, the patron saint of Nicaea, and one to whom he had especially displayed his devotion. John II Lascaris, the young son of Theodore II, was soon ousted by ^ Schlumberger, Sigillot/r., pp. 42S, 429. ^ He strikes small bronze coins in addition to the scyphate bronze nomismata. ' Meliaraki, 'lor. tov ^aa: ttjs UiKaias, p. 132. * His successor, Theodore II, amassed a treasure at the forti-ess of Astytzion. J. B. Pappadopoulos, Theodore II Lascaris. Paris, 1908, p. 88. ° J. B. Pappadopoulos, oj). cif., p. 138. * His funeral oration on Frederick II is headed : Qeodapov £^ovk(i tov AdaKapi, roi vlov TOV i\l/T]\oTiiTov /3a(rtXeci)s Kvpov 'luuvvov tov AoOko. (Pappadopoulos, Oj). cif., p. 183.) § 7. DESPOTS OF EPIRUS Ixxiii the ambitious Michael (VIII) Palaeologus. Michael was proclaimed joint- Emperor in Jan. 1260, and from thenceforth ,, , , r ^^ ^ ^ i t i JOHN II ('IV') was practically sole ruler ; nor does J ohn appear ^ , , ^ . 1 . ^^ Lascaris, 1258-1259. to have issued coins. rru 1 r 1. 1 1 Ar- 1 1 • ^1 MICHAEL VIII Ihe large sums disbursed by Michael in the way of donations, bribes, and rewards render it ' 1-1 1 ^1, i. 1 • 1 11 • i- X XT- Jan. 1260-Aug. 1261. likely that he issued gold nomismata at JNicaea, and, if so, they are probably to be found in the coins with rev. Virgin enthroned, which are usually regarded by numismatists as forming part of the coinage that he issued at Constantinople subsequent to his recovery of the capital.^ Yet he may have dispensed with the issue of gold coins bearing his own name and have utilized the older nomismata which he found among the treasures amassed by John I and Theodore II. One less important denomination — the bronze nomisma — was certainly issued by Michael as Nicaean Emperor, the type being St. Tryphon, as on coins of the preceding emperor. On 15 Aug. 1261 Michael was crowned in Constantinople, and the brief, but not ignoble or valueless, existence of the Nicaean ' Empire ' was merged in the larger life of the restored Empire of Byzantium. § 7. Coinage of the Despots of Epirus. There are no coins of these rulers in the British Museum, and specimens seem to be very rare and of more or less doubtful attribution. The founder of the despotat was Michael I Angelus Comnenus Ducas, a prince of the Imperial family, who established himself, soon after the great upheaval of the Empire in 1204, in territory that ■lurTr'TTA-PT had not been appropriated by the Latins. Two bronze iioniisiiuita {Ivfra, p. 226) have been attributed to him, but of his brother and successor, Theodore Angelus Comnenus, no coins are known, at any rate in his capacity THEODORE ANGELUS, of despot, for he struck money on becoming Emperor of Thessalonica (1222-1230).'- Coins are equally wanting, or rather, perhaps, have not been recognized by numismatists, for the reigns of Manuel, Michael II, Nicephorus I, and Thomas Angelus (i. e. the period from 1230 to 1310). Under the succeeding rulers of the house of Orsini deniers touriiois were struck at Arta ; and descriptions of these are given in Schlum- berger's Nitin. de VOrlent ltd., pp. 374 f. Some seals of the earlier despots of Epirus are described in Schlum- berger's Sigillographie, pp. 426 f. * See infra, p. 224. ^ See supra, p. Ixix. k Ixxiv INTRODUCTION JOHN I Angelus Comnenus, 1271-1296. § 8. Coinage of the Duchy of Neopatras (Great Vlakia). On the death of Michael II, despot of Epirus, his hastard son, John I Angehis, established himself at Neopatras (La Patre) and ruled over Great Vlakia, with Olympus as his northern and Parnassus as his southern boundary ; his territory including Thessaly and much of the old Lokris Ozolis, running down on the east of Parnassus to the Corinthian Gulf.^ The title of Sebastocrator was conferred on John I, and he appears to have been the issuer of bronze nomismata (described Infra, pp. 227, 228). Of his successor Constantine An- CONSTANTINE ANGELUS, gelus no coins are known. The third 1296-1303. duke, John II Angelus Comnenus, JOHN II ANGELUS struck deniers toumois of the French COMNENUS, 1303-1318. type inscribed Neopatrle or De la Patria. § 9. Coinage of the Empire of Trebizond. 1. The Coinage and its Arrangement.^ The coinage of Trebizond supplies an instance, not very rare in numis- . matics, of a currency of great abundance remaining un- known, or practically unknown, to collectors for several centuries. It was not until the 3'ear 1827 that the atten- tion of numismatists was seriously called to these coins, through the modest publication by the Baron de Marchant of a few specimens of the asper. Though Marchant rightly assigned them to the Emperors of Trebizond, another excel- lent numismatist, de Saulcy,^ maintained, because the surname ' Comnenus ' ' W. Miller, Latins in the Levant, pp. 132 f. ^ The numismatic literature is chiefly as follows : — Marchant, Lettres du Baron Marchant, ed. Langlois, 1851, pp. 320 f. Pfaffenhoffen, Essai sur les asinrs Comnenats . . . de Trebisonde. Paris, 1847. KoEHNE, ' Die Komnenischen Silbermiinzen,' in the Memoires de la Societe d'archeo- loffie et de luttnisniatique de St, Petershoury, vol. iii, 1849, pp. 103 f. Sabatier, Description gin. . . . des monn. bi/z., 1862, ii, pp. 306 f. Blau, G., 'Trapezunter Komnenaten,' in Berliner Blatter fur Miinz-, Siege?- unJ WappenJiunde. Berlin, vol. iv, 1868. 0. Retowski, Die MUnzen der Koninenen ron Trapeznnt. Moscow, 1910 (see infra, p. Ixxv). ' Essai de classification des . . . inon. hijz., 1836, p. 423. § 9. TREBIZOND. ATTRIBUTION OF THE COINS Ixxv was inscribed upon them, that the real issuers were the Comnenian Emperors of Byzantium, and that their mint-place was Cherson. Writing in 1849, Koehne still hesitated between the Comneni of Constantinople and their namesakes of Trebizond, and setting forth the two attributions side by side and reign by reign he left the choice between them to his readers. But Koehne, however inconclusive, was able to publish many new varieties of the asper, and he also attempted a graphical reproduction of the legends and symbols — a useful plan which has been adopted in the present Catalogue and without which it would be almost impossible to study the minutiae of the coinage. In 1847, that is, about two years before Koehne wrote, there had appeared the Essai sur les asjyres ConuieiuUs of Baron F. de Pfaffenhoffen, in which considerable numbers of these coins were brought together and illustrated. Many specimens have come to light since Pfaffenhoffen wrote, but his book was a very serviceable one ; it suggested some probable attri- butions and had the advantage of being based on the historical researches of Fallmerayer, among which the most important was the discovery of the Trebizond chronicle of Michael Panaretos, which, if in many respects arid and incomplete, yet furnished historians and numismatists with a solid framework of names and dates. An account of the Trebizond coinage found a place in the second volume of Sabatier's Descrljtt'ion (1862), but only typical specimens were described, without any attempt at the enumeration of varieties. Sabatier was the first writer to publish many examples of the bronze coinage, though his attribu- tions of these are often open to ([uestion. To these publications may be added an article l)y G. Blau (1868) containing descriptions of the aspers obtained by him during several years' residence in Trebizond. The latest and best work is that of O. Retowski, which is based on an examination of a very large number of coins (especially in the Russian collections) and fully illustrated by photographs.^ The attribution of the coins to different rulers is rendered difficult by the paucity of distinctive types and the absence of distinguishing titles for the various Emperors. Thus, coins inscribed ' Alexius ' Attribution of the , , • i , .i <? t^ i i ,,- may be claimed by the tour Emperors who bore this name, and those inscribed ' Manuel ' and 'John ' may belong to three Manuels and four Johns. The silver coinage — the bronze will be briefly noticed later on — may almost be said to consist of a single type, the Emperor on the obverse, ^ Retowski, Die Miinzett tier Komiieneii von Trapesunf. Moscow, 1910. I regret that this monograph did not appear till the Trebizond section of the present Catalogue was finished, the plates having been printed off and the text placed in the printer's hands. I have, however, inserted in my text references wherever practicable and I have been glad in this Introduction — though it had been pieviously written independently — to avail myself of the valuable numismatic material collected by M. Retowski. Ixxvi INTRODUCTION St. Eugenius on the reverse. On the great mass of the coins these figures are represented as standing, facing the spectator, but on a smaller, though not inconsiderable number, the same figures appear seated on horseback. There has been general agreement among numismatists that the stand- ing-figure type was the first to be introduced and that it was then superseded by the equestrian type. But Pfaffenhofien, Sabatier, Blau, and others (though not M. Ketowski) who are of this opinion seem to maintain a highly im- probable view when they assign to the latest Emperors of Trebizond coins not of the equestrian but of the standing type. Having regard to the tj'pe alone — and apart from considerations of weight and fabric— it is extremely unlikely that when the equestrian type had become familiar and almost stereo- typed there would have been a reversion to the long-abandoned standing- type. Those coins with standing figures which have been supposed, chiefl\' on account of the rudeness of their style, to be the latest issues of the Empire can equally well, or better, be regarded as foreign issues imitative of the coins of the earlier Emperors, which coins they, in fact, in essential points resemble. Thus, an asper inscribed lULi (John) is not to be assigned to the middle of the fifteenth century and the reign of John IV, but to the latter part of the thirteenth century and the period — or thereabouts — of the reign of John II, when standing figures, not 3'et ousted by equestrian ones, were the customary coin-types. From this broad division between standing and equestrian types several attributions seem inevitably to result. Thus, the coins which bear the name ' Alexius ' can none of them be of Alexius I, because in his time, or at any rate in that of his immediate successors, the standing figure was in vogue, and these ' Alexius ' coins are all of the equestrian type. The coins, then, belong, at the earliest, to Alexius II, though some may be assigned to Alexius III and Alexius IV. Similarl}', in the case of coins inscribed with the name ' John ', we are obliged (having fixed the intro- duction of the equestrian type to the reign of Alexius II) to assign such specimens as present standing figures to a period before Alexius II, i. e. to John I and John II, and attribute those which show equestrian tj'pes to the period after Alexius II, i.e. to John III and (as Retowski has shown) to John IV. The main outlines of attribution being fixed, it is desirable to group the coins of the different reigns with some regard to the numerous symbols (star, pellet, lis, &c.) and letters which appear in the field. An attempt has been made in this Catalogue to describe these groups with minuteness, but their sequence and the significance of symbol and letter still present various points of difficult}'.^ Something further will be said on this head in section 5 infra. The bronze coinage has received comparatively little notice from writers ' The recent work of Retowski sets forth all the minutiae with ^reat fullness. § 9. TREBIZOND. ALEXIUS I ixxvii on Trebizond.^ It was once, probably, sufficiently abundant, and should the attention of coin- collectors be turned more than hitherto in the direction of the subsidiary Byzantine series it is likely that not a few specimens will be identified and described. The attribution of some classes of these coins will be found discussed in the text under ' Alexius III ', p. 297, infra, and it may be enough to say that the earliest pieces seem to be those of the largest module, and that, while on the earlier coins only figure-subjects occur — chiefly the Emperor and St. Eugenius — on the latest coins new devices, such as varied forms of the Cross, are employed as reverse-types. 2. The Emperors and their Coinage.^ The founder (in the year a. d. 1204) of the Empire of Trebizond. which was soon to become famous for the luxury of its court, the beauty of its princesses, and the wealth derived from its unique commercial situation, was Alexius I Comnenus, who ' assumed and handed on to his successors the title of ' -_, _^ , ^, ^ 111 A. D. 1204-1222. Mcyay Ko/xvr]i/o9. ihe surname Comnenus belonged to him as a grandson of Andronicus I Comnenus, the Bj'zantine Emperor, and ' Great ' was a favourite epithet of many princes of that age.^ Alexius paid tribute to the Seljuk sultan of Rum (Iconium), but his long reign was prosperous commercially. His currency is a mj-stery. It would naturally be supposed that it was of a Byzantine character, consisting mainly of scyphate nomismata of gold and silver, like the currency of the Xicaean Emperors. But of the existence of such pieces there is no trace, though the coinage of silver nomismata (clrc, 1238) b}' one of his successors (Manuel I) may possibly suggest that it was imitated from a model supplied ^ See, however, the descriptions in Retowski's work and his PI. XV. - The chief authorities for the history are: — Fallmerayer, Geschichte (fes Kaiseiihums ron Trapezunt. Munich, 1827. Fallmerayer, Original-Fragmente in AhhamUungen der Kdnigl.-Bayevischen Akade' mie, Hist. Class., vol. iii (1843), pt. 3; also in vol. iv (1844), pt. 2, where the text of the Trebizond Chronicle of Michael Panaretos is printed (cp. Krumbacher, Gesch. hyz. Lit., pp. 393 f.). FiNLAY, Historg of Greece: an interesting account of the Empire in vol. iv, pp. 307-427. T. E. Evangelides, 'loropia . . . TpairtCovvTos. Odessa, 1898. Reference may also be made to Papadopulos-Kerameus, Fovtes historiae Impeni Trapezuniii, i, St. Petersburg, 1897 (cp. Byz. Zeitschrift. vi. 630) ; Millet in Bull. corr. hell, xix, 1895, pp. 419 f. (Churches, &c., of Trebizond) ; Bury's ed. of Gibbon's Decline and Fall, vi. 420, 421 ; W. Fischer, 'Trapezunt und seine Bedeutung in der Geschichte,' in Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Geschichte, Stuttgart, vol. iii (1886), pp. 13-39 ; Heyd, Histoire dn Commerce du Levant. ' As to the title of the Trebizond Emperors on the coins see infra, section 4, ' Inscriptions.' Ixxviii INTRODUCTION by Alexius. Tlie institution of the silver asper — the typical currency of Trebizond — is clue, so far as we know, to one of the successors of Alexius.^ During the reign of Andronicus I, Alexius's son-in-law, the little Empire on the Black Sea had to submit to the revolt and ANDRONICUS I , c tu ■ i i r^\ j -^ u loss of Iberia ; but Cherson and its other possessions Gidos, 1222-1235. ,,/-.• -• i ^ i i ii i t m the Crimea continued to be held, and a not un- favourable treaty was concluded with the Seljuk sultan. There is still no trace of the issue of a coinage. Of the three years' reign ^ of John I Axuchos, brother-in-law of Andronicus I and eldest son of Alexius I, hardly anything ' is known, yet PfafFenhoffen seems right in attributing to him some of the many silver pieces that bear the name ' John '. He is thus, apparently, the originator of the famous ' Comnenian Aspers ' of whose types and value some account will be given in sections 3 and 4. A great and varied mass of aspers (with the standing-figure types) bears the name of ' Manuel ', who, as cannot be doubted, was Manuel I, a T *^^^' ^^^® John I, of the first Emperor Alexius I. ' He continued to satisfy the claims of the Seljuks and the Mongols, and his long reign of twenty-five years was prosperous. From the fact that Kirmaneoul (i.e.' Kuros ' or ' Kurios ' Manuel) became the generic name for money in Georgia,'^ it has been reasonably inferred that it was in the reign of Manuel that the silver coins of Trebizond became for the first time well known and poj)ular in commerce, and that the imitations of this coinage probably circulated in Iberia or other countries beyond the limits of the Empire.'* ' The bronze noniisma referred to on p. 230, infra, as being attributed by Sabatier (PI. 67, 4) to Alexius I is of uncertain attribution, though doubtless of a Trebizond Emi^eror (Retowski, Komn., p. 186, repeats Sabatier's description but places it under ' Uncertain ' of Trebizond). On p. 230 I have remarked that the repetition of the name of ' Eugenius ' on each side of this coin gives cause to suspect the correctness of Sabatier's reading. Since then I have discovered among some ' uncertain ' coins in the British Museum the actual specimen described and figured by Sabatier. It was acquired by the British Museum of H. Hoffmann of Pans in 1864, 4-8-22 (Retowski's statement, p. 186, that the coin described by Sabatier is now in the Stroganow collection is therefore incorrect) ; it is in very poor condition and the legends are almost entirely illegible : — Ohr. An emperor and the Saviour (?) holding ])atriarchal cross between them ; rev. St. Eugenius (?) standing. ^ As to the duration of the reign see Fallnierayer, Oriij. Frag., Fart II, p. 12, note 2, and p. 42, note 3 : ' Six years ' in the MS. of the Chronicle of Panaretos is evidently an error for ' three years '. Evangelides, oj). cit., p. 71, states that John reigned six years, and places the death of .John and the accession of Manuel I in a. d. 1241. ^ See text, infra, p. 256. ■* The exceptional output of the coinage may perhai)s be partly accounted for by the great increase in the transit-trade of Trebizond, which probably began to take place (after a. d. 1258) in the last years of Manuel I : see infra, p. Ixxx. § 9. TREBIZOND. MANUEL I- JOHN II Ixxix Yet, though the asper-coinage seems to be specially identified with the reign of Manuel, it is curious to find that he also issued a silver currency of scyphate nomismata, entirely of the conventional Byzantine character (PI. XXXII. 6-10). The attribution of these coins (proposed by Sabatier) can hardly be disputed, and we can only conjecture either that the Emperor was imitating similar nomismata of the founder Alexius I, or that the coinage (in imitation of the nomismata of the Nicaean Empire) was introduced in an experimental way at the beginning of his reign and then abandoned in favour of the aspers, which thenceforward were never superseded. In this reign we note the first appearance — or the first certain appear- ance — of a currenc}^ in bronze. Manuel I left three sons who became successively Emperors of Trebizond — Andronicus II, George, and John II. Of the three-years' reign of Andronicus II no coins exist, and per- haps the enormous currency of Manuel I rendered ^ . , *; . ., ANDEONICUS II, a new coinagre — at any rate in silver — unneces- ' ^ "^ 1263-1266. sary. But it is much more difficult to account for the entire absence of silver issues during his successor's reign of fourteen years,^ for the reign of George, though troubled by the aspiring and rebellious attitude of the great ' feudal ' lords, was a period of national indepen- ' dence : the power of the Seljuks and Mongols was waning, and it was possible to concentrate upon the Turkomans when they attacked the frontiers. In the reign of John II, the third son of Manuel I, the Empire Mas no longer in vassalage to the Mongols. The abundance of John's asper- coinage, which is nearly comparable in bulk and variety to his father's, furnishes evidence, even when we remember JOHN II, that John's reign was a long one, of the great commercial 1280-1297. activity of which Trebizond was the centre.^ Trebizond had for centuries been famed as a great entrepot to which the Greek and Mussulman merchants resorted, to carry from thence, eastward and westward, the Conimercial position products of the world.^ Under the rule of their of Trebizond. ^ A scarce bronze coinage is known : see p. 258 infra. ^ Many coins, however, that bear the name of John II are more or less barbarous and are no doubt to be regarded not as money of Trebizond itself, but as foreign imitations, struck, probably, in Georgia. Such coins, there is reason to think, were minted — or at least remained in circulation— long subsequent to the thirteenth century: see, especially on these coins, Retowski, Komn., pp. 108-29; cj). our text, infra, p. 272. ^ In early Abbasid times (latter half of the eighth century, &c.) goods were brought from Constantinople for sale at Trebizond to Moslem merchants, many of whom permanently resided in the city. Thence, by the hands of Arabs or Armenians the merchandise was carried across the mountains to Malatiyah and other towns on the Euphrates. See G. Le Strange, Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, 1905, p. 136. Ixxx INTRODUCTION Emperors tlie people of Trebizond were not themselves very actively engaged in trade, though they had some products of their own to offer, and silver was obtained from mines in their mountains. But the foreign merchant was always welcome, and the State derived great revenue from the duties that it was able to impose on every kind of commercial trans- action in which the alien trader was permitted to engage.^ In the latter half of the thirteenth century a great expansion took place in the transit-trade of the Empire, due, in the first instance, to Hula^ni's destruction of Bagdad in a. d. 1258. Products of the East which hitherto had been carried westward by the Mediterranean were now taken north to the Black Sea'^ and to Trebizond, which thus obtained new opportunities of exacting dues and fresh openings for its own productions. Traders from the West were also attracted to Trebizond, and already in 1266-7 we hear of merchants arriving from Marseilles. But the leading merchants and carriers were Italians. During the reign of John II, and at least as early as circ. A. d. 1290, the Genoese appeared upon the scene, and in a few years' time (at the beginning of the fourteenth century) they are found in possession of a quarter of their own and their own tribunal. They were followed by their rivals the Venetians, who about the year 1319 obtained a similar footing in the capital.^ In the year 1285 John's sister Theodora, the daughter of Manuel I by Roussadan, an Iberian princess, making common cause with some of the ambitious nobles, was enabled to depose her brother and ' to mount the throne. Probably this usurpation did not last long (and John certainly regained his crown), but we have a witness to it in the issue of an asper of the ordinary character (also a bronze nomisma) bearing the name and figure of Theodora (PI. XXXVIII. 1). This is the only instance of the issue of coin by a Trebizond Empress, though in the frescoes of the churches it was usual for the Empress to appear beside the Emperor, as, for example, in the Trebizond church of St. Gregory of Nyssa, where the figure of John II was accompanied by that of his wife Eudocia, daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII. Alexius II, the eldest son of John II, proved a firm administrator. He defeated a Turkoman force near Kerasunt and resisted the pretensions of the Genoese merchants to escape from toll. In this reio^n, as we have already noticed, a Venetian merchant- 1297—1330. J ' colony was established at Trebizond (circ. a. d. 1319). Alexius constructed a new wall for the city and repaired the ruins of Leontokastron, the fortress contiguous to the land granted to the Genoese. A not inconsiderable coinage of aspers may be attributed to this reign, ' See further p. Ixxxv, infra. • Heyd, Wist, du commerce, ii. 93 ; cp. p. 68. ^ On the Genoese and Venetians at Trebizond see Heyd, Hist, du commerce du Levant, vol. ii, pp. 92-107, 360-5. § 9. TREBIZOND. ANDRONICUS III— MICHAEL Ixxxi and a new denomination, the half-asper, makes its appearance. It is on these aspers and half-aspers that equestrian figures first take the place of the standing figures (PI. XXXVIII. 2). It is not easy to conjecture why a change was made in such a popular and stereotyped coinage. At the time of his accession Alexius II was only fifteen and was under the guardianship of Andronicus II, the Byzantine Emperor, who interfered in his most trifling actions and who may perhaps have been responsible for the alteration in the coinage, if the coinage was issued on the accession of Alexius and before the young emperor became independent of Andronicus. Yet the equestrian type of St. Eugenius, though new on coins, was probably not unfamiliar to the people of Trebizond, for we knoAv that it existed in art at least as early as the time of Manuel I, who was represented in a fresco of the monastic church of St. Sophia as a standing figure wearing on his breast a medallion in which was a figure of St. Eugenius seated on horseback.^ To the short reign of Andronicus III a few aspers have been attributed (see p. 284, infra) ; of the still shorter reipfn of _ i/r 1 TT • 1 13 ^ -ii ^1 ANDRONICUS III, Manuel 11 no corns are known. But with the accession of Basil, the son of Alexius II and brother of Andronicus III, the asper-coinage is MANUEL II, renewed, though not in any marked abundance Jan.-Sept. 1332. or variety. The Empire was, in fact, once more SA.SIX1 disturbed by the struggles of the provincial nobles ' for independence, and,not long after Basil's death, by the attacks of the Turkomans, who caused a great conflagration in the capital, one incident of which was the total destruction of the Venetian quarter (1341).2 During the reigns of Irene and of Anna, which IRENE. ANNA. occupy the period between April 1340 and Sept. 1342, no new coins would appear to have been issued, and John III, the idle and luxurious Emperor who followed, xnTTivr minted, so far as can be made out, only „ ,„.„„„' ,^ . '. , -^4 Sept. 1342-3 May 1344. money in bronze. Michael, father of John III and son of John II, renewed the asper- coinage, but from about this period the importance of the Empire began to decline. The intrigues of the nobles still con- MTrPTATS'T tinned, and in a war with the Genoese the „ ,«..,„^ ,„.„ __ ' i. A A i-u f t- V ^»y 1344-13 Dee. 1349. Emperor was worsted and the fortress 01 1 Finlay, Hist, of Greece, iv, p. 340 n. ; p. 434 n. Evangelides, pp. 72, 73. The representation of a horseman, though not found on Imperial Byzantine coins till the very latest period, had been seen on the coins of the Seljuks as early as the twelfth century. A Georgian silver coin (British Museum) of the thirteenth century (1253-1269) also shows a horseman as a type. In the Armenian series a horseman is seen on coins of Hethum and Kay-Kubad I, a. d. 1226-1236 : Langlois, Num. de VArmenie, p. 55, PI. IV. 4. ^ Heyd, Hist, du commerce, ii, p. 103. 1 Ixxxii INTRODUCTION Leontokastron was surrendered to them. Finlay has remarked that the Imperial authority in the later days of Trebizond wears rather the aspect of feudal suzerainty, blended with Oriental despotism, than that of the old Byzantine ascendancy of supreme legislator and judge. The position did not alter during the early years of Alexius III (son of the former Emperor Basil), who, when only twelve years old, was seated on the throne by the faction then dominant. ALEXIUS III, V . ^u T? u 11 Yet, as the Emperor grew up, he was able, 13 Dec. 1340-20 Mar. 1390. ^ , . . f - . fu i • at least in part, to restore the predomin- ance of the crown. His long reign of about forty years was, indeed, a kind of renaissance. The Genoese merchants at Trebizond were in possession of their old privileges and of some new ones, and the transit-trade was a source of large revenue to the exchequer. The asper-coinage, though it had now fallen in weight and hardly contained 40 grains, as compared with the 45 grains of earlier days, is at least fairly abundant and well struck and displays a number of symbols.^ Its divisions, the half- and quarter-asper, were also coined, and the bronze coinage, though of small module, is abundant and varied in its types. There was also, at least in externals; a revival in religion, and Alexius was magnificent in his ecclesiastical donations. In honour of the birthday of St. Eugenius, long the patron of the State, and now specially invoked as the patron of Alexius and his house, he re-established a splendid festival — a Trduwxo? o-Taai? ^— in which banquets, revelry, and sacred rites were strangely blended. But, from without, great dangers were now beginning to threaten the Empire. First, in the reign of Manuel III (son of Alexius III), the great MANUEL III ii^vasion of Asia Minor by the Mongols ; under * 1390-1417-^ Alexius IV (son of Manuel III), the onslaught of the Turkoman hordes of the Kuyunli (the Black and White ' Sheep), and, finally, under Alexius IV and his two successors, John IV and David, those attacks of the Othmanli Turks which culminated in the overthrow of the Empire. For a time the Emperors fairly held their own. Manuel III, by tendering tribute and vassalage, succeeded in diverting the ravages of Timiir. Alexius IV, by the payment of tribute to Yusuf and by the marriage of his daughter to Yiisuf's son, procured temporary relief, till finally, after Yusuf 's death, the Turkoman army dispersed. * It ought to be said, however, that some of the aspers of larger module attributed in this Catalogue to Alexius III are assigned, on very reasonable grounds, by Retowski to Alexius II (cp. p. 279, infra). If his view is correct, the asper-coinage of Alexius 111 will scarcely deserve the credit of being well struck. ^ Fallmerayer, Original-Fragm., Part I, p. 39. ' On the date of Manuel's death see Fallmerayer, op. cit., Part II, p. 106. On the date of the death of Alexius IV see Retowski, Komii., p. 179 ; cp. p. 7. § 9. TREBIZOND. METALS AND WEIGHTS Ixxxiii Nor was the prosperity of Trebizond entirely at an end, though, if we may judge from the coinage, it was already declining. Under both Manuel III and Alexius IV there is no deficiency of silver currency, but considering the length of their respective reigns the coinage is by no means superabundant. Though struck with the old types and with some variety of symbols, it had fallen still lower in weight. The silver coins of these two reigns weigh, in fact, at the highest, only from 20 to 30 grains, and it is doubtful whether they are to be regarded as degenerate aspers, or — the asper being no longer «coined — as half-aspers. The frequent hostilities dur- ing this reign between the Genoese and the people of Trebizond, and their prevalence in various parts of the Empire during the succeeding reign (John IV), cannot have been propitious to the Imperial revenue. Under John IV the coinage is confined to an apparently scanty issue of aspers or half-aspers, and David, the last Emperor, is not known to have issued money. In the reign of John, the general of Moham- john IV mad II (the conqueror of Constantinople) attacked Trebizond, ■i44fi_i4co and John was compelled to pay a yearly tribute of 3,000 gold pieces. UnderDavid, in the year 1461, Trebizond was finally ' handed over to Mohammad. The nobles and rich landowners l^°°~ "• were compelled to remove to Constantinople, and their estates were con- fiscated. The magnificent palace of the Emperors was occupied by a pacha and the mass of the population enslaved.^ 3. Metals and Weight. There is no trace of a coinage in gold, though such existed in the Empire of Nicaea. The chief denomination is the silver dairpov, which, so far as our evidence indicates, was first struck circa A. D. 1235 (by John I), and thus not until about thirty years after the foundation of the Empire. During the thirteenth century, i. e. from John I to the death of John II in 1297, specimens of the asper will be found to weigh well over 40 grains, and, as will be seen from the weights of coins (in the British Museum ^) recorded below, the highest weights attained are from 45 to nearly 46 grains : — John I (1235-1238). 44-6, 44-9 grains. Manuel I (1238-1263). 44-7, 45-6, 45-8. John II (1280-1297). 44-9, 45-6. Theodora (1285). 44-5. * It is worth noting that so late as the year 1460 a new band of Italian traders, the Florentines, had acquired commercial rights in Trebizond, their import dues being fixed at 2 per cent., while they were exempted from dues on export. Heyd, Hist, dn comme>re, ii, p. 362. ^ The weights of many other specimens are mentioned in Retowski's Munzen d. Komn. Ixxxiv INTRODUCTION In tlie series of iiide or blundered coins which bear the names of Manuel I and John II, and which were probably not issued within the borders of the Empire, specimens rarely attain the weight of 40 grains, but usually weigh from 30 to about 38 grains. The curious aspers described on pp. 254 f. infra (' Manuel I'), and apparently struck after the death of Manuel I and not within the Empire, all weigh, however, above 40 grains (44-3, 46-5, &c.). The weights of the later coinage of Trebizond may be tabulated from specimens in the British Museum as follows : — Alexius II (1297-1330). Asper. 32-8, 35-5, 36-2, 36-8, 40-5, 41-7, 42.8. Half-asper. 18-7, 19-6, 22-7, 27-5. Basil (1332-1340). Asper. 30-3, and 18- and 21- (asper or half-aspers ?). John III (1342-1344). No silver coinage. Michael (1344-1349). Asper. 25-8, 26- (pierced). Alexius 111(1349-1390). As/Mr. 31-33 grs., 38-2 highest. Half-asper. 17-4, 24- (pierced). Qiiarter-as'per. 13-2. Manuel III (1390-1417). Half-asjm^ (or as2>er'l). 14-6, 16-9, 17-5, 20-5. Alexius IV (1417-1446). Half-asper {or asper 1). 21-, 27-5. From this table it will be seen that with the opening of the fourteenth century (reign of Alexius II) the asper begins to lose weight. The average weights are lower than in the previous century, and the highest weight attained (42-8 grains) has to compare with the 45-46 grains of earlier reigns. Under Alexius II the half-asper (highest weight, 27-5) was introduced.^ The scanty coinages of Basil and Michael yield an asper of hardly more than 30 grains ; but in the reign of Alexius III, which nearly covers the latter half of the fourteenth century, there is an apparent revival in the coinage. Even thus the asper does not reach the old level of at least ' M. Retowski has no special dissertation in his Mihizen der Komnenen on metrology, but 1 gather from his work (see especially pp. 150, 162) that he recognizes only one denomination in the silver coinage of Trebizond, namely, the asper ; his view being that those coins which are of unusually low weight are not half-aspers but simply aspers struck on a reduced standard, or even perhaps fraudulent imitations of the period. In determining the question a good deal will depend upon the attribution of the coins. Thus, in the case of the coins of Alexius II {infra, pp. 280-3), we have to deal (if our attribution to Alexius II is correct) with both heavy and light specimens which may fairly well be respectively called aspers and half-aspers. But if our attribution of these coins be not admitted, and (on the lines of Retowski's arrangement) we transfer the lighter specimens to a later reign (Alexius III), then the sole denomination of Alexius 11 will be the asper, and the light coins transferred to Alexius III may perhaps be called aspers of reduced weight rather than half-aspers. § 9. TREBIZOND. ORIGIN OF THE ASPER Ixxxv 40 grains, for the usual weight of this denomination under Alexius III may be stated as from 31 to 33 grains, while the highest weight attained is 38-2 grains. In this reign we have the half- and the quarter-asper. In the reigns of Manuel III and Alexius IV, which carry us forward into the fifteenth century, the silver coinage is of smaller module than hitherto, and it is somewhat doubtful whether these — the last silver — issues of Trebizond are to be regarded as half-aspers, or as the old asper reduced in weight to about 28 grains (highest). The name ' asper ' {da-Trpop) was employed in the Levant and the East as the designation of various European and Oriental ^ coins struck in silver.^ Those issued at Trebizond appear to have -^ . . received for distinctiveness (at any rate in the four- Aspor. teenth century) the name of ' Comnenians', as appears from a passage in a charter of Alexius III '^ : — IIpoaTda-aeL ... 17 ^acriXeia fiov . . . SiSovai kv avTTJ iTrjaico? da-rrpa deoavi^TT] piqrov xapayrjs avrrj^ rd Sr] Xeyofiei'a Ko/xviquara x^'^ia- The genesis (circa 1235 A.D.) of the Trebizond asper is somewhat obscure. As regards fabric and weight this coin is not modelled on the Imperial Byzantine money, and even its types may be pro- nounced original. For the module and flat fabric it might seem likely that the Venetian silver grosao,^ which must have become well known in the Eastern Empire after the Latin conquest of 1204, would furnish a pattern. But it is noticeable that the grosso (clrc. 1235) weighs only about 35 grains, while the earliest aspers weigh from 40 to nearly 46 grains. It seems more likely that the weight of the new asper was suggested, not by the Venetian currency,"' but by the principal silver coin {dirhem) which was issued by the Turks and other Oriental peoples, and which, long before and after this date, maintained a weiglit of about 43 grains.*^ ' See e. g. Sauvaire, Matvnaux . . . de la numismutique ef de la metrologie musulmanes (1882), p. 365. ^ ".Kcrnpos in Byzantine and modern Greek means ichite. Svoronos {Joum. inteniat. d'ai'ch. num., II, pp. -352 f.) has an ingenious argument in which he contends that "urnpov (as applied e. g. to Imperial Byzantine coins of the eleventh and twelfth centuries) was originally a mere transference into Greek of the Latin word asper, meaning a coin rough to the touch and so unworn and fresh from the mint. Cp. Du Cange, Dissei-t. de inf. aevi Hiimismatihus, § cvi (xcvi), 'aspri.' See also P. Lambros, Monete inedite del Gran Maestri . . . in Bodi, Venice, 1865, pp. 22 f. ^ Fallmerayer, Original-Fragm., Part I, p. 90 ; PfaffenhofiFen, p. 72. * Called also matapan and silver diicato : B. M. Cat. Imp. Byz. Coins, p. Ixviii. ^ On the Imperial Byzantine coinage the influence of the Venetian grosso is first traceable under Michael IX and Andronicus II, a.d. 129.5-1320: B. M. Cat. Imp. Byz. Coins, p. Ixx. ® As to the dues paid to the State of Trebizond in the fourteenth century by Italian and other merchants see Fallmerayer, Geschichte, &.C., pp. 319, 320, and Heyd, Hist, du commerce, ii, pp. 102 f. The Venetians on re-exporting merchandise by caravan to the interior of Asia had to pay a tax of 20 aspers for each animal's load. In the case of a sale in Trebizond to purchasers who were not Venetians the vendor had to pay to the Ixxxvi INTRODUCTION In addition to the asper a scyphate coin, the silver nomisma, was struck, perhaps only experimentally, in the reign of Manuel I. A specimen in the British Museum weighs 45-7' grains ; another attains 47-8 grains. It may be conjectured that the bronze coinage was more abundant than would appear from the comparatively few specimens that have been published. The following table is mainly based on specimens described in the present Catalogue : — John I. No coins identified with certainty. Manuel I. Large flan. Size 1-05 inch. Perhaps the bronze nomimna. Brit. Mus. specimen weighs 48-7 grains. George. Size about 1 inch. Bronze no7)ii8niata. John II. Scyphate {nomisma). Size 1 inch. Wt. 35 gi-ains {rev. Bust of St. John). Theodora. Size about -8 inch (23 millimetres : Retowski, p. 133). Alexius II. Apparentlj'^ no coins known. Basil. Scyphate. Size -7 inch (Sabatier). John III. (i) Scyphate. Sizes -8—85 inch. Wt. 41-2 grains, (ii) Scyphate. Size -6 inch. Wt. 21-1 grains, (Src. Michael. Sizes •75--55 inch. Usually -75 inch. Alexius III. Sizes -8—55 inch. Usually -55 or -6 inch. Manuel III. Sizes -6, -55 inch. 4. Types and Inscriptions. The obverse type is always a figure of the reigning emperor.^ The reverse type, invariably on the aspers and its divisions, and often on the . bronze, relates to St. Eugenius, who was a native of Trebi- zond martyred under Diocletian, and who had long been venerated as the patron-saint of the city. In the early days of the Empire, when under Andronicus I, Trebizond was beset by the Seljuk sultan, the city had been saved by the intervention of the saint, whose head was carried b}' the hegoumenos of his convent in solemn procession round the walls. At a later period the festival of St. Eugenius and the buildings dedi- cated to him gained fresh eclat through the munificence of Alexius III. government 3 per cent, or sometimes more. If the buyer and seller were both Venetians each had to pay 1] per cent., or 2 per cent, if the article disposed of was sold by weight. Some articles were allowed to be imported by the Venetians duty-free, but if re-exported they had, as we have seen, to pay a duty of 20 aspers. Merchandise brought in by the Venetians from the interior of Asia had to pay 12 aspers an animal's load, and when sold within the Empire itself had to pay 1 per cent, excise duty. In 1314, 15 aspers of Trebizond appear to have been equivalent to 1 hyperpre, i. e. the Byzantine gold voniisma (' bezant '). Heyd, op. cit., ii, p. 103. ^ Except on the ' Uncertain Bronze ' described infra, pp. 309 f. § 9. TREBIZOND. REVERSE TYPES Ixxxvii ' Eugenius ' was one of the commonest personal names in the city ; and a constant theme of the literature of Trebizond is the praise of tov kv Oav/xacrt Tr^pi^orjTov Kal fieydXov Evyivlov. On the coins St. Eugenius is represented as a bearded and nimbate figure, clothed in an ample mantle, fastened by a brooch. In his right hand he holds the cross (e. g. PI. XXXIII. 9). He is usually standing facing the spectator, but from about 1297 onwards he appears (at least on the silver money) on horseback. This equestrian figure of the saint, though then an innovation so far as the coinage was concerned, had been known to Trebizond at least as early as the time of Manuel I.^ The reverse types that do not bear any relation to St. Eugenius are not numerous. On the silver nomitimata issued during part of the reign of Manuel I a figure of the Virgin is seen enthroned .1 1 T^ .- • /Til vx-x-TT Miscellaneous in the manner usual on rJyzantme corns (rl. AAAii. 6-10). This figure, though without distinctive attri- butes, would probably represent to the people of Trebizond their Virgin ' of the golden head ' — the Panagia Chrysokephalos, whose church was one of the most revered in the empire, and the burial-place of several of its later emperors.^ A bronze coin of John II shows an interesting bust of the Baptist — 6 7rp68pofjL09 (PL XXXVII. 17), but .the apparent absence of any repre- sentation of the Saviour and of the Virgin (except on the short-lived nomismata just described) is somewhat remarkable. The Emperor George chooses, in addition to St. Eugenius, his namesake St. George for the reverse of his bronze coinage ; but the type usually found on the latest bronze of Trebizond is some variety of the cross : even thus St. Eugenius is not forgotten, for his name is often written in the angles of the cross. One variety, on small bronze coins inscribed with the name ' Alexius ', is noteworthy, as showing the cross planted upon what are evidently the walls of Trebizond, for a gateway and battlements are represented (PI. XL. 15). Interest would be added to this type if we could assign it to Alexius II, who is known to have constructed a new wall for the city ; but on numismatic grounds ^ it is almost certain that the coins on which this type appears were issued by Alexius III, whose successor, Manuel III, repeated it. Alexius III himself may well have repaired or rebuilt the city wall, for he has a name in the liistory of Trebizond as a great builder and restorer of churches and convents. The cross — intended, possibly, for the cross always held by Eugenius — is probably fixed upon the wall in the pious spirit of JYli^l Dominus cicdodlerlt civitatem.* A double-headed eagle, displayed, on the coins of Alexius III (PI. XLI. 3), ^ See supra, p. Ixxxi. ^ Millet, BitU. corr. hell, xix, pp. 420 f.. 3 See infra, p. 297. * As to the B and SB found as types on some ' Uncertain Bronze ' see infra, p. 310. Ixxxviii INTRODUCTION and an eagle, sometimes with a cross on its head (PL XLII. 5), on the late ' Uncertain Bronze ', are the only remaining reverse types that call for notice. These types, unless possibly they have, like the other reverse types, a religious meaning, may perhaps be explained as the badge or arms of the emperor. Wo know from contemporary paintings that Imperial personages at Trebizond were sometimes represented in robes ornamented with eagles. Thus, the robe of Manuel I displayed two rows of eagles on circular medallions.^ The robes of John II were likewise adorned with single-headed eagles, while those of his wife Eudocia, the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Michael YIII, were distinguished bj- double- headed eagles.^ The church of the monastery of St. Sophia is ornamented on the fa9ade of the western portico and at the extremity of the great apse by a single-headed eagle, which is interpreted by Millet^ as 'the special emblem of the Comneni of Trebizond '. The emperor on the obverse of the silver coins is represented standing, crowned (as had long been usual on the Imperial Byzantine money) by the manus Dei. From the time of Alexius II on- Representations i .1 / -i -i • v • 1 wards, the emperor (on the silver coins) is on norse- ' back and the onanus is omitted. The portraiture of the most conventional kind — a bearded head which essentially never changes. It is useless, therefore, to confront the coins with the information that we derive from other sources as to the personal appearance of the different emperors.'* The variations in the Imperial costume may be worth attention, but probably not much importance is to be attached to the changes in the objects held by the emperor, except in so far as they enable the numis- matist to differentiate the coins. On the aspers John I appears holding the cross and roll. Manuel I holds the labarum and roll. John II retains the labarum, but holds instead of the roll the globus cruciger. Theodora also holds the globus. Alexius II and the later emperors, who are shown on horseback, hold a sceptre with a head of var}- ing forms which furnishes a useful clue to the arrangement of the coins,^ even if it does not reproduce the form of sceptre in actual use bj^ the different emperors. * Finlay, iv, p. 340. ^ According to Finlay (iv, p. 348) 'to mark her rank as an imperial princess of the Kast and the West ' (cp. Koehne, ' Vom Doppeladler ' in Berliner BlMterfiir Munz-, Siegel- u. Wappenkunde, vi. p. .5). On these figures see Finlay, iv, pp. 347, 348 ; cp. iv. 373 n. ; 383 n. 3 Bull, corn hell., xix (1895). p. 428. * The appearance of Alexius III is known to us from a description (see Fallmei-ayer, (trig. Frag., Part I, pp. 35 f.), from the illuminated charter of the St. Dionysius Convent, and from the seal thereto attached (Finlay, iv. 383-5; Evangelides, p. 117 n.). For paintings of Manuel I and John II see Finlay, iv. 340 n. and 348 n. ' See pp. 278 f., infra. Manuel III is the first emperor to use (on the coins) a sceptre with a three-barred cross, i. There is perhaps no special significance in this, but it § 9. TREBIZOND. INSCRIPTIONS Ixxxix The inscriptions are very simple, being nothing more than identifica- tions of the types. St. Eugenius is always accompanied by his name : — O AflOC eVreNIOC; on later coins, usually (a) €Vr€N (or abbreviated). The Baptist's title is given in Inscriptions. monogram.^ The Emperor's name is generally given in an abbreviated form, as iUj = John II, and III; lYIUHA = Manuel I. It is always followed by the surname ' Comnenus ', thus, lUU O KOhNiNOC (John II), H KOhNHN, after the name of Theodora. But this surname is not often written in full. From the lapidary inscriptions, the Chronicle of Panaretos, &c., it is quite certain that the official title of Alexius I and his successors was the ' Great-Comnenus ', 6 /zeyay Kofivrivos'^ Joinville refers to Manuel I, his contemporary, as lequel se falaolt appeller le Grant-Gomnene et Sire de Traffeaontet^. But on the coins /zeya? is never found except on some rare aspers attributed by Retowski (p. 16.'2) to Alexius III. Some numismatists have, indeed, explained a solitary H which occasionally follows the name of the emperor as the initial letter of /x^ya?, but a comparison of a large number of coins makes it practically certain that this letter is merely the broken-down representative of KOMNHNOC, a word which we find abridged as KHN, and even as WN. It may be further noted that there is no trace on the coins of any such style as avroKpaTcop or /Sao-tXei^y, which are known from other sources to have been employed Ijy the emperors. The ornamental, if somewhat stiff and square, writing with its numerous ligatures — somewhat resembling the Georgian and Armenian coin-script — which is characteristic of the insciiptions ^ ^ , ^^ . pmi- 1Q-1 11 Forms of letters, and manuscripts oi irebizond,'' is hardly seen upon the coins. Such ligatures as occur are of an ordinary kind, as ItN=^ MN, may be worth noting that this emperor was at the beginning of his reign in possession of a fi-agment of the Cross of Christ which he presented to the monastery ofSumelas, as appears from the inscription on the silver shrine that holds it : — 'Ej/^hSc KCirat to TpiaoX^iov ^vXop, 'Ev w 6 Xpiaros I'jyiaae rqv Kriaiv. 'O 'JLfipavovqX TOv 'AXe^iov yuvos, \\0fivr)v6s, lipa^, iv<Te^r]s, avroKparcop, 'Qs ^latpov ayvov r;) Tlnvayvc^ 7Tpo(T(f)epei. (Quoted, Fallmerayer, Orig. Frag., Part I, p. 57 : the date of the dedication is A.D. 1390.) ^ p. 276, infra. On the inscr. 6 TpmrfCovvTios, identifying St. Eugenius on coins that were probably issued beyond the limits of Trebizond, see pp. 254-6. The epithet is also found, though rarely, even on coins of Trebizond itself (John II : see Retowski, Komn., pp. 79, 80). 2 See e. g. the titles of Alexius 111 in Evangelides, 'lar. Tpair., pp. 113, 125. Panaretos heads his Chronicle : — Ufp'i rav rf)? TpnTi-e^oOi'TOS' ^a(TiX(<ov twv MeydXoiu KopvrjV(ov. ' For examples see Fallmerayer, Orlg. Frag., pp. 101 f.; Pfaffenhoifen, PI. XIV-XVII ; Bull co>r. hell, six (1895), p. 424. ni xc INTRODUCTION though there are occasional instances of some more closely resembling those of the inscriptions and manuscripts ; such are H = FH (Manuel I, p. 239); U^ = re (Manuel I, p. 251); l7 = r€NH (Manuel I, p. 253); ■OO^AUJ (Theodora).^ As to individual letters, A is written A, A, or A, A. B is generally B. M is represented Ijy IY1 and W, perhaps indiffer- ently, y or f , found on p. 241, infra, is apparently a form of H. A is sometimes written X/ or /V- (Alexius III). The accent is inserted on some coins of John II in the name Eugenius, which is written €Vr'€NIOC, €Vr€'NIOC, and €vfeNIOC. 5. Symbols and Letters. The silver monej^ (not, however, the bronze) is throughout the whole period of coinage marked hy a number of letters and symbols. These signs have been little studied by numismatists, though PfafFenhoffen (p. 79) has suggested that the letters served to indicate mints. Thus, S was ^aa-iXeiov, the palace-mint ; K, Kerasunt ; A, Limnia, a strong fortress where the emperors occasionally resided ; *^, A and K, the fortress Leontokastron. For many reasons I believe this view to be untenable. First, as regards B, which is found both on obverse and reverse on the coins of many reigns, it is at least as likely (as suggested infra, p. 310) that it has a religious significance, B0HQ6I, as that it is to be interpreted ^aaiXcLov. K, on the coins of Manuel I, might, if it stood alone, be indicative of Kerasunt, the second cit}^ of the Empire ; but doubts are raised when we find on the coins of the same Emperor Manuel that K is combined with A as KA, a combination which, according to Pfaifenhoften, should mean * Leontokastron ', and further, that one of the coins that has K on its obverse bears A on its reverse, and A, in Pfaffenhofien's view, should mean ' Limnia '.^ Moreover, this K, which first occurs under Manuel I, does not, apparently, reappear till the time of Alexius IV, one of the latest of the emperors. Nor does Pfaffenhofien's list exhaust the series of letters, for an explanation is still required of the N which appears on the earliest coins (those of John I); the 7" — ~ found on coins of Manuel I : the A found on coins of John 11.^ * Also "p = T(j, i»fra, p. 255, and Retowski, Komn., p. 22 : cp. -E and a, P- 254, infra, note. * This objection to PfaflFenhoffen's view had suggested itself, independently, to M. Retowski, Konnu, p. 19. * Nos. 22-8. On one specimen, no. 22, we find •-, which may possibly stand for nyios and be a religious ejaculation, as B on various Trebizond coins is conjectured (p. 310) to be. § 9. TREBIZOND. SYMBOLS AND LETTERS xci Moreover, if all these letters indicate, as Pfaft'enhoffen suggests, the names of mints, we should expect them to correspond to differences of style and fabric ; but though it is easy to separate from the great bulk of the coinage certain series of careless or barbarous workmanship, which are perhaps merely foreign imitations, it is by no means equally easy to detect such differences in style and fabric betw^een, e.g. the K, B, and N series of coins, as would necessarily compel us to assign them to different mints. On the whole, the style and fabric of the coinage of this Empire is remarkably uniform : there may be changes from reign to reign, but at any given time and within the limits of any one reign it is hard, if not impossible, to discover such differences as might seem to arise from the minting of the coins at various centres. The safest hypothesis, then, is that all the coins— at any rate those of silver — were struck in the capital of the Empire.^ These letters and symbols probably, for the most part, belong to the category of secret marks, from which the mint-master could ascertain at what date, under what circumstances, and, perhaps, at what ojfficiua the coins were issued. Some analysis of these signs may here be attempted, even if it is impossible to explain their individual significance. First, as to the letters. These are, apparently, to be found chiefly, if not exclusively, in the earliest reigns. Thus, John I has N. Manuel 1 : — E on obv. and rev. ; K on obv. ; K both on obv. and rev. ; KA on obv. ; KA on obv. and A on rev. ; y on obv. ; D = C? on obv.; X (if a letter?) on obv. In the next reign (John II) only A (and ^) occurs = AriOC'? (p. xc n., tsuj^ra), but after this, letters — except only § on obv. and rev. — are absent from the coinage.- The use of letters, then (excepting B, which is found in nearly every reign), would seem to have been only temporarily in vogue, chiefly during the reign of Manuel I (A.D. 1238-1263). In addition to the letters, John 1 and Manuel I made a considerable use of the star and the pellet, so often found in later reigns. Although in some cases the j»;e/Zeit6' seen in the field of the Trebizond coins may be purely decorative, it can hardly be doubted that as a rule they are of the nature of secret or differentiating marks which a numismatist ought not to ignore. On the obverses of Manuel I we find the pellets varying in number from 1 to 9 : on the reverses the number of pellets varies, some- times, though by no means always, repeating the exact number of the ^ Cherson, the Crimean possession of Trebizond, may be borne in mind as a possible mint, whether for the silver or the bronze. Specimens of the asper have often come from the Crimea, though this does not prove that they were struck there: see de Saulcy, Essai de class. . . . mon. byz., p. 421 ; Blau, op. cit., p. 155, says that the aspers of Manuel I usually come from the Crimea and Georgia. Retowski procured specimens during his residence in the Crimea (Komn., p. 4). ^ K, however, appears under Alexius IV. xcii INTRODUCTION pellets found on the obv.^ The dari< on the obverses of Manuel I are from 1 to 4 in number : — 4 stars on obv. and 3 on rev. 3 stars on obv. and 3 on rev. 2 stars on obv. and 2 on rev. 1 star on obv. (usually). The pellet also plays its part in these star-series, as it does in other series in later reigns. In the following reign (John II) we find % (on reverses), and E^ (on obverses). The cross occurs : this was found already in the reign of Manuel I, and is found under Alexius II. A curious symbol B (or 1 mono- gram of which E is a part) is seen in this reign (p. 264). The lis (p. 263) is a new symbol. Alexius II, under whom the equestrian types first appear, has the )K on (}bv. and rev.; also a quatrefoil ornament ^ on obv. and rev. (p. 280). The coins offer a new symbol, a plant or flower 'V which, on the aspers, is thrice repeated on the obv. and thrice on the rev. On the half-aspers 'V* occurs on obv. and *V on rev. The coinage of Basil is perhaps only marked by pellets. Michael has )fC, also •,•. On the more abundant issues of Alexius III we note first the reappearance of the lis (on obv. and rev.), seen previously on coins of John II. A new symbol appears, a bird's head (on obv. and rev.), which may be the head of an eagle, and so have perhaps an Imperial significance.^ The half-asper and quarter-asper are marked by B on obv. and rev. Alexius III also uses the plant or flower of Alexius II in the form ^ (on obv. and rev.). These ' plant ' coins have also an additional symbol on their obverses, either a cross or a sun.^ The latter device deserves atten- tion. In one ease (PI. XL. 1) it maj^ be described as a globular mass, radiate ; in another, as the rayed disk of the sun represented with human features (PI. XL. 2). These representations are so distinct from the con- ventional star-symbol, that it seems legitimate to find in them some special significance. Now, in the reign of Alexius III, on the 5th May, 1361 A. D., there took place a remarkable eclipse of the sun, described by the chronicler Panaretos* as oia ovk eyei/ero kv r^ Kad' rjfids yei'ea &(rT€ €<f>dur](rav Kal da-Tipes Iv t5 ovpavZ. At the time of the eclipse, which was of more than * In many cases (as under Manuel I, pp. 243 f., infm, I have grouped the varieties according to the vumber of pellets present. M. Retowski [op. cit.) has also thought it worth while to enumerate the pellets, and he has combined with this enumeration an instructive arrangement suggested by the position of the pellets. ^ As to the eagle on the bronze coins see p. Ixxxviii, stqn-a. * In M. Retowski's scheme of arrangement {Komn., p. 136, the coins with the sun are regarded as issues of Alexius II. * §29 in Fallmerayer, Orig. Frag., Part 2 ; Evangelides, op. cit., p. 107 n. § 9. TREBIZOND. SYMBOLS AND LETTERS xciu an hour's duration, Panaretos happened to be in the conipanj^ of Alexiua and the emperor's mother, at the monastery of Sumelas, about thirty miles from the capital, and he tells hoAv they uttered manj- prayers and supplica- tions. The use of the sun as a symbol would certainly serve admirablj' to mark the date of issue of such aspers of Alexius III as were minted about this period, and it may even be suspected that it was intended to have a prophylactic influence.^ And doubtless the former great eclipse of the reign of Basil,^ when the people in terror rose up and stoned the emperor, was still remembered. The symbols of Manuel III link themselves to those of Alexius II and Alexius III, and are as follows : — ^ on obv. and rev. (also with B on ohv. and rei*.). Y on ohv. and rev. (also with B on ohv. and rei\). )K on ohv. and Y on rev. Bird's head on obv. and Y on rev. Alexius IV has X^ on ohv. and Y on rev., and in this reign we find the letter K (besides B and B) accompanying the )|C of the obverse, and also joined to the Y of the reverse. In the notes to this volume references will be found throughout to the various articles and monographs that have been used in preparing the Introduction and the descriptive Catalogue. On the historical side, these references relate more particularly to the valuable works of Bury, Finlaj% and Hodgkin, and to those of Diehl, Fallmerayer, Jules Gay, Schlumberger, and Ludwig Schmidt. Among the numismatic monographs to which frequent reference is made are the essays of J. Friedlaender on the coins of the Vandals and the Ostrogoths, and Mr. C. F. Keary's Coinages of Western Europe, which is especiall}'' interesting and suggestive on the economic side. For the coins of the Duchy of Beneventum, M. Arthur Sambon's papers in Le Musee (1908) have been very serviceable ; but for the coinage of the Lombard kings there is practically no guide beyond a brief section in Mr. Keary's work. The coinages of the empires of Thessalonica and Nicaea have never been thoroughly investigated, and there is much to be corrected in Sabatier's account of them in his Mon- naies hyzantines. To the recent monograph of O. Retowski on the coinage of Trebizond I have already referred on p. Ixxv. As in my previous volumes on the Imperktl Byzantine Coins, I have pleasure in calling attention to the debt our national collection owes to its generous benefactor, the late Count J. F. W. de Salis. A great number of coins described in this volume are presentations from him to the ^ On some aspers of this series, p. 294, Nos. 4 and 5, the place of the sun is taken br the cross. 2 Panaretos, Chron., § 9. xciv INTRODUCTION Trustees of the British Museum, and the original arrangement and attribu- tion of tlie specimens in the Museum cabinets were no doubt largely due to his rare numismatic acumen, and it is the more regrettable that he has left behind no notes to explain or justify his views. 1 have heartily to thank Mr. Grueber, the Keeper of Coins, and Mr. G. F. Hill for their care in collating the descriptions with the coins and for valuable suggestions made to me in the course of reading the proof-sheets. WARWICK WROTH. CATALOGUE OF COINS OF THE VANDALS, OSTROGOTHS, LOMBARDS, ETC. I. COINS OF THE VANDALS GAISERIC 'ir A. D. 4-28 — 25 Jan. 477 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Solldus (Imitated from Solidus of Valentinian III, A. D. 425—455) DNPLAVALENTI N VICTOKI AAVGGGZ lANVSPFAVG Bust The Emperor, wear- of Valentinian III, ing- helmet and mili- r., beardless, wear- tary dress, standing- ing- jewelled diadem, facing, trampling- paludamentum, and with r. foot on human cuirass. head with serpent attached ; in his r., cruciform sceptre ; in 1., globus sur- mounted by Victory, who crowns him ; in field, R M (Rome); in ex., CO MOB 1 67. N .8 (8 for S) [de Salis gift] i. 1 2 66-6 N .8 (A for A) (A for A) (S for Z) [Purchased, 1863, 7-11-7] 3 6G.4 A^ .8 (PLA) (A for A) ^ The attribution of the following coins to Gaiseric is conjectural (see Inti-od. § 1) : no coins are known to be inscribed with his name (cp. Friedlaender, itfu^^ew der Vandalen, pp. 14-18). I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Tremissis (Imitated from Tremissis of Valentinian III) Inscr. Bust of Valen- tinian III r., beard- less, wearing- dia- dem, paludamentum, and cuirass. Within wreath, smaU cross pattee ; in ex., COMOB 4 •21.8 A^ .55 DNPLAVAL[E?]NTI NIAN8PFAVG i. 2 5 21.8 N •5 DNPLAVALENTINI ANVSPF [de SaUs gift] Silver (Imitated from Silver mint of Honorius Coins of the Ravenna , A. D. 395-423) • DNHONOR.I VSPF AVG Bust of Hono- rius r., beardless, wearing^ jewelled diadem (with cres- cent and pellet), paludamentum, and cuirass (part of inscr. and type off flan). VKBS KOMA Roma, wearinof lono- robes and lielmet, seated 1. on cuirass ; in r., Victory holding wreath ; in 1., scep- tre ; in ex., KVPS (part of inscr. and type off flan). 6 •28.4 M •6 [de Salis gift] i. 3 7 19. A\ •5 [de Salis gift] i. 4 8 25- M •6 [de Salis gift] i. 5 9 23-6 A\ •6 [de Salis gift] i. 6 GAISERIC— BRONZE No. 10 11 12 13 Weight 175. 174. 