X E SCIENCE OF PF^ONUNCIATIO * *<.v<* LIBRARY OF 7 \ \ -V /lv V2^fe- n Av w Jf \ \F^ v?\^\ // l\^^>'^- AT. \\llJr K^W?Sfc'^uRfe>Si2 fe-fff^ C'o^-V^^-*'^ -te- V -. / i^v * ^ .H^Cf\? '^' # ''^iW r^Ml,* \L*. W<^ iWys^SFJiMi rcv'^ vlffiKm f^^/^Tm wfrBSt" * wC^S9? P ^ o *^ ^ jiCfififeCCSMLX ^*>& r^ ^P^J^*>fim$< m3*3^Wfwfl5 '\l *msF&& a^^pf> \| 4 ^ S^ ^ ;^BR?-J/ s%%r i =B^ . 1 1 uj-^. , i ^SSfcSfirte^K j-fp^te^ Po^^G v&Ss^&&V ?S&i*C*5HK .\\H^L%: , i ^U LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIE60 m WARMAN'S PRACTICAL OPOEPY AND CRITIQUE. " Deeply rooted and hitherto indisputed opinions are not easily eradicated. We must first .prepare the mind to be reasoned withl" -BY- E. B. WARMAN, A.M., AUTHOR OF "PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION" IN WORCESTER'S DICTIONARY. SCHOOL-ROOM FRIEND. PRACTICAL GYMNASTICS, ETC. CHICAGO, ILL. W. H. HARRISON, JR., PUBLISHING Co. 1889.- COPYRIGHT, 1887, BY W. H. HARRISON, JR., PUBLISHING CO. PUBLISHEKS' NOTICE. It gives us great pleasure to present to the public a volume from the pen of one so widely and so favorably known as the author. Mr. Warman has achieved an enviable reputation as an orthoepist, and a master of phonetization. His " Principles of Pronunciation " having been adopted by the publishers of Worcester's dictionaries, and issued by them in the School edition Warman Series prove him to be ac- knowledged authority. His "Critical Survey," published herein, is the fruit of nine years' earnest labor. It is a bold, vigorous attack, and is well worthy the perusal and study of every student and scholar throughout the land. We most heart- ily commend this valuable work for its originality and utility. THE PUBLISHEKS. CHICAGO, 111. PKEFACE. Words possess three special characteristics: / Eye-life Orthography. They have their < Ear-life Orthoepy. ( Soul-life Significance. It is our purpose, in these pages, to deal exclu- sively with the ear-life, or orthoepy. This little volume is neither speculative nor theoretical, but purely practical. It is a companion alike for the teacher and student. The author may, here and there, express his opinion considering the pronunciation of certain words, but in no case does he assert his authority. There are many changes which he would hail with delight, but he believes that the standard of pronunciation can never be established unless we abide by the acknowledged authorities Worces- ter and Webster. 'Tis true, our dictionaries need revising; but until that is done, or a new one established, we should accept them as they are. We cannot, therefore, agree with the compiler of Worcester's dictionary, that " the standard of pro- nunciation is not the authority of any dictionary, or of any orthoepist, but it is the present usage of literary and well-bred men." Were we to follow very many of our " literary 5 6 PREFACE. and well-bred men," we would be obliged to change the orthography as well as the orthoepy of many words. There would be no standard for the people. Each of " the literary and well-bred men " would have his own. While We have not interfered with the standard, we have been bold enough to attack the standard-bearer. Every assertion, however, that we make in our " Critical Survey," and in our tables and notes, will be found self-evident and self-supporting. The matter of pronunciation may often be con- sidered a question of taste. Not so with that portion of the work which has been left to our revision ; it is wholly a matter of right and wrong. Our mission has been to right the wrong. "We especially invite careful perusal of our " Critical Survey." Sincerely, etc., E. B. WARMAN. CHICAGO, 111., March 15, 1888 INDEX. Page. ACCENT 80 AREA FOB PRONOUNCING EXPLOITS 75 ARTICULATION 65 A WORD TO TEACHERS AND STUDENTS 55 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF DIACRITICAL MARKS 57 CONSONANTS 63 CRITICAL SURVEY 9 ANALYSIS OF THE NOTES IN THE UNABRIDGED 24 CONSONANTS 44 DIAGRAPHS 45 DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS 40 KEY TO PRONUNCIATION 11 NOTE ON " A BEFORE R " 29 NOTE ON LONG U 28-36 NOTE ON UNACCENTED VOWELS 29 RE\TEW OF CONSONANT TABLE 17 WORCESTER AND WEBSTER REVIEWED. . . 9 CRUCIAL TEST FOR ORTHOEPISTS 76 DEAF-MUTE SYSTEM 85 DIACRITICAL MARKS (THE OLD AND THE NEW) 57 DIGRAPHS 63 DIPHTHONGAL- VOWELS 62 ENUNCIATION 66 LESSON IN ORTHOEPY 75 7 8 INDEX. Page. ORTHOEPY 66 ORTHOEPICAL HINTS 65 ORTHOEPICAL NUTS TO CRACK 78 ORTHOEPICAL TEST No. 1 68 ORTHOEPICAL TEST No. 2 71 ORTHOEPICAL TEST No. 3 72 ORTHOEPICAL TEST No. 4 73 OUR DICTIONARIES 9 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN ORTHOEPY 68 PREFACE 5 PRONUNCIATION 66 PRONUNCIATION PUZZLE 74 PUBLISHERS' NOTICE 3 TEST FOR PRONUNCIATION OF LONG U 62 VISIBLE SPEECH SYMBOLS 80 CONSONANT DIAGRAM 94 CONSONANT SYMBOLS 95 CONSONANT SYMBOLS EXPLAINED 96 VOWEL DIAGRAM 86 VOWEL SYMBOLS 87 VOWEL SYMBOLS EXPLAINED 88 VOWELS 58 VOWELS, DIPHTHONGAL- VOWELS, CONSONANTS, ETC. . 58 WORDS USUALLY MISPRONOUNCED 101 OUR DICTIONARIES. A CRITICAL SURVEY THEREOF. AN EARNEST APPEAL FOR THE REMOVAL OP ERRONEOUS AND SUPERFLUOUS MATERIAL FOR THAT OF A MORE PRAC- TICAL NATURE. We have two acknowledged authorities, Worces- ter and Webster. Worcester has a firm hold in the East, and is the authority in Canada. Webster has the field in the West, especially among the masses; yet on the table of nearly every scholar, and in our most progressive schools, will be found a Worcester. Each party advocates his cause with arguments that are strong and in a measure justifiable. It is not our intention in this critique to state our pref- erence, but to point out errors that exist in both. By referring to either unabridged dictionary, you will find nine pages of solid matter, beginning with the vowel table and extending through conso- nants, diphthongs, triphthongs, digraphs, etc., which are intended as a key of information for the student, or for even the casual observer, that he may get a deeper insight to that valuable and indispensable work. It is upon this portion of 9 10 WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. the Unabridged that we make our main point of attack. While the remarks in reference to the one authority will be more or less applicable to the other, as both quote largely from the same authors and orthoepists, we prefer the reader to go with us through the tables and notes of "Worcester's. Improvements have been made from time to time by the addition of words of more modern usage, and the changes of pronunciation to conform to said usage, yet very little change has been made in the tables that are intended to be "A key to pronunciation" Ever since the first American dictionaries were published, we find, with very little exception, the same old stereotyped tables staring us in the face, with the same arbitrary and meaningless diacrit- ical marks. We do not deem, it necessary to change those marks, though we do think it advis- able. It is our purpose to show how improve- ments can be made in this as well as in other directions, and why they should be made. We have devoted nine years of the most ardu- ous study and toil in the accomplishment of this object, and have completed a comprehensive and practical set of tables and rules, the whole of which would occupy but five pages in place of the nine now in use. The body of the dictionary, in order to apply this system, needs to undergo no change. We merely wish to furnish it with a OUR DICTIONARIES. 11 new dress; a plain, simple, neat, every-day dress, suitable alike for the home, the office, the shop, the street, and last but not least, the school-room. It is an old but trite saying that " whatever does not add to the effect will detract therefrom." This is especially apropos to the many pages of the Unabridged to which we refer. The dictionary, especially Worcester's, honors the opinions of the various orthoepists where the definitions are given ; hence we do not deem it either necessary or advis- able to use valuable space for rules that rule not, and explanations that explain not. It is for this reason that we would suggest the remoyal of all superfluous notes found in both dictionaries, and place in their stead such matter as will aid in defining and pronouncing, thus preserving in its full sense a purely " pronouncing dictionary." Our years of labor have been in this direction, and the results are such that we would occupy no space but that devoted to practical purposes, and of such a nature as would be of inestimable value to those desiring correctness and fluency of ex- pression. Now for the attack. Open your favorite dictionary at the vowel table. What meets the eye ? That which has met it for many a year, viz.: a table of many little marks called, "A Key to Pronunciation," but which falls far short of the purpose designed by the author. It is more of a combination lock, without the key to the combination. The table is 12 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. imperfect and incomplete, as we will readily prove to the satisfaction of any student who will have the patience to go with us as we retrace our steps after these many years of labor. In the Worcester vowel table, the vowels are represented in no less than thirty-two forms, each with its mark of notation. In the Webster vowel table we find but thirty-one of these forms. This difference in number may be accounted for by referring to our table of comparison between Worcester and Webster notation. The entire phonetic system rests- upon a wrong basis. We should not expect a solid structure on a weak foundation. Phonetic means sound ; yet we find acknowledged authorities dealing almost wholly with the name of the letter instead of its sound. Herein lies the main difficulty. In order to learn the system as it now presents itself, we must, in the one case, become familiar with thirty-two representations, and in the other, thirty- one. This might be well enough if, by this num- ber, all the vowels could be marked according to their respective sounds. But, alas! Avith the entire list of the two dictionaries combined, we are unable to find representatives for vowels occurring in some of the simplest words in our language. What is the result ? The words must be respelled in order to receive their proper mark of notation. When this is done for a pupil in school, as it needs must be, it not only places OUK DICTIONARIES. 13 before him, but forces upon him, the incorrect spelling. Take, for example, the following words : said, been, bury, busy, business, again, quay, and a host of others. There is no mark in either dictionary ^o designate these sounds as they appear in the word. What is wrong ? Must we have more marks, and thus increase the trouble ? No. There are already too many, and they need simplifying. But can we do with a less number and still represent every vowel sound ? Yes. The system which we advocate will mark any vowel sound in any word with less than one-half the number of characters now employed ; and with four additional characters will mark all the diphthongs and triphthongs so-called. In the system that we present * there is not a vowel sound in the English language including diphthongs and so-called triphthongs that can- not be correctly marked as to its phonetic value, without necessitating the respelling of the word. And this with only EIGHTEEN CHARACTERS. This statement is sufficient of itself to substantiate our assertion in the beginning, that the marks now used by both authorities are, in a measure, mean- ingless, arbitrary and many of them superfluous. *This system is based upon Prof. Alex. Melville Bell.'s "Visible Speech for Deaf -Mutes," and taught to us by Alex. Graham Bell. The foundation is the same but the structure differs materially. For this difference we have received the warmest praise of the inventor, and of his son, as a proof of which a set of charts were ordered by Alex. Graham Bell for his deaf-mute school in Washington, D. C. 14 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. On the bottom of every page of the unabridged dictionaries where the definitions are given, you will find a guide (? ?) to pronunciation, to save time by not obliging one to refer to the table or key in the front of the book. , Let us look at that guide. A child looks in the dictionary for the word merino. In Webster's he finds two dots over the i. In Worcester's he finds an inverted v (the caret). We will suppose that his teacher has informed him that when either of these characters appears over i it has the sound of long e. The child naturally concludes that the two dots or inverted v gives to the letter over which it is used, the sound of long e. Oh, no ! It depends. Depends on what ? On the letter it is over. Hence the conclusion to be drawn is, that the character, of itself, signifies nothing, but depends wholly upon the company it is in. Let us leave the pupil a moment to see wherein this new system of nota- tion differs from the one in present use. We have already demonstrated that no one character can be advantageously used to represent more than one sound. By this new system the pupil is taught that the character we use over i designates the sound to be that of long e. But it matters not over what letter it is placed, it is never anything else than long e in sound ; consequently the pupil learns that each character has its individual sound. In- OUR DICTIONARIES. 15 stead of being obliged to learn the significance of over thirty characters, he learns but eighteen, and he also learns that these eighteen are purely significant, and not one of them is duplicated, and none of them are meaningless, but each arranged and classified according to the position of the tongue when forming each vowel. We spoke of the guide at the bottom of the page. Let us ex- amine it. The discouraged child not being pos- itive of the sound of * in merino, and not being able to retain nor apply the teacher's instruction in reference thereto, refers, as a last resort, to the aforesaid guide. If he is using "Worcester's, he is greatly encouraged on learning that * in merino is the same as * in mien. If he is referring to Webster's, his encouragement is almost as great, though he does not become enthusiastic over the fact, when informed that i in merino is the same as i in pique. How much enlightenment is this for the searcher after knowledge ? What a blind guide to the child ! One can scarcely find two more difficult words to serve as a key to pronunci- ation. It is true, the pupil could refer back to the table and find the needed information, but the object of the space used is to avoid this trouble, and these key-words are intended for ready refer- ence. The number of marks used, and the impractica- bility of those marks, will convince any student that there is something wrong. "Simplicity is 16 WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. the basis of all excellence." Let us have as few marks and as few rules as possible, but have them practical. They will be the longer remembered and the sooner applied. We will venture the assertion that not more than one person in ten thousand in daily use of the dictionary, ever struggled through the rules, exceptions, diphthongs, triphthongs, digraphs, tri- graphs, terminations, etc., that occur therein ; and even that one unless making a specialty of his work had only his labor for his pains, and ceased his searching more bewildered than ever. The fact is, that with the rules, or notes, as with the marks, there are too many, for practical purposes. Boil them doAvn and let us have what may be applied to every-day use, and in such a form that we can have them at our tongue's end. Knowledge amounts to but little if stored away in a book or even in our brain, if we can make no application of it, as its value depends upon its destination and utility. The vowel table, as it now presents itself, is imperfect and impracticable. In order not to dispense with the system now in use, however much we may think it advisable, our system of notation will be found to serve as a key to simplify the present complicated form, and thus put it in a practical shape, that the child of six may readily perceive and comprehend it. Before leaving the vowel table, however, we desire to pause long enough to point out a serious OUR DICTIONARIES. 17 error occurring in Worcester's, viz.: it teaches that the diphthong ow or ou has the same initial sound as the diphthong oy or oi. It is simply impossible to retain the position of the organs in the initial part of one diphthong and correctly give the other. The initial sound of ow, as in now, is Italian a. The initial sound of oy, as in boy, is broad a. It is hard to understand how such an egregious error has been allowed, so many years, to pass uncorrected. Let us now examine the consonant table. A mere glance will be sufficient to prove its inaccu- racy and its inefficiency. Under the vowel table we find all the vowels in the language. Should we not find all the consonants under their head, instead of being obliged to look in the notes for them? Neither dictionary gives them, but both make the mistake of giving only those consonants that require a mark, while in Worcester's we find some thirteen terminations that have strayed in under this heading. These terminations are com- posed as largely of vowels as consonants, yet they receive no mark to distinguish them. Suppose you send two pupils to the dictionary with a request that one of them copy all the vowels given in the vowel table, the other copy all the conso- nants given in the consonant table. The former will have a correct list, the latter a very incorrect one. The latest edition of Webster's presents a 2 18 more perfect consonant table than Worcester, though both are very faulty indeed. We have said that neither authority gives us all the consonants under their respective heads. In Worcester there is an omission of the following : P, T. K, B, D, J, V, F, R, L, M, N, Ng.W, Y, Z. These sixteen conso- nants would look much more at home under the consonant tabJe than the thirteen terminations. Out of the whole list given, the only consonants appearing are: C, Ch, G, X, S, Th, Wh, and Q. There should be one table giving a complete list of consonants, and another giving those having more than one sound and requiring a mark to dis- tinguish them. What information do we find con- cerning the consonants ? We are informed that " c is soft like s in acid and that s is soft like z in muse" How can a letter be soft like two distinct sounds ? We would suggest the omission of the terms " hard " and " soft " as also the terms " aspi- rate " and " sub- vocal." The use of hard and soft, in connection with sound, is arbitrary, and tends only to confuse ; for what to the French ear may be soft, to the German ear may be hard. The defi- nition given for " aspirate " is " rough breathing." This is not very definite. JP, t and k are generally taught as aspirates, the term being generally under- stood to mean merely breath or whisper. The dic- tionary teaches us that "t aspirated is sh." The term seems to signify most anything. As for sub- vocal, we understand it to mean under-voice, OUR DICTIONARIES. 19 though no such word appears in either Unabridged. We would suggest that all consonants be termed vocal and non-vocal, i. e. simply voice or no voice. We wish to say a word more in reference to the terminations used by Worcester, Inasmuch as they do not receive any diacritical mark, why place them under the ''key to the sounds of the marked letters V If marked there would be no need of the respelling that we find in parenthesis following all such words as partial, social, etc. If termina- tions such &sgeous in gorgeous, tialm partial, and tion in portion, are consonants, then terminations such as teous in righteous, dial in cordial, dious in tedious, are consonants. It is plainly visible that they are composed as much of vowels as conso- nants, and should appear under no head unless that of terminations" and if these are to be given, where will be the limit? These endings are so numerous and so complicated that we do not object to the respelling, but can perceive no benefit being derived by placing them under consonants, and thus crowding out genuine consonants. We also learn that "qu (unmarked) is kw ;" if wmnarked, why place them under the " key to the sounds of the marked letters ? " The same may be said of wh, and ph. None of these are marked. If "wli (unmarked) has the sound of hw" why respell the word whistle, and similar ones? If il -wh (un- marked) has the sound of hw" why not mark it when it has only the sound of h, as in the word 20 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. who, and many similar words? If these were marked, no respelling would be necessary ; if un- marked, they should not appear in the table of marked consonants. We are told that "ph (un- marked) is/"," yet we find that ph, in the word diphthong, by Worcester, is not/" but p; and by Webster, it is either for p. In the word nephew, we are informed by both authorities that it is either / or v, but in the word Stephen it is only v. As these elements qu and ph now appear under the " key to the sounds of the marked letters," they furnish no key whatever. Of course we under- stand that the word " unmarked," as it is used in the consonant table after ph, wh, etc., is intended to convey to us the idea that, throughout the Una- bridged, the words containing these elements are not marked. But this is not the general under- standing of the term ; hence many are misled. It is surprising how many people do not know how to pronounce a word even when consulting the dictionary. Not long since we knew quite an eminent gentleman, a scholar, who tried to con- vince us that, according to the dictionary, it is as correct to say <%?theria as it is to say difthenn, as the word is neither marked nor respelled. Our answer was ph (unmarked) is f; if it is anything else it is respelled ; for example, take the word diphthong. We take exceptions to the state- ment that "qu is lew, and wh is hw" but we will explain more fully under these special head- OUK DICTIONARIES. 21 ings in the notes. Every consonant in the language has its duplicate, while to three of the consonants we find triplicates. This is a fact never before stated in print outside of the " Visible Speech" system as taught to deaf-mutes. By this statement we mean that every breath consonant has its correspondence in voice, and to three of these breath consonants (having their represent- ative voice elements) there is added a nasal element. This is fully illustrated in our table of consonants. We have, then, twenty-five consonants, there be- ing none other but that are combinations formed from some of these. Hence we draw the follow- ing inference : If from three positions nine con- sonants may be formed, and from eight positions sixteen consonants may be formed, the whole number of twenty-five consonants may be given from eleven positions. All the consonants are formed at four distinct points, viz.: lips, point of tongue, center of tongue, and back of tongue. The question may be asked as to what improve- ment would we suggest in regard to the present vowel and consonant table. We have endeavored to show that the present vowel table deals with entirely too many dia- critical marks, besides being otherwise very faulty; and the present consonant table is not purely a consonant table. In our system of notation we have given under the vowel table the eighteen vowel sounds and their eighteen characters to 22 WAKMAN 1 S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. represent them. In connection with this table we give explicit instruction how to make each vowel, i. e. its location, the position of the organs, its exact phonetic value, and a monosyllabic key word as a standard representative sound. All this, the table and the instruction, need occupy but one page of the Unabridged. Under the con- sonant table we place our twenty -five consonants and follow this with all the instruction necessary in teaching the same. This would also occupy but one page of the Unabridged. Under the con- sonant table proper we would give all the conso- nants, but would give no mark of notation. We give a separate table which we designate marked consonants and their respective sounds; i. 0. a table showing consonants of one form but two or more sounds, that require marks necessary to distinguish those sounds. On another page ive would give what we term a comparative table, presenting the present system of notation with its thirty odd characters, and directly opposite, on the same page, give our eighteen characters, showing, there- by, wherein the marks now in use are erroneous or superfluous. This would enable us to retain, if necessary, the present system of notation in the dictionary, readers and spellers, but furnishes through the medium of these eighteen characters a stepping-stone, as it were, to a more thorough knowledge and practical application of the present notation. OTTK DICTIONARIES. 23 There is not a child of ordinary intelligence who cannot learn this new vowel and consonant table, marked consonants, and all the diacritical marks, during his first term in school. Can this be said of the present system, or of any system yet introduced ? Time and again we have proven that in many of the leading schools of our leading cities, from first to eighth grades inclusive, there is not a child who can give the exact phonetic value of every vowel sound, when presented in its isolated form. We have practically tested our system by teaching every vowel sound and its accompanying diacritical mark on lime, and have never failed to do so inside of tliirty-jive minutes, thus accomplishing what the teachers had failed to do in eight years. "We challenge the world to produce a system so simple, so labor-saving and so efficacious.* This system is not alone for beginners, but is made with especial view of being used in every grade, even for high-schools and colleges. "VVe have stepped aside a moment from our critical survey for the purpose of comparing the systems and showing the suggested improvements. * We have arranged a set of school charts giving this system, and the entire plan is so simple in its structure that the child's first day in school can be made pleasant, entertaining, practical and profit- able, and will have a tendency to create a spirit of rivalry among the little ones that will prove highly beneficial to both mental and bodily vigor, especially increasing the activity and usefulness of the organs of observation and causality. To the teacher this work needs be a task no longer, but a pleasure. 24 WARMAJST'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Having carefully examined and commented upon the present vowel and consonant table, we will now take a hasty glance at the one hundred and four notes as found in "Worcester's the same errors pretty generally occurring in "Webster's, though not wholly so in the same form. We have carefully, critically and without prejudice conned every note occupying pages eleven to nine- teen inclusive, and find very few indeed that it is necessary or advisable to retain. In our dissection of this entire number we find but few that do not possess some objectionable feature. To answer all practical purposes we will dwell chiefly upon those deserving special criticism. Begin- ning with "Kemarks on the Key," we pause a moment at note one to say that the words in the Key do not "exhibit accurately the respective sounds of the different letters." The e in the words brier, fuel, college, and celery are given as exhibiting the same sound of e in each, i. e. " slight or obscured." " "When pronounced by correct speakers " there will be heard three distinct sounds of e in the ex- amples given. 'Tis true, they are all obscure, but only so in a degree, as they are different elements obscured. The same criticism applies to the "obscure" y as given in the examples truly, envy and martyr. In note two we learn that " when the marks of pronunciation are affixed to words in their proper OUR DICTIONARIES. 25 orthography, without respelling them, the vowels which are not marked are silent." "We then are given such exceptions as ocean, nation, etc. Is not e in ocean and i in nation just as silent as i in heifer or o in famous ? In note three we take exceptions to the state- ment that " the present system is better than one where numbers are used." Possibly better than the system where numbers were used, as said sys- tem was imperfect. Numbers representing but one sound are more easily remembered than meaningless marks intended to represent many sounds. In the same note we read of " space being saved by not respelling words when properly marked." Then why not save the space and omit the respelling of many hundred words that occur throughout the dictionary, such as disease, disoblige, flaccid, etc., etc.? If they are " properly marked " the respell- ing is unnecessary, or if they arerespelled the note is superfluous. In note four, in reference to the " unaccented vowels only having a dot placed beneath them," we think instead of its being an " advantage " it is often the cause of much slovenly pronunciation. The word given as an example in the note is indivisibility. To pronounce this according to the general understanding of the dot placed beneath the unaccented syllables, would at once jar upon any sensitive ear. We would give as a rule for the pronunciation of every Avord, that every 26 WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. vowel should have its distinct mark, but place the stress or accent only upon the syllable or syllables bearing the mark of accentuation. If in the following, and all similar words, indivisibility, atonement, peril, darkness, vowel, etc.,\fG would give to every element its due quantity and quality, we would secure a clear, clean, neat and distinct pro- nunciation, in marked contrast with the one gen- erally heard. Note seven informs us, in substance, that "the long vowel sound is generally indicated in such and such words, except quite a number that have other sounds." This is not definite. In the same note we read that " the vowels have regularly the long sound if final in an accented syllable." This is given us as a positive rule, yet the dictionary informs us that " the word legend has either the long or the short sound of e." Of what use the rule? Many of the notes, like this note seven, are entirely useless. When pupils are old enough to use the dictionary, they are credited with being possessed of some degree of common sense ; hence are old enough to know how to pronounce such words as mete, mate, met, mat, etc. ; and even did they not, the so-called rules as found in notes seven and eight would be no guide to them. Kules and their exceptions are intended as guides, yet are not needed in the face of self-evident facts. We have carefully selected and placed elsewhere the rules of special value. Note nine is very long, but gives us no practical OUR DICTIONARIES. 27 information concerning the short vowels. Very much has been said in this note and elsewhere concerning the effect of r upon the vowels. We suggest the following simple rule, which will serve every practical purpose : The r immediately following and in the same syllable with the vowel (as in the word carving) becomes a glide r, i. e. merely glides toward the position of, but does not complete, the r. The effect produced upon the preceding vowel is to prolong it. The distinction spoken of in the note is simply that, prolongation of the vowel, but in no case does it affect its location, i. e. changing it to another vowel. Every letter immediately following a short vowel will, in a greater or less degree, modify the vowel sound. Note ten is as useless as it is long. "We have already dwelt at sufficient length with regard to the dot underneath the unaccented syllables, but will stop long enough with this note to prove our assertion of the utter impossibility of making a practical application of the rule. "What light is to be gained from such instruction as this : " The dot underneath the vowels in some cases calls for a slight stress of the voice, in the majority of cases an indistinct short sound, while in many cases it is a slight or unaccented short sound." Thus this apparently insignificant dot has as many as three sounds, but the note merely acquaints us with the fact, but gives no rule as a guide. 28 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. We also read in the same note that " the vowel u in some words marked with a dot underneath is pronounced like yu, slightly articulated." When and how are we to make the distinction ? When the u is marked merely obscure, by what means are we to ascertain whether it is long u ob- scured, or the u as heard in rule f Take, for in- stance, the word sinew. We are shown in the vowel table that ew, when marked, is equivalent to the long u, and at the same time furnishes us a mark for both, " to save space in respelling words that are properly marked. 1 ' This quotation is from note three, which same they again fail to apply. Where is the advantage to be gained by not marking the unaccented syllable, as stated in note four ? The word sinew, was really in better shape -unmarked than in its present form, whereas, if the dash were placed over the w, as the vowel table indicates, no one would be at a loss to pro- nounce it. The respelling of the word, as it is in the dictionary, sinnu, and placing the dot under the u, leads to confusion, for there is now nothing definite as to whether it is long u obscured, or the u as in rule. It is for this reason we hear the two pronunciations sinyu, and sinnoo ; the mark- ing is so indefinite as to sanction either. The same remarks are apropos to the word deputy. Usage gives us two pronunciations, dep-u-ty and dep-u-ty, one of which is heard as much as the other. The dictionary leaves us entirely in the OUK DICTIONARIES. 29 dark as to which is correct, for again there is nothing to designate which sound of u is ob- scured. In the same note much is said of a, unaccented, and added to this a long note from the eminent orthoepists, Walker and Smart ; yet even from them nothing positive is to be gleaned. It has always been our custom in teaching, to apply the simple rule previously stated in refer- ence to every vowel having its due quantity and quality, and each its distinct mark, but not to be given with such stress as to detract from the accented vowel. This rule applies not only to a, but to all vowels. The words element and Amer- ican furnish good illustrations. By applying this method we meet with no exceptions in pronuncia- tion, secure neatness Avithout pedantry, and such a clearness that puts beauty in the utterance of any and every word in the language. We have watched its practical application with most gratifying re- sults wherever it has been our pleasure to teach it. In note eleven, " a before r" there has been much endeavor to throw light upon this misunderstood vowel. WJiy misunderstood? Because, as we said at the very outset, these rules are dealing with the name of the letter instead of its sound. Go to any teachers' institute in this country where are gathered those who should be positive of all the vowel sounds, and we venture the assertion that those whose minds are fully at rest on this 30 WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL OBTHOEPY, one, are not so numerous but they may be fully represented by the fingers of one hand. The note informs us that " it is the long sound of a qualified." Here is the stumbling-block. "With as much or more truth and consistency, might we say that i in police is the long sound of i qualified. If we could put this in mathematical form, by saying that the long sound of i is to the i in police what the long sound of a is to the a in care, we could better illustrate the error, as the value is in this proportion. The fact is, we should recognize in a word a particular vowel sound, irrespective of the name. In the word care, we see the a, but we hear no sound, nor qualification, nor modification of that letter. In the word there, we see the e, and we hear the sound of e. In all these words, care, there, fair, fare, ere, air, etc., the vowel sound is exactly the same, but in no case does it bear the slightest relation to long a; not even to any sound of a. The vowel sound in all these words is short e, and in every case it is followed by the glide r, which gives to it the peculiarity spoken of by Smart ; as the effect of the r is such as to blend itself with the vowel, thus producing the apparent prolongation. The distinction spoken of in the note, between the vowel heard in prayer and preyer, is so evident as to admit of no argument ; for no one would think of giving them the same sound. It will be observed that the change is one of sound as well as of sight; it is not simply DUE DICTIONARIES. 31 " long a, qualified," or the difference would not exist. The a takes the sound of short e, followed by voice and glide r, while the e takes the sound of long a. Again we sa}^ deal with the sound, not with the name, and the smallest child will not be confused. Some time since the publishers of Webster's issued a little circular devoted wholly to diacritical marking, which same received free distribution at various county and state institutes. One of these was handed to us by a superintendent of schools, who commented upon it as follows : " Here is the very latest thing on diacritical marking. I at first hailed it with delight, feeling assured that so late a work would furnish the much-needed informa- tion. After many hours of study I am more be- wildered than ever, and would have been much more satisfied had I never seen it. Why cannot this diacritical marking be more simplified instead of making it more complicated?" This superin- tendent but spoke the minds of tens of thousands who are battling with these arbitrary marks. We surely should expect to find some light in such a late effort, but we will leave the reader to be the judge. We will quote but one remark, which will serve to show the progress made in this direction, and which is pat to the subject we were just touching upon, i. e. " the long sound of a, quali- fied." The quotation is as follows : " Not wishing to 32 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. add to the number of diacritical marks already given, the a, as heard in any, so seldom occurs that we will not give it any special mark." "So seldom occurs," do they say. How brill- iant! Again and again, in our language; yes, right here in the words we have just used (again and again) we have this .letter by name in the same form in which it presents itself in the word any, but by sound it is merely short e. Any one will readily see the difficulty in trying to give a mark to every element as it appears to the eye, instead of as it appears to the ear. If, as by our system, the dictionary had a character for the sound of short e, that always represented that sound and that sound only, the difficulty would at once be removed. We place our character over a in any, the second am again, and over any vowel, or so-called diphthong,having the sound of short e, so that the pupil, or teacher, or student, would readily distinguish it and would never mistake it, inasmuch as the one character represents but one sound. "Tis true both dictionaries have a mark of notation for short e. When the letter itself ap- pears, but neither of them have a mark when its sound appears in any other form. Again we say, go back to the first principle established by us, deal only with the sound of the letter, leaving the name to care for itself. When the teachers read that little circular of which we spoke, how their hearts must have rejoiced to find that troublesome OUR DICTIONARIES. oo element left out in the cold with no mark to dis- tinguish it, not even the mark of favor. With the table as we have arranged in our system of nota- tion, every vowel sound is so plainly given, and its phonetic value so visible in each word, that any child of ordinary intelligence can see and readily comprehend the same. We will cite a practical illustration of the superiority of this system we present, over that of any other now in use. Some years ago, ere we had perfected it, we were very desirous of testing its merits, even in its crude state ; consequently we labored one w r hole scholas- tic year, confining ourselves to the first, second, third and fourth grades of some twenty -eight city schools. Owing to the number of schools, and the territory to cover, our visits occurred in each room only once in twelve days, and the length of each visit only twenty minutes. In the lowest grade of one of these schools where were gathered the children for their initia- tory work, we furnished the teacher with a home- made chart of our vowel and consonant table, which was placed in a conspicuous position in the school-room. The scholastic year began the first Monday in September. We made our usual visits every twelve days, and with the aid of the teacher in the meantime closely following our instruc- tions, the pupils made very rapid progress. Dur- ing the month of November, the city superin- tendent called at this school and in this room. 3 34 WARHAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. He printed on the board the word pentagonal, marking it with our notation, and syllabifying it, at the same time saying to the teacher, with the intention of having the little ones hear him, that in the course of two or three weeks he would call again to see if any of the children could pro- nounce that word, without giving them any direct aid upon it. He did not even have an opportunity to leave the room till one of the little ones raised his hand, saying, " I can speak it now" So he did, and that correctly. By the present system of notation in its present form, it were impossible to accomplish such results. Eight here allow us to say that we do not want the idea to go forth that our system of notation, if adopted, must needs supplant the other, but that through it the present system is quickly understood, readily ap- plied and easily retained ; besides, it is mastered in an almost incredible space of time. Our system serves as does the picture to the reading-lesson : it photographs it on the mind of the child, and forms a connecting link. With this somewhat of a digression we pass to note twelve, which is exceedingly long, yet we fail to see any use in its retention unless it be to show what various orthoepists say. "We do not think this necessary, especially in Worcester's, as all authorities are quoted therein where the definition of each word of disputed pronunciation is given ; besides, we are each of us governed in our choice OUK DICTIONARIES. 