THE COST OF PRODUCTION BY CHARLES J. WATTS MUSKEGON MICHIGAN CHICAGO THE SHAW-WALKER COMPANY BY THE SAME AUTHOR SYSTEM IN BUYING. A purchasing agent's complete organization the result of several years of experi- ment and test. Fully illustrated and desiriU-d in SYSTEM. November and December, 1901, and Jan- uary, 1902. The three numbers, 25 cents. EXACT FACTORY COSTS. With nine illustrations. A minutely accurate method of accounting the cost of each piece or part separately a balance ledger sys- tem. February, March and April, 1902. Three numbers, 25 cents. INDEXING AND RECORDING PATTERNS. With illustrations. A simple and effective plan for the progressive foundryman. Two numbers, November and December, 1901, 20 cents. I N PREPARATION SYSTEM IN PUBLISHING. A complete system for all printers and publishers, covering every item of cost in any kind of typographical work. A circulation plan for daily and weekly newspapers is included. Thirty illustrations. All descriptions are in short, time-saving para- graphs for the busy man. In addition to the specific information mentioned, the magazines enumerated above contain useful sug- gestions along many other lines. Mr; Watts describes systems the result of his personal ex|>erience and observation. Every point is clearly illustrated. Other competent men present in every issue simple systems of practical value. COPYRIGHTED, 1902. THE SHAW-WALKER COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THE COST OF PRODUCTION THE COST OF PRODUCTION. To devise a simple, effective and economical system for securing accurate factory costs is a problem many manufacturers have yet to solve. In these days of fierce competition, the average maker of a standard line of goods is tempted to use the selling prices of his competitors as a guide in determining his own. But, he cannot be certain that the result ob- tained by this means will ensure a profit under the conditions peculiar to his factory. He is at all times confronted with the idea that his com- petitors may be more progressive and that the systems employed by them may facilitate the operations in their factories and thus reduce the cost of production. With this uncertainty of his competitors' methods and systems he cannot with safety base his cost simply on their selling prices. Again, the manufacturer who operates his fac- tory on the basis of the cost of material and of flat The Cost of Production. labor, adding a percentage to cover non-product- ive labor, manufacturing expense and general expense, as well as contemplated profits, is no nearer the solution of the problem of factory costs than the one relying simply on the prices charged for similar goods by other concerns. In these pages is presented a cost system, which, while free from all the intricate problems of a balance-ledger system, furnishes information sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes. It will also enable the progressive manufacturer to determine his own costs absolutely, as well as to point out to his superintendent any weakness existing in the operation of the factory and so provide for a speedy reduction of excessive ex- pense in the cost of manufacture. This system is a clear and concise statement of what the factory is consuming in labor and in material, as well as of its operating expenses. No profits are included. As there are but five main accounts to be con- sidered, it is more simple, but at the same time as complete and as effective as many which are more elaborate and complicated. The terms and illustrations used in describing and explaining the workings of this system are taken from the author's experience in the manu- facture of agricultural implements. They are The Cost of Production. simply illustrative. To apply the principles to the conditions existing in any factory; it is only neces- sary to substitute for those used in this book, the terms and units of your own product. The principal items which contribute to the costs in a factory, are material, labor, manufactur- ing supplies, special items of cost and general expense. MATERIAL. Material is the basis of manufacture and in a system of factory costs it should be first con- sidered. The illustration (Fig. I) represents the cutting list or detail of one part; i. e., a shaft of a hay rake. In the same manner this detail arrange- ment may be applied to any standard line of goods manufactured in quantities, or to goods made up in advance of specific orders or sales. The different kinds of materials used are speci- fied under sub-headings, so as to permit of a sum- mary being readily made of the totals required of any particular kind or class of material. On the guide space of the front of the card is the part number and the name of the given part. Under this guide space is the name of the machine to which the part belongs. Under "Size and Dimensions" are the width, the thickness and the length of the wood used in this part. Next to this is the quantity in feet, hundredths of a foot, The Cost of Production. and in the several columns to the right are the numbers of pieces of this kind used on this im- plement. Following this is the column showing the kind of material used. Below are spaces for three changes should the thickness, length, kind of stock, or other detail be changed. The finish of the part or anything special is noted under " Remarks." On the reverse side of the card is provided a space for recording the cost of labor, which will be referred to later on. In describing the system, an 8 x 20 tooth rake will be used as an example. Other sizes would of course be computed on the same basis. To arrive at the cost of material in this TCYcfoX oVamo CreAc&wl S T) TlaXe/ " Wt.CHT * \ \ I ' 3' %" i,L' L-j / / / i / CUK I J ^^i^^Li cf _^_,^, si^A&Asveul' -<*isv-ir-ti(/ . FIG. I (obverac). IO The Cost of Production. machine, complete, a material summary card, (Fig. II) is used, which gives the totals in feet, pounds or count of the different kinds of material used, made up from the separate detail cards (Fig. I). In a rake of this kind the materials used are lumber, cast iron, malleable iron, common bar steel, spring steel, rake tooth stock, etc., as well as bolts, nuts, washers, hinge pins, cotters and other small stock. In making up this detail (Fig. I) there should be a card for each part, bolt, nut, washer, etc., so that there will be a complete list of all the ma- terials in the implement. In case any parts are bought outside of the factory, the detail cards (Fig. I) can be ruled on the back to provide a FIG. I (reverBe). The Cost of Production. 1 1 space for keeping a record of the contract price in place of the labor ruling as shown, or the same labor ruling could be used, substituting the price in place of labor operations. A total summary (Fig. Ill) of material and labor, shows the complete cost of 100 machines. To arrive at this result the totals of the different materials, as shown by the material summary cards (Fig. II) are taken, for example, first the item of lumber, $55.80, was obtained from the card shown in Fig. II. The other items in the summary were obtained in a similar manner. While the cost of labor is also shown in this summary, the method of computing it will be explained further on. These summaries are to be made up whenever T* FIG. II. 12 The Cost of Production. a revised cost is wanted, as the cost of manufac- ture may increase or decrease with changing con- ditions of the labor or of the material market. In computing costs according to this system only the actual amounts of material necessary to make the part have been considered and there must, of course, be an allowance for waste. This the foreman of the wood shop can esti- mate so that an accurate percentage can be added to the cost of the lumber. In this line of goods, the waste will average 20 per cent., while with castings, steel parts, bolts, nuts, washers, etc., 3 to 5 per cent, will cover any ordinary waste. As every progressive manufacturer contracts for material on the basis of a season's supply, it is not difficult to determine the cost of the different raw materials. /Jfat* s ~N / J(et?* /^ /i.oo be the value of productive labor and to it be added 30 per cent as the value of the de- partmental non-productive labor, $1.30 results. To this is to be added the general non-productive labor which may be assumed to be 40 per cent of total productive which will give $1.70 as the real cost of each |i.oo of productive labor in the department. If the percentages above referred to are prop- erly calculated, and to the cost of all the produc- tive labor in the factory is added departmental and general non-productive percentages, the result is the exact amount of the pay roll for the term or period considered. In order properly to handle the cost of labor it is recommended that piece prices be established in all departments which will not only simplify the matter of records, but will also result in a saving in the cost of manufacture, as it is a well known fact that piece workers are prone to produce more work in a given time than day workers, the greater effort of each one being attended by a consequent gain to him in earnings. The Cost of Production. All well conducted factories are divided into departments. Six departments will . generally be sufficient to cover all of the productive labor. These are usually classed as follows: wood shop, foundry, steel or blacksmithing department, machine shop, paint shop and assembly room. Since piece prices can always be closely approx- imated in each of these manufacturing depart- ments, a small card cabinet is provided in which is kept a record of the piece prices paid for work in each department. The illustration (Fig. V) represents a convenient price card for the wood shop. On this card are the prices paid for the labor in the wood shop in making the piece named on the card which in this case is referred FIG. V. The Cost of Production. 19 to as C i. As six columns are provided on this card for changes in cost prices it will last a long time. Since in many manufactured articles certain parts are identical, not so many cards will be re- quired as would at first thought seem necessary. For example, in this case the part C i although belonging specifically to one particular rake, is also a part of other rakes and consequently this one card will suffice in making up the costs of all rakes in which this part is used. The card authorizing these changes (Fig. VI) is to be made out by the foreman of the de- partment and sent to the superintendent for his approval. If the superintendent approves of / Jco.T ..CO. PC-.. CIO "7 - /foe 4 ' j+-tjsw lo The Cost of Production. the change, the original and duplicate cards are sent to the cost clerk who signs his name to the original as evidence that the change has been recorded. The original is then sent to the time- keeper for his guidance in making up the pay roll. The duplicate is retained by the cost department and the change is noted on the reverse side of the detail card (Fig. I reverse). The original card is returned, properly signed by the time keeper, to the foreman of the depart- ment by whom the notification card was issued. This now indicates to him that the change has been made in the cost department and the wood shop price card for the part Ci is now corrected (Fig. V). These changes serve to keep the records accurate and show at any time the exact cost of labor in each department. Changes of this kind must of course be attended to promptly, so that each interested person may be advised of them on the same day. The figures in circles represent the numbers of the operations. In addition to the piece price cabinets in the different departments it is recommended that a large cabinet be kept in the timekeeper's office in which piece prices may be kept by the timekeeper so that the time cards may be checked. This constitutes a check on the different departments and insures the accuracy of the pay roll. The Cost of Production. 