154-1 154.8 Metal and Size JE 1. .E 1. jE 1. JE 1. Obverse Reverse Bronze (Struck subsequent to the capture of Carthage, a. d. 19 Oct. 439) XLII (42 nummi) KART HACO Male fig-ure (the Vandal king ?) standing fac- ing-, wearing- cuirass and paludaraentum ; head bare ; 1. resting on spear ; r. arm low- ered ; exergue plain. Border of dots. (Described, T. Combe, Vet. Pop. et Be(/. Num., 1814, p. 241, No. 2) (Type smaller than on Nos. 10-12) Horse's head 1., bri- dled ; in the exergue (Avhich occupies nearly half the coin), XIM. Border of dots.' [Presented bv Mr. C. H. Read, P. S. A., 1905] [Cracherode bequest, 1799] [Purchased, 1847, 6-19-72] (On Imperial Roman bronze coins counter- marked XL" and LXXXIII see Introduc- tion, § 1) Plate i. 7 i. 8 ^ Types. Obv. The figure probably represents, as Friedlaender has suggested (M. d. Vand., p. 36), the Vandal king, though he wears the Roman and not the Vandal dress. The coins of Gunthamund and other Vandal kings show the king in Roman costume. Rev. The horse's head, taken in conjunction with the legend KARTHAGO, must be regarded as appearing here as the emblem or town-arms of Carthage. A horse's head had appeared on silver coins of the city in the fourth century B.C. (see B. V. Head, Guide to the Coins of the Ancients, PI. 26, No. 40), and the Vandal type may have been suggested, though not of course necessarily, by one such coin. The horse figures in the foundation-legends of ancient Carthage: cp. Justin, xviii. 5 'ibique [i.e. on the spot where Carthage was subsequently founded] equi caput repertum, bellicosum poten- temque populum futuram significans '. I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate XXI (21 nummi) KAR.T HACO Tj'pe as Nos. 10-12 ; exergue plain. Border of dots. Horse's head as Nos. 10-12 ; in ex., XXI. Border of dots. 14 114-7 JE .8 [Parkes Weber gift, 1906] i. 9 15 146- ^ -85 [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-459] 16 111-7 JE .85 [R. Payne Knight be- quest, 1824 = Nuvi- mi veteres, p. 217, No. 31] 17 95.8 JE -75 (Type smaller than on Nos. 14-16) i. 10 XII (12 nummi) KAKT HACO Type as Nos. 10-12 ; exerg-ue plain. Borderofdots. Horse's head as Nos. 10-12; in ex., XII. Border of dots. 18 86.5 JE -75 i. 11 19 75-2 JE -75 [de Sails gift] 20 67-2 JE -75 [Presented bv Mr. C.H. Read, P.S.A., 1905] 21 56-3 JE -8 22 49- JE -7 [Purchased, 1908, 5-6-13] HUNERIC A.D. 26 Jan. 477 — 23 Dec. 484 No. Weight Metal and Size 21. 14-2 (worn) Obverse Reverse Silver (With name of the Emperor Honorius, A.D. 395-423) M .55 M .5 Inscr. Bust of Hono- rius r., beardless, wearing diadem (with crescent and pellet) and drapery. Border of dots. HONOMVS PV.A^T HONOB.IVS PVSA^T Inscr. Female figure (Carthage) wearing- robe and mantle, standing facing, each hand outstretched holding ears of corn '^j in ex., star between two branches (of palm ?). Border of dots. ANN O K=' [Bouglit of Mr. East- wood in 1865 ; from tlie Charlemont sale] ANN O nil K [Bought of E. Asch- kenasi of Tunis, 1854] Plate i. 12 ^ Huneric, like his fathex* Gaiseric, does not appear to have struck coins bearing his own name (cp. Keary, Coinages of W. Eur., p. 34, as to a coin with the supposed name of Huneric) : as to the attribution to him of the following coins, see Introd. § 1. ^ Compare a similar figure accompanied by the inscription FELIX KART^ on silver coins of Hilderic described infra. ^ The date, following Anno, is off the flan. K = Karthago. A specimen in the Berlin Museum (procured in Rome) is dated ANNO V (see Friedl., M. d. Vand., p. 19; Keary, op. cit., pp. 33 f.). The dates are presumably regnal years of Huneric. I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Bronze XLII (42 nummi) Female fig'ure (Car- tluig-e) wearing' robe and mantle and with liair wreathed, stand- ing-facing ; each hand raised and holding ears of corn ^ ; whole in laurel wreath with circular ornament. NX-[n. within laurel wreath with circular ornament. 3 •200.5 jE m [Purchased, 1847, 6-19-71] i. 13 4 179. JE 1.05 5 182.1 .E M 6 159- -E 105 [Louis Fraser, 1847 -] 7 126.9 JE 1. [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-601] (A cross instead of a pellet in the centre of the circular orna- ment) i. 14 XXI (21 nummi) Type (Carthage stand- ing) as Nos. 3-6. NXXI within laurel wreath with circular ornament. 8 104.8 ^ .9 [Purchased, 1847, 6-25-18^] i. 15 ' The figure on the obv. was no doubt derived from the similar figure that had appeai-ed on the coins struck at Carthage by Diocletian and his successors (see, e.g. Cohen, Med. Imji., vi, p. 464, No. 437). The legends on Diocletian's coins of this type are: — 5a?r/\s Aif/;/. et Caess. avcta Kart.. and Sahis At-c/f/. et Caess. fel. Kart. The female pei-sonificationoif Carthage is represented on mosaics and other monuments of the fourth and fifth centuries (see J. Maurice, Numismatique Const ant inienne (1908), i, p. 344r(.). - Coins of Byzantine emperors of the Carthage mint were included in the same 3 Another example described, Friedl., M. d. Vand., p. 38, No. 5. Specimens of the coin are rare. HUNERIC— BRONZE No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate XII (12 nummi) Type (Carthag-e stand- ing-) as Nos. 3-6. NXII within laurel wreath with circular ornament. 9 73- JE -8 [E. Aschkenasi, of Tunis, 1854] i. 16 10 64-7 JE .7 [Purchased, 1908, 5-6-14] 11 87.G JE -75 [Parkes Weber g'ift, 1906 : purchased of Sambon] III! - Bust 1. (the king), beardless, wearing- diadem, paludamen- tum, and cuirass ; in front, palm-brancli. Border of dots. N nil Border of dots.' 12 21. JE .55 [Presented by Mr. J. Doubleday, 1846] i. 17 13 17-8 JE .45 [Doubledav purchase, 1849] ' 14 17-2 JE .4 [Doubledav purchase, 1849] ' i. 18 ^ Of the specimens referred to by Friedlaender (M. d. Vand., p. 39 ; p. 45), one was found at Carthage, two others in Italy, in the Monte Roduni hoard. Specimens have also been found in Algeria mixed with small bronze coins of King Hilderic (see Lettres de Baron Ma reliant, ed. 1851, p. 196 ; cp. p. 201), and this fact suggests the possibility of the coins belonging to Hilderic himself or one of his immediate predecessors. But as the coins are in respect of their mark of value akin to those assigned to Gaiseric (p. 4) and Huneric (p. 7) I assign them to this period, pointing out, however, the uncertainty of the attribution and the possibility of their having been issued in a later reign than Huneric's. GUNTHAMUND A.D. 24 Dkc. 484—3 Sept 496 No. Weitfht 29-4 32-8 Metal and Size 17-3 15.G M .5 Ai -6 Obverse Reverse Plate Silver 100 Inscr. BustofGuntha- mund r., beardless, weariug- jewelled dia- dem (with crescent and pellet), palu- damentum, and cui- rass. Border of dots. Al .65 DNREXCVLN] THA MVNDV M -6 DNKeX^VN THAM VND D-N ( = 100 denarii^) witliin laurel wreath with circular orna- ment. Borderofdots. [Blacas coll., pur- chased, 1867] [E. Aschkenasi, of Tunis, 1854] 50 DNKXC VNTHA Bust of Gunthamund r., beardless, wear- ing jewelled diadem (with crescent and pellet), paludamen- tum, and cuirass. Border of dots. D-N within wreath - with circular orna- ment. [J. G. Pfister, 1855'] [Bank of England gift, 1877] ii. 1 ii. 2 ii. 3 ' DN almost certainly = denarii (as Babelon, Traite, i, pt. 1, p. 582). The only difficulty is the coin No. 3, where DN appears without any accompanyinfr numeral. Friedhiender {M. il. VmuL, p. 9) suggested that DN= Dominus noster. Marchant's interpretation Dtnarius novus has found no acceptance. 2 Presumably a laurel wreath, as on Nos. 1 and 2, but the leaves are very thin and wiry. ' The other coins in this purchase were chiefly Italian. GUNTH AMUND - SILVER No. 5 Weight 15-3 14-8 15-5 7.7 Metal and Size Obverse M .5 M -bb JR .55' M 4 Reverse [Campanasale, London, 1846, lot 1187] [Parkes Weber g-ift, 1 906 ; from the Georg-e Sim sale, 1890, lot 694] 25 DN[RXC] [V]NTHA,D.N .,, . ., r>„ .* ^Jn,.^ *1 „ „ J WW witlim wreath Bust of Gunthamund r., beardless, wear- ing jewelled diadem (with crescent and pellet), paludamen- tum, and cuirass. Border of dots. XXV [Purchased, 1854] Bronze For bronze coins that ]iave been attributed to Guntliamund (Keary, Coinages of W. Eur., p. 31) see infra, ' Small bronze of Vandalic period,' Victoiy types, p. 21. Plate ii. 4 ii. 5 ^ Marchant (cp. Friedlaender, op. cit., p. 25) published from the Dupoujet collection a coin reading DN L on the rec. This coin is not represented in the British Museum, and no original was known either to Friedlaender or to Keary. Its existence seems open to doubt: possibly it is really a mis-read coin of Trasamund (see infra), who issued two varieties of the '50' denarii piece, namely (i) with DN only, (ii) with DN L. We may perhaps conjecture that Gunthamund issued only No. (i), and that this type was repro- duced by his successor Trasamund at the beginning of his reign ; afterwards, in ord er, perhaps, to avoid confusion with the pieces of DN XXV, Trasamund modified the type by the addition of the distinctive numeral L. 10 TRASAMUND' A.D. 3 Ski't. 496—6 May 523 No. Weight Metal and Size G7.1 N .8 ■22-2 N .55 Obverse Reverse Solidus' (with head of Anastasius I, a. d. 491-518) DNANASTA SIVSPP AVG Bust of Anasta- sius I, beardless, witli head three-quarters r. ; wearshelinet(with plume and cross), diadem, and armour; r. hand liolds spear behind his head ; 1. hand liolds shield de- corated with group of horseman attack- ing prostrate enemy. [de Salis gift] VICTORI AAVGGG Victory in girdled chiton standing 1., holding in r. broad cross ; in ex., CONOB At endof inscr., H; in ii. q field r., star. Plate Tremissis (with liead of Anastasius I) DNANASTASIVSPPF AV Bust of Anastasius I r., wearing jewelled diadem, paludamen- tum and cuirass. (PK for PP) [Purchased in 1850, 4-9-5] VICTORIAAGVSTO RVM Victory in girdled chiton ad- vancing r., holding in r. wreath, in 1. palm-branch; in ex., CONOB ii. 7 ' On the spellinjT of the name see Friedlaender, M. d. Vamh, p. 7 : cp. Rev. arch., 1900, July-Dec, p. 518, No. 205, inscr. with TRASAMVNDI. For the name on the coins see Nos. 10-14, infra. ^ The Vandalic origin of this solidus and of the following tremisses was suggested by de Salis. The coinage of these may, possibly, have begun during the last few years of Trasamund's predecessor, Gunthamund. TRASAMUND— GOLD ; SILVER 11 Weight •2'2-S 90. 22.1 23.3 22. 22.5 22.4 16-7 Metal and Size N .55 N -5 N .55 N .5 N .55 A^ .5 M .55 Obverse Reverse (PK for PP) [de Salis g'ift] (Ends PRFAVP) [de Salis gift] (Ends PRFAVIG) [de Salis gift] N .5 (DNANASTA SIVSP PAVG) (DNANASTASIV8P RFAI %•) [de Salis g'ift] (DNANA8TA8IV3II Af) [de Salis gift] (DNANA2TA8IV2P PAV) [de Salis gift] (VICTORIAAVGGTO KVMA) (COMOB) (VICTOKIAAVGGTO RVM) (COMOB) (Inscr. partly obscure) (CO nOBMn field 1., S [de Salis gift] (VICTOMAAVGGTO KVMI) (style less stiff than on Nos. 2-6) (VICT0MAAVG8T0 RVM (ONOB) (style as No. 7) (VICTOKIAAVGSTO KVM) (CONOB) (style as No. 7) Plate ii. 8 Silver 50 1 Inscr. Bust of Trasa- D»N within wreath mund r., beardless, with circular oma- wearingjeweUeddia- ment. Borderof dots, deni (with crescent \ and pellet), paluda-l mentum,and cuirass. ; Border of dots. DNR^THR ASAMV DS [Purchased, 1862, 4-17-43] ii. 9 ^ Sabatier, i, p. 217, No. 1, describes and fissures as being in the British Museum a silver coin with DN^ — ( = 100 denarii). But this coin is certainly not in the collection. 12 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. Weight 11 15.7 12 16-8 13 14-6 14 15. Metal and Size M -55 M .55 M -55 Al ■DO Obverse DNR^TH. (rest off tlan) [do Salis gift] DNRC'TH SAMVNDS [E. Aschkenasi, of Tunis, 1854] DNR^TH[R. SAJMVN DS [Blacas coll., 1867] DNKgTH SAMVl/IS Reverse (Cross in circular orna- ment) (D.N) (D.N) (DN) [The Earl of Ennis- kiUen, 1856 2] Plate ii. 10 ii. 11 ^ R^ = rer/is. Friedlaender (M. d. VatuL, p. 8) remarks that the following word is in the nominative. But the S at the end of THSAMVNDS may perhaps be a mark of abbreviation, ThsamumV = Thrasamundi. ■ Friedlaender {M. d. Yand.. p. 28) describes (after Falbe, Recherches, PI. VI, No. 25) a silver coin with D N XXV on the rer. The ohr. legend is incomplete, but would seem to be the name of Trasamund. The bronze coin in Sabat., i, p. 218, No. 6, is not of cei-tain attribution : it is here described, infra, among the small bronze of the Vandalic period. Seal of Trasamund. Schlumberger (Revue mem., 1883, pp. 457, 458, PI. X. 5) pub- lishes the following seal in his own collection as the seal of the Vandal king :— Obv. Bust of Trasamund facing between two crosses. Rev. TRASEMVND Cross potent on steps. A word or two must be said as to this description, (i) The obv. bust appears to me to be intended for the Saviour and not for a Vandal king, (ii) The rev. tji^e perhaps suggests a later period than the reign of Trasamund (the cross potent first appears on Byzantine coins in the reign of Tiberius 11 Constantine, a.d. 578-582). Is the inscription on the rev. clearly TRASEMVND and not^as Sabatier originally read it— SALVS MVNDI? I note that Schlumberger's text gives TRASEMVND and his engraving TRASEMVND. 13 HILDERIC A.D. 6 May 523—19 May 530 (d. 533) No, Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Silver [50] (with name of Justin I, a.d. 518-527) Inscr. Bust of Justin I' r., beardless, wear- ing- diadem, paluda- mentum, and cuirass. Border of dots. FELIX CARTA Fe- male figure (Car- thage) standing fac- ing wearing robe, mantle, and wreath ; in each hand, ears of corn. Border of dots. 1 15-G M ■55 Ends INVSPPA [de Salis gift] ii.l2 2 14.2 M •55 DNIVSTI NVSPPA VG (with name Inscr. Bust of Hilderic r. , beardless, wearing- diadem, paludamen- tum, and cuirass. Border of dots. [Purchased, 1868, 5-9-5] of Hilderic) FELIX KARTC Type (Carthage standing) as on No. 1. Border of dots. ii. 13 3 19-3 M •55 DNHILDI KIXREX"- [de Salis gift] ii. 14 4 17-2 A\ •6 DNHILD. RIXREX [Blacas coll., 1867] ii. 15 5 18-2 M •6 DNHILD. KIXREX [Campana sale, 1846, lot 1187] ^ In the Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Bi/z. Coins, i, p. 21, I have given reasons for sup- posing that the coin bears the head of Justin I and not that of Justin II, and, further, for regarding it not as an Imperial issue, but probably Vandalic. A similar view had already been taken by Friedlaender (ill d. Vand., p. 32). Justin I was contemporary partly with Trasamund, partly with his successor Hilderic. The present coin should, no doubt, be regarded as issued at the instance or with the approval of Hilderic, who was on terms of friendship with the Byzantine court and made an alliance with Justinian. Hilderic himself uses the reverse type on Nos. 3-7. It may be remarked that the coins with the head of Justin are of better style (at least on the ohv.) than those with the head of Hilderic (cp. PI. II. 12, 13 with 14-16). ^ In an African inscr. (C I. L., No. 10,516) we find regis Ildirix. 14 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 6 18-5 Ai •G5 DNHIL RIXKEX TDoubledav purchase, 1849] ' 7 19-8 (pierced) M .G5 DNHILDI [Purchased, 1849, 6-28-3] 25 DNHIL. (rest obscure). Bust of Hilderic r., XXV within wreath. beardless, wearing- paludamentum and cuirass. Border of dots.' 8 9-3 M 45 [Purchased,! 868, 5-9-6] ii. 16 Bronze Inscr. Bust of Hilderic r. , beardless, wearing diadem, paludamen- tum, and cuirass. Border of dots. Cross potent within wreath, with circu- lar ornament. Bor- der of dots.^ 9 6-8 ^ •35 HIL (rest off flan) [Doubledav purchase, 1849] " ii.l7 10 84 M •35 (Ends .KEX; begin- ning^ of inscr. off flan) [Doubledav purchase, 1849] ii. 18 1 Other specimens, Friedlaender, M. d. Vaiid., p. 31. Friedlaender (op. cit., p. 33) also describes a silver coin with similar rev. which probably has on obv. the name and bust of Justin I : cp. Nos. 1, 2, $it2)ra. ^ For other specimens see Friedlaender, op. cit., p. 31; Thomsen, Caf., Nos. 1075, 1076. Specimens occurred in a hoard found at Guelma in Algeria in 1843: Nta». Chroti., xvii (1855), p. 5 and p. 11. See also Lettrea de Baron Marchant, ed. 1851, p. 201 ; cp. p. 196. The rev. type may perhaps have been suggested by the gold tremissis attributed {stqyra, p. 2, No. 4) to Gaiseric. 15 GELIMER A.D. 19 May 530— Dec. 533 No. Weiffht Metal and Size 19-] 19-5 18-5 M -65 A\ -65 M -6 Obverse Reverse Silver 50 DNREXC EILAMIR' Bust of Gelinier r., beardless, wearing- jewelled diadem (with crescent and pellet), paludamen- tum, and cuirass; whole in wreatlnvith circular ornament. [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-57] (First half of inscr. off flan) D«N ; above, small cross ; all within wreath, with circular ornament ; whole in border of dots. (Two pellets between letters) [Blacas coll., 1867] [deSalisgift-] Plate ii. 19 ^ In an inscr., C. I.L., No. 10,862, AOMN GEILIMER. On the silver dish found in Italy bearing the king's name the inscr. is GeUamirrex Vaudalonuti et Alaiioruni : the name is therefore spelt as on the coins (C. I. L., viii, suppl. 1, No. 17.412, p. 1651 ; Baron J. Pichon's sale Catal. (Paris, 1897), p. 34, No. 205^ PL V). C. I. L.. No. 17,412, also hiis Geilamir. For other spellings, L. Schmidt, Gesch. d. Vand., p. 124 n. In Procopius, TiKlfiep. ^ The following silver coins have also been attributed (correctly?) to Gelimer: — Sambon, S(de Cat., Sotheby's, June, 1872, lot 670, ' Monogram, rer. Cross in wreath ' ; Caucich's BnVettino di numismatica italiann (Florence), An. iv, 1870, p. 31, PI. II. 2-4. Similar types. 16 1. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. Weight 13.6 7-2 114 Metal and Size JE .85 JE -35 JE- 35 Obverse- Reverse Bronze Inscr. HeadofGelimer r. , beardless, wearing diadem, paludamen- tum, and cuirass. Border of dots. CEIL (Inscr. and type ob- scure) CEIL ^^^C (Monog-rani of f p^l Geilamir) within wreath.' [de Salis gift] [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-458] [Doubleday purchase, 1849] Plate ii. 20 ii. 21 ' Specimens occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard: Friedl., M. d. Vand., p. 45. A variety of the monogram is described, Thomsen, Cat., No. 1079. 17 SMALL BRONZE COINS OF THE VANDALIC PERIOD The types, attribution, provenance, &c., of these coins will be found discussed in the 'Introduction', supra, § 1. The specimens are here, for convenience, classed according' to their reverse types, but in some cases an attribution is sugg-ested. It is by no means certain that all the coins here described were minted by Vandal kings, though they seem to be mostly of African origin and of the Vandal period. Some may have been issued by tribes like the Mauri (cp. Nos. 179-181 infra). VICTORY TYPES Victory is one of the commonest types. The usual representation is a figure of the goddess turned to the left, holding wreath and palm, but there are several variations. The coins with the heads of Honorius (Nos. 1-11), Theodosius II (Victory facing, No. 42), and Valentinian III (Nos. 12-14) — Emperors who reigned a. d. 395-455 — may be of the reign of Graiseric, though, of course, possibly kter. As to coins with DOMINO NOSTRO (witliout name of ruler), see infra. No. 15. No. Weight 25-7 26-2 18-6 Metal and Size JE -5 M -4 JE .4 Obverse Reverse Victory to left (with head of Honorius, a. d. 395-423) Inscr. Head of Hono- rius r., wearing dia- dem and drapery. DNHONOKI &c. [Gadban, 1865] SPFAVG [Gadban, 1865] ..HONORI &c. [de Salis gift] Inscr. Victory stand- ing or advancing 1., holding wreath and palm. VICTO &c.; in field 1., P; in ex., KM VICTOR. &c. ; infield 1., P; in ex., KM.? VI &c. ; infield 1., P; in ex., KM Plate 18 I. COINS OF THi: VANDALS No. Weight 18-6 10 11 16. 1G4 17.-J 18-3 18-6 16.3 18.2 Metal and Size 12 13 14 17.7 14-8 •25.1 JE .4 .E 4 ,E .45 .E .45 .E -5 .E .45 E -4 JE 4 Obverse DNHONOKI &c. [de Salis gift] (Inscr. obscure) [Gadban, 1865] .E -45 JE .45 .E .45 VSPFA [Gadban, 1865] . . NORI &c. [Gadban, 1865] VSPFAVG [Gadban, 1865] Reverse VICTO &c. (type rude) ; in field 1., P; in ex., Rw VICTOR &c. ; in field 1., P lAAVGG ; in field 1., S VICT0[K1 lAAVG ; in field 1, T Plate . ..ONORI [de Salis g-ift] (Inscr. obscure) [Gadban, 1865] AVG [Gadban, 1865] .... lAAVGG ; in field 1., T ; in ex., KM? AAVGG iii. 1 iii. 2 VICTOR lAA Victory to left {Salus Reipuhlieae) (with head of Valentinian III, a.d. 425-455) Inscr. Head of Valen- I Inscr. Victory advanc- tinian III r. , Avearing ing-1., holding* wreath diadein and drapery. and palm. ....INIANVS... SALVS ....VBLICE; [de Salis g-ift] in field 1., € ; in ex., [D]NVALeNT . . . . NV SALVS BLICE ; in SPFAV [Gadban, 1865] DMVALeNTINI... [Gadban, 1865] fieldl.,T;inex.,RM .S...PVBLIC iii. 3 VICTORY TYPES— BRONZE 19 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Keverse Plate Victory to left (obv. Domino nostro') DOMINO NOSTRO Head r., beardless, wearing- diadem and drapery. CAKT A GINEPP Victory advancing 1., holding in r., wreath, in 1., palm-branch; in ex., pellet.' 15 18-6 jE 45 (Xo drapery) [H. P. Borrell sale, July 1852, lot 846] (Dress long) ill. 4 IG 16- JE 4 [de Salis gift] (Dress short) ill. 5 Victory to left (with blundered legends) laser. Head r., wear- ing diadem and drapery. Inscr. Victory advanc- ing 1., holding' in r., wreath, in 1., palm- branch. 17 18.2 M .45 ..A CMIA..? [Doubledav purchase, 1849] * AVgVS ; in field 1., cross; in ex., . OA iii. 6 18 13-2 ^ 4 .... CNIN. [de Salis ^-ift] ....AV^V; in field 1., cross ; in ex., . .A 19 11-5 jE -4 (Inscr. off flan) [de Salis gift] VICTOR. &c. ; in field l.,€^ 20 11. jE .4 Dm&c. [de SaHs gift] In field 1., cross.* iii. 7 ' Cp. Sabat., i, p. 221, No. 9. DOMINO NOSTRO. Coins with similar ohi\ occur infra, No. 54 {rev. Emperor standing) and No. 83 [rev. Gate). All are of neat, almost delicate, workmanship and in unusually high relief (in general style they rather resemble No. 42, /n/ro, with head of Theodosius II, a. D. 408-450). I am inclined to ascribe them to Gaisenc or to his successor Huneric. The rev. of Nos. 15, 16 apparently emphasizes the fact that the coin was sti-uck at Carthage, as do the thick bronze coins already attributed to Gaiseric (p. .3, No. 10, supra). Domino nosiro, without the addition of the king's name, would, moreover, be suitable to Gaiseric or Huneric, because their personal names were not, so far as we know, placed upon their coins, nor were such names inscribed till the reign of Gunthamund, the third king. Gaiseric and Huneric may simply have styled themselves on their bronze coins Dominus Noster: later on, under Gunthamund, the Dominus noster (abbreviated DN) is supplemented by rex and the king's name. (DN is familiar on Roman coins from the time of Constantine the Great, but written at full length as Dominorum nostrorum or Domini N. it is rare.) - Cp. No. 12, supra. ^ In style not unlike the coins attributed to Masuna, infra, p. 39. 20 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Victory to left (Inscr. usually represented by strokes : pro- bably barbarous imitations — by the Mauri ?) Inscr. mainly repre- sented by strokes or Inscr. mainly repre- sented by strokes or lozeng-es. Head r., lozenges. Victory wearing diadem and advancing 1., hold- drapery. ing in r. wreath, in 1. palm-branch. 21 7. .E .35 [de Salis gift] Above, 1., cross. iii. 8 22 13.2 jE 45 FDoubleday purchase, 1849] (No inscr.) (Types partly off flan) 23 10-8 .E •45 (Inscr., \\A\A\A) [de Salis gift] iii. 9 24 13-6 JE .4 [Doubledav purchase, 1849] 25 18. JE 4 [de Salis gift] iii. 10 26 15- JE .4 [de Salis gift] (Inscr. not indicated) 27 10.8 JE .35 [Doubleday purchase. 1849] (Type partly off flan) 28 17.8 JE •4 [de Salis gift] (AVI III) 29 13-8 JE •45 [de Salis gift] 30 8-8 a: •45 [de Salis gift] 31 17-6 JE •4 [de Salis gift] VICTORY TYPES— BRONZE 21 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Victory to left (ohv. inscr. DNRC &c.) In sc r. B ust r. , wearin g diadem and drapery. Border of dots. Victory standing- 1., holding in r. wreath. Border of dots. 32 9-5 JE 4 rMX\?] ..lAi fDoubledav purchase, 1849] ^ Pellets representing- inscr. ; in field r., cross ; in front, ? iii. 11 33 9. ^ •35 DNRC .AU [Doubledav purchase, 1849] ' Tvpe barbarous, partlv 'off flan. iii. 12 34 124 .■E 4 DNKC [Doubledav purchase, 1849] Type rude. 35 74 ^E •35 DNC [Doubledav purchase, 1849] 36 91 .E 4 DNI [Doubledav ])urchase, 1849] Type barbarous, partlv off flan. iii. 13 Victory to left (o6t". inscr. doubtful) Inscr. Bust r. , wearing- diadem and drapery. Border of dots. Victory standing 1., holding in r. wreath. (Type rude.) 37 (j-G .E 4 Ends ASM [de Salis gift] iii. 14 ' Mr. Keary (Coinages of W. Eur., p. 31, No. 4) has read this specimen as * DNC . . . THA (obscure)' and attributed it doubtfully to Gunthamund. The attri- bution is far from improbable, and the form of the legend on Nos. 33, 84 suggests that it is either the- coin of a Vandal king, or a co]}y of some such coin. No. 82 is of compara- tively careful work on the rer., though the legend is very doubtful : Nos. 88-6 are more or less barbarous. I therefore hesitate definitely to assign these coins to Gunthamund, though it is not impossible that they reproduce some bronze coins of his that are no longer extant, or that they are copies (as regards the obv.) of his silver coins. Compare Nos. 37-41, infra. - The beginning of the inscr. (if any) is off the flan, or broken away. Sabatier (i, p. 218, No. 6) read this identical specimen AS«P and assigned it to King Trasa- mund. Here, again, as in the case of Nos. 82-6, the obscurity of the legend and the rudeness of the rev. types will prevent us from definitely adopting the attribution to Trasamund or another Vandal king. The coins are related to Nos. 82-6, of which they appear to be copies, further degraded. 22 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. 38 39 40 41 42 43 Weight 44 45 9-7 6-2 5-4 21 13-8 6-2 18-2 16.() Metal and Size ^E .4 .E .35 JEl .35 .E .3 /E -4 ^E .4 Obvei-se . . . (letters obscure) DM (No inscr.) (No inscr.) Revei"se [Doubledav purchase, 1849] ' [Doubledav purchase, 1849] [Doubledav purchase, 1849] [Doubledav purchase, 1849] Victory facings (with head of Theodosius II, a.d. 408-450) Inscr. Head of Tlieo- dosius II r., wearing- diadem and drapery. DNTHEO &c. [de Salis gift] Inscr. Victory advan- cing to front, holding- wreatli in each liand. [C]ONCO &c. (with uncertain head) Victory standing- fa- cing-, within "wi-eath. Head r., beardless (wearing-diadem and drapery ?y [Doubledav purchase, 1849] Victory and Captive (with head of Valentinian III, a.d. 425-455) Inscr. Head of Valen- 1 1 n s c r . Victory 1. tinian III r., wearing- \ dragg-ing- caj)tive. diadem and drapery. ^E -45 IdNVALE? &c. [Gadban, 18G5] JE -4 i . . TmiAMVSPFA (no drapery ?) SALVS?; in ex.,? ..I AAVG [do Salis gift] Plate iii. 15 ill. 16 iii. 17 iii. 18 rev. iii. 19 ROMA- PAX— BRONZE 23 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 46 15-5 .E .45 TINIAN &c. (Traces of inscr.) [Gadban, 1865] 47 174 uE 45 ANVSPFAVG VICT... AACG [Gadban, 1865] 48 22.(j M -4 (Valentiniau ? inscr. IPFIV.?) ("Doublediiv purchase, 1849] ' PVBLICe Roma seated (with uncertain head) Head r., beardless, wearing- diadem (and drapery ?). Traces of inscr. Female fig-ure (Roma?) seat- ed facing-, holding- in r. g-lobus surmounted by Victory ; in 1., sceptre.' 49 8. ^E -5 [de Sails g-ift] AIOIP.?Headr.,l)eard- ed (wearing- diadem and drapery ?). Traces of inscr. Roma ? seated, as No, 49. (Rude.) iii. 20 50 9-4 .E -55 [Doubleda V purchase , 1849] iii. 21 Pax (with uncertain head) ....T.. Head r., bearded ? PAX AVG Pax stand- ing- 1. ; in 1., cornu- copiae ; in r., scep- tre ? ; in front, g-lobe ? 51 10.L> .-E 4 [Doubledav purchase, 1849] iii. 22 ^ Not unlike the imitations of silver coins of Honorius attributed, supra, p. 2, to Gaiseric. 24 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Emperor standing- to r. (with head of Theodosius I, a. d. 379-395) DNTHEODO SIVSP FAG Head of Theo- .VSR. MANOR The Emperor in military dosius I 1-., Avearing- diadem, paludamen- tum, and cuirass. dress standing- to front, looking^ r. ; in r., labarum ; 1. hand rests on shield.^ 52 21. JE .45 [de Salis gift] iii. 23 (with head of Valentinian III, a.d. 425-455) [DNJVAL &c. Head of Valentinian HI r., wearing diadem and drapery. Inscr. (obscure). Em- peror standing- 1. ; in 1., spear ; in r., [globe ?] ' 53 20.5 JE .5 [de Salis g-ift] iii. 24 (^Obv. Domino nostro) Inscr. Head r., beard- less, wearingdiadem, paludamentum, and cuirass. Inscr. Emperor in mili- tary dress standing r. ; in r., labarum ; in 1., globus.- 54 177 M .4 DOMINO NOS... [de Salis g-ift] VICTOKI .A... iii. 25 (^Obv. Uncertain head) Head r., beardless, wearing diadem, paludamentum, and cuirass. Emperor (?) standing, w^ i t h arms o u t- stretched. (Rude figure.) 55 8. JE -4 [Doubled av purchase, 1849] iii. 26 ' Reign of Gaiseric (?). 2 Cp. Nos. 15, 16, supra (p. 19), and Sabat., i, p. 222, No. 10. EMPEROR STANDING— BRONZE 25 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Emperor standing to 1. (with liead of Valentinian III, a. d. 425-455) Inscr. Head of Valen- Inscr. Emperor in mili- tinian III, wearing- tary dress standing diadem and drapery. 1. ; in 1., sj)ear; inr., globus ? 56 24-3 .E .45 DNVA....INIA... \C\? [de Salis gift] iii. 27 {Obv. Uncertain head) [Barbarous imitations ?] Inscr. Head r., wear- Inscr. Emperor in mili- ing diadem and tary dress standing draiiery. 1. ; in 1., spear; in r., globus ? 57 24. .E -45 ANIA &c. ? [Gadban, 1865] (Inscr. obscure; globus obscure) 58 18-6 .E -5 (Inscr. obscure) [Gadban, 1865] (Without inscr.) iii. 28 59 11.5 .E .45 N . . . &c. [Gadban, 1865] NKN.. iii. 20 60 8. .E .4 (lllll for inscr.) [Doubledav purcliase, 1849] (No inscr. ; type partly off flan) Two Emperors standing Inscr. Head r., beard- Inscr. Two Emperors less, wearing diadem. standing to front, each holding spear and supporting glo- bus between tliem. 61 21.3 .E .5 VSPFA [de Salis gift] GLO .. . &c. iii. 30 62 19-3 .E .4 .VS[P?] [de Salis gift] (Inscr. obscure ; type partly off flan) 2G I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Eeverse Plate Emperor and captive ' Inscr. Head r. , beard- less, wearing- diadem. Inscr. Emperor r., dragg-ing captive; 63 12-8 JE .35 (Inscr. obscure ; type rude) fDoubledav purchase, 1849] ' NIA? [Purchased, 1878, 11-3-6] V . . . Captive held by Emperor's r. hand. iii. 31 64 14-2 jE •35 (No inscr.) Captive held by Emperor's 1. hand. iii. 32 Lion, looking- back Head r., beardless, wearing^ diadem and drapery. Lion standing- 1., look- ing back.^ 65 11-3 JE •4 [de Salis g-ift] (Type partly off flan) 66 5-8 JE •3 [de Salis gift] iii. 33 Lion standing- r. Inscr. Head r. Lion standing- r. 67 9-3 M 4 (Inscr. obscure : repre- sented by strokes ?) [Presented bv Mr. Jesse Haworth, 1888] iii. 34 rev. Palm-tree -' Bust r., beardless, Avear- ing- diadem, paluda- mentum,and cuirass. Palm-tree with fruit. 68 11-3 jE •35 (Dots for inscr.) [Presented bv Mr. J. Doubleday,' 184()] iii. 35 69 7.4 jE •45 (Dots for inscr.) [Doubledav purchase, 1849] ' Cp. this type on coins of Leo I, a.d. 457-474. ^ Imitated from the Constantinopolitan bronze coins of Leo I, a.d. 457-474: cp. Friedlaender, 3/. d. Vaudahn, ]\ 50 ; PI. II. 3. ^ C}}. Friedlaender, M. d. Vandalen, p. 40. PALM-TREE— GATE— BRONZE 27 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 70 11.2 JE •45 (Traces of inscr.) [Townley coll.] iii. 36 71 7.6 JE •25 (Traces of inscr.) [Presented by Mr. J. Doubleday, 1846] 7-2 6-4 JE .45 (Dots for inscr.) [Doubleday purchase, 1849] Gate (with head of Valentinian III, a. d. 425-455) Inscr. Bust of Valen- tinian III r., wearing diadem, paludamen- tum, and cuirass. Gate with opening in centre ; above, star. TS 18-6 JE 5 DNVAL...INIA &c. AO . [de Salis gift] iii. 37 74 15-8 JE •45 DNVAL c^c. (Traces of inscr.) [Gadban, 1865] 75 14. JE .5 TINIA &c. [Purchased, 1878, 11-3-5] 76 17. jE •55 V? AVG [de Salis gift] 77 24- JE •5 DNA [de Salis gift] 78 19- ^ •45 VA (Traces of inscr.) [Gadban, 1865] 79 12-5 ^ ■4 Ends NA [Gadban, 1865] 80 21.7 JE .45 (Traces of inscr.) On I., cir [de Salis gift] iii. 38 (Obv. Uncertain liead) Inscr. Head r., beard- less, wearing diadem and drapery. Gate with opening in centre ; above, star. 81 6. JE .35 .VI &c. [Doubleday purchase, 1849] iii. 39 82 4-8 ^ .35 (Inscr. ?) [Doubleday jrarchase, 1849] 28 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. 83 84 85 Weight 18-5 5-2 19-8 86 Metal and Size JE .45 JE -35 JE -45 14-5 JE .35 Obverse Reverse Plate (^Obv. Domino nosfro) [DIOMINO NOSTRO Bust r., beardless, wearing diadem, paludamentum, and cuirass.^ Gate with opening in centre. [Presented by Sir J. Anderson, 1875] Temple Head r., with diadem (Barbarous) Temple. [Doubledav purchase, 1849] Probablv non-Vandalic. Inscr. Bust r. , wearing- diadem and drapery. TINIAN? Inscription TOV XVX within wreath. [Doubledav purchase, 1849] (With head of Justinian 1, a. d. 527-565) Inscr. Bust of Jus- Inscr. in wreath.^ tinian I r., beardless, wearing diadem, paludamentum, and cuirass. I VST &c. iii. 40 ill. 41 iii. 42 rev. VOT XIII [Doubledav 1849] purchase, iii. 43 ^ Cp. Nos. 15, 16, supra, p. 19. " On these small pieces with Justinian's name see Friedlaender, M. d. Vandaleii, p. 43 and p. 51. The reverses are neatly executed, but not so the obveraes. It may be that these are really Imperial issues (a.d. 533 or 534) struck after the capture of Carthage by Belisarius (cp. Brit. Mus. Cat., Ii)ip. Byz. Coins, pp. 63-9; PI. IX. 11-17; PI. X. 5-8). But if not Imperial, they must have been struck by some Vandal ruler who reigned contemporaneously with Justinian (whose reign was A.D. 527-565), thus, either Hilderic or Gelimer. Of these two Hilderic is the more probable issuer on account of his friendly relations with the Bj'zantine court. INSCRIPTION— MONOGRAM— BRONZE 29 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 87 9-5 JE .35 IVSTI VOT Xill [de Sails g-ift] 88 10-3 JE 4 IVST VOT XIII [Doubledav purchase, 1849] 89 10-8 JE .35 NAN 1? VOT XIII 90 11-3 JE .4 IVS NIAN rv]OT Xjlll "Procured at Carthag-e and presented by the Rev. Arthur Dixon, 1906] 91 11.8 JE -35 IVST...ANVS VOT Xllll iii. 44 92 124 JE .35 (Traces of inscr.) VOT Xllll [Doubleday purchase, 1849] 93 12.8 JE .4 .VST NIAN? VOT Xllll [Doubledav purchase, 1849] Monog-i-ams (Monogram of Theodosius II, a. d. 408-450) Inscr. Head of Theo- 1 OT (Monog-ram of dosius II r., wearing 1 a ■! Theodosius diadem and drapery. wreath.^ 94 5-8 JE -35 (No inscr. visible) Above, branch. [Doubleday purchase, 1849=] iv. 1 ^ This imitation of the coins of Theodosius II may possibly have been produced as early as the reign of Gaiseric, but as the oir. heads are more or less rude and the coins of small size, I would rather assign them to one of the later Vandal rulers nearer to the time of Gelimer, who adopts a monogram as the rev. type of his bronze coins (p. 16, No. 4, supra). It may be noticed, also, that No. 96 shows the obv. head enclosed in a wreath, like the silver coins of Gelimer. ^ Procured from Africa, according to a note made by de Salis. On the monogram see Friedlaender, M. d. Vandalen, p. 48. 30 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. Weight Metal and Size JE -3 95 7.6 96 4.6 JE -3 97 10-4 .E -35 98 ■2-2.8 ^E .45 99 23-2 .E -4 100 0-6 {.flan h>Jnre<I) .E -35 101 11-5 tE -4 10i> IS- 5 .E .4 108 14-6 JE .45 104 10-6 .E .45 105 20-2 .E .4 106 8-5 jE -35 Obverse . ... AC (No inscr. ; liead in wreath) (lYaces of inscr.) Revei'se [de Salis g-ift] [Doubleday purchase, 1849'] • (M) [Doubledav purcliase, 1849'] (Monogram ofMarcian,- a.d. 450-457) Inscr. Head of Mar- cian r., wearing* dia- dem and drapery. NOPFA/ (the begin- ning of inscr. is off the tlan) . N M ? (rest off flan) DNMARCIANVS [de Salis gift] Traces of inscr. [de Salis gift] Traces of inscr., AN.'* &c. RCIS Inscr. ends AVC Inscr. Head of Mar- cian r., wearing dia- dem and drapery. Inscr. ends NVSI (type 1.) ■^^^(Monogram of V^^ Marcian)with- ■ 5 L in wreath. Above mon., star, [de Salis gift] Above mon., star. Above mon., cross. [Purchased, 1878, 11-3-1] Above mon., cross (S blundered) (Monogram varied) (Mon. as No. 102) [de Salis gift] (Mon. as No. 102) [de Salis gift] Above mon., star ? [Purchased, 1878, 11-3-3] J^^p (Mon. ofMar- ^^CJ^ cian) witliin "■ S 1 border. Above mon., cross. [Presented b v Mr. Jesse Haworth, 1888J Plate iv. 2 iv. 3 iv. 4 iv. 5 iv. 6 iv. 7 ' 'From Africa' (de Salis's note). Issued in the period of Gaiseric, or later (?). MONOGRAM— BRONZE 31 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 107 9.5 JE .35 Inscr. obscure. Above mon., cross. [Presented bv Mr. Jesse Haworth, 1888] 108 10- jE .4 Inscr. obscure. Inscr. Head of Mar- clan r., wearing" dia- dem and drapery. Above mon., cross? [Presented bv Mr. Jesse Haworth, 1888] ^^^^ (Monoo-ram Q ^^ r^ of Mar- J^ § cian) with- in wreath. 109 12.8 .E .4 Inscr. ends lANVS? Monog'ram of Leo Head r., wearing- dia- dem and drapery. [Presented bv Mr. Jesse Haworth, 1888] I (a. 1). 457-474) £|5m (Monogram of rC 1- Leo I) within \\|_ wreath. iv. 8 110 16.1 JE .35 ....NNA.? (Border of dots instead of wreath) [Presented by Mr. Jesse Haworth, 1888] iv. 9 111 16.G JE .35 [de Salis gift] 112 13-3 .E .35 113 10. JE .35 Traces of inscr. [de Salis gift] iv. 10 114 10.7 ^E .35 [de Salis gift] (Mon. partly off flan) 115 10.4 JE 4 Traces of inscr. [Purchased, 1878, 11-3-2] IIG 10.3 JE .3 [de Salis gift '] 117 10.6 JE -3 (Type obscure) (Tvpe partly off flan) [de Salis gift] 118 19.7 jE .45 PFRA.(=PERA?) (Parkes Weber gift, 1906-^) iv. 11 A specimen occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard, Friedlaender, M. d. Vand., p. 4G. The coin was originally purchased from an Italian coin-dealer. 32 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Monogram, of Zeno (a. d. 474-491) Head r., ^vearing• dia- 71 O (Monog-ram of dem and drapery. P^l Zeno) witliin Sl/>L wreath. 119 10-9 .E •35 Traces of inscr. (..MO ?) [Doubleday purchase, 1849 >] iv. 12 120 12-5 .E .35 [de Salis g-ift] 121 114 .E •3 [de Salis g-ift] 122 7.8 .E .3 . NV. [Presented bv ^Ir. .Jesse Haworth, 1888] 123 13-2 .E •4 .EN. [Purchased, 1908, 5-6-11] (H) . iv. 13 124 14-7 JE .35 (Mon. as No. 123) [Doubledav purchase, 1849] 125 16. JE •35 Traces of inscr. (Mon. as No. 123) [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-18] 126 122 JE .35 DN... (^lon. as No. 123) [Presented bv Mr. Jesse Hawortli, J 888] 127 14.5 .E •35 Monog-ram of Anasta Head r., wearing dia- dem and drapery. (feC) [Doubledav inirchase, 1849'^] ' sius I (a.d. 491-518) O 2^ (Monog-ram of PsJ Anastasius) ■▼X" within border of dots. 128 11-6 JE •4 [de Salis g-ift] iv. 14 129 13- JE .4 Border of dots. [de Salis gift] * This specimen came 'from Africa' according to de Salis's note. ^ 'From Africa' (de Saliss note). MONOGRAM- BRONZE 33 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 130 9- JE •35 Traces of inscr. [Doubleday purchase, 1849] 131 8-2 JE .35 Traces of inscr. ( — V). Border of dots. [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-309] iv. 15 132 74 M .35 (Type obscure) [de Salis g-ift] 133 7- JE •3 (IN.&c.) [Doubleday purchase, 1849] 134 7-1 JE •3 [Doubleday purchase, 1849] 135 112 JE •4 Border of dots. m [de Salis gift] 136 7-7 JE .35 „ [de Salis gift] iv. 16 137 8-2 JE .3 ,, [Doubleday pur- chase,1849] 138 7. JE ■35 Border of dots. Monog-ram of Justin Head of Justinian I r., „ [de Salis gift] ian I (a.d. 527-565) I^T (Monogram of 1^^ Justinian) 1 Cr^ within wreath. iv. 17 wearing diadem and draper3\ 139 18. JE .35 Ends . IVSTI ? [de Salis gift] iv. 18 140 10-5 JE .35 Ends lANV. (W iv. 19 ^ Specimens of Nos. 139 and 140 occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard (see Friedl., M. d. Vand., pp. 42, 43, 52). If these coins are of African, and not (as is conceivable) of Italian origin, they were probably issued during the reign of Hilderic, which ended in May, 530. 34 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate A (with liead of Justinian I) Inscr. Bust of Jus- X within border of tinian I r., wearing IX dots.» diadem, paludamen- r^ tuni, and cuirass. Ul 7.5 JE .4 DNIP....2I.? [de Salis gift] iv. 20 142 144 .E -4 IVSTI N..V [de Salis gift] 143 21-8 JE 4 N .5 AV [de Salis gift] 144 10-3 JE -35 [Doubledav purchase, 1849] ' iv. 21 145 11-2 .E -35 [Procured at Carthage, and presented by the Rev. Arthur Dixon, 1906] 146 6-8 JE -35 (Without inscr.) [Doubledav purchase, 1849] 147 8-4 JE -35 [Doubledav purchase, 1849] 148 7- JE -3 (Inscr. obscure) [Presented bv Mr. GeorgeFinlay,"l854=] ^ Cp. Friedlaender, M. d. Vandahn, p. 43 and p. 52 (specimens in the Monte Roduni ihoard). ^ Found at Athens (see Finlay's Hist, of Greece, i, p. 446 n. ; cp. Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Bi/za>ttine Coins, i, p. 43».). These small coins (Nos. 141-8) are in much the same case as those with the head of Justinian I described supra, p. 28, No. 86 sq. {rev. VOT XIII &c.). It is possible that they are Imperial issues, struck, A.D. 533 or 534, after the capture of Carthage by Belisarius, but as their obverses (head and inscription) are somewhat i-ude it is more likely that they are coins of Hilderic (cp. p. 14, supra). A probably = 1 vovnixiov ; cp. Justinian's coins struck at Thessalonica (B. M. C, Liq). Btjz. Coins, p. 43). i LETTERS, ETC.— BROXZE 35 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate A (with head of Justinian I ? ') Bust r., beardless, wearing" diadem [and drapery]. Inscr. p A 149 12-6 ^ .35 [Presented by Mr. Jesse Haworth, 1888] (Inscr. obscure, DNIV STIN...?) iv. 22 D Bust r., beardless, wearing- diadem and drapery. — ^ within wreath. 150 8-4 ^ .35 [Doubleday purchase, 1849] iv. 23 151 8-4 JE -35 [Doubledav purchase, 1849] ' K Inscr. Head r., wear- ing- diadem and dra- pery. Kt 152 15- JE .35 SIVS....? [Presented by Mr. Jesse Haworth, 1888] AV Head r., wearing- dia- dem and drapery. J^y^ within border /ji\ of dots. 153 5-2 JE -3 (Rude style) [Doubleday purchase, 1849 2] iv. 24 ^ Cp. the coins with 7X, Nos. 141-8, supra. - ' From Africa ' (de Salis's note). 36 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. Weight 154 155 12-4 11.8 Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate vE -35 JE -35 156 12-3 157 N Inscr. represented by dots. Head r. , wear- ing- diadem and draper^^ (Head partly off flan) N within border of dots. [de Salis g-ift] [Presented by Mr. Jesse Haworth, 1888] K (?) Inscr. Bust r., wear- ing diadem and dra- pery. JE -4 Ends AVC 16-6 JE -4 158 11- JE -3 K (?) within bor- der of dots. iv. 25 [de Salis gift] iv. 26 T Head r. [wearing dia- dem and drapery]. T within wreath. [Presented bv Mr. Jesse Haworth, 1888] Inscr. Head r., wear- ing diadem and dra- pery. Ends A > I [Doubleday purchase, 1849] Letters in angles (?). iv.27 SACRED MONOGRAM— BRONZE 37 Weight 111 9-2 7-6 64 6-7 Metal and Size 23-6 JE -35 JE .35 ^E .35 M .35 JE .35 Obverse Reverse (with head of Justinian I) JE .4 Inscr. Head of Jus- tinian I r., wearing- diadem and drapery. DNIVTI(s2c) NIA Blundered inscr., VlAI /I HI ? *" within two borders of dots. ^ [Doubledav purchase, 1849^] Plate iv. 28 >& in wreath Inscr. Head r., wear- ing- diadem and dra- pery. Ends VI U (No inscr. on flan) (No inscr. on flan) ^ with pellets in the ^ ang-les ; whole in wreath.^ [Presented bv Mr. J. Doubledav,' 1846] [Doubledav purchase, 1849^] ' (Without pellets) [Doubledav purchase, 1849^] Obv. A. Bev. T^ A within border of ^ within border of ^^ dots.^ ^^ dots. [de Salis gift] iv. 29 iv. 30 ^ Hardly Imperial, but more probably of the time of Hilderic: cp. note 2, p. 34, supra. A specimen occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard (Friedlaender., M. d. Vand., p. 43 and p. 52). ^ ' From Africa ' (de Salis's note). * Later Vandal ; Hilderic or Gelimer (?). * Cp. the coins with rev. A described supra, id. 34. This coin, however, is of thicker fabric. 38 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 Weiffht 173 174 9-8 117 111 5-4 {thin) 11. 13-7 6-4 5-2 Metal and Size ^ -35 JE .3 .E .4 JE -4 ^ .35 JE -35 JE .35 ^E .3 14. 9-6 Obverse Reverse Plato Head r., beardless, wearing" diadem and drapery. Behind, • • • • ( = inscr.) Beliind, ••••( = inscr.) In front, ••••( = inscr.) Obv. Head. Rer. ^ ^L^ witliin Avreatli.' (Dots for inscr. ?) JE -45 JE .45 [Doubleday purchase, 1849J [Doubleday purchase, 1849] [Doubleday purchase, 1849] [Doubleday purchase, 1849] [de Sails g-lft] [Doubledav purchase, 1849] [de Sails gift] [Doubleday purchase, 1849] Cross Cross potent in wreath (with head of Theodosius II, a. d. 408-450) iv. 31 Inscr. Head of Theo- dosius II r., wearing diadem and drapery. SIVSPFA [T]H€ODSIVSPF Cross potent m wreath. Border of dots. [Purchased in 1878, 11-3-7] [Presented by Mr. Jesse Haworth, 1888] iv. 32 ' For the style, &c., compare Nos. 161-3. They appear to be coins of the late Vandal period, but the substitution of dots for the letters of the inscription and the rudeness of the oh: heads suggest that the coins are not the issues of Vandal kings, but of some barbarous tribes (the Mauri ?). CROSS— BRONZE 39 No. 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 ,fWeight 9-2 194 17. 13-5 11.2 10.3 IM Metal and Size M .35 yE 4 JE .4 JE 45 JE .35 M .35 Obverse (Traces of inscr., blun- dered SIVSPFA ...VSPFA DNTH. (the rest off flan) Reverse [de Salis gift] [de Salis gift '] [de Salis gift] [de Salis gift] (With head of Masuna ?, Rex Maurorum, circ. A. D. 508, and later) Inscr. (Name of Masuna?). Headr., beardless, Avearing diadem and drapery. mNA2MA (border of dots. nNA8n ASNA (rest of inscr. off flan). Cross potent in wreath (represented bv pel- lets). (Type defeced) [Presented bv Mr. Jesse Haworth, 1888^] [Presented by Mr. Jesse Ha worth, ~ ~ [Presented bv Mr. Jesse Haworth, 1888] Plate iv. 33 iv. 34 iv. 35 ^ Nos. 176-8 are of thicker fabric than Nos. 173-5. ^ The obv. inscription of Nos. 179-81 does not appear to adumbrate the name of any Roman emperor or Vandal king. I suggest that it is intended for the name of Masuna, an important chieftain of the Mauri who gained territoiy at the expense of Trasamund and the Vandals. According to an inscription in C. I. L., viii, No. 9835, Masuna was in A. D. 508 ruler of Safar, Altava, and Castra Severiana in the west of Mauretania Caesarien- fiis, and styled himself 'Rex Maurorum et Romanorum'. {Pro sal. et incol. reg. Masu- nae [first two letters in ligature] f/ent. Maitr. et Romano):, &c.) He is probably identical with the Maaacovas of Procopius. ' Masuna rex anno 508 fortasse est ipse ille Massona rex qui a. 534 una cum Ortaia Byzantiorum duceni Solomonem incitabat ad bellum inferendum regi Maurorum ad montem Aurasium labdae (Procop., BeU. Vand., ii. 13),' Commentary on C.I.L., No. 9835 ; cp. Schmidt's Gesch. d. Vattdalen, p. 120 ; Diehl, VAfr. hyz., p. 43 and p. 264. If the attribution of these coins happens to receive further confirmation it will be of some importance in connexion with the whole series of small bronze coins of the Vandalic period (here described, pp. 17 ff.). For it would become evident that the Mauri (and perhaps other barbarous peoples) employed during the later Vandal period, and perhaps even after the conquest of Africa by Justinian, a currency of small bronze which they modelled more or less rudely on Roman or Vandal prototypes. The existence of the vqy^ numerous types and varieties of small bronze coins which seem to furnish a superabundant coinage for the Vandal kings will excite less astonishment if we consider that they were in part the currency of the Mauri. No. 20, p. 19; No. 110, p. 31; No. 188, p. 40, bear a certain resemblance to Nos. 179-81 just described. 40 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. Weight Metal and Size 182 27. JE -45 183 16. JE .45 184 21.2 .E .45 185 144 ^ -45 186 33-4 ^ -55 187 18-1 ^ -4 188 11. JE .35 189 10-5 .E -45 190 8.5 JE .35 191 8.7 JE .45 Obverse Reverse (^Obv. uncertain head') Head r., beardless, wearing- diadem and drapery. DNVI (Valentinian III ?) Inscr. ends NA. (Type blurred throug-li double-striking) Inscr. ends A ? VG Cross potent in wreath. Border of dots, [de Salis gift] [P. Gadban, 1865] Border of dots. [P. Gadban, 1865] Border of dots, [de Salis gift] (Bust broad, rudely executed) (Similar to No. 186) [E. Aschkenasi, of Tunis, 1854] [Townley coll.] [.OCAnVI.?] (head small) Traces of rude inscr. Inscr. (IV ? &c.) Dots for inscr. ; type rude. [de Salis gift ^] (Double-struck) [de Salis gift] [de Salis gift] [de Salis gift] Plate iv. 36 iv. 37 iv. 38 iv. 39 iv. 40 ' Nos. 182-94 may be coins of the Mauri or, at any rate, non-Vandalic. ^ This somewhat resembles the coins assigned, supra, p. 39, to Masuna. CROSS— BRONZE 41 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 192 11.6 .E -35 Border of dots, [de Salis gift] 193 4. jE -35 Border of dots. FDoubleday purchase, 1849] 194 4-3 JE 3 [de Salis gift] iv. 41 Plain cross in wreath Head r., beardless, wearing- diadem and drapery. Plain cross in wreath. 195 12. .E 4 In front, palm-branch or part of wreath ? iv. 42 196 13- JE -35 In front, part of wreath. [de Salis gift] 197 7. .E .4 [Doubleday purchase, 1849] iv. 43 198 8.2 .E 35 [Parkes Weber gift, 1906] 199 12-1 .E -35 Border of dots. [Parkes Weber gift, 1906] 200 7-6 -E .3 DH [de Salis gift] Cross pattee in border of dots Head r., beardless, wearing- [diadem and] drapery. Cross pattee and two pellets. Border of dots.^ 201 12-8 JE -35 iv. 44 ^ Period of the later Vandal kings. 42 I. COINS OF THE VANDALS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Pentagram Two (or tliree ?) rows of CCCC (imitating inscrijitions ?). Pentagram. 202 4- JE -35 [Doubleday purchase, 1849] iv.45 Plain (or witli a type that has been ob- literated). Pentagram. 203 7.3 JE -4 [DouT)leday purchase, 1849] iv. 46 204 6-6 JE -3 [de Sails gift] II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS ODOVACAR' A. B. -.'3 Auc. 476—15 March 493 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate RAVENNA Solidus DNZENO PEKPFAVC Bust of Zeno,- beard- less, with head three- VICTOR. AAVCCC Victory draped standing 1., holding quarters r. ; wears helmet with plume and armour ; r. hand holds spear behind his head ; 1. hand in r. broad cross; in ex., CONOB; in field, r., star. (not represented) supports shield deco- rated with the g-roup of a horseman r., at- tacking- with spear a prostrate enemy. 1 68-2 N •8 [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-2J (VICTOK 1) (A for A) after inscr., A v.l 2 68-5 N •8 [Purchased, 1874, 7-15-144*] After CONOB, KV (Ravenna) V.2 ^ As to Odovacar, who is here, for convenience, included among the Ostrogoths, see 'Introduction', supra, § 2. 2 The Emperor Zeno, a.d. 474-491. On the attribution to Odovacar of coins with Zeno's name see ' Introduction', § 2, on coins with Imperial names. 44 11. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 3 66-9 N .75 (Ends AYC) (AAYCCC) after CO NOB, RV 4 68-3 A' •8 (Ends AYC) [de Salis gift] (VICTOR 1) after inscr,, Z Tremissis DNZENO PEKPFAV Bust of Zeno r., Cross within wreath ; beneath, CO NOB beardless, wearing diadem and drapery. 5 22.2 M •55 (l/l for N ?) [de Salis gift] V.3 6 21.7 N .5 (P€KP) [de Salis gift] V. 4 7 224 N •5 (Ends P€RPFAVC) (COM) V.5 Silver DNSENO PEKPFAV Bust of Zeno r., beardless, wearing diadem and drapery. Eagle, with wings sj^read, standing 1., looking back ; above head, cross.' 8 14.5 (pierced) M •55 FLOD[OV]AC Bust of Odovacar r. , beard- less, but with mous- tache ; head bare ; wears paludamen- tum and cuirass. Border of dots. [de Salis gift] |MD ^ (monogram of Ukll Odovacar) ■ ^i^ within wreath, with circular orna- ment ; beneath, RV. Border of dots. V.6 9 12-7 M •5 [Purchased, 1882, 4-5-1 2] V. 7 ^ The types were probably suggested by the Imperial silver coins already struck in Italy— probably at Milan— in the name of Zeno. ^ This rare coin was sold to the British Museum by Miss A. Lucas, an EngUsh lady resident in Rome, where, I believe, it was obtained. Cp. Keary, Coinages of Western Europe, p. vii (conrigenda), referring to the specimen engraved on the title-page of Pallmann's Gesch. der Volkertvandeningen. For other specimens see Friedlaender, M. d. Vandaleit, pp. 58, 59, PI. II. 1, 2 ; cp. M. d. Ostgothen, p. 8. The silver coin (with head of Anastasius) assigned to Odovacar in Sabat., i, p. 195, PI. XVIII. 1, is of doubtful description; see Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen, p. 8; cp. Engel and Serrure (Traite de Num., i. 23). As to the date, &c., of our No. 9, see ' Introduction', supra, § 2, ' Odovacar.' The A in the monogram is carelessly formed, perhaps A. ODOVACAR— RAVENNA— ROME 45 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Bronze ODO VAC Bust of Odovacar r., beard- less, [but with mous- tache ?] ; head bare ; ^P ^ within wreath. wears paludamen- tuni and cuirass. 10 21-6 JE •4 [de Salis gift] V. 8 11 14-4 JE .4 V. 9 ROME Tremissis DNZENOP ERPFAVC Bust of Zeno r., Cross within wreath ; beneath, CO MOB beardless, wearing- diadem, paludamen- tum, and cuirass. 12 22-4 N •5 [de Salis gift] V. lO 13 22-2 N •55 (DNZENO PEKPFA VC) [Blacas coll., 1867] V. 11 14 22-3 N •55 (DNSENO PEKPFA VC) [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-14] V. 12 15 22. N .5 (DNZ€NO P6KPFA VC) [Purchased of an Italian dealer, 1869, 7-9-61] V. 13 Bronze See infra^ ' Quasi-autoi of Ode lomous of Rome,' time vacar. 46 THEODORIC son of Theudemir A.D. Maech 493—30 Aug. 526 No. Weight Metal and Size 68-7 68-8 68-5 69- A^ .8 M -8 M .8 N (i> Obverse Reverse RAVENNA Gold (i) with head of Anastasius I. Struck by Tlieodoric, circ. a,d. 493-518 Solidus A.D. 493-518 DNANASTA SIVSPF AVC Bust of Anasta- sius, beardless, three- quarters r., wears helmet with plume and ornament, and armour; r. hand holds spear behind his head ; 1. hand (not represented) supports shield with horseman device. [Presented by Mr. Ed- ward Wig-an, 1864] [Blacas coll., 1867] (A for A) [Purchased, 1863, 7-11-17] (A for A) [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-1] VICTOK I AAVCCC Victory draped standing- 1., holding- in r. broad cross ; in ex., COMOB; in field r., star. At end of inscr. , A At end of inscr., A (VICTORI AAVCCC) (CO NOB); in field 1. , R/ (Ravenna) ; at end of inscr., JfX^ (monogram of Theo- doric). (Inscr. as on No. 3) ; in field, 1., traces of Ry ? wliich has been apparently oblite- rated ; at end of inscr., monog-ram of TheodoricasonNo. 3. Plate V.14 V. 15 v.ie THEODORIC— RAVENNA- GOLD 47 Weierht 224 22.2 09. 22-2 224 00. o Metal and Size AT -55 M -5 A^ .5 M .55 A/ -5 ^ .55 A^ .55 Obverse Reverse Tremissls DNANASTA SIVSPP AVC Bust of Anasta- sius, beardless, r., wearing- diadem, paludamentum, and cuirass. (A for A) above head, cross. [de Salis gift] (TA) (AVC) above head, star. [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-73] (A, A, A, A in inscr.) above head, star, [de Salis gift] (A, A, A, A in inscr.) above liead, star, [de Salis gift] (A for A in inscr.) above head, star, [de Salis gift] (D for D) (Siva) [de Salis gift] (A for A, except second A) VICTORIAAVCVSTO KVM Victory stand- ing on globus' to front, looking 1. ; in r. wreath, in 1. glo- bus cruciger; in field 1., star ; in ex., CONOB (COS for CVS) (star in field r., instead of 1.) IVCTORIAAVCVSTO KON ^^ VICTOKIAAVCVSO ON) (VICTOKIAAVCVSO ROM) (COMOB) (VICTOMAA VIVST OKOM) (VICTORIAA VCVST OKN) (star in field r., instead of 1.). (C for Q (COMOB) (star in field r., in- stead of 1.). Plate V. 17 V. 18 V. 19 V. 20 V. 21 ^ The globus is often very slightly indicated, and is sometimes not to be distinguished from the left foot of the goddess. It is more distinct on the tremisses struck at Rome under Theodoric. The type can be traced back on Roman coins to the aurei of Augustus (e.g. Coll. de H. Montagu, Monn. d'or, PI. III. 77). 48 11. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. Weight 12 13 14 68-2 68-7 68-6 15 16 22.G 22-6 Metal and Size N .8 N -8 N .8 N .6 N .6 Obverse Reverse Gold (ii) with head of Justin I. Struck by Theo- doric, f/rc. a. d. 518-526, andby Athalaric?, end of 526 and begfinnino^ of 527. Solidus DNIVSTI NVSPFAVC Bust of Justin I, beardless, three- quarters r. ; wears helmet with illume and armour ; r. hand holds spear behind his head ; 1. hand (not represented) supports shield with horseman device. [Purchased, 1870, 2-1-2J (Ends A/C) [Bank of England gift, 1877] VICTOR. I AAVCCCA Victory draped standing 1., holding in r. broad cross ; in field 1., star; in ex., COMOB (A for A) (A for A) Tremissis DNIVSTI NVSPFA/C Bust of Justin I, beardless, r. , wearing diadem, paludamen- tum, and cuirass. [de Salis gift] VICTORIAAVCVST OKVM Victory stand- ing on globus to front,' looking 1. ; in r., wreath ; in ]., glo- bus cruciger; in field r., star; in ex., COMOB (Space before CVS) (N for M) (cross sepa- rated from globus). (EndsORII) Plate vL 1 vi. 2 On the type see note 1, p. 47, supra. THEODORIC— RAVENNA— SILVER 49 No. 17 18 Weiffht 19 20 21 22 21.7 22.5 Metal and Size 18.6 22. 22-6 23-7 M -55 N .6 M -5 M -5 M -55 M .5 Obverse [cle Salis g-ift] (Ends AVC) [de Salis gift] Reverse (Ends WA) (VICTOKIAACVSTO KVM) (star 1. instead of r.).' Silver (i) witli head of Anastasius I. Struck by Theodoric, circ. a.d, 493-518 DNANASTA SIVSPF AVC Bust of Anasta- sius r., beardless, wearing' paludamen- tuni and cuirass. Half Siliqua within wreath; beneath, CONS Border of dots. [Cracherode bequest, 1799 ■•=] DNANAST ASIVSA VC Bust of Anasta- sius r., beardless, wearing^ paludamen- tum and cuirass ; be- neath bust, two pel- lets. Border of dots. [Purchased of an Italian coin-dealer, 1867] (Pellets off flan) [Parkes Weber g-ift, 1906 ; procured in Rome] >K within wreath, in upjDer part of which, circular ornament. (Without ornament ?) Plate vi. 3 vi. 4 vi. 5 vi. 6 vi. 7 ^ Head on dbv. smaller than on Nos. 1-5-17, and more like that on the tremisses assigned {infra) to Rome in the time of Theodoric. "^ In spite of CONS this coin does not belong to Constantinople either by type or style. A wreath similar to that on the rev. (but encircling a cross) is found on the gold tremisses struck in Italy by the latest Emperors of the West. The exact rev. type occurs on silver coins of Rome, of Libius Severus, and of Anthemius, and on silver of Anthemius- assigned to Milan. This coin might possibly be of Milan, but hardly of Rome, for the letters SC are not present. On the whole, Ravenna seems the most likely place of issue,. the head, and the wreath on rev. having affinities with Nos. 23-6, infra. H 50 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. 23 24 25 26 Weight 10-5 10-6 10. 114 27 Metal and Size Ai 45 Ai 4 M 4 M 45 10-2 Ai 45 Obverse Reverse Plate Quarter Siliqua DNANAST ASIVSAV Bust of Anastasius r., beardless, Avearing- diadem and drapery. ' Border of dots. Beneatli, two pellets. (DNANASTA [SI]VS AVC) (DNANASTA SIVSA VC; beginnino^of inscr. obscure) (DNANA STASIVS [A]) (^obv. worn) [Baron Kolb coll., 1847] m (monogram of Theodoric) ; above, cross. ^yhole in wreatii. [Parkes ^yeber g-ift, 1 906 ; purchased of an Italian coin-dealer] no) b e n e a t h mon..star. (ii) with head of Justin I. Struck by Theodoric, a. d. 518-526 Quarter Siliqua DNIVSTI NVSAVC Bust of Justin I r., beardless, Avearing- diadem and drapery. Border of dots. [Parkes Weber g-ift, 1906 ; boug-ht of an Italian coin-dealer] "US ^\ (monog-ramof P^l Theodoric); ■ <!>^'^ above, cross. \Miole in wreath. (o placed outside mono- gram, beneath.-) vi. 8 vi. 9 rev. vi. 10 ^ No doubt here, and in later reigns, the bust is intended to wear a paludamentum and cuirass, but they are often so carelessly rendered that the details are not distinct. 2 Nos. 27, 28, 29 are probably earlier than Nos. 30-4 because the monogram on them appeal's to have been suggested by the monogram on No. 26, stipnt. I THEODORIC— RAVENNA— SILVER 51 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 28 10-8 M .4 (Ends NVSPAVC) [de Salis gift] vi. 11 29 10-7 M -45 (End of inscr. obscure) [de Salis gift] 30 10-4 M .4 In front, counter- mark, ? crescent. (ID) [Purchased, 1908, 5-6-4] vi, 12 31 IM M -45 [Purcliased, 1904, 5-11-55] GO vi. 13 32 11. M -45 GO 33 10.8 M .45 (Ends NVSPAVC) („) [de Salis gift] 34 10- JR .45 (Ends NVS[P?]AVC) GO [Parkes ^^ eber gift, 1906; bought in Rome] Bronze (1) with head of Anastasius I. Struck by Theodoric, circ. a.d. 493-518 Inscr. Head of Ana- stasius r., beardless, wearing- diadem and drapery. Border of dots. Star witliin wreatli,^ 35 10-1 M .35 DNA (AVC?) [Purchased, 1864, 7-19-27] vi. 14 36 17-6 JE -35 DNA VC [Purchased, 1864, 7-19-26] vi. 15 ^ These coins are quite of Italian style. They recall, by their reverse type, the silver coins with the head of Anastasius I described stipra, p. 49, No. 20, &c., and assigned to Theodoric, Ravenna. 52 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. 37 38 39 40 Weight 41 42 43 44 45 Metal and Size 34-1 30-1 25-3 JE -6 JE -55 JE .5 Obverse Reverse (ii) with head of Justin I. Stru Theodoric, circ. a.d. 518-526 Struck Ijv P ^^ (5 nummi) DNIVSTI NVSPPA VC Bust of Justin I r. , "beardless, wearing" diadem and drapery. Border, 30-3 JE .55 25.7 30.2 23-9 323 28-4 JE .5 JE .55 ^ -55 JE .55 JE .5 and cross ; all within wreath. [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-721 Plate vi. 16 vi. 17 V (5 nummi) (Some of these may, possibly, have been issued in the early part of tlie reign of Atlialaric) Inscr. Bust of Justin I r. , beardless, wearin g- diadem and drapery. Border. DNIVSTI NVSPPA VC [Off flan] NVSPPAVC DNIVSIII IPPAVC DNIVSTINI(6/t) NV SPPAVC within wreath. DNIVSTIII A/C NVSPP V [de Sails gift] [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-70] [de Sails gift] [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-109] vi. 18 vi.l9 vi. 20 ' On nearly all these specimens the head is in the high relief chai-acteristic of the Ravenna mint. THEODORIC— RAVENNA— BRONZE 53 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 46 24. .E •45 DNIVSTI (double- struck) NVSPPAVC [BlacascoU.,1867] 47 27-8 M •55 DNIVSTIII .NVSPP AVC 48 29-7 JE •5 DMIVSTIN NVSPA VC [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-298] 49 26-5 JE .5 [DJNIVSTII (NVSPP vi. 21 50 22-5 JE •5 VSPPAVC [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-91] 51 13. .E •35 . NIV (head of some- wliat rude style) [Northwick sale, 1860] vi. 22 52 21-1 yE •45 .. TINIPI Above, star. vi. 23 53 23-5 vE ■45 Dl/IIV STINIP Above, star. vi. 24 54 19.7 ^E •45 DNIVS TINIPI Above, star. 55 18.2 vE •45 ..IV TINII Above, star. [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-151] 56 22.G .E •45 DNIV ..NIP Above, star. 57 21-8 .E •45 DNIV TINIP Above, star. [Rev. Greville J. Chester, 1877] 58 21-5 ^ •45 DNIVS TI[NIP?] Above, star. [Rev. Greville J. Chester, 1877] 59 27.5 ^ •45 ..IVSTI NVS.... Above, star. 60 21-6 JE •45 DN[IVS] TINIPAV See also 'quasi-autc infra, for bronze coins of Theodoric. Above, star. [Parkes Weber g-ift, 1906] )nomous of Ravenna ', attributed to the period 54 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 236. {with setting) N 14 ROME Gold. Triple Solidus REXTHEODERICVSV ICTORCENTIVM. Victory in girdled chiton standing r. on globus ; in r., wreath ; in 1., i^alm-branch ; at end of inscr., palm- branch; in ex., COM OB. Border of dots. REXTHEODERICVSP IVSPMNCIS Bust of Theodoric facing; head bare ; hair curled ; wears p a 1 u d a m e n t u m and cuirass ; r. hand raised ; 1. holds globus, on which stands Victory 1., hold- ing wreath and palm ; at end of inscr., small palm-branch. Collection of Com. F. Gnecchi, Milan. Found near Sinigallia in Italy in Dec. 1894. The specimen is here reproduced on an enlarg-ed scale from a cast of the orig'inal kindly sent bv its owner. See Gnecchi in Bivista itcd. di JSTum., 1895, p. 149, PL III; A. von Sallet, Mi'inzen nnd Mcdaillen (Handbilcher der Konig-1. Museen zu Berlin), Berlin, 1898, p. 101 ; ed. Reeling-, 1909, p. 125. This coin or medallion was set in antiquity as a brooch, and the remains of the setting- (omitted in our frontispiece) are seen on the rev. of the original. Its weight (including the brooch-setting) is 15,320 grammes, or a little more than 236 Engiisli grains. If (on a rough estimate) we deduct 26 grains for the weight of the setting, the weight of the coin will be 210 grains, i.e. it is (as Gnecchi, op. cit., has alreatly pointed out) a piece of three solidi, based on a solidus of 70 grains. The heaviest extant solidi (in Brit. Mus.) weigh 68-69 grains. It may be noted, however, tliat a bronze weight (in the Brit. Mus. ) of Theodoric, marked 3 solidi, weighs only 184 grains (Dalton, Cat. Early Christian Antiq., No. 444 ; cp. Nos. 445, 446). The place of mintage, as suggested by CO MOB, was an Italian city ; presumably, either Rome or Ravenna. As there is nothing in the piece specially characteristic of Ravenna, it may be assigned to Rome, for which city the Victory on the reverse is suitable, as may be seen by comparison with tlie Victory on the silver TNo. 73, infra ; PI. YII. 5) and bronze coins (quasi-autonomous of Rome) attributed to Rome during the reign of Theodoric. PM NCIS on the ohv. is explained by Stiickel- berg (Ri vista ital. di num., 1898, pp. 63 f.) as PMNC. I. S, i.e. Princeps invictissimus (or inclijtus') semper; cp. T. Allara, ib., p. 67. Frontis- piece THEODORIC— ROME— GOLD 55 No. Weight 61 62 63 68-7 65-3 64 67. 