35 of pronunciation by our preference in authority, Worcester or Webster, and we seldom go back of these two authorities. Notes thirteen and four- teen are of no special value save the portion which \ve have gleaned concerning clerk and sergeant. JSoiQ fifteen, concerning such words as blessed, be- loved, etc., is sufficiently definite to be of value. Xote sixteen merely states a fact, but gives no rule to guide us. Note seventeen concerning words derived from the French and the Latin is of suf- ficient value to be retained. ISTote nineteen is a repetition of many others, merely showing that orthoepists disagree, hence, of no value. In note twenty we again find controversy among acknowl- edged authorities. In such words as dilate, di- verge, divine, etc., we fail to see why the i should not have its proper sho'rt sound instead of hunting around after other vowels when the proper sound and the proper vowel is already given in the word. In note twenty-one we cannot for a mo- ment countenance the various opinions regarding the sounds of long o and short o. Why add to the difficulties with which we are contending, when palpable errors are allowed to pass unheeded and uncorrected \ In other words, why try to draw a distinction between the sound of o in coat and o in goat f If we acknowledge a difference in the vowel sound of these words, where will our language drift ? How will we ever effect a stand- ard? 36 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Notes twenty-two and twenty-three, like all other notes of the same character, should be more defi- nite to be of any value. Note twenty -four deals with the vowel u. The main part of this long note is devoted to opinions of orthoepists, without giving anything definite as a guide. "Walker states that " some critics claim that nature should be pronounced as if written nateyure" Herein we agree with said critic. But Walker further states that " this comes so near the one adopted by me, nachur, as scarcely to be distinguished from it." It seems to us that the ear must be sadly deficient that cannot readily distinguish be- tween nateyure and nachur. Smart dwells quite at length upon the sound of u, when preceded by I, and j, though we think him in error in not recognizing the correct sound and location of y, when thus blended with oo. He calls it "a slight semi-consonant sound between e and y." In our system of notation we have ar- ranged, what would occupy but two pages in the Unabridged, a set of tables whereby a complete mastery can be had in a very short time over any and all words in the English language containing long u. We will briefly state a portion of our work to show something of its nature. Every one will naturally give the correct sound of long u, when preceded by p as in pure, c as in cure, 5 as in bureau,/ as in fury, etc., but when preceded by d as in due, t as in tutor, I as in lunatic, n as in news, OUR DICTIONARIES. 37 s as in suit, and also as occurring in such words as educate, graduate, institute, situation, literature, congratulate, etc., we readily perceive a distinction in the sound of this vowel, as they are generally spoken. There is no distinction in the long u, when these words are correctly pronounced ; hence the distinction frequently and generally heard must be the error. Of what does this error con- sist ? First, let us ascertain of what long u con- sists, i. e. the u with the dash or macron over it, as marked by both "Worcester and Webster. Long u is always the combination of y and oo. Yes, always ; there not being a single exception in the language. There are several little works on orthoepy that cite the following as an exception : " "When long u is preceded by r, sh, or ch, it drops the initial sound y and becomes only oo." It is only long u that has the initial y, and as the u, when preceded by r, sh, or ch, is never long u, nor never marked as such, it has no initial y to drop ; hence is no exception. There is but one slight modification of the sound of long u, and that is so slight as to be scarcely discernible, except to a close student of phonetics; but inasmuch as it does occur we give a rule to cover it. When r, y, I, and w, immediately follow and are in the same syllable with a non-vocal consonant (p, t, Jc,f, s,} they become non-voiced, i. e. only breath elements. For example, take the word tune / we do not hear the initial y of the long u, as in due nevertheless 38 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOPY. the y is there and retains its position, but loses its voice, because it is preceded by the non-voiced consonant t, whereas in due, the y of the long u retains its voice because it is preceded by the voiced consonant d. Now for the error that ex- ists in words containing long u. "We will first en- deavor to prove that the fault does really exist, as " the recognition of a fault is half way toward cure." The error is the result of one of three causes depending on the situation of the u. The errors may be classified as follows : first, in wholly omit- ting the y in the long u, as in due, dupe, tune, tutor. These words are generally pronounced doo, doop, toon, footer, instead of dyoo, dyooj), tyoon, tyooter. Second, the error consists in sub- stituting ch for the initial y in the long u, as in situation, nature, statue, etc. These words are generally pronounced sit choo ation, nacher, slat- choo, instead of sit yoo ation, nat yure, stat yoo. Third, the error is caused by substituting^' for the initial y in the long u, as in educate, individual, graduate, thus causing them to be pronounced ed joo cate, individ joo al, grad joo ate, instead of ed yoo cate, individ yoo all, grad yoo ate. Then we have the errors summed up as follows: 1st, the omission of the y. 2d, substituting ch for y. 3d, substituting^' for y. We should speak such words as educate and situation as we would, or rather as we should, the OCR DICTIONARIES. 39 sentences would you do it, and sit you there. There need be no affectation or pedantry in the utterance of these words. Compare, then mark the contrast in the correct and incorrect expres- sion of the following sentence : DlD YOU GET YOUR CENTURY I SENT YOU ? Not once in ten thousand times is this sentence cor- rectly spoken, even by scholars, " the literary and well-bred men" who aim to give us the standard of pronunciation. What do we hear ? DlD JOO GET CHOOR CENT CHOORY I SENT CHOO \ Our language is so Jewed and chewed that it ought to make us ashamed of the manner in which it is spoken. Get 'choor slate, fold joor arms, sit choo there, stand joo there, add joor figures, I will aidjoo. These are common faults heard in almost every school-room in our land to-day, and such is the conversation that passes current in our social life. In our work on the vowels we give a table or key of exercises for training the vocal organs with a special reference to the sound of long u. By the assiduous and judicious practice of these tables, the vocal organs will become as active, accurate, and pliable in the performance of their work as do the fingers of a skillful pianist in his. Before leaving this subject of the long u, we will speak of an error, and almost a decided vulgarism, in- dulged in by many of our " well-bred and literary men," and it arises somewhat from having been 40 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. taught by some orthoepists that y is equivalent to long e, having the same sound and made by the same organs. This is a gross error. These ele- ments, one a consonant and the other a vowel, are as distinctively different as any other two. Y takes the center of the tongue to the roof of the mouth, forming a complete arch ; while long e draws the front half of the tongue (midway be- tween the point and the center) up and forward. Through such teaching as aforesaid, we hear the affected pronunciation of deoo for due, teoon for tune. This also tends to such pronunciation as ske i, for sky, and ge ide, for guide. Note twenty-five, the last of the notes on the vowels, is of no value. The next in order that presents itself is that of the " SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS." This subject, occupying two whole pages in the Unabridged, will require but little time and space for the disposition thereof. There are thirty of these combinations given, yet we will make the nssertion that only two of the thirty, rightfully belong to this classification ; while there are two that should appear, but do not. If we are to be governed by letters that meet the eye as they are grouped together, it were indeed a vain endeavor to formulate rules, or find marks for their proper significance. The dictionary informs us that "a OUK DICTIONARIES. 41 diphthong is the union r of two vowels pronounced by a single impulse of the voice." We also learn from the same source that " a triphthong is the union of three vowels pronounced by a single impulse of the voice." The union as here given is only inform, not in sound. When we hear the union of two sounds, then, and then only, is it a diphthong. Such a thing as a triphthong does not in reality exist. There is not a word in the Eng- lish language containing a triphthong, i. e. " the coalition of three vowels in one sound." The words buoy, beauty, meiv, etc., are cited as exam- ples, but they fail to " coalite " in one sound. In the word buoy the u becomes a consonant w, or is wholly dropped, and the digh thong oy, remains. In beauty, the e and the a do not coalesce with the u, but remain silent, leaving the sound of long u. In view the i is silent, leaving ew, the equivalent of long u. The only two proper diphthongs given in the dictionary ("union of two sounds") are ow or ou, and oi or oy. The two omitted are long i, and long u. Long i and long u are pure diph- thongs, for they are each the coalescence by sound of two other sounds, just as distinctly as ou and oi. They are erroneously classed with long a, and long o. These last named vowels cannot be said to combine two other sounds to form the one, for the name of each is the initial part of each. But in case of long i and long u an entirely differ- ent element is required for the initial sound of 42 . WARM AN" S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. each. These are fully explained in our vowel tables. "We are told that " a proper diphthong is one in which both vowels are sounded." Then the four quoted above are the only ones in the language which may be termed proper diphthongs. Yet we are informed that "ea in ocean, io in notion" and many similar ones are " proper diphthongs," i. e. in which " both vowels are sounded." Who can catch the sound of the two vowels in either of these ? It is also stated that " an improper diphthong has only one of the vowels sounded." Hence no diphthong at all, but a digraph, i. e. twice written, instead of twice sounded. Admitting that the definition of proper and improper diph- thongs is correct, out of the entire thirty there are twenty-eight of them improper. Herein we agree ; improper indeed. Think of calling ay in pay, aw in paw, ai in pain, eo in leopard, etc., diphthongs. In the words just quoted, and hundreds of similar words, there is not one but that contains a vowel which, with its proper mark of notation, would give us the correct sound for pronunciation, and also save respelling. The letter having no sound should have no attention. In the word pay, the a is long and the y is silent. In the word paw, the a is broad and the w is silent. In the word leopard, the e is short and the o is silent. These letters that are silent because they are in company with another vowel need not be affected by them, OUR DICTIONARIES. 43 but should be treated the same as silent e in hea- ven, listen, etc. If such combinations as we have named are called diphthongs and triphthongs, why not conjure up some name and occupy several pages for words ending in en, ine, ique, etc.? In order to have the name consistent with the present complicated, voluminous, meaningless and arbitrary terms now in use, we would kindly and gratuitously suggest the name semi-diphthongal consonantal vowel terminations. We think the name would cover the point at least a good por- tion of the page. One word more before leaving the diphthongs. We are informed that " the proper diphthong ea, as heard in ocean, seldom occurs." Bear in mind that a "proper diphthong is one having both vowels sounded." We pause a moment for the reader to get his breath. In another place we learn that " cean as heard in ocean, is a termination having the sound of shun" Here we have the same sound in the same word, represented first as " a diphthong," then that it " seldom occurs," then as " a termination." Out of all the notes under the heading we have just considered, which same embraces notes twenty-six to fifty -nine inclusive, we find but part of one note (fifty-eight, concern- ing words ending in ague) that is of any value whatsoever. Our weary steps at last bring us to two and a 44 WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL OETHOEPY. half pages more of almost useless and in a great degree erroneous matter, viz.: " CONSONANTS." "We are informed that " these are divided into mutes and semi-vowels." Mute signifies no voice. How then can >, d and g be mutes? Semi- vowels signify half-vowels. A consonant cannot c-f itself be any part of a vowel except as you name it. Here again is the error of dealing with the name of the letter instead of the sound. The note further states that "a mute cannot be sounded without the aid of a vowel." Then why call them mutes ? Why not call them semi-vowels also f The fact is that neither a so-called mute, nor a so-called semi-vowel, depends in the least upon a vowel for its utterance. "We admit this is a strong contradiction, but is self-supporting. They may depend upon a vowel for their name, but never for their sound. It is also stated that " the semi-vowels have an imperfect sound of themselves." Again we are forced to contradict. The only perfect sound they have can be readily given in every case without the aid of any other element. They need another element only when naming them. Another error is in quoting j as a dental ele- ment, and at the same time classing it and other dentals with palatals. No element can be prop- erly produced at the teeth at one time, and at the palate at another. J has but one sound. It is equivalent to what is called soft g, as in the word OUR DICTIONARIES. 4:5 George, and in the word judge. Its component parts are dsh, and the sound is produced by the point of the tongue coming in contact with the upper gum and so closely approximating the teeth as to properly bear the name of dental ; hence it is impossible for it to be a palatal. In this same note we find some of the same elements ap- pearing under palatals and gutturals. Again we say, impossible to correctly classify these in this manner. We are next introduced to the term digraph. "A digraph is the union of two con- sonants or two vowels, representing a single sound of the voice." One of the examples given is gh, in ghost. There is no union, except as in the vowels given as diphthongs, i. e. a union of letters, but not of sound. Digraph signifies two written ; tri- graph signifies three written. But this has refer- ence only to sight, not sound. If we call gh a digraph, why not call gld, in right, a trigraph ? It is the union of three consonants, and only one has sound, and is just as consistent as calling the union of three vowels a triphthong. We are also informed that in some cases these letters are silent, in others they are not, yet we are given no rule as a guide. How can gh be called a digraph when we are told that " a digraph is the union of two letters, one having sound," when in many cases the g and the h are both silent f " At the end of words both letters are commonly silent." This quotation is from note seventy-six. The 46 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. exceptions given completely destroy the value of the rule. Why not throw away all useless diph- thongs, triphthongs, digraphs, trigraphs, tetra- graphs, etc., and deal with facts, with sound, and let the silent letters rest in silence, and thus dispense with many pages of unnecessary and unsatisfac- tory talks about nothing ? Anything that can be definitely given as a rule for pronunciation, with- out endless exceptions, may be of some value. Note sixty-eight may be of some importance, as there are but three exceptions given in it. The latter part of the note is especially valuable. The latter part of note seventy may be of some advantage when taken in connection with note fifteen. Part of note seventy-two, giving but one exception, is worthy of retention. The latter part of note seventy-eight may also be of some service. In note eighty-two we find much controversy over the consonant n. It states that "n has two sounds: one simple and pure, the other compound, i. e. n as in not, and its nasal sound as heard in king" This implies that one is nasal, the other is not. Both are nasal ele- ments. Any element is nasal whose entire cur- rent of air naturally passes through the nostrils. There are only three, viz. m, n and ng, and one of these is as purely nasal as is the other. Any ele- ment may be made nasal by simply dropping the soft palate and allowing it to pass through the nos- trils. N and ng are widely different sounds. N is made with the point of the tongue coining in con- OUR DICTIONARIES. 47 tact with the upper gum, the current of air passing through the nostrils. Ng is made with the back of the tongue coming in contact with the soft palate, the current of air passing through the nos- trils. It should be observed that the n, as heard in ng, bears not the slightest relation to the n proper, but that ng is a peculiar combination of its own, and not compounded of n and g, as made with the back of the tongue. There is just the same difference between n in no and ng in sing, as there is between d in do and g in dog. In the same note concerning n we find " a list of words in which n has its mixed or ringing sound." This list is only partial, consequently of little value ; besides, one will naturally expect to find the cor- rect sound where each word appears in its proper place in the dictionary. We give a practical rule* wherein n loses its individual sound and becomes ng, as in uncle, banquet, tranquil, conquest, etc., etc. Under this note of n we also read that " it may be hardly necessary to respell most of the words of this class, tank, thank, etc., in order to give their pronunciations, as in their common orthography they are naturally pronounced correctly," etc. This is the most sensible note of all. "Why not, with the same good judgment, assume that those who use the dictionary will use their mental fac- ulties in such a way as to render all such notes superfluous? The words just quoted, in refer- * See " angular " in list of words. 4:8 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. ence to which this note speaks, are all included in the rule we have given concerning the sound of n becoming i\g. We are now brought to confront another digraph, qu. There is not a word in the English language where q and n are so associated as to be grouped and coupled under one term, any more than any other two letters, where the one immediately follows the other. If qu in queen is a digraph, then gu in guelfph is a digraph, and so on with an endless list of combinations. The u is no more united to q than to any other element that precedes it. What is the relation existing between q and u in the word mosque f The note informs us that " qu is kw" In the word mosque the u does not become w. Again we formulate a practical rule, which commends itself. If the q is separated from the u in pronunciation, as in the word liquidate, the q becomes k, and the u becomes w, but bearing no relation whatever to each other. If the q is not separated from the u in pronunciation, as in queen, the q becomes k, and the u becomes the breath of w (wh), i. e. having no voice. This last example comes under our rule heretofore stated, viz.: when r, y, I and w immediately follow and are in the same syllable with a non-vocal consonant (p, t, Tc, f and s), they become non-voiced. One more illustration of the q and u : In the word antique, the u has no more relation to the q than has the e- the u is silent, and OUR DICTIONARIES. 49 again the q becomes Ic. We have cited the only three forms in which the q and the u appear to- gether, hence out of the foregoing illustra- tions we formulate the foil owing, viz. : q is always k, by sound, while the u becomes w, or breath of w, or silent. This rule admits of no exception. The word in which the qu occurs will plainly indicate to which class it belongs. Our attention is called a moment to note eighty-seven, concerning r, though we have previously spoken of it in its connection with the vowels. "Walker is good enough as far as he goes, but does not go far enough in merely designating it as " rough and smooth rT We think it better to make more of a distinction, or, at least, be more explicit in the distinction. What Walker terms as " rough r " is the full consonant r, and will be found only at the beginning of a word or syllable. The " smooth r " is a glide r, i.e. gliding toward but not completing the sound of r. The word roar furnishes us an example of both. It begins with the full consonant r, or " rough r" and ends with the glide r, or " smooth r" Smart aims at the key-note but does not strike it fairly when he states that " r is a consonant when, if it should be so circumstanced, that, ending one syllable it also begins the next, as in arid, tarry" etc. In the examples given the r does not end the first syllable; the vowel ends it, and consonant r begins the next. We suggest another of our rules to 4 50 WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. meet this case. When the vowel occurring in the first syllable is prolonged^ it is followed by a glide r, and the next syllable begins with a consonant // but if the vowel occurring in the first syllable is short, the glide r does not occur, as the vowel ends the syllable. This is well illustrated in the fol- lowing words, viz.: merry, marry, Mary. The first two are without the glide r, the last one receives it. After a long article on s (note ninety-one) and its various combinations, we read : " It is impossible to give rules which will enable one in all cases to determine how s is to be pronounced," etc. "We would stop right here and ask, why occupy so much space when nothing definite can be accom- plished ? In the word sugar the s takes the sound of sh, but there is no mark to indicate it, neither is there any required. It were, indeed, a useless and an endless task to give a distinct mark to every variety of sound into which the consonants are transformed. If we begin by say- ing that s has sometimes the sound of sh, as in sugar zh, as in measure/ sh as in passion j zh, as in vision, etc., etc., where and when will we cease ? Who would be likely to give these words any other sound ? There is, however, a part of the rule so definite concerning the sh and zh that we deem it worthy of retention. The next to which our attention is especially called is in note ninety-four concerning t. It states that " t is aspi- OUR DICTIONARIES. 51 rated," etc., *'. e. becomes sh. It were better to say that t becomes sh, and omit the term " aspi- rated," as the general acceptation of that term is merely breath, not a complete change of the con- sonant. The note in reference to th is wholly un- satisfactory as any guide to pronunciation. Wh has been previously spoken of as the breath of w, but not hw, i. e. h and w, as is often taught. There is a part of note one hundred and one, which may be utilized as a rule, yet the note is somewhat at fault concerning x. It is given as being ks and gz. We find many words in which x is only k. If x is Tcs in excel, what becomes of the cf If it were silent, it should be so marked. The fact is x is k and the c be- comes s. In the word extricate the x becomes ks, while in the word examine the x becomes gz. In glancing through the dictionaries, many words may be found where x is given as the sound of gz; but we find it to be g and z. We cannot see the consistency in dividing g and z in exist, and not in example. In short we cannot see how a letter can be correctly given as a combination of two sounds, and then have those sounds divided. Instead of adding to the notes that " x has also the sound of Jcsh" why not say that x is ks, ancU 1 , and gz, as the case may be, and have the sh placed where it belongs, i. e. with the vowel ; it is so di vided in the dictionary, where the definition is given. The word luxury is not pronounced luksh- 52 WAKMAN'S PKACTICAL ORTHOEPY. ury, but luk-shu-ry. Complexion is not pronounced complcksh-un, but complek-sliun. X having the sound of z should appear in the table, and so stated. In the last note (one hundred and four) we are informed that " z has the same sound as flat or soft s" Immediately after we are fur- nished a list of words where it has the sound of zh. As a note, this last one will rank well with many of the preceding useless ones. Thus we end the one hundred and four notes, retaining only those previously spoken of, all of which might be placed on one page in the Un- abridged. These would become useful because they are practical, and thus singled out from the useless ones would be of still greater value. In order not to change the body of the dictionary we would conform to the present system of marking the consonants ; but were it changed, or a new dic- tionary to be established, we would suggest a sys- tem that would be much more uniform. Through- out the dictionary we would omit the respelling of all the words that could be properly marked, or else respell all of them. We will now sum up the result of our crit- ical examination of the nine pages of tables and notes. If the explanations given under their various headings are an aid to pronun- ciation, retain them ; if not, of what use are they ? "What intelligence is to be gained as to pronunciation in the mere statement that "there OUR DICTIONARIES. 53 are as many as seven pronunciations given to words ending in ough " f Each correct pronun- ciation is found where the definition is given. What more is essential unless a rule can be given us as a guide ? "We have clearly shown that the present diacritical system is very faulty. What is the meaning of the word diacritical f " To dis- tinguish by a mark." Then let us distinguish. What is the object of diacritical marks? To enable us to distinguish. Ever since the dictionary was first published people have been traveling in the same old beaten paths, staring at those dia- critical marks as at so many ghosts, and at last, tread-mill fashion, have brought up just where they started. A cloud has been hanging over the entire work. ISTow and then a single new idea has been advanced, but like some lone star visible in the edge of a cloud, its little light shone so faintly in contrast with the great darkness. The cloud is still there to the mass of humanity strug- gling for light in this direction. At this very hour, thousands and tens of thousands of earnest men and women are watching with anxious eyes to see that cloud disappear, and will bless as a benefactor him who dispels it. The silver lining of tli at great dark cloud is already visible; the entire cloud can be dispelled, as the means are at hand. AaZ it be ? NOTE. Since writing the foregoing critique Messrs. J. B.' Lippin- cott & Co. have published the WARMAN SCHOOL CHARTS, and have issued a set of SCHOOL DICTIONARIES, known as the WARMAN SERIES. A WORD TO TEACHERS AND STUDENTS. "When we thought to revise the systems of pro- nunciation usually adopted by orthoepists, and in- troduce therein, for the convenience of learners, our new practical system, we were fully conscious of the arduous task we were about to undertake, and that many obstacles would beset us in our pathway. "With all due deference to the labor and thoughts of those who have preceded us, and to those great and grand monuments of their indus- try, the Unabridged Dictionaries, upon which so many useful lives have been spent, and whose bright intellects wrought many years at the men- tal forge ere we made our debut in the busy whirl of life, we took up the pen where they laid it down, as others will take it up when we shall have fulfilled our mission, and they, having gleaned from the thoughts that we all shall have left, will create new images out of the crumbled dust of our old ones. After nine years of research, study and toil we are able to look upon our efforts with most gratifying results, and to present a simplified sys- tem for representing the sounds of the letters of the alphabet, which will be found co be of inesti- 55 56 WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. mable value. to those desiring correctness and flu- ency of expression. It will enable teachers to thoroughly master phonetics, and will furnish the key that will unlock the door that has so long barred them from the advantages to be gained by a perfect acquaintance with the diacritical marks. It places in their hands new and practical tables for daily use in the school-room, and will furnish a fund of information and useful exer- cises, such as can nowhere else be found. Having introduced the new work to your worthy notice, we leave it in your hands, with a certain degree of confidence that it will receive the patronage and hearty support of earnest, in- telligent and progressive people. In conclusion, we desire to say, that, to many authors, to many helpful friends, to hard, earnest toil, to much ex- perience, and especially to our friend and teacher, the inventor and scholar, Mr. Alex. Graham Bell, are we indebted for light in dark places. And to Him who rules the universe, do we most thank- fully and heartily acknowledge our indebtedness for health, strength, and a clear understanding. E. B. WABMAN. CHICAGO, ILL. GENERAL REFERENCE TABLE COMBINING AND COMPAR- ING ALL THE DIACRITICAL MARKS OF WORCESTER AND WEBSTER. THE OLD AND THE NEW. THIRTY-TWO -f- THIRTY-ONE VS. EIGHTEEN. WORCESTER. WEBSTER. WARMAN. E I E I 1 or E in Me r Y I Y 2 or I in Miss A A E 3> lor A in Mate E A E E i A 4 or E in Met A A 5 or A in Mat 00 U u 00 U Ot) U 6 or 00 in Boon 7 or U in Bull 8> 6 or in Bone A 6 A 9 or A in Ball A 10 or in Box E 1 U Y E i u 11 or TJ in Urn i A 12 or A in Ask A tj 6 A u 13 or A in Ah 14 or TJ in Up r Y I Y 13 >1 or I in Ice ou 6\V These diphthongs unmarked 13>6orOuinOur 01 OY These diphthongs unmarked 9>1 or Oi in Oil U EW U Y+ 6 or U in Used NOTE. It will be observed that no number is duplicated. Not so with either the Worcester or Webster notation. Each number repre- sents one sound and only one. Each diacritical mark represents from one to sir sounds, if placed over or under a letter. Place a " macron," " breve," " caret," etc., by themselves, and what do they signify ? Nothing. A macron has as many as five sounds ; a breve has as many as six sounds ; a NUMBER has but ONE sound. 57 VOWELS, DIPHTHONGAL-VOWELS, CON- SONANTS, ETC. VOWELS. The fourteen vowels and four diphthongal vowels, derive their numbers from the positions of the tongue ; hence the numbers used are neither arbitrary nor meaningless. There are five vowels made by the front half of the tongue, as indicated by the little marks drawn on the diagram accompanying the chapter on visible speech. These vowels are e, i, a, e, a, as they occur in the words " me," " miss," " mate," " met," " mat." There are five vowels made by the back half of the tongue, as indicated in the same diagram. These vowels are oo, u, o, a, 5, as they occur in the words " boon," " bull," " bone, " " ball/' box." There are two other vowels made with the back half of the tongue, but are not placed with them in that scale, as they would destroy the uniformity which now exists, i. l. I3>6. 9>I. Y-l-6. Or i o^ j-r^r VISIBLE SPEECH VOWEL SYMBOLS. 87 VOWEL SYMBOLS. The five vowels made by the front half of the tongue are indicated by the five characters which appear under that heading. In placing the diagram before the deaf-mute it is always drawn to face to the right, else the ele- ments made with the front of the tongue would often be confounded with those made with the back of the tongue, and vice versa. This is why our numbers begin at the right and read to the left, instead of the usual manner of left to right. In presenting the vowel system to the deaf mute, a line is drawn perpendicularly through the tongue of the diagram placed before them, indi- cating thereby the two sets of vowels. The line is known as the vowel stem. A round dot or ball placed at the upper front part of this line desig- nates that as the highest front position of the front half of the tongue. This character is long e (No. 1) as e is the highest position of the front half of the tongue. Were the ball placed on the other side of the line, i. e. the left side, and at the highest point, it would indicate that it was the vowel that required the highest position of the ~back half of the tongue. What is that vowel ? It is oo. Is there any other difference between e VOWEL SYMBOLS. 89 and oo? Look at the characters representing them. You readily perceive that the vowel stem of the character representing do is intersected by a small line which does not occur on any of the five characters from one to five inclusive, but does occur on all the characters from six to ten inclusive. You will find that line drawn on the lower lip of the vowel diagram. But what does it signify ? That the lips are to be rounded in forming all vowels having the little mark drawn across the character representing said vowel. In lowering the front half of the tongue but very slightly below the "highest front" position, we have what is known as " high front wide." For this character we omit the ball, and place in its stead a hook the ball flattened. The vowel which this character represents is short i. It has its corre- spondence in the back half of the tongue, and is there known as "high back wide" The first vowel below the position of do is \}, as heard in the word bull. As we descend the vowel scale of the front half of the tongue, we come to the third position which is represented by two characters. Why two? And why is one of the characters smaller than the other ? The large character a ball above and below is called " mid front " (made by the middle of the front half of the tongue), and the little arrow- head used between the characters is called a 90 WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. " glide" because the tongue does not remain sta- tionary when giving this third vowel (a), but it glides upward. Glides toward what ? Toward long e. O yes ! Then a is made of a and e ? No. Were it so the second character would be as large as the first. The tongue only glides toward the position of e but does not complete it ; hence we call it three glide one (3>1), not three and one. Observe the uniformity of the characters repre- senting the relative positions of the front and back half of the tongue. We have the same char- acter which is termed " miol back " (made by the middle of the back of the tongue), only that it faces left instead of right. As in the a, so in the o, the arrow-head between the characters indicates that the tongue does not remain stationary, but also glides upward. Glides toward what ? Toward oo, and as in the case of a, it does not complete the element toward which it glides ; hence the oo character in this case is made smaller. No. 4, or short e (met), is known as low front, the ball being placed at the bottom of the vowel stem. No. 9, or broad a (ball), has the corresponding position in the back scale, and is represented by the character known as " low bach" Returning once more to the front group, we allow the front half of the tongue to descend a trifle below No. 4, and we have the position of No. 5, short a (mat). Here again the ball is flat- tened and we have " low front wide" In the VOWEL SYMBOLS. 91 same way, with the same degree of descension, with the back half of the tongue, we have " low back wide" or No. 10, short o (box). This com- pletes ten vowel sounds. There are only four more simple vowel sounds. "What ! only fourteen vowel sounds in the English language, and yet it requires over thirty diacritical marks to represent them? Yes. If you will take the trouble to refer to our critical survey and comparative table published elsewhere in this volume, you will learn the cause of this inconsistency. Why are not the four remaining vowels placed with either of the other groups ? 'Tis true, two of them, Italian a (arm) and short u (ttp), are made with the back half of the tongue; but as they are formed with the lips unrounded, they would de- stroy the uniformity which otherwise exists; hence they are not placed in their relative positions. The other two vowels, intermediate a (ask) and u as in urn, are made with the center of the tongue. No. 11, u in urn, is what Prof. Bell calls " the lazy element," or simply " voice," because it re- quires no eifort to make it. When you are sick, tired or lazy, if you are able to give a sound with your mouth open, you will have no difficulty in giving JS T o. 11. The character representing this element is the hook on both sides of the vowel stem, indicating thereby that the vowel is made with the lowest position of the center of the tongue. No. 12, or 92 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. intermediate a (ask), is one position higher than No. 11 , and is also made with the center of the tongue. See how well the character given by Prof. Bell illustrates the relative position of this vowel. It points equally toward the back and front. It is intermediate, not " short Italian," as many orthoepists desire to call it. It is no more " short Italian " a than it is short broad a, if such a thing can be imagined. It is intermediate, lying directly between short a, which is made by the front half of the tongue, and Italian a, made by the back half of the tongue. Observe the character representing Italian a No. 13. It is the same as the initial part of 0, except that instead of the balls placed at the upper and lower end of the vowel stem we have the hooks, indicating thereby that the position is widened. The absence of the little line across the stem shows that the lips are unrounded. Follow the direction indicated by this pictorial symbol representing No. 13 and you will have no diffi- culty in producing the correct vowel sound. No. 14, short u (up), is the vanishing part of o with lips unrounded. By again referring to our critical survey you will understand why we teach but four diphthongs and no triphthongs. Yes, only four diphthongs versus thirty diphthongs (???) represented in the Unabridged. You have been shown that No. 13 is Italian a, VOWEL SYMBOLS. 93 which, if you prolong (for the sake of analysis), and glide it toward No. 1 (long e\ as the charac- ters (13>1) indicate, you will produce long i (ice). This is a pure diphthong, as it is made by the combination of two sounds, neither of which is the name sound (as is the case with a and o) of the element produced. Start again with Italian a (No. 13), and glide it toward the highest back position, oo (No. 6), and you will produce ou (our) or ow (owl). In order to produce the diphthong oi (oil) or oy (oyster) it will be necessary that the initial sound be No. 9, broad a, not Italian a (as appears in every edition of Worcester's). Glide broad a (No. 9) toward long e (No. 1) as the characters designate, and you will then have the diphthong to which we have just referred. The most regular, the most perfect diphthong (instead of "the most irregular'") is long u. It is a com- plete coalition of two separate sounds, not two separate letters merely. It is consonant y plus 6T>, not glide oo. True, it is a consonant and a vowel, but that does not make it any the less a diphthong. Here, then, is a complete vowel table, covering every vowel sound or combination of sounds in the language. We will next give you a bird's-eye view of the consonant symbols. VISIBLE SPEECH CONSONANT DIAGRAM. 94 P B M F V D B D 3 3 WWh TON o o or Z S Zh Sh Th n A u u n Th R Rh L Lh n u u LJ u K G Ng Y \h a a Q n n VISIBLE SPEECH CONSONANT SYMBOLS. 95 CONSONANT SYMBOLS. We can give only this panoramic view of the consonant scheme as taught to deaf-mutes. Com- plicated as the symbols may appear at first sight, they are indeed very simple. While we give in this chapter all the consonant symbols, we have not the space, nor is it necessary or desirable in a treatise of the nature of our pres- ent volume, to go into the details. We trust \ve may at least create a thirst, though \ve satisfy it not. All articulation depends upon the two organs used and their relation to each other, i.e., lip to lip (p, etc.), lip to teeth (f, etc.), point of tongue to teeth (t, etc.), center of tongue to center of roof of mouth (y, etc.), and back of tongue to soft palate (k, etc.). There are but three relations in which the two organic parts are adjusted, viz.: contracted (w, etc.), shut (p, etc.), and divided (f, etc.). The deaf-mute soon learns the significance of the following characters, viz. : signifies that the lips are chiefly used. signifies that the point of the tongue is chiefly used. signifies that the top of the tongue is chiefly used. 96 D U n c CONSONANT SYMBOLS. 97 signifies that the back of the tongue is chiefly used. signifies a puff of breath. signifies that the voice passes through the nose. mmmmm signifies voice. The line drawn across the lip sign P^V signi- fies lips shut. ^j The line drawn across the point sign ^"^ sig- nifies point of tongue shut. \^J The line drawn across the back sign J^j sig- nifies back of tongue shut. ^^^ "With these three positions we can readily form nine consonants, viz. : Lips shut r^V Lips shut and |-N ig p> L-Xpuff of breath J Lips shut I J Lips shut and voice (without opening) I *4 is B. Lips shut I | Lips shut send voice through - *-J t->* nose J J is M. Point of tongue shut LJ Point shut and puff O of breath | J > is T. 7 98 WABMAN'S PBAUTICAL ORTHOEPY. Point of tongue shut I I Point shut, and voice (without opening) I I is D Point of tongue shut I I Point shut, and voice through nose P. J is N. Back of tongue shut f Back shut, and puff of breath I > is K. Back of tongue shut jf Back shut, and voice (without opening) r J is G. Back of tongue shut Back shut, and voice through nose t> X is Ng. Thus with the position of P, we make P. B. M. With the position of T, we make T. D. N. With the position of K, we make K. G. Ng. This will suffice to show the simplicity and utility of a system that has become world- wide famous through the untiring efforts of Prof. Alex. Melville Bell, and his son, Prof. Alex. Graham Bell. These two self-sacrificing and most ardent CONSONANT SYMBOLS. 99 and enthusiastic men have shown themselves as true humanitarians. Thousands of deaf-mutes will call them blessed for having broken the seals that closed the portals of speech. This system, of which we have but given the faintest shadow, is the only one extant whereby every spoken language, in fact every audible sound, can be represented in symbols which are pictorial of the positions of the vocal organs re- quired in the production of those sounds. It is not audible speech to the deaf-mute as he cannot hear it, but it is visible speech for he can see it, and it is so visible that he is enabled thereby to make it audible to others. Not only is this valuable system used in teaching deaf-mutes to talk, but in many other ways can it be utilized. We will mention but one. It is of incalculable benefit in teaching foreign languages and the pro- nunciation of foreign names or words. In our list of mispronounced words we found it very difficult to express, through any medium now in general use, many such words. Take for instance the name of the German poet, Goethe. It is not Geh ta nor Gur ta. The difficulty is with the first vowel. There is no character in English to rep- . resent it. The nearest representative is the um- laut o. This is the o appearing in the words Goethe and Froebel. We have no difficulty what- ever in presenting the correct pronunciation of 100 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL OHTHOEPY. Goethe (or any word) by the visible speech sym- bols. "We give the consonant symbol for what is termed hard g and in the same syllable we place No. 4 symbol (short e) and the little line inter- secting the vowel stem, showing that the lips are rounded. This, of course, makes the vowel im- English. The second syllable is represented by consonant symbol t and vowel symbol No. 12. May this hasty sketch be- the means of kindling anew the latent fire of many an educator ; and may many a teacher be inspired to go beneath the surface of pronunciation and get hold of the very roots that form the a, &, c of our language. A LIST OF 6399 WORDS USUALLY MISPRONOUNCED, GIVING THK CORRECT PRONUNCIATION. 