DOCUMENTS DEPT. COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS. BOARD OF TRADE (LABOUR DEPARTMENT). REPORT ON COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS BETWEEN EMPLOYEES AID WORKPEOPLE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of His majesty. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. BY DARLING & SON, LTD., 34-40, BACON STREET, E. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from WYMAN AND SONS, LTD., FETTER LANE, B.C., and 32, ABINGDON STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ; or OLIVER & BOYD, TWEEDDALE COURT, EDINBURGH: or E. PONSONBY, LTD., 116, GRAFTON STREET, DUBLIN. [Cd. 5366.] Price 2s. 2d. 1910. SALE OF GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS. The under-mentioned Firms have been appointed sole Agents for the sale of Government Publications, including Parliamentary Reports and Papers, Acts of Parliament, Record Office Publications, &c., &c. 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THE BOARD OF SIR, I HAVE the honour to submit to you a Report on Collective Agreements between Employers and Workpeople in the United Kingdom, which has been prepared by the Labour Department with the assistance of Mr. D. F. Schloss. The Collective Agreements of a general trade or district character known to the Department, of which particulars are given in this volume, number no less than 1,696, viz., 30 Sliding Scales, 563 Piece Price Lists and 1,103 Working Agreements of various kinds. The number of workpeople covered by each Agreement varies enormously. The three most important affect in the aggregate nearly a million workpeople ; 34 Agreements affect numbers varying from 10,000 up to 200,000 ; while the remaining 1,659 each affect less than 10,000 and most of these, as will be seen from Appendix III., affect quite small numbers of workpeople. The total number of workpeople whose conditions of labour are specifically regulated under the provisions of these Agree- ments (after allowing for workpeople affected by more than one Agreement) is estimated to be 2,400,000. The distribution ticcording to trades is shown in the following Table : Number Number of of Agreements. Workpeople. Mining and Quarrying ... 56 900,000 Transport Trades " 92 500,000 Textile Trades 113 460,000 Metal, Engineering and Ship- building .... 163 230,000 Building Trades 803 200,000 Clothing Trades 303 50,000 Printing Trades 79 40,000 Other Trades 87 20,000 Total 1,696 2,400,000 It should be understood, however, that in addition to those directly affected, there are a large number of other workpeople whose wages, hours of labour, and other industrial conditions follow, and are in effect governed by, the Collective Agreements in force for the time being in the trades concerned. For this reason the total number of workpeople either directly or in- directly affected by the 1,696 Agreements referred to is very materially in excess of 2,400,000. While in many important industries the conditions of employment are regulated under Collective Agreements covering very wide areas, in some instances these agreements are of a more 2500 & 85. Wt, 123373344. 12/08. D & S. 33311. 2 234568 iv narrow character, embodying the terms agreed upon between a single firm and its employees, or one or more classes of employees. Agreements of this type, such as " pit lists " in the mining industry and " shop " agreements, are, as a rule, excluded from this Report. The Collective Agreements dealt with in the Eeport are not only very numerous, but in many instances are of considerable length, and contain provisions often of a very detailed character. These provisions relate, not only to the rates of remuneration to be received by the workpeople and their hours of labour, but also to a great variety of other subjects, including the number of workpeople to be employed in the execution of specified jobs, the distribution of work among Avorkpeople or different classes of workpeople, and the conditions under which youthful labour shall be employed. In a large number of instances, particularly in the more important in- dustries, the Collective Agreements also provide machinery for the purpose of effecting the pacific settlement of differences which may arise either as to the interpretation and application of existing Agreements or as to the terms upon which fresh contracts of the kind shall be concluded. It has usually been impracticable to set forth in this volume the complete text of the Agreements, but a list of all the Agreements is given in the Appendices, while the method adopted in the body of the Report has been to illustrate the general character of these arrangements by selecting as speci- mens a certain number of typical Agreements, and printing these, or extracts adequate to convey an accurate idea of their nature, together with such historical introductions and explanations of technical terms as seem likely to facilitate the comprehension of their details. The wide prevalence of these arrangements in our most important industries must have an important influence on industrial enterprise, for when the level of wages, the length of the working day, and other principal conditions of employment are regulated, for specified periods of greater or less duration, by clearly defined Agreements, the employers concerned must be enabled to calculate with precision that part of the cost of pro- duction which will be represented by labour ; further, when these Agreements bind the whole or a very large proportion of the firms engaged in a given trade, the danger of undercutting by rivals who find it possible to obtain labour at a lower price is materially reduced. It will be noticed that although the number of industrial workpeople covered by Collective Agreements is very consider- able, it is less than a fourth of the whole number employed in the United Kingdom. Such Agreements imply a highly developed state of industry and the existence of some form of organisation among both employers and workpeople. Where such conditions do not exist, agreements of a general character between all or nearly all the employers and workpeople in each trade or district are, generally speaking, impossible, because there is no machinery for bringing them about or for enforcing their provisions. It appears that the system of Collective Agreements in foreign countries is conditioned in the same way by the degree of organi- sation to be found in the various industries. Thus a Report on Collective Agreements in Germany, issued in 1906 by the German Labour Department, shows that such Agreements are- most general in the Building, Metal, Wood-working, and Printing Trades ; that is to say, in the trades in which the organisation of employers and workpeople is most advanced in that country. I am, &c., G. R. ASKWITH, Labour Department, Board of Trade. September, 1910. CONTENTS. REPORT, Page Scope of Report =.. ... xi Subjects dealt with in Agreements : WAGES : Meaning of Piece-wage and Time- wage xiii Group Piece-work ... ... ... ... xvi Division of Piece-price among Group ... ... ... xvi Construction and Arrangement of Piece Lists xvii METHODS OF CHANGING WAGES : SLIDING SCALES ... XX HOURS OF LABOUR : Payment for Overtime xxii Payment for Night Shifts xxiii Restrictions on Overtime Work xxiv OTHER SUBJECTS : Number of Men to be employed xxvi Distribution of Work in Slack Times xxvii Enticing away Workmen xxviii Demarcation of Work ... ... ... ... ...xxviii Restrictions on Employment of Youthful Labour ... xxx Conciliation and Arbitration xxiii EXAMPLES OF COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS. Building- Trades : Conciliation Schemes 1 Other Collective Agreements : London (principal trades) ... ... ... ... 5 London (plumbers not employed by builders) .. 10 Birmingham: Bricklayers 11 Manchester and Salford : Stonemasons 14 Liverpool : Carpenters and Joiners 16 Glasgow: Joiners ... ... ... ... ... 19 Bolton : House Painters 21 Mining and Quarrying : Coal Mining : General Wages Agreements 24 Piece Price Lists 36 Specimen Pit Lists : Northumberland 38 Yorkshire '.. 39 Derbyshire ... ... ... ... ... 40 Nottingham 42 South Wales 43 CONTENTS. vii Mining 1 and Quarrying continued. Coal Mining continued. Page Hours of Labour 46 Coal Mines Regulation Act, 1908 (arrangements under) North Wales 47 Monmouthshire and South Wales 47 Stoppage of Work after Accidents Coke-making at Coal Mines Bye Product Ovens ... 53 Iron Ore Mining and Limestone Quarrying : North Lincolnshire Iron Mines and Blastfurnaces 55 Lincolnshire and Leicestershire Iron Ore Quarries 57 Stainton Limestone Quarries 58 Limestone Quarrymen in South Wales 59 Sett Making ... 60 Metal, Engineering: and Shipbuilding Trades : Iron and Steel Trades : Cleveland Blastfurnacenien ... ... ... ... 62 West Cumberland Blastfurnacemen 65 Barrow-in-Furness Blastfurnacemen ... 67 Scottish Blastfurnacemen 69 Barrow-in-Furness Steel Workers ... ... ... 71 Midlands Iron and Steel Workers 73 Daymen in Welsh Sheet Mills 76 North of England Iron and Steel Workers .... 77 Eston Steel Workers 78 South Wales and Monmouthshire Blastfurnacemen and Iron and Steel Workers 79 Scottish Iron Workers 84 Scottish Steel Workers ... ... 85 Engineering : General Agreement ... ... ... ... ... 85 Birmingham Engineers Bury : Engineering Trades 89 West of Scotland Iron and Steel Dressers 90 Preston Ironf ounders : Number of Apprentices ... 90 Card-setting Machine Tenters 90 Carriage Straighteners 91 Shipbuilding : General Agreement ... ... ... ... ... 92 Piecework ... ... ... ... ... ... 96 Shipyard Rivetters ... ... ... ... 97 Caulking and Cutting ... 102 Working of Pneumatic Chipping, Caulking and Cutting Tools 103 Drillers in Boiler Shops and Shipyards ... 104 Overtime : Cardiff 105 London 107 Apprentices 108 Demarcation of Work Ill Boilermaking : Rivetting, &c. ... ... ... ... ... ... 113 viii CONTENTS. Metal, Engineering and Shipbuilding Trades continued. Miscellaneous Metal Trades : Page Wrought Nail Trade 113 Nut and Bolt Making 117 Chain Making 119 Anchorsmiths File Forging and Cutting 122 File Grinding 123 Vermin, &c., Trap Making 124 Tin Plate and Sheet Manufacture 12G Tin and Iron Plate Working ... 134 Textile Trades: Cotton Spinning : Brooklands Agreement ... ... ... ... 136 Piece Price Lists 139 Oldham : Spinning ... 140 Bolton : Spinning 148 Blackburn : Stubbing, Intermediate and Roving 162 Universal Lists for Cardroom Operatives : Flat Cards 164 Frames 166 Cotton Weaving : General Agreement 170 Piece Price Lists 171 Uniform List for Weaving 173 Coloured Goods Weaving : Colne 178 Radcliffe 180 Special Classes of Weaving : Velvet 180 Quilts and Toilet Covers 181 Lists for Winding and other Preliminary Processes : Burnley (Winding and Beaming) . . . 183 Colne and Nelson (Warp Dressing) ... 184 Blackburn (Twisting and Drawing) ... 186 Woollen Weaving : Huddersfield 187 Yeadon and Guisely 190 Hosiery Trade 191 Leicester, Hose List ... ... ... ... ... 192 Leicester, Shirts, Pants, etc., List 194 Leicester, Trimming List 196 Hinckley, Menders' List 198 Lace Trade (Nottingham) 199 Plain Net Machines 201 Curtain Machines 203 Levers Machine 206 Auxiliary Lace Workers 210 Silk Trade : Macclesfield ... ... ... ... ... ... 211 Leek 214 CONTENTS. ix Textile Trades contin ued. Page Carpet Trade (Kidderminster) ... 216 Elastic Web Trade (Leicester) 218 Printing, Dyeing, etc. : Yorkshire 221 Bradford and Halifax (Slabbing Dyeing) 224 Clothing* Trades : Boot and Shoe Trade ~22G Hand-Sewn Work : Edinburgh ... 227 Manchester 228 Machine Work 229 General Agreements ... 230 Piece Price Lists for Lasters and Finishers : London 233 Leicester (Lasting Machines) 238 Leicester (Finishing Machines) ... ... 243 Quantities Statements for Clickers : Northampton 247 Minimum Time Wages 250 Hours of Labour 251 Boy Labour 254 Clog Trade 255 Tailoring Trade 257 London Time Log 258 London West End Tailors 264 Blackburn Machine Log 265 Distribution of Work in Slack Seasons : General Agreement (Great Britain and Ireland ) 270 Scotland 271 Belfast 271 Hat Trade : Denton 272 London 273 Miscellaneous Trades : Printing : Hand Composition 275 London Book work Scale 276 London Parliamentary Scale , 283 London News Scale 285 Machine Composition : London (News) 294 London (Book) 298 Provincial Agreements : General Time- wage Agreement (Linotype Machines) . ... 300 General Piece-work Agreement (Linotype Machines) 301 General Time-wage and Piece-work Agreement (Monotype keyboard) ... 301 Machine Managers (London) 302 Press Correctors (London) 306 Bookbinding (London) ... 308 X CONTENTS. Miscellaneous Trades continued. Transport, Dock and Waterside Labour : Railways : Page London and North Western 314 Midland 316 Great Western ... Lancashire and Yorkshire ... ... ... 323 Great Central 328 Great Eastern North Eastern Great Northern ... ... ... ... ... 336 North British 339 Lightermen (Thames) 341 Dock and Waterside Labour : Timber Porters (London) 344 Corn Porters (London) 348 Grain Porters (Bristol) 349 Coal Trimmers (Cardiff and Newport) ... 352 General Dock Labour (London) 357 Woodworking and Furnishing Trades : Coopering : Burton-on-Trent 365 Liverpool ... ... ... ... ... ... 368 Cabinet-making (Liverpool) ... ... ... ... 373 French Polishing (Liverpool) 375 Glass Making : Glass Bottle Making 376 Yorkshire 378 Lancashire 385 Pressed Glass Making 387 Food Trades : Baking : Liverpool 388 Glasgow 389 The Fishing Industry : Aberdeen 390 Basket and Chair Making ... 391 Birmingham 392 Brush Making 396 London (Pan and Hairs) ... 398 London (Painting Brushes) 400 London (Tooth Brushes) 402 APPENDICES. I. List of Collective Agreements relating to Piece Price Lists ... 403 II. List of Sliding Scales in existence under Collective Agreements ... 429 III. List of other Collective Agreements ... 431 III(A).List of Railway Awards and Settlements 491 Index... 493 XI REPORT BY THE LABOUR DEPARTMENT ON COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND WORKPEOPLE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. SCOPE OF REPORT. The term " collective agreement" is applied to those arrange- ments under which the conditions of employment are governed by the terms of a bargain made between employers or associa- tions of employers and a group of workpeople employed by them, or an organisation of which these workpeople are members, and which represents their interests (as opposed to those cases in which these conditions are arranged between an employer and the different workpeople whom he employs, separately). The collective bargains here referred to include awards made by arbitrators or an umpire. In these cases the bargain, instead of being made directly between the parties, is, in effect, made for the parties by a third person or persons acting with their authority, and arranging terms on their behalf. In some instances the collective bargain is made between a single firm and its employees, or one or more classes of em- ployees. These are " shop " agreements, and, as a rule, affect in each case a comparatively small number of persons. While securing uniformity in conditions of employment as between the different operatives employed by the firm to which it applies, a shop agreement affords no security against undercutting by other firms. On the other hand, when the agreement regulating industrial conditions is entered into by a number of different firms, and in particular where, as is often the case, the firms bound by a collective agreement comprise the whole or the greater part of the establishments carrying on a given industry within a wide area, the whole of the workpeople employed by the employers concerned are secured equality of treatment, while each of those employers is, so far as regards all his com- petitors who are parties to the agreement, protected against the Xli REPORT. danger of being under-bid by firms obtaining their labour upon easier terms than he himself enjoys. In this connection it is of interest to note, that in some industries the collective agreements which are in force in rela- tion to particular establishments are themselves subordinate to a specific standard, and form an integral part of a general wage- scale governing the remuneration of the workpeople in the trade concerned throughout a large area. Thus in the cotton-spinning industry at Bolton different mills may have different wage-lists, but the piece-rates specified in all these lists alike are, by virtue of the agreement between employers and employed in this trade, required to be such as will yield certain standard weekly earnings, uniform for the whole district, and are adjusted, as occasion may require, by representatives of the two parties, so as to conform to this basis. The same principle of conformity with a general standard is to be found in the pit lists governing wages in the coal-mining industry in some districts ; the method adopted in Northumberland and Durham in framing these lists is explained in detail below (p. 36). It is also of interest to observe that, while in many industries wages are governed by agreements having reference only to par- ticular establishments or localities, in several important trades there is manifested a tendency to supersede these narrow wage-scales by lists having a wider application, shop lists being absorbed in local lists, and local lists in " uniform " lists, whose operation is co- terminous with that of organisations of employers and of employed, and which, indeed, not seldom extend their influence over an area wider than that covered by either of these organisations. By way of illustration of the tendency here referred to mention may be made of the gradual replacement of a large number of local lists for cotton-spinning by the Old ham List, of the analogous introduction in recent years in regard to the processes preliminary to cotton-spinning of the " Universal Lists " for card-room operatives, of the supersession of the numerous district lists for plain cotton goods formerly in existence in the cotton- weaving industry by the " Uniform List " for weavers, of the wide extension of the area covered by the Blackburn List for twisting and drawing, and of the replacement of " shop state- ments " in the boot and shoe trade by " uniform " statements regulating piece-prices throughout large districts. Whether in the form of " shop lists " or of agreements with a more extended area the method of collective bargaining may be said to prevail throughout the whole of our manu- facturing industries and to obtain to a very considerable extent in regard to the employment of dock and waterside labour, and of labour employed in transport and in sea-fishing.^ Nor, when we are considering the great importance of the part which is * Lists of collective agreements known to the Department are given in the Appendices, Appendix I. (post pp. 403-428) dealing with Piece Price Lists, Appendix II. (pp. 429-430) with Sliding Scales, and Appendix III. and IIlA. (pp. 431-492) with other agreements. REPORT. Xlll played by collective agreements in the regulation of labour conditions in this country, should it escape attention that it is not alone the members of the Trade Unions which are parties to collective agreements whose conditions of employment are determined by these industrial treaties ; for in the majority of cases the conditions there laid down will be found to obtain in practice also in relation to large numbers of non-Unionist workpeople engaged in the trades to which these agreements apply. SUBJECTS DEALT WITH IN AGREEMENTS. As will be seen from the details given in this Report, the subjects with which collective agreements deal are numerous and varied in character, not alone wages and hours, but, to a greater or less extent in different cases, many other circumstances affecting the conditions of labour being included, frequently in elaborate detail. WAGES. Meaning of Piece-wage and Time-wage. The two leading forms of wage-payment are time-wages and piece-wages, the distinction between these methods being, in the main, of the following nature. When a workman is engaged on time-wages, the contract between him and his employer is virtually an agreement by the employee to sell to the employer, in return for a certain sum of money, all the labour which the workman shall perform in a specified time, without, as a rule, any express condition that he shall, in that time, perform any definite amount of work. On the other hand, when the workman is em- ployed on piece-work, the contract is that the employer shall receive, in return for a stipulated sum of money, the performance of a specified amount of work, no direct reference being, as a rule, made to the number of days or hours which may be spent by the workman in the performance of this work. It should also be observed that, intermediate between the methods of time-wage and of piece-wage, there exist systems of wage-payment which combine payment by time with payment by results. In the cases here referred to the employer guarantees to the workman a specified rate of time-wage which he is entitled to receive as a minimum remuneration, irrespective of the amount of work turned out, promising him at the same time a further sum of money if his output within a given period shall exceed a specified quantity. In this manner blastfurnacemen in some cases receive fixed rates of day wages, and, in addition, a bonus on output, the amount of which is dependent upon the production of the furnaces. So, again, the subordinate workmen employed by the operatives in charge of sheet mills in Wales receive in the first place 'a XIV REPORT. fixed sum per shift, and also a bonus dependent upon the total earnings of the mill. Operatives in the boot and shoe trade receive in some cases minimum rates of weekly wages, but if they turn out work worth (according to an agreed price- list) more than these weekly wages, they are paid for the excess output pro rat a. Glass bottle makers in the North of England are paid certain weekly rates, irrespective of the number of bottles turned out, and, if they make more than a stipulated number of bottles in the week, they receive, in addition, payment by the piece for all output in excess of that number. In the engineering trade a system of a somewhat similar nature has of recent years been adopted, the employers agreeing that " each workman's day rate " shall " be guaranteed irrespectively of his piece-work earnings." In the fishing in- dustry the crews of fishing boats are in many cases remunerated under a mixed system of time -wage and product - sharing, receiving fixed rates of daily or weekly wages and also a bonus, which consists in a specified share in the net proceeds of the catch. Although the main distinction between time-wages and piece- wages is of the nature described above, it is of importance to note that, whether the method of remuneration adopted be expressed as payment by results or as payment by time, the amount of work performed and the time taken in performing the work are factors both of which are, to a greater or less extent, taken into account in every agreement for the payment of wages. Thus, on the one hand, the employee who is working on time-wage is expected by his employer to turn out in a given time not less than a more or less specifically agreed upon quantity of work " to do a fair day's work" , while, on the other hand, a list of piece-wage rates usually has an implied, and in some cases has an explicit, reference to the amount of money which can be earned by a man working under the list in a given time. By way of illustrating the provisions made when the agree- ment specifically fixes the quantity of work which workmen are bound to do in return for time-wages, reference may be made to the arrangements in force in relation to the remuneration of clickers (who cut out the uppers of boots and shoes) in some important centres of the bootmaking industry. Thus at North- ampton, under the collective agreement which regulates the conditions of employment of these workpeople, the clickers are entitled to receive minimum wages of 30s. a week, and are expected by their employers to do in the week an amount of work worth 305., the value of their output being determined by a " quantities statement " a detailed list of prices for every class of operation that they will have to perform, which was drawn up by a Court of Arbitration appointed by the Board of Trade on the application of the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for the Boot and Shoe Trade of Northampton. At the same time, if any clicker finds it possible to exceed this rate of output, REPORT XV and shall have demonstrated this fact by actually turning out for several weeks in succession, say, 325. worth of work per week, then it is agreed that this workman shall be entitled to receive in future wages at the rate of 325. per week, which higher rate of pay he will retain, subject to the obligation of keeping up this higher rate of output. Another example of the specific definition of the amountjof work to be performed in return for time-wages is to be found in the agreement between employers and employed in the dyeing industry in Bradford and Halifax, which, after fixing the standard weight of a panful, proceeds to lay down that, in the dyeing of black wool of certain specified kinds, " the time allowed shall be at the rate of eight panfuls per day of 13 hours . . . Ten minutes extra time shall be allowed for every extra turn, and for a block up and two turns 30 minutes extra time shall be allowed." With respect to the time-basis of piece- wage rates, examples of specific agreements that piece rates shall be of such amounts as will enable a workman of average competence to make certain agreed daily or weekly earnings will be found in many of the collective agreements described in this Report. Thus in the coal trade in Northumberland and Durham the coalowners and the miners have agreed upon certain rates of daily earnings, known as the " county average/' which are used as a basis upon which the pi-ices for hewiug coal shall be fixed. The nature of the different seams varies greatly, and, as the character of the work done by the hewers necessarily differs in consequence, the piece-price paid per ton for this work naturally varies as between seam and seam. But the agreement in all cases alike is that the different piece-prices shall always be fixed on such a scale as shall enable the miners, on the average, to earn these standard daily earnings. In the same way, in the Durham cokeyards the agreements between employers and employed provide that the rate of remuneration in all the different yards shall never vary by more than 5 per cent, from the county standard daily earnings. As between yard and yard, the appliances for carrying on the work, and generally the conditions under which the work is carried on, vary considerably, and, in consequence, the payment for the work ( which takes the form of piece-wage) also varies. But whatever be the circumstances under which the work is carried on, the piece-price per ton of coke (e.g., per ton drawn on to the benches, or per ton drawn and carried in into trucks) must be such as will yield the agreed standard daily wages. So, again, in the cotton spinning industry, the circumstances under which the spinning process is carried on (e.g., the size of the mules, the speed at which the mules are run, &c.) vary greatly between mill and mill ; but, under the agreements between employers and employed, the piece-wages paid for the work must in every case be such as will yield to the operatives certain specified weekly earnings. In the card-room (in which XVI REPORT. the operations preliminary to the spinning process take place) the agreement as to the wages of those who work the frames is of a similar nature. In bookbinding the piece prices in the London workshops are fixed on the basis " that a man of average skill and ability should be able to earn at least Is. per hour." The arrangements in force in the tailoring trade in many places are of a somewhat peculiar nature, the agreements between employers and employed stating, not the price per unit of output, but the amount of time to be paid for in relation to the per- formance of each of a number of specified operations ; neverthe- less, the method of remuneration is not, in reality, payment by time, but piece-wage ; for if the workman, to whom the "time-log" allows, say, l hours for putting on the collar of a frock coat, finds himself able to complete this job in 1 hour, he will none the less be entitled to receive one-and-a-quarter times the agreed hourly wage. Group Piece-work. With respect to payment by results, it should be remarked that in many instances the work paid for is performed by a group of men working together. In the case of some piece-work groups the members of the gang are all employed directly by one and the same employer ; but in other cases the chief member of the group is a sub-employer, that is to say, a man who agrees with the principal employer to get the work done for him with the assistance of workmen whom this "sub-contractor" employs for this purpose Instances of sub- contract work are to be found among coal-hewers in some districts, puddlers, and sheet millmen, among workmen of certain classes employed in the shipbuilding industry, e.g., angle- smiths and platers, among cotton spinners and weavers, timber porters, and a considerable number of other classes of work- people. Division of Piece-price among 1 Group. In those cases in which an employer gets work done by a number of workpeople working together as a piece-work group, the methods adopted in relation to the division of the piece-price are very various. In some trades the lump piece-price paid for the labour of the group is divided equally among all the members of the gang ; this is the practice among, e.g., corn porters in London. In other trades the total amount received for the work is divided between the workmen in certain fixed proportions, these proportions being in some trades laid down in precise terms by the agreements between employers and employed under which wages are regulated in the industry. Thus in the agreement regulating the conditions of employ- ment in the engineering trade at Birmingham it is provided that out of the piece-price of any " contract " job the workmen REPORT. employed shall in the first place receive time-wages (at the rate to which each is entitled) for the time spent in performing the work, and then whatever balance shall remain after the sum of these time-wages has been deducted from the contract piece-price shall be divided among the workmen in proportion to the rated time-wages of each man. The agreement between employers and employed as to piece-wages in the cotton spinning trade^ at Oldham fixes the amount which the operatives (the imncTeF of a mule and the piecers whom he employs) should be able to earn by a week's work, and at the same time states how much of this amount is to go to the minder and how much is to be received by his piecers. The Bolton spinners' list originally made no provision as to how much of the total weekly earnings of the operatives should go to the piecers, but recently the sum which is to be paid by the Bolton mule-minder out of these earnings to his subordinates has been regulated under a scale adopted by the Trade Union and approved by the Employers' Association. The agreement between the men in charge of sheet-mills in Wales and their employers provides that out of the tonnage rates which these millmen receive they shall pay to the subordinate workmen, whom they employ to assist them, fixed rates of time-wages supplemented by a bonus dependent upon the amount of these tonnage prices. In some instances the arrangement made in relation to the division of the lump sum paid for the performance of a piece- work job carried out by a group of workmen is, that the subor- dinate members of the group shall receive out of this sum fixed rates of time-wages, but shall not have any further claim, while the whole of the balance remaining after deducting the time- wages of these assistants goes to the principal member or members of the group. This is the case, for example, in the ship-building industry in relation to angle-smiths and platers. It is of interest to observe that in the instances just referred to, as in other similar cases (in which workmen remunerated by piece-wages are assisted by helpers paid by time-wages), the rate of time-wages paid to these assistants will frequently be found to be higher than the ordinary rate paid for the work concerned to men either working single-handed on time-wages or assisting leading men employed on time-wages. The reason is that in cases of this nature the helpers are expected to work at " piece- work speed ;" and since accordingly they do more work per hour, they claim and receive a higher rate of pay per hour than they would be entitled to if working under circumstances not requiring them to put forth special exertion. Construction and Arrangement of Piece Lists. A list of the collective agreements containing (among other pro- visions) statements of piece prices will be found in Appendix I., post, pp. 403-428. It should be understood that, while it is believed 33311 & xviii EEPORT. that this list includes most, if not all, of the principal agreements of a general character, no attempt has been made to enumerate agreements relating to particular establishments (e.g., pit lists in the mining industry). In regard to collective agreements fixing piece-work prices, it may be pointed out that, in framing an agreement regulating the wages of workpeople employed on piece-work, difficulty arises in many cases owing to the very large number and the great variety of the articles and operations for which a price has to be fixed. This difficulty, however, is not found to present any insuperable obstacles. In some cases the agreements in force in piece-wage trades are extremely voluminous documents, which contain lists of a great number of separate piece- prices, applicable to a large number of different articles or operations lists which in fact deal in minute detail with every probable kind of work in the trade concerned. Thus, even in an industry not employing any very large number of operatives, such as the manufacture of tin and ironware, baths, &c., in London, the list of piece-prices agreed upon between employers and employed fills a volume of some 300 pages, and enumerates separately the prices to be paid for more than 1,200 distinct articles. In many piece-wage agreements, however, instead of any attempt being made to enumerate and state piece-prices for every possible variety of work, the method adopted is to begin by defin- ing a " standard " article or process, and by specifying a stated piece-price fixed in relation to this unit. From this point of departure the whole wage-scale starts, all other articles or pro- cesses having their price fixed by means of extras, deductions, and allowances, specified in the list, which correspond to clearly defined variations from the standard, and cover among them every contingency in manufacture at all likely to arise. As an example of a standard unit, we may take the basis of the book-work scale for compositors in the London printing trade : " All works in the English language, common matter, including english and brevier, are to be cast up at 8d. per 1,000 [ens] ; minion, 8|d. ; nonpareil, 9rf. ; ruby, 9%d. ; pearl, Wd. ; diamond, l"2d. ; head and white lines included." Here we have the piece-rates for the simplest form of the work ; if the language be foreign, if the matter involve special difficulty, or if any other variation or extra be required, the scale will be found to provide for the case, and to specify the amount of extra remuneration due in respect of the particular departures from the standard work which the compositor may be required to make. So, again, in the uniform statement in the London boot trade the standard woman's boot is thus defined : " Button or balmoral : H in. military heel ; puff toe ; 7 in. at back seam of leg ; machine-sewn, channels down ; or brass rivets ; pumps or welts ; finished round strip or black waist." REPORT. xix Boots of this standard shape are further classified in eight standard groups (" A " to " H ") according to the materials used in the construction of the upper part of the boot, with a corres- ponding scale of prices for " lasting " and for " finishing." Then the statement goes on to provide for variations from the standard thus laid down by elaborate scales of extras and allowances, which, between them, provide for almost every possible variety in manufacture ; while it is agreed that any items not covered by the statement, unless otherwise arranged between the parties, shall be decided by the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, In cotton spinning the Oldham list is based on a standard opera- tion, which consists in the spinning of cotton yarn by a self- actor mule, the carriage of the mule running out over a space of 63 inches and back again three times in every 50 seconds. All variations from this standard, either in the number of inches that the mule carriage has to cover, or in the number of journeys (" draws ") per second, are provided for by a scale showing the corresponding variations in piece-price, while a special list of extras, payable if the conditions be other than those contemplated as normal, is included. Among cotton spinners at Bolton the list defines " the twist standard price " as follows : " 21-04d. per 1,000 hanks of 50's count, with 25'5 revolutions of the spindles per inch of yarn, on mules of 420 spindles each." The standard for spinning weft is defined in a similar manner. In all cases variations from the standard operations are provided for by specified increases upon or deductions from the standard piece-price which forms the basis of this wage-scale. In the same way, with regard to the processes which precede the actual spinning of the cotton, the " Universal List for Frames " fixes a standard grade of cotton (counts 3^ to 8 Hank Koving, both inclusive) and a standard length of frame (for the slubber, 84 spindles ; for the intermediate, 124 ; and for the rover, 164). If any deviation from these standards occurs, then a specified deduction from or addition to the standard wages will take place. Again, the " uniform " list for weaving now in general use in North and North-East Lancashire contains a detailed descrip- tion of the standard loom, the work of which forms the point of departure in this wage-scale : " An ordinarily-made loom, 45 inches in the reed space, measured from the fork grate on one side to the back board on the other, weaving cloth as follows : -Width : 39, 40. or 41 inches. Reed : 60 reed, 2 ends in one dent, or 60 ends per inch. Picks : 15 picks per i inch as ascertained by arith- metical calculation with 1 per cent added for contraction. Length : 100 yards of 36 inches measured on the counter. Any length of lap other than 36 inches to be paid in proportion. Twist : 28's or any finer numbers. Weft : 31's to 100's, both inclusive. Price : 30d, or 2d. per pick." All variations from this standard are specially provided for in the list. 33311 & 2 XX REPORT. The method of framing a list of standard piece-rates by starting from a standard operation with a standard piece-price, and going on to provide for all probable variations from this process by a list of extras, is also adopted in the manufacture of lace at Not- tingham. Thus among the lists for work done on the Levers machine we find that for Torchons, Guipures, Maltese, and Clunys providing as the standard forming the basis of this list : " Rack, 1,920 motions ; gauge, 10 points ; width of machine, above 18 and below 20 quarters ; quality, from 10 to 25 inches, inclusive ; bars, up to 80 inclusive ; price 5d. per rack ; all silk Id. extra. Minimum price for any width or gauge, 4Jr/. per rack." The list then proceeds to state the extra price that is to be paid, or the reduction in the standard price that is to be made, in respect of deviations from the standard operation above des- cribed, as to the number of bars, the gauge, the quality, and the width of machine, and the extra price to be paid if certain specified processes not included in the standard are required to be performed. With regard to the method of fixing piece-prices by reference to a standard, with provisions for the extras payable and deduc- tions to be made if any variation is made from this standard, it will be seen that one great advantage possessed by this method is that a list framed on these lines can readily be applied not alone to the fixing of prices in relation to articles and processes existing at the time of the compilation of the list and specifically provided for in its construction, but also to the determination of piece-wages in relation to new articles and processes which may from time to time be introduced. METHODS OF CHANGING WAGES: SLIDING SCALES. When, owing to changed conditions of trade, or for other reasons, an alteration in wages appears to be necessary, the usual method of effecting a settlement is by negotiations between the parties or by conciliation and arbitration (see post. pp. xxxiii-xxxviii). But in some cases the agreements between employers and employed provide that changes in wages shall be effected by self-acting adjustment under what is known as a sliding scale. This is an arrangement under which wages fluctuate automatically, by virtue of the original agreement creating the scale and without any fresh negotiations, in accordance with the variations that occur in the selling price of a specified product either of the actual output produced by the labour of the workpeople con- cerned, or certain selected parts of that output, or of specified articles in the manufacture of which that output is employed. Thus, in certain cases, the wages of iron ore miners, quarrymen REPORT. XXI in limestone quarries, and blastfurnacemen follow the fluctuations in the price of pig iron, while those of iron and steel workers follow the variations in the selling price of certain kinds of manufactured iron and steel. The general nature of the arrangements made in these cases may be illustrated by the agreement under which the wages of the blastfurnacemen employed in the Cleveland district are regulated. These wages are in some cases simple time-wages r -in_ others time-wages supplemented by a bonus proportionate to the output of the furnaces. The agreement provides for the ascer- tainment once in three months by accountants (one of whom is selected and remunerated by the ironmasters, and another by the blastfurnacemen) of the net average invoice price of No. 3 Cleve- land pig iron during the preceding three months from the books of seven specified firms. When this selling price is 34s. and not over 34s. 2'40d. per ton, the wages payable are the standard rates. If the selling price falls below 34s. per ton, then for every change in price downwards of 2'4Qd. per ton, the wages of the blastfurnacemen suffer a reduction of 0*25 per cent, on standard wages. If, on the other hand, the selling price exceeds 34s. per ton, then for every 2'40d. per ton by which the selling price exceeds 34s. the wages of the workpeople are increased by 0*25 per cent, on the standard, except when the selling price is 40s. and below 42s. per ton. If the selling price is 40s. up to 41s. 10*80^. per ton, the arrangement is that for every advance of l'2Qd. of a penny per ton in the selling price the wages of the blastfurnacemen shall be advanced by 0*25 per cent, on the standard. (After the price of 42s. per ton has been reached, the normal correspondence between wages and prices 0*25 per cent, increase in wages for 2'40d. increase in price is resumed.) Although the sliding scale does not at present prevail to the same extent as was the case some years ago, it will be seen from Appendix II., post^ pp. 429, 430, in which a list of sliding scales now in operation is given, that this method of settling changes in wages still regulates the remuneration of labour in some important industries, especially in various departments of metal manufacture. In connection with the subject of the automatic adjustment of wages under collective agreements between employers and work- people, it may be of interest to note the adoption in a recent instance of a novel method, under which the arrangement is that the question of whether a change in wages is to take place is to be determined by the percentage number of trade unionists out of work in the trade concerned after a certain date. In the agreement here referred to, which was arrived at in April 1910 between the engineering employers and the allied engineering Trade Societies of Bolton, Bury and District, it is provided that there shall be no general reduction in wages for four years, and that no alteration in wages shall be made for one year from the date of this agreement, while "if at the end of XX11 REPORT. twelve months, or any subsequent period, the Board of Trade returns in the general engineering trades of the country show a percentage of 7 per cent, or less unemployed, the employers agree to advance the members of the allied trades by the sum of one shilling per week on time rates, and of two-and-a-half >er cent, on piece-work earnings. These rates then to remain or the unexpired period of the four years as per this agreement." HOURS OF LABOUR. With respect to the provisions contained in collective agree- ments in regard to the hours of labour, these, in addition to regulating the length of the working day, in most cases fix a special rate of remuneration for work done outside the regular working hours, and in some cases limit the amount of such work which shall be performed by the operatives. Payment for Overtime. Where the workpeople are remunerated by time -wages, the extra payment for overtime work sometimes takes the form of specified rates of time-wages higher than the ordinary rates, but in a large number of cases is expressed as a specified fraction of the rate of pay received for work done in the normal hours a fraction which varies greatly in different cases. In some cases the first hour or a small number of hours after the close of the regular working day will be worked at the ordinary rates, More frequently overtime pay begins at once at the end of the normal day, often at the rate of 25 per cent, above the ordinary rates (" time and a quarter "), but in some cases at 50 per cent, in excess of ordinary rates (" time and a half "). After the first few hours of overtime have been worked, the rate usually goes up from "time and a quarter" to "time and a half," and from " time and a half: " to " double time." Overtime performed on Saturday afternoon frequently entitles the workpeople to a higher rate of extra pay than that paid for overtime worked on other weekdays. Work done on Sundays or on public holidays is generally remunerated as overtime, in some cases at time and a quarter, but more frequently at time and a half or double time, the last-named rate being specified in a large number of collec- tive agreements. Where piece wages are paid, the extra remuneration given for overtime work takes a number of different forms, In some cases the piece prices are increased by a specified amount ; thus grain porters at Bristol, who receive 3^d. per hundred bushels per man for grain moved in ordinary working hours, receive 5-^d. per hundred bushels if the work is carried out in overtime. In other cases the additional payment in respect of overtime work is expressed as a fraction of the ordinary piece rates ; thus for REPORT. XX111 all work carried out after the close of the regular working day caulkers and cutters in the Clyde shipbuilding yards are paid at " rate and a half," that is to say, at piece prices higher by 50 per cent, than those paid for work done in the ordinary hours. In other cases the ordinary prices are paid for work done in over- time, but the workpeople receive in addition to these piece-rates a supplementary payment in the form of time-wages. Caulkers in the Mersey shipbuilding yards, for example, receive an addi- tion at the rate of k\d. per hour for the first four hours and 5d. per" hour for every subsequent hour of overtime worked by them. In the bookbinding trade in London, in which piece prices are fixed on the basis that the average workman shall be able to earn at least Is. per hour, the award which governs the conditions of employment in this trade stipulates that overtime work, whether paid by time or by the piece, " shall be paid at the rate of time and a quarter ;" and the arbitrator has explained that, so far as piecework is concerned, the