65 66 68-9 68-3 Metal and Size .V -8 N -85 N .75 .V .75 N -75 A^ -75 Obverse Reverse Plate Gold (Solidus; Tremissis) With head of Anastasius I. Struck in the time of Theodoric, clrc. a.d. 493-518 (or 526?) Solidus DNANASTA SIVSPF AVC Bust of Anasta- sius, beardless, three- quarters r. ; wears lielinet with plume and ornament, and armour; r. hand liolds spear behind his liead ; 1. liand (not represented) supports shield with liorseman device. [Cracherode bequest, 1799] [.J. E. Sinyauki, 185-J] VICTOR. I AAVCCC Victory, wearing- drapery, standing- L, lioldingf in r. broad cross ; in field r., star; inex.jCOMOB At end of inscr., A (A foi A) At end of inscr., ^ [Edward Solly, 1846] At end of inscr., B ; in field 1., R7I (mono- g-ram of Rome), [Blacas coll., 1867] [de Salis gift] [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-10] (A for A) At end of inscr., /T j ^ (mono- g-ram of Theodoric) ; in field 1., R/l (mono- gram of Rome). At end of inscr. , mono- g-ramof Theodoric, as on No. 64; in field L, M At end of inscr. , mono- g-ram of Theodoric, as on No. 64; in field 1., vi. 25 vi. 26 vi. 27 vi. 28 vi. 29 56 ir. COEs'S OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. Weight Metal and Size Obvei-se Reverse Plate 67 68 69 70 224 22- 22-4 23. 71 72 22-8 21-6 N .55 N -5 N -55 N -55 N -5 N -55 Tremlssis (Victory to front) DNANASTA SIVSPF AVC Bust of Anasta- sius r., beardless, wearing- diadem, paludanientum, and cuirass. [Blacas coll., 1867] [Mrs. Farren, 1845] (A for A) [de Salis gift] (A for A) [de Salis gift] VICTOKIAAVCVST OKVM Victory stand- ing on globus to front, looking 1. ; in r., wreath ; in 1., globus cruciger; in field, r, and 1., star ; in ex., COMOB (AV for AV) (Globus cruciger de- tached from hand) (ACVSTOKVM) (CO HOB) (ACVSTORVM) Cross separated from glo- bus. (Victory in profile) DNANASTA SIVSP FAVC Bust of Ana- stasius r., as No. 67. [Blacas coll., 1867] (Surface rough) [de Salis gift] VICTORIA AVC VST OKVM Victory ad- vancing r., liolding in r. wreath ; in 1., palm-brancli ; in ex., COMOB > (VM in ligature) (tvpe tol.) (CONOB") vii. 1 vii. 2 vii. 3 vii. 4 ^ The profile Victory is usually found on the Frankish and Visigothic imitations of the Imi^erial tremisses, and the fronting Victory on Italian imitations. The inscr. COMOB and the style of the head (cp. No. 71 with Nos. 67-70) seem, however, in this case to point to Rome. '■* This coin reads CONOB, but from the style of obi: and rer. may be judged to belong to the same mint as No. 71. THEODORIC— ROME— SILVER 57 No. Weight 73 74 Metal and Size 15. (broken) M -G 13-7 M 45 Obverse Reverse Silver with head of Anastasius I. Struck in the time of Theodoric, circ. a.d. 493-518 (or 526 ?) Half Siliqua DNANASTA SIVSP AVC Bust of Anasta- sius 1-., beardless, wearing- diadem, paludamentum, and cuirass. Border of dots. [Purcliased, 1904, 5-11-36] INVIC[TA] KOMA^ Victory, in chiton and peplos, advan- cing- r. ; in r., wreath; in L, trophy resting on iier shoulder ; in field, S C. Border of dots.- Inscr. Bust of Ana- stasius' r., beardless, wearing- diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. DNANASTASIVS... (inscr. beg-ins in front of bust, read- ing' outwards) Quarter Siliqua INVIC TAROMA (monog-ram of Theodoric); above, cross; beneatli, star. Bor- der of dots.* (Monog-ram varied') [Loscombe sale, 1855] Plate vii. 5 vii. 6 ' The legend Invicta Roma occurs also on the ' Quasi-autonomous bronze coins of Rome ', described infra, of the time of Odovacar, Theodoric, and Athalaric. It is found, earlier, on the coins of L. Domitius Alexander struck at Carthage, a.d. 308-311 : Lirida Roma Felix Katihago (Maurice, Nnm. constaiUinienne, i, pp. 360 f.). On the coins and medallions of Priscus Attalus, a.d. 409-416, the legend Invicta Roma aetenia occurs (Cohen, MM. imp., viii, pp. 204 f.). A contorniate in the E. F. Weber collection (Hirsch, Sale Catalogue, 1909, No. xxiv, p. 207, lot 2911, PI. 54) is inscribed Invicta Roma Felix Senatiis (Head of Roma). '■^ Cp. Friedlaender, M. d. Osfgothen, p. 55, No. 2, and p. 56, No. 3. ^ If the descriptions referred to by Friedlaender, M. d. Osfgothen, p. 28, are correct, there are also coins of this type with the head of Justin I. * These coins may be assigned to Rome (i) on account of the rev. inscr. (though this does not invariably indicate the Roman mint), (ii) because the obv. head (except perhaps on Nos. 74, 75) is in lower relief and less carefully modelled than on Ravenna coins, (iii) because the rev. is not ornamented with the heavy wreath characteristic of the Ravenna mint. 58 11. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. 75 7G u 78 79 80 81 Weight 10-8 114 13-7 10-8 12-2 Metal and Size 13-2 13-3 M 45 .11 45 M 45 Al 45 Al -5 M 45 Al Obverse DNAN....SIVSPAVC (inscr. beg-ins in front of bust, read- ing- outwards) DNANAS SPP... (inscr. beg-ins in front of bust, read- ing- outwards) DNANASTASI.. (inscr. retrog-rade, beg-inning- behind bust) DAMAS TA . . . . (inscr. begins behind bust) (style rude) DNANASTA SIVSPP AVC (inscr. retro- grade, beginning- be- liind bust) ; beneath bust, 110' DNANASTA SIVSPP AVC (inscr. retrog-rade, beginning behind bust ; beneath bust. DNANASTA SIVSPP AVC (inscr. retro- grade, beginning be- hind bust) ; beneath bust, ?. Reverse (INVICT AROM[A]) (star partly off flan [Baron Kolb, 1847] [Parkes Weber gift, 1906] (H) (MA in ligature) [Earl of Enniskillen, 1856] (S for 8 in mon.) [Baron Kolb, 1847] (IIAIVIC &c.) (base of monogram varied) [Cracherode bequest, 1799] (INVIT AKOMAC M ^) (monogram as on No. 79). (INVIT AKOMAC M ) (monogram as on No. 79). Plate vii. 7 vii. 8 vii. 9 vii. 10 vii. 11 vii. 12 1 Probably for CONO[B] ; cp. No. 82. ' Cp. Berliner BWter fUr Mihiz-Kunde, i (1863), p. 152. ' The letters CM should apparently be read in connexion with the rest of the legend. Mr. G. F. Hill well suggests that they mean Caput Mtindi, though it must be said that the familiar ' Roma caput mundi ' inscription is not found on coins till a considerably later date (it occurs on coins of Aix-la-Chapelle, of Frederick Barbarossa, 12th cent. ; on coins of the Roman Senate, 13th cent. ; on the Papal coinage, Eugenius IV, 15th cent. : see Gregorovius, Bo»ie in the Middle Ayes, vol. i, p. 7, and vol. iii, p. 471 (Eng. trans.) ;. Engel and Serrure, Traite de Xitm., ii, pp. 595, 596, 794; iii, pp. 1373, 1874). THEODORIC— MILAN— GOLD 59 No. Wemlit 82 9-5 S3 68-2 84 68. Metal and Size M -45 N -75 N .8 Obverse A/NVI VaVVC(inscr. beg^ins behind bust) ; beneath bust, COHO Reverse (Inscr. blundered, V pivic 1/ivvvnv?) (monogram as on No. 79, but S for 3) [de Salis gift] (Contemporary forg-ery, or barbarous imitation ?) Bronze (See ' Quasi-autonomous of Rome ') :milan Solidus with head of Anastasius I. Probably struck by Theodoric, a.d. 493-518 Inscr. Bust of Ana- stasius, beardless; three-quarters r. ; ■wears helmet with plume and orna- ment, and armour ; r. hand holds spear be- liind his head ; 1. hand (not repre- sented) supports shield witli liorseman device. DNANASTA SIVSPP AVC [de Salis gift] DNANASTA SIVSPP AVC [Purchased, 1908, - 5-6-3] Inscr. Victory, in chi- t(mandpeplos, stand- ing 1., holding in r. broad cross ; in field r., star. VICTOKI AAVCCC ; beneath, CO NOB I IVD (monogram of Mediolanum). VICTORI AAVCCC ; beneath, CO NOB IIVD Plate vii. 13 vii. 14 vii. 15 60 ATHALARIC son of Anialasuntha 31 Arc. 526—2 Oct. 534 No. Weight 68-1 684 Metal and Size A' .9 N .85 Obverse Reverse RAVENNA Solidus and Tremissis (i) with head of Justin I. Struck by Atlialaric, end of 526 or beginning- of 527 (See under Theodoric, Ravenna, Gold (ii), p. 48, siqjra) (ii) with head of Justinian I. Struck by Athalaric after Aug. 527 — 2 Oct. 534, and by his successors, Theodahad and W'itigis, a. d. 534-540 Solidus DNIVSTINI ANVSPF A/C Bust of Justinian I, beardless, with head three-quarters r. ; wears helmet with plume and ar- mour ; r. hand liolds spear behind his head ; 1. hand (not rejDresented) sup- ports shield deco- rated with horseman device. (A; A/C) [Bank of England gitt, 1877] (A ; A/C) (plume and circular ornament on helmet) VICTOR I AAVCCC Victory, in chiton and peplos, standing 1., holding in r. broad cross ; in field 1. , star ; in ex., COMOB (A for A) at end of inscr., A (CC»C) at end of inscr., A [Townsliend coll.] Plate vii. 16 i ATHALARIC— RAVENNA— GOLD 61 Weight 68-5 68-8 67-8 6 68-5 684 N .8 68-2 N .85 654 M .8 22.6 Metal and Size N .8 N .85 M -8 M .85 Obverse (A ; AVC) [Royal coll.] [Purchased, 1873, 12-1-2] [de Sails gift] (A ; A/C) (plume and circular ornament on helmet) Eeverse (A for A) at end of inscr., .A (A for A) at end of inscr,, -A At end of inscr., ^A (A for A) at end of inscr., A [Royal coll.] (Ruder style) (A ; ends AV) [de Salis g-ift] (A ; ends A/C) [de Salis gift] (A ; A/ ; C blundered) (style barbarous) (VICTOKI AAVCCC) at end of inscr., A At end of inscr, (COHOD) A (Ends AAVCCCAV) (CON I CI for CO MOB) (type bar- barous) Tremissis (with CO MOB) M .6 DNIVSTINI ANVSP FA/C Bust of Justin- ian I r., beardless, wearing- diadem, paludamentum, and cuirass. [Royal coll.] VICTORIAAVCVST OKVM Victory on g-lobus to front or rig-ht, looking- 1. ; in r., wreath ; in 1., g-lobus cruciger ; in field r. , star ; in ex. , COMOB Plate vii, 17 vii. 18 vii, 19 vii, 20 rer. vii. 21 ^ It is possible that the exergual inscriptions COMOB and CONOB (see p. 62) may indicate two distinct mints — Rome and Ravenna, but I have not ventured to make this separation. All the coins have the rough, gritty reverses which are apparently characteristic of the tremisses of Ravenna. As the capital of the Ostrogothic kings, Ravenna is a more likely mint than Rome. 62 11. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. Weight 11 12 13 U 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22.7 22-5 22-2 224 22-4 21-8 22-2 22-3 22-2 22.5 22-5 Metal and Size N .G N -0 N .6 A^ .6 Obverse N -55 A^ .65 N -6 N .6 N .65 N .6 N .55 [de Sails gift] [Royal coll.] (A/C) [Royal coll.] (Inscr. continuous; AVC) [de Salis g-ift] Reverse Plate (COI/IOB) (Star 1. instead of r.) ' (with CO NOB) (DNIVSTI NIANVSP'(CONOB) (star 1. in FA/C) (PP for PF) [Purcliased, 1863, 7-11-28] (PP for PF) [de Salis gift] (Ends P(P?)AC) [de Salis gift] (PP for PF) above head, ^ in graffito. (Ends ANVSPPAVC) (Ends ANVSPPAIC) [de Salis gift] tead of r. ) [de Salis gift] (CO NOB) (star 1. in- stead of r.) (A for A) (CO NOB) (star omitted) (AVSTOKVM) (CON OB) (A for A) (CONOB) [Blacas coll., 1807] (CONOB) [de Salis gift] (A for A) (CONOB) vii. 22 vii. 23 viii. 1 viii. 2 ^ The tremissis of Justinian, set in a third-century ring, described in Marshall, Catal. of Fi')i(/er Kings in the British Museum. No. 262, belongs to the same class as our Nos. 10-14 (on rev. COMOB and Victory). ATHALARIC— RAVENNA— GOLD ; SILVER 63 Weight 22. 22-2 22.7 22.2 21. 21.4 29 10.6 10.8 Metal and Size N -55 N .6 N -6 M .55 Obverse (DMIVSTINI ANVSP PA/.) [Purchased, 1863, 7-11-29] (PI instead of PF) (PI instead of PF) (Ends PriCI) [Royal coll.] N .6 (Ends PPACA) (end of diadem detached from head) Reverse Plate (II for M) (CONO (K?)) (CONO\) [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-6] (CONO\) [de Salis g-ift] (II for M) (COIIOT) (VICTOR.IAA/ACVS TORVAA/) (CONOI) [de Salis gift] M .55 .fl .5 M .45 Silver (i) with head of Justin I. Struck by Athalaric, end of 526 or beg-inniug of 527 Half Siliqua DNIVSTI NVSPAVC Bust of Justin I r., | D beardless, -wearing- diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. [de Salis g-ift] M" (monog-ram of Atha- 1 a r i c ) ; above, cross ; be- neath, starj whole in wreath. viii. 3 viii. 4 Quarter Siliqua DNIVSTI NVSPAVC Bust of Justin I r., beardless, wearing- diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. [J. G. Pfister, 1855] [de Salis g-ift] DN ATHA .,,. ,, I AD I withm wreath. CVS viii. 5 viii. 6 u TI. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. 30 32 33 34 35 36 Weight 20-8 31 18-8 20-6 21-8 lG-5 (cor- roded) 10-8 IM Metal and Size Al .5 .'K -5 M -55 Ai -5 M -55 ^l -45 iH -4 Obverse Reverse (ii) with head of Justinian I. Struck bv Atlia- laric after Aug. 527—2 Oct. 534 Half Siliqua D DNIVSTINI ANVSP AVC Bust of Justin- ian I r., beardless, wearing" diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. (P omitted; ends A/C) (DNIVSTI NIANAV [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-56J (End of inscr. obscure) [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-15] (monogram of Atha- 1 a r i c ) ; above, cross ; be- neath, star ; whole in wreatli. •M" [Parkes Weber g-ift, 1906; bought of an Italian coin-dealer] (Cross-bar of mou. placed liigher) [Rollin sale, Sotheby's, 12 July, &c., 1853, lot 587] / -nST \ (star (DpHNj omitted) (Monogram as on No. 33) (star omitted) Plate viii. 7 Quarter Siliqua DNIVSTI NIANAVCi DN Bust of Justinian IiATHAL witliin r. , beardless, weairng diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. [Baron Kolb, 1847] (DNIVSTIN; rest ob- scure, ends AVC) ARICVS RIX wreatli. [Parkes Weber gift, 1906; bought <if an Italian coin-dealer] viii. 8 viii. 9 viii.lO ATHALARIC— RAVENNA— BRONZE 65 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 37 10-2 M •45 fDNIVSTIN] lANA VC 38 10.7 M .4 [Rollin sale, Sotheby's, 12 Julv, &c., 1853, lot 587] 39 11-2 JR •4 40 10-6 M •4 [Parkes Weber gift, 1906 ; bought of an Italian coin-dealer] (KEX) Bronze (i) with head of Justin I V (^ nummi) Some of the bronze coins of this denomination described supra under Theodoric, p. 52, may have been issued by Athalaric, end of 526 or beginning of 527, Cp. Thomsen, Cat.^ p. 82, No. 993 (rey. monogram of Athalaric), but the ohv. described by Thomsen as intended for Justin 1 may conceivably be of Jus- tinian I. Cp. also Friedlaender, M. d. Ost- qothen, p. 32, and Sabatier, i, p. 200, No. 9, PL XVllI. 18 {ohv. Head of Justin, rev. Mono- gram of Athalaric .^) (ii) with head of Justinian I. Struck by Athalaric after Aug. 527—2 Oct. 534 /\ (10 nummi) Inscr. Bust of Jus- tinian I r., beardless. A. within wreath. wearing diadem, paludamentum, and cuirass. 41 54. M •75 DNIVSTII [A]NVSPP AVC viii. 11 66 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 42 60-5 JE ■6 DNIV8TINI .NVSP PAVC [de Salis gift] viii.l2 43 37. JE •55 DNIVSTIII. .NVSPP AVC [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-149] viii.13 44 332 ^ .55 DNIVSNI VSPPAVC [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-296] 45 32.7 JE .55 DNIVSII VSPPAVC V(5. rpNIVJSTINI ANVS PP Bust of Justinian 1 1., beardless, wear- ing diadem and cui- rass. [de Salis gift] aummi) V within wreath. viii.l4 46 15-8 M •45 [de Salis gift] viii. 15 (iii) with head of Justinian I and monogram of Athalaric Small Bronze Inscr. Bust of Jus- tinian I r., beardless, P^pJ within wreath. wearing diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. Vc^ 47 16-4 ^ .4 IVST INIANII [Purchased, 1864, 7-19-31] viii.16 48 15. JE .35 VSTI viii. 17 49 12-5 JE .4 Ends NIANI [Purchased, 1908, 5-6-6] 50 13-4 JE 4 .... NIAM.. [Baron Kolb, 1847] ATHALARIC— RAVENNA— BRONZE 67 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 51 12-2 JE .35 IVST Nl [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-461] 52 12-7 M .45 .VSTI N... [de Salis gift] viii.18 53 13-8 JE .4 IVSTI [de Salis gift] 54 15.1 iE .4 IVSTI NIAN [de Salis gift] 55 14-7 JE .4 IVSTI l/l... 56 12.5 JE .4 .VST INI. [Presented bv Mr. J. Doubleday,'l846'] (iv) with name of Athalaric (only) [X] INVICT AROMA Bust of Roma r., wearing- helmet with plume, earring, neck- lace, and drapery ; hair long. DN AT HAL AKICVS REX within wreath, with circular ornament above and X be- neath. '^ 57 77.4 JE .7 [Parkes Weber g-Lft, 1906 ; bought of an Italian coin-dealer] ^ If the descriptions in Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen, p. 33, No. 6, and Sabatier, i. p. 201, No. 14, PI. 18, 23, may be relied on there are also X nummi pieces with ohv. Head of Justinian, rev. Monogram of Athalaric. ''■ The X, found also on silver coins, is strictly only the tie of the wreath (cp. the M (40 nummia) coins of Justinian I at Rome, PI. XV. 2, where the X is very prominent), but may possibly have been here regarded as also indicating the denomination (10 nummi) of the coin. 68 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. 58 59 Weight 604 52. 60 61 Metal and Size ^ .65 JE .7 24-7 14.5 (worn) JE -5 JE -45 Obverse [J. G. Pfister, 1855] [Northwick sale, 1860] Reverse (A for A) [X] Friedlaender (J/, d. Ostgotlien^ p. 35, No. 11, PI. I. 11) describes and figures after Pinci, De nummis Ravennatibus, the following": obv. FELIX RAVENNA Bust of Ravenna r., with mural crown, rev. Monogram of Athalaric. V (^ nummi) INVIC TAROMA Bust of Roma r., wearing- helmet with plume, earring, neck- lace, and drapery ; hair lonsf. [de Salis gift] [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-460] 4. DNATHALARICV ' SKIX \F with pellet in " centre. (A for A ?) Plate viii. 19 viii.20 See also ' Quasi-autonomous of Ravenna '. ATHALARIG— ROME— BRONZE 69 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate ROME Bronze X nummi INVICT AKOMA Bust of Roma r., wearing helmet with plume, circular ear- ring with pendant, necklace of two rows, and drapery ; long hair. Border of dots. DNATAL AKICVS Atlialaric standing r. , holding inr. spear, in 1. oval shield with pellet in centre ; wears helmet, cui- rass, and paludamen- turn ; in field, ^ (i. e. Senatus con- sulto ; 10 nummi). Border of dots.^ 62 44.2 ^ .75 (INBICT) (QM) viii.21 63 50-5 JE .75 (INBICT) (a) 64 40-3 JE .7 (INBICT) [Purchased, 1908, 5-6-5] 65 41.4 JE -7 (A for A) viii.22 66 45-1 JE .7 [Bank of England gift, 1877] (A; A; A) 67 44-7 JE -7 (A for A) [Parkes Weber gift, 1906 ; bought of an Italian coin-dealer] (A; A; A?) (on shield, pellet in circle ?) ^ Nos. 62^ (with INBICTA) are probably the earliest coins of this series, for they give the details with great fidelity : on the succeeding coins the details (especially the treatment of the long hair) are less carefully executed. 70 n. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. Weight M^^gt^^^*^ Obverse Reverse Plate 68 69 70 71 46.1 37-6 39-6 41-5 JE .7 JE .65 JE .7 JE .65 [Baron Kolb, 1847] (INVIC TAKOMA) (INVIC TAKOMA) [Baron Kolb, 1847] (INVIC TAROMA) [de SaHs gift] (DNATHAL AKIC VS) (on shield, pellet in circle) (DNATHA[L] AKIC VS) (on shield, pellet in circle) rpNATHA[L] [A]M CVS) (shield - orna- ment as on No, 69 ?) (DNATHAL AKIC VS) (shield-ornament obscure) viii.23 viii. 24 viii.26 See also ' Quasi-autonomous of Rome '. 71 AMALASUNTHA daughter of Theodoric ; regent for her son Athalaric, 31 Aug. 526 — 2 Oct. 534 ; wife of Theodahad from 534 till her death, 30 April, 535 No coins appear to have been issued in her name. 72 THEODAHAD son of Amalafrida, the sister of Theodoric 3 Oct. 534— (Nov. ?) 536 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate RAVENNA Gold For g-old coins with the name of Justinian I probably struck by Theodahad see under ' Athalaric ', supra^ p. 60 (ii) Silver (with head of Justinian I) Half Siliqua DNIVSTI NIANAVC Bust of Justinian r., beardless, wearing- diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. T^ re (monogram l^-f ] of Theoda- W>4C. had) within wreath, with circular ornament in upper part. 1 19-3 M .5 (A/C) [Rollin sale, Sotheby's, 12 July, &c., 1853, lot 588] ix. 1 2 21.5 Al .55 [de Salis gift] ix. 2 3 21.1 M -G (AVC obscure) [J. G. Pfister, 1855] ! ix. 3 THEODAHAD— RAVENNA— SILVER ; BRONZE 73 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Quarter Siliqua DNIVSTI NIANAVC DN Bust of Justinian r., THEODA beardless, wearing HATHVS diadem and cuirass. REX Border of dots. within wreath, with circular ornament in upper part, and X in lower part. 4 11-3 M 45 [BLacas coU., 1867] (Without X ?) 5 11- M 45 [Baron Kolb, 1847] (A for A) ix. 4 6 114 M 45 (A/C) [Rollin sale, Sotheby's, 12 July, &c., 1853, lot 588] ix. 5 7 114 M 45 [Parkes Weber gift, 1906 ; bought at Sotheby's, 1 July, 1890, lot 197] (KIX) 8 11-2 .11 4 [Loscombe sale, 1855] (RIXO ix. 6 Bronze (i) with name of Justinian I V nummi DNIVSTINI ANVSP V within wreath. PAVC Bust of Jus- tinian r., beardless, wearing paludamen- tum and cuirass. Border of dots. 9 45-8 ^ •65 (DNIV3TNII NVS PPAVC) ix. 7 ^ The silver coin with 7-ev. AMENITAS DEI, which has been sometimes assigned toTheodebert I the Merovingian, and which Keary {Coinages of Western Europe, pp. 79 f.) proposed to attribute to Theodahad, is Imperial Byzantine of Theodosius, the son of Maurice Tiberius (Wroth, Imp. Byz. Coins, i, p. 160, No. 293). L 74 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Weight 54-5 53.2 53-3 48-2 51.3 6-3 (tcorn ) 60-4 Metal and Size M -65 JE .65 JE .6 JE .6 JE .6 JE .35 Obverse [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-150] (A for A) (inscr. continuous) (DNIV8T...; rest partly obscure) (style ruder than on Nos. 9-13) Reverse [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-133] (Style ruder than on Nos. 9-13) [de Sails g-ift] Plate ix. 8 ix. 9 ix, 10 Small Bronze Inscr. Bust of Jus- tinian r., beardless, wearino- diadem and cuirass. (Inscr. obscure ; ends Nl?) m (monogram of Tlieoda- had) within wreath.^ (ii) with name of Theodahad [X] jE .7 INVICT AKOMA Bust of Roma r., wearing crested hel- met, earring, neck- lace, and drapery ; hair long. DN THEODA HATHVS REX within wreath, in lower T)art of whicli, X ix. 11 ix. 12 ^ For similar specimens and varieties see Friedlaender, M. d. Vandalen, p. 44 and p. 67; M. d. Ostgothen, p. 38; Thomsen, Cat., p. 83, No. 1005; Sabatier, i, PL XVIII. 30, 31, and 32. THEODAHAD- ROME— BRONZE 75 No. 17 18 Weight 66-7 53-2 (worn) Metal and Size JE .85 ^ -7 19 20 181.7 163-2 21 154-8 JE 1-05 JE 1-05 JE 1-05 Obverse [Baron Kolb, 1847] [Parkes Weber gift, 1906 ; purchased of an Italian coin- dealer] Reverse ROME Bronze XL nummi Struck Jan. 536 ? ' DNTHEODA HATVS REX Bust of Tlieo- dahad r., beardless, but with moustache ; hair short ; wears closed crown orna- mented with jewels and two stars, and with pellet Avithin crescent at its apex ; also robe ornamented with jewels and a cross. Border of dots. (Cross smaller than on Nos. 19, 20) VICTORIA PRINCI PVM Victory in gir- dled chiton stand- ing- r., on prow ; in r., wreath; in 1., palm- branch ; in field, S C. Border of dots. a [Baron Kolb, 1847] (H for M) [Purchased, 1908, 5-6-7] [Townley coll.] Plate ix. 13 ix.14 ix. 15 ' On the date see 'Introd.', supra, § 2, under 'Theodahad'. Mr. Hodgkin {Itali/ and her Invaders, iii, p. 651) suggests that the legend Principuni of the rev. may refer to the union of Theodahad and Amalasuntha, but it is possible that Principuni (instead of Principis) may be used by analogy with the conventional 'Victoria Augustorum' found on the Imperial gold coins. The legend VICTORIA AVCVST. is also stated to occur (Sabatier, Descript., vol. i, Theodahad, No. 2 ; Mem. Soc. Arch. St. Peters- burg, 1851, p. 159; cp. Friedlaender, M. (I. Ostgothen, p. 39). The Victory type of the rev. is derived from a specimen of the 'Quasi-autonomous bronze of Rome' (time of Theodoric), described infra and PI. XIII. 1, and figured in Friedlaender, M. d. Vandalen, PI. II and p. 68, and Sabatier, i, p. 211, No. 6, PI. XIX. 29. 7G II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. 22 23 24 Weight 150- 162-3 147.2 Metal and Size JE 1. JE 1.05 JE h Obverse (DNTHEO DAHATV SREX) (DNTHEO DAHATV SRwEX) (cross smaller than on Nos. 19, 20) (DMTHCOD AHATV SKC X") (cross ob- scure) Revei-se (VICTORIAP KING IPVM) [de Salis gift] (VICTOKIAP RINCI PVM) [Earl of EnniskiUen, 1856] VICLOKIVb KMCP VM (sic) (2 C) [Parkes Weber gift, 1906; from the York Moore sale, Sothe- by's, 9 March, &c., 1889, lot 1146'] Plate ix. 16 ix.l7 ix. 18 ^ The engraving of the types and legends is careless. Perhaps the coin is an ancient forgery. For modern forgeries of bronze coins of Theodahad see Num. Zeitschrift, iii, p. 140 ; xxvii, pp. 123, 124. In some cases the name Theodahatus has been altered into ' Theodebaldus '. Cp. Regling, Jahresberichte uher die num. Literatur, 1901, 1902 (in Z.f. N., xxiv), p. 58. 77 WITIGIS husband of Matasuntha, grand-daughter of Theodoric Nov. ? 536~Spring, 540 (deposition) {died, 542) No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate RAVENNA Gold For gold coins with the name of Justinian I probably struck by Witigis see under 'Atha- laric ', supra, p. 60 (ii). Silver (with head of Justinian I) Half Siliqua Inscr. Bust of Jus- DN tinian r., beardless, WIT wearing diadem and 1 C ES cuirass. Border of KEX dots. within wreath, in upper part of which, circular ornament ; in lower part, X 1 22-6 M .55 DNIVSTINI ANVSPr AV [Baron Kolb, 1847] X. 1 2 22. M .55 DNIVSTINI ANVSP lAV [Devonshire coll.] X. 2 3 19-5 (worn) M •5 DNIVSTI NIAN(A VC?) (Letters small) [Devonshire coll.] 78 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. 10 Weight 19. 20-8 19-6 IM 9-6 11. 10-6 Metal and Size M .55 M -5 M -5 M 45 M 45 M 45 ^l 45 Obverse DNIVSTI NIANPn VC DNIVSTI [NIANIA VC DNIVSTI (NIANPF A/C?) Reverse [Devonshire coll.] (U!) [Blacas, 1867] ICIS) Parkes Weber gift, 1906 ; boug-ht at Sim sale, Sotheby's, 23 June, &c., 1890, lot 694] Quarter Siliqua Inscr. Bust of Jus- tinian r., beardless, wearing diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. DNIVSTI NIANVSA ti> (monogram of Theodoric) within broad wreath.' (K disjoined ; Avreath narrow) [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-14] DNIVSTI NIANA/C [de Salis gift] DNIVSTI [NIANIA VC DNIVSTI NIANA/C m S iv \ m upper part of wreath, circular ornament ; in lower, X (Mon. as on No. 8, but ^ for C ; limbs of E shown) ; wreath has circular ornament. (Mon. as No. 9, but limbs of T shown ; no pellet) ; wreath has circular orna- ment. Plate X. 3 X. 4 X. 5 X. 6 X. 7 * As to the attribution of these coins see ' Introduction', supra, § 2, Italian coins with Imperial names, Justinian I. The obv. of No. 7 closely resembles the obv. of Matasuntha, infra, No. 1. WITIGIS— RAVENNA— BRONZE 79 No. Weight Metal and Size 11 12 13 69-6 47. 56. JE .65 JE .65 JE .65 Obverse Reverse Bronze 10 nummi INVICT AROMA Bust of Roma r., wearing- crested hel- met, necklace, and drapery ; hair long-. [Baron Kolb, 1847] (Obv. badly preserved) [J. G. Pfister, 1855] DN WIT I CES REX within wreath, in upper part of which, circular ornament ; in lower part, X (Ornaments of wreath obscure) (ICIS) (circular orna- ment obscure) Plate X. 8 X. 9 X. 10 80 MATASUNTHA grand-daughter of Theodoric, queen of "Witigis (Dec. ?) 536— (Spring ?) 540 No. Weight 21.1 Metal and Size M .55 18-9 M .55 Obverse Reverse RAVENNA Silver Half Siliqua DNIVSTINI ANVSP PA Bust of Justinian r., beardless, wearing diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. [Rev. Greville J. Ches- ter, 1890 1] m (monogram of Matasun- tha) within wreath. TICINUM ? Silver Half Siliqua Plate X. 11 DNIVSTINI ANVSP PAC Bust of Jus- tinian r., beardless, wearing ornamented diadem, paludamen- tum, and cuirass. Border of dots. [Rollin sale, Sotheby's, 12 Julv, &c., 1853, lot 588] m) within circu- lar border ; whole in wreath.* X. 12 ^ The ohi: head is of the same style as No. 7, PI. X. 4, of Witigis, sitpj-a. "^ The low relief of the ohi\, the style of the drapery, &;c., prove that these coins (Nos. 2-5) were not struck at Ravenna. Ticinum (Pavia), the second Ostrogothic capital, has probably the best claim to their issue, which may have taken place at the time of the marriage of Matasuntha (Dec? 536) or, later, after the battle of Ticinum (a.d. 538), when the Goths, defeated by the Imperialists, took refuge in Pavia. On these coins see further ' Introduction ', supra, § 2, ' Matasuntha,' where the possibility of Constantinople being the mint-place is alluded to. * A modern forgery of these types is noted in Xum. Zeitschrift, xxvii, p. 123. MATASUNTHA— TICINIIM ?— SILVER ; BRONZE 81 ' Another specimen of this rare coin is described in the Thomsen Catalogue, p. 84, No. 1013, PI. II. 1013 ; and another was in the E. F. Weber collection (Sale Catalogue, Hirsch, No. xxiv, Munchen, iMay, 1909, lot 3038). K may be explained as ' 20 ' (nummi), the mark of value found on the Imperial coins of Justinian. The style of the rev. would be quite suitable to Ravenna, but the ohv. in its low relief and its ti-eatment of the drapery resembles the obverses of Nos. 2-5. The coin may therefore be assigned, like them, to Ticinum. See further, ' Introduction,' supra, § 2, ' Matasuntha.' 82 ILDIBAD Spring? 540— May? 541 Apparently did not issue coins. ERARIC May ? — Sept. ? 541 Apparently did not issue coins. 83 BADUILA (also called TOT I LA) nephew of Ildibad Sept. ? 541 — July or Aug. 552 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate TICINUM Gold' A. ]). 541-552 Solidus DNANASTA SIVSPF AV^ Bust of Anasta- siiis I r., beardless, with head tliree- VICTOKI AAVCCC 1 Victory in chiton and peplos standing- 1, , holding in r. broad cjuarters r. ; Avcars helmet, witli plume and ornament, and armour ; r. hand holds spear behind his head ; 1. hand (not represented) sup- ports sh ield deco- rated witli horseman device. cross ; in field r. , star; in ex., COM OB 1 69. N -75 [de Salis gift] X. 16 ^ The mint-place was probably Ticinum (Pavia), the Gothic centre, now that Ravenna was in the hands of the Imperialists. It is not unlikely, however, that some of the coins may have been struck, for convenience, at other cities, such as Naples, which came into Baduila's hands in May, 543. 84 n. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. Weight 20-2 20-2 22.2 21-6 21-8 224 Metal and Size A^ -55 A' .55 PJ -6 N .55 A^ .55 AT .6 Obverse Reverse Tremissis Inscr. Jiustof Anasta- sius I r., beardles.'?, Avearing- diadem, pa- lud amentum, and cuirass. DNANASTA SIVSPP A/C On liead, crescent and pellet. DNANASTA SIVSPP A/C On head, crescent and pellet. Inscr. Victory to front movino- r., lookinof 1.; mr.,wreatli ; inl., globus crucigfer; in field r., star; in ex., CONOB' VICTOKIAAVCVST ORVM (COMOB) [de Salis gift] VICTORIAAVCVST ORVM (COMOB) [de Salis gift] Plate DNANATA SIVSPP A/C On liead, ^. DNANASTA SIVSP AVC On head, +. DNANASTA SIVSPP AVC DNANASTASIVSPP AVC VICTORIAAVCVST ORVM (CONOI) [Purchased, 1803, 7-11-20] VICTOKSAAVCOSTR VI [de Salis gift] VICTORIAA VCSTO RVM [Purchased, 1863, 7-11-18] VICTOKI AAVCV8T N (Star, in field 1.) [de Salis gift] X. 17 X. 18 X. 19 X. 20 X. 21 X. 22 ' The globus on which the Victory stands on the tremisses of earlier reigns is now no longer represented. BADUILA— TICI^'UM— GOLD 85 No. 10 11 12 13 Weight 22.2 Metal and Size A' 22-7 21-6 231 224 21- A" -65 N -55 A' -G A -G A^ .65 Obverse Reverse DNANASTA SIVSPA VICTOKIAAVCVST VC On head, +. , OKVM I [de Salis g-ift] DNANASTA SIVSPP AVC [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-72] ' DNANASTA SIVSPP AVC DNANAST SIVSPPA VC [de Salis g-ift] DNANASTA' SIVSP PAVC [Dr. G. F. Nott's sale, 1842] DNANASTA SIVSPP AVC [Koval coll.] VICTORI AAVCVST ROVH VICTOKIAAVCVST O^VM [de SaUs gift] VICTOKIAAVCVST OKV (without star) (CONOR) VICTORIAAVCVSTO RAH (CONOR) VICTORIAAVCVSTO RVH (CONOR) Silver (i) with liead of Justinian issued ciix. a.d. 541 ^ Half Siliqua A ' siliqua ' (weig-lit not stated ; ? half siliqua) is described in the Rossi Sale Catalog-ue (Rome, 1880), p. 251, lot 3359, with ohv. Head of Justinian, rev. DN BADV I LA REX in wreatli. The similar coin described bv Fried- laender (J/. <J. Ostnothen, p. 46, No. 1, Pi. II. 1) as a ' siliqua ' is a quarter siliqua : see the next description. Plate X. 23 X. 24 X.25 X. 26 xi. 1 xi. 2 ^ On Nos. 9-13 the neck of the ohv. bust is abnormally long. 2 Coins of Baduila with the head of Justinian are very rare. It may be presumed that they were issued for a short time at the beginning of Baduila's reign, but that the king was soon induced by jjolitical reasons to reject the head of the reigning emperor and to substitute for it (since commercial convention required the presence of an Imperial effigy) the head of another emperor. He selected Anastasius, who had been the contem- porary of Theodoric, and whose head had appeared on Theodoric's coins. 86 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. 14 Weight 214 Metal and Size M Obverse Reverse Quarter Siliqua DMIVSTl/ll Al/IVS... Bust of Justinian r., beardless, wearing palu- damentum and cuirass. DN BADV I L A REX within wreath. JR. Size, -5 inch ; weight, 405 grammes ( = 6-7 grains troy). National Museum, Copenhagen. This rare coin is here photographed from, a plaster cast of the original kindly sent to the British Museum by Dr. C. Jorgensen. It has been previously described and figured by Friedlaender in his M. d. Ostgotlien^ p. 46 a, PI. II. 1. It must be a quarter siliqua of light weight, and not, as Friedlaender described it, a siliqua. The oh v. legend is very faint, but sufficiently clear to show that it consists of the name of Justinian, and not (as we should rather have expected) of the name of Anastasius. Sabatier, i, p. 208, No. 17, PL XIX. 18, de- scribes a coin with ohv. head of Justinian, rev. ^k y^ i. e. monogram of Baduila (as on the fvVj-l bronze coins, PL XI. 14, /??/>«), with- L/VMfc in wreatli. He does not state from wliat source this description is derived. (ii) witli head of Anastasius I Half Siliqua Issued 541 (or 542)-549 ? Inscr. Bust of Ana- stasius r., beardless, wearing diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. •55 DNANASTA SIVSP AVC DN BADV I L A REX within wreath, in upper part of which, circular ornament ; in lower j^art, X ^ [Rollin sale, Sotheby's, 12 July, &c., 1853, lot 58G] Plate xi. 3 xi. 4 _ These coins cannot have been struck at Ravenna, but Nos. 14 and 15 are good imitations of the productions of that mint, perhaps due to the employment at Ticinum of an old Ravenna craftsman. The remaining specimens are of much cruder work, which hkewise characterizes the corresponding coins of the next reign. BADUILA—TICINUM— SILVER 87 No. Weight Metal and Size 15 16 17 18 19-8 21.2 19- 16-7 {chipped) 19 Ai -55 M -55 Al -55 Al -55 64 Al 4 Obverse Reverse DNANASTA SIVS.... DNANAS TASIVS.. [Blacas coll., 1867] DNANAS TASIVSPA [de Sails g'ift] DOMI/IOIAM ..\S/VC Above head, pellet in crescent ; (tie of diadem separated from the diadem) (L for L) [Baron Kolb coll., 1847] (+ before DN ; peUet above L) (RIX, with pellet be- neath the I) (KIX) [Baron Kolb coll., 1847^] Quarter Siliqua (circ. 541 or 542 ?) DNAIIA ITAIIVI Bust of Ana stasias r. , beardless, wearinf;^ diadem and cuirass. [de Salis ^ift] m (monogram of Tlieodo- ric) within wreath, in upper part of which, cir- cular ornament.'^ Plate xi. 5 xi. 6 xi. 7 xi. 8 Sabatier describes (i, p. 208, No. 9, PI. XIX. 13) a quarter siliqua with obc. Head of Ana- stasius, rec. [jXri (monogram of Baduila), as on p. 86, siqyra. xi. 9 ^ A similar (or possibly the same) coin is engraved by Banduri, vol. ii, Plate, p. 621 : Friedlaender (M. d. Ostgothen, p. 48) doubted his reading, which is, however, confirmed in essentials by our No. 18. The obv. legend seems in the main blundered, but DOMNOI (domino) may be compared with the DOMNVS on a silver coin of Theia described infra. ^ A later development of the coins with the monogram of Theodoric that we have assigned, supra, p. 78, to Witigis. 88 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. -20 '21 22 Weiffht 95 G4 8-7 o?. 21-7 Metal and Size Al M 4 Al .4 Al .55 Obverse Reverse Issued 541 (or 542)-549 ! Inscr. Bust of Ana- stasius 1'., beardless, wearing diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. DNANAS TASIAVC (letters blurred) ; above head, star. Ends AST AS I [de Salis g-ift] Inscr. obscure, ends VSAVC DN BADV I LA K I X witliin wreath. X in lower part of wreath. [de Salis gift] Plate xi. 10 (BADV) (REX) circular xi. 11 ornament in upper part of wreath. [de Salis gift] (iii) with head of Baduila Half Siliqua circ. A. D. 549 ' DNBADV ILARIXi DN Bust of Baduila r. J B A D V beardless, wearing- I L A within wreath. diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. [Baron Kolb coll., 1847] Pellet in centre, be- tween L and A REX xi. 12 xi. 13 ^ The appearance of a portrait of Baduila on his bronze coins (see iii/ra, p. 91, No. 38) may be assigned to the year 549. The head on this coin, inscribed with Baduila's name, may also be another innovation introduced at about the same date. No doubt it was intended to pass as a portrait of the king, though it is in reality hardly modified from the head of Anastasius. As the types of the regal half siliqnae had become stereotyped, any startling change — such as one from the profile bust to the full- face bust seen on the bronze money of Baduila— would no doubt have impeded the free circulation of the coins. BADUILA—TICINUM— BRONZE 89 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Bronze (i) with head of Anastasius I cln: A.D. 541-540' Small Bronze (Type A) DN ANASTASIVS P P A Bust of Anastasius r., beardless, wearing diadem and cuirass. DN BADV . 1 L A ^" wreath. KEX JE. Size, .4 inch. Described in Thomsen, Cutal., i, p. 84, No. 1016. (Type B) laser. Bust of Ana- stasius r., beardless, wearing- diadem and drapery. rv y^ (nionoo-ram K)f H of liaduila) l/S/Mfc w i t li i n wreath ; above mono- g'ram, small cross. 24 12.3 vE -85 (Traces of inscr.) [Purcliased, 1904, 5-11-450] xi. 14 25 12-2 JE .85 ANAS AV(D ?) [de Salis g-ift] xl. 15 26 11. J^ .35 Ends ASIVS [de Salis g-ift] 27 11. JE -35 (Traces of inscr.) [Doulileday purchase, 1849] ^ Baduila does not (as in the case of his silver money, p. 85, siqyra) appear to have issued bronze with the head of Justinian. The coins with the head of Anastasius may- be assigned to the period 541-549,. in which last-named year, in all probability (see p. 91, '(iii) Bronze,' infra), the profile bust of Anastasius was withdrawn in favour of the full-face bust of Baduila. Of the coins with the head of Anastasius there are three types, the order of which is somewhat hard to determine. Type A corresponds to the regal half siliquae and quarter siliquae (pp. 86-8, supra) issued 541 or 542-549? Type B perhaps precedes C, as its monogrammatic reverse is based on old models (e.g. the bronze of Theodahad), while C displays a rev. type of a new kind. 90 II. COINS (»1- THi: OSTROGOTHS No. Weight 28 14-6 •29 10. 30 11.5 31 11-8 32 8.2 33 13- 34 10-7 35 10.5 36 8.3 Metal and Size JE .35 JE .35 .E -3 Obverse Reverse Plate (Type G) Inscr. Bust of Ana-|DNREX stasias r., beardless, B Avearinj;.'- diadem and j within wieatli. tlraperv. DNANA STA &c. lu front, N . . [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-462] (Inscr. off tlan) .E .4 I Ends AVC .E .3 Ends AVC JE .35 JL .35 ,E .35 .E .3 (Inscr. off flan) DN &c. [de Salis g-ift] (Inscr. otY flan) Traces of inscr. Above inscr., ^ [Cracherode bequest, 1799] Above inscr., 5K [Doubledav purchase. 1849] xi. 16 xi. 17 xi. 18 xi. 19 (DN for DN) xi. 20 [Doubleday purchase, 1849] [de Salis gift] (DN for d"N) [Doublethiv pui-ciiase, 1.S49] [Presented bv Mr. J. xi. 21 Doubleday," 1846] j ^ Most of these coins are struck on flans of insufficient size, and the X in REX, and other details, are, therefore, often not visible. * This coin is modelled, as regards the obv., on the Felix Ravenna coins (PI. XIV. 8-1 3), which we assign to the time of Theodoric and Athalaric (with the name of the city compare Paul. Diac, H. L., ii. 15 'Ticinus, quae alio nomine Papia appellatur '). Two specimens (weighing about 42 and 72 grains respectively) in the Brambilla collection (C. Brambilla, Monete di Pavia (188-3), PI. I, Nos. 3 and 4, pp. 9 f.) show the X in the lower part of the wreath on the rev., and the coins are for this reason perhaps to be identified as 10-nummus pieces. However, specimens occur of varying module and weight: thus, Brambilhi, PI. I. 4, is considerably larger than our No. 37, and weighs over 72 grains troy, as contrasted with the 46 grains of No. 37. AVe might consider these two weights as representing the 10-nummus and the 5-nummus, but perhaps it is best to regard them as a heavy and light coinage of the 10-nummus denomination. (Cp. the heavy and light 10-nummus described, iufra, p. 91, note 3.) With regard to date. No. 37 may be most conveniently placed in the period 541-549, because it will supply the large bronze currency, the small coinage being represented by BADUILA—TICINUM— BRONZE 91 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate (ii) Avitli head of Ticinus A. I.. 541 (or later) -540 X n LI m m i ? Insci-. Bust of Ticiuas DN (female i)ei'Sonifica- tion of the city of BADV . . . ,, ILA '^^■'thiu wreatJi. Ticinum) v.. wearin;^- REX turreted head-dress and dni|»eiy. 37 40. JE -6 FELIXTI CINVS- [Jlollin sale, Sotheby's, 12 July, &c., 1853, lot 7] * x'.22 (iii) witli head or name of Baduihi onlv A.i>. 549-552 X n u m m i ' (Heavy coinaLfo) Inscr. Bust of Baduila, ; DNB l)eardless, facing-, ■\vtnirin^emI)roidered EL A ^^'^''''^ wreath.^ robes and closi'd REX crown ornamented with ball at a])ex, and dividt'd in front l)y vertical bars into two divisions. Bor- der of dots. 38 1U.3 jE .7 ONBAQ [VELA &c. ?] (ILA) xi. 23 the pieces bearing the head of Anastasius (supra, pp. 89, 90). But it may be doubtful whetlier it was first issued in 541, i.e. from the very beginning of the reign of Baduila : the lettering of the rev. perhaps suggests a time nearer 549 (compare rev. of No. 37 v?ith rev. of No. 38). Whatever, however, be the first date of issue, the latest date may be fixed to A.D, 549, when the full-face head of Baduila was introduced on his large bronze coinage (see No. 38). ^ This series would, at first sight, appear to present two distinct denominations, one (No. 38) the double of the other (Nos. 39-43). On referring to the corresponding bronze coins struck by Baduila at Rome (infra, pp.93, 94) we find similar weights, one set of coins being double the other. But at Rome both series of coins are marked X. Perhaps the best course is to regard all these coins (at Rome and Ticinum) as intended for lO-nummus pieces, representing both a heavy and a light issue of the denomination. * A comparison with the bronze coins of Rome (infra, p. 93) suggests that the issue of these pieces began in a. d. 549, the probable date of the Roman coins. With regard 92 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. 39 40 41 42 43 Weight 62-7 65-7 71-0 67-6 58-6 Metal and Size JE .65 JE .G5 .E .7 .E -7 JE .65 Obverse Reverse (Lio;lit coinage) DNBAQV ELAREX (ILA) DNBADV ELAREX Star in eacli division of crown ' [Northwick sale, 1860] DNBAD (rest off flan) star in each division of crown. . NBADA . (rest ob- scure) star in each division of crown. DN[BADV] ELAREX Star in each division of crown. (DN)(ELA. 5^) between REX and wreath, X ^ [Parkes Weber gift, 1906 ; bought at Webster sale, Sothe- by's, 1886] (Circular ornament in upper part of wreath) [de Salis gift] [Purchased, 1908, 5-6-23] Small Bronze A. ]). 549-552 D N (no type) m within wreath, in upper part of which, cir- cular orna- ment ; above monogram, small cross. JE. Size, -3 inch ; weight, about 12 grains. Berlin Museum: described, Friedlaender, M. d. Ostqothfii. p. 51, No. 11, PI. II. 11. Tlie monogram on the rev. would suggest that this coin belongs to class (i), .sitjjra., Plato xi. 24 xi. 25 xi. 26 xi. 27 xi. 28 to their place of mintage, it is difficult, for reasons of style and fabric, to avoid the suspicion that they were struck at Rome. I have, however, assigned them to Ticinum on the following grounds : (1) It is more likely that these coins, being a regal issue (on the general model of the older Ostrogothic coins of the Ravenna mint) would be struck at the royal capital— at that time Ticinum — than at Rome, where the coinage was pri- marily a ciric concern. (2) The letters of the reverse inscription closely resemble those found on the rev. of No. 37, a coin which, on account of its obr. consisting of a personi- fication of Ticinum, it is reasonable to suppose was struck at Ticinum itself (3) The Roman style of these coins may be sufficiently accounted for by the employment at Ticinum of some skilful workman from the Roman mint. ' Compare the crown of Theodahad, PI. IX. 13-18. ^ The X, originally the binding of the wreath, is here detached, as if a mark of value. BADUILA— ROME— BRONZE 93 No. Weight 44 45 Metal and Size 121.4 tE .8 11().5 .E -75 Obverse Reverse pp. 89, 90, but it is without the head of Anastasius. Equally, it lacks the head of Baduila, but the omission of the emperor's head indicates that the coin belongs to the time of Baduila's numismatic autonomy, and we may, therefore, assign it to the last period of his' reign, 549-552. It supplies a small denomination to accompany the 10-nummus piece, Nos. 38-43. ROME Bronze A.I). 549-552 (with liead of Baduila) X n u m m i .'^ (Heavy coinage) Inscr. Bust of Baduila, beardless, facing, wearingembroidered robes and crown or- namented with ball at apex, and divided in front by vertical bars into two divi- sions. Border of dots. Inscr. Baduila stand- ing r., holding in r. spear, in 1. oval shield ; wears helmet, cuirass, and paluda- mentum. In field r., X. Border of dots.* Plate DNBADV ELAR.EX [FLOKEA?] [a2]EMP (partly obscure) [ ER Pellet in centre of shield. [Purchased, 1908, Ends [E]LAREX 5-6-8] FLVRrEA?] 38EMPE xi. 30 K 1 xi. 29 * Nos. 44-9. Types. The ohv. portrait-bust may have been partly suggested by the portrait-bust found on the Roman bronze coins of Theodahad (see PL IX. 13), and is represented with a similar closed crown (but without the stars ?). That the bust is full- face, and not in profile, is probably due to the portiait on the Imperial coins of Justinian which, since the year 538, had usually shown the emperor's bust full-face (see especially the Roman bronze coins of Justinian, PI. XYI. 6-10). The rev. type is borrowed from the Roman coins of Athalaric (see PL VIII. 21-5), but the disappearance of the letters S. C. is noteworthy. The significance of the inscr. Floreas semper is not quite obvious. The most natural interpretation of the words is probably as a wish for the prosperity of Rome, though on the present coin the head of Invicta Roma which appeared on the coin of Athalaric (PL VIII. 22) is omitted. Still, however, the coins would be generally recog- nized as emanating from the mint of Rome. The other alternative is to treat the words as an acclamation for the long life of the king. (Cp. coins of the Constantine period, 94 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 46 113-7 ^ •85 [DNJBADV[EL]AR.EX [FLvpiKEA ra?ieEM ;pEK] [de Salis gift] (Lig-lit coinaiie) 47 69-6 JE •65 ONBAQV [ELAKEX] (without ball on crown) ...KEA SSEM[P] [Northwick sale, 1860] xii. 1 48 66-2 JE • 7 DNBADV ELAKEX Qiartly obscure) (without ball on crown) FLOKEAS SEMPER xii. 2 49 54-2 JE •65 QNBAD VELA[R]EX (without ball on crown ?) FLOREAS xii. 3 Small Bronze Inscr. Bustof Baduila, beardless, facino-. Lion advancing- r., within wreath.' wearing" crown and robes. Border of dots. 50 15-6 JE •35 Ends ADVE Above, >K (border of dots instead of wreath) [Purchased, 1864, 7-19-32] xii. 4 51 18-5 jE •35 [DNB] VrL ( = VEL) [de Salis g'ift] xii. 5 52 15-2 jE •4 DNB [AJDVELA [de Salis g'ift] xii. 6 Constantine Cues. Vivas; Hercidi Cues. Vincas ; Maurice, Num. Constanthiienne, i, p. 347. Cp. also Wvoth, Itnpericfl Byzantine Coins, i, p. 99 n., Vita on coins of Justin 11.) Denomination. Nos. 44-6 seem to represent a value that is double that of Nos. 47-9 ; thus, the 20-nummus and the 10-nummus. But it will be observed that all these coins are marked X ; therefore (unless we are to assume that Baduila's engraver mechanically copied the X from the coins of Athalaric regardless of its changed meaning) we are almost bound to believe that all these specimens were intended to pass current as pieces of ten nummi, though issued both of a heavy and of a light weight (cp. the bronze coins of Ticinum, sujyra, Nos. 38-43). Date. Baduila hrst came into possession of Rome on 17 Dec, 546, but the city (which had been practically deserted) was soon given up, and it is in the highest degree unlikely that he issued money at that time. But in 549 Baduila, after a siege, again recovered Rome, and he now recalled the exiled senators, began to rebuild the city, and was him- self present at games held in the Circus Maximus. There can be little doubt that it was in this year that the issue of these coins was first undertaken. ' The coin is modelled on the small Roman bronze of Justinian, with the same rev. See PI. XVI. 9, 10. 95 THEIA July or xVug. 552-553 No. Weight 23. oo .•) l-2-l 22.2 22. Metal and Size N -0 A'' -55 N .65 (base) N .65 N .6 Obverse Reverse TICIXUM Tremissis Inscr. Bust of Anasta- sius I r., beardless, Avearino- diadem, pa- ludamentuin, and cuirass ; on head, pellet in crescent. DNANASTA SIVSPP AVC (without pellet and crescent). [Boug-ht of an Italian coin-<lealer, 18G9J DNANASTA SIVSPP AVC DNANASTA SIVSPP AVC [Roval coll.] DNANAS TA8IVaP PA DNANASTA 8IVSP PAVC Inscr. Victory to front, juoving- r., looking- 1. ; in r., wreath ; in 1., g-lobus crucig-er; in field r., star ; in ex., CO NO VICTOKIAAVCVST OKVM (COMOI) VICTORIAAVCVCT OKIV [de Salis g-ift] VICTORIAAVCVST OKVII (pellet after CONO) VICTORIAAVCVST OKVII [de Salis g-ift] VICTORIAAVCVST OKVN [de Salis g-ift] Plate xii. 7 xii. 8 xii. 9 xii. 10 xii. 11 m II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. 10 11 12 Weight 22.7 21-2 21. 20-8 17-6 20. 22-2 Metal and Size N -6 N -65 N .6 M -G Al .55 Ai .55 M Obverse DNANASTA SIVSPP AVC DNANA8T A2IVaP PAVC (uu head,cross). DNANSTA SIVSPA' (on head, star ?). Reverse VICTOKIAAVCVITO [de Sails gift] VICTOKIAAVCVST ORVI (COl/IO) [de Salis gift] VICTORIAAVCVST OVI (COIIC) [de Salis gift] Half Siliqua Inscr. Bust of Anasta- sius I r., beardless, wearing diadem and cuirass. DNANASTA SIVSP PA [de Salis gift] D NAN AST ASIVSA V[C?] On head, cres- cent [Baron Kolb coll., 1847] DNANASTA SIVSA VC On head, crescent. [Blacas coll., 1867] DNANA8 TAaiVaP AC On head, pellet in crescent. [Purcliased, 1904, 4-3-16] Inscr. within wreath, in upper part of which, circular or- nament ; in lower part, X DN THE l/\ REX DN THEI- AKEX DN THIL' AREX DOAA NVaTH eTap REX^ Plate xii. 12 xii. 13 xii. 14 xii. 15 xii. 16 xii. 17 xii. 18 ^ The head is treated very much as on Nos. 11, 12, infra. ^ Either a badly formed I, or L ^ THILA occurs on a coin in the Rossi catalogue (Rome, 1880), p. 251, and on a silver coin described in Friedlaender, M. d. Ostcioihni, p. .5-3, No. 3. * Name of Thda. Procopius calls this king Teias. On the coins his name appears as THEIA, TEIA, THELA (Paris: Friedlaender, M. d. Ostijothen, p. 53), and THILA. THEIA—TICmUM— SILVER 97 No. 13 Weight Metal and Size 9.5 Al .55 Obverse Reverse Quarter Sillqua DNANASTA SIVSP PA/ Bust of Anasta- sius I r., beardless, wearing- diadem and cuirass ; on head, pellet and crescent. Border of dots. [de Salis gift]^ DN THE I A KEX within wreath, in upper part of which, circular ornament. Plate xii. 19 The form THEIA may be judged to be the oflBcial spelling of the mint, more especially as it occurs on No. 12 in an inscr. on which some extra thought appears to have been expended (i.e. DN is expanded to -Dow( j)«»s, and a unique title, P — presumably Pws — is added). The variety TEIA is very rare, apparently occurring only on a coin in the Strogonoff collection, described by Sabatier (i, p. 209, No. 2). With regard to THELA and THILA, I would suggest the probability that they are engravers' blunders, a ising thus:— a badly formed I in THEIA (cp. our No. 10) would give rise to THE A or THELA. Of THELA, THILA would be an easy variant, either I being deliberately written for E (a common interchange), or an E with the projecting limbs faintly represented (as is sometimes the case) being mistaken for I. Attrihutioti. Dr. H. Bradley, in his interesting account of Tlie Goths (London, 1888), has suggested (chap. 28, p. 311) that these coins may have been issued by Thelane, the son and titular collea^e of Odovacar. But this view must be negatived, because (1) we do not know that Thelane was also called Theia, and this series of ' Thela ' and ' Theia ' coins clearly emanated from a single issuer ; (2) these coins belong to the continuous series of Ostrogothic silver coins, and, by style and fabric, take their place in it as the latest, not the earliest, issues ; (3) it is not improbable that ' Thela ' is an engraver's blunder, and does not reproduce any actual name. ' The silver (or bronze ?) coin with rev. monogram, described by Sabatier (i, p. 210, No. 6), after Lagoy, is ascribed to Theia on no sure grounds, as Friedlaender {M. d. Ostgothen, p. 52) has already pointed out. So far as is known, Theia issued no coinage in bronze. 98 QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE COINS OF ROME AND RAVENNA We have here (PI. XII-XIV), as lias been generally admitted, coinages struck at Rome and Ravenna. Of these, the Roman series is the more extensive and important, and may be first discussed. ROME. Tlie types of these Roman coins, and tlie entire absence from tliem of the regal or Imperial name, suggest that they were issued on some special occasion or in accordance witli the grant of special privileges. Such a coinage may have talcen place at any period when the Ostrogotlis were masters of the Imperial City, or, on the other liand, in tlie period, under Justinian, when Rome had been won back for the Empire. But altliougli the hypothesis of tlie Imperial origin of these coins is not at first sight an unlikely one, it is seen to be hardly tenable when we take into consideration the bronze coins (PL XY, XYI. 1-10) which Justinian issued for his newly-regained city. Of these there are at least two distinct issues, each bearing a portrait of the emperor and a large M, the familiar Byzantine mark of value (40 nummia), and it is extremely hard to find a place for a third Imperial coinage of Rome — and that, moreover, a coinage entirely anonymous and with the mark of value in jRomaw numerals (XL). The coins, then, may be best regarded as issues made while Rome was Ostro- gothic. I am not aware of any quite decisive data for fixing the exact period of coining, but an accumulation of evidence of various kinds will be found to lead us in the direction of Theodoric rather than that of the latest Ostrogothic rulers. At the outset, one king— Theodahad— may certainly be rejected as a claimant, because we know that the large bronze money which he caused to be issued in Rome bore his own name and — what was an innovation — his own portrait (PL IX. 13). For a nearly similar reason, one of Theodahad's successors, Baduila, may be excluded. Theia, the last king, had no authority at Rome ; and in the reign of Witigis Rome was mainly in the hands of the Imperialists, and its coins may be expected to bear the stamj) of Justinian. There remain only Theodoric and Athalaric his successor. Athalaric is known to have struck at Rome small bronze coins, ' X nummi,' with his own name (PL VIII. 21-5), and these, it must be noted, bear the head of Invicta JRomUy the head that figures on the obverse of the large quasi-autonomous bronze coins now in question (PL XIII, XIY). Athalaric, therefore, may seem to have some claim, but still more, perhaps, Theodoric, who is not other- wise represented by any bronze coins at the Roman mint. The whole of this Invicta Roma coinage, with its thick flans and bold types, contrasts in a rather remarkable way with the ordinary coins of the Ostrogothic series, but it becomes less strange when we study its genesis. Now, among the issues of the Roman mint that immediately precede the Ostrogothic issues are thick bronze pieces bearing the head of Zeno (ce?r. QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME AND RAVENNA 99 A. D. 474 : PL XII. 20-3). Evidently it was from this source that our coins derived their peculiar fabric, their prominent border of dots, their mark of value X L, and one of their types, the Victory : even their obverse type, the bust of Invicta Roma, was probably suggested by the legend Invicta Roma found on the prototype coins. The ' Invicta Roma ' coins are mainly of three classes : — (i) With rev. Victory (PI. XIII. 1). (ii) With o-ev. Eagle (PL XIII. 2-8 ; also rev. Two Eagles and Tree, PL XIII. 9-11). (iii) With rev. Wolf and Twins (PL XIV. 1-7). 1 suggest that this coinage first began in the time of Theodoric, under whom life and government in the city of Rome went on without any violent changes ; and that the first type struck was No. (i) with the Victory reverse, a type which was modelled on the nearly similar reverse of the Roman bronze coins bearing the name of the Emperor Zeno (PL XII. 20-3), which were probably struck by the Senate (SC) during the reign of Odovacar and which would be in circulation at least till Zeno's death in 491, and perhaps until the accession of Theodoric in 493. Coins of this ' Victory ' type are now very rare : perhaps the borrowed design was soon displaced by a more distinctively Roman emblem — the Eagle (ii) or the Wolf and Twins (iii). As tliis coinage displays three (or, rather, four) types, it is probable that it extended over a considerable period. Thus, it may have constituted the large bronze coinage of Rome under Athalaric as well as under liis predecessor, Theodoric' Type i, the Victory-reverse, will naturally be assigned to Theodoric, as imitated from the ' Victory ' coins witli Zeno's head (PL XII. 20-3). Type ii (the Eagle) might also be assigned to him, and type iii (Wolf and Twins) to Athalaric ; but seeing that the precedence of type ii over type iii is not com- pletely certain, the safest course will be to group types ii and iii together as Roman coins ' of the time of Theodoric and Athalaric '. Athalaric's successor, Theodahad, struck at Rome large bronze coins with his own head upon them (PL IX. 13-18).^ In the troubled times that followed his deposition (a. d. 536) the bronze currency of Rome consisted chiefly of the portrait-coins of Baduila and (as will be seen infra^ ' Coins with Imperial names ', p. 108) of Justinian. KAVENNA. These are small pieces of ten nummi, all having on the obv. the bust of FELIX RAVENNA. There are three reverse types : — (i) Victory (p. 106). (ii) Eagle (PL XIV. 8). (iii) Monogram of Ravenna in wreath (PL XIV. 10). ' For the smaller bronze coinage of Rome, Athalaric himself provided by allowing the Senate to strike pieces of X nummi with the bust of Invicta Roma on the dbv. and his own name on the rev. (PI. VIIL 21). 2 But the Romans may even, for a time (and previous to the issue of the portrait- coins of Theodahad), have continued to mint the Invicta Roma bronze : compare the bust of Invicta Roma on some of the Ravenna bronze of Theodahad (PI. IX. 12) with the bust on some of the 'Invicta Roma' (Theodoric and Athalaric) coins (PI. XIV. 7, &c.). 100 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS As Ravenna was the capital and residence of Odovacar and of the Ostro- gothic king's, and finally the residence of the Imperial representative, it is not easy to point to a period wlien it is likely to have issued these quasi-autonomous coins. Such coins (as we have just seen) were, indeed, in use at Rome, but Rome always enjoyed a semi-independence : it was still in possession of its ancient Senate (who apparently controlled the local coinage),* and it was never — in our period — the capital or permanent residence of king- or emperor. In point of style these coins, perhaps, most resemble the bronze coins of Athalaric,' and the best course may be to assig-n tliem to him and to Theodoric. No. Weight 211-1 Metal and Size JE 1-05 Obverse Reverse ROME XL nummi (with head of Zeno) Probably stt^ck in the time of Odovacar, A.D. 477-491 ' Inscr. (reading- out- wards from front of neck). Bust of the Emperor Zeno r., bearded, laureate. Border. IJMPJENOFELirCIS I ?]NOSENAVC 2; be- neath head , . . .^ IMVICT A KOMA Victory in girdled chiton advancing- r. ; in r., wreath ; in 1., trophy resting on her shoulder ; in field, S C (Se7iatus consulto') ; in ex., •XL* Border of dots. [Northwick sale, 1860] Plate xii.20 ^ Notice the wreath, which is of the same style as the wreath on coins of Athalaric. The ohv. type is, moreover, found joined to a rev. with the monogram of Athalaric on a bronze coin which Friedlaender {M. d. Ostgoihen, p. 35, PI. I. 11) repeats from the original description bv Pinci, though this descrijition may requii-e verification. A coin of Baduila (PL XI."'22) displays a bust of FELIX TICINVS, but this coin is of coarser (and, no doubt, later) style than the FELIX RAVENNA coins. ^ The ohv. inscriptions on these coins are hard to read, but there seems to be no good authority (as M. Sambon has remarked to me) for reading on any of the coins of this class the names of Zeno and Leo in conjunction, and the legend given by Sabatier (i, p. 141, No. 21), viz. ZENO ET LEO CAES NOV. CAES, is probably misread. N, in NO, is written for M ; SEN = SEM{per). ^ In the Catal. of the Mus. Naz. di Napoli; ii, specimens (Nos.15,202-4) are described as reading II I I beneath the head ; but on our examples letters seem to be represented. QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME 101 No. Weight 213-6 251.4 306. 283-6 Metal and Size JE 1-1 JE 1.15 JE 1.15 JE M Obverse CISSIMOS E N A VC ; beneath head, IIOI? INPJENOFE ....NAVC; beneath head, I.I. IIIPXENOFEL N .SEIIAVC; beneath head, . . I . IMPZENOSEMPERA VC (inscr. beginning- behind liead) (bust draped) ^ Reverse [Townley coU.] [Northwick sale, 1860] [de Sails gift] XL nummi Probably struck in the time of Theodoric, circ. A.D. 493 IHVICT A ROMA Bust of Roma r., wear- ing helmet, earring, necklace, and drapery ; hair long. Border of dots. Victory in girdled chiton standing r. on prow ; in r., wreath ; in 1., palm-branch resting on her shoulder ; in front, lighted altar, be- neath which, I I ; be- hind, w Border of dots. M. Size, 1-05. Berlin Museum. (Figured in Fried- laender, M. d. Vandalen, PI. II, p. 68 ; cp. Sabatier, i, p. 211, No. 6, PI. XIX. 29 ; Rev. num., 1858, p. 200, PL X. 7.) This coin may be placed next after the coins with the head of Zeno (Nos. 1-5, supra) because it has a similar reverse-type (Victory). 1 1 on the rev. is perhaps the mark of the ofBcina. As to the leg-end INVICTA ROMA, see note, supra, p. 57. Plate xii. 21 xii.22 xii. 23 xiii. 1 ^ The inscription and bust show signs of having been touched by a modern graver's tool; the coin is, however, antique, and this obv. legend is found on other coins, e.g. Thomsen, Catal., p. 4, No. 58 ; Windisch-Gratz coll., vi, p. 6, No. 50 ; cp. Sabatier, i, p. 140, No. 16. 102 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate XL and XX nummi Probably struck in the reigns of TlieodoHc and Athalaric^ circ. a.d. 494(?)