101 N. B. Every word of the following list (6,399) is marked in accordance with the pronunciation given in the latest revised editions of Webster's and Worcester's unabridged dictionaries. When neither authority is quoted, they agree in the pronunciation ; when they disagree, it is so stated. The Webster diacritical marks have been used, the author not deeming it wisdom to take from both authorities ; besides, the Webster notation is more universally known. In respelling the words for pronunciation, we have avoided, as much as possible, the incorrect, or phonetic, spelling. A as a word when emphasized, should have its long sound. In all other cases it should be given the long sound slightly 'obscured. It should never be so much obscured as to drop to the lazy position of u in urge. The article should always be con- nected with the noun and pronounced as though it were a part of the word. Speak a boy as you should above, about, around, etc. Aaron, ar'on, not a'ron. Abaft, a-baft', not a-baf t'. Abdomen, ab-do'men, not aVdo-men. Abecedarian, a-be-qe-da'ri-an, not a-be-9e-da'ri-an. Abeyance, a-bej'ance, not a-bey'ance. Abhor, ab-hor', not ab-hor'. Abject, Sb'ject, not ab-ject'. Abjectly, b'ject-ly, not ab-j6ct'ly. Ablative, ab'la-tlve, not ab'1-tive. Ablution, ab-la'tion, not ab-lg'tion. Absentee, ab-sen-tee', not ab'sen-tee. Absinthe, ab-slnthe', not Sb'sinthe. Absolute, Sb'so-lnte, not ab'so-lute. Absolutory, ab-s6l'u-to-ry, not ab-so-lo'to-ry. Absolve, ab-6lve' (Wore.); ab-s5lve' (Web.) Absorb, ab-sorb', not ab-6rb'. a, 6, i, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, o, fi, y, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, ere, err, prey, mien, sir, 103 104 WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Abstemious, ab-ste'mi-ous, not ab-ste"m'i-ous. Abstractly, ab'straet-ly, not ab-straet'ly. Abstruse, ab-struse', not ab-struse'. Acacia, a-ea'she-a, not a~ea'sha. Academian, Ae-a-de'mi-an, not a-a-de"m'i-an. Accent (noun), Accent (verb), Accented, ae-qent'ed, not Se'^ent-ed. Accentuate, a-e-9ent'a-ate, not a^-ggn'chu-ate. See n Access, ae^ess', or a' etc." Wore., 69. Archbishop, arch-blsh'op, not areh-blsh'op. Archetype, ar'ehe-type, not arch'e-type. Archimedean, ar-ehim-e-de'an (Wore.); a'r-ehi-me- de'an (Web.). Archimedes, 3r--ehi-mS'de"g, not ar-hlm'e-de". Archipelago. ar-hi-pera-go, not arch-i-p6l'a-go. Architect, iir'ehi-teet, not arch'i-tSet. Architecture, iir'hi-tet-Qre, not iir'hi-t6t-chur. Architrave, a'r'^hi-trave, not Srch'i-trave. Archives, archives, not Sr'chives. Arctic, lire'tie, not ar'ti. Arduous, ard'o-ous, not ar'du-ofis, nor a'r'jiis. See Q. Are, a're, not are. Area, a're-a, wo^a-rs'a. Areola, a-re'o-la, not a-re-0'la. Argand, Hr'gand, not Sr'gSnd. s6n, 6r, dg, wglf, wdbl, m(5bn, byll, ftrn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 116 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Argentine, ar'gen-tine, not ar'gen-tlne. Arid, Sr'id, not a'rid. Arion, a-rl'on, not a'ri -on. Arisen, a-ri'n, not a-rls/en. Aristocrat, a-rls'to-era"t, or aVis-to-erSt. Arkansas, Ur'kan -saw. So pronounced in accord- ance with an act of the State Legislature and in the latest edition of Webster. Worcester, how- ever, has not yet adopted it, but gives the pronun- ciation ar-kan'sas. Armada, ar-ma'da, not ar-ma'da. Armistice, ar'mis-tlc.e, not ar-mls'tige. Aroma, a-ro'ma, not 5r'o-ma. Aromatize, ar'o-ma-tlze, or a-rO'ma-tlze. Arquebuse, iir'kwe-bus, not ^r'kwe-bn. Arrogant, itr'ro-gant, not Hr ro-gant. Arrow, iir'row, not jir'row. Arsenic, ar'se-ni (Web.); ar'se-nk, or ars'ni (Wore.). Artemis, ar'te-mis, not ar-t6'mis. Artery, Itr'te-ry, not iir'try. Artificer, ar-tifi-^er, not ar'ti-fig-er. Artisan, ar'ti-an (Web.); ar'ti-2n, or ar-ti-san' (Wore.). Arytenoid, a-r^t'e-noid, not a-reYe-noid. Ash- Wednesday, ilsh-wenz'da( Wore.); ash- wSnz'dy (Web.). Asia, a'sh6-a, not a'zha. Asian, ash'yan, not a'she-an. a, , I, O x n, y, long; a, 6, I, 6, fi, y, short; air, firm, &sk, {ill, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mi'en, sir, WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL, ORTHOEPY. 117 Asiatic, a-she-St'ie, not a-zh2t'i. Ask, ask, not ask. Askance, a-skanqe' (Web.); a-skange' (Wore.). Asked, askt, not ast. Aslant, a-slant' (Web.); a-slant' (Wore.). Asp, asp, not asp. Asparagus, as-par'a-gus, not as-par'a-grus. Aspen, Ss'pen, not as'pen. Asphalt, as-ph3lt', not as'phslt. Asphodel, as'pho-del, not as-pho-deT. Asphyxiated, as-phyx'i-a-ted, not as-ph^x-i-a'ted. Aspirant, as-pir'ant (Web.); as-plr'ant, or 2s'pi-r2nt (Wore.). Ass, ass, not Jiss, nor 3ss. Assafetida, as-a-fet'i-da. Assets, as'sSts, not 2s-sgts'. Assiduity, as-si-da'i-ty, not Ss-si-du'i-ty, nor as-sld'- u-i-ty. Assiduous; as-sld'Q-ous, not as-sld'ju-ous. Associate, as-so'she-ate, not as-so'Qi-ate. See enun- ciate. Association, as-so-she-a'tion, not as-so-gi-a'tion, nor as-so-sha'tion. Associative, as-so'she-a-tlve, not as-so'she-a-tive. Assume, as-same', not as-sume'. See n. Assumption, as-sum'tion, not as-sump'tion. Asthma, Sst'ma (Wore.); ast'ma, Ss'ma, or 2'ma (Web.). Astrogeny, as-trog'e-ny, not as'tro-^S-ny. son, or, dp., wglf, wool, radT>n, byll, ftrn, rude, 9ent, -t-an, gem, go, i, e^ist, thy, n-ng. 118 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Astrography, as-tr5g'ra-phy, not as'tro-gra"ph-y. Astrologic, Ss-tro-lSg'ie, not as-troTo-gi*. Astute, as-tnte', not as-tute'. Asylum, a-sy'lum, not Ss'y-lum. Asymptote, as'ym-tote, not a-sym'tote. Ate, ate (Web.); ate, or et (Wore.). Ate, a'te, not ate, nor a-te'. Atheneum, ath-e-ne'um, not a-the"ne-um. Athlete, athlete, not ath'lete. Atlantean, at-lan-te'an, not at-lan'te-an. Attache, at-a-sha' (Worc.);at-ta-sha' (Web.). Attar, at'tar(of roses), not <5t'ter (of roses). Attitude, at'ti-tnde, not at'ti-tude. See Q. Attorney, at-tftr'ney, not at-t6r'ney. Attune, at-tnne', not at-tune'. See Q. Aubert, o-ber'. Auction, au^'tion, not SVtion. Audacious, au-da'cious, not au-da'cious. Audience, au'di-en9e, not au'jenge. Auerbach, ow'er-bah, not ow'er-b3h. Au fait, o-fa'. Augean, au-g6'an. Aught, aught, not a'nght. Augment (noun), aug'ment. Augment (verb), aug-m6nt'. Augustine, St., (city), a.u'gus-tlne (Web.); au-gus- tme' (Wore.). Aunt, aunt, not aunt. Aureola, au-rs'o-la, not au-re-0'la. a, e, I, O x n, y, long; a, 6, I, 6, ii, y, short; Tiir, arm, ask, fill, what, ere, Srr, prey, rni'en, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 119 Au revoir, o'ruv-wiir'. Aurist, au'rist, not Su'rist. Aurora Borealis, au-ro'ra bo-re-a'lis. Auscultation, aus-eul-ta'tion, not Sus-eul-ta'tion. Author, au'thor, not Su'thor. Authoritative, au-th5r'i-ta-tlve, not au-thor'i-tive. Autobiography, au-to-bi-5g'ra-phy (Wore.); au-to- bl-Sg'ra-phy (Web.) Autocrat, au'to-entt (Wore.); au'to-erat (AVeb.). Autopsy, au'tQp-sy (Wore.); au'top-sy (Web.). Autumn, au'tumn, not au'tumn. Auxiliary, ag-zil'ya-ry. Avalanche, av-a-lan9he'( Wore. ) ; a"v-a-lan9be'(Web. ). Avaunt, a- vaunt', not a-va'unt'. So say our dictionaries, though the author favors Haldeman's marking of this word (a-va'unt'), as it is more in accordance with euphony, usage and analogy. Ave Maria, a've ma-ri'a (Web.); a've ma-rl'a (Wore. Tin.); or a'vama-re'a (Wore. School). Avenue, av'e-nn, not Sv'e-nu. See n. Aversion, a-vSr'shun, not a-ver'zhun. See adhesion. Avoirdupois, a"v-er-du-pois/, not av-er-du-poi'. Avon, a'von, not a-von', nor Sv'on. Awaken, a-wa'kn, not a-wa'ken. Awakening, a-wak'n-ing, not a-wa'ken-ing. Awful, aw'ful, not aw'fl. Awkward, awk'ward, not awk'ard. Axiom, Sx'yum (Wore.); Sx'i-om (Web.). son, 6r, dq, wplf. wool, moTm, byll, dm, rxide, 9ent, *an, ^em, go, i, e$ist, thy, n-ng. 120 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Axiomatic, ak-she-o-mSt'ie (Wore.); ax-i-o-m2t'i (Web.). Axis (singular), 5x'is. Axes (plural), ax'6. Ay, or Aye (yes), I. Aye (always], a. Azote, Sz'ote (Wore.); a-zOte' (Web.). Azure, 3zh'ur, or a'zhur (Web.); Wore, same trans- posed. B. B final should be given without opening the lips, thereby avoiding the disagreeable sound usually heard. Endeavor to throw the sound beyond the lips, still retaining them in position, and the result will be distinctness without pedantry. See d Baccalaureate, bS-e-ea-lau're-ate, not bae-ea-lau'- re-ate. Bacchanalian, ba"~eha-na'li-an, not bae-eha-ual'yan. Bach, baeh (Web.); bSeh, or bah (Wore.). Bachelor, bach'e-lor, not bch'el-der. Backgammon, back-gam'mon, not back'gam-mon. Bade, bade, not bade. Baden-Baden, ba'den ba'den (Web.); same, or bad'en (Wore.). Badinage, bsd-e-nazh' (Wore.); bad'in-a'zh (Web.). Bagdad, bag-dad ; ,orbag'dad(Worc.);bag-dad'(Web.). a, 6, i, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, ti, y, short; air, arm, &sk, fill, what, 6re, 6rr, prey, mTen, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 121 Bagnio, ban'yo (Wore.); ban'yo (Web.). Balcony, bal'eo-ny, or bal-eo'ny (Wore.); oaio-ny (Web.). Balderdash, bal'der-dash, not bal'der-dash. Ballet, bal-la' or bal'let (Wore.); bal'let, or bal'la (Web.). Balm, balm, not balm. Balmoral, bal-m5r'al (Web.); bal-m5r'al, or bal-mo'- ral (Wore.). Balsamic, bal-sam'k-, not bal'sa-mi. Balzac, bal-zaV (French) ;bal'za (English). Bambino, bam-bi'no (Wore.); bam-bfno (Web.). Banana, ba-nSi'na (Web.); ba-na'na, or ba-na''na (Wore.); not ba-nan'a. Bancroft, ban'-eroft, not ban'eroft. See angular. Banditti, bSn-dit'ti (Wore.); ban-dlt'ti (Web.). Bandoline, bilnd'o-llue, not b5n'do-line. Banian, ban-yan' (Wore.); ban'yan, or ban -van' (Web.). Banquet, ban'kwet, not bSn'kwet. See angular. Banquo, ban 'k wo, not ban'kwo. See angular. Baptism, bap'tim, not bap'tig-um. Barabbas, ba-rab'bas, not bar'ra-bas. Barbarian, bar-ba'ri-an (Worc.);bar-ba'ri-an (Web.). Barbarous, ba'r'ba-rofis, not bar-ba'ri-ous. Barbecue, biir'be-eQe, not bar-be-eue'. Barouche, ba-roosh'. Barrel, bar'rel, not bar'rll, nor barl. Barren, bar'ren, not barn. son, 6r, dg, wplf, wool, moon, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, ig, e$ist, thy, D = U g. 122 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Basalt, ba-salt', not ba-alt'. Basbleu, ba-bleu' (Wore.); bii-bleu' (Web.). Baseburner, base'burn-er, not base-burn'er. Bashaw, ba-shaw', not bash'aw. Basic, ba'sie, not ba'sie. Basilic, ba-sjrt'i?, not bas'i-lie. Basilisk, bas/i-llsk, not bas'i-llsk. Basin, ba'sn, not ba'sin. There are only six words in which i is silent before terminal I or n. We will arrange them in such form as will aid the mind to retain them: The evil in the Devil puts a wewil and a raisin in the basin for your cousin. Bask, bask, not bask. Basket, bas'ket, nofbZs'ket. Bass (a fish), bass, not bass. Bassanio, bas-sa'ni-o, not bas-san'i-0. Bass-relief, bas-re-leT (Worc.);bas're-leef (Web.). Bastile, bas-tile' (Worc.);bas-tile',or bas'ti'le (Web.). Bastinado, bas-ti-na'do, not bas-ti-na"do. Bath, bath, no/ bath. Baths, ba7A, not ba//j. nor baths. See truths. Baton, ba-tong' (Web.); ba-tOng', or bat'on (Wore.). Baton Rouge, ba-tn roozh' (Wore.); bat'un rc5bzh (Web.). Bayard (French warrior), ba'ard. Bayard (American statesman), bi'ard. Bayou, bay'gu (Web.); bay'gu, or bay'ou (Wore.). Beacon, bS'n, not be'eon. a, 6, i, 0, n, y, long; Si, 6, I, 0, a, y, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WAKMAX'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 123 Beaconsfield, bea'on-field, not b6a'on-fi6ld. Beard, beard, not beard, nor beard. Beaten, be'tn, not be'ten. Beatitude, be-St'i-tnde, not be-St'i-tude. See o. Beatrice (" Much Ado About Nothing "), be"a-trlge. Beatrice (name of a city), be'a-trSs. Beatrice Portinari, be'a-tres por-te-nji'rg. Beatrice Cenci, ba-s-tre"'cha chen'che. Beattie, beat'tle (American), beat'tle (Scotch). Beaufort, bn'furt (Am.),bo'furt (Eng.),bo-fOr'(Fr.). Beau ideal, bo i-dg'al (Web.); bo'e-da-al', or bo-i- de'al ^Worc.). Beau monde, bo-m5nd', or bo-mond' (Wore.); bo- m6nd' (Web.). Beautiful, bean'ti-ful, not bean'ti-ful. See faithful. Because, be-eau^e', not be-iiue'. Beckon, beck'n, not beck'on. Bedclothes, bed'lo/7ie ( Web. ) ; b6d'10the, or loz (Wore.). Bedew, be-dn', not be-du'. See n. Bedizen, be-di'zn (Wore.); be-di'zn, or be-dlz'n (Web.). Bedouin, bed'o.u-in (Wore.); bed'ou-i'n (Web.). Bedstead, bed'stead, not bed'stid. Beelzebub, be-el'ze-bub, not bel'ze-bub. Been, bin, not bSSn, nor ben. Beethoven, ba'to-ven (Web.); beet-ho'vn (Wore.). Before, be-fore', not b?-fore'. Begone, be-g6ue', not be-g6ne'. son, 6r, dp., WQlf, wool, m6T)n, byll, ftrn, rude, gent, +-an, gom, go, i, e?:ist, thy, li=ng. 124 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Begonia, be-gO'ni-a, not be-gOn'ya. Begrease, be-gre"ae' (Wore.); be-gre"ae', or grease' (Web.). Begrime, be-grime', not be-grlme'. Behalf, be-half, not be-half. Behemoth, be'he-m5th, not be-he'moth. Behoove, be-hoove', not be-hove'. The pronunciation of this word is the same in either form of its orthography: be-hoove' be-hp.ve'. Belch, belch, not be^h. Belesprit, bel-es-pre'. Belfast, bel'fast (Maine); bel-fast' (Ireland). Belial, be'li-al, not be-li'al. Believe, be-lieve', not bligve. Belladonna, bel-la-d5n'na, not be"l-la-d<3n'na. Bellatrix, bel-la'trlx, not bel'la-trix. Belles-lettres, bel-let'ter, not b6l'let-ter. Bellows, bel'lus, not bel'lOz. The New Imperial marks this word beTlOz. " The last syllable of this word, like that of gal- loivs, is corrupted beyond recovery into lus." Walker. Belluine, bel'lu-ine, not b6l'lu-lne. Beloved, be-lov'ed (adj.); be-lov'd' (part.). See blessed. Beneath, be-ne"a^' (Wore.); be-nSa/'A', or be-neath' (Web.). Beneficiary, ben-e-flsh'ya-ry (Wore.); bgn-e-flsh'i- a-ry (Web.). ii, c, I, 0, n, y, long; a, P, i, o, 0, y, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, inien, sir, WARHAN'S PRACTICAL OKTHOKPY. 125 Bengal, ben-gal',, not beu'gal. Benignant, be-nig'nant, not be-nign'ant. Benison, ben'i-n, not b6n'i-son. Benzine, ben'zlne, not ben-zi'ne'. Benzoin, ben-zoln', not ben-zi'ne'. Bequeath, be-quea^', not be-quSath'. Beranger, ba-r5ng-zha' (Web.); ra'ng'zha, or zha' (Wore.). Bergander, br'gan-der, not ber-gsln'der. Berlin, bgr'lln, or ber-lln' (Web.); ber-lin', or ber'lin (Wore.); ber-h'n' (Ger.). Bernard (saint), bsr'nard,wo bSr-nSrd'; French, s3n- b6r-nar'. Bernard-de-Menthon, b6r-na'r'deh-m5n-tOn'. Bernardine, bSr'nar-dlne, not ber-na'r'dine. Bestial, best'yal, not best'yal. Bestrew, be-stru', or be-stro'. Betel, be'tl, not be'tel. Bethany, beth a-ny, not bSth'ny. Bethphage, beth'fa-ge, not bgth'fage. Betoken, be-to'kn, not be-to'ken. Betroth, be-tr5th', not be-troth'. Betrothal, be-tr5th'al, not be-tr5th'al. Betrothment, be-trSth'ment, not be-troth'ment. Bevel, b6v'el, not b6v'l. Beyond, be-y5nd', not be-yond', nor be-y6nd'. Bezant, be-zilnt', not be-za'nt'. Bezoar, bs'zoar,, not be-zoar'. Biaxal, bi-ax'al; not bl-ax'al. Bibacious, bi-ba'cious, not bi-ba'cions. son, 6r, dg, wolf, wcx)l, moon, bull, firn, rude, -eaii, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=iig. WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Bibliography, bib-li-6g'ra-phy, not bib-li-og'ra-phy. Bibliomaniacal, bib-li-o-ma-ni'a-al,o^ bib-li-o-ma'- ni-a-al. Bibliothecal, blb-li-o-ths'cal (Web.);blb-li-6th'e-al, or blb-ii-o-the'eal (Wore.). Bicarbonate, bi-ear'bo-nate, not bi-car'bo-nate. Bicycle, bi'gy-ele, not bi'cjte-1. Bidden, bid'dn, not bld'den. Biennial, bi-en'ni-al, not bl-en'ni-al. Bifurcate, bi-ftir'eate. Bifurcated, bi-fdr'a-ted (Web.); bi-fftr'at-ed (Wore.). Bindery, bind'er-y, not blnd'ry. Bingen, bing'en, Binomial, bi-no'mi-al, not bl-no'mi-al. Binominal, bi-n5m'i-nal, not bi-n5m'i-nal. Binoxide, bi-n5x'lde, not bl-n5x'ide. Biogenesis, bi-o-gSn'e-sis, not bl-o-ge-nS'sis. Biography, bi-6g'ra-phy, not bl-og'ra-phy. Biology, bi-61'o-gy, not bl-61'o-gy. Biometry, bi-5m'e-try, not bi-o-m6'try. Bioplasm, bi'o-plam, not bl'o-plSs-um. Biparous, blp'a-rous (Wore.); bl-pa'rofis, or bip'a- rous (Web.). Bipartite, blp'ar-tite (Wore.) ; bi-pSr'tlte, or blp'ar-tite (Web.). Bipyramidal, bi-pv'-ra'm'i-dal, not bl-pyr'a-mld-al. Biquadrate, bi-quad'rate, not bl-qugd'rate. Birchen, blrch'n, not birch en. a, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, tt, y, short; Sir, arm, ask, fill, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mi'en, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 127 Biscuit, bis'euit, not bls/eult. Bismuth, bis/muth, not bis'muth . Bismarck, bis/marck (Web.). See Wagner. The German pronunciation of this name is Bls'- ma'rck. S, in German, at the end of a syllable, has its sharp or hissing sound. The name does not occur in Worcester's list of " distinguished men of modern times." Bison, bi'son (Web.); bi'son, orbl'on (Wore.). Bissextile, bis-sex'tile, not bis-s6x'tile. Bisulphate, bi-sul'phate, not bi-sul'phate. Bitumen, bi-tn'men, not bl-tu'men. See a. Bivious, bi'vi-ous (Wore.); blv'i-ous, or bl'vi-ofis (Web.). Bivouac (noun), blv'wak. Bivouac (verb), biv'wak (Web.); biv'wSk, or blv'g-ak. Bizantine, blz'an-tlne, not blz'an-ti'ne. Blacken, blilck'n, not black'en. Blackguard, blag'gard, not black'guard. Blanch, blanch, not blanch, nor blanch. Blanc-mange, bla-m5nj' (Wore.); blo-m6nj' (Web.). Blase, blK-za'. Blaspheme, blas-ph6me', not blaspheme. Blasphemer, blas-phs'mer, not blSs'phe-mer. Blasphemous, blsls'phe-mous, not blas-phe'mous. Blast, blast, not blast. Blatant, bla'tant, not bla"tant. Blazon, bla'zn, not bla'zon. Blazonry, bla'zn-ry, not bla'zon-ry. son, 6r, dg, wplf, wool, mdbn, byll, urn, rude, gent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 128 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Bleat, bleat, not blat. Blessed (adj.), bless'ed, (part.), blest. " In the following words, beloved, blessed, cursed, learned, picked and winged, the sound e before d is suppressed when the words are used as verbs or participles, and it is sounded when they are used as adjectives; as, he was much belov'd; he bless'd the occasion, he curs' d the day; he learn' d to read; he pick'd his men; he wing'd his flight. A belov'ed son; a bless'ed day; a curs' ed thing; a learn' 'ed man; & picked point', a wing'ed fowl. Picked, however, used as a participial adjective, in the sense of selected, as 'picked men,' is pronounced in one syl- lable." Wore., 15. Blithe, blithe, not blithe- Blithesome, bltfAe'sdme, not bllthe'sdme. Blouse, blouse, not blouse. Blue, blue, not blue. See Q. Blumenthal, blu'men-tal, not blu'men-thSl. Boaconstrictor, boVeon-strle'tor. Boatswain, boat'swain, orbo'sn. Boccaccio, bok-kat'cho. Web. and Wore, agree; others differ. Boileau, bwii-lo' (Web.); bollo (Wore.). Boisterous, bois'ter-ous, not bois'trus. Boldest, bold'est, not bold'ust. Bolero, bo-le'rO. Boleyn, Anne, bool'in. Bologna, bo-lrmja (Worc.);bo-lon'ya (Web.). a, 6, I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, o, , y, short; air, arm, fi.sk, all, wh^t, ere, err, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 129 Bolingbroke, bSl'ing-brdbk (Web.); bool'ing-brook (Wore.). Bomb, btim, not bSmb. Bombard, bom'bard (noun); b6m-bard' (verb). Bombast, bom'bast (Web.); bom-bast', or bom'bast (Wore.)- Bombastic, b6m-bast'i(Web.); bom-bas'ti(Worc.), Bombasine, bom-ba-s/ine'. See Brazil. Bomb-shell, bom'shell, not b5m shell. Bombycinous, bom-b^'i-nous. Bona fide, bo'na fi'de, not bo'na fide'. Bonanza, bo-nan za (Wore.); bo-na"n'za (Web.). Bonnet, bQn net, not bon'net. Bonny-clabber, bQn'ny-clab'ber, not bSn'ny-cla'b'ber. Bookmonger, book'mong-ger, not book'm6ng-ger. Booth (Edwin), booth, not boo^. Booth (a house), boo^, not booth. Borax, bo'rSx (Wore.); bo'rax (Web.). Bosom, bo'om (Web.); bg'om, or bg'om (Wore.). Boston, b5s'ton, not bos'ton. Boucicault, boo-se-kf>' (Web.); not given by Wore. Boulevard, bgu'le-var (Web.); bqu-le-va'rd' (Wore.). Bounden, boun'den(Worc.); bound'n (Web.). Bounteous, boun'te-ous, not boun chus. Bouquet, bq-ka', or bg'ka. Bourbon, bqui-'bon, not bour'bon. Bourbon, (Ky.), boftr'bon ( Web. );bgur'bon( Wore.). Bourn, j bourn (Web.); Bourne, ( bourn, or bgurn (Wore.) sdn, 6r, do, wplf, wool, m6T>n, bull, urn, rude, 9ent, fan, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, c=ng. 130 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Bovine, bo'vine, not bo-vfne'. Bowie-knife, bow'ie-knife, not bgw'ig-knlfe. Bowsprit, bow'sprit (Wore.); bo'sprit, or bou'sprit (Web.). Brachial, briteh'yal, or bra'ehi-al (Wore.); bra^h'i-al, or bra'ehi-al (Web.). Braggadocio, brag-ga-do'she-O, not brag-ga-do'sha. Brahmin, brah'miu, not brah'min. Bramin, bra'min, not bra'min. Branch, branch, not branch. Brand, brand, not brand. Brasier, bra'zher, not bra'zi-er. Brass, brass, not brSss. Bravado, bra-va'do, not bra-va"do. Bravo (n.), bra'vo (Web.); bra"vo, or bra'vO (Wore.). Bravo (int.), brK'vo ( Web. ); bra" vO, or bra'vO (Wore.). Brazen, bra'zn, not bra'zen. Brazil, bra-ziT (Wore.); bra-zll' (Web.). " There is a class of words, mostly derived from the French and Italian languages, in which i re- tains the sound of long e, as ambergris, antique, bombazine, Brazil, capuchin, caprice, chagrin, crit- ique, invalid, verdigris, etc." Note 17 (Wore.). Breech, breach, not brlch. Breeches, b rich/eg, not bre"e"ch'e. Breeching, brlch'ing, not bre"e"ch'ing. Brethren, bre^'ren, not bre^'er-en. Brevet, bre-vgf (Web.);bre-v6f, orbreVet (Wore.). Breviary, breVya-ry (Wore.); bre"'vi-a-ry (Web.). a, 6, I, 0, n, y, long; a, e, I, 5, fi, y, short; tiir, Urm, ask, all, Avhat, ^re, Srr, prey, mi'en, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 131 Breviature, breVya-tare (Wore.); bre'vi-a-tQre (Web.); not chure. See a. Brew, bru, not bra. Bric-a-brac, brte'a'-brae (Wore.); brte'a-brae (Web.). Brigand, brlg'and, not brig-slnd'. Brigantine, brig'an-tine, not brig'an-tine. Brighten, bright'n, not bright'en. Bristle, bris'sl, not bris'tle. Britannia, bri-tSn'ni-a, not bri-tSn'ya. Broach, broach. Brocade, brocade', not bro'eade. Brochure, brochure'. Brogan, bro'gan (Wore.); bro'gan,0rbro-ga"n'(Web.). Broken, bro'kn, not bro'ken. Bromide, brO'mlde, not bro'mlde. Allorthoepists, except Smart and Cull, are unan- imous in regard to giving the sound of short i to the list of chemical words ending in ide, as bro- mide, chloride, iodide, oxide, hydride, etc. Bromine, bro'mlne, not bro'mlne. All chemical terms ending in ine have usually the short sound of i. Worcester gives obscure i. Bronchia, bron'<>hi-a( Web.); bitm'-ehia (Wore.). See angular. Bronchial, brOn'ehi-al (Web.); bron'-ehi-al (Wore.). See angular. Bronchitis, br5n-ehf tis, not brSn-eh'i'tis. All these medical terms ending in i-tis have the long sound of i on the penult. See meningitis. s6n, or, dg, WQ!I, wool, mdon, bull, urn, rude, 9ent, can, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 132 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Bronco, bron'eo (Web.); bron'eo (Wore.). See an- gular. Webster is much more consistent than Worcester in his marking the n as ng before the sound of k. Bronte, brOn'te (Web.); brOn'te (Wore.). Bronze, brOnze, or bronze. Brooch, broch, not brooch. Brook, brook, not brook. Broth, broth (Web.); broth, or brOth (Wore.). Brothel, bv6ih'el, not brSth'el. Brougham, brob'am (Web.); same, or brdm (Wore.). Brought, brought, not brought. Bruise, bruie, not bruie. Brunette, bru-nStte', not bru'ngtte. Brustle, briis'l, wo^ brfis'tle. Brute, brute, not brute. Buddha, boo'da (Wore.); bood'da (Web.). Buddhism, boo'dim (Worc.);bdbd'im (Web.). Buddhist, bobd'ist. Bulletin, bul'le-tin (Web.); bul'le-ttn, or bul'le-tln (W T orc.). Bumptious, bum'tious (Web.); bump'tious (Wore.). Buncombe, bun'kum, not bun'kum. See angular. Buoy, bwoy, or boy (Wore.); bwo.y, or bw&y (Web.). Buoyage, bwo^'age, orb6y'age(Worc.);bwgy'age, or bw&y'age (Web.). Buoyancy, bw6y'an-9y, or b6y'an-cy (Worc.);bwgy'- an-gy, or bwojf'an-Qy (Web.). Buoyant, buoy'ant (Web.); bo^'ant (Wore.). a, e, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, , y, short; air, arm, ask, aU, what, ere, grr, prey, mren, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 133 Burden, bur'dn, not bur'den. Bureau, bn'ro (Web.); bn-ro', or ba'ro (Wore.). Burgess, bur'gess, not bur'gess. Burgundy, bur'gun-dy, not bur-gun'dy. Burlesque, bur-lesk', not bur'lesk. Burst, burst, not bust. Bushel, bush'el, not bush'l, nor bush'el. Business, biz'ness, not blz'zi-ness. Bustle > bus'sl, not bus'tle. Butcher, butch'er, not butch'er. Butterine, but'ter-ine, not but'ter-lne. Button, but'tn, not but'ton. Byzantine (noun), byz'an-tlne. Byzantine (adj.), byz'an-tlne (Wore.); by-z3n'tlne, or byz'an-tlne (Web.). C. Phonetically speaking there is no C. It has three representatives, s, k and z; hence, is c only by sight. There is no such combination as hard ch, the h in every case being silent, and the c takes the sound of k, hence no combination exists, only to the eye: chorus (eo'rus), ehSsm (am), Christ (ertst). In such words as chaise, chagrin, chicanery, etc., the c has its 5 sound, and the h remains un- affected. In the words charm, choose, charge, etc.,. a silent t, i. e. , t position, precedes the utterance of the ch, and as c has its representative s, this has son, 6r, dp., wolf, wool, moon, bull, urn, rude, c,ent, an, gem, go, i, ejist, thy, n=ng. 134 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. been termed tsh, though the s in this case is apt to mislead. Theoretically it is tsh, practically it is tcli. In discern, suffice, sacrifice, sice, and their derivatives, c has the sound of z. Caaba, ea'a-ba (Wore.); ea-a'ba (Web.). Cabal, ea-bal', not ea'bal. Cabalist, eab'al-ist, not ea-baTist. Cabiri, ea-bi'ri. Cachou, <3a-9hp.u'- Cadi, ea'di, not a'di, Caesura, 9e-a'ra (Worc.);9e-u'ra,0r9e-su'ra(Web.). Cafe, *af a. Cairo, eai'ro (U. S.); eai'ro (Egypt). Caisson, cais'son (Web.); ais-sp.n' (Wore.). Cajolery, ea-joTer-y, not a-j6l'ery. Calaboose, al-a- boose', not eal'a-boose Calash, a-lash', not ea'lash. Calcimine, al'9i-mine (Wore.); STc.i-mIne (Web). Calcinable, al-9in'a-ble (Web.); ?al-9i'na-ble, or 31'- 9i-na-ble (Wore.). Calcine, al-9ine'(Worc.); al-9ine', or al'9lne(Web.). Caldron, al'dron, not eal'dron. Calf, alf, not alf. Calves, Slve, not alve. Caliph, a'liph, not -eal'iph. Calisthenics, eSl-is-then'ies, not al-is-t8n'ig. Calk, -eak, not 6rk. Calligraphy, cal-llg'ra-phy, not eal'li-graph-y. Calliope, -eal-ll'o-pe, not -eal'li-Ope. a, s, i, o, n, y, long; a, 6, i, 5, fl, y, short; air, arm, ftsk, all, wh?,t, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 135 Calm, ealm, not 5lm. Caloric, a-l5r'i, not ca-lor'^e. See heroine. Calyx, ea'lyx, not &'lyx. Calyxes, a'lyx-es (Web.); al'yx-e (Wore.). Camelopard, a-meTo-pard, or am'el-o-pard. Camelshair, Sm'el-hair, not eam-els-hair'. Cameo, ^am'e-0, not ea'me-0. Camomile, m'o-mile, not eam'o-mlle. Campaign (noun and verb), -eam-paign'. Campbellite, ^m'el-ite, or a"m'bel-ite (Web.); am'- bel-lte (Wore.). Camphor, eam'phor, not -eam'flre. Can, 2n, not ln, nor een. Canaanite, a'naan-ite, not ^a-naan-lte'. Canard, a-niir' (Wore.); a-nar',ora-nard' (Web.). Canary, -ea-na'ry, not a-na'ry. Cancel, an'9el, not -eSn^l. Canine, -ea-nlne', not ca-ni'ne'. Canker, can'ker, not cSr.'ker. See angular. Cannon, ean'non Canon (a law), an'on. Canon (a gorge), -ean-yun' (Web.); &n'y5n (Wore.). Canorous, -ea-no'rous, not ean'o-rous. See decorous. Can't, an't, not 3nt. Cantata, an-ta'ta, or ean-ta'ta (Web.); same trans- posed (Wore.) Cantatrice, an-ta-tr6'che, not -ean'ta-tri^e. Canteen, an-te"en', not ^Sn-tggn'. Canton, ean-ton' (China); -eSn'ton (U. S.). son, 6r, dQ, WQlf, wool, md5n, byll, ftrn, rude, an, gem, go, i, epst, thy, o-ng. 136 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Canyon, eSn'yon (Wore.); ean-yOn' (Web.). Caoutchouc, eoo'chook (Web.); -eoo'clufok (Wore.). Cap-a-pie, ^Sp-a-pie"', not -eSp'a-pie. Capillary, eSp'il-la-ry, or ca-pll'la-ry. Capitoline, ap'i-tol-ine, not eSp'i-tol-ine. Capitulate, -ea-pit'o-late, not ea-pit'chu-late, Seed. Caprice, ea-pr'ice', not ea-prlqe'. See Brazil. Capricious, ea-prlsh'us, not ea-pri'sh'us. Capsule, eap'sule, not ap'sul. Capture, eapt'are, not ap'chur. See a. Smoother pronunciation will be had by separat- ing the non-vocalized consonants p and t cap'- tare. Capua, eSp'n-a, not a'pu-a. Capuchin, eap-n-Qhm'. See Brazil. Caramel, car'a-mel, not car'a-mel. Caravan, ear'a-vSn, or 3r-a-van' (Web.); &r-a-v3n' (Wore.). Carbine, ar'bine (Web.); car'blne, or ca'r-blne' (Wore.). Carbuncle, slr'buQ-ele, not a'r'bun-le. Carcanet, -ear'^a-net, not ea'r^a-ne't. Care, are, not Caret, a'ret, not Caribbean, 5r-ib-b5'an, not car-rlb'be-an. Caricature (noun), a"r'i-ea-tare, not ar'i-a-chur. See Q. Caricature (verb), 3r'i-a-tQre(Web.);ar-i-ca-tQre' (Wore.). a, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, 5, I, 6, u, y, short; air, arm, ask, a.11, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 137 Carlyle, ear-lyle' (Wore.); car-lyle' (Web.). Carmine, car'mlne (Web.); car'mlne, or car-mine' (Wore.); not car'mine. Ca.rnelian, car-nel'yan, not car-ne"'li-an. Carriage, car'riage, not car'rug. Carte-blanche, ciirt-blanche' (Web.); cart-blanche" (Wore.). This word is so represented by Worcester and Webster, as they have not had, until the issue of the supplement (in which the word does not ap- pear), any mark for a French n. The effect produced by the French n is to nasal- ize the vowel preceding it. Carte-de-visite, carte'de-vi-srte'. Cartesian, car-te'zhan, not car-te'shan. Carthaginian, car-tha-gln'i-an, not ca'r-tha-gTn'i-an. Cartridge, cartridge, not cat'ridge. Carve, carve, not cave. Those who drop out the r in such words as carve, loater, etc., make up for the omission by placing the r in words where it should not occur idear, operar, Jehovahr, etc. Casement, case'ment (Web.); cage'ment (Wore.). Caseous, ca'se-ous (Web.); ca'se-ous, or ca'she-us (Wore.). Cashmere, cSsh'mere (Web.); cash'mSre, or cash- mere' (Wore.). Casino, ca-si'no. Cask, cask, not e5.sk. s6n, 6r, do, wolf, wdbl, m6T)n, byll, urn, rude, gent, can, gem, go, i, e^ist, thy, n-ng. 138 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Casket, eask'et, not c&sk'et. Cassia, 3sh'she-a(Worc.);-eash'a (Web). Cassidony, eas'si-do-ny, not eas-si-do'ny. Cassimere, eas'si-mere, not ca^'i-meTe. Cassino, as-si''n(5, not -ea-si'no. Cassiopea, so spelled in Worcester, and pronounced &s-si-o-pS'a. Cassiopeia, so spelled in Webster, and pronounced as-si-o-pe"'ya. Cassius (coloring), eSsh'I-us. This is the marking by Webster and Worcester, but is incorrect, as it does not conform with the pronunciation of the name of the German chemist who made the discovery eSs'e-oos. Cassius (Caius), ^ash'i-us, not eash'yus. Cast, -east, not -eSst. Castanet, eas'ta-nSt, not eas-ta-nSt'. Caste, -easte, not -easte. Cast-iron, east'l-urn, not ast-l'urn, nor east-l'ron. Castle, &s'sl, not 2s'tle. Casual, tf2h'yu-al, not 2'u-al. Casualty, 5h'yu-al-ty, not 2h-yu-al'i-ty. Casuist, -eah'yv-lst, not eaz'yu-lst. Catacomb, at'a-com, not cat'a-comb. Catafalque, at-a-falk', not at-a-fa'k'. Catalogue, at'a-l5gue, not cat'a-16gue. Catamaran, at-a-ma-ran'. Cataract, at'a-rat, not at'a-ra. Catawba, ea-taw'ba, not a-taw'ba. a, e, I, o, 0, y, long; a, 6, I, 6, u, y, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 139 ' Catch, eatch, not 6tch. Catchup, atch'up, not 6tch'up. Catsup, at'sup. Catechism, St'e-ehlm, not cat'e-ehig-um. Catechumen, eat-e-ehn'men. Categorically, eat-e-gSr'ie-al-ly, not at-e-g6r'i- al-ly. Caterpillar, at'er-pll-lar, not at'a-pil-lar. Cattle, eat'tl, not at'tul. Caucasian, a.u~ea'sian, not au-a'ian, nor au-a'- ian. Caucasus, au'a-sfls, not au-3s'us. Cauliflower, au'li-flow-er (Web.); 6Tli-flow-er (Wore.). Cause, aue, not a'ue. Cavalero, eSv-a-ls'ro, not 3v-e-la'r<3. Caveat, a've-at, not av'e-at. Cayenne, ^ay-en', not i-an'. Cecil, qec/il (Wore.); 969'!], or 919'!! (Web.). Cedilla, 9e-dil'la, not 9e-diTla. Celestial, ^e-lSst'yal, not 9e-16s'chal. Celibacy, 96l'i-ba-9y (Wore.); 9e-lib'a-9y, or QeTi-ba- 9y (Web.). Webster stands alone in placing the accent on the second syllable. Cellar, 9eTlar, not 9ul'lar. Celluloid, 9el'ln-loid, not ceTlu-loid. The u in this word is long u, slightly obscured, s6n, 6r, dq, wolf, wool, moTm, bijll, urn, rude, 9ent, can, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 140 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. just as long u always is when not immediately undei the accent. Cement (verb), qe-mgnt'. Cement (noun), gem'ent (Wore.); 9em'ent, or ge- meiit' (Web.). There are eight authorities in favor of the first marking, two in favor of c,e"'ment, while Smart agrees with Webster in second marking. - Cemetery, c.em'e-ter-y, not cem'e-try. Censorian, c,en-so'ri-an, not 9en-so-il'an. Centenary, 9en'te-na-ry, not 9en-te-na'ry. Centennial, Qen-ten'ni-al, not 9en-ten'yal. Centimeter, 9en-tlm'e-ter (Wore.); 9en-tlm'e-ter, or 9en'ti-me ter (Web.). Centrifugal, 9en-trlf'n-gal, not 9en-tri-fa'gal. Centripetal, 9en-trlp'e-tal, not qen-tri-pe'tal. Centurion, 9en-tn'ri-on, not 9en-tu'ri-on. See d. -^ Century, 9ent'Q-ry, not gen'chu-ry. See fl. Cephalic, 9e-phal'i, not 9eph'al-i. Cephalopod, 98-phul'o-p5d (Wore.); 9eph'a-lo-p5d, or 9e-phal'o-pod (Web.). Ceramic, 9e-ram'i, not 9er'a-mi. ^- Cerebral, 9er'e-bral, not 9e-re'bral. Cerement, 9ere'ment, not 9er'e-ment. Ceremonial, 9er-e-mO'ni-al, not 95r-e-mO'ni-al. Ceremony, 9er'e-mo-ny, not 96r'e-mo-ny. Cereus (night blooming), 9e're-us, not 9Sre'us. Certain, 9r'taln, not 96rt'n. Cervantes, 9r-vSn'te (Web.); 9Sr-vSn'tS (Wore.). a, 6, I, 0, n, y, long; 2, e, I, 5, u, f, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sTr, WARMANS PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 14i Cesarean, 9e-a're-an, not ce-ga-re'an. Ceylon, qey-lon', rtrc.Sy'lon(Worc.);9Sy-l5n', or qey- lon' (Web.). Chaff (husk), chaff, not chaff. Chaff (idle talk), chaff (Web. ) ; chaff (Wore. ), not chaff. Chagrin, qha-gr'iii' (Wore.); qha-grln' (Web.). See Brazil. The former is the marking of all the orthoepists, except Webster, who is consistent in his marking of these words of French and Italian origin, with the exception of the three following: Brazil, cha- grin, and invalid. Chaise, 9haie, not chaie. In words from the French cli has the sound of sli. 'Chalcedony, ehal-Qed'o-ny, or ehal'qe-do-ny. Chaldean, hal-de'an. Chaldron, chal'dron (Web.); chal'dron, or chsl'dron (Wore.). Chalk, chjik, not chiik. Cham, ham, not chain. Chamber, cham'ber, not cham'ber. Chameleon, *;ha-me'le-on, not ^ha-me'le-on. See orchestra. Chamois, 9hSm'my, or glia-mol'. The first marking is preferred by Worcester, Webster, Haldeman, Perry and Enfield. The second marking is endorsed by Sheridan, Walker, Jones, Fulton and Jameson, while Smart and the New Imperial favor sham-wa 1 '. s6n, 6r, dp., wolf, wool, moon, bull, urn, rude, gent, -can, gem, go, i, e^ist, thy, n=ng. 142 WARM AN' s PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Chamomile, eham'o-mlle, not -eham'o-mlle. There can be no definite rule given for the sound of i in this class of words. The i is generally short when the accent is on the antepenult ; as juvenile, puerile, etc., but it is not so in the words reconcile, eolipile, etc. Champ, champ, not champ. Champaign, cham-paign', not 9ham'paign. Chance, change, not chance. Chancel, channel, not channel. Chancellor, chan'gel-lor, not chan'cel-lor. Chancery, chan'ger-y, not chan'ger-y. Chandelier, ghan-de-lisr', not ghan.-de-ller'. Chandler, chand'ler, not ghand'ler. Channel, chan'nel, not chan'l. Chant, chant, not chant. Chaos, eha'Ss, not eha'us. Chap, chap, or chap. Chapeau, ghap'o. Chapel, chap'el, not chap'l. Chaperon, ghap'er-on. Charade, gha-rade', not gha-r3de'. Charge d'affaires, sha'r-zha'daf-f^r'. Charlatan, gha'r'la-tan, not char'la-tan. Charlotte Russe, ghar'lotte russe. The Worcester Unabridged does not mark: the c to have the sound of s, but we think it an error of omission instead of commission. Charta, ^hitr'ta, not chiir'ta. a, 6, I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, tt, y, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, re, grr, prey, mien, sir, WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL OKTHOEPY. 143 Chary, char'y (Web.); char'y, or cha'ry (Wore.). Chasm, ham, not ha'um. Chasten, chas'sn, not chas'sn. ' ' For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth. " "This word is sometimes falsely pronounced with the a short, so as to rhyme with fasten; but it is exactly under the same predicament as the verb to haste, which, when formed into what is called an inchoative verb, becomes hasten, and with which chasten is a perfect rhyme." Walker. Chastening, chas'sn-ing, not chas'sn-ing. -Chastise, chas-tie', not chaVtige. Chastisement, chas'tie-me'nt, not chas-tie'ment. When you chSs-tie', it becomes a chas'tie-ment, not a chSs-tle'ment. Chatelain, 9h3t'e-lain, not 9hSt-e-lain'. Chattel, chst'tl (Web.); chst'tl, or chst'el (Wore.). Cheapen, cheap'n, not chSap'en. Chemic, ^hem'ie (Web.); che'm'ie, or hlm'i (Wore.). Chemical, he"m'i-al (Web.); h6m'i-al, or ehim'ie- al (Wore.). It is with great reluctance that we record author- ity for such pronunciation as"lm'ic"and "Im'ic-al." The same holds good to chemist and chemistry. Webster giving ehe'm'ist, and ehgm'ist-ry; Worces- ter gives us the choice between h6m'ist and ehlm'- ist, h8m'is-try and hlm'is-tr} r . We trust that in the next supplement of Worcester the publishers s6n, 6r, do, wolf, wdol, moon, bull, urn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 144 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. will see to it that the printer accidentally (?) drops out the latter objectionable pronunciation. Since the orthography is changed, let it affect the ortho- epy- Chemise, 9he-mis_e', not shlm'my. Chemisette, 9hem-i-ette'. Chenille, 9he-nille'. Cherubic, che-ru'bk, not cheYu-bi*. Cherup, cheYup, not chirp. Chest, chSst, not chist Chestnut, ches'nut, not chgst'nut. Cheviot, chev'i-ot (Web.); chlv'i-5t, or cheVi-6t (Wore.). Chew, chu, not chn. Chicago, 9hi-a'go, not ghi-eS'go, nor 9hi~ea"go, nor chiea'go. Chicanery, 9hi-ean'er-y, not chi-ean'er-y. Chicken, chlck'en. not chlck'n. Chidden, chld'dn, not chid'den. Chieftain, chief'tin, not chisf'tun. Chignon, sheVyon. Nasalize the o, without giving the n. Childe (Harold), child in U.S. ; child, or child, in Eng. (Web.); chllde, or chllde (Wore.). "Childe, pronounced child, is contrary to all anal- ogy, and the modern way of pronouncing it seems to have been determined solely by the indistinct notion that some difference ought to be made be- a, , I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, C, u, y, short; dir, arm, ask, $11, what, ere, err, prey, mi'en, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 145 tween it and child." Phi. Nus.,Cam., Eng. SMART favors chllde, and gives as his reason for so doing: "Childe * * * we may suppose to have once been chll'de." Children, chll'dren, not chll'durn. Chimera, -ehl-me"'ra, not -ehl-mg'ra. Chimney, chim'ney, not chim'bly. Chimpanzee, chim-pa'n'zee, not 9hlm-pan-z5e"'. Smart favors the pronunciation, chim-pan-zS5'. "Chinese, chi-n5e', not chi-nSse'. Chirography, hi-r5g'ra-phy,wctfhi-ro-gra'ph-y . See orchestra. Chiromancy, ehi'ro-ma'n-qy (Web.); ^ln'rc-mSn^y, or ehlr'o-mSn^y (Wore.). Chiromanist, hi'ro-mSn-ist (Web.); hi'ro-man-Ist, or ehlr'o-man-ist (Wore.). Chiropodist, hi-rQp'o-dist, not 9hi-r6p'o-dist. Chirurgeon, hi-rur'g6n (Web.); hl-rur'ge-on (Wore.). Chisel, chi'el, not chis/1. Chivalric, 9hiv'al-rie (Web.); 9hi-val'ri (Wore.). Chivalrous, 9hiv'al-roiis ( Web. ) ; 9hlv'al-rous,or chlv'- al-rous (Wore.). Chivalry, 9hlv'al-ry (Web. x ; 9hlv'al-ry, or chlv'al-ry (Wore.). With regard to the pronunciation of these words, the preponderance of authorities is in favor of the son, 6r, dg, wplf, wdbl, moTm, "byll, urn, rde, go, i, e?ist, thy, n=ng. WARMANS PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. first syllable being accented and pronounced shiv instead of cliiv. Analogy seems to require that ch in chevalier and chivalry should be pronounced alike. Chlorate, hlo'rate, not ehlo'rate. Chloride, ehlo'rlde, not ehlo'ride. See bromide. Chlorine, ehlo'rlne, not ehlo'rine. Chlorite, ehlo'rite, not ehlo'rlte. Chock-full, chQck'full, not chuck'full. ^'Chocolate, chQe'o-late, not ch5'late. Choler, -ehSl'er, not chol'er. Choleric, hoTer-i, not -ehoTer-ie. Choose, choose, not chaise. Chore, chore, not 9hore. Chorist, ho'rist, not h5r'ist. Chorister, -ehOr'is-ter, not ho'rist-er. Chorus, -eho'rus, not chSr'us. Christen, -ehrls'n, not -ehrls'ten. Christian, ^hrlst'yan, not ehrls'chan, nor hrls'ti-an. ^ Christianity, ehrlst-ySn'i-ty (Web.); hrlst-ye-an'i- ty ("Wore.)