mean- ing is that the workmen should receive, in addition to the agreed piece prices, 3^. per hour on each hour of overtime. The award in force in relation to the London stevedores provides that men working overtime on piecework " shall receive, in addition to the piecework rate, half the rate they would receive if working by the hour." Payment for Night Shifts. In addition to regulating the payment to be made in cases in which men, who have performed an ordinary day's work, prolong their labours beyond the regular hours, some collective agree- ments contain provisions fixing a special rate of remuneration to be received by workpeople employed by night as distinct from those employed by day. The excess of this special rate over the ordinary rate varies widely in different cases. In the building trades in London the principal classes of workpeople, when employed 'on a night gang, are paid Id. per hour in addition to the ordinary rate of wages. The agreement between the Birmingham bricklayers and their employers provides that men employed on night shifts shall be paid at the rate of time-and-a-quarter. By the award which regulates the conditions of employment of the London stevedores it is provided that men employed on night gangs are to receive one hour's pay in addition to the ordinary pay for the time worked. The agreement in the engineering trade at Birmingham allows pay at the rate of time- and-a-quarter for every hour worked by night shifts. In the hosiery trade at Leicester operatives employed on night work receive piece-rates higher than those paid for day work (e.g., ^d. per dozen extra for making hose). In the London book printing trade compositors regularly employed on a night shift for a fortnight at least are, by the agreements be- tween employers and employed, allowed to charge 3%d. per hour XXIV REPORT. extra, including mealtimes. The general agreement in force in relation to printing done by the Monotype Machine allows operators employed on night shifts for one week at least to claim an extra remuneration of 15 per cent on the time-wages paid for hand composition on day work. The agreement between the master printers in London and their printing machine managers (in relation to machines other than rotary machines used for the production of daily newspapers) allows men to be employed on a night shift for one week at \d. an hour in excess of the agreed day-work time-wages, while for regular night shifts special weekly rates are fixed (55s. per week of 40 hours, or, in the case of rotary machines, 66.s i . per week of 48 hours, as against 39s. per week of 52J hours for day work). The agreement between the same employers and the correctors of the press provides special rates of pay for readers employed on night shifts, both casual and regular, the rate in the latter case being Is. 2d. per hour, includ- ing mealtimes, as against the ordinary day rate of 10^. an hour. Restrictions on Overtime Work. With regard to the limits which in some trades the agreements between employers and employed impose upon the amount of overtime work that may be performed, the following examples will illustrate the nature of these provisions. In the general agreement in force in relation to the engineering trade, the provision as to overtime is in the following terms : " The [Employers'] Federation and the Trade Unions are agreed that Hystematic overtime is to be deprecated as a method of production, and that when overtime is necessary the following is mutually agreed as a basis, viz. : That no Union workman shall be required to work more than 32 hours overtime in any four weeks after full shop hours have been worked, allowance being made for time lost through sickness, absence without leave, or enforced idleness. In the following cases overtime is not to be restricted : Breakdown work, repairs, replacements, or alterations for the employers or their customers ; trial trips and repairs to ships ; urgency and emergency." The agreement which regulates the conditions of employment of iron and steel dressers in the West of Scotland foundries stipulates that overtime shall be limited to 12 hours per week per man, except in the case of breakdowns or other urgent circum- stances. The agreement between the Engineers and Shipbuilders Employers' Association and the United Society of Boilermakers and Iron and Steel Shipbuilders in force at Cardiff, Newport and Swansea, in relation to ship arid boiler work executed in graving or floating docks, or in basins, or on vessels lying in rivers, provides as follows : " No member of this Society shall work more than one whole night or two half turns as overtime, in addition to the usual working days, between Mon- day 6 a.m. and Saturday 12 noon, in any one week, whilst competent men are idle in the port, except on finishing jobs which can be completed in not exceeding three hours' labour. REPORT. XXV " If more overtime be required on particular jobs, such overtime must be given to the unemployed members in the town. They shall, however, leave off work at 6 a.m., when the original hands will return to their jobs. Workmen, who are engaged as substitutes on overtime or night work, must not work more than three whole nights or make more than 54 hours in any one week, except on finishing jobs, as provided in the previous clause. " It is agreed that the rule restricting overtime may be suspended tem- porarily whenever the demand for men is in excess of the supply." The principle which will be seen to underlie the provisions JusF cited, that when a stress of work occurs the employment of unemployed workmen is to be preferred to overtime, will be found to lie at the root of the restrictions imposed on overtime in many trades. In addition to this purpose of sharing the available work among all the workpeople available for its performance, another object aimed at in the provisions restricting overtime contained in collective agreements is the avoidance of an excessive strain likely to prove injurious to the health of men called upon to perform continuous labour during a period considered to be of unreasonable duration. Thus the agreement in force in the Port of London between the Shipbuilders and Engineers Employers' Association and the District Committee of the Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders' Society lays down the following " Limit of Hours for Working Continuously " : " That no member be allowed to work more than 24 hours continuously unless the same job can be finished in another half day ; and where a day and night shift are engaged, neither shift under any circumstances to work more than 24 hours, including mealtimes. All members having worked 24 hours must cease work for the next 24 hours, it being understood that the District Committee will see that no workmen leave their employment, even though they should have worked 24 hours, when it could be shown that men could not be obtained to take their places." So, again, in the London West-end Ladies Tailoring trade, the agreement between employers and employed stipulates that no workman shall be compelled to work overtime in the morning if he has worked overtime until late the previous evening. Among compositors in London engaged in certain classes of work the agreement with the employers provides that : " Compositors working overtime must be absent from the office eight hours before resuming work, and, except in cases of emergency, must not work longer than a day and a night consecutively, or be called upon to repeat the same in one week. Should the work necessitating overtime not be completed by 8 a.m., compositors can remain to finish the work in hand, provided it can be completed by 1 p.m. at the latest, the night rate to be paid throughout until the ' cut.' " The London press correctors' agreement contains a provision identical with that just cited ; it is also agreed that, except in special emergencies, no reader shall work more than eight hours overtime in any one week. XX 71 REPORT. With respect to printing machine managers in London, it has been agreed with the employers : " That a machine manager shall not ordinarily be employed for a longer period than 24 hours without a break of one day ; but if, incase of necessity, he is kept for an additional three hours, making 27 hours in all, the overtime rate shall be continued during such time. " In all cases where a machine manager has been on for at least 24 hours, and there is work to justify it, another machine manager shall be employed during his absence." The agreement regulating the conditions of employment of the stevedores in London provides : " No member to work more than one day and one night continuously, unless the ship can finish by 10 a.m. : and any vessel leaving the dock after 7 a.m. and requiring men to go to Gravesend, fresh men to be engaged. " Every member commencing work before 1 p.m. and finishing after mid- night, shall not allow himself to be employed before the expiration of at least 24 hours from his time of ceasing work. " Members commencing work at 6 p.m. shall not work after 6 p.m. on the following day, unless the ship can finish by 9 p.m. " No member shall work after 10 p.m. for two nights in succession." OTHEE SUBJECTS DEALT WITH IN COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS. In addition to wages and hours of labour the collective agree- ments between employers and employed deal with a considerable range of subjects, in relation to some of which attention may be directed: to certain points of interest. Number of Men to be employed. In some cases provisions are included dealing with the number and, in many instances, with the class of workpeople to be employed in carrying out the work. Provisions regulating the number of men to be employed on a job are frequently found in agreements relating to labour employed in docks and harbours. Reference to the agreement with regard to grain work at Bristol, the text of which is given at pp. 349-352 below, will show that a large part of this docu- ment is taken up by provisions specifying in elaborate detail how many men shall be employed to perform different kinds of work. Thus : Meters ex ship and hulk. Three men shall be employed in each gang to measure heavy grain and seeds, and to be paid at the rate of k\d. per hundred bushels, and for light grain and seeds, 4d. per hundred bushels each man. Irish oats and open barges, two men in each gang, and to be paid k\d. per hundred bushels each. Truckers and trimmers are to be employed as soon as the meters have reached the between decks on the bottom of the vessel. REPORT. XXV11 Heated cargoes. When the temperature of grain in cargoes (other than African or Asian) exceeds 102 degrees of heat, an extra man shall be allowed. A thermometer shall be placed in the bulk, as near as possible to each gang (by authorised persons, as provided for in arbitration cases), morning and afternoon, riot less than half-an-hour after work is commenced, and kept in the bulk three feet from the surface for five minutes. When the tempera- ture is found to be less than 102 degrees, the extra man, at the expiration of the current half day, shall be withdrawn. Asian and African cargoes of grain. Should the men demand an extra busheller, and the employers refuse to concede him, the dispute shalT bo settled by arbitration, all extra labour to be paid for as above. So, again, in the Working Rules of the Amalgamated Steve- dores' Labour Protection League in London, which were settled in 1908 by arbitration as binding upon the League and upon the London Master Stevedores' Association, there is a rule forbid- ding members of this Trade Union to work " with less than eight men in a gang (twelve men for bricks and nine men for phosphate rock or copper ore)," while " in the case of steamers discharging timber there shall be not less than three men per gang in each hold ; in the case of steamers discharging stone there shall be not less than three men in the hold per gang discharging kerb and prepared blocks, and not less than four men in the hold per gang discharging pitchings." The principal object aimed at by provisions such as those just cited is, it will be understood, to fix a standard of exertion, which shall not be exceeded, as it might be if the work were to be done " short-handed." On the other hand, from the point of view of the employer, it is not desirable to put two men on to do a job that can, without imposing any undue strain, be done by one man ; and so we find in the general agreement between the Ship- building Employers' Federation and the United Society of Boiler- makers and Iron and Steel Shipbuilders with regard to the working of pneumatic chipping, caulking, and cutting tools an express declaration that "one workman (journeyman or apprentice) is sufficient to satisfactorily operate each tool." Distribution of Work in Slack Times. Another point upon which (as has been seen in relation to the restriction of overtime work) stress is laid in framing collective agreements, is that the work shall be shared between the different workpeople in what are considered to be fair proportions. Of agreements of this type, some deal with the equitable distribu- tion of work in slack seasons. In the tailoring trade, which is subject to very considerable seasonal fluctuations, there are several instances of this kind, one of the most interesting examples of which is the general agreement as to the distribu- tion of work in slack seasons. This agreement was entered into in 1892 between committees representing respectively the Master Tailors' Association of Great Britain and Ireland (now termed "the National Federation of Merchant Tailors") and the -L' -T'- '-''- 7- I : > 7:- 7 7 --.: ;--.; v -, -: :::-.- :.-.----:- from hi* of WoA. IB die jott reigned to the question at v. -,- jobs be performed or be filed. In a Luge number of cages the question ia * hmpi of workpeople each dam claiming a partaemar meee of work tf beloB0 to" it. For the etde- hare of am agreement of the National F< Trade Employer* of Great Britain and Association of Master Plasterer?, ami the tion of Operatrre - -_-^7 F :: as to the kind of work that shall he entitled to trades with icJkiteefe and an umpire, and of the workpeople and of which farms a Tonme of tie pp.111, USX In otder to pro vide for ike settlement of any dispntes which m* correct interretation ot this fist 01 of on thk committee of the two dams of XXX EEPORT. unable to arrive at a settlement, then the question is decided by the employer-chairman, or by an expert called in as referee. It should be added that, in order to secure the due observance of this agreement, there has recently been formed at Liverpool a commit- tee, composed of six shipwrights and six joiners, before which any member of either trade alleged to be doing work which the terms of this agreement assign to the other trade is summoned to appear. If it is considered that the case is proved, this tribunal has the power to punish the delinquent by the infliction of a fine. Restrictions on Employment of Youthful Labour. Another subject of much importance, which in many trades is dealt with in collective agreements between employers and employed, is the employment of youthful labour. In many cases the agreement stipulates that not more than a specified proportion of workpeople under a certain age shall be employed ; and in some trades it is usual to agree that learners shall serve as regular apprentices under formal indentures, a provision fixing an age-limit, which a youth must not have passed when he begins his apprenticeship, being sometimes included. In the boot and shoe trade the award made by Sir Henry James (now Lord James of Hereford) in 1892 decides that (save in the exceptional cases there referred to) youths under 19 years* of age shall only be employed in the proportion of one youth to every three adult men. The employers in the ribbon and smallware trade at Leek agreed with their employees in 1904 "to suspend the appren- tice system until the requirements of the trade demand more weavers." Provisions with respect to youthful labour are very commonly found in collective agreements in the building trades ; the general character of these provisions may be illustrated by the following examples. The agreement between the Birmingham bricklayers and their employers does not impose any limit on the number of appren- tices, but requires that all apprentices shall be legally bound to the trade before they are 1 7 years of age. The agreement of the stonemasons in Manchester and Salford provides that " boys shall not work at the trade more than three months beyond the age of 16 without being legally bound. No employer to have more than one boy to every five men on an average." Among plasterers this matter is governed by the clause in the national agreement in force in this trade, which reads : " No employer shall engage any additional apprentices to the plastering trade whilst the number of his apprentices shall exceed one-fourth of the number of journeymen plasterers then employed by him. All apprentices shall be legally bound, the indentures to be open for inspection of the Operative Society within three months of the employment of the said apprentices." * The original age limit of 18 years was raised to 19 by an agreement between employers and employed made in 1909, BEPOET. XXXI The agreement between the Liverpool carpenters and joiners and their employers requires " all apprentices after three months' trial to be legally bound for not less than five years," but does not restrict their number ; while at Glasgow the joiners' agreement reads as follows : " All apprentices to the trade shall serve a legally bound apprenticeship for the term of five years, and be bound within six months of entry, which six months shall form part of their apprenticeship. They shall produce ~ttir indenture or other properly signed agreement certifying that this requirement has been complied with. ... No employer shall take into his employment more than one apprentice to every three journeymen, or part thereof four apprentices to be allowed for twelve journeymen. Where more than twelve journeymen are kept, one apprentice to be allowed for every four journey- men over that number." The local agreement in force between the Preston and District Engineers and Ironfounders Employers' Association and the Preston branch of the Friendly Society of Ironfounders limits the number of apprentices to one to every three moulders employed by each firm. The agreement between the Shipbuilding Employers' Federa- tion and the United Society of Boilermakers and Iron and Steel Shipbuilders provides that apprenticeships shall commence not earlier than 16 nor later than 19 years of age, and that those who begin their apprenticeship when 18 years of age or under shall serve for five years, others until they attain the age of 23. All apprentices are to be under formal indentures, and no appren- tice is to belong to a Trade Society (except for purposes of benefit), nor " to be interfered with in any manner by any Trade Society." The agreement just referred to does not limit the number of apprentices whom an employer may take, but the shipbuilding employers at Cardiff, Penarth, Barry, and Southampton have agreed with the Boilermakers' Society not to take more than one apprentice to five journeymen constantly employed where new work is carried out ; in repairing yards the number must not exceed five apprentices. To entitle a firm to employ five appren- tices, it must constantly employ not less than 15 journeymen ; if fewer journeymen are employed, the matter must be arranged between the organisations of the employers and the employed. At Liverpool the agreement between the Master Shipbuilders' Association and the shipwrights provides " that the number of apprentices employed shall not exceed the proportion of one to three journeymen, except in cases of cut-waters, hawse pipes, spars, hatch combings, windlasses, rudders and rudder cases, when one apprentice may be sent with one or two men." At Southampton the agreement between the plumbers and the engineering and shipbuilding employers allows 1 apprentice to 1 or 2 men, 2 to 3 or 4 men, 3 to 5 or 6 men, 4 to 7 or 8 men, 5 to 9 or 10 men, and one additional apprentice to every additional three men employed ; no boy exceeding the XXX11 REPORT. age of 16 is to be started as an apprentice. The employers in the same trades at Cardiff, Penarth, and Barry have agreed with the carpenters and joiners employed on ship repairing work " that the number of apprentices employed shall be one for every three journeymen in average employment during the 12 months preceding the employment of a new apprentice ; but every employer shall be allowed one should less than an average of three journeymen be employed." In the lace-making industry at Nottingham the agreements between employers and employed provide that " there shall be one learner to every 7 or portion of 7 men, such learner to serve for four years." In the printing trade the agreements between the London compositors and their employers provide that no apprentices shall be employed on daily papers ; on weekly papers and on book work the agreement as to machine composition provides that " apprentices in the last two years of their time can be employed in due proportion to the number of journeymen operators i.e., one apprentice to three journeymen operators." The agreements in force as to machine composition in the Provinces provide that duly recognised apprentices, who have served three years of their apprenticeship, shall be allowed to work on the machines, but such apprentices are "to be reckoned in the number allowed by rule to each office," and that apprentices shall not occupy machines beyond the proportion of one machine to each three in the office. With respect to machine managers in London, their agreements provide that, as to the working of rotary machines in the offices of daily newspapers "employers have the right to take apprentices, but they shall not be less than 16 years of age when bound, the term of indenture being 5 years, and it is deemed desirable that the maximum age when bound be 25 years. In (rotary) newspaper offices employing five or less journeymen, one (rotary) apprentice will be allowed, with one additional for each five journeymen after the first five, such apprentice not to take sole charge regularly until the last two years of his time." In regard to the working of other machines the agreement is, that " in an office where only one journeymen is employed there shall be allowed one apprentice, and two apprentices to four journeymen, provided such number of journeymen have been employed in the machine room six months. There must be three additional journeymen, subject to the foregoing regulations, for each additional apprentice." In the London bookbinding trade the limit to the number of apprentices is one apprentice to every three men ; and the employers have agreed " that only a reasonable proportion of apprentices shall be grouped in one department, and that the apprentices shall be trained not merely in a sub-section, but in a branch." REPORT. XXX111 The agreement under which the conditions of employment in the coopering trade at Liverpool are regulated limits the number of apprentices as follows : if less than 6 adults are employed 3 apprentices are allowed ; if 6 to 15 6 ; if 15 to 30 8 ; if over 30 one additional apprentice for every five journeymen over 30, with a maximum of 12. This agreement also provides that master coopers shall " dispense with the use of boys as. labourers," and that " no journeyman shall in any case be allowed to join the club, or work in any shop in town, unless he can pro- duce his indenture, or a note of his time that he has served his full seven years' apprenticeship." In the cabinet making trade at Liverpool the agreement is that apprentices shall be legally bound for not less than five years, and shall "be limited to one to every three men, the average to be taken for 12 months." By the agreement between the Yorkshire glass bottle makers and their employers it is pro- vided "that the maximum number of apprentices at any time shall not be more than 4 to 5 holes [i.e., groups of work- people, each working one furnace]." The agreement between the Glasgow bakers and their employers provides, " that two apprentices be allowed where there are five or less men, and one additional for every five journeymen ; that the Operatives' Com- mittee have power to make inquiry so as to ascertain that the apprentice is not an underpaid journeyman." Conciliation and Arbitration. Among the various provisions contained in collective agree- ments a special degree of interest attaches to those arrangements (in force in many trades, and in particular in the more important industries) which have for their object the pacific settlement of differences arising between employers and employed. In the building trades throughout the country it is the general rule for the agreements which regulate the conditions of employ- ment to contain provisions for setting up Joint Committees or Boards of Conciliation, either of a temporary or a permanent character, to which are referred differences arising either as to the proper interpretation and application of the agreement, or as to alterations in its terms, which may be proposed by either party. In some cases the machinery provided for the settlement of disputes consists of a simple conference between a stated number of employers and the same number of workmen, summoned when a dispute arises. In other cases differences (especially disputes in regard to the meaning and application of the agree- ment) are referred to a standing Joint Committee or Board of Conciliation, which is constituted at once on the signing of the agreement, and is ready at all times to deal with any question that may arise. In some cases provision is made for any question, which a Joint Committee or Board of Conciliation may 83311 C XXXIV REPORT. fail to settle, to be referred to arbitration, if the parties concur in the adoption of this course ; and in some instances (in regard to questions as to the interpretation and application of the agree- ment) the agreement requires that every such dispute shall of necessity be submitted to arbitration. The description just given of the methods of conciliation and arbitration obtaining in the building trades relates to local Joint Committees and Boards. In addition, there exist in these trades Boards of Conciliation of a national character, one of which deals with plumbers throughout the United Kingdom, another with bricklayers, stonemasons, and carpenters and joiners throughout England (except London) and Wales, and a third with plasterers in England and Wales and parts of Scotland. In the case of the bricklayers, stonemasons, and carpenters and joiners there are constituted, subordinate to the National Board, " Centre " Boards of Conciliation, each of which has jurisdic- tion over a very large area, and " Local " Boards, subordinate to these, on which the Employers' General Association of the district and the branches of all the Trade Unions which are parties to the scheme are represented. The scheme contem- plates that in the event of the Joint Local Trade Committee failing to effect an amicable settlement, the matter shall be referred to the " Local " Board, and if no settlement is arrived at there, to the Centre Board, and in the last resort to the National Board. At any stage in the proceedings the questions at issue can, by the consent of both parties, be referred to arbi- tration. In the coal-mining industry, practically the whole of the collective agreements by which the conditions of employment of the miners are regulated contain provisions for the settlement of disputes by permanent Joint Committees and Boards of Concilia- tion ; and nearly all these agreements provide for the determina- tion of any differences which these bodies are unable to arrange by the decision of a neutral chairman or an arbitrator. The questions dealt with by the machinery thus provided include not alone those which arise in relation to the general level of wages, but also, in many cases, those which relate to the working of individual collieries. Jn regard to iron ore mining and lime- stone quarrying in several districts the collective agreements between employers and employed provide for the settlement of wages questions by permanent Boards of Conciliation, and for the reference to arbitration of matters as to which these Boards fail to agree. In the iron and steel trades provisions for conciliation and arbitration also play an important part in the collective agreements between employers and employed, the machinery for the settlement of disputes taking the form in some cases of temporary Joint Committees (as in the case of the blastfurnacemen in North Lincolnshire), and in other REPORT. XXXV instances of permanent bodies (e.g., the West Cumberland blast- furnacemen, the Scottish blastfurnacemen, the Nottingham blastfurnacemen, the Midlands iron and steel workers, the North of England iron and steel workers, the South Wales and Mon- mouthshire blastfurnacemen and iron and steel workers, the Scottish iron workers, the Scottish steel workers, and the operatives employed in the manufacture of tin-plates in South Wales). In the engineering trade the general agreements between the Engineering Employers' Federation and the principal Trade Unions contain an elaborate scheme of conciliation. With a view to avoid disputes, the employers agree to discuss any questions that may arise with deputations of workmen ; or, as an alternative, any such matter may be discussed between an official of the Trade Union and the local secretary of the Employers' Association ; or, as a third method, either party may bring the matter before a local conference between the local Association of Employers and the local representatives of the Trade Unions. If the local conference fail to settle the question, the matter may, at the wish of either party, be referred to a Central Conference, composed of members of the Executive Board of the Employers' Federation and members of the Central Authority of the Trade Union or Unions concerned. " An employer who refuses to employ trade unionists will not be eligible to sit in conference." It is expressly stipulated that " there shall be no stoppage of work, either of a partial or of a general character, but work shall proceed under the current conditions until the procedure provided for above has been carried through." These provisions relate to differences in particular establish- ments ; and the agreement provides that " general alterations in the rates of wages in any district shall be negotiated between the Employers' Local Association and the Local Representatives of the Trade Union or Unions concerned." The Conciliation Scheme contained in the general agreement between the Shipbuilding Employers' Federation and the Trade Unions of their workpeople is framed on lines closely resembling those of the engineering trade agreements just described. The shipbuilding employers undertake to discuss any question arising in any particular establishment with a workman or with a depu- tation of workmen, and if this does not result in an agreement, the matter can be further discussed between the employer, either accompanied by an official of the Local Employers' Association or not, and an official representative of the class of workmen concerned, either accompanied by the individual workman or workmen directly concerned or not. If no settlement is arrived at at this meeting, the matter is to be referred to a Joint Com- mittee consisting of three employers and three representatives of the Union or of each of the Unions directly concerned, none of whom shall be connected with the establishment where the XXXVI % BEPOET. dispute has arisen. In default of a settlement by this committee, the question is to be brought before a Local Conference com- posed of representatives of the Employers' Local Association and the responsible Local Representatives of the Union or Unions directly concerned. In the next place, upon the failure of the Local Conference to effect a settlement, either party may " refer the question to a Central Conference, to be held between the Executive Board of the . Federation and representatives of the Union or Unions directly concerned, such representatives to have executive power." In the event of failure to settle any question in Central Conference, the question may, prior to any stoppage of work, be referred by either party to a Grand Con- ference, to be held between the Federation and all the Unions parties to this agreement. On any occasion when a settlement has not been reached, the Grand Conference must be adjourned to a date not earlier than 14 days, nor later than one month from the date of such conference. The procedure just laid down is applicable not alone to disputes in particular yards, but also to district alterations in wages. With regard to general fluctuations in wages (changes in wages due to the general conditions of the shipbuilding industry) it is agreed that fluctuations shall apply to all the trades comprised in this agreement and in every federated firm at the same time and to the same extent, and it is provided that no step towards an alteration in wages can be taken until six calendar months have elapsed since the previous general fluctuation ; that before an application for an alteration can be made there shall be a preliminary conference between the Federation and the Unions ; and that no alteration shall take effect within six weeks of the date of the application. Within 14 days after any application for an alteration has been received the parties are to meet in conference. As in the engineering trade agreement, it is here also laid down that " until the whole procedure of this Agreement applying to the question at issue has been carried through, there shall be no stoppage or interruption of work either of a partial or a general character." In the cotton-spinning trade the settlement of disputes by pacific means is provided for by an agreement which, so far as fluctuations in the general level of wages are concerned, stipulates that no advance or reduction in wages shall be pro- posed until at least one year* shall have elapsed since the previous change, that one month's notice shall be given of any demand for an alteration in wages, and that any advance or reduction that may take place shall not be more or less than 5 per cent, upon the then current standard wages.* For the arrangement of other * While these pages were passing through the press an agreement was arrived at by which it was arranged that " two years " should be substituted for " one year " and that no further demand for a change in wages should be made by either side for five years dating from July 15, 1910. REPORT. XXXV11 differences this agreement provides complete machinery. The settlement of any such questions is to be effected by negotiations in the first place between the officials of the local Employers' Association and of the local Trade Union ; next (if they fail to agree) the matter is referred for adjustment to a Joint Committee of representatives of the local Employers' Association and of the local Trade Union, and in the last instance (if either party so desire) to a Joint Committee of representatives of the Federated Associar tion of Employers and of the Amalgamated Association of Trade Unions, it being agreed that not more than one member of the local Employers' Association and one member of the local Trade Union, in addition to the respective secretaries of those organisa- tions, shall be placed upon any such Joint Committee. Until the various methods of conciliation here provided have been tried and found wanting, it is agreed that neither any local Employers' Association nor the Federated Association of Employers, on the one hand, nor any Trade Union or Federation of Trade Unions, on the other hand, shall countenance, encourage or support any lock-out or strike. In the cotton-weaving industry the agreements in force between employers and employed also provide machinery for effecting the peaceful settlement of trade disputes. In the event of any such difference arising between any member of any Em- ployers' Association comprised in the North and North-East Lancashire Cotton Spinners and Manufacturers' Association and an Association of Operatives comprised in the Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation, the course prescribed is as follows. The first step is for the dispute to be brought before a local meeting of representatives of employers and operatives in the section of the trade affected ; if no settlement is arrived at, the dispute is to be brought before a joint meeting of representatives of the Employers' Association and the Amalgamated Association of the Trade Unions formed in the section concerned ; if this body fails to effect a settlement then the matter is to come before a joint meeting of representatives of the Employers' Association and the Northern Counties Federation. Until all these steps have been taken and have failed, no strike or lock-out notices are to be given, while if a strike or a lock-out shall take place, the Employers' Association and the Workpeople's Federation are to hold meetings at short intervals until the dispute shall be settled. In the boot and shoe making industry, so far as relates to the machine-sewn work which forms the great bulk of this trade the conditions of employment are, by virtue of the collective agreements between employers arid employed, regulated through- out under the methods of Conciliation and Arbitration. In the first place, the wage lists under which the operatives are paid have, in the most important centres of this industry, been drawn up by Arbitration Committees ; in the next place, any differences that may arise between employers and employed in regard to the interpretation and application of these wage agreements are 33311 d XXXV111 REPORT. referred to local Boards of Arbitration. By a general agree- ment between the Federated Associations of Boot and Shoe Manufacturers and the National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives it has been agreed that no strike or lock-out shall be entered into on the part of any body of workmen, members of the National Union, or any manufacturer represented on any local Board of Arbitration. If any provision of this agreement, or of an award, agreement, or decision, shall be broken by either side, then the organisation of the employers or of the employed, as the case may be, is bound to take such steps as shall induce their members to comply with the agreement, decision, or award, within a short time-limit specified in the agreement. In accordance with the terms of this agreement, a sum of 1,000 has been deposited by each side with trustees, and any failure on the part of either party to fulfil the obligations imposed by the agreement is punishable by forfeiture of an appropriate part of the deposit. By virtue of the arrangements which have recently been made between the principal Railway Companies throughout the United Kingdom and their employees, the principles of conciliation and arbitration are now applied to the regulation of the conditions of labour in this important industry. Further examples of collective agreements making provision for the settlement of disputes between employers and employed by Joint Committees or Boards of Conciliation, with or without reference to arbitration in case the Committee or Board fail to agreo upon terms, will be found in the pages of this Report, and will be seen to relate to a great number of different industries (nut and bolt making, p. 117 ; the clog trade, p. 257 ; the printing trade, p. 300 and pp. 307, 308 ; bookbinding, p. 310 ; lightermen, p. 343 ; dock labour, pp. 352, 355-357 ; coopering, pp. 368, 372 ; the furniture trades, p. 374 and p. 376 ; glass manufacture, p. 382 and pp. 387, 388). The extent to which, under the collective agreements between employers and employed in operation in this country, provision is made for the pacific settlement of industrial disputes is certainly a fact which merits attention. Leaving out of consideration the very numerous cases in which the bodies to which, by virtue of collective agreements, disputes are referred are of a temporary character (being constituted ad hoc, as occasion may require), and, taking into account exclusively the permanent bodies main- tained for the promotion of industrial peace, the total number of Conciliation Boards of this character in existence, so far as known to the Department, is 278, of which 262 deal with par- ticular trades and 16 are District or General Boards.* * For more complete details with respect to the constitution and procedure of the permanent agencies for conciliation and arbitration the reader is referred to a recent publication of the Board of Trade dealing specially with this subject Second Report on Rules <>f Voluntary Conciliation and Arbitration Boards and Joint Committees (Cd. 5346 of 1910). EXAMPLES OF COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS. BUILDING TRADES. The conditions of employment of workpeople engaged in the various branches of the Building Trades are, to a very large extent, regulated under agreements entered into between the employers and the employed, these agreements being in many cases from time to time revised, as occasion may require, by means of negotiations conducted through Conciliation Boards, which are formed of representatives of the two parties, either constituted ad hoc to deal with particular questions as they arise or (in numerous instances) maintained as permanent institutions, ready to take in hand the settlement of differences between employers and employed, their rules usually providing for the determination by arbitration of any matters which the Conciliation Board may not itself succeed in deciding. Conciliation Schemes. Until recently the Boards and Standing Committees of Con- ciliation in the building trades, with the exception of the National Board for Plumbers (formed in 1897, and covering the whole of the United Kingdom), were of a purely local character. In most cases also these Boards or Committees have been representative of one section only of these trades, e.g., bricklayers, carpenters and joiners, or painters. A few years ago, however, a movement took place for the establishment of a conciliation scheme of a national character for the building trades. Rules for the estab- lishment of Boards in these trades were agreed to by a Committee of employers and operatives in December, 1904, and were amended at the first meeting of the National Board held in October, 1905, the third meeting held in May, 1907, and the fifth meeting held in May, 1909.* The scheme provides that disputes shall in the first instance be considered by the joint local Trade Committee, or by representatives of the employers and of the operatives of the branch of trade affected. In the event of the local Committee failing to agree, the matter is to be referred to the local Conciliation Board for the district, on which the Employers' General Association of the district, and the branches of all the Trade Unions which are parties to the scheme are to be represented. Failing settlement by the local Board, the matter is to go to the " Centre Board," there being one Centre Board for each centre district of the Employers' Federa- tion. These centre districts cover large areas, e.g., the Northern Centre covers the Northern Counties, Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire. Finally, should the Centre Board be unable to agree, either side may appeal to the National Board of Concilia- tion, consisting of representatives of the Employers' Federation * Full details with respect to this scheme are given in the Second Report on Rules of Voluntary Conciliation and Arbitration Boards and Joint Committees, (Cd. 5346 of 1910), pp. 52-57, 33311 4. 2 BUILDING TRADES. and of the Trade Unions that are parties to the scheme. At any stage of the proceedings it is provided that matters may be referred to arbitration by mutual consent of the parties. At present the parties to the scheme are the National Federa- tion of Building Trades Employers and the following Trade Unions : Operative Bricklayers' Society (London), Manchester Unity of Operative Bricklayers, Operative Stonemasons, Amal- gamated Carpenters and Joiners, General Union of Carpenters and Joiners, and Associated Carpenters and Joiners. With respect to the Builders' Labourers, by a resolution passed' at the fifth annual meeting of the National Board it was decided that such workmen should be allowed to join Local Conciliation Boards where the employers and skilled operatives are in favour of such a course, provided that the agreement under which they are so admitted shall clearly state that their admission is purely optional and not of right, and that no labourer representatives shall sit on the Centre or National Boards to adjudicate on cases from towns where the Labourers' Union or Unions do not receive recognition, and shall only sit on Local Boards when matters affecting their interests are concerned ; also, that where a Labourers' Union is admitted into the Local Conciliation Board of any district and a dispute arises which the Local Board cannot settle, a joint application by the parties concerned for their case to be heard by the Centre and National Boards shall be granted, provided both applicants agree to accept the decision of either of these Boards, and to pay all expenses of the hearing or hearings. The National Board and four Centre Boards have been formed, and sixty-two local Boards and Committees have been established. The scheme covers the whole of England and Wales except London (where there are a number of Boards for the various trades already in existence) ; in other cases where conciliatory machinery is already in existence within the area of this National Scheme, it can only be set aside by mutual arrangement or after due notice given. In addition to the trades included in the National Scheme just referred to, arrangements covering England, Wales and parts of Scotland have been entered into by the plasterers and their employers. These arrangements began with an agreement made on the termination of a dispute in 1899 ; this was amended by an agreement made on April 12, 1904, between the National Federation of Building Trade Employers of Great Britain and Ireland, the National Association of Master Plasterers, and the National Association of Operative Plasterers, and was further revised by an agreement made between the same parties on September 1, 1909. These " Amended General Rules " contain the following provisions : 1. The National Association of Operative Plasterers will not take any steps to compel men regularly employed as foremen or superintendents of plasterers to become members of the N.A.O.P., and the employers will not take any steps to compel any men to cease their membership of, or prevent them joining the Operatives' Society, CONCILIATION SCHEMES. 3 2. No employer shall engage any additional apprentices to the plastering trade whilst the number of his apprentices shall exceed one-fourth of the number of journeymen plasterers then employed by him. All apprentices shall be legally bound, the indentures to be open for inspection of the Operative Society within three months of the employment of the said apprentices. 3. No boycotting or blacklisting shall take place by the N.A.O.P. in future, where the firms adhere to the rules mutually agreed upon, and should any firm be engaged to do any portion of plastering work, and do not pay tke . recognised rate of wages, it shall not be considered a violation of this Agree- ment, should the N.A.O.P. enter a protest. The employers agree that such rules shall be strictly enforced in all parts of their contracts. 4. For the purpose of demarcation of work, Joint Committees shall be established in the different districts, equally representative of the employers and the mechanics, whose representation shall be equally divided amongst the different branches of the trade in question. These committees shall, as far, and as soon as is possible, draw up schedules of the work which it is recog- nised belong to certain branches of the trade. To such committees shall be immediately referred all points of dispute as to demarcation, and the decision of the majority in each case shall be accepted as binding on both sides. Should they fail, however, to decide, then the matter shall be referred for settlement to a similarly constituted Joint Committee, representative of the National Federation of Builders and the other societies affected, whose decision shall be final, provided that the employers 1 representatives are bond fide employers of plasterers direct. Pending such reference to the local committees, no strike or lock-out shall take place, but the decision of the employer shall be provisionally accepted as to who shall do the work, pro- vided that preference shall be given to that branch of the trade which, in practice, has done the work before in that district, and provided that no preference be given on account of the payment of lower wages. 