-534 (a) First Series XL (with rev. Eagle) ^ Inscr. Bust of Roma r., wearing crested hel- met, pendent ear- ring, necklace, and drapery ; hair long. Border of dots. Eagle with wings spread, standing 1., looking back ; in field 1., Z. Border of dots. 6 215-8 JE 1-1 I[N]VIC TAROMA Exergue plain. [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-451] xiii. 2 7 143-5 ^ -95 INVIC TAROMA [BaronKolb coll., 1847] r J j Exergue plain. xiii. 3 8 177-2 JB 1- INVIC TAROMA In ex., • A -^ [Purchased, 1908, 5-6-9] 9 156-5 ^ 1. IMVICT AROMA In ex., • A • [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-598] xiii. 4 10 157.3 jE 1. IMVIT AROMA In ex., • A • [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-452] This series may be placed immediately after the coin with rev. Victory, described on p. 101, because the mark of value XL is, as on that piece, placed heside the type and in the form J. (The XL on Nos. 24 f., infra, rev. Wolf and Twins, is differently arranged.) The eagle, if imitated from a coin (as need not necessarily be the case), ™%,H^/ o ^^^" suggested by the eagle on the (Italian) coins of Zeno ; see Sabatier, PI. VIII. 3, 4, 5. ^ This is an exceptional arrangement of the mark of value. ' This and other similar numerals in the exergue may be best explained as oflBcina- marks ; they run from 1 to 5. QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME 103 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 11 128- M -9 IMVICT AROMA In ex., • 1 1 • [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-455] 12 152-2 JE -95 IMVICT AKOMA In ex., • r« [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-453] 13 130-3 JE M . IMVICT AROMA In ex., • r» [Purchased, 1835] xiii. 5 14 174-? JE 1- INVICT AKOMA In ex., • A • [Purchased, 1893, 10-7-39] xiii. 6 15 135-2 JE -95 IMVICT AROMA In ex., • € • [Purchased, 1908, 5-6-10] xiii. 7 16 139-8 JE 1-05 IMVICT AROMA In ex., • 9 • . [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-454] 17 183- JE -95 IMVIC TAROMA In ex., • [9] •^ 18 174-2 ^E 1-05 INVIC TAROMA In ex., • € • [de Salis gift] xiii. 8 XX (with rev. Tree and two Eagles) IMVICT AROMA Fig-tree, beneath Bust of Roma r., which, on each side. wearing- crested hel- eagle with head met, necklace, and turned back ; in ex.. drapery ; hair long-. Border of dots. .XX. Border of dots.- 19 167-4 JE -95 [Parkes Weber g-ift, 1906 ; bought of an Italian coin-dealer] xiii. 9 ^ Only the top of the numeral is visible, the rest being off the flan. ^ The eagles on the rev. connect these coins with Nos. 6-18, su2)ra (rev. Eagle), which are of the denomination XL. No explanation of the rev. type has been offered except by Eckhel (Doct. num. vet., viii, p. 216 ; cp. Friedlaender, M. d. Osfgotheti, p. 57), who suggested that the two eagles symbolizBcl Rome and New Rome (Constantinople), but this explanation takes no account of the tree. As to the general meaning of the type, it is hardly doubtful that it refers in 104 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 20 129. JE .9 (Ends MA) [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-600] xiii.lO 21 116.2 (u-om) JE •85 [de Salis gift] 22 115-3 JE .85 (IMVICT A ROMA) [Baron Kolbcoll.,1847] 23 82-5 ^ .85 (IMVICT A ROMA) [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-599] xiii.U (fi) Second Series XL (with rev. Wolf and Twins) IMVICT AROMA Wolf 1., with head Bust of Roma r,, turned r,, suckling wearing- crested hel- the Twins, Romulus met, pendent ear- ring-, necklace, and and Remus ; above, XL. Border of dots.' drapery ; hair long. Border of dots. 24 189-8 JE -95 (A; A) In ex., "[1 1] •- xiv. 1 25 221. JE 1.05 [Purchased, 1835] In ex., •Ill* xiv. 2 some way to the ancient glories or legendary history of the Eternal City, because the obr. type is Inricta Roma, and other coins of the same class represent the Roman eagle (p. 102) and the wolf and twins (p. 104). The tree is almost certainly a fig-tree, and it is natural to identify it with ihQjicus ruminalis beneath which Romulus and Remus were suckled by the wolf. A well-known denarius (second century b.c.) of Sextus Pompeius Fostulus {Grueber, B. M. C, Rom. Coins, i, p. 131) shows the wolf suckling the twins, and the shepherd Faustulus surveying the scene : in the background is the fig-tree with three birds perched on its branches (one variety of our coins, Nos. 19-23, is stated in the Thomsen Cat., p. 80, No. 978, to show a bird on the tree ; so also Sabatier, i, PI. XIX. 28, p. 211, No. 5). If the tree of our coins is the Jicus rmni^talis, the substitution of the eagles for the twins is of course remarkable ; and the only comment I am able to make is that the Ostrogothic type seems, at any rate, to have been derived from a much older original. A small bronze coin of Scepsis in the Troad (Imhoof-Blumer, Kleinasiatische Miiuzen, i. p. 46, No. 5, PI, 11. 6), which — from its ohv. type, a Capricorn — is probably of the time of Augustus, shows on the rev. a gnarled fig-tree, near the trunk of which stands an eagle with head turned back towards it, a type identical, except for the absence of the second eagle, with the Ostrogothic type. Unfortunately, the interpretation of the Scepsian reverse is, itself, doubtful, though it is probably of Imperial and not of local significance. 'There are no very strong reasons for placing these later than the XL coins described as the 'First Series', sujrra, p. 102: the position of the mark of value seems, however, to indicate that their place is here and not earlier (see p. 102, note 1). - Apparently I I, as on Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgotheu, p. 58, No. 1, and Thomsen, Cat., p. 80, No. 972. QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME 105 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 26 2342 M 1-05 (Inscr. partly obscure) In ex., • 1 1 II • [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-456] 27 233-2 JE 1-05 (A ROMA) In ex., •Mill. [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-457] 28 224-6 JE 1-15 In ex., -V* 29 236-6 JE 1-05 (IMVIC TAROMA) X IMVIC TAROMA Bust of Roma r., wearing crested hel- met, pendent ear- ring, necklace, and drapery ; hair long. Border of dots. (Exergue worn) X Wolf 1., with head turned r., suckling the Twins, Romulus and Remus ; above, two stars'; in ex., • X • X • Border of dots. xiv. 3 30 118- {b7vken) JE •95 Between the stars, 1 ? xiv. 4 31 111- JE -85 [de Salis gift] Between the stars, 1 xiv. 5 32 126-2 JE -8 (INVIC &c.) [de Salis gift] Between the stars, ^ xiv. 6 33 100- JE -8 [Royal coll.] Between the stars, ^ (in ex., XX) xiv. 7 1 The two stars are not ornaments or mint-symbols, but part of the type, as may be seen on comparison with the representation of the Wolf and Twins on the medallions of Constantino the Great (Froehner, Med. de Vemp. rotn., pp. 287, 288 {obv. bust of Vrbs Bontci) ; Grueber, Cat. Rom. Medallions, p. 86, Nos. 6 and 7). The group is a reproduction of an older representation, such as that found on the medallions of Constantine (just referred to) ; on the denarius of Fostulus (second century B.C. ; cp. p. 104, sttjifa) ; and on Romano-Campanian coins of the late fourth century and early third century B. c. (cp. figures in Klio, 1909, p. 34). On the group see further E. Petersen's ' Lupa Capitolina ', in Klio, 1908, pp. 440 f., and 1909, pp. 29 f. It may be added that the festival of the Lupercalia was still celebrated at Rome at the beginning of the reign of Theodoric (Fowler, Roman Festivals, p. 321 ; Gregorovius, Hist, of City of Rome, bk. ii, chap. 1, vol. i, p. 269, Eng. trans.). P 106 n. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate RAVENNA X nummi^ 1. With i-ev. Victory Time of Theodoric? FELIXK AVENNA R. V Victory advancing Bust of Ravenna r., 1. ; in r., wreath ; in 1., wearing mural crown, earring, necklace, and drapery. Border of dots. IDalm-branch. Border of dots. M. Size, -65 inch. This coin is described and figured by Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgothen^ p. 60, No. 3, PL III. 8, but only on the authority of Ramus and Pinci. 2. With. rev. Eagle Time of Theodoric ? FELIXR AVENNA Eagle, between two Bust of Ravenna stars, standing on r., wearing mural branch to front. crown, earring, looking 1. ; beneath, necklace, and dra- X. Border of dots.^ pery. Border of dots. 34 60. JE .7 [Rollin sale, Sotheby's, 12 July, &c., 1853, lot?] xiv. 8 35 38.8 JE -65 xiv. 9 i ^ As to the date of these coins see p. 100, supra. * With the eagle type cp. No. 6, p. 102, supra. It is no doubt the eagle of Rome. Two stars are seen above the Wolf and Twins on No. 30, p. 105, supra. FELIX RAVENNA. Compare the inscr. Felix CaHa. on Vandal coins of Carthage {supra, p. 13) and the Felix Ticinus on the coins of Baduila {supra, p. 91). Felix Roma does not occur on Ostrogothic coins {invicta Roma perhaps taking its place), but is found on monuments of the time, as on the tiles of Theodoric and of Athalaric : reg{nante) d{omino) n{ostro) Tlieoderico, felix Roma (see Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, bk. ii, chap. 2, pp. 315, 316, Eng. trans. ; Cabrol, Diet, d'arch. chret., s. v. brique, p. 1322 and p. 1326). The legends FLAVIA LVCA, FLAVIA TICINO, &c., on Lombard coins may also be recalled in this connexion (see 'Introduction', supra, § 3, on legends of Lombard coins). QUASI-AXJTONOMOUS BRONZE OF RAVENNA 107 No. 36 37 38 39 40 Weight Metal and Size 48-1 46-5 49-6 46-6 52.2 JE -7 JE -6 JE .65 JE .65 JE -65 Obverse Reverse Plate 3. With rev. Monogram of Ravenna Time of Athalaric ? FELIXR AVENNA Bust of Ravenna r. , wearino^ mural crown, earring-, necklace, and dra- pery. Border of dots. (Ends NA) [R. Payne Knight be- quest, 1824; Nummi veteres, p. 304, No. 2] [BaronKolbcoU.,1847] [de Salis gift] T^ f" "within wreath, Kk r in upper part P'^L of which, cir- cular ornament ; in lower part, X.^ Bor- der of dots. KE Above monogram, + 4, With obv. Invicta Roma Time of Athalat'ic ? INVICTA ROMA Bust of Roma r., wear- ing helmet and drapery. U within wreath, in upper part of which, circular ornament ; in lower part, X. M. Size, .6 inch. This coin is engraved and described by Friedlaender, M. d. Ostgotlien^ p. 60, No. 4, PL III. 4, but only on the authority of Pinci, De Nummis Raven. xiv.lO xiv. 11 xiv.l2 xiv. 13 ^ On Nos. 36, 37 the X is boldly represented and almost separated from the wreath, as if clearly to denote the denomination of the coin (as on Nos. 84, 35). On Nos. 38-40 the X is smaller, and has more distinctly the appearance of being the tie of the wreath. 108 IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN I struck at ROME AND RAVENNA No. Weight 3114 287-5 207-2 248-6 Metal and Size JE 1-1 JE 1-15 JE 1. JE -95 Obverse Reverse ROME Period I. Dec. 536-538 ' M (40 nummi) DUIVSTMI ANVSPP AVC Bust of Justi- nian 1*., beardless; hair short, but ar- ranged in fringe in front ; wears diadem, cuirass, and paluda- mentum. Border of dots. [J. G. Pfister, 1855] (A for A) [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-84] (Beginning doubtful ends AV) [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-241] Pi above, + ; in ex., ROMA; whole in wreath, in upper part of which, circular ornament ; in lower part, X. (A for A) ; beneath M, A ; on 1., + ; on r., + (A for A) ; beneath M, Zi; on 1., + ; on r., + (H ? for A) ; beneath M, >5i; on 1., ^ ; on r.,5|C (A for A) ; beneath M, A ; on 1., ¥: ; on Plate XV. 1 XV. 2 XV. 3 XV. 4 ' On the date of the Imperial coins of Justinian I struck at Rome and Ravenna see ' Introduction ', sujyra, § 2, under ' Coins with Imperial Names '. All the Roman coins of Period I show the head in profile ; those of Period II have the bust facing, except on the tremissis, where, by the convention of Byzantine coins, it is in profile. ^ Nos. 1-4 are of thick fabric. Nos. 5-14 are of thinner fabric and inferior work- manship : they are without the ofl5cina-mark (Zk). IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN— ROME— M 109 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 5 154-8 JE -95 (DI/IIVSTirN ?]l AN VSPPAV) [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-85] (ROM); on 1., +; on r, ^ XV. 5 6 138- JE 1-05 (DMIVSTINI ANVSP PAV) [de Sails gift] (A for A); on 1., +; on r., ¥: 7 163-8 JE 12 (N for M ; ends PPV On 1., + ; on r., •{C XV. 6 [Townley coll.] 8 146-1 JE 1-2 (N for l/l; ends PPV AC) Onl. 3|C; onr., + [Townley coll.] XV. 7 9 170.5 JE 1-15 (Ends ANVSPPAV) [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-83] On 1., H ; on r., + 10 152-2 JE 1-15 (DNIVSTINI ANVS [Royal coU.] (A for A) ; on 1., 5K ; on r., + 11 144-8 JE 1-05 (DNIVSTIN lANVSP PAVC) [Townley coll.] (A for A); on 1., ¥: ; on r., +■ (circular ornament absent) 12 126- JE 1-05 (DNIVSTINI ANVSP PAVC) [Townley coll.] On 1., * ; on r., + 13 152-7 ^ 1-15 (Type double-struck) [Townley coll.] Onl.,[5|c?]; onr., + 14 161-6 JE 1-15 (DNIVSTI NIANVSP PA) [Townley coll.] Onl., *; on r., + (up- per part of wreath has ® ; lower part, X) XV. 8 IN (20 nummi) Inscr. Bust of Justi- l>* in wreath ; in up- nian I r., as on No. 1. jjer part of which, Border of dots. © ; in lower part, X 15 102-8 ^ -85 DUIVSTII/II ANVSP PAV [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-271] On 1., + ; on r., ¥: XV. 9 110 XL COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Weight 115.5 134-5 117-4 128.5 97-5 113-8 85-5 82-2 43-1 64-1 Metal and Size JE .9 ^ .85 JE .85 JE .8 JE .85 JE .8 JE .9 JE .9 ^ -65 ^ -65 Obverse Dl/IIASTIMI ANVSP PAV [Doubleday purchase, DMIVSTIl/II ANVSP PAV [Blacas coll., 1867] DMIA8Tim [ANVSP PAV ?] [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-270] Dl/IIVooTI NIANV«/» PP [Townley coll.] DI/IIVST INIANVSP DNIVoo TINIANrS.?] [Townley coll.] DNIVSTIN lANVSPP [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-269] DMIVST TINIANV [Townley coll.] Reverse On 1., + ; on r., 3|c On 1., + ; on r., ^ On 1., ¥: ; on r., + On 1., ^ ; on r., + On 1., ¥: ; on r., + (without •) (wreath without ornaments) On 1., ¥: ; on r., + (without •) On 1., 5|c ; on r., + (without •) (upper part of wreath has <S> ; lower part, \^ » On 1., ^ ; on r., + (without •) (wreath without ornaments) i (10 nummi) DNIVSTINI ANVSP PA Bust of Justi- nian Ir.,as on No. 1. (Border obscure) [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-284] (End of inscr. obscure) [de Salis gift] 1 between 5|c and ^ ; all in wreath. Below, within wreath, AMOH (Roma: AM in ligature). (Mark of value smaller than on No. 24) Plate XV. 10 XV. 11 XV. 12 XV. 13 XV. 14 XV. 15 XV. 16 ^ Cp. the wreath on No. 14. This coin has been washed or plated with silver. IMPERIAL corns OF JUSTINIAN— ROME— SOLIDUS 111 No. Weight 26 27 28 68-3 68-3 Metal and Size N -85 N .85 N .8 29 23. Obverse Reverse Period II. 538-549 Solidus' DNIVSTINI ANVSP PAVC Bust of Justi- nian I, beardless, full-face ; wears hel- met with plume, and cuirass ; in r, , globus crucig"er ; 1. (not re- presented) holds sliield, on which, horseman device. N .85 (Ends A/C) [Dr. Nott's sale, 1842] (Ends A/C) [Lord Elgin] VICTOR I AAVCCC Victory wearing chi- ton and peplos, stand- ing facing ; in r. , long cross ; in 1., globus cruciger ; in field r., star; in ex., CONOB (Pellet after last C) (A for A) [Bank of En gland gift, 1877] At end of inscr., A (Ends AVC) (Rl) at end of inscr., A (ROMOB instead of CONOB) (In the Berlin Museum : cp. Zeit.f. Xtim., i, p. 303.) Tremissis N .65 DNIVSTINI ANVSP PAVC Bust of Justi- nian I r., beardless, wearing jewelleddia- dem, paludamentum, and cuirass. [de Salis gift] VICTORIAAVCVST OKVM Victory in girdled chiton mov- ing r. on globus, looking 1. ; in r., wreath ; in 1., glo- bus cruciger; in ex., ROMOB^ Plate xvi. 1 xvi. 2 xvi. 3 xvi. 4 xvi. 5 1 The attribution of Nos. 26-8 to Rome is not determined by any decisive evidence, but seems probable, seeing that the coins cannot so well be attributed to Constantinople or to any other mint. No. 26 appears to me to be of Italian style and fabric, and its provenance— the collection of Dr. Nott— to some extent bears this out: the lettering on the obv. is small and close. Nos. 27, 28 are of much the same style as No. 26. - Of neat work: with ROMOB compare the preceding solidus (PI. XVI. 4) in the Berlin Museum. The tremissis with the supposed monogram of Roma (ohv. head of Justinian, rev. Victory r.), assigned to the Roman mint by Pinder and Friedlaender, Miinzen Justinians, p. 24, PI. III. 5, is evidently Visigothic. 112 n. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. Weight 30 31 32 33 34 200-1 Metal and Size JE 1.15 86.7 96-3 7G.2 79-8 JE .65 ^ .75 JE .65 JE .65 Obverse Revei'se M DNIVSTINI ANVSP PAV Bust of Justi- nian I, beardless, fac- ing-, -wearing- lielmet with plume, cuirass, and paludamentum ; in r. , g-lobus cruciger. O Im A above, + ; be- neath, 5|c ; whole in wreath. [Maximilian Borrell, 1850] Plate 1 i xvi. 6 DNIVSTINIA NVSP AVC Bust of Justi- nian I, beardless, fac- ing-, wearing helmet with plume, cuirass, and paludamentum ; in r., globus cruciger; 1. (not represented) holds shield orna- mented with horse- man device. Border of dots. [Purchased, 1835] [de Salis gift] (DNIVSTINI ANVSP AVC) between 5|c and 5K ; whole in wreath ; in upper part of which, circular ornament. xvi. 7 xvi. 8 \ ^ A very fine specimen of this coin, stated to have been found in Rome, was shown at the British ^Museum in March, 1910. IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN— ROME ; RAVENNA 113 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Small Bronze IVSTIN lANVS Bust of Justinian I, facing-, as on No. 31. Bor- der of dots. Lion advancing r., within wreath.^ 35 15-6 JE A [Purchased, 1864, 7-19-30] xvi. 9 36 17-7 M .4 [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-156] xvi.lO Period III. Circ. a.d. 552/3 XX See a coin of this denomination described in Brit. Mus. Cat., Imjjenal Byzantine Coins, vol. i, p. 70, No. 402. RAVENNA Circ. A.D. 555-565 « Soiidus DNIVSTINI ANVSPP AVC Bust of Justinian, beardless, facing- ; wears helmet with plume, cuirass, and paludamentum ; in r. , g-lobus crucig-er ; 1. holds shield with horseman device. VICTOKI AAVCCC Victory in chiton and peplos standing fac- ing ; in r., cross (with P); in 1., glo- bus cruciger ; in field r., star; in ex., CO NOB 37 66.8 N .75 (A/C) [de Salis gift] At end of inscr,, A (CONOH) ^ A specimen occurred in the Monte Roduni hoard (Friedlaender, M. d. Vandalen, p. 43) : see also Pinder and Friedlaender, Munzen Justinians, p. 54. The lion type was borrowed by Baduila : see supra, p. 94, No. 50. 2 As to the date of these coins see ' Introduction ', supra, § 2, ' Coins with Imperial Names,' Gold, Justinian I. IM II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. 38 39 40 41 Weight 68. 68-3 67-2 53. 42 34.1 43 44 22-7 45 22.7 N .65 Metal and Size N .85 N .85 N .85 M .75 N .7 N .6 A^ .65 Obverse (Ends ANVSPPA/C) [de Salis gift] (TININI) [Purchased, 1865, 8-10-14] (PF for PP) Reverse At end of inscr., T [Blacas coU., 1867] At end of inscr., V (CONOP) (K I) At end of inscr., r (K I) at end of inscr., i ; pellet after CO NOB Semissis DNIVSTINI ANVSP PAVC Bust of Justi- nian I r., beardless, wearing- diadem, with crescent and pellet, cuirass, and paluda- mentum. VICTOKIAAVCCC Victory wearing mantle over lower limbs seated r. on shield and cuirass ; on her knees she sup- jjorts a shield on which with her r. hand she inscribes numerals (rudely re- presented); in front, •f ; behind, star ex., CONOB (B formed like D) m Tremissis DNIVSTINI ANVSP PAVC Bust of Justi- nian I r., beardless, wearing diadem with crescent and pellet, cuirass, and paluda- mentum. [de Salis gift] [Purchased, 1863, 7-11-26] [de Salis gift] VICTORIAAVCVSTO KVM Victory moving r. , looking 1. , holding in r., wreath ; in 1., globus cruciger ; in field r., star; in ex., CONOB (A for A) (CONOR) (Ends RVH) Plate xvi. 11 xvi.l2 xvi. 13 xvi. 14 xvi. 15 IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN— RAVENNA— SILVER 115 Weight Metal and Size 21-2 22-7 22-5 21.5 21-6 16-3 21-9 16-3 15.2 20-3 Obverse N .6 N .55 N .6 M .65 M .55 M -55 M .55 M .5 M .55 M -55 [de Salis gift] [de Salis gift] [Bank of England gift, 1877] [de Salis gift] Reverse (VICT0MAAVCV2T ORVH) (VICTOR I AAVCVST ORVII) (Ends RVN) (Ends RVN)(B formed nearly like H) Silver' CN (250) DNIVSTINI ANVSP PA/C Bust of Justi- nian r., beardless, wearing diadem with crescent and pellet, cuirass, and paluda- mentum. Border of dots. [Purchased of an Italian coin - dealer, 1867, 7-4-111] (Ends A/) (Crescent and pellet wanting) (Crescent and pellet wanting) (Ends ANVSHA/C) [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-49] C • N within wreath, in upper part of which, circular orna- ment ; in lower part, X [Purchased, 1906, 11-4-1] (N has ornamented base) [Purchased of anitalian coin - dealer, 1867, 7-4-114] Beneath CN, X- [Purchased, 1868, 5-14-128] (CN.), beneath CN, X [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-48] (Without pellet) above CN, + Plate xvi.16 xvii. 1 xvii. 2 xvii. 3 xvii. 4 xvii. 5 xvii. 6 1 See Babelon, Traite, i, p. 579, and ' Introduction,' supra, § 2, ' Denominations.' ^ This is, strangely enough, in addition to the X which forms the tie of the vpreath. 116 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Weight 21-8 15-8 13-8 11.3 9.7 8-3 8.6 Metal and Size M .6 M .5 M .5 M .45 M .45 M .4 M .4 Obverse (DNIVSTIN lANVSP Pi" letters partly con- fused) (Ends AV) [Purchased of an Italian coin - dealer, 1867, 7-4-113] Reverse Plate Above CN, star^ (Without pellet) be- neath CN, star (Without pellet) be- neath CN, star PKC (125) Inscr. Bust of Justi- nian r., beardless, wearing- diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. DNIVSTI NIANVS [A/.P] UNIVS[TIN IA]NVS PIA/C [de Salis gift] DNIVSTIN I ANVSP PAV [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-52] DNIVSTI NIANVS [Purchased of an Italian coin - dealer, 1867, 7-4-122] PK€ within wreath, in upper part of which, circular ornament ; in lower part, X Above numerals, + [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-53] Above numerals, star ' (Limbs of K short) be- neath numerals, star (without ornaments in wreath) Beneath numerals, scroll-ornament ' PK (120) Inscr. Bust of Justi- nian r., beardless, wearing- diadem with crescent and pellet, and cuirass. Border of dots. P • K within wreath xvii. 7 xvii. 8 xvii. 9 xvii. 10 XVH. 11 xvu. 12 ^ The symbol has rather the appearance of a leaf, but is probably a rudely-formed star; cp. No. 60, infra. ' Probably a misformed star rather than a leaf; cp. No. 56, supra. ^ Cp. No, 51, supra. IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN— RAVENNA— SILVER 117 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 63 10-2 M .45 DNIVSTI NIANAVC xvii. 13 64 10-4 M •45 DNIVSTI NIANVSP. [Purchased of an Italian coin - dealer, 1867, 7-4-115] xvii. 14 65 10-2 M •45 [DNJIVSTINI ANVS (PK.) Bev. i* DNIVSTI NIANVS A/C Bust of Justinian r., beardless, -wearing diadem with crescent and pellet, and cui- rass. Border of dots. 4* within wreath, in upper part of which, circular ornament ; in lower part, X 66 16-2 M .5 [Royal coll.] xvii. 15 67 15-4 M •55 [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-13] xvii. 16 68 16-7 M •5 [D]NIVSTIN lANV [de Salis gift] xvii. 17 JRev. rF DNIVSTI NIANAVC Bust of Justinian r., as on No. 66. Bor- der of dots. >P within wreath. 69 22-1 M •55 [deSansgift]^ xvii. 18 70 21-9 M •55 [Purchased of anitalian coin - dealer, 1867, 7-4-110] xvii. 19 71 17. M •55 (DNIVS.... ANSAV [de Salis gift] xvii. 20 ^ The monogram on the 7-ev. is in high relief, like the numerals PK on No. 63, supra. 118 II. COINS OF THE OSTROGOTHS No. Weight 72 73 74 75 11-6 11. 12. 10-4 76 7.7 Metal and Size M -55 M .5 M .5 JR .5 M .45 Obverse Reverse Rev. *I* DNIVSTINI ANVSP PAVC Bust of Justi- nian r., beardless, wearing" diadem with crescent and pellet, and cuirass. Border of dots. [Purchased of an Italian coin - dealer, 1867, 7-4-116] [Sale at Sotheby's, 20 Dec, 1852, lot 376] (DNIVSTI NIANV SIC) [de Salis gift] (DNIVSTI NIANVSI) [Rollin sale, Sotheby's, 12 July, &c., 1853, lot 587] *I* with step at base, beneath the globus ; all within wreath, with circular orna- ment and X (Circular ornament wanting) (Circular ornament wanting) Rev. * DNIVS[TI NI]ANA/ C Bust of Justinian r., beardless, wearing diadem and cuirass. [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-54] 5|c within wreath, in lower part of which, X Plate xvu. 21 xvu. 22 XVll. 23 IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN— RAVENNA— BRONZE 119 No. 77 Weight 49.3 Metal and Size M -65 Obverse Reverse Bronze 10 numml DNIVSTINI ANVSP PAVC Bust of Justi- nian, beardless, fac- ing-, wearing- cuirass and paludamentum ; holding: in r. g-lobus cruciger ; 1. (not re- presented) holds shield with horse- man device. [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-145]^ /JC within wreath. For other Imperial bronze coins of Ravenna, of denominations Pu and 1, see Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Byzantine Coins, i, pp. 70, 71. Plate xvu. 24 ^ Another specimen was published by Baron d'Ailly (in Rev. num., vii (1842), p. 19, PI, II. 4), who suggested its attribution to Rome. But the treatment of the bust, when compared with the solidi of Ravenna {supra, p. 113, Nos. 37-41, PI. XVI. 11, 12; notice especially the rendering of the eyes), seems to me to indicate Ravenna. The denomina- tion I (10 nummi) may, as d'Ailly has pointed out, be indicated in the rev. type. 120 IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTIN II struck at RAVENNA A.D. 565-578 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Gold See Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Byzantine Coins, i, pp. 103, 104 Silver^ ON (250) DNIVSTI NVSPPAV C Bust of Justin 11 r. , beardless, -wearing- diadem with cres- cent and pellet, and cuirass. Border of dots. CN within wreath, in upper part of which, circular ornament ; in lower part, X 1 10.6 M .45 In field r., + xvii. 25 2 8-2 M .45 (Ends AV) [J. G. Pfister, 1855] Beneath, * xvii. 26 3 114 M .5 [Parkes Weber gift, ^ 1906] " ' xvii. 27 4 104 M .45 [Purchased, 1868, 5-14-129] 5 114 M 5 [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-37] 6 11. M 45 (Ends AV) [Purchasedofanltalian coin-dealer, 1867, 74-123] ^ As to the attributi Imperial Names,' Silver, ' on of these coins see ' Introduction ', supra, § 2, ' Coins with Justinus.' IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTIN II— RAVENNA— SILVER 121 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate PKG (125) DNIVSTIN \WS(sic)P PAVC Bust of Justin n r., beardless, wear- ing- diadem and cui- rass. Border of dots. PK€ within wreath. 7 11- M 45 [de Sails gift] Beneath K, *> xvii. 28 Rev. *l5s DNIVSTI NVSPPAV C Bust of Justin II r., beardless, wearing diadem, with cres- cent and pellet, and cuirass. Border of dots. £ within wreath, in *I* upper part of which, circular orna- ment ; in lower part, X 8 9 11. 10-7 45 45 (1 for C) [de Sails gift] xvii. 29 10 11-2 M •55 (A) [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-38] xvii. 30 11 11-2 M ■5 (Ends A/I) [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-42] (Base of cross varied) xvii. 31 12 11-3 M 45 (Ends NVSPI.?) (type and lettering rough) [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-39] xvii. 32 Rev. T DNIVSTI NVSPPAV C Bust of Justin II r. , as on No. 8. Border of dots. £ within wreath, in T upper part of which, circular orna- ment ; In lower part, X 13 6. M •35 [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-43] xvii. 33 ^ The leaves of the wreath are not compressed as on the other Ravenna coins, and the treatment of the obv. bust is somewhat peculiar ; but it is difficult to suggest any other mint. 122 IMPERIAL COINS OF TIBERIUS II Mints of ROME and RAVENNA See Brit. Mus. Cat., Imperial Byzantine Coins, pp. 123-4 IMPERIAL COINS OF MAURICE TIBERIUS No. Weight Metal and Size 22-8 N .6 Obverse Reverse ROME Tremissis DNTIbemA VKICPP AVI Bust of Maurice Tiberius r., beard- less, wearing- diadem, paludamentum, and cuirass. Raised border. VICTOKIAAVCVSTO KVM Victoryin chiton advancing to front, looking 1. ; in r., wreath ; in 1., globus cruciger ; in ex., CO NOB [Rev. R, Mylne, 1909] In field r., star. RAVENNA See Brit. Mus. Cat., ImjJO'ial Byzantine Coins, pp. 154 f. (Solidus, tremissis, &c.) Plate xvii. 34 * This coin is of neat work, rather recalling the Roman tremissis of Justinian I described si</)ra, p. Ill, PI. XVI. 5. Ill COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS Circ, A.D. 568-584 Reig-ns of ALBOIN 568 — spring- 572 CLEPH spring' 572-574 INTERREGNUM 574-584 No. Weight ^^^l^""^ 23-2 A^ -65 Obverse Reverse Tremissis (with name of Justin II, 565-578) Inscr. Bust of Justin II r., beardless, wear- ing- diadem, cuirass, and paludamentum. Annular border in liig-h relief. DNIVSTI NVSPPAVI Before the head a leaf-like incision,per- haps accidental. Inscr, Victory advan- cingf to front, looking- 1. ; in r. , wreath ; in 1. , globus cruciger ; in field r., star; in ex., CO NOB. Annular border in high relief. ' VICTOKIAAVCVSTO KVN [Purchased of an Italian coin-dealer, 1869, 7-9-63] Plate xviii.l ^ Nos. 1 and 2 differ but little from the Imperial tremisses struck at Ravenna (B.M.C., Imp.Bjiz. Corns, i, p. 104, Nos. 291-3, PI. XIII. 16), but are perhaps best explained as Lombardic imitations. 124 III. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS No. Weight 23- 15-8 11. 10-7 10-2 9-2 Metal and Size M .7 M -55 M -55 M -5 M -45 A\ -5 Obverse DNIVSTI NVSPPAV [de Salis gift] Reverse VICTOKIAA IVDVS TRVN (CONOH) Silver (i) with name of Justinian I, 527-565 ^ CN (250) DNIVSTINI ANVSP PAVD Bust of Jus- tinian r., beardless, wearing- diadem with crescent, cuirass, and paludamentum. Border of dots. CN within wreath. [Purchased of an Italian coin-dealer, 1867, 7-4-112] *1* Inscr. Bust of Jus- tinian r., beardless, wearing- diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. D...VSTIIII A2IAV C pellet in crescent on diadem (linear border) DNIVSTI [NIAN]VS PPA DNIVSTI I (rest ob- scure) DNIVSTII ANVSPP N P within wreath, *I* in upper part of which, cir- cular ornament ; in lower part, X (X obscure) [Purchasedof an Italian coin-dealer, 1867, 7-4-120] (Bar of cross, forked instead of potent) [de Salis g-ift] (Bar forked) [Purchased of an Italian coin-dealer, 1867, 7-4-119] (Bar forked) [Purchasedof an Italian coin-dealer, 1867, 7-4-118] Plate xviu. 2 XVlll. 3 XVIU. 4 XVUl. 5 XVlll. 6 XVUl. 7 ^ Cp. the Imperial coins of Justinian struck at Ravenna, supra, p. 115. ALBOIN, CLEPH, INTERREGNUM— SILVER 125 No. 10 11 12 13 Weiffht Metal and Size 104 4-6 5-8 5-6 M -5 M -35 JR -35 M -45 5-5 5-4 M -4 M Obverse DNIVSTINI ANVSP PA/ Reverse [Purchased of an Italian coin-dealer, 1867, 7-4-117] Inscr. Bust of Jus- tinian r., beardless, wearing- diadem and cuirass. Linear border. DNIVSTIII A..AVC (no border) \NIVST AlVIVC DIIVIIAI (rest ob- scure) { within wreath, in upper part of which, circular orna- ment; in lower part, [X] [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-44] [Purchased of an Italian coin-dealer, 1867, 7-4-121] Inscr. Bust of Jus- tinian^ r,, beardless, wearing- diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. (.iivsTi?) ivirnic on head, cross. DNIVST SPPA/C? (partly obscure) within wreath, in upper part of which, circular orna- ment; in lower part, X [Purchased of an Italian coin-dealer, 1867, 7-4-125] [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-51] Plate xviu. 8 XVIU. 9 XVlll. 10 xviii. 11 XVIU. 12 XVlll. 13 ^ The legend of these coins is blundered and abbreviated, and it would suit Justin II as well as Justinian, but an attribution to Justinian may be preferred because this rev. type is found on the Ravenna coins of Justinian (which are, however, of larger module) and because the style of the ohv. is somewhat better than in the case of the imitative coins of Justin II, described infra, Nos. 14 f. 126 III. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS No. Weight 14 15 16 17 18 19 114 11-7 10-7 10-3 11-6 G.7 Metal and Size JR -5 M -5 M 45 JR 45 Obverse Reverse Ai '5 JR 45 (ii) with name of Justin 11, 565-578 • ♦1* Inscr. Bust of Justin II r. , beardless, wear- ing- diadem and cui- rass. Border of dots. DNIVSTI NVSPPA (linear border) OIIVST NVSPPAII ONIVSTI NVSPPAII DNIVSTI NVSPPA/I l/IV.t/» ViaSNI (type rude) [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-45] NVSPPA/ (partly obscure) (no border) JP within wreath, in *I* upper part of which, circular orna- ment ; in lower part, (X omitted) [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-41] (Bar instead of globe at foot of cross) (circular ornament omitted) [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-40] (Cross pattee ; base varied) [de SaHs gift] (Type as on No. 16) [Parkes Weber gift, 1906 ; purchased in Rome] (Type as on No. 16, but ruder ; base varied ; ornaments in wreath omitted) (Type as on No. 16) [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-10] Plate xvui. 14 XVIU. 15 xvm. 16 xviu. 17 xvm. 18 xvm. 19 ' Cp. the ./R of Justin II struck at Ravenna, supra, p. 121. ALBOm, CLEPH, INTERREGNUM— SILVER 127 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 20 21 4-8 6.1 M .4 M .45 (iii) with types of Tiberius II Constantine, 578-582 ' Inscr. Bust of Tiberius II r. , -wearing- diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. Inscr. obscure, VNI/II PPAV? Inscr. obscure, VHHS COP? Cross potent on two stepSjWithin wreath. [Purchased of an Italian coin-dealer, 1867, 7-4-129] [de Salis gift] xviu. 20 XVUl. 21 1 Compare the silver coin struck at Ravenna by Tiberius II in B. M. C, Inq). Byz. Coins, i, p. 124, No. 161, PI. XVI. 18. There is a similar Ravenna type of Maurice Tiberius, op. cit., No. 281. 128 Circ. A.D. 584-615 Reig-ns of AUTHARI Apeil (?) 584—5 Sept. 590 "\ and AGILULF Nov. 590—615 No. 22 23 24 25 Weight 21-9 20. 23- 22-3 Metal and Size N -65 N .65 N .65 A^ .75 Obverse Reverse Tremissis with name of Maurice Tiberius, 582-602 ^ In scr. Bust of Maurice Tiberius r., beard- less, wearing^ diadem, paludamentum, and cuirass. Annular border in hierh relief. DNmAVR CTIbPPVI [de Salis gift] DUmAVR CTIbPPVI [de Salis gift] DNfnAVR. CTbPPVI [de Salis gift] DNmAVK CTbPPVI [de Salis gift] Inscr. Victory advan- cing to front, looking 1. ; in r. ,wreath ; in 1. , globus cruciger ; in field r., cross ; in ex., CO NOB, blundered. Border as on obv. VICTOMAAVIVITO RVN (C ONOK) VICTORIAAVIVITO KVU (CONOA) VNTOVRIAAVIVI TOKVN (CONOR) VICTORIAAVIVITO RV (CONOR) Plate XVlll. 22 XVlll. 23 ^ Compare the tremissis struck at Ravenna by Maurice Tiberius, B, M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, i, pp. 155, 156. On the Ravenna coins the Emperor's eye on the obi: is represented less clumsily, and in the field of the iev. is a star instead of a cross. AUTHARI— AGILULF— SILVER 129 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 26 21-1 N .75 (base) .NmAVK CTdPPV (letters carelessly formed) VIITORIAAVIVITO RV (COIIOR) [de Salis gift] xviii. 24 27 12.2 N .65 {hase'>) Dl/imVI (lb?)PPVI (without border) [Purchased, 1864, 7-16-31] VlinOTVIVITO (10 1/IOIRw) (type very rude) xviii. 25 Silver with name of Maurice Tiberius, 582-602 CN (250) Inscr. Bust of Maurice Tiberius r., beard- less, wearing- diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. C N within wreath. 28 16- {chipped) M .5 DNmA VRCTIPA [de SaUs gift] Between the numerals, • ; above N, star.' xviii. 26 29 12-2 M .55 DNTIb€Km AVRIC (partly obscure) [de Salis gift] xviii. 27 30 4-5 M. .35 Ends MAKIAI ? [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-50] PKe (125) Name and bust of Maurice PK€ within wreath; Tiberius r. above K, star. xviii. 28 IR, -45 inch. Hirsch's Si E. F. Weber's coll. , Miinc] lie Catalogue (No. xxiv) of aen, 1909, Pl.LIX, No. 3102. ^ A similar specimen in Hirsch's Sale Catalogue (No. xxiv) of Consul E. F. Weber'i coll., Miinchen, 1909, PI. LIX, No. 3101. S 130 arc, A.D. 615-652 ADALWALD G15-624 ? ARIWALD 624-636 ROTHARr 636-652 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Tremissis^ with name of Heraclius, 610-641 Inscr. Bust of Hera- clius r. , beardless, Inscr. Cross potent. Border as on ohi\ wearing- diadem, paludamentum, and cuirass. Annular border in high relief. 31 23-2 N .6 ONHIKACL P€R.P'A VI ; on head, cross. VIITORIAAVCVSTO KVN; in ex., lOHOO (=CONOB) [de Salis gift] xviii. 29 ^ Brambilla {Tremisse di Rotari, Pavia, 1887) has read on a tremissis in the Brescia Museum the name ROTHARY, but Engel and SeiTure {TmiU, i, p. 31) agree with M. Prou in considering this to be only a blundered imitation of the legend on an Imperial coin. Moreover, one side of this tremissis bears the name of a moneyer, and moneyers' names are not otherwise known to occur on Lombard coinage. More recently, V. Dessi {Rivista ital. di mini., 1908, p. 298) declares the coin to be of Rothari, speaking from an examination of a photograph of it, which, however, he has not published. The coin is in the Museo Civico of Brescia, is of very thin fabric, and weighs 1,380 grammes (i.e. over 21 grains) : — Obv. MARINVS MON . REX in monogram. Head r. Rev. DN OTARI VIVTORIIV Victory holding long sceptre and cross. In ex., CONOI. I yet strongly doubt whether this coin was intended to bear the name of Rothari. Compare another blundered tremissis in the Erba Sale Catalogue, Paris [1900], p. 51 lot 558. In connexion with Rothari, several numismatists have already called attention to an enactment in the Lombard Laws (which he first reduced to writing) enforcing ADALWALD— ARIWALD-ROTHARI— GOLD 131 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 32 22-6 N •6 DNH6RACLI VSPPA VSI [de Salis gift] VICTORIAAVSTOI II ; in ex., CONOB xviii. 30 33 22-5 N .55 H6RACL VSPPAVC [de Salis gift] VITOMAAVIVITOR V; in ex., \0\AO\A xviii. 31 34 22-7 M .6 DNH6RACL IVSPPA VCCC [de Salis gift] VICTOMAAVCVST OKVM ; in ex., CON OB xix. 1 35 22-5 N .65 DNH6RACL IVSPPA VCCC (bust similar to No. 34) VICTOKIAAVCVST OKVI; in ex., CONOB [de Salis gift] 36 224 N .55 DH6R.A LIVSPPAV [de Salis gift] VICTORIAAVIVSTO KVN; in ex., CONO xix. 2 37 23-3 N .55 DMHIR[A]CLI? row AVCC [de Salis gift] VAIOKIAAVVSTOIV N ; in ex., lONOB xix. 3 38 22. N •65 DNHIRA CIVIPAVC; on head, •*• [de Salis gift] VIIONINVIVIIONV II; in ex., CONOD xix. 4 39 22-6 N .65 CAII/II.. AOVIl/1 [de Salis gift] VIITORVAIIIOIKV V\ ; in ex., lOHO xix. 5 a penalty (the loss of a hand) on any one who struck gold money or stamped it without the king's command. This passage, though it proves that a gold currency was in common use at the time, does not necessarily imply (as has been asserted) that Rothari struck coins bearing his own name ; nor, again, need we suppose that the Lombards first began to employ a gold coinage under Rothari, for his law may very well have been a re-enunciation of a much older enactment. ^ The British Museum possesses three varieties of a rare semissis (weight, 34-5 grains) with the name and head of Heraclius. Its i-ev., with inscr. VICTOKIA AVCVSTOR.VN CONOB (or abbreviated), has the type of the Constantinople semissis of Heraclius (B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, PI. XXIII. 13-15), viz. cross potent on globus, but the globus is represented like a wreath with a pellet in the centre. From their fabric these coins are undoubtedly Italian. I was formerly inclined from the style of their obverses to regard them as Lombardic, but I now think they may best be regarded as Imperial coins of the Ravenna mint, which otherwise (so far as I know) would not be provided with any coins of this type and denomination ; it must be said, however, that the inscriptions on the coins are not free from blunders. ^ P€KP, as on the Ravenna tremissis of Heraclius, B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, No. 484. 132 III. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS No. 40 41 42 43 Weight 22.5 3. 3.4 Metal and Size N .55 M .4 M -4 M .4 Obverse .niqnACi ovsppn V [Purchased, 18G7, 12-24-3] Reverse lAM.ATIMMATOI/l Al ; in ex., dOHOb Silver with monogram of Heraclius, 610-G41 Bust of Heraclius r., wearing diadem and cuirass. Border of dots. (Type rude) In front, HA (Type 1.) [de Salis gift] (Typel.) [de Salis gift] T_p (monogram of ^* Heraclius); above, cross ; be- neath, pellet.^ An- nular border. [Purchased of an Italian coin-dealer, 1867, 7-4-130] (Cross represented by pellets) (Cross represented by pellets) Plate xix. 6 xix. 7 six. 8 ^ Compare the Ravenna silver coin of Heraclius in B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, i, p. 247, No. 450, PI. XXIX. 21. 133 Circ. A.D. 652-671 RODWALD 652 ARIPERT I 653-661 PERCTARIT and GODEPERT 661-662 GRIMWALD 662-671 ^ No. 44 45 46 47 48 Weight 22. 22-8 22-9 22-7 224 Metal and Size N -55 N .55 N -65 N .6 N .6 Obverse Eeverse Tremissis with name of Constans U, 641-668 Inscr. Bust of Con- stans n r., beardless, wearing diadem, paludamentum, and cuirass. Annular border. DNIOITA NTINVI [de Salis gift] r+?]STANCON UN HSPC ; above head, •*• VATONV VATINS Tl [de Salis gift] VITONIA VATINS VI [de Salis gift] ONH^IVIC HVINP [de Salis gift] Inscr. Cross potent. Annular border. VICTIRIAAVIVITI ; in ex., 10 NO A ICTORIAAVS30; in ex., CONOB [de Salis gift] ICTOKIA AVSTOS; in ex., CONOB ITOKIA IVSTO ; in ex., CONOB VIOTIVIVINBOTV; in ex., 50H0I Plate xix. 9 xix.lO xix.U xix.l2 xix.l3 ^ W. Boyne {Annuaire de la Soc. franc, de num., x, p. 461) has proposed to assign to this king a rare tremissis of Lombardic fabric which bears both on the dbv. and rev. a monogram which may be read as Grimoaldus rex : see Engel and Serrure, Traite, i, p. 32, Fig. 90, and Guriel, Mommies royales de France, Part 2, PI. IV, Nos. 84, 85, pp. 86, 87, where the monograms are read as those of Carloman and Charles the Great. 134 PERCTARIT son of Aripert I Second reign, a. d. 672-688 No. Weight 22. 21-2 23. 22-2 Metal and Size N .45 N .45 N .45 N .45 Obverse Reverse Tremissis with name of an emperor, blundered Inscr. Bust of an em- peror r., beardless, wearing diadem, paludamentum, and cuirass ; above head, ^ and \ Linear or annular border. I VI IV VUOV:; before head, B [Parkes Weber gift, 1906] I VI IV V::OVI; before head, B [de Sails gift] IVIIV Vil/IVI head, B before IVHV IVOHVI ; before head, B : behind, • Inscr, Cross potent. Annular border. NIONVAVHOP; be- neath, A NAN r.oniAniiO; neath, UNUll be- Plate xix.l4 niOHVAVHOI ; be- neath, AMAH [de Salis gift] niOHVAVHOI ; be- neath, AMAH [Woodhouse gift, 1866] xix.15 xix.16 xix.17 ^ O (twice repeated) occurs in all these blundered series (Nos. 1-14). It is, doubtless, ultimately derived from the ' Victoria Augustorum ' legend, but on these coins the letters are placed — evidently with decoi^ative intention — so that one of them is always at the extremity of the horizontal bar of the cross. PERCTARIT— TREMISSIS 135 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 5 22-5 N .45 IVHVA AVIHVIi; be- fore head, B [Royal coU.] niOHVAVHOI ; be- neath, DAN AH 6 14. El. .45 VAV VI I.I V; before head, B [Baron Kolb, 1847] VOIAIAVOA; be- neath, lAVA xix. 18 7 19-2 El. -45 VAVI VAVA.; before head, B [Purchased, 1908, 7-7-4] AIOVAV/.VIO; be- neath, AAAV 8 16-3 El. .45 VAV VAIV; before head, B VOVVVVVIO ; be- neath, AAAA [Parkes Weber g-ift 1906] xix. 19 9 18- El. .5 VI WIVI.; before head, star. [Purchased, 1908, 10-8-2] lOVIVVIO; beneath, AAVA xix. 20 10 2M El. .5 VI.VI. VIIOVA; be- fore head, 2 (with- out ornaments above head) IVOIVVIVIOI; be- neath, AIIIA [de Salis gift] xix. 21 11 19.7 N .5 1/IVAIA VNOVA; be- fore head, < ; behind head, star (without ornaments above head) IIIO[n?]VAVnO; be- neath, ANAU [de Salis gift] xix. 22 12 21-5 N -5 INVNV VIONVI (without ornaments above head) IIIONVIVNOI ; be- neath, Al/IAN [Purchased, 1908, 5-6-12] xix. 23 13 22. N .55 .l/IIVA .VAOm (without ornaments above head) IIIOMVIVHOI ; be- neath, ANAU [de Salis gift] xix. 24 14 22.1 N .5 IVNVA VHOIV (without ornaments above head) niONVAVNO ; be- neath, AHAn [de Salis gift] xix. 25 136 m. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Silver PAVIA? Type 1 i i Iv (}' ^- Perctarit Rex) within circle (scyphate). Traces of inscr. Bust of king- r., in cui- rass/ within incuse circle. 15 34 M .5 [Baron Kolb, 1847] xix. 26 Type 2 P6 (in monogram) and Bt,'^ represented as below. Whole with- in circle (scyphate). Similar to obv., but not always struck up ; letters reversed, and in incuse. Whole within incuse circle. 16 2-6 M •45 •ei- [J. G. Pfister, 1855] xix. 27 17 2-3 M 45 • • • • p p [Baron Kolb, 1847] xix. 28 18 3.3 JR •55 • • • • [de Salis g-ift] xix. 29 19 2.7 M •45 • • • [de Salis gift] xix. 30 ^ Rudely represented and faintly struck, as on the specimens figured by Promis, Monete del Romani j)onte/ici, Turin, 1858, PI. X ; cp. p. 101. ^ REX is thus written on the tremisses of Cunincpert and Aripert II described infra. PERCTARIT— SILVER 137 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 20 21 2-6 33 M 45 M .55 • • • if- rParkes Weber e-ift, 1906] [J. G. Pfister, 1855»] xix. 31 xix. 32 ^ I follow the usual attribution of these coins (see Thomsen, Cat., p. 85 ; Gnecchi Sale Cat. (Hamburger, Frankfurt a. M.), 1902, p. 198 ; Brambilla, Monete di Pavia, pp. 39, 40 : Keary, Coinages of Western Europe, p. 96, makes no reference to these pieces), but it must be admitted that they do not fit very well into this place in the Lombardic series. Perhaps, however, the issue of silver in this form was only a temporary experiment, and the peculiar bracteate-like fabric, with the broad annular border, may be accounted for as derived ultimately from the fabric of the gold coins of Ravenna. A writer in H. Grote's Blatter f. Munzfreiinde, Leipzig, 1881, p. 804, has gone so far as to deny altogether that these are coins of the Lombard period and claims them as bracteates of about the time of Frederick II (thirteenth century), the letters of the inscr. being read as IPER, i.e. Imperator. But this view must almost certainly be rejected, if only for the reason that in the hoard of these coins that was discovered in 1833 at Biella in Piedmont (Promis, Monete dei Rowani piontefici, Turin, 1858, pp. 101-3, PI. X) there occurred several specimens of the gold tremissis of the Lombard king Liutprand (a. D. 712-744), whose coins can hardly have been so long hoarded as to form part of a deposit of the thirteenth century. 138 CUNINCPERT son of Perctarit A.D. 688-700 (with his father, 680-688) No. Weight Metal and Size 21.7 20-9 N -lb N -lb Obverse Reverse Plate Tremissis DNCVNI NCPEBc Bust of Cunincpert r., beardless, wearing diadem, cuirass, and paludamentum. Before head, D shoulder, D ? on (M for N ; € for E) he- fore head, M ^ SCSMI HAHIL St. Michael, wirig-ed and Avearing- long- robes, standing- 1., holding- in 1. circular shield ; in r., long cross. ^ Annular border hiofh relief. in [de Salis gift] [J. G. Pfister, 1855] XX. 1 XX. 2 * The head of the cross is formed by three pellets. R = REX. SCS = SANCTUS (Michael). ^ M also on a specimen in the Gnecchi Sale Cat. (Hamburger, Frankfurt a. M.), 1902, lot 3946. Keary {Coinar/es of W. Eurojye, p. 96) has read it as H. On tremisses of this type various letters are found in front of the head: — B (and D on the shoulder: Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3948) ; D (and D ? on the shoulder: Brit. Mus.) ; M (Brit. Mus. ; Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3946); V (and D on the shoulder: Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3947). We also find a hand placed before the head, but no letter on the shoulder : see the specimens described in Thomsen, Catalogue, No. 1034, and in the Gnecchi Sale Catalogue, No. 3949. These are probably mint-masters' marks, but it is doubtful whether they indicate the names of mints. CUNINCPERT— TREMISSIS 139 [According' to Brambilla (^Monete di Pavia, p. 28), citing Promis, there is a tremissis of Cunincpert with 7'ev. Star and inscr. Fiavia Mediolano (cp. the coins of Aistulf and of Desiderius described infra). But Dessi {Rivista ital. di num.., 1908, p. 301) seems to doubt the attribution of this type to Cunincpert, which, certainly, does not seem a probable one.] Dessi (Rivista ital. di num., 1908, p. 308) has suggested that the hand was placed on the coins as a reminder to forgers of the penalty they would incur under the law of Rothari:— ' Si quis sine iussione regis aurum figuraverit, aut monetam confixerit, manus eius inci- datur.' But if this were the intention of the hand, we should expect it to be engraved on all the coins of Cunincpert, and not only on certain varieties whereon it seems to take the place of letters. (So also in the case of the tremisses of Liutprand described infra.) Moreover, an instance of such a warning to evil-doers is probably not to be found on ancient or early mediaeval coins, though in modern times we have such inscriptions as the Has \litteras] nisi periturus mihi nemo adimat on the edge of the crowns of Oliver Cromwell (a warning against the illegal clipping of the coin], and the inscription ' To Counterfeit is Death ' on the paper-money of the early American Colonies {circ. a.d. 1771 and later). 140 LIUTPERT aon of Cunmcpert A-D. 700 (eight months) In ihe Gnecdii Sale Cdalo^e (HambtLrger. FrankftLrt a. M.). 1902, lot 3951. the foUowing triens is attributed to this kmg, though -with a note of ■ interrogation : — ■ O^r. DTTLVT VDHVX Bust of kins- r. Rer. SCS AH ILL St. Michael standing L Cp. Marchant, Lettre^ (ed. 1S51), p. 308. Xo. 3. According to Brambilla. Monez^ at Facia, pp. 28. 29, citing Promis, there is a tremissis of liutpert with rer. Star and inscr. Flairia Mtdidano. But Dessi fRirista ital. di num., 1908, p. 301) seems to doubt the attribution of this tvpe to liutpert. RAGINPERT am of Godepert A.D. 700 No coins hare been attributed to this king. 141 ARIPERT II son of Raginpert A-D. 701-712 No. Weight l^^^^^^'^ 204 N .lb Obverse Revetse Plate Tremissis DNA RIP€Bc Bust of Aripert U r., beard- less, wearing dia- dem^ cuirass, and paludamentiun. Before head, M ' SCSMI HAHIL St. Michael, winged and wearing long robes, standing L, holding in L, circular shield ; in r., lon^ cross. Annular border in hiffh reliel [de Sails g^] ' M also on a specimen in the Gnecchi Sale C^t. (Hamburger, Frankfurt a. M.), 1902, lot 3954. Keary (Coinages of W. Europe, p. 97) has read it as H. As on the tre misses of Cunincpert (p. 138, supra\, a variety of letters appear:— C in front of head (Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3952 ; cp. No. 3953) ; M in front of head (Brit. Mus.) ; M in front of head and M on bust (Gnecchi, Cat^ No. 39.55 1 ; no letter before head, but M on bust (Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3956) ; S in front of head (Berlin ; figured in Dahn's Urgesch. d. germ. u. row. Volker, iv, p. 243). A curious variety is described in Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3956 : — obr. DM AM P€RT K€X Bust of king r. ; M on bust. Rer. VIVIT 1/IORVI VMTO KIAAI Victory facing, looking 1.; in L, globus; beneath, COHOR.. This coin possibly does not properly belong to the Lombard regal series ; but from the character of the rer. (which is not Lombardic but based on an Imperial prototype i one would be inclined to assign it to Aripert I ( a. D. 653-661 1 rather than to Aripert II. The follow- ing tremissis, described by Promis, Monete di zecche italiane (Turin, 1867 1, pp. 5 f. PL 1. 1 (cp. Engel and Serrure, Traite de num., L p. -33; Brambilla, Moneie di Paria. p. 26l can hardly belong to the Lombard regal series, but is probably an issue of Central or Southern Italy ( Beneventum *?). The dux IFFO is otherwise unknown. Obr. AKIP6R. XC6L K€X Bust of Aripert, bearded, facing, draped, holding globus cruciger. Ber. IFFO CLORIVSO DVX. Cross potent. 142 ANSPRAND A.D. 712 (three montlis). Ob. 13 June, 712 A tremissis in the Vienna Museum has been assigned to Ansprand by Arneth (cp. Marchant, Lettres, ed. 1851, p. 303, No. 5, PI. XXI. 10). It resembles the tremisses of Cunincpert, Aripert II, and Liutprand (with rev. St, Michael), but is described as reading- SPRANPc on the obv. The coin, however, is of rude style, and this reading may be doubtful : in the engraving published in Marchant, oj). cit.^ the legend appears as SPPAIB^. From the style of the bust (with ^ ornament) and the broad, spread flan, I suspect that it is in reality a coin of Liutprand (cp. our No. 3 of Liutprand described infra). 143 LIUTPRAND son of Ansprand A.D. 712 -Jan. 744 No. Weight 18- Metal and Size N .9 Obverse Reverse Tremissis Inscr. Bust of Liut- prand r., beardless, wearing- diadem, cuirass, and paluda- mentum.^ DNLIV TPRAN8c(?) partly obscure ; be- fore head, M "^ Inscr. St. Michael, winged and wearing long robes, standing- 1., holding- in 1., cir- cular shield ; in r., long- cross. Annular border in hig-h relief. .SCS IIIIL [de Salis g-ift] Plate XX. 4 1 A leaden seal with the name of Liutprand, published by Schlumberger in Rev. num., 1905, -p. 356, is probably of Liutprand, Duke of Beneventum, A. d. 751-758, as suggested by Sambon in Le Mtis^e, 1908 (Bull. Num.), p. 9. ^ Here, as on the similar coins of Cunincpert and Aripert II, various letters, &c., occur : — H [? M] before head (Rivisfa ital, 1908, p. 303, No. 6). LV „ „ (Boyne Sale Cat., 1896, ii, lot 145). M „ „ (Brit. Mus., No. 1). N ,, „ {Ri vista ital, 1908, p. 304, No. 10). M „ „ (Gnecchi, Cat., 1902, No. 3960). S ,» >, ; on bust, R( (Brit. Mus., No. 2 ; Gnecchi, ojj. cit.. No. 3962). „ „ ; on bust, + {Rimsta ital, 1908, p. 304, No. 7). s s € T T V V Hand Hand on bust, A (Rivista ital, 1908, p. 304, No. 11). on bust, A (Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3958). (Brit. Mus., No. 3). (Boyne Sale Cat., 1896, ii, lot 144 ; Thomsen, Cat., lot 1035 ; Rivista ital, 1908, p. 304, No. 8). L on bust (Gnecchi, Cat, No. 3959). (Gnecchi, Cat., No. 3961 ; Rivista ital, 1908, p. 304, No. 13). on bust, C [Rivista ital, 1908, p. 304, No. 12). 144 m. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS No. Weight 18-6 19-5 8-3 8-4 Metal and Size N .95 N -9 M -5 M 5 Obverse CNLVT PRI[P?] (inscr. and type blurred and con- fused) ; before head, S ; on bust, ?c DN-V TPRANR; be- fore head, T Reverse SCS IIIIIL (type blurred) [Purchased of an Italian coin-dealer, 1869, 7-9-66] SCSM HAHIL [J. G. Pfister, 1855] Silver Inscr, Bust of Con- stans II (Constan- tinus III) r., beard- less, wearing- dia- dem and cuirass.^ Border of dots. DllCOl TANTI DNIOI. AIIIIIM ^ (i.e. DN LI VTPKAND (or LIVDP KAND)KEX) within wreath. [de Salis gift] [Campana sale, 1846, lot 1187] Plate XX. 5 XX. 6 XX. 7 XX. 8 ^ The bust was probably copied from the silver coins of Constans II, struck at Ravenna: see B. M. C, Imperial Byz. Coins, p. 310, Nos. 399 f., PI. 35, Nos. 17, 18. * Two specimens occurred in the Boyne Sale Cat., 1896, ii, lot 140, but the reading DN LOITPRAND maybe suspected. The assignment of coins of these tj^pes to Liut- prand was suggested by de Salis, and there is no difficulty in reading the monogram as Dn. Liudprand rex {or Liiitprand, if the X is made to do duty for T also). The attribution is not, however, without its difficulties : thus, it will be observed that the coins are totally different in fabric from the silver pieces that were apparently introduced by Perctarit (PI. XIX. 26-32). Again, we should expect that the obv. would, at this period, bear the name of the Lombard king, and not the name of an emperor. Perhaps, however, the Lombards, having been in the habit of servilely copying the Imperial silver coins, without (except in the case of Perctarit) originating types of their own for the silver coinage, may have felt no repugnance in copying an Imperial obv. (Constans II, in this instance), being content to record the king's name on the rev. 145 HILDEPRAND nephew of Liutpraiul Associated with Liutprand, 735 — Jax. 744 Sole reig-u from Jan. 744, about six months. No coins are known of this ruler. 146 RATCHIS brother of Aistulf Sept. 744^749 (Second reign, Dec. ? 756 — March, 757) No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Tremissis DIVRA TCHIS Bust of SCS IIIIIL St. Michatl, Ratchis, bearded, fac- [ winged and wearing long robes, standing 1., holding in 1., circular shield; in r., long cross; in field r., star. Annu- lar border in high relief. ing, draped. On 1. of head, A ; on r. of head, T ; on drapery, A/T Hland+?c. M- Weight, about 20 grains. Collection of His Majesty the King of Italy. Described and figured by G. Ruggero in liivista ital. di num., 1908, p. 137. The name of Ratchis has also been read in the monog-ram on the tremissis, p. 151, No. 3, PI. XX. 15, but, as Keary (^L'oinayes of \V. Europe., p. 98, No. 1 ; cp. Eng-el and Seirure, Traite, p. 33) has remarked, ' without niucli probability.' To arrive at the true inter])reta- tion of this monogram we must compare it witli the tremissis in Pi. XX. 16, p. 151, No. 4, wliich Keary was inclined to assign to 'Athalgis'. This comparison shows that the small R. in No. 3,p. 151,is in all probability a mere money er's letter, for on No. 4 another letter (A) is seen ; and, furthei', that the straggling- stroke on No. 3 tliat looks like ])art of a large R is only l)art of N or V, as on No. 4. The monog-rams on tlie two coins may, indeed, be pronounced to be identical., at any r.ite in all essentials. llugg"ero, writing- in the Rivista ital. di num. for 1908 (p. 138), lias suggested that tliis mono- g-ram sliould be read LVCA, an interpretation that can, I tliink, be readily accepted. More- over, in type and legends, the reverses of both coins, especially No. 4, agree admii-ably with the Flavia Luca coins figured in PI. XX. 13, 14, and described under ' Quasi-Autonomous Coins of Lucca ', Nos. 1 and 2, p. 150. Plate 147 AISTULF brother of Ratcliis July, 749— Dkc. ? 756 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Tremissis Type 1 + DN AI</>TVLF REX In centre, monogram composed of CR.X ; beneath, +. SCS IIIIIL St. Michael, winged and wearing long robes, standing 1. ; in 1., circular shield ; in r., long cross. An- nular border in high relief. A^. Size, -8 inch. Gnecchi Sale Cat., May, 1902 (Hamburger), p. 199, No. 3963, PI. XXIX. 3963. A very similar specimen in the Museo Civico, Brescia, is described by Promis in his Monete ell zecche italiane (Torino, 1867), p. 9, PI. I. 3. Another variety, in the Gariel collection, is described by Gariel, Monnaies royales de France, part ii, p. 87, No. 86, PI. IV. 86. Gariel (ii, p. 87) interprets the monogram on the obv. as that of Charles [Charlemagne] the son of Pepin, and supposes that the coin was struck in 754 to express ' la reconnaissance par Astaulfe de la suzerainete du roi des Franks et, d'une sorte de lieutenance du royaume lango- bard . . . etablie jmr Pepin en faveur de son fils Charles '. Some doubt may be felt as to this interpretation, more especially as it implies 'un fait dont les historiens n'ont fait mention nuUe part '. A simpler view would be to regard the coin as a purely Lombardic issue and to explain the CRX as ' Christianus rex ', an expression that occurs in the formula of enactment of the Lombard laws : — ' Ego in Dei nomine . . . ex- cellentissimus Christianus et Catholicus Lango- bardorum rex.' Plate 148 III. COINS OF THE LOMBARD KINGS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Type 2 DTJ AISTVLFK6X Cross potoiit with liinbsofequal lenglli. Annular border in hig-li relief. + FLAVIALVCA Star (or flower ') within circle. Wiiole in linear border. 1 174 N -65 [Collection of Miss Sarah Banks, pre- sented, 1818] XX. 9 ' The t}'i)e may be regarded either as a star of twelve rays, or as the corolla of a flower with its petals and stamens. — SoJidus. Promis {Monete di zecche italimie, Torino, 1867, pp. 7 f., PI. I. 2 ; cp. Engel and Serrure, Tiaite de mim., i, p. 34, Fig. 94 ; and cp. Marchant, Lettres (ed. 1851), p. 304, No. 7, Vienna coll.) describes the following .solidus, which he ascribes to Aistulf: Ohv "CMLF^t Bearded bust of the king, facing, holding globus cruciger. Rev. VICCO KIA SA Cross potent, with mon. ^^ at its foot ; in field r., Z ; in ex., CO. Some doubt may possibly be felt as to whether this coin really bore the name of Aistulf; but, in any case, it may be doubted whether it belongs to the regal series of the Lombards. The solidus was a denomination that formed no part of their usual issues, and the types and thick fabric of this coin rather suggest Central or Southern Italy as the region of its mintage. Promis, indeed (p. 9), maintains that it was struck in Ravenna by Aistulf, subsequent to his occupation of that city in 751 ; but, in that case, we should expect thejfaii to reproduce the bracteate- like fabric that was characteristic of the Imperial solidi of Ravenna. 149 DESIDERIUS 757 — JuxE, 774 No. Weierht 10-6 17-2 10-6 Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Tremissis Inscr. Cross potent with limbs of equal leng-tli. Annular border. El. -65 +DND6SID6I^.I^ El. .6a D.HD€SID€B(R€X I (type ^'presented by ! dots instead of lines) Inscr. Star (or flower) within circle. ^Yhole in linear border. +FliAVIAkVCA [J. G. Pfister, 1855] + FLAVIALVCA [Purchased, 1847, 6-19-100] E'. -65 +DND6SID(ERyVSe^.(A pellet at each ex- tremity of the cross). + FliA«E.AC€NTI/OG [de Salis gift] ' Plate XX. 10 XX. 11 XX. 12 ^ Besides these tremisses of Desiderius, bearing the names of Lucca and Placentia (' Flavia Placentia Augusta '), there are others known of the same type inscribed with the names of Milan (' Mediolano'), Pavia ('Ticino '), Castel Seprio (' Sibrlo ', ' Sebrio '), Treviso,Vicenza (' Vicentia'), and Vercelli (' Vircelli'j. Specimens (now in the Museum of Coire) occurred in the llanz hoard referred to infra, p. 152, under ' Italian tremisses of Charlemagne'. Whether these tremisses all emanated from a central mint (Lucca or Pavia), or whether they were actually struck at the cities whose names they bear, is a question that can only be detei-mined by a careful comparison of a large number of specimens. 150 QUASI-AUTONOMOUS COINS OF LUCCA Struck at some time after Juxk, A.n. 774^ No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Tremissis Type 1 + FLAVIALVCA Star (or flower) within circle. Wliole in linear border. .VIVIVIVIVIVIVIVI V 1 V Cross potent, with 1 i mbs of equal leng-th. Annular twrder. 