21 A simple form of time ticket (Fig. VII) is pre- sented which with modifications may be made to answer for all departments. The example given (Fig. VII) is the time card of a man working on on the part Ci in the workshop. These time cards are intended to be used by every man on the pay roll. The several depart- ments are numbered. One to six may be the pro- ducing departments and numbers from seven on- ward may be applied to the non-productive departments, according to the division desired. Of course all departments numbered above six are for general non-productive labor except where the labor performed in each pertains to tools, pat- terns, permanent equipment, machinery, assets or permanent values. /y* . O-I^A /OO s tg, .Tr/,. (5), 12 FIG. vn. 12 The Cost of Production. These time cards should be marked as produc- tive or non-productive by the foreman of the de- partment in which the work is performed. This gives the timekeeper the information necessary to separate the productive from the non-productive labor and will be described and illustrated later. At 6:30 A. M. a workman, Wilson, receives his time card from the clerk or foreman and is assigned to his work. At noon he has finished this work and proceeds to fill out the card. He first inserts his check number, in order that the timekeeper may identify him on the pay roll, having previously checked in at 6:30 A. M. with this number. He dates his card, signs his name, indicates what he has done, crosses 6:30 and 11:30 in the hourly divisions and hands the card to the clerk or foreman at once. After the noon hour he receives a new card and proceeds as before. As these time cards will be coming to the timekeeper's clerk at all hours of the day from men in the department, the clerk at once inserts the price as shown by the price card (Fig. V), and computes the earnings, in this case, $1.25. It is of course evident that the labor per- formed is productive and the card is marked "Prod" meaning productive labor. Should, how- ever, the labor be si -:h that the clerk cannot The Cost of Production. determine whether it is productive or non-produc- tive he confers with the foreman. This same plan is pursued during the day and at the close of the day the clerk has all tickets computed except the last round turned in. These he com- putes as his first duty the next morning. The clerk hands the day's time cards to the foreman for his approval or correction after which they are delivered to the timekeeper for the pay roll. As all these cards are marked so as to sep- arate the productive from the non-productive labor of the six manufacturing departments, the timekeeper is now in a position to ascertain each day or week, as may be desired, the departmental as well as the general non-productive percentage, the latter being a fixed quantity. In computing the time as given by the time cards of a workman in any producing department, where the goods are run through in small lots, it is recommended that such a workman receive credit on his ticket for the number of pieces made at piece rate prices, and the balance necessary to make up his days wages be allowed him at his day rate and be charged as non-productive labor. For calculating the departmental percentages of non-productive labor "labor statement" cards are provided (Fig. VIII). 2 4 The Cost of Production. The timekeeper having full information from the daily time cards received from all departments is able to divide the pay roll as shown. The total of the productive labor for the week divided into the total of non-productive labor gives the per cent of non-productive labor for the week. The "last week" item on the statement comes from a previous statement. The "to date" item includes the totals from the begining of the fiscal year. These "to date" totals represent the amount paid in the wood shop up to and includ- ing September twenty-second, resulting in an average departmental non-productive per cent of thirty-two. All productive or manufacturing departments are treated in the same manner, as well as the cost *A /LOO 6, 63-"/ FIG. IX. 26 The Cost of Production. the amount of productive labor into that of the non-productive labor. The item "last week" came from a similar summary. The 40 per cent non- productive "to date" we apply to the total amount of labor as shown on the card (Fig. III). The method of ascertaining and recording the proportionate cost of both the departmental and the general non-productive labor to the produc- tive usually considered a difficult undertaking, is by this system shown to be an easy and simple computation. The purpose of these per- centages is to give the absolute cost of producing each part, which is obtained by adding them to the flat cost of each part which is already estab- lished since the work is done on a piece-price basis, FIG. X. The Cost of Production. 27 For convenience, these percentages are not applied direct to each part, but on assembly cards (Fig. X) on which are collected the flat cost of each part as given on the reverse of the detail cards (Fig. I reverse). For illustration, the cost of labor in the work- shop in producing of the Dart designated as Ci is assumed to be $2.35. This amount is recorded on the assembly card (Fig. X) against Ci and by the same method is charged up the flat cost of all other parts as Ca, Cj, etc., until all the flat labor in the wood shop is assembled, amounting in the illustration to $16.95. It is presumed that on September twenty-third there is a change in cost (Figs. V and VI) and it is so recorded on the assembly card (Fig. X). There being no further changes, this total, ($16.80) as the cost of the flat labor in the wood shop is trans- ferred to the material and labor summary card (Fig. III). After this total is also added the departmental per cent of non-productive labor for the wood shop, previously obtained (Fig. VII). The same method is followed with the cost of all the flat or productive labor in each department until the total cost of all the productive labor in all departments is obtained together with the non- productive percentage. This total (Fig. Ill) is $93.65. To this total is added the percentage of 28 The Cost of Production. the general non-productive labor which in this case being 40 percent (Fig. II) is $37.46, making the total cost of labor -productive and non-pro- ductive $131.11 (Fig. III). To this is to be added the costs of material taken from the material summary cards, of which the lumber card (Fig. II) is shown. This gives a total factory cost in this case, $228.60 for 100 8 x 20 rakes. As total factory costs are needed but once a year, when prices are made for traveling salesmen, the total summaries (Fig. Ill) are made up only at or near the close of the factory year. As by this system an accurate general average of the cost of both departmental as well as the general non-productive labor is determined, and as most manufacturers make yearly contracts for materials, it is possible to compute the cost of all material at the new prices and obtain exact costs for the ensuing season. It is also possible at any time during a season to make a close estimate in the same way of the cost of any new article or product by taking the cost of the material, adding the known cost of the flat labor with the "to date" labor percentages in all departments which are shown by the labor statements at that time. MANUFACTURING EXPENSE. The term "manufacturing expense" as used in these pages includes the cost of the supplies used by the factory during the year, consisting of re- placed belting, emery cloth, sand paper, planer knives, buckets, brooms, mops, stationery, fuel, oil and numerous other articles of a like nature. There are, of course, many ways of accounting for these items, but their inclusion in this division accords with the working of the other departments and will be found most satisfactory. At the time the general inventory is taken let all stock of this class be carefully listed at its asset value, deducting a certain per cent for depreciation from the value of such articles as are worn or partly used. Having done this there is now in the factory only the raw material, permanent equipment, the product in course of manufacture, and the finished goods. The Cost of Production. At the time of commencing operations, whether at the beginning of a new business or annually after each inventory, let each foreman draw from the stock room such supplies as he needs, a proper blank being provided for the purpose. It is necessary to advise the stockkeeper as to the cost of each article in this account. This may be accomplished by a system in the purchasing de- partment whereby invoices for all goods received pass through the stock clerk's or storekeeper's hands. Having received and rilled the order from the foreman, the material drawn is charged to the proper department on a stock card (Fig. XI). Let this card represent one article which in the illustration shows leather belting drawn for depart- ment Number One. Have a card for each article, also a card for each department. As the usual list of supplies is not large it will not take very many cards for all of the departments. The stockkeeper should do all his posting from the foreman's orders to these cards once a day, and thus economize time. This stock card shows the cost price and it is therefore not a difficult matter to enter the record in actual value of the supplies and not simply the quantities used. There are many ways in which the ledger can be divided, but it is recommended The Cost of Production. that there be used a card having a guide projection in the center and extending one third of its length, for the division of the different kinds of stock, and a card with a tab (Fig. XI) for each depart- ment. As these tabs indicate the numbers of the de- partment it is easy for the stockkeeper to locate any cards wanted when posting. The system, once started, requires but little' labor to keep up, and as a replacement is infre- quent, the expense is small. If desired, the capacity of the cabinet may be enlarged and used also to keep a record of all material in the stock room, although for cost purposes it is not necessary. The superintendent and the manager as well, FIG. XI. The Cost of Production. will also find that a weekly report or manufactur- ing expense summary (Fig. XII), made up from the stock cards (Fig. XI), is very helpful in elim- inating unnecessary expense in any department. This report, either on a card or on a sheet, may accompany the reports of labor in the various de- partments (Fig. VIII). These two reports show the actual cost of the labor performed and of the supplies consumed for the week, which may be discussed and analyzed with the foremen. This weekly report of manufacturing expense also serves as a basis for applying this expense to labor cost, either at the end of the season, or at any time during the season, when the factory costs of making any new articles of manufacture are under consideration. e 9 10 _i^_ (it*, FIG. XII. The Cost of Production. 