- ^- Christmas, ^hrls'mas, not ^hrlst'mas. Chromopathic, ^hro-mo-path'ic, not hro-m6p'a- thi. Chromopathist, -ehrO-mSp'a-thist, not hrO-mo- pSth'ist. Chromopathy, ehrO-mOp'a-thy, not hrO-mo-p2th'y. This word does not occur either in Worcester's a, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, fi, y, short; &ir, arm, ask, all, what, re, 6rr, prey, mTen, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 147 or Webster's. By analogy its accent is governed by the same rule as applies to all words of this class. See allopathy. Chronogram, ehrSn'o-grSm, not hrO'no-gr2m. Chrysalis, ehryYa-lls, not -ehrys'a-ll. Chrysoprase, hryYo-prae (Web.); dirjte'o-prase (Wore.). Cicatrix, 9i-ea'trix; plural, gte-a-trl'Qeg. Cicerone, chs-che-ro'ne, or sis-e-ro'ne. Cinchona, 9in-eho'ua, not 9ln'-eho-na. Cincinnati, 9in-9in-na"tl, not 9in-9in-nSt'ty. Cincture, 9lnt'ure, not 9lng'chur. Circassian, 9ir-e5s'sian ( Web. ); 9ir~eash'e-an( Wore.) Circuit, 9lr'-eit, not 9lr'-ent. Circuitous, 9ir-a'i-tous, not 9lr'it-us. Circumscribe, 9ir-eum-srtbe', not 9lr'um-srlbe. Circumstance, 9ir'iim-stan9e (Web.); 9lr'-eum- stance (Wore.). Citadel, 9it'a-del, not 9it'a-dul. Citizen, 9it'i-zn, not 9it'i-zen. Citrate, 9it'rate, not 9i'trate. Civil, 9iv'il, not 9iv'l. See basin. Clabber, elab'ber, not elSb'ber. Clamber, elam'ber, not l2m'er. The sound of the b distinguishes it from clamor. They clambered the rocks, while they clamored the gods. Clandestine, elan-deYtine, not elan-deYtine. eon, or, d, wolf, wdbl, moTm, bull, urn, rude, 9ent, -e-an, ^om, go, i, e?ist, thy, n-ng. 14:8 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Clangor, clSn'gor, not clang' or. See angular. Clapboard (noun), clab'board, not clap'bOard. Clapboard (verb), clap'board. Clarinet, clar'i-net, not clar-i-ngt'. Clarion, clar'i-on, not cla'ri-on. Clash, clash, not clash. Clasp, clasp, not clasp. Class, class, not class, nor class. Classic, clas'sic, not clas'sic. Classify, clas'si-fy, not clas'si-fy, Classmate, class'mate, not class'mate. Cleanly (adj.), clgan'ly, not cleanly. Cleanly (ad.), cleau'ly, not clgan'ly. Clef, !6f (Web.); clet, or cllf (Wore.). Clematis, clSm'a-tis, not cle-mat'is. Clementine, cl6m'en-tine, not cl6m'en-tine. Cleopatra, cls-o-pa'tra, not cle-o-pa"tra. Clerk, clSrk (Web.); clark, or clerk (Wore.). The e in cleric and sergeant has, according to all English orthoepists, the sound of a in dark; yet in this country we pronounce the former in accord- ance with its orthography (clerk), 'while the latter is more in conformity with the Clew, cln, not clu. See n. Climacteric, cli-mSc'ter-ic, or The former is the preference given in Webster's, the latter in Worcester's. a, 6, i, o, n, v, long; a, 6, i, 0, ti, y, short; &ir, arm, ask, all, what, re, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 149 Climature, cli'ma-tttre, not cli'ma-chur, nor ture. Seen. - Climber, clim'er, wotfclimb'er. Clinch, clinch, not clench, x Clique, cle"k, not clik. Clod, clQd, not clod. Clog, clSg, not cldg. Cloth, cloth (Web.); cloth, or cloth (Wore.). The plural takes the sonant th. See truths. Clothes (noun), -elo^, or -elO. We regret that the standard of authority has adopted the colloquial, instead of the colloquial conforming with the standard. It is "colloquial" to mispronounce very many words, from sheer lazi- ness, if those words are at all difficult of pronuncia- tion. It is "colloquial " with at least ninety-nine t hundreths of even our best scholars to erroneously pronounce long u when preceded by d, I, n, s and t, yet we have a standard that swerves not from the right on any of these words. Close the door as you bring in the clOz. Selah. Clough, cluf, or cl5f (Wore.); cluf (Web.). Coadjument, co-Sd'ju-ment. Coadjutant, co-ad'ju-tSnt (Wore.); co-Sd'ju-tant, or eO-ad-jn'tant (Web.). There is only one other authority than Webster that permits the second marking. son, or, dg, wplf, wdbl, m<5on, bull, urn, rude, 9ent, can, gem, go, i, epst, thy, n-ng. 150 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY.' - Coadjutor, o-ad-ja'tor. Coadjuvancy, o-Sd'ju-van-9y(Worc.); 0-3d'ju-van- 9y, or 0-ad-ju'van-9y (Web.). Coadjuvant, eo-Sd'ju-vSnt (Wore.); o-ad'ju-vant, or 0-ad-jQ'vant (Web.). Coagulate, eo-ag'u-late, not o-3g'u-late. Cochineal, 6ch'i-nSal, not -eOch-i-ngar. Cockatrice, 5ck'a-tri9e, not 5ek'a-tri9e. Cockburn (Lord), eOTrarn. Cockswain, eSck'swain, or 6ck'sn. ^- Cocoa, 0'5, not ^o'eo-a. Coexist, 0-e-lst', not eO'ex-zist. ^ Coffee, -eOf fee, not 6f fee. Coffin, -eOf'fin, not -eof'fin, nor 6f'n. Cognac, -eon-yak' (Wore.); eon'yak (Web.). Cognizable, eog'ni-za-ble, or Qn'e-za-ble. Cognizance, -e5g'ni-zan9e, or eQn'l-zai^e. Cognizant, 6g'ni-zant, or 6n'i-zant. Cognizor, og-ni-z6r', or on-i-z6r'. Cognomen, -eog-no'men, not 5g'no-men. Cohesion, < :> o-he"'ion, not O-h6'shun. See adhesion. Cohesive, 0-he'sive, not o-he'zive. See effusive. Coleridge, eole'ridge, not col'er-idge. Coliseum, 5l-i-se"'um. Collier, 6l'yer, not eoTyer. Collogue, 5l-logue', not 5l-l5gue'. See apalogue. Collude, col-lade', not col-lnde'. Seed. Collusive, ol-lQ'sive, not ol-lu'zive. See effusive. Colon, o'lon, note&ln. ., 5, i, o, n, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, ti, y, short; ir, arm, &sk, all, what, ere, err, prey, mien, sir, a fiir Colporteur, xl , not WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 151 Colonel, cur'nel, not u'nel. See carve. Colorado, 5l-o-ra'do, not ol-o-ia'do,worol-o-ra"do. Colorific, 5l-or-lfi (Wore.); -e6l-or-Ifi (Web.). Colosse, 0-l5sse', not o-loYse. ) Colporter, \ Columbary, 5l'um-ba-ry (Web.); eoTum-ba-ry, or 0-lum'ba-ry (Wore.). - Column, -eoTum, not esryum. Comatose, 0'ma-tOse (Web.); 5m-a-tOse' (Wore.). Combat, eQm'bat (Web.); 6m'bat, or eSm'bat (Wore.). Combatable, om-bat'a-ble(Web.); 6m'ba-ta-ble,or 6m'ba-ta-blc (Wore.). " Combatant, 6m'bat-ant (Web.); 6m'ba-tant, or 6m'ba-tant (Wore.). Combative, 5m'bat-ive (Web.);6m'ba-tlve,or5m'- ba-tlve (Wore.). Combativeness, 5m'bat-ive-uess (Web.); 6m'ba- tive-ness, or 5rn'ba-tive-ngss (Wore.). Combustion, om-bust'yun, not eom-bus'chun. Comedian, o-mS'di-an, not 5m-me"'di-an, nor 5m- mS'jan. Comeliness, 6me'li-ness, not 6me'li-ness. - Comely, eome'ly, not 6me'ly. Command, om-mand', not om-mand'. Commandant, com-man-da'nt', not om-mSn'dant. Commandment, om-mand'ment, not om-m2nd'- ment. s6n, 6r, dg, wplf, wdbl, mobn, bull, firn, rude, 9ent, t-an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, D-ng. 152 WABMAN'S PRACTICAL, OBTHOEPY. Commendable, eom-mend'a-ble, not ble. Commensurate, om-m6n'shu-rate, not eom-me'n'- hu-rate. Comment (verb), eSm'ment (Web.); eOm'ment, or eom-me'nt' (Wore.). Comment (noun), eSm'ment. Commiserate, eom-inl'er-ate, not com-mis'er-ate. Commodious, om-mo'di-us, not om-mO'jus. Commodore, 5m'mo-dOre (Web.); 5m'mo-dOre, or eCm-mo-dOre' (Wore.). Commonwealth, Qm-mon-w6alth' (Web.); 5m'- mon-wealth, or Sm-mon- wealth' (Wore.). Communism, 6m A mu-nlm. Communist, 5m'mu-nlst, not om-mQ'nist. Comose, -eo-mOse' (Wore.); 0'mose, or 0-mOsc' (Web.). Compact (noun), 5m'pat. Compact (a. and verb), -eom-pSet . Comparable, ^5m'pa-ra-ble, not com-par'a-ble. Comparative, om-p3r'a-tive, not om-par'a-tive. Compare, -eom-pare', not om-pare'. Comparison, t-om-par'i-son, or om-pSr'i-sn. Compatriot, om-pa'tri-ot, not -eom-pat'ri-ot. Compeer (noun and verb), -eom-pe"e"r', not cOm'pser. Compendious, om-p6n'di-ous, not om-p6n'jus. Compensate, com-pgn'sate (Wore.); eQm'pen-sate, or om-pgn'sate (Web.). See concentrate. The weight of authority favors the first marking. a, 6, I, 0, n, y, long; 5, 6, I, 0, ti, V, short; uir, arm, ask, fill, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 153 Compensative, om-pe"n'sa-tive. Compilation, 5m-pi-la'tion, not 6m-pi-la'tion. C omplaisance, eOm-plai-gSngeX Wore. ) ; e&m'( Web. ) . Complaisant, eOm-plai-sant' (Wore.); 5m'plai-ant (Web.). Complaisantly, Sm-plai-s3nt'ly (Wore.); -efan'plai- ant-ly (Web.). Complex (noun and adj.), 5m'plex, not -eom-plgx'. Complexioned, -eom-ple^'shund, not om-pleVted. It is a very common expression to speak of such an one as being light or dark eom-pleVted. Comport (verb), corn-port'. Comport (noun), cSm'pOrt. Composite (adj.), -eom-pSs/ite. Composite (noun), -e5m'po-lte(Worc.); om-p6s/ite (Web.). Compromise, 5m'pro-mie, not -eom-prSm'ise. Comptroller, on-trOl'ler, not omp-trOl'ler. Computist, -eOm'pu-tist, or om-pa'tist. Comrade, eQm'rade (Web.); eSm'rade, or om'rade (Wore.). There is a tendency to give the second syllable with the a short, 8m'ra'de. The majority of ortho- epists give the second marking given by Worcester. Concave, 5n'eave, not 5n'ave, nor eon-eave'. Webster does not so mark the n where the word is given, but his note (82) sanctions it. See angu- lar. s6n, 6r, dq, wolf, wdbl, mc5on, bull, urn, rude, 9ent, -can, gem, go, i, e^ist, thy, n-ng. 154 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Concentrate, eon-ceVtrate (Wore.); 5n'9en-trate, or eon-ggn'trate (Web.). The following note on contemplate applies with equal force on concentrate, and the entire list of similar verbs: " There is a very prevailing propen- sity to pronounce this word contemplate with the accent on the first syllable a propensity which ought to be checked by every lover of the harmony of language. " Walker. "A. similar 'propensity' extends also in the fol- lowing verbs, viz.: compensate, confiscate, constel- late, consummate, demonstrate, despumate, expur- gate, and extirpate-. With respect to all these words, Dr. Webster places the accent on the first syllable; the English orthoepists, with little variation, place it on the second syllable. " Worcester. Concept, 5n'cept (Web.); -eon^gpt' (Wore.). Conclave, -eQn'-elave, not 5n'lave. See concave. Conclusive, eon-eln'sive, not -eon-elu'ive. See effu- sive. Concord, 5n'6rd, not eSn'cSrd. See angular. Concord (town), eSn'eurd, not eQn'eord. Concordance, -eon-eord'ance, not -eon-cord'ance. See angular. Concourse, -eSnVourse, not eSn'-eOurse. See angular. Concrete (verb), -eon-ergte', not 5n'crete. Concrete (noun), eSn'erete (Wore. ) ; 6n'rete ( Web. ). See concave. a, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, g, I, 5, u, y, short; air, firm, ask ? all, wh$t, ere, err, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 155 Concrete (adj.), eOn'erete (Web.)j5nVr6te, or on- re"te' (Wore.). Concubinage, eon-en'bi-nage, wo cSn'-en-bi-nage. Concubine, 6n f u-bine, not eon'eu-bine. See an- gular. Concupiscence, eon-ea'pis-genge. Condemned, on-demd', not on-de"m'ned. Condemner, on-dem'ner, not eon-dgm'er. Condemning, on-dem'ning, not eon-dgrn'mg. Condolatory, eon-do'la-to-ry, not eon'do-la-to-ry. Condolence, ^on-do'lenge, not 5n'do-leii9e. Conduce, -eon-dnge', not on-duce'. Conduit, 6n'dit (Wore.); 6n'dit, or e6n'dit(Web.). The weight of authority is in favor of Worces- ter's marking. Confessary, 6n'fes-sa-ry (Wore.); eon-fess'a-ry (Web.). The difference between Worcester and Webster in the marking of this word, accords with their marking of accessary and accessory. Confessor, on-f6ss'or (Web.); 5n'fess-or, or on- fgss'or (Wore.). Through ease of utterance Webster has shifted the accent to the second syllable, though the ma- jority of orthoepists prefer the accent on the first. Confidant, on-fi-da"nt', not eon-fi-da'nt', nor 6n'fi- dent. s6n, 6r, dp, wplf, wool, moTm, buU, urn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 156 WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTUOEPY. We prefer the change of accent in the use of the noun and adjective ; but as the noun is given in Webster's and Worcester's with same orthography (confident) as is the adjective, we cannot see the force of Walker's remark "A greater mark of rusticity cannot be given than to place the accent on the first syllable, and to pronounce the last dent instead of dant." Confine (noun and adj.), Confine (verb), 5n'flne, or eon-fine'. Confiscate, on-fls'ate ( Wore. ) ; 5n'fis-cate, or eon- fis'eate (Web.). See concentrate. Confluence, eQn'flu-enpe, not con-flu'enpe. Confront, on-fr6nt'(Web.);-eon-fr6nt', or on-frOnt' (Wore.). The orthoepists are about equally divided on this change of the vowel sound. Congenial, eon-gg'ni-al, or on-gen'yal. Congeniality, eon-ge-ni-aTi-ty, not on-g5n-yaTi-ty. Congenious, on-ge'ni-ous ( Web. ) ; eon-gS'ni-ous, or on-ge"n'ious (Wore.). Congestion, eon-gSst'yun, not on-geYchun. Congratulate, eon-grat'u-late, not on-grSt'chu-late. Seen. Congregate, 5n'gre-gate, not c5n'gre-grate. C6ngregation, 5o-gre-ga'tion, not 6n-gre-ga'tion. 'See angular. Congress, 5n'gress, not -eSn'gres. See angular. a, 6, i, o, n, y, long; a, 6, I, 0, fi, y, short; air, arm, ask, {ill, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 157 Congressional, eon-gresh'un-al, not eon-gre'sh'un-al. See angular. Congruence, eSa'gru -61196 (Web.); 6n'gru-en9e (Wore.)., See angular. Congruency, on-gru'en-cj (Wore.), Qn'gru-en-9y, or on-gru'en-9y (Web.). Conical, -eftn'ie-al, not 0'm-eal. Conjecture, eon-j&et'yur, not eon'jeVchur. See n. Conjuncture, eon-jtinet'yur, not eon-jttne'chur. See Q. Conjurator, 5n-ju-ra'tor, not 5n'ju-ra-tor. Conjure (to solemnise), -eon-jnre'. " I conjure you, let him know What'er was done against him, Cato did it." Conjure (to charm), con'jure. " What black magician con'jures up this fiend? " Conjurer (one who entreats solemnly), con-jur'er. Conjurer (one who practices magic), -eon'jur-er. Conjuror, ) ' a/ry ( Worc ')' not rr y- There is no authority for 1're, though there is one or more for S'ry, and Worcester stands alone for S'ry, while there are many for a'ry. F. F is generally slighted more or less in the matter of pronunciation. It is by no means insignificant, but forms a strong link as an articulative element. It requires a stronger pressure of the lip and teeth than is usually given. Throw the effort beyond the shut position without opening it often, of'n. Fabric, fab'rie, not fa'brk*. Fabulist, fab'a-list, not fa'bn-list. Facade, fa-gade', or fa-cade' (Web.), fa-fade' (Wore.). Facial, fa'shal, not fa'gi-al, nor fa'shal. Facile, fa^'ile, not fu9'ile. Fac-simile, fa-e-sim'i-le. Factious, fae'shus, not faet'yus. Factory, faVto-ry, not faVtry. Facture, filet'nre, not fa^'chur. See Q. For ease of utterance, yet correct, do not put two non-voiced elements in the same syllable when it can be avoided, as in this case fsie'ttire. See enrapture. son, 6r, do, wl, mdon, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, can, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n-ng. 210 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. A word rarely used, but when used, rarely used correctly. See effeminacy. Feminine, f6m'i-nine, not f6m'i-nine. Femoral, fm'o-ral, not fs'mo-ral. Femur, fs'mur, not fSm'ur. Fenian, fe'ni-an, not fgn'yan. Feoff, feoff, not fe'off. Feoffee, feoffee, or f6of-fee' (Wore.), fSof-fse' (Web.). Ferine, fs'rtne, not fe-rine'. Ferment (noun), fer'ment. Ferment (verb), fer-mSnt'. Ferriage, feYri-age, not feYrage. Ferrule, feVril, or fSr'rul (Wore.), fSr'ril, or f6r'rl (Web.). Fertile, fsr'tile, not fsr'tile. Ferule, feYule (Wore.), fgr'ril, or feVrule (Wore.). Fete, fete, not fa-ta. Fetid, fet'id, not fe'tid. Feud, fend, not feud. See n. Fiasco, fi-2s'o (Web.), fr-as'o (Wore.). Fiat, fi'at, not fi-St'. Fibril, fl'bril, not flb'rile. Fibrillous, fi-brtl'lous, or flb'ril-lofls. Worcester gives the same marking with the ex- ception of not marking the first i long but ob- scure. 6, i, 0, a, y, long; 2, S, I, 5, fi, y, short; *, arm, ftsk, all, whg,t, re, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WABMAN S PRACTICAL OKTHOEPY. 211 Fico, fi"0 (Wore.), flteo (Web.). " A fico for the phrase." Fidelity, f 1-dSl'i-ty, wo* f l-del'i-ty. Fiduciary, fi-da'she-a-ry, not fi-da'gi-a-ry. See enunciation. Fierce, Serge, not fler9e. Fiery, fl'er-y, not f Try. Figurative, f ig'n-ra-tive, not f ig'er-a-tlve. Figure, fig'ure, not f ig'er. Filch, filch, not filch. Filial, f il'yal, MO/ f il'li-al. Filibuster, f ll'i-bfis-ter, not f il-i-btts'ter. Film, film, not f il'um. Finale, fi-na'le (Wore.), fi-na'le. (Web.). Finance, f l-n3n9e', not f I'nSnQe. Financial, f i-nSn'shal, not fi-nSn'shal. Financier, f m-an-9isr', not f i-nan-^igr'. This word is not only "apt to be" but generally is mispronounced. Finesse, f i-n6sse'. Finis, fi'nis, not fln'is. Finite, f I'nite, not fi-nite'. Fiord, f i'-ord' (Wore.), fy6rd, in one syllable (Web.). First, first, not fust. Fissure, flsh'yur (Wore.), flsh'ur (Web.). Fistula, fist'n-la, not f is'chu-la. Fitful, f it'ful, not f it'ful. See faithful. Fixture, f Ixt'ure, not fix'chur. s6n, 6r, do, wolf, wdbl, m(5on, bull, urn, rude, 9ent, can, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. * WARMAJST8 PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Flaccid, flae'Qid, not flS9'id. Flageolet, flsg'o-lst, not flag-o-leT. Flambeau, flam'bo, not flSm-bo". Flannel, flan'nel, wo flan'l. Flare, flare, not flare. Flash, flash, not flash. Flask, flask, not flask. Flatten, flat'tn, not flat'ten. Flattery, flat'ter-y, not flat'ry. Flatulence, flat'n-le^e, not flat'chu-lei^e. See o. Flaunt, flaunt, not flaunt. Flaw, flaw, not flaw. Flaxen, flax'n, not flax'en. Fleur de lis, fleur de Is' (Web,), fleCtr de le' (Wore.). Flew, flu, not flu. Flimsy, flim'sy, not flim'sy. Flora, flo'ra, not fld'ra. Floral, flo'ral, not flor'al. Florentine, flQr'en-tine, or fl6r'en-tlne (Web.), flOr'- en-tlne, or fl6r'en-tlne (Wore.). Florid, flor'id, not flo'rid. Florin, flSr'in, not flo'rin. Florist, flo'rist, not flor'ist. Floss, flOss, not fl&ss. Flour, flour, not flou'er (blend in one syllable). Flourish, flour'ish, not flour'ish. Flower, flow'er, not like flour. Fluctuate, fluet'n-ate, not flfie'chu-ate. See n; also facture. a, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; 3, 6, I, 5, tf, y, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 213 Flue, fine, not flue. See n. Fluency, fln'en-9y, not flu'en-9y. See fl. Fluid, fln'id, not flu'id. See n. Flume, flame, not flume. See a. Flunky, flun'ky (Web.), flank'y (Wore.). See an- gular. Flurry, fliir'ry, not flur'ry. Flute, flnte, not flute. Fob, fob, not fob. Focile, fo'qlle, not f09'ile. Foeticide, fet'i-gide, not fet'i-gide. Fog, f5g, not fag, nor fog. Foliage, fo'li-age, not fol'yage. Folio, fO'li-0, or fol'yO. Webster does not mark the last o in either. Fond, f5nd, not fond. Food, fo"od, not fdbd. For, for, not for. Forage, fOr'age, not for'age. Forbade, for-bade', not for-bade'. Forbidden, for-bid'dn, not for-bld'den. Force, fOr9e, not forge. Forceps, forceps, not for'ceps. Forecast (noun), forecast. Forecast (verb), fore-east', not fore-Sst'. Forecastle, fore'-eSs-sl. (Web.); fore'as-sl (Wore.). Forefather, fOre'fa-#Aer (Web.), fore'fa-^er, or fore- (W'orc.). s6n, 6r, do, wolf, wdbl, mdon, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, ^an, ^em, go, i, e?ist, thy, n-ng. 214 WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Forehead, for'ed (Web.), fOr'ed, orfor'hgd (Wore.). Foreign, fOr'eign, not for'eign. Foremast, fore'mast, not fOre'mast. Foremost, fore'most, not fore'm6st. Forenoon, fOre'nolm, not fore-noon'. Forensic, fo-ren'sie, not fo-ren'i. Fore-ordain, fore-or-dain', not fOre-6r-dain'. Forepart, fore'part, not fore-part'. Forest, fOr'est, not f6r'est. Forfeit, for'feit, not for'feit. Forfeiture, f6r'feit-nre, not f6r'fi-chur. See n. Forge, forge, not f6rge. Forgery, for'ger-y, not f6r'ger-y. Forget, for-geY., not for-glt'. Forgetful, for-geTful, not for-ggt'fdl. Forlorn, for-16rn', not for-lorn'. Form, form (Web.), form, or form (Wore.). Formidable, for'mi-da-ble, not for-mid'a-ble. Formula, f6r'mu-la. The u is unmarked by Webster and Worcester. The dot placed underneath a vowel in Worces- ter's signifies that the vowel is obscure, but it does not say what vowel, i. e., u or \i. One may say for'- mu-la, or for'-mn-la. The absence of a mark in Webster's, as in this case, designates the same as the dot in Worcester's, and thereby sanctions either pronunciation. See our Critical Survey. Worcester's school dictionary gives it long u, un- accented. a, 6, I, 0, n, y, long; a, g, I, 5, u, y, short; &ir, arm, ask, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mi'en, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 215 Forsooth, for-s<5oth', not ior-sobth'. Fort, fort, not f6rt. Fortify, f6r'ti-fy, not for'ti-fy. Fortissimo, for-tis'si-mo. Fortitude, for'ti-tnde, not fdr'ti-tude. Fortnight, fdrt'nlght, or fort'nit (Wore.), fdrt'nlght (Web.). Fortuitous, for-tn'i-toiis, not for-tu'i-tous. See n. Fortunate, f6rt'n-nate, not f&r'chu-nate. See Q. Fortune, f6rt'nne, not f6r'chun. See Q. Forty, f6r'ty, not for'ty. Forum, fo'rum, not fo'rum. Forward, for' ward,, not f&r'urd, nor for- ward'. Fossil, fSs'sil, not f6s'sil. Foster, fSs'ter, not f6s'ter. Foundery, found'er-y, not found'ry. Fountain, foun'tin, not fount'n. Four, four, not f6ur, I did so, f6r there were four of them. Fracas, fra'eas (Web.), fra'as, or fra-ea' (Wore.). This is sufficiently Anglicized to say fra'as. It is surely not in good taste to use the second mark- ing given by Worcester frS-ea'. Fracture, frat'Qre, not frSe'chur. See Q, also fac- ture. Fragile, frig'Ile, not frag'ile. Fragmentary, frag'men-ta-ry (Wore.), frag'ment- a-ry (Web.). See note next page. s6n, 6r, dp, wplf, wdbl, mdDn, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, can, gem, go, ig, ejist, thy, n-ng. 216 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. The syllabification by Webster is even more dif- ficult of pronunciation than that given by Worces- ter. If there were a secondary accent on the penulti- mate the difficulty would be removed. France, franfe, not fr3nc. e. Franchise, fran'chi>e, not frSn'chige. Francolin, fran'eo-lin. Frankincense, fr2nk'in-9ense (Wore.), frank-ln'- 9ense, or frSnk'in^ense (Web.). The majority of the orthoepists are in favor of first marking (Worcester's), though ease of utterance shifts the accent to the second syllable (Webster's) ; hence is largely preferred. Fraternize, fra'ter-nize, or fra-tSr'nize (Web.), fra- ter'nlze (Wore.). Haldeman favors frSt'er-nize. Fratricide, frat'ri-9ide, not frat'ri-cide. Fraudulent, fraud'n-lent, not fraud'ju-lent. See n. Fraught, fraught, not fra'ught. Free-hearted, free'heart-ed, not free-heart'ed. Free-love, free-love' (Web.); fre"e'love (Wore.). Freemason, fre6'ma-sn, not fre"S-ma'sn. Free-will (noun), fr6S-wlll' (Web.), free'will (Wore.). Free-will (adj.), free'will. Frequent (adj.), fre'quent. Frequent (verb), fre-quent', not fre'quent. This is the correct pronunciation of the word, a, e, i, o, Q, y, long; a, s, i, o, a, y, short; Sir, Srm, ask, all, what, ere, e"rr, prey, mi'en, sir, WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 217 when used as a verb, i. e., as far as orthoepists are concerned, but not so when considering usage. Freshen, fresh'n (Web.), fresh'shn (Wore.). Worcester doubles the final consonant or conso- nants preceding en, when e is silent. It is not so marked in pronunciation in the other words in this list; hence, we have not made a note of the difference between Webster and Worcester, where such words are given. Fretful, frSt'ful, not freVful. See faithful. Fricassee, fri-as-se6', not fri-a-66'. This word has become fully Anglicized. Friends, friend, not frien. Frighten, fnght'n, not frtght'en. Frightful, fright'ful, not fright'ful. See faithful. Froebel, froe'bel. When spoken correctly, the o thus marked has the sound of 6, given with the lips rounded, as in the position of o. See Goethe. Frog, frQg, not frog, nor frog. From, frSm, not from. Frontier, frSnt'ier, not fr5n-tier', nor fr6n-tiSr'. Frontispiece, fr5n'tis-pie"ce, not fron'tis-piece. Frost, frOst (Web.), frdst, or fr6st (Wore.). See costly. Frost-bitten, frQst'blttn (Web.), frSst', or fr6st'- blt-tn (Wore.). s6n, 6r, dp., wolf, wdbl, moTm, byll, ftrn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 218 WAKMAN 8 PKACTICAL OETHOEPY. Froth, froth (Web.), froth, or frdth (Wore.). See costly. Froude, frcod, (Web.); froude (Wore.). Frozen, fro'zn, not fro'zen. Frugal, fru'gal, not frn'gal. Fruit, fruit, not fruit. Fruitful, fruit'ful, not fruit'ful. Fuchsia, f Q'she-a (Wore. ) ; f ueh'sr-a (Web. ). Webster marks this word fach'si-a, thus making the u long and agreeing with Worcester in his marking; but he respells it for pronunciation, and marks it in such a way that it agrees with the pro- nunciation of the German botanist (Fuchs). Fuel, fn'el, not fn'ul. Fugue, fugue (only one syllable.) Fulcrum, fuT-erum, not fool'erum. Fulminate, ful'mi-nate, not fool'mi-nate. Fulsome, ful'some, not fcol'some. Funereal, fu-ng're-al, not fu-ner'i-al. Furniture, fur'ni-tnre, not fur'ni-chur. See u. Furor, fo'ror (Wore.), fa'ror (Web.). Furry, fur'ry, not f ur'ry. Further, fur'tf&er. See farther. " TJponfurtTier consideration I'll go ten miles farther." "Further, I have to say, you will find him at the farther end of town." Furthest, fur7Aest not furVAerst. Fusible, fn'i-ble, not fn'si-ble. a, 6, I, 0, Q, V, long; a, 6, I, o, u, y, short; fiir, arm, &sk, all, wh?,t, e"re, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL OBTHOEPT. 219 Fusillade (no*n), fn'il-lade (Web.), fn-il-lade' (Wore.). Fusion, fn'zhun, not f n'shun. Fustian, fust'yan, not fus'chan. Futile, fa'tlle, not fn'tile. Future, fnt'ure, not fu'chur. See Q. Futurity, fn-tn'ri-ty, not fu-chur'i-ty, nor fu-tu'ri-ty. G. G has two sounds, arbitrarily called "hard" and "soft." The "hard" g is made with the back of the tongue, as in the word go; the " soft " g is made with the point of the tongue, as in the word George. As in the case of b and d, there should be no explosive sound following the utterance of this consonant when made with the back of the tongue. Keep the position closed, but send the voice be- yond the shut position. See practice exercises given under consonants; also, see b and d. Gabardine, gSb-ar-dine', not gSb-ar-dine'. Gaelic, gae'lie, not gSl'i-e. Gainsay, gain-say', or gain'say. Gala, ga'la, not ga'la. Galilean, gSl-i-le'an, not ga-lll'e-an. Galileo, gal-i-15'o, not ga-lil'e-o. Gallant (daring), gSl'lant. Gallant (polite), gal-lant' (Wore.), gal-lanf (Web.). Gallantly (in a brave manner), gaTlant-ly. son, 6r, do, wolf, wdbl, moTm, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, ig, e$ist, thy, n-ng. 220 WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Gallantly (in a polite manner), gallant 'ly (Wore.), gal-lSnt'ly (Web.). Gallery, gaTler-y, not gaTry. Galliambic, gal-li-am'bi*, not gal-li'am-bie. Gallic, gaTli-e, not ga'lie. Gallows, gaTlus, not gaTlows. See bellows. Galsome, gal'some, not gal'some. Gambetta, ga'm-bet'S; French, gQng-beh-ta'. Gamin, ga-mSng', not gam'in. So say the authorities. The trouble is, the word is used indiscriminately; hence, the term, as well as the pronunciation, is incorrect. Until it becomes Anglicized to gam'in, we would hesitate using the word when a plain English word would better serve the purpose. Worcester gives no accent. Ganglion, gan'gli-on, not gan'gli-on. f>ee aiigular. Gangrene, giln'grCne, not gan'grene. See angular. Gaol, gaol; same as jail. The word is now obsolete. It is the only word in the language where g is "soft" before a. Gape, gape (Web.), ga*pe, or gape (Wore.), not gSpe. Garden, giir'dn (Web.), gSr'dn, or gar'den (Wore.). Gargle, gSr'gle, not gur'gle. Garibaldi, gar-i-baTdi; Italian, ga-ri-bsl'di. Garish, gar'ish, not gSr'ish. Garrison, gSr'ri-sn, not gSr'ri-gn. Garrot, gSr'rot. Garrote (noun and verb), gSr-rOte'. a, g, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, fl, y, short; &ir, arm, ask, all, what, re, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 221 Garrulous, g5r'ru-lous, not gSr'u-lous. Gas, gSs, not gS. Webster remarks: "Pronounced g&g to some ex- tent." So are very many words pronounced incor- rectly "to some extent." Gaseous, g2s/e-ous (Web.), gSs/e-ous, or ga'e-oiis (Wore.). Gasoline, gSs'o-llne, not gSs'o-li'ne. This word is also written gasolene, in which case the sound of long e is allowable on the last sylla- ble; hence, in talking, either pronunciation is al- lowable, but in readingjthe orthoepy would depend upon the orthography. Gasometer, ga-6m'e-ter (Web.), ga-5m'e-ter (Wore.). Gasp, gasp, not gsp. Gastric, gSs'trie, not ga'tri. Gather, ga^A'er, not ge^/i'er. Gaudy, gau'dy, not gUu'dy. Gaunt, gaunt, not gaunt. Gauntlet, gaunt'let, not gaunt'let. Gavel, gaVel, not ga'vel. Gehenna, ge-hen'na, not ga-h6n'n&. Gelatine, gel'a-tine, not g6l'a-tine. Gemini, g6m'i-m, not g6m'i-ni. Gendarme, zh6ng-darm'(Web.);zhan-dSrm'(Worc.). See encore. son, 6r, do, wolf, wdbl, mdDn, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e^ist, thy, n=ng. 222 WARMAN'S PEACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Genealogical, gSn-e-a-lQg'ie-al, notfge-ne-a-ld'g'k-al. Some of the orthoepists divide the syllables log-ic in this form, l6d-jlc. This is really giving an extra d, phonetically speaking, as the "soft"- g is com- posed of dzh. This is not so noticeable, however, in such words as in the word suggest, which is given with both markings. Genealogy, gen-e-aTo-gy, not ge-ne-aTo-gy. There is an abundance of authority for the lat- ter marking, but it is not allowed by either Web- ster or Worcester. Generally, gSn'er-al-ly, not ge"n'er-ly. Genesis, gSn'e-sis, not ge"n'e-sus. Genial, gg'ni-al, not gSn'yal. Geniality, g5-ni-aTi-ty, not gen-yaTi-ty. Genius, gSn'yus (Web.), gSn'yus, or ge'ni-tis (Wore.). Genius (a spirit), gg'ni-tts. Genii, gS'ni-l, not gS'ni. Genoa, gSn'o-a, not gS-no'a; Italian, gSn'o-vM. Gentile, ggn'tile, not ggn'tile. Gents, a corruption not admissible in good society. Genuine, gen'o-ine, not gSn'n-ine. Geoffrey, gSf 'ry. Geography, ge-6g'ra-phy, not g5g'ra-phy. Geometry, ge-5m'e-try, not gSm'e-try. Gerome, zha-rome', not ge-rOme'. Gerund, ger'und, not ggr'und. Gesture, gSst'are, not gSs'chur, nor geVchur. S, 6, I, 0, fl, y, long; 2, S, I, 0, u, y, short; air, arm, fi.sk, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mi'en, sir, WARM AN' 8 PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 223 Get, gSt, not git. Geyser, gey'ser, not gey'ger. Ghastly, ghast'ly, not ghSst'ly. Gherkin, ghSr'kin, not ghgr'kin. Ghoul, ghgul, not ghoul, nor ghoul. Ghent, gSnt (Web.); same, or g5ng (Wore.). Giaour, gour, not g(5&r. Gibber, gib'ber, not gib'ber. Gibberish, gib'ber-ish, not glb'ber-ish. Gibbet, gib'bet, not gib'bet. Gibbous, gib'bous, not glb'bofts. Giblets, gib'lets, not gib'lets. Gigantean, gi-gan-t6'an. Gigantic, gi-gSn'tie, not gi-gan'ti. Giraffe, gl-rSffe', not gi-rS.Se', nor gl-raffe'. Girl, girl, not gSrl. Gives, give, not give. Given, giv'vn, not glv'en. Glacial, gla'shal (Web.), gla'she-al (Wore.). Glacier, gla'ier, or glaq'i-er (Web.), glaYi-er (Wore.). Glacis, gla'gis, or glacjts' (Web.), glacis, or glagis (Wore.). Gladden, glad'dn, not glad'den. Gladiator, glad'i-a-tor, not glad-i-a'tor. Gladiolus, gla-di'o-lus, not glad-i-o'lus. Glamour, gla'mgur, not glam'our. Glance, glanpe, not glange, nor glange. Gland, gland, not gland. Glare, glare. e6n, 6r, dg, wplf, vrtibl, mdon, byll, ftrn, ryde, yent, an, gem, go, i, ejist, thy, n-ng. 224: WAKALAJff's PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Glasgow, glas'gO (Web.) ; same, or glSs/gOw (Wore.). Glass, glass, not glass, nor glass. Glassy, glass'y, not gliiss'y. Glib, glib, not glib. Glisten, glis'n, not glls'ten. Globule, glob'nle, not glob'ule. Gloss, glOss, not g!6ss. Glossary, gl5s'sa-ry, not gl6s'sa-ry. Gloucester, glSs'ter. Glucose, glucose, not glu'cOse. Glue, glue, not glue. 8ee o. Gluten, gln'ten, not gln'tn. Glutton, gliit'tn, not glflt'ton. Glycerine, glyQ'er-lne, not gly9'rtne. Gneiss, gneiss, not gng'iss. O before n at the beginning of words is silent. Gob, gOb, not gob. God, G6d, not Gad, nor G6d. Goethe, go'teh, not gfir'ta, nor ga'ta. The 6 thus marked signifies that the vowel has the sound of short e, given with the lips rounded. See Froebel. Goggles, gOg'gles, not gSg'gles. Going, gO'ing, not goln, nor g6rn. Golden, gold'n, not g^ld'en. Gondola, g5n'do-la, not g6n-do'la. Gone, gQne (Web.), g5ne, or g6ne (Wore.). Gong, gQng, not gong. a, 6, I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, fi, y, short; Sir, arm, ask, all, what, Sre, rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTEIOEPT. 225 Good-natured, gdbd'nat-nred (Wore.); good-nat'ured (Web.). Worcester gives these accents very nearly even, while Webster makes a strong distinction. He is not consistent, however, in his marking, for he gives us lll'nat-ured and gdbd-nat'ured. Gooseberry, gdoe'ber-ry, not gobse'ber-ry. Gordian, gor'di-an, not gord'yan, nor g6r'jun. Gorgeous, gor'geous, not gor'ge-oiis. Gormand, gor'mand, not gor'mand. Gosling, gOs/ling, not g5'lin. Gospel, gOs'pel, not gos'pel. Gossamer, g5s'sa-mer, not go'a-mer. Gossip, gos'sip, not gos'sip. Gothamist, g5th'am-lst (Wore.), gO'tham-lst, or gOth'am-Ist (Web.). Gothamite, gO'tham-ite, or g6th'am-ite. Gothic, g5th'i, not goth'ie. Gouge, gouge (Web.), gouge, or go.uge (Wore.). Gourd, gourd (Web.), gourd, or gourd (Wore.). Gourmand, gour'mand, not gdur'mand. Government, gov'ern-ment, not gov'er-ment. Governor, gov'ern-or, not gov'ner. Gown, gown, not gownd. Graceful, grage'fyl, not gra9e'ful. See faithful. Gradual, grSd'n-al, not gr2d'ju-al. See a. Graduate, grad'n-ate, not grad'ju-ate. See Q. Graft, grift, not graft. s6n, 6r, dp., wplf, wdbl, m(5bn, byll, urn, rude, ciMit, an, ^em, go, i, e$ist, thy, n-ng. WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Granary, gran'a-ry, not gran'a-ry. Grand, grand, not grind nor grand. Grandeur, grand'enr, not grSnd'jur. Grandmother, grand'moA-er, not grSn'm6/A-er. Grant, grant, not grant. Granule, gran'nle, not granule. Grasp, grasp, not grasp. Grass, grass, not grass. Grass-widow, grass'wid-Ow, not grass-wid'Ow. Grassy, grass'y, not grass'y. Grateful, grate'ful, not grate'fftl. See faithful. Gratiano, gra-she-a'no, not gra-she-an'o. Gratis, gra'tis, not grat'is. Gratitude, grat'i-tade, not grat'i-tude. See n. Gratuitous, gra-tn'i-tous, not gra-tu'i-toiis. See fl. Gratuity, gra-tn'i-ty, not gra-tu'i-ty. Gravel, grav'el, not grav'l. Graven, gra'vn, not grav'en. Grease (noun), grease, not gr6ae. Grease (verb), gr6ae (Wore.), grSage, or grease (Web.). Greasy, greas/y (Wore.), greag'y, or greas'y (Web.). The latter pronunciation allowed by Webster jars on a sensitive ear, and is almost wholly disre- garded. Gregorian, gre-go'ri-an, not gre"g-o-rTan Gridiron, grid'i-urn, not grld'i-ron. Grievous, griSv'ous, not grieVyus. ft, 6, I, 0, u, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, , y, short; &ir, arm, ask, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 227 Grimace, gri-ma9e', not, Grimalkin, grl-maTkin, not grl-mal'kin. . Grime, grime, not grim. Grimly, grlm'ly, not grimely. Grimy, grf'my, not grfm'y. Gripe, gripe, not gripe. Grisly, grls/ly, not grls'ly. Groat, groat, not groat. Grocery, gro'9er-y, not gr09'ry. Gross, gross, not gr5ss. Grosvenor, grov'nor. Grouse, grouse, not grquse. Grovel, gr5v'l, not grQv'el. Growse, growe, not growse. Gruel, gru'el, not gru'ul. Guano, gwa'no. Guarantee (verb or noun), guar-an-tee'. Guaranty (noun), guaYan-ty. When the orthography of the verb is that of the noun, like the noun it has the accent on the first syllable. Webster states that "guaranty is the prevalent form of writing the word among legal writers and in law books, in the U. S., both for the verb and the substantive. Guarantee is the form most com- monly used in Eng." Guardian, guard'i-an (Web.); guar'di-an, or guard'- yan (Wore.), not guSr-dSn'. s6n, 6r, dp., wolf, wdbl, m<5on, bull, urn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n-ng. 228 WARMAN*S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Guava, gwa'va, not gwa'va. Gubernatorial, gu-ber-na-to'ri-al, not gu-ber-na-to'- ri-al. Guerdon, guSr'don, not gw6r'don. Guide, guide, not gyid. The u has no influence on the i; it is simply gid. Guild, guild, not guild. Guileful, guile'ful, not guile'ful. See faithful. Guillotine, guil'lo-tine ( Web. ) ; guil-lo-tine' (Wore.). Guillotine, (verb) gull-lo-tlne'. Guipure, ge-pnre'. Guizot, ge-zo', or gwe-zo' (Web.); gwe'zo or ge'zo (Wore.). Gum, gum, not gum (a very common error). Gum-arabic, gum-Sr'a-bie, not gum-a-ra'bk. Gumption, gump'shun (Web.);gum'shun (Wore.). " When p is preceded by m in the same syllable, and followed by t or Tc in the next syllable, it is more properly sounded/' Webster, 84. Gunstock, gun'stOck, not gtin'st6ck. Gustavus, gtis-ta'vus, not gus-tJi'vas. Gutenberg, gu'ten-berg, (Web. ) ; gu'ten-b6rg. (Wore) Guthrie, giith'rle, not guth'rie. Gutta-percha, gut'ta-pgr'cha, not giit-ta-pSr'eha. Webster gives a primary accent to the first syl- lable, and secondary to the penultimate, while Worcester marks them with about equal stress. Guttural, gut'tur-al, not giit'ral. a, e, i, o, n, y,. long; a, 6, i, o, ii, y, short; air, Urm, ask, all, whait, ere, Srr, prey, mi'en, sir, WAEMAN'S PBACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 229 Guyon, guy'on or gwS-yOng' (Wore.); gy'on (Wish.). Guyot, ge-o'. Guzman, g(5bth-man'. Gybe, gybe, not gybe. Gymnasium, gym-na'gi-um (Web.); gym-nft'zhe-ttm (Wore.). Gypsum, gyp'sum, not g^p'sum. Gyration, gy-ra'tion, not gy-ra'tion. Gyves, gyve, not gyve. H. H is generally treated as an "aspirate." The term, like many others, is too indefinite, and too indis- criminately used. The dictionary defines aspirate as " rough breathing." We are informed that " in many words h is silent, and in many it is not." This is not very positive. The only definite rule given is, " H is always silent after r, as in rheum, rhetoric, rhapsody, etc." Habakkuk, hsb'ak-kuk or ha-bsk'kuk. Habeas Corpus, ha'be-as 6r'pus, not ha"be-as 6r' pus. Haberdine, hsb-er-di'ne' (Wore.); same, or hsb'er- dlne (Web.). Habergeon, ha-bSr'ge-on, not hsb-er-ge'on. Habitual, ha-bit'a-al, not ha-blt'chu-al. See a. Habituate, ha-blt'a-ate, not ha-blt'chu-ate. See n. Habitude, hab'i-tnde, not hsb'i-tude. See n. s6n, 6r, dp., wolf, wool, mdbn, byll, urn, ryde, c,ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n-ng. 230 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Haft, haft, not haft. Hagiarchy, ha'gi-ar-ehy. Ha-ha, ha-ha', not ha-ha'. Halberd, hal'berd (Web.); hal'berd, or hal'berd (Wore.). Halcyon, hal'9y-on (Web.); hal'she-un, or hal'cy-on (Wore.). Hale, hale, or hale. "This word in familiar language is corrupted beyond recovery into haul; but solemn speaking still requires the regular sound, rhyming with pale; the other sound would, in this case, be gross and vulgar." Walker. "Lest he Jwle thee to the judge." Half, half, not half (I is silent). Halfpenny, ha'pSn-ny, hap'p6n-ny, or haf'pgn-ny (Wore.). Webster allows all of these pronunciations, but reverses the order in the matter of preference. Halibut, hal'i-but, not hal'i-but. Halleluiah, \ hal-le-ln'ya (Web.). Hallelujah, f hal-le-lu'-ya (Wore.). Halloo, hal-l(5b', not hel-lo'. Hallucination, hal-ln-gi-na'tion, not hal-lu.-9i-na'tion. Halo, ha'lo, not hallo. Halves, halve, not halvs (I is silent). Hand, hand, not hand. Handcuffed, hand'uft, not han'euft. a, e, I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, ti, y, short; Sir, arm, ask, all, what, ere, e"rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL OKTHOEPY. 231 Handful, hand'ful, not han'fftl. Handkerchief, han'ker-chif. Handle, han'dle, not han'dul. See cuddle. Handling, handling, not han'dl-ing. Handsome, hSn'some, not hand's6me, Happen, hap'pn, not hap'pen. Harass, har'ass, not ha-rass'. Harbor, har'bor, not ar'bor. Harden, hard'n, not ha'rd'en. Hare, hare, not hare. Harem, ha'rem (Web.); ha'rem, or ha'rem (Wore.). Harlequin, ha'r'le-kln (Wore.); har'le-kln, or harle- quin (Web.). Here is another illustration of inconsistency. The word is only partly Anglicized when pro- nouncing the last syllable Jcin, yet it is the mark- ing of almost all the orthoepists. Harmonica, har-m5n'i-ea, not har-mo'ni-a. Has, ha, not he. Hasp, hasp, not hasp. Hassock, has'sock, not has'sik. Hasten, has'n, not has'ten. Hateful, hate'ful, not hate'ful. See faithful. Haughty, haugh'ty, not haugh'ty. Haunch, haunch, not haunch. Haunt, haunt, not haunt. Have, have, not hSv. Haven, ha'vn, not ha'ven. s6n, 6r, do, wplf, wdbl, moTm, byll, urn, rude, gent, -ean, gem, go, i, ejist, thy, n-=ng. 232 WARMAN S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Haverill, ha'ver-il (IT. S.);haVer-il (Eng.). Hawaii, ha-wi'e (Web.); ha-wi'e (Wore.). Hawaiian, ha-wi'yan. Haydn, hay'dn; German, hay'dn. Hayfever, hay'fs-ver, not hay-fs'ver. Hazel, ha'zl, not ha'zel. Healthful, health'ful, not hSalth'fftl. See faithful. Heard, heard, not heard. Hearken, heark'h, not hesrk'en. Hearth, hearth, not hearth, except by poetic license. Heathen, hsa7An, not hea'then. Heather, header (Web.); heath'er (Wore.). Heathy, heath'y, not heath' j. Heaven, heav'n, not hgav'en. Hebe, hs'be, not hebe. Hebraism, h6'bra-Im (Web.); same, or hSb'ra-lm (Wore.). Hebraist, he'bra-Ist (Web.); same, or hgb'ra-lst (Wore.). Hebraize, h5'bra-Ize (Web.); same, or heb'ra-lze Hebrew, hs'bru, not hs'brn. [(Wore.). Hecatomb, hee'a-tQm, not he'a-tOm. Heedful, heed'fyl, not hsed'ful. See faithful. Hegel, he'g^l, not heg'el. Hegira, he-gi'ra, or h6g'i-ra. Heigh, heigh, not heigh. Heigh-ho, heigh'ho, not heigh-0'. Height, height, not heighth. The association of this word height with length, a, ' e, i, o, a, y, long ; a, 6, I, o, fi, y, short : Sir, arm, ask, all, wh^t, ere, 6rr, prey, mi'en, sir, WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 233 breadth, depth is probably what causes the addi- tional th which we so often hear. Heighten, height'n, not height'en. Heine, lu'neh, not hlne. The final e in German is never silent. Heinous, hein'ous, not hein'ofls. Heir, ir, not eir. Heiress, eir'ess, not heir'ess. Helen, hel'cn not heTun. Heliotrope, he'li-o-trope, not heTya-trOpe. Hellenic, hel'len-ie, or hel-len'ie (Wore.); hel-len'i-e, or hel-le'nle (Web.). Helm, helm, not heTum. Helot, hel'ot (Wore.); he'lot, or hel'ot (Web.). Helpful, help'fi.il, not help'ful. See faithful. Hemans (Mrs.), he"m'an, not he'mang. Hemiopia, hem-i-o'pi-a, not hem-i-o-pl'a. Hemistich, hem'i-stlh (Web.); h6m'is-tlh, or he- mls'tich (Wore.). Hempen, hemp'n, not hemp'en. Henceforth, hen^e'forth, or hgnce-forth'; Webster same, transposed. Hepatitis, hep-a-ti'tis, not he-pat'i-tis. Herald, hSr'ald, not hur'ald. Heraldic, he-rfil'di, not heVal-dk. Herb, erb, not hSrb. Herbaceous, her-ba'shus, not er-ba'shus. Herbage, Prb'age, or hSrb'age. s6n, 6r, da, wolf, wool, moon, byll, (irn, rude, can, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 234 WABMAN'S PRACTICAL OETHOEPY. Herbal, hrb-al, not erb'al. tjerby, erb'y (Wore.); hgrb'y (Web.). Herculean, her-eu'le-an, not her~eu-le"'an. See Eu- ropean. Hereafter, hsre-aft'er, not hSre-Sft'er.- Herein, h5re-ln', not hsre'ln. "Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit." "Herein is our love made perfect." Hereinto, hsre-in'to (Web.); same, or here-in-tp/ (Wore.). Hereof, he"re-5ff', or here-oV. Hereon, hSre-Qn', not hSre-6n'. Heresiarch, hSr'e-si-areh, or he-r6'gi-arh (Web.); he-r6'i-arh (Wore.). Orthoe'pists differ on the pronunciation of this word, there being as many as five markings. Heresy, her'e-sy, not h6r'e-y. Heretofore, here-to-fOre', not hgre'to-fore. Hereunto, here-un-tp/, not here-un'tg. Hereupon, h5re-up-5n', not he"re'up-6n. Herewith, hgre'wlth (Wore.); here- with', or hsre- w7t' (Web.). Hernia, her'ni-a, not hgrn'ya. Herodian, he-ro'di-an, not hgr'o-di-an. Heroine, h6r'o-lne (Web.); same, or hs'ro-lne (Wore.); not Ine. Heroism, her'o-lm (Web.); same, or hs'ro-im (Wore.). a, 6, I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, 6, u, y, short; &ir, arm, ask, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 235 The marking given by Webster has the weight of authority. Hs-ro-ism may imply either sex, but it is exceedingly distasteful to say hs-ro-ine, as it suggests too much of the masculine element. Herring, heYring, not heYrin. Hesitancy, he"s/i-tan-9y, not heVi-tan-Qy. Hesitate, hSs/i-tate, not heVi-tate. Hessian, hesh'an, not he"h'an. Heterodox, hSt'er-o-d5x, not h6t'ro-dOx. Heterogeneous, h6t-er-oge'ne-ofis, not hSt-ro-gs'ne- ous. Heteropathy, he't-er-6'p'a-thy, not het-er-o-pa'th'y. See allopathy. Hexameter, hex-Sm'e-ter, not hgx'a-me-ter. Hexastich, hex'a-stteh, not hex'a-stltch. Hexateuch, hex'a-tetteh, not h8x'a-te\ih. See fl. Hey, hey, not hey. Heyse, hey'eh, not heye. See Heine. Hiatus, hi-a'tus, not hi'a-tus. Hibernate, hi'ber-nate, not h!