1 21. El. .65 [Sp. Mostray, 1852] XX. 13 2 20-8 El. .65 (+FLAVIVCL(I ?)V) [de Sails gift] (.VIVIVIVIVIVIVIVI V) XX. 14 * Nos. 1 and 2 resemble the tremisses of Aistulf and Desiderius, but as they are not inscribed with the name of any Lombai-d ruler, and bear a meaningless legend on the rev., the presumption is that thej were issued after the fall of Desiderius, the last of the Lombard kings. Nos. 3 and 4, judged by their metal, fabric, and )-ev. type and legends, are clearly Lombard coins of about the same period as Nos. 1 and 2. The monograms that they bear almost certainly indicate the name of Lucca, though they have been sometimes interpreted as the names of Ratchis and Athalgis (see supra, p. 146, under 'Ratchis'). It is not easy to fix the precise date when these pieces (Nos. 1-4) were issued. The Lombard kingdom was overthrown in June, 774, when Charlemagne became master of Pavia and captured Desiderius, and the obvious view would be to regard these coins as issues made in the latter part of 774, or a little later. But it must be borne in mind that there exist similar ' star' (or 'flower ') tremisses of Lucca which bear the name of Charlemagne (infra, p. 152, 'Italian tremisses of Charlemagne'). It is a question, then, whether our Nos. 1-4 preceded the Carolingian issues, or whether they were minted at some later period when the Cai-olingian gold coins had ceased to be current. I do not attempt to settle this point, but it may be remarked that specimens of our Nos. 1-4 were absent from the Ilanz hoard, which included tremisses of Desiderius and of Charlemagne (the latter pieces bearing the mint-names of Lucca and also of various other Italian cities). The non-inclusion in this hoard of these ' quasi-autonomous ' coins of Lucca may, of course, be accidental, but it, so far, suggests that these tremisses were issued snhseqnently to the Carolingian tremisses. For quasi- autonomous tremisses of Pisa, of the same class as our Nos. 1, 2, see Th. Friedlaender, Numtsmata medii aevi inedita, Berlin, 1835, pp. 18 f., PI. I, Nos. 7, 8. QUASI-AUTONOMOUS OF LUCCA-TREMISSIS 151 No. Weight Metal and Size 18-8 chipped) 20-2 chipped) Obverse Reverse El. -55 El. -'yj Type 2 50 y* (monogram of i VIVIVIVIVIVI VIVI VI tSj\ Lucca). With- VI VI VI Cross potent, I V^ in linear bor- with limbs of nearly ^^ ■>- oqmil leng-th. Annu- lar border. Plate [Sp. Mostras, 1852] <U (VAVAVAVAVAVV [J. G. Pfister, 1855] XX. 15 XX. 16 152 ITALIAN TREMISSES OF CHARLEMAGNE These coins are not represented in the British Museum, but it is desirable to refer to them as illustrating the quasi-autonomous pieces of Lucca described p. 150, and because of their unusual historical and numismatic interest. i No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse D.N.CAKVLVSK.eX Cross potent Reverse + FL.AVIA.LVCA Star (oi* tlower) within circle. Whole in linear border. N' Tremissis. Bibliotbeque nationale, Paris. (See Prou, Monnaies Cafolingiemies, 1896, p. Ixxv.) On other specimens the ohi: type is a facing bast of Charlemagne (see Engel and Serrure, Traite de num., i, p. 35, Fig. 96). The hoard discovered in 1904 at Ilanz, Can- ton Grisons, Switzerland, contained, l)esides one or two tremisses of Liutprand, many 'star' (or 'flower') tremisses of Desiderius, and many similar 'star' (or 'flower') tremisses bearing" the name of Cliarlemagne. These Caroling-ian pieces were further inscribed with the name of several Italian mints : — Milan, Pa via, Berg-amo, Lucca, Seprio. For a description of this find see F. Jecldin, I)er lanf/ohardisch-karolingisclie Miinzfund bei Ilanz., ^lunchen, 1906 ; see also the reviews of this monog'rapli, Rei\ iiuvi., 1906, p. 361 (Blanchet) ; Ricista ital. di num., 1906, p. 273 (Perini). Plate XX. 17 153 UNCERTAIN of LOMBARDIC SERIES No. Weight j ^^^Q^J"""^ 19-5 .V -65 21.1 N .65 Obverse Reverse Plate Tremissis VNIIVIINIIVIIIVIIV NIIVIIII Cross potent. Annular border in hii^h relief. V-lllll TOTO+(?) Bust r., beardless, wearing" diadem and cuirass. Annula r border. [Purcliased, 186.3, 7-11-74] From the style, and the character of the ?'ev. leg-end, probably of tlie eighth century. There was a Duke Toto of Nepi (Hodgkin, Itali/ and her Invaders, vii, p. 279), whose date is circ. A. D. 767 ; but it would probably be rash to attribute the coin to liim, nor is the reading of the obv. beyond dispute, for it mav possibly be + 0T0+ or +0±0±. xxi. 1 VITIIOITIIHATIO VII Cross potent ; be- low, 0H0±. Annu- lar border in higli relief. (dots instead of letters). Bust r., beardless, wearing- diadem and cuirass. Annular border, [Purchased, 1867, 12-24-4] The obv. is of much the same stvle as No. 1. xxi. 2 154 III. COINS OF THt: LOMBARD KINGS No. Weight 22-7 22.G Metal and Size N -65 M -05 Obverse Reverse VIITORVHIIOIKVI Cross potent ; below, lOMOT. Annular border in hig-h relief. Dl irM?]AVrR?]T [T?]iiqpAvr Bust r., beardless, wearinf;- diadem and cuirass. Annular border. [de Salis gift] On the obi\ an attempt seems to be made to write the name of Maurice Tiberius (a.d. 582- (j02), but the form of the cross potent on the rev. sug-ofests that the coin is not earlier than tiie pi'riod of Heraclius, clrc. a. d. 610. Vll/llll. IIAinV Bust r., beardless, wearing- diadem and drapery. Amiular border. [de Salis gift] VI ATOIMIOATV Cross potent ; be- neatli, 01/10. Annu- lar border in liig-h relief. Perhaps of the period of Heraclius (a.d. 610- 641). The paludamentum and cuirass on the ohv. ai-e curiously rendered. Plate \ xxi. 3 xxi. 4 f IV COINS OF THE DUCHY (AND PRINCIPALITY) OF BENEVENTUM ' GRIMOALD I, 647-662; King of Lombards, 662-671 ROMOALD I, 662-687 GRIMOALD II, 687-689 GISULF I, 689-706 The coinage of these dukes, or a portion of it, is perhaps to be identified with the gold coins described, i7ifra, under ' Uncertain Beneventine Coinages '. ROMOALD II A.D. 706-731 No. Weight ^^flj""^ Obverse Reverse Solidus Inscr. Bust of Justi- nian II, bearded, facing; wears crown (with globus), man- tle, and robe ; in r., globus cruciger. Bor- ' der of dots. Inscr. Cross potent, with base, placed on three steps ; in field 1., K (initial of Ro- moald) ; in ex., CO NOB. Border of dots. Plate ' On the coins generally see especially A. Sambon, Becueil des monnaies de Vltalie meridionale, ' Benevente,' published in Le Musee for June, 1908, and following parts. 156 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM No. Weight ()44 G4- 64-2 63-5 61-2 62-2 20- Metal and Size A^ -8 A^ -75 N .8 N .8 A^ .75 A^ .8 N •() Obverse Obverse (Variety 1) DNNST INIANVSP P€A ' (On crown, g-lo- bus cruciger) DNNST INIANVSP P€A (On crown, glo- bus crucig"er) VICTOKI AV^ys. [de Salis gift] VICTORI AVCM8. [Blacas coll., 1867] Plate xxi. 5 (Variety 2) DNIVS TINIVN ^PP [Purchased of an Italian coin-dealer, 1869, 7-9-65] DNIVS TINIVN qPP [Purchased, 1904, 10-8-53] DNIVS[ri?]H IVNV 8PP[+ ?] (On crown, cross instead of glo- bus) ; pellet (flaw ?) in field r. Dl/liUa hlN ..VP [de Salis gift] VICTORI AVCVS. (globus instead of base) VICTORIA AVgVST. (globus instead of base) VICTORIA AVCVSV. (globus instead of base) [Parkes Weber gift, 1906 ; obtained from an Italian dealer] VICTORA AVCUZ. (globus instead of base ; four steps) - Tremissis Inscr. Bust of Justi- nian II, bearded, fac- ing ; wears crown (with cross), mantle, and robe ; in r., glo- bus cruciger. Linear border. Inscr. Cross potent, with base ; in field 1., R; in ex., CON OB. Linear border. (Variety 1) DNNS TimVNMS VICTO Asvy [de Salis gift] xxi. 6 xxi. 7 xxi. 8 xxi. 9 * PP€A = Pei'petutis Auf/ustus. * A variant of Nos. 3-6 (Naples Museum = Sambon, No. 3) has R and • in the field of the rev., instead of R only. ROMOALD II— TREMISSIS 157 No. Weight 8 17.6 9 19-5 10 17-3 11 21-6 12 20.7 13 20-9 U 21.3 15 18-3 Metal and Size PJ .55 N .6 N .() A^ -55 A •00 Obverse DNIV 8TINANVa VAIA 2[l?]Tl/IVa (crown has globus) [de Salis g-ift] Dl/IM VICVI2V [Purchased, 1904, r;-4-483] Reverse VICTO AVCUS [Purchased, 1904. 10-8-58] VICTOR lA^Va (base detached fFom cross) VICTO Aavv. (Variety 2) DNNS TJNIANUS (crown has pellet) [de Salis gift] DNIVS TTINIVD (crown has globus). Same die as No. 13. [Purchased, 1864, 7-18-34] VICTOR lAVgVS (globus between cross and base) VITORIA AVCS. (globus between cross and base) DNIVS TTINI7D jVICTOK AV^V. (crown has globus). \ (globus between Same die as No. 12. DNIV ooT I N I V N (crown without cross^ [J. G. Pfister, 1855] DH 21 N IAN (crown has globus) [de Salis gift] cross and base) [de Salis gift] VICTO RIVVC (glo- bus between cross and base) VICTOR lAVCV. (globus between cross and base) ^ Plate xxi.lO xxi. 11 xxi.l2 xxi. 13 xxi. 14 xxi. 15 ' A variant of Nos. 11-15 (Sambon. No. 4) has R and • in the field of the rev., instead of R only. 158 AUDELAIS A. IX 731-732 To this usurper Sambon (Nos. 5 and 6) has assigned a rare solidus and trcmissis similar in character to those of llomoald II, but marked on the rec. witli A. This letter (on the analogy of other coins in this series) is almost certainly the initial of tlie issuer, but among the Beneventine rulers there are five besides Audelais whose names begin with A. Of these, Arichis I and his son Aio lived long before the time of Justinian II, and cannot have struck tliese coins which are imitated (ultimately) from that Emperor's money. Adelchis and a later Aio, both rulers of the ninth century, are, on the other hand, too late for claimants, and their known coinage is of a different character. There remains Arichis II, whose coins, though marked on tlie rev. with A, may without difficulty be distinguished from these which M. Sambon rightly assigns to Audelais, viz. by their roughness of style and fabric ; by the type (in the First Coinage) of the Emperor holding the mappa and globus cruciger ; by the inscriptions (in the Second Coinage) VICTORIA on obv. and VICTIR on rev. ; both of which inscriptions are found on the series of A coins inscribed PKINPI (^Princeps)., which last-named coins can only belong to Arichis II, Prince (and, originally, Duke) of Beneventum. I 159 GREGORIUS A. P. 732-739 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Solidus DNI —..^ NVSPP Bust of Justinian II, bearded, facing ; wears crown, mantle, and robe ; in r., globus cru- ciger. Border of dots. vicTO[K?j vcva* Cross potent with glo- bus and base, placed on three steps ; in ex., CO NOB ; in field 1., <;. N. Sambon, No. 8. Fig. ' 7 ' (i.e.; 8). Cp. Sambon, No. 7. Tremissis DN. NVSPP Bust of Justinian II, bt'arded, faciny; wears crown, mantle, and robe ; in r., globus cruciger. Linear border. VICT Cja# Cross potent, with base ; in ex., CONOB; in field 1., ^. Linear border. 1 19-2 A^ .6 [de Salis gift] ' xxi.16' Silver Bearded bust of an emperorfacing, wear- ing crown, mantle, and robe ; in r., glo-, bus cruciger, above which, star. Border of dots. O within border ^ -J- R^ of dots ; pellet c at extremities of cross. 2 48 A\ 4 [de SaHs gift] xxi.l7 3 3-7 A\ 4 [Baron Kolb coll., 1847] 1 xxi.18 ^ Cp. Sambon, No. 9. The attribution to Gregory of gold coins (solidus and tremissis) with ^ is fairly certain, the only other likely claimant being Gottschalk, the next duke ; but the division between the two rulers proposed by Sambon seems i^robable. 160 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM Tlie attribution of these coins (Nos. 2, 3) to Duke Gregon,-, supported by Muratori, Promis, and otliers, is dismissed by M. Sambon (op. cit., p. 5) as ' tout a fait invraisemblable '. He does not specify liis grounds of doubt : one objection would be, probably, that silver coins are not known to have been issued by tlie Beneventine rulers of this period. Another, that small Byzjintine silver coins hardly occur so late as a. v. 732, and yet the coins in (question would seem to liave been inspired by Byzantine originals. With regard to provenance, M. Sambon does not furnish any details. I do not know wliether tliese coins are usually found in Italy, though our No. 3 came from the Kolb collection of Italian coins. In style, fabric, and size, and in the general character of the reverse type, the coins present some similarity to Imperial coins struck in Italy by Constans II (B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins., Nos. 379-83, Rome ; No. 399, Ravenna) and by Constantine FV (pp. cit.^ No. 95, Ravenna) which belong, approximately, to the period a. d. 654-680. On the other hand, the treatment of the obverse bust seems to me to suggest a later period than 680, and one may notice especially the arrangement of the hair in straight lines on the forehead, just as we find it on the Beneventine coins of the eighth century (gold of Romoald II and of Duke Gregory). M. Sambon would follow those numismatists who assign these coins to Gregory the Patrician, the governor of Africa who revolted from the Emperor Constans II in 647, and who, according to Ibn Abd-el-Hakam, struck coins with his own effigy (^see B. ^M. C, Ivip. Bij-. Coins., j). xxviii n.). This attribution is not lightly to be rejected, but it must be observed that we liave no evidence as to the African provenance of these coins, but that, if anything, they are somewhat Italian in style, and that the obverse, and perhaps even the reverse, seem to belong to a later date than 647. Until further light is forthcoming, Muratori's attribution of these coins to Duke Gregory of Beneventum may therefore, perhaps, be conveniently retained, though it is by no means entirely sjitisfactory. 161 GOTTSCHALK A. D. 739-742 Solidi and tremisses marked D ^ (D = dux) may be attributed to this duke (Sambon, Nos. 12, 13) ; they belong- to him rather than to his prede- cessor Gregory, because D ^ seems to lead up to the ^ ^ found on the coins of the successor of Gottschalk, viz. Gisulf 11. These coins witli D ^ liave as obverses tlie conventional name and bust of Justinian II, but there are also solidi and tremisses with C, on the reverse which bear on the obverse the name and bust of the Emperor Leo III, a. n. 717-741 (Sambon, Nos. 10, 11). Tliese coins, which seem to be Beneventine in style, might possibly have been struck by Duke Gregory (a.d. 732-739), but Gottsclialk is the more probable issuer because, as Sambon has pointed out, he was for a time in alliance with the Emperor's representative at Kavenna. 162 No. Weight 58. 61.6 Metal and Size N -8 -V .75 GISULF II A. D. 742-751 Obverse Reverse Type 1 Solidus VICTOR. A^VSTO Cross potent, with globus and base, placed on three steps; in ex., CONOB; in field, Q and (,. Bor- der of dots. DNI - - INVSPP Bust of Justinian II, bearded, facing- ; wears crown (above which three pellets), mantle, and robe ; in r., globus cruciger. Border of dots. [Purchased, 1863, 7-13-3] 1 Tremissis See Sambon, Nos. 15, 16 (with C, ^). Type 2 Solidus DV - - INVPP Bust of Justinian II, bearded, facing ; wears crown (above which, three pellets), mantle, and robe ; in r. , globus cruciger ; inl.,mappa.'^ Border of dots. [de Salis gift] VICTKV VCVSTV Cross potent, with globus and base, placed on three steps; in ex., CONOB; in field, C and ^. Bor- der of dots. Plate XXI. 19 XXI. 20 ^ Cp. Sambon, No. 14. On the attribution of Gisulfs coins see Sambon, p. 7. The monogram Q appears also in the form ^, and sometimes precedes and sometimes follows (,. Sambon explains it as containing 'the elements of the word di(x': a more easily interpreted monogram of dux is seen on the coins of Duke Liutprand (pp. 165, 166, hifm, and Sambon, Figs. 24-5). j^ This representation of an Imperial bust holding the mappa as well as the globus cruciger does not occur onthe Imperial coins of Justinian II, but is first found on those GISULF II— TREMISSIS 163 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Tremissis Inscr. Bust of Justi- nian n, bearded, fac- ing ; wears crown, mantle, and robe ; in r., globus cruciger ; in L, mappa. Border of dots. Inscr. Cross potent, ■with base ; in ex., CO NOB; in field, C and g. Border of dots. 3 20-2 N •6 DNIV- -IVSPP VICT VCTO [J. G. Pfister, 1855] xxi. 21 4 20-3 N .55 DN- -IVCPP vicor vrTV [de Salis gift] 5 204 N •55 D- -VCPP [de Salis gift] VICAO VgrV (ON OB) xxi. 22 of Anastasius II (a.d. 713-716). Later emperors also bold the mappa, and it is found on the coins of the Beneventine rulers who immediately succeeded Gisulf II, but in the course of the reign of Arichis II the mappa is once more abandoned, permanently. 164 LIUTPRAND A. D. 751-758 No. Weiffht 20.1 Metal and Size N .6 Obverse Reverse Period /, a. d. 751-755 (with his mother Scauniperg-a as regent) Solidus DN — ...— IVNPP Bust of Justinian II, bearded, facing ; wears crown, mantle, and robe ; in r., globus cru- ciger ; in 1., mappa. Border of dots. VICTOKV.:.V^VSTV Cross potent, with glo- bus and base, placed on three steps; in ex., CONOB; in field, S and L (i. e. Scauniperga and Liutprand). PJ. Weight about 60 grains : see Sambon, No. 19 ; and Martinori in Bitisfa ital. di num., 1908, p. 219. Tremissis DN IVNPP Bust of Justinian II, bearded, facing ; wears crown, mantle, and robe ; in r., globus cruciger ; in 1., mappa; above crown, _•••••_ Border of dots. VTKA ACVT Cross potent, with base ; in ex., CONOB; in field, S and L. Bor- der of dots. Period II, A.D. 756-757 Solidus Inscr. Bust of Justi- nian II, bearded, facing; wears crown, mantle, and robe ; in r. , globus cruciger ; in 1., mapj)a ; above crown, _•••,_ Border of dots. Inscr. Cross potent, with globus and base, on three steps ; in ex., CONOB; in field 1., L (i.e. Liut- prand). Border of dots.' Plate xxii. 1 ' A leaden seal with ohv. and rev. types as on Nos. 2-4 and the name LIVTRRFl is attributed by Schlumberger {Eei\ num., 1905, p. 356) to the Lombard king Liutprand (712-744), but it may rather, as M. Sambon suggests, belong to Duke Liutprand. LIUTPRAND— SOLIDUS 165 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 2 61-9 A^ •75 DN IVNPP VICTVRV.^.V^VST VI [de Sails gift] xxii. 2 3 60-5 N •75 DH .VNVPP VITORV VgVSTI [de Sails gift] xxii. 3 4 33-4 JE .75 DM .VNPP VICTOR. A^VSTV [de Sails gift] ^ xxii. 4 Tremissis Inscr. Bust of Justi- nian II, facing ; all as on Nos. 2-4. Bor- der of dots. Inscr. Cross potent, with base ; in ex., CO NOB; in field 1., L. Border of dots. 5 20-3 N •55 DN VNPP VITRV V^VTV [de Sails gift] xxii. 5 6 20-3 N •55 DN VNPP VITR. vgvT [J. G. Pfister, 1855] Period III, A.D. 757-758 2 Solidus DNI INVSPP Bust of Justinian II, facing ; all as on No. 1. Border of dots. VICTROV V^VSTV Cross potent, with glo- bus and base, on three steps; in ex., CO NOB in field r., {j^ (i.e. L. DVX). Border of dots. N. Weight about 60 gr ains. Sambon, No. 23. ^ This coin is of bronze, but traces of gilding or gold plating are visible both on obv. and rev. It is perhaps the identical specimen, formerly in the Reichel collection, pub- lished by Koehne in Mem. Soc. imp. (Varch. de St. -Pet, y. 1851, p. 341, No. 1, PL XII. 3. Another similar bronze 'solidus' of Liutprand was in the Colonna collection (Sale Catalogue, Canessa, Naples, Part i, May, 1909, lot 7). These pieces are no doubt ancient contemporary forgeries. ^ I here follow the classification of M. Sambon, who assigns to Period III ' Monnaies de Liutprand rebelle, avec le titre de dux, 757-758.' 166 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM No. Weight 19-5 Metal and Size N .55 Obverse Reverse Tremlssis D V^PP BustofJusti- VICTO V^TV Cross uian II, bearded, fac- potent, with base ; ing; wears crown, mantle, and robe ; in r., globus crucigfer ; in l.,mappa; above crown, —•••••_ Border of dots. in ex., CO NOB; in field r., IV? (= L DVX).» " dots. Border of [de Salis gift] Plate xxii. 6 Cp. Sarabon, No. 25, a variety with D in field 1., and VC in field r. 167 ARICHIS II A.D. 758-787 No. Weiffht G1.2 Metal and Size 21.5 20. N -8 A^ .6 N .6 Obverse Reverse L As DUX (758-774) Period I, a.d. 758 >— arc. 770 Solidus DM IVNPP Bust of Justinian n, bearded, facing ; wears crown, robe, and mantle ; in r., globus cruciger ; in 1., mappa; above crown, — • • • • •— . Border of dots. [de Salis gift] VICTIKV.^.V^VSTI Cross potent, witli globus and base, on three steps ; in ex. , COUOB; in field 1., A (= Arichis). Bor- der of dots. Tremissis luscr. Bust of Jus- tinian II, facing; all as on No. 1. Border of dots. DN VNPP DN VNPP (above crown, • — ) [Purchased, 1908, 7-7-1] Inscr. Cross potent, with base ; in ex., COUOB; in field 1., A. Border of dots. VITIKV.^.V^VTI [de Salis gift] VTKV.'.VgVT (I I for M) Plate xxii. 7 xxii. 8 xxii.9 * Sambon (Nos. 26, 27) assigns to circ. a.d. 758 a 'Monnayage anonyme 'with the symbol of a hand ; on this coinage see infra under ' Uncertain Beneventine Coinage '. 168 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM No. Weight 59. 60-2 Metal and Size 194 19-2 19-8 20-1 N .85 N -75 M -55 N -6 N .6 N .6 Obverse Reverse Period II, circ. a.d. 770-774 Solidus Inscr. Bust (of Ariel lis II?),beardecl,facing; wears crown with cross, and mantle ; in r., giobus cruci- g-er.^ Plain border in relief. DNSVI CTOKIA [de Salis g-ift] DNSVI CTOKIA [BaronKolb coll. , 1847] Inscr. Cross potent, with base, on three • steps ; in ex., CON • OB ; in field 1., A. Plain border in re- lief. VICTlKV.^.VgVSTV VICTIKV.;.V^VSTI Plate Tremissis Inscr. Bust(of Arichis II?), facing ; all as on Nos. 4-5. Plain bor- der in relief. DNSVI— ^CTOKIA Dl/ISVI— ^CTOKIA [Purcliased, 1908, 7-7-2] DNSVI CTOKIA [J. G. Pfister, 1855] DNSVI CTORIA [Parkes Weber gift, 1906 ; originally in an Italian collection] Inscr. Cross potent, with base ; in ex., CONOB ; in field 1., A. Plain border in relief. VITIR.V.:.VgVTV [Losconibe sale, 1855, lot 957] VITIR.V.:.V^VTI (O NOB) (A for A in field) VITIRV.'.VCVTI (C OI/IOB) VITVKV.;.V^VTV xxii. 10 xxii. H XXll. 12 XXll. 13 xxu. 14 xxii. 15 ^ The mappa once more disappears, and is not represented again iu later reigns ; cp. note, p. 162, supra. ARICHIS II 169 No. Weight Metal and Size 10 00-3 A^ -85 11 12 20- 19-8 N -Gb N -65 Obverse Reverse Plate II. As PRINCEPS (774-787) Solidus DNSVI— ^CTORI A Bust (of Aricliis n ?), bearded, facing- ; wears crown with cross, and mantle ; in r., g-lobus cruci- ger. Plain border in relief. [J. G. Pfister, 1855] VICTIK7.;.PKINPI Cross potent, with base, on three steps ; below cross, 1., A. Plain border in relief. Tremissis Inscr. Bust facings ; all as on No. 10. Plain border in relief. DNSVI— ^CTORIA DNSVI— —CTOKI A Inscr. Cross potent, with base ; below ^^^^^' ^•ONO'^' in field 1,, A. Plain border in relief. VJTIRV.'.PMNPI [Purchased, 1908, 7-7-3] VITIKV.'.PKINPI [BaronKolb coll., 1847] xxu. 16 17 170 GRIMOALD May ? 788-806 No. Weight 19-3 20-3 Metal and Size M .G5 A'' .05 Obverse Reverse Period L a.d. 788-792 (Coinaofe with names of Grimoald HI and Charlemag-ne) (a) with title of DVX Solidus CR.IM— — VALCX DO MS .'.CAR. ft Cross potent, with base, on three steps ; in ex., *VICA'; in field, ^ and R. Plain border in relief. (i.e. Dux) Bust of Grimoald ill, bearded, facing ; wears crown, with cross, mantle, and robe ; in r., globus cru- ciger. Plain border in relief. t M. Weight about 59 grains. Sambon, No. 34. (VIC (or VI CA, on No. 1, &c.) occupies the usual position of CO NOB : it is probably an abbreviation of the VICTORIA introduced by Arichis II; see siipra^ p. 168.) Tremlssis Inscr. Bust of Gri- moald in, facing- ; all as on tlie corre- sponding solidus (see supra^ Sambon, No. 34). CMM— ^VALX [Earl of Enniskilleu, 1857] Inscr. as on No. 1. [Parkes Weber g-ift, 1906 ; orig-inally acquired in Naples] Inscr. Cross potent, with base ; in ex., VIC A; in field, ^ and K (i.e. name of Grimoald). Plain border in relief. DOMS/.CAK'ft (i.e. Dominus Carolus rex) Inscr. as on No. 1. Plate XXlll. 1 GRIMOALD III 171 Weight 60-5 60-6 60. 18- 19-2 194 17.8 {chipped\ Metal and Size N -8 N .85 N -da N -6 Al Obverse Reverse (/?) without title of DVX Solidus CRIM— ^VALD Bust of Grimoald III, bearded, facing; wears crown with cross, mantle, and robe ; in r., globus cruciger. Plain bor- der in relief. [de Salis gift] [J. G. Plister, 1855] A^ .8 [J. G. Pfister, 1857] DOMS.^.CAR.Bt Cross potent, with base, on three steps ; in ex., 'VICA'; in field, ^ and R. (A, in ex., varied, as on No. 5) (CVAKforCAR..)(A, in ex., varied)^ Tremissis CKIM— ^VALD Bust of Grimoald III, facing : all as on Nos. 3-5. Plain border in relief. (A for A) [J. G. Pfister, 1857] [BaronKolb coll., 1847] [BaronKolb coll. , 1847] D O M S .;. C A K . Bt Cross potent, with base ; in ex., ViCA; in field, ^ and K. Plain border in relief. (A for A) (In field 1. , V^, instead of <; and K^) Denarius + (i.e. Carolus Rex) within wreath. [J. G. Pfister, 1855] U. (i. e. Gi'i- tnoal d u s) within wreath.^ Plate xxm. 2 XXIU. 3 XXUl. 4 XXUl. 5 xxiu. 6 * The solidus in Sambon, No. 38, has Vl in the field of the rev. instead of C, and R. It corresponds to the tremissis No. 8, infra. ^ Cp. note 1. * As Sambon, No. 41 ; for other types of the denarius see Sambon, Nos. 40 and 42. 172 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM No. 10 11 12 13 14 Weight GO-3 61-6 59.G 57-3 19-7 Metal and Size El. .85 N .8 El. .85 El. .85 El. .65 Obverse Reverse Period II, A.D. 792-806 (Coinage with name of Grimoald III only and title PRINCEPS) Solidus CKIM— —VALD Bust of Grimoald III, bearded, facing-; wears crown, with cross, mantle, and robe ; in r., giobus cruciger. Border of dots. [Purchased, 1847, 6-19-95] VICTOKV.SPRINCI P Cross potent, with globus and base, rest- ing on two steps ; below, C.Q^Q.a; in field, ^ and R. Border of dots. (No globus; three steps)' (PKINC6 for PKINCIP) [de SaUs gift] (C a a 8) [BaronKolb coll., 1847] (A) [J. G. Ptister, 1855] Tremissis CR.IM-. —VALD Bust of Grimoald III, facing : all as on Nos. 10-13. Border of dots. (A) (plain border in relief) [Purchased, 1847, 6-19-96] VITOKV.^.PRINCIP Cross potent on gio- bus and base ; below, C ONO C and R dots. •B; in field, Border of (PRINCI) (without globus) (plain bor- der in relief) Plate XXUl. 7 XXlll. 8 xxiii. 9 XXUl. 10 * The representation on No. 10 of the cross with base (only) and three steps is as on the solidi, Nos. 3-5, supra. On Nos. 11-13, which may be assumed to be a little later in issue than No. 10, the cross has both globus and base,' and rests on two steps. GRIMOALD III 173 No. 15 16 17 18 Weight 19-3 19-3 22-1 {chipped) 18-7 Metal and Size El. .65 El. M Obverse [J. G. Pfister, 1855] [Baron Kolb coll., 1847] 1 Reverse (CONoa) (coNoa) Denarius ttVO {Grimoaldus) [f M In centre, pel- IVL let. Border of dots. •75 (O for O in mon.) ; on 1., cross ; on r., star-like object, with long- stem.'^ M •75 On 1., cross (wreath for (Wreatli for border) border). [J. G. Pfister, 1855] BENE. .BEN TV Cross potent, with base on two steps ; above, pel- let ; beneath, — • -- ; in field, A and UL). Border of dots. [J. G. Pfister, 1855] Plate XXIU. 11 XXlll. 12 XXUl. 13 ^ There is a curious variety of these tremisses reading on the ohv. AMAND ... PFAV : see Prorais, Monete di zecche italiane, Turin, 1867, p. 14, PI. I.7 = Sambon, No. 45. ^ Cp. Sambon, No. 47, where it is described as a ' une comete ' or ' un ostensoir ? ' [ostensorium, monstrance]. Cp. the similar object on a denarius of Adelchis, infra, PI. XXV. 6. 174 GRIMOALD IV, Princeps A.D. 806-817 No. Weight 22-1 Metal and Size M -65 Obverse Reverse Denarius CRIMOALDFILIVSER MENRwIH. Ornament formed of an ear of corn, two ivy-leaves, and stem. Border of dots. (CR.IN for CRIM) AR.CHANCELV8MIC HAEL» Cross pattee, radiate. Border of dots.- [J. G. Pfister, 1855] Plate xxui. 14 ^ The absence of a gold coinage is remarkable, because Grimoald's reign was of some length, and both his predecessor and successor issued gold solid i and tremisses. The simplest supposition is that the numerous gold coins of Grimoald Ill's latest issue (a.d. 792-806) continued to supply the currency of Grimoald IV. It is, indeed, natural to ask whether among the gold coins assigned to Grimoald III there may not be some that belong to Grimoald IV ; but an examination of the gold l^ieces bearing the name of Grimvald (latest issue) will show that they are all so much of one style that there are no rational criteria for dividing them between the two kings of this name. Still, it may be by an accident that Grimoald IV's gold has not come down to us ; and that he was no servile imitator of the coins of his predecessor is shown by his selection of new types for his denarius and by his inscribing upon it the name of the archangel Michael. His successor Sico retained this Archaiif/elus Michael legend on his silver coins, and on his gold solidi placed not only the name but also the full-length figure of the archangel. If Grimoald IV struck solidi it may be conjectured that they bore a similar figure of St. Michael, though on his denarius— as we know — only the name of the arch- angel appeared. ^ The type of the rev. may, conceivably, have been suggested by the star or flower type of the tremisses of the Lombard king Desiderius (dethroned a.d. 774 ; PI. XX. 12), and the legend Archangelus Michael by the Scs. Mihahil of the Lombard regal coinage. But in neither case can there have been more than a suggestion, and the obv. type is original, or at any rate new, on the coins. This curious design (PI. XXIII. 14-17) has been described as a trident with an ear of corn, as a flower, and even as an anchor. The best view may be that it is a stylized representation of an ear of corn and ivy leaves (cp. Sambon, No. 49 ; Keary, Coinages of W. Europe, p. 100. On the denarii of Prince Radelchis I Ca.d. 839-851), described iiifni, the type or a variation of it reappears; PI. XXV. 2, 3). GRIMOALD IV 175 No. Weight Metal and Size 2 21.1 (chipped) M .7 3 16-5 {broken) M -65 4 204 M .65 5 18-8 M .75 Obverse (AL for AL) (CR.IM .. . DFIL MENRIHI.) [BaronKolb coll., 1847] (GMMOALDFILVSEK MENRIHI.) (stem of Y form) (CRIIVIOADFILIVSER MENRIHI.) (stem of Y form) Reverse (S for 3) [Samuel Smith sale, London, Mav, 1908, lot 138J (ARCHAM....aMI AEL.) [J. G. Pfister, 1855] (AKCHANCELVaMI CHAEL.) [J. G. Pfister, 1855] Plate 15 XXIU. 16 XXlli. 17 176 SI CO, Prlnceps A.D. 817-832 No. Weight Metal and Size 59.7 58. 59. 204 El. -85 {pale) N -65 Obverse Reverse Solidus Inscr. Bust of Sico, bearded, facing'; wears crown with cross, mantle, and robe ; in r., globus crucig'er. Plain bor- der in relief. El. 85 SICO-^ — PKINCeS I [de Salis gift] N .85 SICOP— ^KINCeS; in field r., ▲ [J. G. Pfister, 1855] (All as on No. 2) Inscr. The archangel Michael, winged, standing facing ; in r., long cross with crooked head ' ; in 1., globus cruciger ; below, towards 1. , CO NO. Plain bor- der in relief. ARCHANC€LVS Ml CHAeL Plate XXIV. 1 ARCHANC6LVS Ml xxiv. HA€L (ONO); be- 2 neath, type, ▲ (AU as on No. 2) [Parkes Weber gift, 1906 ; originally in an Italian coll.] Tremissis Inscr. Bust of Sico, facing ; as on No. 1 . SICO— .-PMNC€S; in field r., pellet. Plain border in re- lief. [J. G. Pfister, 1855] Inscr. Cross potent, with base ; in field, S and C (i.e. Sico). ARCHANC€LV.%S MICHA6L.; inscr. beginning beneath type : a pellet at each end of base. Plain border in re- lief. XXIV. 3 Evidently derived from P, part of XP, the name of Christ. SICO— TREMISSIS : DENARIUS 177 ^7- . V . Metal and Weight c:,. Size Obverse Reverse 18-6 194 18-8 19-9 19-8 19-8 El. .65 El. .65 16-6 .R .7 JR .65 .R .75 .R .R .75 19.6 M -65 SICO— ^PKINCeS; in field r., A. Border of dots. [Purchased, 1862, 4-15-5J SICO— ^PKINCeS; in field r., ▲. Bor- der of dots. [J. G. Pfister, 1855J .;. AKCHANC€LVSM ICHA6L; inscr. beg-in- ning- on r. ; on 1. of cross, pellet. Plain border in relief. (D and 2 for S and C) ARCHANC6LVSM ICHA6LA; inscr. beginning- on r. Bor- der of dots. Denarius PRINCESBENEBEN (i.e. Sico). Border of dots. Inscr. begins at top pellet in centre. [J. G. Pfister, 1855] Inscr. begins at bottom ; pellet in centre. [Parkes Weber gift, 1906J Inscr. begins at bottom; pellet in centre, [de Salis gift] (+ for •) inscr. begins at top ; in centre and each angle of cross, pellet. [J. G. Pfister, 1855] (PKIH for PRIN) inscr. begins at top ; in lower r. angle of cross, pellet. [Baron KolbcoU., 1847] (PRIl/ICESBENIBEN Tl) inscr. begins at top ; in upper r. angle of cross, pellet, [de Salis gift] Inscr. Cross potent, with base, on two steps. Border of dots. ARCHAN^ELVSMIC HAEL* ; inscr. begins at top ; in field, pel- let r. and 1. ANCNANCELVSMI CNACL. ; inscr. be- gins at top ; in field, pellet r. and 1. ANCNANCELVSMIC NACL« ; inscr. begins at top ; in field, pel- let r. and 1. ARCHANCELVSMIH AEL; inscr. begins at top ; in field, pellet r. and 1. AR.CHANC€LVSMIC HA€L«; inscr. begins at top ; in field 1. , pellet. ARCHAN^CLVSMIC HA€L» ; inscr. begins at bottom; in field 1., pellet. A a Plate XXIV. 4 XXIV. 5 XXIV. XXIV. 7 XXIV. 8 178 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM No. Weight 13 17.3 14 19- 15 17.2 16 154 Metal and Size M 65 M .7 M .7 M .65 Obverse (PRIH tor PRIN ; ▲ for •, and +) inscr. beg-ins at top ; in lower 1. angle of cross, star. [Samuel Smith sale, London, 1908, lot 138] (A for •, and +) inscr. begfins at top ; in lower r. angle of cross, star. [J. a Pfister, 1855] (PMH for PKIN ; ▲ for •, and +) inscr. begins at top ; pellet in centre ; in lower r. angle of cross, star. (PKIHCESBENEBEHM IT) ; inscr. begins at top ; (/ instead of •) Reverse ARCHANC€LVSMIC HA€LA ; inscr. be- gins at bottom ; in field 1., pellet. AR.CHANC6LVSMIC HA€LA ; inscr. be- o-ins at bottom. AR.CHANC6LVSMIC HA€L» ; inscr. begins at bottom. [J. G. Pfister, 1855] AKCHANC€LVSMIC HA€LA ; inscr. be- gins at bottom. [BaronKolb coll., 1847] Plate XXIV. 9 179 SICARDUS, Princeps A.D. 832— July 839 v)tT • 1,4. ' Metal and "^^'S^h Size 54. 58-8 58-2 52-2 (^chipped) 18. 19.2 18-4 Obverse Reverse Solidus SIC— ^ARDV. Bust of Sicardus r., bearded, facing; wears crown with cross, robe, and mantle ; in r., glo- bus cruciger ; in field r., A. Border of dots. El. .9 Two pellets above head. El. .9 El. .9 M .9 (or El.) El. .65 El. .65 El. .65 [J. G. Pfister, 1855J [Parkes Weber gift, 1906 ; from an Italian source] [BaronKolbcoU.,1847] VICTORS + PRINCI Cross potent, with base, on two steps ; M ► below, CON 08; in field, S and I (i.e. name of Sicardus). Border of dots. [Purchased, 1849, 6-28-2] (. for V) (. for V) Tremissis SIC— —ARDV. VICTORV.VPRINCI Bust of Sicardus ' Cross potent, with facing, as on Nos. I base ; below, CON 1-4 ; in field r., A. ' 03 ; in field, S and Border of dots. I. Border of dots. [de Salis gift] (^) < > (A) '(CONOa) [J. G. Pfister, 1855] [J. G. Pfister, 1855] Plate XXIV. 10 XXIV. 11 XXIV. 12 180 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Denarius + PRINC€B€N€B€NT 5-6h (i.e. Sicard) Border of dots. .A.RCHANC€LVniC HA€L» Cross potent, with base, on two steps ; in field, r. and 1. , pellet. Border of dots. 8 19.2 M .7 PeUet in centre. [J. G. Pfister, 1855] xxiv. 13 9 174 M -65 Pellet in centre (D for B') [de Sails gift] xxiv. 14 ' The letter B is intended, which on No. 8 is formed as D with a horizontal stroke. 181 RADELCHIS A.D. 839-851 No. Weiffht Metal and Size 53. EL -9 (pale) Obverse Reverse Solidus KAD— ^€LCHIS •:• ARCHAN^e ▼ HI Bust of Radelchis I, CHA€L» Crosspotent, bearded, facing-; with base, on two wears crown witli steps ; in field, R cross, mantle, and and A (i.e. Radel- robe ; in r,, g-lobus cliis). Borderof dots crucig"er ; in field r., A. Border of dots. [J. G. Pfister, 1855] Denarius Type 1 See Sanibon, No. 64, The ohv. has the letters RADEL attached to a cross (as on the denarius of Sicardus) ; on rev. Cross potent, on steps. Type 2 See Sambon, No. 65, and Colonna Sale Cat. (Naples ; Canessa), 1909, p. 3, No. 28. Similar monog'rammatic cross with letters RA DEL. On rev. Cross potent, on steps, and inscr. KAD6LC HIS PKINC6S. Plate XXV. 1 182 IV. corns OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM No. Weight 16.5 18.8 Metal and Size M -75 M .7 Obverse Reverae Type 3 Inscr. Ornament formed of an ear of corn and two ivy- leaves on stalks bent downwards.' Border of dots. KAD€LCIHSPK3NC€ PS. [de Salis gift] R.AD6LCHISPRNIC6 pr [J. G. Pfister, 1855] Inscr. Cross pattee, radiate. Border of dots. ARHANC€miCHA€ L. ARCHANCe'niCHA 6L. Plate i XXV. 2 XXV. 3 ^Compare the nearly similar type on denarii of Grimoald IV (a.d. 806-817), described supra, p. 174. 183 RADELGARIUS, Princeps A.D. 851-853 Of the son and successor of Radelchis I no coins are known. ADELCHIS, Princeps A.D. 853-878 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse A. Witlc name of Adelchis only. Denarius ' Type 1 With po iKi oil obv. and Cross radiate on rev. Sambon, No. 68 ; Papadopoli in Rivista ital. di num.., 1894, p. 306. Type 2 On ohv. Cross on steps and inscr. ADELHIS PRINCE ; on rev. Cross with two rosettes, &c. Sambon, No. 69. Plate ^ Adelchis is not known to have struck any coins in gold. In his reign, or a little earlier, we find frequent mention in the contracts of Salerno of the gold money of earlier Beneventine rulers; e.g. Pretium auri /igurati solidi ex monetis domni Sicardi veteri. — Boni tremissi ex monetis domni Arechis: see Sambon, 02). cit., pp. 24 f. 184 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Type 3' + SANCTAMAKIA P In centre, A D L K (i.e. Adelcliis Prin- ceps). Border of dots. +ARHAN^ELVniH Cross pattee. Bor- of dots. 1 16-6 M -75 [Purcliased, 1908, 10-8-5] XXV. 4 Type 4 With cruciform monog-ram of St. Maria on obv. ; on rev. Cross potent on steps. Inscr. Sambon, No. 71. Type 5- +ADELCISIPKINCE Cross pattee,bet ween A and UJ. Border of dots. +ARHANCELVSniH ^ 5 In centre, r>-4^ (i.e. Sancta Maria). Border of dots. 2 13-6 [chipped) M -8 [Purchased, 1908, 10-8-3] XXV. 5 - Type 6 Obv. Temple and AC Cross on steps and SCA Sambon, No. 74. )ELCHIS PRIN. Rev. MAKIA. * Sambon, No, 70. » Sambon, No. 72 ; cp. No. 73. ADELCHIS -DENARIUS 185 No. Weight 18.3 Metal and Size Ai < J Obverse Reverse Type ?• Plate BENE. .BENTV Cross potent, witli base, on two steps ; in field, fl and H (i. e. Michael) ; be- neath, -• • — . Bor- der of dots. ^^C (liai^t! of TLj Adelchis) ; on t S 1., cross pat- toe ; on r. , star-like object with long stem.^ Border of dots. rPm-chased, 1908, 10-8-4] B. With names of Adelchis and the Emperor Tahiis II. Dkc. 86(1 -Aug. 871 « Denarius («) Obc. LVDOVICVSIMPE Ornament (cp. Radelchis I, p. 182, supra) formed of ear of corn and two ivy-leaves on stalks bent downwards, between A and K (Arc/umgelus). Rev. ADEL HISPKINCE3 Patriarchal cross between M and H {Michael)^ Sambon, No. 7(). (A) Obv. V V^l'c^ ' ^^''- '''^^'' Ai^HANCE P P MIHAEL, and in centre, ADEL K Sambon, No. 77. Tliere are also denarii struck at Beneventum with the names of Louis 11 and his wife Ang'ilberga. Sambon, Nos. 78-87. XXV. 6 1 Sambon, No. 75. m ttt ino -ki ^n 2 The same object is found on a denarius of Grnnoald III, siipni, p. lid, JNo. i/, PI. XXIII. 12, which has evidently suggested the types of both sides of the present com ^'•' These dates respectively refer to the submission of Adelchis at Beneventum to the invadino- emperor Louis II and to the capture and imprisonment of Louis by Adelchis. i; b i8n IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BExXEVENTUM No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse C. With the names of Ar/e/c/n's and Pope Jolni VIII CI re. A.i>. 875' Denarius Obc. ADEL^I.PKl/1, and in centre crucifonu monogram composed of 10 HA. Rev. SCAMR (^Sancta Maria) written across the field; aboAe and below, a rosette. Sambon, No. 88. Plate * When the Pope was endeavouring to briug the Lombard states under his suzei*ainty. 187 GAIDERIS, Princeps A.D. 878-881 Denarius Obi'. Monog-rammatic cross with letters of ^AIDERI PKIN. Rev. Mono- grammatic cross with letters of S MAKIA. Samhon, No. 89 ; Promis, Monete di zecche italicme^ 1867, p. 19, PL I. 14. RADELCHIS II, Princeps (First Reign) A.i^. 881-884 Denarius Oho. Monogrammatic cross with the letters of R.ADELHIS PRIN. Rev. SCAMARIA and monogram matic cross with Ml HA {Michael Arch- angelus). Sambon, No. 90. AiO, Princeps A.B. 884-890 The only coin known of this prince is a denarius of base alloy with obv. Monogrammatic cross with letters AIO PR; and rev. Cross potent on steps between A and UL). Sambon, No. 91 ; Promis, Monete di zecche italiane, 1867, p. 20, PL II. 16. 188 i INTERREGNUM A.D. 890-897 Beneventan coins probably ceased to be issued during the greater part of this period, but an anonymous denarius is attributed by Sambon (No. 92) to Bishop Peter, governor of the town in 897. RADELCHIS 11 (Second Reign) A.D. 897-899 Apparently issued no coins. On tlie expulsion of Radelchis in 899 the Beneventans acknowledged Atenolf, lord of Capua, as their prince (a. ix 900- 910). Some small silver coins (half denarii ?) bearing simply SCA on the obv. and M AK on the rev. (^=Sancta Maria) have been assigned to the period of his rule at Beneventum (Sambon, Nos. 93, 94). 189 UNCERTAIN BENEVENTAN COINAGES Metal and Size 674 A^ -75 Obverse Reverse ? Reign of GRIMOALD I, a.d. 647-662 Solidus — NCON rgvATi NO VAT BustofCon- stans II (on 1.) with long- beard and mous- tache and smaller bust of Constan- tino rV, beardless, each facing- and wear- ing- paludamentum and cuirass, and crown with g-lobus cruciger ; between them, small cross. Border of dots. [Sale of Cav. J. P. Campana of Rome, London, Sotheby's, 1846, lot 1367] VATNI- r 1 VAT <-ir Cross potent, with base, on three steps; on 1., Heraclius ; on r. , Tiberius ; each is beardless, stands fac- ing-, wears long- robes and crown with cross, and holds in r. g-lobus cruciger ; beneath, CO NOB. Border of dots. This coin closely resembles a solidus of the Emperor Constans II assigned in B. M. C, Imp. Bijz. Coins (p. 306, No. 378, PL XXXV. 3), to the mint of Rome, a. d. 659-668, and there would be no difficulty in assigning- it to the same mint were it not for the gross blundering of the inscriptions (representing Dn. Constan- tiniis et Constant. PP. Av. on the ohv. and Victoria Aiigu on the rev.~) which seems to pre- clude Rome, and renders Beneventum at this early period a not unlikely mint-place. Plate XXV. 7 190 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM No. Weight Metal and Size 6(5- N -75 El. -55 Obverse Reverse ? Reigns of ROMOALD I (662-687) GRIMOALD II (687-689) GISULF I (689-706) Solldus •DNCO V SPPX Bust of Constan- tine IV, bearded, facing-, wears cuirass, diadem, and helmet with crest ; in r., spear held trans- versely ; in 1., shield witli horseman de- vice. Border of dots. [Purchased, 1904, 10-8-36] VICTKA VN/?TO Cross potent, witli base, on three steps ; in ex., GO NOB and +. Border of dots. Plate Comj^are B. M. C, Ivip. Byz. Coins, ' Con- stantine IV,' Nos. 13-17, Constantinople, and No. 77, Rome ; date, circ. a. d. 670-685. The minute dots of the border and the rough relief of the types point to Rome and Southern Italy, but the blundering of the legends renders Beneventum a more likely mint-place than Rome. Tremissis Inscr. Bust of Con- stantino IV r., beard- less, wearing dia- dem, paludamentum, and cuii-ass. Border of dots. ICONT. <TOINAV [Purcliased, 1863, 7-11-56J Inscr. Cross with base, of dots. potent, Border XXV. 8 VIITOIIII IVIITII;in xxv. 9 ex.,COMO; infield r., e UNCERTAIN BENEVENTAN 191 No. Weight Metal and Size 21-7 62-0 N -55 N .8 194 PJ -6 Obverse Reverse Plate •DIDOAIT-ll±-IOPI ir [de Salis g-ift] viiroAi in ex., field r.. [l.?]TOIir;lxxv. I0±0 Compare the similar tremisses in B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, 'Constantine IV,' Nos. 78- 86, assig-ned to the Roman mint ; but here again the blundered legends of our Nos. 3 and 4 may be held to preclude an attribution to Rome. Period of GISULF II (742-751) Solidus VICTOR VgVSTO Cross potent, on globe and four steps ; beneath, CO NOB ; in field 1., open riglit hand. Border of dots. DNI -...- INVS PP Bust of Justi- nian II, bearded, fac- ing ; wears crown, mantle, and robe ; in r. , globus cruciger ; inl.,mappa. Border of dots. [Montagu sale, Paris, 189G,lot 1291 ; found at Benevento] Tremissis DNI- -IVSPP Bust i VICT V^TO Cross of Justinian II, fac- ing ; all as on No. 5, but witliout mappa and no pellets above crown. Border of dots. [J. G. Pfister, 1855] potent, with base beneatli, CO NOB ; in field r., open left hand ; in field 1., pellet. Border of dots. 10 XXV. 11 XXV. 12 No. 5 probably came from the lioard of Beneventan gold coins discovered at Benevento about the year 1878 (see Capobianchi in Rivista ital. di nnm., 1892, p. 88 ; cp. Photiades, Cat, 'Monn. byzantines,' Paris, 1890, No. 370, PI. I. 370, apparently our No. 5). Sambon (Nos. 26 and 27) would assign the solidi and tremisses of this class— the chief characteristic of which is the hand symbol on the i-ev.—to about the year. 758, and Capobianchi (Joe. cif.) attributes them to the reign of Duke Liutprand, a. d. 751-758. It cannot be doubted that this dating is near the mark, but I think it mav be shown on numismatic grounds that the coins should be placed some DNI INVSPP D[N] INVPP DNI INVSPP DN IVNPP DN IVNPP 192 IV. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF BENEVENTUM few years earlier tliau 758 or 751, and even that their exact position, or at any rate the position of the solidus, is between the first and second coinages of Gisulf n (PI. XXI. 19, 20 ; p. 162, supra). In the case of the solidus (No. 5) til is may be shown as follows : — i. From a comparison of the obc. legend with that on other Beneventan solidi of the eig:hth century. Duke Gisulf II (Type 1) (Type 2) Uncertain Beneventan solidus (No. 5) Duke Liutprand (usual leg^end) Duke Ariel lis II (first coinage, a. n. 758) If the solidus (No. 5) were inserted between Liutprand and Arichis, circ. 758, as proposed by Sambon, it would break the sequence of the leo-ends, i.e. DN INVSPP would come between coins reading DN IVNPP. (One coin of Liutprand, however, reads DNI INVSPP.) ii. Style. — The solidus on the obv. closely resembles the solidus of the first coinage of Gisulf II (PI. XXI. 19), but it is not quite so rougli in appearance as the second coinage of the same duke (PI. XXI. 20), or as the solidi of his successors, Liutprand and Arichis II. In colour, moreover, it approximates to that of the first solidus of Gisulf II. iii. Tjfpe. — Tlie solidus, though in style like the first coinage of Gisulf II, has the obc. type of his second coinage, i.e. the figure holds the mappa in addition to the globus. Its place is, therefore, between the two coinages. Similar arguments apply to the tremissis (No. 6), except that it would seem to be slightly earlier than the solidus (No. 5), because it has the obc. type of the first coinage of Gisulf II (bust with globus and without mappa). But tliougli the approximate date of issue of these coins may not be 4loubtful, i.e. it must be some time between 742 and 751 (the extreme dates of the reign of Gisulf II), it would, perhaps, be rash to assert that the issuer was Gisulf himself, tliough I regard this as very probable. The clue to the issuer is doul)tless given by the symbol of the hand on the rec.^ which here takes the place of the letter or letters which are regularly inserted for the purpose of recording the issuer's name (e.g. L on coins of Liutprand, C, on those of Gisulf, &c.). But the precise significance of the hand is unfortunately oljscure. All that w(^ can say, perhaps, is that it appears to be a Lombard emblem; at any rate, it occasionally occurs on the Lombard regal coins as early as the time of Cuninc])ert, a. d. 688-700, and is also found on coins of King Liutprand, a. d. 712 744. If we miglit regard the hand as distinctly the badge of Lombard kings— and this is very doubtful — we might bring it into con- nexion with King Liutprand who, in 742, visited Beneventum and installed Gisulf II as Duke. But, on the wliole, it seems best for the present to leave the issuer's name uncertain. V. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF THESSALONICA A. D. r22-2— 1243 (1246) THEODORE Angelus Comnenus Ducas 1222-1230 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Silver Nomlsma (Scyphate) Inscr. Tlieodore An- gelus, bearded, on l.,and St. Demetrius, beardless,onr., stand- ing- facing-, holding between them long cross ornamented with O, •, and A ; on r. and 1. of base of cross, a star. Theodore wears crown, tunic, and sash with stellate ornament ; his r. hand placed on heart. St. Demetrius wears nimbus, military cloak, and cuirass, and holds in 1. drawn sword. Two borders of dots. iC xc r AK Ohristjbearded, seated, facing, on throne without laack ; wears nimbus (orna- mented with radiat- ing lines and with • and •*), mantle, and tunic, and holds in 1. book of Gospels.* ^ This coin has usually been assigned to Theodore II ('III ') Ducas Lascaris, Emperor of Nicaea (see Marchant, Lettres, p. 357; De Saulcy, Essai de class., PI. 31. 7 ; Sabatier, ii, p. 296, No. 4, PI. 65. 5 ; Windisch-Gratz, Cat., p. 31, No. 347), and there are, at least, no decisive objections to this attribution. I am, however, inclined to assign the coin to c C 194 COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF THESSALONICA No. Weight Metal and Size 419 (pierced) 40-7 (pierced) M 1-05 M M 75-5 M 1-2 Obverse Reverse Plate (K obscure) [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-406] fde Sails gift] On 1., eeOAULIPOCAB KAC (some letters indistinct) ; on r., OA[rHOC?]AHM HTPO (letters care- lessly formed) (Tracesof similarinscr. to No. 1 ; ends H M ' HTP O); stars ob- scure ; sash orna- mented with cross and squares. Bronze Nomisma (Scyphate) Type 1 Inscr. Theodore An- gelus, bearded, on 1., and St. Demetrius, bearded, on r., stand- ing- facing-. Theo- dore wears crown, mantle, and tunic ; places r. hand on heart and holds in 1. sword. The Saint wears nimbus, cloak, and cuirass, and holds in 1. drawn sword. Two borders. reejoAiDPoc on i. ; OArHOC[AHM?] on r. (type double- struck) Inscr. Bust of Christ, beardless, facing-, wearing- nimbus cru- ciger with *•*, tunic, and mantle. XXVI. 1 XXVI. 2 IC X C € N S [M] M [A] H [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1111]' XXVI. 3 Theodore Angelus because (i) we have no silver nomismata of his reign, while Theodore II is already provided with at least one type of the silver nomisma ; (ii) Demetrius is the patron-saint of Thessalonica, while Theodore II especially honours St. Tryphon ; (iii) the treatment of the figures on the obv., the repi-esentation of the nimbus of Christ, &c., differ from what we find on the coins of Theodore II. But the atti'ibution can hardly be settled satisfactorily without evidence as to proretiauce. The rev. inscr. has been explained by Svoronos (Joiirn. int. d'Arch. Num., ii, p. 387) as an abbreviation of 'lijo-oOj Xpiaros ds ayios Kvpios. ^ The identical specimen described by Sabatier (ii, p. 298, No. 11, PI. 65, 12j, who has preferred to attribute it to Theodore II (' III ') of Nicaea. THEODORE— BRONZE 195 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Type 2 e € Bust of the Saviour OAOI [KOMNHN (Emmanuel) facing-. fPlOC OC AS beardless ? ; wears A'€C KAqi nimbus and drapery ; noiT r. hand blessing- ; [HC?] [1. holding- g-lobus The Emperor Theodore crucig-er ?] ; in field, standing- facing, ^^ ci n CL .^ liolding* in r, labaru m , in 1. globus crucig-er; Border. wears crown, robe, and mantle. Border. 4 53-2 M 1.15 [de Salis gift] xxvi. {pierced) Bronze (flat fabric) 4 Inscr. Bust of Theo- + 06 dore Angelus on 1. OAOJPOC and bust of St. Deme- Men or trius on r., both fac- HCOZ^OV ing- ; between them KAC cross crosslet, adorn- Border of dots. ed with crescent and •, placed on steps. The Emperor wears crown and drapery ; and holds in 1. volu- men. St. Demetrius holds in r. sword, in 1. shield. Border of dots. ^ The last three words of the inscr. are nearly obliterated, but the coin may be compared with Sabatier, ii, p. 301, No. 1, PL 66. 7; with Photiades, Ca^., No. 634, which is described as similar to Sabatier's PL 66. 7 ; and with Photiades, No. 635. (Some specimens have the word 6MMANSHA on the rev.) The attribution to this Theodore in preference to either of the two Theodores who were Emperors of Nicaea is due to Marchant {Lettres, ed. 1851, p. 348, No. 2, and p. 357). A concave bronze coin is attributed in Photiades, Cat., No. 636, to this Theodore reading on ohv. 06OAOPOC (sic) AS and with the type of the Emperor and St. Michael standing ; ret: Christ seated facing. The possibility of its being of Theodore II of Nicaea is not to be overlooked. The small bronze coin attributed by PfafFenhoffen in Rev. Num., 1865, p. 291, PI. XII. 5, to this Theodore would seem, if correctly described, rather to belong to Theodore II of Nicaea. It has obv. [e€0]AUJPOC A€CnOTHC Theodore standing holding cross and volumen, and rev. Lis. Cp. the lis on coins of Theodore II of Nicaea. The bronze nomisma in Sabatier, ii, p. 302, No. 2, PL 66. 8 (originally published by Sabatier in 196 V. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF THESSALONICA No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse eeOAOJPOCZieConl.; AnOCAIMI onr. (Inscr. illegible) [Doubleday purchase, 1849, 7-17-444] Revei*se Plate 5 6 62.7 30-8 {room) M .85 JE .9 [Sale at Sotheby's, 20 Dec, &c., 1852, lot 169] (Inscr. as above, but written thus : — +06 OZ^UJPOC TOnC€A V07\0CH [K]AC) XX vi. 6 The numismatists who have published specimens of these coins have assigned them to Theodore II (' III ') Ducas Lascaris, Emperor of Nicaea (see Marchant, Lettres^ p. 357, No. 3 ; de Saulcy, Essai de class. ^ PI. 31. 8 ; Sabatier, ii, p. 297, No. 7, PI. 65. 8 ; Thomsen, Cat., p. 67, No. 839). Preference should, however, perhaps, be given to Theodore Angelus Ducas of Thessalonica, partly on account of the jjresence of St. Demetrius, the patron saint of Tliessalonica. No one has commented on the curious fact that the ohv, type (two busts and cross crosslet) and the rev. consisting entirely of an inscription are characteristic — at least so far as coins are concerned — of a considerably earlier age than the period of Theodore II (1254-1258) or even than that of Theodore Angelus (1222-1230). The latest occurrence on coins of types like these is, so far as I know, to be found under the Emperor Nicephorus III, Botaniates, A. D. 1078-1081 (B. M. C, ImjJ. Bijz. Coins, p. 537, PI. 63. 8), though a coin of Alexius m, A. D. 1195-1203 (B. M. C, ojj. cit., PL 73. 13) has types of a not very dissimilar character. Judging from tlie types, then, we should expect our coins (Nos. 5, 6) to belong to some ruler of the eleventh or twelfth centuries rather than to one of the thirteenth century. Thus, the pretender Theodore Mankaphas (B. M. C, op. cit., p. Ixvi ; A. Meliaraki, 'Io-t. Bao-. NtKams, pp. 13, 23, 44) who struck coins (according to Niketas, silver coins) during his rebellion in 1189, and later, might conceivably have issued money with such types, but we have no reason to suppose that he assumed the surname Ducas which figures on our coins. We are thrown back, then, on Theodore II Ducas Lascaris of Nicaea, and Theodore Angelus Ducas of Thessalonica, and, of tlie two, Theodore Angelus, as the earlier in date, is perhaps to be preferred ; and it has already been suggested that the Saint (Demetrius) is somewhat more appropriate for his coins than for those of Theodore II Ducas Lascaris. Revue helge, 1859, p. 320, PI. 11. 10) attributed to this Theodore, is in the British Museum and is described, uifm, among the coins of Theodore II of Nicaea. If the reading of the name Theodore on the M published by Sestini, Descriz. . . . Mus. Hetlen-arhow, 1830, iv, p. 118, No. 87 (cp. Sestini, Descr. Xion. Vet, p. 123, No. 113 = Mionnet, Supj)!., iii, p. 172, No. 1110), is to be relied on we should have a coin of Theodore resembling in its main details the coin of his successor Manuel described. infra, p. 198, No. 2, PI. XXVI. 7, i. e. ohv. the Emperor and St. Demetrius and the name of Thessalonica FIOAIC ; rev. St. Michael. J 197 MANUEL Angelus Comnenus Ducas A.D. 1230-1232 1 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Silver Nomlsma (Scyphate)' ■ Inscr. Manuel Angelus bearded, on 1., and the Virg-in, on r., standing- facing. Manuel wears crown, mantle, tunic, and sash with stellate ornament, and holds IC XC Bust of Christ [bearded] facing ; wears nimbus cru- ciger, mantle, and tunic, and holds in 1. book of Gospels ; r. in benediction. Bor- der. in r. long- cross, in 1. volumen. Tiie Vir- gin wears nimbus, veil (witli •"•), tunic, and mantle,and with r. crowns the Em- peror ; 1. on lieart ; above, M^ ; in field • r., eV. Border. 1 26-2 M 1-05 MANSHAMCn (Some letters indis- tinct) double-struck. [de Salis gift] - xxvi. 6 ^ The gold nomisma (rev. Christ seated) assigned by Sabatiev (ii, p. 303, No. 1, PI. 66. 9) to Manuel Angelus is probably a coin (silver gilt ?) of Theodore I Lascaris, Emperor of Nicaea : see infra under ' Theodore I ', p. 206, note 3. ^ The identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 297, No, 9, PI. 65. 10, who has assigned it to Theodore II ('III') Ducas, Emperor of Nicaea, reading on the obv. eeOAUUPOC (on l.) and ASKAC (on r.). But of the word ASKAC I cannot detect the slightest trace, nor can GcOAUJPOC be regarded as correct, for the first letter of the legend is certainly M or N- Though the letters are minute and blurred through double-striking the legend may, I think, be fairly read as MAN6HA (or MANOVA?) A€Cn. There is no legend on the right of the obv. except 0V. Cp. a bronze coin published by Baron de Koehne (Rev. beige, 1881, p. 351, PI. 16. 20) with 3€0AUJ . . . VKAC ; but the reproduction does not seem very satisfactory. 11)8 V. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF THESSALONICA No. Weight Metal ami Size Obverse Reverse Plate Bronze Nomisma Type 1 [MANttHA A€CnO THCl [OAnOC AH MHTPIOC?] The St. Michael, the arch- angel, winged, stand- ing facing; on 1. and Emperor Manuel (on r. of head, ^ ^ ■ 1.) and St. Demetrius (on r.) seated facing- wears nimbus, short on throne, holding- military tunic, and between them, glo- cloak ; holds ? bus crucig-er ? ; above, nOA[IC] eectq AAO N 1 K 1 Tlie Emperor wears crown, mantle, and robe, and holds in r. sceptre. St. Deme- trius wears nimbus, robe, and mantle, and holds in r. sword? 2 38. JE 1.15 Concave ; pressed flat. (Double -struck ; and xxvi. fParkes ^Yeber gift, the whole coin per- 7 1906] haps re-struck on older types) ^ Tyi: e 2 Inscr. The Emperor 1 C XC Bust of Christ, Manuel, bearded, beardless, fiicing ; standing- facing. wears mantle and 1 holding- in r. long tunic, and nimbus 1 cross, in 1. globus cruciger witli • in ' Cp. Sabatier, ii, p. 303, Nos. 3 and 4. PI. 66. 11 and 12 ; Photiades, Cat., No. 640; de Saulcy in Bev. mtm., 1842, p. 416, PI. 20. 1. According to de Saulc}- (/. c.) the object held by the Emperor and the Saint is ' un edifice surmonte de trois tours ', the TTOAIC of Thessalonica. If Sestini's description may be relied on the type was initiated by Manuel's predecessor, Theodore (see under Theodore, note, p. 196, supra). It may be mentioned that a representation of the Civifas Tliessalonicarum occurs on a seal of Boniface, Marquis of Montfen-at ; Schlumberger, Melain/es (Vaixh., i, i>. 57. MANUEL— BRONZE NOMISMA 199 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate cruciger ; wears crown, tunic, sash, and mantle. Border of dots. limbs of cross; r.hand blessing ; 1. holds book of Gospels. Border of dots.^ 3 46. M 1-05 MANVHAA (rest of inscr. obliterated) ••• on sash. Con- cave. [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-551] xxvi. 8 4 54. M 1-15 MAN.VHA A . . TT . . . . "jil^ OQ sash. Concave. [de Salis gift] - xxvi. 9 Type 3 MAN8HAA€Cn OA [AHMHTPIOC ?] The Emperor Manuel (on 1. ) and St. Deme- trius ? (on r.) stand- ing facing, holding between them globus cruciger ? The Em- Bust of the Virgin fac- ing, orans ; wears nimbus, veil, tunic, and mantle ; V on drapery ; in field, f5R>and[eV]. Border of dots.^ peror wears crown, tunic, and sash with )i(, and holds in r. long cross. The Saint wears nimbus, long robe, and mantle, and holds in 1. long cross. Borderofdots. 5 30.7 {pierced) M 1. Concave. xxvi. 10 ^ Similar to Photiades, Cat., No. 639, where also another coin is described apparently with rev. St. Michael. Their rough style differentiates our coins from those of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I, A.r>. 1143-1180. ^ The identical specimen described and figured by Sabatier, ii, p. 303, No. 2, PI. 66. 10. * The style of this coin, especially of its rev., seems more suitable to Manuel than to his namesake the Byzantine Emperor (Manuel I). Photiades, Cat. (No. 641), further attributes to Manuel a scyphate bronze coin : ohv. The Emperor standing crowned by ' un ange ' [St. Michael] ; reo. The Virgin seated facing. The ohv. inscr. is IV1AN6HA A€CrT. 200 JOHN Angelus Emperor, 1232-1243 ; oh. 1244. Despot of Thessalonica, 1244. No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Bronze Nomisma lUU A€C The Emperor M X St. Michael, winged, ; John (on 1.) and Christ standing facing ; wears • (on r.) standing facing. nimbus and military ; Christ wears nimbus (on dress ; in r., sceptre ; in 1 1. and r. of vsrhich, IC 1., globus cruciger. Bor- der of dots. and XC), mantle, and tunic ; his r. hand blesses the Emperor ; in his 1. is the book of the Gospels. The Emperor wears crown, mantle, and robe ; in r., laba- rum ; in 1., globus cru- ciger. Border of dots. JE. Concave nomisma. Size, 1-05 inch. Described by Sabatier, ii, p. 306, No 2, PI. 67. 2. This attribution of Sabatier's may be correct ; at any rate, the style of the rev. seems not unsuitable to Tliessalonica, and the coin does not appear to be of John II Comnenus, the Byzantine Emperor. (John I Ang-elus, Duke and Sebastocrator of Neopatras, might also perhaps claim the coin.) But the f/old nomisma assigned by Sabatier (ii, p. 305, No. 1, PI. 67. 1) and other numismatists to John Angelus is much better given to John II Comnenus. Again, the small bronze coin (not a nomisma) with rev. Bust of St. Demetrius, assigned by Sabatier (ii, p. 306, No. 3, PI. 67. 3) to John Angelus is more likely, judging from style and fabric, to be of John II Comnenus. In addition to the concave bronze nomisma above described (Sabatier, PI. 67. 2) there is another ' petit bronze concave ' described in the Pliotiades Cat, No. 644, which may perhaps belong to John Angelus : — • Obv. lUJANNHC ^ecnOTHC L'Empereur debout. Rev. OAfHOC («/c) AHMHTPIOC Saint Demetrius debout. With regard to Nos. 645 and 646, attributed in the Photiades Cat. to John Angelus, it is difficult to judge. i JOHN— BRONZE 201 It may be convenient to state here that the British ^luseum specimen of the bronze nomisma referred to in B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins^ p. 613 n. (= Sabatier, ii, p. 244, No. 15, PI. 59. 16), as having- been assig-ned, perhaps by de Salis, to John Ang-ehis of Thessalonica, is a very curious piece. It seems to be cast and perhaps tooled (so also a specimen in the Windisch-Griitz Cat, No. 337), but if not an ancient coin it no doubt reproduces an ancient original. It was presented to the British Museum by Count de Salis. I cannot find any decisive reason for attributing- it to John Ang-elus, though the rude style of the rev. (Bust of the Virgin) and the choice of the Saint (apparently Demetrius) might suit the Thessalonica mint. The coin seems to me to read on ohv. Ml (JVIichael ?) and IfDIT (St. Demetrius.^). Sabatier thought M I must indicate Michael VIII Palaeologus, a. d. 1261-1282, but the coin does not at all harmonize with the known money of that Emperor. Dd 202 DEMETRIUS Despot of Thessalonica, a. d. 1244-124(3 No coins bearing his name are known ; but see below. COINAGE OF THESSALONICA? Under JOHN Angelas (Despot), 1243-1244 and DEMETRIUS (Despot), 1244-1246 ■NT Uin- • 1 4. Metal and No. Weight I g.^^ 56. JE 1.1 50.3 I JE 1-05 38-5 JE 1-05 Obverse Reverse Bronze Nomisma (Concave ; flans of irregular sliape) X X ' » -- St. Michael, the a r c h a n g' e 1, wing;ed, standing- facing" ; wears nim- bus and military dress, and holds in r. trifid sceptre, in 1. g-lobus cruciger. Border of dots. [de Salis gift] [de Salis gift] [de Salis gift] Bust of Clirist, beard- less, facing ; wears nimbus cruciger with pellet in each limb of cross, mantle, and tunic ; r. hand in blessing ; 1. holds boolc of Gospels ; in field, IC and XC. Border of dots. (Double-struck) (Double-struck) Plate xxvii. 1 xxvii. 2 xxvii. 3 ' For APX. MIX. (Cp. B. M. C, Imjy. Byz. Coins, p. 597, Nos. 44-7, and p. 595, No. 37.) The letters are seldom completely legible. COINAGE OF THESSALONICA— BRONZE 203 Weight 51.4 5M 44. 19. (clipped) Metal and Size JE 1. JE .95 JE .9 JE .7 Obverse Reverse [Parkes Weber gift, 1906] [de Salis gift] [North wick coll., 1860] [de Salis gift] I found tliese coins classified in the British Museum series of Thessalonica, probably by Count de Salis, who presented five specimens to tlie collection. I am not aware if there is any evidence as to provenance, but fabric and style, and especially the resemblance of the reverse to the reverse of Manuel Angelus (Nos. 3, 4, supra, PI. XXVI. 8, 9), render the attribution at least plausible. The coins do not bear the name of the issuer, but if of Tliessalonica they would probably have been minted in the city by the despot John Angelus during 1243-1244 (that is, after he had renounced (a.d. 1243) the title of Emperor, under pressure from the Emperor of Nicaea, Jolm I (' III ') Vatatzes), and by his successor the weak Demetrius (1244-1246) whose rule did not extend beyond the city and who was eventually dethroned by the Nicaean Emperor. Sabatier, PL 58. 7, is evidently of the same class as our Nos. 1-7. Sabatier has attributed it to Isaac II Angelus, the Byzantine Emperor, A.D. 1185-1195 (first reign), 'but the style and fabric seem to me to be later than Isaac's time. There is, however, another bronze nomisma with similar, but not identical, types which may fairly be assigned to Isaac II : see B. M. C, Imp. Bi/z. Coins, p. 595, No. 37, PL LXXII. 9. Plate XX vu. 4 xxvii. 5 xxvii. 6 xxvii. 7 VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA A.D. 1204-1261 I THEODORE I Lascaris 1204-1222 (crowned, 1200) No. Metal and Size Obverse I Gold Nomisma (Scypliate) IC XC Christ, bearded, seated facing on throne ■without back ; wears nimbus, mantle, and tunic, and holds in 1. book of the Gospels ; r. hand in benediction ; above throne, r. and 1., r and r. e€[0]AUJPOC A€C n CD n<D[Y?]Pore Theodore I, bearded, on 1., and the Virgin on r., standing facing. The Virgin wears nim- bus, veil, mantle, and tunic, and with her r. hand crowns the Em- peror ; I. hand in bene- diction. The Emperor wears crown, tunic, mantle, and scarf, and holds in r. labarum, in 1, sword in sheath. Above, r^FP ; in field r., ■e-V. Border. AT. Size. I'Oo inch. Rollin in Rev. num., 1841, p. 172, PI. Wll. Cf. Sabatier, ii. p. 295, Nos. 1, 2, 3, assigned to Theodore ' III ' ( = 11). No. 3, according THEODORE I— GOLD 205 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate to Sabatier, reads eGOAOJPOC A8K ACCnO THC, a reading which may be suspected, and in any case he is in error in stating that a coin with this reading exists in the British Museum. Photiades, Cat, No. 628, is stated to be like Sabatier, No. 1, PI. 65. 