5. In the event of any dispute arising, written notice thereof shall be sent by the party aggrieved to the Local Associations of the Master Builders and Master Plasterers or to the district officials of the N.A.O.P., as the case may be, who shall inform the complainant party whether the party complained of is a member of any of the said bodies, if so, the matter shall be considered by a locally constituted Joint Committee of employers of plasterers and members of the Operatives' Union, which shall meet within six clear working days of the date of the said notice, with a view to an amicable settlement ; failing a local settlement, or, if no Local Joint Committee operating in the locality, reference shall immediately be made to a Standing Joint Committee of Appeal, consisting of members of the Employers' and Operatives' Central Bodies, which shall meet within 10 days of the receipt of notice of appeal to consider any case referred from the Local Joint Committee. In the event of the Local Joint Committee failing to consider the dispute within the said six clear working days, the party aggrieved may forthwith refer the case to the Standing Joint Committee of Appeal, which shall then meet and consider the case as aforesaid. Until the said Standing Joint Committee of Appeal has met and discussed the grievance, no strike or lock-out shall be sanctioned by any of the parties concerned in any dispute. In the event of any duly given notice or notices by either side, for a revi- sion of local rules expiring without a settlement or withdrawal of notice or notices having taken place, the parties shall in the first instance refer the matter in dispute to the aforesaid Joint Committees, and pending a decision of the said Joint Committees, local or otherwise, no stoppage of work shall be allowed on any pretext whatever. The several hereinbefore mentioned committees shall meet annually in May to elect Officers and Joint Secretaries for the ensuing year, and to transact such other business as may be necessary. The names of the representatives elected on the said committees for each year commencing May 1st, must be forwarded to the respective Joint Secretaries at least 14 days before that date. 33311 A 2 4 BUILDING TRADES, The Standing Joint Committee of Appeal shall have power to make such regulations governing procedure under the Agreement as it may think advisable subject to confirmation by the parties hereto. 6. With regard to the alleged refusal of members of the N.A.O.P. to work with workmen who may not belong to a Trade Union, it is understood the men the operative plasterers object to work with are defaulters, and other men, who have been shown to the employers to have made themselves specially objectionable to the Union men, but no objection shall apply to any defaults which may have occurred prior to the date of the Agreement of 1899. 7. No employer shall be called upon to pay more than the local standard rate of wages to men engaged in a town or district where the work is being executed, and where no established rate exists, that of the nearest town or district shall be adopted. 8. These rules shall be construed together, and in the light of each other. Note. The words " local standard rate " and " established rate " in Rule 7* shall mean " the current rate that is being paid by established custom in the locality." At the same time a set of " Regulations Governing Procedure under the Amended General Rules " and " Standing Orders Governing Procedure in Debate " were agreed to by the same parties. The regulations provide that " it shall be competent for any of the several Joint Committees, by mutual and unanimous consent of the two parties, to call in an arbitrator or arbitrators, with power to settle the dispute, and where this is done, the decision of such arbitrator or arbitrators shall be final." Outside of the National arrangements, to which reference has just been made, there are in England and Scotland 34 permanent Boards and Committees of Conciliation in the building trades, t With regard to the nature of the collective agreements in the building trades, these are fairly uniform so far as concerns the matters provided for under these arrangements, which usually include provisions regulating the rate of wages (almost without exception time-wages t), payment for overtime and night work and for the time lost and the travelling and other expenses incurred when the men are sent to a job at a distance, the place where wages are to be paid, and the hours of labour to be worked. Other matters commonly dealt with include the notice to be given for terminating the employment, the provision of places in which the men can have their meals, with assistance in their preparation provided by the employers in some cases, also of places in which they can keep their tools, with facilities for sharpening tools, the conditions to be observed in relation to the employment of work- men " obnoxious " to the men's organisation, of labourers * " 6 " in original, by error. f A list of the Boards and Committees in the building trades and examples of their rules will be found in the Second Report on Conciliation and Arbi- tration Boards above referred to. J As a rule, piece-work is objected to by the organised workmen in the building trades and in some of the collective agreements in these trades piece-work is either partly or wholly prohibited. LONDON AGBEEMENl-S. 5 assisting craftsmen, and of apprentices. Finally, provision is in many cases made for the settlement of differences between employers and employed (including in some cases those which may arise as to alterations in the agreement asked for by either party) by means of Boards or Committees of Conciliation, either permanent or constituted, ad hoc t as occasion arises. It will not be necessary to print in this Report any large number of these agreements ; the detailed account which will be given of certain typical agreements in force in London and the Provinces will sufficiently indicate the nature of these arrange- ments. London. The following summary of the agreements between the London Master Builders' Association and the bricklayers, carpenters and joiners, stonemasons, plasterers, plumbers, general smiths and fitters, and mill-sawyers and wood-working machinists will serve to show the character of the arrangements in force in the metropolis.* The total number of persons affected by these agreements is about 35,000. WORKING HOURS. For Bricklayers, Carpenters and Joiners, Stonemasons, Plasterers, Plumbers, General Smiths and Fitters, Mill-sawyers, and Wood- working Machinists. The working hours in summer shall be 50 per week for 39 weeks. During 13 weeks of winter, commencing on the second Monday in November, the working hours shall be 44 per week. ON JOBS. SUMMER. For 39 weeks. First 5 days of each week : 6.30 a.m. to 8 a.m. ; 8.30 a.m. to 12 noon ; 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. Saturdays : 6.30 a.m. to 8 a.m. ; 8.30 a.m. to 12 noon. Equal to 50 hours per week. WINTER. For 10 weeks. First 5 days of each week : 8 a.m. to 12 noon ; 12.30 p.m. to 4.30 p.m. Saturdays : 8 a.m. to 12 noon. For the following 3 weeks. First 5 days of each week : 8 a.m. to 12 noon ; 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. Saturdays : 8 a.m. to 12 noon. Equal to 44 hours per week. N.B. Plumbers to have one hour for dinner throughout the year. Their winter hours will, therefore, be 41 i per week during the first ten weeks of winter. N.B. General smiths and fitters agree to a variation of the hours in the above schedule on jobs if reasonable circumstances require it, provided that the agreed total number of hours of labour per day be not exceeded. N.B. Where stonework is being prepared on jobs, the job time is to be observed. * The summary given in the text is based upon that published by the London Master Builders' Association in May, 1906, but takes into account also the agreement subsequently (March 14, 1907) made between that Association and the mill sawyers and wood-cutting machinists. 6 BUILDING TBADES. IN SHOPS. The same as on jobs, with one hour for dinner in winter, and leaving off time 5 p.m. N.B. General smiths and fitters to work summer hours throughout the year, should the employer desire it. WAGES. For Bricklayers, Carpenters and Joiners, Stonemasons, Plumbers, General Smiths and Fitters. The present rate of wages to remain unaltered.* NIGHT GANGS. For Bricklayers, Carpenters and Joiners, Plasterers, Stonemasons, General Smiths and Fitters. Workmen engaged on a night gang shall be paid one penny per hour in addition to the ordinary rate of wages, but the hours worked without over- time rates not to exceed nine ; meal time hours during the night to be one and a half ; from Saturday midnight to Sunday midnight, double time. For Plumbers. Workmen engaged on a night gang shall be paid one penny per hour in addition to the ordinary rate of wages, provided that workmen on a night gang shall not have been employed the day previous. The hours worked with- out overtime rates not to exceed ten. Meal time hours during the night to be one and a half. Saturday midnight to Sunday midnight, double time. For Mill-sawyers and Wood-cutting Machinists. Workmen engaged on a night gang shall be paid one penny per hour in addition to the ordinary rate of wages. In the event of an employer exercising his option to start his mills before 8 a.m. during the thirteen winter weeks, any time thus worked in advance of ordinary hours shall be paid for at the rate of time and a quarter. OVERTIME. For Bricklayers, Carpenters and Joiners, Plasterers, Stonemasons, General Smiths and Fitters. Overtime, when worked at the request of the employer, shall be paid at the following rates, namely : from leaving-off time until 8 p.m., time and a quarter ; from 8 p.m. to 10 p.m., time and a half ; after 10 p.m., double time. No overtime shall be reckoned until each full day has been made, except where time is lost by stress of weather. On Saturday the pay for over- time from noon to 4 p.m. shall be time and a half ; after 4 p.m. and Sunday, double time. Christmas Day shall be paid for the same as Sunday. For Plumbers. Workmen being required to work overtime shall receive, from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m., time and a quarter ; from 8 p.m to 11 p.m., time and a half ; after 11 p.m., double time. Saturdays, from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m., time and a half ; after 5 p.m. and Sunday, double time. Christmas Day shall be paid for the same as Sunday. * The standard rate of wages for bricklayers, and carpenters and joiners in the London district is lO^d per hour ; that for stonemasons other than fixers is 10^/., the rate for fixers being 11^. per hour ; that for plasterers and plumbers is lid. per hour. The agreement with the mill-sawyers and wood working machinists does not contain any provision as to the ordinary rate of wages of these workpeople. LONDON AGREEMENTS. For Mill-sawyers and Wood-cutting Machinists. Overtime, when worked at the request of the employer, shall be paid for at the following rates, namely : one hour from leaving-off time, ordinary rate ; thereafter, to 10 p.m., time and a quarter ; after 10 p.m., double time. On Saturday the pay for overtime from noon to 4 p.m. shall be time and a half ; after 4 p.m., and Sunday, double time. Christmas Day shall be paid for the same as Sunday. NOTICE ON DETERMINING AN ENGAGEMENT. For Bricklayers, Carpenters and Joiners, Stonemasons, Plasterers Plumbers, General Smiths and Fitters, Mill -sawyers and Wood- working Machinists. One hour's notice be given or one hour's time be paid by either side on determining an engagement. All wages due shall be paid at the expiration of such notice, or walking time if sent to yard. For Carpenters and Joiners. All workmen who are in receipt of full wages and who have been employed for not less than 42 hours, shall, on being discharged, receive one hour's notice to be occupied so far as is practicable in grinding tools, with one hour's pay in addition. For Bricklayers, Carpenters and Joiners, Stonemasons, Plasterers, Plumbers, General Smiths and Fitters. In the event of more than ten per cent, of the workmen of the trade employed at the job giving notice to leave during any one day (except Saturday), they shall not be entitled to receive their money until noon on the following day. PAYMENTS TO WORKMEN SENT FROM SHOP OR JOB. For Bricklayers ; Stonemasons. Workmen who are sent from the shop or job, including those engaged in London and sent to the country, shall be allowed as expenses 6d. per day for any distance over a six mile radius from the shop or job, exclusive of travelling expenses, time occupied in travelling, and lodging money. For Carpenters and Joiners ; Plasterers. Workmen who are sent from the shop or job to any point within the London District shall be allowed travelling expenses and time occupied in travelling one journey each way for the job. If the distance sent be over six miles in a direct line, then lodging money to be paid in addition. If sent outside the London District, they shall receive 6rf. per day in addition to lodging money and travelling expenses and time occupied in travelling one journey each way for the job. For Plumbers. Workmen who are sent from the shop or job to any point within the London District shall be allowed travelling expenses and time occupied in travelling one journey each way for the job. If the distance sent be over eight miles in a direct line, then lodging money to be paid in addition. If sent outside the London District they shall receive Is. per day in addition to lodging money, and travelling expenses and time occupied in travelling one journey each way for the job. 8 BUILDING TRADES. For General Smiths and Fitters. Workmen who are sent from .the shop or job, including those engaged in London and sent to the country, shall be allowed as expenses Is. per day if less than one week, or Qd. per day for the whole period if over one week, for any distance over a six mile radius from the shop or job, exclusive of travelling expenses, time occupied in travelling one journey each way for the job, and lodging money. PAYMENT OP WAGES. For Bricklayers, Carpenters and Joiners. Stonemasons, Plasterers, Plumbers, General Smiths and Fitters, Mill-sawyers and Wood- working Machinists. Payment of wages shall commence at noon, or as soon thereafter as practicable, on Saturday and be paid on the job, but if otherwise arranged, walking time at the rate of three miles per hour shall be allowed to get to the pay table at twelve noon. For Bricklayers, Carpenters and Joiners, Stonemasons, Plasterers, Plumbers, General Smiths and Fitters. Night gangs to be paid at 6 a.m. Saturday. PROVISION FOR MEALS. For Bricklayers. Carpenters and Joiners. Stonemasons, Plasterers, Plumbers, General Smiths and Fitters, Mill-sawyers and Wood-working Machinists. Employers shall provide, where practicable and reasonable, a suitable place for the workmen to have their meals on the works with a labourer to assist in preparing them, and shall open the same one hour before starting time in winter with similar attendance. For Carpenters and Joiners. Employers shall provide, where practicable and reasonable : (i.) A lock-up where tools can be left at the owner's risk, (ii.) A grindstone for the use of workmen. BACK TIME. For Bricklayers, Carpenters and Joiners, Stonemasons. Plasterers, Plumbers, General Smiths and Fitters, Mill-sawyers and Wood- working Machinists. Wages earned after leaving off time on Friday and Saturday only shall be kept in hand as back time. LONDON DISTRICT. For Bricklayers, Carpenters and Joiners, Stonemasons, Plasterers, Plumbers, General Smiths and Fitters, Mill -sawyers and Wood- working Machinists. The term " London District " shall mean a 12-mile radius from Charing Cross. CONCILIATION RULE.. Preamble. For Bricklayers, Stonemasons. General Smiths and Fitters. Should a dispute arise on the ground of the employment of any workman alleged to be " obnoxious," no strike shall be sanctioned, but the question shall be referred to the decision of the Board of Conciliation, provided always that no such reference shall be made in consequence of such workman belonging or not belonging to any trade society. LONDON AGREEMENTS. For Carpenters and Joiners, Plasterers, Plumbers, Mill-sawyers and Wood-working Machinists. No reference shall be made to a Conciliation Board in consequence of any workman belonging or riot belonging to any trade society. Plasterers. Foremen. The Plasterers' Association shall not take any steps to compel managing foremen of plasterers or superintendents of plasterers' work into membership of the National Association of Operative Plasterers. Apprentices. No employer shall engage any additional apprentices to the plastering trade whilst the number of his apprentices shall exceed one -fourth of the number of journeymen plasterers then employed by him. All apprentices shall be legally bound. Boycotting and Blacklisting. No " Boycotting " or " Blacklisting " shall take place by the National Association of Operative Plasterers in future where firms adhere to the rules mutually agreed upon. The employers agree that such rules shall be strictly enforced. Rule. For Bricklayers, Carpenters and Joiners, Stonemasons, Plasterers Plumbers, General Smiths and Fitters, Mill-sawyers and Wood- working Machinists. (A.) For the adjustment of all disputes and to avoid stoppage of work it is agreed that upon a difference arising between an employer or upon the works of an employer and any of his workmen from any cause whatever, notice shall be given by the Association or Society of the complaining party to the Association or party representing the other side and the subject matter of dispute shall thereupon be referred to the Board of Conciliation which shall be summoned within seven days, and, if practicable, shall give its decision within the next six working days, proceeding in the following manner : (B.) For all purposes of the foregoing rules the Board of Conciliation shall consist of three members nominated by the employers and three by the workmen. Each party shall send to the other within one week from the date of signing these rules and within one week from January 1st in each year the names of six persons from whom three shall be selected to act as their representatives on the Board of Conciliation for the current year ending December 31st, and in the event of the death or resignation of any member either party shall appoint another member within one week, notice being given thereof. The number of representatives of the employers and of the workmen on the Board of Conciliation shall always be equal and shall be so maintained during the sitting. (c.) The Board of Conciliation so constituted if unable to agree shall make application to the Board of Trade under the Conciliation Act, 1896, or apply for the appointment of a person to act as a Conciliator. The Board of Conciliation shall have power to decide all questions arising between the employers and the workmen, including any questions between one trade and another as regards demarcation of labour or other matters, provided that for the decision of any question involving claims or rights of other sections of the building trades a Joint Conciliation Board shall be constituted of the three representatives nominated by each trade involved and by a similar number of representatives of the employers, so that members on the Joint Conciliation Board may be specially represented on such Board and so that the numbers of representatives of the employers and of the workmen on such Joint Conciliation Board shall be equal and be so maintained during the sitting. 10 BUILDING TRADES. (D.) A Joint Conciliation Board shall have the like powers as a Concilia- tion Board, and be regulated in the same manner. (E.) The Conciliation Board, or a Joint Conciliation Board, shall have power to make such rules and regulations for the transaction of business as they may approve. (p.) In the event of an application being made to the Board of Trade, or a person being appointed as a Conciliator, the decision of such person or the Conciliation Board shall be final and binding on both parties. EXPIRATION OF WORKING RULES. For Bricklayers, Carpenters and Joiners, Stonemasons, Plasterers Plumbers, General Smiths and Fitters, and Mill-Sawyers and Wood-working Machinists. Any or all of the foregoing Rules may be terminated or altered on six months' notice being given by either side, such notice to specify the proposed alterations.* Plasterers. Notice under this Rule shall not be given so as to terminate within the thirteen weeks of winter. PLUMBERS NOT EMPLOYED BY BUILDERS. While the conditions of employment of plumbers in London working for builders are defined by the agreement between their Trade Union and the London Master Builders' Association, summarised above, in the case of plumbers working for master plumbers and plumbing shops (about 6,000 in number), the terms of employment are defined by a separate agreement made on January 29, 1906, between the United Operative Plumbers' Association and the London Society of Associated Master Plumbers, of which the text is as follows : I. That working hours shall be 47 per week throughout the year. HOURS OF LABOUR. fFirst five days of each week, 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. ; 8.30 a.m. to 12 noon ; 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. ; Saturdays, 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. ; 8.30 a.m. to 12 noon. Equal 47 hours per week. II. The present rate of wages [lid. per hour] remains unaltered. III. That workmen being required to work overtime shall receive from 8 p.m. to 11 p.m. time and a half; from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. double time. Saturday, from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m., time and a half ; from 5 p.m. to 7 a.m. (Monday) double time. Sundays, double time. IV. That one hour's notice be given or one hour's time be paid by either side determining an engagement, all wages due shall be paid at the expiration of such notice, or walking time if sent to the yard. In the event of more than 10 per cent, of the workmen of the trade, employed at the job, giving notice to leave during any one day except Saturday, they shall not be entitled to receive their money until noon on the following day. * In the agreement with the mill-sawyers and wood-working machinists the last seven words of this clause are omitted. f Except where the men are working on jobs that are being strictly carried out to the agreement arrived at with the London Master Builders' Association, then plumbers to work in accordance with the Rules. LONDON AGREEMENTS. 11 V. That the term " London District " shall mean 12 miles radius from Charing Cross, and any skilled workman sent to work over four miles from his employer's workshop shall receive all travelling expenses. If sent over eight miles from his employer's workshop, he shall be entitled to one shilling per day extra, with the usual allowance for lodgings, and all travelling expenses. Should there be no accommodation for him to reach his work at 7 a.m., he shall be entitled to one shilling per day, unless he travels in the employer's time, and be paid from 7 a.m. VI. That payment of wages shall commence at noon, or as soon thereafter as practicable on Saturday, and be paid on the job, but if otherwise arranged walking time at the rate of three miles an hour shall be allowed to get to the pay table at 12 noon. VII. That employers shall provide, where practicable and reasonable, a suitable place for the workmen to have their meals on the works, with a labourer to assist in preparing them. VIII. That wages earned after leaving- off time on Friday and Saturday only shall be kept in hand as back-time. IX. That any workman being called upon to work during a night shall be paid one penny per hour in addition to the ordinary rate of wages, provided he shall not have been employed the day previous. The hours worked with- out overtime rates not to exceed ten. Meal times during the night to be one and a half hours. Saturday midnight to Sunday midnight double time. X. That in case of any dispute arising under these Rules which cannot be settled by the employer and employee no strike shall take place, but such dispute shall be referred to and decided by the Board of Conciliation, whose decision shall be final, provided that no objection shall be taken to any work- man in consequence of his belonging or not belonging to any Trade Society. XI. That six months' notice on either side shall terminate the foregoing Rules. CONSTITUTION OF CONCILIATION BOARD. It is hereby mutually agreed that the Conciliation Board mentioned in Rule X. shall consist of three representatives to be appointed by the National Association of Master Plumbers (London Branch), a like number of the United Operative Plumbers' Association, with power to select an umpire by mutual consent, or failing that, to apply to the London Chamber of Com- merce for such appointment. In the event of either side giving notice the Conciliation Board to be called in one week. In the event of any difficulty arising, such matters to be referred to the umpire mentioned above, whose decision shall be final and binding upon both parties. Birmingham District. Bricklayers. The conditions of employment of bricklayers in the Birmingham district are regulated by an agreement entered into between representatives of the employers and the workmen respectively, to come into force on May 1, 1909, which was amended in certain particulars by an agreement entered into between the same parties which came into operation April 1, 1910. About 2,000 workmen are affected by this agreement, which is in the following terms : RULE I. In these Rules "Birmingham and District" shall mean a five-mile radius from Stephenson Place, but excluding any portion of the Borough of West Bromwich. 12 BUILDING TRADES. RULE II. Hours of Work The ordinary hours of work shall be from 6.30 a.m. to 5 p.m. on each of the first five working days of the week, with one-and-a-half hours per day allowed for meals ; but during the winter months the hours of work shall be as under : October 24th to November 20th, inclusive (with one a.m. p.m. hour for meals) 7.0 to 5.0 November 21st to January 29th, inclusive (the men to have had breakfast before commencing work and to have half an hour for dinner) 8.0 to 4.30 January 30th to February 26th, inclusive (with one hour for meals) 7.0 to 5.0 On Saturdays work to commence at the same time as other days, and to end at 1 p.m., with half an hour allowed for breakfast, except from November 21st to January 29th inclusive. From November 21st to January 29th inclusive, the employer shall, if requested, open the job at 7.30 a.m. and provide a man to light a fire to enable the men coming from a distance to have their breakfast on the job. A suitable mess room shall be provided for all the branches of workmen to have their meals in, and a person shall be appointed to prepare meals. RULE III. Mate of Wages. The rate of wages for skilled operatives shall be 9 id. per hour. RULE IV. Overtime. A 11 overtime made after 5 p.m. all the year round up to commencement of the ordinary working hours on the first five working days of the week, and after 1 o'clock on Saturday up to 12 midnight, also all Bank Holidays, except Good Friday, shall be paid for at the rate of time and a half, but from 12 midnight on Saturday during Sunday and Christmas Day it shall be paid for as double time. Overtime shall not be paid until a full ordinary day has been worked, except in cases over which the workman has no control or time lost owing to inclement weather. RULE IVA. Night Shifts. In the event of an employer finding it necessary to employ a night shift, the hours of work for the night shift shall be as under for the first five nights of the week (Monday to Friday). The men shall commence work at 6.30 p.m. and shall cease work at 5 a.m. with one and a half hours allowed for meals. The men on the night shift shall be paid at the rate of time and a quarter, and no person employed in the day shift shall be employed in a night shift, and four consecutive nights' work shall constitute a night shift, otherwise it shall be termed overtime ; and all time worked by the night shift, either before or after the ordinary hours, shall be paid for as time and a half instead of time and a quarter. RULE V. Paytime. All employers shall commence paying wages, either on the works or at the office, not later than ten minutes past 1 o'clock on Saturdays in every week. If not complied with, time and a half to be paid for all time kept waiting. All wages to be paid up to Friday night in each week. RULE VI. Distance. If the distance of the work be within a radius of two-and-a-half miles from Stephenson Place, the men shall walk in their own time ; arid if between two-and-a-half miles and four miles from Stephenson Place, walking time shall BIRMINGHAM BRICKLAYERS. 13 be allowed at the rate of three miles per hour for the distance in excess of two- and-a-half miles. If more than four miles from Stephenson Place, proper lodgings shall be allowed and paid for by the employer, and railway fares for all men sent from the town to a country job, subject to special arrangements between employers and workmen. This rule not to apply to men set on at the job. RULE VII. Notice. One hour's notice, to expire at the termination of the ordinary day's work in all cases (as denned by Rule II.), shall be given by the employe^ or workman of an intention to put an end to the service, and in default thereof, the party so in default shall forfeit and pay to the other one hour's wages. All wages due shall be paid on the termination of the service. The one hour's time after receiving notice shall be occupied either in grinding, cleaning, or sharpening tools, or in continuation of work, until the notice time has expired. RULE YIII. Authority of Employers. Each employer shall have the power to conduct his business in any way he may think advantageous in the matter of letting work, taking apprentices, using machinery and implements, and in all details of management not infringing these rules. All apprentices must be legally bound to the trade before they are seventeen years of age. Where a number of bricklayers are employed, one of their number shall be appointed by the employer to receive instructions from the general foreman, but shall work as an ordinary workman. RULE IX. Prevention and Settlement of Disputes. To prevent trade disputes, and to settle such as are of a private nature and do not affect the general interests of the trade, a Standing Committee shall be formed, consisting of three masters and three workmen, whose names are set at the foot of this rule. Any vacancy occurring in the Standing Committee shall be filled up by the accredited representatives of the employers or workmen, as the case may be. The duty of the Standing Committee shall be to see that the rule as to printing and publishing these rules is strictly complied with, and that all the rules in this branch of the trade are in all cases acted upon by both the employers and workmen. The further duty of the Standing Committee shall be to hear the parties to, and settle by amicable arrangement, any dispute or difference which may arise between any employer and any workman which does not affect the interests of the trade generally ; but in case either party to the dispute desires, before any enquiry is entered upon, that the same shall be referred to a formal conciliation, on the grounds that the interests of his branch of the trade are affected thereby, then the matter so in dispute shall be determined by the Board of Conciliation as hereinafter provided with respect to trade disputes. No stoppage of work shall take place under any circumstances until the matter in dispute has been brought before the Standing Committee or the Conciliation Board, which shall, however, meet to discuss the matter within forty -eight hours of notice being given to the secretary. Standing Committee. [Here follow the names of three masters and three workmen.] RULE X. Printing, Publishing, and Proving these Rules. These rules shall be printed and posted in some conspicuous place in each of the master builders' workshops in Birmingham and district within fourteen days after such rules shall have been agreed to, and a printed 14 BUILDING TRADES. copy of the same shall be read as evidence of the contract between any master builder carrying on business in Birmingham and district, and any workman, in any proceeding to enforce any award made under these rules, unless a special contract in writing shall have been entered into between the parties. For the purpose of these rules, any person, or any partnership, or body of persons carrying on the ordinary trade of a builder, or taking contracts to execute the whole or any part of ordinary building work, shall be deemed to be a master builder. RULE XI. Alteration of Rules and Board of Conciliation. No alteration is to be made by either employers or workmen in any of the foregoing rules or in the existing rate of wages, before the first day of April, 1910, and not then without giving to the other notice in writing. Such notice shall be given on or before the first day of November, 1909, or the first day of November in any subsequent year, and state the full particulars of the proposed alterations ; and the party receiving such notice shall reply to it, either by giving a counter notice or otherwise, on or before the first day of December ensuing, after which the matters in dispute shall be referred to a Board of Conciliation, to consist of seven employers and seven workmen ; or, if a general alteration affecting the whole of the trade, of two members from each branch with an equal number of employers. The Board of Conciliation shall have power to settle all matters in dispute, and their decision shall be final and binding on all parties. Manchester and Salford District. Stonemasons. The " amended working rules for the operative stonemasons of Manchester, Salford and vicinity " (about 400 in number) were signed by representatives of the Manchester, Salford and District Building Trades' Employers' Association (Master Masons' Branch) and the Manchester, Salford and District Operative Masons' Society, to come into force as from August 14, 1909. The first rule was settled by an award made on August 11, 1909, by Mr. A. A. Hudson, who, at the request of the parties, had been appointed arbitrator by the Board of Trade, and, by the terms of that award, is to remain in force for twelve months before notice of any change can be given on either side. The remaining terms of this agreement were settled by the parties among themselves. These rules are as follows : RULE 1. WAGES AND WORKING TIME. The current rate of wages for workmen to be 9d. per hour (fixers lOd.) all the year round. The hours of work to be as follows : For the months of March, April, May, June, July, August, September and October, 49 i hours per week apportioned as follows : On Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays from 7 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. with half-an- hour for breakfast and one hour for dinner, and on Saturdays from 7 a.m. to 12 noon with half-an-hour for breakfast. For the months of November and February 44 hours per week apportioned as follows : On Mondays, Tues- days, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays from 8 o'clock a.m. to 5 p.m., less one hour for dinner, and on Saturdays from 8 o'clock a.m. to 12 noon. For the months of December and January 41 i hours per week apportioned as follows : On Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays from 8 a.m. to 4.30 p.m., less one hour for dinner, and on Saturdays fropa 8 a.m. to 12 noon. MANCHESTER AND SALFORD STONEMASONS. 15 RULE 2. STARTING TIMES. Starting times in the summer months to be 7, 7.30 and 9 o'clock a.m., and 1.30 o'clock p.m. ; and during the winter months, 8, 8.30 and 1 o'clock. RULE 3. MEAL TIMES. In the summer months the meal times shall be, breakfast 8.30 to 9 a.m. and dinner 12.30 to 1.30. In the winter months the dinner hour to be 12 to 1 o'clock. On jobs, meal times to be arranged to suit all trades. RULE 4. BOUNDARY. The boundary shall be a circular radius of two miles from the centre of Albert Square. All men working within the boundary shall commence work at the time stated in Rule 1, providing the shop is within that radius ; where the shop is situate outside the boundary the limit to be two miles from the shop. All men working beyond the boundary mentioned, but within a radius of five miles from Albert Square, shall be allowed travelling expenses at the undermentioned rates : Two to three miles out 3d. per day. Three to four miles out id. Four to five miles out 5d. All men when paid travelling expenses to be on the job at starting time. When travelling facilities are not available the matter to be arranged between the employer and his workmen. When men are paid on the job to work until 12 noon on Saturdays ; if paid at the shop to be there at the usual time for leaving off work as stated in these Rules, the employer to commence paying not later than that time. RULE 5. COUNTRY WORK. All men sent from this district beyond the distances stated in Rule 4 and actually lodging away from home, to receive 3s. Qd. per week lodging money and travelling expenses out and in once a week. Men receiving lodging money to start on the job as per Rule 1, and all men on country jobs, if paid on the job, to work until 12 noon on Saturdays. Where trams, trains or other means of conveyance are convenient the employer shall have the option of paying fares and sending men in and out every day, and in the event of an employer electing to do so, the men to leave by the tram, train or other conveyance nearest the time for commencing work, as per Rule 1. RULE 6. OVERTIME. Overtime to be worked when required and to be paid for as follows : Time-and-a-half for the first two hours, afterwards double time for all hours worked up to starting time the following morning ; and in all cases Sundays, Christmas Day and (food Friday to be paid for as double time. RULE 7. PIECEWORK. No piecework to be introduced, but ornamental carving, turning small columns, balusters and the like, may be done by contract, but the roughing out of the same to be done by day work. RULE 8. SHEDS. In yards and on jobs, suitable sheds and mess houses shall be erected and accommodation provided for warming dinners and supplying hot water, and a proper person appointed to take charge of the meals. 16 BUILDING TRADES. RULE 9. WORKED STONE. Worked stone not to come into this town from any district where the standard rate of wages is below the current rate paid in this district. All contractors may buy from wherever they think fit sawn or machined stone of any size. All stonework to be fixed by masons, except heads (4 on bed), sills (6-j thick)- padstones and steps where these are not set stone to stone. Hand worked stone from a quarry not to come into the town, except steps, landings, column stones, engine beds and roughly worked masonry for bridges, railways and canals. Moulded stone from a quarry not to be introduced into this district. RULE 10. APPRENTICES. Boys shall not work at the trade more than three months beyond the age of 16 without being legally bound. No employer to have more than one boy to every five men on an average. RULE 11. NOTICE OP DISCHARGE. Should an employer require to discharge a workman, or a workman desire to leave his employment, one hour's notice shall be given on either side, or one hour's pay in lieu of such notice. All tools to be sharpened by the expiration of notice, where practicable, or the equivalent of two score sharp tools to be allowed on either side. RULE 12. DISPUTES. Should a dispute arise in any employ no stoppage of work shall take place, but six of the workmen shall meet six of the employers who shall endeavour to settle the matter. At such meetings four representatives on either side shall form a quorum. RULE 13. DISTRICT WITHIN WHICH THE RULES SHALL APPLY. Note. Owing to the overlapping of several of the adjoining districts, this matter has not yet been settled, but as soon as a settlement has been attained the same will be published immediately. RULE 14. ALTERATIONS TO RULES. Six calendar months' notice of alterations to this or any of the foregoing rules shall be given by either employers or employees, such notice to expire on the 1st day of May in any year. When notice of alteration to rules is received by either side, 14 days shall be allowed after the receipt of such notice in which to submit counter proposals if necessary, which shall be accepted as being in order. Liverpool and District. Carpenters and Joiners. The Working Rules of the carpenters and joiners in the Liver- pool district, signed by the president and secretary of the Liverpool Master Builders' Association, and by similar officers on behalf of the Amalgamated, General Union, and Associated Societies of Carpenters and Joiners, came into operation on June 1, 1908, this agreement continuing in force until May 1, 1913, on or after which it may be terminated by notice given by either party, but with a provision for any alterations asked for being settled by arbitration, if both sides are in favour of that course. The text of this agreement, which affects some 2,500 workmen, is as follows : 1st. HOURS OF WORK. The ordinary hours of work shall be 47 hours per week, all the year round (except on "unprotected buildings" as hereinafter provided), apportioned LIVERPOOL CARPENTERS AND JOINERS. 17 as follows : On Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, from 8 a.m. to 5.30 p.m., less one hour for dinner ; and Saturday from 8 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. But during the four winter months the hours of work on " unprotected buildings ' shall be as follows ; During November and February, 44^ hours per week, apportioned as follows : On Monday, Tues- day, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., less one hour for dinner ; and on Saturdays from 8 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. During December and January, 42 hours per week, apportioned as follows : On Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, from 8 a.m. to 4.30 p.m., less one hour for dinner ; and on Saturday from 8 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Where artificial light is not provided no reduction to be made when men cannot see the full time. An " unprotected building " in these Rules shall mean a building in any of the following unfinished states, viz. : 1 . A building to which the roof has not been covered in. 2. A building to which the floors have not been laid. 3 . A building to which windows have not been glazed, or window spaces covered with wind screens. 2nd. MEAL HOURS. Dinner time to be from 12 noon to 1 p.m. all the year round. Breakfast to be taken in the men's own time, before starting work, all the year round. 3rd. RATE OF WAGES. Wages shall be paid by the hour, all the year round, at the rate of lOd. per hour. Men actually engaged on insulation work, for, or in a cold storage, or working in a room (connected with a cold storage) where insulation is being used, to be paid Qd. per day extra in addition to the standing rate of wages, and nothing less than half-a-day's allowance to be paid.* 4th. STARTING TIMES. Starting times on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, shall be 8 a.m. and 1 p.m., and on Saturday 8 a.m. only, all the year round. 5th. OVERTIME. All overtime made by the request of the employers to be paid by the hour at time-and-a-quarter for the first two hours on the first five days of the week ; all overtime after first two hours to be time-and-a-half to starting time next morning. On Saturdays, after leaving-ofi 3 time to 5.30 p.m., to be time-and-a-half, afterwards to starting time on Monday morning double time. On Bank Holidays, time-and-a-half ; on Good Friday and Christmas Day, double time. 6th. BOUNDARY. The boundary in Liverpool and district shall be taken at two miles from each employer's shop in any direction, beyond which walking time shall be allowed at the rate of three miles an hour ; but men to walk back in their own time. When walking time is allowed the men to be at the boundary at 8 a.m. Men who are obliged, under this Rule, to cross the river, to have their fares paid to and from Birkenhead or Seacombe. This Rule applies only to men sent from the shop, and not to men engaged and paid at the job. * The meaning of the words " Men actually engaged on insulation work, for, or in a cold storage has been defined by the Board of Conciliation (see Rule 17) to be " That when joists or other foundations for insulated floors are laid or fixed, and ceiling sheeted, the walls battened and sheeted and furred out ready for outer sheeting, then onward to the completion of the rooms, compartments or chambers, the Qd. per day extra shall be paid to all men working in the said rooms, compartments, or chambers. Men not to receive the 6d. per day extra for fixing benches, shelves, or racks in a completed room, compartment, or chamber unless cold air is in use." 33311 B 18 BUILDING TRADES. 7th. COUNTRY JOBS. All men sent out to country jobs shall have their travelling expenses and time paid going and returning, if discharged or sent back to the shop, and 3s. Qd. per week for lodgings. Any allowance beyond this to be by special arrangement. 8th. PAYMENT OP WAGES. Pay to commence at leaving-off time. All men working at jobs above 30 minutes' walk from their employer's place of business, shall leave work in time to reach the pay table not later than half -an- hour after the schedule leaving-off time in Rule 1 ; if paid at the job to work the same as in the shop. If pay is not commenced at above times, overtime to be charged at the ordinary rate. 9th. APPRENTICES. All apprentices after three months' trial to be legally bound for not less than five years. 10th. HOT WATER AND LOCK-UP PLACES, WORKSHOPS AND MESS-HOUSES. That the employers provide hot-water for the workmen's meals ; also a lock-up place in buildings for workmen's tools, where the magnitude of the work renders it necessary. In yards, or other jobs, the nature and extent of which renders the demand reasonable, sheds and mess houses shall be erected. In the event of any dispute a deputation of two employers and two workmen, not connected with the work in question, to form a committee to decide whether such demand is reasonable. llth. NOTICE OP DISMISSAL. mr .IP T , ( inside men, one ) . 1 nat berore discharging i - r hours notice be always given 3 ( outside men, two 3 c one . them previous to leaving-off time or the employer to forfeit j > hours' pay. The time to be devoted to the tools, or worked. If these duties are evaded, the employer or foreman may stop the \ { hours' pay. {. two j 12th. AUTHORITY OF EMPLOYERS. Each employer shall conduct his business in any way he may think advantageous in all details of management, not infringing on the individual liberty of the workmen or these rules. 13th. That the term "Liverpool and District" shall mean a radius of 10 miles from the Liverpool Landing Stage, less that portion on the St. Helens side of the following roads and lanes : striking the Liverpool boundary radius by the Railway Station, proceed along Rainhill Road past Holt Church to the G-reen Dragon Inn, then proceeding along Green Dragon Lane, Shaws Lane, Stank Lane, Garden Walk, Huyton Road, then straight across the fields to Knowsley Park Wall, following the Park wall (Eccleston side) to Longbarrow Road, then along Rainford Road to the 10 miles boundary line of Liverpool again.