33 In pro-rating this expense over the cost of the given article, it is recommended that the entire output of the factory be computed at prices de- rived from the cost estimates, and that this amount be divided into the total cost of the sup- plies used. This gives the per cent which is added to the labor and material cost of the indi- vidual article to secure the net factory cost. Of course this per cent during the season could not be readily arrived at owing to the unfilled orders in the factory, but the total cost of sup- plies for years previous is known, and a per cent based upon this would answer for the special costs necessary to be estimated during the season. If in calculating costs at the end of a season for the succeeding season it should be found that the proportion of supplies used is 10 per cent of the entire cost of the product, and the article in ques- tion costs $10.00, the manufacturing expense would of course be $1.00 for each article, which would be added to the factory cost. GENERAL EXPENSE. General expense in connection with a cost system is to many managers a source of annoy- ance, and how to ascertain the proper percentage to be applied to the factory cost is a problem which is ever before him. Again, how to apply the anticipated profits has been a much discussed question with all. While it is not claimed that this method of treating general expense will satisfy every manu- facturer, yet he will be convinced that if he will apply the items that go to make up general ex- pense as here indicated, the estimated cost will vary but little, if any, from the actual costs. The term, general expense, as here used in- cludes such items as salaries, traveling expenses, taxes, insurance, uncollectible debts and notes, depreciation of product as well as of manufactur- ing plant, freights, telephone rent and telegrams, The Cost of Production. 35 express charges, advertising and similar items of a miscellaneous nature. There are two ways in which general expense can be arrived at for cost purposes. Either is sufficiently accurate to obtain satisfactory results, one having the advantage of being short in application while the other is somewhat more difficult and tedious. The simplest method is to keep a close account of all items entering into the general expense account as direct charges, and ascertain the total of this account for the year, adding a suitable allowance for uncollectible accounts, depreciation of product, plant, etc. Divide this total by the total cost of the entire output less the value of material on hand as shown by the inventory. This result will be the per cent which is to be added to the cost estimate. It is suggested that the salaries of traveling men and their expenses be kept separate and by districts or territories. This will make it pos- sible to ascertain the cost per cent of selling in each district. This separation is recommended as many man- ufacturers well know that their selling expense in one territory is much greater than it is in others. This condition alone often prevents a concern from doing a profitable business in certain locali- ties which disadvantage would be removed by 36 The Cost of Production. making each locality stand its own share of the selling expense, instead of pro-rating the entire selling expense over the entire product. In the handling of a certain product one terri- tory is known in which it costs 40 per cent of the selling price to market the goods, whereas in others it requires only from 3 to 5 per cent. If a district selling expense account is kept an expensive terri- tory can be quickly located and abandoned, if the resulting profit is not worth the time and expense required to secure the business. If the selling expense account is not divided in this manner these facts are lost sight of. It can be done either by the ledger accounts or by a simple ruled dis- tribution book or card file which the bookkeeper can keep without difficulty. If the latter is used there is a card for traveling expense, for salary, and for any other incidental expense of the sales- man in each district. On the reverse side may be kept a daily, weekly or monthly record of the sales. At the end of the year a few simple computations only are necessary to arrive at the desired results. The other plan of ascertaining the per cent of general expense to be added to the cost estimates, of which mention was made, would be carried out in the main in the manner just described, except that instead of waiting until the end of the season to The Cost of Production. 37 apportion the monthly fixed expense, reserve and suspense accounts are opened in the ledger to cover such items of expense as are not directly incurred during the month in review. In reserve accounts are included such expenses as cannot yet be exactly determined and whose payment therefore must be deferred, for illustra- tion, taxes. To this tax reserve account would be credited the estimated amount of the yearly tax, the same amount being charged to an Accruing Tax account. This amount would be pro-rated monthly into the general expense account and the pro-rated sums credited to Accruing Taxes. At the end of the year, if the estimate was correct, the cash payment should close the Tax Reserve account and the pro-rated sums which have been credited monthly would close the Accruing Tax account. Other reserve accounts are handled in the same way. Suspense accounts which comprehend expense paid in advance for terms longer than a single month are handled in the same manner except that the suspense account would be charged with the money paid and the amount pro-rated to gen- eral expense according to the number of months covered by the payments. For instance if insur- ance premiums are paid six months in advance, one-sixth would be charged out each month so 38 The Cost of Production. that at the end of six months general expense Would have consumed all of this amount and the Advance Insurance Premium account to which is charged the cash payment, would be closed. Sales- men's expenses and other similar items are handled in the same manner. The difference in the two methods is the differ- ence between general expense known only at the end of the year and a definite statement of all gen- eral expense items for each month. The first is simple and for yearly cost purposes is generally satisfactory, while the second method is equally good for yearly costs but also gives a montly gen- eral expense statement which for many reasons is preferable. Either method can be used with a card system, thus reducing the cost of maintenance, or can be kept in the ordinary ledger. SPECIAL COSTS. Special Costs is a term used to include the extra items of cost arising from defective manufacture, the substitution of expensive material, such as brass in place of malleable iron, and such items as may result from oversight on the part of some foreman or other employe, or from a failure of prompt delivery of material. If these expenses cannot be traced directly to some source against which they may be charged, they should be borne by the specific part of the product affected and not charged over the entire product or to the general expense account. It is suggested that a Special Cost account be opened in the ledger, covering such items and that this account carry this expense throughout the season regarding it as an uncollectible account which is to be pro-rated over the cost of the prod- uct affected. 40 The Cost of Production. The natural inquiry is, why should this expense, incurred during the previous year, be added to the cost of the goods to be made the following season? The reason is, if a certain amount is charged up during one season for oversight and errors, there is a strong probability that similar conditions will continue to exist, and an allowance should be made, as it would be for bad debts, interest on the investment, etc. This separate account gives facts to work on, while if the items were merged in the general material accounts they would be lost sight of entirely. PROFITS. To the cost estimates with all percentages in- cluded must now be added a certain per cent for profit. For example, assume twenty per cent as the desired profit, and $10.00 as the cost of producing an article in the factory, ten per cent as the per cent of manufacturing expense, fifteen per cent as the per cent' of general expense, and five per cent as the per cent of selling cost, then $13.00 is the total cost of the article. If twenty per cent be added to this the selling price is $15.60 in the territory costing five per cent to sell in. This will assure you a profit of about twenty per cent on the money invested for the machine. Now, let us consider the different cards and blanks and see how each may be elaborated to make a broader, byt perhaps more complicated system. The detail card (Fig. i reverse) may be changed 4 2 The Cost of Production. so as to provide a column for recording the price as well as the quantity of the stock with one or two additional columns for changes in price. This card then becomes a working price sheet, and when the non-productive labor percentages are added to these prices a cost record of pieces or parts is attained which furnishes a cost basis for prices of repair parts as well as for the inventory. As these cards are kept up they furnish a per- manent corrected record of cost prices for these purposes at any time they may be desired. In making these computations for inventory purposes it is not recommended that the percent- ages for manufacturing and general expense be added. Annual inventory prices should not be inflated and for this reason factory cost prices only should be used There is always a certain amount of stock taken into the inventory which is valued at the original cost while it has really depreciated. Taking the inventory at corrected cost prices will therefore, in a measure, correct these errors. The material summary card (Fig. II) shows in this instance the total cost of lumber used in the 8 x 20 rake. From these material summary cards a computation may be made, showing the approx- imate number of feet of lumber required for each size and kind of machine made, thereby giving The Cost of Production. 43 the required unit necessary for a given number of machines of each class. Further computations may be added, giving the total costs as shown by the cards. These furnish valuable data in estimat- ing the requirements for the next season. Further, if the cost of the labor on each kind of article as shown on the total summary cards (Fig. Ill) is summarized, a very close estimate will be attained of the amount of money required for next season's labor. These cards (Fig. Ill) may be so modified that manufacturing and general expense are included with the factory costs. If this is done nothing need be added to make the record complete but the selling price and the profit wanted. A column may be added in which to show the total feet of lumber, or the weight of the material. By completing the records in this way it is easy to make comparative yearly statements of the cost of material and labor and the percentages of expense and profit. When the information on the cupola record (Fig. IV) is complete there is still ample space for other information for the superintendent. For example, if it is desired to know the average cost of molding, add to the total productive labor in the foundry, the total non-productive per cent, which in this case is (40); divide this amount by 44 The Cost of Production. the total number of pounds of good castings and the result is the average cost per pound to mold for two weeks, the period of time covered by the card. This added to the cost of the melted iron gives the average cost per pound for castings. The piece price card (Fig. V) may be ruled on the back in such a manner as to provide space for a record of orders received and parts made, taking the place of a department order book. This is particularly advantageous for the foundry and steel shops. If the cards (Fig. V), are of good material the items may be recorded in pencil, and at the end of the season this record may be erased and the cards used again. FIG. XIII. The Cost of Production. 