'LIBRARY UNlv .RSfTY SAN DIEGO presented to the UNIVERSITY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO by MRS. HELEN K. HULL THE COMBINED SPANISH METHOD. A NEW PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL SYSTEM OF LEARNING THE CASTHIP LANGUAGE, EMBRACING THE MOST ADVANTAGEOUS FEATtJEES OF THE BEST METHODS. PBOHOflKCING VOCABULARY, CONTAINING ALL THE WORDS USED IN THE COURSE OF THE WORK, AND REFERENCES TO THE LESSONS IN WHICH EACH ONE IS EXPLAINED, THUS ENABLING ANY ONF. TO BE HIS OWN INSTRUCTOR. BY ALBERTO DE TORNOS, A.M., FOBMERLY DIRECTOR OP NORMAL SCHOOLS IN SPAIN, AND NOW TE.VCITEB OP SPANISH IN THE NEW TORK MERCANTILE LIBRARY, NEW YORK EVENING niGII SCHOOL, AND THE POLYTECHNIC AND PACKEE INSTITUTES, BROOKLYN. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 90, 93 & 94 GRAND STREET. 1869. ENTEEED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by D. APPLETON & COMPANY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. NOTICE. A Key to the Exercises of this Grammar is published in a separate volume. PREFACE. IT is an undoubted fact that in teaching, not only lan- guages, but any other science or art, there neither is, nor can be, any other method than that of uniting theory with practice ; and the various modes of applying the one to the other, the extent of the application, .and the time at which it should be commenced, have produced the great number of methods hitherto published. This fact is now universally acknowledged, and each new author proclaims himself to be the only one who has put it into execution. The most insignificant little phrase-book does not fail to announce, in its introduction, that it com- bines theory and practice / and grammars containing noth- ing more than confused masses of rules, heaped one upon another, are entitled " Theoretical and Practical" It is admitted on all hands that much progress has been made within the last few years in the art of teaching languages ; and, in testimony of this, we have only to mention the ex- cellent oral and practical methods of Jacotot, Manesca, Ollen- dorif, Boulet, Robertson, and others who have -followed in their footsteps, all of which are ably treated, and have done much good in their way. But each one of the grammarians referred to, satisfied with his own invention, looked with disdain upon that of his predecessor. Hence the enmity PREFACE. and the almost unaccountable diversify of opinion which we observe amongst them. Had they studied each other with impartiality, and endeavored to profit by the experience and even the defects of the several systems, their labors would certainly have been attended with still more favora- ble results, and of course more considerable benefit would have accrued thereby to the art in general. Numberless points of excellence are to be found, scattered here and there, throughout the various ancient and modern systems, and chiefly those already alluded to; and it has been thought that, if carefully sifted out and judiciously com- bined, they would form a new method which would be in details essentially superior to any of the old ones. This conviction, joined to twenty years' experience in teaching the Spanish language, sometimes through the medium of one, sometimes of another of the before-men- tioned systems, has led the author to prepare and publish the COMBINED METHOD, which he now offers to those desir- ing to learn the noble language of Cervantes. Whether he has successfully attained his object, the pub- lic will decide. OBSERVATIONS SOME OF THE ADVANTAGEOUS FEATURES OF THE "DE TORNOS'S COMBINED METHOD." 1st. THE advantage of presenting the verb as the first and principal part of speech, which serves as the axis upon which all the other parts revolve. These, too, have been introduced in their turn, not in grammatical order, nor by mere chance, but in the logical and natural order in which they occur in discourse, whether written or spoken. 2d. That of explaining these parts of speech in the order just mentioned, not in an isolated manner, but united to form/ a homogeneous whole, and in such a way that the learner will have no difficulty in finding the explanation relative to the use of each one of them respectively, as often as occasion may require. 3d. These explanations, which embrace the whole theory, and form a complete grammar of the language, are separate from and independent of the exercises ; the latter being com- posed in strict accordance with the examples accompanying each lesson, in such a manner that those unacquainted with grammar in general, and those who have no desire to enter into the theory of the language, or, finally, those who are too young or too old to learn grammar, may acquire a thorough conversational knowledge of Spanish, by merely committing to memory the Vocabulary, studying the Compositions, and care- fully writing the Exercises. 4th. From the arrangement alluded to, arises another great advantage, namely, all the elements are found in the vocabu- lary of each lesson, separated and detached from the examples and rules given in the explanation ; thus enabling the student to see at one glance all that he has to commit to memory for each recitation. vi OBSERVATIONS. 5th. And this division of the lessons into Elements, Compo- sition, Explanation, Version, and Exercise, enables the teacher to divide each lesson into two, three, or even four parts, accord- ing to the age and capacity of the learner. 6th. Repetition, and constant repetition, is indispensable for acquiring any language ; but by repetition should not be under- stood the simple reiteration of single words and easy phrases ; but repetition of the idioms, and of those forms of expression differing most widely from the idiomatical construction of the learner's native tongue. It is true, that though this is the proper plan for acquiring a thorough knowledge of a language, that feature might tend to make the present work appear, at first sight, more difficult than the books hitherto used ; but such will not be found the case ; for when there is frequent change of matter there cannot be monotony ; and variety ren- ders study at the same time easy and agreeable. This repetition, then, of useful forms of expression, and contrast of idiom, will be found in every pa^e of our " COMBINED METHOD," in which it has been our endeavor to introduce gradually and with the necessary explanations of each, the most important idioms of the Spanish language. 7th. Although we are of opinion that to learn a language, and, above all, to learn to pronounce it, it is always preferable to have the assistance of a skilful teacher, and one who speaks his native tongue with purity and correctness ; yet, a? it is not always possible to procure such, we have placed at the end a Vocabulary, containing all the words used in the course of the work, and the pronunciation of each, so that nothing may be wanting to second the efforts of those who, from choice or necessity, may be their own instructors. 8th. The Vocabulary, besides giving the pronunciation and meaning of the words, indicates the lesson in which the expla- nation of each has been given in the Grammar. By this means the learner can with easo refer to the explanation of all those words of which it has been deemed essential to give one. CONTENTS. PREFACE A FEW REMARKS OK THE COMBINED METHOD, . . v V1 . vii-xvi CONTENTS, . ... PRELIMINARY LESSON ON ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION, KVLK LESSON I. 1 1. Ecgular verbs, classified in three conjugations, .... o Roots ***" 3.' Terminations of the three model verbs, corresponding to all the regular verbs, 2 . Suppression of the nominative pronouns, . ... 4. V. (Vsied) requires the verb in the third person, 3 LESSON II. 5. Senor, senorito, senora, senorita, use of these words, .... 6. Don and Dona, use of these words, 7. No, placed before the verb, ..... 5 LESSON III. 8. The conjunction y changed into e, .7 9. Que, interrogative pronoun, . 10. Sine. When but is to be translated by sino, 7 11. Pen. When but is to be translated by pero, ..... 7 12. Espanol, ingles, &c., one word may belong to different parts of speech, , 7 LESSON IV. 13. A, preposition to, used after active verbs, when the object is a person, . 10 14. De, used to express position or the material of which any thing is made, . 10 15. El, the article the, used to determine a noun masculine singular, . . 10 . Contraction of the article d and the prepositions a and de into at, del, . 10 16. Un, the indefinite pronoun used before masculine nouns, ... 10 . Uao is only used as a numeral adjective, ...... 10 LESSON V. 17. Gender, how ascertained, ....... 13 . Tna, used before feminine nouns, ....... 13 IS. Tow, how translated, ........ 13 Vlll CONTENTS. LESSON VI. ECU PACK 19. The terminations of the persons of the present indicative ; how they differ in the three conjugations, ........ 1C 20. Muy, how translated, ........ 16 21. Nouns ending in o change that vowel into a for the feminine, . . .17 LESSON VII. 22. Adjectives ending in o, an, or on form their feminine in a, . . . Adjectives signifying nationality and ending in a, . . . .20 . Adjectives are generally placed after their nouns, .... 20 . Adjectives used metaphorically are always placed before the nouns, . . 20 . Some adjectives drop their last letter or syllable, .... 20 LESSON VIII. 23. The endings of the second and third conjugations, how they differ, . . 23 2-1. The conjunction 6 when changed into ,..... 23 25. 2V7, how translated, ......... 23 26. The plural of nouns, . . . . . . . 23 27. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case, . . 24 28. The article agrees also, ........ 24 . Feminine nouns that take the masculine article, . . . . .24 23. The neuter article lo, ........ 24 LESSON IX. 30. Papa, mama, pie, are exceptions, ....... 27 31. Nouns which are not monosyllables and end in s, their plural, . . 28 . Words ending in z, their plural, . . . . . .28 32. Words which are compounds of two nouns, their plural, ... 28 33. The days of the week, when they take the article, . . . .28 31. Donde, adonde, cuando, placed before the verb, .... 28 33. Donde, adonde, cuando, in interrogations require an accent, . . .28 LESSON X. 36. Irregular verbs. . . . . . . . . . 31 . Tmer not included in the seven verbs, . . . . .31 . Objective case of the third person U, los, la, la$,lo,. . . . "1 37. TM and fe, the difference between them, . . . . . "2 . It and so are translated sometimes by lo, . . . . 32 38. Qiiien, mal, que, de qnicn. used interrogatively do not take the article, . 32 39. When the interrogative is governed by a preposition, the same preposition must be repeated in the answer, ....... <32 LESSON XI. 40. Alr/vien, alyimo, the difference between them, . . . . .35 . Any one or any liody, when translated by cualquiera, ... 35 41. A'ad/e, ninrrimn, their distinction, ....... 35 42. Alguno and ninrr>ino, when they lose the o, . . . . 36 43. Alyo, aJfjuna cosa, used affirmatively, . . . . .36 CONTENTS. ix BCLK PAOB 44. Nada, ninyima cosa, used negatively, ...... 36 45. Negatives, when placed before the verb, . . . . . .36 . Two negatives render the negation more emphatic than one, . . 36 40. A or an, when not translated, ....... 36 LESSON XII. 47. Tener and haber, their distinction, ...... 39 . To have and to be, followed by an infinitive, how they are translated, . . 39 48. Preterit Indefinite, ......... 40 LESSON XIII. 49. Mo, tnyo, &c., change the o into a for the feminine, . . . .43 50. Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the name of the thing possessed, ......... 43 51. As pronominal adjectives, mio, tuyo, suyo precede the noun and drop their final syllable, ...... . . . . . . . .43 52. 3fio, when placed after the noun, ' . . . . . 44 53. Possessives used as pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns they represent, and take the article, . . . . . .44 54. When used indefinitely they take the neuter article, ... 44 53. When connected with the verb to be, the article is omitted, . . .44 56. Yu&tro, vuestra, when used, ....... 44 LESSON XIV. 57. Formation of compound numbers, . . . . . . .48 58. Numbers are indeclinable, except uno and the compounds of tiento, . 48 59. I'no, its agreement ; when it loses the o, . . . . .48 60. Ciento, its agreement ; when it loses the last syllable, . ' . . 48 LESSON XV. 61. Ordinals, their agreement and place, . . . . . .51 . Primero and tercero, when they drop their final letter, ... 52 62. Ordinals, when used, ... . . . . . .52 . N. B. When ordinals do not require the definite article, ... 52 LESSON XVI. 63. Preterit Definite, 56 64. Ante, its meaning, . ... . . . 65. Mas and menos, how used, ........ 57 LESSON XVII. 66. Quien, how used, .... 67. Who, when translated by que, and when by quien, . . . .61 68. Cual and , lay. $, fi, ain-yay. o, c, thay. O, o, 0. cn, cli, cliay. P, P, pay. D, a, day. Q, q, Icoo. E, c, ay. R, r, air-ray. F, f, ay-fay. S, 8, aysay. G, ft hay. 1, t, tay. II, h, at-chay. U, 11, 00. I, i, e. V, v, vay. J, j, liotali. X, x, aykiss. !>, 1, a-lay. Y, y, c-grce-ay'-gah. LL, H, ail-yay. Z, Z , thay -tali. M, m, aymay. XVlll PRELIMINARY LESSON. All the letters are invariable in sound, except c and g, which have each two sounds, as will he seen in the proper place; and every letter is pronounced in all positions, except the A, which is always silent, and the u, which is not sounded in the sylla- bles gue, gui, and que, qui. So that, with a few exceptions, the Spanish language is pronounced exactly as it is written, and does not present those difficulties met with in the orthography and pronunciation of most other languages. The system of representing, in each les- son, the pronunciation of each word by an incorrect orthography only augments the doubts and labor of the learner, besides in- creasing unnecessarily the size of the work ; one lesson of an hour's duration w 7 ith a native Spanish teacher will do more to\s'ard the acquisition of a pure Castilian pronunciation, than all the w r orks that could be written on the subject. As the English vowels differ in sound from those of all other languages, great care ought to be taken to learn the true sound of the Spanish vowels ; they are : a, e, i, o, u. ah, ay, e, 0, oo. Y is sometimes a vowel. (See the letter Y.) A has an invariable sound, as heard in the words art, father ; as, arte, padre (not varying as in the English words fare, fat, far, fall, swallow, many, courage, mustard). E has the sound of a in made ; as, hccho. I sounds like the first e in even ; as, ingles. (See letter Y.) O is pronounced like the English o in the word ode ; as, amo. TJ sounds as the English u in bull; as, bula: it is silent in the syllables gue, gtd, guerra, except it has a diaeresis marked over it, agilero. In the syllables que, qui, it is always silent. SOUNDS OF THE CONSONANTS. B has the same sound as in English ; but in Castile and Aragon (where in other respects the Castilian language is most PRELIMINARY LESSON. xix purely spoken and pronounced), they do not press the lips quite so close as the English do, which causes it very frequent- ly to be confounded with the v, although they are distinct letters, and should be pronounced as in English. O, when followed by a, o, ^l, or any consonant, sounds like k ; before e and /, it sounds like tli in thanks ; as, gracias, lec- cion, caballero. (See letter Z.} CH is not a double consonant, but a letter which, although of a double form, has by itself a particular denomination and sound ; it is pronounced like ch in chess ; as, chico, chocolate. Formerly, in words of Hebrew and Greek origin, it had the sound of 7t, when the vowel following it was marked with the circumflex accent ; as, archangel, chimica : but this practice is obsolete, and such words are now written arcangel, qu'miica. D is pronounced like the English d, except when found be- tween two vowels or at the end of words, when it sounds softer than the English d, like th in the article the, but not like th lisped, as in thin, as Madrid (like the), not Maclrfg (like thin) ; TJstec? (like the), not Ustez (like thin). This lisped pronunciation on the d is considered vulgar. F is always proiounced like the English/, and is now used instead ofph ; as, Filosofia, Filadelfia, instead of Phtlosophia, Philadelphia. G has two distinct sounds : one, before a, o, u, or a conso- nant, is the same sound as in English go, good', as, gato, gra- cias : before e and i it has another strong, guttural, aspirated sound, for which the English has no equivalent, and which even a very strongly aspirated h, as in the words hot, holy, does not represent ; as, gente, people ; gesto, gesture ; gigante, giant. H is never pronounced in the Spanish language ; as, hace, higo, pronounced as if no such h were there. It is, properly speaking, only a sign used to mark the etymology of words, and is now omitted in many words in which it was formerly used ; as, Cristo, Filosofia, Teatro, Pitdgoras, Filadelfia. XX PRELIMINARY LESSON. This letter is always written before tbe words that begin by ue and ie, and here it has a very soft, almost imperceptible, aspiration ; as, httevo, egg; hueso, bone; huesped, guest ; 1-. iron ; hielo, ice : but great care must be taken not to pronounce it too strong, as the lower classes of certain provinces do, pro- nouncing juevo, or guevo ; jueso, or gileso, which is considered vulgar. J has always an aspirated guttural sound, like that which the g has before e and /, and is written before the vowels a, o, ?,', instead of the letter ce, which formerly represented the same aspirated sound ; as, Alejandro, Alexander ; Don Quijote, Doa Quixote. L always sounds as in English. LL is, like the ch, a single letter, although of double form, which therefore cannot be divided at the end of a line. It lias a liquid sound, resembling that of the English U in William, brilliant; as, Guillermo, brillante. 1M, N, and P have the English sound. N is always pronounced like ni in the English word pinion. Q is pronounced like the English k before ue and iti, in which combination alone it is now used ; in all other positions it has been replaced by c ; as, cuando, cama, comer, quien, querer. R, .when single, is sounded soft, as in English; a?, qucrido, oro: and when double, or at the beginning of a word, and when it comes after Z, n, or s, or in compound words, in which the second begins by r, it is pronounced with a very strong rolling sound ; as, reloj, malrotar, enriquecer, Israel, prerogati- va, maniroto, cariredondo, &c. & is pronounced like the English s in say ; as, sablo, wise ; solo, alone ; senor, sir. T is pronounced as in English. V has the sound of the English v. (See letter J?.) PRELIMINARY LESSON. XXI X has the sound of the x in the English word tax ; as, exdmen, extrangero. It no longer represents its former guttu- ral sound, as has been observed. (See letter 7i) Some replace it by the letter s, when it comes before a consonant, and write estrangero instead of extrangero. The grammar of the Span- ish Academy does not authorize this practice. Y is a consonant letter, but use makes it serve as a vowel when it stands alone, used as a copulative conjunction (meaning and] ; it is also used instead of the vowel i, in the combinations at, ei, ui at the end of a word ; as, verdegay, rey, ley, convoy, muy. When used in its proper place, that is to say, as a conso- nant, it has the same sound in Spanish as in the English words young, year. Z has always the sound of th, as heard in thank, bath. Such syllables only will be noted here as may be subject to doubt as to the pronunciation and orthography. ca, Jsah. quo, Tcay. qui, l-ee. CO, led. cu, 00. za, tliah. ce, thay. ci, thee. zo, tho. zu, thoo. az, ath. ez, aith. iz, eeth. oz, oth. uz, ooth. gah. gay- ghee. go, go. goo. hah. hay. hce. Jo, ho. hoo. ya, ye. yi. yo. This sound cannot be properly represented in English. (See letter T). cha, tcJiciJi. che, tchay. ehi, tehee. cho, tcho. chu, icAo<2. XX11 PRELIMINARY LESSON. lla, lyaJi. lie, lyay. 115, lyee. lib, lyo. Uu, lyoo. Da, nyah. fie, nyai. fii, nye. no, nyo. fin, nyoo. cua, Tcwah cue, Tcway. cui, Tcwee. cuo, kwv. gwah. gue, gway. gui, gwee. guo, gwo. DIPHTHONGS. ai, as in dabcw's, dah'-fiah-eess. You gave. ay, " hay, ah'~e. There is. au, u pawsa, pah'-oo-sa. Pause. ei, (( veis, vai'-eess. You see. ey, " ley, lai'-e. Law. ea, u Hnea, U'-nai-a. Line. eo, (( virgineo, veer-Tie' -nai-o. Virginal. eu, u dewda, dai'-oo-da. Debt. ia, u gracia, grah' -tJie-a. Grace. ie, (( cMo, tlie-ai'-lo. Heaven. io, u precz'0, prai' -the-o. Price. iu, u ciwdad, the-oo-dath'. City. oe, " h6roe, ai'-ro-ai. Hero. oi, u sois, so'-eess. You are. oy, (C voy, vo'-e. I go. ua, u fragwa, frah'-gwa. Forge. ue, u dwefio, doo-airi-yo. Owner. ui, (( rui&o, roo-e'-do. Noise. v y, muy, moo'-e. Very. uo, (C ardm ar'-doo-o. Arduous. 10,1, ui, uai, uay, uey, TRIPHTHONGS. as in -prcciais, prai-tlie-aJi' -eess. " vacms, santigtmzs, Paraguay, bwy, vah-the-ai'-eess. . san-te-giraJi'-eess. pah-rali -rjiraJi'-c. a7i.-rai-re-ffwai'-ccss. "bwai'-e. PRELIMINARY LESSON. XX111 ^Whenever one of the vowels is accented (generally the i and ), these combinations do not form diphthongs, because each vowel belongs then to a separate syllable ; as, kia, varia, efecttia, &c. And in poetry the diphthongs as well as the triphthongs may be divided into different syllables by a di- seresis, when the verse requires an additional syllable, as : " si rodeo tal vez, For el Istmo de Siicz," ACCENTS. "Words that end in a consonant are accented on the last syllable ; as, virtud, virtue ; hablar, to speak ; fusil, gun ; papel, paper. Words that end in a vowel are accented on the penultimate ; as, banco, bench ; mesa, table ; libra, book. Of course we need not put any written accent on the last syllable, when it ends in a consonant ; nor on the next to the last, when it ends in a vowel, because the fact of ending in any of these letters is a sufficient mark where to lay the stress of the voice. The written accent is used only over the words that do not follow the above two general rules, to show they are excep- tions ; as, papa, papa ; periddico, newspaper ; lapiz, pencil ; lunes, Monday ; martes, Tuesday ; miercoles, "Wednesday, *tc. REMARKS. Monosyllables having only one signification are never ac- cented ; as, pan, mal. But monosyllables or any other word having more than one signification should be accented when they are more slowly pronounced ; as, mi, me ; mi, my ; tti, thou ; tu, thy ; el, he ; el, the, &c. The vowels a, e, 6, ft, when used alone are always accented. The verb is an exception to what has been stated about the accent, since many persons of it, in different tenses, have the stress of the voice on the syllable next to the last, although they end in a consonant ; as, hablan, they speak ; compraron, XXIV PRELIMINARY LESS OX. they bought, &c. ; and although this may be an exception, it is not customary to place the written accent over them as is done in the case of other words. The employment of the written accent in the verbs is now generally confined to the first and third persons singular, and first person plural of the perfect indicative, and every person of the future indicative. If one or more pronouns of the dative or accusative case be affixed to an unaccented person of a verb, the syllable on which the stress falls should be marked with the accent ; as from busca, btiscalo, buscaselo ; from venda, vendalo, vendaselo. PUWCTUATIOSf. The marks arc the same as in English, and are similarly applied, excepting those of interrogation and exclamation, which both precede and succeed the sentence; the former it should be remarked are inverted. Ex., j Como estd V. ? / Oh, si V. supiera ! DE TOKITOS'S SPANISH GRAMMAR, LESSON I. REGULAR VERBS. First Conjugation. Hobl-ox. | To speak. INDICATIVE PEESEXT. Yo habl-o. I speak. Tu habi-as. Thou speakest. El or ella habl-a. He or she speaks. Usted (V.) habl-a. You speak. Nosotros, or ) Nosotras, f ^bl-amos. "We speak. Vosotros, or ) , -r 7 t nabl-ais. Vosotras, J You speak. Ellos, or ellas, habl-an. They speak. Ustedes (Vds.) habl-an. You speak. Si (adverb). Yes. No No, or not. Seiior. Sir. COMPOSITION. 6 Habla V. ? Si, senor, yo hablo. 4 Hablan Vds. ? 1 Do you speak ? Yes, sir, I speak. Do you speak ? LESSON I. No, seuor, cilas hablan. 6 Hablais vosotras ? No, sefior, cllos hablan. No, senor, ella no habla. 6 Hablas tu ? No, seuor, el habla. 6 Habla V. ? Si, senor, hablo. 6 Hablan ellas ? No, scuor, no hablan. e Hablamos nosotros ? Si, seuor, hablamos. f, Ilablais vosotras ? Nosotras no hablarnos. No, sir, they speak. Do you speak ? No, sir, they speak. Does she speak ? No, sir, she does not speak. Dost thou speak ? No, sir, he speaks. Do you speak ? Yes, sir, I speak. Do they speak ? No, sir, they do not speak. Do we speak ? Yes, sir, we speak. Do you speak ? We do not speak. EXPLANATION. 1. REGULAR VERBS. All the verbs of the Spanish language have their endings, in the infinitive mood, either in ar, er, or >; hence their classification in three conjugations: 1st, those ending in ar; 2d, those ending in er; and 3d, in ir\ as, habl-ar, aprend-er, escrib-ir. 2. ROOTS. The letters before the terminations ar, er, ir, in the preceding verbs, are habl, aprend, escrib, and are called the roots. 3. TERMINATIONS. All regular verbs of the first conjugation vary the endings in their respective tenses, so as to correspond with those of the verb lidbl-ar\ all those of the second conjuga- tion correspond to the terminations of aprend-er ; and all those of the third correspond to escrib-ir. Consequently, when the student has learned how to conju- gate one of the regular verbs of each conjugation, lie can con- jugate all the regular A'erbs of the Spanish language (about 8,000). For this reason we recommend the scholars to devote their attention, in the first place, to committing to memory the different moods and tenses of these three model verbs. They will be found complete at the end of the book. The terminations of the verbs being different for each per- son, as well in the plural as in the singular number, the nomina- tive pronouns are ordinarily dispensed with, and arc only usc-1 LESS ONI. 3 to give emphasis ; except the pronoun Usted, which must always be expressed. Usted, meaning You, is a contraction from vuestra merced, Your Honor ; and, being a title, its omis- sion would be considered impolite. 