* 14th. ALTERATION OF RULES. Six months' notice in writing, to expire on the 1st May in any year, shall be given on both sides of any alteration in the foregoing Rules, stating full particulars, but no such notice can be given by either side to expire before * This clause was, by the terms of the agreement, subject to revision by the Northern Centre Conciliation Board (see ante, p. 1) ; the text represents the clause in its revised form. GLASGOW JOINERS. 19 the 1st May, 1913, and the party receiving the notice shall reply to it within one month, either by giving a counter notice, or otherwise ; and if necessary, a deputation of six working tradesmen shall be appointed to meet six of the trade employers, to endeavour to come to an understanding, failing which both parties shall refer the question back to their respective general meetings, and propose arbitration ; and if a majority on both sides are in favour of arbitration, then a court shall be formed as follows : 15th. PUBLIC COURT OF ARBITRATION. The court shall consist of six of the trade employers and six working tradesmen, who shall have power to come to terms and whose decision shall be binding on both parties ; but if unable to agree, it shall be referred to an umpire who shall have been previously mutually agreed upon, who shall act as sole referee, and whose decision shall be the decision of the court, and shall be equally binding on both parties. 16th. PRINTING OP ROLES. That these Rules shall be printed and posted in a conspicuous place in each of the master builders' yards, or jobs, in Liverpool and District, within fourteen days after having been agreed upon. 17th. BOARD OF CONCILIATION. That a Board of Conciliation be formed, consisting of four employers and four operatives of the trade affected, three of each to form a quorum, to whom any questions may be referred as to the spirit of these Rules, upon their infringement or their interpretation ; and that a decision of a majority of such Board shall be binding on all parties concerned. Glasgow District. Joiners. The agreement, which regulates the conditions of employment of Joiners in the Glasgow District (about 3,000 in number), is renewed each year, with such alterations, if any, as are asked for by the employers or the workpeople, and are agreed upon between them, or, if they are unable to arrive at an agreement, are decided on through the Conciliation Board for the Carpenter and Joiner Trade in that district. The Kules of this Board provide that, if the Board are unable to agree upon any question submitted or referred to them, they " shall appoint a person to act as conciliator, and failing mutually to agree upon one, they shall make application to the Board of Trade under the Conciliation Act, 1896, to appoint one. The decision of the conciliator, whether appointed by mutual agreement or by the Board of Trade, shall be final and binding on both parties." The agree- ment at present in force contains the following provisions : I The term "Glasgow District" shall mean the area within a five miles radius from the Glasgow Royal Exchange on the north, east and south. The boundary on the west shall be the east side of Crookston Road, from where the five miles radius intersects down to Paisley Road, thence down the east side of Hillington Road between there and Elderslie House, thence along the north bank of the River Clyde to Dalmuir, thence along the Duntocher Burn and Duntocher Road to where it meets Drymen Road, thence in an easterly direction to a point on the five miles radius, all as shown on a plan adjusted between parties. II. The working hours shall be as follows : From 16th February to 31st October, workmen to commence at 6 or 6.30 a.m., and stop work at 33311 B 2 20 BUILDING TRADES. 5 p.m., making 50 hours per week ; from 1st November to 15th November, the working hours shall be 8 hours, making 47 hours per week ; from 16th November to 8th December, 8 hours, making 44 hours per week ; from 9th December to 8th January, 7 hours, making 41 hours per week ; from 9th January to 31st January, 8 hours, making 44 hours per week ; and from 1st February to 15th February, 8 hours, making 47 hours per week. From 16th November to 31st January, men working in the workshops shall have the option of taking breakfast before starting, with one stoppage for dinner at 12 o'clock, or, should they so decide, they may take two meal hours as during the rest of the year. At all jobs outside of the workshop the option shall be in the hands of the employer, as to whether breakfast shall be taken before starting, with only one stoppage for dinner at 12 o'clock. During the rest of the year breakfast to be taken at 9 a.m. and dinner at 1 p.m. Work to be stopped at 12 o'clock noon on Saturdays all the year round. III. All time wrought after 5 p.m. till starting time for the first five days of the week, and after the usual stopping time on Saturdays shall be considered overtime and paid for at the rate of time-and-half, and the following holidays first three working days in January, one week at the Fair (commencing on the morning of Fair Saturday), the trades holiday, and spring and autumn holidays, to be paid overtime rates. All Sunday work to be paid double time. IV. Workmen employed at outside or open buildings shall be paid the same number of hours as the men working in the shop, and shall not be required to go to the shop in the morning or evening to make up time. When found necessary outside men will require to encroach upon the regular allowance for meal hours so as to make up the full complement of time, but in all cases reserving half-an-hour at each stoppage for meals. No material to be carried to or from the shop during meal hours. Artificial light may be used, but the light used must be of a sufficient kind to warrant the safety of the workmen. V. Workmen to walk to the extent of two miles from the workshop at which such workmen are taken on, in their own time ; if more than two miles, to be allowed train or car fares for the distance beyond two miles, or be allowed time to travel the whole distance, with power to employers to take on men at jobs without reference to the workshop. When workmen travel night and morning over four miles to receive train or car fares for the whole distance. VI, Men sent to country jobs to receive 6s. per week extra, if less than four days to receive Is. Qd. per day extra. All travelling time and expenses incurred at the employer's instance in going to or returning from such jobs, to be defrayed by the employer. All jobs situated over four miles outside the Glasgow District as defined in Clause I. shall be reckoned country jobs. VII. Workmen shall be paid their wages either at the job, at the regular hour of stopping, or be allowed sufficient time to travel to the shop for such. Any employer causing his men to be detained for their wages shall be charged for time at the rate of time-and-half. VIII. All apprentices to the trade shall serve a legally bound apprentice- ship for the term of five years, and be bound within six months of entry, which six months shall form part of their apprenticeship. They shall produce an indenture or other properly signed agreement certifying that this require- ment has been complied with. When any apprentice has contracted with an employer to serve a term of years he shall not leave said employer and contract with another without the consent of said first employer, unless there is a just cause or that such change is made in consequence of death or relinquishment of business of the first employer, and any apprentice so leaving shall not be permitted to work within the Glasgow District, but shall be required to return to his employer to serve out his time. No employer shall take into his employment more than one apprentice to every three journeymen, or part thereof four apprentices to be allowed for twelve journeymen. Where more than twelve journeymen are kept, one apprentice to be allowed for every four journeymen over that number. BOLTON HOUSE PAINTERS. 21 IX. The standard rate of wages to workmen shall be 2d. per hour, to be paid weekly this includes all joiners employed at alterations or extensions of buildings in public works or warehouses. X. Employers to provide means for workmen warming their meals, and someone to attend the same, also for the grinding and safety of tools. XI. Bach employer shall give at least two hours' notice to each employee (who has been employed not less than two days) before the latter is discharged, so that he may put his tools in order, but the employee will only be entitled to so much of the said time as is required to put his tools in order. XII. No piecework to be wrought by workmen and no sub-letting, unless sub-contractor supplies plant and material, and no operative shall undertake jobbing, contract, or piecework of any kind on his own account after working hours. No employer to sublet or piece his work but to regular employers of labour. No employer to import or take for use any foreign or machine-made doors, windows, or other finishing unless a satisfactory guarantee is produced that such material is made under fair conditions. XIII. No employer to make deductions from wage due for sick, accident, or any other fund. A subscription for the infirmaries may, however, be arranged by the Conciliation Board. XIV. Any changes in these working bye-laws shall take effect on 1st July yearly, and notice of any proposed change shall be given by the party proposing it to the Secretaries of the Conciliation Board, which has been constituted by mutual agreement between the Glasgow Master Wrights' Association and the Operatives' Societies. Such notice must be given not later than 1st February yearly. XV. Printed copies of the foregoing Rules and regulations shall be posted up in each workshop. Bolton District. House Painters. The conditions of employment of house painters at Bolton are regulated under Rules which were signed by representatives of the employers and of the workmen, and which came into force on May 1, 1908. The text of this agreement, which affects about 460 workmen (as amended in one particular by a later agreement), is as follows : RATE OF WAGES* 1. The standard rate of wages shall be Sd. per hour. HOURS OF WORK. 2. That the working hours be : From the second Tuesday in March to the second Saturday in October, Monday 8 a.m. to 5.30 p.m., Tuesday, Wednes- day, Thursday, and Friday, 6.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m., allowing half-an-hour for breakfast (Mondays excepted), and one hour for dinner. Saturdays 6.30 a.m., with half-an-hour for breakfast and to leave off work in time to be at the shop by 12 o'clock noon, if not previously paid on the job. From the second Saturday in October to the second Monday in March, time to be as may be mutually agreed upon between employer and workman. Such time consti- tutes the ordinary days of the week subject to Rule 5. OVERTIME. 3. All time worked after 5.30 p.m. to 10 o'clock p.m. to be paid for at the rate of time-and-a-half ; from 10 o'clock p.m., to 6.30 a.m. the following morning (except Mondays, when it shall be 8 o'clock) to be paid for at the rate of double time. Saturdays from 12 o'clock up to 4 p.m. time-and-a-half. 22 BUILDING TRADES. From 4 p.m. up to Monday at 8 a.m. double time. Meal hours to be deducted. All time worked after 5.30 to 7.30 p.m. on country jobs at a distance of six miles from Bolton Town Hall, to be paid for at the rate of single time. HOLIDAYS. 4. The following days to be recognised as holidays : January 1st or the 2nd, when the first falls on a Sunday ; Good Friday and Saturday ; the last Saturday in June till the Monday week following ; the first Monday and Tuesday in September and Christmas Day. (January 1st or 2nd, Good Friday and Saturday, the last Saturday in June and the following Monday and Tuesday, and Christmas Day, to be paid for at the rate of double time.) WALKING TIME. 5. That if any workmen be working at any distance within three miles from the shop he shall walk to such work in his employer's time, unless he shall be living near the job, when, if requested, he shall walk from home to the job, and commence work immediately and retu-rn in the evening in his own time, except on Saturdays, when, if not paid on the job, he shall leave off work in time to be at the shop by 12 o'clock noon. When a workman is requested to convey handcart, steps, planks, ladders, scaffolding, brushes, or cans to the shop at night, he shall be allowed the ordinary walking time, so that he may arrive at the shop at the same time as the other men cease work, or be allowed walking time after work ceases. In every case where walking to and from work is referred to it shall be at the rate of three miles per hour. Where an employer finds it convenient to pay his men on the jobs on pay days he may do so, but if working beyond the following boundaries workmen so paid must be at the boundary by 12 o'clock, the following places to be the respective boundaries : [Here follows list of places. COUNTRY JOBS. 6. That if any workman be working over three miles and not exceeding twenty miles from the shop, he shall be paid his lodgings and railway fare ; and railway fare or walking time allowed every Saturday so as to enable him to be at the boundary or at the shop by 12 o'clock noon as the case may be. If working over twenty miles and not exceeding thirty miles from the shop, to have his lodgings and railway fare paid to and from such work once a fort- night, and from thirty to forty miles once a month. If any employer requires a workman to stay a Sunday from home, he shall allow such work- man two shillings for each such Sunday. EMPLOYMENT OF LABOURERS. 7. That any employer shall not be at liberty to employ more than one labourer (except to do lime- washing, clean out and paint inside of spouts and assist in scaffolding), and that such labourer shall not mix colours, use paint brush, whiten ceilings, wash off ceilings, knott, putty, or point for painting, strip paper, limewash cottages, or do any work of a practical painter. RESPONSIBILITY FOR TOOLS. 8 That each workman shall be held responsible for all tools entrusted to his care, and shall make good any damage or deficiency (ordinary wear and tear excepted) before his full wages be paid, neither shall any workman be allowed to take home or elsewhere any materials, brushes, or other tools belonging to his employer, without first obtaining the consent of such employer thereto. WORKING ON OWN ACCOUNT. 9. That no member of the Operative Society of Painters be allowed to do any work in connection with the trade on his own account, or for any other employer, whilst in the employ of any employer in Bolton and district. BOLTON HOUSE PAINTERS. 23 SMOKING. 10 That no smoking be allowed during working hours. SOCIETY AND NON-SOCIETY MEN. 11. That no workman shall leave work in consequence of a non-union man being employed by an employer, without four days' written notice being given to the employer by the Secretary of the Operatives' Society. LEAVING WORK. 12. That any workman leaving his employment of his own accord shall-aoi be able to claim his wages until the following pay day. APPRENTICES. 13. That the number of apprentices in each shop shall be as follows : viz., each shop employing 5 men and under, 1 apprentice ; each shop employing for the two previous years an average of not less than 8 men, 2 apprentices ; an average of 14 men, 3 apprentices ; 20 men and upwards, 4 apprentices. All apprentices to be legally bound before the expiration of three months at the trade, and to be under sixteen years at the date of indenture. No employer to have more than 4 apprentices. ARBITRATION. 14. That in case of a dispute between employers and workmen, a Court of Arbitration shall be formed consisting of six employers and six workmen, who shall appoint a gentleman not interested in the trade as umpire, whose decision in the matter shall be final. PRIMING. 15. That all priming must be done by a practical painter or his apprentice, and that if any such work be done by others outside our trade, we the employers and operatives shall refuse to finish such work. ALTERATION OP RULES. 16. That no alteration shall be made in these Rules either by employers or workmen without giving six months' notice of the same (subject to the latter clause of this rule) to expire on the first day of May. That seven days be allowed in which to issue a counter notice, if desired, such counter notice to be considered as given on the date of the notice first given, and to be acknowledged as legal, if the expiration be not more than seven days past the 1st May, and that all decisions on the alterations of Rules to be arrived at before the last day of February. PRINTING AND POSTING RULES. 17. That these Rules be printed and a copy posted up at each shop. MINING AND QUARRYING. COAL MINING. The conditions of employment in the coal mining industry are regulated under collective agreements between employers and employed, some of which deal with the whole of extensive dis- tricts, while others relate to particular mines. With respect to agreements of the former class (and to a large extent also to those of the latter type), this industry is remarkable for the very important functions performed by boards or committees of con- ciliation joint bodies, on which the employers and the employed are both represented, and which provide machinery always available for the settlement of questions arising between the two parties. GENERAL WAGES AGREEMENTS. The mles of the different Conciliation Boards and Joint Com- mittees are printed in the Second Report on Conciliation and Arbi- tration Boards, issued by the Board of Trade (Cd. 5346 of 1910). With respect to the matters dealt with by these bodies, although the chief function of the Conciliation Boards in the coal trade is to regulate the general level of wages, other matters are in some cases dealt with. Thus in Durham and Cumberland other general questions than wages are considered, and in South Wales disputes at individual collieries may be brought before the Board after the parties have failed to effect a settlement, the Board having power to refer any such questions to a committee composed of representatives on the Board of both sides. The Board for the Radstock District also deals with questions relating to individual collieries, as well as controlling the general level of wages in its district. The Boards for the Federated Districts (Lancashire, Cheshire, South and West Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Derby- shire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, Shropshire, part of Stafford- shire, and^North Wales), Northumberland, and Scotland, however, deal with the general level of wages only, although in the case of the Federated Districts, disputes at individual collieries have on occasion been referred to that Board for settlement. To meet the case of disputes at individual collieries there are in Durham Joint Committees for miners, for cokemen, for colliery mechanics, for enginemen and for deputy overmen, and in Northumberland for miners and for colliery mechanics. These committees are distinct from the county Conciliation Boards. They deal with a large number of cases each year, but unlike those decided by the Boards, the cases generally affect few persons. In West Yorkshire also there is a Joint Committee, whose work does not include the fixing of the COAL MINING : GENERAL WAGES AGREEMENTS. 25 general level of wages, the district forming part of the Federated Districts. Such committees, however, do not exist for all areas, and thus, for example, there is no conciliatory machinery established for the consideration of local miners' disputes in Lancashire, Notts, Scotland, and other districts.* In nearly all cases provision is made for the settlement by the decision of a neutral chairman or an arbitrator of any differences which the representatives of employers and employed are notable themselves to arrange on terms acceptable to both parties. In some cases, however (the Boards for the Federated Districts,! the Kadstock District of Somerset, and South Wales), the indepen- dent chairman of the Conciliation Board has a casting vote only, and must decide in favour of one or other of the proposals submitted to him, and cannot make an award in the nature of a compromise. General changes of wages in the coal trade are, for the most part, made by means of percentage additions to or deductions from the rates prevailing in some specified year in the different collieries within the area concerned. J In Northumberland, Dur- ham, Cumberland, and South Wales, the 1879 rates are the standard, while in the Federated Districts, in South Stafford- shire and East Worcestershire, in the Radstock District of Somerset, and in Scotland, the standard rates are those of 1888. In some cases, however, the standard or " basis " wages are fixed by agreement as uniform rates applicable to all the work- people of certain classes throughout an entire district. Thus, in the collieries of Coalville and district (Leicestershire) the basis wages of miners doing " odd work," and of boys and young men from 13 to 21 years of age, are fixed by the following clauses, contained in an agreement made on February 12, 1901, between the Leicestershire Colliery Owners' Association and the Coalville and District Miners' Association, which affects the wages of about 1,200 workpeople : Clause 1st. That the basis rate for chargemen shifters is 4s. Qd. per day. The basis for stallmen brought out of the stall to do work on the roads, or if ordered to work a stall by day [i.e., on day wages], 4s. 9d. per shift The basis for young men brought out of a stall to do work on the roads, 3s. 9cL per day. * As to South Staffordshire and East Worcestershire, see post, p. 28. f See, however, as to the power of the outside chairman with respect to the particular question there mentioned, post, p. 28. J With regard to the percentage changes which have taken place in recent years in wages in the coal mining industry in the principal districts, see Thirteenth Abstract of Labour Statistics of the United Kingdom, 1907-8 (Cd. 5041), pp. 66 and 67. About one-fifth of the 6,000 miners of this district are estimated to be working at " odd work." 26 COAL MINING. Clause ftth. This list is to regulate the advances to be paid to boys and young men from 13 to 21 years of age, and is based on 30 per cent, above 1888 rate of wages, and the current percentage to be added. Age. Scale of \Vages, Age. Scale of Wages. s. d. *. d. 13 Thirty per cent.* . 1 4 18 Thirty per cent.* ... 3 14 .18 19 ... 3 4 15 .20 20 ... 3 8 16 . 2 4 21 I, ;. - 4 17 .28 The above scale applies to corporals and shovelmen shifters. 2d. per day to be added to these rates each half year. Clause 1th. Any psrson above the age of 21 years shall not receive a less wage than is stated in Scale 6. * * * # * Clause $th. Any person who may be receiving wages above the scale not to be reduced. In Durham the Conciliation Board, on August 7, 1903, determined " that the basis wage of pony putters be increased from 2s. l\d. to 2s. 10k?. per day," and on November 4, 1903, " that the basis wage of surface firemen working under 1 1 hours be 35. 3d. (per shift), and of those working 1 1 hours and upwards, 35. 6rf." It should be understood that, when changes in wages take place- in the coal mining industry, the percentage fluctuations are not in all cases identical for hewers and all other classes of workpeople indiscriminately. Thus, by the agreement (of January 18, 1907) governing the wages of the colliery surfacemen and coke- men of South Yorkshire, the wages of these workpeople (approximately 11,000 in number) "shall rise or fall at the rate of three to five as compared with advances or reductions in the wages of colliers." A resolution adopted by the Durham Con- ciliation Board on November 5, 1909, provides " That when the wages of underground men are at or below 32^ per cent, above the basis, the same percentage shall apply to the surface men, but whenever the wages of underground men are more than 32| per cent, above the basis, then the present difference of 3 per cent, shall again apply to the surface labourers." By the agreement made on February 22, 1907, between the South Derbyshire and Leicestershire Colliery Owners' Associations and the Birmingham and Midland Counties Enginemen's and Firemen's Society and the National Amalgamated Union of Enginemen, Firemen, Mechanics, and Electrical Workers, when colliers' wages are (under the arrangements applying to these and the other Federated districts) increased to 60 per cent, above the base rate, those of winding enginemen are to be increased by 2d. per day (from 65., which is their minimum rate, * The " basis " in each case is the rate fixed on the basis of the wages of 1888 ; and the actual wages at any time are these basis rates plus the current percentage (at present 50 per cent.). FEDERATED DISTRICTS. 27 to 65. 2d. per day), those of stokers by Id. per day (from their minimum of 4s. 6d to 4s. Id. per day), and the wages of engine- men and shopmen earning 5s. per day or under 5s. respectively are to be increased by an addition of 2d. or Id. (as the case may be) to their present minimum rates, these increased wages to be maximum rates. When colliers' wages are reduced below 60 per cent., these several increases are to come off. (Some 400 work- men are affected by this agreement.) The agreement entered into on August 7, 1907, between the Coal Owners of Scotland and the United .Engine-keepers' Mutual Protective Association of Scotland provides, that the wages of winding enginemen shall " rise and fall with miners' wages \%d, per shift for each 6 per cent, on 1888 basis rate of miners' wages when the latter are 50 per cent, over basis and Id. per shift for each 65 per cent, when miners' wages are under 50 per cent, over basis." This agreement, which applies to the whole of Scotland, affects the wages of 1,800 workmen. Federated Districts. The lines, upon which the decisions as to the general level of wages in the Federated Districts were to be made, were laid down by the terms of settlement of February 25, 1904 (under which it was arranged that the Conciliation Board was to continue until December 31, 1906), as follows : " The rate of wages shall not be Mow 35 per cent, above the rate of wages of 1888, nor more than 60 per cent, above the rate of wages of 1888, and that no alteration in the rate of wages exceeding 5 per cent, shall be made at any one time." Selling Price and Rate of Wages. The Board shall agree upon a selling price of coal as being proportionate to a certain rate of wages. Selling Price not to be sole factor. Alterations in the selling price of coal shall not be the sole factor for the decision of the Board, but one factor only ; and either side shall be entitled to bring forward any reasons why, notwithstanding an alteration in the selling price, there should be no alteration made in the rate of wages. The agreement just stated, that the Board should agree upon a selling price of coal as being proportionate to a certain rate of wages, has not yet been carried into effect. On December 18, 1906, a new agreement was entered into for three years, maintaining the existing rules but altering the minimum wage to 37-J- per cent, above standard of 1888. The agreement also provided that in the event of any compulsory limitation of the hours of underground labour either party should be at liberty to put an end to the Board by a six months' notice. At the same time the Board advanced wages as from the first making-up day in January, 1907, by 5 per cent, on the standard, this advance being given "in the belief that there is a rising 28 COAL MINING. market, and in consideration of the renewal o the Conciliation Board," and it was agreed " that the advance is not to be taken as interfering with the existing relation between selling prices and the wages rate." Further advances of 5 per cent, each were made in May and September, 1907, and in January, 1908 ; and reductions of 5 per cent, each were made in September, 1908, and March, 1909. Subsequently the coalowners asked for a further reduction of 5 per cent, in wages, but this demand was withdrawn in pursuance of the terms of settlement arrived at by the Conciliation Board on September 3, 1909, which were as follows : In consideration of the present application for a reduction of 5 per cent, not being pressed the Board agree as follow : (1) No application shall be made for any advance in wages until the selling price exceeds 7s. 10*2 Id. by such an amount as shall have recouped the owners for the disadvantage they shall have incurred by payment of the present rate of wages during the period the selling price was less than 7s. 10'21e?. ; (2) that notice to terminate the Conciliation Board shall not be given until the selling price has recovered to and continued at the amount which the Board, or, in case of difference, an outside Chairman, shall decide to be sufficient to recoup the owners as mentioned in Clause 1. The number of the workpeople whose wages are affected by this agreement is approximately 378,000. Cumberland. By the agreement in force in the Cumberland coal trade, which affects the wages of some 6,000 workpeople, wages are to follow the fluctuations taking place under the agreement in operation in the Federated districts, except that the percentage paid on hewers' standards in the Cumberland district is to be less than that paid in the Federated districts by o per cent, in the six summer, and by 2| per cent, in the six winter months, and that the percentage paid on underground day-wage men's standards is to be 10 per cent, less than that paid on hewers' standards as at the date of this agreement (April 13, 1908). South Staffs and East Worcestershire. In the districts covered by the South Staffordshire and East Worcestershire Conciliation Board the wages of the coal miners (about 12,000 in number) have since 1902 been governed by the decisions of the Board of Conciliation for the Federated districts. (The first-named Board continues in operation as a means for the settlement of purely local disputes.) Forest of Dean. The text of the agreement between employers and employed in operation with respect to the settlement of wages in the Forest of Dean collieries, which is dated May 27, 1907, and came into operation from October 1, 1907, is given below. This FOEE8T OF DEAN AND RADSTOCK DISTRICT. 29 agreement affects 5,800 men and boys. It will be observed that, subject to the limitation as to minimum wages laid down by this agreement, wages are to fluctuate with selling prices, and that it is provided that, when the employers find it necessary to make an alteration in prices involving an advance or reduction in wages, they shall call together the Wages Committee, and shall give their reasons for the alteration ; while, if the workmen consider that an advance is desirable, they shall be at liberty to request that a meeting of that Committee be called at which^ to state their reasons. It is agreed that until the 30th September, 1910, the Settlement as to wages and prices shall be as follows : (a) It is agreed that for the purpose of this Agreement the present average list price at the pit of the following five classes of coal, namely, block, single screened, rubbles, forest, and large nuts, at the Trafalgar, Lightmoor, Foxes' Bridge, Crump Meadow, and Fancy Collieries be ascertained and taken as a basis. That upon this basis the rate of wages paid at certain collieries shall be 35 per cent, above the standard, and at the remaining collieries it shall be 30 per cent., or at such other rate as is at present existing. (&) It is agreed that from the 1st day of October, 1907, until the 30th day of September, 1910, the rate of wages shall be advanced or reduced 2 per cent, for each advance or reduction of Qd. per ton in the average price of the five large coals at the five collieries above mentioned, which has been ascertained now to be 14s. 6%d. per ton. It being a condition that the minimum rate of percentage shall at no period covered by this arrangement come below 27 per cent, at the collieries now paying 35 per cent., and not below 22| per cent, now paying 30 per cent. (c) It is agreed that in the event of legislative interference with the hours of labour the Conciliation Board already existing shall forthwith meet and amend the terms of this Agreement in such manner as may be necessary in order to meet the altered relationship of work and wages. (d) When the employers find it necessary to make an alteration in prices involving either an advance or reduction in wages, they shall call together this Wages Committee, and shall give their reasons for the alteration. If the workmen consider that an advance or reduction in wages is desirable, they shall be at liberty to request that a meeting of the Wages Committee be called at which to state their reasons. ( 3 14 ., ,, 15 3'7 6 2| 93 ,> 2 114 2 10 ,,28 3 24 ,, 18 ., 4'5 ", 12 34 3 04 2 11 ,, 2 7 34 ,,21 ,. 5'0 :S:Jj :: 3 U 30 ,.26 35 21 5 Low MAIN SEAM YARD PRICES. per yd. s. d. 1 10 1 7 Winning headways, 3 yds., double single Holing walls double single 1 54 ^Narrow bords double 1 8 single 1 5| *Nicking in Jenkins or Stooks 94 *Driving Jenkins 05 Siding over in pillars 05 Crosscuts, extra 02 fDouble or lamps in whole, I'M. on round. I Wet Top water, 0'62d. Broken price paid when two pillars are off, big or little. But when two pillars or walls distant from goaf, irrespective of length or breadth, whole price shall be paid. YARD SEAM YARD PRICES. per yd. s. d. Winning headways, 3 yds., double 1 8 single 1 5 Holing walls double 1 7 single 1 5 Siding over in pillars .. .. 05 Nicking in Jenkins or Stooks* 94 Putting First rank of 130 yards, Is. Id. per score ; and Id. per score for each 30 yards, or portion of 30 yards, from centre of station* or flat.* Hewing putters, 4d per yard extra rank. Main coal Lorraine Bank ( ) per ton. Laid out tubs * over 30 Ibs. stone, half of tub lost. Laid out tubs,* over 56 Ibs. stone, whole tub lost. Set out tubs, old pattern, under 8i cwta. new pattern, under 74 cwts. * " Band" is a layer of stone in a bed of coal ; " ramble" is a layer of stone on the top of the coal which comes down when the coal is taken out. "Bord" is the name of the working place of the miners in what is known as the " whole " ; the bords are usually six yards wide, a yardage rate, in addition to the tonnage, being paid for " narrow bords," i.e., bords of less than the recognised width. "Nicking" means cutting vertically. A " Jenkin" is a narrow place driven lengthways into a pillar of coal ; the small portion of coal left in it to support the roof is termed a " stook." A "station" or " flat " is a place to which the " putters " bring their tubs from the coal face (taking them back to the face from this place when required) ; the road from such a place to the shaft is usually high (say 6 ft. more or less), while that from this place to the coal face is low (often from 3 ft. to 4 ft. high, and as low as 30 in.). " Laid out tubs " contain dirt, dross, stone, unsaleable coal, &c. t The prices fixed are for men working singly in bord and wall workings, but when two men are required to work together in a bord or wall they are paid extra ; if safety lamps are required to be used instead of naked lights, the workmen are also paid extra. i When water drips from the roof on to the coal the workmen are paid extra. SPECIMEN PIECE PRICE LISTS. 39 Examples of piece price lists in other coal mining districts are given below : A Yorkshire Colliery. . d. 1. Coal getting, End, Andrew, or Bord on by holing (where practicable) in the soft clunch* or bannocking in the top clod per ton 1 8| Note, The above rate includes (up to and including) 12 inches thick of holing dirt. 2. Allowance for thick dirt. Where the holing dirt averages more than 12 inches thick, %d. per ton to be allowed for each inch in thickness from 12 inches up to and including 18 inches. 3. Grates 33 yards from centre to centre dip side one-third ; rise side, two-thirds. 4. Driving straight work per yard 2 3 5. Rock ripping (including gate packing) Gates 12 feet wide by 3 feet thick 11 10 3 90 ,, 10 ,, 2 6 i. 10 H 4 6 6. Bind ripping (including gate packing) Gates 12 feet wide by 3 feet thick 86 n 10 3 7 10 2 ... ' ... 4 8 10 H 36 7. Ripping by wedging (when ordered) an additional price is paid, canch not to exceed 2 feet thick per yard 1 10 Note, If ripping falls over the specified thickness to be paid for pro ratd with ripping prices. 8. Taking flamper down in straight work, and first time in stalls and packing it at the side per yard 1 9. If trammed away 10 10. Throwing new gates in 10 feet wide, places to be made clear for other men to start in .. ... ... ... each 10 Throwing new gates in 8 feet wide, places to be made clear for other men to start in each 7 6 11. Cheeking per yard 1 12. Dinting 9 feet wide and 1 foot thick in gate roads 13 Tramming and gobbing same ,, 13 13. Packing gates without ripping, and building stones found for them where necessary per yard 1 14. Packing single wall air roads (5 feet between pack and coal) without ripping, and stones found for them where neces- sary ... ., per yard 1 15. Repacking when crushed down by pressure ... 10 16. When banks are fallen in with goaf pressure. If necessary straight work to be driven to win out sufficient bord piece to open out again, but not to exceed 3 yards of bord coal per yard 2 3 17. Colliers working for day wages per day 5 18. Filling water by colliers per tub 3 * Clunch is a bed of fireclay occurring under a coal seam. 40 COAL MINING. 19. A tub road to be dinted along the stall face to enable a fair sized tub of coal to be filled. 20. When the seam is reduced to 3 feet 4 inches and under, dint- ing a tub road along the stall face is to be paid for at the rate of %d. per inch per lineal yard. 21. Dinting second time in stall faces 6 inches to 8 inches thick and 3 feet wide when the coal is above 3 feet 4 inches in thickness ... ...... ......... per yard 3 22. Tramming and gobbing back ripping muck from lip, 1 foot thick and 8 feet wide ............ per yard 1 4 23. Filling all dirt ............... per tub 4 24. Emptying all dirt (if sufficient height) ...... 04 The above rates are subject to district advances and reductions. A Derbyshire Colliery. 1. The price paid for End Coal shall be Is. 5^d. per ton, and for Face Coal, Is. \d. per ton for No. 3 Pit ; and Is. \d. End Coal, and Is. 5%d. for Face Coal in No. 4 Pit during the time that naked lights are in use. All coal to be filled together. 2. That Id. per ton be paid above the shaft prices for steep work. The definition of steep work is to mean a rise of six inches and over per thirty- six inches. 3. That Shaft Price for end and face coal getting shall be as set forth in the Price List dated September 26th, 1890, and shall be considered the getting price when the coal seam is not less than four feet thick. That an additional Id. per ton shall be paid for every three inches less coal seam than four feet. 4. Measurement of Coal Seam. There shall be three measurements made in each stall or working place, one at the gate end certain, and the other two measurements shall be fixed upon by the Officials and stall-men each alternate week. Each measurement to be taken commencing from the floor of the seam upwards, and the mean of the sum of the three said measurements shall be the thickness of the seam, which shall determine the getting price. 5. The undermentioned payments shall be made in addition to the present getting price for coal when the holing dirt in any part of a stall is 2 feet and more than 2 feet thick, viz. : When the holing dirt is 2 ft. ins., Id. per ton to be added. 2 ft. 3 ins., 2d. 2 ft. 6 ins., 3d. 2 ft. 9 ins., 4d. 3 ft. ins., 5d. 3 ft. 3 ins., Q&1. ,, ,, 3 ft. 6 ins., 8d. 3 ft. 9 ins., 9id. 4 ft. ins., lid. And l%d. for every additional 3 inches. 6. Cutting to be allowed for in the following cases, viz.: When a stall is from 6 to 8 yards long, and has two fast ends, 2s. 6d. per yard shall be paid for each cutting. In stalls from 8 to 14 yards long the price shall be Is. 3d. per yard for each cutting ; and in stalls over 14 yards long with two fast ends, one cutting only, to be paid for at Is. 3d. per yard. 7. Any extra price for faulty coal, blisters, or wet work, to be arranged for at the time, with the Manager. 8. Stalls coming in accidentally, but not through the men's negligence, shall be paid for when re-covering, viz. : Is. Gd. per yard on face, and 2s. per yard on end. A stall shall be considered as in when the stall-men cannot work on the front of the seam to perform the necessary work of holing. SPECIMEN PIECE PRICE LISTS. 41 9. Heading shall be paid for at the rate of 5s. Qd. per yard for end, and 5s. for face. 10. Cheeking to be paid for at the rate of Is. 3d. per yard. 11. Id. per ton shall be paid for tramming in gates after the first 50 yards, and ! 50 COAL MINING. the pay which the workmen are to receive, and the amount of the labour which they are expected to perform in return for this remuneration.* Basis Wage and Ascertainment of Yield. AGREEMENT OF MARCH 10, 1:896. It is hereby agreed between the Durham Coal Owners Association and the Durham Cokemen's Association, for the guidance of the Joint Committee in regulating wages That the following shall be the standard rates and qualities : Standard number of 11 ft. ovens per day. Standard number of tons of coke per day. Standard rate per ton of coke. Standard Daily Wage. s. d. Drawers drawing coke on to 3 Hf 5& 4 10* benches. Drawers drawing and carrying-in 2 ?J l\d. 4 6i coke into trucks. Standard Standard tons of rate per coal per ton of day. coal. Drawers loading coals in at the 14 5fd. 4 6 oven door and placing coke on to benches. Standard Standard number rate per of tons ton of of coke coke. per day. Coke fillers 20 9-1-/7 4 2 Standard Standard number race per of lift. 11 ft. ovens oven. per day. Small runners 14 S^d, 4 1 Levellers without daubers... 12 %-d. 3 6 Levellers with daubers 16 2^d. 3 4 Daubers 16 " 1 4 Labourers 2 10 In the case of ovens which are larger or smaller than the standard oven an equivalent shall be allowed. It being understood that these figures apply only under ordinary circum- stances, either party being at liberty to show that the nature of the work or the hours of work are such that the standard should be departed from, and a greater or less amount of work done for the standard wage. Ascertainment of Yield. That for the purpose of correctly ascertaining the average weight of coke produced per oven at any yard, either party may require that the coke be weighed. In such case the coke produced from the whole of the ovens in the yard over three fortnights shall be weighed and a record kept showing the number of ovens drawn during that period and the s In addition to the money wages fixed by these agreements a large number of the workpeople receive fire-coal free of charge. COKE-MAKING AT MINES. 51 total quantity of coke produced over the same period. The men to have liberty to send a man to inspect and take a copy of the weighings of coke as recorded in the weighman's book. This does not prevent but allows the owners and workmen at any cokeyard to make any other arrangement for the ascertainment of the average yield of coke per oven at their particular cokeyard. ***** This Agreement does not supersede Dr. Watson's Awards of Sep- tember 12, 1891, December 7, 1891, and September 21, 1893, but, so far_as it applies thereto, is a mutually agreed definition of the same for the guidance" of the Joint Committee. Ascertainment of Yield and Pay Note. AGREEMENT OF OCTOBER 5, 1898. It is hereby agreed that the agreement of March 10, 1896, be amended by the addition of the following clause under the head of " Ascertainment of Yield " : The Ascertainment may be required by either party without the inter- vention of the Joint Committee, but shall not include days on which ovens are specially loaded for holidays, or other occasions on which the normal conditions of the yard are departed from. The ascertain- ment in all cases to be binding for three months from the date of its conclusion, and no fresh ascertainment shall take place until the expiry of such period. It is further agreed that the cokemen shall be supplied with a Pay Note showing the following particulars, or so many of them as may be applicable to the particular yard concerned : No. of shifts worked. No. of tons (when paid by the ton). No. of ovens (when paid by the oven). Earnings. Per cent, allowances or deductions. Overtime and consideration. Gross earnings. Offtakes. Net earnings. Average Height and Width of Benches, fyc. AGREEMENT OF MAY 29, 1903. It is hereby agreed that, in so far as the term " ordinary circumstances," referred to in the Agreement of March 10, 1896, aod in Dr. Spence Watson's Awards, September 12, 1891, and December 7, 1891, is governed in each yard in the case of fillers by height and width of benches from which they fill, and in the case of small runners by the distances they run and the average gradient of ways on the tops of ovens, tnat for Joint Committee purposes the following measurements shall be accepted as a definition of ordinary circumstances : Average distance run by small runners in the County 124 yards. But the owners shall not be entitled to a reduction nor the cokemen to an advance, in the rates payable in any particular yard if such reduction or advance is being sought on the ground that the dis- tances they run are less or more than the agreed County average, unless it can be shown that such distances are more than 12 yards less or more than 12 yards over the agreed County distar.ce for small runners. Average gradient of ways on tops of ovens in the County 1 in 218 with load. 33311 D 2 52 COAL MINING. Average width of benches in the County from oven door k> edge of bench (not including gullet ovens)... 18 feet 9 inches. But the owners shall not be entitled to a reduction nor the cokeman to an advance, in the rates payable in any particular yard if such reduction or advance is being sought on the ground that the width of benches is less or more than the agreed County average, unless it can be shown that such width is more than 1 foot 9 inches less or more than 1 foot 9 inches over the agreed County width of benches. Average height of benches in the County from rail to edge of bench 4 feet 4 inches. But the owners shall not be entitled to a reduction, nor the cokemen to an advance, in the rates payable in any particular yard if such reduction or advance is being sought on the ground that the height of benches is less or more than the agreed County average, unless it can be shown that such height is more than 4 inches less or more than 4 inches over the agreed County height of benches. Provided always that either side shall be at liberty to bring forward any other conditions which, in its opinion, ought to be taken into consideration in determining whether the work at any particular yard is being performed under ordinary circumstances. Filling Coke into large Trucks. AGREEMENT OF NOVEMBER 24, 1904. It is hereby agreed 1. That for the guidance of Joint Committee in regulating wages, the price to be paid to coke fillers for filling 20-ton trucks without side doors, shall be 3d. per ton under ordinary circumstances, as defined in the Agree- ment of 29th May, 1903, between the two Associations. 2. That the price for filling such trucks from benches other than ordinary shall be regulated in accordance with the provisions of the County Agree- ment, referred to in paragraph 1. AGREEMENT OF JUNE 17, 1905. That the Agreement of 24th November, 1904, shall in future apply to all 20-ton trucks which have been or may be introduced subsequent to the date of that Agreement, and which are of similar dimensions to the 20- or 23-ton trucks belonging to the N.E. Railway Co. AGREEMENT OF APRIL 10, 1906. It is hereby agreed 1. That for the guidance of Joint Committee in regulating wages, the price to be paid to coke fillers for filling 20-ton trucks with side doors, shall be 2|fl per ton under ordinary circumstances, as defined in the Agreement of 29th May, 1903, between the two Associations. 2. That the price for filling such trucks from benches other than ordinary shall be regulated in accordance with the provisions of the County Agreement, referred to in paragraph 1. Gullet Ovens. AGREEMENT OF JUNE 21, 1907. 1. That a gullet oven shall be an oven at which the truck road or a space between the oven and a raised bench intervenes between the front of the oven and the bench. 2. That there shall be paid to drawers in respect of drawing and laying down, or drawing and carrying in, coke from gullet ovens %d. per ton in addition to the prices of bd. and l\d. per ton respectively fixed by Dr. Spence Watson . . . for workmen under ordinary circumstances. COKE-MAKING AT MINES. 