-br'nate. Hiccough, hte'eup, or hl'Cf (Wore.); hle'-eup (Web.). Though hiccough is the most general orthogra- phy, liickup is the most usual pronunciation. Hickory, hick'o-ry, not hlck'ry* Hidden, hid'dn, not hid'den. Hideous, hid'e-oiis, not hld'yus. Hierarch, hl'e-rSrh, not hl'rareh. son, or, dg, wplf, wool, moTm, bull, ftm, ryde, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, exist, thy, n-ng. 236 WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Hieroglyphic, hi-e-ro-glyph'if;, not hi-ro-glyph'ie. High-minded, high'-mind-ed. High-pressure, hlgh'-presh-ur. High-spirited, high'-spir-it-ed. High-strung, high'-strung. High-toned, higli'-toned. Highway, high'way (Web.); high-way' (Wore.). Highwayman, high' way-man, not high- way 'man. Of all words compounded with high as a prefix, Worcester gives only one that does not have the accent on high (high-way'), while Webster gives only two (high-bound', high-lift'). Hilarious, hi-la'ri-otis, or hl-la'ri-ous (Web.); hl-la'- ri-ous (Wore.). Hilarity, hi-lSr'i-ty, or hl-lSr'i-ty (Web.); hi-lSr'i-ty (Wore.). Hindmost, hlnd'mOst, not hind'm6st. Hindoo, hin-doD' (Wore.); hln'dco (Web.). Hindooism, hin-doo'lm (Wore.); hln'doo-lm (Web.). Hindostan, hin-do-stan', not hln'do-stan. Hippopotamus, hip-po-p5t'a-mus, not hlp-po-po-ta'- mus. Hirsute, hir-snte', not hlr'snte. Historian, his-to'ri-an, not hi-to'ri-an. Historical, his-tQr're-al, not hi-t6r'i-al. History, his'to-ry, not his'try. " How large is the number of those who make the distinction between the e and the o in mystery a, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; 3, 6, I, o, , y, short; Sir, arm, ask, all, what, ere, e"rr, prey, mien, sir, WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 237 and history? And yet in that and in like distinc- tion lie the beauty and the elegance of cultivated speech. The slovenly speaker ' lumps ' almost all such vowels into the obscure sound of u, saying mystur-y, histur-y, even if he does not go further and say mystry, histry." Richard Grant White. Histrionic, hls-tri-Sn'i-e, not his-tro"n'i. Hog, h5g, not hog, nor hag. Hogshead, hSgs/head, not hSgs/hgad. Hoist, h6ist, not hoist. Hold, hold, not hoi. It is a very common tendency to drop the final d in such words as hold, sold, etc. How frequently we hear "hoi on, there," and "I sol it yesterday." Holinshed, hoTing-hed, not h5l'in-shed. Holloa | h51 " 10 ' ( Worc -);.hO n (Web.); not hel-lo'. Hollow, (to shout) hoTlOw, or h5l-10w' (Wore. ) ; hoi' low (Web.). Hollyhock, hSl'ly-hQck, not hoTly-h6ck. Holocaust, hOl'o-eaust, not ho'lo-eaust. Homage, hDm'age, not Om'age. Homely, home'ly, not home'ly. Homestead, home'stgad, not home'stld. Homeopathic, ho-me-o-path'ic. See* allopathy. Homeopathist, ho-me-5p'a-thlst, not ho-me-o- pSth'ist. Homeopathy, hO-me-5p'a-thy, not hO-me-o-pSth'y. s6n, 6r, do, wolf, wool, radon, byll, urn, ryde, 9ent, an, ^em, go, i, e$ist, thj, n-ng. 238 WAKMAJS'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Homogene, ho'mo-gSne (Web.);h5m'o-ggne, or ho'- mo-gene (Wore.). Homogeneous, ho-mo-gs'ne-ofis, or hOm-o-g6'ni- ous (Wore.); ho-mo-ge"'m-ous (Web.). Homogenesis, hSm-o-ge'n'e-sis (Wore.); ho-mo-ge'n'- e-sis (Web.). Honest, Cn'est, not Qn'Sst, nor Qn'ist. Honorable, 5n'or-.a-ble, not 5n-or-ble. Hoof, hoof, not hdbf. Hook, hook, not hook. Hoop, h6T>p, or hdbp. Hopeful, hope'fyj, not hope'fftl. See faithful. Horatio, ho-ra'she-o, not ho-ra'sho. Horizon, ho-rl'zon, not hoYi-zon. Horizontal, h5r-i-zQn'tal, not hor-i-zon'tal. Horologe, hOr'o-lOge (Web.); h5r'o-l5ge (Wore.). Horoscope, hoYo-seSpe, not ho'ro-s0pe. Horrible, h5r'ri-ble, not h'6r'ri-ble. Horrid, hor'rid, not h6r'rid. Horrify, hor'ri-fy, not hor'ri-fy. Horror, h5r'ror, not h6r'ror. Horseradish, h6rse'rSd-ish, not h6rse'rSd-ish. Horticulture, hdr'ti-efilt-nre, not hdr'ti-ettl-chur. See Q. . Horticulturist, h&r-ti-etilt'u-rtst, not h6r-ti-iilt'u- ral-ist. Hosanna, ho-an'na, not ho-an'na. Hospitable, hoYpi-ta-ble, not hos-plt'a-ble. Hospital, h6s'pi-tal, not 6s'pi-tal, nor h6s'pit-al. a, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, g, I, 5, fi, y, short; &ir, firm, ask, all, what, re, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 239 There are as many as six orthoepists who cling to the antiquated pronunciation ospital, and two who give awspital. Hospitality, hSs-pi-taTi-ty, not ho-pi-taTi-ty. Hostage, hOst'age, not host'age. " Your hostages I have; so have you mine." Hostess, host'ess, not host'is. Hostile, hoYtile, not hOs'tile. There are scores of words ending in ile and ine which have changed from the antiquated pronun- ciation lie and Ine. The New Imperial, however, holds to the latter pronunciation of almost all the words of this class. Hostler, Os'ler (Wore.); hQs'ler, or Cs'ler (Web.). Hotel de Ville, 0-teTdu-vSl. Hough, h5k, not huf. Hound, hound, not houn. Housewife, house' wife, or hfis/wtf (Web.); Worces- ter, same transposed. Hovel, hoVel, not h5v'l nor hdv'el. Hover, hov'er not hoVer. Hudibras, hn'di-bras, not hu'di-bra. Huddle, httd'dle, not hud'dul. See cuddle. Humble, hum'ble (Web.); hum'ble, or iim'ble (Wore.). Humor, ha'mor, or yvi'mor (Web.); Worcester, same transposed. Smart marks this word hn'mor, when it signifies s6n, 6r, do, wplf, wot>l, moon, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, ejist, thy, n=ng. 240 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. moisture, as in one's body, and yn'mor when used in any other, sense. It is impossible to give yd in one sound as Worcester and others mark it. See dishumor. Humorist, hu'mor-Ist, or yu'mor-ist (Web.); yn'mor- ist (Wore.). See dishumor. Humorous, hn'mor-ous, or yu'mor-oiis (Web.); yu'- mor-ous (Wore.). Hundred, hun'dred, not hun'derd. Hunger, hun'ger, not hun'ger. See angular. Hungry, hun'gry, not hun'ger-y. Hurra, ) , .., , , . , __ V hur-ra not hur-ra . Hurrah, ) Hurricane, httr'ri-eane, not hur'ri-eane. Hurry, hur'ry, not hur'ry. Hurtful, hurt'f\il, not hurt'ful. Hussar, hu-ar' (Wore.); hv-ar' (Web.). Hussy, hti'sj, not hiis'sy. Hustle, hus'l, not hus'tle. Huswife, huz'zlf, or httz'wlf. Huzza, huz-zU' (Wore.); huz-za' (Web.); not hfiz-za'. Hybrid, hy'brid, or hyb'rid. Hydatid, hyd'a-tid (Web.); hyaa-tld, or hyd'a-tld (Wore.). Hydraulic, hy-drau'lie, not hy-draul'ie. Hydrometer, hy-dr6m'e-ter, not hy'dro-me-ter. Hydropathic, hy-dro-pSth'i. See allopathy. Hydropathist, hy-drQp'a-thlst, not hy-dro-path'ist. Hydropathy, hy-dr5p'a-thy, not hy-dro-p2th'y. a, 6, I, 0, O, y, long; a, 6, I, 0, u, y, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY 241 Hydrophobia, hy-dro-phsb'i-e, not hy-dro-pho'bie. Hyemal, hy-e'mal (Web.); hy-e'mal, or hy'e-mal (Wore.). Hygiene, hy'gi-ene, or hy'giene (Wore.); hy'gi-6ne (Web.). Hygienic, hy-gi-eVie. Hygienist, hy'gi-en-ist. Hymeneal, hy-me-ne'al, not hy-m6'ne-al. Webster syllabifies the word differently, but does not change the accent (hy-men-6'al. ) Hyperbaton, hy-pe"r'ba-tSn, not hy-per-ba'ton. Hyperbole, hy-pSr'bo-le. Hypercritical, hy-per-erlt'ie-al, not hyp-er-erlt'ie-al. Hyperion, hy-pe"ri-on. Hypochondriac, hyp-o-hQn'dri-a. Hypocrisy, hy-pQ^'ri-sy, not hy-poVri-sy. Hypocritical, h^p-o-rlt'i-al, not hy-po-erlt'ie-al. Hypodermic, h^p-o-dsr'mk. Hypothenuse, hy-p6th'e-nnse (Wore.); same, or hy- po" th'e-nnse (Web.). Hypothesis, hy-pOth'e-sls (Wore.); same, or hy- p5th'e-sls (Web.). Hypothetical, hy-po-thet'ie-al (Wore.); same, or hyp-o-thet'ie-al (Web.). Hypsometer, hyp-s5m'e-ter, not hyp-so-m6'ter. Hyson, hy'son (Wore.); hy'sn (Web.). Hyssop, hy'op, or hys'sop (Wore.); hys'sop, or hy'- op (Web.). s6n, 6r, dg, wglf, wdbl, m<5bn, byll, drn, rijde, 9ent, -can, gem, go, ig, e?ist, thy, n-ng. 242 WARJLAN'S PRACTICAL OETHOEPY. Hysteria, hys-ts'ri-a, not hys-ter'i-a. Hysterical, hys-tgr'i-e-al, not h I. Worcester regards this vowel and correctly sc as a diphthong, while Webster treats it as a long vowel sound, making no distinction between a, I, 0, n. I and n should not be classed with a and 0. Neither a nor can be given without the name sound of each forming its initial sound. Not so with I and n. See our Critical Survey. I ago, i-a'go. Ice Cream, ^e'eream, not ige-ergam'. There is a general tendency, in compound words, to misplace the accent. Iceland Moss, ipe'land-mOss, not ice-land-mOss'. Iconoclast, l-eOn'o-elSst. Idea, l-de'a, not I'de, nor l-de'ur. Those who say i-de-ur, Em-mar, operar, etc., make the mistake of not pulling up at the right time. See carve. Ideal, i-ds'al. not i-deT. Idealism, i-de'al-im, not i'de-al-lm. Ides, id, not i'de. "A soothsayer bids you beware the ides of March." Idiosyncracy, id-i-o-s^n'ra-sy. Idle, I'dle, not I'dul. See cuddle. a, 6, I, o, Q, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, fi, y, short; fiir, arm, ask, all, what, Sre, Srr, prey, mi'en, sir, WARMAN'S I'RACTICAL ORTHOEPY 243 Idol, I'dol, not fell. Idyl, i'dil (Wore.); I'dyl, or Icl'yl (Web.). Ignis-fatuus, ig'nis-fat'a-fis, not ig'nis-fat'chu-fis. Ignominious, ig-no-mln'i-ous, not Ig-no-mln'yus. Ignominy, Ig'no-mln-y, not Ig-no-mln'y. Ignoramus, ig-no-ra'mus, not ig-no-rSm'us. Illinois, il-le-nol', or il-ll-nols/ (Web.); il-li-n6ls', or il-li-nol' (Wore.). Ill-natured, ill'nat-ared, not ill-nat'ured, nor ill-nat'- churd. Illuminate, il-ln'min-ate, not il-lu'min-ate. See Q. Illusion, il-ln'zhun, not il-ln'shun. See adhesion. Illusive, il-la'sive, not il-lu'zive. See effusive, Illustrate, il-lus'trate, not il'lus-trate. Illustration, il-lus-tra'tion, not ll'lus-tra-tion. Illustrative, il-lus'tra-tive, not Il'lus-tra-tive. Illustrious, il-lus'tri-oiis, not il-lus'troiis. Image, im'age, not im'ig; it should be a obscured. " It is in the delicate but firm utterance of the unaccented vowels with correct sound that the cult- ured person is most surely distinguished from the uncultured. In such words as purpose, favorable, pliant, lion, the unaccented vowels are made short u by slovens in speech, who pronounce them pur- pus, favoriible (orfavruNe), pliunt, liun. In like manner, such words as damage, ravage, savage, or- ange, are pronounced damig, ravig, savig, oring." Richard Grant White. son, Cr, dg, wolf, wdbl, mdon, by 11, firn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, ejist, thy, n-ng. 244 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Imagery, im'age-ry (Web.); im'a-ger-y, or Im'age-ry (Wore.). Imbecile, Im'be-Qlle, or Im-be-glle' (Web.); im-beY- ile, or im-be-9'ile'. The first pronunciation has euphony and usage in its favor, the second is very unusual, while the third is quite fashionable with a certain class who are imbecile enough to invite attention to their pro- nunciation. Imbroglio, im-broTyo (Web.); im-brol'ye-0 (Wore.). It seems to be quite the thing with Worcester to get out of a word all there is in it. Imbrue, im-brue' not im-brae'. Immature, im-ma-tnre' not im-ma-ture'. See n. Immediate, im-ms'di-ate, not im-me'jate. Immersion, im-mSr'shun, not Im-mgr'zhun. See ad- hesion. Imminent, Im'mi-nent, not im'mi-nunt. See image. Immobile, Im-mob'ile, not im-mo'bile. Immoral, Im-mOr'al, not Im-m6r-al. Immortelle, im-mor-telle'. Imogen, Im'o-gen, not Im'o-gne. Impartiality, im-pSr-shi-al'i-ty, or im-par-shsl'i-ty (Web.); im-pa'r-she-aTe-te (Wore.). We invariably give the preference to either Web- ster or Worcester in the marking of unaccented vowels. In this case Webster marks them, in some a, 6, I, o, Q, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, fi, y, short; 4ir, firm, ftsk, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, air, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 245 cases Worcester marks them. Our object is clear- ness. See image. Impeccable, im-p&e'ea-ble, not im'pe-ea-ble. Impedible, im-ped'i-ble (Wore.); im-ped'i-ble, or im- ped'i-ble (Web.). Impenitent, im-pe'n'i-te'nt, not im-pSn'i-tunt. In this case Worcester marks the unaccented syl- lables, and Webster does not. Imperious, im-pe'ri-oiis, not im-per'i-ous. Imperspicuity, im-per-spi-en'i-ty, not Im-per-spie'n- i-ty. Imperturbable, im-per-tur'ba-ble. Impetuous, im-pet'n-ous, not im-pet'chu-tts. See u. Impious, im'pi-ous, not im-pi'ous. " Where vice prevails, and impious men bear sway, The post of honor is a private station." Impiously, Im'pi-otis-ly, not im-pl'ous-ly. Implacable, im-pla'-ea-ble, not im-plSe'a-ble. Importunate, im-port'n-nate, not im-por'chu-nate. Importune, Im-por-tnne', wo^lm-por-tune', nor chun'. Impostor, im-pos'tor. Impotent, Im'po-t6nt, not im-pO'tent. Imprison, im-prl'n, not im-prl'on. Impromptu, im-promp'tQ, not im-pr6mp'tu- See n. Improvise, lm-pro-vie' (Web.);lm-pro-v'fe' (Wore.). Improvise, Im-pro-vl'o, not Im-pro-vii'o. Imprudent, im-pru'dent, not im-prd'dent. Impuissance, Im-pa'is-sange, not Im-pu-ls'sance. son, 6r, do, wolf, wdbl, md&n, byll, ftrn, rude, 9ent, can, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 246 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Impulsion, im-pul'shun, not im-puTzhun. See adhe- sion. Impulsive, im-pul'sive, not im-puTzive. See effusive. Inamorata, in-am-o-ra'ta. Inaptitude, in-a'p'ti-'tade, not iri-ap'ti-tude. See u. Inaugurate, in-au'gu-rate, not in-au'ger-ate. Incendiary, in-gen'di-a-ry, not in-gen'dyar-y. Inchoate, in'-eho-ate (Wore.); In'-eho-ate (Web.). Webster ignores his own rule in this case, which Worcester follows. See angular. Inchoative, in-eho'a-tlve, not in-eho'a-tlve. The accent being removed, the first syllable does not change to ng. See angular. Incisive, in-gi'sive, not in-gi'zive. See effusive. Incisor, in-gi'sor (Wore.); in-g!'or (Web.). Inclemency, in-elem'en-py, not in-ele'm'un-cy. Include, in-elnde', not in-elude'. See u. Inclusion, in-eln'zhun, not in-eln'shun. See adhe- sion. Inclusive, in-eln'sive, not in-eln'zive. See effusive. Incognito, in-eog'ni-to", not in-eog-nl'to. Incoherent, In-eo-he'rent, not In-eo-her'ent. Incommensurate, In-eom-mgn'shu-rate, not in-om- m6n'zhu-rate. Incommodious, in-eom-mo'di-ous, not in-com-mo'- jus. Incomparable, in-om'pa-ra-ble, not in-om-par'a- ble. a, 6, I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, o, fl, y, short; &ir, arm, &sk, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mi'en, slPj, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 247 Incomposite, in-com-po'ite, not in-eOm'po-ite. Incondite, in'eon-dite, or in-e5n'dite (Wore.); in- 5n'dlte, (Web.). Incongruence, in-5n'gru-enge, not in-edn'gru-enge, (Web.). See angular. Incongruity, In-eon-gru'i-ty, not in-eon'gru-i-ty. Inconsummate, in-eon-sum'mate, not in-e5n'sum- mate. Incontiguous, in-eon-tlg'u-ous, not in-eon-tlg'n-ous. Incontiguously, in-on-tig'u-ous-ly. Worcester marks this word in-eon-tlg'u-ous-ly. Does he mean it? Inconvenience, m-eon-ven'yenqe, or m-on-v6'ni- en9e (Wore.); In-^on-v^n'ienge (Web.). Incorporeal, In-eor-p5're-al, not In-or-po-r6'al. Incorrigible, ln-5r'ri-gi-ble, not ln-6r'ri-gi-ble. Increase (noun), m'rSase, or in-erease' (Wore.); same transposed (Web.). Incredulity, in-ere-dn'li-ty, not ln-re-du'li-ty. Incredulous, in-ergd'a-lotis, not in-er6d'ju-lous. See n. Increment, in'ere-ment (Wore.); ln're-ment (Web.). Again Worcester is the more consistent. See an- gular. Incubus, in'eu-bus ( Wore. );ln'u-bus( Web.). Incursion, in-eur'shun, not in-efir'zhun. See adhe- sion. s6n, 6r, dg, wn, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, can, gem, go, i, e?ist, thy, n=ng. 248 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Indeciduous, in-de-qld'n-otis, not in-de-gid'ju-ous. Indecisive, in-de-qi'sive, not In-de-qi'zive. Indecorus, In-de~e5'rus, or in-deVo-rfis. See de- orus. Indecorum, ln-de-0'rum, not in-deVo-rum. Indefatigable, In-de-fst'i-ga-ble, not in-de-fSt'i-ga- ble. Indenture, in-dent'nre, not in-den'chur. India, in'di-a (Web.); In'di-a, or In'je-a (Wore.). Indian, Ind'yan, or In'dl-an ("Web.);lnd'yan (Wore.). It is strange that Worcester does not say injun, as a native of in-je-a, for he says In-ja-rub'ber and In-je-Sn'a. Indiana, m-di-Sn'a (Web.); in-di-Sn'a, or m-je-a"n'a (Wore.)- Indianapolis, m-d!-an-ap'o-lis (Web.); m-dian-ap'o- lls (Wore.). India-rubber, In'dia-rub'ber (Web.); m'ja-rub'ber (Wore.). Indicative, in-di'a-tive, not in'di-ea'tive. Indicatory, ln'di-a-to-ry, not in-dl'a-to-ry. Indict, in-dit'. ' ' C is silent in the words indict, indicter, indicta- ble and indictment." Worcester, 65. Indigenous, in-dig'e-nofls, not in-di-gS'notis. Indigestion, in-di-gest'yun, not in-di-geYchun. Indisputable, in-dls'pu-ta-ble, not in-dis-pn'ta-ble. Indissoluble, in-dls'so-lu-ble, not in-dis-sSl'u-ble. a, 6, I, 0, n, y, long; 2, 6, I, 5, fi, y, short; ir, arm, ask, all, whg,t, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 249 Individual, m-di-vid'a-al, not m-di-vld'ju-al. See Q. Indocible, in-dQQ'i-ble, not in-do'gi-ble. Indocile, in-d59'ile, not in-docile. Induce, in-dQ9e', not in-dtuje'. See n. Inducement, in-dnge'inent, not in-du9e'ment. Indue, in-dae', not in-due'. See n. Industry, in'dus-try, not in-dus'try. Ineffectual, in-ef-feet'n-al, not in-ef-feVchu-al. Inequitable, in-gk'wl-ta-ble, not in-e-kwlt'a-ble. Worcester spells this word with the prefix In, but pronounces it with the prefix Sn. Inertia, ln-e"r'she-a, not in-Sr'sha. Inexhaustible, in-es-haust'i-ble. The writer petitions for this h to be dropped from this word in all its forms, but so long as our standards recognize it, so should we. See exhaust. Inexorable, in-ex'o-ra-ble, not in-ex-0'ra-ble. Inexpedient, in-ex-pe"di-ent, not m-ex-ped'yent. Inexpiable, in-ex'pi-a-ble, not in-ex-pl'a-ble. Inexplicable, in-ex'pli~ea-ble, not in-ex-plte'a-ble. Inexpugnable, m-ex-pug'na-ble (Wore.); same, or m-ex-pQgn'a-ble (Web.). Inextricable, in-^x'tri-ea-ble, not In-ex-trle'a-ble. Infamously, m'fa-mous-ly, not in-fa'mous-ly. Infantile, In'fan-tlle, or In'fan-tlle. Infantine, In'fan-tlne, or m'fan-tlne. It is impossible to formulate any rule concerning words ending in He and ine. See hostile. son, 6r, do, wolf, wdbl, mdon, byll, drn, 9ent, can, gem, go, i, e^ist, thy, n-ng. 250 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Infatuate, in-fat'n-ate, not in-fat'chu-ate. See a. Inferable, in-feYa-ble, not in-fgr'a-ble. Inferrible, in-feYri-ble, not in-fgr'ri-ble. Infidel, m'fi-del, not in'fi-dul. Infinite, in'fi-nlte, not in'fi-nlte. Infinitesimal, In-fin-i-tes'i-mal, not In-fin-i-teyi-mal. Infinitude, in-fm'i-tnde, not in-f In'i-tude. Inflammable, in-flam'ma-ble, not in-flam'ma-ble. Infusion, in-fa'zhun, not in-fn'shun. See adhesion. Infusive, in-fa'sive, not in-fa'zive. See effusive. Ingelow (Jean), j5n In'ge-low. Ingenious, in-gSn'yus (Web.); same, or in-gS'ni-ous (Wore.). Ingenuity, m-ge-nn'i-ty, not m-ge-nu'i-ty. See o. Ingenuous, in-gen'a-ous, not in-ggn'a-ous. Ingratitude, in-grat'i-tnde, not in-grSt'i-tvide. See Q. Ingredient, in-gre'di-ent, not in-grg'gent. Inherent, in-hSr'ent, not in-heYent. Inhospitable, in-h6s'pi~ta-ble, not in-hos-pit'a-ble. Inimical, in-Im'i-eal (Web.); same, or In-i-ml'eal (Wore.). Initiate, in-lsh'l-ate, not in-lsh'ate. Innate, In-nate' (Wore.); in'nate, or in-nate' (Web.). Innocent, ln'no-96nt, not in'no-sunt. See image. Inofficial, In-of-f ish'al, not in-o-f Ish'al. Inopportune, m-5p-por-tnne', not in-Sp'por-tane, nor ln-6p-por-tune'. Inquiry, in-qul'ry, not In'qui-ry. Insatiate, in-sa'she-ate, not in-sa'shate. a, e, i, o, Q, y, long; a, s, i, Q, a, y, short; &ir, arm, Ask, all, whg,t, ere, 6rr, prey, mi'en, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 251 Insatiety, in-sa-ti'e-ty, not in-sa'she-ty. Insaturable, in-sat'u-ra-ble, not in-sat'chu-ra-ble. See Q. Inscrutable, in-seru'ta-ble, not in-sra'ta-ble. Insects, In's&ets, not in'sSes. Insidious, in-sld'i-oiis, not in-sld'yus. Insignia, in-slg'ni-a, not in-slg'nya. Insition, in-slsh'un, or in-slzh'un (Web.); same, transposed (Wore.). Inspiratory, m'spi-ra-to-ry, or in-spi'ra-to-ry (Wore.); same, transposed (Web.). In-statu-quo, in-sta'tu-quo (Wore.); not in-stst'u- quO. Instead, in-stead' not in-stld'. Institute, m'sti-tnte, not In'sti-tute. See fl. Institution, in-sti-tn'tion, not in-sti-tu'tion. See G. Instrument, in'stru-m6nt, not in'strn-mSnt. Insulate, in'su-late. ? ? ? This is as clear as either Unabridged gives it. Webster does' not mark the u, nor does he respell the word. Worcester marks the u obscure. This is very indefinite, as we do not know which u he obscures. In Worcester's school dictionary the u is marked as long u obscure, i. e., as loqg u always is when unaccented. This would make the pronunci- ation in'syu-late. We find the word having the same root pen-in- su-la marked by both authorities. Webster gives s6n, 6r, do, wolf, wdbl, m<5on, bull, urn, rude, 9ent, can, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n-ng. 252 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. it so, or shu; Worcester gives it shu in the Un- abridged, and n obscured (syu) in the school edition. Integer, In'te-ger, not In'te-ger. Integral, in'te-gral, not in-te'gral. Intellect, m'tel-leet, not In'tu-leet. Intellectual, in-tel-leet'n-al, not m-tel-leVchu-al. See Q. Intercalary, in-tSr'-ea-la-ry, not in-ter-eaTa-ry. Interest (verb), m'ter-Sst, not ln-ter-6st'. Interest (noun), In'ter-est, not In'ter-Sst, nor In'trest. Interested, in'ter-est-ed, not In-ter-est'ed. Interesting, In'ter-6st-ing, not ln-ter-6st'ing. Interim, in'ter-lm, not In'ter-um. Interlocutor, m-ter-l6Vu-tor, or ln-ter-lo-0'tor (Wore.); In-ter-l6'Q-tor (Web.). Interlude, in'ter-lade, not in'ter-lude. See n. Intermezzo, m-ter-mgd'zo. International, in-ter-nSsh'un-al, not in-ter-na'shun- al. Interpolate, in-tgr'po-late, not in'ter-po-late- Interstice, In'ter-stl9e, or in-t6r'stl9e. Intestine, in-tes'tlne, not in-teYtine. Intransitive, in-trSn'si-tlve, not in-trSn'gi-tive. Intrigue (noun and verb), in-trigue', not In'trigue, nor in-trlgue'. Intrinsic, in-trln'si-e, not in-trln'i. Introduce, in-tro-dnge', not in-tro-duQe'. See Q. Intrude, in-trude', not in-trnde'. a, e, i, o, n, y, long; a, 6, i, s, u, y, short; Sir, arm, ask, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir. WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 253 Intrusion, in-tru'zhun, not in-tru'shun. See adhe- sion. Intrusive, in-tru'sive, not in-tru'zive. See effusive. Intuition, m-tn-ish'un, not m-tu-lsh'un. Intuitive, m-tn'i-tlve, not in-tu'i-tlve. Inure, in-nre', not in-ure'. Invalid, m'va-lid (Web.); m-va-lld' (Wore.). See Brazil. Invasion, in-va'zhun, not in-va'shun. See adhesion. Invasive, in-va'sive, not in-va'f-dve. See effusive. Inveigh, in-veigh'. Inveigle, in-ve'gl, not in-ve'gl. Inventory, In'ven-to-ry, not in-v6n'to-ry. Inversion, in-vr'shun, not in-vSr'zhun. See adhe- sion. Invidious, in-vld'i-oiis, not in-vid'yus. Involution, in-vo-la'tion, not in-vo-lu'tion. See Q. Iodide, i'o-dide (Web.); i'o-dlde (Wore.). See bro- mide. Iodine, i'o-dine, not i'o-dlne. Ionia, l-5'ni-a, not l-On'ya. Iowa, I'o-wa, not i-o'wa, nor l-o-wa'. Iphigenia, iph-i-ge-ni'a, not Iph-i-ge'ni-a. Irascible, i-ras'9i-ble, not ir-rSs'yi-ble. Irate, frate (Wore.); i-rate' (Web.). Irene, l-rg'ne, not l-rgne'. Iridescent, ir-i-deYgent, not i-re-dgs'gent. Iridium, i-rld'i-um, not Ir-rld'i-um. Irksome, Irk'some, not Irk'sm. son, 6r, do, wolf, wool, moTm, byll, ftrn^ rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e^ist, thy, a-ng. 254: WARMAN'S PRACTICAL. ORTHOEPY. Iron, I'urn, not I'ron. Irony (like iron), I'urn-y. Irony (satire), I'run-y. Iroquois, lr-o-kwoi'(Web.); Ir-o-kwois', or ir-o-kwoi' (Wore.). Irrational, ir-rSsh'un-al, not ir-ra'shun-al. Irrecognizable, Ir-re-e5g'ni-za-ble, not ir-reVog-m- za-ble. Irrefragable, ir-rgf 'ra-ga-ble, not ir-re-f ratable. We often hear this word correctly syllabified, yet the g given its " soft " sound. Bear in mind that g is always " hard" before a (except gaol). True, there are many orthoepists who pronounce this word Ir-re-frag'a-ble, but it is not sanctioned by either Worcester or Webster. Walker, in speak- ing of placing the accent on the second syllabic, says: "I am much mistaken if it has not only the best usage on its side, but the best analogy to sup- port it." Irrefutable, ir-rgf 'u-ta-ble, or ir-re-fnt'a-ble (Web.); Ir-re-fn'ta-ble, or ir-r&f 'u-ta-ble (Wore.). Why this inconsistency in Worcester? It is some- times argued that having the verb refute is. suffi- cient reason for placing the accent on the third syl- lable. Then why should not the words irrevocable, indisputable, incomparable, irreparable be similarly influenced? Irremediable, Ir-re-m6'di-a-ble, not ir-rSm'e-di-a-ble. a, e, I, 0, G, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, fi, y, short; &ir, arm, ask, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mi'en, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 255 Irreparable, Ir-rgp'a-ra-ble, not Ir-re-par'a-ble. Irresoluble, Ir-res/o-lu-ble, not Ir-re-sol'u-ble. Irrespirable, ir-res'pi-ra-ble, not ir-re-spl'ra-ble. Irrevocable, Ir-rev'o-ea-ble, not Ir-re-v0'a-ble. Isaiah, i-a'ya, not i-za'a. Isinglass, i'in-glass, not i'm-glass. Islamism, ls/lam-Im, not Is'lam-Im. Isobare, I'so-bare, not Is'o-bare. Isochronal, l-sfeh'ro-nal, not I'so-ehrO-nal. Isolate, is/o-late (Wore.); is'o-late (Web.), not f so- late. Isolation, i-o-la'tion (Wore.); is-o-la'tion (Web.). Isomerism, i-s5m'er-im, not ls/o-mer-im. Isotonic, i-so-t5n'i, not Is-o-t5n'i-e. Israel, i'ra.-el, not is'ra-el. Isthmus, is'mus, or Ist'mus (Web.); Ist'mus (Wore.). Italian, i-tal'yan, not 1-taTyan. Italic, l-t$.l'ie, not i-tal'i. Worcester gives these words It-tal'yan and it-taT- i. This difference, as almost all other differences of unaccented or secondary accented syllables, be- tween Webster and Worcester is scarcely discerni- ble in general conversation, unless it is that the Worcester markings cause one to be more careful, possibly not a little pedantic. Itch, Itch, not i'tch. Ithuriel, i-tha'ri-el. ' ' Such spirits have nothing to do with the detecting spirit of Ithuriel." son, or, do, wolf, wdbl, moon, by 11, urn, rude, 9ent, can, gem, go, i, ejist, thy, n-ng. 256 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Ivory, l'vo-ry, not iv'ry. Ixion, ix-l'on, not ix'l-on. J. The component parts of J are d and zh given with one impulse of the voice (dzli), just as ch in charm is tsh with one impulse of the breath. To give/ it is necessary to place the tongue in position of d; to give ch (charm) it is necessary to place the tongue in position of t, which is the unvoiced d, just as sh is the unvoiced zh. /and the so-called soft g are the same in sound. This is well illus- trated in the word judge. The d by sight is silent; it is jug. Jackal, jack'al, not jack-all'. Jackdaw, jack'daw, not jack-daw'. Jacob, Ja'-eob, not Ja'-eup. Jacquard, ja^-eard', or zhak-kar' (Wore.); zhs-kar' (Web.). Jaguar, jag-n-ar', not jag-war'. Jalap, jal'up, not jal'up. January, jan'n-a-ry, not jan'u-a-ry. Japanese, j3p-a-nee', not jap-an-ese'. How much one will wander out of the way to pronounce words in some unaccustomed manner that is sure to invite more attention to the man than the matter. It is affectation personified to hear the sound of s instead of z in such words as a, S, I, 0, n, y, long; 2, 6, I, 0, u, y, short; fi,ir, arm, ask, 11, what, re, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 257 Japanese, Chinese and Portuguese. The latter word is very suggestive of some affinity between the af- fected speaker and his pronunciation. Jaques, zhsk. Actors and readers say Ja'kwSz. Jasmine, js'miue, or jSs'mine. Webster and Worcester agree in this marking, except in the matter of the unaccented syllables. In all cases we give such words a diacritical mark, when given by either authority, but we do not consider it necessary to so state it in every word where such differences occur, as- it does not affect the pronunciation, except in its clearness. Jaundice, jaun'd^e, not jaun'dlqe. Jaunt, jaunt, not jaunt. Jaunty, jiiun'ty, not jaunt'y. Javelin, jaVlin, not jaVe-lin. Jean Paul, jsan paul, or zhon powl. Jehovah, Je-ho'vah, not Je-ho'ver. See idea. Jeremiade, jer-e-mi'ade. Jerusalem, je-ru'sa-lSm, not je-ru'a-l6m. Jesuit, jes/a-it, not jeYu-it. Jew, jn, or ju. Jewel, jn'el or ju'el (Web.); jn'el (Wore.). Jewelry, jo'el-ry, not jul'ry. Jewess, jo'ess. Jewish, ja'ish, or ju'ish (Web.); ju'ish (Wore.). Jewsharp, jQ'harp, or jus/harp (Web.); jQg'harp (Wore.), not jus'harp. s6n, 6r, dp, wolf, wdbl, m(5bn, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, ejist, thj, n-ng. 258 WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL, ORTHOEPY. Jocose, jo-eSse', not jSe'ose, nor jO' Jocund, jde'und, not jo-tind'. John, jShn, not j6hn. Johnson, jShn'son, not j6hn'son. Join, join, not jine. Jointure, jolnt'nre, not join'chur. Joist, J6ist, not jist. Jostle, joYl, not jQs'tle. Jostling, jos'ling, not jOst'ling. Jovial, jo'vi-al, not jov'yal. Jowl, jowl, not joul. Joyful, joy'fyl, not j&y'ful. See faithful. Juan (Don), ju'an, not ju-2n'. Jubilee, jn'bi-lee, not ja-bi-lee'. Judaical, ju-da'i-al, not ju-da-l'al. Judaism, jn'da-lm, not ju'da-im. Judgment, jfidg'ment, not judg'munt. See image. Jugular, ja'gu-lar, not jiig'lar. The Q in the second syllable is not marked by Webster, but is marked obscure by Worcester in the Unabridged, while in the school edition it is given as long u obscured. This is definite, and every obscure u in the Unabridged should be so designated, otherwise it is not known whether it is to have the sound of u obscure, or u obscure. See such words as deputy, sinew and inaugurate. Jujube, jn'jnbe, not ju'ju-bs, nor ju'dy (paste). Julian, jnl'yan, not ju'li-an. e, I, 0, o, y, long; a, 6, I, 0, , y, short; :, firm, ask, all, what, re, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, SV F2ACTICAL OKTHOEPY. 259 Juliet, ju'li-et, not jul'yet, nor ju-li-St'. Junior, jun'yur (Web.); jan'yur, or jn'ni-or (Wore.). Junius, jQ'ni-ous (Wore.); same, or jnn'yus (Web.). Juniper, ja'ni-per, not ju/ni-per. Juno, ju'no, not ju'no. Jupiter, jn'pi-ter, not ju'pi-ter. Jurist, ja'rist, not ju'rist. Jury, jn'ry, not ju'ry. Just, jttst, not jlst, nor j6st. Justificative, jus'ti-fi-ea-tive (Web.); jfis-tlf'i-ea-tive (Wore.). Justificatory, jtt3'ti-fi~ea-to-ry(Web.); jiis-tif'i-ea-to- ry (Wore.). Juvenile, jn've-nlle, not jn've-mle. See hostile. K. This non-voiced consonant is made by the back of the tongue coming in contact with the soft pal- ate. There should be no explosive force given to this element when it is final in a syllable or word, as the tongue should be kept in its position with an endeavor to place the result out of the mouth without removing the tongue. When speaking the word lecture, it should have the first syllable (lee) ended by placing the tongue quickly and accurately in position of k, and this being done, the syllable ture can be given easily, at the same time avoiding the disagreeable sound chur. See P and T, as also our instruction on the consonants. son, 6r, do, wolf, wot>l, nuSbn, bull, urn, rude, 9ent, -eon, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n-ng. 260 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Kaleidoscope, ka-lei'do-SOpe, not ka-le"i'do-s0pe. Kangaroo, kSn-ga-roo', not kSn-ga-r<5o'. Karmathian, kar-ma'thi-an. Katydid, ka'ty-did, not ka-ty-did'. Kearny (Philip), kear'ny, not kear'ny. Keble (John), keb'l, (Web.); keVbl (Wore.). Keelson, keel'son, or kel'son (Wore.); keTson (Web.). Kellog (Clara Louisa), kell'og, not kel'ldg. Kemble (Fanny), kem'b'l, not kgm'bul. Kennel, ken'nel, not kSn'l. Kept, kept, not kSp. Kernel, kSrn'el, not kern'l. Kettle, kSt'tle, not klt'tle. Khan, kan, or kSn. Khedive, khe-di've', or khe'dlve (Web.); khe-dr've, or khe-dlve' (Wore.). Kiln, kll, not kiln. Kind, kind, not ke-ind, nor kylnd. See guide. Kindergarten, kln'der-gar-ten, not kln'der-gSr-den. Kindle, kin'dle, not kln'dul. See cuddle. Kindness, klnd'ness, not kin'ness, nor kind'nuss. Kirchmaier, kireh'mai-er. Kirschwasser, ki'rsch'vas-ser (Wore.); kirsch'w^s- ser (Web.). This word being purely German, Webster is surely at fault in his pronunciation of the second syllable. Kitchen, kitch'en, not kltch'n. a, 6, I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, o, u, y, short; fiir, arm, ftsk, all, what, ere, err, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 261 Kitten, klt'tn, not klt'ten. Kleptomania, klep-to-ma'ni-a. Klick, kllck, not klick. Klopemania, klSp-e-ma'ni-a (Wore); klo-pe-ma'ni-a (Web.)- Knapsack, knap'sack. Knavery, knav'er-y, not knav'ry. Knowledge, nSl'edge, not no'ledge. Kossuth, kOsh'oot (Web.); kQs'shdbt (Wore.). Kuklux, ku'klux, not ku'klux. L. The prevailing fault in the formation of this consonant is in placing the point of the tongue too high above the teeth. It should have exactly the position of d, but instead of the tongue pressing its sides upward, as in d, it relaxes them for L Speak the words file down. If the point of the tongue is correctly placed on ending the first word, it will begin the second with no change of position at the point but an additional pressure. Speak the words slowly, halting a moment between the words. Labarum, lab'a-rum, not la-ba'rum. Label, la'bel, not la'bl. Labial, la'bi-al, not lab'yal. Laboratory, lab'o-ra-to-ry, not Isb'ra-to-ry. Laborer, la'bor-er, not lab'rer. Labyrinth, lab'y-rinth, not Isb'rinth. son, 6r, do, wolf, wot>l, mflon, byll, ftrn, rude, $ent, an, gem, go, i, ejist, thy, n=ng. 262 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEFT. Laccine, la'9ine, not lae'cine. Lacerate, lag'er-ate, not la^'er-ate. Lachrymose, laeh'ry-mose (Web.); laeh-ry-mOse' (Wore.), not laeh'ry-mo^e. Lackadaisical, lack-a-dai'i-e -al, not lack-si-da'si-al. Laconism, la'on-im, not la/on-lm. Lacquer, lae'er, not lae'ewer. Lacrosse, Ia-r6sse', not la-erosse'. Ladle, la'dle, not la'dul. See cuddle. Laertes, la-e"r'te. LaFayette (city), 18-fay-ette' (Wore.); laf-a-gf (Web.). LaFayette (General), la-fay-eW (Wore.); la-fa-ySt' (Web.). LaFontaine, Ia-f6n-taine'. Lager, la'ger, not la'ger. Lalla Rookh, lal'la rook, not lal-la rdbk'. Lamentable, lam'ent-a-ble, not Ia-m6nt'a-ble. Lancaster, lan'as-ter (Web.); lanc'as-ter (Wore.), not ISn'eSst-er. Lance, lanqe, not lanQe. Lancet, lancet, not lancet. Land, land, not land. Landau, iSn'dau (Web.); lan-dgu' (Wore.). When written l&ndaw, Worcester places the ac- cent on the first syllable. Landlord, land'ldrd, not ISn'lurd. Webster does not mark the unaccented syllable. a, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, u, y, short; Sir, arm, ask, all, what, ere, err, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 263 Lang Syne, lang-syne' (Wore.); lang'syne (Web.). Language, ISn'gwage, not lan'gwage. See angular. Languid, ISs'gwid, not lan'gwid. Languish, lan'gwish, not lan'gwish. Languor, lan'gwor, not lan'gwor. Laocoon, la-oVo-Qn, not la-5Voon. Lapel, la-peT, not lap-el'. La Place, la-plage'. Lapse, lapse, not lapse. Larum, lar'um, or la'rum (Wore.); lar'um (Web.). Laryngeal, la-rjfn'ge-al (Wore.); lar-yn-gg'al, or la- r^n'ge-al (Web.). Laryngitis, lar-yn-gl'tis, not lar-yn-gf tis. See men- ingitis. Laryngoscope, la-ryn'go-seOpe, not la-ryn'go-seOpe. Larynx, ISr'ingks (Web.); lar'ingks, or la'ringks (Wore.), not lar'nyx. La Salle, la'-salle', not Ia-s2lle' nor la-sel'. Chicagoans haven't time to say La Salle' street. Lash, lash, not lash. Lass, lass, not lass. Lassie, las'sie, not las'sie. Lassitude, las'si-tade, not ls'si-tude. Lasso, las'so, not las'so. Last, last, not last. Lasting, last'ing, not last'ing. Lastly, last'ly, not last'ly. Latent, la'tent, not 1st'. s6n, 6r, do, w sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 275 Maccabean, mae-ea-be'an, not Maccabees, ni3'-ea-bee, not Macerate, mag'er-ate, not ma'ger-ate. Machiavelian, maeh-i-a-veTyan. Machinal, maeh'i-nal (Web.); same, or ma-chl'nal (Wore.). Mackerel, mSck'er-el, not mack'rel. Macrocosm, ma:'ro-5!m, or ma'cro-5m (Web.); ma'ro-5m (Wore.). Madam, mad'am. Madame, ma-dame' (Web.); ma-dame' (Wore.). Madden, mad'dn, not mSd'den. Madeira, ma-de"i'ra, or ma-dei'ra (Web.); ma-d6'ra (Wore.). Madamoiselle, mad'mwa-zeT (Web.); mad-em-wa- zel' (Wore.). Worcester is incorrect in his marking, as a French- man would not say madem nor um. We think Web- ster's marking is not quite what it should be, as the d and m should be so closely joined in utterance that no mark of accentuation could be given between them. Madrid, mad'rid (U. S.); mS-drld' (Spanish). Maelstrom, mael'strdm, not mSel'strom. Magazine, mag-a-zine'. Magi, ma'gi, not ma"g'i. Magna Charta, mag'na-ehar'ta, not chsr'ta. Magnesia, mag-ne'zhe-a (Wore.); same, or mag-ne'- zha (Web.). s6n, 6r, dQ, wglf, wdbl, m6T>n, byll, ftrn, rude, 9ent, ean, gem, go, i, e$ist, /Ay, u=ng. 276 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Magnetism, mSg'net-im, not mag'net-i-um. Magnitude, mag'ni-tnde, not mag'ni-tude. See ti. Magnolia, mag-no'li-a, not mag-noTya. Mahogany, ma-h5g'a-ny, not. ma-h6g'a-ny. Mahomet, ina-hOm'et, or ma'ho-met, or mS'ho-met (Web.); ma'hom-et (Wore.). " Ma-hSm'et is not only the prevailing English pronunciation, but it corresponds more nearly with the Arabic." Dr. Thomas. Maiden, maid'n, not maid'en. E before terminal n is almost always silent; but the nearest that definiteness can be approached owing to so many exceptions to any rule cover- ing all the words may be put in the following form: 1st, e before terminal n should always be silent in participles. 3d, e before terminal n should always be sounded in any word (not a participle) in which terminal epi is immediately preceded by /, m, n or r. Maintain, main-tain' (Web.); same, or main-tain' (Wore.). Maintenance, main'ten-an9e, not main-tain'ance. Majolica, ma-j5l'i-ea, not ma-yOl'i-ea. Malaria, ma-la'ri-a, not ma-la'ri-a. Worcester gives the same vowel mark, but sylla- bifies the word differently mal-a'ri-a. Malay, ma-lay', not ma-lay'. a, e, I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, 6, fi, y, short; &ir, arm, ftsk, all, what, re, Srr, prey, mi'en, sir, WARMJLN'S PKACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 277 Malefactor, mal-e-fae'tor (Wore.); mal'e-fa^-tor (Web.). Worcester is consistent in his marking of the words bgn-e-fae'tor and mal-e-fac'tor, but Webster is not, as he does not place the accent on the same syllable in both words, and there is no good reason for the difference as shown by him bgn-e-fae'tor and mal'e-fae-tor. Malefeasance, mal-fga'^ance. Malpractice, mal-pr3'tice, not mSl'pra-tice. Malice, maTice, not maTus. Malignant, ma-lig'nant, not ma-li'nant. Maligner, ma-lln'er, not ma-lig'ner. Mall (a public walk), mall, not mall. Malvolio, mal-vO'li-0, not mal-voTyO. Mamma, mam-ma'', not ma'm'ma. We wish the children were sufficient authority for placing the accent of this word and also that of papa, then we should be authorized in saying what we universally hear mam'ma and pa/pa. Surely usage has not been considered in the mark- ing of these words. Mammillary, mam'mil-la-ry, not ma-mil'la-ry. Man, man, not a nasal vowel. Not one person in ten thousand pronounces this little word correctly, i. e. they do not give the pure sound of short a, but a nasal sound. Listen when you hear it pronounced, and see if the a in man, can, etc., is like a in an. son, 6r, do, wolf, wdbl, moTm, bull, urn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e^ist, thy, n=ng. 278 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Manakin, man'a kin, not man'a-kun. Mandamus, man-da'mus, not man'da-nms. Mandarin, man-da-ri'n', not man'da-rln. Mandolin, man'do-lln, not man-do-lln'. Manege, ma-nazh'. Manes, ma'ne". Maneuver, ma-nen'ver (Web.); ma-neu'ver (Wore.). Manganese, man-ga-ne"e', not mSn-ga-ngge'. Mangel wurzel, mSn'gl-wiir'zl. Mango, man'go, not man 'go. Mania, ma'ni-a, not man'ya. Maniacal, ma-nl'ae-al, not ma-ni-Se'al. Manikin, man'i-kln, not mSn'i-kun. Mannerism, man'ner-im, not mSn'ner-i-um. Manor, man'or, not m2n'ur, nor ma'nor. See image. Mansard-roof, man'sard-rdbf (Web.); man'sa'rd-r(5bf (Wore.). Mansuetude, man'swe-tnde, not man'swe-tijde. See n. Mantel, man'tl, not mSn-tel. Mantilla, man-tll'la, not man-tll'ly. Mantle, man'tle, not mSn'tul. See cuddle. Mantua, man'tu-a, or man'tn. Mantua-maker, mSn'tu-mak'er,w0tf man'shu-mak'er. Manufacture, man-n-fa^t'nre, not mSn-n-fa^'chur. See n. Manure, ma-nnre', not ma-nure'. See n. Many, men'y, not man'y. Many-legged, men'y-legd, not meVy-leg'ged. Marabou, mar-a-bgu', not mar'a-bgu. a, e, i, o, n, y, long; a, &, i, o, fi, y, short; ^ir, a'rm, ask, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mi'en, sir, WABMAN'S PRACTICAL OKTHOEPY. 279 Marabout, mar-a-bgut', not mar-a-bout'. Maranatha, mar-a-natb/a (Wore.); mar-a-n3th'&, or mar-a-na'tha (Web.). Marasmus, ma-ras/mus, not ma-ras'mns. Marathon, mar'a-th.5n. Marchioness, mar'shun-e's, not mar^hi-on-gas. Marian, ma'ri-an, not mdr'i-on. Marigold, mar'i-gold, not ma'ri-gold. Marital, mar'i-tal, not ma-rl'tal. Market, mSr'ket, not mar'kit. Marmalade, mar'ma-lade, not mSr-ma-lade'. Marquess, mSr'kwes, not mSr'kes. Marriage, mar'rig, not mar'ug. Marseilles, mar-salz'. Marseillais, mar-sal-ya'. Marseillaise, mar-sal-yaz'. Marten, mSr'ten, not ma'r'tn. Marvel, ma'r'vel, not mSr'vl. Marvelous, ma'r'vel-ous, not marv'lofis. Mascott, mas'eott, not mas'ott, nor mas'eott. Masculine, mas'u-line, not mas'cu-llne. Mask, mask, not mask. Mason, ma'sn, not ma'son. Masque, mask, not mask. Mass, mass, not mass. Massacre, mas'sa-eer, not mas'sa-ere. Massacred, mas'sa-eerd, not mas'sa-red. Massacrer, mas'sa-erer, not mas'sa-er-er. Massacring, mas'sa-ring, not mas'sa-er-ing. s6n, 6r, dq, wplf, wdbl, mdDn, byll, urn, rude, c,ent, an, gem, go, ig, e$ist, thy, n-ng. 280 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Massage, mass'age (Web.); mas-sazh' (Wore.). Mast, mast, not mast. Master, mas'ter, not mas'ter. Mastiff, mas'tiff, not mas'tiff. Mastodon, mas'to-don, not mas'to-d5n. Mathesis, ma-the'sis, not math'e-sis. Matin, mat'in, not ma'tin. Matinee, mat-i-na', not mat-i-nee'. Matrix, ma'trix, not mat'rix. Matron, ma'tron, not mat'ron. Matronal, mat'ron-al, or ma'tron-al. Matronly, ma'tron-ly, not mat'ron-ly. Matthew, math'thu. The u is obscure. Which uf. In all other names than that of the apostle it is marked long u. This, we think, is what it should be. Math'n, not math'thu. Mattress, mat'tress, not ma-tras'. None but the most affected speakers ever use the latter pronunciation. They belong to the either and neither class, who are such invalids' that they could not rest upon a mat'tress. There would surely be a frS-ea" (pure English, fra'-eas) if they could not have their mat-trSss'. Mature, ma-ture', not ma-ture'. See n. Maturity, ma-tn'ri-ty, not ma-tu'ri-ty. See n. Matutinal, mat-n-ti'nal, not ma-tn'she-nal. Mauch Chunk, maueh chttnk'. Mausoleum, mau-so-le'um, not m^u-so'le-urn. a, , I, 0, n, y, long ; 2, 6, I, o, Q, y, short ; ir, arm, ask, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 281 Mauve, mOv, not mauve. Maximilian) mSx-i-mll'yan, not max-i-mlTi-an. Mayor, may'or, not mar. Mayoralty, may'or-al-ty, not mar'al-ty. Webster gives the two incorrect pronunciations as colloquial. We do not consider " colloquial " as authority, but as a synonym of laziness. Git is colloquial for get, and tch for eatch. Mazurka, ma-zur'ka, not ma-zur'ka. Measure, mSzh'ur (Wore.); mezh'yur (Web.). Mechanist, meeh'an-ist, not me-eha'n'ist Medal, med'al, not med'l. Medallion, me-daTyon, not me-dal'li-on. Meddle, med'dle, not mgd'dul. See cuddle. Mediaeval, mS-di-e'val (Web.); m6d-i-6'val (Wore.). Medici, med'e-che" (Wore.) ; same, or mgd'a-che" (Web.). Medicinal, me-dl9'i-nal, not med-e-9l'nal. Medicine, med'i-9ine, not med'sn. See mayoralty. Again Webster says "colloquially mgd'sin, or med-sn." Mediocre, me"'di-0-eer, not m6-di-o'er, nor m6-di- Oe'er. Medium, mS'di-tlm, not med'yum, nor mS'jum. Meerschaum, m6Sr's9haum (Web.); mesr'shoum (Wore.). Melancholy, mgl'an-h6l-y, not mel-an-ehoTy. Melee, ma-la', not mg-le'. son, 6r, do, wplf, wdbl, moDn, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n-=ng. 282 WAEMAN'S PEACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Meliorate, meTyo-rate, not me'li-o-rate. Mellow, mel'low, not mel'ler. Melodeon, me-lo'de-on (Web.); same, ormelo-de'on (Wore.)- Melodious, me-lo'di-ous, not me-lo'jus. Melodrama, mel-o-dra'ma, not mel-o-drSm'a. Memoir, me-m6lr', or mSm'war (Wore.); mSm'wor, or mSm'wor (Web.). Memorial, me-mo'ri-al, not me-m6r'i-al. Memory, mem'o-ry, not mgm'ry. Menage, me-nazh'. Menagerie, men-azh'e-ry (Web.); me-nS'zhe-re, or men-a'ge-ry (Wore.). Mene, me'ne, not mene. Mendelssohn, mgn'dels-sohn. Menial, mS'ni-al, not mSn'yal. Meningitis, men-in-gl'tis, not m6n-in-gl'tis. We are surprised not to find a note in Webster's Unabridged, saying "colloquially" men-in-gi'tis. Bronchitis, laryngitis and meningitis are all given with the i long. Mensurable, men'shu-ra-ble (Web.); m6ns'yu-ra-ble (Wore.). Mercantile, mSr'ean-tile, not mSr'can-tlle, nor mSr'- ean-tlle. Mercenary, mgr'qe-na-ry, not mSr-9e-na"ry. Merchandise, mer'chan-die, not m6r'chan-dise. Merciful, mSr'ci-fyl, not m6r'ci-fM. See faithful. a, 6, I, 0, a, y, long; 2, 6, I, 5, ii, y, short; &1T, arm, ask, gll, whg,t, ere, 3rr, prey, mi'en, sir, WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 283 Merino, me-rfno, not me-rl'no. Merrilies (Meg), meg-m6r'ri-lle, not liie. Mesmeree, me-mer-e6', not me's-mer-es'. Mesmeric, meg-mer'ie, not mes-mer'i. Mesmerism, me'mer-Im, not mes'mer-ism. Mesmerist, mSs/mer-Ist, not mes'mer-Ist. Mesmerize, mes/mer-lze, not mes'mer-lze. Mesne, mene. Messianic, mes-si-Sn'ie, not mes-sl'an-ie. Messieurs, mesh'yerz (Web.); mSsh/urz, or mSs'yerz (Wore.); not mes'sers. Metal, mgt'al, or meTtl (Web.); met'tl, or mSt'al (Wore.). Metalline, mgt'al-line, not me-taTin. Sheridan, Johnson, Ash and Bailey place the accent on the second syllable, but the majority of orthoepists agree with the marking of Worcester and Webster as herein given. Metamorphose, met-a-mor'phose, not met-a-m6r'- phoe. Metaphor, met'a-phor, not mSt'a-ph6r. Meteorolite, me-te-5r'o-lite, not ms'te-or-o-lite. Methodism, meth'od-lm, not meth'od-i-um. Metonymy, me-t5n'y-my, or mgt'o-nym-y. Meyerbeer, mey'er-baer. Mezza voce, med'za-vo'cha (Wore.); nied-za-vO'cha, or met-za-vo'cha (Web.). Mezzo, med'zO, or met'zO. s6n, 6r, do, wplf, wool, m6T)n, bull, firn, rude, 9ent, fan, gem, go, ig, e^ist, thy, r^ng. 284 WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Mezzo soprano, med'zo so-pr : i'no. Mezzo tint, m6d'zo-tlut (Wore.); same, or mgz'zo- tlnt (Web.). Mi, ml, not ml. Miasma, ml-as/ma, not ml-as/ma. Michael Angelo, mi'ka-el Sn'ge-lo; me-kel Sn'ge-lo (Italian). Michaelmas, mleh'al-mas. Michigan, m^h'i-gan (Web.); mlgh'i-ga'n (Wore.). Microscope, mi'ero-s-eOpe. Microscopic, mi-ero-s^Sp'ie, not mi-ro-s6p'i. Microscopist, ml'-ero-seo-pist (Wore.); pist, or mi'ero-seO-pist (Web.). Microscopy, mi-erQs'eo-py (Wore.); (Web.). Middle, mld'dle, not mld'dul. See cuddle. Mignonette, min-yon-e't' (Web.); min-yo-n6t' (Wore.). Mikado, ml-ka"do. (Web.); mi-kS'do (Wore.). Milan, mll'an, or ml-lSn'. " The usage of the best English poets, as well as of the best speakers, is decidedly in favor of the first pronunciation. " Webster. Milch, milch, not milch, nor mlkh. Mildew, mil'do, not mil'du. See n. Millinery, mll'li-ngr-y, not mll'li-nSr-y, nor mll'ner-y. Millionaire, mll'yun-air (Web.). See next page (millionnaire). a, e, I, 0, o, y, long; a, 6, I, o, u, y, short; 0.ir, Urm, ask, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 285 Millionnaire, mll'yun-ar (Web.); mIl-yun-ar'(Wor. Moscow, m<5s'0w, not m5s'o\v. Moslem, m6'lem (\Veb.); mOs'lem (Wore.). Mosque, m6sque, not mOsque. Moss, m5ss, not m6ss. Mossy, mSs'sy, not m6s'sy. Moth, mOth, not m6th. Moths, m6^, not m6^A, nor mSths. See truths. Mountain, moun'tln, not moun'tn, nor moun'ting. See image. Mountainous, moun'tin-fls, not moun'tain-ous. Mouths (noun), mouthy, not mouths. Mozart, mo-za'rt'; mOt'sart (German). Mucilaginous, mn-^i-lag'i-nous, not mn^i-la'gi-noiis. Muddle, mud'dle, not mud'dul. See cuddle. Multifarious, mfil-ti-fa'ri-ous, not mul-ti-fa'ri-oQs. a, e, I, G, Q, y, long; 2, 8, I, o, u, y, short; &ir, a'rm, ask, 11, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 289 Multiplication, mul-ti-pli-ea'tion, not mfil-ti-pi-ea'- tion. Multitude, mul'ti-tude, not mfil'ti-tude. See a. Munich, mu'ni^h, not mn'nich. Municipal, mu-ni9'i-pal, not mn-ni-9lp'al. Murderer, mur'der-er, not mur'drer. Muriate, mn'ri-ate, not mu'ri-ate. Murillo, mu-rll'lo; mu.