4. You. In addressing an individual in Spanish, the third person is used with the pronoun Usted: as, Usted habla, you speak ; the second person is employed only in speaking to rela- tives or intimate friends. CONVERSATION AND VERSION. 1. ^Hablan ellas? Si, seflor, ellas hablan. 2. i Hablais vosotros ? No, seiior ; ellos liablan. 3. i Ilablamos nosotras ? No, seiior ; ella habla. 4. i Hablais vosotros ? No, senor ; el habla. 5. g Ilabla ella ? Si, seiior, habla. G. i Ilabla el? No, seflor, no habla. 7. gHablas tu? Si, seiior, yo hablo. 8. g-Hablais vosotras? Si, seiior, nosotras hablamos. 9. i Hablo yo? Si, sefior, V. habla. 10. i Habla el? No, seiior, no habla. 11. No hablan ellos? Si, senor, ellos liablan. 12. i ITabla V. ? No, sefior, yo no hablo. 13. jNo habla V.? No, senor, yo no hablo. 14. $ No liablan ellas? Si, seiior, hablan. 15. ^ No hablais vosotras? No, sefior, nosotras no hablamos. EXCERCISE. 1. Do you speak? I speak. 2. Do they speak? Yes, sir, they speak. 3. Dost thou speak ? No, sir, he speaks. 4. Do you speak? No, sir, we do not speak. 5. Dost thou speak ? No, sir, I do not speak. G. Does he not speak? Yes, sir, he speaks. Y. Do you not speak ? No, sir, we do not speak. 8. Does she not speak ? No, sir, she does not speak. 9. Do we not speak ? Yes, sir, we speak. 10. Do they (fern.} not speak? No, sir, they (fern.) do not speak. 11. Do we (fern.) not speak? Yes, sir, we (fern.) speak. 12. Do you speak? No, sir, I do not speak; they (fern.) speak. LESSON II. LESSON II. MASCULINE FEMIXIXE XOfXS. Sefior (Sr.). Sir, Mr., or Lord. Caballero. Gentleman, Sir. Sefiorito. Young gentleman. Don. (Dn.,orD.). Mr., Esq. Manuek Espailol. Ingles, Frances. Aleman. Emanuel. Spanish. English. French. German. SeDora (Sra.). Madam, or Mrs. " " Lady, or My Lady. Senorita (Srita). Miss, or young lady. Dona (Da.) Mrs. Luisa. Louisa. COMPOSITION. Senorita, f, habla Y. espauol ? Si, senor, hablo espafiol. Luisa, ^ hablas francos ? No, senor, no hablo frances. ,5 Hablan Yds. ingles ? Hablamos ingles, j Hablan ellos, 6 ellas, francos ? SeSora, habla Y. espauol ? Don Manuel, ^ habla V. aleraan ? Caballero, ^ habla V. espauol ? Seuorita Luisa, j habla Y. frances ? Do you speak Spanish, Miss? Yes, sir, I speak Spanish. Louisa, dost thou speak French ? No, sir, I do not speak French. Do you speak English ? We speak English. Do they speak French ? Madam, do you speak Spanish ? Mr. Emanuel, do you speak German ? Sir, do you speak Spanish ? Miss Louisa, do you speak French ? EXPLANATION. 5. SEXOE. This word, used alone, i. e., in the vocative case, implies inferiority on the part of the speaker, and answers to the word Lord in English. It is used in addressing God, or the King ; or by servants when speaking to their masters. With an equal, the proper term is cabattero, gentleman ; never- theless, Senor may also be used among equals : in the affirma- tive, /Si, senor, or in the negative, no, senor, in -which cases it means sir ; or together with the name of the person ; as, . v Jicmp, which means Mr. Kemp. /Senora, Senorita. In addressing ladies, the word Senora, Madam, and Senorita ^ Young Lady, or Miss, may be used LESSON II. 5 alone; as, Senora, or Senorita, ^ habla V. espanol? Madam, or Young Lady, or Miss, do you speak Spanish ? Sefiorito, like Senor, implies inferiority on the part of the speaker, for Avhich reason it is seldom used, except by servants. 6. DON, Mr., applies to gentlemen, and Dona, Mrs., to la- dies. These terms are only used in conjunction with the Christ- ian names ; as, Don Manuel, Dona Luisa, and, still more re- spectfully, Senor Don Manuel, Senora Dona Luisa. This title, conferred, in old times, only upon members of noble families, is now used in addressing all persons, except those of very humble station, and is written in abbreviation thus, Dn., Da. 7. The negative no, is always placed immediately before the verb. CONVERSATION 1 AND VERSION. 1. i Habla Y. espanol ? liable espanol. 2. Luisa, j hablas frances? Hablo frances. 3. i Habla Manuel ingles ? Ilabla ingles. 4. Caballero, g habla V. alcinan ? Si, senor, hablo aleman. 5. ^Ilablan Vds. frances? Hablainos frances. C. i Hablan ellos ingles ? No, senor, no hablan ingles. 7. llablan ellas espanol? No, seflor, no hablan espanol. 8. $ Habla Luisa frances? No, senor, no habla frances; ella habla espanol. 9. i No habla Manuel aleman ? No, senor, no habla aleman ; 1- habla ingles. 10. i Habla V. espanol ? No, senor, no hablo espauol. 11. i Ilabla Manuel espanol ? Si, seuor, el habla espanol. 12. Don Manuel, \ habla V. frances? No, senor, no hablo frances. 13. Senora Da. Luisa, i habla V. espanol? No, senor ; hablo ingles. 14. Senorita Da. Luisa, $ habla V. frances? Yo hablo francos. 15. Caballero, $ habla V. aleman? No, senorita, hablo espauol. EXERCISE. 1. Do they speak French? They speak French. 2. Do you speak English ? We speak English. 3. Do they speak Spanish ? No, madam, they do not speak Spanish. 4. Sir, do you speak German ? Yes, madam, I speak German. 5. Does Emanuel speak French? No, sir; he speaks English. G LESSON III. 6. Do you speak Spanish? No, sir, I do not speak Spanish. 7. Does uot Louisa speak German? No, sir, she does not speak Ger- man; she speaks French. 8. Emanuel, dost thou speak English ? I speak English. 9. Does Louisa speak Spanish ? Yes, sir, she speaks Spanish. 10. Do you speak French? No, sir, I speak English. 11. Sir, do you speak French? No, sir. 12. Miss Louisa, do you speak Spanish ? Yes, madam. 13. (Don) Emanuel, do you speak English? Yes, sir, I speak Eng- lish. 14. Do TVO speak Spanish? "We do not speak Spanish; we speak French. LESSON III. JEstudi-ar. Estudi-o. Estudi-as. Estudi-a. Estudi-amos. Estudi-ais. Estudi-an. El (masc. sing.}. Yore. Que (interrogative pronoun). Pero, sino. Bien (adterV). Mai " ADJECTIVES. Espauol. Ingles. Frances. Aleman. Americano. MASCULINE KOUXS. Alejandro. Alexander. To study. I study. Thou studiest. He studies. We study. You study. They study. The. And. What or -which. But. Well. Badly. Spaniard. Englishman. Frenchman. German. American. FKMIXIXE STOUXS. Margarita. Margaret. LESSON III. COMPOSITION. . i Necesita V. seda ? No, sefior, necesito algodon. 24. i Que lee V. ? Leo el libro de mi padre. 25. i Que comeis vosotros ? Comemos pan y pescado. 26. i Que bebe el Aleman ? Bebe vino y cerveza. EXERCISE. 1. "\Yhat do you read ? I read a great book. 2. Do you read English -well ? Yes, sir, I read English very well. 3. Does the German drink wine ? No, sir, he drinks beer. 4. "What do they (fern.} drink ? They drink water. 5. Do you eat meat ? No, sir, I eat fish. G. "What does the Englishman eat ? He eats bread and meat. V. "What does your daughter buy? She buys a silk handkerchief from the American woman. 8. Does the studious boy buy a book ? Yes, sir, he buys a French grammar. 9. Does the handsome American woman buy a large book ? No, sir, she buys a little book. 22 LESSON VIII. 10. Docs your mamma want a large handkerchief? No, sir, she Brants a handsome handkerchief. 11. Do you need your book ? No, sir, I do not need my book. 12. Do they need a Spanish grammar? Yes, sir, they need a Spanish grammar. 13. Does the woman sell bread? Yes, sir, she sells bread and fish. 14. What do you read ? I read my letter. 15. "What does your brother read ? He reads a note. 1C. Does the girl sell soap ? No, sir, she sells milk. 17. Does the lazy boy learn well? No, sir, he learns badly. 18. Do you learn much ? No, sir, I learn little. 19. Do you read the book? No, sir, I read the letter. 20. Do you buy cheese ? Yes, sir, I buy cheese. 21. Do they buy bread ? No, sir, they buy meat and beer. 22. Do you need a handkerchief? No, sir, I need soap. 23. Do you read your father's letter? No, sir, I read my brother's letter. 24. Does your father buy an English grammar ? No, sir, he buys a French book. 25. Does your brother read my note ? No, sir, he reads my sister's letter. LESSON VIII. Escrib-ir. Escrib-o. Escrib-es. Escrib-e. Escrib-imos. Escrib-is. Escrib-en. Recibir. En. Ni. El (mass. sing.). La (fern. sing.}. Lo (neuter). Los (masc. plural). Las (fern, plural). THIRD CONJUGATION'. . To write. I write. Thou writest. lie writes. We write. You write. They write. To receive. In, into, or at. No, neither, nor. The. LESSON VIII. 23 ADJECTIVES. Mucho. Muchos. Much. Many. Poco. Pocos. SUBSTANTIVES. Little. Few. Periouico. Newspaper. Lcccion. Lesson. Periodicos. Newspapers. Lecciones. Lessons. Ejercicio. Exercise. Ley. Law. Ejercicios. Exercises. Leyes. Laws. Zapfttero. Shoemaker. Plata. Silver. Sombrerero. Hatter. Semana. Week. Semanas. Weeks. COMPOSITION. i Escribe V. las leccioacs 6 los ejerci- cios ? No escribo ni las lecciones ni los ejerci- cios. (, E.scriben las seuoritas muchos billetes ? Ellas cscribcn muchos. (, Eecibo el comerciante plata u oro ? El rccibe oro y pluta. f, Escribe V. la carta en ingles ? Si, souor, cscribo la carta en ingles. Do you write the lessons or the exer- cises ? I write neither the lessons nor the ex- ercises. Do the young ladies write many notes ? They write many. Docs the merchant receive silver or gold? He receives gold and silver. Do you write the letter in English ? Yes, sir, I write the letter hi English. EXPLANATION. 23. THE ENDINGS of the third conjugation and those of the second are the same, except in the first and second persons of the plural ; in which the e of the second conjugation is changed into i in the third, as the learner must have observed. 24. THE CONJUNCTION 6 is changed into ti when the fol- lowing word begins with 6 or ho ; as, Plata u oro. | Silver or gold. 25. Ni. Neither and nor are rendered by ni ; as, El no necesita ni la carne ni el pescado. | He wants neither the meat nor the fish. 26. THE PLUEAL OF NOUNS is formed by adding an s to .those terminating in a vowel not accented ; as, Ejcivieio. Exercise. | Ejercicios. Exercises. 24 LESSON" VIII. And adding es 1st. To those ending in an accented vowel; as, Aleli. Gilliflower. | Alelies. Gilliflowers. 2d. To those ending in a consonant ; as, Lection. Lesson. | Lecciones. Lessons. 3d. To those ending in y ; as, Ley. Law. | Leyes. Laws. 27. AN ADJECTIVE agrees with its noun in gender, number and case, and forms the plural according to the rules laid down for nouns ; as, Buen hombre. Buenos hombres. Buena mujer. Buenas mujeres. Good man. Good men. Good woman. Good women. 28. THE ARTICLE must agree also with the noun to which it refers, in number, gender and case ; as, El libro. Los libros. La pluma. Las plumas. Lo bueno. The book. The books. The pen. The pens. What is good. Feminine nouns beginning with d accented, take the mascu- line article el in the singular number, instead of the feminine la, in order to avoid the disagreeable meeting of two a's ; as, El alma. El agua. El alba. El hambre. The soul. The water. The dawn of day. The hunger, &c. 29. THE NEUTER ARTICLE lo has no plural number, and is placed only before adjectives used as substantives, in an abso- lute indeterminate case ; as, Lo bueno. Lo malo. What is good. What is bad. CONVERSATION AND VERSION. 1. ^Escribe Y. a sn padre? No, seilor, escribo a mi hermano. 2. i Qne escribe V. ? Escribo una carta a la mnchaclia. LESSON VIII. 25 3. $ Escribe V. muchos billetes? No, sofior, oscribo muy pocos. 4. gEscriben cllos bicn los ejercicios? Si, senor, ellos escriben bien los ejercicios. 0. i Rccibe V. libros ingloses ? No, senor, recibo libros frar.;- 6. j Que reciben ellos ? Recibcn plata y oro. V. gKeeiben mucbo oro? No, senor, reciben muy poco. 8. i Lee V. sus cartas 6 sus billetes ? No leo ni mis cartas, ni mis billetes ; leo mis ejercicios. 9. i Neccsjta V. muchos pafiuelos ? No, sefior, necesito muy pocos. 10. g'Estudia V. muchas lecciones? No, sefior, estudio pocas. 11. i Busca V, una pluma? No, sefior, busco una gramutica. 12. Que busea su hertnana de V. ? Busca los ejercicios en ingles. 13. g Estudia A", trances 6 aleman? No estudio ni francos, ni aleinan ; estudio espafiol. 14. gNeccsita V. lai ejercicio? Si, senor, necesito su ejercicio ingle.-. 13. ^Escribe V. al comerciante 6 al abogado? No escribo al comer- ciante, ni al abogado ; escribo a su padre de V. 1G. Escriben ellas los ejercicios de ingles? No, senor, escriben las ejercicios de espaflol. 17. ^Recibe V. muchas cartas dc su padre? No, sefior, recibo muy pocas. 18. i Reclbs el comerciants mucho algodon ? Si, senor, recibe mucho. 19. g Compra V. mtichos pafiuelos? Si, sefior, compro muchos. 20. g Compra su padre de Y. muchos caballos ? No, sefior, com[>ra pocos. 21. i Compra V. la gramutica del muchacho ? No. sefior, compro el cuaderno de la mnchacha. 22. i Ilabla mucho el Frances? No, sefior, habla poco. 20. ^Escribe A", bien el ingles? No, sefior, escribo nial.el ingK-s, pero escribo bien el espafiol. EXERCISE. 1. Does your brother -write English well? Yes, sir, he writes Eng- lish well. 2. Do you write to my brother ? No, sir, I write to my father. 3. Do you write in English or in Spanish ? I write in English. 4. Do they (fern.) write the lessons or the exercises ? They write neither the lessons nor the exercises ; they write letters. 5. Do you receive many notes ? No, sir, I receive but few. G. Do they receive gold ? No, sir, they receive silver. 7. Do you receive many letters from your father ? Yes, sir, I receive many. 26 LESSOKIX. 8. Do you eat fish ? No, sir, I cat bread and cheese. 9. Do the Germans drink water? No, sir, they drink beer. 10. Do you read your brother's letter? No, sir, I read my sister's letter. 11. Does the merchant sell French paper? No, sir, he sells English paper. 12. Does your brother learn German and English? No, sir, he learns neither German nor English ; he learns Spanish. 13. Do you need silver or gold ? I need neither gold nor silver. 14. Do you look for my father? No, madam, I look for the lawyer. 15. Do you buy a grammar from the merchant? Yes, sir, I buy a grammar from the merchant. 16. Do they study their lessons well? Yes, sir, they study their les- sons well. 17. Do you speak much to your sister? Yes, madam, I speak much to my sister. 18. Do you speak Spanish or English ? . I speak English. 19. Do you receive French books ? No, sir, I receive English books. 20. Does the merchant receive silver or gold ? He receives gold and silver. 21. Do you write your exercises? No, sir, I write my letters. 22. Do you write a letter to your father? No, sir, I write to my sister. LESSON IX. Viv-o. Yiv-es. Viv-e. Viv-imos. Viv-5s. Viv-en. Eesidir. Mis (plural). Sus (plural). Cuando. Donde (wit7iout motion). Adonde (with motion). To live. I live. Thou livest. He lives. "We live. You live. They live. To reside. My. Your. When. Where. LESSOR IX. 27 Campo, pais. Country. Flor. Flower. Dia. Day. Flores. Flowers. Dias. Days. Casa. House, or home. Lapiz. Pencil. Nneva York. New York. Lapices. Pencils. Francia. France. Aleli. Gilliflower. Espafia. Spain. Alelies. Gilliflower?. Inglaterra. England. Cortaplumas. Penknife. Alemania. Germany. Hotel, fonda. Hotel. Tienda. Store. Ciudad. City. Dias de la scmana.* Days of the week. Luues. Monday. Murtes. Tuesday. Miercoles. Wednesday. Jueves. Thursday. Yiernes. Friday. Sabado. Saturday. Sabados. Saturdays. Domingo. Sunday. Domingos. Sundays. COMPOSITION. I Vive V. en el cainpo 6 en la ciudad ? Vivo en la ciudad. j En donde residen sus papas de Y. ? Papa reside en Francia, y mama en Xueva York. (, Cuando come Y. en casa de sus her- manos de Y. ? Los domingos, martes yjueves como en casa de mis herrnanos. t, Y en donde come Y. los lunes, mier- coles, viernes y sabados ? Como en casa. Do you live in the country or in the city ? I live in the city. Where do your parents reside ? Father resides in France, and mother in Xev York. When do you dine at your brothers' ? On Sundays, Tuesdays and Thursdays I dine at my brothers'. And where do you dine on Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays ? I dine at home. EXPLANATION. 30. Papa, papa; mama, mamma; pie, foot; are exceptions to the general rule, and form the plural by the addition of s ; as, papas, papas ; mamas, mammas ; pies, feet. * All of the masculine gender. 28 LESSON. IX. 31. Nouns which are not monosyllables, and end in s, the last syllable not being accented, do not change their termina- tion in the plural number ; as, Ltines, Monday or Mondays ; Martes, Tuesday or Tuesdays, etc. Words ending in z take es, and change the z into c in the plural ; as, lapiz, Idpices, pencil, pencils ; jucz,jueces, judge, judges. 32. Words which are confounds of two nouns differ so va- riously that it is not possible to give rules for the formation of their plurals ; but compounds of a verb and a noun in the singu- lar number form the plural in the same manner as simple nouns ; and compound words of a verb and a noun in the plural will be used the same in both numbers ; as, cortaplumas, penknife, or penknives. 33. The days of the week always take the article when they are employed to- mark, or express time ; as, Estudio espauol el lunes y el viernes. | I study Spanish ou Monday and Friday. 34. Donde, where (without motion) ; adonde, where (with motion) ; cuando, when. These adverbs are placed always be- fore the verb; as, , Donde reside V. ? Cuando escribe Y. ? Where do you reside ? When do you write ? 35. Donde, adonde, and cuando, when used interrogatively require an accent; thus, g Donde vive? Where does he live? g Cuando lee V. ? When do you read ? CONVERSATION AND VERSION. 1. gEn d6nde vive V. ? Vivo en Xucva York. 2. i D6nde viven sus padres de V. ? Mi padre vivo en la ciudad y mi madre en el campo. 3. i D6nde viven sus liermanos ? Viven en Francia. 4. 2 Donde come V. los sabados y los domingos? Como en el hotel de los Franceses. 5. $Y donde come V. los lanes j los niartes? Como en cl hotel Americano. G. i Donde reside V. ? Eesido en el campo. 7. Y donde reside su mama de V.? Eeside en los Estados Unidos. 8. i Cuando estudia V. sus lecciones de frances? Los miercolcs y los jueves. LESSON IX. 29 9. i Y qne estudia V. los viernes ? Los viernes estudio una leccion do frances. 10. gCuando lee V. los periodicos? To leo los periodicos los do- mingos. 11. i Oompran alelies sus hermanas? Si, sefior, ellas compran alelies. 12. g Estudia V. las leyes de Inglaterra? No, sefior, estudio las de los Estados Unidos (United States). 13. ^Aprende bien la muchacha el ingles? Si, sefior, aprende bien el ingles. 14. gQu6 beben los Espanoles y los Alemanes? Los Espafioles beben buen vino, y los Alemanes buena cerveza. 15. i D6nde compra el comerciante el algodon? Compra el algodon en los Estados Unidos. 16. i Y donde vende el oro y la plata ? En Inglaterra. 17. ^Caando necesita su hermano de Y. la' gramatica? Mi hermano necesita sn gramatica el lunes. 18. 2 En que hotel come V.? Como en el hotel de Inglaterra. 19. $Que compra el comerciante, plata u oro? El comerciante no compra ni oro ni plata, compra seda. 20. i Que estudia V. ? Estudio los dias de la semana en ingles. 21. g Escribe V. a Francia? No, sefior, escribo a Inglaterra. 22. gQue escribe Y.? Escribo los ejercicios de la semana en ingles. 23. i D6nde reside su hermana de Y. ? Reside en el campo. 24. i En qu6 pais vive su papa ? Yive en Alernania. EXERCISE. 1. Do you live in the country? No, sir, I live in town. 2. Where does your sister live ? She lives in Few York. 3. "Where do your parents (padres) live ? They live in France. 4. "Where does your brother reside ? He resides in England. 5. Do you not reside in the United States ? No, sir, in Spain. 6. In which country does your mother live ? She lives in the United States. 7. Do you write to your father in Spanish or in English ? I write in English. 8. Where does the merchant buy the cotton ? He buys the cotton in England. 9. Which do you sell, silver or gold? I sell gold. 10. Where do you dine on Sundays and Mondays ? I dine in the French hotel. 11. And where on Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays? In the German hotel. 30 L E S S O X X . 12. "When do they study their lesson? On (los) Tuesdays. 13. Does the lawyer study the laws of England? No, sir, he studies the laws of the United States. 14. Where does your mother reside ? She resides in Germany. 15. When do you need your grammar ? On Friday. 16. When do your sons study the French lessons? They study the French lessons on Mondays and Saturdays. 17. Where does the merchant buy the good penknives? In England. 18. What day do you (fern.) receive the newspapers? We receiv newspapers on Sundays. 19. Does your sister buy gilliflowers ? Yes, sir, she buys gilliflowers. 20. Where do you buy your pencils ? In the French store. 21. What do you study? I study the days of the week in Spanish. 22. Where do your parents reside ? My mother resides in Spain, and my father in Germany. 23. Where does your sister reside ? She resides in the country. 24. Do you need my books ? Yes, sir, I need your books. LESSON X. Tcner. Tengo. Tienes. Tiene. Tenemos. Teneis. Tienen. Le, los (masc. pi.). La, las (fern. pi.). Lo (neuter). To have. I have. Thou hast. He has. We have. You have. They have. OBJECTIVE CASE. It, him, them. It, her, them. It, (sometimes) so. INTERROGATIVE PROXOUXS. quienes (pl.)l iil, cuales (pi.) ? De quien, de quienes Con. Who? Which one, which ones? What, or which? Whose ? With. L E S S O X X . 31 Zapato. Chaleco. Button. Sombrero. Shoo. Vest. Cane. Hat. Botas. Casaca. Corbata. Medias. Boots. Coat. Cravat. Stockings. ,5 Quicn tienc mi baston ? Yo lo tengo. 6 Quo corbuta tiene V. ? Tengo la bonita. <; Ticnen cllos mi chaleco ? No, sefior, tiencn la corbata dc V. <: De quien habla V. '? Hablo de los Franceses. ,5 Teneis vosotros casacas ? Si, sciior, las tenemos. 6 Quien tiene sombreros ? Los tiene el comerciante. i Necesita V. a mi padre ? Si, sefior, le necesito. 6 Tiene V. mi casaca ? Si, sefior, la tengo. 6 Que betas tiene V. ? i Que tiene V. ? COMPOSITION. Who has my cane ? I have it. Which cravat have you ? I have the pretty one. Have they my waistcoat ? No, sir, they have your cravat. Of whom do you speak ? I speak of the Frenchmen. Have you coats ? Yes, sir, we have (them). Who has hats ? The merchant hds (them). Do you need my father ? Yes, sir, I need him. Have you my coat ? Yes, sir, I have it. Which boots have you ? What is the matter with you ? EXPLANATION. 36. IRREGULAR VERBS are those which do not retain in- tact the radical letters and the terminations designated for each tense and person. The verb tener, to have, is the first of the irregular verbs here introduced; and, like all the auxiliary verbs, is not in- cluded in the seven groups in which the irregular Spanish verbs are classified, on account of their multifarious irregulari- ties. The auxiliaries require, therefore, to be learned separate- ly, or each one by itself. A complete list of the irregular conjugations will be found at the end of the book. When the objective case of the third person is the object of the English verb, it is translated by le, los, for the masculine ; la, las, for the feminine ; and lo for the neuter ; as, El lc busca. Ella los compra. Ellos lo necesitan. He looks for him. She buys them, They want it. 32 LESSON X. 37. Lo and LTS. It must be observed, however, with regard to the objective forms le and lo, that their use is very doubtful in Spanish, since many correct writers employ the neuter lo, instead of the masculine le. Consequently, while custom or general use does not give the preference to either, the learner may use them according to his own discretion or taste, in the accusative case, masculine gender; as, M;n:ucl ticue un buen iibro y lo (le) veude. Emanuel has a good book and sells it. Lo is sometimes employed to avoid the repetition of a Avhole or part of a sentence, and then it is equivalent to so, or it. Of this, however, more will be said when treating of the regimen of verbs. 38. THE INTTERKOGATTFE PROXOUSTS quien, cm'd, que, de quien, who, which, what, and whose, do not require the arti- cle ; as, 6 Quien habla ? ''. Si, scfior, las cseribi cl dorningo pa?a- do. 6 Come V. mcnos que TO ? Xo, scfior, como mas que V. f ; Ha visto V. a su amigo ? i, seiior, lo vi aver. 6 Donde lo vio V. ? Lo TI dclante de la iglesia. i Hablo V. con 61 1 Si, sefior ; pero muy poco. 6 Ha comido V. 'i Si, scfiora, he comiJo pan y be bebido vino, g Ha leido V. y cstudiado sus ejercicios ? Si, sefior, Ics he leido y estudiado. i Ha escrito V. a su padre ? Si, sefior, escribi ayer. i, Cuando ha recibido V. las cartas de el? Las he recibido hoy. 6 Ha cnviado V. mis cartas despues de las suras '? Las he enriado antes. (, Hablo V. ante el rey ? Xo, sefior, hable ante el juez. 6 Cuanto tiempo ? Xo, sir, I spoke very little. What book have you before you ? I have the Spanish grammar. Did you write your letters ? Yes, sir, I wrote them last Sunday. % Do you eat less than I ? Xo, sir, I eat more than you. Have you seen your friend ? Yes, sir, I saw him yesterday. Where did you see him ? I saw him before (in front of) the church. Did you speak with him ? Yes, sir ; but very little. Have you dined ? Yes, sir, I have eaten bread and drunk wine. Have you read and studied your exer- cises ? Yes, sir, I have read and studied them. Have you written to your father ? Yes, sir, I wrote yesterday. When have you received the letters from hmi ? I have received them to-day. Have you sent my letters after yours ? I (have) sent them before. Did you speak before the king ? No, sir, I spoke before the judge. How long ? EXPLANATION'. 