53 Bye-Product Ovens. The conditions of employment in relation to the ovens em- ployed in connection with the manufacture of the bye-products produced incidentally to the manufacture of coke are regulated under an award made on June 17, 1908, by Mr. H. F. Manisty, K.C., which is in the following terms : Whereas by an Agreement made between the Durham Goal Owners' Association and the Durham Cokemen's Association it was agreed between the parties as follows : 1. That for the guidance of the Joint Committee in regulating wages it is desirable that standard basis rates and day's works shall be fixed for all classes of workmen employed at bye-product ovens, and the two Associations have determined that, the standard day's works shall be shown below. 2. That should the owners at any cokeyard desire that the number of hours to be worked per shift at such cokeyard shall exceed eight they shall be at liberty to fix such hours, not exceeding ten, as they deem necessary for the working of the yard, and the payment in respect of any variation from the standard number of hours shall be pro ratd less or more than the standard. 3. That should the owners at any cokeyard require that the number of ovens drawn per shift shall exceed the standard number agreed upon as set out below they shall be at liberty to have drawn such number of ovens as they require, and the payment in respect of the ovens drawn over and above the standard shall be in proportion to the increased number. 4. That should the owners not provide the full standard day's work for a workman of any class such workman shall do any other class of work the owners may require in order to complete his shift and he shall be paid not less than the rate of pay of the class to which he belongs. 5. That it shall be left to the umpire to fix the standard basis rate of pay, having regard to the hours and work agreed upon between the owners' and workmen's Associations. And whereas I Herbert Francis Manisty, K.C. was selected and appointed umpire by the said Associations to fix the standard basis rate of pay for the classes of workmen hereinbefore and hereinafter mentioned having regard to the hours and work agreed upon between the said Associations aforesaid as shown below in this my award. And whereas in the course of the proceedings before me at which both sides were represented it was on May 4th, 1908 agreed between the said Associations that as to the basis rate for fillers it was agreed (1) that the rate to be fixed by me should apply under ordinary circumstances, that is to say, to fillers filling coke into barrows wheeling and tipping the same into trucks from benches having the following dimensions : Width, forty-five feet from the door of the oven to the edge of the bench including the projecting plat- form ; height, nine inches at least above the top of the highest truck in general use at the cokeyard. (2) That the rates for filling as defined in Clause 1 from benches other than ordinary shall be fixed by mutual consent or by the Joint Committee due regard being had in each case to the difference between the standard bench and the bench for which the prices are to be fixed. And whereas I have fixed the basis rate for fillers upon the footing of the last mentioned agreement, and whereas in fixing the basis rate for daubers where levellers are employed I have assumed that the levellers do some daubing, but if in fact the levellers do no daubing then such daubers are to be paid at the basis rate fixed by me where levellers are not employed. Now I the said Herbert Francis Manisty having heard the statements and arguments of both sides and subject to the recitals aforesaid make my award and hereby fix the standard basis rate of pay for the classes of workmen employed at bye-product ovens specified below having regard to and for the 54 COAL MINING. hours arid work agreed upon between the owners' and workmen's Associa- tions as aforesaid and which are also shown below as follows : Hours Basis Rate. Class of Workmen. Work per Shift. Shift. Per Ton. Per Shift, d. s. d. 1. Loaders 32 tons of coal per man 8 3 9 2. Levellers on ram side of 13 ovens... 8 3 9 oven. 3. Levellers on discharge side 13 ovens... 8 3 9 4. Coolers or quenchers 13 ovens per set of men 8 3 9 5. Cranemen ... 13 ovens per man 8 3 6 6. Benchmen 13 ovens per man 8 3 1 7. Daubers on ram side where 13 ovens... 8 2 1 levellers are not employed. 8. Daubers on bench side 13 ovens... 8 2 1 where levellers are not employed. 9. Daubers on ram side where 13 ovens... 8 1 10 levellers are employed. 10. Daubers on bench side 13 ovens... 8 1 10 where levellers are em- ployed. 11. Doormen on ram side 13 ovens... 8 3 3 12. Doormen on bench side ... 13 ovens 8 3 3 13. Labourers (at bye-product ... 8* 2 10 ovens only). 14. Fillers 20 tons per man 8 2-80 15. Door washers on ram side ... 8 2 16. Door washers on bench side ... 8 2 17. Hearthmen 13 ovens per man 8 3 2 18. Gas regulators ... 8 4 19. Valve cleaners ... 8 .. 3 8 20. Hydraulic main men ... 8 3 5 21. Stamper men 13 ovens per man 8 3 2 22. Ram enginemen 13 ovens per man 8 3 8 23. Scrubber men ... 8 3 2 24. Sulphate men ... 8 3 4 25. Centrifugal men ... 8 . 3 26. Coke screeners . 8 2 10 27. Tar distilling works men ... 8 3 8 28. Benzol men ... 8 3 4 29. Pug mill menf ... 8 2 3 30. Oil house men ... 8 3 5 * It was agreed between the parties on December 8, 1908, that in the case of labourers the eight hours fixed by this award included some short interval for meals, but that the men should take their food at such times as would not cause interruption of work. t It was agreed between the parties on December 8, 1908, that the wage of 2s. 3d. awarded by Mr. Manisty should apply only to pugmill " youths." the wages of men to be settled by Joint Committee on the merits of each particular case. IRON ORE MINING AND LIMESTONE QUARRYING. Under an agreement made on May 10, 1909, the wages of the workmen engaged in the getting of iron ore or the produc- tion of pig iron (including locomotive men) who are employed by six firms in North Lincolnshire are regulated under a sliding IRON ORE MINING. 55 scale rising and falling according to the price obtained for pig iron. The text of this agreement, which is signed by repre- sentatives of the firms concerned and of their workmen, and by which the wages of about 2,500 men (including some employed by firms not parties to the agreement) are affected, is as follows : North Lincolnshire Iron Mines and Blastfurnaces. TERMS OF AGREEMENT between the Representatives of the following lirms of the one part, viz. : Lord St. Oswald's Ironstone Mines, Appleby Iron Co., Ltd., Frodingham Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., North Lincolnshire Iron Co., Ltd., Redbourn Hill Iron and Coal Co., Ltd., Trent Iron Co., Ltd., and the classes of workmen employed at their respective works, engaged in the getting of iron ore, or the production of pig iron, including loco- motive men. Whereby it is agreed as follows : 1. The wages of the workmen shall be regulated by a sliding scale, to come into operation on the seventeenth day of May, 1909, and continue in force until determined by either party giving to the other six calendar months' notice, which notice may be given on or after, but not before, the expiration of four years from the date of the sliding scale coming into operation. 2. The sliding scale shall be based on the average net amount per ton realised at the works of the above-mentioned firms for No. 3 Lincolnshire Pig Iron, the method by which wages rise or fall being set forth in para- graph 5 of this Agreement. 3. For the purpose of this Agreement the present rate of wages (exclusive of bonus) shall be treated as the basis or standard rate of wages, and appli- cable to 45s., being the average net amount per ton realised at Makers' Works for No. 3 Lincolnshire Pig Iron, and this price shall regulate the wages for the months of May, June, and July, 1909. 4. Thereafter, in the course of the months of July, October, January, and April in each year during the currency of this Agreement, a public account- ant (who shall be nominated by the Board of Trade and shall be pledged to secrecy) shall examine the books of the aforesaid firms, and certify what was the average net amount per ton realised at Makers' Works for No. 3 Lincoln- shire Pig Iron, as per paragraph 2, delivered during the previous quarter, which certified figure shall govern the wages to be paid during the three months following that in which it is ascertained and certified. That the accountant's ascertainment shall be made as follows : Average net amount per ton realised at Makers' Works for No. 3 Lincolnshire Pig Iron for months of Ascertained and certified by the Accountant during month of Shall govern wages to be paid during the months of April, May and June, 1909 July, August and Septem- ber, 1909. October, November and December, 1909. January, February and March, 1910. July, 1909. October, 1909. January. 1910. April, 1910. August, September and ()c* tober, 1909. November and December, 1909, and January, 1910. February, March and April, 1910. May, June and July, 1910. and so on during the continuance of the Agreement. 56 MINING AND QTJAURYING. 5. The Sliding Scale shall be constructed in the following manner : The wages shall be increased or decreased above or below the basis or standard rate of wages according as to whether the average net amount per ton realised at Makers' Works for No. 3 Lincolnshire Pig Iron as certified by the accountant shall be more or less than 45s. per ton, such increase or decrease in wages being calculated at the rate of one and a quarter per cent, of such standard or basis for each Is. per ton of such excess or deficit in the said amount above or below 45s. per ton. 6. The changes in the wages shall take effect on and from 6 a.m. on the first Sunday in the months of May, August, November, or February, as the case may be, following the month in which it is prescribed that the accountant's ascertainment shall be made. 7. During the currency of this Agreement no alteration shall be made in the terms and conditions of employment on which work is resumed at any of the works of the employers who are parties hereto, unless such alteration is sought by either side on the ground of the working conditions or working appliances having changed since the date of this Agreement, so as to sub- stantially affect the facilities for working. Any questions arising under this clause shall" be first discussed between the employers and workmen at the works where the question arises, and if not so settled by mutual agreement shall be settled under Clause 11. 8. In addition to the wages as before defined, the classes of men now receiving bonus will be entitled to receive bonus at the various works according to the following scale : The Appleby Iron Co., Ltd., in respect of each furnace, when the total production of such furnace exceeds 450 tons per week. The Frodingham Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., in respect of Furnaces Nos. 2 and 3, when the average production of the two furnaces exceeds 530 tons per week per furnace, and in respect of No. 4 when the production exceeds 1,010 tons per week. The North Lincolnshire Iron Co., Ltd., in respect of each furnace, when the total production exceeds 588 tons per week per furnace. The Redbourn Hill Iron Co., Ltd., in respect of No. 1 Furnace, when the total production exceeds 410 tons per week, and in respect of No. 2 Furnace, 500 tons per week. The Trent Iron Co., Ltd., in respect of each furnace, when the total production exceeds 340 tons per furnace per week. The bonus shall be at the rate of \d. per ton on the excess over these amounts for each man per week, and shall be calculated in the same manner as hitherto at the various works. 9. Neither the men nor the employers will make any difference in treat- ment, or make any inquiries as to whether men employed are members of any Trades Union or not, but that they will work amicably together, and no interference in any shape or form will be attempted by masters or men on account of any man being a Trades Unionist or not being a Trades Unionist. 10. There shall be no lock-out or strike either by employers or workmen during the continuance of this Agreement in respect of any matters included in this Agreement. 11. In the event of any difference arising in connection with this Agree- ment, or as to the interpretation of any of the clauses thereof, which shall not be settled under Clause 7, the same shall be submitted to a Committee composed of not more than six employers or managers, one from each works, and not more than six workmen, one employed at each works, who, if they cannot agree, shall appoint an arbitrator, whose decision shall be final and binding on both parties. If the parties cannot agree upon an arbitrator, he shall be appointed by the Board of Trade. In any pro- ceedings before such Committee or arbitrator either side may be assisted by a secretary appointed by the representatives of such side but no such secretary shall have any right of voting. On February 6, 1910, an advance of \\ per cent, took place in the wages regulated by this sliding scale and on August 8, 1910, an advance of 2^ per cent. IRON ORE QUARRIES. 57 Lincolnshire and Leicestershire Iron Ore Quarries. The conditions of employment of the workmen employed in ironstone getting by the Stanton Iron Works Company, Limited, at their quarries at Woolsthorpe, Harston, Wartnaby, and Hoi well (about 300 in number) are regulated under a Board of Conciliation formed in October, 1907. The rules of this Board (see Second Report on Conciliation and Arbitration Boards Cd. 5346 of 1910, pp. 141-145) state that its object is to determine from time to time the general rise or fall in the rates of wages as from November 1, 1907, at the quarries above-named, and such other quarries as, with the consent of the Board, may desire to come within its jurisdiction. It is provided that wages shall be governed by a sliding scale so as to vary with the price of pig iron, but that any changes in wages made by the Board must be within the following limits, viz., the rate of wages shall not be below 10 per cent, less than the rate of wages obtaining at the date of the formation of the Board, nor more than 10 per cent, above such rate, and no alteration in the rate of wages less than 2-J per cent, shall be made at any one time. Subject to this limitation, the basis, upon which changes in wage rates shall take place, is as follows : Selling Price and Rate of Wages. The Board agrees that 2 per cent, advance or reduction in wages shall be the equivalent for each 2s. increase or decrease in the ascertained average selling price of pig iron. Audit. A chartered accountant shall be mutually chosen by both parties, and he shall have access to the Pig Iron Sales Books of the owners when an audit is required. An audit shall be made at the request of either party, but not more frequently than every three months, and it shall cover the sales for three months previous to the date of the request for the audit. SCALE. When the ascertained Price Pig Iron is: s. d. 46 7 or below. 8. up to 48 50 52 54 56 of Above 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 58 60 The Rate of Wages paid will be : Basis. per cent. 10 MI 15 m 20 Since the establishment of this sliding scale the following fluctuations in wages have taken place under its operation : In November, 1907, an increase of 2 per cent. ; in May, 1908, a reduction of 2^ per cent. ; in August, 1908, a reduction of 5 per cent. ; in November, 1908, a reduction of 2^ per cent. ; in February, 1909, a reduction of 2^ per cent. ; in August, 1910, an increase of 2-jr per cent., leaving wages 7J per cent., less than the rate of wages obtaining at the date of the formation of the Board. MINING AND QUARRYING. Stainton Limestone Quarries. On pp. 71, 72, of this Report a short account is given of the principle upon which the sliding scale in operation as between the Barrow Haematite Steel Company, Limited, and their steel workers is based. The same employers have also a sliding scale mutually agreed to between themselves and the workmen engaged in their limestone quarries. The text of the sliding scale agree- ment made on August 11, 1892, is given in full at pp. 17-19 of the Report on Standard Piece Rates of 1900 (Cd. 144 of 1900); that agreement expired on June 20, 1908, and on the same day a new agreement was entered into. This was replaced by a further agreement entered into on June 4, 1910, which regulates the wages of about 60 workpeople, and which is similar in most respects to the agreements of 1892 and 1908, except with respect to the sliding scale, which is now as follows : When the Net Average Selling price of pig iron delivered by the B. H. S. Co., Ltd., into trucks at Barrow as shown by the Company's books There shall be paid the rates given below for getting and loading the lime- stone into wagons. *. d. s. (I. d. Reaches 50 but does not exceed 51 3... 9 '25 per ton. 51 3 52 6 9-38 52 6 53 9 9-51 ;, 53 9 55 ... ... 9-64 55 56 3 ... ... 9-77 56 3 57 6 ... ... 9-90 57 6 58 9 ... ... 10-03 58 9 , 60 ... ... io-i6 :. 60 j 61 3 ... ... 10-29 61 3 . 62 6 ... ... 10-42 62 6 > 63 9 ... 10-55 63 9 65 ... 10-68 65 > 66 3 M 10-81 66 3 67 6 10-94 67 6 P 68 9 11-07 68 9 i 70 ... M 11-20 70 72 .. .. .. 11-30 ,, 72 74 V. M 11-40 74 76 .. p< 11-50 , 76 , 78 11-60 , 78 80 B< ,; 11-70 80 82 .. ,. 11-80 , 82 84 .. .. M 11-90 84 86 M 12-00 86 ., 88 .. ,, 12-10 88 M 90 .. 12-20 Apart from the automatic adjustment of rates of wages by means of sliding scales, it should be noted that in the Cleveland, Cumberland, and Weardale districts provision is made for the settlement of wages questions affecting workmen engaged in iron ore mining and in limestone quarrying through permanent LIMESTONE QUARRIES. 59 Boards of Conciliation, whose rules provide for the reference to arbitration of matters as to which no agreement is reached by the Board.* The wages received by quarry men are in some cases time- wages, and in others piece-wages. As an example of an agreement between employers of lime- stone quarrymen and their workpeople may be cited the agree- ment (under which, as will be seen, the men receive time-wages r coupled with an arrangement that an " allotted day's work " shall be done in return for these wages) entered into on April 8, 1907, between the representative of the owners of certain lime- stone quarries in South Wales and the district secretary of the Grasworkers and General Labourers' Union, on behalf of the men employed at those quarries. In May, 1909, a dispute having arisen between these quarry owners and their workpeople as to the rate of wages to be paid, the parties made joint application to the Board of Trade for the appointment of an arbitrator, and on May 24, Mr. Ralph V. Bankes, the arbitrator appointed by the Board of Trade, issued his award, deciding that no change should be made in the existing rate of wages. This award, which, by consent, was to remain in force until March 31, 1910, still remains in operation unaltered. The terms of this agreement are as follows : Limestone Quarrymen in South Wales. It is agreed that : (1.) The working hours shall be as under Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, From 7.0 a.m. to 9.0 a.m 9.30 a.m. 1.0 p.m. 2.0 p.m. 5.30 p.m. and Saturday 7.0 a.m. 9.0 a.m. 9.30 a.m. 2.0 p.m. (2.) Men can only start work at the times stated in Clause 1, unless other- wise arranged with the foreman. (3.) There must be no interference with the management during working hours, but any grievances or complaints must be submitted by a committee of the men, or the official representative of the Union, to the firm. All reasonable orders of the foreman must be obeyed, and punctuality strictly observed. (4.) The wages shall be increased by Is. 6d. per week, or 3d. per day, to men earning 1 per week and upwards. The maximum for competent quarrymen to be 28s. 6rf. per week. The advance will only apply to men quarrying stone, and men employed on the crusher. Boys' wages to be arranged as hitherto. (5.) A week's notice shall be given on either side, before men leave or numbers are reduced, but any man guilty of misconduct may be dismissed without notice. (6.) Provided their allotted day's work has been done, men may go home if the day is wet. (7.) If any alterations in the terms of this agreement are desired by either side, six months' notice in writing must be given, to terminate on 31st March in any year. * The rules of several of these Boards are printed in the Second Report on Conciliation and Arbitration Boards, Cd. 5346 of 1910. 60 MINING AND QUARRYING . SETT-MAKING. The bulk of the agreements in relation to sett-making are piecework lists arranged periodically between the individual employers and the Settmakers' Union on behalf of the employees of each firm ; and as all these agreements are of a similar character, the one given below will serve to illustrate the whole system. The agreements usually cover a period of 12 months, the one quoted relating to the 12 months from March 1, 1910, to February 28, 1911. It will be noticed that the prices per ton for setts increase as the size of the setts diminishes, the time occupied in making a ton of the smaller sizes being, of necessity, more than that required for the larger sizes. BILL OF PRICES FOR DALBEATTIE. We, the undersigned firm of Quarrying Contractors, agree to pay for making the under-mentioned sizes of setts, at the prices quoted below, from the 1st March, 1910, till the 28th February, 1911, and also, to comply to the following clauses and articles : CLAUSE 1 . To be paid at the rate of Sd. per hour when working day work. CLAUSE 2. Two shillings and threepence per ton additional to be paid on the under-mentioned prices when sett-makers are required to cut their own stone. CLAUSE 3. Standard weight to be given on all setts weighed. CLAUSE 4. If confined to one size of setts for over one day at a time, ninepence per ton additional to the under-mentioned prices to be paid. CLAUSE 5. Setts of special length to be paid at the following rates six to eight inches in length, sixpence per ton additional, and from five to seven inches in length, one shilling per ton additional to the under- mentioned prices. CLAUSE 6. Any member of the Branch leaving a job must give at least two days' notice to have his setts weighed up (if he has any), or put them in charge of a responsible person said person to be satisfactory to employer. Employers, when discharging men, must give same notice. In either case, at the expiry of notice, men must be paid their wages in full. But in the event of a number of men desiring to leave together, a reasonable time to be allowed for weighing out their setts. Men when leaving must take their tools to the smithy and have them checked off. CLAUSE 7. That there be a regular pay every fortnight. CLAUSE 8. Sett-makers to be kept well supplied with stone and sharp tools. New tools to be supplied through the sett inspector. CLAUSE 9. That one-quarter of an inch deviation to be allowed over and under the thickness and depth of the under-mentioned sizes of setts. SETT-MAKING. 61 CLAUSE 10. Any sett, on which one -quarter of an inch deviation over and under the thickness and depth is not allowed, shall be considered a special sett, and a price fixed as soon as possible for making said sett or any other sett not herein specified. Size of Sett. Price per ton. Size of Sett. Price per ton. Size of Sett. Price per ton. s. d. *. d. s.~d.~ 3 by 6 8 9 4 by 4 by 6 8 9 4 by 6 7 3 5 9 3 (Peg Tops.) 4 7 6 6 3* 6 7 6 4 by 4 by 6 9 3 5 7 7 3 7 7 9 (Long Fours.) 6 6 by 6 . . 6 9 Randoms 7 4 by 5 7 3 5 5 5 . . 8 4 by 4 by 4 10 5 by 5 by 7 7 6 (Peg Tops.) CLAUSE 11. Sett-makers to observe regular quarry hours, from 7 a.m. till 5 p.m., with the usual interval for dinner, and from 7 a.m. till 12 a.m. on Saturdays. Six weeks' notice to be given in writing by either party before the expiry of agreement if a change is contemplated, and the character and extent of all proposed alterations to be distinctly specified in said notice. 62 IRON AND STEEL TRADES. METAL, ENGINEERING, AND SHIPBUILDING TRADES. IRON AND STEEL TRADES. Cleveland District Blastfurnacemen. The first sliding scale regulating the wages of blastfurnacemen in Cleveland was adopted in 1879. The agreement of 1891, published in full in the Standard Piece Rate Section of the 1893 Report on Changes in Wages and Hours of Labour, was termi- nated at the end of September, 1894, a new agreement being entered into on October 8, 1895. That scale was terminated in June, 1897. The last agreement the eighth was entered into on December 7, 1897, the- scale being the same as those of 1891 and 1895. The arrangement made under the Cleveland sliding scales is that certain percentage additions or deductions shall be made on the " standard " rates of wages, corresponding to changes in the net average selling price of "No. 3 Cleveland pig iron." These wages are of different 'types ; to quote the statement of the Secretary of the Cleveland Iron Masters' Association, " The blastfurnacemen do not work, as a rule, under piece prices. Some work by day, some by week, and some in part under day wages and in part under what may be called piece prices namely, under a bonus according to the production of furnaces." The agreement provides for the ascertainment once in three months by accountants, one of whom is chosen and paid by the iron- masters and another by the blastfurnacemen, of the net average invoice price of No. 3 Cleveland pig iron during the preceding three months from the books of seven specified firms. The ascertainment is to be made as early as practicable in the months of January, April, July, and October respectively, and the consequent change of wages, if any, takes effect at once, and lasts for three months. The " standard " rate of wages is taken to correspond to a selling price of 34s. and not exceeding 34s. 2*40d. a ton. The additions and deductions, except as to certain portions of the scale (see portion bracketed), are made at the rate of 0*25 per cent, on standard wages for a change in price of 2'40e?. per ton ; or 1*25 per cent, on standard wages for a change of Is. per ton in price. The terms of the agreement are as follows : Agreement entered into December 7th, 1897, between the Cleveland Iron Masters' Association of the one part, and the representatives of the blast- furnacemen employed at the Associated Works of the other part. The wages of all classes of men working blastfurnace shifts shall, from the 31st December, 1897, till the agreement be determined by either party giving to the other three calendar months' notice which, however, may not be given before the 30th September, 1900 be regulated by the following sliding scale : CLEVELAND BLASTFURNACEMEN. 63 SLIDING SCALE regulating WAGES of CLEVELAND BLASTFURNACEMEN. When the Net average Selling Price, ascertained in the manner herein- after defined, of No. 3 Cleveland Pig Iron has reached But has not reached There shall be made the following Additions to, or Deductions from, the Standard Rates and Wages. s. d. s. d. Deductions from Standard 29 29 2-40 6-25 per cent. 29 2-40 29 4-80 6-00 ., 29 4-80 29 7-20 5-75 2!) 7-20 29 9-60 5-50 29 9-150 30 5-25 30 30 2-40 5-00 ,, 30 2-40 30 4-80 4-75 30 4-80 30 7-20 4-50 30 7-20 30 9-60 4-25 30 9-60 31 4-00 31 31 2-40 3-75 31 2-40 31 4-80 3-50 31 4-80 31 7-20 3-25 31 7'20 31 9-60 3-00 31 9-60 32 2-75 32 32 2-40 2-50 32 2-40 32 4-80 2-25 32 4-80 32 7-20 2-00 , 32 7-20 32 9-60 1-75 32 9-60 33 1-50 , 33 33 2-40 1-25 33 2-40 33 4-80 1-00 , 33 4-80 33 7-20 0-75 , 33 7-20 3H 9-CO 0-50 , 33 9-60 34 0-25 34 34 2-40 Standard. Additions to Standard. 34 2-40 34 4-80 0-25 per cent. 34 4-80 34 7-20 0-50 34 7-20 34 9-60 0-75 34 9-60 35 1-00 35 35 2-40 1-25 * 36 36 2-40 2-50 * 37 37 2-40 3-75 * * 38 38 2-40 5-00 * * 39 39 2-40 025 39 2-40 39 4-80 6-50 39 4-80 39 7-20 6-75 39 7-20 39 9-60 7-00 39 9-60 40 7-25 f40 40 1-20 7-50 40 1-20 40 2-40 7-75 40 2-40 40 3-60 8-00 40 3-60 40 4-80 8-25 40 4-80 40 6 8-50 40 6 40 7-20 8-75 40 7-20 40 8-40 9-00 40 8-40 40 9-60 9-25 , 40 9-60 40 10-80 9-50 1 40 10-80 41 9-75 i 41 41 1-20 10-00 , 41 1-20 41 2-40 10'25 , 41 2-40 41 3-60 10-50 41 3-60 41 4-80 10-75 , 41 4-80 41 6 11-00 , 41 6 41 7-20 11-25 41 7-20 41 8-40 11-50 41 8-40 41 9-GO 11-75 41 9-60 41 10-80 12-00 41 10-80 42 12-25 42 42 2-40 12-50 42 2-40 42 4-80 12-75 42 4-80 42 7-20 13-00 64 IRON AND STEEL TRADES. When the Net average Selling Price, ascertained in the manner herein- after defined, of No. 3 Cleveland Pig Iron has reached But has not reached There shall be made the following Additions to, or Deductions from, the Standard Rates and Wages. s. d. 42 7-20 42 9-60 43 _0 44 s. d. 42 9-60 43 43 2-40 # 44 2-40 Additions to Standard. 13-25 per cent. 13-50 13-75 ^ 15 '* " 45 45 2-40 # 16 ' 25 * " 46 $ 46 ^ 2-40 17-50 f 47 47 2-40 18-75 48 * 48 2-40 20-00 ., 49 * 50 51 * 52 49 2-40 50 2-40 51 2-40 52 2-40 # 21-25^ 22-50^ 23 ' 75 * 25-00* 53 * 54 * 55 * 53 2-40 54 2-40 55 2-40 26-25* 27-50* 28 ' 75 1 " 56 57 56 2-40 * 57 2-40 30-00 31-25 58 58 2-40 32-50 59 * 59 2-40 33-75 60 60 2-40 35-00 And so on in either direction in the same ratio. The first ascertainment of price shall be for the three months of October, November and December, 1897. Such ascertainment to take place as early as possible in January, 1898, and to regulate wages for January, February and March, 1898. And so on every three months. The changes in the wages shall take effect as soon in the months of January, April, July or October (as the case may be), as the time of ascertaining the price will reasonably admit of, but not later than the 7th of the month. The net average selling price of No 3 Cleveland pig iron shall be confi- dentially ascertained by two properly accredited and certificated accountants, one chosen by the ironmasters and the other by the blastfurnacemen and at their respective charges, with whom there shall be associated any accountant who may be appointed by the North-Eastern Railway Company.* Such price shall be ascertained from the books of the following firms : Messrs. Bolckow, Vaughan & Co., Limited ; Messrs. Bell Brothers, Limited ; Messrs. Cochrane & Co., Limited ; Cargo Fleet Iron Co., Limited : Messrs. Wilsons, Pease & Co. ; Sir B. Samuelson & Co., Limited ; and Edward Williams. The price shall be the actual net average invoice price at the works for each period of ascertainment. Should any dispute arise as to the carrying out of any of these arrange- ments or as to the rates of wages at particular works, the question in differ- ence shall be submitted to the decision of a committee comprising not more than six ironmasters and not more than six blastfurnacemen, who, if they cannot agree, shall appoint an umpire to settle the matter, but no alteration * The reason why provision is made for the North-Eastern Railway accountants to be associated with those appointed by the parties to this agreement is (as is explained by the Secretary of the Cleveland Ironmasters' Association) '' because railway rates on iromnaking materials are regulated by a scale," CLEVELAND BLASTFURNACEMEN. 65 shall, during the currency of this agreement, be made in the rates now pre- vailing at any of the works of the ironmasters parties hereto, unless such alteration is sought on the ground of the working conditions or the working appliances having changed. If for any reason either party to this Agreement desire to omit any of the firms above-named, or to add thereto, the matter shall, in case of difference, be referred to the said committee. It is agreed that 3s. per day shall be the minimum rate of wages for any workman employed to take blastfurnace shifts, and it is understood that this clause applies to spare furnacemen only. Under the scales the following fluctuations have taken place in the wages of Cleveland blastfurnacemen from 1880 onwards : Year. Fluctuations of Wages on Standard of 1879 during Jan. March. April June. July Sept. Oct. Dec. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 1880 10-00 above (1) 10-00 above 10-00 above 7-50 above. 1881 7-50 7-50 5-00 2-50 1882 12-50 .. (1) 12-50 (2) 12-50 13-75 1883 13-75 13-75 10-00 ., 7-50 1884 7-50 ., (3) 3-75 3-75 3-75 1885 2-50 ; ; 1-25 ., 1-25 (4) 1-25 below (4). 1886 1887 1-25 below (4) Standard (5) 6-25 below (4) Standard (6) 6-25 below (4) 0-25 above (7) 6-25 (4). Standard. 1888 1-75 below 2-50 below 2-50 below 2-25 below. 1889 1-00 0-25 | 1-00 above 5-00 (8) i 6-25 above. 1890 16-00 above 25-00 above 18-25 (4) 18-25 (4) 1891 18-25 (4) 13-75 7-25 7-00 1892 6-00 5-00 6-00 6-25 1893 4-25 ,, 1-25 0-25 0-25 1894 0-25 1-00 1-75 1-25 (4). 1895 1-25 (4) 1-25 (4) 1-26 (4) 5-00 (9). 1896 3-00 4-00 4-50 4-00 1897 5-00 " 6-50 6-50 (4) 7-25 (4). 1898 9-50 8-75 8-00 8-00 1899 13-00 16-00 19-75 28-75 1900 40-00 43-25 45-50 46-75 ., 1901 44-50 23-50 18-75 17-25 , 1902 16-00 15-00 17-00 20-00 . 1903 22-00 19-00 20-25 18-00 ', 1904 15-00 12-75 13-75 13-00 , 1905 14-00 16-75 18-75 17-50 , 1900 19-25 22-75 23-50 23-25 , 1907 26-50 28-75 30-50 31-50 1908 27-75 ;; 22-75 23-75 22-25 1909 21-50 21-00 19-25 20-25 1910 21-75 23-00 23-75 (1) Includes a special advance of 7'50 per cent. (2) 2-50 () v , v 5-25 (4) h o scale in operation. (5) Includes a special advance of 4'75 per cent. (6) 2-50 (7) 1-25 (8) A special addition of 4 per cant, was made for last two months of third quarter. (9) Includes a special advance of 3-75 per cent. From the commencement of 1896 to the end of 1897 the number of operatives affected by these changes was reported as 5,000, and from the beginning of 1898 as 5,500. West Cumberland Blastfurnacemen. Wages of blastfurnacemen in this district have been regulated by sliding scale since August 6, 1889, the principle being 33311 E 66 IRON AND STEEL TRADES. practically the same as that adopted in the Cleveland agreement. The scale, dated September 9, 1898, extracts from which are given in the Report on Standard Piece Rates and Sliding Scales of 1900, was altered in 1902, and that which is now in operation is embodied in an agreement providing for the appointment of a Joint Committee for the regulation of all matters affecting the relations of employers and employed made between the West Cumberland Iron Masters' Association and the Representatives of the blastfurnacemen employed at the Associated Works on April 23, 1903.* This scale differs from that of 1898 in this respect that under the earlier scale wages rose or fell in a uniform ratio with prices by per cent, (for every rise or fall of 2'4:d.) in all cases, while under the new scale the rise or fall is, when the selling price is between 505. and 52s., and again, when the price is between 60s. and 62s., by J, instead of per cent. The terms of this agreement are as follows : The wages of all classes of men working blastfurnace shifts shall, as from the 8th of October, 1902, till the Agreement be determined by either party giving to the other three calendar months' notice which, however, may not be given before the 30th June, 1903 be regulated by the following sliding scale : When the Net Average There shall be made the Selling Price, ascertained in the manner herein- following Additions to, or Deductions from, after defined, of No. 1, No. 2 But has not reached the Rates of Wages and No. 3 Bessemer Cumberland Hematite prevailing immediately prior to the date Warrants has reached of this Agreement. *. d. s. d. Deductions from Standard. 43 43 2'4 1 4 per cent. 43 2-4 43 4-8 1 43 4-8 43 7-2 f " 43 7-2 43 9-6 i 43 9-6 44 I !! 44 Standard Additions to Standard. 44 2-4 44 4-8 \ per cent. 44 4-8 44 7-2 * ., 44 7-2 44 9-6 4 44 9-6 45 1 ., 45 0- 45 2-4 H ;, and so on in either direction in same ratio up to the price of 50s. ; then as under : 50 50 2-4 50 4-8 50 7-2 50 9-6 .. d. 50 2-4 50 4-8 50 7-2 50 9-6 51 7A per cent. " and so on in either direction in same ratio until the price of 52s. 2'4c?. is reached ; then as under : s. d. 8. d. 52 52 2-4 52 4-8 52 2-4 52 4-8 52 7-2 12i per cent. J? ;; 52 7-2 52 9-6 m :; > The rules of this Joint Committee are printed in Second Report on Con- ciliation and Arbitration Boards, Cd. 5346 of 1910, pp. 146-7. WEST CUMBERLAND BLASTFURNACEMEN. 67 and so on until the price of 60s. is reached, when the " double jumps " (rise or fall of |, instead of per cent.) begin, and con- tinue until the price of 62^. 2'4d. is reached, when the rise or fall is again (instead of ^) per cent. The net average selling price in the case of this scale is fixed by taking the daily average price of business done at cash in the Glasgow Market in Cumberland Hematite Warrants, each quarterly average being then ascertained from the daily averages of the three months preceding the quarterly ascertainment. The following fluctuations under the scales regulating wages in this trade have taken place from 1889 onwards : Year. Fluctuations of Wages on Standard of 1889 during Jan. March. April June. July Sept. Oct. Dec. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 1889 1890 1-25 below (1). 32-50 above. 1 '25 below. 30-00 above. 5-00 above (2). 11-25 , 11-25 above. 13-75 , 1891 16-25 7-50 5-00 . (1). 5-00 , 1892 1893 3-75 2-50 1*25 Standard. 5-00 2-50 bel ow (3). 5-00 , 1-25 belc >w (3). 1894 1-25 bel ow(3). jn 1-25 1-25 , 1895 2-50 3-75 below. 2-50 1-25 abo ve. 1896 3-75 ab ve. 3-75 above. 2-50 ab ve. 1-25 , 1897 6-00 5-75 3-50 2-50 , 1898 3-75 11-00 (4). 12-75 15-50 , 1899 20-75 23-75 31-50 42-75 , 1900 44-50 46-50 51-75 51-75 , 1901 40-50 21-25 19-25 21-75 , 1902 20-00 19-25 22-25 24-00 , ( 5 ) 1903 22-25 21-75 20-25 17-50 , 1904 14-25 13'75 14-75 13-00 , 1905 15-00 19-25 18-25 19-25 196 37-25 33-25 30-25 32-00 1907 41-00 42-50 45-75 46 '50 1908 36-75 25-00 23-50 20-25 1909 . 20-50 17-75 18-00 20-75 1910 25-00 31-25 ., 32-75 (1) Standard 45s. (2) 44s. (3) By special arrangement till 1st Sept., afterwards 1-25 per cent, below. (4) Standard 44.s. This includes a special advance of 5 per cent. (5) Kew sliding scale. The number of blastfurnacemen whose wages are regulated by this scale is returned as 1,400. Blastfurnacemen at Barrow-in-Furness, &c. The wages of the blastfurnacemen at Barrow are regulated by a sliding scale, adopted in 1888, which is based on the same ascertainment of prices as the West Cumberland blastfurnace- men's sliding scale. At the beginning of 1895 there were two chief points of difference between the two scales, viz. : (1) the Barrow standard of prices was 44.9. per ton, as against 45s. which was then the basis price under the West Cumberland scale ; and (2) the amount of the additions or deductions to be made at Barrow to or from the standard wages of 1889 was 1 per cent, for each Is. above or below the standard selling price of pig, as against 1 per 3331] B 2 IRON AND STEEL TRADES. cent, for each Is. in the case of the West Cumberland scale, as it was framed at that time. Thus when the selling price of pig was between 42s. and 43s. per ton, and wages in West Cumber- land consequently 3| per cent, below the standard of 1889, wages at Barrow would be 2 per cent, below this standard. In 1895 two important changes took place at Barrow. After a dispute lasting three days (March 4-6), the matter was referred to an arbitrator, who made a reduction in the standard rates of wages. Further, a new arrangement came into force in 1895 by which additions and deductions were thenceforward made at the rate of 1^ per cent, instead of 1 per cent., so that, in the illustration given above, wages at Barrow would, under this new method of calculation, have been 2 J per cent, below the standard, instead of 2 per cent, below. In consequence, however, of modifications made /in the West Cumberland scale in 1898, the standard of selling prices is now the same, viz., 44s. ; the percentage amount of the additions or deductions to or from the standard wages under the Barrow scale has since 1897 been such as to give an advance or reduction of J per cent, for every rise or fall of 2 '4d. in the selling price. The other pig iron manufacturing districts in Cumberland and North Lancashire work under sliding scale arrangements similar to the above, and altogether in these two centres about 2,200 workpeople have their wages regulated in this way. The variations in the rates of wages of blastf urnacemen under the Barrow scale have been as follows : Year. Fluctuations of Wages on Standard (1) during Jan. March. April June. July Sept. Oct. Dec. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 1890 26-00 above ; 24-00 above 9-00 above 11-00 above. 1891 13-00 : 6-00 5-00 5-00 1892 4-00 ' 2-00 .. 5-00 5-00 1893 3-00 i i-oo ;i Standard 1-00 1894 1895 1-00 1-00 below 1-00 2-50 below (2) 1-25 below Standard. 2-50 above. 1896 5-00 above 5-00 above 3-75 above 2-50 1897 .. 7-25 7-00 4-75 3-75 1898 .. 5-00 6-00 7-75 10-50 1899 .. 15-75 18-75 26-50 37-75 1900 39-50 41-50 , 46-75 47-00 1901 .. 37-00 18-75 . 16-75 19-00 1902 .. 18-00 17-25 ; 19-75 21-00 1903 .. 19-50 19-50 , 17-50 15-25 1904 ... . . 11-25 11-25 , 1 2-50 10-50 1905 12-50 16-75 , 15-75 ., 17-00 190(5 32-00 ,. 27-75 . 25-25 27-25 1907 36-75 r 37-50 \ 40-75 ' 4i-5o ;; 1908 31-50 21-25 20-75 17-75 1909 18-00 15-25 15-50 18-00 1910 21-25 26-25 27-75 (1) Standard of 1889 until April 1, 1895, then new (reduced) Standard. (2) New scale. SCOTTISH BLASTFURNACEMEN. 69 Scottish Blastfurnacemen. At a Conference held on April 13, 1900, between the owners of blastfurnaces in Scotland and representatives of the workmen a sliding scale was adjusted and embodied in a Schedule annexed to the Rules of the Board of Conciliation for the Kegulation_of _ Wages in the Pig Iron Trade of -Scotland.* This schedule WILLS in the following terms : " (1) The present rate of furnacemen's wages shall be increased by 5 per cent, on the basis rates as from 1st May, 1900, and the wage so fixed shall remain in force until 1st August, 1900. " (2) Thereafter, and until 1st August, 1901, wages shall be regulated by the average selling price of Scotch pig iron warrants in the G-lasgow Market, and shall rise or fall 5 per cent, on the basis rates for every 4s. 6^. of rise or fall in the price of pig iron as above, the wage fixed in Article No. 1 hereof being understood to be the wage applicable to a selling price of Scotch pig iron warrants over 75s. 8rf., and not over 80s. 2d, per ton, but in no case shall the wages so to be fixed fall below a point 15 per cent, over the basis rates ruling at 1st January, 1899, nor rise above a point 10 per cent, on basis rates over the wage fixed in Article No. 1 hereof, and the labouring wage shall not fall below 3s. per shift for efficient f urnacemen. " (3) The average selling price of Scotch pig iron warrants shall be ascer- tained by two Accountants chosen, one by either party, or by one Accountant chosen mutually, and shall be struck every three months, the ascertained price for each three months to regulate the wages for the succeeding three months. The daily average shall be the mean of the highest and the lowest price paid for the day, and the three months' average shall be the average of the total daily averages for the three months." At a special meeting cf the Board of Conciliation held on January 23, 1907, the sliding scale was altered in the following particulars. While under the former scale the minimum wage (15 per cent, over basis) corresponded with a selling price of over 485. Sd. and not over 53s. 2d. per ton, the new scale provides that this minimum wage shall be paid when the selling price is over 48.?. 8d. and not over 505. lid. The earlier scale pro- vided for steps of 45. 6d. in the selling price, with corresponding rises or falls in wages of 5 per cent, for each such step. The new scale substitutes steps of 25. 3d. in selling price, with corre- sponding fluctuations of 2^ per cent, in wages. In the last place, the method of ascertaining prices has been altered so that the settlement price of Scotch pig iron warrants in the Glasgow Market on each Iron Market day on which there have been no cash transactions in Scotch pig iron warrants shall be taken, in conjunction with the cash prices, as provided for in the previous agreement. The amended scale reads as follows : * The rules of this Board are printed at pp. 151-155 of Second Report on Conciliation and Arbitration Boards, Cd. 5546 of 1910. 70 IRON AND STEEL TRADES. " The Wages Scale shall be as follows, and shall regulate wages as from 1st February, 1907, viz. : When the average price of Scotch Pig Iron Warrants in the Glasgow Market is over 48s. Sd. and not over 50s. lid. 50s. lid. 53s. 2d. 55s. 5d. 57s. Sd. 59s. lid. 62s. 2d. 64s. 5d. 66s. Sd. 68s. lid. 71s. 2d. 73s. 5d. 75s. Sd. 77s. lid. 80s. 2d. 82s. 5d. 84s. Sd. 53s. 2d. 17* 55s. 5d. 20 57s. Sd. 22i 59s. lid. 25 62s. 2d. 27i 64s. 5d. 30 66s. Sd. 32i 68s. lid. 35 71s. 2d. 37i 73s. 5d. 40 75s. Sd. 42 77s. lid. 45 80s. 2d. 47| 82s. 5d. 50 84s. Sd. 52i 55 Wages shall be . 15 per cent, above the basis rates, and is the Minimum Wage, although Pig Iron should fall to a lower price, above the basis rates The following fluctuations have taken place : and is the Maximum Wage, although Pig Iron should rise to a higher price. under the scales of 1900 and 1907 Percentage of Wages above Standard of January 1, 1899, during K jar. Feb. April. May July. Aug. Oct. Nov. Jan. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 1900-1 . 40-00 45-00 35-00 35-00 1901-2 25-00 20-00 20-00 20-00 1902-3 . 15-00 15-00 20-00 20-00 1903-4 20-00 20-00 15-00 15-00 1904-5 15-00 15-00 15-00 15-00 1905-6 . 15-00 20-00 15-00 25-00 1906-7 . 25-00 25-00 20-00 25-00 1907-8 32-50 (1) 30-00 32-50 30-00 1908-9 , 25-00 22-50 22-50 22-50 1909-10 20-00 20-00 20-00 2-2-50 1910-11 22-50 22-50 20-00 (1) New Scale. This sliding scale affects about 3,500 workpeople. In addition to the sliding scales mentioned above, the wages of blastfurnacemen in other districts (Staffordshire, Shropshire and Nottingham), and those of spelter furnacemen at Swansea are also regulated under similar agreements (see List of Sliding Scales in Appendix II., post,, pp. 429-430). The sliding scale in force in the Nottingham district operates in connection with a Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, the rules of which are printed in Second Report on Conciliation and Arbitration Boards, Cd. 5346 of 1910, pp. 148-50. BAKROW-IN-FURNES S . 71 Barrow-in-Furness Steel Workers. A Sliding Scale for the regulation of the wages of the steel workers employed by the Barrow Haematite Steel Co., Limited, was agreed to in November, 1895. It was based on the net aver- age invoice price of good steel rails of 40 pounds per yard and upwards delivered from the works of the company, the standard price being 3 105. per ton, and the standard wages those fixed by the arbitrator, Mr. Jeremiah Head, in the dispute which- occurred in March and April, 1895. To these wages ^ per cent, was added for every Is. advance in prices until rails reached 4 155. per ton, after which 1 per cent, was added for every 1$. advance in prices. Prices were ascertained every two months. Under this scale the following fluctuations in wages have taken place : Percentage Increase (+) or Decrease ( ) on Standard Wages. Date. Change. Date. Change. Date. Change. 1895. Per cent. 1900. Per cent. 1904. Per cent. December ... + 8 February . . + 4 April 5 April (1) .. + 25(1) June li 1896. June 14 August + i April + i August + 8 October ... 4 June... ... + 1 October December ... + H August - 1* December ., + 4 1905. October December ... + 2 1901. February ... AM + ^ 1897. April August October + I February ... April " ... June August October ... 13 6 10 7 10 April June August October December ... ii 4 December ... + I December ... + 4 1906. February ... + 17 1898. 1902. April + 7 February ... j February ... 1 June 1 April 1 April 1 August + 3 June... i June 2 October 3 August + I August + 4 December ... + 5 October + 1 December ... + 3 December ... + H 1903. 1907. February ... 8 1899. February June August | February . . . April June August 2 2 + 1 April June August December ... + 4 + 9 October + 4i October 3 1908. December ... + 12 December ... li February ... 