2. This coin was found at Brusa (Prusa Bithy- niae), as were other ^old nomismata which there is reason to think are issues of the Nicaean Emperors (see Rollin's account of the find in Rev. num., 1841, pp. 171-6 ; cp. R. iV., 1863, p. 459 n.). I follow the reading- and attribution of Rollin, hut the title ' Porphyro- g-enitus ' is strange, because Theodore I was not of the Imperial stock, though he had, it is true, married a daughter of the Emperor Alexius 111. This title was, however, inscribed on the gold coins of Theodore's successor, John I Yatatzes. The issue of a g-okl coinage by Theodore I is apparently implied in an agreement made in 1219 between Tiepolo, Venetian podesta at Con- stantinople, and Theodore I not to strike any g-old or silver coins in imitation of one another (see Schlumberger, Niivi. de F Orient lat., pp. 275, 276). RoUin (o]>. cit., p. 172) further attributes to Theodore I the gokl nomismata with O AACKAPIC, whicli I have assigned in this work to Theodore n (see PI. XXXI. 6, 7). My reasons for the attribution are (i) that it is unlikely that Theodore I would use on his gold coins two distinct legends, viz. the simple name 'Lascaris' and the title 'Porphyro- genitus ' ; (ii) that if these coins are assigned to Theodore I, Theodore II will remain unpro- vided with a g-old coinage, unless, indeed, we may trust the reading- (AVK A O AACKAPI) of the coin which Rollin (p. 174) has assig-ned to Theodore II, a reading which seems to me open to doubt ; (iii) these coins in their style and fabric (rather thick) seem to be later than John I (' III ') Vatatzes, i. e. they must belong to the second and not to the first Theodore ; (iv) as has already been pointed out by Borrell (Num. Qiron., iv, 1841, p. 17), these coins with O AACKAPIC are much alloyed and must therefore be placed later than John 1 ('III') Vatatzes, who (according- to Pachy- meres) first considerably debased the g-old coinage, i.e. they must be assigned to John's successor, Theodore 11, and not to John's pre- decessor, Theodore I. 200 VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Silver Nomisma (Scyphate) Inscr. Theodore I, Christ, bearded, seated bearded, on 1. , and St. facing- on throne Theodore, bearded, with back, above on r., standing- fac- which, IC and XC ; ing-, holding- between he wears nimbus them long- cross with cruciger with ♦, X. The Emperor mantle, and tunic, wears crown, mantle. and holds in 1. book tunic, and sash Avitli of Gospels. stellate orna- ment, and holds in r. sheathed sword. St. Theodore wears nim- bus, military cloak. and cuirass, and holds in 1. sheathed sword. Double bor- der. 1 45-2 .U M5 Inscr. obliterated, ex- Legs of throne with xxviii. cept C crooked ornament. 1 [H. P. Borrell] as on coins of John I Vatatzes (PI. XXX. 2, 4, 5).^ M 1-2 [eieoAuuPAec no xxviii. (pierced) 2 In the collection of Profe ssor C. W. Oman, Oxford ^ 68. M 1-3 A€Cn T 0^ (Two borders of dots) xxviii. {gilt) eeOAUUPOC ; (head of cross varied, with circular ornament) Bibliotheque Nationale, num., 1904, p. 107 = B.M. PI. LXIX. 9.=' Paris. De Foville in Bev. C, Imp.B\is. Coins, p. 571, 3 \ ' The identical specimen described and figured {ohr. only) b}' Sabatier, ii, p. 297, No. 6, PI. 6.5. 7. Cp. Sale Cat. of Consul E. F. Weber coll. ; Miinchen (Hirsch, No. xxiv), 1909, lot 3342 ; cp. lot 3343. ^ Prof. Oman has kindly permitted the publication of this coin, which furnishes valuable testimony as to the issuer's name. It is possible that the issuer may have been Theodore II of Nicaea, but I rather incline to Theodore I, partly because the St. Theodore type seems especially to belong to him, as shown by his billon and bronze coins. In the obv. inscr. P is nearly I, and € in A€C is confused. ^ M. de Foville, /. c, attributed this specimen to Manuel I Comnenus (a. D. 1143- 1180), relying mainly on a coin of similar type, stated by Sabatier (ii, p. 303, No. 1, PI. 66. 9) to be of gold and to read MANOVHA. This 'Manuel' coin, formerly in the THEODORE I— BILLON 207 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Billon Nomisma (Scj-phate) [eeOAUUPOC on 1. ; eeOAUUPOS on fH> -O-y The Virgin, holding the infant r. *]. Theodore I and ' Christ, seated facing St. Theodore, both on throne ; she wears bearded, standing- nimbus, veil, mantle, facing", liolding- pa- triarchal cross. The and tunic; the throne is without back, and Emperor wears is decorated with crown and long- tunic, and holds in squares and pellets. r. labaruni. St. Theo- dore wears nimbus and military dress, and holds in 1. spear.* Double border. 2 64.6 Billon (Traces of inscr. on r.) Double-struck. xxviii M [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-470] 4 3 54-5 Billon (Traces of inscr. on Double-struck. xxviii M 1. and r.) ; double- struck. Bronze Nomi Inscr. Theodore I and St. Theodore, both bearded, standing facing-, holding pa- triarchal cross. The Emperor wears crown, tunic, and sash, and holds in [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-448] snna (Scyphate) n? -eV The Virgin, holding the infent Christ, seated facing on throne ; she wears nimbus, veil, mantle, and tunic ; the throne is without back, and is decorated with 5 Hoffmann collection, is not now forthcoming, and Sabatier's testimony as to the reading of the issuer's name can hardly be accepted without corroboration. Prof. Oman's coin (PI. XXVIII. 2) renders it almost certain that the name should be read ' Theodore ', and fabric and style point in the direction of Nicaea. 1 Cf JReviie beige, 1858, p. 275, No. 2, PI. XV. 12, with 0eoA(a)) on 1. The types, and no doubt the inscriptions, are as on the bronze nomisma (Nos. 4-11). ^ For a seal attributed to Theodore I see Jouf)ial international d'arch. nntn., Athens, 1903, p. 4, and Schlumberger, Me'l. cVarch. hi/z., i, p. 238 : Obr. St. Theodore standing with spear and shield. Rev. e€OAUUPON [AAJCKAPIN TO[N] [BA]CIA€A, &c. 208 VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA No. Weight 9 55.3 59-5 Metal and Size JE 1.15 JE 1.2 50-5 .E M 554 62. 50-5 M 1.05 M 1.15 JE M Obverse r. labarum. St. Theo- dore wears nimbus and military dress, and holds in 1. spear. Double border. Traces of inscr. on r. ■e-eoA A. ...2 o-e-6 Inscr. nearly oblite- rated. OAUUPOC ; rest of inscr. obliterated. (Emperor holds in r. cross instead of la- barum) (single bor- der) Traces of inscr. on r. (cross? instead of la- barum) (single bor- der) Traces of inscr. on r. Reverse squares and pellets. Double border. [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1106; found in Cyprus ^] [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1106; found in Cyprus] Double-strucJi. [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1106; found in Cyi^rus] Type blurred throug-h mis-striking-. [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1106; found in Cyprus] Double-struck. [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1106; found in Cyprus] [de Salis gift] Plate xxvm. 6 XXVIU. 7 XXVIU. 8 XXVIU. 9 ' Lot 1106, acquired by the British Museum, consisted of 'five extremely fine and patinated varieties of an unpublished type, all concave ; found in Cyprus '. In the sale catalogue they are attributed to the rebel 'Emperor' Theodore Mankaphas (a.d. 1189 and later: cp. B. M. C, Imp. Bijz. Coins, p. Ixvi). The attribution has nothing much to recommend it, and the seat of the short-lived power of Mankaphas was at Philadelphia. No doubt, however, coins are needed for Mankaphas, and are probably to be found among some of the pieces that it is customary to assign to the Theodores of Nicaea and Thessa- lonica (cp. also under Theodore Angelus of Thessalonica, bronze coin, PI. XXVI. 5, p. 196, No. 5, supra). ^ This, judging from the shape of the flan, is the identical specimen figured by Sabatier, ii, p. 298, No. 12. PI. 65. 13, who has, however, misread the clear O -©-eOA as O API OCA and described the saint as Demetrius. For another apparent variety of the legend see Photiades, Cat, No. 637. THEODORE I— BRONZE 209 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 10 70. M 1-15 (On 1., 0-e-€OAUJP (eV) Type partly xxix. and the figure of St. blurred through mis- 1 Theodore upside striking. down ; on r. , 0-O-60 . . and the fig-ure of St. [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-569] Theodore : throug-h mis-striking', the figure of the Em- peror and the patri- archal cross do not appear) (single bor- der) 11 64-6 M 1-15 eeoAUJ poc o.... Type blurred through xxix. {pierced) {flattened) .... Type double-struck, so that each figure appears to liold a patriarchal cross. mis-striking, [de Salis gift] 2 E e 210 JOHN I Clll') Ducas Vatatzes 1222-30 Oct. 1254 No. Weiffht 66S Metal and Size N 1-05 57-6 N .9-j Obverse Reverse Gold Nomlsma (scyphate) Inscr. On 1., John I, bearded, standing- facing", crowned by the Virgin, who stands on r. , facing- ; above, M-p (or m* or M);jn field r., GV (or -BV). John wears crown, tunic, sash, and mantle,and holds in r. labaruni, in 1. sword in sheath. The Virgin wears nimbus, veil, tunic, and mantle ; •*• on drapery ; 1. hand in benediction. Double border of dots. lUU A€C CD C=Tw) no n T p H Double-struck. iTI) CL A€ n cn p V [0] Christ, bearded, seated facing- on throne without back ; in 1. , book of Gospels ; r. outstretched in bene- diction ; wears tunic, mantle, and nimbus crucig-er, with • in limbs of cross ; above, IC and XC. Double border of dots (some- times not visible). On seat of throne, r. and 1., +. Double- struck. [C. A. Murray, 1849J On seat of throne, r. and 1., + [C. A. Murray, 1849] Plate XXIX. 3 JOHN I VATATZES— GOLD 211 Weisrht 61-8 69-5 5 64-2 02- G5.7 714 644 69- 66.7 (pierced) Metal and Size N 1.05 N 1-1 N 1-1 N M N -95 N 1-05 Obverse M 105 {formerly plated) N 145 [ijoj ..C IJOJ cn o lUU lUU .€C no [T?] n p V n [CD?] T n [O?] <t) [p?] 'IIUU GD .€C n <t> [r?] fllUJ GQ n PO r GQ n <t> p r Reverse (Legend obscure and blundered) .V r . c ? . ? lUU OD .6 np no T V .V 1-05 (Inscr. obliterated) On seat of throne, r. and 1., + [C. A. Murray, 1849] On seat of throne, r, and 1., + [C. A. .Murray, 1849] On seat of throne, 1. [and r. ?], + On seat of tlirone, r. and 1., + [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-27] Above seat of throne, ^•1 •!• (!•! instead of • in cross) [C. A. Murray, 1849] Above seat of throne, ^•■> •!• {\*\ instead of • in cross) [C. A. Murray, 1849] Above seat of throne, r., [•?!:• [Presented by Mr. J. T. Wood (the explorer of Ephesus), 1874] Above seat of throne, r, and 1., • Above seat of throne, r. andl., •. Double- struck [C. A. Murray, 1849] Plate XXIX. 4 XXIX. 5 XXIX. 212 VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 12 70-2 N M [IJUJ (L A€C P no VP T H r [C. A. Murray, 1849] 13 73-8 {flattened) iTD (OD blundered) A€C n n. n p r [H. P. Borrell .sale, 1852, lot 971] xxix. 7 (Pressed flat) 14 64-8 N l-O.") [IIUU CD .€C n <D V P r (One border, linear only .?) Double-struck. [Royal coll.] 15 67.0 N h [I]UJ CD .€c n n. <D T (One border only ?) [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 972] 16 62-1 {jnerced N 1-2 (Ml for nFp) lUJ CD . €C (blurred) n (D P r Double-struck. [Purchased, 1905, 4-8-27] xxix. 8 17 r.5. .V -95 [IJUJ CD ..c n (Border obliterated) (On o6r., graffito X ; Above seat of throne, on 1,, A, on r., P on rec.^ graffito lUJ) 18 (17.2 N \.\ [l]lD CD (1^ blun- A€C n dered) n c <t> 1 r. •c • [Blacas, 18()7] JOHN I VATATZES— GOLD 213 No. 19 Weight 20 21 22 23 24 65-6 (pierced 69- 46-2 (^pierced) 65-9 {pierced) Metal and Size N 1. {flattened) N M M 1- A^ 1-05 73-3 A^ 105 61-9 ; A^ 1-05 Obverse Reverse (;:: for NFf ; V for eV) (Pressed flat) [Colonel De Bosset] (e for M-P;eV omitted [l]UJ A.C no T lUU no T T n p CD n Inscr. on 1., on r., (L n blurred UU UJ ' ' border I J only) CD n (One bor- <t> deronlv) [Pj (••* for • in cross) [C*. A. Murray, 1849] (^Ancient forg-erv ?) [Royal coll.] Double-struck. [Purchased, 1904, 6-4-481] (One border only) [Townshend coll.] Double-struck ; above throne, r., • [Parkes ^^'eber g-ift, 1906] Nos. 1-21 have ali-eady been described in B. M. C, Imperial Byzantine Coins Q^^. 557 ff., Nos. 20-40), where they are attributed to the Constantinopolitan Emperor John II Com- nenus, a. d. 1118-1143. The main argument in favour of that attribution was the presence on them of the epithet ' Porphyrogenitus ', an epithet wliich is found on the indisjiutable coins of John n (such as B. M. C, Imp. B(jz. Coins, PI. LXYII. 1 1), and which is not known — at least from literature — to have been borne by any other emperor named John. in spite, however, of this consideration, I am now convinced by the arguments of Rollin (^Revue numismatique, 1841, vol. vi, pp. 173 f.) andH. P. Borrell (xV^^7?i. C/iron.,iy, 1841, p. 18) that, on grounds of style, fabric, and pro- venance, the coins belong- to John I Yatatzes of Nicaea. Plate 214 VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA No. Weiffht Metal and Size Obverse Reverse (i) The most convincino- evidence in favour of the attribution of Nos. 1-24 to John I is obtained by comiiaring- tliein with the g-old nomismata of Tiieodore II of Nicaea (PI. XXXI. G-7), wliich last-named coins (whetherlhey are really of Theodore II or, as is possibly the case, of Theodore I) are beyond all question the issues of a Nicaean Emperor, for thev bear the surname O AACKAPIC. (ii) Although in type and g-eneml appear- ance (especially tlie seated Christ of the rci\) Nos. 1-24 bear not a little resemblance to the g'old nomismata of John II, it will be found on a minute examination that there are dif- ferences in several details, and that, in point of style, the coins of John II the Byzantine are of more careful workmanship and design than those wliicli we here transfer to John I the Nicaean. The coins, moreover, indicate a difference of alloy wliich the eye can easily detect ; thus, it can be seen that several of the coins assigned to John I are of a brownish hue (betraying the presence of cojiper), while those of John II are yellow or orange. (iii) A hoard of nearly 1000 gold coins, discovered near Smyrna " and described by H. P. BorreU (^Num.^ Chron., iv, 1841, p. 18), consisted almost entirely of coins of ' John ' (like our Nos. 1-24) mixed with a few of Theo- dore II of Nicaea and a few of ]\Iichael VIII Palaeologus, the latest emperor of Nicaea. Now, the coins of Theodore II and Michael VIII cover (approximately) the period a.d. 1254- 1282, and (as Mr. Borrell has already observed) it is highly probable that the ' John ' of this hoard is the predecessor of Theodore II, namely John I Vatatzes (a. d. 1222-1254), and not the Emperor John II Comnenus who had reigned so long before as a. d. 1118-1143. A less important piece of evidence from provenance is the finding of a coin resembling our Nos. 1-24 at Brusa in Bithynia, together (apparently) with other gold coins of Nicaean emperors (see Rev. num.., 1841, vi, pp. 172 f ). (iv) The ti-ansference of our Nos. 1-24 from John II to John I offers the advantage of relieving the former of a somewhat super- abundant coinage in gold and of providing the latter with a currency in a metal that there are good historical grounds for believing him to have employed. Thus, Pachymeres (vol. ii, p. 493, ed. JBonn ; cp. Finlay, Hist. Greece., iii, p. 320) clearly testifies to the issue JOHN I VATATZES— SILVER 215 Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse of gold coins by Jolm I, thoug-li he tells us that only two parts were of the pure metal, the rest being- alloy. Cp. p. 214 (ii), supra. (v) The arguments above suggested (i, ii, iii, iv) seem to me to be much weightier tlian any that can be based on the inscription ' Porphyrogenitus '. John I had, indeed, no right to such a title, for he was not the son of the preceding emperor (Theodore I), with whom he was only connected through having married his daughter Irene (cp. Pappadopoulos, Theodore II Lascaris^ p. 4). Yet it is not inconceivable that John, in his position of assertor, against foreign and other rivals, of the claims of the ancient empire, took such a title as Porphyrogenitus, and there is reason to suppose that it had already been assumed by Tlieodore I (see the gold coin assig-ned to Theodore I, supra, p. 204). The high pre- tensions of John are, moreover, apparent in the inscription of a seal which, according to Schlumberger (Sigillogr., pp. 428, 429), should be assigned to him rather than to John I of Neopatras: COPAPIC C€BACTOV IUUANNS T» ASKA PIZAN r€NOVC 6X0NT0C €K BACIAeUJN. It may perhaps be added that among the gold coins assig'ned to John II Comnenus in B. M. C, Imjh Byz. Coins, pp. 559 f., are certain other specimens which may seem to have some claim to be transferred to John I Yatatzes : these are Nos. 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 15-19, But I believe, after careful consideration, that they are best left — as at present — to John II. Silver Nomlsma (scyphate) Type 1 Inscr. John I (on 1.) and St. Constantine (on r.) standing facing, holding be- tween them patri- archal cross with X on its upper shaft. The Emperor is bearded, and wears crown, tunic, and sash with stellate ornament : he holds Christ, bearded, seated facing" on throne with back ; in 1., book of Gospels ; wears tunic, mantle, and nimbus cruciger, with • in limbs of cTOSs; above, IC and XC. Linear border. Plate 216 VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA No. ■JO Weight 41-6 L>6 Metal and Size M 14 50-7 Ai 1-3 Obverse in r., plain cross. The Saint is bearded, and wears nimbus, crown, tunic, and sash, the two latter being- richly orna- mented, but varying from tlie dress of the Emperor ; lie liolds in 1. sword in sheath (?). Linear border. HJUA€[C]nOT[H?] (onl.) O/KUUTAN TIN (onr.) Reverse [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1035 '] Type 2 Inscr. John I (on 1.), bearded, and the Christ of Chalce, bearded (on r.), standing facing. The Emperor wears crown, tunic, mantle, and sash with stellate ornament, and holds in r. labarum, in 1. g-lobus cruciger. Christ wears nimbus cruciger (with • in cross), mantle, and tunic, and with r. hand crowns the Emperor, holding in 1. liand book of Gos- pels. Double linear border. HJU_A[€CnOTH?]C IC X [XAAJKITHC The Virgin, seated fa- cing on throne with back, holding infant Christ ; she wears nimbus, veil, tunic, and mantle, with •*• ornament ; above, fy? and -O^ ; legs of throne with crooked ornament. Linear border. - PJatc XXX. 1 [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-28] XXX. 2 * This coin (like Nos. 26-9, Infra) is of spread, thin fabric, and somewhat resembles a large bracteate (No. 1 of Theodore I, sxpra, has a very similar fabric). It is the identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 296, No. 5. PI. 65. 6, who has entirely misread the legend as eGOAUU O AflOC AHMHTPI and assigned the coin to Theodore ' III' (= II) of Nicaea. St. Constantine is also represented on the coins of Alexius III (a. d. 1195-1203) standing beside the Emperor: see B. M. C, Imp. Bij:. Coins, pp. 699-604. ^ Nos. 26-9 have the same bracteate-like appearance as No. 25. , As to the Christ of Chalce see Dumout in Rev. num., 1867, p. 199, &c. ; Schlumberger, VEpop. hyz., i, pp. 80, JOHN I YATATZES— SILVER ; BRONZE 217 No. 27 28 29 Weight 48-8 49-1 (chipped) 473 (chipped) Metal and Size Obverse 30 JR 1-3 M 1-3 M 1-25 4G-4 JE 1-2 KJUA€CnOTI IC X (rest obliterated) ILUA€CnOTHI IC XC [0?]XAAKITIC IUJ....OTI IC XC XAAKITIC Reverse [H. P. BorreU sale, 1852, lot 1032] [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1029] [de Salis gift] ^ Bronze Nomisma (scypliate) Type 1 Inscr. John I, bearded, standing- facing-, holding in r. la- barum, in 1. sword in sheath; wears crown, mantle, tunic, and sash with stellate ornament. Double linear border. [I]UJ [A€]C o A 5 KA C Inscr. Christ of Chalce, bearded, standing facing, holding in 1. book of Gospels ; wears nimbus cru- el ger (with • in cross), tunic, and mantle. Linear bor- der. above. X Kl [A]A TH [IC] and XC [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1109]" Plate XXX. 3 XXX. 4 XXX. 5 XXX. 6 83 ; cp. B. M. C. Imp. Byz. Coins, pp. 545 n., 599, 600. Dumont {op. cit., p. 195 ; cp. Photiades, Cat., No. 676) has suggested that a silver scyphate coin in the Photiades collec- tion with ohv. the Christ of Chalce, IC XC O XAAKHTHC, rev. the Virgin standing, belongs to the reign of John 'IIP (=1) Yatatzes (cp. the rev. of No. 29, infra (Christ of Chalce). The attribution seems probable, but no issuer's name appears upon the coin. With the type of the Virgin on Nos. 26-9 compare coins of Isaac II, B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, PI. LXXI. 17. ^ The coin in Sabatier, ii, p. 198, No. 8, PI. 53. 18, of the same type as our Nos. 26-9, has evidently been misread and wrongly attributed to the Emperor John II Comnenus. '^ This is the identical specimen published by Sabatier, PI. 64. 10, ii, p. 293, No. 4, but he has misread O A5KAC as O A€CnOTHC and not deciphered the rev. inscr. On the Christ of Chalce see p. 216 n., supra. F f 218 VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA No. 31 Weight Metal and Size 61-2 JE 1-2 32 33 29-3 .E .75 32-5 JE -85 Obverse Reverse Type 2 Inscr. Jolin I, bearded, seated facings on throne with back, holding in r. cruci- form sceptre ; in 1. globus cruciger; wears crown and tunic. Double linear border. lUU MCn OAS KA. (double-struck) v^ -Fi lYI 8 I St. Demetrius, wear- ing* nimbus and mili- tary dress, standing facing ; holds in r. spear ; ]. rests on kite-shaped sliield. Linear border. [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot nil'] Plate XXX. 7 Bronze Type 1 Inscr. John I, bearded, standing facing, holding in r. laba- rum, in 1. globus cruciger ; wears crown, tunic, and mantle. Border of dots. iiD o € lUJ o 8 Head of seraph, with two wings - ; on each side, •,' Border of dots. [de Salis gift] [de Salis gift] XXX. 8 XXXI. 1 ' The identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 298, No. 10, PI. 65. 11 (cp. Photiades, Cat., No. 633^), who has strangely read the ohv. legend as 660^0 P Z\6Cn and assigned the coin to Theodore ' III ' (= II) of Nicaea. 2 Contrast the seraph-head on coins of Andronicus II and Michael IX ; B. M. C. Imp. Bijz. Coins, p. 623, No. 32, PI. LXXV. 10, The specimen described by Ranch and Fried- laender (in Koehne's Zeitschrift filr Mum-, Siec/el- uiid Wappenkunde (Berlin), ii, 1842, p. 203, PI. VI. 17= de Saiilcy 'in 'i?cy. num., 1842, p. 416, PL XIX. 8j as having on the rtc. a vine-leaf or a shield is really of the seraph-type. JOHN I VATATZES— BRONZE 21& No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 34 27.9 JE •65 O A 8 [de Salis g-ift] 35 27-5 M •75 lUJ A €C no Tl [de Salis gift] Type 2 Inscr. John I, beard- ed, standing- facing, holding- in r. laba- runi, in 1. sword in sheatli ; wears crown, mantle, tunic, and sash. Border of dots. (A) ^ Bust of St. Georg-e, beardless, facing- ; hair curly ; wears nimbus, cui- rass, and cloak, and holds in r. spear, in 1. shield. ' Border of dots. 36 332 JE •8 .OD 0A» .€ K C A S [Northwick sale, 1860] xxxi. 2 37 49-8 M •75 lUJ A6C A no s H [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-471] xxxi. 3 38 34-4 M .85 iTD A€ A no e T K H A [de Salis g-ift] xxxi. 4 39 30-3 M ■Cro .Gu A€ AS C K no A c (A for A) [de Salis gift] xxxi. 5 * With this type of St. George on coins cp. B. M. C, Imp. Buz. Coins, p. 587, Nos. 19 r 20 ; p. 606, No. 43. To tyi^es 1 and 2 of the bronze coinage should be added the following : Ohv. ILU A€C O ASKAC. The Emperor standing. Eev. Four interlaced bands. Thomsen, Cat., No. 836 ; Sabatier, PL 64. 11 and 12 ; de Saulcy in Rev. num., 1842, p. 416, PI. XIX. 7. 220 THEODORE II Ducas Lascarls 1-254— Aug. 1258 No. Weight Metal and Size 66-3 65. N 1. N 1.05 Obverse Reverse Gold Nomisma (scypliate) Inscr. Theodore II, bearded, on 1., and the Virgin, on r., standing-facing. The Virgin wears nim- bus, veil, mantle, and tunic, and with her r. hand crowns the Emperor ; herl. hand in benediction. The Emperor wears crown, tunic, man- tle, and sash ; holds in r. labarum, in 1. sword in sheath ; above, NH»; in field r., eV. Double linear border. e€ no OAUU Tie POC OA AC rKi C LpJ ee n . . AUU 1\. . . c OA .€ K c P IC XC Christ,bearded, seated facing on throne without back ; wears nimbus, man- tle, and tunic, and holds in 1. book of Gospels ; r. liand in benediction. Linear border. Above throne, on r., A [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 968] Above throne, on r.,7K [H. P. BorreU sale, 1852, lot 970] Nos. 1 and 2 are from a hoard discovered near Smyrna (Borrell in Num. Ckron.., iv, 1841, p. 18). It is somewhat strange that Theodore II abandons the title Porpliyrogenitus borne on the gold coins of his father and predecessor John I Vatatzes, and on this account it might be thought that tlie gold coin assigned, supra^ Plate 6 XXXI. 7 i THEODORE II— SILVER 221 No. Weisrht Metal and Size Obverse Reverse p. 204, to Theodore I, which has the epithet Porphyrog-enitus, would be best attributed to Theodore 11. On the whole, however, for the reasons stated supra., p. 205, the attribution of our gold coins (Nos. 1 and 2) with O AACKA PIC to Theodore II seems preferable ; and the g-old coins with Porphyrog'enitus are thus left to Theodore 1. No. 1 is the identical specimen published by Sabatier, ii, p. 296, No. 3, PL 65. 4, who has wrongly read L^C as AttK and omitted O A, &c., on"^the ohv. The A above the throne on the rev. of Nos. 1 and 2 has by some been regarded as a monogram of AA (Lascaris) but it is much simpler to consider it a form of the letter A. SimiLar letters are found above the throne of the Saviour on Nicaean coins, as foUows:— r r on gold of Theodore I, sinjra., p. 204 ; A A (or A Zi ?) on a gold coin of Tlieo- ilore II {Rev. num., 1841, PI. IX. 1) ; f P on a silver coin attributed to Theodore II {infra., No. 4, rev. Virgin enthroned) ; cp. IC AK on a silver coin assigned to Theodore Angelus of Thessalonica, supra, p. 193, No. 1. These may, of course, be money ers' marks denoting different issues, but the view of Svoronos (Journal inter- nat. (Parch, num., ii, 1899, p. 387) is perhaps to be preferred, viz. that such letters are descriptive of the enthroned figure (Christ or the Virgin). Thus, IC XC A A is explained as 'Ir;o-ot)s XptOTOS "A/J^wv ' Apypvnav ; A aS aytos, «&C. Sliver Nomlsma (scyphate) Plate Type 1 Inscr. Theodore II, bearded, on 1., and Christ, bearded, on r., standing facing. Christ Avears nimbus cruciger (with •), tunic, and mantle, and with r. crowns the Emperor ; in 1., book of Gospels ; above, IC; on r., XC. The Emperor wears crown, mantle, tunic, and sash with The Virgin seated fac- ing on throne with back, holding infant Christ ; she wears nimbus, veil, tunic, and mantle ; above, r^Ff and eV. Border of dots. 222 VI. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA No. Weight 42-3 {pierced) 49-2 63-G Metal and Size M M {gilt) A{ M5 JE M5 Obverse stellate ornament, and holds in r. long" sword, in 1. roll or short staff. Border of dots. eeOAUJPC ASKAC [de Salis g-ift] . . . C ASKAC [Purchased, 1D05, 4-8-22] Reverse Two lis on back of throne (IVP eV) (no border) ' (Back of throne varied, and instead of the lis, r and P) ^ Type 2 Similar to the bronze nomisma No. 5, infra : see Moiistier, Cat. ^ 'No. 41 G8; Photiades, Cat., No. 630. Bronze Nomisma (scyphate) Type 1 Inscr. Tiieodore II, bearded, standing- facing-, holding' in r. labarum, in 1. glo- bus crucig-er ; wears crown, mantle, and tunic ; above, r., QnanvH Dei crowning- Emperor. ee OAUJ . . C AS KAC OA. CK . P. C Inscr. St. Tryphon, wearing^ nimbus, tunic, and mantle, standing- facing- ; in r., patriarchal cross; in field, 1. and r. , lis. ® J [TP in mon.] V [de Salis gift] =* Pressed flat. ^ The identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 297, No. 8, PI. 65. 9. The Emperor holds a long sword, and not, as Sabatier states, a cross or labarum. The lis (which occurs also on No. 5, infra, has been regarded as an emblem of the Lascaris family (Sathas in Rev. airJu'oL 1877, Pt. 1, p. 99), but it appears not infrequently on Byzantine and mediaeval coins (see Longperier, (Euvres, vi. 26 = Rev. num. 1869-70, pp. 270 f.). - This coin was acquired by the Museum in 1905, from MM. Rollin and Feuardent, and is probably the identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 175, No. 4, PI. 51. 5, as belonging to them. Sabatier attributed it to Michael Vll Ducas. With r P compare remarks on Nos. 1 and 2. siq)m. ^ The identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 298, No. 13, PI. 66. 1 = Revue THEODORE II— BRONZE No. Weight 69. Metal and Size JE 1.15 Obverse Reverse Plate Type 2 Inscr. Theodore II, bearded, on 1., and the Virg-in, on r., standing- facing-. The Emperor wears crown, mantle, tunic, and sash with stel- late ornament, and holds in r. long cross, in 1. globus cruciger. The Virgin wears nimbus, veil, mantle, and tunic (•/ on drapery), and with r. liand crowns the Em])eror ; 1. hand in benediction. Bor- der. 66 An p.c n[0] Tic OA. K. [A€C] [P?] above, and on r., traces of i^H* and ev Pressed flat ; double-struck on rev., and restruck ? ' Inscr. Christ seated (or standing?) fac- ing ; holding in 1. book of Gospels. B and traces of other letters, [de Salis gift] two XXXI. 11 beige, 1859, p. 319. St. Tiyphon, who is also represented on the bronze nomisma of Michael VIII, described infra, was martyred at Nicaea, and honoured as its patron. Theodore II built a church at Nicaea dedicated to this saint, and wrote an eulogium of him. With the lis cp. the rev. of No. 3, supra. The lis occurs as the rev. type of a bronze coin (of Theodore II ?) with the name 'Theodore ', attributed in Bev. num., 1865, p. 291, PI. XII. 5, to Theodore Angelus of Thessalonica, Sabatier, PI. 67. 10, ' Trebizond,' is clearly misdrawn, and evidently represents on the rev. St. Tryphon ; the coin (as already suggested in Journ. int. cVarch. mtni., ii, p. 224, by C. M. Constanto- poulos) is doubtless not of Trebizond, but of Nicaea (Theodore II or John I ?). ^ Evidently the same specimen as Sabatier, ii, p. 302, No. 2, PI. 66. 8 = Sabatier in Revue helge, 1859, p. 320, though the rev. type is unaccountably described as a ' croix grecque'. Sabatier has assigned the coin to Theodore Angelus of Thessalonica, but the name O AACKAPIC (not recognized by Sabatier on the coin) proves that the specimen belongs to one of the Nicaean Theodores, and probably to Theodore II, as a comparison of the obv. with the obv. of the gold nomisma of Theodore II (PI. XXXI. 6) suggests (cp. also the ohv. of the bronze nomisma of Michael VIII described infra). On the B B see Svoronos in Journ. int. (Varch. num., ii, pp. 381 f, 386; Sathas in Rev. arche'ol., 1877, Pt. 1, pp. 92 f. Cp. Hasluck, Ann. Brit. Sch. Athens, xv (1908-9), p. 265. 224 JOHN II('IV') Lascaris A.D. 1258-1259 No coins known. MICHAEL VIII Palaeologus Jak. 1260 ' — Aug. 1261 (at Nicaea) (15 Aug. 1261—11 Dec. 1282, at Constantinople) No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Gold Nomisma The extant g'old coins bearing- the name of Michael are of two types : i. with rev. View of Constantinople (B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins., Pi. LXXIY. 1 ) ; ii. with rev. Virg-in enthroned {ib. PI. LXXIV. 3). Of these, No. i was obviously struck in Constantinople ; No. ii has some claims to be regarded as belong-ing- to the Nicaean coinag-e of Michael, but until con- vincing- evidence from finds is forthcoming- it seems best to regard it as another type of tlie Constantinopolitan coinage of Micliael: see B. M. C, Imj). Bijz. Coins, p. 610, note 1. With regard to tlie specimens described in the British Museum Catalogue, Nos. 1-5 are un- doubtedly of Constantinople. If the gold nomisma, No. 6 {rev. Virgin enthroned), be assigned to Nicaea, it would seem that the bronze nomismata, Nos. 7-12, should also be attributed to tlie same mint. Plate ^ As to this date see Bury, ed. Gibbon's Decline and Fall, vol. vi, p. 439. MICHAEL ATII— BRONZE 225 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Bronze Nomisma X M r (A) <t) T P UJ V N St. Tryphon, standing facing, wearing nimbus and mantle ; holds in r, short cross. Border. on AA €0 AO r c Michael VIII, bearded, on 1., and the Virgin, on r., standing facing. Michael wears crown, mantle, tunic, and sash with stellate ornament, and holds in r. long cross, in 1. roll or staff. The Virgin wears nim- bus, veil, mantle, and tunic, and with r. hand crowns Michael ; her 1. in benediction. Above /, (for M-f) ; in field r.,-^V. Border. M. Size, 1 inch. Published by P. Lambros in Zeit- schrift fur Num., ix, 1882, p. 44. (With the rev. cp. Theodore II, No. 5, p. 222, supra.) If the description of the obv. legend is correct, the title despotes, found on his Constantinopolitan money, is omitted by Michael on this coinage. Plate ogr VII. COINS OF THE DESPOTS OF EPIRUS MICHAEL I Angelus Comnenus Ducas A.D. 1205-1214 Nomisma Obv. C\ k LH Michael I and St. Demetrius standing facing", holding between them a nimbate cross. V Rev. «- St. Michael standing- facing. M Concave. Schlumberger, Num. de I'Or. lat., p. 373. Cp. PI. XIII. 21. Berlin Museum, &c. Cp. Sabatier, PI. 59. 10 and 11 (incorrectly engraved, and attributed to the Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus). A specimen of the coin has been found in Epirus : see W. Miller, Latins in the Levant^ p. 80 and references there. Another concave nomisma is attributed by P. Lambros and Schlumberger to Michael I (or Michael II), and is thus described by Schlumberger :— Obv. St. Michael standing holding a castle with three towers (the Castle of Arta ?). Rev. O Af XMHA Bust of the despot Michael. Schlumberger, Num. de I' Or. lat., p. 373. (Bronze or Billon.) This coin is also described by Sabatier, ii, p. 242, No. 10, PI. 59. 12, who, however, attributes it to the Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, a less probable attribution. Sabatier reads on the oJr. MX, and describes the rev. type not as the despot Michael, but as the Archangel Michael, and this description would seem, from the accompanying legend, to be more jirobable than Schlumberger's. But the coin does not, at present, appear to be quite satisfactorily figured and described. As to the coinage of later Despots of Epirus see ' Introduction ', supra., § vii. VIII. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF NEOPATRAS (Great Vlakia) JOHN I Angelus Comnenus, Duke and Sebastocrator A.D. 1271-1296 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Bronze Nomij lUJ Le cn OT HC John l,standing' facing-, crowned by 77t((>im Dei (on r.) ; wears crown, robe, and mantle ; liolds in r. labarum, in 1. volu- men ; in field 1., angel's wing- ? Double border. sma (scyphate) fH> eV Bust of the Virg-in facing ; wears nimbus, veil, tunic, and mantle ; in field, 1. and r., small cross. Border. 1 44.3 JE 11 [de Salis gift 'J xxxi. 12 * The attribution is that of P. Lambros {Rev. num., 1869-1870, p. 188, No, 2), who published a similar nomisma in the Athens Museum. If the object in the field of the obv. is, as Lambros explains it, an angel's wing, it is no doubt a symbol of John Angelus. Lambros thinks that on grounds of style the coin is more likely to belong to this John Angelus than to John Angelus the Despot of Thessalonica. I do not feel quite the same certainty, but the attribution (accepted also by Schlumberger, Num. de VOrient lat, p. 381) may be adopted. The appearance of the symbol or signet of Angelus seems like a new departure, such as might be made by the first duke and founder of Neopatras, but which is less likely to have been due to John Angelus of Thessalonica because he was not the founder but only the third ruler of that empire, and his predecessors, though also Angeli, made no use of any such symbol. 228 \']II. COINS OF THE DUCHY OF NEOPATRAS No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse lUJ C n o A M Bust of St. Mi- chael, facing ; wears nimbus and robe ; hold- ing in r. sword, in 1. srlobus cracisrer. Border. John I, seated facing on throne, crowned by tnaiiKS Dei (on r.); wears crown, robe, and man- tle ; in r.. cruciform ; sceptre ; in 1.. volumen ; in field 1., angel's wing ? 1 Double or triple border. M. Scyphate Nomisma. Size, 1-1 inch. Athens National Museum. Described, Ret: num., 1869-1870, p. 187, No. 1, PI. IX. 2 (P. Lambros) = Schlumberger, Kiini. de VOrient lat., p. 381, PI. XIII. 22.i Plate * The seal of ' John Ducas', assigned by P. Lambros {loc. cit., p. 188) to this John I Angelus, is thought by Schlumberger (S(V/i7., p. 429) to appertain i-ather to John I ('III') Ducas Vatatzes, the Emperor of Nicaea. In the rer. inscription the owner of the seal proclaims himself as PIZAN r€NOVC 6X0NT0C €K BACIA6UJN. Cp. p. 215, si<2)>'a. 229 CONSTANTINE Angeius A.D. 1296-1303 No coins known. JOHN II Angelas Comnenus A.D. 1303-1318 Struck deniers toiirnois of the French type (obv. Chatel tournois : rev. Cross) with iiiscr. angelvs sab. c. (i.e. Sebastocrator, Coiunenus) neopatkie or DELA PATEiA. Some with dvx angelvs. See Schlumberger, Nvm. de POr. laL, pp. 382, 383 ; Lambros, Rev. num., 1869-1870, pp. 191 f. IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND A.D. 1204-1461 ALEXIUS I Comnenus 1204-1222 Altliough it is not impossible tliat Alexius I struck coins, none have hitlierto been identified. It may be conjectured that they would be Byzantine in style and fabric, like the silver nomismata attributed to Manuel I, Emperor of Trebizond (PI. XXXII. (i-lO). The characteristic ' Asper ' coinag-e of Trebizond did not apparently arise till the reigfn of John I Axuchos (see p. 232), and the aspers that bear the name ' Alexius ' must be attributed to Alexius II, III, and IV, because they are of the 'equestrian' type whicli evidently did not prevail on the coins till comparatively late in tlie history of Trebizond. Sabatier (ii, p. 309, No. I, PL 67. 4) attributes to Alexius I a large bronze concave nomisma : — Oh I'. Emperor and St. Eugenius holding patriarchal cross ; on 1., O €V re Nl OC; onr., star. Rev. St. Eugenius standing facing ; on 1., € V r€ Nl O C. Sabatier does not state from whence this description is derived (Moustier, Cat., p. 287, No. 4171, would appear to be a similar coin, but uninscribed .f*), and some inaccuracy may be suspected in his description. Thus, the name of the Saint occurs on both sides of the coin, and the name of the Emperor is omitted. Also it is strange that a representation of the Saint should appear both on ohv. and rev. One would rather suppose that the rev. type is the Saviour. Even if the coin is of Trebizond, its attribution to Alexius I is entirely conjectural. (See also Introduction, supra, § 9, 'Alexius I.') TJie bronze coin covered with inscriptions both on ohv. and rev., attri- buted by Sabatier (ii, p. 310, No. 2, PI. 67. 5) to Alexius I, is really a coin of Gabalas of Rhodes, and is similar to a specimen figured in .Journal int. (Tarch. num., ii, p. 389, No. 31. ^1 ANDRONICUS I Gidos A.D. 1222-1235 No coins have been identified as struck by this Emperor, and this fact, coupled with the absence of coins of Alexius I, tends to induce a belief that the Trebizond coinage did not come into existence till after the death of Alexius I and Andronicus I. 232 JOHN I Axuchos A.D. 1235-1238 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Aspers^ Inscr. John I, bearded, Inscr. St. Eugenius, standing- facing, bearded, standing holding in r. long facing; in r., long cross (witli crescent- cross ; 1. holds robe ; shaped object below wears nimbus and the cruciform top), robe fastened by in 1. roll ; wears brooch. Border of crown, tunic, and dots. mantle with one end falling over 1. arm (on tunic and mantle ^•) ; in field r., manus Del in sleeve crowning the Em- peror. Border of dots. (PeUets) 1 43-7 M -9 • € V xxxii. 1 A r€ 1 (s; .[0 n Nl R K Nl h\ • • ;• • c .*. • • • &c., ob- [de Salis, 1862] literated] (pellets for ^' on bottom of tunic; long sceptre with lis head instead o1 ' cross) 1 i ' The attribution was proposed by Pfaft'enhoffen. As compared with the silver coins of John II (PI. XXXV, &c.) these have the name of John wiitten at full length and not abbreviated, and the emperor holds a long cross instead of a labarum with a short shaft. The vertical line in the descriptions of ohv. and rev. represents, apj)roximately, the position of the type as it appears on the coins. JOHN I~ASPERS 233 No. Weight 431 43-6 44-6 44-3 Metal and Size M -95 M .9 M -95 M .95 Obverse Reverse I /J [Nl] [.•.?]c. O K hi N (pellets for ^ on bottomof tunic; long- sceptre with lis head instead of cross) [O n o • € Nl o [de Salis, 1862] I OJ ?SH C O K M N (pellets instead of ^ on tunic) O [r]« [O] [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1037] Nl O (■^ and pellets) I UL) Nl N O ''^: [OJ (pellets instead of ^ on bottom of tunic) ' € Nl O [de Salis, 1862] (9|e, N, and pellets) I UU Nl C (the .• o K N H * N second N is attached to the shaft of the long- cross) O n [O] V ' € Nl [O?] [de Salis, 1862] Hh Plate XXXll. 2 XXXll. 3 234 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND Reverse 43.9 M -85 I UU /S Nl C (the .• O K N W ^ N second N is attached to the shaft of the long cross) N € V re Nl o Plate (the N on 1. is attached to the shaft of the long cross) [de Salis, 1862] (N and pellets) I OJ N N V[0 K H N] (the second N is at- tached to the shaft of the long cross) [€ V] N 44.9 M -95 UU N N • O K W [N] (the second N is at- tached to the shaft of the long cross) O /S n o c (the N on 1. is at- tached to the shaft of the long cross) [de Salis, 1862] r€ Nl o € /J V n N •"€ Nl [0] (the N on 1. is at- taclied to the shaft of the long cross) [de Sali s, 1862] XXXll. 4 43.5 M -9 I OJ /If Nl C N K M N (the second N is at- tached to tlie riglit side of the shaft of tlie long cross) € A V n re N [. or N ?] (the N is attached to the left side of the shaft of the long cross) [de Salis, 1862] JOHN I— BRONZE 235 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 10 44.5 M .95 1 € xxxii. UU /^ V 5 A > r € • Nl K N 1 ^N H • N (the N on 1. is at- (the second N is at- tached to the shaft tached to the shaft of the long cross) [Purchased, 1904, of the long- cross) 4-3-34] Bronze The bronze coins, if any, of this reign have not been identified. The coin in Sabatier, ii, p. 312, No. 4, PI. 67. 9 (= our PLate XXXVII. 17), assigned by him to John I, is better (on account of tlie abbreviated form of the Emperor's name, the short labarum, and the globus cruciger) assigned to John II : see infra under bronze of John II. The coin in Sabatier, ii, p. 312, No. 5, PI. G7. 10, also assigned by him to John I, is really a coin of the Nicaean Empire with St. Tryphon (not St. John) on the ■ev. 236 MANUEL I A.D. 1238-1263 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Silver Nomisma (scyphate)* Inscr. ]SIanuel I, beard- ed, standing facing, holding in r. la- baruni (on which, jDcllets), in 1. roll ; wears crown, tunic, and mantle with one end falling over 1. arm (on tunic and mantle, ^•) ; in field ^ eV The Virgin (Panagia Chr%'soke- phalos?) wearing nimbus, A^eil, mantle, and tunic, seated fa- cing on throne with back, holding infant Christ. r., manus Dei in sleeve crowning the Emperor. Border of dots. 1 47.8 Al 11 {gift) M \A HX K N On back of throne, • and • [de Salis, 1862] xxxii. 6 2 45. Al M M M HX K m n On back of throne, pellets. [Baron Marochetti, 1860] xxxii. 7 * These nomismata are doubtless rightly assigned by Sabatier to Manuel I of Trebi- zond. The reverse tyjje and fabric may be compared with the nomismata of contem- porary Nicaean emperors (PI. XXIX-XXXI), but usually the execution is very careless. This coinage of silver nomismata was probably experimental, and was soon completely superseded by the silver aspers. MANUEL I— SILVER NOMISMA— ASPERS 237 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 3 45-7 M 11 lYI N (A?) K (N) On back of throne, pel- lets (on r., •.•) [de Salis, 1862] xxxii. 8 4 41-4 M M M N (A?) K M (N?) On back of throne, pel- lets (on r,, •«•) [de Salis, 1862] 5 416 Ai 105 ? K (W) On back of throne, '•* and •'• [de Salis, 1862] xxxii. 9 6 43-6 Ai M (Inscr. nearly ob- literated) On back of throne, pellets, [de Salis, 1862] 7 41-8 M M (Traces of inscr. ; on 1., H ; on r., K, &c.) (©) [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, • lot 1038] xxxii. 10 Aspers (letters) (letter, B) Inscr. Manuel 1, beard- ed, standing facing, holding in r. la- barum, in 1. roll ; wears crown, tunic, and mantle with one end falling over 1. arm (on tunic and mantle, >!j^); in field Inscr. St. Eugenius, bearded, standing facing ; in r., long cross ; 1. holds robe ; wears nimbus, and robe fastened by broocli. Border of dots. r., manus Dei in sleeve crowning the Emperor. Border of dots. 8 44-7 M -9 • • W M A B (pellets ins on bottoi [0] tead of ^ n of tunic) n B rPurchas 4-3-38] • • • €V re (NH?) Bd, 1904, xxxii. 11 238 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 9 43. Al -85 • • • H • •• H . . K A B n B • • • €V re ISH (pellets instead of ^ on tunic) rH.P.Borrellsale,1852, lot 1040] 10 38.7 Ai .8 H • ■JTX^ii H B .' K €(V) 12 A /. n ? • • • • • . [Purchased, 1908, 5-6-20] (letter K on ohv. : for K both on obv. and rev. see Retowski, Komn., p. 28) 11 44.() M -9 • € V xxxii. W /J re 13 N K K n . Nl H D J (two pellets on shaft (two pellets on shaft of labarum) of cross) [de Salis, 1862] 12 44-3 M .9 H N K K [l?]A . H (two pellets on shaft of labarum) A n . • ev re Nl (two pellets on shaft of cross) [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-41] 13 444 M -85 • ev H A re lA ^ K n . N. H D • N (pellets on cross ?) [Purchased, 1908, (two pellets on shaft of labarum) 5-6-17] U 39.4 M -85 • e« M [VJ lA ^ K A . re H n •: Nl • D (two pellets on shaft (pellets on cross) of labarum) rH.P.Borrellsale,1852, lot 1039] MANUEL I— ASPERS 239 No. Weight Metal and Size Obvei-se Reverse Plate 15 45-5 M .85 • ! • xxxiii H ev 1 M . K /^ ^6 A K M Pi 1 1 •:. ISH c [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-40] 16 40-9 M .85 M • • • N K K € lA M A r€ n Nl [de Salis, 1862] 17 40-9 M .9 M O €V xxxiii. N K . K A r€ 2 lA hi N S'- Nl (two pellets on shaft (two pellets on shaft of labarum) of cross) [de SaHs, 1862] J 18 455 M -9 M • • • N K K €V H A r€ (+ on sliaft of labarum) n N. (cross bar on shaft of cross) [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, lot 1041] 19 34.3 M -85 • • • • « W . . €V N K .. K A re A rwi n HI (two pellets on sliaft [0?] of labarum) [de Salis, 1862] (lette rs, K) 20 43-6 M -85 • • • • • M €V N K K A re 1 A M n Nl A [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-39; 1 •240 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. 21 22 45.5 23 43-2 Metal and Size M .85 A{ -85 M -85 24 43.5 M -9 Obvei-se Reverse Plate H N K I A A N K [I] A A M N K I A A H N K I A A O K H O K N O A n O €V re Nl [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, lot 1040] O A n o €V re N[l] [de Salis, 1862] O K N XXXIU. 3 O A n e V re Nl o [de Salis, 1862] (letters, K aud A) A O K N O A n o A e[v] re Nl o rH.P.Borrellsale,1852, lot 1040] (letter A) Pfaffenlioflfeu, p! 82, PI. VI. 56-9, describes certain specimens as bearing* the letter A on obv. ; but it is possible that this is not a mint- letter but part of the name of ' Manuel '. MANUEL I— ASPERS 241 No. Weight Metal and Size 25 44. M -85 Obverse 20 43.^ M -85 27 28 44-1 H N lA 44-0 M .9 W N lA H [N IA?J Reverse Plate (letter, y or 7 ') H • • • N 7K €V lA N A re n Nl O [H.P.Borrell,sale,18a2, lot 1043] o Tk N O K N O K N O A n o €V re Nl o xxxm. 4 [Ptircliased, 1904, 4-3-48] O A n o ev re N[l] o [Parkes Weber g-ift, 1906] O A n o ev re Nl o [H.P.BorreUsa]e,1852, lot 1043] ^ This seems to be a letter— though its position on the coin is unusual — and is no doubt 3 and not, as PfaffenhofFen (p. 82) declares, Z: cp. the plates of letters in Pfaftenhoffen, PI. XIV, XVI, XVII. I i 242 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverae Plate (Letter (?), :>') 29 43-6 /U -85 • • • xxxiii M €V 5 N K A r€ A 3 H n Nl [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1040] (Letter (?), X on shaft of labarum) 30 43-2 M -85 . • H €V N X K A r € [>] H n Nl [A] [N] o [H. P. Borrell sale. 1852, lot 1041] 31 44-5 M -8 • • H [0] e[V] N X 1 K H A n re N[l] A N [de Salis, 1862] 32 43-5 M .1) • • • xxxiii H . €V 6 N X 1 ... K A n re Nl A N [Purcliased, 1904, 4-3-47] 33 43-8 Al .0 • 1 • . H . ev N X ... K A re lA N n Nl [H. p. Borrell sale. 1852, 1( 3t 1043] ^ Two specimens with this letter (apparent)}' C reversed) are described b}' Pfaffenboffen, p. S2, PI. VI. 60. See further Retowski, Konm., pp. 34 f. MANUEL I— ASPERS 243 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 34 44-6 M •9 H N X ' A K H N • O A n re Nl [de Salis, 1862] 35 39-5 M •85 H X K \A N e r xxxiii 7 (Perhaps Georgian : see Retowski, Komn.^ pp. 20, 64) n € [N] (reverse type rude) [de Salis, 1862] • (Pellets) (1 pellet on ohv.') 36 39-6 Al •85 • M N lA K W n ev re Nl xxxiii 8 (pellets ins on bottoL N tead of "-^ a of tunic) (two pellets on shaft of cross) [de Salis, 1862] 37 45-3 Al •95 W N . [I?]A (the pellet shaft oft] O K H N is on the le labarum) /J n [...?] [H. P. Bo 1852, 1( ev re Nl rrell sale, )t 1043] 38 43-8 M •85 H N lA K N • A n o • • • e V re Nl [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1043] 39 39-8 M •9 H Nl A . (also + \\ on the s] labarum) K [H] ith pellets laft of the 2 n . . [de Sali ev re Nl s, 1862] 244 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight 40 41-9 Metal and Size Ai -95 41 43-8 42 43-3 43 28.8 44 44.1 M -85 A{ .0 Al -85 /U .'J Obverse Reverse (2 pellets on oljc.) M ev N . K /J re 1 • H n NH A N O (one of tlie pellets on shaft of labaruni) H N O K H H N I A O K N ('<v attached to base of shaft of labarum) H [1]^ • N (the pellets are on the shaft of the labarum) (cross bar on shaft of the cross) [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1043] [O A n o] €V re Nl o Plate (part of inscr. on 1. otf flan) [de Sails, 1862] O . A n o [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1043] e[v] r e N re n : N[i?] (the pellets are on the shaft of the labarum) [de Salis, 1862] XXXlll. 9 H N A (3 pellets on obr.) O K W N (two of the ptdlets on sliaft of labarum) e[V] xxxiii 10 tSH (cross-bar ( labarum) [H. P. Bo 1852, h )n shaft of rrell sale, )t 1042] I MANUEL I— ASPERS 245 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 45 44-3 M .9 N • [U ?] A K H o . n • ev re Nl (pellets instead of ^ on bottom of tunic) (4 pellets 5 on oh v.) 46 443 M .9 • • ^ H N •/ K A re lA N n Nl [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1042] 47 43-4 A{ •95 H N . [I]A-. • K H A n : ev re Nl N (the pellets are on the (one of the pellets on shaft of the cross) sliaft of labarum) [de Salis, 1862] 48 45-4 M •85 H N : [i?]A : K H N A n el re (two of the pellets on [H. P. Borrell sale, shaft of labarum) 1852, lot 1042] 49 44. M •95 H N . •[OP] A n • • ev re lA H ISH • N . (also + with pellets [H. P. Borrell sale. on the shaft of the 1852, lot 1041] labarum) 50 41. JR .9 • • • xxxiii. M O eV re N 11 N • A . K H N A n (also + with pellets on the shaft of the • [H. P. BorreU sale. labarum) 1852, 1( )t 1043] 1 246 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. 51 52 53 54 55 Weight 44-2 43-6 43- 437 Metal and Size Al .85 Al .9 M -8 Ai -9 34.1 M .85 Obverse Reverse (5 pellets on oho.') H N lA O K H Nl M N .:. o [l]A N (the pellets, forming a cross, are on the shaft of the labarum ') H N lA O (inscr. on r. partly off flan) N •: I A o K H (two of the pellets on sliaft of labarum) o ro?i H . K \A . H ••• \A (Rude style ; probably Georgian : Retowski, Komn.^ p. 61) O A r I o r N (inscr. double-struck) [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-43] O A n [o?] [de Salis, 1862] €V r€ Nl € • V re Nl o [de Salis, 1862] O €V re Nl o (inscr. on 1. nearly off flan : two of the pel- lets on shaft of cross) [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1043] Plate xxxm. 12 O A O V o [de Salis, 1862] xxxm. 13 ^ Cp. No. 92, infra, with cross on ohv. but not on the shaft of the labarum. Strictly, on No. 52, there are no pellets on the ohv. apart from those that form the cross, but the coin seems to fit in best with the '5 pellets' series: cp. Nos. 39, 49, 50, supm, and No. 57, infra, where there are pellets on ohv. in addition to the cross of pellets. MANUEL I-ASPERS 247 No. 56 Weifflit 36-2 Metal and Size A\ -85 57 43-8 Al 58 43-8 M 9 59 43-7 Al .85 60 44-1 Al .85 Obverse . /V A O K (Rude style ; probably Georg-ian : Retowski, p. 65, No. 210) Reverse Plate € re v\ o [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-49] (6 pellets on obv.) M N OK lA H o •:• N (also + witli pellets on the shaft of the labarum) H HI A O K H N (two of tlie pellets on sliaft of labarum) H N lA O K M H :. [N] •: K [l]A H N (three of the x^ellets on sliaft of labarum) ev A r€ n : Nl o (the pellets are on the shaft of the cross) [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1041] A ^V n i re o I ^ ! o [Purchased, 1905, 5-6-18] ev A re n Nl [Campanasale, London, 1846, lot 1191] O A n o ev ^e Nl O Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1042] [H. P XXXUl. 14 248 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight Metal and Size -- Obverse Reverse Plate 61 44-8 JR .9 H 1 O • • • N :. 1 K A ev lA*: H n : r€ 1 N • NI (three of tlie pellets on D o sliaft of labarum) (; are on shaft of cross) [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1040] 62 43.4 M .85 N • : • # K €V H /^ .. re [l]A N n •: NI (three of the pellets on shaft of labarum) (two of the pellets on shaft of cross) [de Salis, 1862] 03 42.7 M -9 H . K [l]A (three of the pellets on shaft of labarum) A . • • n :: 0* • • • €V •"6 N. (four of the pellets on shaft of cross) [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-37] f)4 44-1 M .95 H .. €V xxxiv N :: K A . re 1 1 A H n :: NI N 3 • D (three of the pellets on (three of the pellets on shaft of labarum) sliaft of cross) [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-409] (7 pellets on obc.') Go 40-2 Al .85 • 1 H . ! [0] A . . ev [Ni ;: 1 K n :: ^e N 1 ;i]A ' • H D (three of the pellets on -) shaft of labarum) (three of the pellets on shaft of cross) [de Sali s, 18G2] MANUEL I— ASPERS 249 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 66 44-6 M .8 • M N :: A •• K H N • A n:: o •• ev re Nl (three of the pellets on shaft of labarum) (three of the pellets on shaft of cross) [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1042] 67 44.1 AX .9 N :: 1 A • (three of th shaft of 1 K M e pellets on ^barum) A n [0?] ev n:i [0?] xxxiv. 2 68 41-9 M -9 N :: 1 A* (three of th shaft of 1 K M e pellets on abarum) €V A re n Nl [0?] [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1040] 69 44-9 JR .9 H N lA ..;. .0 K W A n ev re Nl o (one of the shaft of 1 N pellets on ibarum) [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1042] 70 43-2 M -85 N lA ..:• (one of the shaft of 1 • K H N pellets on xbarum) A? n [de Sal ev re Nl is, 1862] (8 pellets on obv.) 71 37. M .85 hi N :. [i]A • : K H N A n : ev re Nl (four of tlu shaft of 1 i pellets on abarum) 3 (the pellets shaft of t rde Sali are on the lie cross) 3, 18621 Kk 250 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight 72 45.6 73 43-9 74 43-8 75 44-3 76 331 Metal and Size Ai -85 Al .85 M -9 M -8 M -85 Obvex-se Reverse N : lA o K W N H N : lA o [N] O A r I [O] € V re Nl O [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-44] O A n o [•?][V] re Nl o [de Sails, 1862] (9 pellets on obc.) N lA O K H [N] (three of the pellets on shaft of labarum) O A n :: o •• ev re Nl (three of the pellets on shaft of cross) [de Sails, 1862] (Stars) (1 star on obc.) H i • O l/I \ % K A . ! N (pellets instead of ^ on bottom of tunic) ^^H? O K O n e. re Ni [H. P. Borrell Side, 1852, lot 1039] o e A [V] (one of the pellets on shaft of cross) [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-30] (reverse of rude style: Georgian imitation?) MANUEL I— ASPERS 251 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 77 43. Ai .75 H lA [inscr. off flan] [0] A n € V r 6 (the star is on the shaft of the labarum) [0?] Nl [de Salis, 1862] 78 41-4 Al •85 l/I X lA [inscr. nearly off flan] \0?] € V r € (the star is on the shaft of the labarum) Nl [0?] [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1041] 79 42. Al .85 [inscr. ob- literated] (the star is of the lal O . K M N an the shaft )aruni) [0] A n [de Sali 6 V C€ Nl s, 1862] 80 45.5 Al .85 • M N [']A X (the star is of the lal H N on the shaft )arum) [0] A n [0] [H. P. Bo 1852, 1( € V Nl rrell sale, )t 1041] xxxiv. 7 81 44-9 Al .8 N . A n re N[l] xxxiv. 8 [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1039] 82 44-4 M •85 H N [H. P. Bo 1852, 1( rrell sale, 3t 1043] • A n (A and f €V r. N. conjoined") 252 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight 83 44.7 84 444 85 86 44. 87 40.9 45-8 Metal and Size M -9 Al -9 39.5 Al .8 M -85 M -85 M -85 Obverse H N fl]A N I A N N [I?] A N I A % • H A % O ^ K N O ^ K N O X( K N )!( K )!( K Revewe O A n o e V re Nl o [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-45] O A n o € V re Nl o [H. p. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1043] O A n o • • ev re N [H. p. BorreU sale, 1852, lot 1039] O A n € V re N [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1039] O A n o • • ev re Nl o [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-46] (2 stars on obv.) O K H O A n % [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-35] Plate XXXIV. 9 XXXIV. 10 MANUEL I— ASPERS 253 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate (3 stars on obv.) 89 43.7 M .8 • X xxxiv H % €V 11 •••i^ re wo c (pellets on bottom of [Purchased, 1904, tunic instead of ^ ) 5-11-408] 90 42.G M .9 H ^ ° )K xxxiv. H ^ /J €V 12 •• % K n X re isH (pellets on bottom of X tunic instead of ^•) [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1039] (4 stars on obv.) 91 43-8 M .9 % • % xxxiv H €V 13 • )*Ch no % re ISH lA )1( \ % / (pellets on bottom of [de Salis, 1862] tunic instead of ^•) (J« on oil", and rev.) 92 43-5 jR .8 [H] [H] + •/ K 0] T ev re xxxiv. 14 (pellets on bottom of Lnj -r tunic instead of )i^) (cp. similar coin, Pfafifenhoffen, p. 82, PL VII. 61) [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-42' 254 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. 93 Weiffht 431 Metal and Size M -9 94 433 Ai -85 Obverse Reverse Aspers probably struck after the death of Manuel I and beyond the Empire of Trebizond. Inscr. Manuel I, beard- ed, standing" facing, holdinc^in r. labarum witli short shaft, in 1. giobus crucig"er ; wears crown, tunic (with ^), and sash (with •.;) tailing over 1. arm ; in field r., mamis Dei in sleeve crowning* the Emperor. Border of dots. A? H NV [H]A H N HA K W I I K H N Inscr. St. Eugenius, bearded, standing- facing; in r., long cross ; 1. liolds robe ; wears nimbus and robe. Border of dots. ® €V rev N O Tl o [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1052] O [de Salis, 1862] ® ev /? Plate XXXV. 1 ^ This inscription (cp. the corresponding inscriptions on Nos. 94-8) may from its position on the coin be presumed to refer to St. P]ugenius. The word intended is probably Vpant^ovvTioi, as Koehne has suggested (Mem. Soc. cVArch. et Num. de Sf.-Pt'tersbourg, iii, 1849, p. 109: cp. Pfaffenhotfen, p. 83. Koehne himself has, however, preferred the un- tenable view that the letters of this inscr. are blundered letters of the name of St. Eugenius). The form of the inscr., the sign "5 used for T/j, and the sign 3 at the end of the inscr. (Nos. 94, 9.5) are less surprising on the supposition (suggested infra, after No. 98) that these coins (93-98) were struck beyond the limits of Trebizond and by an engraver imperfectly acquainted with Greek. It may be worth noting that '^, 3 bear some resemblance to the Georgian letters "b = Z and T^ = L (see Plate I in V. Langlois, Essai de classification des suites monetaires de la Georgie, Paris, 1860). (See further the recent work of Retowski Komn., p. 22.) MANUEL I— ASPERS 255 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 95 44-3 M -95 M O XXXV. N K ® ev /? Tl^ 2 HA ^0 [H] N 9 [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-51] 96 40-8 M -85 H ^ XXXV. N [H]A. C K H N [inscr. ? off flan] €vr NIOC 3 0[TA.?] nc (€ and V conjoined) [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-50] 97 42. M -85 M N K . H N ® XXXV. [A?] €VrE 4 HA r?\\ NIOC OC^ Ol^A (inscr. on 1. nearly oil nrr?i flan) (tunic orna- mented with pellets [de Salis, 18G2] and squares : on sash, : : :) 98 46-5 JR -95 W [inscr. ® evr[e] NIO NV HA nearly off flan] [inscr. obliter- (tunic omamentedwith ated] o[TA?] pellets and squares : on sash, j ; ;) [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1051] Nos. 93-98 form a somewliat curious group. In the first place, it may be regarded as almost beyond doubt that the 'Manuel' named on these coins is Manuel I of Trebizond, and not either Manuel II or III whose reigns fell in a period when, on the Trebizond aspers, stand- ing figures (such as are here seen) had been superseded by equestrian figures. These coins, however, differ in several respects from the aspers of Manuel I previously described (Nos. 8-92), especially (on the obverse) in having a shoi't shaft for the labarum, in the introduc- tion of the sash, and in the ' substiti ition of the 256 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOXD No. Weiffht Metal and Size Obverse Reverse oflobus for the roll in the emperor's left hand. And they, moreover, resemble the aspers of Jolni II, the next of the successors of Manuel I to strike this denomination. It is, at first, natural to supposo tha/t these coins formed the latest issue of Manuel I and served as the model for the aspers of John II. But a closer examination renders it very doubtful whether Manuel I can have Ijeon tlie issuer of the coins of this g'roup, because, (i) they are inferior in style and execution not only to the bulk of the coins of flannel I (Nos. 8-92), but also to those of John II Avliicli were struck seventeen years or more after tlie death of Manuel. And, again, if Manuel I towards the end of his long- reig-n thoug-lit it worth while to make considerable alterations in his hitlierto stereotyped coinag-e, it is strang-e tliat they should have been carried out so clumsily ; (ii) the scheme of lettering- differs from that found on the aspers of Manuel I and John II, and the epithet — apparently o TpaTrt- (ovi'TLo^ (see note on p. 254, supra) — is hardly ever found on any coins that are incontestably of Trebizond. Tlie view that I would sug'g-est as to the orig-in of tliese coins (Nos. 93-98) is this. They were not issued in the Empire of Trebizond itself, but in some country — perhaps Georg-ia — where tlie asper-coinag-e was in demand (see J. Bartholomaei, Lcttres mnn.^ St.-Pet., 1859, pp. 35 f. ; cp. Blau in Berliner Blatter^ iv, 1868, p. 155). They were not struck till after the death of Manuel I and were copied, as reg'ards their tvpes, from the aspers of John II (a.d. 1280-1297). The leg-ends were not directly transferred from any Trebizond coins, Ijut the name of Manuel (I) was adopted because his coins had already acquired g-reat reputation as media of exchang-e (in Georg-ia we know that Kirvunieoid (Kyr or Kurios Manuel) became the g-eneric name for silver coins : see Bartholomaei, oj). cit., p. 35), and tlie epithet o TpaTrc^oi'i'rtos was added to the Saint's name for tlie sake of identification and to su])ply information. In the same way, in the Europe of the Middle Ag-es, foreig-ners mig-ht speak of St. James 'of Compostella ' and St. Thomas ' of Canterbury ', though it was enough for the native Spaniard and the native Englishman to refer simply to St. James and St. Thomas. (See also Retowski's Komn.