45 While the timecard (Fig. VII) is intended for the guidance of the timekeeper in making up the pay roll, it may be passed to the cost department and the labor recorded thereon entered on a piece- work record card (Fig. XIII). This card shows the number of each piece made, at what time, by whom, the number of hours necessary in making, the total amount paid and the average rate per hour earned by each workman. This is useful information and is well worth the time and effort necessary to keep it in proper order, as it indicates whether the scale of piece prices paid is profitable or whether it should be revised. Then, too, the same cards may be used as a basis for opening a ledger account with each lot of goods going through the factory. To each account is charged all the labor and the material consumed in the process of manufacture and the cost of the yearly production of any particular lot is shown, no matter when it was made. By using order numbers in the factory for each lot of goods going through at one time, practically the same form of cards could be used by simply adding a place for the order number and charging the cost of labor to that number as well as the cost of all material drawn on requisitions corre- spondingly numbered. By this method the exact cost of the lot is obtained. 46 The Cost of Production. This, however, is bringing the system nearer and nearer to a balance ledger cost system and there- fore becomes more expensive and complicated. The labor statement cards (VIII) may be pro- vided with columns other than those shown in the illustration, in which the manufacturing ex- pense may be recorded, as on the manufacturing expense summary cards (Fig. XII). This places before the foreman of the depart- ment the exact expense incurred by his depart- ment during the week from which report he may intelligently discuss with the superintendent the conditions in the factory, particularly in his own department. Through these statements unnecessary items of expense are often discovered which can be elimin- ated, thus adding to the net profit. Again, a column may be added in which the time-keeper may compute the per cent of piece work to day work, another column to show the number of men employed in the department and the average wage rate paid per hour. A total summary of all this information may be made on the labor summary cards (Fig. IX) covering all departments. To this system for ascertaining factory costs may be added a system of inventories on cards which will show the number of pieces made and The Cost of Production. 47 in stock, and their location in the stock or store room. The operation of such a system is con- sidered more fully in the chapter on perpetual in- ventories but the procedure in general is as follows: When a lot or run of parts or pieces is started through the factory, it should be accompanied through all the various departments by a tag board slip indicating the department which it is to reach finally, the number of pieces sent, the piece name or number, and any other information that may be necessary. This card should accompany the lot until it is put in stock or storage. The assembly room should draw on this stock by requisition only. Then a record of finished parts in stock is easily maintained and the requisi- tions themselves show the quantities in the assem- bly room being placed in finished product. The finished goods sent to the warehouse from the assembly room should be accompanied by transfer slips showing the exact number sent. The clerk in charge of the inventory cards, hav- ing received properly signed requisitions for the finished parts, makes the necessary changes on the records. Such a system provides a simple record of all parts made and on hand, and if shipments are checked against the goods in the warehouse a 48 The Cost of Production. complete inventory results. Further, by using the record of costs as shown by the detail cards (Fig. I) an accurate inventory with values can be compiled at any time. PERPETUAL INVENTORIES. Perpetual inventories with cost values attached are not as a rule successful. There are many reasons for this lack of success, but the principal ones are those that arise from lack of systematic methods and the inattention of those directly con- nected with the operation of the system. To operate a system of this kind successfully means careful attention on the part of those in charge of the work and the close supervision of employes. With some manufacturers the detail is so great as to make the maintenance of such a system impractical. In concerns manufacturing or handling thousands of different parts or articles, the system means additional labor and expense, and in some- cases, a curtailment of the out-put. But in the average factory it is effective and thoroughly practical. Perpetual inventories are of two kinds. One 50 The Cost of Production. includes the cost prices of the goods; the other simply a quantity record of the parts or articles in course of manufacture and in stock. A combined perpetual cost and stock record is too complicated for the ordinary manufacturer to keep accurately. It means avast amount of labor from which there is no apparent benefit. The system we shall now describe, therefore, embraces simply records in quantities. Its main- tenance means but little extra labor. It is so exceedingly simple in the mere recording of the movements of parts and pieces that errors are not likely to occur. The first need is for a clerk thoroughly familiar with all the details of the factory. It is essential that this clerk can be depended upon for accuracy. For his records there should be provided cards of sufficient size and number so that each piece shall have an individual card. These cards are filed in the drawers of ordinary card cabinets. For the stock there should be properly arranged bins, shelves, etc., for storage, and the storage room should be conveniently located to the assembling department. It should be in charge of a careful stockkeeper. In some factories the storage compartments are scattered about the different departments and the foreman of each department has charge of the The Cost of Production. 5 1 stock. This plan is ordinarily not satisfactory. It is best to have the stock concentrated and in charge of one man. Workmen, particularly piece workers, are apt to avoid rules and consequent delays, and take out stock without proper orders. This means a confusion of records and the defeat of an accurate inventory. In describing this system it is assumed that the factory is divided into six departments: black- smithing, foundry, machine, wood, assembling and painting or finishing. It is, of course, equally applicable to a factory with departments lesser, or even greater in number. In the blacksmithing department steel and iron REQUISITION FOR STOCK DUCIIIPTION *- Jo trre. ./..44_fi_rrtt*S The Cost of Production. are mostly used. This stock may be in charge of a stockkeeper or of the foreman of the depart- ment. None must be withdrawn from stock without a requisition for stock (Fig. XIV). This requisition is made out by the foreman or his clerk and the proper sizes and weights are in- serted when the stock itself is procured. With other requisitions for stock so used it is placed on file during the day and at night is sent to the inventory clerk so that he may make the proper entries on the stock cards (Fig. XV). These cards, posted daily, give a perpetual quantity record of the raw iron and steel on hand. FIG. XV. The Cost of Production. 53 When the materials withdrawn from stock by these requisitions enter the process of manufact- ure, they become a part of the inventory of pieces and parts. To keep these conveniently, cards (Fig. XVI) are provided which are in a card cabinet kept in the blacksmithing department. When an order for any part is started in the shop a card is made out with the name of the part, its numerical or catalog number, and the article or machine upon which it belongs. In the proper columns are inserted the date and the number to be made. In the column headed with name of the first operation to be made, the num- FIG. XVI. 54 The Cost of Production. her on which work is begun is entered and an order given to the workman. As shown by the card there are other opera- tions to perform before the work to be done in this department is finished. To obtain a record of these operations it is necessary that the work- men specify on their time cards the number of pieces made, and the operations they were perform- ing. Every morning the clerk or foreman when checking the time records on the cards (Fig. XVI) indicates the operations performed on the different pieces. These entries make a complete record showing each day the exact condition of the parts in course of manufacture. When finished the parts are sent to the next -/ FIG. XVII. The Cost of Production. 55 department accompanied by a transfer slip (Fig. XVII) made in duplicate, showing where the parts are to go. From the duplicates of these transfer slips the clerk or foreman posts each morning to the cards the number of parts finished and sent to other parts of the factory. Most parts go from the blacksmithing or steel department to the machine department for further operations. In this department should be another card cabinet with cards substantially like those used in the blacksmithing department (Fig. XVI), the operations, of course, being changed to con- form with the work of the machine department. When parts reach this department they are checked with fhe transfer slip (Fig. XVII) and their disposal arranged for by the foreman. From the transfer slips entries are made on the cards (Fig. XVI) to show the number received. The operations as performed are posted from the time cards and when finished the parts are sent to storage accompanied by transfer slips (Fig. XVII) made in duplicate. From these dupli- cates entries are made on the cards (Fig. XVI) showing the delivery of the parts The store-keeper receives the parts and indi- cates in proper spaces provided on the original transfer slips, the places where the parts are stored. Every morning the slips are forwarded to the in- The Cost of Production. ventory clerk who makes the proper entries on the cards (Fig. XV) to show the quantity of these parts that have been put in storage. In other departments the stock is handled in substantially the same manner. In the wood shop it is possible to handle lumber in store or pile the same as iron or steel, but it is recom- mended that the lumber inventory be kept accord- ing to the number of feet in each row of the lum- ber piles. This is sufficiently accurate for all purposes. In withdrawing lumber from the piles for use, it should, of course, be estimated on the same basis. As with all other material it should only be drawn on requisition (Fig. XIV). GOODS RECEIVED SLIP (10HLJ f^^L. a/^~~. $ f /f ,.c / c <^aSi **~r*j (Jo, d / CCOBY In f-K^ffM^ MESStNG CK 0>["CO S . t .Tto.t /goyc^. (&' *L~S AAILHOAO ,T,T, ..T,Ct /nnnn 'A X l/v Gmv &** / ^ x^W /- i<-<5 ^ x- /A , 2.0 '/J. x ;'A/ / . . /O O O /fo /?