16 April + 3 (1) From April, 1900, to December, 1901, the percentage changes refer to Rail mill- men only, and after the latter date to Rail, Wire, and Hoop millmen only. The sliding scale just described continued in operation until the rail mills at these steel works were temporarily closed in April, 1908 ; and it has now been replaced by new sliding scale agreements dealing separately with the wages of the two classes of workpeople whose wages were regulated by it the wire and hoop millmen and the rail millmen. So far as concerns the wire and hoop millmen, these operatives worked at wages 34 per cent, above standard until May 25, 1908^ 72 IRON AND STEEL TRADES. after which their wages were reg'ulated by an agreement which was signed on June 12, 1908. This agreement, which is to remain in operation until terminated by three months' notice given by either side from any date, provides that, when hoops are selling at 6 Is. per ton, wages are to be 8 per cent, above standard, and these are to be the minimum wages ; wages are to rise \ per cent, for every one shilling advance in the selling price of hoops up to 8, this price corresponding with wages at 27^ per cent, above standard, which is to be the maxi- mum. Prices are to be ascertained every three months. The number of workpeople whose wages are regulated under this scale is 290. When the scale just described came into operation the wages payable under this agreement were 21 per cent, above standard, and since then the following fluctuations have taken place under it: Percentage Increase ( + ) or Decrease ( ) on Standard Wages. Date. Change. July, 1908 Per cent. , 4 October, 1908 - 2 April, 1909 i- \ July, 1909 \ October, 1909 \ With regard to the rail mills, these were re-started in May, 1909, under a special arrangement with the workpeople, by whicli wages were to be 24 per cent, lower than those paid during the short time in April, 1908, when these mills were at work, making wages 10 per cent, above standard on the sliding scale of 1895. These rates of wages continued to be paid until November, 1909, when a new sliding scale, agreed upon between the parties on November 4, 1909, came into operation. Under this scale the rates ruling at the date when this agreement was made are to be taken to be the standard rates, and the basis is a price of 4 per ton for rails, every advance in price of one shilling causing a rise in wages of ^ per cent. The minimum wages are to be 10 per cent, above the standard rates ; the scale has no maxi- mum. As under the old scale, the ascertainments of prices are to take place every two months. This arrangement is to remain in force until terminated by three months' notice from either side. The wages paid at the commencement of the operation of this scale (in November and December, 1909) were 11 per cent, above standard ; in January and February, 1910, wages were 10 \ per cent., in March and April, 1910, 13-J per cent., in May and June 14^ per cent., in July and August 13 per cent., and in September and October 14 per cent, above the standard. The number of the workpeople whose wages are regulated under this scale is 500. THE MIDLANDS. 73 Midlands Iron and Steel Workers. The wages of puddlers, mill and forgemen in this trade and district have for many years past been regulated by a sliding scale which is mutually agreed to by employers and employed, and under which the rate per ton to the workmen is made to bear a certain relation to the selling price of iron, which is ascertained at bi-monthly intervals by selected accountants. The wages of a~ large number of sheet millmen in Wales are also regulated by this scale. It is only necessary here to explain the practical operation of the system, information as to the working of the Joint Com- mittee and Wages Board being contained in other Reports of the Department.* The rule fixing the wage rate per ton provides that " puddlers' " wages shall be 2s. 3d. in excess of Is. for each l sterling per " ton in selling price, and the fractional parts shall be regulated " thus : " From over s. <} d. fi to s. f> d. s. d. 3 5 () 7 6 3 7 (; 10 o 6 10 () 19 6 o 6 19 6 15 9 15 o 17 6 o q 17 6 20 1 Millrnen's and forgemen's wages are advanced or reduced in the following way : " For Is. puddling ... 10 per cent, millmen and forgemen. 9d. .- U Qd. ... 5 3d. ,, ... 2 ,, n The tonnage rates given usually include payment not only for the puddlers, but also for their assistants or " underhands." There appears to be a uniform practice throughout the district of paying puddlers' underhands an average wage of from 4s. to 45. 6d. per " shift," one underhand to each furnace ; but in the mills there is no such uniformity of numbers of under- hands or wages, such depending upon the character of the mill. * See Reports on Strikes and Lock-outs, 1891-1908 ; the rules of this Board are printed at pp. 161-166 of the Second Report on Conciliation and Arbitration Boards, Cd. 5346 of 1910. 74 IRON AND STEEL TRADES. The underhands' wages rise and fall in proportion to the changes in the wages of puddlers under the sliding scale. The following statement received in 1894 from the Secretary of the Wages Board traces the history of the scale : " A sliding scale has been employed from time to time for the regulation of wages in the Midland iron trade. It has been modified in various ways, such as alteration of the basis or of the premium. It has then been discontinued for a time and again revived, usually at the request of the president. Most of the presidents have urged the adoption of a sliding scale. In October, 1889, a new basis altogether was employed, based upon all classes of iron as rolled and delivered from the mills, with the exception of charcoal iron, cold rolled, or that which has been subject to any additional process, and steel sheets, scrap ends, and defective sheets. This being a new departure, of which we had no experience, a leap in the dark was taken when the premium was fixed at Is. 9o5. per ton. It was soon found to be too high, giving a rate of wages in excess of the North of England. The question of premium was then suspended, although the accountants took out figures as usual, and for a time the guiding principle was to fix a rate for puddling, which should give the Midlands Qd. per ton above the North of England rate. In July, 1893, sufficient evidence of the effect of the new basis had been collected, and the scale was made self-acting, with a premium of Is. $d. per ton. The action of this scale runs side by side with that in the North of England with remarkable exactitude, although they are each upon a totally different basis, and it has been suggested that an amalgamation of the two scales should be made, and the basis price for each district should be the average of the two results." The sliding scale adopted in 1889 was, on February 4, 1905, terminated in consequence of a notice served on the operatives in September, 1904. After the termination of the 1889 scale, wages were paid according to the ascertainments made in con- nection with the scale in force in the North of England iron trade (see post, pp. 77-78), 6d. per ton more being paid for puddling than was paid in the North, until a new scale for the Midlands was adopted on June 14, 1906. By this new scale the premium rate was raised to 2s* On May 31, 1908, the Standing Committee of the Wages Board passed a resolution that the scale established and dated June 14, 1906, should be continued for a further period of two years from the ascertainment to be made for July and August, 1908, with an increased premium of 3d. per ton, making the premium 2s. 3d. per ton. The selling price is ascertained every two months by a firm of accountants mutually agreed upon, and at these intervals the wage rate per ton is fixed for the following two mouths. Thus, as an example of how the system operates, the accountants, * By the scale of 1906 the accountants are to receive instructions "to take out the weights and selling price of all classes of iron, as rolled and delivered from the mills, sold and marketed, but excluding any which has been used up in other depart- ments, and all steel, for every two months, commencing with the months of March and April, 1906, as the first bi-monthly period. This ascertainment shall be considered as regulating iron-workers' wages for the months of June and July, 1906 . . . (by June and July is meant Monday, June 4th, to the first Saturday in August). The regulation of wages each two months shall extend to the first Saturday of the following months." THE MIDLANDS. 75 at the time appointed, announce that they find that the net average price obtained during the bi-monthly period has been 5 19s. 4'98d. per ton. Then the wage rate works out thus : Is. per on 5 19s. kd. as per scale, 6s. (since the fractional part 19$. 4f. being between 17 s. 6d. and l gives Is. wages under the scale), plus premium 2s. 3d. = 85. 3d. per ton. The variations of the rate per ton from the end of 1892 on- wards have been as follows : Period during which the Wages stated in Col. 2 were paid. CD Puddlers' Wages per ton. (2.) Period during which the Wages stated in Col. 4 were paid. (3.) Puddlers Wages per ton. (4.) s. d. s. d. Dec. 3, 1892, to April 3, 1893 7 9 April 8 to June 1, 1901 9 6 April 3 to Dec. 2, 1893... 7 6 June 3 to Oct. 5, 1901 9 Dec. 2, 1893, to Feb. 3, 1894 7 9 Oct. 7, 1901, to Oct. 4, 1902 ... 8 6 Feb. 5 to Dec. 1, 1894 ... 7 6 Oct. 6, 1902, to April 2, 1904... 8 9 Dec. 1, 1894, to Dec. 5, 1896 7 3 April 4, 1904, to Feb. 4, 1905 8 6* Dec. 5, 1896, to Aug. 7, 1897 7 6 Feb. 6 to April 1, 1905 8 3 Aug. 7 to Oct. 2, 1897 ... 7 9 April 3, 1905, to Feb. 3, 1906 8 6 Oct. 2, 1897, to Aug. 6, 1898 7 6 Feb. 5 to June 2, 1906 8 9 Aug. 8, 1898, to Feb. 4, 1899 7 9 June 4 to Oct. 6, 1906 9 Of Feb. 6 to April 1, 1899 8 Oct. 8, 1906, to Feb. 2, 1907 ... 8 9 April 1 to Aug. 5, 1899 8 3 Feb. 4 to April 6, 1907 9 Aug. 7 to Oct. 7, 1899 ... 8 6 April 8 to Aug. 3, 1907 9 3 Oct. 9 to Dec. 2, 1899 ... 8 9 Aug. 5, 1907, to April 4, 1908 9 6 Dec. 4, 1899, to Feb. 3, 1900 9 April 6 to June 6, 1908 9 3 Feb. 5 to April 7, 1900 9 9 June 8 to Aug. 1, 1908 9 Apr. 9 to June 2, 1900 10 3 Aug. 3 to Dec. 5J, 1908 8 9 June 4 to Aug. 5, 1900 10 9 Dec. 7, 1908, onwards 8 6 Aug. 6, 1900, to Feb. 2, 1901 11 3 Feb. 4 to April 6, 1901 10 6 * Scale terminated. f New scale. J Premium raised as from October 5. In October, 1895, the accountants would have given a reduc- tion of 3d. per ton in puddlers' wages, but owing to tfce absence on business of leading members of the Board the rate of 7s. 3d. per ton was continued, and in the following quarter the rate was again continued, although the rate showed a reduction of 3d. per ton on the sliding scale. Again in December, 1896, there was a slight deficiency of He?, per ton on selling price necessary to give an advance in wages, but wages were advanced to 7s. 6d. per ton. Similar concessions have been made occasionally since, a guiding principle established many years ago being that South Stafford- shire puddling should always be 6d. per ton above the North of England rate, owing to the difference in the " extras " allowed for puddling in the two districts. The estimated number of iron and steel workers, mainly in the Midlands, but including some 1,600 puddlers, millmen, etc., in Wales, whose wages are now regulated by this scale, is about 21,600, exclusive of some 1,000 blastfurnacemen in South Staffordshire, whose wages, although they are not members of the Midlands Wages Board, are regulated on the same principles as, and advance or recede with, those of the iron and steel workers under the Midlands sliding scale. 76 IRON AND STEEL TRADES. "DAYMEN" IN WELSH SHEET MILLS. It has been mentioned above that the workpeople whose wages are regulated under the Midlands sliding scale include a number of millmen and other workmen in Wales. The arrangements for the remuneration of these operatives cover both the pay of the men in charge of the sheet mills and also the wages of the subordinate workmen who are employed by these principal operatives. The former receive tonnage rates according to a schedule of prices for the different classes of work, agreed to between these operatives and their employers, and adopted by the Midlands Wages Board on July 16, 1891, these basis rates, however, being subject to the fluctuations taking place under the sliding scale. Out of the lump piece prices which they receive, these " tonnage men " remunerate their subordinates under the following " Scale of Wages and Bonuses," which was agreed upon between these operatives and their employers, and came into operation in 1903. WAGES. That the Standard Rates for Daymen's Wages connected with the Sheet Mills of the Welsh Committee shall be as follows : s. d. Breaker-down 6 '" per shift. Catcher 70,, Sealer . 30,, Bar-drawer 6 Doubler 6 Holder-up (where employed) 6 Marker ( ) 4 6 Scrap Lad ... ... 3 These datal rates to be paid at all Mills, irrespective of width of rolls. BONDS. The above rates shall be the Standard net rates up to and including an average earned amount of 4 per shift per Mill over the full pay. For every shilling above the 4 per shift per Mill (excluding roll turning money) one penny per shilling shall be added as bonus to the Standard day-rate of each dayman, except in the case of the Sealer and Scrap Lad, who shall receive one halfpenny per shilling. Fractions of a shilling shall not count for purposes of bonus. The Employers undertake to state on each pay-note the average amount earned per shift over the full pay, so that the amount of bonus to be paid shall be readily seen. It is also agreed that should any tonnage man be found paying more than the rates hereby issued by the Committee, it shall be considered a violation of his contract and of the Committee's decision, for which he shall be discharged from his employment upon evidence of the same. This agreement having been arrived at between the Representatives of the Associated Iron and Steel Workers and the Employers connected with the Welsh Committee, only such daymen as are, or agree to become members of, and subject to the Workmen's Association referred to, and the Welsh Committee of the Midland Iron and Steel Wages Board, shall be entitled to this bonus. NOTE A Supplementary Minute passed July 17th, 1903, fixed ''Catchers'" Wages at 7s. Qd. per shift, and the " Bonus " to come into operation over an average of 4 6s. All other bonuses to operate from 4. NORTH OF ENGLAND. 77 It will be seen that the remuneration of these " daymen " employed by the tonnage-paid operatives in charge of the sheet mills consists in part of a fixed time-wage and in part of a " bonus on output," the amount of which is fixed in proportion to the earnings of each mill (i.e. the lump sum paid for the out- put of the mill), in so far as such earnings may be in excess of certain specified amounts. What those earnings shall be in each case, necessarily depends in part upon the quantity of the output produced per shift, in part upon the basis piece rates for the particular kinds of sheets of which this output happens to be composed, and in part upon the relation between these piece prices and the current rates in accordance with the fluctuations for the time being of the Midlands sliding scale. North of England Iron and Steel Workers. Wages in iron and steel manufacture in the North of England have also, for a very long time past, been regulated on a principle very similar to that of the Midland Iron and Steel Wages Board. There is, however, no signed agreement setting out the scale, any information on the subject being contained in certain resolutions and minutes of the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for the manufactured iron and steel trade of the North of England.* The present scale, under which the wages of 3,000 workpeople (including 460 who are employed in works not affiliated to the North of England Board, but whose wages follow the fluctuations of this scale) are now regulated, dates from 1889. It is termed a scale "of 2s. above shillings for pounds." The meaning of this phrase will be clear after the explanations given with regard to the Midland scale. The tonnage rate of piece-wages for puddlers is 2s., together with Is. for each pound in the average price per ton of the finished iron, as ascertained by the accoun- tants. Thus, if the average price be 5 per ton, the tonnage rate for puddlers is 7s. For each 5s. variation in the average price per ton, puddlers' wages are advanced or reduced by 3d. per ton. The wages of all other forge and mill men are simul- taneously advanced or reduced 2-J per cent. The average selling price of iron is ascertained by an eminent accountant every two months, by an examination of the books of the firms and companies belonging to or associated for this purpose with the Board. It will be seen that (as in the case of the Midland iron and steel trade) the scale provides the means of calculating not only percentage changes of wages, but also the actual piece-rates payable to puddlers. i * The rules of this Board are printed at pp. 156-161 of Second Report on Conciliation and Arbitration Boards, Cd. 5346 of 1910. 78 IRON AND STEEL TRADES. The variations in the rate per ton of puddlers' wages in the district covered by the North of England Board from July 1, 1889, have been as follows : Period. Fuddlers 1 Wages per ton. Period. Puddlers' Wages per ton. July 1 to Dec. 1, 1889 Dec. 2, 1889, to Jan. 26, 1890... Jan. 27 to March 30, 1890 March 31 to June 1, 1890 June 2 to July 27, 1890 July 28 to Sept. 28, 1890 Sept. 29, 1890, to May 31, 1891 June 1 to Sept. 27, 1891 Sept. 28, 1891, to Sept. 25, 1892 Sept. 26, 1892, to March 26, 1893 March 27 to July 30, 1893 ... July 31, 1893, to May 27, 1894 May 28, 1894, to Jan. 27, 1895 Jan. 28, 1895, to Nov. 29, 1896 Nov. 30, 1896, to Jan. 31, 1808 Feb. 1 to March 27, 1898 March 28 to May 29, 1898 May 30, 1898, to Jan. 29, 1899 Jan. 30 to March 26, 1899 March 27 to July 30, 1899 July 31 to Oct. 1, 1899... Oct. 2 to Nov. 26, 1899... Nov. 27, 1899, to Jan. 28, 1900 , Jan. 29 to April 1, 1900 April 2 to May 27, 1900 May 28 to July 29, 1900 8 6 8 9 8 6 8 7 9 7 6 7 3 7 6 9 7 6 9 7 3 7 6 7 9 8 6 9 9 3 9 9 July 30 to Nov. 25, 1900 Nov. 26, 1900, to March 31, 1901. April 1 to May 26, 1901 May 27 to Sept. 29, 1901 Sept. 30, 1901, to March 30, 1902. March 31, 1902, to March 27, 1904. March 28, 1904, to Jan. 29, 1905 Jan. 30 to March 26, 1905 ... March 27, 1905, to Jan. 28, 1906 Jan. 29 to May 27, 1906 May 28 to Sept. 30, 1906 Oct. 1, 1906, to March 31, 1907 April 1 to July 28, 1907 July 29, 1907, to March 29, 1908 March 30 to July 26, 1908 ... July 27 to Nov. 29, 1908 Nov. 30, 1908, to Jan. 31, 1909 Feb. 1 to March 28, 1909 ... March 29 to Aug. 1, 1909 ... Aug. 2, 1909, to Jan. 30, 1910... Jan. 31 to March, 27, 1910 ... March 28 to Sept. 25, 1910 ... Sept. 26, 1910, onwards s. d. 10 10 3 9 6 9 8 6 8 3 8 7 9 8 8 9 9 9 3 9 8 9 8 6 8 9 8 6 8 3 8 6 8 3 8 6 Eston Steel "Workers. The iron and steel workers of this locality, which is the centre of the Cleveland trade, have for some years had their wages regulated by a sliding scale somewhat resembling in principle the South Wales scale (see next page), but presenting certain points of difference. The first scale in operation terminated in Feb- ruary, 1892, after having worked four and a half years. It was re-established, however, on August 1, 1894. Like the South Wales scale, it provides a minimum and a maximum figure, below or above which wages shall not fall or rise ; this allows for a fluctuation of 20 per cent. An ascertained net selling price of 3 10s. per ton represents the basis in comparison with the mini- mum rate of wages. Changes over and above 3 10s. per ton give J per cent, advance on wages for each 6d. advance in price of rails up to 4 10s. per ton. From 4 10s. to 5 per ton J per cent, for each 6d. per ton in advance in rails is given. The same rule applies in reduction. In order to ascertain the selling price an accountant is elected by the firm and another by the workmen. These examine the books every two months, and declare the rates to be paid to workmen, but the prices realised are not published, and are known only to the representatives on each side. This scale regulates the wages of over 1,200 work- men in this locality. SOUTH WALES AND MONMOUTH. 79 The following table shows the percentage of wages above the standard of January, 1887, at the end of each of the under- mentioned years : Year. Percentage above standard. Year. Percentage above standard. 1887 4 i 1898 8? - 1888 1899 19 1889 12i* 1900 20 1890 23 1 * 1901 20 1891 8 1902 20 1892 (51)-}- 1903 17 1893 (2J) 1904 7 1894 Standard f 1905 17 1895 i 1906 20 1896 1- 1907 20 1897 8 4 1908 20 1909 14 1910 (Sept. 30) 20 * Including 4 per cent, special advance. f Sliding scale discontinued February, 1892, renewed August 1, 1894. South Wales and Monmouthshire Blastfurnacemen and Iron and Steel Workers. A new Sliding Scale for the regulation of the wages of blast furnacemen and iron and steel workers employed at the five works affiliated to the South Wales and Monmouthshire Iron and Steel Makers' Association was agreed to on September 1, 1895, and signed by representatives of the associated firms and of the workmen employed by these firms. It was drawn up by a Joint Committee of the signatories, on similar lines to the scale of 1890* (the first in use for workers in this trade in this district), the operations of which extended to one establishment in addition to those comprised in the 1895 agreement. The number of representatives on the Joint Committee, which had previously been limited to 12 (6 from each side), was, in consequence of the reduction in the number of firms taking part in the agreement, reduced to 10 (5 from each side), sanction being given for four additional representatives of the workmen to attend the meetings, though without power to vote. In connection with both the 1890 and 1895 scales, a minimum and a maximum wage was fixed, below or beyond which wages could not extend. In the first scale wages were never to fall below the standard, z>., the rates paid in March, 1889, or to exceed 35 per cent, above this standard. The same conditions applied to the scale of 1895, except that the recognised standard wages were to be those paid in March, 1895. See Minutes of Evidence taken before Group " A " (Mining, Iron, Engineering, Hardware, Shipbuilding, and cognate trades) of the Royal Commission on Labour, (Vol. II.) C. 6795. iv. 80 IRON AND STEEL TRADES. A comparison of the two agreements shows that one of the principal differences is in the selected classes of steel from which the average net selling price is calculated. Under the old scale the basis was the average net selling price of steel rails 40 Ibs. per yard and upwards, and steel tin bars, but under the new one (see Clause 6 below), the price of steel rails 20 Ibs. per yard and upwards, and steel tin bars, is taken as the basis. Another important difference is in the system on which the percentage additions to the standard wages are made. An addition of 1 per cent, was made to wages under the 1890 scale for each l.s'., or fractional part thereof, by which the ascertained average net selling price was in excess of the standard price, viz., 4 5s., so long as this selling price should not exceed 5 11s. But for prices above 5 11s., the further addition was only \ per cent, of the standard wages for each Is., or fractional part thereof, in excess of that amount. As will be seen, this principle is main- tained in the new scale, except that it is more elastic, z.c., advances and decreases of wages come into operation for each change of 6^. in selling prices.* The terms of the agreement in force in this case are as follows : MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT made this 1st day of September, 1895, between the undersigned : [Here follow the names of employers and employed representing five works.] 1. The said parties hereto are herein-after styled the Joint Committee, and the said Committee shall be kept on foot by employers and workmen. 2. The Joint Committee shall have two secretaries, one appointed by the employers, and the other by the workmen. 3. The number of representatives forming the Joint Committee shall not exceed ten representatives, exclusive of the two secretaries, five representatives to act on behalf of the employers, and five on behalf of the workmen ; but, in addition to the before-stated five repre- sentatives of the workmen, four other representatives may attend the meetings of the Joint Committee on behalf of the workmen, but shall have no voting power. In case of a representative ceasing to be employed at any of the above-named works, he shall no longer be a representative of the Joint Committee, and another representative shall be appointed from the works where such vacancy has occurred. 4. Ihe Joint Committee agree that the following conditions shall regulate the rates of wages to be paid at the various iron and steel works, as and from the 1st day of September, 1895. 5. This agreement shall comprise, and apply to, the whole of the members of the said association. G. The wages shall be regulated by a sliding scale, based upon the average net selling price of steel rails 20 Ibs. per yard and upwards, and steel tin bars of all weights, as ascertained from time to time, and certified by the accountants. 7. That the basis on which wages are to be regulated shall be the combined average net selling price on trucks at the above-named works of steel rails weighing 20 Ibs. per yard and upwards, and steel tin bars, invoiced during the three months of the audit. * By an agreement between the parties made on September 25, 1909, which came into operation on January 1, 1910, still greater elasticity has been given to this scale, see note to Clause 8 on p. 81. SOUTH WALES AND MONMOUTH. 81 8. That the standard minimum rate of wages be those paid at the Monmouthshire and South Welsh Works in March, 1895 ; that no reduction of wages be made when the combined average net selling price of steel rails 20 Ibs. per yard and upwards, and steel tin bars is 4 5s. per ton net on trucks at the above-mentioned makers' works, or below, and that the maximum rate of wages be paid when the combined average price of steel rails 20 Ibs. per yard and upwards and steel tin bars is 6 10s. per ton net on trucks at the above-mentioned makers' works, and above, and that wages be advanced or reduced at the above-mentioned works when the combined average prices of rails and bars are from 4 5s. to 5 10s. per ton at the rate of one-half of 1 per cent, for every sixpence* advance or reduction in the combined average net selling price in trucks at the above-mentioned works, and when the combined average prices are from 5 10s. to 6 10s. per ton at the rate of one quarter of 1 per cent, for every sixpence advance or reduction, and that all customs in vogue at the above-mentioned works in March, 1895, remain in force. 9. Rates that have been specially altered, advanced, or reduced since March, 1895, are to remain in force during the existence of this Sliding Scale, but subject to variation under clause 13. 10. General advances and reductions of wages are to be based on the standard rate as provided for in these rules. 11. Rejected rails and rejected tin bars are to be excluded from the audit. 12. Where fishplates are included in an overhead price of rails, the actual weight of fishplates is to be deducted, and an allowance of 1 per ton of fishplates above the price of rails to be allowed in arriving at the average. 13. The wages shall be advanced or reduced at the end of each period of three months by additions or reductions in accordance with the following scale : When the A Selling Price 20 Ibs. per upwards an Bars is iverage Net of Steel Rails Yard and d Steel Tin and under Wages to be at the following Percentage on the Standard. When the 1 Selling Price 20 Ibs. per upwards ar Bars is Lverage Net of Steel Rails Yard and id Steel Tin and under Wages to be at the following Percentage on the Standard. 8. d.f *. d. s. <*.t s. d. 450 456 Standard 4 16 4 16 6 11 456 460 ft 4 16 6 4 17 lift 400 466 1 4 17 4 17 6 12 466 470 H 4 17 6 4 18 12ft 470 476 2 4 18 4 18 6 13 476 480 2ft 4 18 6 4 19 13* 480 486 8- 4 19 4 19 6 14" 486 490 H 4 19 6 500 14A 490 496 4 500 506 15" 496 4 10 *i 506 510 16ft 4 10 4 10 6 5 510 516 16 4 10 6 4 11 6ft 516 520 16^ 4 11 4 11 6 64 520 526 17 411 6 4 12 8ft 526 530 "ft 4 12 4 12 6 7 530 5 3 6 18 4 12 6 4 13 7i 536 540 ISA 4 13 4 13 6 8 540 546 19 4 13 6 4 14 8ft 546 550 19ft 4 14 4 14 6 9" 550 556 20 4 14 6 4 15 9 556 560 20 4 15 4 15 6 10 560 566 21 4 15 6 4 16 I0ft 566 570 Sift * Under the agreement mentioned above (ante, p. 80, note) the words in italics read (in the revised ^ale which is at present in operation) as follows : " One-quarter of 1 per cent, for every threepence." f With respect to the threepenny "jumps " at present in operation when prices are between 4 5s. and 5 10s., see Note * above. 33311 F 82 IRON AND STEEL TRADES. When the Average Net Selling Price of Steel Rails 20 Ibs. per Yard and upwards and Steel Tin Bars is and under Wages to be at the following Percentage on the Standard. When the Average Net Selling Price of Steel Rails 20 Ibs. per Yard and upwards and Steel Tin Bars is and under Wages to be at the following Percentage on the Standard. 1 s. d* .-?. d. a. d. s. d. 570 576 22 5 19 5 19 29i 576 580 221 5 19 6 600 29} 580 586 23 600 606 30 586 590 23i 606 6 1 30* 590 596 24 6 1 6 1 6 80* 596 6 10 24 6 1 6 620 80} 5 10 5 10 6 25 620 626 31 5 10 6 5 11 25* 626 630 31* 5 11 5 11 6 25* 630 636 8lj 5 11 6 5 12 25f 636 640 81} 5 12 5 12 6 26 6 4 646 32 5 12 6 5 13 26* 646 650 32* 5 13 5 13 6 26i 650 656 32^ 5 13 6 5 14 26f 656 660 82} 5 14 5 14 6 27 660 666 33 5 14 6 5 15 27} 666 670 33* 5 15 5 15 6 27* 670 676 884 5 15 6 5 16 27| 676 680 33f 5 16 5 16 6 28 680 686 34 5 16 6 5 17 28* 686 690 34* 5 17 5 17 6 28 690 696 844 5 17 6 5 18 28f 696 6 10 34} 5 18 5 18 6 29 6 10 35 5 18 6 5 19 29* 14. Two accountants shall be appointed, one by the employers and the other by the workmen, to ascertain the net selling price of steel rails 20 Ibs. per yard and upwards and steel tin bars in trucks at makers' works. 15. The first audit shall take place in December, 1895, for the months of September, October, and November preceding, and whatever alterations are shown in the combined average net selling price of steel rails 20 Ibs. per yard and upwards and steel tin bars shall govern the rates of wages to be paid for the three months from the 1st January to the 31st March next. The three months ending the 30th of November shall govern wages from the 1st of January to the 31st of March. The three months ending 28th of February shall govern wages from the 1st of April to the 30th of June. The three months ending the 31st of May shall govern the wages from the 1st of July to the 30th September. The three months ending the 31st of August shall govern the wages from the 1st of October to the 31st December. In order to avoid a division of any one week, the accounts shall be made up to the Saturday nearest to the end of every period, that is, if the last day of the period be on Sunday, Monday, or Tuesday, the accounts shall be made up to the previous Saturday, and if the period end on Wednesday, Thursday, or Friday, the accounts shall be made up to the following Saturday. 16. The accountants shall give a certificate of the combined net average selling price for each of the above periods of three months, such certifi- cates to be forwarded to the joint secretaries, under seal, and afterwards opened in the presence of the Joint Committee. Note if on p. 81, SOUTH WALES AND MONMOUTH. 83 17. The Joint Committee shall decide upon questions arising out of an alleged infringement of this agreement, but no dispute shall be enter- tained or dealt with by the Joint Committee unless the employers and workmen have in each case endeavoured and failed to settle the same. 18. The undersigned, having tbis day been employed as workmen at the several works of the South Wales and Monmouthshire Iron and Steel Makers' Association, hereby authorise and require the employers to deduct from time to time, out of the wages earned by us while so employed, all payments or advances which shall from time to time be made by them for us upon our verbal or written request, in respect of medicine, medical attendance, or the contributions to any friendly or benefit society duly established, or for relief in sickness ; and also the value of any fuel, tools, or implements supplied to us by them ; and also the rent of any tenements occupied by us as tenants, and belonging to them, and other usual stoppages duly authorised. 19. This agreement and scale shall be in force for six months certain from the 1st September, 1895, and either side may give notice to terminate the same iti any complete six months after the 1st of March, 1896. Such notice to be given on the 1st of March, 1896, or the 1st of September, 1896, or on the first day of any succeeding March or September. The total number of the operatives (blastfurnacemen, iron and steel workers, and mechanics) whose wages are now regulated by this scale is about 6,250. No changes occurred under the scale in 1895 or 1896, but in 1897 an advance of 2J per cent, took place. In 1898 again no changes took place, but since that year the following fluctua- tions in wages have taken place : Percentage increase ( + ) or decrease ( ) Date. Change. Date. Change. Date. Change. 1899. Per cent. 1903. Per cent. 1907. Per cent. April + 24 January ... - 4 January ... + 4 July October + 24 + 24 April July + 34 April July + 6 + 2 October -24 October + H 1900. January April July October + 5 + 10 + 6| + 3 1904. January ... April July October ... 2 H ._4" - i 1908. January April July October ... 1 I? | 1901. 1905. 1909. A pril July - 4f 104 January ... October ... 2 + 2 January ... April ' ... + ? October - 7" July i 1906. October ... + I January + H- 1902. April + 2 1910. July October 'J July October ... + 74 + 14 January ... April - H + 3 July + 3* Other Sliding Scales. In addition to the sliding scales mentioned above, the wages of a large number of other workmen engaged in iron and steel manufacture in England and Scotland are regulated under similar arrangements ; a list of these scales will be found in Appendix II., post, p. 429, 430. 33311 F 2 84 IRON AND STEEL TRADES. Scottish Ironworkers. In one of the cases just referred to (the Scottish Manufac- tured Iron Trade), a Conciliation and Arbitration Board is in operation, the rules of which will be found at pp. 169-174 of the Second Report on Conciliation and Arbitration Boards, Cd. 5346 of 1910. This Board regulates, not alone wages, but also other matters in regard to the relations between employers and work- people, and its Standing Committee* framed in April, 1899, a set of bye-laws intended to regulate the engagement by one firm of workmen previously in the service of another firm belonging to the Board, which (as altered in certain particulars by an amend- ment made in January, 1903) are in the following terms : 1. On and after 1st May, 1899, no employer under the Board shall engage any Operative Subscriber to the Board who has been in the employment of any other Member of the Board within the 14 days immediately preceding in the case of a regular Employee, or within 7 days in the case of a Bye-turn- man,f unless such Operative shall at the time of such engagement deliver to such Employer a clearance line from his former Employer, or in the case of a Bye-turnman, a clearance line or permit in the terms hereinafter provided. 2. Any Operative regularly employed in any Works shall be entitled to demand and receive from his Employer a clearance line so soon as his connection with the employment shall have legally terminated, either by expiry of the usual notice on either side, by mutual agreement, or by dismissal. Any Bye-turnman habitually employed at any Works shall be entitled to demand and receive from the employer a clearance line, on giving 7 days' notice in writing previous to any Saturday of his intention to apply for same. It shall, however, be in the option of the Employer to dispense with such notice. 3. The clearance lines to be granted, as hereinbefore provided, shall be signed by the Employer or someone duly authorised to sign them on his behalf. They shall bear the name of the Works, and each line shall state the name of the Employee to whom it is granted, and the date on which he left the employment, but shall contain no further statement. In particular, it shall not state the character of the Employee, nor the reason of his leaving the employment. 4. No employer shall withhold a clearance line on any ground whatever, except that the Operative demanding it is still legally in his employment ; or in the case of a Bye-turnman habitually employed in his Works, on the ground that 7 days' notice, as hereinbefore provided, has not been given by such Bye-turnman of his intention to apply for it. 5. In the event of an Operative (including a Bye-turnman who is habitually employed at any Works) applying for employment at the com- mencement of a shift, and of his services not being required for that particu- lar shift, he shall be entitled to demand and to receive from the Employer a permit stating that the Operative therein named is at liberty to take temporary employment in any other Works. Each permit shall remain in force for the period therein specified, or until the Employer shall again * This Committee is appointed at the Annual Meeting of the Board, at which " The employers shall nominate 12 of their number (not more than one from each firm) exclusive of the President (not more than six of whom shall be entitled to vote or take part in any discussion at any meeting of the Committee), and the operatives six of their number, exclusive of the Vice- President, six to form a quorum." { A " Bye-turnman " is a workman who is not in regular employment, but frequents a Works in the expectation of being employed there temporarily, to take the place of any regular workman, who happens not to come to work- SCOTLAND. 85 require the services of the Operative, who shall keep his Employer informed where he is temporarily employed. Bye-turnmen habitually employed at any Works shall have a preference over those coming with permits. 6. In the case of a permit, the Employer to whom the same is delivered shall only employ the Operative therein named for the shift or shifts to which the same is applicable, and such Employer shall have no power to grant a permit to such Operative. 7. Any clearance lines or permits delivered to an Employer, on the engagement of an Operative, shall be retained by him. 8. After an Employer has granted a clearance line, he shall not re-engage- the Operative to whom the same is granted unless such Operative shall either return the clearance line, or deliver a clearance line from some other Employer. 9. In the event of a clearance line being lost or accidentally destroyed, the Operative shall be entitled to receive a duplicate thereof from his last Employer who granted the same, but unless such Employer is satisfied that the Operative has not subsequently been in any other employment he shall delay issuing such a duplicate for such period as he may think fit, not exceed- ing 14 days after application has been made to him in the case of a regular Employee, and 7 days in the case of a Bye-turnman. The Operatives' Representative at the Works shall be entitled at all times to see an Operative's clearance line or permit. The number of operatives affected by this agreement is about 3,000. Scottish. Steelworkers. In another of the cases referred to (the Manufactured Steel Trade of the West of Scotland), the relations between the employers and important sections of their workpeople are governed by agreements, under which Boards of Conciliation and Arbitration have been established, one of which deals principally with the milling departments, in which 2,750 workpeople are employed, while the other operates in regard to the Steam, Electrical, and Hydraulic Service of the trade, in which 1,750 enginemen, &c., are employed. The rules of the former Board are set forth at pp. 175-180 of the Second Report on Concilia- tion and Arbitration Boards, Cd. 5346 of 1910 ; while those of the latter are, in the main a identical in character. ENGINEERING. General Agreement. The most important among the various Collective Agreements in force in relation to the Engineering Trade is that which was entered into between representatives of the employers and employed on October 1, 1907, and to which the parties are the Engineering Employers' Federation, on the one hand, and the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, the Steam Engine Makers' Society, and the United Machine Workers' Association on the other. The National United Society of Smiths and Hammermen, the Society of Amalgamated Toolmakers, Engineers, and Machinists, the Scientific Instrument Makers' Trade Society, 86 ENGINEERING. and the United Kingdom Society of Amalgamated Smiths and Strikers have since become parties to the agreement. This Agreement constituted a revision of an earlier agreement entered into on January 28, 1898, on the termination of a great dispute in the engineering trade. The terms of the earlier agree- ment will be found at pp. 151-155 of the Tenth (1897) Report on Strikes and Lock-outs ; those of the revised agreement at present in force are as follows : The Federation on the one hand, and the Trade Unions on the other, being convinced that the interests of each will be best served, and the rights of each best maintained, by a mutual agreement, hereby, with a view to avoid friction and stoppage of work, agree as follows : 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OP EMPLOYMENT. The Federated Employers shall not interfere with the proper functions of the Trade Unions, and the Trade Unions shall not interfere with the Employers in the management of their business. 2. EMPLOYMENT OF WORKMEN. Every Employer may belong to the Federation, and every workman may belong to a Trade Union or not, as either of them may think fit. Every Employer may employ any man, and every workman may take employment with any Employer, whether the workman or the Employer belong or not to a Trade Union or to the Federation respectively. The Trade Unions recommend all their Members not to object to work with non- Union workmen, and the Federation recommend all their Members not to object to employ Union workmen on the ground that they are Members of a Trade Union. No workman shall be required, as a condition of employment, to make a declaration as to whether he belongs to a Trade Union or not. 3. PIECEWORK. Employers and their workmen are entitled to work piecework provided : (a) The prices to be paid shall be fixed by mutual arrangement between the Employer and the workman or workmen who perform the work. (6) Each workman's day rate to be guaranteed irrespectively of his piece- work earnings. (c) Overtime and nightshift allowances to be paid in addition to piece- work prices, on the same conditions as already prevail in each workshop for timework. All balances and wages to be paid through the Office. 4. OVERTIME. The Federation and the Trade Unions are agreed that systematic overtime is to be deprecated as a method of production, and that when overtime is necessary the following is mutually recommended as a basis, viz. : That no Union workman shall be required to work more than 32 hours overtime in any four weeks after full shop hours have been worked, allowance being made for time lost through sickness, absence with leave, or enforced idleness. In the following cases overtime is not to be restricted : Breakdown work, repairs, replacements, or alterations for the Employers or their customers ; trial trips and repairs to ships ; urgency and emergency. 5. RATING op SKILLED WORKMEN Employers have the right to employ workmen at rates of wages mutually satisfactory to the Employer and the workman, or workmen, concerned. In fixing the rates of skilled workmen, the Employer shall have regard to the rates prevailing in the district for fully trained and skilled men. GENERAL AGREEMENT. 87 Unions, while disclaiming any right to interfere with the wages of workmen other than their own members, have the right in their collective capacity to arrange the rate of wages at which their Members may accept work. General alterations in the rates of wages in any district shall be negotiated between the Employers' Local Association and the Local Representatives of the Trade Union or Unions concerned. 6. APPRENTICES. There shall be no recognised proportion of apprentices to journeymen, but it shall be open to the Unions to bring forward for discussion the proportion of apprentices generally employed in the whole Federated area. An apprentice shall be afforded facilities for acquiring a practical knowledge of the branch of trade he adopts, and shall be encouraged to obtain a theoretical knowledge thereof as far as circumstances permit. 7. SELECTION, TRAINING, AND EMPLOYMENT OF OPERATIVES AND MANNING OF MACHINE TOOLS. Employers have the right to select, train, and employ those whom they consider best adapted to the various operations carried on in their workshops, and to pay them according to their ability as workmen. Employers, in view of the necessity of obtaining the most economical production, whether by skilled or unskilled workmen, have full discretion to appoint the men they consider suitable to work all their machine tools, and to determine the conditions under which they shall be worked. The Federation recommend their members that, when they are carrying out changes in their workshops which will result in displacement of labour, consideration should be given to the case of the workmen who may be displaced, with a view, if possible, of retaining their services on the work affected, or finding other employment for them 8. PROVISIONS FOR AVOIDING DISPUTES. With a view to avoid disputes, deputations of workmen shall be received by their employers, by appointment, for mutual discussion of any question in the settlement of which both parties are directly concerned ; or it shall be competent for an official of the Trade Union to approach the Local Secretary of the Employers' Association with regard to any such question ; or it shall be competent for either party to bring the question before a Local Conference to be held between the Local Association of Employers and the Local Representatives of the Trade Unions. In the event of either party desiring to raise any question, a Local Conference for this purpose may be arranged by application to the Secretary of the Employers' Association, or of the Trade Union concerned, as the case may be. Local Conferences shall be held within twelve working days from the receipt of the application by the Secretary of the Employers' Association, or of the Trade Union or Trade Unions concerned. Failing settlement at a Local Conference of any question brought before it, it shall be competent for either party to refer the matter to the Executive Board of the Federation and the Central Authority of the Trade Union or Trade Unions concerned. Central Conferences shall be held at the earliest date which can be con- veniently arranged by the Secretaries of the Federation, and of the Trade Union or Trade Unions concerned. There shall be no stoppage of work, either of a partial or of a general character, but work shall proceed under the current conditions until the procedure provided for above has bee a carried through. 9. CONSTITUTION OF CONFERENCES. An Organising Delegate of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers shall be recognised as a Local Official entitled to take part in any Local Conference, but only in his own division. In case of sickness, his place shall be taken by a substitute appointed by the Executive Council. 88 ENGINEERING. Any member of the Executive Council or the General Secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, may attend Local Conferences, provided that the member of the Executive Council shall attend only such Conferences as are held within the division represented by him. A member of the Executive Council or the General Secretary of the Steam Engine Makers' Society, and of the United Machine Workers' Association respectively, may attend any Local Conference in which the Societies or either of them are directly concerned. Central Conferences shall be composed of members of the Executive Board of the Federation, and members of the Central Authority of the Trade Union or Trade Unions concerned. An Employer who refuses to employ Trade Unionists will not be eligible to sit in Conference. The total number of the workpeople whose conditions of employment are regulated by the agreement just set forth is approximately, 100,000.