-reTyo (Spanish). Murrain, mur'raln, not mur-rain'. Muscovado, miis-eo-va'do. Museum, mn-e'um, not mu'se-um. Mushroom, mush'rdbm, not mush'roTm . Muskallonge, mus'kal-longe ( Web. );l5nge'( Wore.). Muskrat, musk'rSt, not mush'rSt. Mussulman, mus'sul-m3n, not mu'ul-man. Mustache, mus-tache' (Web.); same, or mus-tache' (Wore.). The latter pronunciation is very harsh, but for- tunately it is seldom heard. Mutton, miit'tn, not mut'ton. Mutual, mdt'n-al, not mn'chu-al. My, my (Web.); my, or me"; e obscure (Wore.). This is a little word, but a very troublesome one. The y has its full long sound when the word my is so circumstanced as to be brought in contradistinc- tion with any other possessive pronoun. This is my book, not yours. In all other cases it should be long y obscured, or may possibly be accepted when s6n, 6r, dp., wplf, wdbl, m<5on, byll, Cirn, rude, cent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n-ng. 290 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL. ORTHOEPY. given as shorty, inasmuch as Worcester sanctions it; yet the short y sound (ml) tinges a little of affectation. It is quite common upon the stage, but the stage is no longer recognized authority. By all means do not let the y be turned into long e, as Webster says, "after the Irish fashion, 'I took down m56 hat." Neither should ml be used in serious or solemn discourse. Myrtle, mgr'tle, not mSr'tul. See cuddle. Mythological, mjfth-o-lSg'ie-al, not my^A-o-lOg'ie-al. Mythology, my-thoTo-gy, not my-th6To-gy. N. If you place your tongue in the position of t, and while retaining it in that position make the t audi- ble without removing the tongue, you will produce d. Keep the point of the tongue in t and d posi- tion, and by changing the vocal current of air from the mouth to the nostrils, the result will be n. As p, b and m can be made with the lips held in the position of the first of the three elements (p), so t, d and n can be made without removing the point of the tongue after placing it in the position of the first element (t). Bear in mind that we make a distinction between p and t position, and p and t breath. Observe the same rule for p, t and Tc as regards keeping the position closed as we give for b, d and g, under a, e, I, 0, Q, y, long ; 2, , I, 5, ti, y, short ; Mr, arm, ask, 11, what, re, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WABMAN's PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 291 their respective headings. For further information concerning n, see our Critical Survey. Nabob, na'bob (Web.); na'bSb (Wore.). Naiad, na'yad, not na'id, nor nl'ad. l^Iaive, nS'i've, not nive. Naively, nS'ive-ly (Web.) ; nS'ive-ly, or naively (Wore.). Naivete, ns'lve-te (Web.); na'ev-te' (Wore.). Nape, nape, not nSpe. Naphtha, nap'tha (Wore.) ; nap'tha, or naf'tha (Web.). Narcotine, nSr'eo-tlne, not n&r'-eo-tlne, nor tine. Narrate, nr'rate, or nr-rate' (Wore.); same trans- posed (Web.). Narrator, nar-ra'tor, not nSr'ra-tor. Narrow, nSr'rOw, not na'r'rOw. Nasal, na'gal, not na'sal. Nasality na-al'i-ty, not na-ssl'i-ty. Nascent, n2s'9ent, not na'sent. Nastily, nas'ti-ly (Web.); nSs'ti-ly (Wore.). Nasty, nas-ty, not n^s'ty. Natal, na'tal, not niit'al. National, nSsh'un-al, not na'shun-al. The orthoepists, with the exception of Knowles, fully agree on this pronunciation. Nationality, n3sh-un-aTi-ty, not na-shun-aTi-ty. Natural, nat'n-ral, not nat'chur-al. Naturalize, nSt'Q-ral-ize, not na"t'chur-al-ize. s6n, 6r, dq, \vx?lf, wdbl, mdon, byll, urn, rude, <;ent, ean, gem, go, ig, ejist, thy, n-ng. 292 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Nature, nat'nre, not na'chur. See n. The same with all words of this nature. Naught, naught, not naught. Naughty, naugh'ty, not na'ugh'ty. Nausea, nau'she-a, not nau'sha. Nauseant, nau'she-Snt, not nau'se-ant. Nauseate, nau'she-ate, not nau'se-ate. Nauseous, naw'shus, not naw'she-us, nor nftw'se-ous. Naval, na'val, not na'vl. Navel, na'vl, not na'vel. Nazarene, nSz-a-re"ne', not nSz'a-rSne. Nearest, nSar'est, not nSar'ist. See image. Nebraska, ne-br3s'ka, not ne-bra's'ka. Necessitate, ne-96s'si-tatc, not ne-96s'si-ate. Necklace, ngck'lage, not neck'lus. Necrologic, n&e-ro-lSg'ie, not ne-r5l'o-gi. Necrology, ne-er5l'o-gy, not ng-r6To-gy. Necromancy, nS'ro-man-9y, not ne'ero-man-qy. Necropolis, ne-r6p'o-lis. Necroscopic, n6-ro-s5p'i. Necroscopy, ne-er5s'-eo-py, not n6'ros-5p-y. Necropsy, nee'rop-sy, not ne-erOp'sy. Nectarean, ng-ta're-an, not nee-ta-re"an. Nectarine, nge'tar-lne, not neVtar-ine, nor i'ne. Nee, na, not nee. Needful, ueed'fyl, not nsed'fdl. See faith'ful. Ne'er, ner, not neT nor ner. Negligee, neg-li-zha'. ft, 6, i, 0, n, y, long; 3, 6, I, 0, d, y, short; Sir, Urm, ask, all, what, ere, 'Srr, prey, mi'en, sir, WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 293 Negotiable, ne-gO'shs-a-ble, not ne-gO'shl-ble. Negotiate, ne-go'shi-ate, not ne-go'shate. Negotiation, ne-go-shi-a'shun, not ne-gO-sha'shun. Negro, ne'gro, not nlg'ger. Neighboring, neigh'bor-lng, not neigh'bring. Neither, nSi7Aer (Wore.); ne~i7Aer, or nel7Aer (Web.). See either, where you will find a note in reference to both words either and neither. Nemesis, nSm'e-sis, not ne-mls'is. Nephew, ngf'yu (Web.); nev'vu, or n8f 'fu (Wore.). "This word is uniformly pronounced neVvn by the English orthoepists; but in the United States it is often pronounced nef'fu." Worcester. We would like to see a uniformity established in these ph combinations diphthong, diphtheria, triphthong, naphtha, nephew, etc. See triphthong. Nepotism, n6p'o-tim, not ne'po-tism. Neptune, nep'tnne, not nep'chun. See Q. Nervine, nSrv'lne, not ne"r'vine, nor vine. Nescience, nesh'enge (Web.); ne'sh'e-e'nge (Wore.). Nestle, nes'l, not nes'tle. Nether, ne^A'er, not ngth'er. Nethermost, ne^'er-most, not n^th'er-mOst. Neuralgia, nen-r3l'gi-a, not neu-ral'i-gy. Neuter, neo'ter not neu'ter. See Q. Neutral, nea'tral, not ne\j'tral. Nevada, ne-va'da (Wore.); ne-va'da (Web.). Neve, ne've. son, Cr, dcj, wplf, wdbl, mdon, by 11, fkrn, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 294 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. New, nn, not nu. See n. Newfoundland, nn'f ond-land (Web. ) ; same, or new- found'land (Wore.). Newfoundland (adj.), nn-found'land. New Orleans, nn-6r'le-an, not new-or-lgn'. News, nQ, not nu. See n. Newsmonger, nti'm6n-ger, not nus/m5n-ger. Newspaper, nu'pa-per, not nus'pa-per. Niagara, ni-Sg'a-ra, not ni-ag'ra. Nice (city), ni'ge, not nlge. Nicety, m'ge-ty, not nige'ty. Niche, niche, not ntehe. Nicotine, nte'o-tlne, not nle'o-ti'ne, nor nle'o-tlne. Night-Blooming Cereus, night-bleom-ing-ge're-tts, not ge'rtis. Nihilist, ni'hil-ist, not nl'le'ist. Nihilistic, ni-hil-ls'tk, not nll-Wtie. Niobe, ni'o-be, not ni'obe. Nomad, nSm'ad, not no'mad. Nomadian, no-ma'di-an, not no-mSd'i-an. Nomadic, no-mad'k, not no-ma'di. Nom de plume, u5m-de-plnme', not nOm'de-plnme. Nomenclature, nO'men-lat-nre (Wore.); no-men- dat'nre (Web.). Nominative, n6m'i-na-tlve, not n6m'na-tlve. Nonchalant, n6n'gha-lang' (Wore.); nOn-gha-l6ng' (Web.). None, n6ne (Wore.); n6ne, or none (Web.). Webster is the only orthoepist who allows the ft, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, 8, I, 6, ti, ?, short; air, a'rm, ask, all, what, ere, rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 295 second marking. It is seldom used by the best speakers. Nonpareil, nSn-pa-rSil', not nQn'pa-rell. Nonplussed, nSn'plust, not n5n-plust'. Nonsuit, nOn'snit, not nSn-snit', nor nSn'sviit. Nook, nook (Web.); n6T>k, or nook (Wore.). Noology, no-51'o-gy. Noon, noon, not noon. Noose, nooe, or noose. Normal, nor'mal, not nOr'mal. Norwegian, nor-we"'gi-an, not nor-we'gan. Norwich, nor'rig (Eng.); ndr'wich (U. S.) Northern, n6r^A'ern, not n6r^'en. Nosology, no-s5l'o-gy (Web.); same, or no-oTo-gy (Wore.). Nostril, nQs'tril, not n6s'tril. Nostrum, nOs'trum, not nos'trum. Notable (remarkable), not'a-ble. Notable (careful), not'a-ble. " When this word signifies remarkable, it ought to be pronounced not'a-ble; and when it means care- ful or bustling, not'a-ble. The adverb follows the same analogy; nor ought this distinction (though a blemish in language) to be neglected. " Walker. Nothing, n6th'ing (Wore.); n6th'ing, or nSth'ing (Web.). Webster stands alone in the second marking. Notice, no'tlge, not no'tus. s6n, 6r, dp., wplf, wdbl, m6T>n, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n-ng. 296 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Notwithstanding, n6t-with-stand'ing, not nOt- Nought, nought, not naught. Novel, n5v'el, not nQv'l. Novice, n6v'i9e, not n5v'us. Novitiate, no-vlsh'i-ate, not no-vlsh'ate. Noxious, nOx'shus, not nOg'shus, nor nSx'i-ous. Nubia, nn'bi-a, not nu'bi-a, nor nu'by. Nucleous, nn'ele-ous, not nu'ele-ous. See u. Nudity, nn'di-ty, not nu'di-ty. See n. Nugget, nug'get, not nug'get. Nuisance, nni'sange, not nui'sange. See Q. Numb, num, not numb. Numerous, nn'mer-ous, not nu'mer-ous. Seen. Nuncio, niin'she-0, not niin'gi-o. Nuptial, nup'shal, not nupt'yal. Nurture, nurt'nre, not nurt'chur. See u. Nutriment, nn'tri-mgnt, not nu'tri-ment. See fl. Nutritious, nn-trlsh'us, not nu'trish-us. See o. Nutritive, nu'tri-tlve, not nu'tri-tlve. See Q. O. Phonetically speaking, o has but two sounds, long and short. Other than these we designate by sounds of other vowels, as broad a, short u, etc. See "Visible Speech Vowel Symbols," page 88, in regard to this vowel. Oaken, Oak'n, not Oak'en. Oar, Oar, not 6ar. a, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; &, 8, I, 6, fl, y", short; Sir, arm, ask, all, what, re, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPT 297 Oasis, o'a-sls (Wore.); O'a-sls, or 0-a'sis (Web.). Oasis (plural), O'a-sig (Wore.); D'a-si, or o-a'sTj (Web.). Oaten, oat'n, no/ Gat'en. Oath, oath, not Oa/A. Oaths, oaths, not Oaths. See truths. Obbligato, 5b-bli-ga'to, not ob-bli-gS'tO. Obduracy, Sb'du-ra~9y, or ob-da'ra-9y. Obdurate, 5b'du-rate, or ob-da'rate, not du Obedience, o-be'di-en9e, not o-be'genge. Obeisance, o-bei'san9e, or o-b6i'san9e (Wore.); same transposed (Web.). Obelisk, Ob'e-lisk, not o'be-lisk. Oberon, Cb'e-ron, not 5'be-ron. Obese, o-bese', not o-bee'. Obesity, o-bes'i-ty, not o-be'si-ty. Obey, o-bey', not ft-bej'. This should be long o obscured, not the sound of u in urge. Whenever a long vowel forms an initial, unaccented syllable, approximate its long sound, a-bout, e-vent, i-dea, o-bey, u-nite. Obit, o'bit, or 5b'it. Obituary, o-bit'n-a-ry, not o-bit'chura-ry. See fl. Objurgate, ob-jur'gate, not 6b'jur-gate. Obligatory, 6b'li-ga-to-ry, not ob-lig'a-to-ry. Oblige, o-blige', not o-bli'ge'. " Formerly obleef, and still so pronounced by some old-fashioned speakers." Webster. (See next page.) son, fir, da, wolf, wool, moon, byll, urn, rude, l, m6T)n, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, can, gem, go, ig, e$ist, thy, n-ng. 308 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. e'pists who still say squeYrel and pan-e-geYie. Al- though Smart thus marks the last two words, he says " we may hope in time to hear them reclaimed." When Smart says "reclaimed," he means squlr'rel as well as pan-e-gyr'ic. Panel, pSn'el, not pSn'l. Pannier, pSn'yer, or pSn'ni-er. Panorama, pSn-o-ra'ma, or pan-o-ra'ma (Web.); same transposed (Wore.). Pant, pant, not p2nt. Pantaloons, p5n-ta-l<5ons/, not pSnt-loon'. Pantheon, pan-the'on (as an English word); pSn'- the-on (as a classical word). Hail, learning's Pantheon! Hail the sacred ark, Where all the world of science does embark. Cowley. Mark how the dread Pantheon stands Amid the toys of modern hands. How simply, how severely, great. Akensidc. Panting, pant'ing, not pSnt'ing. Pantomime, pan'to-mime, not pan'to-mine. Pantry, pan'try, not pan'try. Papa, pa-p;i', not pa'pa. See mamma. Papaw, pa-paw', not pa'paw. Papier mache, pap'ya-ms'sha. Papilla, pa-pil'la, not pSp'il-la. Papillary, pSp'il-la-ry, not pa-pll'la-ry. 3', not i, e, I, o, a, y, long; 2, 5, I, 5, fi, y, short; iir, arm, ftsk, all, what, ere, err, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPT. 309 Papyrus, pa-py'rus, not pa-p^r'us. Parabola, pa-r3b'o-la, not pSr-a-bo'la. Parachute, par'a-qhute ( Web. );p2r-a-9hute'( Wore.). Parade, pa-rade', not p'rade. Paradise, pSr'a-dise, not p2r'a-die. Paradisean, pSr-a-dlzh'yan (Wore.); pSr-a-dls'e-an (Web.). Paradisian, p2r-a-dl'ian (Wore.) ; pSr-a-dl'i-an (Web.). Paradisiacal, pSr-a-di-si'ae-al, not i'. Paradisical, p2r-a-dis'i-al (Wore.); par-a-dlg'ie-al (Web.). Paraffine, pSr'af-f me, not pSr'af-f me. Paragon, pa"r'a-g6n, not par'a-gn. Parallel, pSr'al-lel, not p2r"l6l. Paralysis, pa-ral'y-sis, not pa-rSl'sis. Parameter^ pa-rSm'e-ter, not par'a-mS-ter. Paramo, pa-ra'mo, not pa-ra'mo, 'nor pSr'a-mo. Paraphernalia, par-a-pher-na'li-a, not pSr-a-pher- nal'ya. Parasite, par'a-site, not paYa-ite. Parasol, pSr'a-s6l (Web.) ; pSr'a-sOl, or par'a-sol (Wore.). Parcel, parcel, not par'gl. This is another of Webster's " colloquials." Pardon, par'dn, not pSr'don. Paregoric, pSr-e-g8r'i, not par-e-g6r'i. s6n, 6r, do, WQlf, wdbl, md&n, byll, ftrn, rude, ^ent, ean, gem, go, i, e^ist, thy, u=ng. 310 WARMAN 8 PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Parenchyma, pa-rgn'-ehy-ma (Web.); pa-rSn'-ehy-ma (Wore.). There is no reason why this should not conform with words of this class, i. e. "the n ending an accented syllable, "etc., becoming ng. This mark- ing of Worcester is inconsistent. Parent, par'ent, not pa'rent, nor par'ent. Parentage, pdr'ent-age (Web.); par'ent-age, or par'- ent-age (Wore.). Parhelion, par-hs'li-on, or par-heTyon. Pariah, pa'ri-ah, or pa'ri-ah(Web.);pa"ri-sh (Wore.); not pa-rl'ah. Parian, pa'ri-an, not pSr'i-an. Parietal, pa-n'e-tal, not pSr-i-6'tal. Paris-green, par'is-green, not pa"r-is-gre"5n'. Parisian, pa-rizh'yan (Web.); pa-rlzh'i-an (Wore.). Parliament, pa'r'le-m6nt not par'li-a-ment, nor parrya-merit. The second syllable is not. marked in Webster's, but is intended to be either obscure * or obscure a. It is immaterial. Worcester gives the second syl- lable le, the e marked obscure. Parmesan, piir-me-an', not pSr'me-s.a'n. Parnassus, par-na"s'sus, not par-nas'sus. Parol, paYol (Wore.); pa-roT (Web.). Parole, pa-role', not par'ol. Parotid, pa-r5t'id, not pa-ro'tid. Parquet, pa'r-ka'*(Worc.); par-ka' or par-k6t' (Web.). a, 6, i, 0, Q, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, , y, short; 4ir, arm, ask, a.11, what, ^re, rr, prey, m'ien, sir, WABMAN 8 PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 311 Parrhasius, par-ra'shi-us. Parsley, pa'rs'ley, not pa'rs/ley. Parson, paYsn, not pa'r'son. Parterre, pa'r-terre', not pSr-te'r-re". Partiality, pa'r-she-aTi-ty, not par-shaTi-ty. Participle, par'ti-qi-ple, not pSrt'gip-1. Particular, par-tte'u-lar, not par-tle'lar. Partisan, p(ir'ti-Sn, not par'ti-sSn. Partner, pa'rt'ner, not pard'ner. Partridge, par'trldge, not pat'ridge. Parusia, pa-ru'zhe-a, not pa-ru'she-&. Parvenue, pSr've-nne (Web.); par've-nue'CWorc.); not par-ve-nne'. Paschal, pas'chal, not pasch'al. Pasha, pa-sha' (Wore.); pa-sha' or pS'sha (Web.). Pass, pass, not pass. Passable, pass'a-ble, not pSss'a-ble. Passado, pas-sa'do (Wore.); same, or pas-sa''do (Web.). Passage, pSs'sage, not pas'sage. Passbook, pass'bdbk, not pSss'book. Passenger, paVsen-ger. Passe-partout, pas-par-tp'. Passi-flora, pus-si-flo'ra(Worc.); pSs'si-flO-ra(Web.). Passing, pass'ing, not pSss'ing. Passive, pSs'sive, not pas'sive. Pass-key, pass'kgy, not pass'kgy. Passover, pass'0-ver, not p5ss'o-ver. Passport, pass'pOrt, not p3ss'p6rt. son, 6r, dg, wplf, wool, moon, bull, urn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 312 WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Password, pass'wurd, not pass'wurd, Past, past, not past, nor past. Pastel, pSs'tel, not pas-teT. Pastil, pSs'til. Pastille, pas-tille'. Pastor, pas'tor, not pas'tor, nor pas'tor. Pasture, past'ure, not past'nre, nor pas'chur. Patchouly, pa-chp.u'ly (Web.); patch-Qu'ly (Wore.); not pa-chp.u'la. The former marking is surely the more euphoni- ous. Patent, pat'ent, or pa'tent (Wore.); pa'tent, or pat'- ent (Web.). Patentee, pat-en-tee"', or pa-ten-tes' (Wore.); same transposed (Web.). The weight of authority is in favor of short a in these two words and their derivative. Paternoster, pa'ter-nQs-ter, not pat'er-nos ter. Path, path, not path, nor path. Paths, pa(7i, not pa'ths. See truths. Pathos, pa'thSs, not path'os. Patients, pa'shents, not pa'shens. We often read of "patience on a monument," but these patients go under the monument. Patois, pat-wa' (Web.); pat-wa' (Wore.). Patriarch, pa'tri-a'reh, not pat'ri-areh. Patrimony, pat'ri-mo-ny, not pa'tri-mo-ny. a, e, i, o, tt, y, long; a, 6, i, o, i5, y, short; &ir, arm, ask, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 313 Patriot, pa'tri-ot (Web.); same, or pSt'ri-ot (Wore.). Patriotic, pa'tri-ot-i-e (Web.); same, or pSt'ri-ot-ie (Wore.). Patriotism, pa'tri-ot-im (Web.); same, or pat'ri-ot- im (Wore.). Patron, pa'tron (Web.); same, or pSt'ron (Wore.). Patronage, p3t'ron-age, not pa'tron-age. Patronal, pt'ron-al, not pa'tron-al. Patroness, pa'tron-ess, not p&t'ron-ess. Patronize, pat'ron-ize (Web.); pSt'ron-ize, or pa'- trou-lze (Wore.). There is neither uniformity nor consistency in the marking of these words; hence we find it neces- sary to give the various forms, as no one of them would be a safe guide. Paunch, paunch, or paunch. Pavement, pave'ment, not pave'munt. See image. Pavilion, pa-vil'yun, not pa-vll'i-on. Pawn, pawn, not pawn. Peaceful, peaceful, not pSaQe'ful. See faithful. Peaked, peak'ed (Worc.);pe"ak'ed, orpeekt (Web.). Peart, pSart, not p6art. Pecan, pe-cSn' (Wore.); pe-eSn', or pe-egn' (Web.). Peccable, peVea-ble, not ps'a-ple. Peculiar, pe-eal'yar (Web.); pe-enl'yar, or pe-Q'li-ar (Wore.). Peculiarity, pe-enl-y2r'i-ty (Web.) ; pe-enl-ye-Sr'i-ty (Wore.). B6n, 6r, do, wolf, wdbl, moDn, byll, ftrn, rude. 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 314 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY Pecuniary, pe-etm'ya-ry (Web.); same, or pe-n'ni- a-ry (Wore.). Pedagogic, ped-a-gQg'ie, not p6d'a-g6g-i. Pedagogism, p6d'a-g5g-im (Web.); pSd'a-go-gigm (Wore.). Pedagogue, ped'a-gOgue, not p6d'a-gogue. Pedagogy, p6d'a-g6g-y ( Wore. ) ; pSd'a-gO'gy ( Web.). Pedal (adj.), pe'dal. Pedal (noun), pSd'al. Pedalian, pe-da'li-an, not pe-daTyan. Pedestal, pSd'es-tal, not pe-dSs'tal. Pedobaptist, ps-do-bap'tist, not pgd-o-bfip'tist. Pegasus, pSg'a-sus, not pe-g3s'us. Pellucid, pel-lQ'9id, not pel-lu'9id. See o. Pencil, pgn'gil, not pSn'^l. Pendulum, p6nd'Q-lum, not pSn'du-lum. Penelope, pe-n6l'o-p5, not p6n'e-lope. Penguin, pSn'gwin, not pgn'gwin. This is one of the words purposely excepted from being affected by the ng rule. See angular. Peninsula, pen -in' su -la (Wore.) ; pen-ln'sn-la, or pen-In'shu-la (Web.). See insulate. Penitentiary, pen-i-t8n'sha-ry, not pen-i-tSnsh'ry. Pennsylvania, pSnn-syl-va'ni-a, not p6nn-syl-van'ya. Pennyroyal, p6n-ny-r6y'al, not pe"n-ny-r6jfT. Pensive, pgn'sive, not p6n'ive. Pentarchy, p6n'tarh-y, not pen-tarh'y. Pentastich, pSn'fca-stteh, not pgn'ta-stltch. e, I, 0, a, y, long; 2, 6, I, 0, fi, y, short; :, arm, ask, all, whg,t, ere, Srr, prey, mi'en, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 315 Pentateuch, pen'ta-teneh, not pSn'ta-tey.eh. See fl. Pentecost, pe"n'te-e6st, not p8n'te-6st. Penult, pS'nult, or pe-nult'. Penurious, pe-nn'ri-ous, not pe-ny'ri-ous. Peony, p5'o-ny, notpi'ny. Sometimes written piony. It is correct to say pi'o-ny, when the word is so written, but it is never pi'ny. Peradventure, p6r-ad-v6nt'nre not pe"r-ad-v6nt'are, nor pSr-ad-veVchure. Percolate, pSr'eo-late, not peY-eo-late. Perdue \ P er ' dQe '' or P 5r/due (Web.); per-dne' (Wore.). Peregrination, p6r-i-gri-na'tion. Peremptorily, peYemp-to-ri-ly, not pSr'emp-to-ri-ly, nor per-emp'to-ri-ly. Peremptory, per'emp-to-ry, not pSr'emp-tory, nor per-gmp'to-ry. Perfect (adj.), pSr'fect. Perfect (verb), per'feet, or per-fSt' (Web.); pe"r'fet (Wore.). We should like to see a uniformity throughout the dictionary in which the accent would be shifted from the first to the second syllable, as distinguish- ing the verb from the noun and adjective. Such words as detail, increase, retail, permit, perfume, survey, etc., should be so distinguished. son, 6r, do, wplf, wdbl, moTm, byll, urn, rude, gent, an, gem, go, ig, ejist, thy, n-ng. 316 WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Perfidious, per-fid'i-oiis (Web.) ; per-fld'i-oQs, or per-fld'yus (Wore.). Perfume (verb), per-fame'. Perfume (noun), pgr'fame, or per-fame'. See per- fect. Perfunctory, per-func'to-ry (Web.); same, or pSr'- func-to-ry (Wore.). Perhaps, per-hSps' not p'r-hSps'. Peri (prefix), pgr'i. Peri (fairy), pS'rl, not pe"'rl. Pericope, pe-rie'o-pe, not pe-rt'eo-pe, nor p8r'i-eope. Peril, per'il, not peYl. Peripatetic, pgr-i-pa-teYie, not pSr-i-pa-tet'ie. Periphrasis, pe-rlph'ra-sis, not per-i-phra'sis. Peritonitis, p6r-i-to-ni'tis, not p6r-i-to-nftis. See meningitis. Permit (verb), per-mlt'. Permit (noun), pgr'mit, or per-mlt'. See perfect. Peroration, per-o-ra'tion, wo^pgr-o-ra'tion. Perpetual, per-pet'a-al, not per-pet'chu-al. See a. Perpetuity, pgr-pe-ta'i-ty, not pgr-pe-tu'i-ty. See a. Perquisite, pe"r'kwi-lte, not per-kwlz'ite. Persia, pe"r'shi-a, notp&r'zha, nor pgr'zhi-a. Persian, per'shan, not pgr'zhan. Persist, per-slst', not persist'. Persistency, per-sist'en-Qy, not per-lst'en-cj. Person, pSr'sn, not pgr'son. Personnel, per-son-nSl', not pSr-son-n6l'. Perspicuity, per-spi-ea'i-ty, not per-spi'u-i-ty. a, 6, I, 0, O, y, long ; a, 6, I, o, a, y, short ; air, arm, ask, g,ll, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mi'en, sir, WAKMAJSr's PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. .317 Perspiration, psr-spi-ra'tion, not prSs-pi-ra'tion. Persuasion, per-swa'zhun, not per-swa'shun. See adhesion. Persuasive, per-swa'sive, not per-swa'ive. See ef- fusive. Pert, pert, not pSrt. Perturbate, per-tftr'bate (Wore.) ; per'turb-ate, or per-tdrb'ate (Web.). Pertusion, per-tn'zhun, not per-tn'shun, nor per- tush'un. Perusal, pe-ru'al, not pe-rn'al, nor pe-ru'sal. Peruvian, pe-ru'vi-an, not pe-ruv'yan. Pervasion, per-va'zhun, not per-va'shun. See adhe- sion. Pervasive, per-va'sive, not per-va'ive. See effu- sive. Perversion, per-vSr'shun, not per-veYzlmn. See ad- hesion. Pestiferous, pes-tif er-ous, not pes-tiv'er-ous. Pestle, pes'l (Web.); peYsl, or pgs'tle (Wore.). Petal, peTal, or pe'tal. Petit, pet'y (Web.); p^t'e, or pgt'it (Wore.) ; pte (French). Petroleum, pe-tro'le-um, not pe-trol'yum. Petruchio, pe-tru'chi-o. Petulancy, pSt'n-lan-Qy, not pgt'chu-lan-gy. See n. Phoebe, phe'be, not phebe. Phaeton, pha'e-ton, not fa'ton, nor fs'ton. s6n, 6r, do, wolf, wdbl, m6T>n, byll, ftm, rude, 9ent, an, "gem, go, i, e^ist, thy, n=ng. 318 w ARMAN'S PRACTICAL OBTHOEPY. Phalanx, pha'lanx, or phaTanx. The New Imperial, Haldeman and others are in favor of the second marking. Though the first is the preference of Webster and Worcester, yet the second accords more with general usage, and is more euphonious. Phantasm, ph3n'ta"m, not phan-t3m', nor phan- ta"'um. Phantasma, phan-tSs/ma, not phan-ta"s'ma. Phariseeism, phSr'i-see-lm, not phSr-i-ses'im. Pharmaceutic, pha'r-ma-qen'tie, not phiir'ma-9eu-ti. Pharmaceutist, ph3r-ma-9en'tist, not phar'ma-9eu- tist. Pharmacist, pha'r'ma-9lst. Pharmacopoeia, phSr-ma-eo-pe'ya. Pharo, pha'ro, not phS,'rO. Pharyngeal, pha-rj^n'ge-al (Wore.); same, or phSr- yn-gg'al (Web.). Pharyngitis, phSr-yn-gl'tis, not phSr-yn-gl'tis. See meningitis. Pharynx, phSr'ynx, not pha'rynx. Pheasant, pheag'ant, not pgas'ant. Phial, phi'al, not vi'al. Philanthropic, phil-an-thr5p'i, not phi-lan-thrQp'k. Philanthropist, phl-lan'thro-plst, not phl-lan'thro- plst, nor phll-an-thr5p'ist. Philanthropy, phl-lan'thro-py, not phl-lSn'thro-py. Philippic, phi-lip'pie, not phil'ip-pi. a, 6, I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, 0, fi, y, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, e're, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 319 Philippine, phll-ip-pine', not phil'ip-plne. Philistine, phi-lis'tlne, not phi-lis'tme. Philologic, phll-o-log'ie, not phi-lo-l6g'i. Philologist, phi-lsl'o-glst, not pln-lol'o-glst. Philology, phl-l5l'0-gy, not phi-lol'o-gy. Philopena, phll-o-pe'na, not phil'o-pS-na. Philosopher, phl-lQs'o-pher, not phi-l5s'o-pher. Philosophic, phll-o-s5ph'i (Web.); phll-o-oph'i or phll-o-sSph'i-e (Wore.). Philosophy, phl-]5s'o-phy, not phl-l5'o-phy. Phlegmatic, phleg-mat'i (Web.) ; same, or phlgg'- ma-tie (Wore.). Phonetist, ph5n'e-tlst, not pho-neTist. Phonetization, pho-ngt-i-za'tion, not ph6n-e-ti-za'- tion. Phonics, ph5n'is, not pho'nks. Phosphatic, phos-phat'i, not phos-pha'ti. Phosphorous, ph5s'phor-ous, not phos-pho'rous. Photographer, pho-t5g'ra-pher,wo^pho-to-gr2ph'er. Photographist, pho-t6g'ra-phlst, not pho-to-grSph'- ist. Photography, pho-tog'ra-phy, not pho-to-grSph'y. Phraseology, phra-e-oTogy, not phra-Ql'o-gy. Phrenitis, phre-ni'tis, not phre-nl'tis. See laryn- gitis. Phrenologic, phrgn-o-l5g'i, not pher-no-l5g'i. Phrenologist, phre-n5l'o-glst, not phrg-nol'o-glst. Phrenology, phre-n5l'o-gy, not pher-nOl'o-gy. Phthisis, thl'sis (Web.); same, or tl'sis (Wore.). s6n, 6r, dp, wolf, wdbl, mdon, byll, dm, rude, gent, an, gem, go, i, e^ist, #Ay, n-ng. 320 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL OETHOEPY. Physiognomical, phy"-i-og-no"m'i-al, not phy-i- 5g'no-mi-al. Physiognomies, phj^-i-og-nOm'ies, not phyg-i-og'- no-mics. Physiognomist, phy-i-6g'no-mist. Physiognomy, phy-i-5g'no-my. Physique, phe-zSk', not phys'ik. Pianissimo, pi-a-nis'si-mo. Pianist, pi-Sn'ist, not pi'an-lst, nor pi-3n'ist. Piano, pi-a'no (Web.);pi-a'nO, or pi-Sn'o (Wore.). Pianoforte, pi-Sn'o-for-te (Web.) ; pi-Sn'o-for'te, or pi-an'o-for'te (Wore.). Piaster, pl-Ss'ter, not pi'as-ter. Piazza, pi-2z'za, not pi-az'za. Pibroch, pi'brS^h, not pi'brSeh. Picture, pit'Qre, not pif 'chur. See fl. Seefacture, in reference to ease of utterance. Picturesque, ptet-a-rSsque', not ptet'n-re'sque. Piebald, pie'bald, not pie'bald. Pierce, pisrge (Web.); same, or pigrge (Wore.). We are surprised that Worcester allows the anti- quated pronunciation. Pilgrim, pll'grim, not pll'grum. See image. Pincers, pm'Qerg, not pm'cher. Pinchbeck, pinch/beck, not plnch'bSck. Piony, pi'o-ny, not pi'ny. Piquant, pik'ant, not plk'want. a, e, i, 0, o, y, long; a, S, I, 0, fi, y, short; Sir, arm, ask, all, what, re, Srr, prey, mien, sir, PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 321 Piquantly, pik'ant-ly, not pik'want-ly. Pique, pi'que. Pique (dry goods), p6-ka'. Pisces, pis'9, not pis'6. Pismire, pis'mire (Web.) ; plg'mire, or pls'mire (Wore.). Piste, piste (Web.); pi'ste (Wore.). Pistole, pis-tole', not pls'tole. Piston, pls'ton, not pis'tn. Pitapat (adv.), pit'a-pat (Web.); pit-a-pat' (Wore.). " The fox's heart went pitapat. " Pitapat (noun), pit'a-pat, not pit-a-pat', nor pit-y-pat'. ' ' Tis but the pitapat of two young hearts. Now I hear the pitapat of a pretty foot. " Piteous, pit'e-ofls, not plt'yus, nor plt'chus. Pith, pith, not pSth, nor pith. Pithy, plth'y, not ~plth'y. Pitiable, pit'i-a-ble, not pit'a-ble. Pitiful, pit'i-ful, not plt'i-fai. See faithful. Pittance, pit'tan9e, not pif'nQe. Placable, pla'ea-ble, not plSc'a-ble. Placard (noun and verb), pla-ea'rd', not pla'ard. The New Imperial boldly sets forth placard as the correct pronunciation. Placate, pla'eate, not pla~eate'. Plagiarism, pla'gia-nm (Web.); pla'gi-a-rlm, or pla'gia-rlm (Wore.). s6n, 6r, do, wolf, wot>l, mdDn, bull, ftrn, rude, gent, ean, ^em, go, i, ejist, thy, n-ng. 322 WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL OIITIJOEPY. Plagiarist, pla'gia-ris.t (Web.) ; pla'gi-a-rist, or pla'- gia-rlst (Wore.). Plagiary, pla'gia-ry (Web.); pla'gi-a-ry, orpla'gia-ry (Wore.)- See crucial, in reference to the syllabification of words for ease of utterance. Plague, plague, not plegue. Plaid, plaid; plaid (Scotch). "My cap was the bonnet, my cloak was the plaid, As daily I strove through the pine-covered glade." Plaintiff, plain'tiff, not plgn'tlff. Plait, plait, not piste, nor plat. "Will she on Sunday morn thy neck-cloth plait f I'll weave her garlands and I'll plait her hair." It is almost the universal custom for ladies to say, " I'll plete these goods," and " I'll plat her hair." Planchette, plan-ghetto' (Wore.) ; plOng-ghette" (Web.). Plant, plant, not plant. Plaque (noun), plaque (Web.); plaque (Wore.). Plaque (verb), plaque (Web.); plaque (Wore.). Plaster, plas'ter, not plaster. Plastic, plas'tie, notpl&s'tie. Plateau, pla-to', not plat'to. Platina, plat'i-na (Wore. ); same, or pla-tfna (Web.). a, e, I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, fl, y, short; Sir, arm, ask, all* what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 323 Platinum, plat'i-num (Wore.); same, or pla-ti'num (Web.). Platitude, plat'i-tnde, not plst'i-tude. Plausive, plau'sive, not plau'ive. See effusive. Playful, play'ful, not play'ful. See faithful. Pleasure, plSzh'ur, not plazh ur. Plebian, ple-bs'yan, not pls'bi-an. Plebianism, ple-be'yan-im, not plsb'yan-lm. Pleiad, ple'yad. Pleiades, ple'ya-de. Plenary, ple"n'a-ry, or plS'na-ry (Wore.); pls'na-ry (Web.). " Some very respectable speakers make the vowel e in the first syllable of this word long; but analogy and the best usage seem to shorten the e, as they do the a in granary. Nor do I see any reason that the e should not be short in this word as well as in plenitude." Walker. Plenipotentiary, plen-i-po-tgn'shi-a-ry, not plSn-i- po-tensh'ry. Plenitude, plSn'i-tnde, not pl6n'i-tude, nor plSn'ti- tude. Plenteous, plSn'te-ous, not plen'ty-us, nor plgn'cbus. Plentiful, plen'ti-ful, not plen'ti-ful. See faithful. Plethora, pleth'o-ra, not pleY7i'o-ra. Plethoric, ple-thQr'ie, or ple"th'o-ri. Pleurisy, pleu'ri-sy, not pleu'ri-sy. See fl. s6n, 6r, do, wplf, wdbl, mdon, bvll, urn, rude, 9ent, can, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n-ng. 324 WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Pleuro-pneumonia, plen-ro-nea-mo'ni-a, not pleu- ro-neu-mOn'ya. Plume, plnme, not plume. See Q. Plural, pla'ral, not plu'ral. See Q. Pluto, pln'to, not plu'to. See n. Pneumatic, pnen-mSt'ie, not pneu-mfit'i. Pneumonia, pnen-mo'ni-a, not pned-mOn'ya. Poem, po'em, not po'm. Poesy, po'e-sy, not pO-y. Poet, po'et, not po'ut. See image. Poetaster, po'et-Ss-ter, not po-et-as'tSr. " Horace hath exposed those trifling poetcuter. Poet laureate, po'et lau're-ate, not po'et ISu're-ate. Poignancy, poln'an-Qy, not poln'yan-9y. Poignant, p&i'nant, not p6ln'yant. Poison, pol'n, not pol'on. Polarchy, pSl'ar-ehy, not po-lar'hy. Polaris, po-la'ris, not po-lar'is. Polemic, po-lSm'i. Polemist, p5l'e-mlst, not po-l6m'ist. Police, po-liige', not po'li^e, nor p'll9e'. Polite, po-lite', not p'lite'. Politic, pOl'i-tie, not po-llt'i. Polka, pol'ka, not pO'ka. Pollute, pol-lote', not pol-lute'. See fl. Polo, po'lo, not pO'lo. Polonaise, po-lo-naie'; not p5l-o-naie'. Poltroon, pol-troon', not pOl-trd&n'. a, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; 2, 6, I, 5, ii, y, short; Sir, a'rm, ask, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WAEMAN'S PRACTIOAL ORTHOEPY. 325 Polygamist, po-lyg'a-mist. Polygamy, po-lyg'a-my. Polygenous, po-lyg'e-nous, not po-lyg'e-nous. Polynesia, p5l-y-ne"'zhe-a, not p5l-y-n6'zha. Polysyllabic, p5l-y-syl-lab'i, not pOl-y-syl'la-bie. Pomade, po-made', not po'made. Pomegranate, pome-grSn'ate, not p6me'gran-ate. Pommel, pom'mel, not pSm'mel. Pompei, pom-pa'e. Pompeia, pom-pe'ya. Pompeii, p5m-pa'yee (Web.); same, or pom-pS'yl (Wore.). Poniard, pSn'yard, not poln'yard. Pontoon, pon-t(5bn', not p6n-t(55n'. Porcelain, pSr'Qe-lain (Web.) ; same, or pOr'pe-lam (Wore.). Porch, porch, not porch. * Porcupine, p6r'u-pine, not por-e'ft-plne. The u in the second syllable is long u unaccented, Porpoise, por'pus, not p6r'p6ie. Porridge, pSr'ridge, not por'ridge. Portemonnaie, port'mun-na'. Portent, por-t6nt', not pSr'tent. Portentous, por-t6nt'ofis, not por-t6nt'yus. Portfolio, pOrt-fol'yO, or pOrt-fo'li-0 (Web.); sam- transposed (Wore.). Portia, pOr'shi-a, or p6r'shi-a, not. pOr'sha. Portico, pOr'ti-0, not por'ti-<5. son, 6r, AQ, wplf, wdbl, m<5bn, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, can, gem, go, i, ejist, thy, n-ng. 326 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Portiere, pSr'te-er' (Wore.); pQr-fi-eY (Web.). Portmanteau, port-msn'to. Portrait, pOr'trait (Web.); pOr'trait (Wore.). Portugese, pOrt'Q-gee, not port'n-ggse. Position, po-l'tion, not po-gl'tion. Posse, p5s'se, notpts'se. Possess, po-6ss' (Wore.) ; pos-seY, or po-6ss' (Web.). Possum, pSs'sum, not pSs'sum. Posterior, pos-ts'ri-or, not pQs-tS'ri-or, nor pOs-te'- ri-or. Posthume, p5st'hume, not post'hume. Posthumous, pOst'hu-mous, not pOst'hu-mous. Posthumously, p5st'hu-moiis-ly, not post-hn'mous- lj- Postilion, pOs-tll'yun, not p5s-tll'yun. Postmortem, pOst-m6r'.tem, not pOst'm6r-tem. Postoffice, pOst'5f-fi9e, not pOst'6f-fice. Postscript, pOst'script, not po'script. Posture, p5st'Qre, not pOst'chur. See Q. Potable, pc'ta-ble, not pSt'a-ble. Potpourri, pOt-pgur'ri' (Wore.); pO-pgur-rl' (Web.). Pottery, p5t'ter-y, not pQt'ry. Poultice, pOul'ti9e, not poul'tus. Poughkeepsie, po-k&p'se (Wore.); po-kip'si (Web.). Powerful, pow'er-fyl, not pow'er-fftl. See faithful. Powhattan, pow-hat-tan', not pow-hat'tan. Practice, praVt^e, not pra'tus. Praetor, pr6'tor, not pra'tor. a, 6, i, 0, Q, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, H, y, short; fiir, firm, &sk, all, whg,t, ere, Srr, prey, mi'en, sir., WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL OR-THOKPY. 327 Prairie, prai'rie, not prair'ie, nor pura'rie. Here is an illustration of an rh instead of the consonant r. The r in the first syllable of this word is a non-voiced r. Our rule is, when either r, y, I or w immediately follows, and is in the same syllable with a non-voiced consonant (p, t, k,f, s,), it (r, y, I, or w) also becomes non-voiced, i. e. it be- comes a breath consonant. In the word twine, the w becomes wh; in the word sleep the I becomes Ih; in the word tune the y (long u is yand do) becomes yli. Prance, pranQe, not prSnc,e. Prattle, prSt'tle, not pr&t'tul. See cuddle. Prayer, pray'er, or prur (Wore.); prar (Web.). Prayer (a petitioner), pray'er. Prebend, preb'end, not prS'bend. Precarious, pre-ea'ri-oiis, not pre-ea'ri-oiis. Precedence, pre-QSd'enge, not pre9'i-den9e. Precedency, pre-qe'den-cy, not pre9'i-den-9y. None sure will claim in hell precedence. Milton. " These words are sometimes erroneously pro- nounced with the accent on the first syllable a mode not countenanced by any of the orthoepists." Worcester. Precedent (noun), preYe-dent, not pre-95'dent. " God in his administration is not tied to precedents. " " No power in Venice Can alter a decree established; 'Twill be recorded fora precedent." s6n, fir, dQ, wolf, wdbl, m<5on, bull, urn, rude, 9ent, can, gem, go, i, ejist, thy, n-ng. 328 WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL Precedent (adj.), pre-ge'dent, not prgg'e-dent. " A murderer and a villain: A slave, that's not the twentieth part the tythe Of y OUT precedent lord. " Preceptory, pre-96p'-to-ry (Web.); prgp'ep-to-ry (Wore.). In any word of four syllables, having but one ac- cent, ease of utterance will always give preference to that authority placing the accent on the second syllable. Precinct, prS'qinet, not pre'cint. Precipice, pre9'i-pi9e, not prg'u-pus. Precise, precise', not pre-9ie'. Precisely, pre-^ise'ly, not pre-9ie'ly, nor prS-9lse'ly. Precisive, pre-9i'sive, not pre-9i'ive. See effusive. Preclude, pre~elnde', not pre-elude'. See n. Preclusion, pre-fdu'zhun, not pre-ln'shun. See ad- hesion. Preclusive, pre-eln'sive, not pre~eln'ive. See ef- fusive. Precocious, pre-eO'cious, not pre-e5'cious. Predatory, pr6d'a-to-ry, not prsd'a-to-ry. Predecessor, pr6d-e-96s'sor, not pr6d'e-9Ss-sor, nor prS-de-96s'sor. Predestination, pre-d6s-ti-na'tion, not pre-dSs-to- na'tion. Predestined, pre-d6s'tlned, not pre-deYtlned. Predicament, pre-di'a-ment, not pre-die'ment. a, 6, i, 0, Q, y, long; a, g, I, 5, fi, y, short; Sir, arm, ask, all, what, re, err, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'e PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 329 Predigestion, prg-di-ggst'yun, not pr5-di-ggst'chun. Predilection, pr5-di-leVtion, not pred-i-leVtion. Preface (noun and verb), preT aQe, not pre'fage. Prefect, pre'feet, not prefect. Prefecture, preTee-tnre (Wore.); prs'feet-nre (Web.). Preferable, prgfer-a-ble, not pre-fr'a-ble. Preferment, pre-fer'ment, not prgf'er-ment. Preferer, pre-fSr'rer, not preTer-rer. Prefigure, pre-fig'nre, not prs'flg-nre. Prefix (noun), pre'fix. Prefix (verb), pre-flx'. When I pre-flx' it, then it becomes a prg'fix. Prelacy, prel'a-9y, not pre"'la-cj. Prelate, prel'ate, not prs'late. Prelude (noun), pr6l'Qde(Worc.); pre'lnde, or pr5l'- Qde (Web.)- Webster stands alone in his preference. As a noun it is not so marked by any other orthoepist. Prelude (verb), pre-lnde', or prel'nde (Wore.) ; pre- Inde' (Web.). Smart and Jameson are the only ones who sup- port Worcester in his second marking of this word as a verb. Scan the following couplet, and you will at once perceive where the accent will naturally fall: " So Love, preluding, plays at first with hearts, And after wounds with deeper piercing darts. " son, or, dp., wolf, wool, mdon, bull, firn, rude, f;ent, -ean, gem, go, is, ejist, t/ty, n=-ng. 330 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Premature, pr5-ma-tnre', not prS'ma-tnre, nor pr6'- ma-ture, nor pre' ma-chur . See Q. Prematurely, pr6-ma-tnre'ly, not pre"'ma-tnre-ly. Premier (adj.), prS'mi-er (Web.) ; same, or prSm'ier (Wore.). Premier (noun), pre'mi-er, or prem'ier (Web.); premier, or pre"'mi-er (Wore.). Here are three pronunciations given, yet not one of them is the French. (prSm'ya'). Premise (verb), pre-misX, not prgm'ise. " We must premise this as a certain and fundamental truth. " Premise (noun), prgm'ise, not pre-mie'. " From premises erroneously brought, And therefore the deduction 's nought. " Preparative, pre-pSr'a-tive, not pre-p^r'a-tlve. Preparatory, pre-p5r'a-to-ry, not pre-p^r'a-to-ry. Prepare, pre-pdre', not pre-pare'. Preponderance, pre-pQn'der-an9e, not pre-p6n'der- Preposterous, pre-p6s'ter-ous, not pre-p&s'ter-ous, nor pre-pOs'trus. Prerequisite, pre-rek'wi-it, not pre-r6k'wl-ite. Presage (noun), prgs'age (Worc.);pr6'sage, or pr6s'- age (Web.). Presage (verb), pre-sage', not prgs'age. " If I may trust the flattering eye of sleep, My dreams presage some joyful news at hand. " a, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, , I, 0, a, y, short; &ir, arm, ask, all, what, re, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 331 Presbyopia, prSs-by-0'pi-a, not prg-by-o'pi-a. Presbyter, prgs/by-ter, not preYby-ter. Presbyterian, pre-by-te'ri-an, not prgs-by-te'ri-an. Presbytery, prS'by-tgr-y, not pre"s/by-try. Webster does not mark the penultimate of this word, but leaves it obscure; Worcester makes it short e, which gives us a much clearer pronuncia- tion. Prescience, pre'shl-enc,e, not pre-sc.i'enc.e. " Of things of the most accidental and mutable nature, God'a prescience is certain. " Presentation pr6-en-ta'tion, not pre-en-ta'tion. Presentiment, pre-se'nt'i-me'nt, not pre-s.Snt'i-me'nt, nor pre-sent'ment. Presentiment and presentment are often errone- ously used to convey the same meaning. " A presentiment of what is to be. " " The counterfeit presentment of two brothers. " There are, it is true, counterfeit presentiments, as well as counterfeit presentments, and so we can correctly say with Shakespeare: " Upon the heels of my presentment. " Or we could as correctly say, "upon the heels of my presentiment;" but they should convey very dif- ferent meanings. Preservative, (noun), pre-srv'a-tive. son, fir, dp., wolf, wdbl, m<5on, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n-ng. 332 WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL OETHOKPY. Preservative (adj.), pre-Srv'a-tive (Wore.); pre- sSrv'a-tive (Web.). Preserve, preserve', not pre-s5rve'. President, pres/i-dent, not pres'i-dent. Prestezza, pres-tets'a (Worc.^pre's-tets'sa (Web.). Prestidigitator, pres-ti-dlg'i-ta-tor, not pres-tld'i-gi- {Ti-tor. Worcester gives the word in this orthography, and also the same as Webster, pres-tlg'i-a-tor. Prestige, pr6s-ti'ge', or, preYtige (Wore.) ; prgs'tlge (Web.). "Prestige manifestly supplies a want in onr tongue ; it expresses something which no single word in English could express, which could only be expressed by a circumlocution, being that moral influence which past successes, as the pledge of and promise of future ones, breed. The word has thus naturally come to be of very frequent use by good English writers. It will only need that the accent should be shifted, in obedience to the tendencies of the English language, from the second syllable to the first, and that instead of pres-ti'ge' it should be pronounced prSs'tige, and its naturalization will be complete. I have little doubt that in twenty years it will be so pronounced by the great body of well- educated Englishmen." Trench, 1855. Prestissimo, pres-tls'si-mo, not preg-tls/sj-mo. a, 6, I, 5, n, y, long; a, C, I, 5, ii, y, short; uir, arm, &sk, all, whg,t, re, Srr, prey, mi'en, sir, WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 333 Presume, presume', not pre-mme'. See Q. Presumption, pre-gftm'shun, not pre-ump'shun. Presumptuous, pre-umt'yu-us, not pre-ump'- shus. Pretence ) Pretense' \ P re - t6n< ? e '> not pre'tenge. Preterite, pret'er-ite, or prg'ter-ite, not pr6t'er-lte. Pretext, pre-text', or pretext. Pretor, pre'tor. Pretty, prlt'ty, not pret'ty, nor pur'ty. Prevalence, preVa-lenge, not prSv'lenge, nor prgv'- a-lnnge. Prevaricate, pre-v2r'i-ate, not pre-var'i-eate. Preventative, "incorrectly used for preventive." Webster and Worcester. Preventive, pre-vent'ive, not pre-ven'ta-tive. Both words are given in both dictionaries, and both of them as a noun having the same meaning; then, why say "incorrectly used?" Previous, pre'vi-ous, not prev'yus. Prima donna, pr'f-ma-don'nfi* Prima facie, pri'ma-fa'shi-6. Webster gives a secondary accent to the third syl- lable, while Worcester places equal stress upon the first and third. Primary, pn'ma-ry, not prl'ma-ry. Primeval, pri-me'val, not pri'me-val. s6n, 6r, do., wglf, wdbl, mdon, bull, ftrn, rude, gent, ean, gem, go, i, ejist, thy, n-ng. WABMAN'S PKACTICAL OBTHOEPY. Princess, princess, not princess'. To accent this word on the last syllable Walker declares "a, glaring absurdity." Princesse, prin-9esse'. Referring to a particular style of ladies' costume. Principally, prln'9i-pal-ly, not prln'c,i-ply. Priority, prl-5r'i-ty, not pr!-6r'i-ty. Prism, prison, not prls/um. Prismatic, pri-ma't'i, not pris-mat'k. Prison, pri'n, not pri'on. Pristine, prls'tlne, not prls'tlne, nor tine. Prithee, pri/A'ee, not prtth'ee. Privacy, pri'va-gy, not priv'a-gy. Privily, prlv'i-ly, not prl'vi-ly. Probatory, pro'ba-to-ry, not pr6b'a-to-ry. Probity, pr5b'i-ty, not pro'bi-ty. Procedure, pro-ced'nre, not pro-96'jure. See n. Proceeds, pro'ceedg (Web.); same, or proceed?' (Wore.). Process, pr69'ess, not process. Prodigious, pro-did'gus (Web.);pro-dlg'us (Wore.). Prodigy, pr5d'i-gy, not pr6g'i-dy. Produce (verb), pro-dn9e', not pro-du9e'. Produce (noun), prQd'fl9e (Web.) ; prQd'dQye (Wore.). Product, prQd'uet, not prO'dut. Proemptosis, pro-emp-to'sis, not pro-gmp'to-sis. Proffer, proffer, not prSf'fer. a; 6, I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, o, u, y, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY, 335 Profile, prO'fi'le, pro-file', or prO'f lie ( Wore. );prO'filo, or pro'file (Web.). The authority is very much divided on this \jord. The majority are in favor of pro-file', while there are almost as many in favor of prO'flle; but it is the small minority that favors pro'file, or pro'file. Everyone has his choice from four pronunciations, any one of which is correct. Profuse (adj.) pro-fnse', not pro-f ne'. "A green, shady bank, profuse of flowers." "His gestures were too profuse." Profuse (verb), pro-f ne', not pro-fnse'. " Thy help hath been profused Ever with most grace, etc. " Profusely, pro-fase'ly, not pro-fne'ly. Profusion, pro-f a'zhun, not pro-f a'shun. See adhe- sion. Profusive, pro-fn'sive, not pro-fn'ive. See effusive. Progeny, pr6g'e-ny, not pro'ge-ny. Prognostic, prog-nQs'tie, not prog-n6s'ti. Programme, } P r0 'g r * m ( Worc -); P^'gram (Web.). The first orthography of the word is the English form, long since introduced, though many good writers still hold to the French programme. Progress (noun), prOg'ress, not prOg'ress. Prohibition, pr5-hi-bish'un, not pro-u-blsh'un. son, 6r, dp., wolf, wool, m<5on, bull, urn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, ig, e?ist, thy, n-ng. 336 WARMAN S PRACTICAL OKTHOEPY. Prohibitory, pro-hib'i-to-ry, not pro-hlb'i-to-ry. Project (noun), prOj'eet, not prO'jet. Project (verb), pro-jeet', not pr6j'et. Projectile, pro-jeet'lle, not pro-jSet'lle. Prolix, pro-llx', not pro'lix. , " Should I at large repeat The bead-role of her vicious tricks, My poem would be too prolix. " Prolocutor, proTo-eu-tor, or pro-lo-e'n-tor (Wore.); prol-o~en'tor, or pro-loe'n-tor (Web.). Prologue, prQl'ogue (Wore.); pro'logue (Web.). The weight of authority is with Worcester. Prolongation, pro-lon-ga'tion, not pro-loa-ga'tion. Promenade, prftm-e-nade', or pr5m-e-n2de' (W T eb.); same transposed (Wore.). Prometheus, pro-me"'the-us, or pro-me'thus (Web.); pro-m6'thas (Wore.). Promissory, pr5m'is-so-ry, not pr5m'is-sa-ry. Promptitude, pr5m'ti-tade, not pr6mp'ti-tnde. Promulgation, pro-mul-ga'tion (Web.); pr5m-ul- ga'tion (Wore.). Promulgator, pro'mul-ga-tor (Web.); pr6m'ul-ga- tor, or pr5m-ul-ga'tor (Wore.). Pronunciation, pro-nun-shi-a'tion, not pro-nun-gi- a'tion, nor pro-noun-shl-a'tion. See enunciation. Inasmuch as this word is not related to any such verb as pronunciate, in the same way as associa- tion and enunciation are related to associate and a, g, I, 0, Q, y, long; 2, 6, I, 0, u, y, short; air, arm, fi.sk, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARM AN S PRACTICAL OKTHOEPY. 