^ l>P-'^2, 66-8, 79,80, published since this was written.) MANUEL I— BRONZE 257 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Bronze (Bronze h omisma?) Inscr. Manuel I, bearded, standing- facing-, holding- in r. labarum. with long- shaft, in 1. globus Inscr. Bust of St. Eugenius, facing, holding in r. short cross ; wears nimbus and robe. Border of cruciger; wears crown, tunic, and dots. mantle (with ^•) with one end falling over 1. arm ; in field r., maniis Dei in sleeve crowning- the Emperor, Border of dots. 99 48-7 JE 1-05 H N K lA/. H (flat ; originally con- cave ?) P. n [Bought oj mann, F 4-8-22 •] [inscr. ob- scure, € V&c] • H. Hoft- 'aris, 1864, XXXV. 5 * The identical specimen published by Sabatier, ii, p. 315, No. 8, PL 68. 2, though with some inaccuracies in the reading of the legends. In Retowski, Konin., p. 69, No. 221, Sabatier's description is rejieated and the specimen is incorrectly stated to be in the Stroganow collection. Sabatier, ih., No. 7, PI. 68. 1, further desci'ibes and attributes to Manuel I (correctly ?) a smaller bronze coin (concave) with obv. standing figure of Manuel, rev. standing figure of St. Eugenius. ( Retowski, Konin., p. 69, No. 222, repeats Sabatier's description.) I may point out that the ohv. bears considerable resemblance to the coin of Manuel I of Thessalonica figured in our PI. XXVI. 8. l1 258 ANDRONICUS A.D. 1263-1266 No coins known. GEORGE A.D. 1266-1280 No. Weight Metal and Size M 1. Obverse Reverse No silver coins are known of this reign, but Retowski, Komn.^ pp. 70-2, well assigns to it bronze coins of the foUowiDg- tyiies : — 1. Obi\ The Emperor and St. Eugenius standing. Rev. Bust of St. George. M Nomisma. Tolstoi coll. PI. XV. 1. 2. Ohv. The Emperor standing, holding trifid sceptre. Rev. St. Eugenins standing, holding long cross. M Nomisma. Hermitage. PI. XV. 2 (cp. Rev. beige, 1881, p. 346, PI. XVI, No. 14). 3. Obv. The Emperor standing, holding labarum. Rev. Cross crosslet on steps. JE Nomisma. PI. XV. 3. The following, a variety of No. 2, is de- scribed from a plaster cast kindly supplied by M. J. N. Svoronos : — Plate Inscr. The Emperor George, bearded, stand- ing facing, holding in r. cross with empearled head, and in 1. globus ; wears crown, tunic, and mantle. Border of dots. Inscr. St. Eugenius, stand- ing facing, wearing nim- bus and robe ; in r., long cross. [Border of dots. J n T [inscr. ob- scure] iE Nomisma. National Mus., Athens. Cp. Konstanto- poulos in Jouni. internat., ii, 1899, pp. 219 f. i XXXV. 6 259 JOHN II A.D. 1280-1297 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Asp ers (with pellets on rev.^ Inscr. John 11, bearded, Inscr. St. Eugenius, standing- facing-, bearded and nimbate. holding- in r. laba- runi with short shaft. standing facing; in r., long cross ; 1. in 1. globus cruci- holds robe. Border ger ; wears crown, of dots. tunic (with 0), and mantle falling over 1. arm ; in field r., vianus Dei in sleeve crowning the Em- peror. Border of dots. 1 43-2 M •9 luD ® e XXXV. K hN N €V r Nl •:-5 7 [H.P.BorreUsale,1852, lot 1048] 2 42-7 A\ .85 ItD K N ® €V r € Nl [H.P.BorreUsale,1852, lot 1048] 3 425 M •95 K hN N ® 6V r € Nl [H.P.BorreUsale,1852, lot 1045] 260 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight 4 44-2 44-9 Metal and Size 44-8 435 M -85 .R -9 43-8 M -85 M -85 M .9 45-6 M .9 Obverse lUJ o K N O lUJ N K hN ^ lOJ o K (inscr. obscure) Reverse Plate ® €V r € Nl O v5 [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-G2] ® € €V Nl r o •:-5 [H. P. Borrellsale,1852, lot 1048] ® ev Nl O [de Sails, 1862] XXXV. 8 XXXV. 9 (Similar to Nos. 1-6, but pellets on rev. omitted) lUJ o N K WM y [l]UJ o KO N O lUJ o KO M N ® €V re Nl o 5 [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-53] (A) €V '6 Nl O [OorV?] s [de Sails, 1862] XXXV. 10 XXXV. 11 ® €V re N o [de Salis, 1862] JOHN II-ASPERS 261 No. Weiffht Metal and Size 10 43-5 M .9 11 41.9 M -85 12 43. M .9 13 44.7 M -8 Obverse Reverse Plate (+ on obv. or rev.) Inscr. John II, bearded, standing- facing-, holding in r. hxbarum with siiort shaft, in 1. g-lobus cruciger ; wears crown, tunic (with •), and sash (witli )j(.) falling over 1. arm ; in field r., manus Dei in sleeve crowning the Emperor. Border of dots. lUJ O N KO ; O WN i 5 (wears tunic with 0, and mantle over 1. arm, as on Nos. 1-6 ; no sash) [l]UJ o KO lOJ O KO lUU LK] [hN] N O C N O C N O i (tunic with ^) Inscr. St. Eugenius, bearded and nim- bate, standing- fac- ing- ; in r. , long cross ; 1. holds robe. Border of dots. ® r€ €V Nl O 5 [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-60] O A n o €V r€ Nl o [de Salis, 1862] ® r€ €V Nl O C [Purchased, 1908, 5-6-19] ® €V re Nl o XXXVl. 1 XXXVl. 2 XXXVl. 3 XXXVl. 4 (cross in 1. hand ; holds robe with r.) [de Salis, 1862] 262 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. 14 Weight 421 Metal and Size M .9 15 42. 16 42-3 17 42-8 18 43-7 M .9 M -9 M .85 Al .85 Obverse [lUUJ o KO hrfsi N O C (sash witli •••) lUJ O KO hrM N O C (sash witli • • •) lUU o KO H (sash with [N] O [C] Reverse (A) €V re Nl o (cross in 1. hand ; holds robe witli r.) [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-57] (A) €V re Nl o c (cross in 1. hand ; holds robe with r.) [Purchased, 1908, 5-6-22] (A) ev re Nl o + c (cross in 1. hand ; holds robe with r.) [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, lot 1044] (Lis ('$') on obv.) Inscr. Jolm II, stand- ] Inscr. St. Eugenius, ing facing- : all as on standing- facing-: No. 10. all as on No. 10. lO) KO N HN • • f c (sash with dotted X) ® re Nl o c [de Salis, 1862] Similar to No. 17 (C | Similar to No. 17. off flan) (sash with [H. P. BorreU sale, 1852, dotted X) 'lot 1044] Plate XXX VI. 5 JOHN II— ASPERS 263 No. Weigth Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 19 45-8 M -9 lUU KO N • (sash with X ^^d slot- ted ornamentation ; lis between • and •) ® re €9 Nl V P C [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, lot 1045] 20 43-3 M -85 KO N ^0 T C ® V ' re Nl c xxxvi. 6 • • (sash with ted orna lis betwe X and dot- mentation ; en • and •) [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-56] 21 42-8 .R .9 r.u5] [K]0 hffM • [N?l [0?] f [C?] ® [€] V re Nl (sash with •)!(. ; tunic with X aiid 2 ; lis [de Salis, 1862] blundered) (letter on ohv.) Inscr. John II, bearded, standing facing, holding in r. laba- rum with short shaft, in 1. globus cruciger ; wears crown, tunic Inscr. St. Eugenius, bearded and nimbate, standing facing ; in r. , long cross ; 1. holds robe. Border of dots. (with .-), falling OM in field Dei in sle ing the Border of and sash ^er 1. arm ; r., manus ;eve crown- Emperor, dots. 264 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. 22 23 24 Weight 42. 37-G Metal and Size Al .85 M .95 42.9 M -9 25 39-3 26 M .9 43-7 M .9 Obverse Reverse lUJ I o KO N hM O A C r ( t • I ou sash) lOJ O KO hN (• • • on sash) NO A lUU O KO hN (•V» oil sash) NO •^r re Nl O C [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-59] 6Vp re Nl o c [H.P.BorreIlsale,1852, lot 1044] (A) ev re Nl o c Plate xxxvi. 7 [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, lot 1044] lOJ A ® re • ev N[l] KO hN NO C (•V» on sash) [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, lot 1048] iGD 1 A re • • V Nl KO hrN [NO] c (•V» on sash) [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, lot 1048] ' This object occurs also in the Lis series, No. 17, suj)ra. a '^ This letter nearly resembles A, but probably A is intended. So also on the follow- i ingr coins of this series. JOHN n— ASPERS 265 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 27 43-8 M -9 iGD A ® re xxxvi €V Nl 8 KO N O hrN O c C [Purchased, 1904, (.*• on sash) 4-3-52] 28 444 M -9 iQj 1 A O ^^ xxxvi N A r€ 9 K C n Nl [hN] 05 1 (^ on sash) [de Salis, 1862] i% on rev.) Inscr. John II, bearded, Inscr. St. Eugenius, standing- facing, bearded and nim- holding in r. labaruni bate, standing fac- with short shaft, in ing; in r., long cross ; 1. globus cruciger ; 1. holds robe. Border wears crown, tunic of dots. (with 2), and sash falling over 1. arm ; in field r., manus Dei in sleeve crowning the Emperor. Bor- der of dots. 29 42-5 M -9 liD e xxxvi. V 10 KO N A re (tunic and C sash orna- n % c N[l] [OC] mented with 0) [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, lot 1045] 30 44-2 M .9 o e V KO N A re WN C n ^ N[n [OC] (tunic and sash with \ c ^) [Purchase 5-6-15] Jd, 1908, 1 M m 266 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 31 , 44-8 M .9 iGD €V o A re KO N n Nrn hN [?J ^ c otcl (tunic and sash with [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, 0) lot 1048] 32 42.6 JR -95 iGu 6V A re KO N n % Nl [hrN] • C o c (sash with 0) [H.P.Borrellsale,1852, lot 1045] 33 30-5 Al -9 [luD] o e[V] xxxvi A re 11 KO n t. Nl N N c [Purchas OC ed, 1904, (sash with 0) 4-3-55] 34 42.5 M .9 luD $ [KO] N [A] / re tffl. n N[l] [NJ C (sash with -X) c [H.P.BorreUsaIe,1852, lot 1045] ■^ xxxvi 35 .35.7 M .8 loi €V 12 / KG N o A n re Nl hrN [C] c ed, 1904, (sasli with X-) [Purchas 4-3-54 1 JOHN II— ASPERS 267 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate (^ on Inscr. John II, bearded, standing" facing-, holding- in r. laba- runi with short shaft, in 1. globus crucig-er ; wears crown, tunic (witli ;), and sash (with ^^^) falling over 1. arm ; in field r., manus Dei in sleeve crowning- the Emperor, Border of dots. oho.) Inscr. St. Eugenius, bearded and nimbate, standing facing- ; in r. , long cross; 1. holds robe. Border of dots. 36 43-3 M -85 [luD] ® re [K]0 N € V T WM C c ^ (double-struck) (sash with ^) [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-58] 37 41-5 M -95 KO ^ A n € V ^6 xxx-n 13 (sasli w ith X) [Purchas N 1 ed, 1904, 5-11-407] 38 45-4 M .95 lUJ ^ ® r^€ xxxvi. 14 KO N €V N 1 hN C • • • C (sash with X) [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-61] 39 40-6 M -8 lUJ O KO hN N [q ® € V • • • Nl C (sash w ith X) [de Sali s, 1862] 268 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 40 41-7 Al .9 idj ® re N €V NI KO O • O hN t^ c • • c (sash with X) [H. P. Borrellsale, 1852, lot 1048] 41 47-8 .U .9 lUD ® re N € NI KO V hN ^ c c (sash with X) [H. P. BorreU sale, 1852, lot 1048] 42 45-5 M -9 iQJ ® re N €V NI KO hN ^ c c (sash with X) [de Salis, 1862] 43 43-6 M -85 lUU KO N . C ® €V re NI xxxvi. 15 fTN {sic) H^ [Purchased, 1908, 5-6-16] 44 41.8 M -9 iGQ ® re KO N €V • • NI hN v^ r • 1 (pellet on shaft of cross) 1 Qo" ■*■ [de Salis, 1862] 45 34-7 Al -85 n1 ® re ev Ni xxxvi. N 16 (C?) [h:^?] 0' • • • [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1049] ' This blundered piece was probably not produced at the official mint, but may be a contemporary forgery. JOHN II— ASPERS 269 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 46 38-4 M -85 idj KO N C ® ev re^ Nl O xxxvii 1 hN (4 pellets > in sash) 1 »- [de Salis, 1862] 47 42. JR .9 lUJ O KO N ^ c ® re e Nl V OC [de Salis, 1862] 48 441 M .85 iGD KO hN (inscr. on ] flan ; 6 sash) N . partly oft pellets in ® 6 V [de Sali re Nl OC s, 1862] 49 40.7 M .85 Similar (inscr. com- plete ; 5 pellets in sasli) [de Salis, 1862] Similar, but CV for w ; pellet on shaft of cross. 50 41.7 M .8 iGQ KO hN N O ® ev [de Sali re Nl OC s, 1862] 51 41.2 M .85 iGD o KO [hN] (4 pellets N ^ c in sash) [®] [e]v [de Sali re Nl OC s, 1862] 52 44. M .9 lUJ O KO hN (4 pellets N ^ c in sash) ® ev [de Salis re Nl OC 3, 1862] 270 IX. COINS OF TPIE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight Metal and Size .li .85 Obverse Reverse Plate 53 424 lUJ / ® re KO N ev Nl JtN O oc [de Sails, 1862] 54 42. M -85 id) [®] / N re KO [e]v Nl oc ■ v" [de Salis, 1862] 55 3G.8 Al -8 lUJ KO ® re N €V 0' Nl hN ^ ?^ c L^J [de Salis, 1862] 56 434 M -9 lUU ® re KO N €V Nl oc HSH ^ c [de Salis, 1862] (4 pellets in sash) 57 32-3 yR -9 [lUJ] 1 r€ ® KO N [ev] Nl oc MSH ^ [de Salis, 1862] (several pellets in sash) L ' -1 58 394 .R .85 lOD ® ' '"^ XXX vi c 2 KO N K, Nl hfsH ^ ^ ^? V oc [de Salis, 1862] 59 44-5 .R -8 lUJ O N c ® €V re Nl KO o hN^ (tunic with ; stripes [de Sali c s, 1862] instead of pellets in sash) ' Perhaps not a letter but an annulet inserted to balance the O on the other side of the type. JOHN II— ASPERS 271 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 60 39-2 M .85 lUU ® J re KO WNH N 6V Nl C [de SaHs, 1862] 61 444 M .85 iCD KO ® ! '^ N €V Nl HSH ^ • [de Salis, 18G2] 62 41-1 M -85 \UJ ® 1 r€ xxxvii KOH N\N (sash, -r^ ; double- € Nl V OC [de Salis, 1862] 3 struck) 63 42.6 M .8 lOD KO hrN (sash. N ^ c • • • • J ® r€ € NIO V c [de Salis, 1862] 64 40.2 JR .85 [iCu] KO ^T^H N E^K C ® € V re Nl o c (sash. ...) [de Salis, 1862] 65 42-8 Al -85 lUU KO WsH (sash. N • ^' C ...) "®] € V [H. P. Bo 1852, 1( re Nl c rrell sale, 3t 1045] QG 43.7 M .9 iGu 1 ""^ xxxvii. KO N • i ® ! Nl ev 1 o 1 c 4 (sash, •••) i i [Purchased, 1904, 4-3-63] ^Cp. No. 43, siq)ra. 272 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight Metal and Size 67 68 69 70 44-7 M -85 Obverse 43-6 46.4 Al .85 lUJ o K O (sash, •£•) luD o KO (sash, ^T7 ) N O C N O C Reverse Plate ® €V re Nl O C [de Salis, 1862] ® €V r€ N oc [de Salis, 1802] (Z^ on obi'. : aspers of rude style) Inscr. .^ -95 Style rude UJ O John II, stand- as on No. 36. N O K (monogram blundered ; sash with -^"^^^^^ 30.8 ; A\ -86 KO I ^N I t^ (sash witli ^ N O Inscr. St. Eugenius, standing, as on No. 36. Style rude.^ € 1 Nl V I O [de Salis, 1862] XXXVll. 5 xxxvu. 6 re ' Nl 6 V [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-414] XZXVll. 7 ^ The barbarous character of these coins has led PfafFenhoffen (p. 102), Blau {Berl. Blatter, iv, p. 181), and Sabatier to attribute them to John IV (Kalojoannes), one of the latest of the Emperors of Trebizond (died A. D. 1458). But this attribution is, surely, most improbable, if only for the reason that long before the period of John IV the standing figures on the asper had been replaced by equestrian types. Aspers of the reign of John IV should therefore present equestrian figures, and we should, moreover, expect them to be struck on much smaller flans than those which characterize the coins now under discussion. The coins, then, must be regarded either as contemporary forgeries of the reign of John II or, more probably, as barbarous imitations of the aspers of John 11 made in some country — Iberia (Georgia) ?— where the silver coins of Trebizond were a popular medium of exchange. (Cp. note to No. 73, infra.) These coins will thus be not earlier than A. D. 1280, the date of the accession of John II, but it is not impossible that they may have continued to be struck even after the death of John II which took place in a. d. 1297. (Retowski, Komn.. pp. 73 f., 108 f., cp. p. 20, has independently reached very similar conclusions as to these and other barbarous coins.) JOHN II— ASPERS 273 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 71 884 M .85 iQj KO N (monog-ram blundered) (sash with ^il!^) ""^ ^ N V . € (V small) [de SaUs, 1862] xxxvii 8 72 30-3 M -85 UU KO hN (monog-ram (sash wit 1 1 O blundered) ev NI 0* [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-412] XXX vii 9 73 34-7 M -85 W O KO HI (sash wi th^) re [0?] Ill V [Purchased, 1904, 5-11-413]^ xxxvii 10 74 35-2 M -85 Similar to No. 73. CV re N [de SaHs, 1862] (Annulet — c r p — on rev.-) Inscr. John II, stand- ing", as on No. 36, supra. Inscr. St. Eugenius, standing, as on No. 36, supra. 75 45. JR -9 iOj O KO HM N C [®] re Ni o c xxxvii 11 (sash w ith m) [de Sali s, 1862] ^ This rudely executed coin (so also No. 74) should be compared with an undoubted Georgian imitation of the Trebizond aspers, and specially in regard to the curious form of the crown : see Langlois, Essai de class, des suites monetaires de la Georgie (1860), p. 104, PI. VIII. 9. The coin reads on the obv. ' King George ' in Georgian letters. It is attributed by Langlois to George VIII, a.d. 1452-1469, but it would not seem impossible to assign it to one of the earlier kings of Georgia bearing this name. Cp. another imitation in the 1852 edition of Langlois, PI. V. 11. (See also Retowski, Komn.,y. 109.) ^ Probably only inserted to balance the letter O of the reverse inscription ; cp. No. 55, supra. The annulet on No. 76 has a hook. 274 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 76 38-6 M h 03 r- xxxvii. KO N ® 12 hN C [€]VQ (sash with ^) [H. P. BorreU sale, 1852, lot 1045] (without symbol) Inscr, Johnlljbearded, Inscr. St. Eug-enius, standing- facing-, beardedandnimbate. holding in r. laba- standing facing ; rum with short shaft, in r., long cross ; 1. in 1. globus cruciger; holds robe. Border wears crown, tunic of dots. (with ;), and sash falling over 1. arm ; in field r., manus Dei in sleeve crown- ing the Emperor. Border of dots. 77 434 M -85 lOu OK [HN] N ® 6V re Nl oc (sash with X) [de Salis, 1862] 78 41.7 M .8 iGD ® N[l] xxxvii o [N] €V 13 KO re c hN [C] [H. P. BorreU sale, (tunic with 0) (sash 1852, lot 1044] with 0) 79 42-8 M -95 lUJ [0] ev xxxvii W re 14 KO N [1] Nl hN (tunic witl L X and :) ^a [5] (sash wit hXX) [de Salig , 1862 '] * The rev. bears a very close resemblance to the coin of Theodora (circ. a.d. 1285) described infm (PI. XXXVIII. 1). The ornamentation of the Emperor's dress is also in some respects similar to that found on Theodora's dress as represented on the same coin. JOHN n—ASPERS— BRONZE 275 No. 80 81 83 84 Weight 42-6 44. 40-2 43-6 364 Metal and Size M .85 M -95 M .95 M -95 M .85 Obverse lO) o N O C KO hN (sash with M.) lUU O KO (sash with IE ) N O C Similar to No. 81. Similar to No. 81 ; sash with i. lUU O KO hN (sash with ' Reverse ev Nl O [de SaUs, 1862] [inscr. off flan] ® €V r€ Nl oc [de SaHs, 1862] Similar to No. 81. [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1044] ® €V re Nl O C [H. P. BorreU sale, 1852, lot 1048] ® € V re Nl Q2 [de SaUs, 1862] See also sitpra, p. 260, Nos. 7-9, and on the whole asper-coinage, Retowski, Komn.. pp. 76-129. Bronze Nomisma (scyphate) Inscr. John II, stand- ing facing, holding in r. labarum with short shaft ; in 1. globus cruciger; wears crown, striped tunic, and sash fall- ing over 1. arm. Border of dots. Inscr. Bust of St. John the Baptist, bearded and nimbate, facing; r. hand in blessing ; 1. holds long cross. Border of dots. Plate xxxvu. 15 xxxvu. 16 ' The t-ev. closely resembles the rev. of the coin of Theodora in PI. XXXVIII. 1. ^ The O has a tail or hook, resembling Q. Cp. No. 76. 276 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 85 35. JE 1. lUU o N ® ffP xxxvii. 17 K 0(i.e.6 7rpo8po/A09, th-e Fore- runner) [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-22] ' JOHN II AND HIS SON ALEXIUS There are aspers with obv. John II and Alexius, standing- ; rev. St. Eu- g-enius, standing: see Retowski, Komn.^ p. 130: cp. Revue bel(/e, 1881, pp. 347, 348 ; Sabatier, ii, p. 332, ' Manuel III and Alexius IV ' ; Photiades CataL, p. 46, No. 651. A bronze coin with obv. John II, standing ; rev. Alexius, standing, is described by Sabatier, ii, p. 318, No. 1, PL 68. 5 : cp. Retowski, p. 131. ' This is the identical specimen published by Sabatier (ii, p. 312, No. 4, PI. 67. 9). who has attributed it to John I ; but the short-shafted labarum and the globus cruciger are better suited to John II, as has already been pointed out, p. 232, supra, 'John I.' Sabatier has not und erstood the monogram on the rev., and has read the whole reverse inscr. as O A. lUJ ANNE. (In Retowski's Komn., p. 105, Sabatier's engraving is reproduced and the coin is incorrectly stated to be in the Stroganow collection.) To John II, Sabatier (ii, p. 317, No. 2, PI. 68. 4) has assigned a bronze coin with rev. ' Bust of St. Eugenius ' [St. George ?], but there is reason to think that his descrip- tion of it is incorrect: see Konstantopoulos in Jouni. internat. cVarch. num., ii, 1899, pp. 223, 224. (Retowski, p. 187, reproduces Sabatier's engraving.) As to other bronze coins that have been attributed to John II {rev. St. Eugenius) see Retowski, pp. 75 f., and pp. 105-7. I 277 THEODORA circ. 1285 No. Weight Metal and Size 44.5 M -95 Obverse Reverse Asper Inscr. The Empress Theodora, standing facing-, holding- in r. globus cruciger ; 1. hand placed on breast ; wears crown, tunic (with X))aiid sash (with XX) falling over r. arm ; in field 1., manus Dei in sleeve crowning tlie Empress. Border of dots. [P]A {manus Dei off flan) H KO hN HN Inscr. St. Eugenius, bearded, standing facing, holding in r. long cross ; wears nimbus and robe (fastened by brooch), which he holds in 1. hand. Border of dots. O A n o c €V re Nl o [de Salis, 1862] ' Bronze There is a bronze nomisma, obv. Theodora, standing ; rev. St. Eugenius (Retowski, p. 133). In Revue beige, 1881, p. 348, PI. XVI. 16, a bronze coin with obv. Standing figure ; rev. The Virgin, Christ, and Empress (.?) is attributed to Theodora, but the specimen is not satis- factorily preserved. Cp. Retowski, p. 134. A bronze coin with obv. Equestrian figure, rev. Cross, engraved in Berliner Blatter, ii, 1865, PI. XIX. 2, is also attributed (correctly ?) in the Thomsen Sale Catalogue, p. 68, No. 846, to Theodora. Plate XXXVlll. 1 ^ For similar aspers see Sabatier, ii, p. 319 ; Pfaffenhoffen, p. 88 ; Koehne in Mem. Soc. d'Arch. et Num. de St.-Fetersbourg, iii, 1849, p. 152, PI. III. 10 ; cp. Bartholomaei, Lettres num. et arch., 1859, p. 39. (Also Retowski, pp. 132 f.) Some aspers (Nos. 79, 80, siq)ra) of John II resemble Theodora's aspers in various respects. 278 ALEXIUS II A.D. 1297-1330 The various aspers and half-aspers inscribed with the name ' Alexius ' must be distributed between Alexius II, III, and IV, for there is good ground for refusing to assign any of them to Alexius I (see supj^a^ p. 230, Alexius I). Pfaffenhoffen (p. 92) has well noted that the sceptre held by the emperor on the obv. of the 'Alexius' coins assumes several forms, and that these changes seem likely to give a clue to the attribution of the coinage. The sceptre is represented, as regards its head, in three different ways : with an empearled head (represented by several pellets, •) with a triple head, Yi with a three-barred cross as head, ^. Pfaffenhoffen has assigned to Alexius II those coins which display the triple-headed sceptre, and to Alexius III those which display the empearled sceptre. But if we take a broader survey of the coinage than was possible for Pfaffenhoffen Avith his comparatively scanty material, cause can be shown why we should reverse this arrangement, i. e. we must assign to Alexius II the silver coins with the empearled sceptre, and to Alexius III those with the triple head. The distribution of the sceptres is as follows :— Alexius II [j ? or Y ?]. Basil I Y. ' Michael Y . Alexius III [\? or y .?]. Manuel III Y and ^. Alexius IV ^ . It is thus clear that if the • sceptre is assigned (as Pfaffenhoffen proposed) to Alexius III it will break the sequence of Y sceptres. It is necessary, therefore, to place it before the introduction of the Y sceptre, i. e. in the reign of Alexius II, and the coins with this • scej^tre are, moreover, by their style and fabric, better suited to this position than to the reign of Alexius III. To Alexius IV falls the series with ^ , a form of sceptre already in use during part of the reign of his predecessor, Manuel III. ALEXIUS II— ASPERS 279 M. Retowski, in his Munzen d. Komnenen, pp. 136 f., and pp. 161 f., published since the above was written, takes a different view, in several cases, as to the coins to be assig-ned to Alexius 11 and Alexius III. He attributes many of those with the Y sceptre to Alexius 11 (not III), and on the whole appears to attach less importance to the ornamentation of the sceptre than to the indications supplied by the form of the legends, the weight, &c. — indications which certainly deserve full consideration. No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Asp Inscr. Alexius II, bearded, facing-, seated on horse walk- ing r. ; wears crown and tunic (with ;) ; in r. hand, sceptre with empearled head (;); 1. hand on bridle. Border of dots. (lett( ers Inscr. St. Eugenius, bearded, seated fac- ing on horse walking r. ; wears nimbus and tunic (with 0) ; in r. hand, cross ; 1. hand on bridle. Border of dots. 3r B) 1 35-5 M -9 A € W ® N xxxviii 2 X/ BN €V r B[0 ?] [H. P. Bo rrell sale, 1852, lot 1046] 2 29-7 (chipped) M -85 A € M ® [de Sali N B s, 1862] xxxviii 3 3 32-8 M -85 Similar to No. 2. Similar to No. 2 ; inscr. on 1. complete ; inscr. on r. off flan. [de Sali s, 1862] 280 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight 36-2 40. 36-7 40-5 Metal and Size Ai -8 JB. -9 M -9 M .85 Obverse Reverse A (Quatrefoil ornament and B) lYI B € beneath horse, (5) (quatrefoil orna- ment) N ® €V r beneath horse, (5) (quatrefoil orna- ment) [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1050] (Cross) A € + K ® GV + xxxviii. 5 N r • [N] (tunic covered with J pellets) 1 [H. P. Borrell sale. 1 1852, lot 1046] A € KO + M [®] €V + N >y N r (tunic covered with pellets) [H. P. Borrell sale. 1852, lot 1046] A •:• lYi ® €V • • • • xxxviiL 6 e N r N >y (tunic covered with pcUets) [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, 1 ot 1046] Plate xxxviu. 4 I I ALEXIUS n— ASPERS 281 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate (Si ar) 8 42-8 M -95 A 5|C ® >|c xxxviii N . V N (tunic covered with pellets) [H. P. BorreU sale, 1852, lot 1046] 7 9 40-2 M .9 [inscr. obscure] 5|C K M N ® 5|C N (tunic covered with pellets) [de Salis, 1862] (Plants or Flowers) 10 417 M -85 A € M ® €V re N xxxviii. 8 ok" beneath hoi (tunic wi N thO) beneath horse, ^, H', ^ (tunic covered with pellets) [de Salis, 1862] 11 36-8 M .9 € hi re .V N beneath hor ^partly (tunic wi N se,Y,Y,H' obscure) thO) beneath ho two neai plants, scure (tui w'ith pell [de Sali rse, H', and fly similar partly ob- aic covered 3ts) 3, 1862] o o 282 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. 12 14 15 16 17 Weight Metal and Size 27-5 13 24-3 17.3 18-5 19.G M .75 M -75 M .65 18.6 {chipped) M .65 M .75 M .65 Obverse Reverse A A€0 Half Aspers (Plant or Flower) ^ ® €vr beneath liorse, *V* (double-struck) A /V€0 hN beneath horse, *V' A /V€0 beneath horse, *Y' A hN /V€0 beneath horse, *Y A [WM] € 'X/ O r beneatli horse, 4^ A € O? beneatli horse, >l^ Nl beneath horse, *V (€Vr double-struck) [de Salis, 1862] ® , Nl 6vr .? I beneath horse, * y [de Salis, 1862] ® [€]V Ijeneath horse, traces of-y- [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1053] Plate xxxviii. 9 XXX VUl. 10 ® €vr m beneath horse, y [de Salis, 1862] ® 6V r Nl beneath horse, -^ [H. P. BorreU sale, 1852, lot 1053] ® I N beneath horse, A^ • [H. P. BorreU sale, 1852, lot 1053] XXXVUl. 11 XXXVIU. 12 ALEXIUS II— HALF ASPERS— BRONZE 283 No. 18 19 Weight Metal and Size 18-7 (chipped) 22-7 (chipped) M .7 M .75 Obverse Reverse Plate HM g beneath horse, ifc ? (type double-struck ; inscr. on 1. nearlv off flan) OH Nl r beneath horse, • (^ (plant or flower ?) ®? €vr fSH & beneath horse, ^ ? (type and €Vr double-struck) [H. P. BorreU sale, 1852, lot 1055] ® €V Nl y beneath horse, (J [H. P. BorreU sale, 1852, lot 1050] Bronze The coin in Sabatier, ii, p. 321, No. 6, PI. 68. 13, rev. bust of St. Eugenius, described as of Alexius II, is probably better assigned to Alexius III on account of the small module and the form of the border on the obv. (Re- towski, however, Komn.^ p. 147, agrees to Sabatier's attribution.) XXXVUl. 13 XXXVUl. 14 ' The letters NI^ are inscribed in this position through a careless or ignorant blunder : they really represent the end of the name of St. Eugenius as the rev. inscr. proves. Retowski, p. 164, No. 5, attributes this coin to Alexius III. 284 ANDRONICUS III A.D. 1330— Jan., 1332 Coins have not usually been attributed to this emperor, but M. Retowski, Miinzen d. Komn.^ p. 148, PI. XII. 1-3, publishes three varieties of a rare asper on the ohv. of wliich he reads the initials (in monogi-am) of the name of Andronicus. MANUEL II Jan.— Sept. 1332 No silver coins are known, and the bronze coins with rev. figure of Christ in oval frame, attributed by Sabatier (ii, p. 322, Nos. 1, 2, PI. 68. 14, 15) to this Manuel, are better assigned to the Byzantine emperor Manuel II ; see Retowski, op. cit.^ p. 149 ; cp. Brit. Mus. Cat., Imj^erial Byzantine Coins., p. 638, No, 16 ; cp. p. 642, No. 12. 285 BASIL Sept. 1332— Apeil, 1340 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Asp ers Inscr. Basil, bearded, facing, seated on horse walking- r. ; wears crown and tunic ; in r. triple- headed sceptre ; 1. onbridle. Border of dots. Inscr. St. Eugenius, bearded, facing, seated on horse walk- ing r. ; wears nimbus and tunic ; in r. cross ; 1. on bridle. Border of dots. 1 30-3 M •85 ® N .1 xxxviii 15 [de SaHs, 1862] 2 26. (chipped) M •85 Similar to No. 1 ; • ob- scure. Similar to No. 1, but € instead of €V, and V instead of N. [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1047] 3 18. (flan small) JR •75 B*A 1 ® [€?] [de SaHs V 5,1862-] xxxviii 16 4 21. M • 7 B.A i ^ ® beneath [Purchas 5-11-4] 1 horse, • ed, 1904, LI] xxxviii 17 ^ Specimens described by Retowski, Komn., pp. 151 f., display as symbols V, *•*> &c. 2 The low weights would suggest that Nos. 3 and 4 are half aspers, but on account of the style and size of the types it is diflScult to separate them from the aspers : the flans of both specimens have been clipped. 286 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight Metal and Size JE .7 Obverse Reverse Bronze Inscr. Basil, standing facing, holding in r. triple-headed sceptre, in 1. globus cruciger ; wears crown, tunic, and sash falling over 1. arm. (Seyphate.) Inscr. St. Eugenius, stand- ing facing, holding in r. long cross ; wears nimbus and mantle. BA H ® n €V re Nl This description is taken from Sabatier, ii, p. 324, Nos. 5, 6, PI. 68. 20, 21. (BA on obv. should probably be §A.) None of the other bronze coins assigned by Sabatier to this emperor can be regarded as correctly placed. Sabatier, in his attributions, no doubt relied on the letter B which is a con- spicuous feature of these coins, but his inter- pretation of it as the initial of ' Basil ' is decidedly hazardous. In the first place — on the analogy of the silver coins of tliis emperor and of his bronze coins as above described (= Sabatier, PL 68. 20 and 21)— we should expect the name of the emperor to be indi- cated not by B, but by SA. Again, this S is found on other coins of Trebizond, for example, on the bronze money of John III, where, of course, it cannot be interpreted as ' Basil '. (See further, infra, ' Uncertain Bronze Coins of Trebizond ' at end of Trebizond series, where it is suggested that B and BB have a religious significance.) On account of their types, moreover, these coins would seem to belong to a later time than the reign of Basil. For during the reign of Basil and his successors, John III and Michael, the usual types of the bronze coinage consisted of the standing figures of the Emperor and St. Eugenius ; but after the reign of Michael the standing figure of Eugenius begins to be replaced by a cross (accompanied by the name of Eugenius) or by some other type. I am of opiniou, then, that of the bronze BASIL— BRONZE 287 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse coins assigned by Sabatier, ii, pp. 323 f., to Basil, only Nos. 5 and 6 (standing figures) are rightly attributed. Nos. 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11 probably belong to the latest emperors of Trebizond, subsequent to Michael. No. 7, with B both on ohv. and on rev.^ is perhaps not a coin of Trebizond. (Retowski, in his Miinzen d. Komn., pp. 153- 5, published since the above was written, repeats the descriptions of Sabatier, ii, pp. 323, 324, Nos. 5 and 6, PL 68. 20 and 21. These coins (with BA and the figure of St. Eugenius : see siqyra, p. 286) must certainly belong, as he remarks, to Basil. With regard to the other bronze coins ascribed by Sabatier to Basil (which I have discussed above), Retowski, though apparently with some hesitation, assigns most of them to Basil, namely, Sabatier, Dcscript, ii, pp. 323, 324, Nos. 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10, Bg he interprets as Bao-t'Aios /Jao-tAcvV) Plate 288 IRENE PALAEOLOGINA April, 1340— July, 1341 No coins have been identified as belonging- to this short reign. ANNA July, 1341— Sept. 1342 No coins are known of this empress : op. Retowski, Miinzen der Kom- nenen von Trapezunt, p. 156. 289 JOHN III Sept. 1342— May, 1344 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Silver If silver coins were struck by John III they doubtless bore equestrian types like those of the emperors who immediately preceded and followed him. The coins with standing fig-ures which Pfaffenhoffen and Sabatier (ii, p. 326) have assigned to this John, belong-, from the character of their types, to an earlier period of the Trebizond coinage, i.e. to the time of John I or John II. Bronze Inscr. John III, beard- ed, standing facing, holding in r. triple- headed sceptre, in 1. globus cruciger ; wears crown, tunic, and sash falling over 1. arm. Border of dots. Inscr. St. Eugenius, bearded, standing facing, liolding in r. long cross ; 1. holds robe ; wears nimbus and robe. Border of dots. 1 41.2 jE .85 : lUU KO H N O ® r xxxix. 1 (Sabatier, ii, p. 326, No. 5, PI. 69. 8 : the identical specimen.) (scyphate) [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-22] 1 2 24-8 loom) M -8 [I]IU OK H (without globus cru- ciger ; 1. liand holds dress) €V (inscr. part (flat) [Purchas( 4-8-23] ly obscure) 3d, 1864, xxxix. 2 * Retowski, Komn., p. 107, No. 155, assigns this specimen to John II. pp 290 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND ■M I TIT • ui. I Metal and No. Weight gi^g 144 211 204 {tvom) JE S'j JE .65 JE .65 Obverse Reverse [l?]UL) (smaller module) B Inscr. obscure ; style rude (tunic varied) (scvphate) [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23] 1 (inscr. partly obscure) (scvphate) [de Sails, 1862] (inscr. and type ob-iOn 1., E, rest of inscr. scure) obscure (flat) [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23] Plate XXXIX, 3 XXXIX. 4 ^ The identical specimen i^ublislied by Sabatier, ii, p. 336, No. 3, PI. 70. 5. who assigned it to John IV. i.e. nearly a century later ; but the fabric, types, form of the sceptre, &c., point much more directly to the reign of .John III. (Retowski, Komn., p. 157, No. 2, who reproduces Sabatier's de-^scription, rightly assigns the specimen to John III ; but his statement that it is in the Stroganow cabinet requires correction.) 291 MICHAEL May, 1344— Dec. 1349 No. Weight Metal and Size 26. (pierced) 25-8 M M .75 Obverse Reverse Aspers Inscr. Michael, beard- ed, facing-, seated on horse walking r. ; Avears crown and tu- nic (with •) ; in r., triple-headed scep- tre ; 1. on bridle. Border of dots. X I lYl mi I beneath horse, ? X M Ml beneath horse, */ Inscr. St. Eugenius, bearded, facing-, seated on horse walk- ing- r. ; wears nim- bus and tunic (with <2>); in r., cross; 1. on bridle. Border of dots. ® [€]V beneath horse, ^K [de Salis, 1862] ® [N] €V [de SaUs, 1862] Bronze (scyphate) Inscr. Michael, beard- ed, standing facing, holding in r. triple- headed sceptre, in 1. round shield with star; wears crown, tunic, and sash. Border of dots. Inscr. St. Eugenius, bearded and nim- bate, standing fac- ing, holding in r. long cross; 1. holds robe. Border of dots. Plate XXXIX. 5 xxxix. 6 292 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 3 12-8 JE .7 X Ml m • r xxxix. 7 € (flat) [de Salis, 1802] 4 25. JE .75 Similar to No. 3. Similar to No. 3 (inscr. on r. complete) rPurcliased, 1864, 4-8-23] xxxix. 8 (figure on rev. lialf-leng-th only) 5 16-9 JE .55 X M mi € V [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23] xxxix. 9 6 204 JE .75 Similar to No. 5 (inscr. obscure) Similar to No. 5 (inscr. obscure) [Purcliased, 1864, 4-8-23] xxxix 10 7 18-9 JE -75 Similar to No. 5 (inscr. partly obscure) Similar to No. 5 (inscr. obscure) [Purcliased, 1864, 4-8-23] xxxix 11 8 13-5 JE .65 Similar to No. 5 (inscr. partly obscure) Similar to No, 5. [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23] 293 ALEXIUS III 13 Dec. 1349—20 Maech, 1390 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Aspers • Inscr. Alexius in, bearded, seated fac- ing on horse walking r. ; wears crown and tunic (with ;) ; in r., sceptre with triple head(t);l. on bridle. Border of dots. Inscr. St. Eugenius, bearded, seated fac- ing on horse walking r. ; wears nimbus and tunic (with 0) ; in r., cross; 1. on bridle. Border of dots. (Lis) 1 38.2 M .85 A € beneath ho (sceptre -i M rse, '^ (lis ^) vith ; liead) ® €V beneath ho [Purchas 4-3-33; N • • rse, '1' (lis) 3d, 1904, xxxix 12 2 31-3 M .8 A lYl ® N xxxix 13 € beneath lio (sceptre head) rse, '1' (lis) with *p as € V r beneath ho [de SaH rse, •|»(lis) s, 1862] ^ The actual form of the lis is less elaborate. 294 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight 31.3 [chipped) 32.9 33. Metal and Size Al .9 M .85 M .85 Obverse >y lYI N [beneath horse, '^ (lis)] (sceptre with *j* as head) 30-2 33-2 (pierced) M -8 M -85 Reverse (A) ev N O beneath horse, '^ (lis) [de Salis, 1862] ' A € W NO beneath horse, ^I^ A J^ € W beneath horse, ^ (Plant or flower) + A X/ N beneath horse, [^I^] A [€] [V] n beneath horse, ^ Ni ® €V r beneath horse, ^If [de Salis, 1862] ® €V NH beneath horse, ^Jf ; several small pellets in front of horse, [de Salis, 18G2] ® [€.P]V 1/11 Plate 14 15 O? o beneath horse, ^ [de Salis, 1862] ® ev Ml beneath horse, ^ [Purchased, 1908, 5-6-21] xl. 1 ^ The sceptre on those aspers that appear to belong to Alexius III (see supra, p. 278, at beginning of Alexius II) has a triple head ("t), but on Nos. 1. 2, and 3 the form is different. No. 1 shows the sceptre with the empearled top that seems to be charac- teristic of Alexius II, but the treatment of the emperor's head differs from that on the coins of Alexius II, and so closely resembles the head on the coins of Alexius III, that it seems necessary to assign it to the latter reign. On Nos. 2 and 3 a cruciform (or lis-shaped?) top is adopted for the sceptre, but these (as in the case of No. 1) appear to be only abnormal varieties of the type of sceptre ("t) mainly represented on the coins of Alexius III. (As to Retowski's attributions see p. 279, siqiya.) i ALEXIUS III— ASPERS 295 No. Weight 28-5 Metal and Size M -8 35-8 10 11 12 29-6 M -85 Obverse A [V] M beneath horse, ^I^ A M '85 241 29-2 *■ € beneath horse, [^Jf] Reverse (A) €V Ml beneath horse, ^ [Purchased, 1908, 7-7-5] ® I ^ €V beneath horse, ^I^ [de Salis, 1862J Plate xl. 2 A € KO (Bird's head) MM i N. ® €V r Nl in front of horse, bird's head. .11 .75 M -8 in front of horse, bird's rj. q^ pgster, 18501 head r. ■- -■ xl. 3 (Pellets) A € lYI beneath horse, ',• A I M in front of horse, • N ® I €V I beneath horse, • [de Salis, 1862] I N in front of liorse, • [de Salis, 1862] xl. 4 ^ As to the solar device found on Nos. 6-9 see Introduction, supra, S 9 under ' Symbols and letters '. x- j . 296 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. TTT •„•! ♦ Metal and ^«'»^H Size 13 14 15 24. (pierced) 17-4 13-2 M -8 M -7 16 13-2 M .65 M .6 Obverse Reverse Half Aspers Inscr. Alexius III, riding- r., as on the aspers (No. 4, &c.). Border of dots. A JtN.? /V€0 beneath horse, B (nu- merous pellets on tunic) A -I € A- beneath horse, hN Inscr. St. Euo^enius, ridings r., as on the • aspers (No. 4, «S:c.). Border of dots. (A) ^^H evr beneath liorse, S» [de Salis, 1862] ® €vr B (A beneath horse blundered) [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1053] Plate xl. 5 Quarter Aspers Inscr. Alexius III, Inscr. St. Eugenius, riding r., as on the riding r., as on tlie aspers (No. 4, &c.). aspers (No. 4, &c.). Border of dots. Border of dots. A j ^ beneath horse, B A I [hN ?] beneath horse, B ® V l)eneatli iiorse, B written A) [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1053] (A m beneath horse, B (A written A) [de Salis, 1862] xl. 6 xl. 7 xl. 8 ALEXIUS III— BRONZE 297 Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Bronze (scyphate) Some of the coins here attributed to Alexius III have been assigned by Sabatier to Alexius IV, and the claims of the latter emperor, as well as those of Alexius II, fairly demand consideration. These coins (Nos. 17-34) seem to form a homog-eneous group, on account of their fabric, which is characterized by the irregular shape and the thickness of the flans, and on account of their reverse types which, except in the case of Nos. 17 and 18, consist of devices (cross, eag-le, &c.) not found on the earlier bronze coinage of Trebizond, of which coinage, it will have been observed, figure-sub- jects are the usual types. It is highly probable, therefore, that they were all issued hj a single emperor of the name of Alexius ; and that this emperor was Alexius III, rather tlian either Alexius II or Alexius IV, may perhaps be regarded as likely, on the following grounds : — The bronze coins of the reigns that precede and follow tlie reign of Alexius II are of com- paratively large module, and their reverses consist of a figure-subject, usually, St. Euge- nius. Our Nos. 17-34, therefore, by reason of their small module and their lack (except Nos. 17, 18) of figure-tyi)es on the rev., do not seem Avell suited to the reign of Alexius II. Tlieir unsuitability to the reign of Alexius IV is not so obvious ; yet an examination of the coins of Manuel III, the emperor who inter- venes between the reigns of Alexius III and Alexius IV, wiU probably suggest that our Nos. 1 7-34 are earlier, rather than later, than the coins of Manuel III, that is to say, they belong to Alexius III, and not to Alexius IV. (Retowski, Komn.^ pp. 162, 179, has indepen- dently reached the same conclusions.) Type 1 Inscr. Within six- foil enclosure, Alexius III, standing facing ; wears crown, tunic, and sash ; holds in r. sceptre with empearledhead, in 1. globus cruciger. Border of dots. Inscr. Within six- foil enclosure, St. Eugenius, stand- ing facing ; wears nimbus and robe, and liolds in r. cross ; 1. holds robe. Border of dots. Q q Plate 298 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. 17 18 19 20 Weight 31. 24-5 244 Metal and Size JE .65 JE .65 .E .8 17-9 jE .7 {worn) Obverse A €? A € M Reverse I N ® < I [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23] ® 1 N A I [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23] Type 2 Inscr. Alexius III, standing- facing-, as on No. 17 (six-foil enclosure omitted). Border of dots. A /ye o (bent flat) [H?] [H?] (bent flat) Cross, fourchee, resting- on base ; inscr. in angles. Border of dots. OA ev re Nl[(?] (base bscure) [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23 ■] OA ev re Nl [Purchased, 1864] 4-8-23] Type 3 Inscr. Alexius III, stand ing^facing, as on No. 17 (globus rudely indicated) (six-foil enclosure omitted). Border of dots. Cross of dots, with dot- ted wreath attached to the horizontal limbs ; inscr. in angles of cross. Bor- der of dots. Plate xl. 9 xl. 10 xl.ll xl. 12 ^ The identical specimen published by Sabatier, ii, p. 334, No. 2, PI. 69. 26, who has attributed it to Alexius IV. Retowski, Komn., p. 170, No. 46, is the same piece. ALEXIUS III— BRONZE 299 No. Weight 21 20-6 22 23 13-8 16-5 Metal and Size JE .6 JE .55 M .7 24 204 Obverse />€ Similar to No. 21. Reverse Plate ® N r €V 5 [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23 >] Similar to No. 21. [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23] Type 4 Inscr. Alexius III, standing facing-, as on No. 17 (g-lobus rudely (six-foil omitted). Border of dots. indicated) enclosure JE 55 A€ / O? N Cross planted on wall (apparently the city- wall of Trebizond with its battlements and gateway) ; on 1. of cross, OA ; on r. of cross, €V. Border of dots. [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23^] Type 5 Inscr. Alexius III, standing- facing-, as on No. 17 (g-lobus' rudely indicated in field r.) (six-foil enclosure omitted). Border of dots. A A€ [H?] Dotted cross within jilain cross voided ; inscr. in ang-les of cross. Border of dots. xl. 13 xl.14 OA re €V Nl rPurchased, 1864, "" 4-8-23] xl. 15 xl. 16 ^ Compare a similar specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 334, No. 4, PI. 70. 2, who has assigned it to Alexius IV. * The identical specimen published by Sabatier, ii, p. 334, No. 3, PI. 70. 1, who assigned it to Alexius IV. Cp. Retowski, p. 171, No. 47. ^ Here, and on some of the following types, the globus cruciger is ignorantly or carelessly represented by a mere detached circlet, and the emperor's left arm is placed against his side. 300 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 25 22.4 JE •6 Similar to No. 24; letter on r. obscure. ® r €V N [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23] Type 6 Inscr. Alexius III, standing- facing, as on No. 17 (sash omitted ; globus rudelv indicated in field r., as on No. 24) (six-foil enclosure omitted). Border of dots. Cross potent within Avreath, with two loops above and two below; inscr. in angles of cross. Bor- der of dots. 26 174 ^ •55 A€ i € < A [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23 'J xl. 17 27 26-2 JE .55 ye W € < A [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23] xl. 18 28 22. M .55 A€ , € A < O xl. 19 [Purcliased, 1864, 4-8-23] 29 11.2 JE .55 Similar to No. 27. Tyi Similar to No. 27. [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23] DC 7 Inscr. A standing- No. 17(g] indicatec 24 ; sas (six-foil omitted) dots. exius III, facing,ason obus rudely , as on No. ii omitted) enclosure Border of Cross pat dotted si angles ot der of do tee within ar ; inscr. in cross. Bor- ts. » Cp. Sabatier, ii, PI. 69. 15, 16. ALEXIUS III— BRONZE 301 No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate 30 16-4 JE .55 A A r € xli. 1 € [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23] 31 224 JE .6 A A € H € r M [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23] xli. 2 Type 8 Inscr. Alexius III, standings facing-, as on No. 17 (g-lobus rudelv indicated, as on No. 24) (six-foil compartment omit- ted). Border of dots. Double-headed eag-le, displayed. Border of dots. 32 15-3 JE .55 A M [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23 '] xli. 3 33 19.3 JE .5 A Ae H [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23] xli. 4 34 19-1 JE .55 /V€ A? M [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23 2] xli. 5 ^ Cp. a similar specimen in Revue helge de num., 1881, p. 350, which — if Koehne's reading is correct — bears the name of Manuel (III). ^ Retowski, Konni., p. 171, No. 48, describes this actual specimen as having a single- headed eagle, but a comparison with our Nos. 32 and 33 will show that it is double- headed. The attribution to Alexius III of Sabatier, ii, p. 329, No. 4, PI. 69. 17 (rev. Christ standing within oval frame), is j)robably to be suspected. The coin is, perhaps, one of Manuel II, the Byzantine emperor. Cp. B. M. C, Imp. Byz. Coins, ii, PI. LXXVII. 5. See p. 284, suptv, 'Manuel II,' and Retowski, p. 149. 302 MANUEL III A.D. 1390-1417 No. Weight 14-6 Metal and Size M .7 13. {dipped) lG-9 M -55 JR .65 Obverse Reverse Half Aspers (or Aspers ?) Inscr. Manuel III, bearded, seated fac- ing on horse walking- r. ; in r. , sceptre with three-barred cross (i) 5 1. 0^1 bridle ; wears cro"svn and tunic (with ;). Bor- der of dots. Inscr. St. Eugenius, bearded, seated fac- ing on horse walking r. ; wears nimbus and tunic (witli O) ; in r. , long cross ; 1. on bridle. Border of dots.i (Star) H A H B beneatli horse, )|( (sceptre lias triple head, Y) H H? B beneath horse, XC (sceptre has triple head, Y) H O B beneath liorse, ■X (head of sceptrt' obscure) O er beneath horse, >jC [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1055] O V\ B (off flan) beneatli horse, XC [de Salis, 18G2] \A (beneath horse, ^?} [de Salis, 1862] Plate xU. 6 ^ The aspers with standing figures assigned by Sabatier (ii, PL 69. 18, 19) to this reign obviously belong to an earlier period. :nl\nuel III -half aspers 303 No. Weight Metal and Size 16.8 14. Obverse Reverse M .6 M -6 (Plant or flower) H AO H O €r 1/1 17.5 iR .65 7 16-7 ' M -65 16-2 M .65 beneath horse, Y j (sceptre has triple I head, Y) ' H H AO beneath liorse, Y^ beneath horse, Y [de Salis, 1862] M beneath horse, Y [de Salis, 1862] (Star and plant or flower) AO K ]A beneath liorse, ^ H AO K {A) 1 beneath horse, Y [de Salis, 1862] (A) €r beneath horse, )(( M O H AO M K beneath horse, >|( (cross of sceptre with one bar only) beneath horse, Y [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1054] Plate ® er n o xH. 7 xli. 8 xli. 9 beneath horse, Y [Rollin sale, London, July, 1853, lot 588] xli. 10 On this coin the cross-headed sceptre (^) is first introduced. 304 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. 10 11 12 Weight 17. 15- 20-5 17-6 Metal and Size M -6 JR .6 M .7 M -6 13 9-3 JE -6 Obverse Reverse (Bird's head and plant or flower) H AO H K beneath horse, • • • and bird's (eac^le's.^) head r. A HO H K ® er i/i o beneath horse, '^ [de Salis, 1862] ® €r beneath horse, • • • and bird's (eagle's ?) head r. Similar to No. 10. H 1 H beneath horse, •• and bird's head ? r. l^ O beneath horse, Y [Parkes Weber gift, 1906] Similar to No. 10. [de Salis, 1862] ® €r \A o beneath horse, Y [de SaUs, 1862 ^] Bronze (scyphate) Type 1 Plate xU.U Inscr. Manuel III, standing facing, holding in r. cross, in 1. globus ; wears crown, tunic, and sash. Border of dots. r? w Inscr. Cross planted on wall (apparently the city-wall of Trebizond with its battlements and gateway). Border of dots. [OA?] I [€V?] [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23^] xli. 12 xU. 13 1 The coin in Sabatier, ii, p. 332, PI. 69. 25, attributed to Manuel III and Alexius IV, is an asper of John II and Alexius : see p. 276, siqira. ^ Cp. Introduction, sujira, § 9, Miscellaneous reverse types. A similar rev. occurs on coins of Alexius III, supra, p. 299, No. 23. MANUEL III— BRONZE 305 No. 14 15 10 17 Weiffht 12-3 13-6 13-9 11.7 Metal and Size JE .6 M -55 JE -('y JE -G Obverse • O w K Reverse Similar to No, 13 ; leg'end obscure. [Purchased, 1864. 4-8-23] Type 2 Inscr. Manuel III, i Inscr. Cross pattee, standing- facing-,' ornamented with pel- liolding- in r. cross, lets. Border of dots. ^ in 1. globus ; wears crown, tunic, and sash. Border of dots. M r € H K [Pure based , 1864 4-8 -23] H 1 K r V\ o [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23] O I € [f] I M [Purcliased, 1864, 4-8-23] Type 3 If the reading- of Koehne (^Recne beii/e de num., 1881, p. 350, PI. XVI. 18) is correct, tliere is a small bronze coin of Manuel III with ohc. Emperor standing- ; rev. Double-headed eag-le. (The double-headed eag-le is also found, supra, on coins of Alexius III, No. 32, p. 301.) Type 4 Sabatier, ii, p. 331, No. 6, PI. 69. 23, publishes a small bronze coin with obv. Em- peror Manuel III facing- (^ ); rev. Eag-le facing', head r. Plate xli. 14 xli. 15 xli. 16 xli. 17 ^ Cp. Sabatier, ii, p. 331. Nos. 3 and 4, and rev. type of Alexius III. No. 24, p. 299, supra. E r 306 ALEXIUS IV A.D. 1417-144G No. Weight 27-5 13-5 {pierced) 20.3 Metal and Size Al Ai io ti) Ai .7 Obverse Reverse Half Aspers (or Aspers) (Pellets) Inscr. Alexius IV, bearded, seated fac- ing- on horse walking- r. ; in r. , sceptre with three-barred cross (i) ; 1. on bridle ; wears crown and tunic (witli •). Bor- der of dots. Inscr. St. Eug-enius, bearded, seated fac- ing- on horse walking r. ; wears nimbus and tunic (with O) ; in r., long- cross ; 1. on bridle. Border of dots. A ^ lYI (A) [N?] (double-struck) [de Salis, 1862] (Star and plant or flower) Plate xlii. 1 "A 7^ hi [B?] beneath liorse, [* , .^1 and ¥: m B beneath horse, K and 3K (two bars on cross) ® €r M [B?] beneath liorse, * and Y [de Salis, 1862] (A) rVr M B beneath horse, K and Y [H. P. Borrell sale, 1852, lot 1053] xlii. 2 ALEXIUS IV— SILVER 307 No. Weight 20-3 21- 21- Metal and Size M -65 M -6 Al .65 Obverse TV NH B beneath horse, K and 5K ()k carelessly formed) beneath liorse, K and >lc (^ as on No. 4) TV beneath horse, K and J(c (^ as on No. 4) Revei'se (AJ [N?] B beneatli horse, K and Y [Rollin sale, London, July, 1853, lot 588] ® n [B] beneath horse, Kand Y [de Sails, 1862] (A) M 6 beneath liorse, K and H^ [H. P. Eorrell sale, 1852, lot 1053] For the silver coins that M. Retowski lias attributed to Alexius IV see his Milnzen d. Kovmenen, pp. 179 f. Bronze No coins can witli certainty be attributed to this reig-n (cp. Retowski, loc. cit.^, tlioug-h some of the ' Uncertain ' pieces described infra^ pp. 309 f., may belong- to it. Plate xlii. 3 xlii. 4 308 JOHN IV (Kalojoannes) A.]). U4()-1458 Retowski {Komn., p. 184, Nos. 1-7, 1*1. X\^) lias for the first tiiue attributed to John IV some rare Jispers (or half aspers ?) in tlie Hermitage Museum and in liis own collection. They bear types resembling those of Alexius IV, the preceding emperor, and are inscribed lUJ O H, UJ H, &c. DAVID A.n. 1458-1461 No coins can with certainty be attributed to this emperor. The asper assigned, to him by Sabatier (ii, ]). 33G, No, 1, PI. 70. 6) is the identical specimen first i)ublished, from a private French collection, by Victor Langlois (Revue arcJieol., vi, 1849, p. 115). The first letters of the legend of this coin, AE, have been interpreted as the name of 'David ', but the types (^standing figures of the Emperor and St. Eugenius), the symbol (large star), the large //aw, and the form of inscription point to a much earlier period of the Trebizond coinage. Moreover, A may be intended for A, and the coin is probably a blundered asper of the period of John II. (Retowski, in his recent Mil men d. Komn., pp. 119, 186, takes a similar view of this coin and considers it to be a Georgian imitation of the aspers of John 11.) 309 UNCERTAIN BRONZE COINS OF TREBIZOND No. Weight 15-8 Metal and Size .E .55 M .55 Obverse Reverse The following coins have a fair claim to be considered money of Trebizond, but they do not bear the name of their issuers. Judging- from style and fabric they are not earlier than the reign of Alexius III, and may, perhaps, be best regarded as coins of Alexius TV (a. d. 1417-1446) or, possibly, of his two successors. (Scj-phate) Eagle r., with wings spread ; on head, cross. Border of dots. Eagle v., with wings spi-ead ; on head, cross. Border of dots. See Sabatier, ii, p. 324, No. 9, PI. 69. 1. Cross planted on city- wall. Border of dots. [Purcliased, 1864, 4-8-28 '] B • B Border of dots Plate xlii. 5 ' This is the identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 324, No. 11, PI. 69. 3, who has assigned it on insufficient grounds (cp. supra, p. 287j to Basil. (Eetowski, p. 178, No. 30, gives it to Manuel 111.) The rev. type, cross on city-wall, is found on bronze of Alexius 111 and of Manuel 111. The fabric would suit Alexius III, but the bronze coins of Alexius III (and of Manuel III) have as obv. a figure of the emperor. The obv., Eagle with cross on head, is found conjoined (see the next coin described) with B& as rev., and it would therefore seem that our coin should be grouped with the coins, described infra, that have B or BB as one of their types. 310 IX. COINS OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND No. Weight Metal and Size Obverse Reverse Plate Eagle facing, with E%%' Borderofdots. wings spread, liead 1. Border of dots. 2 13-5 JE .6 )jCB.)|C Borderofdots. [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23 '] Cross with letter in each angle. Border of dots. xlii. 6 3 14- JE .7 "A € r n xlu. 7 [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23 '] 4 10-8 JE .6 Similar to No. 3. Similar to No. 3. [Purchased, 1864, 4-8-23] xlii. 8 5 13. ^ .55 Similar to No. 3. Similar to No. 3. [de Salis, 1862] « 20-5 JE .65 Cross potent (flat fabric). Cross potent (flat fabric). [Purchased, 1864, xlii. 9 4-8-23 '] ' These letters are probably best explained as having a religious significance. §B, 6BBB, or B occur on some Byzantine imperial coins of the fourteenth century (B. M. C, /mp. Bi/z. Coins, p. 627, 49, p. 629, 1) and on many coins that more or less show traces of Byzantine influence (e. g. the coins of Rhodes, Schlumberger, Num. de V Orient lat., Plates VIII and IX), and their meaning has been discussed at length by Svoronos in his Joiirn. interna f. cVarch. num., ii, pp. 363 ff. Svoronos (p. 388) would interpret the two letters on our No. 2 as HacriXeu (Xpiarf) ^ol^dfi. The single B on No. 3 may be read in connexion with the name of St. Eugenius on the rer. —Boij^ei (tw 0a(Ti'hfi). Svoronos's suggestion (p. 388) that B is a monogram composed of B and P, signifying BuaiXea pva<u, is less acceptable, because B is, at this period, a common form of B and there is no necessity to regard it as monogrammatic. Cp. pp. 286, 287, supra. - Cp. Sabatier, ii, PI. 68. 23, ' Basil.' 1 * The identical specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 323, No. 3, PI. 68. 18, ' Basil.' * Resembles the specimen described by Sabatier, ii, p. 339, No. 9, PL 70. 15, who has classed it among the ' Uncertain Byzantine coins ', at the same time remarking : — ' Plusieurs exemplaires du cuivre precedent se trouvant meles parmi les monnaies de Trebizonde qui formaient une grande partie des deux trouvailles que j'ai eues en main, je suis autorise a croire que ces cuivres ont ete frappes dans cet empire.' INDEXES In the following Indexes the Arabic numerals refer to the pages in the Text, and the Roman numerals to pages in the Introduction. I. Kings, Emperors, etc. II. Geographical (Mints, etc.). III. General Index (Including Types). IV. Remarkable Inscriptions. CHRONOLOGICAL LISTS I. Vandal Kings. II. OSTROGOTHIC KiNGS. III. Lombard Kings. IV. Dukes and Princes of Beneventum. V. Emperors of Tiiessalonica. VI. Emperors of Nicaea. VII. Despots of Epirus. VIII. Dukes and Sebastocrators of Neopatras. IX. Emperors of Trebizond. TABLES OF Sizes and Weights. INDEX I KINGS, EMPERORS, ETC. (See also in Index III) Adalwald, 130 ; Ivi. Adelchis, 183-6 ; Ixviii. Agilulf, 128 ; Ivi. Aio, 187. Aistulf, 147, 148 ; Iviii. Alboin, 123 ; Ivi. Alexius I Comnenus, Treb., 230; Ixxvii, Ixxviii. Alexius n, Treb., 278-83, 294 n, 297 ; Ixxx Ixxxi. Alexius in, Treb., 278, 279, 283, 293- 301, 304 w, 305, 309 w; Ixxxii, Ixxxviii, xcii. Alexius IV, Treb., 297, 298 w, 299 «, 304 n, 306, 307, 309 ; Ixxxii. Alexius, son of John II, Treb., 276. Amalasuntha. 71, 75 n ; xxxiii. Anastasius I, 10, 11, 32, 33, 46, 47, 49- 51, 55-9, 83-90, 95-7 ; xvi, xix, xx, xxii w, xxiii, xlvi, xlviii, 1-lii. Andronicus I, Treb., 231 ; Ixxviii. Andronicus II, Treb., 258 ; Ixxix. Andronicus EI, Byz. Emperor, Ixxxi. Andronicus lU, Treb., 284. Ang^ilberga, 185. Anna, Treb., 288. Ansprand, 142. Arichis II, 167-9 ; Ixv, Ixvi. Aripert I, 133, 141 n ; Ivi. Aripert 11, 141. Ariwald, 130; Ivi. AtenoK, 188. Athalaric, 60-70, 102-5, 107 ; xxxiii, xxxvii, liii. Audelais, 158. Authari, 128 ; Ivi. B Baduila, 83-94 ; xxxvii, xxxviii. Basil, Treb., 285-7 ; Ixxxi. Basiliscus, xlv, xlvi. Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, 198. Charlemagne, 133 n, 147 «, 150 n, 152, 170, 171 ; Ixv-lxvii. Charles the Great, see Charlemagne. Cleph, 123 ; Ivi. Constans II, 133, 144, 189 ; Ivi, Ivii, Ixiii. Constantine HE, see Constans II. Constantine IV, 190, 191 ; Ixiii. Constantine Angelus, Neopatras, 229. Cunincpert, 138, 139 ; Ivii, Iviii. D David, Treb., 308 ; Ixxxiii. Demetrius, Thessalonica, 202, 203 ; Ixix. Desiderius, 149, 150 w, 152. E Eraric, 82 ; xxxvii. Gaideris, 187. Gaiseric, 1-4, 17, 19 n, 23 n, 24, 30 w; xv-xvii, xx-xxiv, xxvi. Gelimer, 15, 16, 28 n, 29 h, 37 w ; xvii, xviii, xxii, xxiv, xxv, xxviii. Genseric, see Gaiseric. George, Treb., 258 ; Ixxix. George VIII of Georgia, 273 n. Gisulf I, 155, 190. Gisulf II, 162, 163, 191, 192. Godepert, 133 : Ivi. Gottschalk, 161. Gregorius, Beneventan Duke, 159-61. Gregorius the Patrician, 160. Grimoald I, 155, 189. Grimoald II, 155, 190. Grimoald III, 170-3 ; Ixvi, Ixvii. Grimoald IV, 174, 175 ; Ixvii. Grimwald, 133 ; Ivi. Gunthamund, 8, 9, 21 n ; xvi-xviii, xx, xxii, xxiv, xxv, xxvii. s s 314 INDEX I H Heraclius, 180-2, 154, 189 ; Ivi. Hildeprund, 145. Hikleric, 13, 14, 28 n, 33 n, 34 n, 37 n ; xvii, xviii, xx, xxii, xxiv, xxvii, xxviii. Houorius, 2, 5, 17, 18 ; xvi, xix, xx. Huneric, 5-7, 19 n ; xvi-xviii, xx, xxii-xxiv, xxvi, xxvii. I ' Ilfo Dux ', 141. Ildibad, 82 ; xxxvii. Irene Palaeologina, Treb., 288. Isaac n Angelas, 203. J John Ang-elus, Thessal, 200-3, 227 n ; Ixix. John I Ang-elus Comnenus, Neopa- tras. 200, 227, 228 ; Ixxiv. •lohn I ('III') Ducas Vatatzes, Nic, 210-19; 228 «; Ixxi, Ixxii. .lohn I Axuchos, Treb., 232-5, 276 n ; Ixxviii. .John II, Treb., 259-76, 308 ; Ixxix. John II and Alexius, Treb., 276. John II Angelus Comnenus, Neo- patras, 229 ; Ixxiv. John II Comnenus, Byzantine Em- peror, 213-15. John II ('IV') Lascaris, Nic, 224; Ixxiii. John III, Treb., 289, 290 ; Ixxxi. John IV, Treb., 272 n, 308; Ixxxiii. John VIII, Pope, 186. Justin 1, 13, 48, 50-3, 60, 63, 65 ; xvi, xvii, xxii ?/, xxviii, xlix, lii. •Justin II, 13, 120, 121, 125 n, 126; xlix, li, lii, Ivi, Ix. Justinian I, 28, 29, 33-5, 37, 60-7, 72-4, 77, 78, 80, 81, 85, S6, 108-19, 124, 125 ; xvii, xix, xx, xxiv, xxviii, xxxviii, xxxix ?i, xl n, xlvii-1, liii- Ivi, Ix. Justinian II, 155-7, 161-7, 191 ; Ixii, Ixv, Ixvi. L Leo I, Emperor, 26 /i, 31, 100 « ; xix. li. Liutpert, 140. Liutprand, Beneventan Duke, 143 n, 164-6, 191. Liutprand, Lombard King, 137 n ; 142-4, 152, 164 w, 192; Iviii. Louis II, Emperor, 185 ; Ixviii. M Mankaphas, TJieodore, 196, 208 n. Manuel Angelus Comnenus Ducas, Thessal., 197-9, 257 n ; Ixix. Manuel T, Treb., 236-57 ; Ixxviii. Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Em- peror, 199 71, 206 n. Manuel II, Bvzantine Emperor, 284, 301 n. Manuel II, Treb., 284. Manuel m, Treb., 301 7i, 302-5, 309 7i ; Ixxxii. Marcian, 30, 31 ; xix. Masuna, 19 //, 39, 40 u ; xx, xxi, xxvii. Matasuntha, 80, 81 ; xxxvi, xxxvii. Maurice Tiberius, 122, 127 w, 128, 129, 154; Ivi, Ivii. Michael, Treb., 291, 292 ; Ixxxi, Ixxxii. Michael I Angelus Comnenus Du- cas, Epirus, 226 ; Ixxiii. Michael VIII Palaeologus, 201, 214, 224-6; Ixxiii. Odoacer, ace Odovacar. Odovacar, 43-5, 100, 101 ; xxix-xxxi, xlvi. P Perctarit, 133-7 ; Ivi-lviii. Peter, Bishop, Bene v., 188. R Radelchis I, 181, 182 ; Ixvii, Ixviii. Radelchis II, 187, 188. Radelgarius, 183. Raginpert, 140. Ratchis, 146. Rodwald, 133 ; Ivi. Romoald 1, 155, 190. Romoald II, 155-7 ; Ixii, Ixiii, Ixv. Rothari. 130 ; Ivi. Scauuiperga, 164. Sicardus, 179, 180 ; Ixvii. Sico, 176-8; Ixvii. Sieonulf, Ixviii. T Theia, 95-7 ; xxxviii. Thelane, 97 n. Theodahad, 72-6 ; xxxiii-xxxv. Theodora, Treb., 274 w, 275 ii, 277; Ixxx. KINGS, EMPERORS, ETC. 315 Theodore Angelus Comnenus, Epirus, Ixxiii. Theodore Angelus Comnenus Ducas, Thessal., 193-6, 223 n ; Ixix. Theodore I Lascaris, Nic, 197 «, 204-9, 221 ; Ixxi. Theodore 11 ('HI') Ducas Lascaris, Nic, 193 w, 194 M, 195 n, 196, 197 n, 205, 206 w, 220-3 ; Ixxii. Tlieodoric, 46-59, 101-6 ; xxvii, xxxi- xxxiii, 1. Theodosius I, 24 ; xix. Tiieodosius II, 22, 29, 30, 38, 39; xix. Tiberius, son of Constans II, 189. Tiberius II Constant ine, 122, 127. Totila, see Baduila. Toto, Duke, 153. Ti-asamund, 10-12, 21 n ; xvi-xviii, XX, xxii, xxiii w, xxiv, xxvii. V Valentinian III, 1, 2, 18, 22-5, 27, 40 ; xvi, xix, XX. W Witigis, 77-9 ; xxxv, xxxvi, 1. Z Zeno, 32, 43-5, 100, 101; xix, xx, XXV, xxviii, XXX, xxxi, xlv, xlvi, li. 316 INDEX II GEOGRAPHICAL (MINTS, ETC.) (See also Index IV for Mint -names) Africa, Vandal King-s of, 1-4'i ; xv- xxix : see also Mauretania. Alg-eria, coins found in, 7 ?