* In addition, in a certain number of firms which are not members of the Engineering Employers' Federation, wages and other conditions of employment follow generally the lines laid down in this agreement. Local Agreements. Birmingham Engineers. As an example of a collective agreement between employers and employed in the engineering trade in relation to a particular area may be quoted the "Working Conditions between Bir- mingham and District Engineering Trades Employers' Association and the Amalgamated Society of Engineers," which came into operation on January 1, 1904, and which directly affect about 5,000 workpeople. The terms of this agreement are as follows : WORKING- CONDITIONS BETWEEN BIRMINGHAM AND DISTRICT ENGINEERING- TRADES EMPLOYERS' ASSO- CIATION AND THE AMALGAMATED SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS. I. That not more than 53 ordinary hours constitute a full week in the different engineering works or factories of Birmingham and district, and the wages for such ordinary hours worked shall be paid for in accordance with the class of work engaged upon, and any hours other than the said ordinary hours shall be paid for at rates laid down in Rule II. OVERTIME. II. Payment for the first four hours immediately after the usual and recognised time of finishing the day's work be paid at the rate of time and a quarter on the ordinary time rate, but if required to work after the first four hours, such hours at all times be paid at the rate of time and a half on the ordinary time, except as otherwise determined in these rules. * Under agreements made in September, 1906, between the Engineering Employers' Federation and the Electrical Trades Union, and in July, 1909, between the Federation and the National Society of Amalgamated Brass- workers and Metal Mechanics, arrangements are made for the settlement of disputes of the same nature generally as those contained in the part of the Agreement set forth in the text headed " Provisions for avoiding disputes." The number of the workpeople affected by the agreements with the Unions here referred to is, approximately, 7,000. In addition, there are a number of men employed by firms who are not members of the Federation whose wages and other conditions follow generally the terms of these agreements. BIRMINGHAM AND BURY. 89 NIGHT SHIFTS. III. If weekly night shifts are required to be worked the payment shall be at the rate of time and a quarter for every hour worked, and no night shift to be recognised unless it be continued to make a complete change or shift of hands. When engaged on night shift, a night to mean ten working hours, and any hours worked in excess will be paid as overtime, and if work- ing on Saturdays when engaged on the night turn such times must be considered as overtime. OUT-WORKERS. IV. Members when out -working shall receive not less than Is. per -day extra, or for part of a day worked, if it includes a meal time ; but if out- working after 12 o'clock midnight he shall be paid 2s. Qd. extra, but when out-working and unable to return home every evening he shall be paid 2s. fid. per day (Sundays included). If travelling on Sundays or after the usual time of leaving work shall receive payment as laid in these rules, and travelling expenses. PIECE WORK. V. That in the event of our members being called upon to work piece work they may do so under the following conditions : That the time rate of wages be guaranteed. That the price of each job shall be mutually arranged between the men and the firm before commencing such job. That all men on any contract shall, in accordance with their time rate of wages, receive a proportionate share of the balance* after receiving their time rate of wages. All monies to be paid direct through the office. Bach job or contract to stand exclusive. HOLIDAYS. VI. At Easter there shall be one day, Whitsun one day, August Bank Holi- day one day, and Christmas Holiday one day ; but if any member be required to work on Sunday, Christmas Day, or any Bank Holiday double time be paid for all hours worked ; but when required to work on the Employer's own plant on Sunday, Christmas Day or any Bank Holiday, such time worked be paid for at the rate of time and a half. PATTERN MAKERS. VII. That in order to enable a pattern maker to immediately commence work on going to another situation, he must, previous to his discharge, receive not less than two hours' notice or pay in lieu thereof to admit of preparing tools. Engineering' Trades : Bury and District. The following agreement was, in April, 1910, arrived at between the Engineering Employers and the Allied Engineering Trade Societies of Bury and District : 1. There shall be no general reduction in wages for a period of four years from date of signing the agreement ; nor any alteration in wages, nor in general conditions of wages (including piece-work earnings) for one year from date of signing the agreement. 2. If at the end of 12 months, or any subsequent period, the Board of Trade Returns in the general engineering trades of the country show a percentage of 7 per cent, or less unemployed, the employers agree to advance the members of the allied trades by the sum of Is. per week in time rates, and of 2 per cent, on piecework earnings. 3. These rates then to remain for the unexpired period of the four years as per this agreement. * I.e., the difference between the sum of the men's time-wages according bo the time spent on the job and the contract (piece) price of the job. 90 ENGINEERING. West of Scotland Iron and Steel Dressers. On the settlement of a dispute, which had taken place between the iron and steel dressers of the West of Scotland and their employers, a settlement was, on June 6, 1900, effected between the Associated Iron, Steel and Brass Dressers of Scotland, and the West of Scotland Iron and Steel Founders' Association, which, in addition to granting certain advances in wages, con- tained the following provisions with respect to payment for overtime, the working of piecework, and other matters : 1. That overtime in all districts, including Glasgow, shall (subject to the declaration aftermentioned) be paid for at the rate of time and a quarter, but the overtime to be limited to twelve hours per man per week, except in cases of breakdown or other urgent circumstances ; but Founders who are paying, or have agreed to pay, time and a half for overtime may continue to do so if they think proper. 2. That all Employers shall be entitled to employ Society or Non-society Dressers, and that the members of the Dressers' Society agree to work in harmony with Society or Non-society Dressers. The Employer in all cases to be the judge as to whether a man is a Dresser or not. 3. That three months' notice in writing be given on either side before any alteration is made in regard to wages or other conditions of labour. 4. That where piecework does not obtain at present, each individual Employer shall have the right forthwith to introduce piecework by mutual arrangement with his own Dressers. 5. That Dressers shall not interfere in any way whatever with the manage- ment of workshops, and that no combined action shall be taken on any shop question until the matter has been before the Executives of the respective Associations. The allocation of the work in each shop between the different classes of workmen shall rest entirely with each individual Employer. 6. That each individual Employer will be allowed to judge for himself whether or not he will pay Dressers overtime, when they have wrought more than the ordinary daily working hours of the shop, although the full week or fortnight, as the case may be, has not been wrought, provided that has arisen through no fault of their own. The number of the workpeople affected by this agreement is about 1,100. Ironfounders in Preston District : Number of Apprentices. A local agreement made on April 21, 1898, between the Preston and District Engineers and Ironfounders Employers' Association and the Friendly Society of Ironfounders (Preston Branch) provides " that in future, the number of Apprentices in the Moulding Department shall be limited to one apprentice to every three moulders employed by each firm." Card-setting Machine Tenters. The agreement made on July 24, 1907, between the operatives engaged in setting the wires for use in carding cotton and wool and their employers, and subsequently revised in certain points on February 29, 1908, possesses certain features of interest. It provides, that men on piece-work may draw every week on account of their ultimate earnings a fixed advance (" sub.") of 40*. a week ; and also that payment for overtime, which for CAEEIAGE STRAIGHTENERS. 91 time-wage workers is to be at the rate of " time and a quarter " (25 per cent, above ordinary time-wages), shall in the case of piece-workers take the form of a special payment (in addition to their piece-wage earnings) of 2%d. per hour. Some 150 men at Cleckheaton, Halifax, Huddersfield, and Mirfield have their wages regulated under this agreement. Carriage Straighteners. These are a class of mechanics employed in connection jyith the Nottingham lace trade. The carriages, in which the bobbins are held in lace-making, become bent or twisted during the operation, and it is the duty of these mechanics to straighten them. The rate of payment is, as a rule, by the hundred. In the Report on Standard Piece Rates for 1900 (Cd. 144) the text was given of the list of prices arranged by the Trade Union and recognised (though not signed) by the employers which came into operation in January, 1897. This list was in April, 1902, and again in 1907 and 1908, amended in certain particulars,* the list at present in force (which is printed below) coming into operation on May 20, 1908. LEVERS CARRIAGES. 5 inch and under, 9s. per hundred. Qd. per hundred extra for every inch over 5 inches. 2d. per hundred extra for every Carriage over 30 to 34 to the inch. 3d. per hundred extra for every Carriage over 34 to the inch. MECHLIN CARRIAGES. All Mechlin Carriages up to 4 inches, 30 to the inch, shall be 8s. per hundred ; 6$. per \ inch after, and 2d. per Carriage after 30 to the inch. CURTAIN CARRIAGES. 5| inches and under, 7s. Gd. per hundred. 3d. per hundred extra for every inch over 5f inches. 21 to the inch and over to be Levers price. ROLLING LOCKER CARRIAGES. 3 inches and under, 4s. 6d. per hundred. 3d. per hundred extra for every inch over 3 inches. ROTARY CARRIAGES. Double Locker, Single [jocker, and Fan Tails, 3 inches and under, 4s. per hundred. 3d. per hundred extra for every \ inch over 3 inches. 13 points and over, 3d. extra, per point. GROOVED MULE CARRIAGES. 4 inches and under, 5s. per hundred. 3d. per hundred extra for every ^ inch over 4 inches. PUSHER CARRIAGES. 4s. Qd. per hundred. All day work connected with Carriage Straightening shall be Is. per hour. The list affects 80 workpeople. The Amendments are shown in italics. As to Mechlin Carriages, " 2d. per Carriage " read " 2d. per Gauge " in the previous list. 92 SHIPBUILDING. General Agreement. The most important among the numerous collective agree- ments, which have been made between the employers and workpeople engaged in the shipbuilding industry, is the general agreement of 1908-9, which was arrived at under the following circumstances : On August 23, 1907, a provisional agreement was entered into by the Shipbuilding Employers' Federation and the United Society of Boiler Makers and Iron and Steel Ship Builders which provided inter alia that conferences between these two bodies should be held in order to arrive at a permanent agree- ment for ensuring that no extreme measures should be taken by either side without first having full discussion of the matter at issue. Views were subsequently exchanged by the parties, but further proceedings were interrupted by the dispute involving ship- wrights, joiners, &c., which broke out on the North-East coast on January 22, 1908, and eventually led to a lock-out at other centres early in May. This dispute was settled at the end of May through the mediation of the Board of Trade, and one of the terms of settlement was a provision that these trades also should confer with the employers with a view to setting up permanent machinery to avoid disputes. Accordingly a joint committee of representatives of the Employers' Federation and of the various Trade Unions concerned was appointed to draw up an agreement, and after many conferences their proposals were embodied in a Memorandum of Agreement, which was provisionally signed, on December 16, by the President of the Employers' Federation and by the workmen's representatives on the committee. This agreement was subject to a joint ballot of the members of the Trade Unions concerned, which was con- cluded by February 25, 1 909, and which resulted in its accept- ance. The agreement was accordingly signed on March 9, 1909, by representatives on behalf of the Shipbuilding Employers' Federation and of the following 17 Trade Unions : United Society of Boiler Makers and Iron and Steel Ship Builders ; National Amalgamated Society of Operative House and Ship Painters and Decorators ; Amalgamated Union of Cabinet- makers ; Amalgamated Society of Wood Cutting Machinists ; Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners ; Associated Carpenters' and Joiners' Society ; General Union of Carpenters and Joiners ; Amalgamated Society of Drillers and Hole Cutters ; General Union of Braziers and Sheet Metal Workers ; Associated Blacksmiths' Society ; Combined Smiths of Great Britain and Ireland ; Co-operative Smiths' Society ; National Amalgamated Furnishing Trades Association; Scottish Amalga- mated Society of House and Ship Painters ; Scottish Saw Mill GENERAL AGREEMENT. 93 Operatives' and Wood Cutting Machinists' Society ; Sheet Iron Workers', Light Platers' and Ship Range Makers' Society ; and the Shipconstructive and Shipwrights' Association. The agree- ment was also subsequently (on December 31, 1909) signed by the Hull and District Painters' and Decorators' Society* It will be observed that the labourers' societies are not included in the agreement. It is estimated that about 30,000 workpeople are directly affected by its terms. The fundamental principle of the agreement is that there shall be no stoppage of work by either party until the machinery for conciliation provided by the agreement has been exhausted. Thus, in regard to questions of general fluctuations in wages, provision is made for holding conferences to discuss any applica- tion for an alteration in wages, and no change in wages can be made until at least two conferences have been held. On questions other than general fluctuations in wages, including district changes in wages, elaborate machinery has been set up to avoid a stoppage of work. In the first instance, disputed matters are to be discussed between the employer and a deputa- tion of the workpeople, with or without the Trade Union official ; failing a settlement, the question is then to be referred to a joint committee of three employers and three representatives of the Trade Union concerned, none of whom shall be directly connected with the yard where the dispute occurs. If this committee is unable to effect a settlement, the matter is to be brought before a conference of the local Employers' Association and the local repre- sentatives of the Trade Unions concerned, and if the matter is still unsettled, either party may refer it to a central conference between the executive board of the Employers' Federation and the representatives of the Trade Union concerned, both sides having plenary powers of settlement. Finally, in the event of failure to settle at a central conference, either party may refer the dispute to a grand conference to be held between the Em- ployers' Federation and all the Trade Unions parties to the Agreement. Local arrangements for piecework may continue or be established, and are to be subject to the arrangements referred to above, and the existing arrangements for the settlement of demarcation questions are also allowed to continue. An important feature of the agreement is the provision that all changes in wages due to the general condition of the industry shall apply to all the trades comprised in the agreement, and to every federated firm at the same time and to the same extent. No step towards an alteration in wages can be taken until after the lapse of six months from the last general fluctuation. The amount of each general change in wages is fixed at 5 per cent, for pieceworkers, and Is. per week, or ^d. per hour, for time- workers, according to method of payment. The agreement is to continue in force for three years, and to be subject thereafter to six months' notice from either side. 94 S HIPBUILDING . The following is the text of the Agreement : The Federation and the Unions recognising that it is in the best interests of both Employers and Workmen that arrangements should be made whereby questions arising may be fully discussed and settled without stoppages of work hereby agree as follows : I. GENERAL FLUCTUATIONS IN WAGES. (1.) Changes in wages due to the general conditions of the Shipbuilding Industry shall be termed general fluctuations. Such general fluctuations in wages shall apply to all the trades comprised in this Agreement and in every Federated firm at the same time and to the same extent. Differences in rates of wages in any trade in different districts can be dealt with as heretofore under clause II., section 3. (2.) In the case of all such general fluctuations the following provisions and procedure shall apply, viz. : (a.) No step towards an alteration in wages can be taken until after the lapse of six calendar months from the date of the previous general fluctuation. (ft.) Before an application for an alteration can be made, there shall be a preliminary conference between the Federation and the Unions, in order to discuss the position generally. Such conference shall be held within 14 days of the request for same. (c.) No application for an alteration shall be competent until the fore- going preliminary conference has been held, and no alteration shall take effect within six weeks of the date of the application, (d.) The application for a proposed alteration shall be made as follows : The Federation to the Unions parties to this Agreement ; or The said Unions to the Federation, (e.) Within 14 days after the receipt of an application the parties shall meet in Conference. (/.) The Conference may be adjourned by mutual agreement, such adjourned Conference to be held within 14 days thereafter, (gr.) Any general fluctuation in tradesmen's rates shall be of the following fixed amount, viz. : Piecework Rates ... 5 per cent. ; and Time Rates... ... Is. per week, or ^d. per hour where payment is made by the hour. II. QUESTIONS OTHER THAN GENERAL FLUCTUATIONS IN WAGES. (1.) When any question is raised by or on behalf of either an employer or employers, or of a workman or workmen, the following procedure shall be observed, viz. : (a.) A workman or deputation of workmen shall be received by their employers in the yard or at the place where a question has arisen, by appointment, for the mutual discussion of any question in the settlement of which both parties are directly concerned ; and 'failing arrangement, a further endeavour may, if desired, be then made to negotiate a settlement by a meeting between the Employer, with or without an Official of the Local Association, on the one hand, and the Official Delegate, or other Official of the workmen concerned, with or without the workman or workmen directly concerned, as deemed necessary. (6.) Failing settlement the question shall be referred to a joint Com- mittee consisting of three employers and three representatives of the Union or of each of the Unions directly concerned, none of whom shall be connected with the yard or dock where the dispute has arisen. (c.) Failing settlement under Sub-section (&.), the question shall be brought before the Employers' Local Association and the responsible Local Representatives of the Union or Unions directly concerned in Local Conference, GENERAL AGREEMENT. 95 (d.) Failing settlement at Local Conference, it shall be competent for either party to refer the question to a Central Conference to be held between the Executive Board of the Federation and repre- sentatives of the Union or Unions directly concerned, such representatives to have executive power. (2.) If the question is in its nature a general one affecting more than one yard or dock, it shall be competent to raise it direct in Local Conference, or if it is general and aifecting the Federated Firms or Workmen in more than one district, it shall be competent to raise it direct in Central Conference without in either case going through the prior procedure above provided_for. (3.) The questions hereby covered shall extend to all questions relating to Wages, including District alterations in wages and other matters in the Shipbuilding and Shiprepairing trade, which may give rise to disputes. III. GRAND CONFERENCE. In the event of failure to settle any question in Central Conference under Clause II., Section 1, Sub-section (d.), either party desirous to have such question further considered, shall, prior to any stoppage of work, refer same for final settlement to a Grand Conference to be held between the Federation and all the Unions parties to this Agreement. A Conference may by mutual agreement be adjourned. On any occasion when a settlement has not been reached, the Conference must be adjourned to a date not earlier than 14 days nor later than one month from the date of such Conference. IV. PIECEWORK QUESTIONS. SETTLEMENT OF. Local arrangements for dealing with questions arising out of Piece Price Lists, or in connection with Piece Prices or Piecework, may continue, or be established, with the following further provisions, viz. : Failing settlement of any such question under the arrangements already existing, or to be established, same shall be referred to a Joint Committee in accordance with Clause II., Section J , Sub-section (6.), and, if need be, the further procedure under same Clause, Section 1 , Sub sections (c.) and (d.), and Clause III. NOTE. In districts where there is a Standing Committee, the question instead of being referred to sub-section (&.) will be dealt with under sub-section (c.), and, if need be, the further procedure named. The settlement shall be retrospective. Any claim for alteration of price must be made before the commencement of the job. The price to be paid during the time the question is under discussion shall, failing agreement between the employer and workman or workmen concerned, be fixed in the following manner, viz. : Two or three employers not connected with the Yard where the question has arisen shall give a temporary decision as to the price to be paid, but said decision shall be without prejudice to either party, and shall not be adduced in evidence in the ultimate settlement of the question. V. DEMARCATION QUESTIONS. The existing local arrangements for the settlement of questions with respect to the demarcation of work shall continue meantime. VI. GENERAL PROVISIONS. At all Meetings and Conferences the representatives of both sides shall have full powers to settle, but it shall be in their discretion whether or not they conclude a settlement. In the event of any stoppage of work occurring in any Federated Yard or Federated District either in contravention of the foregoing or after the procedure laid down has been exhausted, entire freedom of action is hereby reserved to the Federation, and any Federated Association, and to the Unions concerned, notwithstanding the provisions of this Agreement. The sus- pension of the Agreement shall be limited to such particular stoppage, and the Agreement in all other respects shall continue in force. 96 SHIPBUILDING. Pending settlement of any question other than questions of Wages, Hours and Piece Prices (the last-named of which is provided for above), two or three Employers not connected with the Yard where the question has arisen shall give a temporary decision, but such decision shall be without prejudice to either party, and shall not be adduced in evidence in the ultimate settle- ment of the question. The expression " Employer " throughout this Agreement shall include an Employer's accredited representative. Until the whole procedure of this Agreement applying to the question at issue has been carried through there shall be no stoppage or interruption of work either of a partial or of a general character. VII. DURATION OF AGREEMENT. This Agreement shall continue in force for three years, and shall thereafter be subject to six months' notice in writing on either side> said notice not to competent until the three years have elapsed. The area covered by this agreement includes the Clyde, Tyne, Wear, Tees and Hartlepool, Barrow, Birkenhead, Aberdeen, Dundee, the East of Scotland, and Hull Districts. PIECEWORK. It will be observed that this agreement provides, that questions arising out of piece price lists, or in connection with piece prices or piecework, may, in the first instance (i.e., until it shall have been found impossible to effect a settlement of such questions in this manner) be dealt with under local arrangements. Of such local arrangements there exist in the shipbuilding industry a great number ; for, while in this industry a very considerable pro- portion of the work is paid for under one form or another of piece wages, nothing in the nature of a general list of piece prices applicable to the country as a whole exists. With respect to the different forms of piecework to which the lists in operation in the shipbuilding industry relate, it should be observed that work paid for as piece-work may be done " single- handed" (each job being done by one workman working by himself, and receiving the piece-price of the job), or as group piecework (the work being carried out by a number of men working together). The remuneration of workmen engaged on group piece-work takes a variety of forms. In some cases all the workmen engaged on a job share between them in specified proportions the " lump " piece-price paid for the job. In other cases the remuneration of the leading member or members, but not of the subordinate members of the group, takes the form of a piece-rate ; in these cases the subordinate workers are paid time- wages, and the amount payable to the leading man or men is whatever sum remains after deducting from the lump piece-price of the job the sum of the time-wages due to the helpers. In such cases it is common to find the rate of time wages received by these helpers higher than that paid to men of a similar class either working single-handed or assisting leading men employed on time-wages. The reason is, that men assisting a piece-worker are expected to work under greater pressure than exists in the case of ordinary time-wage work, It should also PIECE-WORK. 97 be remarked that, while in some cases the leading man of a group is an independent sub - contractor, engaging and paying his own subordinates, in other cases (the number of which tends to increase) both the leading man and his helpers are paid directly through the office of the firm for whom the work is done. Notwithstanding, however, the general prevalence of the piece-work system (in one or other of its forms) in the ship- building industry, such lists of prices as exist are purely local, and no attempt that has ever been made to establish uniform standard lists has met with success. Indeed, the nature of the conditions under which shipbuilding is carried on is such that such a list could not easily be arranged. Some sections of the work may be done in much the same way in whatever locality it may be carried on, but as regards other sections the facilities of production vary to so great an extent in different yards and localities that no common list of prices can be framed. Therefore many of the lists in existence for regu- lating payment in these trades are local in character, or may even apply only to single establishments. There is, never- theless (notwithstanding differences of technical nomenclature), a strong general resemblance in the price lists for the various sections in all districts. In fact, some of the lists apply either to more than one district or to a very large district, as, for example, the Clyde Bivetters' List, which applies also to the Leith and Edinburgh District, and the Tyne and Wear Bivetters' List, which applies to shipbuilding on both these rivers. Rivetting is an operation which is just the same in one place as in another ; hence the possibility of a common list ; but in respect to the construction and plating of vessels local conditions are dissimilar, and there are no such common price lists for platers. Shipyard Rivetters. In order to illustrate the principle on which lists of prices for rivetting applicable to a whole district under mutual agree- ment between associations of employers and workmen are framed, extracts from the list in operation for the Clyde district, which, as above mentioned, applies also to the Leith and Edinburgh District, and which is typical of those in operation in other localities, will now be given. On the face of the list it would appear as though the only two elements upon which it is based are number and diameter of rivets. It is, however, apparent that in some form or other the length of the rivets and the difficulty of placing and working them must also be factors in fixing the price per 100. Hence lists are necessary, which specify not only the diameter of the rivets but also the parts of the ship in which the rivetting is to be done, the nature of the work in some cases being illustrated by diagram. The list provides the price per 100 for rivets from | in. diameter rising 33311 G 98 SHIPBUILDING. by eighths to 1 J ins., but the sizes most commonly in use are j, J-, and 1 in., other sizes being paid at proportionate rates. Bivetters work in squads consisting of two rivetters (or if the hydraulic machine is used one rivetter on light work and two on heavy work), one holder-up, and one rivet heater. The total sum, which represents the aggregate earnings of the squad, is divided in fixed proportions, based on the standard time rates of wages at which each of the members of this group is rated, although in most cases the rivet-heater is paid a fixed weekly wage. In the case of the Clyde list this proportion is fixed for the men only at Is. to the rivetters and 9d. to the holder up, while the rivet heater receives .a weekly wage. This list was drawn up and agreed to in 1898 between representatives of the Employers' Association and of the Boilermakers' and Iron Shipbuilders' Society. The great bulk of the rates were mutually arranged, but some, about which the Joint Committee were unable to agree, were fixed by arbitration. It was agreed that the new list should come into force on August 26, but the men refused to accept it, and, to the number of 1,500, came out on strike. The Society, however, refused to endorse the action of the men, who returned to work under the list in a fortnight. Subsequently, however, the list was revised, and the amended list came into operation as from 'December 1, 1898. On April 12, 1901, an agreement was come to between the Employers' Association and the Trade Union, by which the 1898 list was amended in certain particulars ; and on August 27, 1906, certain further amendments were similarly agreed to. In connection with the working of these wages arrangements it is to be remarked that questions of the correct interpretation of the Clyde list, and also applications for amendments or variation in regard to matters of detail, which from time to time arise, are dealt with by the Joint Committee. The nature of the decisions, which have been arrived at in relation to these matters, is shown by the notes (on the items here printed) given at the foot of the pages which follow. The following are selections from important sections of the list, and show the rates per 100 rivets for : No. Description of Work. f-in. |-in. Hn. 1-in. li-in. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. *. d. 1 Beams on Ground 5 3 6 3 7 4 2 Bulb Angle and Angle Beam Knees, Welded 12 14 15 6 17 6 Ends on every P rame. 2a Plate Knees rivetted to Beam and every Frame, 3 6d. per hundred less than list, Item 2. Bulb Angle and Angle Beam Knees, Welded 14 9 17 6 19 21 Ends on every alternate Frame. 3a Plate knees rivetted to Beam and every alternate Frame, 6d. per hundred less than list. Item 3. 4 Beam Splices and Lugbits 18 6 18 6 5 Beam Splices and Lugbits, Vessels Afloat, done 25 25 alone. RIVETTERS. 99 No. Description of Work. f-in. f-in. I -in. 1-in. IJ-in. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. 6 Beam Knee Rivets, Beam Splices, and Lugbits, 7 if set up, 2s. per hundred extra. Beam Knees and Brackets in Deckhouses and 10 10 Casings. 8 Beams, Box or H (staging hung by Builders) ,. 11 6 12 6 14 9 Beams, Carlin Ends, and Lugbits, done alone . . 18 6 18 6 18 6 10 Boats' Beams, composed of two angles, flush 16 8 _ both sides. Do,, composed of Tee bars 20 11 Bracket Knees for Hold Stringers 11 13 14 3 12 Bulkhead Body Amidship, Snap or Countersunk. 7 8 6 10 This item applies to longitudinal as well as transverse bulkheads in Bulk Oil carrying 13 steamers, plus 10 per cent, for oil tight work. Bulkhead Body, hammered 7 10 9 6 11 Angle or T Stiffeners, when on Seams, 3-Ply, 2s. per hundred extra. 14 Bulkhead Closing Plate 16 8 16 8 16 8 16 8 15 & Bulkhead Plate Collar round Shaft, After Peak, 25 25 25 25 16 and/or Thrust Recess End. 17 Bulkhead Passage, E. and B. Room 7 8 6 10 18 Bulkhead Frame Ring 9 6 11 13 Countersunk Heads rolled up, 2s. Qd. per hun- dred extra. 19 Bulkhead Beam Bar, Double 9 6 11 13 20 Bulkhead Beam Bar and Frame Ring, when Single, Qd. per hundred less. Items 1H, 19, and 20. If heads rolled up, 2s. Qd. per 100 extra to be paid. 21 Bulkhead Deck Foundation Angles through Deck (when done with Deck) : . 2-Ply 6 7 8 3 Ply . 7 1 8 2 9 1 4-Ply 8 3 9 3 10 2 22 Bulkhead Deck Foundation Angles through 13 14 16 8 23 Deck (when done alone), 2, 3, and 4-Ply. Bulkhead Deck Foundation Angles, Vertical 13 14 16 8 Flange, 3-Ply (Countersunk Heads not rolled up). NOTE. Deck Angles, Vertical Flange, 2-Ply, to be ruled by price paid for Bulkhead Body, Casings, or Deckhouse, as the case may be. 23a Do., if Heads rolled up, 2s. Qd. per hundred extra 24 Bulkhead Bracket Knees, Rivets through Stiff- 16 8 16 8 16 8 eners, clear of Tank. 25 Bulb Plates Rivetted to Bulkhead Stiffeners, if 13 3 14 3 16 4 done alone. This item also applies to Transverse Stiffeners on Bulkhead composed of Plate and Bulb Angle (if done alone). 26 Bulb Plates Rivetted to Bulkhead Stiffeners, if 27 done with Bulkhead, Bulkhead price. Bulkhead Bracket Knees, Rivets through Ballast 25 25 25 25 Tank Top (Heads rolled up). 28 Bulkhead Poop, Bridge and Forecastle Fronts 6 10 7 10 8 10 29 Bulkhead Fore and After Peak Tanks (all 12 6 14 16 over) (1). If hammered up both sides, 2s. Qd. per hundred extra. NOTE. (a) Rates not to include so-called Packing Stopper Rivets. If packed Is. Qd. extra on all sizes. Where Bars have to be moved to get these Rivets in owing to bad work on Platers' part, Rivetters to be paid extra for this. (6) After Peak extends to bulkhead, which runs up to main deck. (1) Decided that "After Peak" extends to Bulkhead, which runs up to main deck : list altered accordingly. 33311 G 2 100 SHIPBUILDING. No. Description of Work. Hn. Nn. Hn. MB. ii-in. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s d. 30 Bulkhead in Water-Ballast Hold Tank (to 9 6 10 6 12 If ham- height of Tank). mered 31 Bulkhead Longitudinal in Hold Tank to Tank 9 6 10 6 12 up both Top. sides 2s 32 Bulkhead Longitudinal from Tank Top to Main 10 11 12 6 6d. per Deck (if wide pitched). hun- 33 Bulkhead Longitudinal from Tank Top to Main Deck (if at ordinary Bulkhead pitch). 9 10 11 6 dred extra. 34 Bulkhead Angle Iron Collars (Heads set up) . . NOTE. Rivets to be hammered by Rivetters on 33 4 33 4 33 4 both sides, bevelled hammers to be used. 35 Bulkhead Angle Collars at end of Ballast Tank 33 4 33 4 33 4 (Heads set up) (2). NOTE. Rivets to be hammered by Rivetters on both sides, bevelled hammers to be used. 36 Bulkhead Plate Iron Collars and Angle Iron 25 25 25 Collars on Stringer Plates (Heads set up). NOTE. Rivets to be hammered by Rivetters on both sides, bevelled hammers to be used. 37 Bulkhead Watertight Hinged Doors, flush (done 10 6 11 6 13 in shed). 38 Bulkhead Watertight Door Hinges, done alone, 25s. per hundred. 39 Bulkhead Watertight Door Frames, done alone 13 4 14 5 16 1 (Heads rolled up). * * * * * * # * 51 Ballast Tank, Wells (double bar), if done in 16 4 17 2 18 3 place, Heads rolled up. 52 Ballast Tank, Wells (single bar), if done in place. Heads rolled up . 13 10 14 7 15 9 53 Ballast Tank, Margin Plate Bar and Lugs (when 11 12 13 frame legs are down), Heads rolled up, or Common Heads. (Heads pared and set up, 2s. Qd. per 100 extra) (3). NOTE. Where double lugs form three ply through tank side, 2s. 6d per 100 extra on List rate should be paid for each size. 53a Ballast Tank Margin Plate Bars and Lugs when 16 8 Margin Plate is flanged on both sides for Butts and Odd Lugs. 54 Ballast Tank, Margin Plate Lugs (when frame 15 6 18 6 20 10 legs are up, or when knocked down between Floors) Heads rolled up. NOTE. This item includes rivetting of margin plate angle bar, after frame legs are up, or Common Heads. 55 Ballast Tank, Margin Plate Bar and Lugs (when 20 10 20 10 20 10 shell is plated), Heads rolled up. (2) Decided that a Bulkhead Angle Collar at end of Ballast Tank, a small bar rivetted to Tank Margin Plate and through Bulkhead at the termination of the Ballast Tank was to be paid for at the rate here specified. (3) Decided that as to Margin Plate Bar the rates here specified should apply to angle bar after frame legs are up ; and that where Double Lugs form 3 -Ply through Tank side, 2s. Qd, per 100 extra on List rate should be paid for each size. NOTES. 1. Slips put in by Builders, on time or piece at Builders' option, and are to be put in before men start on berth. 2. Rivetters' Time Wages, Id. per hour. 3. Holders up do., 6^d. do. 4. Rivetters at Old Work, Sd. do. 5. Holders-up do. Qd. do. 6. Repairs at Old Work on Slip or Dock 30 per cent, over piecework rates this to apply to rivetting old material or new material to old (e.g., all repair work of damage by action of sea, collision, stranding, &c.). Where new material only is being rivetted extra is to be 10 per cent, (this applies to all lengthening jobs or extensions, such as joining poop to bridge, or bridge to forecastle, including new decks, &c., but does not apply to odd plates). RIVETTEHS. 101 For work not mentioned in foregoing list, if the men push on in a fair and reasonable manner, 8s. per day will be allowed to Rivetters; Holders-up, 6s. per day. 6s. allowed per squad shifting from new work to Slip or Dock on piecework. 7. For all Oil Tight Work in way of Oil Compartments in Oil Carrying Steamers, 10 per cent, over foregoing list. All other parts of these vessels to be done at the List rates. 8. Steel Rivets 5 per cent, extra on all sizes. SA. Galvanized Plates hot rivets only, 10 per cent, extra. This extra does not apply to Galvanized Stanchion Soles, Eye Plates, Slay Plates, and other galvanized work. 9. Holders-up inside Cellular Tanks, Is. per day allowed when Shell is on and the tank is closed. 10. Overtime to be paid at 50 per cent, on time rates. Each day to stand for itself. 11. Any obstruction or job not priced, to be mutually arranged between the employer and the men who are doing or to do the work. 12. Rivets of intermediate diameters to be paid for at proportionate rates. A claim to be paid 1% in. price when ly'e-i 11 - rivets have to fill holes 1 in. in diameter was disallowed. 13. Channel Frames in connection with Shell, 3s. 6d. per hundred extra, through Channel only, of 12 in. and under, in width of Channel. In Flanged Floors of 12 in. and under, when the disposition of the flanges makes the floor virtually a Channel, the extra is due. Where Double Reverse Bars fitted on alternate frames from keel to gun- wale, the extra is due. 14. Channel Beams in connection with Decks, 1*. per hundred, through Channel only, and of 12 in. and under, in width of Channel. 15. Allowances or extras not to be subject to advances or reductions of wages, but are to be paid net. . 1. Each strake in each berth is to be paid for according to thickness of plate and size of Rivets as provided for in List. The thickness of the plate on which the rivet is knocked down to regulate the price. 2. There are cases where the heads must of necessity be rolled up, and the prices in the List cover this ; but when men are asked to " roll heads up," where not usual, or specified, 2s. 6c?. per hundred extra to be paid. No alteration in or variation from this list to be made by either side without one month's notice, and no other prices shall be paid or received for the work detailed in the List without the sanction of the Rates Committees on both sides. REDUCTIONS AND ADVANCES SHOWING PERCENTAGES OFF AND ON THE PRICES IN RIVETTERS' LIST. ADVANCES. 1 July, 1898. 2i per cent, on piece rates. \d. per hour, or Is. per week, on time rates. 26 August, 1898. 2i per cent, on piece rates =. 5 per cent, on List. ^d. per hour, or Is. per week, on time rates = %d. per hour on rates specified above. 102 SHIPBUILDING. The alterations in the prices in the List, extracts from which have been given above, subsequent to 1898, have been as follows : 16 February, 1903. Decrease of 5 per cent, off' piece rates. 26 February, 1 904. Decrease of 5 per cent, off piece rates. 22 January, 1908. Decrease of 5 per cent, off piece rates. This List regulates the wages of about 3,000 workpeople (including Edinburgh and Leith). It should be remarked that the List set forth above relates to ordinary hand rivetting ; where the work is done with pneumatic tools, lower rates prevail, the prices being fixed separately in each yard ; the prices for work done with the machine are so fixed as to enable the workmen to earn on the average the same amount per day as they would if employed on hand-work. Caulking- and Cutting 1 . For the purposes of illustrating the manner in which payment for this kind of work is arranged between employers and em- ployed, a list of caulking and cutting prices agreed to in August, 1897, between a shipbuilding firm in the Belfast district and the Iron Shipbuilders' and Boilermakers' Society, will be used. In caulking, which is an operation necessary to close tightly the joints of plates and other parts of a ship, and in cutting edges, " straightaway work," such as shell or deck joints or seams and some parts of tanks, the list fixes payment by the yard, whereas in respect to work of irregular shape, or not easily measured, payment is fixed for the specified piece of work, or by special agreement. The list fixes the rate for iron only, and steel is paid for at a certain percentage higher (generally 5 per cent.). The following extracts are from the list referred to : Bulkhead Passage Holes, Punchmarks cleaned off, cleaning scale. and Bunkers, Plates and Bars caulked, 2%d. per yard. Foundation Bars on Cellular Bottom, Tank Top Flange Caulked, 3\d. per yard. Foundation Bars on Cellular Bottom, Bulkhead Top Flange Caulked, 3fd. per yard. Foundation Bars on Cellular Bottom, Butts Caulked, 3d. each. Frame, Hold, and 'Tween Decks, Bulkhead Flange, Caulked, 2 %d. per yard. Frame, Hold, and 'Tween Decks, Shell Flange, Caulked, 5 id. per yard. Frame, Hold, and 'Tween Decks, Butts, Shell Flange, Caulked, 3d. each. Frame, Hold, and 'Tween Decks, Butts, Bulkhead Flange, Caulked, 2%d. each. Bulkheads forming Peak and Deep Tanks (pressed 8 ft. head and over) PJates and Bars Caulked, 3d. per yard. Bulkhead Shell Liner Plates, Butts way of Deep Tanks, Wedged, Caulked, and Finished, 2%d. per butt. ^ CAULKING AND CUTTING. 103 Cutting Table, Straight Solid Cutting- Thickness of Material ... fV & T % | tV *u W TO fe 4 1* Is. Is. 2d. Is. Qd. Is. 9d. ^ 3 Broaching and Countersinking (or Cutting Holes) of above sizes, Half-price of Drilling. Tapping Holes, same price as Drilling. Beam Stanchions ... ... ... ... ... Is. 3d. per doz. Bulwark Stanchions ... ... ... ... ... Is. 2d. ,, Beam Knees ... ... ... ... ... ... Is. 4c. ,, Chain Plates to | inch t . t Is. Qd. Scuppers to 1^ inches 3s. Half Round Flanges, or lips for ditto Is. 4d. ,. Plumbers' Holes ... ' ... .,. ... ... Is. 3d. ,, Carpenters' Holes for Decks, i inch and f inch ... lOd. Wood Holes f inch to | inch 2s. ,, 1 inch to 1^ inch 2s. Qd. Hawse Pipes ... ... ... ... ... ... 2s. ,, Fore and Afters, Half Beam Ends, Bulkhead Collars and Tank Shoes Is. 4d. for f and f inch. Solid Drilling up to 1 inch 2%d. per inch. l^inch 3d. Boss Holes, 1 inch and over in bosses ... ... 3%d. ,, Countersinking Boss Holes Id each. Odd Holes (less than six in number) Is. Qd. per doz. Tapping, same price as Drilling. Cutting out f inch rivets ... ... ... ... 5s. per 100. Joiners' Holes lOd. per doz. CJphand Drilling, to be paid 25 per cent, extra. TJie above List is for New Work. 25 per cent, additional to be paid for Old Work, and Time Rates for the Port, 27s. per week of 54 hours for New Work. Time Rates for the Port, 30s. per week of 54 hours for Repair Work. Three months' notice to be given on either side before any alteration of these prices is made. Any obstructed work, jobs, not covered by the foregoing List, to be arranged between the men and the foremen, or, failing a settlement, between Employers and Drillers' Representatives. OVERTIME. 105 Knifing Holes for Engineers' and Plumbers Work (addition of 1909). Holes from 1| inches to 5- inches to be paid at 2d. per inch diameter of hole, and any fraction of an inch pro ratd in price. DrilJing 1| inch holes to remain as per list. In addition to rates of remuneration, whether time- wages or piece-wages, many other masters relating to the conditions of employment are regulated under collective agreements made between the workpeople engaged in the shipbuilding industry and their employers. The times for commencing and leaving o~ff work, and the periods to be allowed as meal-times are in many cases fixed in this manner ; both the remuneration for overtime work and the amount of overtime to be worked are also in many cases fixed under such agreements ; another important matter thus determined is the number of apprentices to be employed. OVERTIME. CARDIFF. As an example of an agreement determining the hours for work and meal-times, the rate of pay for overtime, and the amount of overtime to be worked in force in the shipbuilding industry, may be cited the bye-laws on this subject, which, under an agreement between the Engineers and Shipbuilders Employers' Association and the United Society of Boilermakers and Iron and Steel Shipbuilders, dated September 19, 1902, are in force at Cardiff, Newport, and Swansea, in relation to ship and boiler work executed in graving or floating docks, or in basins, or on vessels lying in rivers : 1. That all overtime on the five days of the week shall be paid at the following rate, viz. : Time and a half [i.e., 50 per cent, above ordinary time-wages] for the first four hours worked after 5 p.m., and double time for all hours worked afterwards until starting time next morning. When men are requested to work any time exceeding one half-day, and less than one whole night, they shall receive double time for all hours worked.* 2. Men who are required to work more than half a day overtime shall be allowed one hour for tea, and if engaged for the whole of the night two hours more shall be allowed for meals, thus : Tea, 5 p.m. to 6 p.m. ; supper, 10 p.m. to 11 p.m. ; lunch, 2 a.m. to 3 a.m. * It will be seen, that these overtime rates apply to time-wage work, but no reference is made to piece-work jobs. As an example of a collective agreement fixing overtime rates in relation to piece-work jobs may be mentioned that made on August 30, 1889, between the General Association of Clyde Shipbuilders and Engineers and the Boilermakers' and Iron Shipbuilders' Society, under which, when men of the class referred to in this agreement (caulkers and cutters) are working overtime on piece, they are to be paid " rate and a half ' (i.e., 50 per cent, above the piece prices specified in this wage-list); the corresponding rate of wages under this agreement for men when not on piece is time and a half. Another method of paying extra remuneration for work done on piece- work in overtime is that provided in an agreement between a firm on the Tyne and the Trade Union last mentioned, under which its caulkers and cutters doing repair work receive an allowance when working overtime at the rate of Is. per man for the time between 5 p.m. and 9 p.m. ; 2s. from 5 p.m. to midnight : after midnight, part, or all night, 4s. On the Mersey under an agreement made on December 3, 1895, between the employers and the same Union, it is provided that '" caulkers working overtime on piece will be allowed 9d. per quarter for the first four hours, and 5tZ. per hour for the remainder of the night payment only fur the hours worked." (The words "9d. per quarter" mean 9d. per quarter day. Two hours overtime are worked for a quarter day, so that the payment indicated is at the rate of 4 9.0 a.m. 1.0 p.m. Dinner 1.0 p.m. 2.0p.m. the weekj 2.0p.m. 5.0 p.m. Saturdays 7 a.m. to 12 noon, with half an hour for breakfast. From December 1st to January 31st. TTV f c ( 7.30 a.m. to 8.30 a.m. Breakfast 8.30 a.m. to 9.0 a.m. * irsto )9.0 a.m. 1.0 p.m. Dinner 1.0 p.m. 2.0p.m. , ^ , j 2.0 p.m. 5.0 p.m. with efficient light, or failing e week ^ ^ to dark Saturdays 7.30 a.m. to 12 noon, with half an hour for breakfast. ALL NIGHT WORK, WITH EXTRA HOURS INCLUDED. Tea 5 p.m. to G p.m. Work time 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. = 6 hours. Supper 10p.m. llp.m. llp.m. 2 a.m. = 6 Lunch 2 a.m. 3 a.m. 3 a.m. 6 a.m. = 6 Meal Hours ... 