337 enunciate, Smart says of it: " In the absence of any such related verb, most speakers say pro-nun-Ql-a'- tion, and so avoid the double occurrence of sh in the same Avord." Almost all authorities now agree to the marking as found in Webster's and Worcester's. Prophecy (noun), prQph'e-gy. Prophesy (verb), prQph'e-sy, not pr5ph'e-sy. The whole class of verbs ending in/y are also pro- nounced with the distinct sound of long y. Propitiate, pro-pish'i-ate, not pro-pish'shate. Propitiation, pro-pish-i-a'shun, not pro-pish-sha'- shuu. Propitiatory, pro-pish'i-a-to-ry, not pro-pish'a-to-ry. Proportion, pro-por'tion, not pro-por'tion. Propulsion, pro-pul'shun, not pro-pul'zhun. See adhesion. Propulsive, pro-pfil'sive, not pro-pul'ive. See ef- fusive. Prorata, pro-ra'ta, not pro-ra"'ta, nor pro'ra-ta. Prorogue, pro-rogue', not prO'rOgue, nor pro-r5gue'. See apologue. Prosaic, pro-a'i, not pro-sa'ie. Proscenium, pro-s9e'ni-um, not pro-S96n'i-um. Proselyte, pr5s'e-lyte, not pr5s'e-lyte. Prosody, pr6s'o-dy, not pr6'o-dy. Prosperous, pros'per-oiis, not prOs'prus, nor pros'- per-ous. s6n, 6r, dq, wolf, wot)l, m<5on, byll, urn, rude, an, gem, go, i, e?ist, thy, n=ng. 338 WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOKPY. Prostitute, pr5s'ti-tute, not pr5s'ti-tute. See n. Prosy, pro'y, not pros'y. Protasis, prSf a-sls, not pro'ta-sis. Protean, pro'te-an, not pro-t5'an. Protege, pro-ta-zha'. Protempore, prO-tem'po-re, not prO-t6m'p6re. Protest (verb), pro-te'st', not pro'test. Protest (noun), pro'test (Web.); same, or prSfest (Wore.). Protestation, prSt-es-ta'tion, not pro-tes-ta'tion. Prothonotary, pro-thOn'o-ta-ry, not pro-tho-no'ta-ry. Protoplasm, prO'to-pla"m, not prO-to-plam'. Protractile, pro-tra"? file, not pro-trSef lie. Protrude, pro-trude', not pro-trade'. Protrusion, pro-tru'zliun, not pro-tru'shun. See ad- hesion. Protrusive, pro-trij'sive, not pro-tru'ive. See effu- sive. Protuberance, pro-tu'ber-ange, not pro-tu/ber-anpe. Proven, prQv'n, not prOv'en. This word, incorrectly used for proved, is said to be a Scotticism. Proverbial, pro-vgrb'i-al, not pro-vSrb'al. Provincial, pro-vin'shal, not pro-vin'shun-ai, nor pro-vln'shi-al. Proviso, pro-vi'o, not pro-vfsO. Provocative, pro-vo'ea-tive, not pro-v6'a-tlve. Smart and Cull are the only orthoepists who allow the second marking. a, , I, o, n, y, long; a, 6, I, o, u, y, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, ere, e"rr, prey, mien, sir, WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL OETHOEPY. 339 Provost (chief), prSv'ust. Provost (executioner), pro-vo', or prQv'ust (Wore.); prOv'ust (Web.). Webster makes no special distinction in the terms, except to say, "sometimes pronounced pro-vO'." Prow, prou (Web.); prou, or pro (Wore.). Prude, prude, not prude. Prudence, pru'de^e, not prn'den9e. Prune, prune, not prune. Prunel, pru'nel, not pru-neT. Prussian, prush'an, or prush'an. Prussia, prus'sie, or prus'sie. Psalm, sa'm, not sa'm. Psalmist, sam'ist (Web. ) ; sal'mist, or sam'ist (Wore.). Psalmistry, sam'ist-ry (Web.); saTmist-ry (Wore.). Psalmodic, sal-m5d'i. Psalmodist, sSl'mo-dist. Psalmodize, sal'mo-dize. Psalmody, sjll'mo-dy. Psalm-singing, sa'm'sing-ing. Psalter, sal'ter. Pseudo, sd'do, not su'do. Pshaw, shaw, not p'shaw'. Psyche, sy'die. Psychologist, sy-ehoTo-glst, not sy-eh61'o-glst Puddle, piid'dle, not piid'dul. See cuddle. Puerile, pu'er-ile, not ptier'ile. Pugh, pu, not pa. s6n, or, do, wolf, wdbl, mc5on, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, t-an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ug. 340 WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Puissance, pu'is-sSn9e, not pu-is'sange. Puissant, pa'is-sSnt (Wore.) ; same, or pu-ls'sant (Web.). Pullman (car), pull'man, not pull'man. Pulmonary, pul'mo-na-ry, not pul'mo-na-ry. Pulpit, pul'pit, not pul'pit. Pumice, pum'il, moT)n, byll, ftrn, rude, ^ent, -ean, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 348 WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Raucity, rau'ci-ty, not rau'^I-ty. Raucous, raucous, not rau'cofis. Ravel, raVl, not raVel. Raveling, raVl-ing, not raVel-ing. Raven, ra'vn, not ra'ven. Ravenous, rSv'n-ous, not raVen-otis. Rayah, ra'yah, or ra'yah (Web.); rS'yah (Wore.). Reading (city), read'ing, not rgad'ing. ' Ready-made, rSad'y-made, not read-y-made'. Real, re'al, not real. Realization, re-al-i-za'tion, not rS-al-i-za'tion. Really, rs'al-ly, not rS'ly. Realm, realm, not rgal'um. Reason, rea'n, not r6a'on. Rebel, reb'el, not reb'l. Rebus, re'bus,-worf re-bfis'. A rS'bus, however, sometimes leads to a re-bttss'; but we should not get the terms confused. "A gallant, in love with a woman named Rose Hill, painted on the border of his gown a rose, a hill, an eye, a loaf and a well, which reads, Rose Hill Hove well." He must have been a German. Recant, re-eSnt', not re-eant'. Recapitulate, rg-ea-pit'n-late, not r5-ea-pit'chu-late. Recapture, re-eSpt'are, not re"-ca"pt'chur. Recast, re-east'. Receptivity, rS9-ep-tl'i-ty, not re-Qgp-tlv'Ity. n, c, I, o, n, y, long; a, , I, 5, fi, y, short; air, arm, ask, nil, what, ere, err, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 349 Recess (noun and verb), recess', not recess. All orthoepists agree in placing the accent on the second syllable, in both forms of the word. , " My recess hath given them confidence." "This happy place, our sweet Recess, and only consolation left." Rechabite, r6'hab-ite. Recherchie, re-9her'9hie (Wore.); rfili-sher-sha' (Web.). Reciprocity, re^-i-prdYl-ty. Recitative, re9-i-ta-tive'. Recitative, req-i-ta-ti'vo." Reckon, rgck'n, not reck'on. Reckoning, reck'n-ing, not r6ck'on-Ing. Reclamation, ree-la-ma'tion, not rg-ela-ma'tion. Reclination, rSe-li-na'tion, not re"~eli-na'tion. Recluse (adj. and noun), re-elnse', not r6'lnse. Recluse (verb), re~elnse' (Web.); re-eld^e' (Wore.). Reclusion, re-cln'zhun, not re-lQ'shun. See adhe- sion. Reclusive, re-ela'sive, not re-elu'ive. See effusive. Recognizable, ree og-nl'za-ble, cr re-e6g'ni-za-ble. Recognizance, re-eSg'ni-zanqe (Wore.); same, or re-6n'i-zan9e (Web.). Recognization, re-eSg-ni-za'tion. Recognize, rg'og-nize, not re-eOg'nize. Recollect, r6-ol-l6t', not re-eol-le'et'. Recondite, ree'on-dlte, or re-e5n'dlte. s6n, 6r, dg, WQ\f, wdbl, moon, bull, 6rn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i^, ejist, thy, n-ng. 350 WAEMAN S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Reconnoissance, re-eOn'nols-sance, not re"-on-n&is'- sance. / Worcester divides the accent equally on the sec- ond and fourth syllable. Reconnoiter, ) .,, A ., _ ' (. ree-on-nol ter, not r6-on-nol ter. Reconnoitre, j Record (verb), re-eord'. Record (noun), reVord. Poet's license sometimes causes the accent of the noun to shift to the second syllable. " Our nation reads the written word, That book of life, that sure record." Recourse (noun and verb), re-eOurse', not recourse. "Our last recourse is therefore to our art." " Give me recourse to him." Recovery, re-eov'er-y, not re-eov'ry. Recreant, reVre-ant, not rs'ere-ant. Recreate (to create anew), r6-ere-ate'. "It was necessary to recreate the army." Recreate (to refresh), reVre-ate. " To walk abroad and recreate yourselves." Recreation (amusement), rS-re-a'tion. Recreation (a forming anew), re-ere-a'tion. Recruit, re-eruit', not re-emit'. Rectitude, reVti-tnde, not re'ti-tude. Recurrent, re-eiir'rent, not re-eur'rent. a, e, I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, fi, y, short; fiir, Urm, ask, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 351 Recursion, re-eur'shun, not re-eur'zhun. See adhe- sion. Recusant, re-en'ant (Web.); same, or reVu-ant. (Wore.). Redden, red'dn, not red'den. Redolent, rgd'o-lent, not re-d5'lent. Redress (verb and noun), re-drSss', not re'dress. ' ' Those wrongs, those bitter injuries, . . . I doubt not but with honor to redress." " Fair majesty, the refuge and redress Of those whom fate pursues and wants oppress." Red-tape, red'tape, not red-tape'. Reduce, re-duc,e', not re-duqe'. See u. Referable, ref'er-a-ble, not re-fer'a-ble. Referrer, re-fe"r'rer, not refer-rer. Referrible, re-fsr'ri-ble (Web.); re-f6r'ri-ble (Wore.). Reflex (adj.), re'flex, not re-flex'. Reflex (verb), re-flex', not rS'flex. Reflex (noun), re"flex (Wore.); re-fl6x' (Web.). " Yon gray is not the morning's eye: "Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia's brow." Refluent, rgflu-gnt, not re-flu'ent. Reflux, re"flux, not re-flux'. Refragable, r6f ra-ga-ble, not reT ra-^a-ble, nor re- frag'a-ble. Bear in mind that ^is hard before a (except gaol). Refulgent, re-ful'gent, not re-ful'gent. son, or, dg, wplf, wool, m6T>n, bull, urn, rude, gent, t-an, gem, go, i, ejist, thy, n=ng. 352 WARJIAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOKPY. Refuse (verb), re-fne'. Refuse (adj. and noun), refose, not rSf'ne. " Please to bestow on him the refuse letters." Refutable, re-fo'ta-ble, not rgf u-ta-ble. Refutatory, re-fn'ta-to-ry, not reTu-ta-to-ry. Regalia, re-ga'li-a, not re-gal'ya. Regatta, re-gat'ta, not re-gat'ta. Regicide, reg'i-^ide, not re'gi-cide. Regime, ra-zhe5m' (Web.); re-zhe"m' (Wore.); not rSg'i-me. Regiment, reg'i-mSnt, not rSg'i-munt. Regress (noun), re'gress. Regress (verb), re-gress'. Regular, reg'n-lar, not reg'lar. Regurgitate, re-gfir'gi-tate, not re-gftr'gi-tate. Relaxation, re-lax-a'tion (Web.); rel-ax-a'tion (Wore.). The weight of authority is in favor of the former. Relinquish, re-lln'kwish, not re-lln'kwish. See an- gular. Remand, re-mand', not re-mSnd'. Rembrandt, rem'brant (Web.); rgm'brant (Wore.). Remediable, re-me'di-a-ble, not rem'e-di-a-ble. Remediless, rem'e-di-l6ss, or re-m6d'-i-l6ss(Worc.); same transposed (Web.). Remigrate, rgm'i-grate, or re-mi'grate. The writer thinks the second marking more con- sistent and in much better taste than the first a, e, I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, o, u, y, short; &ir, arm, ask, 11, what, ere, e"rr, prey, mi'en, -sir, PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 353 marking. Few people would comprehend the first word if taken in its isolated form. Somehow usage seems to have little regard for consistency. Remollient, re-m6l'yent (Wore.) ; re-moTll-ent, or re-moTyent (Web. ). Remonstrance, re-mOn'stranqe, not re-mon'stran9e. Remonstrate, re-mo" n'strate, not re-mon'strate. Remorse, re-m&rse', not re-morse'. Rendezvous, rSn'de-vp. (Web.); same, or rSn'de- VQU (Wore.) (verb), last syllable accented (Wore.). Renege, re-nSge', or re-ne"ge' (Wore.) ; re-n6ge' (Web.). Renew, re-nn', not re-nu'. See n. Renitent, re-ni'tent, not re-nit'ent, nor r6n'i-tent. Renunciation, re-nun-shi-a'tion,w0tf re-niin-9i-a'tion. See enunciation. Reopen, re-0'pn, not re-0'pen. Reparable, rep'a-ra-ble, not re-par'a-ble. Repartee, rgp-ar-tS6', not rep'ar-t6S. "Cupid was as bad as be: Hear but the youngster's repartee! " Repass, re-pass', not re-pass'. Repast, re-past', not re-past'. Repatriation, re-pa-tri-a'tion, (Wore.); re (Web.). Repertoire, ra-par-twar'. Repertory, rep'er-to-ry, not rgp-er-to'ry. Reportorial, r6-por-to'ri-al, not r6p-or-to'ri-al. Reprimand (noun),rep'ri-mand (Wore.); r6p'ri-mand (Web.). son, 6r, dp., wplf, wdbl, moDn, b^ill, urn, rt]de, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, ejist, thy, n=ug. WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Reprimand (verb), re"p-ri-mand'( Wore. ) ; r6p'ri-m2nd (Web.). It will be seen that Webster makes no distinction between the noun and the verb. Reproduce, re"-pro-dnc.e', not rg-pro-du(?e'. Reptile, rSp'tlle, not rgp'tile. Repulsion, re-pul'shun, not re-puTzhun. See adhe- sion. Repulsive, re-pul'sive, not re-puTive. See effusive. Reputable, rSp'n-ta-ble, not re-pn'ta-ble. Requicken, re-qulck'n, not re-qulck'en. Requiem, re'qui-em (Web.); same, or rSk'we-em (Wore.). Requin, rg'quin, not rgq'win. Requital, re-quit'al, not re-qult'al. Rescissory, re-scls/o-ry. Rescript, rg'serlpt, not re-s-eript'. Research (verb and noun), re-search', not re'sSarch. Resentment, re-ent'ment, not re-s6nt'ment. Reservation, re-er-va'tion, not r6s-er-va'tion. Reservoir, rg-er-vw6r', not re'er-voir. Residual, re-id'n-al, not re-sid'Q-al. Residuary, re-id'a-a-ry, not re-sld'u-ary. Residue, re'i-dne, not r6'i-due. See Q. Residuous, re-id'a-ous, not re-sid'a-ofis. Residuum, re-id'Q-iSm, not re-sid'a-um. Resignation, r6-ig-na'tion, not r6s-ig-na'tion. Resin, r6'in, not r6'n. a, g, i, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, fi, y, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, 6re, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 355 Resoluble, rS'o-la-ble, not rg'o-lu-ble, n'or re-soT- o-ble. The last marking has but one authority in its favor; we prefer that one. Resolute, re"'o-lnte, not r6'o-lute. See a. Resolve, re-Qlve', not re-s5lve'. Resonance, rgs/o-nSi^e, not reY-o-nSnge. Resound, rewound', not re-sound'. Resource, re-sOurc.e', (Wore.); rS-sOurce' (Web.). Respirable, re-spir'a-ble, not res'pir-a-ble. Respiration, rSs-pi-ra'tion, not rSs/pi-ra'tion. Respirator, reYpi-ra-tor, not re-splr'a-tor Respiratory, re-spir'a-to-ry, not reYpir-a-to-ry. Respite, reYplte, not res'pite. Respond, re-sp6nd', not re-sp6nd'. Responsible, re-sp5n'si-ble, not re-sp6n'si-ble. Responsive, re-spSn'sive, not re-sp5n'ive. See effu- sive. Restaurant, r6s-to-rSng', or reYto-rant (Web.); r6s'- to-rSng' (Wore.). This word is sufficiently Anglicized to give the second marking of Webster. It is decidedly affected to say r6s-to-rSng', when a pure English word is allowable. Restful, rest'ful, not rgst'ful. See faithful. Restitution, rSs-ti-tn'tion, not r6s-ti-tu'tiou. See Q. Restorative, re-sto'ra-tive, not re-stor'a-tlve. Resume, re-nme', not re-gume'. See Q. wolf, wool, md&n, by 11, ftrn, rude, gem, go, ig, ejist, thy, n-hg. 356 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Resume, re-a-me' (Web.); re"-n-me/ (Wore.). Worcester marks the u obscure. It is long u un- accented. ' Resurrect, re>ur-r6t', not re'ur-reet. Retail (noun),re"'tail, not re-tail'. Retail (verb), re-tail', not rs'tail. Retardation, re-tar-da'tion (Web.) ; ret-ar-da'tion (Wore.). Retch, retch, or retch (Wore.); retch (Web.). The weight of authority is in favor of the first marking, though the second is the one more com- monly heard. The word is derived from the same Saxon original as the verb to reach, and they imply the same thought. " Beloved Julia, hear me still beseeching. (Here he grew inarticulate with retching)." Reticent, ret'i-c. ent, not re-tiQ'ent. Retinue, ret'i-nue, not ret'i-nue, nor re-tln'Qe. Retort (verb and noun), re-tort', not re-tOrt'. Retractile, re-tra"et'ile, not re-trSet'ile. Retributive, re-trib'ttrtlve, not ret'ri-ba-tive. Retroact, re"-tro-at', or ret-ro-at'. Retroaction, rg-tro-aVtion, or ret-ro-aVtion. Retrocede, re'tro-gede, or ret'ro-c,e"de. There is no consistency in placing the accent on the first syllable of this word, and on the last sylla- ble of the words intercede and supersede. a, e, I, 0, Q, y, long; 2, 6, I, o, , y, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 357 Retrocession, rS-tro-qesh'un, or rgt-r Retroduction, rS-tro-duVtion, or ret-ro-due'tion. Retrograde, re'tro-grade, or rSt'ro-grade (Web.); same transposed (Wore.). Retrospect, rs'tro-sp6t, or re't'ro-spe'et (Web.) ; same transposed (Wore.). The writer prefers the second marking of these words, but he has placed them as they appear in Webster, because of the uniformity. It will be seen that, with the exception of the last two, Wor- cester gives the preference to re", and then for some unaccountable reason changes the preference to rSt. Reveille, re-val'ya (Web.); re-val', or re-val'ya (Wore.). In the United States service this is commonly pronounced rSv-a-le"'. If usage establishes pronun- ciation, surely this word is completely Anglicized, and should have its bearing upon the dictionary authorities to so adopt it. During the war the writer never heard an officer, nor one of his com- rades, say re-val'ya. Such a pronunciation in those practical times would have stirred up "the boys" more than a bomb-shell. Revelry, reVel-ry, not reV'l-ry. Revenue, reVe-nne, not reVe-nue, nor re-ven'ue. The latter is allowable only by poetic license. Reverie, re>-er-is'. son, 6r, do, wplf, wdbl, mdon, bull, ftrn, rude, qent, an, gem, go, i, ejist, t7iy, n-ng. 358 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL OBTHOEPY. Revery, reVer-y. Reversion, re-vSr'shun, not re-vgr'zhun. See adhe- sion. Revocable, reVo-ea-ble, not re-vo'ea-ble. Revolt, re-volt', or re-volt', not re-volt'. Revolting, re-volt'ing, or re-v5lt'ing. Revolution, rgv-o-ln'tion, not r6v-o-lu'tion. See a. Revulsion, re-vaTshun, not re-vuTzhun. See adhe- sion. Revulsive, re-voTsive, not re-vuTive. See effusive. Reynard, rey'nard, or rgyn'ard (Web.); same trans- posed (Wore.). Rhapsodist, r3p'so-dlst. In words beginning with rh there is frequently heard an effort to give the breath r, i. e. rh. Bear in mind that h is always silent after r. Rheum, rheum, not rheum. Rheumatic, rheu-ma't'ie, not rheQ-mat'k. Rheumatism, rheu'ma-tlm, not rhen'ma-tlm. Rhinoceros, rhi-nOg'e-rQs, not rhi-n&Q'e-rtis. Rhubarb, rhu'bSrb, not rhu'barb. Rhythm, rhythm, or rhythm. Rhythmical, rhyth'mk-al, or rhj^A'mie-al. Ribald, rib'ald, not n'bald. Ribaldry, rlb'ald-ry, not ri'bald-ry. Richelieu, ri'che'lieu, or r6sh'e-lu (Wore.); rgsh'eh-lu (6 less prolonged, Web.). Ricochet, rte-o-ghe', or a, Sir, L, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, 6, I, 0, ti, y", short; lir, Srm, ask, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 359 Rid, rid, not red. Ridden, rld'dn, not rld'den. Riddle, rld'dle, not rld'dul. See cuddle. Ridicule, rid'i-enle, not rSd'i-enle. Ridotto, ri'-doTto (Web.); ri-det'to (Wore.). Righteous, n'chus, or (by Webster's notes) rlt'yus. The weight of authority is, as it should be, in favor of rlt'yus. We cannot understand why Web- ster and Worcester allow this ch sound to come in this word, v/hen they have so studiously avoided it in every word, other than this, throughout the dictionary. Question, Christian, celestial, court- eous, and all others of like character, are given without this abominable ch. Righteousness, ri'chus-ness (Web.) ; rt'chus-ne'ss (Wore.). Rightful, right'ful, not right'fftl. Rigorous, rlg'or-ous, not rlg'or-ous. Rind, rind, not rine. Rinse, rinse, not wrench, nor rgnse. Rio Janeiro, fi'o-ja-nei'ro (Web.); ri-o-ja-nei'ro, or n'o-ja-nsi'ro (Wore.). Ripen, rip'n, not n'pen. Ripeness, ripe'ness, not ripe'nus. See image. Rise (verb), rtge. Rise (noun), rise, not rle. "All wickedness takes its rise from the heart," " This word properly takes its pure sound of s to s6n, 6r, do, wolf, wcfol, m(5on, byll, ftrn, rude, 9ent, can, gem, go, i, ejist, thy, n-ng, 360 WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. distinguish it from the verb, but does not adhere to this distinction so inviolably as the nouns use, excuse, etc.; for we sometimes hear 'the rie and fall of the Roman empire/ 'the rie and fall of provisions/ etc. The pure s, however, is more agreeable to analogy, and ought to be scrupulously preserved in these phrases by all correct speakers." Walker. Risen, n'n, not ris'en. Risible, rl'i-ble, not rls'i-ble. Risk, risk, not resk. Ritual, rlt'n-al, not rlt'chu-al. Ritualistic, rit-al-ist'i-e, not nt-chu-al-lst'i. Riven, rtv'n, not riv'en. Roanoke, ro-a-noke', not ro'a-noke. Roar, roar, not r6ar. Robespierre, ro'bes-pisrre; ro-be's-pi-e'rre' (French). Robbery, rQb'ber-y, not rSb'ry. Robust, ro-bust', not ro'bust. Robustious, ro-bfist'yus, not ro-bfist'chua. Rod, r5d, not r6d. Roderigo (Othello), r6d-er-i'go. Roil, roll, not roll. Romance, ro-m2n9e', not ro'mance. Romanesque, rO-man-6sque', not rO'man-gsque. Rondeau, r5n-dO', not rOn'dO. Ronion, ron'yun, not rSn'yun. Roof, roT)f, not roof. a, 6, I, 0, n, y, long; S, 6, r, 0, fi, y, short; air, arm, ask, fill, what, ^re, 6rr, prey, mi'en, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 361 Rook, rdbk (Web.); rdbk, or rook (Wore.). Worcester gives this marking in his school dic- tionary, while in the unabridged he marks it rdbk, and in parentheses rook, calling attention to his conforming with his note 51, where he gives but the one marking, rook. Rookery, rook'er-y( Web.); same as rook (Wore.). Root, root, not root. Rosalind, r5'a-lmd. Rosaline, r5'a-line, or rS'a-llne. Rosamund, r6s>-mond. Roseate, ro'e-ate (Web.); ro'zhe-ate, or ro'e-ate (Wore.). Rosemary, rOe'ma-ry, not rOe'ma-ry. ' ' Dry up your tears and stick your rosemary On this fair corse." Roseola, ro-5'o-la, not rO-e-0'la. Rosier, ro'zher (Web.); rO'zhe-er (Wore.). Rosin, rSg'in, not rS'n. Rossini, ros-si'ni (Wore.); ros-si'ni (Web.). Rostrum, r5s'trum, not ros'trum. Rotative, ro'ta-tive, not ro-ta'tive. Rotten, rOt'tn, not rSt'ten. Rotund, ro-tund', not rO'tund. Roue, rou-e' (Web.); rou'e (Wore.). Rouge, roozh. Roughen, rough'n, not roflgh'en. Roulette, rou-lStte', not rou'lette. s6n, fir, do, wplf, wdbl, mdon, byll, firn, rude, 9ent, an, ^em, go, i, e?ist, thy, n-ng. 362 WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Round, round, not roun. Route, root, or route. " Upon a more accurate observation of the best usage, I must give the preference to the first sound of this word, notwithstanding its coincidence in sound with another word of a different meaning." Walker. While the second pronunciation is allowable, it would be questionable taste to so pronounce it. Routine, rou-ti'ne', not rou'tlne. Rowel, rou'el, not rOw'el. Rowen, rou'en, not rOw'en. Rubeola, ru-be'o-la, not ru.-be-0'la. Rubicon, ru'bi-8n, not rn'bi-eon. Rubinstein, ru'bin-stein, not ru'bin-stsin, Ruby, ru'by, not ru'by. Ruche, rughe. Rude, rude, not rude. Rudiment, ru'di-mgnt, not rn'di-munt. Rue, rue, not me. Ruffian, rufyan (Wore.) same, or rfiffi-an (Web.). Ruin, ru'in, not ru'un. See image. Ruinous, ru'in-ous, not ru'un-ous. Rule, rule, not rQle, nor ru'ul. Ruminate, ru'mi-nate, not rQ'mi-nate. Rumor, ru'mor, not ra'mor. Runic, ru'nie, not rn'ni. Rupture, rupt'are, not riip'chur. a, e, I, 0, fl, y, long; 3, 6, I, 0, fi, y, short; 4ir, a'rm, ask, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 363 Rural, ru'ral, not rn'ral. Ruse, rue, not rage, nor ruse. Russian, rush'an, or rush an. Rustle, rus'sl, not riis'tle. Rutabaga, ru-ta-ba'ga, not ru-te-ba'gO. Ruth, ruth, not rath. S. The two regular sounds of this letter are found in the word sees. We have the sounds sh and zh, but they are not the sounds of s any more than th (voice) and th (breath) are the sounds of t. Sabaoth, sab'a-6th, or sa-ba'6th (Web.); same trans- posed (Wore.). Sabot, sa-bo'. Saccharine, saVeha-rlne, or saVeha-rlne. Sacerdotal, sa^-er-do'tal, not sa-qer-do'tal. Sachet, sii^he' (Web.); sSsh-e' (Wore.). Sack-cloth, sack'eloth, not sack'cloth. Sacrament, saVra-ment, not sa'era-rne'nt. " This word, with sacrifice, sacrilege and sacristy, is sometimes pronounced with a in the first syllable long, as in sacred; but this is contrary to one of the clearest analogies in the language." Walker. "The English orthoepists are unanimous against the practice." Worcester. Sacrificable, sa-erif'i-ea-ble, not sSe-ri-flc'a-ble, nor sa"-ri-fl'za-ble. s6n, 6r, do, wolf, wdbl, mc5on, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 364 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Sacrificant, sa-erlf i-eant, not sa-ri-fl9'ant. Sacrificator, saVri-fi-ea-tor (Web.); sa-ri-fi-ea'tor (Wore.). Sacrificatory, sa-erlf i-a-to-ry. Sacrifice (noun and verb), saVri-fize, not saVri-flge. "In the words discern, sacrifice, suffice, and in several words derived from them, and also in the word sice, c has the sound of z." Worcester, 66. Sacrificer, saVri-fiz-er. Sacrificial, sae-ri-flsh'al. Sacrilege, saVri-lege, not saVri-le"ge. Sacrilegious, sae-ri-le'gious, not sa^-ri-leg'ious. Sacrist, sa'erist. Sacristan, sjle'ris-tSn, not sa-erist'an. Sacristy, sac'ris-ty, not sa-irls'ty. Sadden, sad'dn, not sSd'den. Saddle, sad'dle, not sad'dul. See cuddle. Sadducee, sad'du-Q66, not sSd-du-gee'. Sadduceeism, sad-du-^eg'lgm, not sa"d'du-9ee-Im. Saffron, saffron (Web.) ;saf 'run, or sa"ff urn (Wore.). Sagacious, sa-ga'cious, not sa-gash'us. Sahara, sS-ha'ra (Web.^sa'h'a-ra^or sa-ha'ra (Wore); not sa-ha'ra. Said, sSd, not said. Salaam, ) , , _ ' \ sa-lam'. Salam, ) Salamander, saTa-mSn-der, not sal-a-niSn'der. Salary, sal'a-ry, not saTry. a, e, i, o, n, y, long; a, 6, i, 5, d, y, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 365 Saleratus, sal-e-ra'tus, not sal-e-rSt'iis. Salic, s5.Yi, not sa'lie. Salient, sa'li-ent, not sal'yent. Salifiable, sal'i-fi-a-ble, not sa-lif i-a-ble. Salina, sa-li'na, not sa-lii'na. Saline, sa-llne', or sa'line (Web.); sa-llne' ("Wore.). Saline (from the ashes of potato leaves), saTlne (Web.); saTin, or sa-lin' (and so spelled by Wore.). Saliva, sa-li'va, not saTi-va. Salmon, sa"m'6n, not sal'mon. Salon, sa-l5ng' (Wore.); sa'-long' (Web.). Salt-cellar, salt'cel-lar, not salt'set-ter. Salt rheum, salt'rheum, not salt-rheum'. Salubrious, sa-ln'bri-otts, not sa-lu'bri-ous. Salutary, saTu-ta-ry, not sal-u-ta'ry. Salutatorian, sa-ln-ta-to'ri-an, not sa-lu-ta-to'ri-an. Salutatory, sa-ln'ta-to-ry, not sa-ln'ta-to-ry, nor sa- lu'ta-to-ry. Salute, sa-lnte', not sa-lute'. See n. Salvation, sal-va'tion, not sill-va'tion. Salve, siiv (Web.); siiv, or salve (Wore.); not sa"v. Salver, sal'ver (a plate). Samaritan, sa-mar'i-tan, not sa-mdr'i-tan. Samphire, silm'phlre, or sam'fur (Web.); sa"m'fir (Wore.). Sample, sam'ple, not sam'ple. Sanable, sSn'a-ble, not sa'na-ble. Sanctimony, san^'ti-mo-ny, not s2Q'ti-mO-ny. Sanctitude, sSne'ti-tnde, not san^'ti-tiide. See o. s6n, 6r, dg, wglf, wdbl, mdDn, byll, (irn, rride, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 366 WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Sanctuary, sanet'n-a-ry^ not sSa-e'chu-a-ry. Sandalphon, san-dal'phon, not san-dal'phon. Sandwich, sand'wich (Web.); sSnd'wldg (Wore..). Sandwort, sand'wurt, not sSnd'wCrt. San Francisco, san-fran-gis'-eo (Wore.); san-fran- cls'-eo (Web.). Sang-froid, sang-frwa' (Wore.); sSng-frwa" (Web.). Sanguinary, saa'gwl-na-ry (Web.); saa'gwe-na-re (Wore.); not sSn'gwi-na-ry. See angular. Sanguin, san'gwin, not sSn'gwin. Sanhedrim, san'he-drlm, not s2n-he'drlm. Sanitary, sSn'i-ta-ry, not s2n-i-ta'ry. San Joaquin, san-ho-a'-ken' (Web.); s3n-ho-a-k6n' (W'ore.). San Jose, san-ho-se' (Wore.); san-ho-se' (Web.). San Juan, san-hu-an'(Web.);san-j\i'an, or san-hu-.'in' (Wore.). Sans, sa"n, not sa'ng. "Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything." Sanscrit ' f san/s ^ r ^' n t san'skrit. Santa Claus, | sa'n'ta-^laus, not san'ta-laug. (Not Santa Klaus, ) given in Webster's.) This is the Dutch name of St. Nicolas, and the Dutch pronunciation of the word is sa'n'ta-klous. Sapient, sa'pi-Snt, not sap'yent. Saporific, sSp-o-rif is, not sSp-o-rlv'i. Saporous, sap'o-rous, not sa-pO'rous. a, e, I, 0, O, y, long; 3, 6, I, 0, a, y, short; fiir, firm, ask, \\, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, vTARMAN's PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 367 Sapphire, sSfire, or sSf'ur (Web.); sSf 'fir (Wore.). Saracen, sar'a-gen, not sSr'a^Sn. Sarcasm, sa'r'eSgm, not sar'-e5-um. Webster does not mark the unaccented syllable. Sarcenet, sa'rge'net, not sar'c.e-net. Sarcophagy, sar-c5ph'a-gy, not sar-c6ph'a-gy. Sardanapalus, sa'r-dan-a-pa'lus, not sar-da-nSp'a- lus. Sardine, sa'r'di'ne (Web.) ; sa'r'dine, or sar-diine' (Wore.). Sardonic, sar-d5n'ie, not sar-do'nie. Sardonyx, sa'r'do-nyy, not sar-dQn'yx. Sarsaparilla, sa'r-sa-pa-ril'la, not sas-sa-prfl'la. Sat, sat, not sat. Satan, sa'tan, not sat'n. Satiate, sa'she-ate, not sa'shate. Satiety, sa-ti'e-ty, not sa'she-ty. This is the only word in the language having the syllable ti under the accent, and immediately fol- lowed by a vowel. Satin, sSt'in, not sSt'n. Satire, sat'ire (Web.); sa'tur, sSt'Ire, orsat'ur (Wore.). "Though the first mode (sa'tur) of pronouncing this word is the most general and the most agreea- ble to an English ear, the second (sat'ire) seems to be that which is most favored by the learned, be- cause, say they, the first syllable in the Latin satyra is short." Walker. s6n, fir, dp, wolf, wdbl, m<5bn, "byll, urn, rude, or seam'stress (Web.); seam'stress (Wore.). Seance, ss'ance (Worc.);sa-6ngs', or sa-Qns' (Web.). Season, sea'n, not se"a'on. Seckel (a species of pear), sSck'l, not slk'kl. Seclude, se-elnde', not se-elude'. Seclusion, se-eln'zhun, not se-eln'shun. See adhe- sion. Seclusive, se-cln'sive, not se-elu'ive. See effusive. Secretary, seVre-ta-ry, not seVu-ta-ry. Secretory, se-ere'to-ry, or sS'ere-to-ry (Wore.); same transposed (Web.). Sects, seets, not s&es. Sedative, sSd'a-tive, not se-da'tive. Sedentary, sed'en-ta-ry, not sgd'en-ta-ry. Sedlitz powders, sed'litz-pow'der, not sid'litz. When the orthography is changed, Webster changes the pronunciation (seld'litz); Worcester does not. Seduce, se-dQ9e', not se-du9e'. See tt. Sedulity, se-dn'li-ty, not se-du'li-ty, nor s6d'u-li-ty. Seethe, sGethe, not seethe. Seigneurial, sSign-eQ'ri-al (Web.); sei-gnea'-ri-al (Wore.). The syllabification by Worcester is the easier of utterance. Seignior, ssign'yur, not s5ign'y&r. Seine (a net), seine, not seine. a, e, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, 6, I, 0, fi, y, short; Sir, arm, ask, a. 11, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 373 Seine (river), seine, or s6n (Wore.); sane (Web.). Selenic, se-leVic, not se-l6n'ic. Self-help, sSlf help, not self-help 7 . Selva&re ^ Selvedge, [ sSl ' va e > not s6l ' vi ^ e See image. Semester, se-mes'ter, not s6m'es-ter. Semi, sem'l, not sem'i. Seminary, sSm'i-na-ry, not sSm'i-na-ry. Semiotic, sem-i-Sfie (Wore.); sS-mi-Qt'k (Web.). Semipedal, sSm-i-pS'dal, or se-mip'e-dal (Wore.); se-mip'e-dal (Web.). Semiquaver (noun), sem'i-qua-ver. Semiquaver (verb), sem-i-qua'ver. "With wire and catgut he concludes the day, Quavering and semiquanering care away." Semitonic, sem-i-ton'k, not s6m'i-t5n-i. Sempre, sem'pre, not sem'per. Sempstress, sem'stress(Worc.); sgmp'stress (Web.). Senate, sen'ate, not sen'it, nor sen'ut. See image. Senator, sen'a-tor, not sSn'a-tor. Senile, se'nile, not sg-nlle', nor s6n'ile. Senior, sen'yur, not ssn'yor. Seniority, sen-y6r'i-ty, not sen-yor'i-ty. Senna, sen'na, not sSn'na. Sentient, sen'shl-ent, not sen'shent. Sentiment, sen'ti-ment, not sen'ti-munt. Sentinel, sSn'ti-nel, not sent'nel. Separable, sep'a-ra-ble, not sep'a-ra-ble. son, 6r, do, wplf, wdbl, mdon, bull, firn, ryde, 9ent, an, ^em, go, ig, ejist, thy, n-ng. 374: WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Separate (verb), sep'a-rate, not sep'u-rate. "Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work where- unto I have called them." " Who shall separateus from the love of Christ?" Separate (adj.), sep'a-rate, not sep'a-rate. "Eve separate he wished." Separatist, sep'a-ra-tist, not sSp-a-ra'tist. Septenary, sep'ten-a-ry, not sep-tgn'a-ry. Sepulchre, ) . , , , ' f (noun), sep ul-eher. Sepulcher, j v Milton accents the noun on the second syllable. Shakespeare does the same very generally, but not always. Sepulchral, se-pul'-ehral. Sepulture, sgp'ul-tnre. Sequel, sS'quel, not sS'quil. Sequestrate, se-ques'trate. Sequestration, sek-wes-tra'tion,?io sSk'wes-tra-tion. Sequestrator, sek'wes-tra-tor, not sSk-wes-tra'tor. Seraglio, se-raTy<3. Seraphic, se-raph'ie, not ser'a-phi. Serapis, se-ra'pis, not se-rSp'is. Serenade, ser-e-nade', not sur-e-nade'. Sergeant, sar'geant, or sgr'geant. See clerk. "The letters er are irregularly sounded ar in a, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; 3, 6, I, o, u, y, short; air, a'rm, ask, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mi'en, sir, WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 375 clerk and sergeant; and formerly, but not now, in merchant, derby, and several other words." Smart. Series, se"'rie", or se"'rl-6 (Web.); sS're-6 (Wore.). Serious, sg'ri-ous, not sir'i-ous. Serpentine, ser'pen-tine, not se"r'pen-tlne. Service, serv'ige, not serv'us. Servile, sgrv'ile, not sgrv'ile. Servitude, ser'vi-tnde, not se"r'vi-tude. Seen. Sesame, ses'a-me, not ses'am. Sesquipedalian, s6s-qui-pe-da'li-an (Wore.); ses- qulp-e-da'li-an (Web.); not ses-qui-pe-dal'yan . Sesterces, seYter-ges, not ses'ter-ggs. It is seldom we hear this pronounced correctly by elocutionists when declaiming "Spartacus to the Gladiators/' Settle, sSt'tle, not sSt'tul. See cuddle. Set-to (a conflict), set'tp., not s6t-tp/. Seven, sev'n, not s6v'en. Seven-night, sen'nlght (Web.) sgn'nit (Wore.). Seventy, seVn-ty, not sev'en-ty, nor sSv'un-ty. Several, sev'er-al, not s^v'ral. Severity, se-veYi-ty, not se-ver'i-ty. Sew, so, not su,. Sewer (one who sews), so'er. Sewer (a drain), su'er, or shor (Wore.); sn'er (Web.). The majority of orthoepists favor the second marking given by Worcester, but it is seldom heard in son, 6r, do, wplf, wdbl, moDn, byll, ftrn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, ig, e^ist, thy, n=ng. 376 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. this country. The writer prefers su'er to sn'er, as it is less labored in its pronunciation. Sewer (a servant), sa'er, not su'er. " Then the sewer Poured water from a great and golden ewer." Sexagenarian, sSx-a-ge-na'ri-an, not sSx-a-ge-nar - i-an. Sexagenary, sex-ad 'gen-a-re (Wore. ) ;sSx-ag'e-na-ry, or sex'a-ge-na-ry (Web.). Sextile, sex'tile, not sex'tile. Sexual, sek'shu-al. Webster is wrong in marking this word se"x'u-al, and in parentheses sek'shu-al. There is no neces- sity of marking the u, if he respeDs it. These two markings do not coincide in the pronunciation. Shaft, shaft, not shaft, Shaken, shak'n, not shak'en. Shall, shall, not shell. Shallow, shallow, not shaTler. Sham, sham, not sham. Shameful, shame'ful, not shame'ful. See faithful. Shampoo, shSm-pdD', not sham-poon'. Sha'n't, shan't, not shant. Sharpen, sharp'n, not sha'rp'en. Sheath (noun), sheath, not shea7i. Sheathe (verb), shSa^e, not sheathe. Sheathed, sheared, not sheathed. Sheaths (plural), shea,^. See truths. a, 6, I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, d, y. short; air, arm, ask, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WABMAN'S PEAOTIOAL ORTHOEPY. 377 Sheaves, sheave, not sheafs. Shechinah, she-ehi'nah (Web.); sh6h'i-ntth, or she- ehi'nah (Wore.). Sheer, she6r, not shir. Sheik, sheik. Shekel, shek'l, not shSk'el. Shekinah, she-ki'nah (Web.); shSk'i-nSh, or she-kf- nah (Wore.). Shenandoah, sh8n-an-do'ah, not sh8n'an-do-ah, nor shSn-an-dore'. Shemitic, shem-lt'i-e (Web.); she-mlt'i(Worc.). Sheol, she'Ol (Wore.); she'Ol (Web). Shepherd, shep'erd, not sh6p'herd. Sherbet, shSr'bet (Web.); shgr'bet, or sher-b6t' (Wore.); not shgr'bert. The first marking is the more common, the sec- ond more authorized. Sheriff, sheriff, not sher'iff. Shew, sho, not shu. Shibboleth, shib'bo-l6th. The unaccented syllable is not marked by Web- ster. " That sore battle, when so many died Without reprieve, adjudged to death For want of well pronouncing shibboleth." Shire, shire, or shire (Wore.); same transposed (Web.). " In the word shire the / has commonly the sound son, 6r, dg, wplf, w<5bl, mdon, byll, urn, rude, an, gem, go, i, e?ist, thj, n=ng. 378 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL OKTHOKPY. of long e, and some orthoepists also give it the same in oblige and oblique." Worcester, 17. "This word, when unaccented at the end of words, as Nottinghams/wre, Wiltshire, etc., is al- ways pronounced with the i like ee. The pronun- ciation is very irregular, as it is the only pure English word in the language where the final e does not produce the long diphthongal sound of / when the accent is on it; but this irregularity is so fixed as to give the regular sound a pedantic stiffness." Walker. "Whatever may have been the practice of Walk- er's own day, it is certain that in present English usage this word, when used as a termination, is invariably pronounced shire, or shur. American usage is not quite uniform, but inclines decidedly to the same pronunciation." Webster. Shoe, shqe, not shn. Shone, shone, or shone (Wore.); same transposed (Web.). "This word is frequently pronounced to rhyme with tone; but the short sound of it is by far the most usual among those who may be styled polite speakers. " Walker. In the reading of poetry one cannot always con- sult his taste. The weight of authority favors the first marking, and it is decidedly the writer's a, e, i, o, o, y, long; a, e, i, 5, e, y, short; air, arm, ask, 11, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 379 preference; but in the reading of the following lines it is rhyme versus choice: " 'Tis midnight! And on Olive's brow The star is dimmed, that lately shone. 'Tis midnight ! In the garden now The suffering Saviour prays alone. " "And though its crown of flame Consumed my brain to ashes as it shone By all the fiery stars! I'd bind it on." If you want this to rhyme do not say 6n for 5n. Shook, shook, not shook. Shore, shore, not sh6re. Shorn, shorn, wo^shdrn. Short, short, not short. Shorten, sh6rt'n, not shdrt'en. Short-lived, short'lived, not sh6rt'llved, nor sh6rt- lived'. Short-sighted, sh6rt'sight-ed, not short-sight'ed. Short-spoken, short'spok-n, not short-spok'n. Short-waisted, short'waist-ed, not short-waist'ed. And likewise with all similar words, short'tailed, short'winded, short'witted, etc. Shough (a shaggy dog), sh6k. Shough (inter jec.), eho. ( Wore. ) ; shdo, or shu (Web.). An exclamation used in driving away fowls. Also written shu and shoo. Shovel, shov'l, not shov'el. son, 6r, dp., wolf, wdbl, moTm, bull, urn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 380 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Shrew, shru, not sru, nor shrn. Shrewd, shrud, not sru,d. Shriek, shriek, not sriek. Shrill, shrill, not srlll. Shrimp, shrimp, not srlmp. Shrine, shrine, not srlne. Shrink, shrink, not srlnk. Shrive, shrive, not srlve. Shrivel, shrlv'l, not srlv'l. Shroud, shroud, not sroud. It is a prevailing fault to omit the h in these and all similar words. Shrove-Tuesday, shrove'tnes/day, not shrOve-tue'- day. Shrub, shrub, not srub. Shrug, shrug, not srflg. Shrunken, shrunk'n, not shrtink'en, nor shrfin'ken. Shut, shttt, not sh6t. Siam, si-am', or si'am (Wore.); si-2m', or se-Sm' (Web.). Siamese, sl-am-Se', not sl-am-Sse'. The latter pronunciation will do for those who say Chinese', Jap-an-gse'. etc. Siberian, si-be'ri-an, not si-ber'i-an. Sibyl, sib'yl, not sl'byl. Sibylline, sib'yl-llne, not syb'il-li'ne. . Siccity, si'9i-ty, not sic'gi-ty. a, e, i, o, n, y, long ; a, 6, i, 5, o, y, short ; &ir, a'rm, ask, all, what, ere, e"rr, prey, mien, sir, WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 381 4 Sice, siz, not 5196. Sicilian, si-9il'i-an, not si-cll'yan. Sicken, sick n, not slck'en. Sickle, sick'l, not slck'el. Sideral, sid'er-al, not si-de'ral. Sidereal, si-de're-al (Web.); si-de're-al (Wore.). Sierra, si'-er'ra (Web.); si-eYra (Wore.). Sierra Nevada, si-er'ra-ne-va'-da (Wore.) ; si-eYrS- na-va'dii (Web.). Webster claims that the d should have very nearly the sound of tli in this; i. e. make it as awkwardly and laboriously as you can. Each r, also, is to be like double r. Siesta, sY-eYta (Web.); si-es'ta (Wore.). Signature, sig'na-tnre, not sig'na-chur. See u. Signior (sir), s'ign'yur. Signer (Mr.), si'gn'yur (Web.); sign'yOr (Wore.). Signora (Mrs.), sign-yO'ra. Signorina (Miss), si'gn-yo-r6'na. Silesia, sl-le'shl-a, not sl-lS'sha. Silhouette, sil'-St' (Wore.); sll'db-et (Web.). Silken, silk'n, not sllk'en. Silurian, si-ln'ri-an (Wore.); si-lu'ri-an (Web.). Silvery, sll'ver-y, not sll'vry. Similar, sim'i-lar, not slm'lar. Simile, slm'i-le (Wore.); slm'i-le (Web.). Similitude, sl-mll'i-tade, not sl-mil'i-tude. See a. Simoniacal, sim-o-ni'a-al, not si-mo'ni-a^-al. s6n, 6r, do, wglf, wdbl, mdon, byll, ftrn, rude, gent, an, ^em, go, i, e^ist, thy, n-ng. 382 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Simony, slm'o-ny, not si'mo-ny. Simultaneous, si-mul-ta'ne-otis, not sim-ul-ta'ne-ofls. Since, singe, not senge. Sinecure, si'ne-eure, not sln'e-enre. Sine die, si'ns-di's. Sinew, sin'yu, not sin'nu. See a. Worcester marks this sin'nu, with the u obscure. In the Unabridged he does not inform us which u is obscure, but in his school dictionary he agrees with the marking given by Webster. Sinful, sin'ful, not sln'ful. See faithful. Single, sin'gle, not sln'gle. See angular. Singular, sla'gu-lar, not sln'gu-lar. See angular. The u in this and its derivatives is long u unac- cented. Sinister, sln'is-ter (Web.); sin'is-ter, or si-nls'ter (Wore.). Some of the poets (Milton, Shakespeare, Dryden, etc.), as well as many of the orthoepists, shift the accent of this word according to the sense in which it is used.' When signifying left, they place the accent on the second syllable; but when used in the sense of evil, they place the accent on the first syllable. "Here or his si-nis'ter cheek." Shake. " He scorns to undermine another's interest by any tin'it- ter or inferior arts." South. Walker claims that this distinction is not to be founded on the best usage. a, e, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, ti, y, short; &ir, ilrm, fi.sk, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 383 Sinuous, sin'a-ous, not sin'u-oiis. Siren, si'ren, not sir'en. Sirrah, slr'rah (Web.); sSr'rah, or slr'rah (Wore.). Sirup, slr'up (Web.); same, or sur'up (Wore.). Sise, sii-je, not sise. Sisyphus, sis'y-phfis, not sls/y-phiis. Situated, sit'n-a-ted, not sit'chu-a-ted. See Q. Situation, slt-u-a'tion, not sit-chu-a'tion. See u. Sky, sky, not skyi, nor sks-l, nor sk'y. All of the above markings are sanctioned by or- thoepists of more or less note. They are those who give the same combination of sounds to the words kind and guide. We are thankful that we have no such combinations or abominations to record under the name of either Worcester or Webster. We hear this affected pronunciation in a great measure upon the stage. Think of saying: a little gylrl, with eyes as blue as the skyl, was so kylnd as to gylde me here. William Russell remarks: "The time was when the stage was justly held the model of pronuncia- tion; but that golden age of dramatic literature and dramatic life has long since passed away." Shakespeare says: "Thou wert better in thy grave than to answer with thy uncovered body this extremity of the skies." He was probably speak- ing to some one of this extreme pronunciation skyles. son, or, do, wolf, wot)l, mdon, byll, ftrn, rude, <-an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 384 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Slabber, slab'ber, not slob'ber. It is also written slaver and slobber, and collo- quially pronounced slSb'ber Walker says: "The second sound of this word (slob'ber) is by much the more usual one; but as it is in direct opposition to the orthography, it ought to be discountenanced and the a restored to its true sound." Slacken, slack'n, not slack'en. Slander, slan'der (Wore.); slan'der (Web.). Slang, slang, not slang. Slant, slant, not slant. Slash, slash, not slash. Slaughter, slaughter, not slSugh'ter. Sleek, sleek, not slick. Slew, sin, not slu. Slippery, slip'per-y, not sllp'ry. Sliver, sllv'er, or slfver (Web.); same transposed (Wore.). Sloth, sloth (Wore.); sloth, or sloth (Web.). Slothful, sloth'ful (Wore.); slsth'ful, or sloth'ful (Web.). Webster is wholly alone in the sanctioning of short o in the pronunciation of these words. Slough (a miry pit), slou, not sloo. Slough (the cast skin of a serpent), slfif. Sloven, slov'en, or sl6v'n (Web.); sl6v'en (Wore.). Small-pox, small'p5x (Web.) small-pQx', or sma.ll'- p5x (Wore.). a, , I, o, o, y, long; a, 6, I, 6, fi, y, short; &ir, Srm, ask, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 385 Smilax, smi'lSx (Wore.); sml'lax (Web.). Smithy, smlth'y, not smlth'j. Smitten, smlt'tn, not smlt'ten. Smouch, smp.uch (Web.); smouch(Worc.). Worcester gives the diphthong ou as in ouch. Smutch, smutch, not smutch. Snare, snare, not snare. Sneer, sneer, not snir. Snivel, snlv'l, not snlVel. Snore, snore, not sn6re. Snort, snort, not snort. Snout, snout, not sn<5bt. Soave, soa've (Wore.); so-s've (Web.). Sob, s5b, not sob. Sobriquet, so-bre-ka' (Web.); s5b're-ka' (Wore.). Sociability, so-sha-bil'i-ty (Web.); so-she-a-bil'i-ty (Wore.). Sociable, so'sha-ble (Web.); so'she-a-ble (Wore.). Socialism, so'shal-im, not sO'she-al-lm. Socially, so'shal-ly, not sO'she-al-ly. Sod, s5d, not sod, nor sad. Sofa, so'fa, not so'fy. Soft, soft (Web.); same, or s6ft. See costly. Soften, sSf'n (Web.); same, or s6ffn (Wore.); not sOf'ten. Soggy, sSg'gy, not s6g'gy. Soiree, swa'-ra' (Web.); swa,-ra' (Wore.). Sojourn (noun and verb), so'journ, not so-journ'. son, 6r, dg, w WARMAN'S PEACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 389 Sorry, s5r'ry, not s6r'ry. Sort, s6rt, not sort. Sortie, sor-tie" (Wore.); s&r'tle (Web.). Sotto voce, s5t-to-vo'cha. Soubrette, sou-brette'. Sough, suf (Web.); suf, or sou (Wore.); sp.gh, rumor (Wore.). In the last marking the gh is gutteral. " Or listen to the whispering leaves, or the solemn tough of the forest." Sought, s6ught, not sSught. Source, sourqe, not sourqe. Souse (noun and verb), souse, not souge. Southerly, sou^7j'er-ly, not suth'er-ly. Southern, sou^'ern, not south'ern. Southward, south' ward, or su^'ard (Wore.); Bonth'- ward, or su^'ard (Web.). Souvenir, souve'ni'r (Wore.); souve-nir' (Web.). Sovereign, sov'er-eign, or s6v'er-eign. Sovereignty, sov'er-eign-ty, or s6v'er-eign-ty. Spagyric, spa-gyr'ie. Spagyrist, spSg'yr-ist. Span, span. See scandal. Spangle-; sp^n'gle, not spSn'gle. Spaniel, spun'yel, not span'el, nor span'i-el. Spare, spdre, not spare. Spasm, sp5m, not sp2s/um. Speaking, spSak'ing, not spSak'in. s6n, or, dQ, wolf, wool, moTm, bull, urn, rude, 9ent, <-an, gem, go, i, e?ist. thy, n=ng. 390 WABMAN 8 PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Speciality, sp6sh-i-aTl-ty, not sp6sh'al-ty. Not spesh'al-ty when given with the above or- thography; but in conversation it is much the better taste to use the word according to the orthog- raphy given below. Specialty, spSsh'al-ty, not spSsh-i-al-i-ty. Species, spg'shez (Web.); sps'shez (Wore.). Specific, specif 'i-e, not spe-9lv'i. Specious, spg'cions, not spesh'us. Spermaceti, spgrm-a-95'tl, not spr-ma-c6t'a. Spherical, spher'i-e-al, not speT'i-e-al. Sphinx, sphinx. Spikenard, spike'nard, not spike'nard. Webster agrees with Worcester in the pronuncia- tion,but says, "colloquially splk'nard." This means, erroneously spike'nard. See our remarks on clothes. Spinach, ) spln'eg (Web.); spln'ach, or spln'age Spinage, f (Wore.). Spinet, spin'et, or spi-net'. " When miss delights in her spinet, A. fiddler may a fortune get. " Spiracle, splr'a~ele, or spl'ra-ele. Spirit, splr'it, not spgr'it. Spiritous, splr'it-ous, not splr'it-chus. Spiritual, splr'it-n-al, not splr'it-chu-al. Splendid, splen'did, not splen'dud. Splenetic, spl6n'e-ti, not sple-n6t'i. a, 6, I, 0, Q, V, long; a, 6, I, 6, u, y, short; fiir, arm, ask, all, what, Sre, grr, prey, mien, sir, WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL OBTHOBPY. 