**~J ^jr^ /?&<;{, c^ / j. ' / /f X^rM. V / . 7 . . -, i.s (^ 3^-, ^2 ^-, /^i/ ^ / la^t~eL / a ^ (%&. jtt ';a& ^i^J ' FIG. XVIII. The Cost of Production. 57 When stock or goods are received, "goods re- ceived" slips (Fig. XVIII) are made in duplicate by the receiving clerk. Both, originals and dupli- cates, are sent to the inventory clerk who retains the duplicate and sends the original to the pur- chasing department that they may check the invoice. The foundry department will handle pig iron, coke, sand and other material on requisitions (Fig. XIV) just as steel and other material is handled in other departments. The foundry would also make out transfer slips (Fig. XVII) for all good castings sent to the factory. Both in the wood shop and in the foundry there should be card cabinets and cards for a record of the parts made (Fig. XVI). These cards with changes in the operations are the same as those used in the blacksmithing and in the other departments. The foundry has, of course, but two operations, molding, and cleaning or rattling. It is advisable that the transfer slips are not made out until after the castings have been rattled, for then the slips indicate the number of good castings only. It is in the assembling and painting or finishing departments that the most difficulty is met with in maintaining a perpetual inventory. Before installing the system in these departments the The Cost of Production. ASSEMBLY ROOM STOCK SUP .FOREMAN O*TC_ CLOW RCQUIREO FOH . DUC*IPTION TORGI OUT {. /3 <*&~Z-* So /3 /o , /f S3 The Cost of Production. 59 compilation of detail or specification lists will sim- plify the work. For each article of manufacture a complete de- tail or list of parts making up the article should be made out. If more than one article is packed in a bundle or case, make note of this. When the assembly room requires parts from stock the clerk or foreman should make out an assembly room stock slip (Fig. XIX) and send it to the stock-keeper for the goods or parts wanted. These slips (Fig. XIX) are used in a similar way to the requisitions and save all unnecessary clerical work in the assembly room. The store- keeper forwards them each day to the inventory clerk. When the assembling department has bundles, cases, or parts to send to the painting department, transfer slips (Fig. XVII) are made out just the same as in the other departments. These slips are retained in the painting department until the goods are ready for the warehouse when they accompany the goods finished. The warehouse men will note the place of storage on the transfer slips (Fig. XVII) and send them to the inventory clerk. The painting department should draw all mater- ials on requisition the same as any of the other departments. While there is no objection to keeping an individual record either in the paint- 60 The Cost of Production. ing or assembling departments, it is only added labor, for the goods there are so near completion that the inventory clerk's record will always be available and nearly up-to-date. All goods in the assembling and painting or finishing departments must be accounted for at the close of the season or the inventory will not be complete. When the defective goods are returned to the factory they are usually taken apart and the good parts refinished and put in stock again. The clerk whose duty it is to receive these goods should make out "goods received" slips (Fig. XVIII) showing to what departments they are sent for separation. The department separating returned goods sends the parts to other departments on transfer slips (Fig. XVII) and also makes slips for those returned. This method starts the parts through the factory again as new pieces. Such goods as it may be best to keep in the storeroom, including files, twist drills, emery wheels, bolts, nuts and washers, belting and simi- lar material, can be accounted for by using "goods received" slips (Fig. XVIII) for goods received, and requisitions (Fig. XIV) for goods used. Both of these slips go to the inventory clerk. If a separate record of such material is desired toi the stock room itself, a separate cabinet fitted 'The Cost of Production. 61 with cards (Fig. XV) may be kept and thus re- lieve the inventory clerk. These cards may be ruled to include the prices paid for supplies bought outside the factory and stored in the stock room. Such a record will be of material assistance in making up the inventory at the close of the sea- son. It will save that time of the purchasing department usually spent in searching for invoices. These prices may also be entered on the duplicate "goods received" slips. In a large factory one or two extra inventory clerks should be at work constantly verifying the inventory. All parts and pieces in stock should be checked up that the inventory may be accurate. As a result of this accuracy the annual "shut- down" and consequent loss of factory organization is avoided. The factory may be operated con- tinuously barring accidents and unavoidable re- pairs, and an inventory complete and accurate may be made on any day desired. The cards are al- ways within one day of the factory operations. The prices to apply to parts on hand can be secured from your cost records. While this system of perpetual inventory is not necessarily a part of the cost system explained in the preceding chapters of this book, the two sys- tems work well together. 62 The Cost of Production. Changes may be made on the different forms to broaden their application and to apply the sys- tem more closely to the particular requirements of any factory. Such changes will occur to the user from time to time after the system has been put in actual operation. On the back of the requisition (Fig. XIV) may be printed a convenient form of shop order. When the foreman wishes to give the employe a piece of work he fills out the order side of the sheet specifying the size of stock and what it is for. He also makes out the requisition on the front of the slip and hands the card to the workman. The stock-keeper after issuing the stock notes on the card the proper weight and the workman proceeds according to the instructions on the order. When the workman has completed the work called for on the order, it is returned to the fore- man and serves several purposes. It is a fore- man's order and also a requisition for stock. It tells the foreman that the work ordered is com- pleted and it serves as a record not only in the one department but for the inventory clerk as well. The backs of the cards (Fig. XVI) may be used as a record of the piece rate prices paid for differ- ent operations. It makes an admirable operation sheet and the foreman or clerk can use the infor- The Cost of Production. mation in computing prices to be paid for the work performed as shown on the time card (Fig. XVI). _ If these price records be kept on the backs of the cards (Fig. XVI) a total cost of operations may be easily computed and by adding the proper per- centages of expense a close estimate of the cost of any parts in any stage of manufacture can easily be made. This convenience will be greatly appre- ciated when compiling inventory values. Other forms of time cards may be used, but this one (Fig. XX) is recommended for its simplicity. The workman has no writing to do, but simply indicates the time with crosses. Three of the forms iLustrated (Fig's XVII, XVIII and XIX) are for specific purposes and admit of but few if any changes. TIME CARD C-CC. .0 Z.O PIG. XX. 64 The Cost of Production. None of the other forms are arbitrary, but may be changed in any way to more closely cover the requirements of any factory in which the system is introduced. But, when first introducing the sys- tem it is advisable that as few changes be made as possible. WHEN WRITING THE DEPARTMENT MENTION THE NUMBER OF THIS CERTIFICATE CONSULTATION CERTIFICATE 3391 MUSKEGON MICHIGAN CHICAGO This certificate entitles the holder to the advice of any or all of the experts in the DEPARTMENT OF EXPERT SERVICE Such help comprehends not alone mere suggestions for needed systems but complete drawings and working plans 64 The Cost of Production. None of the other forms are arbitrary, but may be changed in any way to more closely cover the requirements of any factory in which the system is introduced. But, when first introducing the sys- tem it is advisable that as few changes be made as possible. ANNOUNCEMENTS We Design and Build Complete Power Plants ^ Electric Installations for Modern Shops & Factories Arnold Electric Power Station Co. ENGINEERS CONTRACTORS Transit Building. Marquette Building. NEW YORK. CHICAGO. PATENTS U. S. and Foreign f M Suits Obtained Jr JT1 A 1^1 L \ M. fcJ Conducted Investigations made and opinions given as to infringement and validity of patents. Reasonable Fees. Personal Attention. Prompt Consideration. WM. NEVARRE CROMWELL, Patent Lawyer, 1003 F St., N. W. Washington, . C. TESTIMONIAL Dr. I. Kitsee, Philadelphia, Pa., the well-known Electrical Expert, Analytical Chemist and Inventor, who alone has filed more than one hundred and fifty applications for patents, says: "Mr. Cromwell has been retained by me for a long time as my attorney and counsellor in patent causes. His work has always been of the highest order, and he has been eminently successful in all my matters." Night Work if continued to any great extent, will surely react both on the condition of mind and body. A man working hard all day should be able to leave his work at the office and spend the evening hours with his family. His constitution requires rest and recreation. Every employer should look into the details of his business and see if there is not a vast amount of wasted energy in the administration. Baker = Vawter Business Systems will absolutely reduce the amount of labor involved in con- ducting your business to a minimum. No matter whether it is a bank, trust company, wholesale store or manufacturing plant. The greater the business, the greater the opportunity to save. Write us for information and we will point out various ways by which you can remove friction and cut your expense account. What we have done for others, we can do for you and we can show you what some of the best known bouses in the country think of our ideas and Systems. BAKER -VAWTE,R COMPANY 139 Washington Street, Chicago, 111. Accountants, Auditors, Devisers of Business S y s t e m s , M a nu f ac t u re rs . Representatives In all principal cltie*. Morton Manufacturing Co. Manufacturers of FINISHED MACHINE KEYS Standard sizes furnished ready to drive. All sizes and shapes of Gib Head, Plain, Tapers, Feathers, and Special Keys. Ala Guilder i of a Full line of Key Seating Machinery, both portable and stationary. Draw Cut Shapers, Port- able Planers and Slotter Planers a specialty. Write for Catalog No. 4. MUSKEGON HEIGHTS, MICHIGAN, U. S. A. Two Books Every Book- keeper Should Use. Burr's Patent Combination Index And Send for Illustrated Catalogue and Price List. Burr's