63. The PRETERITE DEFINITE refers to a time past, and generally specified in the sentence, and denotes the thing or action past in such a manner that nothing remains of that time in which it was done; as, Escribi a mi padre en cl auo 1864. Aprendi el francos el afio pasado. I wrote to my father in the year 1864. I learned French last year. In colloquial language, the preterite indefinite (which has been treated of in Lesson xii.), is sometimes, though incorrect- LESSON XVI. 57 ly, substituted for the preterite definite. The following example will show the impropriety of such a substitution : He escrito a mi padre ayer. | I have written to my father yesterday. Nothing remains of yesterday ; it is time past, and has no connection with the present ; and, as it has been already seen that the preterite indefinite conveys an allusion to the present time, the incorrectness of the foregoing example is at once apparent. We may, however, say with propriety : Escribi la carta a las tres, a las cua- tro, etc. I wrote the letter at three o'clock, at four o'clock, &c. for the time specified is completely past. 64. ANTE. This preposition means before, or in the pres- ence of; as, Hablo ante cl juez. | He spoke before the'judge. And it sometimes denotes priority, antecedence, &c. ; as, Ante todas cosas. | Before all things. 65. MAS, more ; MENOS, less, fewer. These two adverbs are used to form the comparative degree of several adjectives, which last they always precede in the sentence ; as, El vino es mas caro quo la cerveza. Yo soy mas rico quo V. Wine is dearer than beer. I am richer than you. AVhen used to express some quality or circumstance re- specting verbs, their usual place in the sentence is immediate- ly after these last ; as, Yo escribo mas. I I write more. Tu hablas menos. \ Thou speakest less. It is needless to observe here, that mas and menos are them- selves the comparatives of mucho and poco, respectively. CONVERSATION AND VERSION. 1. gCuando hab!6 V. con el abogado? liable con 61 anteayer. 2. i Ha hablado V. con mi hermana ? No, sefior, hable ayer con su amigo de V. 3. i Ha hablado V. con el pianista? Si, sefior, le liable ayer. 58 LESSON XVI. 4. i Ha aprendido V. su leccion ? No, sefior ; pero he escrito el cjercicio. 5. j Han aprendido ellos sus lecciones de frances? Si, sen or, ban aprendido las de frances y de espafiol. 6. i Cuando apreudio su hermana a tocar el piano ? Aprendio el afio pasado. Y. i Ha leido V. la historia de los Estados Unidos ? He leido el toino primero y el segundo. 8. ^Ila leido V. la carta de su hermana y la de su amiga? He leido la de mi hermana; pero no la de mi amiga. 9. i Que ha leido V. hoy ? He leido los ejercicios de la semana pasada. 10. ^Caando compr6 V. su cahallo? Lo compre el mes pasado. 11. ^Donde hablo V. con mi padre? Delante de su casa de V. 12. i Ley6 V. la carta de su padre antes que la de su hermano ? Xo, seiior, la lei despues. 13. Cuando residio V. en Paris? Residi antes que V. 14. i Cuantos afios tiene su hermana ? Tiene veinte. 15. i Cnantos pesos pago V. el mes pasado al comerciante ? Quinien- tos. 16. i Ha llevado V. mis zapatos al zapatero? Si, sefior, los lleve ayer. 17. Cuando ha recibido V. su dinero? Lo recibi anteayer. 18. i Ha escrito V. despues que escribi6 nii padre? No, sefior, escribi antes. 19. ^Escribi6 V. su carta despues que recibi6 la de su hermano? Si, sefior, la escribi mucho despnes. 20. i Ha hablado V. con la madre antes que con la hija ? No, sefior, liable antes con la hija que con la madre. 21. ^Estudio V. su leccion de ayer? No, sefior, estudie la de antes de ayer ; pero no he estudiado la de ayer ni la de hoy. 22. i Habl6 V. ante el juez ? Si, sefior, liable ante el jtiez y ante el rey. 23. i Habla V. mas que yo ? No, sefior, hablo menos ; pero escribo mas. EXERCISE. 1. Did you speak more yesterday than to-day? I spoke less; but I read more. 2. How many newspapers did your father read yesterday ? Very few. 3. How old is your sister ? She is nineteen. 4. Who took the vest to the tailor last year? The baker took it. 5. How much did the tailor pay to the baker afterwards ? ."59.10. 6. Did he receive the vest after or before the coat ? He received it after. LESSON XVII. 59 V. Did yoxir sisters .sing yesterday ? Yes, sir, they sang and played. 8. What did they sing ? They sang Spanish songs and played on the piano. 9. Have you (plural) played to-day? No, madam, we have .not played ; but we have written our French exercises. 10. How many words have your brothers written in Spanish to-day? Fewer than last Thursday. 11. Do they speak more English than Spanish? No, madam, they speak more Spanish. 12. What have the singers received from Paris ? They have received some good songs and French music. 13. Have the singers (fern.) enough Spanish music? Yes, sir, they have received some to-day. 14. Did they sing well last month? Not very well. 15. Who sang in your house the day before yesterday? Nobody sang. 16. How long did you reside in Vienna? Five years, six mouths, and thirteen days. 17. How many churches has Paris? Paris has many churches. 18. How did your cousins pronounce their Spanish yesterday? Very well. 19. Are you a musician? Yes, madam. 20. Is your sister a pianist or a singer^ or does she play on the guitar ? She sings and plays on the piano. 21. When did you speak before the judge? The day before yesterday and last week. 22. Do you sing much with the musicians ? I sing a little ; but be- fore all things I study my Spanish lessons. Trdbajar. Mandar Quien, quienes, A quien, a quienes. LESSON XVII. To work. To command, to send. Cual, cuales. Cuyo (masc. sing.}, cuya (fem.~\ sing.}. Cuyos (masc. plural), cuyas (fern, plural). Varios. Algunas veces. Who. Whom, to whom. What (inter.}, who, that, or which. Which one, which ones. Whose, which, or of whom. Several. Sometimes. 60 LESSON XVII. lictrato. Portrait. Criada. Pan talon es. Criado. Pantaloons. Servant. Iglesia. Calle. Concicrto. Concert. Plaza. Teatro. Mercado. Theatre. Market. Compafiia. Juana. Parque. Juan. Park. John. Trabajador. Ultimo (a). Workman. Last. Servant. Church. Street. Square, market. Company. Jane. COMPOSITION. ^Es viejo cl caballero d quien Y. hablo en cl concicrto ? No, sefior, pero lo es la senora que ha hablado con Y. en el teatro. I A. quien busca Y. ? Busco a la senorita d quien Y. busca. I Quien es el joven que ha hablado con Y.? Es un criado del hotel. El muchacho que lee, y al cual Y. man- do trabajar, es mi hermano. La gramatica que el tiene, y en la cual estudia, es mia. El caballero cuya casa Y. compro es amigo mio. El comerciante cuyo vino Y. compro, vende muy barato. El libro en que leemos. La senora a quien hable es mi madre. I Manda Y. sus nifios al Parque Cen- tral? j A quien manda Y. trabajar ? A mis criados. ; Juan ! j Sefior ! que manda Y. ? Quiero la comida. i En donde trabajan hoy los trabaja- dores ? Trabajan en la callc. Is the gentleman to whom yon spoke at the concert old ? Xo, sir ; but the lady who spoke to you at the theatre is (so). For whom do you look ? I am looking for the young lady that you look for. Who is the young man that has spoken with you ? He is a servant in the hotel. The boy that reads, and whom you commanded to work is my brother., The grammar which he has, and in which he studies, is mine. The gentleman whose house you bought is my friend. The merchant whose wine you bought sells very cheap. The book in which we read (or which we read in). The lady I spoke to is my mother. Do you send your children to the Cen- tral Park ? Whom do you command to work ? My servants. John ! Sir ! what do you wish ? I wish my dinner. Where do the workmen work t-vday ? They work in the street LESSON XVII. 61 EXPLANATION. 66. QUIEN. The relative pronoun quien refers to persons only, and is always preceded by the preposition a, when gov- erned by a verb ; as, El horabre d quien V. quiere. | The man whom you love. 67. WHO, coming immediately after its antecedent, is translated by que ; when it stands alone, or is governed by a preposition, it is rendered by quien ; as, El muchacho que cstudia. La muchacha con quien hablas. The boy who studies. The girl with whom you speak. 68. CUAL and QUE relate to persons and things ; as, El muchacho que lee, y al cual V. mando trabajar, es mi hermano. La gramatica que el tiene, y en la cual estudia, es mia. The boy that reads, and whom you commanded to work, is my brother. The grammar which he has, and in which he studies, is mine. 69. CUYO also refers to persons and things, but agrees with the word by which it is immediately followed ; as, El caballero cuya casa V. compro es amigo mio. El comerciante cuyo vino V. compro vende muy barato. The gentleman whose house you bought is my friend. The merchant whose wine you bought sells very cheap. This pronoun partakes of the nature, both of the relatives and the possessives. 70. In English the preposition does not always precede the relative pronoun ; but in Spanish it is indispensable to place the preposition before the relative ; as, El libro en que leemos. The book which we read in (or, in which we read). 71. The relative pronoun can never be suppressed in Span- ish ; so that we cannot say, as in English, the lady I spoke to, but, in full ; as, La sefiora d quien hable, es mi madre. The lady to whom I spoke is my mother. , CONVERSATION AND VERSION. 1. I A quin mand6 V. ayer al mercado ? Mande a mi criado Juan. 2. ^Cuiil de sns criados trabaja mas? Juan trabaja mas que todos. 3. i Quien cs el liombre a quien V. busca? El hombre a quien busco es trabajador. 62 LESSON XVII. 4. i Quien es el caballero con quicn hablo V. ayer en el concierto ? Es un cliscipulo mio. 5. i A quien quiere V. hablar ? Quiero hablar a la seuorita quo toca el piano. 6. ^Corno pasaron Yds. el tiempo en el campo ? Lo pasamos muy bien en compania de nuestros amigos. V. i Es Frances el comerciante a quien compro Y. el cabal! o ? Si, seiior, es el Frances cuya casa compro V. 8. $ Manda (envia) V. sus ninos al Parque Central? Si, senor, los mando al Parque Central. 9. i Con quien los envia V. ? Con sus primos. 10. Quo libro quiere V. leer? Qniero leer el de Manuel. 11. 3X0 quiere V. leer el quo yo tengo? No, seiior, quiero leer el de Alejandro. 12. i A quien manda V. trabajar ? A mis criados. 13. jJuau! ;Seuor! i Que manda V. ? Quiero la comida. 14. i Cauta V. bien ? Xo, sen or ; pcro la seuorita que reside en su casa de V. canta rauy bien. 15. Estudia V. muclio? Xo, senor, pero trabajo mucho. 16. $ Ha estndiado V. lioy su leccion? No, sefior, la estudie aver; boy be escrito los ejercicios. 17. i C6mo pronuncia su maestro de V. el espafiol ? Lo pronuncia bien ; pero pronuncia muy mal el ingles. 18. g Toco V. ayer el piano en casa de sus amigos ? Si, senor, tocamos y cantamos. 19. $ Que cantaron Vds.? Cantamos canciones espafiolas y la cau- cion americana llamada, " The Star Spangled Banner." 20. j Caballeros ! g Quieren Yds. tomar chocolate 6 cafe ? Querenios beber vino. 21. i Cuantos dias pas6 V. en el campo ? Pase toda una semana. 22. i Porque no pasa V. un mes en el campo con nosotros ? Porque necesito residir en la ciudad. 23. i Cual de sus amigos habla bien espafiol ? El que estudia mucho habla bien. 24. i Cual de sus hermanos estudia mas ? El mas peqnefio. 25. i De quien recibe V. cartas ? De mi padre y mis hermanos. 20. i Es de V. el libro en el cual estudia su hermano ? Xo, senor, es suyo. 27. i Trabajo Y. mucho ayer? Xo, sefior; pero he trabajado mucho hoy. 28. i Cuando estudia Y. sus lecciones ? Las estudio los miercoles y los sabados. LESSON XVII. 63 EXERCISE. 1. "Whose is the portrait (which) you sent me yesterday ? It is the portrait of my brother who lives in Germany. 2. Which portrait have you sent to Charles? I have sent no portrait to Charles ; but I have sent mine to the musician. 3. With whom did you spend last week ? I spent last week with my cousin John. 4. In which city of France does the pianist's brother live ? He lives in the city in which your sister Jane resides. 5. To whom did you send the first volume of your work ? I sent it to Louis. C. Whom do you order to work ? My servant John. 7. Who is the lady you are looking for ? She is the mother of the singer (fern.} whose piano Charles bought last year. 8. With whom did you send your children to the concert last night ? I sent them with a servant. 9. With which servant did you send them ? With one of mine (my own). 10. In which church does Miss Garcia sing ? She sings in Twenty- eighth street church. 11. How did you (plural) pass the time in Philadelphia? "Very well. 12. Did you study many lessons ? We studied very little, and neither read nor wrote our exercises. 13. How much did you write the day before yesterday? I studied a good deal, but wrote little. 14. Which volumes of Kobertson's History has your son ? He has re- ceived the first, second, third and fourth. 15. Did you buy any books at the bookstore in Walker street? Yes, madam, I bought the History of Charles V. and some music books. 16. Whom have you paid with the money I sent you? I have paid the man who worked in my house yesterday. 17. Does your servant work much ? No, sir ; but she reads a great deal. 18. From whom do you receive letters every day ? I receive letters from Henry on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, and from my father on Tuesdays. 19. Who has the boots that I bought in Fourth avenue? John has taken them to his cousin who lives in Philadelphia. 20. Has your servant bought any good meat iu the market ? He has not bought any to-day. 21.. How many songs have you received from Spain ? I have received several from Spain and two from England. 64 LESSON XVIII. 22. Have you sung any of them ? None ; but ray sister sang one or two last night at the concert. 23. Are they very good? One of them is very good, and my cousin (fern.) sings it very well. 21. How many pencils does the hatter wish ? He wants twelve pen- cils and three penknives. 25. Does Louisa play much on the piano ? Xo, sir, she is very lazy, and will neither play nor study. 26. The tailor has a handsome vest, very cheap ; will you buy it ? I do not wish to buy a vest ; but I want pantaloons. 27. Has he any pantaloons ? He has none, he sold them all last week. LESSOX XVIII. Ir. Voy. Vas. Va. Vamos. Yais. Van. Fui. Fuiste. Fue. Fuimos. Fuisteis. Fueron. Vcnir. Ycngo. Yienes. Yiene. Yenimos. Venis, Yienen. PRESENT. Togo. I go (or, am going). Thou goest. He, or she, goes. "VTe go. You go. They go. PRETERIT DEFINITE. I went. Thou wentcst. He, or she, went. "We went. You went. They went. PRESENT. To come. I come (or, am coming). Thou comest. lie, or she, comes. We come. You come. Thev come. LESS OX XVIII. 65 PRETERIT DEFINITE. Vine. I came. Viniste. Thou earnest. Vino. He, or she, came. Vinhnos. AVe came. Vinisteis. You came. Vinieron. They came. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. Singular. Neuter. Esto. Eso. Masculine. Feminine. Este. Esta. Ese. Esa. Aquel. Aquella. Estos. Estas. Esos. Esas. Aquellos. Aquellas Ello. Aqui, aca. Ahi. Alii, alia, aculla. Porque. Porque. Lejos. Cerca. Otro. Amhos. Ni uno ni otro (ind. pro.). Aquello. Plural. No neuter. This. Hurt. That (yonder). Profesor. Discipulo. Lado. Jardin. Professor. Pupil. Side. Garden. These. Those. Those (yonder). It. Here. There. Why. Because. Far. Near. Another. Both. Xeither. Juana. Jane. Discipula. Pupil. Zapateria. Shoemaker's shop. Manteca. Butter. COMPOSITION. 4 De quien es este libro quc lengo aqui? Ese quc tiene V. ahi, y este que yo ten- go aqui, son del profesor. gQuicn 63 aquel caballero que reside alii del otro lado de la calle ? Aquel cabellero es mi discipulo. Whose book is this which I have here ? That one which you have there, and this one which I have here, are the pro- fessor's. Who is that gentleman who resides there on the other side of the street ? That gentleman is my pupil. 06 LESSON XVIII. i Adonde va V. ? Voy alia, al otro lado del parque. 6 Xo quicre V. venir aca dc este lado ? Xo, sefior, voy alia del otro lado. 6 Quiere V. comprar aquel libro ? Xo, sefior, quiero comprar ese otro. Quierc V. venir al teatro con nosotros ? Eso quiero. (, Llevo V. aquello a la sastreria ? Lo Ilev6. ^ Manda V. algo mas ? No, eso es todo. 6 Envio V. el chaleco a la sastreria, y las botas a la zapateria ? Envie lo uno y lo otro (or ambos). i Fucron a su casa de V. el medico francos y cl profesor aleman ? Vino aqucf, pero no vino cste. (, Hablo V. de aquello a mi madre ? No, sefior, pero liable de ello a su pa- dre de V. En mi casa y en la de su hermano de Y. El jardin de esta casa y el de la que V. compro. Estc caballo v cl de mi amigo. Where do you go ? I go there to the other side of the park. Will you not come here to this side ? Xo, sir, I go there to the other side. Do you \vish to buy that book ? Xo, sir, I wish to buy that other one. Will you come to the theatre with us ? That (is what) I wish. Did you take that (thing) to the tailor's ? I did (or I took it). Do you command anything more (or have you any more commands) ? Xo, that is all. Did you send the vest to the tailor' ^ and the boots to the shoemakei ' I sent both. Did the French physician and the Ger- man professor go to your house ? The former came, but the latter did not come. Did you speak of that to my mother ? Xo, sir, but I spoke of it to your father. In my house and in your brother's. The garden of this house and that of the one you bought. This horse and my friend's (that of ray friend). EXPLAXATIOX. 72. The demonstrative pronouns este, this, ese, aquel, that, are thus declined : Este, ese, aquel (masc. sing.). Esta, esa, aquella (fern. sing.). Estos, esos, aquellos (masc. plural). Estas, esas, aquellas (fern, plural). Esto, eso, aquello (neuter). 73. ESTE is used to point out what is near to us, and cor- responds to the meaning of the adverb here ; ese points out that which is at some distance, and corresponds to the adverb LESSON XVIII. 67 there; and aquel denotes remoteness, and corresponds to the ad- verb yonder ; as, Eslc libro quo icii'-O a->ui. This book which I have here. Esc que done V. alii. Thai one which you have there. Aquel que llcvo V. add. Thai one which you took there. 74. When the pronouns este, ese precede the adjective otro, another, they may sometimes be written together, so as to form but one word with it, in the following manner : Estotro. "I Estotros. " Estotra. I This other. . Estotras. These others. Esotro. I That other. Esotros. Those others. Esotra. j Esotras. . These forms, however, are now rarely used. 75. The demonstrative pronouns, in their quality of adjec- tives, are used also as neuter. J?so, that, is the most used of the three, and almost as much as the personal pronoun lo, and in the same manner; as, Eso se hara. That will be done. I Eso es ! That is it ! 76. The former and the latter is translated in Spanish by aquel and este ; thus, La aplicacion y la pcreza hacen al hombre muy diferente ; aquella le eleva y esta le rebaja. 77. When in English the demonstrative pronoun that is followed by the preposition of, or either of the relatives who^ which, expressed or understood, referring to a noun already mentioned, the definite article, in the corresponding number and gender, is employed in Spanish ; as, Industry and slothfulness have a very different effect upon man ; the former elevates him, the latter lowers him. En mi casa y en la de su hermano de V. El jardin dc esta casa y el de la quo V. compro. Este caballo y el do mi amigo. In my house and in your brother's. The garden of this house and that of the one (which) you bought. This horse and my friend's (i. c., that of my friend). 78. English personal pronouns, followed by a relative not agreeing in case, are generally rendered in Spanish by the de- monstrative : as. Quiero comprar a aqucllos que venden barato. I want to buy from those who cheap. sell 68 LESSON XVIII. 79. AQUI, ALLI, ACA, ALLA. Although the adverbs aqui, here, alii, yonder, are employed as synonyms of acd, here, and alld, yonder, respectively, we must observe that aqu't and all't refer to a place more circumscribed or determinate than acd, alia ; for the same reason we can say, mas acd, mas alia, nearer, farther ; and we cannot say, mas aqu't, more here, mas all't, more there. CONVERSATION AND VERSION. 1. i Viene V. del campo? No, sefior, voy alia. 2. $De dondc viene su amigo de V.? Viene de Espafia. 3. i Ad6nde va V. este aflo? Este afio quiero ir a Paris. 4. i De quien es ese retrato que tiene V. ahi ? Este quo tengo aqui es el de mi padre, y aquel que tiene su amigo de V. alii, es dc mi madre. 5. #Es discipulo de V. el caballero que reside en aquella hermosa casa? No, sefior; pero su prima. que reside de este otro lado de la calle, es mi discipula. 6. i Va. V. u su casa todos los dias ? No, sefior, voy alii los Junes, miercoles y viernes. 7. i Cuantas lecciones toma el caballcro que vino ayer ;i su casa dc V. ? Toma dos a la semana. 8. i Quien trabaja mas, el profesor 6 el discipulo? El uno y el otro trabajan mucho. 9. $Es este nifio su hijo de V. ? Si, sefior, cs mi hijo Manuel. 10. [Manuel! ^quieres venir aqui a mi lado? No, sefior, no quiero ir. 11. ^Porque? Porque quiero ir con mi padre. 12. i Cuantos nifios tiene V. ? Tengo cinco, tres nifias y dos nifios. 13. ^Quiere V. venir con nosotros al Parque Central? No, sefior, por- quo tengo que ir con mis nifios al campo. 14. gHa de ir V. (tiene V. que ir) hoy? Si, sefior, tengo que ir hoy. 15. 2 No quiere V. venir aca de este lado? No, sefior, voy alia del otro lado. 16. ^Llevo V. aquello a la sastreria? Si, sefior, lo lleve. 17. ^Manda V. algo mas? No, eso estodo. 18. ^Hablo V. de aquello a mi amigo? No, sefior; pero liable de cllo a su hcrmano. 19. j En donde trabajo V. ayer? Trabaje en la casa de V. y en la de su hermano. 20. ^ Trabajo V. en mi jardin 6 en el de mi amigo ? Trabaje en el uno y en el otro. LESSON XVIII. 69 21. i Adonde va V. a trabajar hoy ? Yoy a trabajar en el jardin de esta casa y en el do la que Y. compro el ailo pasado. 22. i Llevo Y. mis botas a la zapateria, y compro V. el pan que necesita- mos ? Lleve las botas ; pero no be comprado el pan. 23. i Que llevas alii, Alejandro? Llevo mis libros. 24. iQue quiere tu hermano? Quierc pan y manteea. 25. ^ Pago V. al sastre? Si, senor, ayer pague al sastre, y hoy he pa- gado al zapatero. 26. i De quiun son esos caballos ? Este es el de mi padre, y aquel es el de mi hermano. 27. $Cual es el de Y. ? Yo no tengo ninguno. 28. i Quiere Y. tenor uno ? Quiero tener mucbos. 29. i Escribio Y. la carta y la leccion ? Escribi aquella, pero no ho escrito esta. EXERCISE. 1. Do you go to church every day ? I only (solo) go on Sundays. 2. "Where is your servant Jane going? She is going to the bakery to buy bread. 3. Do your music teacher (maestro) and your Spanish professor come to your house every day ? The former comes every day, but the latter only comes on Tuesdays and Saturdays. 4. "Which of the two works the more ? Both have to work much. 5. "Which of the two horses is the older, this one here or that one there f This one here is the younger. 6. Have you that letter which you received last Monday ? I have not that one; but I have here the one* I received the day before yesterday. 7. Who has written these two histories, that of France and that of America ? Rollin has written the former, and Robertson the latter. 8. Does the piano teacher live far from here ? The piano teacher does not live far from here ; but the French professor lives very far. 9. Is that all (lo que) your brother has studied? Yes, sir, that is all. 10. "Which lesson have you studied? I have studied the one (In que) we read the other day. 11. Which did we read, the fifteenth or the sixteenth? "We read both. 12. Which one do you wish to read first ? I require to read the former. 13. Why do you require to read the former? Because I have not studied it well. 14. Which exercise have you there? I have mine and my brother's. 15. Is your brother not coming to take his lesson to-day? No, sir, he has to take his music lesson to-day. 16. John! Sir! * La que. 70 LESSON XIX. 17. Have you taken my coat to tlie tailor's? Yes, sir, I took it last night. 18. Have you paid that man? Yes, sir, I have paid him to-day. 19. How much have you paid him ? I have paid him three dollars and seventy-five cents. 20. Why did you pay him three dollars and seventy-five cents ? lie- cause he worked one day in this garden, and two in that of the Twenty- third street house. 21. How many pupils have you? I have thirty: seventeen learn Spanish and the thirteen others French. 22. Do they study well ? Some of them study very well ; but none write their exercises well. 23. When do you sing and play on the piano? I study my lessons before singing and playing. 24. Who is that gentleman that came from Vienna last month? That gentleman is the one to whom I spoke last week at the concert. ILacer. Hacicndo. Hecho. Hago. Ilaces. Ilace. Hacenos. Haceis. Ilacen. Ilice. Hiciste. Hizo. Ilicimos. Ilicisteis. Ilicieron. Partir. Marchar. Cambiar, PRESENT. LESSON XIX. To do, or to make. Doing, making. Done, made. I do, or make. Thou doest, or makest. He does, or makes. We do, or make. You do, or make. They do, or make. PEETEEIT DEFI^TE. I did, or made. Thou didst, or madest. lie did, or made. We did, or made. You did, or made. They did, or made. To set out, to depart, to divide. To go, set out, set off, to march. Change. LESSON XIX. PREPOSITIONS. Para. Asi. For. Entrc. Ilasta. Hacia. Sin. Hasta donde. Pedro. Escritor. Escribano. Estado. M6dico. Cuarto. Aragon. Tio. Peter. "Writer. Notary. State. j Physician. ( Doctor. Boom. Aragon. Uncle. For, or in order to. So, thus. By, for, through. Between, among. Until, even. Towards. Without. How far. Helena. Helen. Escritora Tienda. Provincia. Writer (female). Store, shop. Province. Manera. Manner. Escritura. Writing, convey- . ance. Comida. Dinner. COMPOSITION. una <, Quo hizo V. aycr en su cuarto ? Estudle mi leccion. i Quc ha hecho V. hoy ? He cscrito los ejercicios. i, Quo hace el zapatero en la zapatcria V Hace zapatos y botas para V. ,jTiene V. papcl para cscribir carta ? Si, scSora, lo tcngo. ,; Quiere V. cscribir u :a eavta par n.i hermano ? i Para quien cs la carta ? Es para Manuel. Yo parto para Madrid. I Para clonde parte V. ? Parto para los Estados Unidos. j Hablo V. a su padre por rai hermano ? liable por el a mi padre y a mi tio. What did you do yesterday in your room ? I studied my lesson. What have you done to-day ? I have written my exercises. What does the shoemaker do in the shoe-shop ? He makes shoes and boots for you. Ilave you paper to write a letter ? Yes, madam, I have. Will you write a letter for my brother ? For whom is the letter ? It is for Emanuel. I set out for Madrid. For where do you set out ? I set out for the United States. Did you speak to your father for my brother ? I spoke foi 1 him to my father and to my uncle. LESSON XIX. 4 Habla V. bien el francos ? Lo hablo muy bien, y hasta paso por frances. I Por cuanto vendio V. el caballo ? Lo vendf por doscientos cincuenta pesos. (, Xccesita Y. enviar por algo ? X'ecesito enviar por el medico. I Por quo envia Y. ? Envio por vino. verbs, and adverbs; but its form is so similar to that laid do\vn for the adjectives that the learner will not re'[iiire any other explanation than the examples given in the Composition. CONVERSATION AND VERSION. 