391 Spoken, spOk'n, not spok'en. Spontaneous, spon-ta'ne-otis, not sp6n-tan'yus. Spoon, spoon, not spotm, Sport, sport, not sp6rt. Spouse, sponge, not spouse. Springe, springe, not springe. Sprinkle, sprin'kle, not sprln'kle. Spruce, sprite, not sprite. Spy- Wednesday, spy-wSnz'day, not spyVgnz-day. Squadron, squad'ron, not squad'ron. Squalid, squal'id, not squal'id. Squalor, sqna'16r, not squal'or, nor squal'or. The New Imperial declares itself most positively for squal'or. Squander, squan'der, not squan'der. Square, square, not square. Squash, squash, not squash, nor squash. Squeamish, squSam'ish, not squeam'ish. In the following couplet poetic license is respon- sible for incorrect pronunciation. It is just as much an error to say squgam'ish to rhyme with blSm'ish as it is to say bls'mish to rhyme with squeam'ish: " Quoth he, that honor 's very squeamish That takes a basting for a blemish." Squirrel, squlr'rel, squer'ril, or squr'rel (Wore.); squlr'rel, or squr'rel (Web.). The last pronunciation given by Worcester and son, 6r, dp., wolf, wdbl, moDn, byll, ftrn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, ejist, thy, n-ng. 392 WAEMAN'S PEAOTIOAL ORTHOEPY. Webster (sqiir'rel), is the prevailing one in this country, though squeYrel is the one most agreed upon by orthoepists. See panegyric. Stab, stab, not stab. Staccato, stac-ea'to (Wore.); stae-ea'to (Web.). Staff, staff, not staff. Stair, stair, not stair. Stalwart, stal'wart (Worc.);stal'wart (Web.). Stalworth, stal'wurth (Wore.); stal'wurth (Web.). Stamp, stamp, not stamp, nor stamp. Stanch, stanch (Web.); stanch (Wore.). Stanchion, stan'shun, not stan'Qhi-on. Stanchless, stanch'less (Web.); stanch'less (Wore.). Stanza, stan'za, not stan'za. Starboard, stiir'board, or star'board (burd). Stare, stdre, not stare. Startle, star'tle, not star'tul. See cuddle. Statics, stat'tes, not sta'ti-es. Stationary, sta'tion-a-ry, not sta'tion-a-ry. Stationery, sta'tion-er-y (Web.) ; sta'tion-Sr-y (Wore.). Statuary, stat'n-a-ry, not stat'chu-a-ry. Statue, stat'oe, not stat'chu. Statuette, stat-Q-ette', not stat-chu-ett'. Stature, stat'nre, not stat'chure. Status, sta'tus, not stat'us. Statu quo, sta'tn-quo, not stat'n-qwo. Status quo, sta'tus-quo, not stat'us-qwo. Statute, stat'ote, not stat'chute. a, e, i, o, Q, y, long; a, 6, i, o, a, y, short; &ir, arm, ask, $11, what, ere, rr, prey, mi'en, sir, WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 393 Staves (plural of staff), stave, or staves. (Wore.); stave or staves (Web.). Stead, stgad, not stld. Steadfast, stead'fast (Web.); stSad'fast (Wore.). Steady, stgad'y, not stld'y. Steelyard, steeTyard. Worcester joins Webster in marking this word "colloquially stlll'yard." This is true in the United States, while in England, according to Smart, it is steTyard. " This word, in common usage among those who weigh heavy bodies, has contracted its double e into single i, and is pronounced as if written stir- yard. This contraction is so common in compound words of this kind as to become an idiom of pro- nunciation, which cannot be easily counteracted without opposing the current of the language." Walker. Stenography, ste-nOg'ra-phy, not ste-n6g'ra-phy. Stentorian, sten-to'ri-an, not sten-t&r'i-an. Steppes, steppes, not steppes. Stereopticon, st6r-e-5p'ti-e5n (Wore.); ste-re-8p'ti- 0n (Web.). Stereoscope, steYe-o-seOpe (Wore.); ste"re-o-SOpe (Web.). Stereoscopic, ste'r-e-o-se&'p'ic (Wore.); ste"-re-o-S5p'- i (Web.). 86n, 6r, dp., wplf, wdbl, mCon, byll, urn, rude, 9eut, can, gem, go, i, e$ist, tfty, n=ng. 394: WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Stereoscopist, stgr'e-o-seo-pist, or ster-e-Os'eo-plst (Wore.); ste-re-Ss'eo-plst (Web.). Stereoscopy, ster-e-5s'o-py (Worc.);stg-re-6s'o-py (Web.). Stereotype, st6r'e-o-type (Wore.); sts're-o-type (Web.). Sterile, ster'ile, not st6r'lle. Stew, stn, not stu. See n. Steward, sta'ard, not stu'ard. See Q. Stich, stlh, not stlch. Stiffen, stif fn, not stiffen. Stimulus, stim'Q-lfis, not stlm'ti-ltts. Stint, stint, not stgnt. Stipend, sti'pend, not stlp'end. Stipulate, stip'n-late, not stip'u-late. Stirrup, stur'rup, or steYrup (Web.); stlr'rup, or stur'rup (Wore.). St. Louis, st. lob'is, or st. loo'e (Worc.);sant-ldo'is, or sant-ldo'I(Web.). Stoicism, sto'i-Qlgm, not sto'i-im. Stolen, stoln (Web.); sto'ln (Wore.). Stolid, stsl'id, not sto'lid. Stomach, stom'a^h, not stom'lk, nor st6m'tlk. Stomacher (an ornament), stom'a-cher. Stomacher, stom'a-her. otomachic, sto-ma-en i. Stone, stone, not stone. Stony, ston'y, not st6n'y. Storage, stor'age (Wore.); stor'eg (Web.). a, 6, I, 0, fl, V, long; 2, 6, I, 5, u, v, short; 4ir, arm, ask, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 395 Storm, st6rm, not storm, nor st6m. Story, sto'ry, not stdr'y. Straddle, strad'dle, not strad'dul. See cuddle. Straighten, straight'n, not straight'en. Strand, strand, not strand. Strata, stra'ta, not strat'a. Stratagem, strat'a-gem, not stra'ta-gem. Strategic, stra-tSg'ie (Wore.); stra-te"'gi (Web.). Strategical, stra-tSg'ie-al (Wore.); stra-t6'gi-al (Web.). Stratum, stra'tum, not strat'um. Strauss, strouss, not strau. Strength, strength, not strgnth. Strengthen, streng'thn, not strengthen. Strenuous, stren'n-ous, not strgn'ytts. Strew, stru, or stro. Stricken, strlck'n, wo^strlck'en. Stricture, strlt'nre, not strte'chur. See Q. Striped (adj.), stri'ped (Wore.); stripd (Web.). Strong, strSng, not strong. Structure, strtiet'are, not strue'chur. Strychnine, stry^h'nine (Web.); stry-eh'nlne (Wore.). Student, sta'dent, not stu'dent. See a. Studio, stn'di-o", not stu'di-o. See a. Studious, stn'di-oiis, not stu'di-oiis. See Q. Stupefy, sta'pe-fy, not stu'pe-fy. Stupendous, stu-pen'dous, not stu-p8n'jus. Stupid, stn'pid, not stu'pid. See a. Stupor, sta'por (Web.); sta'por(Worc.); not stupor. son, or, dq, wplf, wdbl, mdbn, byll, ftrn, rude, 9ent, *-an, gem, go, i, e?ist, thy, n-ng. 396 WARMAN 8 PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Stygian, styg'i-an (Web.); stid'gy-an (Wore.). Styx, styx, not styx. Suasible, swa'si-ble, not swa'i-ble. Suasive, swa'sive, not swa'ive. See effusive. Suasory, swa'so-ry, not swa'o-ry. Suavity, swav'i-ty, not swa'v'i-tjf. Subalpine, sub-aT'pine (Web.); siib-aTpme (Wore.). Subaltern, sub-al'tern (Web.); sub'al-tSrn, or sub- al'tern (Wore.). Subdue, sub-dne', not sub-due'. Subject (noun), sub'jeet. Subject (verb), sub-j6t'. Subjected, sub-je-et'ed, not sub'jeet-ed. "A very improper accentuation (sub'ject-ed) of the passive participle of the verb to subject has obtained, which ought to be corrected." Walker. Subjective, sub-jee'tive, not sub'jee-tive. Sublunar, sub-ln'nar, not sub-lu'nar. See n. Sublunary, siib'lu-na-ry(Worc.); sub'lu-na-ry(Web.). Submissive, sub-mis'sive, not sub-ml'ive. Subordination, sub-6r-di-na'tion, not sub-or-di-na'- tion. Subpoena, sub-pS'na, not sup-pe"ny. Subserve, sub-s?rve', not sub-rve'. Subsidence, sub-sid'eii9e, not sub'si-dence. Subsidiary, sub-sid'i-a-ry, not sub-sld'ya-ry. Subsist, sub-sist', not sub-gist'. Substantiate, sub-stSn'shi-ate, not sub-stn'shate. a, 6, i, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, 6, fi, y, short; &ir, arm, ask, all, what, 6re, Srr, prey, mi'en, sir, WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 397 Substantively, siib'stan-tlve-ly, not sub-stSn'tive-ly. Substitute, sub'sti-tate, not sub'sti-tute. See n. Subsultory, sub'sul-to-ry, or sub-suTto-ry (Wore.); snb-sul'to-ry (Web.). Subtile, sub'tile, notsni'tle. Subtle, sut'l, not sub'tle. Suburb, sub'urb (Wore.); sub'urb (Web.). Suburban, sub-urb'an, not sub'urb-an. Subversion, sub-ve"r'shun, not sub-ve"r'zhun. See adhesion. Subversive, sub-v6r'slve, not sub-ve"r'lve. See effu- sive. Succumb, su-um' (Web.); su-umb' (Wore.). Such, such, not slch, nor s6ch. Sudden, sud'den, not sud'dn. Sue, sue, not sue. See fl. Suer, su'er, not svi'er. See Q. Suet, sQ'et, not su'et, nor sut. See Q. Suez, svi'ez (Wore.); su-ex' (\Veb.). Sufferance, suffer-ange, not siif'range. Suffice, siif-fize', not suf-fipe'. See sacrifice. Suffix (noun), suffix. Suffix (verb), suf-flx'. Suffuse, suf-foe', not suf-fnse'. Suffusion, suf-fn'zhun, not suf-fn'shun. See adhe- sion. Suggest, sug-ggst', or sud-g6st'. See suggestive. Suggestion, sug-gest'yun, or sud-g6st'yun. s6n, 6r, do, wglf, wcJbl, moDn, byll, firn, riide, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, exist, thy, n-ng. 398 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Suggestive, sug-gest'ive, or sud-g6st'ive. "Though the first g in exaggerate is, by a carelessness of pronunciation, assimilated to the last, this is not always the case in the present word. For, though we sometimes hear it sounded as if written sud-gest, the most correct speakers gener- ally preserve the first and last g in their distinct and separate sounds." Walker. Suit, suit, not suit. See n. Suitable, snit'a-ble, not s\iit'a-ble. See a. Suite, sweet, not suite. Suitor, sai'tor, not sui'tor. See n. Sullen, sullen, not sul'ln. Sulphuric, sul-phn'rk, not suTphu-ric. Sultana, sul-ta'na, or sul-ta'na. Sumac, ) shu'mae, or sti'mSe (Wo*c.); su'mac, or Sumach, ) "colloquially" shu'ma-e (Web.). Summarily, sum'ma-ri-ly, not sflm'mar-ly. Summit, sum'mit, not sum'mut. Summoned, sum'mond, not sum'monzd. Sumptuary, siimpt'Q-a-ry, not siimp'chu-a-ry. Sumptuous, sumpt'n-oiis, not siimp'chu-oiis. Sundries, stin'drle, not sun'der-le. Sunken, sunk'n, not sttn'ken. Super, sa'per, not su'per. See a. Superannuate, so-per-an'na-ate, not su-per-an'na- ate. Supercilious, sn-per-gil'i-oiis (Web. ) ; su-per-Qll'i-ous, or su-per-9ll'yus (Wore.). a, g, I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, 0, fi, y, short; &ir, arm, Ask, all, wh$t, ere, 6rr, jpey, mi'en, sir, WARM AX* s PRACTICAL ORTHOKPY. 399 Supererogate, sn-per-er'o-gate. Supererogatory, sn-per-eYo-ga-to-ry (Wore.); sn- per-e-rSg'a-to-ry (Web). Superficies, sa-per-fish's ( Web. ) ; 8u-per-fish'e-6, or sa-per-fish'e" (Wore.). Superfluence, su-per'flu-ence, not su-per-fln'ence. Superfluity, sn-per-fln'i-ty, not sn-pSr'flu-i-ty, nor su-per-flu'i-ty. Superfluous, su-per'flu-ous, not su-per-flu'ous. Superfluously, su-pgr'flu-ous-ly. Superintendent, sn-per-in-tend'ent, not svi-per-in- t^nd'ent. Superiority, su-pe-ri-5r'i-ty, not su-p5-ri-6r'i-ty. Superscription, sti-per-s^rlp'tion, not su-per-serip'- tion. Superstition, sn-per-stlsh'un, not su-per-stisb'un. Superstructure, sQ-per-strttet'cire, not su-per-strue'- chur. Supine (noun), sa'pine. Supine (adj.), su-pine'. Supple, sup'ple, not sup'ple. Support, sup-port', not sup-p6rt'. Suppose, sup-poe', not s'pOze. Supremacy, su-prem'a-qy, not su-pr6'ma-9y. Surcease (verb and noun), surcease', not sur'^Sase. " Vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow." Surcharge (verb and noun), sur-chSrge', not sur'- cha'rge. son, 6r, do, wpif, wdbl, mdon, byll, ftrn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 400 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Sure, shure, not share. Surety, shure'ty, not shur'i-ty. Surmise (verb and noun), sur-mle', not sur'mle. Surname (noun), sur'name. Surname (verb), sur-name'. "And Simon he sur named Peter." Surpass, sur-pass', not sur-pSss'. Surprise, sur-prie', not sup-prie'. Surtout, sur-tgut', not sur'tp.ut. Surveillance, sur-val'yanqe (Web.); sur-val'ySnS; (Wore.). Survey (verb), sur-vey'. Survey (noun), sftr'vey (Web.); sur'vey, or sur-vey 1 (Wore.). Susan, su'gan, not su'an. Suture, sut'Qre, not sut'chur. Swallow, swal'lOw, not swal'ler. Swam, swam, not swam, nor swum. Swamp, swamp, not swamp. Swan, swan, not swan. Swap, swap, not swap. Sward, sward, not swSrd. Swarthy, swarth'y, not swar^A'y, nor swftth'y. Swash, swash, not swash. Swath, swath (Web.); swath (Wore.). Swathe, swa^e, not swath. Swear, swear, not swear. Swedenborgian, swe~-dn-b6r'gi-an, not sws-den-b6r / - gi-an. a, e, I, d, Q, y, long; &, 5, I, 6, H, y, short; Sir, arm, ask, all, what, ere, e"rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMANS PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Sweeten, swsst'n, not sweet'en. Sweet-potatoe, sweet-po-ta'to, not sweet'po-ta-to. Swept, swe"pt, not swSp. Swindle, swln'dle, not swln'dul. See cuddle. Swingel, swm'gl (Web.); swln'gel (Wore.). Swivel, swiv'l, not swiv'el. Swollen, swoln, not swoTlen, nor swoln. Sword, sOrd, not swOrd. Sworn, sworn, not sworn. Sycophant, syVo-phSnt (Wore.); syVo-phant (Web.). Syllabic, syl-lab'i-e, not syl'lab-ic. Syllabify, syl-lab'i-fy, not syl'la-bi-fy. Syllabist, s^l'la-bist, not syl-lsb'ist. Symposium, sym-pO'i-um (Web.); same, or sym- pO'zhe-iim (Wore.). Symptom, s^mp'tom (Web.); sy"m'tom (Wore.). Synagogue, syn'a-gogue, not syn'a-gog. Synchronal, s5'nh'ro-nal, not syn-ehrO'nal. Synchronous, synh'ro-nous, not syn-ehrO'nus. Synchrony, syu^'ro-ny, not sj^n'ehro-ny. Syncope, syn^o-pe, not syn'o-pe. Syncopist, syn'co-pist, not syn'co-plst. Synecdoche, syn-S^'do-ehe, not syn-eVdo-che. Synod, s^n'od, not sy'nod. Syracuse, s^r'a-ense, not syr-a-cnse', nor ene'. Syren, sy'ren, not syVen. Syringe, s^r'inge, not sy-rlnge'. Syrup, sy"r'up. See sirup. Systole, syYto-le, not s^s'tole. s6n, 6r, do, wolf, wdbl, m6on, bull, urn, ru.de, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, Q-ng. WAKMAN S J'KACTICAL OKTIJO^I'Y. T. T is a non-voiced consonant. It is produced the same as d, with the exception of the voice; and the same instruction given for d, concerning the retain- ing of the position, and for Tc, concerning the puff of breath, should be closely adhered to in forming this important consonant. See p, Tc, b, d and g under their respective headings. Tabernacle, tab'er-na-ele, not tsb'er-nick-el. It is impossible to speak this word clearly with- out a secondary accent, yet neither authority gives it. The majority of orthoepists give it taVer-nae-1, and this the writer would recommend in place of the pronunciation so often heard t2b'er-nlck-l. Tablature, tsb'la-tnre, not tab'la-chure. See n. Tableau, tab-lo', not tab'lo. Tableaux, tab-loV, not tab'loz. Table-d'hote, ta'bl-dot, not ta'ble-d-ho-te'. Tabooed, ta-bood', not tab'obd. Tacamahac, t5-a-ma-ha ' (Wore.); taVa-ma-hae (Web.). Tacamahaca, tae-a-ma-hae'nff. 406 "VVARMAN 8 PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Tenable, ten'a-ble, not te'na-ble. Tenacious, te-na'shiis, not te-nSsh'us. Tenet, ten'et, not te'net. Tenure, ten'are (Web.); same, or te'nnr (Wore.). Tepid, tep'id, not te'pid. Tepor, ts'por, not tep'or. Tergiversation, ter-gi-ver-sa'tion, not ter-gi-ver-sa'- tion. Terpsichore, terp-sleh'o-re, not tgrp'si-ehore. Terpsichorean, terp-sieh-o-rg'an (Web.); tSrp-si- eho-re'an (Wore.). Terrapin, ter'ra-pln. Terrestrial, ter-res'tri-al, not ter-res'tral. Terrible, ter'ri-ble, not teT'ri-ble. Tertiary, tSr'shl-a-ry, not tgr'shi-a-ry, nor tSr'shi-ry. Testament, tes'ta-ment, not tes'ta-mimt. Testimony, tes'ti-mo-ny, not t6s'ti-mO-ny. Tete-a-tete, tete-a-tgte' (Web.); tete'a-tste' (Wore.). Tether, t&th'er, not teth'er. Tetrarch, te'triirch, not tet'rarh. Teuton, tea'tDn, not teu'tSn. Teutonic, tea-t5n'k, not teu-t5n'i. Texture, text'Qre, not text'chur. See n. Thaler, tii'ler, a German dollar. Thalia, tha-li'a, not tha'li-a. Thames, temz, not thame, nor tamz, except in United States. Thankful, thSnk'fyl, not th^ak'fuL See faithful. a, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, &, I, 0, fi, y, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 407 Thanksgiving, th5nks'giv-ing, not thSnks-giv'ing. The, the, or the, e obscure (Wore.); the, or till, or, well, we are very glad that Webster does not say thu. After he had written ( 'or thn," he probably read it aloud and it sounded so abominable that he added " or nearly so." It is impossible for anyone to practically apply the rule of th& and thl while read- ing; but if you teach a child th&tt-h-e spells the, he will readily give the sound of long e slightly touched when the article immediately precedes a vowel; and will as readily and unconsciously give the pronunci- ation till, when the article immediately precedes a consonant. But once tell him that the is some- times thu, and it will positively be thu. last time you will hear him say ths or thl, and the most promi- nent part of his reading will be ^u. To have him say the angel; the e"ast; the Ivy; the Oak; the union, thl bat; thl cat; thl dog; thl fox; thl goat, you have but to observe the instructions that t-h-e spells the. Theater, ) . Theatre (" " l6/a 't er > n t the-a'ter. Their, their, not theit, nor tho\r. Theocracy, the-Se'ra-cy. Theocrasy, the-5'ra-sy. Theologian, the-o-lo'gi-an, not ths-o-lo'gan. Theologue, the'o-lQgue, not ths'o-logue. See apo- logue. Theory, the'o-ry, not the'o-ry. son, 6r, do, wplf, wdbl, m<5on, byll, urn, rude, 9ent, can, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n-ng. 408 WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Theosophist, the-5s'o-phist, not the-o-sOpb/ist. Therapeutic, tlie"r-a-pea'ti, not the"r-a-peu'ti. Therapeutist, the"r-a-pen'tist, not thgr'a-pen-tist, nor thSr-a-pea'tist. There, there (Web.); same, or ther, e obscure (Wore.) Thereafter, theTe-aft'er, not thSre-att'er. Therefor, there-for'. Therefore, tliere'for, or there'for (Web.); same trans- posed (Wore.). Therefrom, there-frOm', not there'fro'm. " Turn not aside therefrom to the right hand or to the left." Therein, there-In', not tliere'in. "Therein is my Father glorified." Thereof, there-6V (Wore.); tliere-68', or there-6V (Web.). " In the day thou eatest thereof, thou shalt surely die." Thereupon, there-up-Sn', not there'up-Qn. " He hopes to find you forward, And thereupon he sends you this good news." Therewith, the're-wlth' (Wore. ); same, or there-wMA' (Web.). "I have learned in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content." Thewed, thnd, not thud. Thicken, thick'n, not thlck'en. Thiers, te-er', not te-ar'. Thime, time, not thime. a, 6, I, 5, n, y, long; a, 6, I, o, u, y, short; &ir, arm, ask, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WARHAN ? S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Thistle, this'sl, not this'tle. Thither, tlaiVer, not fhlth'er. Thong, thSng, not thong. Thorax, tho'rax, not thor'Sx. Thorn, thorn (Web.); thorn (Wore.). Thorny, thorn'y, not thorn'y. Thoroughly, thor'o-ljr, not th6r'u-ly. Thought, thSught, not thought. Thousand, thousand, not thou'san. Thralldom, thrall'dom, not thraTdom. Thrash, thrsish, not thresh. Thrashing, thrash/ing, not threWing. Threaten, threat'n, not threat'en. Three-legged, three'legd, not thrgs'leg-ged. " To comb your noddle with a three-legged stool." Threshing, thresh'ing, not thr2sh'ing. " Tlirashing is the proper pronunciation, but the word is written thrash or thresh indifferently." Webster. Threshold, thresh/hold (Wore.); thresh/old (Web.). Throng, thrSng, not throng. Thyme, tym, not thyme. Tiara, ti-a'ra (Web.); same, or ti-a'ra (Wore.). Ticklish, ticklish, not tlck"l-ish. Tierce, tier9e, or tie^e, not tlerge. Tiger, ti'ger, not tag'er. Tighten, tight'n, not tight'en. Tilde, t'il'de (Web.); not given by "Wore. son, or, dp., wolf, wool, moon, bull, urn, riide, gent, an, gem, go, i, e?ist, thy, o=ng. 410 WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Timpano, tim'pa-no, not tim-p2n'o. Tincture, tinet'dre, not tinet'chur. Tingle, tln'gle, npt tln'gle. See angular. Tinsel, tin'sel, not tin'sl. Tiny, tl'ny, not tln'y, nor tl'ny. "Webster is misquoted by Worcester scores of times in the Unabridged. In the case of this word tiny, Worcester makes it appear that Webster is the only orthoepist who marks the word tln'y. Web- ster does not so mark it. Tirade, ti-rade' (Web.); ti-rade'(Worc.). Tithe, tithe, not tithe. Tmesis, me'sis. To, to., or to. " T(5o, when emphasized or standing alone, but tdb, when not emphatic." Webster. Token, tok'n, not tok'en. Tolerable, t5l'er-a-ble, not t6l'er-ble. Tolu, to-lu' (Web.); to-ln' (Wore.); not tg'lu- Tomahawk, tOm'a-hawk, not tdm'y-hawk. Tomato, to-ma'to, or to-ma'to, not to-mS'to. Tongo, t5n'go ( Web. );t5n'gO( Wore.). See angular. Tongs, t5ng, not tong. Tontine, t5n-tine', not tSn'tme. Toothache, tooth'a^he, not teeth'ache. Topographer, to-pQg'ra-pher. Topographic, tQp-o-graph'i, not to-po-grSph'ie. Topographist, to-p5g'ra-phlst, not tO-po-grSph'ist. a, , I, 0, n, y, long; a, 6, I, 0, fl, y, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Topography, to-p6g'ra-phy, not to-po-grSph'y. Torpor, tor'por (Web.); tor'p6r (Wore.). Webster and Worcester varj& very much in the marking of unaccented syllables, and throughout this volume we have not marked those differences, unless said differences were very decided. As a general thing Webster is very slack and Worcester is very careful in the marking of these words. For example, in the words tomato, tornado, torpedo, Webster does not mark the final o, while Worcester marks it long. In the word torpor we think, how- ever, that Worcester's marking of the second syl- lable is laborious and wholly uncalled for. Tortoise, tor'tiz, or tor'tis (Wore.); tor'tis (Web.); not tor'tole. Torture, t6rt'nre, not tort'chur. See n. Tory, to'ry, not tdr'y. Toss, t5ss, not t6ss. Tottering, t6Yter-ing, not tst'ring. Toucan, tou'an (Web.); tou'eSn (Wore.). Toughen, tough'n, not tough'en. Tour (a journey), tour, not tour. Tourist, tour'ist. Tournament, tour'na-ment,or tour'na-me"nt (Wore.); toftr'na-ment (Web.). Toward, to'ard, not to- ward'. Towards, tO'ard, not to-ward'. " Notwithstanding our poets almost universally s6n, 6r, do, wplf, wdbl, mdbn, byll, drn, rude, an, gem, go, ig, ejist, thy, n-ng. WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. accent this word on the first syllable, and the poets are pretty generally followed by good speakers, there are some, and those not of the lowest order, who still place the accent on the second. These should be reminded that as inwards, outwards, lackivards, forwards, and every other word of the same form, have the accent on the first syllable, there is not the least reason for pronouncing towards with the accent on the last." Walker. There are times, however, that some of our more modern poets have placed the accent on the second syllable. This is the case in the following- couplet, which must be so read in order to preserve the metrical accent: " Who looks toward the beach But looking sees it not." Towel, tow'el, not towl. Trachea, tra'ehe-a (Web); tra'ehe-a, or tra-hs'a (Wore.). Traduce, tra-dupe', not tra-duqe'. Trafalgar, trf-al-gar', or tra-faTgar. Tragedienne, tra-gS-di-eV (Wore.); tra-gS'di-gn (Web.). Trait, trait (AVeb.); trait, or tra (Wore.). Tramontane, tra-m5n'tane, or trSm'on-tane. Trance, tran9e, not trSi^e. Tranquil, trsln'kwil, not trSn'kwil. See angular. Tranquillity, trSn-quil'li-ty, not trSn-quil'li-ty. Transact, trSus-aet', not tra"n-at'. a, 5, I, 0, O, y, long; a, 6, I, 5, fi, y, short; &ir, arm, ask, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 413 Transalpine, trans-al'plne, not trans-al'plne. Transatlantic, trans-at-lan'tie, not trang-at-lSn'tk. Transfer (noun), trSns'fer, not transfer. Transfer (verb), trans-fgr'. Transferable, trans-fer'a-ble, not trans-fer'a-ble. Transferrence, trSns-fer'rence, not trans-fgr'rence. Transferrer, trans-fer'rer, not trans-fer'rer. Transferrible, trans-fer'ri-ble, not trans-feT'ri-ble. Transferring, trans-feT'ring, not trans-feYring. Transfiguration, trans-flg-n-ra'tion, not tran-fig- a-ra'tion. Transfusion, trSns-fn'zhun, not trans-fn-shun. See adhesion. Transfusive, trSns-fn'sive, not tr3ns-fQ'ive. See effusive. Transgress, trSns-gress', not tran-gre"ss'. There is a general tendency in all such words to give the s of trans the z sound. Trans is never tran. Transit, trSn'sit, not trSiis/it. Transition, tran-slh'un, not tran-lsh'un. Transitive, trns'i-tive, not trSn'i-tive. Translate, trans-late', not translate'. Translucent, trans-Indent, not trans-ly'^ent. See Q. Transmigrate, trans'mi-grate, not trans'-ml-grate. Transparent, trans-par'ent, not trans-pSr'ent, nor trans-pa'rent. Transpire, trans-pire'. The use of this word in the sense of to happen, son, fir, do, wglf, wdbl, moDn, bull, ftrn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, u-ng. WARMAN S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. is very common among our newspaper writers, but its use is censured by critics of both countries. Only when speaking of that which has been revealed is it correct to say that it transpired. "This letter goes to you in that confidence which I always shall, and know that I safely may, place in you; and you will not, therefore, let one word of it transpire." Ches- terfield. Transport (verb),tr5us-pOrt'. Transport (noun), trans'pOrt. Trapeze, tra-peze', not tra-peze'. Travail, trSv'il (Worc.);.traVail (Web.). Travel, trav'el, not traVl. Traveller, traVel-ler, not traVler. The editors of Worcester's and Webster's have long ago agreed to disagree on the orthography of this word and others of a similar nature. Traverse (ad., adj., noun and verb), traVerse, not tra-vSrse'. "The ridges of the field lay traverse." " Oak . . . may be better trusted in cross and traverse work." "At the entrance of the king The first traverse was drawn." "My purpose is to traverse the nature, principles and properties of this detestable vice, ingratitude." Travesty, traVes-ty, not traVers-ty. Treason, trga'n, not tre"a'on. a, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, 6, I, 0, u, y, short; &ir, a'rm, ask, all, what, ere, 6rr, prey, mien, sir, WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 415 Treatise, trea'tlsc (Web.); trSa'tise, or trSa'tise (Wore.). Treble, trgb'l, not trlb'l. Tremendous, tre-m6n'dous, not tre-mSn'jus. Tremor, tre'inor (Wore.); same, or trSm'or (Web.). Trespass, tres'pass, not tres'pSss. Triad, trfad, not trii'ad. Triangular, tri-an'gu-lar, not tri-Sn'gu-lar. Tribunal, tri-bn'nal, not tri'bn-nal. Tribune, trib'une, not tri'bnne, nor tri-bane'. Perry is tlie only orthoepist who marks this word trl'btine. Tributary, trlb'n-ta-ry, not trlb'ft-ta-ry. Trichina, trl-ehi'na, not trl-chi'na, nor trteh'i-na. Tricot, tri'-0', not trle'o, nor tri'cO. Tricycle, try'9y-le, not try^y-ele. Triennial, tn-6n'ni-al, not trl-gn'yal. Trinitarian, trin-i-ta'ri-an, not trln'i-ta-ri-an, nor trin-i-tar'i-an. Trio, tri'o, or trl'o (Web.); tn'o (Wore.). Tripartite, trlp'ar-tite (Wore.); same, or tri-pa'rt'ite (Web.). Triphthong, trip'thOng (Wore.); trlfthong, or trlp'- thong (Web.). 'In the English pronunciation of diphthong, triphthong, aphihong and ophthalmic, dropping the h, which in our language is superfluous as a mark of aspiration with a consonant, we pronounce the son, or, dp., wplf, wdbl, moTm, bull, urn, rude, c,ent, -ean, gem, go, i, e?ist, thy, n=n^;. 416 WAKMAN'S PRACTICAL OETHOEPY. remaining consonant p in the usual manner." Smart. Elsewhere Smart remarks that "p with h, in al- most all cases, is pronounced f." He makes an exception, however, of Stephen and nepheiv, as he marks the ph in these words as having the sound of v. There seems to be a general inconsistency in regard to ph. In the .word diphtheria there is no disagreement, but all agree to ph having the sound of/. Tripod, tri'pQd, not trip'od, nor tri'poid. Triton, tri'tQn, not tri'ton. Triumph, tri'umf, not tri'iimpf. Triune, tri'nne, not tri-nne'. Trivial, triv'i-al, or trlv'yal (Wore.); trlv'i-al (Web.). Tri-weekly, tri'wSek-ly, not trl-week'ly. n, byll, ftrn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n-ug. 438 WABMAN'S PRACTICAL, ORTHOEPY. Weasand, wea'nd (Wore.): wea'gand (Web.). Weasel, wea'l, not we"a'el. Weazen, wea'zn, not wea'zen. Weber von, we'ber, or va'ber (Wore.); fon-va'ber (Web.). In German von is pronounced ffin. The macron over the e is undoubtedly a typo- graphical error, as it should be a breve. The letter v, in German, has the sound of /, unless the word is derived from a foreign language. See Wagner. Wednesday, weng'dy" (Web.); wen'da (Wore.). Weevil, wee'vl, not wee'vil. See basin. Weird, weird, not weird. Well, well, not wall, nor well. Well-being, well'be-ing, not well-being. Well-bred, well'bred, not well-bred'. Well-known, well-known' (Wore.); well'known (Web.). Well-meaning, well-meaning (Wore.); well'mean- ing (Web.). Well-read, well -read' (Wore.); well'read (Web.). Well-spoken, well-spo'kn (Wore.); well'spok-n (Web.). Well-wisher, well-wlsh'er (Wore.); well'wlsh-er (Web.). We have given but a few of these compound words to show the general difference in marking; the uniformity of the disagreement. Were, were, not wer, nor ware. a, g, I, 0, u, y, long; a, 8, I, 0, fi, y, short; air, arm, ask, all, what, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 430 Wesleyan, weYley-an, not we"s/ley-an. Westward, wgst'ward, not w8st'ard. Whack, whack, not wSck. Whale, whale, not wale. Whapper, whap'per, not wap'per. Wharf, wharf, not warf. What, what, not wat. Wheat, wheat, not wSat. When, when, not w8n. Where, where, not were. Wherefore, whSre'fOre, not whSr'for, nor where'- fore. Whereof, whre-6f (Wore.); same, or whe're-oV (Web.). Whereon, where-6n', not where-6n'. Wherewith, where- with' (Wore.); same, or where- wlth' (Web.). Wherewithal (adv.), whgre-wi^/i-al'. Wherewithal (noun), wh^re'wi^-al (Wore.); where- wi^7i-al' (Web.). " I would gladly go, but I have not the wherewithal." Whether, whS^A'er, not we^'er. Whetstone, whgt'stone, not we"t'stOne. Whey, whey, not wey. Which, which, not wlch. Whig, whig, not wig. While, while, not wile. Whilom, whi'lom, not whll'om. s6n, 6r, dp., wglf, wc5bl, m(3on, byll, &rn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Whimsical, whim'i-eal, not whim'si-al. Whip, whip, not wlp. Whisk, whisk, not wlsk. Whisper, whis'per, not wls'per. Whist, whist, not wist. Whistler, whls'ler, not whlst'ler. White, white, not wite. Whiten, whit'n, not whit'en. Whither, whiter, not wl^'er. Whitsunday, whit'sun-day (Wore.) ; whlt'sn-da (Web.). Whole, hole, not httl. Wholesale, hole'sale, not hfll'sale. Wholly, hol'ly (Wore.); hol'y (Web.). Whoop, hoop, not whoop. Whooping-cough, hoop'ing-etfugh (Wore.); h<5op'- ing-eough (Web.). Whopper, whSp'per. Same as whapper. Whorl, whurl (Wore.); same, or whorl (Web.). Whortleberry, whtirt'l-ber-ry. Why, why, not wy. Wicked, wlck'ed, not wlck'ud, nor wick'id. Widen, wid'n, not wid'en. Widow, wld'Ow, not wid'er, nor wld'ow-la-dy. We never hear any one speak of a widower-man. Wife's (possessive), wife's, not wives. Willammette, wil-a'met (Web.); wil-lSm'mette (Wore.). a, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, S, I, 0, fi, y, short; air, arm, ask, all, whg,t, ere, Srr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 441 Wigwam, wig' warn (Web.); wig' warn (Wore.). Wildcats, wlld'Oats, not wild-Oats'. Wind, wind (Web.); wind, or wind (Wore.). ' ' In poetry and among singers this word is often pronounced wind. " Webster. " These two modes of pronunciation have been long contending for superiority, till at last the former (wind) seems to have gained a complete vic- tory, except in the territories of rhyme. Mr. Xares says it has certainly the short sound in common usage, but that all our best poets rhyme it with mind, kind, etc. ; and Mr. Smith observes that it is now the polite pronunciation, though against anal- ogy." Walker. "And the landscape sped away behind Like an ocean flying before the wind." We leave the reader to take his choice, trusting he will use his judgment in so doing, as in all other allowable pronunciations. Window, wln'dow, not wln'der. This word was formerly spelt windore. Windpipe, wlnd'pipe (Web.); same, or wind'plpe (Wore.). The latter pronunciation is antiquated, and has but slight authority. Windrow, wlnd'row (Wore.); wm'rOw (Web.). Windward, wind'ward, not wln'ard. t6n, 6r, do, wolf, wdbl, moon, bull, urn, rude, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, a=ng. 442 WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Winged, wlng'ed, or wingd. See blessed. The e is suppressed when the word is used as a verb or participle, but is sounded when used as an adjective. " In the main battle, which on either side Shall be well winged with our chief est horse." " Thy winged messengers." Webster says that " in all cases, where the e should properly be sounded, its omission is a mark of great vulgarity." Wiseacre, wige'a-ere (Web.); wie'a--ere (Wore.). Witchcraft, witchcraft, not witch'crSft. Witchhazel, witch'ha-zl, not witch'ha-zel. With, \vlth, not with. Withe, withe, not withe. Withhold, wlM-hold', not with-hold'. Withholden, wlM-hold'n, not with-hold'en. Within, wi/A-in', not with-ln'. Without, vfith-out', not with-out'. Withstand, wi^A-stand', not with-stand'. Wolsey, wol'ey, not wgl'sey. Women, wim'en, not wlm'un. Wonder, won'der, not wOn'der. Wont (verb and noun), wont, not wQnt. " Tis not his wont to be the hindmost man." Won't, won't (Web.); wont, or wont (Wore.). Wooden, wood'n, not wdbd'en. a, e, I, o, n, y, long; a, 3, I, 5, fi, y, short; &ir, arm, ask, {ill, whg-t, ere, rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S niAcncAr. OKTHOKFY. -443 Woodland, wdbd'lSnd (Web.); wdbd'land (Wore.). Woolen, ) Woollen, f wdbl ' en > not wdbl ' n - Worcester (Joseph Emerson), wdbs'ter, not w<5bs'ter. Worcester (city), wdbs'ter (Wore.); wdbs'ter (Web.). World, wurld, not wur'uld. Worry, wor'ry, not wur'ry. Worse, wurse, not wus. Worsted, wors'ted (Wore.); woos'ted (Web.). Worth, wurth, not wuth. Wound, wound, or wound. There has always been much contention among orthoepists on this word. Smart prefers the first marking (wdbnd), considering wound "the old- fashioned pronunciation." Walker, on the other hand, says wdond is " a capricious novelty." Woond is the pronunciation adopted by the stage, but Walker claims that the stage is under the same condemnation as Swift has placed the newspapers, i. e. ever readj to adopt new and fantastical modes of pronunciation, as are the newspapers to seize hold of and make known some new and fantastical word. The writer is strongly in favor of woond as being more euphonious; and yet euphony is largely a matter of education. Fdond and sdond would not seem more euphonious to us than found and sound, because we have never been accustomed to using them. Webster says that woond has rapidly gained ground, and is the more fashionable. son, 6r, dp., wolf, wool, moon, byll, ftrn, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n=ng. 4:44 WARMAN'S PKACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Wounded, wound'ed, or wound'ed. Woven, wov'n, not wo'ven. Wrangle, wrSa'gle, not wran'gle. Wrath, wrath (Web.); same, or wrath (Wore.); not wrath. Wrathful, wrath'ful (Web.); same, or wrath'ful (Wore.); not wrath'ful. Wrathy, wrath'y (Web.); same, or wrath'y (Wore.). Wreath (noun), wreath, not wreath. Wreathe (verb), wrea^Ae, not wreathe. Wreaths (plural, noun), wre"a^, not wrSaths. See truths. Wrestle, wres'l, not wr&s'tle, nor raVl. Wristband, wrlst'band, not wri'band. Written, wrlt'tn, not wrlt'ten. Wrong, wrSng, not wrong. Wroth, wroth (Web.); same, or wrQth (Wore.). Wrought, wrought, not wrSught. X. Xhas the sound of k, ks,gz, and z. In the word excel the a; is only k ek-qel; in extra, the x is ks eks-tra; in exalt the x is gz. See the words com- plexion and luxurious in our Critical Survey. X at the beginning of words has the sound of z. Xanthorhea, za"n-tho-rhe"'a, not zan-tho'rhe-a. Xanthoriza, zSn-tho-rt'za, not zan-tho-rf za. Xavier, z2v'i-er, not zi!v'ye"r. a, 6, I, 0, Q, y, long; a, 6, I, 0, fi, y, shoA ; Sir, arm, ask, all, what, ere, rr, prey, mien, sir, WARMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. 445 Xenelasia, zen-e-la'zhi-a, not zgn-e-la'sha. Xerasia, ze-ra'zhe-a, not ze-ra'sha. Xerodes, ze-ro'de, not ze'ro-jdes.. Xerophagy, ze-r5ph'a-gy, not ze-rQph'a-gy. Xylographer, zy-lo"g'ra-fer, not zy'lo-gr^ph-er. Xylographic, zy-lo-graph'i^, not zy-l5g'ra-phi. Xylography, zy-l5g'ra-phy, not zy'lo-graph-y. Xyloidine, zy-16id'ine (Wore.); xy-loicl'ln (Web.). Xylophone, zy'lo-phone, not zyl'o-phOne. Xyster, zys'ter, not zys'ter. Y. Y as a consonant is not long e, as many of our orthoepists have endeavored to teach. Those who teach that y consonant is equivalent to e, also teach that w consonant is equivalent to oo. They are wrong in both cases. Head our Critical Survey in regard to these elements. Yacht, vat, not yat. Yankee, ya"n'kee, not ySn'kee. Yarage, yar'age, not ya'r'age. Yarrish, ylir'rish, not ySr'rish. Yclad, c-lad'. Yclept, i-elept' (Web.); e-el6pt' (Wore.). Ydrad, e-drSd'. Yea, ya, or ye. Yearling, yearling, not yearling. Yeast, yeast, not east. s6n, 6r, dg, wplf, wdbl, mODn, byll, dm, rude, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n-ng. 446 WAEMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY. Yelk, yelk. See yolk. Yellow, yeTlow, not yaTlow, nor yeTler. Yes, ySs, not yis. Yesterday, yes'ter-day (Web.); ySs'ter-day, or yeV- ter-day (Wore.). Yew, ytj, not yeu. Yolk, yolk, or yok (Web.); yok (Wore.). Yelk is a better pronunciation of the word than yolk, or yok, as it is more in accordance with the etymology. "Yelk is the proper word; yolk is a corruption." Web. Yonder, yon'der, not yen'der, nor yiin'der. Yonker, yonk'er, not yOnk'er. Yore, yore, not y6re. Yosemite, yo-s6m'i-te, not yo'se-mite. You, yu, when emphatic. When tmemphatic the u is merely obscure, or slightly touched; but in no case, nor under any cir- cumstances, does yu become ye. Your, your, when emphatic; otherwise the u is ob- scure. Youthful, youth'ful, not youth'ful. See faithful. Youths, youths, not you^. See truths. Ypsilanti, jfp-si-lan'tl, not ylp-si-lSn'tl. Yttria, yt'tri-a, not ylt'tri-a. Yule-block, yule'blOck, not yu'le-blQck. Yule-log, yule'lSg, not yu'le-16g. Yule-tide, yule'tide, not yii'le-tide. a, 6, I, 0, a, y, long; a, e, I, 0, fi, y, short; &ir, arm, ask, all, whg,t, 6re, 6rr, prey, mien, air, WABMAN'S PRACTICAL ORTHOEPY 447 Z. Z and 5 are made with the same position of the tongue, z being the voiced s. Zany, za'ny, not z2n'y, " Then write that I may follow, and so be Thy echo, thy 'debtor, thy fool, thy zany."', Zealot, zgal'ot, not ze'lot. Zealous, zgal'ous, not zgal'ous. Zebra, ze'bra (Web.); zg'bra, a obscure (Wore.); not zS'bra. Throughout the unabridged Webster marks the final unaccented a as intermediate, while Worcester marks it obscure. We have given the preference to Webster, as said marking leads to a clearer pro- nunciation. Zenith, ze'nith, not zeVith. " I never once called in doubt the pronunciation of this word till I was told that mathematicians generally make the first syllable short." Walker. There are four orthoepists who give the short sound of e, among whom is Smart. Zeus, zeds, not ze"'us. Zodiacal, zo-di'ae-al, not zO'di-Se-al. s6n, 6r, dQ, wplf, wot>l, m<5on, byil, urn, rgde, 9ent, an, gem, go, i, e$ist, thy, n-ug. 448 WARMAN'S PRACTICAL OETHOEPY. Zonar, zo'nar, not zOn'ar. Zonnar, zOn'nar, o zO'nar. Zoography, zo-5g'ra-phy, otf zo-6g'ra-phy. Zoological, zO-o-lOg'ie-al, not zg-o-lS^'i^-al. Zoologist, zo-5l'o-glst, not ZQ-5l'o-gIst. Zoology, zo-ol'o-gy, not zo-ol'o-gy. Zoomorphism, zo-o-m6rph'im, not zQ-o-mOrph'im. Zoonomy, zo-on'o-my, not zo-on'o-my. Zoophoric, zO-o-phor'i-e, not zo-5ph'o-ri. Zootomy, zo-5t'o-my, not zQ-6t'o-my. Zoster, zSs'ter, not zos'ter. Zouave, zg-a've' (Wore.); zwav, or zg-Sve' (Web.); not THE END. \ A' ;y ^ '^x/^s^ x/ ^s-^-L. ~S^vv^ = ?\^:im==- x- K ~^fn' - ~ % & Air 3 ; ^?2ife vKk ^F-*"^ ' J ^\r^;$$s d ^(^ . rfjM\S&&&X*^JtrV&. ''^f^ln^^-^ ^ \* I */ -^o<'^^-V "^ /y ^^^ ~>i ^^-^ ~^5^ ^rf*S^x"* ^> ^^4\ ?' // f /i\ ' ^^^S^^$%^'^^ ' v/ x^^" ^ RS -^% x \ \ x !x ^t- ^Vri ^-M-2 I^Ss^fi^gi -^^- * * x?W-l^- r % ^VW4^ VaRs^r* V ^;-^ \ 'l/^rr^ 10 j fir I P^r^'P *\\ -\\ ///'&$' * ^L^^^MP^^>^^ A ' y'lvWy/x'WoTOi 1*/^T> ^=s ^xi^^^Mife^ / .^.o ^ -^^^^,^-^f^ ^m^-r|V ^^^^^^^ : ^^^ p -^^^o^M^^fy^%^i^|ff ; &: 3^5fer~V \t f!^*&-JEfeS!^ X^JLfeTWCi.. .ii/^x V *. ' .a ^g^ \n in v > //I J^ nv^r- KSif^i' \\ ^5 >,\\ TXST' ' "^?- =i.\ 7t . -^/^s: .^ X5>Av^yo^^J-3^!T> >- \ .^\ />/\ o^^. m^,^^- ^f%^-\^i ^ * ' ^HPfcf^NS 7 ITTP' X r^VT* fti ^s^vT^J ffi^Jfe-^&D* iir \ =^^\/ r^V ^^^^ m,vhi, . ^f xJjHK' \\\' M/V */""? ' W e '^-- //,-?t3f>- A^a- \/\ /oA^.^Wkx ' ^ _-=