Improved Trial Balance Sheet 'The Burr Index Co., Hartford^ Conn. THE HOGGSON TIME STAMPS PRICE Prints correctly the month, day, hour and minute, cor- $15 cectly timing every act, operation or transaction. Operated without pounding. Complete with die and ink ready for use. Air cushion base. An absolute necessity in every business. In the Department ll Ansiucrcd by Experts" in this issue of "System," tells hoia it "will help you. Write for Catalog. Guaranteed for perfect work and correct time or money refunded. S. H. HOGGSON CO., 267-269 West Seventeenth St, NEW YORK TIME SAVED FOR THE BOOKKEEPER TIME SAVED FOR THE EMPLOYER Progressive Methods are the foundations on which are builded the suc- cessful businesses of yesterday, today and tomorrow. Utilizing the waste, may it be product or time; minimizing the cost, carefully watching the details are the basis of fortunes already made and yet to be made. THE RAZALL LOOSE LEAF SYSTEM is the Progressive Method of handling accounts. It is the system that keeps you in touch with the vital, live, active features of your business and eliminates all deadwood all irritating, unnecessary matter. It is the system both for the employer and the bookkeeper or clerk it saves money for one and time that can be devoted to other profitable work for the other. "SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNTING" is the title of our handsomely illus- trated booklet that tells all about the RAZALL LOOSE LEAF SYSTEM and how it can be applied to your Ledgers and other books. Send for Edition S. M.FREE. The H. G. Razall Mfg. Company CANADA A/TTT WATTKFF WK 217 St. James Street, MONTREAL WILL, W /iu JV,J% W 1&. Fort Pitt Bridge Works CANONSBURG, PA. STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BRIDGES, MILL AND OFFICE BUILDINGS ETC. Deliveries PITTSBURG NEW YORK WHITE METAL AND BRASS Pattern Letters and Figures For patterns for castings. Steel Stamps, Wood and Leather Fillet. Prompt shipments, the best goods and lowest prices. Send for catalog and discount sheet. H. W. KNIGHT & SON, DRAWER 181. SENECA FALLS, N. Y. THE DE FREES THERMOTOR C_ MANUFACTURERS OF Gas and Gasoline Engines HOVEY STREET AND BELT R. R. INDIANAPOLIS, IND. AMERICA'S POSITION IN THE COMMERCIAL WORLD HAS BEEN GAINED LARGELY THROUGH THE EMPLOY- MENT OF LABOR AND TIME SAVING INVENTIONS. The Ness Automatic Telephone System saves the time of foremen, heads of de- partments and the most valuable and ex- pensive men in any business, and is therefore a "cost reducer" of the first order. When you add to this the con- veniance that such a system affords, you will realize how desirable it is for use in every modern business etablishment. No central is required. Each party makes his own connec- tions by merely turning the switch to the desired number. The Switch is automati- cally returned to its home point on replacing the Receiver. This last feature, which is peculiar to our system, is essential to satisfactory service, as it absolutely prevents disar- rangement of the circuits through some party forgetting to disconnect, after ha- ving finished a conversation. Besides the styles shown in cut we have a num- ber of other patterns to choose from. Send for Booklet S. W. The Holtzer- Cabot Electric Co. Chicago Office; jpf Dearborn St. Boston (Brookline} Mass. If interested in Watchman's Time Detectors send for catalogue No. 029 which illustrates and describes our Acme Clocks. HYDRAULIC TOOLS Machinery and Supplies THE WATSON-STILLMAN CO, 204-6-10 East 43d Street, N. Y. Sectional Catalogues Only. ESTABLISHED 1830. THE PLYMOUTH MILLS, PLYMOUTH, MASS. WE MAKE THE BEST DUALITY OF RIVETS, TACKS, NAILS, WASHERS AND BURRS. OUR PRICES ARE RIGHT. LONG DISTANCE PHONE CENTRAL 2448 W. H. SCHOTT Engineer and Contractor SPECIALTIES : CENTRAL STATION HKATING PLANTS WATER WORKS STEAM PLANTS ELECTRIC LIGHT, GAS AND STREET RAILWAY PLANTS 1220-21 MAR^UETTE BLDG., CHICAGO, ILL. NEW YORK OFFICE CHICAGO OFFICE 136 Liberty Street. izji Monadnock Building. THE CUTLER .HAMMER MFG. Co. RHEOSTATS AND ELECTRIC CONTROLLING DEVICES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. MAIN FACTORY AND OFFICES, MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN Oroville When you can buy stock in a mine that is fully developed with thou- sands of tons of good ore on dump and in stopes, equipped with an up-to-date mill that saves all the values; with big dividends in sight, then you are not gambling you are making a safe investment which will bring you in a handsome income. The Oroville Mines, Ltd. , owns such a mine. We can supply some of the stock today at 15 cents per share. We have been telling you about this since the stock sold at 7^ cents. It will go to 50. Better not wait any longer. Oroville Mines, Ltd. S. THORNTON LANGLEY, Secretary-Treasurer. No. 909 Guaranty Building, MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Machine Knives for all uses. Bookkeeper's Eraser. Made of Solid Steel. Actual Length, 6% inches. Tempered for hard service on Clayed Ledger Paper. Prepaid in United States, if you mention the COST OF PRODUCTION for 22 cents in stamps or currency. (No Canada or revenue stamps. ) L. Goes & Co., (INC.) Box 12. Sta. B. WORCESTER, MASS. Every Manufacturing Concern uses Power and Light and must buy engines, boilers, dynamos, gas lamps, belts and the many other supplies necessary for that department. The Power and Lighting Economist tells, in the most concise and plain language, of all the improvements in machinery and methods pertaining to Power and Light. It is "a quarterly view and review of all that may interest users of power and light and supplies therefor." The Economist Directory is a prominent part of the magazine; it contains thousands of addresses of value to the buyer; it puts him i-n touch with the producer and thus saves him money. The peer of many $6 and $10 annuals. For the Busy Man the Economist means a saving of time in reading; saving of money in buying; saving by teaching better methods in the fire room, the engine room, in the transmission of power, in the use of light, etc. , etc. SEND ONE DOLLAR AT ONCE AND HAVE THE ECONOMIST FOR A YEAR. FRANK H. KNOX, Publisher, TROY, N. Y. FRICK COMPANY, ENGINEERS, WAYNESBORO, FRANKLIN CO., PA. Ice Making and Refrigerating Machinery. We furnish complete plants for ice-making and refrige- ration for Breweries, Packing Houses, Cold Storage, etc. All refrigerating capacities, from 2 to 300 tons; ice- making plants from 5 to I ooo tons per day. We publish a book describing Ice-Making and Refrigeration, which will be sent to intending purchasers. Eclipse Corliss Engines Plain Corliss Engines, Cross and Tandem Compound Vertical Corliss Engines. Corliss Engines of any type, 40 to 2000 horse-power, specially adap- ted for electric railway work and lighting for factories, mills and i general work. Best regulation and economy guaranteed. Also builders ' of Steam Boilers. We solicit the furnishing of Steam plants complete, including everything. Send for our Corliss Engine Pamphlet and list of references. T T P Q T? Traction Engine with Friction Clutch, mounted on J_/ J. L O J_j Independent Steel Frame Work and with many special features of walue. Catalog. 17 (^ T T T) Q T? Saw Mills, Portable Engines, Stationery Engines, I . O LJ 1 r O IL Boilers- Catalog. ALSO THE "LANDIS ECLIPSE" SEPARATOR, WIND STACKERS AND ATTACHMENTS, COMPRISING THE BEST AND MOST MODERN MACHINE EVER OFFERED. CATALOG. Frick Company, wavnesboro, p a . SELF FEED RIP SAW REDUCE COST OF PRODUCTION. Put in any planer for $1.75 P er inch of the feeding section. The rubber cushion can be replaced at any time at a nominal expense. Durable as any solid roller. Capacity increased from 50 to 100 per cent, and better results obtained with less waste. Prevents vibration of light stock, which can- not "chatter" against the knife when a thicker piece raises the chip breaker. Holds every thickness equally. Try one and be convinced. G. W. WlLLEBRANDS & BRO. 52 JEFFERSON AVENUE, DETROIT, .-. MICHIGAN ADVICE TO Woodworkers "Self Feed Rip Saws increase a man's labor three fold with less labor to liimself. and is worth in any wood- working establishment, either furniture or planing mill, its cost of purchase price every six months for sizing up tops or ripping, either with gang or single saws." Space on mandrel, 8% inches between saw collars, allows a gang of saws for different widths of stock. Will rip stock six inches thick and by placing saw on outer end of mandrel will take in 18 inches between fence and saw. One feed shaft in front of saw. One in rear has corrugated roller 5% inches long. Hard rubber roller furnished for plain stock if desired. Feed- driven from saw mandrel, to avoid choking down the saw, feed can be stopped by clutch while machine is in motion. Four rates of speed, 35, 75, 100 and 130 lineal feet per minute. Kesaw attachment for beveling without extra cost. Price very reasonable. Inquiries for other wood working machinery xequested. GLEASON'S SECTIONAL PLANER FEED ROLLER I MAKE a specialty of small CIRCULARS, MAILING SLIPS, BOOK- LETS and FOLDERS for inclosure with your regular correspondence. Short, quickly read, pertinent things best capture the attention of the always busy class to whom you look for patronage. A few good cuts if illustra- tions are necessary a crisp, concise, interesting telling of your story, with- out any superfluous padding, may be so combined with a novel and tasteful cover and typographic treatment as to be exceedingly profitable. Would you like to see samples of such work ? If so, and your inquiry suggests possible business, I will be pleased to mail you quite a lot. Acting upon this suggestion and sending for such "Samples" will cost you nothing and commit you to nothing. When writing me, if you happen to have a circular that you very well know is not "up-to-date," why not enclose a copy of it ? and I will gladly suggest a scheme for its betterment with cost of any desired quantity. Postal cards in this connection will not be noticed by FRANCIS I. MAULE, 402 Sansom Street, Philadelphia. FIRST-CL^SS BOILERS. GET OUR PRICES. Engines, Lombard Boilers, Tanks, Stacks, Stand Pipes and Sheet Iron Works, Shaftings, Pulleys, Gearing Boxes, Hangers; Complete Cotton, Saw, Grist, Oil and Fertilizer Mill Outfits; also Gin, Press, Cane Mill and Shingle Outfits. Building, Bridge, Factory, Furnace and Railroad Castings; Railroad, Mill, Machinists' and Factory Supplies. Belting, Packing, Injectors, Pipe, Fittings, Saws, Files, etc. , cast every day. LOMBARD IRON WORKS & SUPPLY CO., FOUNDRY, MACHINE AND BOILER WORKS, Capacity for joo hands. AUGUSTA, GA. Chandler & Farquhar Machine Tools & Supplies for Railroads, Large Shops & Mills. Your orders are solicited. No. 34-38 Federal St. No. 131-133 Congress St. BOSTON, MASS. Waterbury Brass Company WATERBURY, CONN. MANUFACTURERS OF Brass, Gilding Metal, Copper and German Silver (in Sheets, Rolls, Rods, Wire^, Seamless and Brazed 'Tubing, Copper and Brass Rivets and Burs, Measuring Tapes, Metallic Eyelets, & small brass ware of every description. New York, iza-i 30 Center St. Providence, R. I., 131 Dorrance St. , I 53 Eddy St. The Strong, Carlisle & Hammond Co. DEALERS IN Supplies, Tools and Wood and Iron Working Machinery 61-63-65-67 Frankfort St., Cleveland, O., U. S. A. ENNEY UNIVERSAL MOTORS Meet the most exact- i n g requirements o f modern Manufacturing and Industrial establish- ments. Belted, Geared or Direct-Coupled. Open or Dust and