1. $ Sale 'V. tanto como su hermano? !N"o, seilor, mi hermano sale mas que yo. 2. ^Cuando salimos nosotros? ]S"osotros, salimos muy pronto. 3. ^Salio su hermano temprano de casa? Xo, sefior, salio tnrde. 4. ^Salieron Yds. pronto del teatro? Si, senor, salimos muy pronto. 5. g Sale V. presto a la calle ? Si, sefior, salgo muy presto. C. ^Salieron Vds. temprano de la iglesia? Salimos tarde. 7. ^Cual de estas dos gramdticas es mejor? La que V. tienc delantc es mejor que la otra. 8. i Es malo este caballo ? Es peor que el de V. 9. i Es buena la pluma de su hermano de V. ? Es mejor que la mia y peor que la de V. 10. i Cuanto dinero tiene V. ? Tengo cuarenta pesos. 11. ^Cuantos libros tiene su hermana? Tiene tantos como su prima. 12. Cuanto tiempo vivi6 V. en Paris? Yivi cuatro afios. 13. i Es su hermano mayor 6 menor que V. ? Es mayor. 14. i Quien de su familia de V. habla mejor el ingles? Mi hermano menor lo habla mejor que todos. 15. gDonde lo aprendi6? En Londrcs. 16. i Cnanto tiempo vivio alia? Seis afios. 17. i Cuando vino de alia ? Vino el afio pasado. 18. ^Cual de Vds. dos estudia mas? El estudia menos que yo; pero aprende mas. LESSON XX. 79 19. Cual de sus hermanos de V. es mas prudente? El mayor es muy callado y prudente ; pero el menor es vivo e imprudente. 20. i Salieron Vds. del concicrto antes que nosotros ? No, sefior, sali- mos despucs. 21. i Cuundo salio su amigo dc Vds. de NuevaYork? Salio el ines pasado para Paris. 22. i Cuando sale V. para Filadelfia ? No salgo hasta la semaaa que viene. 23. ^Ilacia donde vive su amigo de V. ? Vivo luicia la plaza. 24. i For donde vino V. de Paris ? Vine por Inglaterra. 25. g En d6nde vive V. ? En la Quinta avenida entre las calles Trcinta y Treinta y uiui. 26. $Qu6 caballo es mejor, el de V. 6 el mio? El do V. es mayor; pero no tan bueno como el mio. 27. I Tiene V. mas de cien pesos ? Tengo mas de ciento. 28. i No tiene V. mas quo tres pesos ? No, sefior, no tengo mas que dos. 29. ^Habla V. espailol mejor que Luisa? No, senor, lo hablo peor; pero lo escribo mejor que ella. 30. i Salio V. ayer temprano ? Sail tcmprano ; pero boy be salido muy tarde. EXERCISE. 1. Have you written your letter? Yes, sir, I bave written it. 2. What is the date of it (what date has it)? The 6rst of this month. 3. Do you {plural) go out much ? We go out this year as much as last year. 4. Which is the better grammar, mine or yours? Yours is better than mine, but not so large. 5. Which of the two goes out earlier? you or your cousin? I go out earlier than he. 6. Are merchants as rich as singers ? Some singers are richer than merchants. 7. Is this horse not as lively as that one ? That one is a little more lively than this one. 8. Is Mexico as large as the United States ? No, miss, the latter are much larger than the former. !.. When do the musicians leave for Havana ? They leave next week (the week that is coming). 10. When did you take your music lesson? I took it the day before yesterday, early. 80 LESSON XX. 11. Did your brothers take theirs as early as you ? No, sir, they took theirs very late. 12. Which of you two speaks Italian "better? He speaks it better than I : but I write it better than he. 13. Do you sing much every day? I do not sing as much as last month. 14. Does the notary write as well as the physician ? The former writes better than the latter. 15. Is that man not very tiresome ? He is very talkative and very tiresome. 1C. Is Lewis as prudent as his uncle? He is more prudent than he; but not so taciturn. 17. Are you less tall (alto) than Louisa? No, she is less tall than I. 18. Is your uncle, the merchant, as rich as your father? No, sir, my father is richer than he. 19. When do your cousins leave for Paris? They leave very soon. 20. Is your servant as cleanly as ours ? Ours is more cleanly than yours, but not so talkative. 21. Have you any paper for writing? I have as much paper and as much ink as I wisli for. 22. Is Henry very prudent ? He is as imprudent as talkative. 23. Who goes to the bakery quicker than John? Nobody goes as quick as he. 24. Have the merchants sent as much silver to France as to Spain ? They have sent more to France. 25. Did the shoemaker make the shoes as quickly as the tailor made the coat ? The former made the shoes quicker, because he worked more than the latter. 26. Which works the later, the tailor or the baker? The latter does 1 not work so late as the former. 27. Are your father's books larger than ours ? Yours are smaller than Ms. 28. Are those horses bad ? They are worse than the others. 29. Will you go with your friend (fern.) to the concert ? I will not go. 30. Why will you not go ? Because it is very late, and I have to play on the piano. 31. Where did your mother learn Spanish? She learned it here. 32. And does she speak it well? She does not speak it as well as slm writes it. 33. How much money have you ? I have not more than seven dollars. ' 34. lias your friend as much as you ? He has more than I ; he has received more than two hundred dollars from Spain. LESSON XXI. 81 LESSON XXI. Saber. Sabicndo. Sabido. Se. Sabcs. Sabe. Sabemos. Sabeis. Saben. Supe. Supiste. Supo. Supimos. Supisteis. Supieron. Amar. Viajar. Trinidad (fern). Sabio, sapientisimo. Ilubil, habilisimo. Dificil, dificilisimo. Facil, facilisimo. Corto, cortisimo. Alegre, alegrisimo. Triste, tristisimo. Feliz, felicisimo. Largo, larguisimo. Fuertc, fortisimo. Jmevo, novisimo. Fiel, ildclisimo. Alto, altisimo. 4* To know. Knowing. Known. I know. Thou knowest. He knows. AVc know. You know. They know. I knew. Thou knewest. He knew. We knew. You knew. They knew. To love. To travel. Trinity. "Wise, learned ; very, most or ex- 'trernely wise. Clever, skilful ; very clever. Difficult, very or most difficult. Easy ; very or most easy. Short ; very or most short. Cheerful ; very or most cheerful. Sad ; very or most sad. Happy ; very or most happy. Long ; very or most long. Strong ; very or most strong. New ; very or most new. Faithful ; very or most faithful. Tall ; very or most tall. 82 LESSON XXI. IP.EEGULAR COMPAEATH Bueno, niejor, 6ptimo. Malo, peor, pesiino. Grande, mayor, maximo. Pequeflo, menor, minimo. Alto, superior, supremo. Bajo, inferior, infiino, E3 AXD SfPEBLATITES. Good, better, best. Bad, worse, worst. Great, greater, greatest. Small, smaller, smallest. High, J m 'g her , highest. ( superior, supreme. L W) {Inferior, } lo st ' Combinada. 1 Combined. COMPOSITIOX. Es el mas sabio de mis discipulos. Esta senorita es la mas amable. La mayor parts del regimiento. La mayor parle, 6 los mas, de los solda- dos. La mejor casa de la callc. Manuel, j cuales son los profesores que saben mas en tu escuela ? El profesor de aritmetica sabe mucho, el de francos, sabe mas ; pero el profesor de historia es el que mas sabe. i, Es bueno este caballo ? Este caballo es muy bueno ; pero el de V. es mejor, y el mio es el mejor de los tres. i Es esta leccion muy fiicil ? Es facilisima. f, Es su casa de V. tan alta como la mia ? La mia es mas alta que la de V., y la de su hermano de V. es la mas alta. Ese Frances es muy caballcro. Es alegre 6 triste su amigo de V. ? Es alegrisimo ; pero es muy nifio. ,:Es muy j oven? Xo, senor, es riejo. He is the wisest of my pupils. This young lady is the most amiable. The greater part of the regiment. The greater part, or the most, of the soldiers. The best house in the street. Emanuel, which are the professors in your school who know the most ? The professor of arithmetic is learned, the French professor is more learned ; but the professor of history is the most learned. Is this horse good ? This horse is very good ; but yours is better, and mine is the best of the three. Is this lesson very easy ? It is most, or very easy. Is your house as high as mine ? Mine is higher than yours, and your brother's Is the highest. That Frenchman is very gentlemanly. Is your friend cheerful or sad ? . He is most cheerful ; but he is very childish. Is he very young ? Xo, sir, he is old. EXPLANATION. 91. English superlatives ending in cst, or formed by most, LESSON XXI. 83 arc rendered by placing the definite article before the Spanish comparative ; as, El mas sabio. - La mas amablc. The wisest. The most amiable. Most of the soldiers. 92. Most, or most of, when followed by a noun (singular), is translated by la mayor parte ; as, La mayor parte del regimiento. | Most of the regiment. But if the noun is in the plural, most may also be translated by mas, with the corresponding article ; as, La mayor parte, 6 los mas, de los soldados. 93. The preposition in, after the English superlative, is translated by de in Spanish ; as, i.a mejor casa de la calle. | The best house in the street. 94. Those superlatives which in English are formed with the aid of very, most, &c., may in Spanish be formed either with the help of muy before the adjective, or by adding to the latter the termination 'tsimo ; as, MIIAJ habil, or habilfozmo. Muy facil, or facih'szmo. Very clever. Very, or most easy. The termination isimo is, however, more expressive of the positive superlative degree than is the adverb muy. 95. Observe that adjectives ending in a vowel drop that vowel on taking the termination isimo ; as, Corto, cort&z'mo. Alegre, alegrfctmo. Triste, tristzsimo. Short, very short. Cheerful, most cheerful. Sad, very sad. 96. There are other superlatives ending in errimo; as, Celebre, celebemmo. Salubre, saluberrimo. Celebrated, most celebrated. Salubrious, very salubrious. But these forms are not the most used. 97. Adjectives ending in the following letters change them before admitting the termination isimo : . Co becomes qu ; as, rico, riywisimo. Go " ffu ; as, largo, larywisimo. Ble " bil] as, amable, a,mafo7isiino. Z " c ; as, feliz, felicisimo. 84 LESSON XXI. 98. Superlatives in isimo irregularly formed : Hueno, good, makes bonlsiino, very good. Fucrte, strong, makes fortisimo, very strong. Nuevo, new, makes novisimo, very new. tiabio, wise, makes sapientisimo, very wise. Sacro, sacred, makes sacratisimo, very sacred. fid, faithful, makes JUUUimo, very faithful. 99. Irregular comparatives and superlatives: Bueno, mejor, optimo. Malo, peor, pesimo. Grande, mayor, maximo. Pequeuo, menor, minimo. Alto, superior, supremo. Bajo, inferior, infimo. Mucho, mas, lo mas. Poco, mcnos, lo menos. All these adjectives form also a superlative in tsimo, accord- ing to the rules already given ; as, malisimo, poqu'isimo, mu- chtsimo. They admit also a comparative formed with mas or menos ; and a superlative with muy ; as, Henos malo. Los mas grandes. Muy pequefios. Less bad. The greatest. Very small. 100. Substantives used adjectively admit the degrees of comparison; as, Es mas caballero que tii. Es muy hombre. Este hombre es muy niiio. He is more gentlemanly than thou. He is very much of a man, or very manly. This man is very childish. CONVERSATION AND VERSION. 1. gSupo V. su leccion antes de aver? La supe muy Men, y la s6 todos los dias. 2. i Ama V. a su hermano ? Le amo. 3. |Le ama a Y. su hermano? Xo lo se. 4. A quien nma "V. ? Amo a mis papas. 5. i Ha viajado V. muclio? Ho viajado mucho en Europa; pero he viajado muy poco en America. LESSON XXI. 85 G. g Sabe V. el espafiol ? Muy poco, scfiorita ; pcro lo aprendo. 7. Y V., sefiorita, ^lo sabe V. ? No, sailor, no lo se, ni lo aprendo. 8. Porqu6 no estudia V. el espafiol ? Porque aprendo la musica, y DO tengo ticmpo para estudiarlo. 9. $Es muy hdbil su profesor de musica de V. ? Es habilisimo. 10. jSabe V. cantar? No, sefiora, pero se tocaruun poco el piano. 11. &No sabe V. tocar la guitarra? No, sefiora, toco el violin. 12. ^Aprende bien ese caballero el espanol? Estudia muchd" y lo apren.de muy bien. 13. Qui6n aprendo mas pronto el espafiol, las sefioras 6 los caballeros ? Las seiioras aprenden mucbo mas pronto. 14. 2 Quien es el mas sabio de sus discipulos de V. ? La sefiorita N., es la mas sabia de todos mis discipulos. 15. i Cual de estos niflos es el mejor ? El quo ama a sus padres, y es- tudia mas sus lecciones, es el mejor. 10. jMarcb.6 todo el regimiento 7. por Broadway basta el Parque Central ? No, sefior, pero la mayor parte de 61. 17. ^Fueronal campo los soldados? Los mas de los soldados fucron alia. 18. gEs esta la mejor casa delacalle? No, senor, esta casa es muy buena ; pero la de Astor es mejor y la de Stewart es la mejor do la ciudad. 19. jSabe V. quien paso por aqni anocbe? No, sefior, pero se quien paso por la 5 a aveuida. 20. i Es bueno este caballo ? Este caballo es muy bueno ; pero el de V. es mejor, y el mio es el mejor de los tres. 21. gEs caballero esc Frances? Si, sefior, es muy caballero. 22. ^Es ese bombre alegre 6 triste? Es muy alegre; pero es muy nifio. 2:!. ^Fue V. al concierto la scmana pasada? Fui antes de ayer. 24. i Quiere V. tocar el piano ? Quiero, pcro no se. 25. ^Ha venido su amigo do V. ? Ha venido. 26. jCudndo vino ? Vino antes de ayer. 27. i Cuaiido sale V. ? Quiero salir la semana quo viene. EXERCISE. 1. Do you know Frencb ? No, sir, but my brother knows it. 2. Is that physician clever ? He is most clever. 3. Which is the most skilful physician ? Ours is the most skilful iu the city. 4. Is Miss Louisa very amiable ? Yes, she is very amiable. 86 LESSON XXI. 5. Alexander, which is the most learned teacher in your school i The English teacher is learned, the teacher of arithmetic is more learned ; but the Italian teacher is the most learned of all. G. Is your school-mistress cheerful, Louisa? Yes, mamma, she is most cheerful and very happy. 7. Did you know, your lessons well yesterday? Yes, I knew them very well, better than to-day's, for I have not had time to study them. 8. Does your brother know his every day ? I do not know ; but he works very little. 9. Is he taciturn ? No, sir, he is very talkative. 10. Which is the largest church in New York? Trinity Church is the largest and the handsomest in the city. 11. "Whose is that handsome house there ? It is my uncle's. 12. Is it not the finest in the street ? No ; Mr. Emanuel's is the finest in the city. 13. Did the 12th Regiment go out to march yesterday? Not all, but the greater part went out. 14. Did not all the soldiers march through Fourteenth street last Thursday ? The most of them marched through Fourteenth street, but not all. 15. Is your Spanish lesson for to-day difficult ? Yes, it is the most difficult (that) I have had this month. 16. Is your French lesson very difficult, Charles ? No, sir ; my French lesson for to-day is the easiest one in the grammar. 1Y. Which is the best Spanish grammar? The Combined Spanish Grammar is the best and the easiest. 18. Is not your table very low for writing? Yes, it is very low; I write better on a higher one. 19. Will you take this small pen to write your exercise? No; I do not write well with my own, which is very small, but larger than yours. 20. Have you travelled much in Europe ? I have travelled very much in America, but very little in Europe. 21. Which is the longest street in New York ? Broadway is the longest in the United States. 22. Do you love your parents ? Yes, I love them very much. 23. Why does Margaret not love her cousin? She does not love him because he is very taciturn. 24. Which of your pupils is the wisest ? Henry and Louisa are the wisest of all my pupils. 25. Who reads the most newspapers in your house? I do not know ; but papa reads a great many. LESSON XXII. 87 20. To whom have you paid the most money to-day ? I have paid most to the tailor, because he has worked most for me. 27. Does not your washerwoman work very much ? Yes, she works very much, but earns (ganar) very little money. 28. Whose horse is the most lively, yours, Charles', or mine ? Charles' is lively, mine is more li vely, but yours is the liveliest of the three. 29. In what street do you live? I live in Twenty -third street. 30. Is that a fine street ? Yes, it is one of the finest streets up-town (of the upper part (parte alto) of the city). Estar Estoy. Estas. Esta, Estamos. Estais. Estan. Prestar. Hablando. Estudiando. Comprando. Buscando. Necesitando. Aprendiendo. Vendiendo. Leyendo. Bebiendo. Comiendo. Escribiendo. Eecibiendo. Viviendo. Residiendo. Teniendo. Siendo. Queriendo. LESSON XXII. GERUSTDS. To be (in a certain place, state or condition). I am. Thou art. He is. We are. You are. They are. To lend. Speaking. Studying. Buying. Looking for. Needing, wanting, requiring. Learning. Selling. Eeading. Drinking. Eating, dining. Writing. Receiving. Living. Residing. Having, holding. Being. "Wishing, desiring, loving. 88 LESSON XXII. Llevando. Enviando. Tomando. Pagando. Pronunciandcf. Cantando. Tocando. Haciendo. Pasando. Trabajando. Mandando. Yendo. Yinicndo. Estando. Norte, sur, este, oeste. Carrying, taking. Sending. Taking. Paying. Pronouncing. Singing, chanting. Touching, playing. Doing, making. Passing. Working. Sending, commanding. Going, Corning. Being (in a certain state, &c.). North, south, east, west. COMPOSITION. I Es su casa dc V. grande ? Es grande ; pero estd en mal estado. 6 En que calle estd la casa de su herma- no de V. ? Estd en la Cuarta avenida. I Es Luisa bonita ? Es muy bonita. i Estd ella contenta ? No estd contenta, porquc estd enferma. I Es enfermiza ? Lo es mucho. (, DC qui6n cs csta casa ? Es de mi hermano. Estd muy bicn situada. Esta carta cs para Margarita. Nueva York estd entre el rio del Norte y el del Este. El senor "Walker cs pintor. La mesa cs de madera. Estuve en casa hasta que Y. llcgo. Mi amigo estd para partir. Estoy sin comer. f, Qu6 estd Y. haciendo ? Estoy escribicndo. Is your house large ? It is large ; but it is in a bad state. In what street is your brother's house ? It is in (the) Fourth Avenue. Is Louisa pretty ? She is very pretty. Is she contented ? She is not contented, because she is sick. Is she sickly ? She is very much so. Whose house is thb V It is my brother's. It is very well sitiuit. .!. This letter is for Maip; New York is between the Kcrll East rivers. Mr. Walker is a painter The table is of wood. I was at home until you arrived. My friend is about to set out. I have not dined (I am without eating). What arc you doing ? I am writing. LESSON XXII. 89 De quien es V. amado ? JSoy amado dc mis niiios. Manuel es bucno. Manuel cstd malo. i Esta Pedro causado ? Estii cansado y cs cansado. i Porque esttl tail callado Alejandro ? Forque es callado. P.y \vhom arc you loved ? I am loved by my c'r.Hren. Ernanuel is good. Emanuel is ill. Is Peter tired ? lie is tired, and he i.; tiresome. Why is Alexander so silent ? Because he is taciturn. EXPLANATION. 101. SER and ESTAK. These two verbs have in English but one equivalent TO BE ; but their respective significations and uses are so materially different as to constitute one of the chief difficulties of the Spanish language. By careful observation, however, of the folio wing simple rule, the learner will, we are assured, be enabled to overcome that difficulty, and know ex- actly when to use the one and when the other of these two verbs. 102. Whenever we wish to express what persons or things are, and their mode of being, in an absolute manner, SER is the verb to be employed ; but if we desire to express the state or condition of persons or things, and the mode of that state or condition in a relative manner, then ESTAK must be used. The following examples will serve to render the application of this rule more clear : 1st. Esta casa cs grande. 2d. Esta casa estd limpia. 3d. Esta casa estd en Broadway. 4th. Luisa es bonita. 5th. Luisa cs feliz. Cth. Luisa estd contenta. 7th. Luisa cstd enferma. 8th. Luisa cs enfermiza. This house is large. This house is clean. This house is in Broadway. Louisa is pretty. Louisa is happy. Louisa is content. Louisa is sick. Louisa is sickly. In the first example we use SER to express what kind of a bouse the one referred to is i. e. large ; in the second, ESTAK, inasmuch as we desire to express how, or in what state the house is, i. e. in a clean state ; ESTAR is also employed in the third, sixth and seventh examples, the object being to make known respectively ichere the house is, and in what state or 90 LESSOR XXII. condition Louisa is OY finds herself ; while in the fourth, fifth and eighth SEE again comes into play, seeing we wish to desig- nate Louisa's mode of being in an absolute manner. From the above general rule may be deduced the following observations : 1st. That SEE must be used whenever we wish to express possession, use, purpose or destination ; to point out the nation- ality, profession or calling of persons ; the place of production of things or the materials of which they are composed ; the pimple fact of existence, the occurrence of events; and, finally, as an auxiliary in forming the passive voice of verbs. 2d. That ESTAK is to be employed in speaking of situation or position, place, state or condition, in making the progressive form in ndo (corresponding to the English ing] of other verbs ; and, lastly, to govern verbs in the infinitive mood with the aid of a preposition, or past participles without such aid. N". B. The verb ESTAE can never be used with the present participles of ir and venir. Examples of the uses of SEE and ESTAE : SEE. La casaca cs de mi hermano. The coat is my brother's. La carta es para Margarita. The letter is for Margaret. El senor Walker es pintor. Mr. Walker is a painter. Este vino es de Espana. This wine is from Spain. La mesa es de madera. The table is of wood. Has sido prudente en hacerlo asi. Thou hast been prudent in so doing Hoy es la celebracion. The celebracion is to-day. Son las diez. It is ten o'clock. Fite el caso como yo escribi a V. The case was as I wrote to you. Soy amado. I am loved. ESTAE. Esta casa estd bien situada. This house is well situated. Xueva York estd cntre el rio del Norte y el del Este. New York is between the North and East rivers. Estuve en casa hasta que llego. I was at home until he arrived. El cstd escribiendo. He is writing. Mi amigo estd para partir. My friend is about to set out Estoy por no hacerlo. I am inclined not to do it. Estamos siu comer. We have not dined (or eaten). Esta carta csld fechada en Madrid. This letter is dated from Madrid. LESSON XXII. 91 N. B. As it frequently occurs that, iu perfect accordance with the rules of grammar, the same sentence may be construed with either SER or ESTAR, though conveying entirely different ideas, it is essential to inquire thoroughly into the respective value of these two verbs, in order to avoid the confusion which must necessarily arise from their misapplication. The impor- tant nature of this remark may be seen from the following examples : WITH SER. Manuel es bucno. Emanucl is good. Juan cs mulo. John is bad (or wicked). Pedro cs cansado. Peter is tiresome. Juana cs viva. Jane is lively. Alejandro cs callado. Alexander is taciturn. Este nifio cs limpio. This child is cleanly. Esta naranja es agria. This is a sour orange (i. c. of the sour species). WITH ESTAE. Manuel csld bueno. Emanuel is well. Juan csld malo. John is sick. Pedro cstd cansado. Peter is tired. Juana estd viva. Jane is alive. Alejandro estd callado. Alexander is silent. Este nino estd limpio. This child is clean. Esta naranja estd agria. This orange is sour (i. c. unripe). What is said in the course of the present lesson relative to SEK and ESTAR, being all that is requisite to enable the student to determine which of the two is to be used in any ordinary case, his attention shall not again be called to them until we come to treat of their idiomatic uses. CONVERSATION AND VERSION. 1. i Que esta haciendo el muchacho ? Esta estudiando su leccion. 2. i Ila estudiado V. la suya ? La estudie ayer. 3. i De qnic'ii cs V. amado ? Soy araado de mis nifios. 4. gEsta V. escribiendo sus ejercicios? No, sefior, estoy cscribiendo una carta. 5. i Esta Margarita cansada ? Margarita no esta cansada ; pero es cansada. 6. j Porquo esta Pedro tan callado ? Porque es callado. 7. i Para quien cs esta carta ? Es para V. 92 L E S S O X X X 1 1 . 8. 2 En donde csta situada Xucva York? Esta situada cntre el rio del Xorte y el del Este. 9. $Es Y. Espafiol? Xo, sefior, soy Americano. 10. $Es ese caballero abogado? Xo, sefior, es medico. 11. i Como esta Alejandro ? Estu bueno. 12. $Es Alejandro buen muchacho ? Es bueno. 13. ^Estuvo Y. ayer en mi casa? Estuve alii hasta quo su padro do Y. vino. 1-i. ; DC quc es cstc tintero? Es dc rnadera. 15. ;Es grand e su jardiii de Y. ? Es grandisimo ; pero esta en inal estado. 16. ^En que calle esta su casa de Y. ? Esta en la Cuarta avenida. 17. ^Es bermosa la casa de su amigo de Y. ? Es hermosisima. 18. $Es Luisa feliz? Luisa es muy feliz; pero no esta contenta, por- que no vino Y. a verla (to see her). 19. $Es Y. enfcrmizo? Xo, sefior; pero estoy enfermo. 20. i De quien es aquella casa tail alta ? Es de un amigo mio ; pero qaiere venderla porque esta mal situada en esta calle tan fca. 21. i Cuando parte Y. ? Xo se, quiero partir boy, porque tengo mucbo que hacer. 22. i Partio su amigo de Y. aycr ? Xo, sefior, ha partido boy. 23. i Fue Y. a la iglesia el domingo pasado ? Si, sefior, voy a la iglcsia todos los domingos, cuando no estoy enfermo. 24. i Yive su amigo dc Y. en el campo ? Xo, sefior, reside en la ciudad. 25. [ Que bace en la ciudad ? Trabaja de abogado. 26. i Que bace V. ? Yo vendo y cornpro : soy comerciantc. 27. i Paso Y. por Paris, cuando fuu a Madrid ? Si, sefior, y por otras mucbas ciudades de Francia y Espafia. 