«, 14 n. Arta, Ixxiii. Astytzion. Ixxii 7i. B Bagdad, ixxx. Benevento hoard, 191. Bene vent um, Dachy and Principality of, 155-92 ; Ixi-lxviii. Bergamo, 152. Biella (Piedmont) hoard, 137 n. Brusa, find of coins at, Nic, 205, 214. Capua, 188 ; Ixviii. Cartilage, 3-6, 7 w, 19 n, 28 7«, 34 7i • xv-xvii, xix n, xxv-xxviii, lii n, liv 7i, Iv n. Castel Seprio, 149 ?i, 152 n ; Ixi. Cherson, Ixxv, xci n. Constantinople, xxxvi. Cy|)rus, find of coins in, Nic, 208 n. E Iberia, Treb., 272; Ixxviii: see also Georgia. Ilanz hoard, 149 w, 150, 152. Italy, Lombard Kings of, 123-54 ; Iv- Ixi ; Ostrogothic Kings of, 46-97 ; xxix-liv : see also Beneventum. Kerasunt, xc. K L Leontokastrou, Ixxx, Ixxxii, xc. Limnia, xc. Lipari, xix n. Lucca, 146, 148, 150-2 ; Ixi. M Magnesia, Ixxii. Mauretania, coins struck bv the Mauri (?) in, 17, 20, 38 «, 39,*40 w; xix, XX, xxvii. Mediolanum, see ^lilau. Milan, 49 n, 59, 139, 140, 149 n, 152; xliv-xlvi, Ixi. Monte Roduni hoard, 7 ;<, 16 n, 31 w, 33 iK 34, 37 n, 113 n ; xix >/, li. liv. Epirus, Despotat of, 226 ; Ixxiii, Ixxiv. y^.^^^^^^ ^3 ^^ . ^^^-^ ,^ } Neopatras, Ducliv of, 227, 228 ; Ixxiv. F Nepi, 153. Florence, ixxxiii. \ ^'^^^b. ^"^P"'^ «f' ^04-2 5 ; Ixx- Forum Julii, Ixi, Ixii. xr i^'- 1 •• Friuli, see Forum Julii. ! Nymphaion, Ixxii. G Gaul, Vandals in, xv. Genoa, see Index III. Georgia, Treb., 243, 246, 247, 250, 254, Pisa, 150 «. 256, 272, 273, 308 ; Ixxix ;/, xci n. Pavia, 149 //, 152 ; Ix, Ixi : see also Ticinum. Persia, coins of, xxi. Placentia, 149. GEOGRAPHICAL (MINTS, ETC.) 317 R Ravenna, 2, 43-53, 60-8, 72-5, 77-80, 98-100, 106, 107, 113-22, 131 n. 132 7i, 148 71 ; xxx-xxxii, xxxix. xliv, xM-xlviii, 1, lii, liii, Iv, Ivi n. Rhodes, 310 n. Rome, 45, 54^9, 69, 70, 75, 76, 93, 94, 98-105, 108-13, 122, 189-91 ; xxxv, xxxvii, xl, xliii, xliv, xlvi, liii, liv. S Salerno, 183 ii ; Ixv, Ixviii. Seprio, see Castel Seprio. Sicily, xix, xxvii. Smyrna, find of coins near, Nic, 214, 220. Spain, Vandals in, xv. Spoletium, Ixi, Ixii. T Thessalonica, citv, 196 w, 198, 202, 203 ; Ixix, Ixx. Thessalonica, Empire of, 193-201. Ticinum, 80, 81, 83-92, 95-7, 149 n; xxxvi, xxxviii, xliv, Ix, Ixi. Trebizond, Empire of, 230-310; Ixxiv- xciii. Treviso, 149 n ; Ixi. Tridentum, Ixi, Ixii. Venice, see Index III. Vercelli, 149 n ; Ixi. Verona, Ix n. Vicenza, 149 n ; Ixi. Vlakia, Great, see Neopatms. 318 INDEX III GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES) Accent, Greek, on Trebizond coins, xc. Adalwald, imitative coins of, Lomb., Ivi. Adelcliis, coins of, Benev., Ixviii. Africa, coins found in, Vand., xix. Ag-ilulf, imitative coins of, Lomb., Ivi. Aistulf, Lomb., Iviii ; bust of (.''), 148 n. Alboin, imitative coins of, Ivi. Alexius and John II, standing', Treb., 270. Alexius I, reig-n and coinag-e of, Treb., Ixxvii, Ixxviii ; coins attributed to, 230 ; Ixxviii n. Alexius II, reig-n and coinag-e of, Treb., Ixxx, Ixxxi, Ixxxii w, Ixxxvii ; at- tribution of coins to, 278, 279; re- presented riding-, 279-83. Alexius III, reign and coinag-e of, Treb., Ixxxii, Ixxxvii, Ixxxviii n ; attribution of coins to, 278, 279 ; bronze coins of, 297-301 ; repre- sented riding-, 293-G ; standing-, 297-301. Alexius lY, reign of, Treb., Ixxxii, Ixxxiii ; riding-, 30(5, 307. Alg-eria, coins found in, 7 ?/, 14 n. Altar, Ostrog-., 101. Amalasuntlia, Ostrog., 71, 75 7i ; ac- count of, xxxiii, xxxiv. Anastasius I, bust or Jiead of, Vand., 10, 32, 33 ; Ostrog-., 46, 47, 49-51, 55-9, 83-90, 95-7 ; xlvi-xlviii ; bronze currency reform of, xxiii. Andronicus I, reign of, Treb., Ixxviii. Andronicus II, niign of, Treb., Ixxix. Andronicus III, coins of, Treb., 284. Angel, wing- of (?), Neopatras, 227, Anna, Empress, Treb., 288. Annulet, Treb., 270 v, 273, 274. Arichis II, bust of, Benev., 1G8, 169; coins of, 183 fi ; reig-n and coinage of. Ixv. Ixvi. Aripert I, imitative coins of, Lomb., Ivi. Aripert II, bust of, 141. Arivvald, imitative coins of, Lomb., Ivi. Arta, castle of (?), Epirus, 226. Asper-coinage, Treb., 285 7i; Ixxiv- Ixxvi, Ixxviii-lxxxv ; origin of the, Ixxxv ; of John II without svmbols, Treb., 260, 274, 275. Athalaric, coins of, Ostrog., 60-70, 102-5, 107 ; rein-esented standing, 69, 70 ; monog-ram of, (53, 64, 66-8 ; bronze coins of period of, 99, 1(X) ; liii ; imitative g-old coins of, xlvii ; account of, xxxiii. Autliari, imitative coins of, Lomb., Ivi. B Baduila, O; reigfn of. •og-., coins of, 83-94 ; xxxvii, xxxviii ; bust of, 88, 91-4; standing, 93, 94; monogram of, 86, 87, 89, 92 ; imi- tative g-old coins of, xlvii ; heavy and liglit bronze coins of, 90 ;?, 91 ?/, 94 li ; bronze coins of time of, 99 ; jjortrait of, 88 w, 91, 93 n ; xxxviii ; mints of, xxxviii ; in Rome, xxxvii. Bands, four, interlaced, Nic, 219 )i. Baptist, tlie : .s-^' St. Jolm. Basil, Treb., bronze coins of, 286, 287; ridings, 285 ; standing-, 286 ; reign of, Ixxxi. Basiliscus, gold coins of, xlv, xlvi. Benevento hoard, Benev., 191. Beneventum, coinage of, Ixi-lxviii ; earliest coins of, Ixii, Ixiii ; imi- tative coins of, Ixii, Ixiii ; silver coins of, Ixiii ; uncertain coins of, 188-92 ; denominations and weights of coins of, Ixiv ; portraiture on coins of, Ixvi ; alloy of gold coins of, Ixiv. Biella lioard, Lomb., 137 ii. Bird, liead of, Treb., 295, 304. GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES) 319 Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, seal of, Thessal., W8 n. Brauch, Vand., 29; Ostrog-., 106; of palm. Valid., 7, 41 ; Ostrog-., 106. Branches, t^Y0, and star, Vand., 5. Bronze coins, quasi-autonomous, of Rome and Ravenna, Ostrog-., 98. Brusa, find of coins at, Nic, 205, 214. Bust, uncertain. Lomb., 153. 154. C Cartliag-f, xvi, xvii, xxvi ; female per- sonification of, Vand., 6 n ; xxv, xx^'ii, xxviii ; standing-, holding ears of corn, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14 ; horse as em- blem of, 3 ; Vandalic mint of, 19 «, 28 /?, 34 11 ; coins found at, xix n : see also Index II, ' Cartliag-e.' Castle, Neo]iatras, 229 ; of Arta .^, Epirus, 226. ('liarlemag-ne, Benev., Ixv, Ixvi ; bust of, 152 ; monog-ram of, Benev., 171 : see also Index I, ' Charlemag-ne.' Clierson, Treb., xci n. Christ, bust of, beardless, Thessal., 194, 195, 198, 199, 202, 203; bust of, bearded, Thessal., 197; seated, Thessal., 193. 195/?. 197 7i ; Nic, 204, 206, 210-13, 215, 216, 220, 223 ; standing-, Avithin oval frame, 301 n ; standing (?), Nic, 223 ; of Chalce, standing, Nic, 217 ; of Chalce, crowning- Jolin I Vatatzes, Nic, 216, 217 ; crowning' Theodore 11, Nic, 221, 222 ; standing-, with John Angelus, Thessal., 200; Infant, and the Virgin, Treb., 236, 237. Christian emblems on Vandal coins, xxv, xxviii. Chrysokephalos, Panagia, Treb., 236, 237 ; Ixxxvii. Cleph, imitative coins of, Lomb., Ivi. ' Conmenians ', coins called, Treb., Ixxxv. Constans II, bust of, Lomb., 133, 144 ; Benev., 189. Constantine Angelus, Neopatras, Ixxiv. Constantine III, see Constans 11. Constantine IV, bust of, Benev., 190, 191. Constantine, St., see St. Constantine. Corn, ear of and ivv-leaves, Benev., 174, 175, 182, 185.' Countermarks, Vand., 3; xviii; Os- troo-.. 51. Crescent (?), Ostrog-., 51. Crescent and pellet as head-dress, Os- trog., 87, 95-7, 114-18, TJO, 121, 124. Cross, Vand., 15, 19-21, 30, 31, 35, 41 ; Odovac, 44, 45 ; Ostrog., 50-2, 57-9, 64, 84, 85, 87, 89, 92, 96, 107-10, 112, 116. 120; Lomb., 125, 128-33, 143 u : Benev., 177-9, 183, 184, 189, 190; Tlie-ssal., 193, 194, 197-9 ; Nic. 206, 216,223, 225, 227, 228 ; Neopatras, 229 ; Treb., 243-7, 253, 261, 262, 277, 280, 294, 309 ; long, Treb., 232-5, 237-53, 258-75, 277, 279-83, 285, 286, 289-98, 302- 4, 306, 307; crosslet, Thessal., 195, 196 ; Treb., 258 ; fourchee on base, Treb., 298; nimbate, Epirus, 226; patriarchal, Benev., 185 ; Nic, 207, 208, 215 ; Treb., 230 ; pattee, Vand., 41; Lomb., 126; Benev., 184, 185 ; Treb., 305 ; pattee and radiate, Benev., 174, 175, 182 ; pattee witli- in star, Treb., 300, 301 ; potent, Vand., 14, 38-41 ; Lomb., 127, 130- 5, 141 V, 148-54 ; Benev., 155-60, 162-73, 176-9, 181, 184, 185, 187, 189-91 ; Treb., 310 ; potent on globus, 131 n ; radiate, Benev., 183 ; voided, Treb., 299, 300; within cross voided, Treb., 299, 300 ; with wreath attaclied, Treb., 298, 299; with letters in angles, Treb., 310 ; on throne of Christ, Nic, 210 ; with- in wreath, Vand., 12 ; Odovac, 44 ; Treb., 300 ; on city-wall, Treb., 299, 304, 305, 309 ; fragment of, Ixxxix?^. Crown, worn by Theodaliad, Ostrog., 75, 76 ; worn bv Baduila, Ostrog., 91-4. Cunincpert, bust of, Lomb., 138 ; coins of, Ivii, Iviii. Cyprus find, Nic, 208 n. D David, Emperor, Treb., 308 ; Ixxxiii. Demetrius, Thessal., 202 ; Ixix. Demetrius, St., see St. Demetrius. Denarius of Beneventum, Ixiv. Duchies, the Lombard, Ixi, Ixii. Eagle, Odovac, 44 ; Ostrog., 102, 103 Treb., 301 7i, 305, 309, 310 Ixxxviii ; head of, Treb., 304 ; xcii with cross on head, Treb., 309 320 INDEX 111 between two stars, Ostrog., 106 ; double-lioaded, Treb., 301, 805; Ixxxvii, Ixxxviii ; as emblem of the Comneni, Treb., Ixxxviii. Eaorles, two, Ostro<v., 103, 104. Ear of corn and ivv-leaves, Bonev., 174, 175, 182, 185.' Eclipse of sun, Treb., xcii, xciii. Emmanuel, bust of, Thessal., 195. Emperor, bust of an,Lomb., 134, 135; Benev., 159 ; standing-, Vaud., 24, 25 ; dragging captive, Vand., 26. Emperor or king, bust or head of, Vand., 19-28, 35-8, 40, 41. Emperors, two, standing, Vand., 25. Epirus, coinage of the despots of, Ixxiii. Eraric, Ostrog., 82 ; xxxvii. Eugenius, St., .set', St. Eugenius. F Faustulus, the sliejilierd, Ostrog. , 104 n. Ficioi i-iimiiudis^ Ostrog'., 104 n. Fig-tree and eagles, Ostrog., 103, 104. Finds of coins, in Algeria, 7 w, 14 n ; at Briisa, 205, 214 ; near Smyrna, 214, 220; in Cyprus, 208 n -, at llanz, 149 w, 150-2; in Italy, 7 n, 16 '/f, 31 ??, 33 n, 37 n, 113 w, 137 n. 'Flavia', the epithet, Lomb., lix. Fleur de lis, see Lis. Flower (or plant), Treb., 281-3, 285 w, 294, 295, 303, 304, 306, 307. Flower (or star), Lomb., 148-50, 152 ; Benev., 174 n. Forgeries of coins, ancient, Ostrog., 59, 76 n ; Lomb., 139 n ; Benev., 165 ;i; Nic, 211; Treb., 268 w ; modern, Ostrog., 76 n^ 80 n. Forum Julii, duchy of, Ixii. Fostlus, Sextus Pompeius, coin of, Ostrog., 104 n. G Gabalas of Rliodes, coin of, 230. Gaiseric, coins of, Vand., 1-4 ; stand- ing, 3, 4 ; reign of, xxvi. Gate of city, Vand., 27, 28 ; Treb., 299, 304, 305. Gelimer, coins of, Vand., 15, 16 ; bust or head of, 15, 16 ; name of, 15 w ; coins attributed to, 29 n • reign of, xxviii. Genoa, merchants of, Treb., Ixxx- Ixxxiii. George the Emperor, standing, liold- ing cross or labarum, Treb., 258 : standing witli St. Eugenius, 258; reign and coins of, Ixxix. George, St., see St. George. Georgia, coins of, Treb., 243, 247, 250, 254, 256, 272, 273, 308; Ixxviii, Ixxix, xci n. Gisulf 11, coins of, Benev., Ixv. Globus, Ostrog., 84 n ; Victory stand- ing on, Ostrog., 47 n; cruciger, Treb., 254, 255, 257-75, 277, 299 7i. Godepert, Lomb., Ivi. Gottschallc, coins attributed to, Benev., 161. Graffiti, Nic, 212. Great Vlakia, Ixxiv. Gregorius, Beneventan Duke, coins of, discussed, 160. Gregorius, tlie Patrician, coins of, 160. Gregory, see Gregorius. Grimoald III, bust of, Benev., 170-3 ; reign of, Ixvi, Ixvii. Grimoald IV, coins of, discussed, Benev., 174 n ; Ixvii. Grimwald, imitative coins of, Lomb,, Ivi. Guntliamund, coins of, Vand., 8, 9 ; bust of, 8, 9 ; coins attributed to, 21 ?i ; reign of, xxvii. H Half-asper, Treb., Ixxxiv. Hand, Lomb., 138 n^ 139 )i ; Benev., 167 w, 191, 192. Heraclius, bust of, Lomb., 130-2. He radius and Tiberius, sons of Con- stans II, standing, Benev., 189. Hilderic, coins of, Vand., 13, 14 ; bust of, 13, 14 ; coins attributed to, 28, 33 w, 34 7?, 37 n ; reign of, xxvii, xxviii. Hoards of coins, see Finds. Honorius, bust or head of, Vand., 2, 5, 17, 18 ; Vandal imitations of coins of, XV i. Horse, head of, Vand., 3, 4. Horseman, Treb., 277 ; Ixxxi n. Huneric, coins of, Vand., 5-7 ; dates on coins of, 5 ; bust of, 7 ; reign of, xxvi, xxvii. I Iberia, coins of, Treb., 272 w ; Ixxviii. llanz hoard, 149 7i, 150, 152. Ildibad, Ostrog., 82 ; xxxvii. Imperial coins, of Justinian I, struck at Rome and Ravenna, 108-19 ; of Justin II, struck at Ravenna, 120, GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES) 321 121 ; of Tiberius II, struck at Rome and Ravenna, 122 ; of Maurice Tiberius, struck at Rome and Ra- venna, 122. Irene Palaeologina, Treb., 288. Italy, coinag-es of central and south, discussed, Ixiii. IvY-leaves and ears of corn, Benev., 174, 175, 182, 185. J John the Baptist, see St. John the Baptist. John Angelus, standing-, Thessal., 200; standing-, with Christ, Thessal., 200 ; reign of, Ixix. John I ('III') Ducas Vatatzes, Nic, seated, 218 ; standing-, holding laba- rum and globus, 218, 219 ; stand- ing, holding- labarum and sword, 217, 219 ; crowned by the Christ of Chalce, 216, 217 ; crowned by the Virgin, 210-13 ; gold coinage of, discussed, 213-15 ; seal of, 215, 228 n ; Ixxii ; treasuries of, Ixxii ; reign of, Ixxi, Ixxii : see also St. Constantine. John I, Neopatras, standing, 227 ; seated, 228 ; Ixxi v. John I, Treb., standing, holding cross and roll, 232-5 ; bronze coins attri- buted to, 235 ; reign of, Ixxviii. John II, Treb., standing, holding la- barum and globus, 259-76 ; aspers of, without syml)ol, 260, 274, 275 ; standing, with Alexius, 276 ; reign of, Ixxix, Ixxx. John II els'"') Lascaris, Nic, Ixxii, Ixxiii. John II, Neopatras, Ixxiv. John III, Treb., 289, 290 ; Ixxxi. John rV, Treb., coins of, 308 ; reign of, Ixxxiii. Joinville, quoted, Treb., Ixxxix. Justin I, bust or head of, Vand., 13 ; Ostrog., 48-53, 57 n, 60, 63, 65 ; xlvii. Justin II, bust of, Ostrog., 120, 121 ; Lomb., 123, 124, 126 ; Imperial coins of, struck at Ravenna, 120, 121 ; xlvii 7i ; Imperial silver coins of, xlix. Justinian I, bust or head of, Vand., 28, 29, 33-5, 37; Ostrog., 60-7, 72-4, 77, 78, 80, 81, 85, 86, 108-19; Lomb., 124, 125 ; Imperial coins of, struck at Rome and Ravenna, 108-19 ; head of, facing, Uv ??, Iv n; African coinage of, xxviii, xxix ; bronze coins of, of Carthage, lii n, liv ?i, Iv n ; Imperial gold coinage of, xlvii, xlviii ; Imperial silver coins of, xlix, 1 ; bronze coins of, struck at Rome, liii, liv ; weights of Ravenna coins of, xxxix. Justinian II, bust of, Benev., 155-67, 191 ; coins of, imitated at Bene- ventum, Ixii, Ixiii ; Central and South Italian coins of, Ixiii. ' Justinus ', silver coins inscribed with name of, Ostrog. , xlix ; bronze coins inscribed with name of, lii. K King or Emperor, bust or head of, Vand., 19-28, 35-8, 40, 41. • Kirmaneoul ', Treb., 256 ; Ixxviii. Labarum, Thessal., 195, 200; Nic, 204, 207, 208, 210-13, 216-20, 222 ; Neopatras, 227 ; Treb., 236-55, 257- 76. Laurel-wreath, see Wreath. Leaf (?), Ostrog., 116 w. Leaf-like incision, Lomb., 123. Leo I, Emperor, head of, Vand., 31 ; coins of, imitated, Vand., 26 ; sup- posed coins of, Ostrog., 100 ?i. Letters on aspers, Treb., 233-5, 237- 43, 263-5, 279, 280 ; on Lombard coins, Ix, Ixi. Lily, see Lis. Lion, advancing, Ostrog., 94; 113; standing, Vand,, 26. Lipari, coins found in, Vand., xix. Lis, 195 n; Nic, 222, 223 n ; Treb., 232, 233, 262, 263, 293, 294. Liutpert(?), bust of, Lomb., 140. Liutprand, Beneventan Duke, seal of, 143 n, 164 ; Ixv. Liutprand. Lombard Iving, bust of, 143, 144 ; coins of, Iviii ; seal of, 143 n, 164. Lombard regal coinage, 123-54 ; Iv- Ixi ; anonymous coins, Iv ; coins, weights, and metals, lix, Ix ; coinage and civilization, Ivii, Iviii ; inscrip- tions on coins, Iviii, lix ; mints, Ix ; coins of uncertain attribution, 153, 154 ; duchies, Ixi, Ixii. Tt 322 INDEX 111 Louis II, Emperor, Bene v., Ixviii. Lucca, Lomb., lix, Ixi. Lupercalia, Ostrog-., 105 n. M Mankaphas, coins of, 208 7i. Manuel Ang-elus, Thessal., standing-, holding- cross and globus, 198, 199 ; standing-, crowned by St. Michael (?), 199 ?i ; crowned by tlie Virg-in, 197 ; standing-, Avith St. Demetrius, 199 ; seated, with St. De- metrius, 198 ; reign of, Ixix. Manuel I, Tretj., standing, holding labarum and roll, 236-53 ; hold- ing labarum and globus, 254, 255, 257 ; standing, 257 n ; reign of, Ixxviii, Ixxix. Manuel II, Treb., coins attributed to, 284. Manuel III, Treb., riding, 302^; standing, 304, 305 ; reign of, Ixxxii, Ixxxiii ; possesses fragment of the Cross, Ixxxix. Manus Dei, Nic, 222, 227, 228 ; Treb., 232-55, 257, 259-75, 277 ; Ixxxviii. Mappa, held by Emperor, Bene v., 1G2 n ; cp. 168 n. Marcian, head of, Vand., 30, 31. Masuna, Yand., 19 ??, 39, 40 n ; xx, xxvii. Matasuntha, coins of, Ostrog., 80, 81 ; monogram of, 80, 81 ; account of, xxxvi, xxxvii. Mauri, coins attributable to the, Vand. , 17, 20, 38 7i, 39, 40 n ; xviii-xxi. Maurice Tiberius, bust of, Ostrog., 122 ; Lomb., 128, 129 ; coins of, Lomb., Ivi, Ivii ; Imperial coins of, struck at Rome and Ravenna, 122. Michael I Angelus Comnenus, bust of, Epirus, 226 ; standing, with St. Demetrius, 226 ; Ixxiii. Michael, Treb., riding, 291 ; standing, 291, 292; half-length figure of, 292 ; reign of, Ixxxi, Ixxxii. Michael VIII Palaeologus, coins of, discussed, 224 ; Ixxiii ; standing, crowned by the Virgin, Nic, 225. Michael, St., see St. Michael. Milan, 49 n ; Ixi : see also Index 11. Mint-marks, Lomb., 138 n, 141 w, 143 11 ■ Ixi. Monogrammatic types, xxviii, xxxi, Iviii. Monstrance (?), Benev., 173 n, 185. Monte Roduni lioard, 7 w, 16 n,Sln: see also Index II. N Naples, 83 ii. Narses, xlviii. Neopatras, coinage of the Duchy of, Ixxiv. Nicaea, coinage of, Ixx-lxxiii. Nike, see Victory. Nummus, the, and its multiples, xl- xlii. Odoacer, see Odovacar. Odovacar, coins of, 43-5, 100, 101 ; bust of, 44, 45 ; monogram of, 44, 45 ; bronze coins of time of, 99 ; imitative gold and silver coins of, xlvi, xlviii ; portrait of, xxx ; ac- count of, xxix-xxxi. Officina-marks, Ostrog., 101, 102 n, 108 n. Orsini family, Epirus, Ixxiii. Ostrogothic coinage, 43-119 ; xxix- liv ; inscriptions and types of, xlii- xliv ; denominations and weights of, xxxix-xlii ; portraiture on, xliii, xliv ; mint-places of, xliv ; of small bronze, li ; with Imperial names, xlv-xlviii ; modern writers on, xxix. Palm-branch, Vand., 7, 41, 54. Palm-tree, Vand., 26, 27. Panagia Chrysokephalos, Treb., 236, 237 ; Ixxxvii. Pavia, see Index II. Pax standing, Vand., 23. PeUet or pellets, Vand., 19, 37, 39, 41 ; Ostrog., 50, 68-70f87, 88, 93, 95-7, 111, 114-18, 120,121 ; Lomb., 129, 132 ; Benev., 173, 176-8, 180; Nic, 211, 213 ; Treb.., 232-55, 257, 259-64, 266-73, 282, 283, 285, 291- 6, 304, 306 ; xci, xcii. Pellet and crescent head-dress, see Crescent and pellet. Pellets representing letters, Vand., 21, 38. Pentagram, Vand., 42. Perctarit, bust of, Lomb., 136, 137 ; coins of, Ivii, Iviii ; imitative coins of, with Godepert, Ivi. GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES) 323 Plant or flower, Treb., 281-3, 285 7i, 294, 295, 303, 304, 306, 307 ; xcii, xciii. Plated coin, Ostrog-., 110 7i. ' Porphyrog-enitus ', title, discussed, Nic, 215, 220, 221. Portraiture on Barbarian coins, xxi ti ; on Vandal coins, xxvi. Procopius on g-old coins of the Bar- barians, xxi. Prow, Victory standing i on, Ostrog., 75, 101. Q Quarter-asper, Treb., 29G ; Ixxxiv. Quatrefoil ornament, Treb., 280. R Radelchis I, bust of. Bene v., 181 ; coins of, Ixvii, Ixviii. Ratchis, bust of, Lomb., 146. Ravenna, bust of, Ostrog-., 68, 106, 107 ; monogram of, Ostrog., 107 ; issue of quasi-autonomous coins at, Ostrog., 100 ; under Justinian I, xlviii ; coinage of Justinian at, 1 : see also Index II. Rhodes, coins of, Treb., 310 n. Ring with tremissis of Justinian I, Ostrog., 62 n. Rodwald, imitative coins of, Lomb., Ivi. Roma, bust of, Ostrog., 67-70, 74, 75, 79, 101-5, 107 ; supposed mono- gram of, Ostrog., Ill n: seated, Vand., 2, 23. Rome, under Justinian, xlviii, liii, liv; quasi-autonomous coinage of, xxxii : see also Index II. Romoald 11, Benev., Ixii, Ixiii, Ixv. Romulus and Remus, Ostrog., 104, 105. Rosette or rosettes, Benev., 183, 186. Rothari, supposed coin of, Lomb., 130 ?i ; laws of, 130 n, 139 n ; imi- tative coins of, Ivi. St. Constantine and John I Vatatzes, standing, holding- cross, Nic, 215, 216 ; Ixxii. St. Demetrius, bust of, 200 ; bust of, and bust of Theodore Angelus, Thessal. ,195, 196 ; standing,Thessal. , 200 ; Nic, 218 ; standing, with Theodore Angelus holding- lons: cross, Thessal., 193, 194 ; stand- ing, with Manuel Angelus holding globus (?), Thessal., 199 ; standing, with Michael I Angelus Comnenus holding cross, Epirus, 226 ; seated, with Theodore Angelus, Thessal., 196 n ; seated, with Manuel An- gelus, Thessal., 198 ; patron-saint of Thessalonica, 194 h, 196 ; Ixx. St. Eugenius, Treb., bust of, 257 276 ;?, 283 ; standing, 230, 232-5 237-55, 257 n, 258-77, 286, 289-92 297, 298, 308 ; riding, 279-83, 285 291, 293-6, 302-4, 306, 307 ; stand- ing, with an Emperor holding cross, 230 ; patron of Trebizond, 256 Ixxxii, Ixxxix ; account of, Ixxxvi Ixxxvii ; in art, Ixxxi. St. George, bust of, Nic, 219; Treb. 276 n ; Ixxxvii. St. John the Baptist, bust of, Treb. 275, 276 ; Ixxxvii. St. Michael, bust of, Neopatras, 228 standing, Lomb., 140 ; Thessal. 196 n, 198, 199 n, 200, 202, 203 Epirus, 226 ; standing, holding castle (?), Epirus, 226 ; standing holding cross and globus, Benev. 176 ; standing, holding shield and cross, Lomb., 138, 141, 143, 144 146, 147 ; Iviii ; standing, with Theodore Angelus, Thessal., 195 n type of, Benev., 174 /i ; Ixvii. St. Theodore, standing, Nic, 207 n (seal) ; standing, holding cross, 206- 9 ; Ixxi. St. Tryphon, 194 ?i ; standing, Nic, 222, 223 w, 225 ; Ixxii, Ixxiii. Salerno, contracts of, 183 « ; Ixv, Ixviii. Scauniperga, Benev., Ixv. Scepsis, bronze coin of, 104 7i. Sceptres, varying forms of, Treb., 278, 279, 294 n ; Ixxxviii. Scroll-ornament, 116. Scyphate coins, Lomb., 136, 137. Seprio, Lomb., Ixi. Seraph, head of, Nic, 218, 219. 'Shield', Nic, 218 n. Sicardus, bust of, Benev., 179 ; coins of, 183 n ; Ixvii. Sico, bust of, Benev., 176-8 ; Ixvii. Siconulf, Benev., Ixviii. Siliqua and divisions, Vand. , xxii ; Ostrog., xxxix, xliv. Six-foil enclosure, Treb., 297, 298. 324 INDEX in Smyrna hoard, Nic, 214, 220. Solidi of Vandals, xxi. Spoletium, Duchy of, Ixi, Ixii. Star (or stars), Vand., 10, 27, 30; Odovacar, 43, 44; Ostro^., 46-51, 53, 56-64, 84, 85, 92, 95, 96, 105, 106, 109, 111, 113-16, 122 ; Lomb., 123, 129, 135, 139, 140, 146; Benev., 159, 178 ; Thessal., 193, 194 ; Treb., 230, 233, 234, 250-3, 265-73, 281, 289, 291, 302, 303, 306, 307, 310 ; xcii. Star (or flower ?), Lomb., 148-50, 152, 174 ». Star (or sun), Treb., 294, 295. Star between two branches, Vand., 5. Star enclosing cross, Treb., 300, 301. Star-like object with stem, Benev., 173, 185. Sun, Treb., 294, 295 ; xcii ; eclipse of, commemorated, xcii, xciii. T Temple, Vand., 28 ; Benev., 184. Theia, coins of, Ostrog., 95-7 ; various forms of name of, 96 n ; account of. xxxviii ; imitative gold coins of, xlvii. Thelane, supposed coins of, Ostrog-., 97 n. Theodahad, coins of, Ostrog-., 72-6 ; bust of, 75, 76 ; portrait of, xxxiv ; monog-ram of, 72, 74 ; imitative g:old coins of, xlvii ; bronze coins of time of, 99 ; liii ; account of, xxxiii- XXXV. Theodora, Treb., standing-, holding- globus, 277 ; coins doubtfully attri- buted to, 277 ; Ixxx. Theodore Angelus, Epirus, Ixxiii. Theodore Angelus, Thessal., stand- ing, liolding labarum and globus, 195 ; bust of, with bust of St. De- metrius, 195, 196 ; standing, with St. Demeti'ius, holding long cross, 193, 194; standing, with St. De- metrius, holding sword, 194 ; stand- ing, with St. Michael, 195 ?<; seated, with St. Demetrius, 196 7i ; reign of, Ixix. Theodore I, Nic, standing, crowned by tlie Virgin, 204 ; standing, Mitli St. Theodore, holding long cross, 206-9 ; gold coinage of, discussed^ 205 ; seal of, 207 n ; Ixxi ; account of, Ixxi. Theodore II, Nic, standing, liolding cross and volumen, 195 7i ; holding labarum and globus, 222 ; crowned bv Christ, 221, 222 ; crowned bv the Virgin, 220, 223 ; Ixxii. Theodore, St., see St. Theodore. Theodoric the Ostrogoth, coins of, 46- 59, 101, 102-6 ; bust of, 54 ; por- trait of, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiv w ; statues of, xxxii ; monogram of, 46, 50, 51, 55, 57-9, 78, 87 ; xxxi, 1, li 11 ; triple solidus of, 54 ; xxxi ; imitative gold coins of, xlvi, xlvii ; imitative silver coins of, xlviii ; bronze coins of time of, 99, 100; lii; visit of, to Rome, xxxii ; dominions of, in Provence, xxxii n ; reign and coinage of, xxxi-xxxiii. Theodosius I, head of, Vand., 24 ; standing, Vand., 24. Theodosius II, head of, Vand,, 22, 29, 30, 38, 39. Thessalonica, representations of, Thes- sal., 198 7i ; Empire of, Ixix-lxx ; metals and types of the coins of, Ixx. Tiberius and Heraclius, standing, Benev., 189. Tiberius II Constantine,bust of, Lomb., 127 ; Imperial coins of, struck at Rome and Ravenna, 122. Ticinum, see Index II. Ticinus, bust of, Ostrog., 91. Totila, see Baduila. Toto(.'^), bust of Duke, Lomb., 153. Trasamund, Vandals, coins of, 10-12 ; bust of, 11, 12 ; name of, 10 n ; coin attributed to, 21 n ; seal of, 12 n ; account of, xxvii. Trebizond, coinage and history of, Ixxiv-xciii ; city-wall of, Treb., 299, 304, 305, 309 ; Ixxxvii ; attribution of coins of, Ixxvi, Ixxvii ; represen- tations of the Emperors of, Ixxxviii ; titles of Emperors of, Ixxxix ; in- scriptions and forms of letters on coins of, Ixxxix, xc ; symbols and letters on coins of, xc-xciii ; mint- places of, xc, xci ; metals and weights of coins of, Ixxxiii-lxxxvi ; weights of silver coins of, Ixxxiii, Ixxxiv ; aspers of, see Asper-coinage ; size of bronze coins of, Ixxxvi ; bronze coinage of, Ixxvii ; uncertain bronze coins of, 309 ; uncertain bronze nomisma of, Ixxviii ; com- GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES) 325 merce and transit-trade of, Ixxviii ?/. Ixxix, Ixxx, Ixxxiii ??, Ixxxv n ; writers on the coinag-e and history of, Ixxiv-lxxvii. Tremisses, of Vandals, xxi. Treviso, Lomb., Ixi. Tridentum, Duchy of, Ixii. Tryphon, St., see St. Tryphon. U Uncertain Lombardic coins, 153, 154. Valentinian III, bust or head of, Vand., 1, 2, 18, 22-5, 27, 40; standing-, Vand., 1, 24, 25. Vandals, coins of the, 1-42 ; xv-xxviii ; earliest coins of, xv ; gfold coin- age of, xxi ; silver coins of, xxii ; bronze coins of, xxii-xxiv ; small bronze coins of, 17-42 ; xviii-xxi, li ; weig-hts of the larg'er bronze coins, xxiii, xxiv ; anonymous coin- ages of, xvi-xxi ; king or soldier of the, standing-, 3, 4 ; xxvi ; por- traiture on coins of, xxvi ; marks of value on coins of, xvii ; counter- marks of the, xviii ; civilization of the, xxiv-xxvi ; Roman influence on the, xxiv, xxv ; era of the, xvi. Venice, merchants of, Treb., Ixxx, Ixxxv ?<, Ixxxvi n ; influence of coinage of, Treb., Ixxxv. Vercelli, Lomb., Ixi. Verona, Lomb., Ix n. Vicenza, Lomb., Ixi. Victory, seated, inscribing shield, 114 ; standing, holding broad cross. Vand., 10; Odovac.,43, 44; Ostrog., 46, 48, 55, 59-61, 83 ; standing, holding globus, 141 n ; standing, holding cross and globus. 111, 113-14 ; standing or advancing, holding wreath and globus, Ostrog., 47-9, 56, 61-3, 84, 85, 95, 96, 111, 114, 122; Lomb., 123, 124, 128, 129 ; standing or advancing, hold- ing wreath and palm-branch, Vand. , 10, 11, 17-20 ; Ostrog., 54, 56, 106 ; advancing, holding wreath and trophy, Ostrog., 57, 100, 101 ; stand- ing, holding wreath, Vand., 21, 22 ; advancing, holding wreaths, Vand., 22; standing, facing, Vand.,_ 22; standing on prow, Ostrog., 75, 76, 101 ; on globus held by Theodoric, Ostrog., 54 ; dragging captive, Vand., 22, 23 ; types of, profile and fronting, Ostrog., 56 n ; type of, on quasi-autonomous ibronze coins, Ostrog., 99. 'Vine-leaf, Nic, 218 ?i. Virgin, bust of the, Thessal., 199, 201 ; Neopatras, 227 ; seated, holding in- fant Christ, Nic, 207-9, 216, 217, 221, 222 ; Treb., 236, 237 ; stand- ing, crowning John 1 Ducas Va- tatzes, Nic, 210-13 ; crowning Manuel Angelus, Thessal., 197 ; crowning Michael VIll, Nic, 225; crowning Theodore I, Nic, 204 ; crowning Theodore II, Nic, 220, 223 ; Chrysokephalos, Treb., 236, 237 ; Ixxxvii. Visigothic coin, 111 n. Makia, see Great Vlakia. W Wall of Trebizond, Treb., 299, 304, 305, 309 ; Ixxxvii. Wiug of angel, Neopatras, 227, 228. Witigis, coins of, Ostrog., 77-9 ; imi- tative gold coins of, xlvii ; imita- tive silver coins of, 1, li ; account of, XXXV, xxxvi. Wolf and Twins, Ostrog., 104, 105. Wreath, Vand., 6-9, 11, 12, 14-16, 22, 28-33, 35-41 ; Odovacar, 44, 45 ; Ostrog., 49-53, 63-8, 72-5, 77-81, 86-92, 94, 96, 97, 107-10, 112, 113, 115-21; Lomb., 124-6, 127, 129; Benev., 173 ; with loops, Treb., 300 ; encircling cross, Vand., 2 ; with pellet in centre, 131 n. Zeno, bust or head of, Vand., 32 ; Odovacar, 43-5 ; Ostrog., 100, 101 ; bronze coins of, struck at Rome, Ostrog., 98, 99 ; gold coins of, xxx, xlv, xlvi, xlviii. •6-26 INDEX III DN, Vand., 8, 9, 11, 12. D-N, Vand., 8, 11 7i; xxii. DN_L(?), Vand., 9 n. D.N, Vand., 12, 15; xxii. D^ NX-lli, Vand., 6. NXXI, Vand., 6. NXll, Vand., 7. N Mil, Vand., 7; xxiii, xxiv. LXXXIII, 3 ; xviii (countermark^ Xjll, Vand., 3 ; xvii w, xviii, xxii-xxv. XL", 3 ; xviii (countermark). XL or .XL., Ostrog., 98-101, 104 ; xL j-XL, Ostrog., 102. J=XL, Ostrog., 101-3. XXV, Vand., 14. XXI, Vand., 4 ; xvii ??, xxii-xxiv. XX, .XX*, or .X.X., Ostrog-., 103-5; 113 ; liv. MARKS OF VALUE XII, Vand., 4; xxiii, xxiv. X, Ostrog., 65, 66, 67 n, 69, 70, 90 /?, 91 }i, 92 >i, 94 w, 107 n ; xl-xlii. V, Ostrog., 52, 53, 65, 66, 68, 73, 74; xl, xli, lii, liii. CN, CN, &c. (250), 115, 116, 120; xxxix 72, xlix ; Lonib., 124, 129; Iv, Ix. PKt (125), 116, 121 ; xxxix ??, xlix; Lonib., 129 ; Ix. p. K or PK., Ostrog., 116, 117 ; xxxixw. M (40), Ostrog., 98; 108, 109, 112; xl 71., liii, liv. K (20), Ostrog., 81 n; 109, 110; liii. I (10), 110, 112; cp. 119 n; liv. (5), Ostrog'., 52 ; xl, lii, liii. A , Vand., 34, 37. MONOGRAMS, ETC. vPSL (Geilamir), Vand., 16. IaI (Tlieodosius II), Vand., 29, 30. ■Al (Theodosius II), Vand., 30. r^L (Marcian), Vand., 30. 4^i (Marcian), Vand., 30, 31. A S (Marcian), Vand., 31. ^\L i^") I), Vand., 31. <^L (I^eo I), Vand., 31. S^t, (Zeno), Vand., 32. I>^ (Zeno), Vand., 32. l/^l (Zeno), Vand., 32. k^L (Anastasius I), Vand., 32, 33. 1^4. (Anastasius I), Vand., 33. Iq^ (Justinian I), Vand., 33. 1^ (Justinian I), Vand., 33 PM/ (Odovacar), 44, 45. f^ (Theodoric), Ostrog., 46. W W GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES) 327 (Theodoric), Ostrog-., 50. (Theodoric), Ostrog., 50, 51. lO"^^^ (Theodoric), Ostrog-., 50 1§B (Theodoric), Ostrog., 57-9. (Theodoric), Ostrog., 78. (Theodoric), Ostrog., 78; 1, li. 1^ l^^XI (Theodoric), Ostrog., 87. Q (\ (Theodoric), Ostrog., 55. ^^S]'* (Athalaric), Ostrog., 63. ^fsj'^ (Athalaric), Ostrog., 64, 68. '^IC^^ (Atlialaric), Ostrog., 64. ^[^ (Athalaric), Ostrog., 6Q, 67. f^Xl (Theodahad), Ostrog., 72. |/g\[J (Theodahad), Ostrog., 74. f^Jy (Matasuntha), Ostrog., 80,81. (Matasuntha), Ostrog., 81. m 89, 92. (Baduila), Ostrog., 86, 87, (Liutprand rex), Lomb., 144. CR,X (in monogram = Christianas rex.^), Lomb., 147. .50 (Lucca), Lomb., 151. (Lucca), Lomb., 151. O ^ + R, (Gregorius), Benev., 159. € IJ^ (Liutprand dux), Benev., 165. Q/^ (Liutprand dux), Benev., 166. ^, Benev., 166 w. ^^^ (Carolus rex), Benev., 171. l^^l (Grimoaldus), Benev., 171. |V(L (Grimoaldus), Benev., 173. ^J* (Sico), Benev., 177, 178. *g* (Sicard), Benev., 180. ' 1^ (Sancta Maria), Beuev., 184. Ls (Adelchis), Benev., 185. ^, 148 n. /\ , Vand., 35. 328 H, Ti-eb.,239; xc. NH, Treb., 252, 253 ; xc. [Ig, Treb., 251 ; xc. ■ft", Treb., 277 ; xc. I~P (Heraclius), Lomb., 132. ^ (Grimoald), Bene v., 171 /^ ^(St. George), Nic, 219. MD (Mediolanum), Ostrog-., 59. SH ev, Treb., 236, 237. INDEX III K (?), VancL, 36. [j^ (TTpdSpo/ios), Treb., 276. 1^ (Ravenna), Ostrog'., 107. (Ravenna), Ostrog-., 107. KA (Rome), Ostrog., 55 ; xliii. Ry (Ravenna), Ostrog., 46 ; xliii, Be (rex), Lomb., 136, 138, 141-3, 146, 149. ]f, Treb., 255 ; xc n. J, Nic, 222. IX (Dux), Bene v., 170. ^ (Dux.?), Benev., 162, 163. ^ (Dux ?), Benev., 162 n. "5, Treb., 254; xc ?i. a, Treb., 254; xc w. A ,, Vand., 34, 37. E, Treb., 286, 287, 290, 296, 302, 303, 306, 307, 309 ; xc. BB, Treb., 286, 287, 309, 310. B B B B, Treb., 310 n. D Vand., 35. • • • 6 P, Lomb., 136. K N , Vand., 35. , Vand., 35. , Vand., 36. y,T ( = H), Treb., 241 xc. 4 P', Lomb., 137. • • • •€ [?•, Lomb., 136. i fy, Lomb., 137. J 6 * 1^-, Lomb., 136. • E Iv (Perctarit rex), Lomb., 136. • • • : f: [:•, Lomb., 136. I , Vand., 36. •f, 117; Lomb., 125. *F, 121 ; Lomb., 125. -P, 114. ^, Vand., 36. *T*, 121. ^'f*, 118; Lomb., 124-6. ^, Vand., 37 ; Ostrog., 49, 105. 51^, Vand., 37. *, 117. fi^u, Iv n. (4a, liv 71. *:, 119. % Ostrog., 49, 84, 90, 94 ; 109, 110, 112, 118, 120, 121 ; Thessal., 195 ; Treb., 250, 252, 253, 265, 266, 281, 291, 302, 303, 306, 307, 310. ¥:, 108-10 ; Treb., 251, 253, 302, 303, 306. GENERAL INDEX (INCLUDING TYPES) 5, 109, 110. 329 ^, Vand., 37, 38 ; Treb., 266, 289 ^, Treb., 267-73. /,\ , Treb., 294. , Treb., 295 ; xcii, xciii. "7^4^", Treb., 295 ; xcii, xciii. )!(, Treb., 251, 252. yf., Treb., 252. ^, Treb., 252. p, Treb., 262-4. Q), Treb., 273, 274. •f, Treb., 262, 263, 293, 294. <8>, Trelx, 280. ▲, Benev., 170, 176-9, 181. V, Treb., 281. V, Treb., 303. ^, Treb., 281. ^, Treb., 294, 295 ; xcii. V, Treb., 285 n. Y,Treb., 303, 304, 306, 307. >U, Treb., 282. V*, Treb., 282; xcii. ;i;(?), Treb., 283. <5, Treb., 283. 330 INDEX IV REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS (Tlie forms of the letters are in some cases, for convenience,* given conventionally. For marks of value and various monograms, &c., see at end of Index III.) (a) LATIN LEGENDS A (Audelais), Benev. , 1 58 ; ( Arichis II), Benev., 167-9. AAA A, Lomb., 135. ADELCHIS PKIN, Benev., 184. ADELCISI PRINCE, Benev., 184; cp. 186. ADELHIS PKINCE, Benev., 183 ; cp. 185. P A D L (Adelchis), Benev., 184 ; cp.l85. K AMAND . . . PFAV, Benev., 173 n. AMENITAS DEI, 73 n. AMOiJ, seeKOMA. AMAH, Lomb., 134. ANNO INI, Vand.,5. ANNO V, Vand., 5 7i. ANCANCELVS MICNACL, Benev., 177. ANGELVS SAB.C (John II Angelas), Neopatras, 229. A/THI,Lomb., 146. AR.CHANC6" niCHA€L, Benev., 182. AKCHANCeLV niCHA€L, Benev., 180; cp. 181. ARCHANG€LVS MICHAEL, Benev., 174-8 ; Ixvii, Ixviii. ARHANCELVS HI HA, Benev., 184. ARIP€R. XC€L KEX, Lomb., 141 n. B BENEBENTV, Benev., 173,185 ; Ixvii. CAR, lii n. CARTAGINE PP, Vand., 19. CCCC (imitating inscription), Vand., 42. C M (Caput Mundi?), Ostrog., 58. CO MOB, Vand., 1, 2 ; Ostrog., 45-8, 54-6, 60-2, 83, 84 ; xlvi. [CJONCO, Vand., 22. CO NO, Ostrog., 95, 96 ; Benev., 176. COMO, Ostrog., 96 ; Benev., 190. CO NOB, Vand., 10 ; Ostrog., 43, 44, 46, 47, 56, 59, 61 w, 62, 84 ; 111, 113, 122; Lomb., 123, 131, 133 ; Ix ; Benev., 155, 159, 162-4, 167-9, 189- 91 ; Ixvii n. CONOa, Benev., 173, 179. COUOB, Ostrog., 62. CONOH, 113. CONOP, 114. CONOR, Ostrog., 85, 114; Lomb., 128, 141. CONS ('Constantinople'), Ostrog., 49. CRX (in monogram = Christianas rex?), Lomb., 147. CVAR (=CAR), Benev., 171. REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS— LATIN LEGENDS 331 DELA PATRIA, Neopatras, 229. D^ (Gottschalk, dux), Benev., 161. •DIIOOAIT-llXlOPIir, Benev., 191. DM COITANTI, Lonib., 144. D^ (ilenarii)^ Vand., 8 n. DN (^Dominus ?ios^er),Vand., 8?i, 19?i; Ostrog'., 97 11. DN AISTVLF REX, Lomb., 147, 148. DN ANASTASIVS AVG, Ostrog-., 49, 50. DN ANASTASIVS P AVG, Ostrog., 57, 58, 86. DN ANASTASIVS P F AVG, Ostrog., 46, 49, 55, 56, 83. DN ANASTASIVS PP AVG, Vand., 10 ; Ostrog., 47, 59, 84, 85, 95, 96. DN ARIP€ B(, Lomb., 141. DH ARIPERT R€X, Lomb., 141 n. DN ATALARICVS, Ostrog-., 69. DN ATHALARICVS, Ostrog., 63. DN ATHALARICVS REX (or RIX), Ostrog., 64, 65, 67-9. DNA VC, Ostrog., 51. DN BAD VELA, Ostrog., 94. DN BAD VELA REX, Ostrog., 91-3. DN BADVILA REX, Ostrog., 85-9, 91. DN BADVILA RIX, Ostrog., 87, 88. DN CARVLVS REX, Lomb., 152. "DN CO yS PPy (Constantine IV), Beuev., 190. DN CVNINCPE Bf, Lomb., 138. DN D(ESID6R/VS Re, Lomb., 149. DN D€SIDeR(, Lomb., 149. DN DeSID€Bi R6X, Lomb., 149. DN HEPACLIVS PP AVCCC, Lomb., 131. DN HILDIRIX Rex, Vand., 13. DN HONORI, &c., Vand., 17, 18. DN HONORIVS P F AVG, Vand., 2. DNI INVS PP (Justinian II), Benev., 162, 165, 191, 192. DNI IVS PP (Justinian II), Benev., 191. DN INVS PP (Justinian II), Benev., 159, 192. DNIV IVS PP (Justinian II), Benev., 163. DN IVN PP (Justinian II), Benev., 164, 165, 167, 192 ; Ixvi. DN IVSTINIAN AVC, Ostrog., 64, 65, 72, 73, 78, 117, 118. DN mSTINIANUS, Benev., 157. DN IVSTINIANVS AVC, Ostrog., 117. DN IVSTINIANVS P AVC, Ostrog., 64. DN IVSTINIANVS P F AVC, Ostrog., 60-2. DN IVSTINIANVS PP AVC, Ostrog., Q2, 63, 65, m, 73, 74, 108, 111, 113- 16, 118, 119 ; cp. Lomb., 124, 125. DN IMSTINIANVSPP€A,Benev.,156. DN IVSTINVS AVC, Ostrog., 50, 51. DN IVSTINVS P AVC, Ostrog., 63. DN IVSTINVS P F AVC, Ostrog., 48, 49. DN IVSTINVS PP AVC (or abbrev.), Vand., 13; Ostrog., 52, 53; 120, 121. DN IVSTINVS PP AVI, Lomb., 123, 126. DN LIVTPRAN Bc(.?), Lomb., 143 ; cp. 144. DN LVTVDHVX, Lomb., 140. DN MARC I AN VS, Vand., 30. DN mAVRC Tib PP VI, Lomb., 128. DN mAVRC Tl P A, Lomb., 129. DN PLA VALENTINIANVS P F AVC, Vand., 1 ; cp. 2. DN RATCHIS, Lomb., 146. DN RC, &c., Vand., 21. DN REX B, Ostrog., 90. DN REX CEILAMIR, Vand., 15. DN REX ^VNTHAMVNDV, Vand., 8. DN RC THRASAMVDS, Vand., 11. DN RC THSAMVNDS, Vand., 12. DN TEIA REX, Ostrog., 96 n, 97??. DN THEIA REX, Ostrog., 96, 97. DN THELA REX, Ostrog., 96 n, 97 n. DN THEODAHATHVS REX (or RIX), Ostrog., 73-5. 33: INDEX IV DN THEODAHATVS REX, Ostrog., 75, 76. DN THEODOSIVS P F AC (Theodo- sius I), Vand., 24. DN THILA KEX, Ostrog., 96, 97 «. DN Tlb€ fDAVRIC PP AVI, 12-2. DN TIbeR mAVRIC, Loinb., 129. Dl/I VALGNTINI, &c., Vand., 18. DN VN PP (Justinian II), Bene v., 165, 167. DN VVITICES REX, Ostrog., 77-9. DN VVITICIS REX, Ostrog., 78, 79. DN ZENO PERP F AVC, Ostrog., 43-5. DNS VICTORIA, Benev., 168, 169; Ixvi. DOMINO NOSTRO, Vand., 19, 24, 28 ; xxii ii. DOM NO I (Domino?), Ostrog., 87 n. DOMNVS (Dominus), Ostrog., 87 n. D0MNV8 THEIA P REX, Ostrog., 96. DO MS CAR gc, Benev., 170, 171; Ixvi. DVX, Benev., Ixvi. FELIX CARTA, Vand., 13; xxv, xxviii. FELIX KARTC, Vand., 13. FELIX RAVENNA, Ostrog., 99, 106, 107. FELIX TICI NVS, Ostrog., 91 ; xxxviii. FLA EACeNTI/OC, Lomb., 149. FLAVIA LVCA,Lomb.,148, 150, 152; lix. FL ODOVAC, 44 ; cp. 45 ; xxx. FLOREAS (or FLVREAS) SEMPER, Ostrog., 93, 94. C (Gregorius), Benev., 159; (Gott- schalk), Benev., 161. CLO(ria), &c., Vand., 25. C R (Grimoald III), Benev., 170-2. CRIMOALD FILIVS ERMENRIH, Benev., 174, 175. CRIMOALD FILVS ERMENRIHI, Benev., 175. CRIMVALD, Benev., 171, 172. CRIMVAL CX (Grimoald III, Dux), Benev., 170. CRINOALD, Benev., 174. g ^ (Gisulf II, Dux), Benev., 162, 163. H HA, Lomb., 132. H6RACLVS PP AVC, Lomb., 131. HIL, &c., Vand., 14. HONORIVS PVS A^T, Vand., 5. I I CO NT. <TOIN AV, Benev., 190. ICTORIA AVSTOS, Lomb., 133. IFFO CLORIVSO DVX, Lomb., 141. IIOI(?), Ostrog., 101. IMD (Mediolanum), Ostrog., 59. IMP ZENO FELICISSIMO SEN AVC, Ostrog., 100, 101. IMPZENO SEMPER AVC(.?),Ostrog., 101. IMVICTA ROMA, Ostrog., 58,100- 5 ; xxx. I M VITA ROMA, Ostrog., 102. INBICTA ROMA, Ostrog., 69. INVICTA ROMA, Ostrog., 57, 58, 67-70, 74, 75, 79, 98, 99, 101-3, 106 w, 107 ; xxxiii. IN VITA ROMA, Ostrog., 58. INVNV VIONVI, Lomb., 135. lOHOO (= CO NOB), Lomb., 130. lOMOT, Lomb., 154. 10X0, Benev., 191. I VI IV VMVI, Lomb., 134. IVSTINIANVS, 113. I VST I NVS, xlix, Hi. I VST Nl (Justinian I), Ostrog., 67. K K (Karthago), Vand., 5. KARTHA^O, Vand., 3, 4 ; xvii. REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS— LATIN LEGENDS 333 L (Liutprand), Benev., 164. LVDOVICVS IMPE, Benev., 185. M MH (Michael), Benev., 185. MIHAEL, Benev., 177, 185. mNAaiVIA (Masuna?), Vand., 39. N N CON rUVATINO VAT (Con- stans II), Benev., 189. NEOPATRIE, Neopatras, 229. O Olio, Ostrog., 58. ON HIRACL P€RP AVI, Lomb., 130. OHO, Lomb., 154. ONO, Benev., 176. ON OB, Benev., 163, 168. 0H0±, Lomb., 153. OTO?, Lomb., 153. 0±0±?, Lomb., 153. P P (=pius ?), Ostrog., 96, No. 12. PAX AVC, Vand., 23. P€R.P, Lomb., 130. PIVS, Ostrog., 54. PP€ A {perpetuus Augustus)^ Benev., 156. PRINC6, Benev., 172. PRINCES BENEBENTI, Benev., 177, 178 ; cp. 180 ; Ixvi, Ixvii. PRIHCESBENEBEH MIT, Benev., 178. PKINC. I. S, Ostrog., 54. R (Romoald 11), Benev., 155-7. RADELCHIS, Benev., 181. RADELCHIS PR N I C€ PS, Benev., 182. RADELCIHS PR^NCEPS, Benev., 182. REX, Ostrog., xlii, xliii. REX THEODERICVS PIVS PRINCIS, Ostrog., 54. REX THEODERICVS VICTOR CEN TIVM, Ostrog., 54. R^ (= )'egis\ Vand., 12 n. RIX, Ostrog., xlii, xliii. RM (Rome), Vand., 1, 17, 18. R/l (Rome), Ostrog., 55. ROM, Ostrog., 109; liv. ROMA, Vand., 2; Ostrog., 108-10, 112 ; see also INVICTA ROMA. ROM OB, 111 ; liv. RV (Ravenna), Ostrog., 43, 44, 106; xlvi, xlviii n. R/ (Ravenna), Ostrog., 46. RV PS (Ravenna mint), Vand. , 2. Uc (r^.r), Lomb., 136, 138, 141-3, 146, 149; Benev., 170. S S (abbreviation mark ?), Vand., 12 n. SAB. C (Sebastocrator, Comnenus), Neopatras, 229. SALVS PVBLICE, Vand., 18. SANCTA MARIA, Benev., 184. S C {=Senatus consulto), Ostrog., 57, 75, 93 n, 99, 100 ; xxxii w, xxxvii ; (= Sico), Benev., 176, 177. SCA MAR (Sancta Maria), Benev., 188. SCA MARIA, Benev., 184, 187. SCA MR (Sancta Maria), Benev., 186. SCS AH I LL (St. Michael), Lomb., 140. SCS IIIIIL (St. Michael), Lomb., 146, 147. SCS MIHAHIL, Lomb., 138, 141. SEN (= semper), Ostrog., 100. S L (Scauniperga and Liutprand), Benev., 164. S I (Sicardus), Benev., 179. SI CARD V, Benev., 179. SICO PRINCES, Benev., 176, 177. T [TJHEODSIVS P F (Theodosius II), Vand., 38. XVX' ^^^^■' ^^• V VATNI- r "I VATUr, Benev., 189. VAVA, &c., Lomb., 151. VAV VI I. IV, Lomb., 135. 334 INDEX IV VIATOIH, &c., Loiiib., 154. VIC {=Victoria), Benev., 170, 171. VICAO V^TV, Benev., 163. VICOr VrTV, Benev., 163. VICTIKV V(;VSTI, Benev., 167, i(;8. VICTIKV PMNPI, Benev., 169 ; Ixvi, Ixviii 11. VICTOR.(m), &c., Yand., 17-19. VICTOR. ACVSTO, Benev., 162. VICTOR VCVSTO, Benev., 191. VICTORIA ACVSTORVM, Vand., 10. VICTORIA AVCCC, Vand., 1, 10 Ostrog-., 43, 44, 46, 48, 55, 59-61 111, 113, 114. VICTORIA AVCVSORON, Ostrog-. 47. VICTORIA AVCVST, Ostrog-., Ibn Benev., Ixvi. VICTORIA A VCVSTORVM, Ostrog-. 47-9, 56, 61-3, 84, 85, 95 ; 111, 114 115, 12-2. VICTORIA AVCVSTORVM, Lonib. 131 ; Iviii. VICTORIA AVCVSTORVN, Lomb. 123. VICTORIA AVCVSTORVN, 131 w. VICTORIA AVIVITORVN, Lomb. 1-28. VICTORIA PRINCIPVM, Ostrog. 75, 7() ; xxxiv. VICTORI AVCMS., Benev., 156. VICTORV V(;VSTV, Benev., 164. VICTORV PRINCI, Benev., 179. VICTORV PRINCIP, Benev., 172. VICTRA VN/^TO, Benev., 190. VICTRV VgVSTV, Benev., 162. VICT VCTO, Benev., 163, 191. VICTUa, Benev., 159. V-lllll TOTO, Lomb., 153. VlirOAl, &c., Benev., 191. VIITOIII, &c., Benev., 190. VIUIII, &c.,Lomb., 154. VITIIOI, &c., Lomb., 153. VITIRV PRINPI, Benev., 169. VITORV V^VSTI, Benev., 165. VITRV VgVTV, Benev., 165. VITVRV V^VTV, Benev., 168. VIVIVIVI, &c., Lomb., 150, 151. VOIAIAVOA, Lomb., 135. VOT X,„ , Vand., 28, 29. X„„,^-^nd.,29. VRBS ROMA, Vand., 2. VTRA AgVT, Benev., 164. VTRV VgVT, Benev., 167. ZENO ET LEO CAES (?), Ostrog., 100 n. n H ( = Michael), Benev., 185. niOHVAVHOI, Lomb., 134. I, Ostrog., 105. II, Ostrog., 101. •II., Ostrog., 103, 104. • III., Ostrog., 104. • IIIU, Ostrog., 105. .IIIIU, Ostrog., 105. I II II (representing inscription), Vand., 25. •v., Ostrog., 105. i5k (ofQcinu mark), 108. •A^, Ostrog., 102. (a), see under O. (J3) GREEK LEGENDS A A, Nic, 221. Ar ( = aytos?), Treb., 264; xc ;i, xci. AflOD, Treb., 248. AriOC AIMI,Thessa]., 196. REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS- GREEK LEGENDS 335 A AH (St. Demetrius), Epirus, 226. AE'X/ O KOMN, Alexius II, Treb., 28L AX/6, Alexius III, Treb., 295. A/V6, Alexius III, Treb., 299. A>s/€ KOMN, Alexius H, Treb., 280. A>^€ KOrVNN, Alexius III, Treb., 295. AA€ lYl, Alexius II, Treb., 279, 280. A>ye lYl, Alexius III, Treb., 293, 295. A>y€ lYI, Alexius IV, Treb., 306. AX/e H, Alexius II, Treb., 279. AA€ H, Alexius III, Treb., 300, 301. A/V€ hN, Alexius HI, Treb., 296. A^e VH, Alexius IV, Treb., 306, 307. AX/€ NO, Alexius III, Treb., 294. A'K^e O K, Alexius H, Treb., 281. J 5, ^'^, Alexius II, Treb., 283. O m A/V€ O [H?], Alexius m, Treb., 298. A/ye O JtN, Alexius II, Treb., 282. A/ye O hN ?, Alexius III, Treb., 296. A M (St. Michael), Neopatras, 228. o r?--,=APX MIX, Thessal., 198. A [M] ^ ?^ = APX MIX, Thessal., 202, 203. A UJ (Alpha and Omega), Bene v.. 173, 187. B §, Treb., 283, 286, 287, 290, 296, 299, 302, 303, 306-7, 309, 310. BA H, Basil, Treb., 285, 286. BB or BB, Nic, 223 ; Treb., 286, 287, 309, 310. BBBB, 310w. •r», Ostrog"., 103. r r, Nic, 204, 221. ^(St. George), Nic, 219. r^r ART, Emperor George, Treb., 258. r P, Nic, 221. •A», Ostrog., 103. AB, Treb., 308. A6CnO, Nic, 206. A€CnOTH, Nic, 210, 212 ; Ixxi, Ixxii. AecnOTHC, Neopatras, 227. AH (St. Demetrius), Epirus, 226. AHIYII"fia (St. Demetrius), Nic, 218. AS (Ducas), Nic, 218, 219. ASKAC, John I, Nic, 217-19; Theo- dore II, Nic, 222. ART (= A€CnOTHC), Treb., 258. .€., Ostrog., 103. •9., Ostrog., 103. ern, Treb., 302, 303. erUO, Treb., 303, 304. 6MMAN6HA, Thessal., 195; cp. 194. €1^, Treb., 302. €NH, Treb., 296. €V, Treb., 292. €Vr, Treb., 290, 296. €Vr€N, Treb., 281. 6VreNH. Tieb., 238, 253. 6VNH , Treb., 238, 253 ; cp. 252. evremo, Treb., 244, 245, 247. evrENHOC, Treb., 253. evretsHOC, Treb., 274. €Vr€NI, Treb., 286, 298, 299. evreNIO, Treb., 239, 241-52, 261, 268. eVCI^NIO, Treb., 251. evreNlOy, Treb., 259-61, 263, 265, 268, 277. evr€NIOC, Treb., 230, 261-75. evreNIOC, Treb., 270. eVr/6NI0C, Treb., 266, 267. evreNIOC, Treb., 266, 269. evreNIOC o "^An[c.?], Treb., 255. eVreNISV, John II, Treb., 272. eVreND, Manuel I, Treb., 248. eVPN (Eugenius), Treb., 279, 280, 293, 300. 83fi INDEX IV evrn. Trel)., 306. eVrNNH, Treb., 296. eVrNH, Treb., '282, 283, 294. eVrNI, Treb., 282, 295. €VN, Treb., 285, 291, 293, 295, 300, 307. €VNH, Treb., 295. eVl^l, Treb., 294, 295. €VNI^, Treb., 283. €V5, Treb., 299. €< AO , Treb., 300. H H H ( = H H), Manuel III, Treb., 304. H Xl/I KN, Treb., 243. e e€0"6b"PA H KOItNHN, Theodora, Treb., 277. eeOAUJPOC, Thessal., 194. eeOAUJPOj (St. Theodore), Nic, 207. eeOAUUPOC MC, Thessal., 196. e60AaJ[P]0C [A]€C[nO]T[HC ?] [KOMNHNOC O ASKAC], Thessal., 195. eeoAuupoc T^ecnoTHc o aov- KAC, Thessal., 195, 196. eeoAULiPOc AecnoTic o a.kp (Theodore II Ducas Lascaris), Mc, 220 ; cp. 205, 214, 221. ee.AQP.c [Mc]n[0]lHc o a..k [P ?] (Theodore II Ducas Lascaris), Nic, 223. eeoAUjpoc A€cn (l n0[Y]Por€ (Theodore I Lascaris 'Porphyro- genitus'), Nic, 204. eeOAUUPOC ASKAC (Theodore An- gelas Comnenus Ducas), Thessal., 194; cp. 195 72. eeoAUj[PO]c askac o a.ck.p.c (Theodore II), Nic, 222. eeOAUUPC ASKAC (Theodore II), Nic, 222. eeC[CJAAONIKI, Thessal., 198. _ ■eV_(e60V), Treb., 236 : see also w» ev. O = (a) : see vnder O I imiT (Demetrius.?), 201. K AK_Thessal., 193, 194 ; cp. 221. IC XC Thessal., 193-5, 197-200, 202, 203 ; Nic, 204, 206, 210-13, 215-17, 220-2. fUJ (graffito), Nic, 212. lUU/JNHC. John I, Treb., 233. Iv:;/JNIC, John I, Treb., 2.32, 233. J lUU/JNIC, John I, Treb., 233, 234. 1 lULIANNHC AecnOTHC, Thessal., 200. lOJ B, John III, Treb., 290. lUJ A6C, Thessal., 200. lUU A€C O Att,JohnIVatatzes,Nic, 218. lOD AecnO, John I, Neopatras, 228. Ill) Aecn O ASKA[C]. John I Va- tatzes, Nic, 218. lUD A€CnO O ASK AC, John I Va- tatzes, Nic, 219. lUD A€[C]nOT[H .?], John I Vatatzes, Nic, 216. lUJ AecnOTHI, John 1 Vatatzes, Nic, 217. lOD A€CnOTHC. John I, Neopatras, 227. lUD A€CnOTH CD nP<t). John I Va- tatzes, Nic, 210. lUL) O KhrNNO, John II, Treb., 259. lOD O KhNNOi, John II, Treb., 260, 276. lOD O KOM, John III, Treb., 289. lUl O KOKNiNOC, John II, Treb., 270-2. I CD O KOHMN, John II, Treb., 273. IGU O KOHNsN, John II, Treb., 271. liEMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS— GREEK LEGENDS 337 lUU O KOhrNNOy, John II, Trek, 260, 261. Id) O KOHNNOC, John II, Treb., 262-70. 273-5. lOD O W, John IV, Treb., 308. [I]GD O (tP (John the Baptist), Treb., 276. K K, Treb., 303-7. KHN, Treb., Ixxxix. KOMNHNOC, Treb., Ixxxix. KUUTANTIN (St. Constantine), Nic, 216. A A[A]KP (Lascaris), Nic, 220. A[A]CK[A]P[I]C, Theodore II, Nic, 222. AN (St. Eugenius), Treb., 298. M M H, Treb., 305. MANSHA A€Cn, Thessal., 197.199. [MANSHA AecnOTHC O AflOC AHMHTPIOC], Thessal., 198; cp. 199. MANVHA A, Thessal., 199. HA O H, Manuel III, Treb., 303,304. fy? (or M) eV (or -eFV), Thessal., 197, 199; Nic, 204, 207-13, 216, 217, 220, 221, 222 (IVP), 223; cp. _ 225 ; Neopatras, 227. ^W eV,Treb., 236, 237. M I (Micliael .?), 201. ^ '^, Emperor Michael, Treb., 291, Ml 292. MN, Treb., Ixxxix. HNHA, Manuel I, Treb., 254, 255. MI/IHA O KIYIH, Manuel I, Treb., 236. HNIA O KHN, Manuel I, Treb., 238, 239, 242-53 ; cp. 257. HMA O K, Manuel I, Treb., 237, 238. H H A H O, Manuel III, Treb., 302. MX (St. Michael), Thessal., 200. , Michael I, Epirus, 226. X M O nAAeOAOrC, Michael VIII Palaeolog'us, Nic, 225. , Manuel III, Treb., 302. NIO(C?) NO. Treb., 268. Nl^, Treb., 283. ^, Treb., 289. O = (a), Treb., 273, 302. ® (or (A), (a), ®) = APIOC, Nic, 218, 219; Treb., 254, 255, 259-65, 267, 276, 279-83, 285, 286, 289, 291, 293-6, 298-300, 302-7. r (a), Nic, 225. (A)ri, Treb., 286. (a) I, Treb., 285. (a) N, Treb., 282. (A) V, Treb., 29(5. O A R, Treb., 253. O AfHOC AHMHTPIOC,Thess.,200. O A[rHOC.?] AH MHTPO, Thessal., 194. O AriO, Treb., 2.39, 241-52, 257, 261, 265-7. O AnO €Vr€NIO, Treb., 232, 233. O AnOC, Treb., 265, 266, 277. O AnOC evreNIO, Treb.,234,249; Ixxxix. O APID, Treb., 238,248. O Ar XM HA (?), Epirus, 226. O A €Vr, Treb., 290. O A €Vr6NI, Treb., 298, 299. ^ ^, Treb., 301. ^ ^ , Treb., 305. O KH, Treb., 232. O KHN, Treb., 233, 235. O KN, Manuel I, Treb., 240, 241,244, 250, 252. X X 338 INDEX IV O^ KOJTANTIN (St. Constantine), Nic, 21C). O H€ = o fiiya<; Ko/xi'//i'os, Tivll. , Ixxvii, Ixxxix. O Tl^n^Tia, Treb., 254, 255. O ^Ane^TIO (6 TpaTTc^owTtos), Treb., 254 ; Ixxxix n. n nOA[IC] eeC[CjAAONIKI,Thessal., 198 ; cp. 196 «, and 198 n ; Ixx. nPVPOr, Nic, 212. nPV0, Nic, 211. nP<J), Nic, 210. nP0V, Nic, 211. n0Pr, Nic, 211, 212. n<t>VPr, Nic, 212. n0[Y]POr€, Nic, 204 ; Ixxi, Ixxii. TOnceZi, Thessal., 196. TP (in monogram) V $ (St. Tryphon), Nic, 222. TPV<t>UUN (St. Tryphon), Nic, 225. OD = Toi, Nic, 210-13. Y VOAOCH, Thessal., 196. X (graffito), Nic, 212. XAAKITHC (Christ of Chalce), Nic, 216 ; cp. 217. a UD KOhfM, John II, Treb., 273. UJ K03NN0, John II, Treb., 272. CD H, John IV, Treb., 308. ID O KHNNO, John II, Treb., 272. C<t>PAriC C6BACT0V IUJANN6, UL) O ffp (John the Baptist), Treb., Nic, Ixxii. I 276. N O Treb., 247. A K fj^ (TT/joSpo/xos), Treb., 276. y or 7 (= H), Treb., 241 ; xc C, Treb., 283. CHRONOLOGICAL LISTS I. VANDAL KINGS (See L. Schmidt, Gescli. der Wandalen^ p. 203; cp. Hodg-kin, Italy and her Invaders^ ii, p. 290.) 1. Gaiseeic, 428 (429 in Africa)— 25 Jan. A.D. 477 2. HuNEEic, son of Gaiseric, 26 Jan. 477—23 Dec. 484. 8. GuNTHAMUND, ncphew of Huneric, 24 Dec. 484—3 Sept. 496. 4. Trasamund, nephew of Huneric and brother of Gunthamund, 3 Sept. ^ 496— 6 May 523. 5. HiLDEEic, son of Huneric by Eu- docia, 6 May 523—19 May 530 (d. 533). 6. Gelimee, nephew of Gunthamund, 19 Mav 530 -Dec. 533. II. OSTROGOTHIC KINGS (OnovACAB, 23 Aug-. 476 — 15 March 493.) Theodoeic, March 493—30 Aug. 526. Athalaric, 31 Aug. 526—2 Oct. 534. Amalasuntha, regent, 31 Aug. 526 — 2 Oct. 534 ; queen, 534—30 Apr. 535. Theodahad, 3 Oct. 534— (Nov. ?) 536. WiTiGis, (Nov. ?) 536 — (spring) 540 (deposition) ; d. 542. Matasuntha, (Dec. ?) 536 — (spring ?) Ildibad, (spring .?) 540 — (Mav ^) 541. Eeaeic, (May ?) 541— (Sept. >) 541. Baduila (Totila), (Sept. .?) 541 — July or Aug. 552. Theia, July or Aug. 552 — 553. III. LOMBARD KINGS Alboin, 568-572 (reign in Italy). Cleph, 572-574. Inteeeegnum, 574-584. Authaei, son of Cleph (married Theu- delinda), (April?) 584—5 Sept. 590. Agilulf (married Theudelinda), Nov. 590-615. Abalwald, son of Agilulf and Theu- delinda, 615-624 ? (reigns jointly with Theudelinda, who dies 628). Aeiwald, 624-636. RoTHARi, 636-652. RoDWALD, son of Rothari, 652 (about 5 months). Aeipeet I, nephew of Theudelinda, 653-661. V Peectaeit and Godepert, sons of Ari- pert I (joint rulers), 661-662. Geimwald, 662-671. Peectaeit (second reign), 672-688 (with his son Cunincpert from 680). CuNJxcPEET (sole reign), 688-700. LiuTPEET, son of Cunincpert, 700 (8 months). Raginpeet, son of Godepert, 700. Aeipeet II, son of Raginpert, 701- 712. Anspeand, 712 (3 months) ; oh. 13 June 712. LiuTPEAND, son of Ansprand, 712 — Jan. 744. HiLDEPEAND, uephew of Liutprand (with Liutprand), 735 — Jan. 744; alone from Jan. 744 (about 6 months). Ratchis (first reign), Sept, 744—749. AisTULF, brother of Ratchis, July 749— (Dec. .?) 756. Ratchis (second reign), (Dec. .?) 756 — March 757. Desideeius, 757 — June 774 (with his son Adelchis, Aug. 759—773). 340 CHRONOLOGICAL LISTS IV. DUKES AND PRINCES OF BENEVENTUM (i) Dukes ZoTTo, 571?-5i)l. Arichis I, 51)1-()41. Aio, (J41-t)4-i. Radoald, t)4'i-G47. <!rimoald I, (147-662; King of the Lombards, 662-671. JioMOALi) I, 662-671 (with his father Grimoakl as Duke ; 671-687 alone). Grimoald II, 687-689. GisuLF I, 689-706. RoMOALD II, 706-731. Audelais, 731-732. Gregorius, 732-739. Gottschalk, 739-742. GisuLF II, 742-751. (Married Scauni- perga.) LiUTPRAND, 751-758. Arichis II, 758-774. (See also as Prince.) (ii) Princes Arichis II, 774-787. Grimoald III, 788-806. Grimoald IV, 806-817. Sico, 817-832. Sicardus, 832-839. Radelchis I, 839-851. Radelgarius, 851-853, Adelchis, 853-878. Gaideris, 878-881. Radelchis II, 881-884 (first reign). Aio, 884-890. Interregnum, 890-897 (Bp. Peter governor, 897). Radelchis II, 897-899. V. EMPERORS OF THESSALONICA Theodore Angelus Comnenus Ducas, 1222-1230. Manuel Angelus Comnenus Ducas, 1230-1232. John Angelus (as Emperor), 1232- 1243 ; (as Despot of Thessalonica, 1244). Demetrius (Despot of Tliessalonica), 1244-1246. VI. EMPERORS OF NICAEA Theodore I Lascaris, 1204-1222 (crowned 1206). John I (' 111') Ducas Vatatzes, 1222— 30 Oct. 1254. Theodore II Ducas Lascaris, 125-: Aug. 1258. John II ('IV') Lascaris, 1258-1259. Michael V'III Palaeologus, Jan. 1260 — Aucr. 1261. VII. DESPOTS OF EPIRUS Michael 1 Angelus Comnenus Ducas, 1205-1214. Theodore Angelus Comnenus Ducas, 1214-1230(EmperorofT]iessalonica, 1222-1230). Manuel, 1230-1237. Michael II, 1237-1271. NiCEPHoRus I, 1271-1296. Thomas Angelus, 1296-1310. (Succeeded by rulers of tlie House oi' Orsini.) CHRONOLOGICAL LISTS 341 VIIL DUKES AND SEBASTOCRATORS OF NEOPATRAS (GREAT VLAiaA) John I Angelus Comnenus, r271-1296. CoNSTANTiNE Angelus, 1296-1303. John II Ang-elus Comnenus, 1303- 1318. IX. EMPERORS OF TREBIZOND Alexius I Comnenus, 1204-1222. Andeonicus I Gidos, 1222-1235. John I Axuchos, 1235-1238. Manuel I, 1238-1263. Andronicus II, 1263-1266. George, 1266-1280. John II, 1280-1297. Theodora, clrc. 1285. Alexius II, 1297-1330. Andronicus III, 1330 — Jan. 1332. Manuel II, Jan. — Sept. 1332. Basil, Sept. 1332— April 1340. Irene Palaeologina, April 1340 — July 1341. Anna, July 1341— Sept. 1342. John III, 4 Sept. 1342—3 May 1344. Michael, May 1344—13 Dec. 1349. Alexius III, 13 Dec. 1349—20 March 1390. Manuel IH, 1390-1417. Alexius IV, 1417-1446. John IV (Kalojoannes), 1446-1458. David, 1458-1461. TABLE FOR CONVERTING ENGLISH INCHES INTO MILLIMETRES AND THE MEASURES OF MIONNET'S SCALE English Inches French UM). Millimetres -3-5 ^ 2- 1-5 1- •9 •8 ■7 •6 •5 •i •3 •1 95 90 8? 80 75 ro 65 GO 55 50 45 40 35 30 26 20 15 10 5 MIONNET'S Scale ■ ■ -18 ■ 30 7 6- 1 343 TABLE OF THE RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF ENGLISH GRAINS AND FRENCH GRAMMES Grains. Grammes. Grains. Grammes. Grains. Grammes. Grains. Grammes. 1 •064 41 2-656 81 5-248 121 7-840 2 •129 42 2720 82 5-312 122 7-905 3 •194 43 2^785 83 5-378 123 7-970 4 •259 44 2^850 84 5-442 124 8-035 5 •324 45 2915 85 5-508 125 8-100 6 •388 46 2980 86 5-572 126 8-164 7 453 47 3045 87 5-637 127 8-229 8 •518 48 3110 88 5-702 128 8-294 9 •583 49 3175 89 5-767 129 8-359 10 •648 50 3240 90 5-832 130 8-424 11 •712 51 3304 91 5896 131 8-488 12 •777 52 3^368 92 5-961 132 8-553 13 •842 53 3434 93 6026 133 8-618 14 •907 54 3498 94 6091 134 8-682 15 •972 55 3564 95 6156 135 8-747 16 1036 56 3628 96 6220 136 8-812 17 1101 57 3693 97 6285 137 8-877 18 '1166 58 3-758 98 6350 138 8-942 19 1231 59 3823 99 6415 139 9-007 20 1296 60 3^888 100 6480 140 9-072 21 1360 61 3952 101 6544 141 9-136 22 1425 62 4017 102 6609 142 9-200 23 1490 63 4082 103 6674 143 9-265 24 1555 64 4146 104 6739 144 9330 25 1620 65 4211 105 6^804 145 9-395 26 1684 66 4276 106 6^868 146 9460 27 1749 67 4341 107 6933 147 9525 28 1-814 68 4406 108 6998 148 9590 29 1-879 69 4471 109 7063 149 9655 30 1-944 70 4536 110 7-128 150 9720 31 2-008 71 4-600 111 7-192 151 9-784 32 2073 72 4-665 112 7-257 152 9-848 33 2138 73 4-729 113 7-322 153 9-914 34 2-202 74 4794 114 7-387 154 9-978 35 2-267 75 4859 115 7-452 155 10-044 36 2-332 76 4924 116 7-516 156 10-108 37 2-397 77 4989 117 7-581 157 10-173 38 2-462 78 5054 118 7-646 158 10-238 39 2-527 79 5119 119 7-711 159 10-303 40 2-592 80 5-184 120 7-776 160 10-368 344 TABLE THE RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF ENGLISH GRAINS AND FRENCH GRAMMES (irains. Grammes. Grains. Grammes. GraiiiH. Grammes. Grains. Grammes. 161 10-432 201 13-024 241 15-616 290 18-79 162 10-497 202 13-089 242 15-680 300 19-44 163 10-562 203 13-154 243 15-745 310 20-08 164 10-626 204 13-219 244 15-810 320 20-73 165 10-691 205 13-284 245 15-875 330 21-38 166 10-756 206 13-348 246 15-940 340 22-02 167 10-821 207 13-413 247 16-005 350 22-67 168 10-886 208 13.478 248 16-070 360 23-32 169 10-951 209 13-543 249 16-135 370 23-97 170 11016 210 13-608 250 16-200 380 24-62 171 11-080 211 13-672 251 16-264 390 25-27 172 11-145 212 13-737 252 16-328 400 25-92 173 11-209 213 13-802 253 16-394 410 26-56 174 11-274 214 13-867 254 16-458 420 27-20 175 11-339 215 13-932 255 16-524 430 27-85 176 11-404 216 13-996 256 16-588 440 28-50 177 11-469 217 14-061 257 16-653 450 29-15 178 11-534 218 14-126 258 16-718 460 29-80 179 11-599 219 14-191 259 16-783 470 30-45 180 11-664 220 14-256 260 16-848 480 31-10 181 11-728 221 14-320 261 16-912 490 31-75 182 11-792 222 14-385 262 16-977 500 32-40 183 11-858 223 14-450 263 17-042 510 33-04 184 11-922 224 14-515 264 17-106 520 33-68 185 11-988 225 14-580 265 17-171 530 34-34 186 12-052 226 14-644 266 17-236 540 34-98 187 12117 227 14-709 267 17-301 550 35-64 188 12-182 228 14-774 268 17-366 560 36-28 189 12-247 229 14-839 269 17-431 570 36-93 190 12312 230 14-904 270 17-496 580 37-58 191 12-376 231 14-968 271 17-560 590 38-23 192 12-441 232 15-033 272 17-625 600 38-88 193 12-506 233 15-098 273 17-689 700 45-36 194 12-571 234 15162 274 17-754 800 51-84 195 12-636 235 15-227 275 17-819 900 58-32 196 12-700 236 15-292 276 17-884 1000 64-80 197 12-765 237 15-357 277 17-949 2000 129-60 198 12-830 238 15-422 278 18014 3000 194-40 199 12-895 239 15-487 279 18079 4000 259-20 200 12-960 240 15-552 280 18144 5000 32400 FRONTISPIECE, GOLD COIN OF THEODORIC ^ENLARGED) IN THE COLLECTION OF COM. F, GNECCHI. MILAN. PI. 3 /R 4 /R 2 A/ 6 /R 7 /E 8 /E 9 /E 10 /E 11 >C 17 /E 16 /E 18 >E VANDALS !-GAISERIC (1-11). HUNERIC (12-^8). 'f'. PI. II. 3 /R A M 5 M L.^ 12 /R 13 /R 14 /R 15 /R 16 /R 17 /C 18 /E 20 /E 20 /E 21 /E VANDALS :-GUNTHAMUND (1-5). TRASAMUN0 ^Q-tl); HILDERIC (12-18). GELIMER (19-21). PI. III. • M '^^ ^ A /A A ^ \^ ^ ^ ^ W io 14 11 12 13 14 15 ^fc ^ Mi ^ y \|M|Mfl^ 16 •„ 17 • • # ^ " ^^ ™" 23 19 20 24 25 27 28 29 30 • 31 # 32 33 34 ^^&km^w^^.mm 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 SMALL BRONZE COINS OF THE VANDALIC- PERIOD; -- PI. IV. ^ &■ 1 ""^ 2^3 4 (??S. M, ^^ 9 10 12 13 ^^^r w ® ® ^^ ^©^5 ^P 14 19 15 20 16 17 18 21 22 23 & vS) Aii^' <<^ 24 25 ^.» ( 26 27 28 29 33 30 34 ^ W v/ t3^' 31 32 35 36 37 38 39 40 % # • • • 41 42 43 44 45 46 SMALL BRONZE COINS OF THE VANDALIC PERJC^TJ. ' ' PI. V. 5 N 6 M 7 M 10 A/ 8 /E 11 N 12 N 9 /E 13 N 19 A/ 20 A/ 21 A/ OSTROGOTHS :-ODOVACAR (1-13). THEODORIC (RAVEN.lvfAi W-i-2t).^ PI. VI. 2 N 3 A/ 1 A/ 9 M m m w 0^1 8 M \0 m 11 /R 12 /R 13 /R 14 /E 15 /E 22 /E 23 /t 24 /E OSTROGOTHS:— THEODORIC (RAVENNA; ROiVIF.): ■•. \ ''.' . PI. VII. OSTROGOTHS.— THEODORIC (ROME, &ci^i)^^."., .,^., \ ATHALARIC (RAVENNtA,, l^J-.^syi -.' i\ PI. VIII. /'■"*•: v\V. 4 N OSTROGOTHS:— ATHALARIC (RAVENNA; RQWE): . PI. IX OSTROGOTHSi-THEODAHAD (RAVENNA; ftOWifej; ' PI. X. 6 M 7 /R 10 /E 16 A/ OSTROGOTHS :-WITIG IS (1-10). MATASUNTHA (ilrl,5)^ '\; BADUILA CTICINUM, 16-26). •>.•*'*' ' ' PL. XI. Copenhagen 7 /F? 8 /R 9 A? 10 /R 11 /R 12 /R 13 /R ,-^^S, fP>; St 14^/E 15 /E 16^^ 17 yC 18 /E 19 /E 20 /E 21 >E 22 /E 25 /E 23 /E 26 /E 24 /E 27 /E 28 — ^/E Berlin OSTROGOTHS!— BADU I LA CTICINUM, 1-27; ROME, 28-30)'': .' PI. XII 1 /t 2 /E 4 /E 5 /E 3 /E ^ <^ • © S 6 /E OSTROGOTHS:— BADUILA (ROME, 1-6). THEIA (7-19). QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME (20-23). ' ; . ^ PI. XIII. ^.*^f^. "^^^^ OSTROGOTHS :-QUASI-AUTONOMOUS BRONZE OF ROME. PI. XV. ,^S'"X • ''^, ■^A#\^^i^l>^'^,:.. IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN I (ROME, BRQN^E;> J '. / PI. XVI. 4 Berlin N N 9 /E 10 >E IMPERIAL COINS OF JUSTINIAN I (ROME; RAVENT^jA;^.'', / PI. XVII. 7 /R 8 /R 9 /R 10 /R 11 /R 12 /R 13 /R 14 /R w% fi^i if UJk ^ti^« 15 y4^ 16 y4? 17 /R 18 /R 19 /R 20 /R -IN 21 /R 22 /R 23 /R 24 /E h @i @ # ca- 4. 25 /R 26 /R 27 /R 28 /R 29 /R 30 /R ^'^ fe^ \i^ 32 /R 34 A/ 33 /R IMPERIAL COINS:-JUSTINIAN I (RAVENNA, 1-24), JUSTIN II ^RAVtrjN^A, 25-33),' MAURICE TIBERIUS (No. 34). , , ,,,,, ,., PI. XVIII. 7 /R ## ti i"^ 1^ 8 /R 9 /R 10 /R 11 >R 12 /R 13 >R 14 /R 15 /R 16 /R 17 /« 18 /R 19 /R 20 /R 21 /R 26 /R 22 A/ 23 N 24 A^ 28 M 31 A/ LOMBARDSi-ALBOIN— INTERREGNUM (1-21). AUTHARI-AGILULF.(22-28). ADALWALD—ROTHARI (29-31). * ;**>,:; °', ^ PI. XIX. 6 N 29 M 30 /R 31 M LOM BARDS :-ADALWALD-ROTHARI (1-8). RODWALD— GRJMW.<liL;D*<9.-13). PERCTARIT (14-32). ; „ , ...^ ,,,^ PI. XX. LOMBARDSi-CUNINCPERT (1, 2). ARIPERT II (No. 3). LI"JTPI^"Ar*0.(4-8}. AISTU.LF (No. 9). DESIDERIUS (10-12). COINS OP LUCCA C13.-16,). ... ', CHARLEMAGNE (No. 17). 'o,' ,''>'\ ;,,;;• '.J'/i \'- PI. XXI. 12 A/ 13 A/ 17 /R ^^ 18 /R 16 A/ LOMBARD, UNCERTAIN ,1-4). BENEVENTUM :-ROMOALD:ilHS^^.^)' GREGORIUS ,16-18). GISULF II ^19-22). ••-''" "' ' PI. XXII 5?t^ A/ fiJ N 4i^\J^ 15 A/ 17 16 A/ BENEVENTUM:-LIUTPRAND ^1-6). ARICHIS II (7^tVj.*'* ' *'* PI. XXIII. 1 A/ 4 A/ 5 A/ 8 A/ 12 /R U/. <;>i ^•Ji IS 13 /R 15 /R 16 /R 17 /R BENEVENTUM:-GRIMOALD III (1-13). GRIMOALD IV (If r17).,., ., > . PI. XXIV. EL 5 /R 6 /R V*^^, 7 /R 8 >R 9 M 10 EL 11 EL &^ii^ ^^^<i> ^Sji^i^S' vJ^^'i^V N^^w ^@^v 12 EL 13 M 14 /R BENEVENTUM:-SICO (1-9). SICAROgS, (1p-14).. .,,,,,,,,. > >, PI. XXV. 1 EL 5 /R 7 A/ 7 N 8 A/ 9 EL 10 A/ 8 A/ 11 A/ 12 A/ BENEVENTUMi-RADELCHIS I (1-3). ADELGHIS ^^^-^V UNCERTAIN (7-12). PI. XXVI. 8 /E 9 /E 4.K 10 /E .4; THESSALONICA:— THEODORE ANGELUS (1-5). MANUtL, ANGELUS («l-1G). PI. XXVII. 1 /E 4 /E M / 2 /E 5 /E 7 /E 3 /E -» « « * ° * «i COINAGE OF THESSALONICA (f). PI. XXVIII Billon /E •*^.^^--i. ^3^^^ Oman Coll. Billon / ( NICAEA:— THEODORE I LASCARIS. PI. XXIX. 2 /E 3 N A A/ 5 N 7 N 8 N NICAEA:— THEODORE I LASCARIS (1,2). JOHN T VATAtZtS (3-8^ PI. XXX. NICAEAi-JOHN I VATATZES : ll'll', : i PI. XXXI. *^ -^ ^^ 1 /E 2 >E 3 /E 4- /E ^\^ <^ 6 N 7 A/ 8 /R 9 /R NICAEA:-JOHN I VATATZES (1-5). THE0D6R^{%\i€-^\\. NEOPATRAS:-JOHN I iNo. 1.2'> . „ „_„, PI. XXXII. 6 M 7 m 8 /R 9 M 11 /R 10 /R 11 /R 12 /R 13 /R » » * « » TREBIZONDs— JOHN I (1-5). MANUEL'f'cblii).''* ' '*' * PI. XXXIII TREBI20ND:-MANUEL I. SILVER. PI. XXXIV. i^Vxv. ^i..-v Ml^ TREBIZONDi-MANUEL I (SILVER)'. ■ i'.j ; '■,, PI. XXXV. 5 /E 6 /t Athens p /K mA / 9 /R 10 /R 11 /TQ TREBIZONDj— MANUEL I ? /R (1-4). MANUEL l.'/E (5).: G:E9"PGl|."(4>: JOHN II (7-11). •..•;•*.:.. y- •.--•' PI. XXXVI. (Ri& /M'l'- 4-L^)^- /:;,v?^"^'- ^-^ix-nXv TREBIZOND:-JOHN II. SILVER. PI. XXXVII u K\ 12 kP 13 14 ^ 15 16 /R 17 /E 16 /R TREBIZOND:— JOHN II (1-16, SILVER} ^l/.BfldKlZ^): PI. XXXVIII, TREBIZOND:-THEODORA (1). ALEXIUS II (2-14 /«> ; \BASI I. (15-17 VF.). i PI. XXXIX. ^■^ )^^'[ /*5i 3 /E / 4 /E 5 /R 6 /R 7 /E 8 /E 10 /E 11 /E 13 /R 14 /R ^ ;^^^^] i^ik .^^ ^r^^m 15 /R TREBIZOND:-JOHN III (1—4). MICHAEL (5-11). AllEXliUS" .511. (12^'^)^ PI. XL. 16 TREBIZONDi— ALEXIUS III (1-8 /R ; &-1^'/^;i. '. , PI. XLI. TREBIZOND:~ALEXIUS III .1-5 /E). MANUEL IIJ^ (6-12 >R; 13-1 7^>^). PI. XLII. 1 M 2 /R W^ 3 /R 4 /R ^^ 5 /E 6 /E 7 >t 8 /E 9 /E TREBIZONDi— ALEXIUS IV (1-4). UNCERJAJN :(5;-'9J.', j.': -'.J '. /;. w 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. '|?7 3S ■tr my k' : . Cl B f. A' JUL29'6/-V>AW -> A 4=^;^ MAY 6 2001 LOAN D^PT DEC 6 laa. -Jl ixET -JAi\K ^ U I ^ISES Due end of FALL Quartsf- fiubiect to recall after RECDLD-il£^''72-ll AtA5 8 MAR 2 4 19T5 I r^ rr :: 0CT24 '72 Q 4 MAY ^^yiWFte25'« RECC I R i JUNl ?. '(30 LD 2IA-60»i-2,'67 (H241slO)476B General Library University of California Berkeley U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES CD^tDDSls^^ £■■ '■ :=^ <'v 731619 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UBRARY