Moisture Proof. All Voltages and Speeds. Send for Bulletin No. 176. JENNEY ELECTRIC MFG. CO. IND / N A D Y A P N LIS ' SPURGIN MANUFACTURING CO., inc. CHICAGO, ILL. , U. S. A. MAKING THE "Something Better" Line OF COPYING, FILING AND INDEXING DEVICES. Spurgin's Automatic and Four-in-hand Copying Baths, Ruhher Tipped Copying Cloths, Multi-Letter Files (filing under two finding clues in one operation), Ferret Indexes for Letter-Books (showing subjects of letters), also Patented Currency Straps, Coin Wrappers, etc., etc. Descriptive matter and samples on request. H. E. SKINNER, President. H. H. CLARK, Sec'y-Treasurer. Monarch Belting Once... Monarch Belting Always LET US SUBMIT EVIDENCE SKINNER & CLARK 19 South Canal Street, CHICAGO, ILL. Monarch Leather Belting . Monarch Wood Split Pulleys In The Drafting Room Decrease your cost of production and increase your output by using time and labor-saving instruments invented by Prof. L. F. Rondinella, M. E., 718 Stephen Girard Building, Philadelphia. ONE D T E L TG A L N E GLE INSTEAD OF | TRIANGLES Manufactured by the Lutz Co., Guttenberg, N. J. A Scale of Proportional Inches (Instead of an architect's scale) if you express most sizes in inches. Manufactured by Keuffel & Esser Co. , New York and Chicago. CIRCULARS WILL BE MAILED BY THE INVENTOR OR MANUFACTURERS. WM. R. HARTIGAN COLLINSVILLE, CONN. Manufacturer of All kinds and finishes of Tool Handles, Carriage Spindles and all kinds of Wood Turning to Samples or Draft. Also Hartigan s Champion Egg Opener and Lamp Chimney Stove. All Goods Guaranteed. Send for Prices. NEW WAY GOULDS PUMPS FOR EVERY SERVICE. ECONOMICAL, RELIABLE, DURABLE. Arranged for any power ELECTRIC, WATER GAS OR GASOLINE ENGINE. The Goulds Mfg. Co. Works and Main Offices, SENECA FALLS, N. Y. 16 Murray Street, NEW YORK. 8 Oliver Street, BOSTON. THE GOULD CO., 22 and 24 N. Canal Street, CHICAGO. Cut shows Triplex Po-zver Pump for general service. DO YOU start at the Coal Pile to figure cost of power Have you an idea how much of that coal is effective? (1) Are your engine valves properly set and full power developed for coal consumed ? (2) Is engine working wet steam and wasting energy power ? (3) How about that small item of PACKING ? Cheap packing means friction, wear of rods, loss of power. WE MANUFACTURE (1) IMPROVED ROBERTSON THOMPSON INDICATOR, up-to-date and low in price. (2) HINE ELIMINATOR, separates water from live steam and oil from exhaust steam. (3) "EUREKA" PACKING increases power, lasts the longest, costs one- third less. A 64-page Catalogue for the asking. Jas. L. Robertson & Sons, 204 FULTON ST., N. Y. TURBINES ON HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL SHAFTS RISDON CELEBRATED TURBINE Holvoke Tests \ Fu " Gate 7 A % X Average sts i .8694 -8473 8014. .7601 .8195 ALCOTT HIGH DUTY TURBINE Simple, Durable, Easy Working Gate, Steady Motion. TAYLOR SLEEVE GATE TURBINE Gives Largest Power of any Wheel of same Diameter. RISDON-ALCOTT TURBINE Co. MOUNT HOLLY, NEW JERSEY, U. S. A. FUEL OIL BURNING APPLIANCES OIL FURNACES GAS FURNACES COAL FURNACES ROCKWELL ENGINEERING CO., 26 CORTLANDT ST. NEW YORK. SUCCESS IN MANUFACTURING DEPENDS NOT ONLY UPON ENERGY, BUT EFFICIENT TOOLS. OVER 5000 IN USE Carried in stock by 25 agents. Sent on trial, Edwin E. Bartlett 378 Atlantic Ave. , Boston, U. S. A. NO. 5 PRESS. NO. 3 l / 2 PRESS ON LATHE. The Bullard Machine Company, of Bridgeport, Conn., say: "It gives us pleasure to say that after using a Greenerd Arbor Press for a number of years, we have demonstrated that it makes a great saving in the use of Arbors and in the placing of work thereon, and we can give you no better recom- mendation than the fact that our recent orders to you were such as to equip all our departments with one or more of these presses. ' ' Greenerd Arbor Presses oTUBE'EXPAMRS ?l; SCREW -PUNCHES-, HYDRAULIC PUKCHEs"'. ALHENDERER'S SONS 95 MARYLAND AVE. WILMINGTON. DEL.. U. S. A;l Expansion Bolts in Iron and Brass ALSO TOGGLE BOLTS, S7 J AR DRILLS, AND SPECIAL BRASS BOLTS. CATALOGUE R SENT ON APPLICATION. Steward <>f Romaine Mfg. Company^ 124 North Sixth St., PHILADELPHIA, PA. What is more -valuable than that of your highest priced men and yourself? You put in labor saving machinery; card systems; improved methods. What For? Why not look into the merits as a time saver of a Factory Intercommunicating Telephone system. Write us. EurcKa Electric Co., Chicago, u. s. A. We have over 100,000 EUREKA telephones in service in Independent Exchanges. The Kelly & Jones Co. MANUFACTURERS OF Cast Iron and Brass Valves and Fittings of endless variety and for every requirement, for medium and High Pressures. Specify "KELLY & JONES" goods and write for Catalog. OFFICES: New York Chicago Pittsburg WORKS: Greensburg, Pa. Designs, Working Drawings and Patterns Complete. = FOR SALE: Corliss & High Speed Automatic Engines. Cj3.S Engines, 15 sizes. Horizontal & Marine, both 2 & 4 Cycle. 600 Engines up to 50 HP. in use. Successful Working Engines guaranteed. C. M. GIDDINGS, M. E., Rockford, 111, Collier & Brown Consulting Engineers Atlanta^ Georgia. HEYL & PATTERSON Engineers and Contractors PITTSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA Elevating and Conveying Machinery. Reciprocating Conveyors for transport- ing sand. Feeding and Measuring Devices for the automatic tempering of sand. Elevators and Conveyors of every description. J~\ 1 ' METALLURGIST . JJarlin? CH O EM JII AND O ASSAYER::::: Or MORE THAN FORTY YEARS CONSTANT PRACTICE. Organizer and principal of New England Mining Bureau. Works parcels of ores for proving mine from 100 Ibs. up to a few tons by any and all processes in common use. Determines best methods for working ores and supervises the erection of plants for working ores. 79 SABIN STREET, PROVIDENCE, R. I. SUCCESS FAILURE Great loss or gain too often hinge upon the ability to write a good busi- ness letter in accordance with business forms. Letters of applica- tion miss fire because the writer does not know how to state his qualifications clearly, concisely, effectively. The loss to business houses through bungling correspondence is incalculable. Yet good business letter-writing is easily acquired. In my book "HOW TO WRITE, A BUSINESS LETTER" are given such clear directions and in- formation as will enable any person of average intelligence to cor- respond in a correct, business- like, trenchant style in such way as will secure the desired result. In use in large business houses. Costs you only 25c. stamps or silver. CHAS. R. WIE.RS. BOJT 530 Trenton, N. J. FOR THE OFFICE WE MAKE CARBON PAPER of the best quality only. Buy from the manufacturer. It is put up in PATENT SEALED BOXES and always fresh. Carriage prepaid. Box of 25 sheets, - $1.00 Box of 100 sheets, - $2.50 Samples free. Any color. Typewriter Ribbons for any machine, sample 5oc. Our prices are the LOWEST. There are no better goods at ANY PRICE. FOR THE FACTORY Let us figure on your next order for Manifold Blank Books We print and rule them specially to your order. ::::::: BANK SUPPLY Co. ST. JOSEPH, MICHIGAN, U. S. A. Send for estimates on any business supplies. Hartford Typewriters Price, $6o.OO SIMPLICITY, DURABILITY AND EFFICENCY. TWO STYLES SINGLE OR DOUBLE KEYBOARD. "The Best and most for the Money." The G. P. Thumb Shift Key makes Touch Typewriting Easy. THE HARTFORD TYPEWRITER CO. HARTFORD, CONN. Circular A on application. Guns Projectiles Hydraulic Forgings 10 to 200 Ibs. Lots of 100 or more of a kind Special Machinery in quantities AMERICAN ORDNANCE CO. BRIDGEPORT, CONN. PAUL'S ASTOR (OAK) LIBRARY. No. 16, EXTRA SET. x 9 inches. FOUND AT LAST. Paul's Safety Inks are adopted by all U. S. Government Depart- ments. Do you know we will deliver, express paid, one Astor Library, No. 16, oak, extra set, with No. z Filled, Automatic Safety Ink Wells, one Fluid and one Crimson, $1.00. SAFETY BOTTLE 'AND INK COMPANY 270 Washington Street, Jersey City, N. J. BRANCHES: New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Boston, Baltimore, Buffalo. 'B" OPEN 'B" OPEN 'D" OPEN 'G" SECTION 'N" OPEN Self-Closing, Dust-Proof Oil Cups, also PRACTICAL, Grease Cups. BOWEN MANUFACTURING CO., AUBURN, N. Y. The "HYDRO-CARBON" SYSTEM AI'PL WILL IED TO YOUR STEAM BOILER f~\ ' , f D J,. .. J. ' MATERIALLY REDUCE THE Lv OS f OT lOttUC llOfl by Saving Fuel, increasing Horse Power, Preventing Smoke with less labor and waste REFERENCES FURNISHED. WRITE US FOR PARTICULARS. Steam Boiler Equipment Company of N. T. 2O WEST HOUSTON ST., NEW YORK CITY. BRANCHES at Chicago, Indianapolis, Detroit, PhilaJelfhla and Portland, Malnt WE MAKE DIES General Machine Jobbing, Sheet Metal Stamping, Special Machinery Built. Globe Machine & Stamping Co. A. F. SCHROEDER, SEC'Y AND TREAS. 970-972 Hamilton Street, CLEVELAND, OHIO. GREATEST EFFICIENCY LEVIATHAN BELTING GREATEST ECONOMY MAIN BELTING COM PA NT PHILADELPHIA : CHICAGO : BOSTON : BUFFALO WE. RISE TO A POINT OF ORDER AND OFFER OUR Tool Racks Lathe Pans Lathe Racks Steel Rack Shop Shelving Our shop furniture brings order, cleanliness, tidiness. Our appliances arejire proof. THE NEW BRITAIN MACHINE COMPANY NEW BRITAIN, CONN., U. S. A. THE aim and object of this Journal is to ex- tend such aids to MACHINE WOOD WORKERS as will enable them to thoroughly fit themselves for the highest positions or responsibilities in their chos- en vocation or business. Sent Three Months Grati upon application. This Journal is published by the H. B. SMITH MACHINE Co., of Smithville, N. J., Manufacturers of Wood Working Machinery for all purposes. OUR "SYSTEM IS THE MAKING OF H IGH EST G BADE ENGRAVINGS FOR THE TRADE THAT APPRECIATE THAT THE "BEST IS CHEAPEST IN THE END." ALTHOUGH IT MAY COST MORE AT FIRST GATCHEL 5c MANNING ILLUSTRATORS AND ENGRAVERS 27 TO 41 S. 6TH STREET, PHILADELPHIA Milling Machines and Lathes MANUFACTURED BY The R. K. LeBlond Machine Tool Co. 4800 Eastern Avenue. CINCINNATI, O., U. S. A. No. 2 Universal Milling Machine. It is hardly necessary at this late day to remind you that the proper feeding of boilers receives ever increasing attention in an age when the scaling down of running expenses is a great desideratum in the mechanical world. The Webster Feed Water Heater and Purifier, to go directly to the "root of the matter," seeks to gain your interest by reason of its consummate powers to earn by saving. Its installation in a steam plant of any character, large or small, guarantees along these lines, savings that render it a splendid earner of small dividends upon its first cost. Greatly increased boiler longevity by reason of the quality of the feed water supplied to it. Greatly increased efficiency of the said boiler on the one hand, with greatly reduced fuel consumption on the other. We issue a little book, the mere getting of which may prove an inspiration. Warren Webster & Co., CAMDEN, N. J. SCREWS FOR ELECTRIC GOODS CUTLERY GOODS PLUMBERS' GOODS STOVE TRIMMINGS PIANO HARDWARE BICYCLE FITTINGS HARDWARE S PECI ALTIES SPECIALTIES IN SHEET METAL SPECIAL SCREWS MILLED FROM SOLID ROD ADDRESS ALL CORRE- SPOND KNOB TO BRIDGEPORT. NEW YORK OFFICE, 93 NASSAU ST. TELEPHONE, 4*213 i 'OUT i,* NUT. MANUFACTURED HARVEY HUBBELL, RAILROAD AVE. AND MT. GROVE ST., BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Every user of Machinery of any kind in the mill, shop, foundry is in direct line for an improvement of methods and a decrease in the cost of production by using NORTHERN MOTORS We have already equipped a large number of extensive wood and metal-working plants for complete electric-drive. We will be pleased to submit estimates and plans to anyone interested. Ask for catalogue 268. Northern Electrical Mfg. Company Engineers and Makers MADISON, WIS., U. S. A. ASPHALT RUBBER ROOFING PAINT UNEQUALED FOR Iron, Tin, Steel or Felt Roofs FIRE-PROOF OR WATER-PROOF. World's Fair Award. We are the only Asphalt Rubber Roofing Com- pany awarded Medal and Diploma for Asphalt Rubber Roofing Paint at the World's Columbian Exposition, at Chicago, in 1893. Warranted. A written guarantee of from twelve to twenty years is given with this Paint. Send for Catalogue and Price List. ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR RAILROAD WORK Asphalt Rubber Paint Co. 467 SEA ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. BRANCHES: Baltimore, Md., Philadelphia, Pa., Wilmington, Del., Richmond, Va,. Atlanta, Ga., Alexandria, Va., Norfolk, Va., Newport News,Va. THE C. & G. COOPER COMPANY MT. VERNON, OHIO BUILDERS OF CORLISS ENGINES COMPLETE PLANTS A NEW YORK OFFICE loij Havemeyer Bldg. SPECIALTY. BOSTON OFFICE 411 Weld Bldg. LINE SHAFT COUPLINGS That are Simple, Ejfeftive Easily Attached THE VANDEGRIFT COUPLING CO., Indianapolis, Ind. GEORGE M. BRILL ENGINEER. The engineering of manufacturing plants and the design and improvement of processes for the most economical production is made a specialty in connection with a general engineering practice. 1143 4 Marquette Bldg. CHICAGO, ILL. Chandler & Taylor Company Indianapolis, Indiana. A concern where quality is the first consideration in the manufacture of ENGINES, BOILERS fc? SAW MILLS. ^ Edition Re* d vised and Full Index Added Some Original Systems of Shop Keeping : or : Factory Accounting An Exposition of the Advantages of Account-Keeping by Means of Cards instead of Books, and a Description of Various Mechanical Aids to Factory Accounting This book is designed to give such an exhibition of widely differing systems of cost-keeping now in satisfactory use as will afford any manager, although not himself an accountant, the knowledge needful to an intelligent comparison between his own methods and cost-keeping methods in general. Every step in the use of the several systems is minutely detailed, and when the factory production is separated from the purely commercial operation of dis- posing of the factory product, the commercial books are also described, and in all cases the number of men at work and the number and class of book-keepers, clerks, messengers, time-takers and so on, employed in cost-accounting is given, so that any manager can tell about what he may expect the use of a similar system to cost in his own establishment. 450 Pages Fully Illustrated. PRICE, $5.00 Prepaid. Cloth Binding The Engineering Magazine BEARD BUILDING, MEW GREAT INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES should be fitly represented by the stationery by means of which correspondence with their customers is carried on Dignity, individuality and refined taste are recognized characteristics of letter heads and other forms that contain the watermark "Old Hampshire Bond." This watermark is guaranteed by a reputation as makers of high grade papers extending back to 1866. Write us on your letter head for The Sample Book a work of art. made "a little better than seems necessary" by Hampshire Paper Company SOUTH HADLEY FALLS, MASSACHUSETTS This is a sample of Cafe' Old Jfnmpslu're Tiond Th,- tamp/* I-.'.-/; than* tki* color ,m,i t-.v.-lvf ///.r.c THE COST TO YOU of Old Hampshire Bond will be some- what more than that of other papers it may cost you some more than the paper you are now using. It costs more because it is better it is better because better materials enter into its produc- tion, and its makers are specialists in the making of Bond Papers. The Sample Book we refer to on another page is well worth sending for. It contains specimens of printed letter heads, bill heads and other forms on the white and twelve colors of Old Hamp- shire Bond, all forming a collection of great value as suggestions to any house that uses printed stationery. The Sample Book is free if you write on your letter head. made "a little better than seems necessary" by Hampshire Paper Company SOUTH HADLEY FALLS, MASSACHUSETTS This is a sample of Cafe'Old Hampshire Bond The sample book nhnwi: this color and twelve others -- multiplication the Comptometer is four times as rapid, and for twice as rapid as 1/1/1 1'tirktl the most expert duuiiiun mcntal compute p r In hundreds of Railroad and Insurance offices it is saving the salary of several clerks for each Comptometer in service, and accounts are being kept which it would not pay to keep if the computation had to be done mentally. Used by Accountants and Engineers in all lines of business. In the United States Navy Department over 85 Comptometers arc used on Engineer- ing Computation. Nearly one thousand manufacturing and commercial firms after buying one Compto- meter have ordered a second one, and scores have purchased and use in their accounting rooms from 10 to z; each. It insures accuracy. No lever to operate; simply touching the keys does it all. Simple, light, compact and durable. Many thousands in use. Foots scattered items just as conveniently as regular columns. Wrltt far full discriftitn and iixtj days' trial offer. FELT & TARRANT MFG. CO. 53 to 56 Illinois Street, Chicago. THE COST OF PRODUCTION Necessarily includes the cost of operating and main- taining the system of heating and ventilating used. "THE FAN STSTEM OF HEATING' STANDS TODAY AS THE BEST AND MOST ECONOMI' <*L. Mechanical Draught Fans We build only THE BEST in design, material and workmanship Steam Fan "Hot Blast" Coil WRITE US FOR ESTIMATES AND INFORMATION Massachusetts Fan Company State Street Boston, Mass. BEMENT, MILES & Co., Niles-Bement-Pond Co., Successor BUILDERS OF Improved Iron and Steel Working Machinery, Including Steam Hammers, Hydraulic Presses, Riveters, Etc. PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. KEYSTONE ELECTRIC COMPANY DIRECT CURRENT GENERATORS 1 TO l.OOO K. W. MOTORS 1 TO 4OO H. P. ERIE, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A. High Candle Power Arc Lamps ...For... Photo - Engraving, Blue Printing and Duplicate Card Printing CHAS. J. BOGUE, 210 CHESTNUT ST., NEW YORK ELECTRIC TRAVELING CRANES ALL KINDS OF CRANES ELECTRIC AND AIR HOISTS NORTHERN ENGINEERING WORKS DETROIT, MICH. "BOSS" Power Hammer BLACKSMITHS WAGON SHOPS BUGGY FACTORIES CUTLERY WORKS SAW FACTORIES FILE WORKS RAILROAD SHOPS MINES MADE IN DUBUQUE HIGH- GRADH AND LOW PRICE. DUBUQUE MACHINE CONCERN DUBUQUE, IOWA, U.S. A. A CLEAN MAN WANTS A DESK PAD that will not dirty his clothes or be un- sightly on his desk. Cut explains. Clennable with a damp cloth. SIZES 19x26 inches. 20x30 inches. PRICES $1.00. fi-25- Most unique desk pad on the market. Has leatherette surface to match oak, birch, cherry or mahogany desks. Lasts lifetime. Order at once, name finish wanted. Combines interest and postal table, measure, pen rack and memorandum clips. The Meyercord-Batterman Co.. Office Specialties. CHICAGO, ILL. COST OF PRODUCTION and its REDUCTION One sure way for MACHINE SHOPS to effect this is to throw out the old fashioned forged lathe and planer tools and adopt the Armstrong system of Tool Holders, using inserted cutters of self- hardening steel. Writt fur Catalogue. Armstrong Bros. 'Tool Co. "The Tool Holder People." CHICAGO, U. S. A. The Burley Heater Co. TYRONE, PA. Manufacturers of Steam and Hot Water Heaters and Grey Iron Castings of every description. Estimates fur- nished on application. Our IQO2 Catalogue will soon come from the press. IT ILLUSTRATES Everything for Office and Factory We have the largest line and are the only firm that will take your entire contract for office and factory supplies. Safes, Vaults, Scales, Trucks and Barrows. One order to us saves time and money. No order too large for our capacity and none too small for our best attention. Best goods lowest prices. Estimates and catalogs promptly furnished. Salesman and dealers wanted for our triangular trucks. The WELLS MFG. AND SUPPLY CO. WINCHESTER, INDIANA, U. S. A. NAME PLATES THAT ATTRACT ATTENTION, BY THEIR SHARP CLEAR CUT APPEARANCE AND FINE FINISH. We make by a special process the finest quality of work, at reasonable prices. Mechanically and artistically superior to stamped or cast plates. MAKERS OF MEMORIAL TABLETS, NAME PLATES, DECORATIVE METAL, GLASS AND MARBLE WORK, DIALS AND SCALES FOR CLOCKS AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS. WE INVITE YOUR INQUIRY. TERRY-ACKLEY COMPANY 571-573 HUDSON STREET, NEW YORK Any man interested in factory costs can- not do himself or his factory a better service than simply to write Mr. Morse Mr. Morse is one of our experts a spe- cialist on factory systems. . You can tell him of any part of your factory work that is bothering you, and he will suggest the systems that will stop the bother. Write to him now, even if but curiously. Learn at our expense if he can help you. You can address him in our care. THE SHAW-WALKER CO., MUSKEGON, MICH. Dividend Makers HAND POWER ANGLE AND EYE BENDING TOOLS Perfect hooks and eyes. Angles bent quickly and easily. Shipped on ap- proval. Send for Catalogue No. 8. WALLACE SUPPLY CO. 618 Garden City Blk, CHICAGO. MANVILLE COVERING CO. MANUFACTURERS OF STEAM PIPE AND BOILER COVERINGS WESTERN REPRESENTATIVES OF THE H. W. JOHNS MFG. CO. ASBESTOS GOODS, ROOFING MATERIALS ELECTRICAL GOODS, SHINGLE STAINS FIRE-PROOF PAINTS, ETC., ETC. Chicago. 21710231 Clybourn St., Milwaukee, Wis. St. Louis. W. F. & JOHN BARNES Co. MANUFACTURERS Upright. Drills Most Complete Line on the Market 8" Swing to jo" Swing. ROCKFORD, ILL. U. S. A. The Cargill Manifold Invoice Book MAKES LIFE EASY FOR THE BOOKKEEPER AND SAVES MONEY FOR THE EMPLOYER No Copying. You Post Diredt. You know every night, every week, every month, just how much business you are doing. You can use pen or pencil. You never forget to make out a bill the book won't let you. Booklet with prices and particulars for the asking. Grand Rapids Engraving Co. GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN Standard of the World For desk use our No. 21 5 has no equal. Our wiring system allows in- stant communication with the station desired. No springs to get out of order. The only telephone that can be placed inside of a desk without being in the way of a busy man. Our No. 2 1 8 is a very convenient Wall Set Handsome, compact and requir- ing small space. Made with double pole receiver and plati- num contact bell. Can be used at terminal stations, or in con- nection with plug board and annunciator. Ericsson's are used all over the world. Ericsson's always give satisfaction. Send for our pamphlet on inter- communicating systems, and references from those now using them. Ericsson Telephone Co. 296 BROADWAY, : : : NEW YORK CITY M 1850 JET THE BEST IS THE CHEAPEST JS 1902 USE BROWN'S "LINEN LEDGER AND RECORD" papers for Blank Books. "ALL LINEN" papers for Typewriting, Correspondence, Etc. "BOND AND PARCHMENT" papers for Policies, Deeds, Etc. "GENUINE HAND-MADE" papers for Drawing, Water Color Painting, Edition de Luxe, Etc., Etc. Send for Samples. Each Sheet is water-marked with Name and Trade-Mark. Look for it. L. L. Brown Paper Co., ADAMS, MASS., U. S. A. THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW. Series 9482 JSJSffilS! REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 000 733 791 8