28. i . Yiaja Y. mucbo? He viajado mucbo; pero no viajo mas. 29. i Yiaj6 Y. en Mejico? Si, sefior, estuve alii el afio pasado. 30. i Es bonito pais ? El pais es bermosisimo. EXCERCISE. 1. "Wbere is your bouse situated ? In Eleventh street. 2. Is it very large? Xo, sir, it is not as large as my uncle's. 3. Which of the three languages* English, French or Spanish, is the richest ? The Spanish is much richer than the other two. 4. Do you speak Spanish ? Xo, madam ; but I am learning it. 5. Do you and your sister take a lesson to-day? Xo, our teacher is not coming (does not come) to-day, he is sick. * Lcnguas. L K s s o x X x 1 1 . 93 C. What lesson arc you at (in). We are at the twenty-second, one of the most difficult in the grammar. V. Is Louis very taciturn ? he speaks very little. No, sir, he is not taciturn ; but he is silent to-day, because he is unwell. 8. "Why is Henry so cheerful to-day? He is cheerful because he has received letters from his father and mother. 9. Is he a good boy ? lie is a very good boy ; he is studying his Italian lesson. 10. How is your friend to-day ? Ho is much better than yesterday. 11. Where is that wine from that Charles is drinking ? It is from Spain. 12. Has your father been prudent in selling his horse ? He has been most imprudent in selling it. 13. Whom do you love ? I love my father and mother, and I am loved by them. 14. Where is that letter from ? It is (comes) from Paris. 15. Have you (plural) dined to-day? .No, sir, we have not dined; our servant is very ill. 1C. What do you do every day to pass the time ? Sometimes I sing and play on the piano, and at others I read the newspapers and go out to ;walk (pasear). 17. What does Mr. Emanuel do ? He is a merchant. 18. For whom is that letter that Louisa is writing? It is for her cousin (fern.). 19. Is Alexander a tiresome boy? No, madam, but he went to walk very early, and he is tired. 20. Was Louis at your house yesterday ? Yes, sir, he was there until my uncle came. 21. How is your uncle to-day? He is very well ; he is about to set out for Paris. 22. Is Henry tired ? No ; but he is very tiresome. 23. Whose book is that ? It is my friend's ; but he wants to sell it, because it is very badly written. 24. How much docs he want for it ? He wants five dollars and a half.* 25. Is it in French ? No, sir, it is in Spanish. 2G. When do you (plural) leave for Europe ? We leave very soon. 27. Have you a garden at your house ? Yes, sir, I have a very fine garden. 28. Is it very large ? It is very large. 29. What is your friend doing in Paris ? He is studying law (for a lawyer). 30. And you, what do you do in Philadelphia ? I work as a notary. 31. Whom is this letter from? It is from the pianist, and for you. * Mcdio. 94 LESSON XXIII. Habl-are. Habl-aras. Habl-ara. Habl-aremos. Habl-areis. Habl-aran. Aprend-ere". Aprend-eras. Apr end-era. Aprend-eremos. Aprend-ereis. Aprend-eran. Escrib-ire. Escrib-iras. Escrib-ira. Escrib-iremos. Escrib-ireis. Ecrib-iran. Desear. Practicar. Bailar. Principiar. Acabar. Medio. Pr6ximo. Entonces. Anocbe. Antes de anocbe. Mafiana. LESSON XXIII. FUTURE SIMPLE. First Conjugation. I sball speak. Thou wilt speak. He Avill speak. We sball speak. You will speak. They will speak. Second Conjugation. I shall learn. Thou wilt learn. He will learn. We sball learn. You will learn. They will learn. Third Conjugation. I shall write. Thou wilt write. He will write. We shall write. You will write. They will write. To desire. To practise. To dance. To commence, to begin. To finish. Half. Next. Then. Last night. The night before last. To-morrow. LESSOR XXIII. 95 Pasado maflana. La mafiana. Si. The day after to-morrow. The morning. If. Gusto. Taste, pleasure. Noche. Night. Deseo. Desire, mind. Gracias. (to give) Thanks. Negocios. Business, occupa- Familia. Family. tion. Practica. Practice. Oficio. Office. Teoria. Theory. Minuto. Minute. Ilora. Hour. Segundo. Second. Polca. Polka. Vals. Waltz. Lengua. Tongue, language. Idioma. Language. COMPOSITION. (, Estudiara Y. maiiana su leccion de cs- panol ? Si, scnor, la estudiare maiiana por la mafiana. 6 A que bora principiara V. ? Principiare a las tres de la manana. Seuorita, <; quiorc Y. bailar un vals ? Gracias, caballcro, no se bailar vals. ^ Bailara V. una polca ? Si, scnor, con mucho gusto. Ilablo mal cl espaiiol, porquo no lo practice. V. necesita practical- mucho para aprcn- der una lengua. Practicare en Espafia, porque ire alii muy pronto. ;, Quo dias toma V. sus lecciones de piano ? Las tomo los lines y los viernes, ii las once de la manana. j A que hora tomara Y. las lecciones de Frances. Las tomare a las diez. f, Que bora es ? Es la una. Will you study your Spanish lesson to- morrow ? Yes, sir, I will study it to-morrow morning. At what hour will you commence ? I shall commence at three o'clock in the morning. Will you (dance a) waltz, Miss ? Thank you, sir, I do not know how to waltz. Will you dance a polka ? Yes, sir, with great pleasure. I speak Spanish badly, because I do not practise it. You require to practise a great de;il in order to learn a language. I will practise in Spain, because I shall go there very soon. On what days do you take your piano lessons ? I take them on Mondays and Fridays, at 1 1 o'clock in the morning. At what hour will you take your French lessons ? I shall take them at 10 (o'clock). What o'clock is it ? It is one (o'clock). 96 LESSON XXIII. Son las once y cuarto. Son las tres menos diez minutos. Maiiana ire al campo, y pasado mafla- na tendre el gusto de pasar cl dia con V. Gracias ; entonces sere muy feliz. (, Bailaremos en su casa de Y. ? Si, senor, bailaremos, cantaremos, toca- remos y practicarcmos el espanol toda la noche, Muy bien, muy bien ; entonces seremos inas que felices, seremos felicisimos. t, En donde pas 6 V. ayer la noche ? La pase con mis amigos los seilores Martinez y su familia. (, Cudnto tiempo estuvo V. en su casa ? Fui a las siete de la noclie y sali a los once y media. It is a quarter-past eleven. It is ten minutes to three. I shall go to the country to-morrow, and shall have the pleasure of spend- ing the day after to-morrow with vou. Thank you ; then I shall be very happy. Shall we dance at your house ? Ye?, sir, we shall dance, sing, play and practise Spanish all the evening (the whole night). Yury well, very well ; then we shall be more than happy ; we shall be most happy. Where did you spend the evening yesterday ? I spent it with my friends, Mr. and Mrs. Martinez and (their) family. How long were you at their house ? I went at seven in the evening and left (went out) at half past eleven o'clock. EXPLANATION. 103. FUTURE SIMPLE. This tense affirms what is yet to be or to take place at a future time (mentioned or not) ; as, Sere comerciante. Juan estudiard mauana. I shall be a merchant. John will study to-morrow. This tense is also used as imperative, as will be seen when that mood is introduced. 104. The DEFINITE ARTICLE is to be used before numerals indicating the hour of the day, and the word o'clock is never translated into Spanish ; as, A las trcs de la tarde. J At three o'clock in (of) the afternoon. 105. NOCHE (evening or night), commences at sundown; so that evening and night both are translated into Spanish by noche. 106. The conjunction si, when conditional, does not gov- ern the subjunctive in Spanish as it does in English, unless (lie latter be followed by should, as will be seen in the proper place ; in all other cases, si is followed by the present of the indicative ; as, Si V. tiene papel, i escribira ? | If you have paper, will you write ? LESSON XXIII. 97 CONVERSATION AND VERSION. 1. gCuaudo principiani V. a escribir sus ejercicios? Principiar6 mafiana. 2. i A quo hora acabara V. ? Acabare a las diez y media. 3. Alejandro, qiu6 quieres ser, abogado 6 escritor? No sere ni abo- gado ni escritor, sere comerciante. 4. Sefiorita, jquiere V. bailar una polca? Gracias, caballero, no bailare, porque estoy muy cansada. 5. i Bailara V. la proxinaa ? Si, sefior, con inucho gusto. 6. i Practicara Y. el piano hoy ? No, sefior, hoy no tengo ticrapo ; pero practicare mafiana por la mafiana. 7. $Qu6 hard V. mafiana? Mafiana por la mafiana escribire mis ejercicios y practicare el espafiol con mi hermano. 8. i Qu6 dias toma V. leccion de piano? Los liines y viernes. 9. i A que hora tomani V. su leccion mafiana ? A las once y cuarto. 10. i Vendra V. a mi casa en el campo ? Ir6 pasado mafiana y tendre el gusto de pasar el dia con V. 11. gBailare"mos en su casa,de V.? Si, sefior, bailaremos, cantaremos y practicar6mos el espafiol tcda la noche. 12. gEn donde pasara V. mafiana la noche? La pasar6 con mis ami- gos los sefiores Martinez y su familia. 13. i A qu6 hora iran Vds. alii? Ire'inos a las siete de la noche. 14. i Ilasta qu6 hora estaran Vds ? Hasta la una y media. 15. ^Estara V. mafiana por la mafiana en su cuarto ? Estar6 hasta las nueve y diez minutos. 16. gEs triste su hermano de V. ? No, sefiora, no es triste ; pero esta triste. 17. $Es V. feliz ? Soy felicisimo ; pero no estoy contento esta tarde. 18. gEs Y. mayor que su hermano ? No, sefiora, soy el menor de toda la familia. 19. ^Quie'n es el mayor? Juan es el mayor. 20. i Sale V. de casa temprano ? Salgo tempranisimo. 21. i A qu6 hora? Salgo a las ocho y media. 22. i Salio V. ayer tan temprano ? No, sefior, ayer sali mas tarde ; pero hoy he salido temprano. 23. i A quo hora saldra V. mafiana ? Mafiana saldr6 a la una de la tarde. 24. i Para quien escribe V. una carta ? Escribo al abogado, por el pobre Juan, qne lo necesita para un negocio. 25. i Partira Y. mafiana para la Habana ? No, sefior, no partir6 hasta la scmana proxima. 26. ^Es este caballo muyfuerte? Es fortisimo ; pero ese que estu alii es mas fuerte y el quo esta alii al otro lado es el mas fnertc. 5 98 LESSON XXIII. EXERCISE. 1. When shall you commence to study music ? I desire to commence next month. 2. Do you know how * to dance? I do not dance very well; but I am going to take lessons soon. 3. Do you study in the morning or in the evening ? I study in the morning. 4. At what o'clock do you take your lessons ? At a quarter to three in the afternoon (tarde). 5. Does your teacher come so late ? Yes, he has a great many pupils this year. 6. Will you dance a waltz, Miss? Thank you, sir, I danced so much the night before last that I am tired. 7. Then it will be better to talk. I shall talk with much pleasure. 8. When shall your cousin write his exercise ? He shall write it to- morrow morning. 9. At what time do you receive~your newspapers ? I receive them every day at eight o'clock in the morning. 10. Mr. Louis, will you come and dine at my house? I shall be very happy to go Avith you. 11. How did you spend the evening at your friend's? Very well; his wife (lady) i 3 most amiable. 12. Has she not travelled in Europe? No, sir; but they spoke last night of travelling very soon. 13. Is their family large? No, they have no children. 14. Does not your friend speak Spanish very well ? Yes, sir, he some- times even passes for a Spaniard. 15. Did you practise much with him? No; his cousin speaks French very well, and so we spoke that language all the evening. 10. Where shall you spend this evening? I do not know; but the day after to-morrow we shall go to your house. 17. Thank* you ! then I shall be more than happy; I shall be most happy. 18. How many seconds make a minute? Sixty. 1 ;>. How many minutes make an hour ? Sixty minutes. 20. And how many hours has a day ? A day has twenty-four hours, n week seven days, a month four weeks, and a year twelve months. 21. Peter, what o'clock is it ? It is half- past two. 22. Then I am going to take my lesson : will you come? No, thank you ; I wish to read this morning's paper. 23. Until what o'clock shall you be ? I shall finish at one. * Hoic is not translated when it does not refer to the manner of doine anvtliiiuj. LESSON XXIV. 99 24. Peter! Sir? 25. Has the tailor finished my vest? Yes, sir, here he is with the vest and the coat. 26. When will the shoemaker make my boots? He will make them for next Tuesday. 27. Have you any business in Philadelphia ? Yes, sir, I am writing the history of Louis XVI., for a gentleman of that city. 28. Mr. Henry, are you happy? Yes, sir, thank you, I am very happy ; but I am not very contented this evening. 29. Why are you not contented? Because my father has not written to me this week. LESSON XXIV. COMPOUND FUTURE. Habre escrito. I shall have \ Habras escrito. Thou wilt have > written. Habra escrito. He will have j Habremos escrito. We shall have } Habreis escrito. You will have > written. Ilabran escrito. They will have ) Coser. To sew. Lavar. To wash. Barrer. To sweep. Pasear. To walk (take a walk). Dedal. Thimble. Aguja. Needle. Hilo. Thread. Primavera. Spring. Verano. Summer. Accion. Action. Invierno. Winter. Nacion. Nation. Otofio. Autumn (Fall). Afectacion. Affectation. Enero. January. Navegacion. Navigation. Febrero. February. Agitacion. Agitation. Marzo. March. Aprobacion. Approbation. Abril. April. Aceptacion. Acceptation. Mayo. May. Atraccion. Attraction. Junio. June. Conversacion. Conversation. Julio. July. Direccion. Direction. Agosto. August. Circunspeceiou. Circumspection. 100 LESSON XXIV, Setiembre. Octubrc. Nbvicmbrc. Dicieinbro. September. October. November. December. Clasificacion. Coleccion. Combination. Comparacion. Composicion. Reputation. Classification. Collection. Combination. Comparison. Composition. Reputation. COMPOSITION. Habre 1 escrito mi leccion antes de ir a casa del profesor. Habrc acabado a las diez. El abogado acaba de hablar. Yo acabo de estudiar mi leccioa. La lavandera habra acabado de lavar a las cuatro. 6 A cuantos estamos ? Estamos a seis. (, Que dia del mes es hoy ? Es el primero. f, Que fecba tiene csa carta ? El primero de Eaero de mil oehocientos sesenta y seis. En que ano fue V. a Mejico ? Fui en Setiembre de mil oehocientos cincuenta y dos. (, Ira V. este verano a Europa ? No, senor, ire en el invierno. t, Paseara Y. mucho esta primavera ? No, senor, trabajare mucho. I shall have written my lesson before going to the professor's. I shall have finished at ten o'clock. The lawyer has just spoken. I have just studied my lesson. The washerwoman will have finished washing at four o'clock. What day of the month is it ? It is the sixth. What day of the month is to-day ? It is the first. YHiat is the date of that letter ? January 1st, 1866. In what year did you go to Mexico ? I went in September, 1852. Will you go to Europe this summer ? No, sir, I shall go in the winter. Will you walk much this spring ? No, sir, I shall work a great deal. EXPLANATION. 107. The COMPOUND FUTURE affirms something future that have taken place before or at the time of some other future action or event expressed in the sentence; and is composed of the simple future of the verb haber, to have, and the past parti- ciple of another verb ; as, liable escrito mi ejercicio antes de ir a casa del profesor. Habre acabado a las diez. I will have written my exercise before going to the professor's. I will have finished at ten o'clock. 108. ACAEAE DE is employed before an infinitive in the LESSON XXIV. 101 sense of to have just, and the infinitive is translated in English as a past participle ; as, Acaba dc hablar. Acabo de cstudiar. He has just spoken. I have just studied. N. B. In order to facilitate the acquisition of words, we shall give now and then a few rules, with the help of which the learner will be enabled to convert several thousand English words into Spanish. And, although we have proposed not to introduce many new words or elements at one time, these observations will enable the pupil to learn a greater number of words with little or no difficulty at all, from the striking re- semblance that those words bear to the English ones. 109. The greater part of English nouns ending in tion are rendered into Spanish by changing the letter t into c; as, appro- bation, aprobacion. It is to be observed that the only conso- nants that can be doubled in Spanish are c, n and r. All nouns of the above termination are feminine. 110. The days of the month are all counted in Spanish by the cardinal numbers, preceded by the article, except the first day; and there are several forms of asking the day of the month ; e. g., j Quo dia del mes tenemos ? i Que dia es hoy ? What day of the month is it ? 6 A cuantos estamos del mes ? There is no preference between these ; but the answer must be made in the same form as the question ; as, 6 Quo dia tenemos ? Tenemos el seis. (, A cuantos estamos ? Estamos a dos. a Quc dia es hoy ? Es el primero. What day of the month is it ? It is the sixth. What day of the month is it ? It is the second. What day of the month is to-day ? It is the first. CONVERSATION AXD YERSIOX. 1. i Habrii V. acabado de escribir su leccion a las diez y media ? No, se ; pero la habre acabado antes de ir a casa del profesor. 2. i Ha hablado aquel abogado ? !N"o, seflor, acaba de bablar este. 3. $ Ha hablado bien? May bien, pero cou afectacion. 102 LESSOK XXIV. 4. i Hard Y. una buena composicion para la leccion proxiraa ? Si, sefior, si tengo tiempo, la hare. 5. Lava bien su lavandera de Y. ? Lava muy bien. 6. i A donde en via Y. sus nifios ? Los euvio a pasear con la criada. 7. A donde ? A la plaza de Madison. 8. $ Esta cerca de su casa de V. ? Esta muy cerca. 9. $Barri6 el criado ayer mi cuarto? No, seflor, no lo barrio ayer; pero lo ha barrido hoy. 10. $Lo barrera maiiana ? Lo habra barrido antes de las nueve. 11. Muchacho, ^esta el sastre en la sastreria? No, sefior, acaba de salir. 12. i A que hora principiaron Yds. a bailar? Principiamos a las diez de la noche. 13. gDesea Y. practicar el ingles? Si, sefior, si tengo tiempo princi- piare pasado mafiana. 14. $ Donde esta su amigo ? Esta viajando por Francia. 15. i Ama su hermana de Y. mucho a sus hijos? Si,'sefior, los ama muchisimo. 16. i Saldra Y. muy pronto para Europa? Quiero salir mafiana. 17. $Sabe Y. bailar el vals? No, sefior, pero se bailar el rigodon y la polka. 18. ^De donde vienen Yds.? Yenimos de Francia, y varnos para Filadelfia. 19. g Quiere V. salir a pasear ? Muy bien, ireinos al Parque Central. 20. i Quien lavo estos pauuelos? Estan muy mal lavados. Su lavan- dera de V. los lavo. 21. i D6nde paso Y. el verano ? Lo pase en el campo. i Y el invienio ? En la ciudad. 22. i Cuales son los meses mas alcgres del afio? Los de la primavera. 23. i Sabe Y. la direccion de la casa de su hermano de V. ( Si. sufior, calle Catorce, numero ciento veinte y cinco. 24. -A qu6 hora comen Yds. ? Comemos a las tres de la tarde. 25. i Que hora tiene V. ? Tengo las dos y veinte. 26. i A que hora salieron sus hcrmanas para el parque ? Salieron a las seis y media de la mafiana. 27. e Y a que hora volvieron ? A las once menos cuarto. 28. ; Buenos dias! Buenos dias. ^Esta Y. bueno? Muy bueno, gra- cias. i Y su familia de Y. ? Muy buena, gracias. 29. i Baila Y. la polca ? No, sefior, estoy principiando a aprenderla. LESSON XXIV. 103 EXERCISE. 1. When shall your uncle have finished his letter? He shall have it finished at eight o'clock. 2. When shall you have your letter written ? I shall have it written before going to the professor's. 3. When shall the notary make the conveyance (writing) ? He has just made it. 4. Shall your servant have swept my room before the lesson hour to- morrow ? Yes, sir, she shall have it swept at six o'clock. 5. What day of the month is it? It is the thirteenth. 6. Does your washerwoman come to wash in your house ? She does not, but she washes very well. 7. How many lessons do those gentlemen take every month ? They take four every week ; that makes sixteen every month. 8. Which are the best months for walking ? The three months of spring, and the three of autumn (or fall). 9. Where are you coming (do you come) rrom ? I am coming from walking. 10. Will you give* me a needle and thread and a thimble to sew? Here is the needle ; I am going to look for the thread and thimble. 11. In what year did your sister Margaret go to England? She went in June, 1865. 12. What is the date of that letter? Madrid, 7th July, 1866. 13. Shall you go t6 Europe this summer? No, madam, I shall not go before next spring. 14. Is December a good month for travelling? No, it is one of the worst in the year. 15. How did you (plural) spend the day yesterday? We walked in die Central Park. 16. Did you walk the whole day ? No, we walked until twelve o'clock, and then we read and played on the piano. 17. Did you not pass the evening at Mr. Martinez's? No, we did not go out all (in all) the evening, Margaret was a little sick. 18. Do you know which are the longest months ? Yes ; they are Jan- uary, March, May, July, August, October and December. 19. And which are the shortest? April, June, September and No- vember. 20. But what do you do with February ? February is the shortest of all ; it has but twenty-eight days. 21. Shall you walk much this spring? No, miss, I shall work a great deal. *ar. 104 LESSOR XXV. 22. ^Vhen shall the tailor sew my vest ? He shall se\v it to-morrow evening. 23. Has the lawyer not spoken ? lie has just spoken. 24. Until what hour did he speak ? Until half-past one. 2-j. Did he speak in Spanish ? Xo, he spoke in French to-day ; but to-morrow he shall speak in Spanish. 26. Do you not wish to practise Italian ? Yes, sir, and I shall prac- tise the day after to-morrow, if I have time. 27. If your teacher comes to-day, will you take a lesson ? I shall take it if he comes. 28. Does he pronounce well? lie pronounces very well, but with some affectation. 29. How many Spanish words do you know that end in cion ? I know very many. 30. Which are they? Conversation, approbation, agitation, complica- tion, classification, intention, desertion, circumspection, nation, naviga- tion, and very many others. LESSON XXV. Conoccr. Conozco. Conoces. Conoce. Conocemos. Coneceis. Conocen. Conoci. Conociste. Conocio. Conocimos. Conocisteis. Couocieron. To know, to be acquainted with. PRESENT INDICATIVE. I know. Thou knowest. He knows. We know. You know. They know. PRETERIT DEFINITE. I knew. Thou knewest. He knew. We knew. You knew. They knew. LESSON XXV. 105 FUTURE SIMPLE. Conocere. I shall know. Conocenis. Thou wilt know. Conoccra. lie will know. Conoceremos. We shall know. Conocereis. You will know. Conoceran. They wiU know. PEETEEIT INDEFINITE. lie conoculo. | I have known. COMPOUND FUTURE. Habre conocido. I I shall have known. Gozar. Promoter. To enjoy. To promise. Una vez. Once. Dos veces, &c. Alto. Bajo. Siempre. Nunca. Twice. High, loud. Low. Always. Never. Jamas. Never. Ya. Ya (with a negative). Aim. Todavia. Already, yet (interrogatively}. No longer. -' Still, yet, even. Still, yet, even. A menudo. Often. Demasiaddr Bastante. Too, too much. Enough, pretty. Frio. Cold (the). Calor. Heat. Verguenza. Shame. . Razon. Keason. Miedo. Fear. Sed. Thirst. Suefio. Sleep. Hambre. Hunger. Valor. Courage, worth, value. Maestro. Master, teacher. Lastima. Pity. Salud. Health. Moda. Fashion. Maestra. Mistress (school). 6 Conocc V. a ese hombre ? COMPOSITION. Do you know that man ? No lo conozco ; pcro se quicn le co- I do not know him ; but I know who knows him. 106 LESSON XXV. 6 Porquc no aprcnde V. sus Icccioncs ? Conozco que he hecho mal en no aprenderlas ; pcro prometo saber- las para mafmna. f, Sabe V. frances ? No, senor, pero voy & aprenderlo; ,; conoce V. un buen maestro ? 6 Estudia V. aun (todavia) el espauol ? Ya no lo estudio. (, Sabe V. hablarlo ya ? No, todavia. j Ha principiado ya sa hcrmano de V. sus lecciones ? Ya ha principiado ; pero no las apren- dera jamas (nunca), porque no estu- dia bastante. 5 Cuantas veces ha estado V. este mes en el teatro ? He estado una vez ; pero el mes pasa- do estuve tres veces. 6 Tiene V. miedo de su maestro ? No tengo miedo de 61 ; pero tengo ver- giienza de 61. ,: De quien tiene V. lastima ? Tengo lasthna de esc pobre hombre. k Tiene V. calor 6 frio ? No tengo ni calor ni frio ; tengo ham- bre y sed. f, Tiene razon el abogado ? El abogado no tiene razon. f ; Tiene 61 razon alguna vez ? Tiene razon algunas veces, pero no siempre. ,j Hara V. eso otra vez ? No lo hare jamas (nunca). 6 Amara V. a su amigo ? Le amare por siempre jamas. (, Ha leido V. jamas ese libro ? Nunca jamas lo hare. (, Tiene su madre de V. buena salud ? Si, seflor, goza de muy buena salud. i Tiene V. hambre 6 sed ? No tengo ni hambre ni sed, tengo sueno. Why do you not learn your lessons ? I know that I have done wrong in not learning them ; but I promise to know them for to-morrow. Do you know French ? No, sir, but I am going to learn it ; do you know a good teacher ? Do you still study Spanish ? I study it no longer. Do you know how to speak it already ? Not yet. Has your brother commenced his les- sons yet ? He has (already) commenced ; but he will never learn them, for he does not study enough.' How many times have you been hi the theatre this month ? I have been once ; but last month I was there three times. Are you afraid of your master ? I am not afraid of him ; but I am ashamed before him. On whom do you take pity ? I take pity on that poor man. Are you warm or cold ? I am neither warm nor cold ; I am hungry and thirsty. Is the lawyer right ? The lawyer is not right. Is he right sometimes ? He is right sometimes, but not always. Will you do that again (another time) ? I will never do it. Will you love your friend ? I shall love him always (for ever). Have you ever read that book ? I shall never do it. [s your mother in good health (has your mother good health)? Yes, sir, she enjoys very good health. Are you hungry or thirsty ? [ am neither hungry nor thirsty, I am sleepy. LESSON XXV. 107 EXPLANATION. 111. SABER, to know, and CONOCER, to be acquainted with. It must be observed, in order not to confound these two verbs, that saber is employed to signify the act of knowing, being informed of, having learned, or having a knowledge of something ; whereas conocer is used to express the fact of being acquainted with, perceiving, or being able to distinguish persons or things ; as, i Sale V. quien conoce a cstc hombrc ? | Do you know who knows that man ? 112. Aux, TA, TODAVIA. The adverb aim indicates that the subject of the sentence continues in the same state as be- fore ; quite the reverse with the adverb ya, which always signifies discontinuance of a former state (expressed or under- stood) ; e. g., I Escribe V. aun ? Xo cscribo ya. Do you write yet ? I do not write any longer. Todav'ta, yet, still, is synoninious with aun ; as, Esta trabajando todavia (or atm). \ He is still working. Once, twice, etc., are rendered in Spanish by una vez, dos veces, etc. Jfiedo, valor, verguenza, Idstima, tiempo, take the preposi- tion de after them ; as, Tengo miedo de salir. Tengo vcrgiienza de esc hombre. I am afraid to go out. I am ashamed of that man. 113. When in English the verb to be precedes the adjec- tives hungry, thirsty, afraid, ashamed,right, wrong, warm, cold, sleepy, it is changed into the Spanish verb tener, and the adjec- tive into a corresponding substantive ; as, ; Tiene Y. miedo ? Tiene V. sed ? Tiene V. calor. , Tiene V. frio ? Are you afraid ? Are you thirsty ? Are you warm ? Are you cold ? 114. JAMAS and XUXCA may be used indiscriminately, or one for the other ; as, Jamas (or nunca) le he conocido. | I have never been acquainted with him. 108 LESSON XXV. Sometimes they are used together, to give more energy to the expression ; as, ;:;s lo hare. | Never, no never, shall I do so. But jamas has the peculiarity of being used after the words por siempre and _para siempre, for ever; where, instead of being a negative, it affirms, meaning eternally as, Le amarc por siempre jamas. \ I will love him forever. Sometimes it is used alone interrogatively, meaning ever ; as, (, Ha leido V. jamas esc libro ? | Have you ever read that book ? CONVERSATION AND VERSION. 1. gD6nde conoci6 V. a su arnigo? Lc conoci en Paris el invicrno pasado. 2. i Sabe V. qui6n conocc a, csa hoinbre ? Mi padre le conoce muy bien. 3. i Cuando conocere a su hcrmano de V. ? En el otoilo le conocera Y. 4. i Ila conocido V. en. L6ndres a ese caballero 2 Si, sefior, le conoci alii cl aiio pasado. 5. i C6mo esta su hijo de Y. ? Mai ; no goza de bucna salud. 6. i Bail6 V. mucho en el baile de anoche ? Si, sefior, muchisimo. 7. i Quien es ese caballero ? Es un escritor de gran reputacion. 8. i Tienen mucba aceptacion sus obras ? Tienen mucliisima. 9. i Sabe V. lo que ban prometido sus auiigas de V. ? No lo se. Han prometido estndiar sus lecciones. 1 0. Vendra V. mauana a comer con nosotros ? No, sefior, he prome- tido comer con mis amigos los Alemanes. 11. i , Ilabla ya espanol su primo de V.? E"o lo babla aun, y no lo hablani janias (nunca), porque no estudia bastante. 12. ^ Barrio Y. mi cuarto? No, sefior, pero prometo barrerlo mafiana temprano. 13. i Cuantas voces prometio V. buscar mi sombrero ? Jamas lo pro- meti. 14. ; Xo desea V. ya ir a su pais? Lo deseo muchisimo. 15. i Sale V. ya a pasear todos losdias ? No salgo sino algunas veces. 10. i Llev6 V. ya mi carta al correo ? Todavia no la be llevado. 17. i No ha estado V. jamas en Paris ? No, sefior, jamas be estado. 18. jNo ha leido V. jainus la historia de los Estados Unidos? Si, la be leido una vez. 19. i Habla bien cl abogado ? Ilabla bien, pero muy bajo. 20. ^Compreude V. ya el espafloH Si bablan alto, y despacio, si, sefior. LESSON XXV. 109 21. i Ticne V. bastante quo hacer ? Tengo dcmasiado. 22. g Cudntos aflos tiene V. ? Tengo veinte y uno. 23. gCuando vi6 V. por ultima vez & su familia? El dia seis de Se- tiembre del afio de mil ochocientos cincuenta y cinco. 24. gCuando conoci6 V. al pianista? Le conoci ayer por primera vez. 25. i Han salido sus hermanas para el campo ? Todavia no, pero sal- dran muy pronto. 26. gQue hacc su padre de Vds. ? Esta gozando del buen tiempo en el campo. 27. g Que tiene su niQo de V. ? Tiene frio y suefio. 28. i Tienen cllos harubre ? No, sefior, tienen sed. 29. g Tiene V. valor para haceiio? Si, sefior, pero tengo verguenza. 30. $ No tiene V. lastiina de esa mujer? Si, sefior, tengo lastima de ella, porque no tiene buena salud. 31. g Tiene suefio su rnadro de Y. ? No, sefior, pero estamuy cansada. EXERCISE. 1. Do you know that man? Yes, sir, that gentleman is my uncle. 2. Are you still writing ? No, I am no longer writing. 3. Has Charles come from the country yet ? No, be has not come yet. 4. Have you {plural) ever read the History of Civilization by Guizot? No, but we shall read it next spring. 5. Are you not ashamed of not having read the History of the United States? I am not ashamed, because I am too young to read his- tory. 0. When shall you commence to read it? I shall commence next year. 7. Very well ; it is a useful study (cstudio). 8. Does your aunt enjoy good health ? Yes, sir, thank you, she en- joys very good health. 9. Are you cold, madam ? No, thank you, I wish to go out a minute, because I am very warm in this room. 10. Is it ten o'clock yet ? No, it is but a quarter past eight. 11. "Who is that gentleman to whom your cousin spoke last night at the concert ? V.I do not knoAV him. 12. And that gentleman who came this morning to your house, who is he? lie is a Spanish writer who enjoys a high (great) reputation. 13. Has he written many works? He has already written many books, and he is going to write a history of Spain. 14. Do you know Sir Walter Scott's works ? Yes, I have read them all. 15. Arc they not much esteemed in Europe (have they not much esti- mation) ? Yes, very much. 110 LESSON XXV. 16. When did your brother become acquainted witli his (el) Spanish friend ? Last year, in London. 17. Are you sleepy, young ladies? Yes, we are very tired, thirsty and sleepy (tetter sed y sueno). 18. "Will you take a little wine ? No, thank you, we never take wine. 19. Does your mother know Em anuel's address (direction) ? Yes, here it is in this letter. 20. Will you read it ? With much pleasure. Emanucl Martinez, Esq. (don), 113 Broadway. A thousand thanks. 21. Did your cousin's (fern.) friends commence their lessons the other day ? Yes, they commenced, and are much pleased (content) with them. 22. Why does the lawyer speak so low ? I do not know. 23. Does he not speak as low as his brother loud ? He speaks low from (by) affectation. 24. Which of your servants (fern.) sews the best? None of them sews. 25. How many conjugations has the Spanish language ? Three regu- lar (regular) conjugations, and several irregular (irregular) ones. 26. Have you ever been in Philadelphia ? I have never been there yet ; but I shall go next year. 27. Did your father write the letter for Peter yesterday ? No, but he promised to write it the day after to-morrow. 28. Has your shoemaker enough to do ? Yes, sir, he has too much to do. 29. Will you always love your brothers and sisters? Yes, I shall love them forever. 30. Do you not pity that man ? I do pity him, for he has nothing to do. 31. Have you money enough to buy a house? Yes, sir, I have enough. LESSON XXVI. Dar. | To give, r PEESEXT DTDICATITE. Doy, das, da, Damos, dais, dan. I give, thou givest, he gives. We give, you give, they give. LESSON XXVI. Ill Di, diste, di6. Dimos, disteis, dieron. Dar6, daras, dara. Daremos, dareis, daran. PRETERIT DEFINITE. I gave, tliou gavest, he gave. We gave, you gave, they gave. FUTURE SIMPLE. I shall give, thou wilt give, he will give. "We shall give, you shall give, they shall give. PRETERIT INDEFINIE. He dado, has dado, etc. | I have given, thou hast given, &c. COMPOUND FUTURE. Habre dado, Ganar etc. I shall have given, ? Yo creia que era una senorita de mucha circuns- peccion. Hace algun tiernpo lo era ; pero poco a poco ha ido siguiendo el ejemplo de otras. 8. i Tal vez el sor coqueta es de moda en la sociedad del dia ? Asi lo creo. 9. Y. debe excusar a las nifias ; ellas son inocentes y no creen hacer mal en eso. 10. $ Ha sido Y. enganado algnna vez? ITasta no mas; porque liay niuchos picaros. 11. 2 Han sido casrigados sus niQos de Y.? Si, sefior, ban sido casti- gados por no saber sus leccioncs. LESSON XXXII. 151 12. ^Y aqucl criado tan bueno que V. tenia? Es un bribon; no lo quiero ni de balde. 13. ^ Do vcras ? V. lo trataba muy bien. Acaso por lo mismo que jo lo trataba bieii, me ba tratado el tan uial. 14. j Le gusta a V. la sociedad ? Si, seilor, de cuando en cuando. 15. i Porque no vivo V., eiitouccs, ea la ciudad? Porque se me quemo la casa. 1C. i Ctianto tiempo hace ? Casi un mes. 17. Y ahora, $110 va V. nunca alia ? Voy de cuando en cuando. 18. -Eso es verdaderamente un gran mal ; pero en lo sucesivo tendrd V. mas cuidado. Por supuesto que si. 19. 3X0 pudo V. saber quien le quemo la casa? No; pero creo que fue un bribon, que me queria mal. 20. i Quiere V. acabar ya ? Si, cnanto antes ; no puedo esperar mas. 21. i Que pieusa V. hacer ahora ? Trato de castigar al que me quemo la casa. 22. i Y despues ? Dcspues vere si puedo hacer otra. " 23. i Y no tiene V. aliora ninguna alia ? Tengo una hecha de impro- viso. 24. Poco a poco ira V. haciendo otra. Asi lo espero. 25. i Por supuesto que su senora vivira en la ciudad? Si; pero va alia de cuando en cuando ; el otro dia Ilego de improvise, cuaudo menos la esperaba. 26. i Xo puede V. volver mafiana por aqui ? Jfafiana tal vez no, pero pa-sado si. 27. Entonces lo espero a V. sin falta. Puede V. esperarme ; no faltard. 28. i Ira V. hoy a la comedia 6 d la 6pera ? Tal vez ire a la 6pera, porque es mas de moda. 29. i Nunca va V. a la comedia ? Si ; voy de cuando en cuando. 30. i Sabe V. que se ha queniado la Academia (academy) de Musica ? Si ; anoche lo lei en los periodicos. EXERCISE. 1. Papa, may I go out ? Yes, you may go out for half an hour. 2. How long is it since your house was burnt ? Only three weeks. 3. Why does that woman punish her children so much? She al- ways punishes them when they do wrong (obrar mal). 4. Does she reward (recompensar) them when they do right ? I be- lieve she does. 5. Why do you burn all that young lady's letters ? Because she is only a coquette. 152 LESSOR XXXII. 6. I think you are not right ; I have known her a long time, and I believe she is very circumspect (circumspecta). 7. "Why do your family always live in the country ? Because we do not like society. 8. And is it not possible to live in town without going into society ? It is impossible. 9. We always live in town, and yet (sin embargo) we never go into society. 10. Peter, can you -write that letter for me now? I can. 11. When do you want it? As soon as possible. 12. Have you ever been deceived by that man? Yes, very often ; he is a rascal. 13. How long have you known him ? Not long ; but each time I have had business with him, he has deceived me. 14. Indeed! "What business is he in ? I cannot tell you. 15. Do you often go to the theatre ? Never to the theatre ; I go to the opera now and then. 16. Can you tell me whether my hat is fashionable ? Yes, it is in the latest fashion. 17. Is Peter's the fashion too? No, those hats went out of fashion last year. 18. "Where is your old servant? He lives with us no longer. 19. Did you give Charles the fruit you were to buy for him I No, ho came for it the other day, but I had not had time to buy it. 20. "Why did you come so late to-day to your lesson ? ily exercise was very difficult, and I could not finish it in time. 21. "Well, I hope you will come in time in future ? Yes, in future I shall come at four o'clock precisely. 22. I hope you will not deceive me ? Of course I shall not ; I never deceive anybody. 23. Will that young gentleman * be at the concert with you to-morrow night ? Perhaps he will come with us. 24. Does he not go every night ? Indeed I do not know. 25. How long is it since you began to take lessons ? About (cerca de) four months. 26. And do your brother and sister take their lessons at the same hour as you ? No, my brother takes his at ten o'clock, and my >istor ;;t twelve. . 27. Where did you become acquainted with the gentleman who danced last with your cousin (fern.) yesterday evening ? I made his acquaint- ance in Madrid the year before last (hace dos afios). 28. Has this young man deceived you as often as his father? He has: * Caballerito. LESSON XXXIII. 153 you know children almost always follow the example of their parents (padres). I'D. Do you think Charles is loved by Louisa? I think she loves him as much as it is possible to love. 30. What did you tell the tailor ? I told him you wanted your coat and vest for the day after to-morrow. Ilaberse lavado. lavar. LESSON XXXIII. REFLECTIVE VERBS. INFINITIVE MOOD. To wash one's self. To have washed one's self. To have to wash one's self. Habiendose lavado. Ilabiendose dc lavar. GERUND. Washing one's self. Having washed one's self. Having to wash one's self. INDICATIVE PRESENT. (Yo) me lavo. (Tu) to lavas. (El) se lava. (Nosotros) nos lavamos. (Vosotros) os lavais. (Ellos) se la van. I wash myself. Thou washest thyself. He washes himself. "We wash ourselves. You wash yourselves. They wash themselves. (The other single tenses are conjugated in like manner.) PRETERIT INDEFINITE. (Yo) me he lavado. (Tu) te has lavado. (El) se ha lavado. (Xosotros) nos hetnos lavado. (Vosotros) os habeis lavado. (Ellos) se han lavado. (The otlicr compound tenses Cortar. Cortarse. Afeitar. I have washed myself. Thou hast washed thyself. He has washed himself. We have washed ourselves. You have washed yourselves. They have washed themselves. arc conjugated in like manner.) To cut. To cut one's self; to be ashamed. To shave. 154 LESSON XXXIII. Afeitars Do not do so. rs o lo nagais. j 169. As has already been said, the s of the first person plural, and the d of the second, are suppressed before nos and os; as, Amemonos. Amaos. Let us love each other. Love one another. 170. "When the imperative is negative in English, as the subjunctive is employed in Spanish, the objective pronouns arc placed before it ; as, No lo digas. I Do not tell it. No los ofendamos. Let us not offend them. 171. The future of the indicative is often used for the im- perative; as, Xo tomaras en vano el Nombre del Seflor tu Dios. Thou shalt not take the Xame of the Lord thy Goil in vain. 172. Many adjectives ending in ous are rendered into Spanish by changing this termination into oso ; as, Delicioso. I Delicious. Espacioso. Spacious, &c. LESSOR XXXV. 169 173. Many nouns and adjectives ending in English in ic or iced have in Spanish the termination too ; as, Fanatzco. Fanatic, fanatical. PoetzVo. Poetic, poetical. COXYERSATION AND VERSIOX. 1. Lnisa, estndia bien tu leccion do espafiol y escribe los ejercicios. 2. i Que me dani V., papa, si la estudio biea j no hago faltas ea los ejercicios ? Te llevare conmigo al Barque Central. 3. Papa, i no llevara V. a Alejandro y a Manuel con nosotros ? Si son buenos muchachos y estndiosos los Ilevar6 tambien. 4. Alejandro, ven aca y cuentame que hiciste ayer en el campo. Con niucho gusto. For la mafiana me levante temprano, me lave y almorce y despucs me fui a pasear. Yolvi muy cansado y me acoste a las nueve. 5. jJuan! gSeflor? MaQana me despertarus a las cinco, me limpia- rus las botas y me traeras el caballo temprano, porque quiero ii- a dar un paseo y tomar un vaso de leche en el hotel del Parque Central. 6. Amigo mio, no seas fanatico, pero se religioso. No seas satirico ui liablador, pero s6 prudente, economico 6 industrioso y seras feliz. 7. Por Dios, Don Pedro, no hable V. mas, le prometo a V. estudiar y ser buen mucbacho. 8. No seas rcspondon, haz tu deber, ayiidatc y Dios to ayudara. 9. Don Pedro, a mi no me gustan los serinones largos, sientese V. y hablemos de otra cosa. 10. Mire Y., Dn. Juan, a aquella sefiorita que esta en la ventana del vecino ; ^la conoce V. ? Si, seilor, la conoci en Filadelfia. 11. jQue tal le gusta a Y. ? Muchisimo; es una seuorita perfecta, y babla el espanol tan bien como el ingles. 12. i Quiere V. llevarme a su casa? Tengo deseo de conocerla. Con niucho gusto, pero antes necesito su aprobacion. 13. Le amaii a V. mucho sus ninos? Me aman y yo los amo; y toda la iamilia nos amamos los linos ti los otros, asi es que somos feh'cisimos. 14. $Se aman Yds. los unos a los otros tanto como se aman Yds. inis- mos ? Creo que si. 15. liable V. alto y despacio si Y. gusta y entonces entendere todo lo que V. dice. A?i lo liare; pero Y. no pensan'i en otra cosa quo en lo que yo digo, porque si no, no hablare mas. 1C. jLe conviene a V. comprar aquella casa? No me couvioiU que es muy cara y esta muy lejos de la ciudad. 17. |Qu6 lo parecc a Y. del ticinpo? Hoy es el cuutro dc Julio de 8 1 70 LESSON XXXV. 1866, y por supuesto Lace calor; pero hace muy buen tiempo para la celebraciou de la independencia de esta gran Republica. 18. gCuantos aiios bace boy que los Estados Unidos celeb ran su inde- pendencia ? Noventa y un anos. 19. j Parece imposible ! En menos de cien aflos ha llegado esta nacion a ser una de las potencias (powers) nias grandes del mundo. 20. Eso debia ser asi, y no dude Y. que llegara tin dia en que la liber- tad y la religion reinaran en el mundo baciendo felices u todas las na- ciones couio a otras tantas familias que tienen un mismo padre. EXERCISE. 1. Did you get up late to-day ? No ; I got up at daybreak to go and walk in the country. 2. Where did you walk? I went first to the Central Park, and then to Harlem. 3. What is the first thing we read in Telemachus ? We read that Calypso could not console herself for the departure (partida) of. Ulysses. 4. Where have you been all this tune, sir ? it is more than a Aveek since you last came to see us ; that is not right (e&tar Men}. I confess I am rather negligent (negligente) sometimes. 5. You have doubtless already gone to see your old friend? Yes, and he wanted to make me spend a month with him at his country bouse. 6. What part of the country does he live in ? On Long Island, about ten miles from the city. Y. Was he not glad to see you ? We looked at each other for about ten minutes without being able to say a word ; at last (en Jin) he broke the silence (rompio el silencio), and said to me : " What ! is it you, my dear friend ? After seven years' absence (ausencia) ! How glad I am ! 8. Did he know you as soon as he saw you ? Yes, and I knew him, though I met him at some distance from his father's house. 9. Doubtless he asked you about your travels (voyages) ? Of course. "Where have you been ? " said he. " What have you done ? what have you seen? are you rich? are you happy? Tell me all you have done since you went away (irse); all your adventures. I wish it; I desire it; I beg of you; it will give (you will do) me the greatest pleasure." 10. All that proves his joy at seeing you. Yes, I know that ; but how many questions! 11. Did he want an answer to each one of them? Of course; and I answered them as well as I could. 12. What did you tell him? I told him that after having left France, LESSON XXXVI. 171 I went to Spain, and from there into Portugal (Portugal), and that after a few months passed in Lisbon (Lisboa) I went on to Italy, where I re- mained four years. 13. "What are the hours for breakfast and dinner amongst the Italians? The Italians, like the French, usually (generally) breakfast at eleven o'clock, and dine from five to seven in the evening. 14. And do they never eat anything before the breakfast hour ? Al- most everybody takes a cup of coffee or chocolate in the morning soon after rising. 15. What kind of governments are there in Europe? In Europe we find almost every form (forma) of government, repubh'can and monar- chical. 16. "What is that book you have in your hand? An analytical treatise (tratado) of Spanish poetry that I was going to show to your cousin. 17. Have you seen Boileau's satirical poems? My uncle has promised to bring me that work from Paris. 18. Are you fond of reading? Yes, I take (find) great pleasure in reading books of all kinds, classical, poetical, religious, analytical, satiri- cal, philosophical, &c. 19. Do you remember the peaches our friend sent us from the country last year? Of course I remember them, and that they were delicious. 20. Charles, go and take your breakfast ; I want to take you to see the fine horse your uncle has bought for Alexander. 21. Will you not buy one for me, too, papa? If you are a good boy I probably will. 22. Do you ever dream? Very often; last night I dreamed I was travelling. 23. Indeed! Where were you going to ? I do not remember now. 24. What was your father saying to Peter when I came in ? He was reproving him for not having written his exercise yesterday. 25. Can you tell me what day this is? To-day is Wednesday, July 4th, of the year 1866, and the ninety-first of the Independence of the United States. Respetar. Parar. Mover. LESSON XXXVI. To respet. To stop. To move. 172 LESSON XXXVI. IXDIC ATIVE Presen t. Muero, mueves, muevc, move- I I move, &c. mos, moveis, muecen. IMPERATIVE. Mueve tu, mueva el, movamos nosotros, moved vosotros, mucvan ellos. Move, &c. SUBJUNCTIVE Present. Mueva*, muevas, mueva, mova- mos, movais, muevan. I may or can move, &c. Verts conjugal Llovcr. M order. Doler. Volver. :d like MOVER. To rain. To bite. To grieve, to pain, to ache. To turn, to return. Antes que. Aunque. Como. Para que. ) A fin de. f Before. Although. Since, provided. In order that, in order to. Todo el mundo. Principalmento. Everybody. Principally, chiefly. Antagonists. Antagonist. Artista. Artist. !Materialista. Materialist. Isaturalista. Naturalist. Organista. Organist. Violinista. Violinist. Purista. Purist. Escritorio. Office. Clima. Climate. Dolor. Grief, pain, ache. Atrocidad. Atrocity. Capacidad. Capacity. Claridad. Clearness, light. Crueldad. Cruelty. Dificultad. Difficulty. Eternidad. Eternity. Facilidad. Facility. Xoticias. News. Guerra. "War. COMPOSITION. Se dice que Maximiliano ha partido de Jlejico. It is said that Maximilian has left Mex- ico. LESSON XXXVI. 173 g Se crcc cso ? Aqui lo crce todo cl mundo ; pero en Francia no so crce. i Crce Y. que se podra pagar pronto la deuda de los Estados Uuidos ? Xo se Lara muy pronto ; pero se hara. Aqui se habla espaiiol. Aqui se vende buen vino. Se pcrdona algunas veoes a los delin- cuentes, pero no sicmpre. El hombre se engaiia a si mismo. f, Envio Y. el violin al violinista ? Sc le envie. <: Tocan bicn el piano en Espana ? En Espana se toca bicn la guitarra. i, Se habla bieu el espafiol en la Ameri- ca del Sur ? Lo hablan y pronuncian bien. , nor even the half, and perhaps not even the third. 11. How many inhabitants are there in this city? I am not able to tell you exactly ; bat there cannot be much less than a million. 12. "Which city in the world has the most inhabitants ? London ; it has about three millions of inhabitant 13. Ah! you are jesting; or else you are an Englishman. I am not jesting, neither am I an. Englishman, but a Frenchman ; after London comes Paris. 14. Who is that book by? This is the celebrated Don Quixote (Qui- jote), by Cervantes. 15. In how many parts is it ? Two, the first containing (contcncr) some fifty-two chapters, and the second about eighty-four. 16. "What effect (efccto) does the reading of Don Quixote produce upon you ? It makes me admire, and even leads me to envy the genius (rjcnio) of its author. 17. Ah ! I see ; yon say that to please me, because you know that I too admire the grand work of Cervantes. Pardon me, sir ; I never speak according to circumstances, but always according to my conscience. 18. But, have you forgotten your promise already? "What promise is that ? I do not remember any. 19. No matter; I see you have completely forgotten it. lam very sorry. 20. "What are the best fruits that Spain produces? Spain produces so many kinds of fruit, and so delicious, that it is almost impossible for me to tell them all : You have excellent grapes, melons, peaches, apples, oranges, and an infinity of others. LESSON XLI. 201 '21. Have the soldiers that came into the city last night gone away yet ? They marched this morning at daybreak. 22. How was our old friend Ilarnero when you last heard from him ? lie was in Boston, entirely without means, having been deceived by a bad man who took the whole of his money from him, and from whom he was unable to recover (recobrar) even the fourth part. LESION XLI. Soler. Bcndecir. Caer. Dormir. Morir. Errar. Jugar. Oir. Oler. Contradccir. Poner. Podrir. Keir. Valer. Yaccr. To be accustomed to, to do, or be, usually. To bless. To fall, to sec (understand). To sleep. To die. To err. To play. To hear. To smell. To contradict. To put. To rot, To laugh. To be worth. To lie. (Sec the conjugation of these verbs at the end of the book.) Eeposar. Premiar. Examinar. Desde. Contra. Sobre. Tras. Pucs. Helo aqui. Desde ahora. To rest, to repose. To reward. To examine. Since, from. Against, towards. Above, over, about. After, behind, besides. Well, then ; therefore, &c. Here ho (or it) is. Henceforward, from now, just now. 202 LESSON XLI. Desde aqui. From here. En efecto. Indeed, in effect, in fact, really. Eterno. Eternal. Afortunado. Fortunate. Convicto. Convicted. Desgraciado. Unfortunate. Inibrtunio. Misfortune. Carlota. Charlotte. Rfeo. Criminal. Creacion. Creation. Grito. Cry, scream. Caridad. Charity. Coclie. Carriage. Prenda. Pledge, quality, Vicio. Vice. accomplishment. Fraile. Fray, friar. Tirtud. Virtue. Diego. James. Tristeza. Grief, sorrow. Verbo. Verb. Experiencia. Experience. Principio. Beginning, prin T Pugina. Page. ciple. COMPOSITION". f, Suclo V. levantarsc temprano ? Suelo levantarme tardc. (jSolia V. ir a pascar a caballo cl afio pasado ? No, senor, solia pasear en cochc. ricguc a Dios que tengaiaos pronto lo que deseamos. Dcsde ahora promcto servirle a V. en lo que pueda. El hombre ha obrado mal para con Dios y consigo mismo desde la creacion del mundo. Desde Nueva York a Filadclfia hay ochenta y ocho millas. Yo juego contra ti. Esta casa esta contra el Estc. La ciudad esta sobre un monte. La caridad es sobre todas las virtudes. Toy tras ti. Sufre la pena pucs lo quicres. Tras la primavcra viene el verano. Tras scr culpado, el es el que levanta el grito. L^'cre cste libro pues Y. me dice que es btieno. Do you usually rise early ? I usually rise late. Used you to ride on horseback last year ? No, sir, I used to riJe in a carriage. God grant we may soon have what we desire. From this moment I promise to serve you as far as I can. Man has acted wrong before God and to himself since the creation of the world. It is eighty-eight miles from New York to Philadelphia. I play against you (thee). This house faces the East. The city is built upon a mountain (or hill). Charity is before all virtues. I go after you (thee). Suffer the consequences (pain), since such is your (thy) will. After spring comes summer. Notwithstanding he is guilty, it is he that raises the cry. I will read this book since you tell me it is good. LESSOR XLI. 203 EXPLANATION. 197. DEFECTIVE VERBS are those which are not employed in all their tenses and persons. JPodrir, to rot, placer, to plc:i>c, and yacer, to lie, belong to this class, and are found used in the following tenses and persons : PODRlR. Impcr. 2d person plural. Podrid. Rot. Subjunc. Imp. Sd person sing. Podriria. He would rflt. Injinit. Present. Podrir. To rot. Parlicip. Podrido. Rotten. Indicat. Pres. Zd person sing. Place. It pleases. Imperfect, Placia. It did please. Perfect ind. Plugo. It pleased. Subjunc. Present. Plcgue. It may please. Imperfect. j Pluguicra. ) ( Pluguiesc. f It might please Fuhirc imp. Phjguiere. It may please. These persons of the subjunctive mood in this verb are only vised in the following expressions : pleyue, or pluguiera, or plu- /!< (te a Dios, Avould to God ; and si me pluguiere, if it should please me. 198. YAGER. No part of this verb is used except the third persons of the present indicative, yace aad yacen, chiefly at the beginning of epitaphs. 199. SOLER is used only in the present and imperfect of the indicative mood. This verb has the peculiarity of never being employed except as a determining verb, governing the determined verb without the aid of any preposition, and al- ways in the present infinitive ; as, Suelo pascar temprano. | I usually go early to walk. 200. DESDE, from, points out the beginning of time or place ; as, Dcsde la creacion del mundo. Desde Nueva York a Filadelfia. From the creation of the world. From Xew York to Philadelphia. For this reason it forms a part of several adverbial expres- sions which signify time or place ; as, Dcsde ahora. | From this time. D(sde aqui. | From hence. 204 LESSON XLI. 201. CONTKA is used in all cases as the English against. 202. SOBKE, upon, above, &c., serves to denote the superi- ority of things with respect to others, either by their material situation or by their excellence or power; as, La ciudad esta sobre un monte. La caridad es sobre todas las virtudes. The city is on a mountain. Charity is above all virtues. It has also the signification of ademds, moreover, or ademds de, besides ; as, Sobre ser reo convicto quicre que le premien. Besides being a convicted criminal, he wishes to be rewarded. It also signifies time ; as, Hablar sobre mesa. | To talk during dinner. Security ; as, Prestar sobre prendas. | To lend upon pledge. 203. TEAS, behind, after, &c., signifies the, order in which some things follow others ; as, Voy tras ti. Tras la primavera viene el verano. It also signifies besides ; as, Tras ser culpado, el es el que levan- I follow you. After spring comes summer. Besides being guilty, he remonstrates. ta el grito. 204. The conjunction PUES, since, is used to account for a proposition brought forward ; as, Leere este libro pucs V. me dice que es bueno. I will read this book since you tell me it is good. CONVERSATION AND VERSION. 1. i Sobre que quiere V. que hablemos hoy? No se ; de cualquiera cosa, con tal que practiqueraos con los verbos defectives y las preposi- ciones contra, de$de, sobre y tras. 2. Que me place ; pero digame V., g cree V. que tenemos mucho que practicar con el verbo yacer ? N~o, sefior, puesto qne es un verbo que solo sirve para ponerse en los epitafios. 3. Pues si V. gusta le liaremos un epitafio y pasar6mos a practicar con otro verbo que no sea tan triste. Soy de su opinion de Y., porque no me gustan las cosas tristes. LESSON XLI. 205 4. Helo aqui : " Aqui yace el verbo yacer, Otra cosa no sabiendo haccr." 5. Ese epitafio me liace recordar a mi otro, oigalo Y. : " Aqui Fray Diego reposa, T jamas hizo otra cosa." G. Hombre, tcnga Y. caridad de mi y no me haga Y. reir hablando de epitafios, quo cs cosa mas bien para hacer llorar que para hacer reir. 2 Suele V. tener siempre tan buen humor ? No siempre ; pero no se gana uada con estar tristc. 7. En efecto, mas vale estar alegre que triste, pero no siempro se puede estar alegre, j y entonces que hace Y. ? Entonces mando a pasear al mal humor. 8. Eso es mas fdcil de decir que de hacer ; i quiere Y. decirme como lo hace Y. ? Conrengo con Y. ; pero cuando el hombre quiere verda- dcramente una cosa la logra casi siempre. 9. Plegue ti Dios que yo logre estar siempre contento puesto que estar contento es ser feliz. i Que es lo que Y. hace para estar siempre con- tento ? Yo no le he dicho u Y. que estoy siempre contento, pero pro- euro cstavlo y asi logro no estar triste. 10." i Como lo hace Y. ? Obro segun las circunstancias. Examino la causa de mi tristeza 6 mal humor; si es mi falta me consuelo porque crco que Dios me castiga para que yo me corrija, y me haga mejor con la ex- periencia. 11. Bien, i y cuando Y. es inocente y le sucede un infortunio? Enton- ces me consuelo tambien, porque creo que todo lo que Dios nos envia es para nuestro bien. 12. Entonces es V. filosofo. No, senor, mejor que eso; soy religioso. 13. i Tiene Y. miedo de la muerte ? No, sefior, porque se que todos hemos de morir, y que tras la muerte viene la vida eterna. 14. i Cuantos nifios tiene Y. ? Cinco ; dos nifios y tres ninas. 15. i Como se Hainan ? El mayor de los ninos se llama Alejandro y e^ menor Manuel. 16. i Y las niflas ? Las nifias son Luisa, Carlota y Margarita. 17. i Cuanto tiempo hace que no ha estado Y. en Espafia ? Hace veinte afios que sali de Espana. 18. i Y no ha vuelto Y. ? No, sefiora, y creo que nunca volvere. 19. ^Porque ? No porque no lo haya deseado, sino porque las circun- stancias no me lo han permitido. 20. Porquu habla Y. tanto de si mismo en sus conversaciones, jno piensa Y. que eso puede cansar a sus creates ? Asi es la verdad, sefiora ; pero para mi cs la materia de conversacion mas interesante que puedo cnontmr. 200 LESSOR XLI. EXERCISE. 1. James, do you know where Charlotte has gone to? I saw jier going out, but I do not know where she has gone. 2. Can yon not help your brother in his misfortune ? you know he re- lies (contar) upon your aid. I shall do all in my power to serve him ; but you know that is not much. 3. Margaret, go and call Charles ; tell him he has played enough, and that I want him to attend to his music lessons. Why, he has been at his lessons for the last half hour! 4. Ah ! that is another thing. Where is he then ? Here he is, here. 5. Well, Charles, how are yoii getting on with your music ? Very well, papa ; but I think Jane will have to help me with my Spanish ex- ercise. 6. My dear boy, always do your own exercises, then you will be sure they are well done. Oh, jtes, I know ; as they say: "Help yourself and Heaven will help you." T. How beautiful that lady is ! Yes ; but, my dear sir, her accom- plishments are much superior to her beauty. 8. I do not doubt it at all ; but how do you know that ? have you known her long? Long enough to find out her good qualities, which, in my opinion, are of more value than all the beauty in the world. 9. Have you found time yet to examine the books I put on your table the other day ? I have, and the examination caused (produced) me a great deal of sadness. 10. How so? From the commencement, page after page, I found that the author has not the least experience of the world ; and, besides, he contradicts toward the end what he has given as a general rule at the beginning of his work. 11. I am very much grieved (sorry) that such is your opinion. So am I ; but you know it is better (worth more) to tell the truth, even though it should offend the author himself. 12. Can you read that epitaph ? I believe it is in English. Yes ; it says: "Here lies Pedro Gutierrez." 13. Is that all it says ? Xo, there is a great deal more ; but I cannot road it. 14. Ah, indeed ! I see ; you do not read English as well as you thought. I do not ; and I promise you that from this moment I will study it at- tentively until I know it thoroughly. ]u. What is that yon are smelling? The book that Charles has just bought. 10. What smell has it? It smells like new paper. LESSON XLII. 207 17. "What was that man rewarded for ? For having returned (devoher) five hundred dollars, which he found in the park, to the person that had lost them. 18. I am very glad that he has heen rewarded ; but virtue is always rewarded, sooner or later (tarde que temprano). LESSON XLII. Adquirir. Asir. Caber. Cocer. Erguir. Satisfacer. Traer. To acquire. To seize. To contain, to hold. To cook. To erect. To satisfy. To bring, to carry. (See conjugation of these verbs at the end of the book,) Conseguir. Callar. lleprender. Divisar. Fumar. Establecer. Saber (imp. verb). Sorprcnder. Entrambos. Solo. Ir a caballo. Ir en coche. De todos modos. De ningun modo. Manos ;i la obra. Por mi partc. Asi sea. jCiispita! (int.). \ Vaya ! (int.). To succeed, to get. To be silent, to hold one's tongue. To reprehend, to chide. To perceive, to descry, to espy. To smoke. To establish. (In. the signification of) to taste, or to savor. To surprise. Both. Alone. To ride on horseback. To ride in a carriage. At all events, by all means. By no means, not at all. To work ! For my part. So be it, let it be so. Wonderful ! too bad ! Come, now ! indeed ! go away 208 LESSON X I, I I . CONJUNCTIONS. They are classified as follows : Copulative. Que. Tambien. O, u, ya. Sea que. Tampoco. Adversative. Mas, pero. But. Aun cuando. Even. Aunque. Although, though. Causal. Porque, que. Because. ^Porque? Why? Pues, pues que. Since. Por. For. Por tanto. Therefore. Antes de. Lejos de. En lugar de. Por falta de. De miedo de. Por temor de. 9 Como quiera que. Fuera de que. Al instante que, or luego que, tan pronto como. De manera que. Desde que. That. Ademas. Moreover. Also. Y or 6. And. Ni. Neither, nor. Disjunctive. Or, either. Por cuauto. Whereas. Avhether. Para que. So that, in order Whether. that. Neither. A fin de. In order that. or Unless. Conditional. Si. If. Sino. But. Con tal que. Provided. A menos de. j A menos que. J Continuaticc. Pues, puesto que. Since, inasmuch as. Comparative. Como, asi como. As. Asi. So. Before. Far from. Instead of, in place of. For want of. For fear of. However. Besides. As soon as, So that. Since. Acuerdo. Advice, or opin- ion. Marca. Fortuna. Brand, mark. Fortune. LESSON SLII. 209 Dafio. Harm, damage. Partida. Party, game, de Ajedrez. Chess. parture. Cigarro. Cigar. Opinion. Opinion. Cigarrillo. Cigarette. Pipa. Tobacco-pipe, Tabaco. Tobacco. pipe. Jaque. Check. Compafiia. Company. Caso. Case. COMPOSITION. Conjunctions goxcrning the subjunctive. Dado quo me escriba no le respondere. Con tal quo cl trabaje. A menos que me pague. Sea que se vaya 6 que se quede. Calle Y. no sea quo nos oiga. Granted that he should write me, I not answer him. Provided he works. Unless he pays me. Whether he sets out or remains. Be silent lest he should hear us. Conjunctions governing the indicative. Al instaute quo recibi la carta le res- pond!. De suerte que (or de modo que) no pudo conseguirlo. De manera que no esta nada satisf echo. 6 Que ha hecho V. desde que le he vis- to a Y. ? Llegue tan pronto como pude. Mientras que V. juega 61 estudia su lec- cion. Yo reprendo a V. sus faltas porque le quiero. As soon as I received the letter I an- swered him. So that he could not bring it about. So that he is not pleased at all. What have you been doing since I saw you ? I got here (or there) as soon as I could. While you play, he studies his lesson. I reprove you for your faults because I love you. Conjunctions governing the infinitive. Yo frabajo si, fin do ganar ditiero. No le visitare antes de conocerle. Lejos de amarle le aborrcce. I work in order to earn money. I shall not visit him before makin_ acquaintance. Far from loving him, he abhors him. his EXPLANATION. 205. CoxJUJfcrioxs. The learner is already acquainted with the greater part of the conjunctions ; but in this lesson they are again given, so that he may see how they are classified. Besides the conjunctions introduced in this lesson, there may 210 LESSOR XLII. be formed a variety of expressions which answer the same end as conjunctions ; as. Corno quicra quo, Fucra dc que, However ; Besides ; and a large number of others. 206. It would require too much space to specify all the conjunctions that govern verbs in a given mood ; more is to be learned from the teacher, and by constant practice in reading and conversation, than from all the rules that could be given. 207. The subjunctive should be used after the following conjunctive expressions : Dado que, granted that ; con tal que, provided that ; d m'enos que, unless ; no sea que, lest, for fear ; dntes que, sin que, sea que, &c. as, Dado que me escriba no le respon- dere. Con tal que el trabaje. A menos que me pague. Granted that he should write to me, I shall not answer him. Provided that he works. Unless he pays me. 208. Other expressions having de, instead of que, require the verb in the infinitive mood ; such as, dfin de, in order to ; d m'enos de, unless, &c. 209. Finally, other compound conjunctions govern the indicative ; as, al instante que, as soon as ; de manera que, so that, &c. CONVERSATION AND VERSION. 1. Buenos dias, Don Carlos. Tengalos Y. muy felices, Don Enrique ; al instante que lo divise desde la ventana lo recouoci. 2. jCorao esta toda la familia? Todos buenos ; acaban de salir. 3. gDe manera que estd Y. solo? Si, sefior, en lugar de salir quiso quedarme a esperar a V. pues sabia que habia V. de venir. 4. gQuie'n se lo dijo a V. ? A que no acierta V. Verdadcramente no se quien puede haberselo dicbo a Y. 5. Fu6 Helena, su hija de Y., que acaba de salir a pasear con mi csposa y Margarita, mi hija. G. Y nosotros, $que haremos? Lo que Y. gnste. T. Mi opinion es que juguemos una partida de ajedrcz, que fumemos xin cigarro, bcbamos \m vaso de \"ino de Carinena, y vayamos despucs a sorprender alas seuoras al parque. jEsta Y. de acuerdo ? Perfectisi- momente. LESSON XI. II. 211 8. Pues bien, manos a laobra; gjuega V. mucho? Medianameute ; pero como no lo practice tcino que me gane V. 9. ;Que hombre! si hace lo menos dos afios que no lie jugado, fuera de que jamas he sido limy fuerte. 10. i Cuales quiere V., las uegras 6 las blancas ? Cualesquiera, de todos modos he de perder. 11. Jaque a la reiua Don Enrique. Pues creo que esta perdida. Si, sefior, no puede huir vaya pues le doy a V. la partida, puesto que sin rcina es casi imposible ganar. 12. ^Quiere V* que en lugar de jngar mas vayamos a ver las seuoras? Si, sefior, luego que bebamos del vino de Cariflena. 13. ; Hombre, si, lo habia olvidado! aqui esta, y aqui tiene V. tambien pipas, cigarros de la Habana, cigarrillos de la marca de la Ilonradez y tabaco de Virginia para la pipa ; i que prefiere V. ? Yo prefiero los cigarrillos. 14. A su salud de V., Don Carlos. A la de V., Don Enrique. ; Gas- pita ! ; qud bien sube el de Carinena ! 15. gLe gusta a V. ? jQue si me gusta! desdc quo vivo en ISTueva York no be probado vino mejor. 16. Puesto que le gusta ^porque no repite Y. ? For temor de que me haga dafio, no suclo beber mucho, y temo que me ponga un poco alegre. 17. Aqui tieiie V. fuego; gque tal le gustan a V. csos cigarrillos? Excelentes. 18. Sefior; g Que quieres Juan ? Los caballos cstan listos. 19. ; Que ! i Yamos a caballo ? Si, sefior, las sefioras lian ido en coche. 20. eQue camino tomaremos? Iremos por la Quinta avenida, que e^ la calle mas hermosa de Xueva York. 21. Tenemos buen tiempo, D. Enrique. Hermosisimo, y con esto, buena salud, amigos fieles, una larga familia y una buena fortuna, i que mas podemos desear ? 22. Tiene V. razon, Don Carlos, por mi parte soy feliz y solo dcseo que Dios me de uua larga vida para ver a todos mis liijos bien establecidos. A>i sea, Don Enrique, lo deseo para cntrambos. EXERCISE. 1. Does your brother never go out on horseback? Sometimes; but not very often. 2. What can be the reason of that ? I thought he \vas very fond of horses and riding on horseback. So he is ; but he does not often take exercise of that kind for fear of falling. 3. How does he go to the Central Park, in that case ? Why, in a carriage of course. 212 LESSON XLIII. 4. Go away ! What carriage does he go in ? In his cousin's, of course, for want of one of his own. 5. Who will give me a cigarette ? No one here ; there is nobody here that smokes any thing but cigars or pipes. 6. Too bad ! May I ask why none of you use the cigarette ? Cer- tainly; and we shall tell you with the greatest pleasure: atone time we all smoked what you call "cigarette," but what we call a ''poor man's cigar," until one day Henry came (you know Henry is something of a doctor), and, with his head erect, said with a voice of thunder : " What's this ? smoking cigarettes ? " 7. Well ! what more did he say ? " Don't yon know that what you are smoking there is nothing more than paper? You will all be sick! " 8. What did you do then ? We were at first surprised ; but very soon we promised never to smoke such a thing again, for it was good for nothing, and only tasted of paper. 9. Be that as you please ; for my part I shall always prefer the ciga- rette to the cigar (tabaco). Perhaps you are right ; each one has his taste, and so we shah 1 say no more about it. 10. What news do you bring from Boston? Some good, and some bad : my cousin has been very fortunate in that affair I spoke of to you ; but he met last week with an unfortunate accident. 11. Ah! how was that? He was out riding in company with some friends, and in returning home he fell off his horse. 12. I am very sorry indeed ; and I hope he may soon be able to attend to his business. 13. What do you think of playing a game of chess ? I am ready to play one, if you wish ; but you will not find my game very good. 14. Why do you not practise more than you do ? I have practised very much, with a desire to become perfect in the game, but have not been able to succeed. LESSON XLIII. Advcrtir. To take notice, to observe, to warn. Conjugar. Desconfiar. Cometer. Distiuguir. To conjugate. To distrust, to mistrust. To commit. To distinguish. LESSON XLIII. 213 Formar. Devolver. Descuidar. Perteneccr. Molestar. Resultar. To form, to shape. To return, to give back. [mind. To neglect, to be at ease in one's To belong. To molest, to trouble. To result, to turn out. (The learner ought by this time to know almost all the conjugations, both of the regular and the irregular verbs ; should he at any time be at a loss for some part of a verb, he may refer to the conjugations at the end of the grammar.) Cada. Every, each. Sin duda. Certainly, without doubt. j Adelante ! Go on ! go ahead ! come in 1 En adelante. Henceforth. Compuesto. Compound. Irregular. Irregular. Completo. Complete. Varies. Various, divers, several. Simple. Simple. Seguro. Secure, sure. Obvio. Obvious. Lo demls. The rest. ( Bill of lading. Condicion. Condition. Conocimicnto. j Knowledgo> Navidad, or ) Nativity, Christ Jose. Joseph. Natividad. f mas. Articulo. Article, section. Eelacion. Relation. Pronombre. Pronoun. Duda. Doubt. Participio. Participle. Ventaja. Advantage. Gerundio. Gerund. Frase. Phrase. Advcrbio. Adverb. Prontitud. Promptitude. Pnesente. Present. Sentencia. Sentence. Imperfecto. Imperfect. Conjugacion. Conjugation. Perfecto. Perfect. Verdad. Truth. Future. Future. Imprudcncia. Imprudence. Plnscuamperfecto. Pluperfect. Preposicion. Preposition. Infinitive. Infinitive. Conjuncion. Conjunction. Indicative. Indicative. Interjeccion. Interjection. Imperative. Imperative. Paz. Peace. Sabjuntivo. Subjunctive. Molestia. Trouble. 214 LESSON XLIII. COMPOSITION. Descuide Y. j Cuantos tiempos tiene cl modo indica- tivo ? Ocbo : cuatro simples y cuatro com- puestos. Bueno fuera (or seria) no descuidarsc. Conviniera (or couvcndria) que se hicie- sc la paz. Airaque dijeras (or dijeses) la verdad, no te creeria. ; Ojalu cesara (or cesase) la guerra ! asi seriamos mas felices. Pense quc estudiaras. Xo crci quc estudiase V. Juzgue que estudiaria V. Dije que leyeras. Dijo que leerias. Dijimos que leyese. Deseaba quo ganaras (or ganases). Quiso que te casaras (or casases). Xo se si iria 6 no. Si tuvbra (or si tuvicse) buenos libros leeria. Seria iruprudencia ir con esta tienipo. Xo quiso ir. Debemos perdonar a nucstros enemigos. Y. pueJe hablar, pcro yo no lo puedo. t, Si hubiara (or hubiese) Y..recibido los libros me los habria Y. prestado ? Si los Imbiera (or hubiese) recibido se. los habria prestado ; pero no los he recibido aun. En lugar de venir a verme me escribio. El no jugara por temor de perder EU ; dinero. j Quiera Dios que se corrija ! Make yourself easy (or bo at case in your mind). How many tenses has the indicative mood ? Eight : four simple and four compound. It would be well not to be off one's guard. It would be well if peace were made. Though thou wert to tell the truth, he would not believe thee. Would to God the war would come to an end ! we should then be happier. I thought thou wouldst study. I did not think you would study (or were studying). I judged you would study. I said thou wert to read (or wu read). He said thou wouldst read. We said he was to read, lie wished thee to win. He wished thee to get married. I do not laow whether he would go or not. Had I (or if I had) good books I would read. It were imprudent to go hi this weather. He would not go. We should forgive our enemies. Tou can _speak, but I cannot. Had you received (or if you had fc- ceived) the books would you have lent them to me ? If I had received them I would have lent them to you ; but I have not re- ceived them yet. Instead of coming to see me, he wrote to me. He will not play, for fear of losing his money. God grant that he may change ! LESSON X L II I . 215 i Asi sea ! Lo desco para enlrambos. Bcbo a la salmi de V., Don Enrique. A la dc V., Don Carlos. Sefiores, inanos a Li obra, no sea quo no podamos acabar a tiempo. DC todos modos crco que no lo con2e- guiremos. So be it ! That is.ray desire for both. I drink to your health, Mr. Henry. Your health, Mr. Charles. To work, gentlemen, for fear v,-c should not be able to finish in time. At all events, I do not think we shall succeed. EXPLAXATIOX. 210. IMPERFECT AXD PLUPERFECT OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE. Although it has been deemed expedient, in the example of the conjugation of verbs in the subjunctive mood, to give but one English equivalent for each of the three terminations rid, ra, se, it is not to be inferred therefrom that they may be used in- discriminately. Indeed, the correct application of each of these terminations presents as much difficulty to the student of Spanish as does that of the English signs might, could, should, would to the foreigner learning English. The following rules will, however, serve as a guide in all ordinary cases, and enable the pupil to surmount not a few of the mos.t serious obstacles to the right use of the terminations in question. 1st. "When the sentence begins without a conditional con- junction, the verb may take either the first or the second ter- mination (ria or ra) ; as, Bueno scria (or fucra) no descuidarse. It would be well not to be off one's guard. It would be well if peace were made. Oonvendj'ia (or conviniero) que se hi- ciese la paz. 2d. In sentences beginning with si, sino, aunque, bien que, dado que, &c., or with an interjection expressive of desire, either the second or third termination may be employed (ra or se) ; and were it necessary to repeat the same tense in the second clause of the sentence (in order to show what would take place as the result of the condition expressed in the first clause), the first termination (ria) may then be used ; as, Though thou toldest (or wert to tell) the truth, he would not believe the c. Aunque dijeras (or dijeses) la vcrdad, no te creeria. 3d. "When the imperfect of the subjunctive is preceded by a verb in tho preterit definite of the indicative, signifying pen- 216 LESSON XLIII. sar, to think, dgcir, to say, or such like, any of the terminations may be used ; bat it must be observed that the idea conveyed will be different, according to the termination employed ; as, Pense que estudiara V., or quo cstu- diarz'a V. Xo erei quo cstudiase V.(or estudiara) V. Juzgue quo estudiar/a (or estudiara) V. Dije que leyera (or leer/a) V. Dijo que leyese (or leyera) V. Dijimos que leyera (or leyese). I thought you would study. I did not think you were studying, or I did not think you would study, I judged you would study. I said you would read. He said you were to read. We said he was to read. 4th. But if this tense be preceded or governed by a verb in any of the past tenses of the indicative, signifying desear, to desire, querer, to wish, or by any verb of such nature, then the second termination (ra) or the third (se) must be used, and never the first (rid) ; as, Deseaba que ganara (or ganase) Y. Quiso que V. se casara ( He was desirous that you might win. He wished you to get married. A glance at the foregoing rules and examples will suffice in order to observe that the first and second terminations (ria and ra) may be used one for the other, without any change in the sense of the phrase ; that the second may also be used for the third (that is'to say, ra for se), but that the first and third are of an entirely different meaning, and, in consequence, can never be substituted one for the other. Another peculiarity of the first (ria) is, that it can never be preceded by a conditional con- junction, while the second and third may. 5th. When, in translating into Spanish, whether is to be translated by si, would or should must be rendered by the ter- mination ria ; as, Xo se si iria. | I do not know whether he would go. Cth. The inverted forms had I, had he, &c., meaning if I had, if he had, &c., are always to be turned into Spanish by cither of the terminations ra or se, preceded by the conjunc- tion si ; as, Si tuviera (or tuviese) buenos libros, leer/a. Had I (or if I had) good books, I would read. LESSON XLIII. 217 7th. Were, used in the place of would be, may be translated by either ria or ra, never by se ; as, Serz'a (or fuera) iniprudencia ir con este tiempo. It were imprudent to go in this weather. 211. The English auxiliaries, may, might, can, could, will, would and should are sometimes to be translated into Spanish by principal verbs of the same meaning, and not merely ren- dered by corresponding terminations ; as, No quiso ir. V. pucdc hablar, pero yo no lo puedo. He would not go. You may (or can) speak, but I cannot. In the first example we see, that by would not is conveyed the idea of the want of will or desire on the part of the person alluded to, and not the idea of that person's going or not going, as dependent on a condition. Had the latter been the sense intended, we should then have rendered icoidd by the termi- nation ria of the verb ir, to go ; thus, El no iria. \ He would not go ; for, in that case, the object would have been simply to predict that he would not go, as dependent on some such condition as, if I did not go too, si yo nofuese tambien. Hence, the closest attention is required, in order to find the real meaning of the auxiliaries above mentioned, before attempting to translate them. 212. The imperfect of the subjunctive denotes a contingent action that took place some time ago, or that is taking place at the present time, or that will take place after the completion of the action expressed by the determining verb. 213. The pluperfect represents a contingent action as com- pleted before some period of time already past, or before some other action which is now also completed, or which would be now completed had it taken place. The closest attention to the foregoing remarks is essential, in order to avoid the improper substitution of the tenses of the indicative for those of the subjunctive, which all foreigners, and especially the English, are most liable to commit. 10 218 LKSSON XL 1 1 1. CONVERSATION AND VERSION. 1. ^Duda V. quo so liaga la paz este verano ? Convemlria ( importantisimas para practicar y aprendor cl espanol. 9. j Uf ! ya va V. ti principiar con sus adverbios, prcposiciones j arti- culos ; va V. a dccirmc, por supuesto, que estas partes de la oracion unas voces so ponen antes las unas que las otras, y vice versa ; que las unas gobiernan a las otras y las gobernadas gobiernan a su vez a otras, que se acuerden 6 no entre si. I Cree V. que todo eso sera interesante para mi con el fastidio que tengo, y el dolor de cabeza que padezco ? j Calle ! entonccs, caballerito, V. ha equivocado la casa. 10. i Que quiere V. decir con eso de equivocar la casa ? Quiero decir que, en lugar de venir a la clase, debio V. ir boy al hospital y de alii al teatro. 11. g Para que ? Para que le curasen en una parte de sus dolores y en la otra del fastidio. 12. Si; pero, Sefior Profesor, yo siempre creia que el mejor metodo de cnsefianza es aquel que "instruye deleitando." V. tiene mil razoncs, pero ha olvidado una pequefla circunstancia que requiere su metodo. 13. i Y cual es esa circunstancia ? Que no puede aplicarse sino con aquellos discipulos que se deleitan aprendiendo. 14. Y ahora volviendo al articulo. Sefior Profesor, V. me escusara, pero no volvarnos al articulo porque no puedo quedarme mas aqui hoy. 15. ^Coiuo es eso? el tiempo de la leccion no ha acabado todavia. V. tiene razon ; pero hoy es necesario que me vaya temprano, porque he prometido acompafiar a unas sefioritas a la opera. 16. ;Oh! entonces es necesario no faltar a su palabra. Seflor Pro- fesor, buenas noches (este buen sefior me fastidia con sus explicaciones). Diviertase V. mucho, Sefior Don Pepito (este amable joven aprendera espanol, para el tiempo que yo compre una casa en la Quinta Avenida, ensefiandolo). EXERCISE. 1. If I should come for you this evening, would you come with me to see the Martinez ? I would, with great pleasure, if Charlotte would accompany us. 2. How does that lady speak French ? They say she speaks very correctly, though with a slightly foreign accent. 3. Might he not be cured if he called in a good physician ? He is of opinion that physicians do more injury than good to mankind. 4. Do you know any thing of the author of that play ? Yes, I have read (or heard) all his plays ; they are very interesting, and delighted me exceedingly. 5. What is death ? The separation of soul and body. 246 LESSON XLVII. G. Can one be a citizen of tbc United States without having been born (naccr) in the country ? Yes, after baving resided in the United States a certain number of years any one may become a citizen. 7. Where is that poor man going? To the hospital; he has broken his leg. 8. Pardon me, I think you are mistaken ; it is rather his arm that is broken, for if his leg were broken he could not walk. 9. Do you remember the name of the principal city of Naples? Yes. the name of the principal city is that of the kingdom also. 10. Did you shake hands with that young lady ? Yes, as soon as she saw me she came towards me and gave me her hand. 11. Is that cloth (pafld) sold very high? Xot very; it costs only three dollars a yard. 12. How often do you take your Spanish lessons ? Twice a week. 13. Would you not learn faster if you took a lesson every other day (im dia si y otro no) ? My teacher says I would ; but I have not time to take lessons so often. 14. Would you like summer to return again ? Xo, thank you, I am glad it is past, for I assure you I have suffered enough with the L 15. How sad it is on the field of battle (campo de latalla) to hear the groans of the dying! Yes; and, notwithstanding, men will persist in killing each other for a foot * of ground (terrcno). 16. How is butter sold a pound? Thirty cents for one kind, and forty cents a pound for the best. IT. Do you think it can injure any one to have friends? Xo, it can injure nobody to have friends. 18. Is not that person very amiable and agreeable? Very rarely, for a mere nothing incommodes him. 19. Are there many learned men in that country? There have been and there are at present men of extraordinary learning. 20. Which are the three principal virtues? Faith, hope and charily. 21. Is Miss Cabargas married yet? Xot yet, although a large number of gentleman have solicited her hand. 22. I suppose you have all read some Spanish comedies? Several Spanish and some French comedies, by the best dramatists. 23. Which of all the French comedies that you have read do you like best ? Those of MoliC-re. * Palmo (literally a span). LESSON XL.VIII. 247 LESSON XLVIII. Aflrmar. Afligir. Admitir. Atrcverse. Criticar. Condescended Convencer. Declarar. Depender. Disponer. Diferenciar. Edificar. Entretenerse. Fabricar. Suponer. Nombrar. Influir. Ocultar. Observar. Obedecer. Proporcionar. Pretender. Publicar. Quejarse. Kegularizar. Keflexionar. Eidiculizar. Reformar. Lo que s6 decir. Sin que V. me lo diga. Volver a las andadas. Para mi ten go. A trucque. Sin embargo. Candidamente. De modo. To affirm. To afflict. To admit, to accept. To dare. To criticise. To condescend, to consent. To convince. To declare. To depend. To dispose, to arrange. To differ. To edify, to build. To amuse. To construct, to make, to build. To suppose. To name, to appoint. To influence, to affect. To conceal, to bide. To observe. To obey. To proportion, to procure, to offer, to afford. To pretend, to lay claim to, to aspire to, to sue for. To publish. To complain, to moan. To regulate. To reflect. To ridicule. To reform. "What I know. Without you telling me. To do so again, to return to (one's) old habits. It is my opinion. On condition. Nevertheless, notwithstandin g. Candidly. In such a manner, that, so that. 48 LESSON XLVIII. I Bravo ! Very good ! Bravo ! Bruto. Brutish. Cierto. Certain. Aereo. Airy, aerial. Angelical. Angelical. Ideal. Ideal. Interior. Interior. Incomplete, Incomplete. Imperfecto. Imperfect. Exterior. Exterior. Extrafio. Strange. Igual. Equal, the same. Humano. Humane. Positive. Positive. Eeal. Real, royal. Arquitecto. Architect. Carrcra. Career. Anciauo. Old man. Desgracia. Misfortune. Ciego. Blind. Diferencia. Difference. Cal y canto. Stone. Curiosidad. Curiosity. Bruto. . Brute. Exageracion. Exaggeration. Idiota. Idiot. Franqueza. Frankness. Espacio. Space. Juventud. Youth. Complemento. Complement. Ilusion. Illusion. Goce. Enjoyment. Felicidad. Happiness. Mai. Evil. Risa. Laugh, laughter. Material. Material. Realidad. Reality. Objeto. Object. Ruindad. Meanness. Palacio. Palace. Riquezas. Riches. Pajaro. Bird. Enfermo. Sick. Prisionero. Prisoner. Pensamiento. Thought. Castillos en el Castles in the air. aire. COMPOSITION. Adivino el motive por el cual nos ha- bian adulado los mismos que dcs- pues nos critican, criticaban, critiea- ron, ban criticado, criticaran. Leiamos una noticia que acababa (or acaba) do publicarse. I guess the motive for which those same persons 'who had flattered us before, criticise, did criticise, criticised, have criticised, will criticise us afterward. We were reading some news just pub- lished (that hail just been published, or has just beon published). LESSON XL VIII. 249 Contaba la dcsgracia quc los afligio. No sere yo el primero que so atreva. Aprended vosotros, los que os quejai*, quejabais, qucjasteis, habeis quejado, quejareis. l5l quiere jugar. Nosotros queremos cstudiar. El bubo de condesccnder. Tengo que callar. Ello3 deben cstar muy ocupados. Quiero (or pienso) salir. Afirmo (or declare) que saldre. Digo que saldre. Es util estudiar las lenguas. Conviene a los hombres instruirse. El estudio de las lenguas es util. La instruccion conviene a los hombres. Conviene que yo estudie. Es util que los hombres se instruyan. Les mando callar. ) Les mando que callasen. J Impedir que se cometaa injusticias es el objeto de las leyes. Deseo que me comprendas. No lograras que le castiguen. Se le ayudara si fuere necesario. He scntido que no se convenza (con- venciera or convenciese). Habra llamado para que le abran (abrie- ran or abriesen) la puerta. Creo que le convencere facilmente. Reflexionare lo que he de hacer. Pense que iba a matarla. Pense que enviara (or enviaria) la carta. He was telling the misfortune that afflict- ed them. I shall not be the first to dare. Know, you who complain, were com- plaining, complained, had complained, will complain. He will (is determined to) play. We will study. He had to consent. I have to be silent. They must be very busy. I wish (or intend to) go out. I affirm (or declare) that I shall go out. I say that I shall go out. It is useful to study languages. It is man's interest to acquire knowl- edge. The study of languages is useful. Knowledge is useful to man. It is my interest to study. It is useful to mankind to possess knowledge. He ordered them to be silent. To prevent the commission of injustice, such is the object of laws. I wish you to understand me. You will not succeed in having him punished. He shall have help if it be necessary. I was sorry he would not be convinced (or was not convinced.) He knocked, of course, in order that the door may (or might) be opened. I think I shall convince him easily. I shall reflect on what I shall do. I thought he was going to kill her. I thought he would send the letter. EXPLANATION. 235. CORKESPOXDEXCE OF THE TEXSES TFITH EACH OTHER. When one verb is connected with another by a relative, there are many combinations in which the determining and the de- ll* 250 LESSON XLVIII. termined verbs may be found; both may be in the indicative or in the subjunctive mood, or one in the indicative and tho other in the subjunctive ; but both cannot be in the infinitive or in the imperative ; as, Adivino el motive por cl cual DOS ha- bian adulado los mismos quc nos crilican, crilicaban, critlcaron, Jian crilicado, criticardn. Lciamos una noticia qus acababa (or acabd) de publicarse. Contaba la desgracia que lost afligid. No sere yo el priinero que se atreva. Aprended vosotros los que os qwyais, quejabais, qucjaslcis, habeis qurjado, qucjarcis. I guess the motive for which those same persons who have flattered us before, criticise, did criticise, criticised, have criticised, will criticise us afterward. Vi'e were reading some news that l;u 1 (or has) just been published. He was telling the misfortune that afflicted them. I shall not be the first to dare. Learn, you who complain, were com- plaining, complained, had complained, wiil complain. 236. The determined verb is put in the infinitive whenever it has the same subject as the determining verb ; as, El quiere jugar. Nosotros queremos csiudiar. lie wishes to play. "We wish to study. This is the reason why the auxiliaries hdber de, tener que, deber, always require the governed verb in the infinitive, be- cause the subject, or nominative, is the same for both verbs ; as, El hubo de condcsccnder. Tengo que collar. Ellos deben cstar may ocupado3. He had to consent. I have to be silent. They must be very An exception to this rule occurs when the determining verb expresses a firm and decided affirmation ; and so we say: Quiero (or pienso) sa'ir. Afirmo (declaro) que saldre. I wish (or intend) to go out. I affirm (or declare) that I shall go out. We must also except the verb decir, which cannot govern another verb in the infinitive, because whenever we employ it to announce our own actions it is not with the purpose of re- lating them, but to manifest our resolution to execute them ; as, Digo que saldre. \ I say I shall go out. 237. When the determining verb is scr, or any imperson- LESSON XLVIII. 251 al verb, and the governed verb has no subject, the latter is placed iu the infinitive ; as, Es util estudiar las lenguas. It is useful to study languages. Conviene a los hombres instruirse. It is the interest of mankind to acquire knowledge. And such is the natural construction, because the true sub- ject of this proposition is the very infinitive itself, which stands there as a noun, an office that cannot be performed by the other moods. The above sentences are equivalent to these : El csludlo de las lenguas es util. La instruction conviene a, los hombres. The study of languages is useful. It is the interest of mankind to acquire knowledge. 238. But if the determined verb also has a nominative, then it must be placed in the subjunctive ; as, Convienc quo yo estudie. It is my interest to study. Es util que los hombres se inslruyan. It is useful to mankind to possess knowledge. Those verbs that express command, govern either of the two forms, since we say equally well : Les mando collar. Lcs mando que callascn. 239. When the determining verb is in the infinitive, in the present or future of the indicative, or in the imperative, connected with the governed verb by a conjunction, this latter verb is put in the subjunctive mood, ordinarily in the present or in the future ; as, ,1 He ordered them to be silent. Impedir quo so cometan injusticias es el objeto dc las leyes. Deseo que me comprendas. Xo logrards que le casliyucn. Se le ayudard si fuere nccesario. To prevent the commission of injustice, such is the object of the laws. I wish you to understand me. You will not succeed in having him punished. He will have help if it be necessary. 240. The preterit indefinite and compound future of the indicative govern the determined verb in the present or imper- fect of the subjunctive ; as, He sentido que no se convenza (conven- I was sorry he should not be (or was ciera or convenciese). not) convinced. Habra llamado para que le abran He knocked, of course, in order that (abrieraa or abriescn) la puerta. &e door may (or might) be opened. 252 LESSON XLVIII. 241. "When the determining verb is in the indicative, it gen- erally governs the determined one in the same mood, if the nominative is the same for both verbs ; as, Oreo que le convencere facilmente, I I think I shall convince bini easily. Eeflexionare lo que he de hacer. | I shall reflect on what I have to do. But if each verb has a different nominative, the second verb may be placed in the indicative or in the subjunctive ; as, I thought he was going to kill her. I thought he would send me the letter. Pense que iba a matarla. Pens'e que me enviara (or enviaria) la carta. Much more might be said upon this subject, did we not fear to exceed the limits prescribed by the nature of the present work. CONVERSATION AND VEPxSION. 1. Dofia Luisita, $Le gnsta a V. formar castillos en cl aire ? Muclio ; pero creo que forino demasiados. 2. Me alegro mucho que, como a mi, le guste d V. el mundo de las ilu- siones, y tambiea apruebo su franqueza de V. en confo*arlo. Y jporque lo habia de ocnltar ? i Que rnal hay en eso ? 3. No s6 si hay mal 6 no, lo que s6 decir es, que todo el mundo afecta no formarlos y con cierta risita burlona pretenden ridiculizar a los que, como V. y yo, confesamos candidamcnte que los hacemos. 4. $Y cree V., D. Jose, que esas gentes vivan sin ilusiones deninguna especie ? No, seflorita, no lo creo. Dios ha dado a todo hombre, a diferencia del bruto, un mundo ideal interior ademas del mundo positive exterior, a excepcion de los idiotas. 5. ; Cuanto me alegro de oirlo ! [porque yo tenia tanta verguenza de mis pobres castUlos en el aire ! i De modo es que V. cree que yo no soy sola ? De ningun modo, todo el mundo los forma, la diferencia solo cxiste en la manera. 6. ; Ah ! Don Jos6, V. me va pareciendo un bnen arqnitecto de casti- llos en el aire y uno de estos dias voy a pedirle que me muestre uno de los nmchos que habra edificado. Con mucho gusto, sefiorita, u trueque, sin embargo, de que V. me admita en uno de sus palacios aereos. 7. No, eso no, jamas podria yo poner en evidencia mis castillos : pero V. dice que la diferencia solo existe en la manera de formarlos ; explique- me V. esto, quiza asi lograi-6 reformar los mios, porque he observado que son incompletos ; siempre les falta algo. Pues es extrano, sefiorita. por- LESSON XLVIII. 253 que yo creia que solo las cosas humanas eran imperfectas y sus ilusiones do V. siendo 8. For supuesto, jangelicales! jVamos! dejeseV. de cumplimientos, ya sabe V. que no me gustan, y respondame V. a- mi pregunta si V. gusta, porque tengo curiosidad de saber c6nio forman otros sus castillos. Obedezco, seiiorita, y para principiar debo decir que yo me equivoque" cuando dije que solo se diferenciaban en la manera, porque tambien in- fluye mucho el material. 9. i C6mo el material ? ; si se fabrican en el aire I jEspero que no los fabrique V. de cal y canto 1 No, seflorita, no de cal y canto; pero se fa- brican ; y si se fabrican, de algo se fabrican. 10. i Pero do que, seQor, de qu6 ? Yo formo castillos, pero no necesito n;;da para hacerlos; vuelo mas que los pajaros, mando hasta en las vo- luntades de los otros, bago volver al tiempo en su carrera, dispongo del espacio, de la fortuna, y hago que me obedezca hasta el amor. Eso lo creo sin que V. me lo diga, seuorita. 11. [Dale! no vuelva V. a las andadas, y cue'nteme V. que~ materiales son esos de que V. me hablaba. V. misrna acaba de norabrar algunos. 12. i Cuules? ; Como ! ^qu6 mas materiales quiere V. para formar un Castillo en el aire, que poder disponer, como V. dice que puede, de las voluntades de los otros, del tiempo, del espacio, la fortuna y hasta del amor? 13. jTorna! Pero yo no poseo ninguna de esas cosas en realidad, y sin embargo mis castillos me entretienen y divierten mucho. Perdone V., sefiorita, V. las posee y con ellas forma V. ese bonito mundo interior, que le proporciona a V. los goces que no le da el exterior. 14. Y en eso tiene Y. razon, que mis ilusiones, 6 sea como V. las llama, mi mundo interior, me consnelan muchas veces de la ruindad del mundo exterior. Eso sucede a todo el mundo, de ese modo, el ciego ve, el e.n- fermo goza de salud, el prisionero de libertad, el pobre de las riquezas y el anciano do la juventud, las ilusiones hacen los males menorcs. En este mundo ideal es en donde los hombres son verdaderamente igualcs, y para mi tengo que no es ilusorio, sino real, puesto que de el depende nuestra felicidad. 15. i No crce V. que hay alguna exageracion en lo que V. dice ? No, sefiora, pero si, creo, que debemos tener buen cuidado de regularizar nuestros pensamientos y de basar siempre nuestros castillos en el aire en la virtue! y la religion. 16. j Bravo ! bravo ! muy bieu, asi me gustan a mi los castillos en el aire. 254 LESSON XLVIII. EXERCISE. 1. "WTio built the house you are living in at present? An excellent architect, a friend of my father. 2. Are you certain it was an old man that was suing for her hand? I cannot affirm that it was an old man. 3. What a misfortune that he will not study ! It would be a real misfortune if it were true ; I think it is not true. 4. Do you ever build castles in the air ? Seldom ; for, in my opinion, real castles built of stone are to be preferred to the aerial ones you speak of. 5. What a pretty bird you have there ! does it sing ? It sings the whole day long. 6. Do you think our young friend is really as happy as he appears to be? No, there must be some exaggeration in what he says. V. In what respect do these two authors differ from each other ? Read the works of both, and you will observe for yourself. 8. Do they both write equally well ? No, one of them arranges his thoughts in a very strange manner, so that it is sometimes impossible to understand his meaning,* and at all times disagreeable to read him. 9. Is Peter punished now in school as often as formerly ? As often as ever ; but it is useless to punish him, for though he is good for a few days, yet he always gets back to his old habits. 10. Docs that man always say what he thinks? lam sure I cannot say ; but it seems to me that there is in his manner of speaking a some- thing I cannot explain that hides his real thoughts. 11. Is he liked in general by those who know him ? On the contrary, everybody hates him and ridicules him for his meanness. 12. Have you any curiosity to see the Interior of a royal palace ? If the occasion offered (presented itself), I would like to see it ; otherwise I am perfectly content with the interior of my own house. 13. You are wise for that; happiness is not at all times to be found in palaces. Ah ! I see you aref something of a philosopher. . 14. How is this, sir ? your exercise is incomplete. I confess that had I wished I might have finished it ; but you will find that, as far as it goes, it is not imperfect. 15. That is to say that the quality does not depend on the quantity. Precisely so ; you may complain of my not having done the whole of the exercise, but I do not think you can criticise the part I have brought to you. 16. What sizei is the book your friend has just published ? The same size as the one he published before. * Lo que qttiere fecir. t Tiene V. $ Tamaiio. LESSON XLIX. 255 LESSON XLIX. Acudir. Agregar. Anadir. Componcr. Contencr. Incluir. Facilitar. Ofrecer. Por instruido quo sea. Antcriormente. Comparativamentc. Corrienteinente. Fluidamente. Suficiente. En general. Generalmente. Considerablemente. Particularmente. En cuanto a. Artificial. Anterior. Aborreciblc. Celeste, azul celeste. Celestial. Celico. Chinesco. Creible. Desprcciable. Familiar. Gigantesco. Terrestre. Territorial. Terroso. Terrado, terrero. Terrenal. Terr on. To hasten (to a place), to refer. To add. To add. To compose, to inend, to fix. To contain. To include. To facilitate. To offer. | However learned he may be. Formerly, previously. Comparatively. Currently, fluently. Fluently. Sufficient. In general. Generally. Considerably. Particularly, privately. | As to, as for. Artificial. Anterior, previous. Hateful. Celestial, sky-blue. Celestial, heavenly. Celestial, heavenly. Chinese. Credible. Despicable. Familiar. Gigantic. Terrestrial, earthly. Territorial. Tcrreous, earthy. Terrace. Terrestrial, earthly. Lump (or clod) of earth. 256 LESSON XLIX. Ricacho. Very rich. Picaresco. Roguish. Patrom'mico. Patronymic. Propio. Proper, own. Mudable. Changeable. Verbal. Verbal. Arena!. Sandy (ground). Arboleda. Grovo. Ascenso. Promotion. Ascension. Ascension. Alvarez. Alvarez. Carnuza. Bad meat. Calvinista. Calvinist. Creencia. Belief, credence. Catolicismo. Catbolicism. Ciencia. Science. Diccionario. Dictionary. Gentualla. Rabble. Escobajo. A bad broom. Madrastra. Step-mother. Boticario. Druggist, apothe- Terminacion. Termination. cary. Dicha. Happiness. Dommguez. Dominguez. Isla. Island. Fernandez. Fernandez. Educacion. Education. Idiotismo. Idiom, Escoba. Broom. Filosofastro. Philosophastcr. Excnsa. Excuse. Hij astro. Step-son. Explicacion. Explanation. Herman astro. Step-brother. Espada. Sword. Hombracho. Corpulent. Exclamacion. Exclamation. Libraco. A contemptible Firma. Signature. book. Gota. Drop. Pajarraco. An ugly bird. Figura. Figure, appear- Latinajo. Dog Latin. ance. Manzanar. Apple orchard. Faccion. Feature. Pinar. Pine grove. Factura. Invoice. Protestante. Protestant. Facultad. Faculty, power. Padrastro. Step-father. Adquisicion. Acquirement. Significado. Signification, Astronomia. Astronomy. meaning. Afluencia, fluidez. Fluency. Vinacho. Bad wine. Protestantisino. Protestantism. Ilabanero. Ilavaiiese. Madrileilo. Madrilenian. Rodriguez. Rodriguez. Sanchez. Sanchez, [heart. Amante. Lover, sweet- Arbol. Tree. Amador. Lover. LESSON XLIX. 257 COMPOSITION. Porqud lee V. ese libraco ? Porque no tengo otro ; pero V. se equi- voca, es un libro clasico excelente. 6 Conoco V. a aquel ricacho ? Le conozco ; pero no le trato, porque cs un hombracho que solo le gusta tra- tarse con gentualla. Juan, no barras con ese escobajo, que ensucia mas que limpia. La came buena se vende a treinta cen- tavos la libra ; la carnuza a veinte. Ese estudiante suele decir latinajos, pero no sabe Latin. En la America del Norte hay mas pro- testantes que catolicos. Los boticarios en los Estados TJnidos no solo venden medicinas, sino per- fumeria, cigarros y otras muchas cosas. 6 Vive cl Seflor Fernandez con su pa- dre? No, seSor, porque no quiere vivir con su madrastra y hermanastros.