3 Hours 18 NOTE. Men who have to continue working on the following day must work up to 7 a.m. 9. Men engaged on outside work and who are required to draw time boards, or other checks, must present themselves at the company's office at the recognised hour of starting and then be allowed a reason- able time for travelling to the job. In the same way where boards or checks have to be returned to the office at 5 p.m., the men may leave their jobs at such an hour as will admit of their reaching the office at the time named. 10. Should any firm prefer issuing boards or checks, or of registering in any other way the workmen's arrival and departure, and carry the system out in the immediate vicinity of where the job is being done, then such workmen must be at their post at the starting time already referred to. LONDON. It may also be of interest to quote the agreement on the subject of overtime and similar matters in force in the ship- building and boilermaking trade in the port of London. This agreement was made on January 23, 1892, between the Ship- builders and Engineers Employers' Association of London and the District Committee of the Boilermakers' and Iron Ship- builders' Society, and was subsequently (on May 5, 1899, and on January 21, 1903) amended by similar agreements. As so revised, this agreement, by which some 2,600 workmen are affected, reads as follows : Holidays and Night Work. RULE 1. That any member working Sunday, all night, Bank and National Holidays to receive double time for the same, Bank Holidays to apply io 108 SHIPBUILDING. Easter Monday, Whit Monday, first Monday in August, and Boxing Day. National Holidays : Good Friday and Christmas Day, with the proviso that in the event of the men working at night on any of th"e holidays, national or otherwise, only double time will be paid in the ordinary way. This to apply both on new and repair work. Time of Starting. RULE 2. That all members working on repair work at or within a radius of two and a half miles from the shop, yard, or factory, to commence work at 7 a.m. In cases where the Thames intervenes, and the job is within the two and a half miles radius, work is to be commenced at 7 a.m. and an allowance of one hour each day is to be paid by the employer in addition to the actual waterage or railway fare expended in going to and returning from the work. Working during Meal Hours. RULE 3. Any member requested to work during the hours set apart for meals, between 7 a.m. and 5 p.m., to receive time and a half. This to apply on both new and repair work. Overtime and Night Work. RULE 4. All members working between the hours of 5 p.m. and 8 p.m. to receive time and a half ; from 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. double time, half-an- hour's allowance for meals to be paid for by the employers. Should a man be required to work later than 10 p.m., he is to receive double time from 5 p.m. ; Saturdays from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. time and a half, from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. double time, with half-an-hour's allowance for tea to be paid for by the employer, and should he be required to work later than 7 p.m. double time to be paid from 2 p.m. Should a man not start till 9 a.m., he is to lose two and a half hours' pay. Limit of Hours for Working Continuously. RULE 5. That no member be allowed to work more than 24 hours continuously, unless the same job can be finished in another half day ; and where a day and night shift are engaged, neither shift under any circum- stances to work more than 24 hours, including meal times. All members having worked 24 hours must cease work for the next 24 hours, it being understood that the District Committee will see that no workmen leave their employment even though they should have worked 24 hours, when it could be shown that men could not be obtained to take their places. Meal Hours for Night Work. RULE 6. Double time to be paid for all meal hours worked from 5 p.m. to 7 a.m., viz., two hours for one, from 8 to 10 four hours, from 1 to 2 two hours, and from 5 to 6 two hours, it being understood that the hours set apart for meals in this rule are allowed to be altered to suit any particular job. Men starting on new work at 6 a.m. to receive nine and a half hours' pay for the day. Men starting on repair work at 6 a.m. to receive ten and a half hours' pay for the day, it being understood that this applies only to properly constituted boiler shops where new boilers are being constructed and old boilers are being repaired, and not to apply to any other repairs whatsoever. APPRENTICES. As an example of arrangements between employers and employed in the shipbuilding industry in relation to the question of apprentices may be cited the agreement made on December 18, 1901, between the Shipbuilding Employers' Federation and the APPRENTICES. 109 United Society of Boilermakers and Iron and Steel Ship- builders, which was as follows : 1. Boys about 14 years of age taken on as "Platers' Markers," "Rivet Boys," and for similar work, may be considered as Probationers. These boys are not to be bound in any way, but may be selected for Apprenticeship from the most capable and best conducted of them. 2. Apprenticeship to commence not earlier than 16 nor later than 19 years of age. Apprentices starting up to 18 years of age to serve five years. Apprentices starting after 18 years of age to serve till they are 23 years of age. 3. Every Apprentice is to come under an Indenture or Written Agreement as may be adopted by the firm of Employers where the Apprenticeship is served. The Indenture or Agreement to be subject to revocation in the event of misconduct on the part of the Apprentice. During the term of Apprenticeship, the Apprentice is to work as required in or out of his Employer's Works, at new or old work, on time or piece, and with either Journeymen or other Apprentices, at the discretion of his Employer. He is not to belong to any Trade Society (except for the purposes of benefit), nor is he to be interfered with in any way by any Trade Society. A certificate of having served his Apprenticeship is to be given by the Employer to the Apprentice at the expiration of his Agreement. 4. Apprentices are not to leave their Employers except with their per- mission in writing. 5. All time lost during the year, unless accounted for by certificates of sickness, or by absence on leave through stress of weather, want of material, or usual holidays, must be made up at the end of each year. The minimum rates of pay for Apprentices shall be as follows : Apprentice Angle -Iron 1st year 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Piece work rates to be arranged locally i.e., by Districts. 6. The Employers recognise that the sons of men working in the different departments of the Shipbuilding Trade have a claim to be taken on as Probationers, and whilst not binding themselves to do so, they will endeavour to give these lads the preference. The Employers are opposed to any limitation in the number of Apprentices to be employed ; but it is not their intention to overstock yards with Apprentices, and if the Boilermakers' Society finds it necessary to prefer a complaint respecting the number of Apprentices, this must be done through the Secretaries of the Shipbuilding Employers' Federation. When requested, the Secretaries of the Shipbuilding Employers' Federation will furnish a list of recognised Apprentices, stating their names and ages, and also the time of their commencing their Apprenticeship, but not oftener than once a year. 7. The above Rules are not to apply to Premium Apprentices. 8. This Agreement to be in force for six years, and then subject to six months' notice on either side. It will be seen that under this agreement, while the age for the commencement of apprenticeship is fixed, no precise limit is fixed to the number of apprentices which any firm may take, nor Smiths, ters and Caulkers. Apprentice Rivetters. 6s. per week. . . 7s. per week. 7s. . . . 8s. 8s. . . . 10s. Os. . . . 12s. 2s. . . 14s. 110 S HIPBTJILDING . is any specific proportion of apprentices to journeymen laid down. In other cases, however, these matters are regulated by specific agreements between employers and employed in the shipbuilding industry. Thus, at Cardiff, Penarth, and Barry, and at South- ampton, the employers (who were not parties to the general agreement just mentioned) have made agreements (dated respec- tively May 1, 1894, and March 16, 1897) with the Boilermakers' Society, under which " in any shop or yard where new shipbuilding or boilermaking is carried on as a steady industry, the number of apprentices must not exceed one to every five journeymen employed by the firm throughout the year," while " in purely repairing yards and docks the maximum number must not in any case exceed five. To entitle a firm to this number a regular staff of not less than 15 journeymen must be constantly employed. In smaller shops the number of apprentices must be mutually agreed upon between the officials and the Society's representative, according to the number of journeymen and the regularity of their employment." At Liverpool, by an agreement between the Master Shipbuilders' Association and the Ship- wrights of that port, which came into operation on August 29, 1904, it is laid down " that the number of apprentices employed shall not exceed the proportion of one to three journeymen, except in cases of cut-waters, hawse pipes, spars, hatch combings, windlasses, rudder and rudder cases, when one apprentice may be sent with one or two men." At Southampton, the plumbers hare an agreement with the Southampton Engineering and Ship- building Employers' Association, which came into operation on May 1, 1907, and is as follows : The number of Apprentices allowed to each employer to be as follows, viz. : 1 apprentice . to 1 or 2 men. 2 apprentices 3 4 5 to 3 or 4 men. to 5 or 6 men. to 7 or 8 men. to 9 or 10 men. And one additional apprentice to every additional three men employed. The inlet of apprentices to be based upon the number of men employed on a two years average. No boy exceeding the age of 16 to be started as an apprentice. Employers to have the option of taking on an extra apprentice when the senior apprentice is in the last year of his time. Present apprentices not to be interfered with in any shop, yard, or firm ; but where the number at present exceeds the above limits, no apprentice to be employed until the number is reduced to the above limits. At Cardiff it is provided in the Code of Working Rules agreed to on February 8, 1900, by the Engineers and Shipbuilders Employers' Association and the Cardiff United Trade Com- mittee of Associated Carpenters and Joiners on ship repairing work at the ports of Cardiff, Penarth, and Barry (regulating the conditions of employment also at Swansea, Newport, and Port Talbot), that " the number of apprentices employed shall be one for every three journeymen in average employment during the DEMARCATION OF WORK. Ill 12 months preceding the employment of a new apprentice ; but every employer shall be allowed one, should less than an average of three journeymen be employed." DEMARCATION OF WORK. It will have been noted that the General Agreement in the Shipbuilding Trade (ante, pp. 92-96) provides, that " the existing local arrangements for the settlement of questions with respect to the demarcation of work shall continue meantime." The questions here referred to, in which the matter to be decided is, whether certain kinds of work which might be done by either of two different classes of workmen shall be done by the one class or the other, are of specially frequent occurrence in the shipbuilding industry, and collective agreements for the settle- ment of these questions are numerous. Very many of these agreements have been settled by arbitration, and in some instances permanent Boards of Conciliation and Arbitration have been constituted for the settlement of disputes of the nature here referred to as they may arise.* By way of illustrating the nature of these arrangements a brief reference may be made to the agreement for the demarca- tion of shipwrights' and joiners' work in the Liverpool and Birkenhead districts, which was arranged by a joint committee of members of the two trades, with referees, and signed on behalf of the operatives and by the umpire and referees and the representatives of the Liverpool and Birkenhead employers on April 19, 1900. This agreement occupies more than 60 pages of print, and it will only be possible to give brief extracts, which, however, will suffice to show the nature of these arrangements. The agreement deals with each variety of work, and specifies exactly which kind " belongs to " the shipwrights, and which to the joiners. Thus the shipwrights are to : " make all chain lockers ; clean all tunnels ; fit sparring in fore and after peaks under main deck ; case all pipes leading through tunnel ; case in all pumps, discharge, and other pipes, when in cargo spaces, or in passages not interfering with joiners' work ; make pump scales, pump well, and casing ; case all keelsons, also sounding and discharge pipes ; * Boards of this nature are in operation on the Tyne (a general board for all trades and a special board for shipwrights and joiners) ; on the Tees and at Hartlepool for various trades ; and in the associated yards of the Hartle- pools, Stockton and Middlesbrough, for shipwrights and joiners ; on the Mersey, for boilermakers and shipwrights ; at Liverpool, at Birkenhead, on the Clyde, and at Belfast for joiners and shipwrights, and at Dundee for engineers and plumbers. The rules of these boards (except that at Belfast) are printed in the Second Report on Conciliation and Arbitration Boards, Cd. 5346 of 1910. 112 SHIPBUILDING. fit and fasten all brackets, and case all steam and hydraulic pipes, and all steering rods and chains, requiring to be covered on deck ; case in all steam pipes to winch, steering and windlass on deck ; fit and fasten all coamings round fore and after bridges, also on boats' deck (except specified in joiners' list) ; make, fit, and fasten hatch coamings, and fit and fasten mast partners and coamings, and wedge masts and bowsprit ; fit and fasten ventilator coamings on all weather decks, and on all other decks ; fit and fasten all cants bolted through decks ; fit and fasten coamings for cooking range, fit all coamings for drip pans ; fit and fasten all ceiling, sparring and lining in cargo spaces, whether fastened to wood grounds or bolted to frames, and case all stanchions ; fit up all trunks, if of wood, for cargo or coal hatches ; put up all trunks to chain locker, pump, well or tanks ; case all pump, discharge, and other pipes (not interfering with joiners' work) ; fit and fasten all coamings (except otherwise specified) ; make and fit all solid covers for cofferdams (except in officers' quarters)." On the other hand, the following " casings " and " coamings " are declared to be the proper work of the joiners : " fit and fasten all beam casing in cabins and all rudder casing in cabins, store rooms and passenger and crew accommodation ; case in and cover all stanchions in connection with joiners' work ; case all ports to passenger and crew accommodation ; case all steering rods or chains in cabins and deck houses, and light casings under deck or on bulkhead in wheelhouse ; case in all pipes in cabins, deck houses and any other rooms in connection with joiners' work ; case all valve rods in cabins, state rooms and deck houses ; prepare all coamings, prepare and fix all coamings when screwed. Make all hatch and scuttle coamings, and hatch covers when made in shop and screwed (if bolted through deck to be fastened by shipwrights) ; make, fit and fasten water tank coamings when tanks are under 40 gallons capacity ; prepare, fit and fasten all false coamings covering iron coamings when screwed ; fit and fasten all coamings round fore and aft bridges and boat decks if screwed." For the settlement of any disputes, which may arise as to the correct interpretation of this list of operations or otherwise as to the demarcation of work as between shipwrights and joiners, standing committees have been constituted at Liverpool and at Birkenhead, consisting in each case of four joiners, four ship- wrights, and a representative of the employers, who acts as Chairman, provision being made for the settlement of any matter as to which the committee cannot agree, by the Chairman or by an expert referee. In addition, a committee, composed of six shipwrights and six joiners, has recently been formed at Liverpool, before which any member of either trade alleged to be doing work assigned by the agreement to the other trade is summoned to appear, and which, if the case is proved^ has power to punish the delinquent by the infliction of a fine. BOILEEMAKING AND MISCELLANEOUS METAL TRADES. 113 BOILER-MAKING. Rivetting, &c. In boiler-making there is a greater variety of operations to be performed by the rivetters than is the case in shipyard work ; the rivets commonly used are larger, and as boilers have now to work under extremely heavy steam-pressure, greater exactness is required. The weekly time-wage is, therefore, somewhat higher than on ship work. For the most part, the men employed in boiler-making are paid time-wages ; but in other cases they are paid under a piece-work system similar to that adopted in shipyards, working in " squads," and dividing the aggregate earnings in the manner above described (ante, p. 98). There is no general list in use for this class of work, but there are some firms which have printed lists for regulating piece-work prices of rivetting and caulking, &c., in their boiler-shops. MISCELLANEOUS METAL TRADES. The Wrought Nail Trade. In the wrought nail trade the system of payment is by weight. A known quantity of iron is given out to the operatives, and from this a given quantity of nails must be produced. There is, necessarily, in making the nails from the iron rods given out, a considerable amount of waste. Thus in any list for the regulation of prices there must be set forth the weight in finished nails, which must be produced from a given weight of iron. The iron is generally put up in bundles of 60 Ibs., and, as a rule, payment is at so much per bundle. The list, of which an account is given below, is that of June 23, 1892, and was mutually agreed to between employers and employed. Prior to the adoption of this list two others, viz., the 1878 and the 1889 lists, were in operation. The prices for the different varieties of nails made vary considerably in the three lists, but generally the 1892 prices may be said to be about 22-J- per cent, above those of 1889, and 12^ per cent, above the 1878 list prices. The 1892 list, less a reduction of 10 per cent., was partially operative at the end of 1893, principally in the Halesowen District, but it was not until the end of October, 1894, that it was adopted generally throughout South Staffordshire, subject to a reduction of 10 per cent., as the recognised standard of prices. In February, 1895, a further reduction of 10 per cent, was made on the 1892 list of prices, which was followed in December, 1896, by an advance of 12 per cent. Since July, 1897, the full 1892 list prices have been paid.* * Except in the case of Hobnails (other than Best). For the last 11 years this class of nail has been paid for at rates according to the list of 1889 or below that list at the present time, at 10 per cent, below. H 114 MISCELLANEOUS METAL TRADES. In 1894 from 5,000 to 6,000 workpeople were paid according to the list, but owing to the decline in output of wrought nails, due to the introduction of cut, pressed-wire, and other machine- made nails, the number employed has decreased, and at the present time only about 1,250 workpeople are employed. The amount of waste on a bundle of 60 Ibs. varies considerably according to the character and size of the nails to be made, and a scale is inserted in the price list giving the " yield " or weight of nails of various sizes to be produced from a bundle. The various sizes of nails are graduated according to the weight of 1,200 nails. Thus such an expression as "If Ib. " in the first column of the following table means a class of nails of which 1,200 weigh If Ib. With regard to this method of calculation a a large employer states : " All nails are made on the basis of 1,200 to the M. or thousand, according to a very old custom of the trade, but if a workman gives 1,150 nails in the proper weight of a thousand, that is considered satisfactory, as the workman is allowed 50 nails within which to work." The following table shows the yields of nails (classed according to the weight of 1,200) from 60-lb. bundles of iron rods : r Yields. Yields. Weight of nails Weight of nails Weight of 1,200 Nails. to be produced from a 60-lb. bundle of iron Weight of 1,200 Nails. to be produced from a 60-lb. bundle of iron rods. rods. Ibs. Ibs. 2 to 4 oz. , 30 15 Ib 52 5 oz. 32 16 to 19 Ib 53 6 oz. 33 20 Ib 53i 7 oz. 35 22 Ib. and larger ... 54 8 to 9 oz. ... 36 10 oz. 36i Cooler, Fine Essex Hurdle and 11 oz. 37 Woolding. 12 to 13 oz. 39 2 in 50 14 oz. 40 2|in 50 15 oz. ... 41 2 in 51 1 Ib. to H Ib. 42 If Ib. 43 Fine Hurdle. 2 to 2i Ib.... 44 9 to 11 Ib. 50 2i to 2f Ib. 45 12 to 17 Ib. 51 3 to 4i Ib.... 46 18 Ib. and larger ... 52 5 to 6 Ib. ... 48 7 Ib. 49 Fine Tray. 8 Ib. 50 2 and 2 in. 51 9 to 11 Ib ... 51 2i and 3 in. 52 12 to 14 Ib.... 52 3- in. and larger ... 53 WROUGHT NAIL TRADE. 115 As an illustration of its application we may take the following extract from one of the tables : CLOUT AND SLATE. Weight of 1,200 nails. Price per M. or 1,200 Price per " Yield " from nails. 1 60-lb. bundle of iron rods. Ibs. s. d. s. d. If 8 16 5 2 8 15 2 2* 8f 14 3 2* 9 13 6 The first column classifies the nails according to their weight per 1,200, as in the table of yields. The second column (which is not given in all the tables) gives the price paid per 1,200 (M. = 1,200). The last column gives the price per bundle of 60 Ibs. of iron rods, the yield from which must be calculated according to the special table already given. The above prices are susceptible of a simple verification. Thus taking the top line, the yield corresponding to If Ibs. is given as 43 Ibs. The price for 1,200 nails or If Ibs. is 8rf., or at 8x4 the rate of d. per Ib. The price for a bundle yielding 8 x 4 x 43 43 Ibs. will therefore be = d. = 197 d. = 16s. 5d. 9 which agrees with the figure given in the scale. This list was published in full in the Standard Piece Rates volume of 1894 ; and as it is unnecessary to give again the prices fixed by the list for the different varieties of the same kind of nail, only a few examples selected from the better known types of nails are now quoted. Generally speaking, wages are regulated by percentage advances or reductions on this list, but sometimes these movements are confined to one section of the trade only, so that it is extremely difficult to say at any time what the relation of the actual wage rate to the list may be. Rose Naih. Rose Nails. Rose Nails. Weight of 1,200 Nails. Price per Bundle. Weight of 1,200 Nails. Price per Bundle. Weight of 1,200 Nails. Price per Bundle. Ibs. s. d. Ibfl. S. d. Ibs. s. d. 11 * 1 17 3 8| 065 064 19 20 049 049 2 13 11 71 062 22 047 2| 12 5 8 062 24 4 5 3 11 9 060 26 043 31 3 10 2 9 10 092 10 11 12 5 10 5 9 058 28 30 32 041 040 3 10 4 8 11 13 056 34 039 a 084 080 14 15 5 3 052 36 38 037 036 5 080 16 051 40 034 54 7 5 17 050 45 033 6 6 11 18 4 11 50 031 , Bill Brads Id. per M. H 2 116 MISCELLANEOUS METAL TRADES. Strong Rose and Strong Flemish, Sharp and Flat. Fine Rose. Clout and Slate comt. Weight of 1,200 Nails. Price per Bundle. Weight of 1,200 Nails. Price perM. (or 1,200 Nails). Price pei- Bundle Weight of 1,200 Nails. Length of Nails. Price per Bundle. Ibs. 19 20 22 24 26 28 30 s. d. 5 5 4 10 4 9 4 7 4 5 4 4 Ibs. 1 p 1 P P 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 18 20 28 40 s. d. o io 3 101 101 10i Oil Hi 1 s. d. 11 3 10 8 10 3 9 10 9 3 8 9 8 10 8 5 8 7 8 7 7 7 6 7 5 7 4 7 1 6 10 6 10 6 5 6 5 8 3 6 5 3 4 9 Ibs. 20 28 30 40 ins. 2 2i P s. d. 4 4 3 11 3 10 3 2 Pound Nails. Best Rose and Sample. Weight of 1,200 Nails. Price per Bxindle. Weight of 1,200 Nails. - Price - Bundle. Ibs. 9 s. d. 7 6 7 3 7 1 6 11 6 4 6 1 5 9 5 8 5 6 5 2 4 10 4 9 4 4 4 1 3 11 3 9 3 5 3 2 Ibs. 16 18 20 28 30 45 48 50 60 penny.* 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 20 s. d. 5 4 9 4 8 4 2 4 1 3 3 3 2 3 2 10 10 11 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 32 36 40 45 (4 in.) 60 (44 in.) 70 (5 in.) Barrel Hooks same price. Fine Slate Nails Id. per M. extra. Countersunk Clout. Fine Clasp. Weight of 1,200 Nails. Price perM. (or 1,200 Nails). Price per Bundle. Weight of 1,200 Nails. Price perM. (or 1,200 Nails). Price per Bundle. Fine Knee. Ibs. 3| P ? P n 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 18 20 24 28 Length of Nail, ins. 2i 3 3. 1 & s. d. 1 1| 1 1! 1 2i 1 4 1 4 1 4J 1 5 1 5.J 1 61 1 7 1 8J 1 9g 1 11 If III 2 9 3 01 3 21 c S. (I 14 13 2 12 4 12 ID 11 8 11 10 6 10 3 9 11 9 11 9 8 9 3 9 8 9 8 4 8 5 7 8 7 4 6 10 6 3 5 6 4 10 4 6 4 3 !5 11 Length of Nail. Price per Bundle. ozs. 16 Ibs. P 3 4 1 P f s. d. 10i lOi 10J o iol 11 11 111 ll| ll| 11J P If s. d. 1 16 9 1 9 4 151 19 9 17 7 16 6 15 14 5 13 3 12 7 11 9 11 6 10 10 10 5 10 2 096 088 082 080 3 to 4 in. Larger. s. d. 4 4 4 Clout and Slate. Weight of 1,200 Nails. Price perM. (or 1,200 Nails). Price per Bundle. Ibs. H 2 ' li 2f s. d. 8 81 8f 9 9J 91 s. d. 16 5 15 2 14 3 13 C 12 8 11 10 Best Fine Id. per M. extra. Extra Fine 2d. extra. Wing Id. extra. Cone-headed Nails same price. * With respect to the meaning of " penny" in this place, the application of this term is stated to hava arisen from a custom in the retail trade long obsolete of selling 100 nails of a certain size for one penny, 100 of another size for twopence, and so on. Nails of which 100 were sold, e.g., for Gel, were called " sixpenny nails." NUT AND BOLT MAKING. 117 Nut and Bolt Making. South Staffordshire is the chief centre of this trade as carried on exclusively, but a considerable number of engineers, ship- builders, and railway companies, who are large consumers of these articles, produce for themselves. In South Staffordshire wages in the hand-made nut and bolt trade are regulated by-a - Wages Board, constituted of representatives of employers and employed.* In 1881 a price list was agreed to between the parties which fixed the rates per gross to be paid for the different kinds of hand-made nuts and bolts in most common use. (For machine-made nuts and bolts there is no piice list.) This price list, with occasional revisions, is still operative in Darlaston, Smethwick, and Birmingham, and under it the wages of 500 workmen are regulated. In addition to fixing the prices for a large number of varieties and sizes of nuts and bolts, the list provides rules for fixing the price of intermediate sizes and kinds of articles different from those specified in the list. The prices, as per list, are for iron bolts and nuts, but a special rule provides that : " Bolts and nuts made from Bessemer or Sie- mens Steel to be paid for at list prices and one-half up to ^ inch, above that double price." A resolution passed by the Wages Board in January, 1900, provides, "that dressed steel nuts be paid for at the rate of price-and-a-half." The rules also provide that each hand shall pay 4:d. per week for having the " breezes " (small coke) wheeled to his hearth ready for use, and for having his hearth cleaned. Also that all work rejected by the employer or manager as useless be put on the scrap heap in presence of the maker, and the value of the spoiled iron and breeze be then and there assessed and agreed upon, and the same deducted from the maker at the first pay day. The waste to be the property of the workman after he has paid for it. Again, where the work is made wrong, and it is possible to bring it in for other orders, the maker is to be paid the list price. The listj is easily understood, and the following specimen tables are selected from it : * The rules of this Board are printed at pp. 212, 213 of Second Report on Conciliation and Arbitration Boards, Cd. 5346 of 1910. The Board has a guarantee fund which it may apply as it thinks fit for the purpose of carrying out its arrangements, " and in any case where any member or members refuse to carry out the arrangements of the Board, the fund shall be applied in supporting the masters or workmen, as the case may be." f It will be seen that the prices in the list are per gross. With respect to smaller quantities, it is provided by a resolution of the Wages Board passed on July 16, 1906, " that in each Works all orders consisting of odd lots shall be paid for at the rate that has hitherto been paid for day work in such Works, or an allowance equal to that rate, according to the time spent on the order, such price to be arranged before the work is commenced, and such price to be entered on the order." 118 MISCELLANEOUS METAL TRADES. HEXAGON AND SQUARE HEAD BOLTS, SQUARE HEAD DECK SCREWS, AND HEXAGON AND SQUARE HEAD COACH SCREWS AND T HEAD BOLTS. Diameter. Limit of al- Sizes. Prices. Additions and Deductions for Deviations from Standard Sizes. Jowances for Reductions from Stan- dard Sizes. Width above* fhick- Width. *r Square >r oval leeks, single or louble nibs. Kound necks anrt bolts. leaded from square iron. Width up to inclu- sive. Thick- ness up to vh inclu- sive. ness above up to inclu- Width. Thick- ness. and ip to Delu- aud up to A inclu- up to inclu- sive. sive. sive. sive. Per Per See Note A. gross. gross. t J s.d. s. d. *. d. s\ d. K. d. . d. a. d. *. d. ^swaged I J d and 10 9 '0 04 1 2.} 54 1 2 _ bunted j ,!. ( 1 2 10 | : swaged "to 1 11 1 and and ' O.T 14 24 54 1 2 _ bunted 52 & 1 2 11 | swaged i T S S- 1 3 1 1 I 1 and and 04 14 34 64 1 2 tV bunted 83 65 1 5 1 2 \ ! ft swaged bunted 1 8 1 8 1 4 1 4 1 24 44 74 1 2 1 1 6 i swaged 1G 2 1 6 1 bare ' T6 [o i 24 44 74 1 2 h TG bunted A 2 1 6 i A 1 2 3 1 9 1 24 44 74J 1 2 16 i 1 |bare bare * 2 8 2 1 3 54 9 1 2 A j H [ and * bare 3 2 " 3 1 " 64 11 14 3 j ft t i ban and 3 6 2 7 o u 4 8 12 24i 5 Jg 4 tt II j and f 1 4 3 3 2 4 9 1 34 3 6 16 1 i Uare and } 4 9 4 2 5 10 1 44 3 6 i ft A 3 i bare i 7 3 4 9 24 6 114 1 6 4 8 l t 16 j 8 li bare i 10 6 6 3 7 1 2 1 9 4 8 i U bare bare 13 6 8 6 3 8 1 5 2 4 8 i i ( 6 1| 11 ll e ba^re j 15 10 6 3 9 1 6 2 3 4 8 * J s u Sbare ITS 19 12 9 3 10 1 8 2 3 4 8 i J A * For greater deviations in width than i inch, add the difference between the two columns marked with a t and J to the column marked J once for f s extra, twice for ii extra, three times for -& extra, and so on. Best hexagon and square head bolts to be paid for at list prices and one-half. Best best hexagon and square head bolts to be paid for at double the list prices. Deviations from standard sizes to be added or deducted after the above additions for best and best best quality have been made to the list prices. NOTE A." Swaging " is the process of thinning down, and " bunting" that of thickening part of a bolt. CHAIN MAKING. HEXAGON NUTS. 119 Sizes. Additions and Deductions for Deviations from Standard Sizes.* Limit of Allow- ances for Re- ductions from Standard Sizes. (Diameter. Width. Thick- ness. Prices. Width up to /.in- clusive. Width above i 1 ,; and up to Hn- clusive. Thick- ness up to i 1 ,-, in- clusive. Thick- ness above T,; and up to i in- clusive. Width. Thick- ness. Per gross. *. d. *. d. .V (i . d s. d. i and (i \ J 11 1 2 1 2 -{',- and .{-., 1 1 2 1 2 i,\ and 6 \ 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 JL 111- 1 3 1 2 2 3 ]'- 12 bare 6 \- J 1 6 1 2 2 3 .1 . 1 IB 1 9 1 2 2 4 Tf 1 11 1 2 2 4 1 s Ire and -^ life bare 6 \ I 2 3 2 8 11 2 3 5 2 3 4 6 1 s 1| TS 3 3 6 4 8 i s 11 bare 3^ 7. 3 6 3 6 4 8 4 1 lUbareS 15 bare 6 ^ 2 r \; bare B - 1 5 | 5 7 9 4 4 4 8 8 8 5 6 fi 10 1 1 ji 2| bare g ii ]2 6 4 8 6 1 i 1 li 2-/ 6 bare ^ | 14 6 4 8 6 1 i * * For greater deviations add at the same rate. Best hexagon nuts to be paid list prices and one half. Best best hexagon nuts to be paid double the list prices. Deviations from standard sizes to be added or deducted after the above additions for best and best best quality have been made to the list prices. Chain Making. The United Chain Makers' and Chain Strikers' Association prepared lists of prices for making Admiralty and Trinity House chains, which were accepted by the employers as com- mencing from January, 1898, and continuing in two cases until December, 1900, and in one case until December, 1902. In the Report on Standard Piece Wages of 1900 (Cd. 144) the Admiralty list was quoted as illustrating the principle on which payment is arranged for high-class chains. In 1900, however, revised lists of prices both for Admiralty and Trinity House chains were drawn up, and came into force on March 1, 1901, the wages of about 120 chain makers in various parts of the country being increased by about 2s. a week. It was agreed between employers and employed that these lists should remain in force until the end of 1903 ; in that year the Admiralty list was altered in certain respects, and its place is now taken by two new lists (one for end-welded, the other for side-welded work), which came into operation on March 5, 1908, and are to remain in force until the end of December, 1912. The 1900 list for Trinity House chains remains in operation. The Avages of about 150 work- people are regulated under the three lists just referred to. 120 MISCELLANEOUS METAL TRADES. The agreement in force in relation to the piece prices to be paid to the workmen in respect of end-welded work (which also specifies the charges to be made to them in respect of defects occurring in the work) is as follows : End-welded Admiralty Stud Chains. End Links for Cables. Scale of Charges to Workmen for Defective Welds being replaced. Size. Price per Cwt. Price per Link. Charge per Link. s. d. s. d. . d. $" 30 4 3 T6 22 6 5 3 18 6 6 3 9 TS 15 6 6 5 13 7 5 H 11 8 6 3 4 9 6 9 6 8 4 9 7 -ft" 7 6 10 7 7 8 1 Vn. 6 4 2 9 1 - 1 - 6 2 10 H 6 5 8 4 1 * 5 7 4 1 2 5 6 6 1 2 IA 5 4 8 1 2 1-1 5 3 9 1 3 N.B. Workmen not to be held responsible, or any deduction to be made from the prices mentioned on the list for making Admiralty chains, on account of defective iron or studs. All chains rejected by the Admiralty Inspector through defective welds, workmen to allow 15 per cent, to be deducted from the prices paid for making. Any Admiralty links or chains required to be made, other than those specified on the list, prices and conditions should be arranged before com- mencing or completing chains. All Day-work rates to be increased equivalent to the increase of Piece- work rates under this Contract, such increase to be above the amount paid under the Contract which terminated at the end of the year 1902. Anchor smiths. A dispute in 1897 led to the introduction of price lists in this trade by the Trade Union. The lists were agreed to (although not formally signed) by the employers, with a few unimportant exceptions, and are stated to be generally operative. The locality covered by the Union is the district round Cradley Heath, and the lists apply to about 140 workers. Anchorsmiths at Gates- head, Chester, and Pontypridd also use these lists. There are two lists in operation, one for oval anchors, the other for anchors and grapnel. The lists are said to be on a 3s. basis, because ordinary anchors from 2 cwt. to 20 cwt. inclusive are priced at 3$. per cwt., which is taken as the standard, and all ANCHOR SMITHS. 121 ordinary anchors, as per appended list, below 2 cwt. and above 20 cwt. take the usual advances or reductions upon that price as per appended list. All other descriptions of anchors are also ruled by the price of ordinary anchors, and when changes take place, they are made uniformly at so much per cwt. for all kinds of anchors indiscriminately. A considerably larger amount of work is done under the anchor and grapnel list than under the oval list, and thereforeJbhe first named list only is here taken as an illustration. ANCHOR AND GRAPNEL PRICE LIST. Size of Anchors. Ordin- ary. Rodgers and all Solid Palms. Grapnel Weight. - Trotman and Porters. Weight. - Spare crosses. Sparo shanks. Ibs. s. d. s. d. Ibs. s.d. cwt. s. d. s. d. s. d. From 7 to 14 14 14 6 From 7 to 14 11 From 1 to 3 9 12 6 5 6 Above 14 28 9 9 6 Above 14 28 9 Above 3 5 7 9 6 4 6 28 56 6 6 7 28 56 6 6 5 20 5 3 7 6 3 6 ,, 56 ,,H2 4 6 5 Ibs. cwt. 20 40 5 6 56 to 2 4 6 40 45 5 9 And to advance Forged. cwt. 45 50 6 3d. per cwt. cwt. 2 to 5 5 50 55 6 3 every 2J cwt. 1 to 2 3 3 3 9 5 8 5 3 55 60 6 6 upwards. 2 20 3 3 6 8 ,,10 5 6 20 30 3 3 3 9 10 ,,20 5 9 NichoUs Anchors. 30 40 3 6 4 20 ,,30 6 All under 56 Ibs., 14s. each. 40 45 3 9 4 3 30 ,,40 6 3 56 Ibs. to 112 Ibs., 20s. 3d. per cwt. 45 50 4 4 6 Above 1 cwt. to 2 cwt., 18s. per cwt. 50 ., 55 4 3 4 9 And to advance 3d. 2 3 15s. 55 60 4 6 5 every 5 cwts. 3 and up 11s. 3d. Provision is also made in the list for the following extras : Ordinary Anchors, To advance 3d. per cwt. every 5 cwt. up. Dressing common palms, Id. per cwt. extra. Common Boss Stock Anchors, Is. per cwt. extra. Fishery Anchors, Is. per cwt. extra. All Plate Anchors, 3d. per cwt. extra. Spare Stocks, 3s. 3d. per cwt. Anchors above 1 cwt. to 2 cwt., when the smith makes his own forgings, 4.s. tod. per cwt. Iron stock anchors, made without stocks, 2d. per cwt. extra. When the smith draws the stock, 6d. per cwt. extra on the weight of stock. Rodger's and all Solid Palms. To advance 3d. every 5 cwt. upwards. Rodger's Boss stock anchors Is. cwt. extra. Solid palmed above 1 cwt. to 2 cwt., when the smith makes his own forgings, 5s. cwt. Correction Rodger's and all Solid Palms from 7 Ibs. to 112 Ibs., when made from Round Iron, Is. per cwt. extra to Ordinary Anchors. Trotman and Porters. To advance 3d. per cwt. every 5 cwt. upward. Stocks to be weighed with the anchor under 20 cwt. at above list. 20 cwt. and upwards : com. stocks, 3s. 3d. cwt. Spare Boss stocks, 6s. Qd. per cwt. Waterproof Trotman and Porters, 3s. per cwt. extra. Palms welded on by the smith, Is. per palm. Boss 122 MISCELLANEOUS METAL TRADES. stock anchors, Is. per cwt. extra to list, and the stock weighed with the anchor at the same price ; but when the anchor itself weighs over 40 cwt., the stock shall remain at 6s. Qd. per cwt. In defining the weight of Trot- mans, the weight to be taken without the shackles and fittings. All descriptions of anchors extra finished. 6d. per cwt. extra. File Forging* and Gutting. Lists of prices for file forgers and file cutters in the Sheffield district were agreed to at a conference of manufacturers and workmen in July, 1873, and these lists are (except as to double hand forging* which is now done by machinery) operative at the present time. The following list shows the manner in which the prices paid for single hand forging are stated : Half round from Cabinets from Shoe Rasps. Taper Saw Files from Ins. Flat and Square. Hand and Pillar. Round from Square Steel. Shoe Rasps. Half round Steel. Flat Steel. Cabi- net Steel. Flat Steel. Single Im- proved. Double Im- proved. Three- si|iiare Sieel. Square Steel. Pet- Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Gross. Gross. Gross. Gross. Gross. Gross. Gross. Gross. Gross. Gross. Gross. Gross. s. d. s. d. s. d. *. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. *. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. *. d. 3 3 8 3 8 3 9 3 6 ' * 3 9 3 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 7 _ 3 6 3 11 4 4 4 1 3 9 4 3 8 4 6 4 8 _ 3 7 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 1 4 5 4 2 5 5 2 3 11 4 11 5 4 6 4 9 4 6 4 10 4 8 5 6 5 8 3 3 3 5 3 7 4 4 5 4 5i 5 5 5 : 5 5 4 5 2 6 6 2 3 5 3 7 3 9 4 10 6 4 6 5 6 61 56 5 10 5 8 6 6 6 8 3 7 3 9 4 5 4 6 10 6i 6 6660 6 4 6 2 7 7 3 3 9 4 4 3 6 2 7 11 7 6 6 7 i 6 6 7 6 8 7 6 7 9 4 4 3 4 6 7 8 9 U 7 76170 7 6 7 3 8 8 10 4 3 4 6 4 10 7 9 9 6 8 7 6 8 ' 1 6 8 7 9 8 6 10 4 6 4 10 5 3 8 6 10 3 8i 8 86!80 9 8 7 9 3 11 3 4 10 5 3 5 9 9 6 11 3 9 8 6 10 3 8 6 10 9 6 10 12 6 5 3 5 9 6 3 10 6 12 3 9 9 6 11 9 6 11 10 6 11 13 9 5 9 6 3 7 1 11 6 13 3 10 10 9 12 11 3 12 6 15 6 3 7 2 8 15 6 Hand cutting is a much finer process ; and the list, which is highly technical, provides scales of payment for a vast variety of work. The rate of payment increases by half inches in the length of the file up to 13^ inches, and afterwards by inches only. The list for hand cut rasps fixes prices to advance by inches. Certain general conditions governing the list are dealt with in the following statement : All half-inches not mentioned in this list to take the medium of prices above and below. Example files 8i inch long to divide the difference of price between 8 and 9 inches. All quarter inches to reckon quarter inches forward. All small files, being under the lowest size mentioned in this list, to take the prices of the nearest sizes above. Nothing to be allowed from this list for stripping or marking. On the heavier sizes of files, beginning from 10 inches, the forger required a striker to assist him ; this was " double-hand " forging. FILE FORGING, CUTTING, AND GRINDING. 123 No medium between the cuts mentioned in this list. In cutting files not mentioned in this list, the prices to be similar to work of the nearest kind. Thirteen new files to be cut to the dozen, and 1*2 old files to be re-cut to the dozen. Since 1873 the variations from list prices for single hand forgers and cutters have been as follows : Year. Percentage above or below full list prices. 1873-1877 At List. 1878-1881* 10 per cent, below. 1882 At List. 1883-1888 10 per cent, below. 1889-1892 At List. 1893-1895 10 per cent, below. 1896-1910 At List. * In 1880 some firms paid full list prices. File Grinding:. Grinding is a process intermediate between forging and cut- ting, and for this work also a list has been in existence since 1873. The same system of increased payment by inch or half inch of length is observable in this list as in those above referred to, as may be seen from the following section, which may serve as a specimen of the whole in so far as new files are concerned : NEW FILES. Common Flat, Entering, Plain Shoe and Horse Rasps, and Four Square above Five Inches. From 1 to 5. 5 to 6. 6* to 7. 7* to 8. 8* to 9. 9.J to 10. 10.} to 11. From 11* to 12. 12* to 13. 13* to 14. 14* to 15. 15* to 16. 16* to 17. ~~7pT~ ~~MT~ "TopT" is. OK i*. M. iir&T From 17* to 18. 18* to 19. 19* to 20. Is. IQd. 2s. 2d. 2s. 6d. All above, Qd. per inch per dozen. Files to allow 1 in. on Flat price : Hand, Pillar, Parallel (not Broader than Flat), and thin Flat. Files to allow 2 in. on Flat price : Needle, Equalling, Two Tanged Flat and Millsaw, Square Edges, Lock Files, Pin Files, Tip Files, Parallel Files (Broader than Flat), Registered Files, Heel Files, Shoe Files, Coffin Files, Waterloo Files, Round Edge Cotter, or Slotting arid Double Blunt Parallel. Files to allow 3 in. extra on Flat price : Rail Files and Tanged Rasps. 124 MISCELLANEOUS METAL TttADES. For old files the following is the scale of prices for grinding, for which the rates are higher as the old cuts have to be ground down : OLD FILES. To 6^. 7. 7 to 8. 8^ to 9. 9^ to 10. 10^ to 11. 11$ to 12. 12^ to 13. 6d. Sd. 9d. From 13 \ to 14. ] Kkl A% to 15. Is. 15^ to 16. Is. 2d. L6i to 17. Is. 4f?. 17i to 18. Is. Sd. 184 to 19. Is. Wd. 2s. 4d. 2s. 9d. From 19 to 3s. 4d. 20. 3s. 9d. 4s. 4o5. 4s. All above, Is. per inch per dozen. Old Saw Files Topping, and Gullets, double the price of New. Old Rubbers and Weight Files, Is. 6d. per stone. Old Silversmiths' Files and Rasps, Is. 6d. each. Old Hand and all Blunt Points, 1 inch extra. All Old Files, 12 to the dozen. Old Rail Files, seven teeth or less to the inch, Double the price of Bastard Cut Old Files. Old Cross Files arid all Double Tanged Old Files, 2 inch extra. All stones hanging up to 14 hands, 4s. ; from 14 to 16 hands, 5s. ; from 16 to 18 hands, 6s. ; all above, 7s. per stone. All back stones hanging, 2s. clear per stone. The wages paid under the list, from which the above extracts are taken, have fluctuated in the same manner and at the same times as those of the file forgers and cutters mentioned above, and are now at full list prices. Vermin, &c., Trap Making*. A piece list prepared by the employers and accepted by the workmen for regulating the prices paid for steel trap making- is of interest as illustrating the method of fixing prices in the trade. It is a purely local list applying mainly to Wednesfield (in the Wolverhampton district). Only about 200 men are said to be affected by it, and it is reported to be fairly well adhered to by both parties. The list is dated May 20, 1890, and list prices were paid until October, 1897, since when an advance of 10 per cent, on both piece work and time rates has been paid (the hours of labour being at the same date reduced from 57 J to 55 1 per week). The prices are calculated both by weight and by the dozen traps. The first class of traps given on the list may be taken as an illustration. SINGLE SPRING VERMIN TRAPS. 6 in. 7 in. 8 in. 9 in. 10 in. Jaws. Weight, per dozen... Ibs. 36 51 66 84 96 Wages \%d. Ib. ... perdoz. 4*. 6d. 6s. 4id. 8s. 3d. 10s. 12s. Here the traps are classified according to the size of the jaws, and to each size corresponds a certain weight, which is stated in VERMIN, ETC., TRAP MAKING. 125 the next line per dozen traps. The price paid is stated both by weight (l^d. per lb.) and by the dozen. In the case above taken, the price per lb. is uniform, but in some cases it varies with the size of the trap, as is seen in the following example : RABBIT TRAPS. No. 1. Jaws. Stock. Steel. Bridges. Weight per doz. Wages. in. 4 in. 2 by 5 in. Ibyl3 in. fbyll Ibs. 16 Id. per lb., or Is. 4d. per doz. A* i 4 U 12 1 11 18 lid. 2s. 5 f 3 H 12 I 11 22 lid. 2a.9d. Here the first four columns give the sizes of the various parts of the trap in inches, the fifth column states the corresponding weight per dozen, and the last column gives the wages per lb. and per dozen respectively. It will be seen that the wages per lb. increase with the size of the trap. In the list for rat traps, payment is by dozens and not by weight, but weights per dozen were inserted in the table as a safeguard against unfair competition in the trade. The list also contains prices for trap springs per dozen or gross, varying according to the size and the kind of spring ; and a statement of time wages for men (per day) and for youths and assistants (per week) and the recognised weekly hours of labour. It should be observed that there are a few slight variations between the prices calculated from the piece rates per lb. and those shown in the list, a " give and take " principle having been adopted in the compilation. The following example shows the general character of the list : Double Spring, Plain Bridge Vermin Traps. 6 in. 7 in. 8 in. 9 in. 10 in. 12 in Jaws. Weight, perdozen... Ibs. 60 84 108 125 145 220 Wages, l$d. per lb. for 6 in. jaw traps ; \\d. per lb. for remainder ... doz. 7s. Gd. 8s. 3d. 11s. M. 13s. 15s. 2d. 22s. The above with axle bridge, wrapped tongues, 2d. lb. Dorset 126 MISCELLANEOUS METAL TRADES. Day Men 8 Wages. Spring Forger, 6s. Qd. per day. 2nd Spring Forger, 5s. per day. Fire and Vice Man, 4s. Qd. per day. Vice Man, 4s. per day. Presser, 3s. Qd. per day. Presser and Tool Repairer, 4s. per day. Youths and Assistants' Wages. 17 to 18 years, 7s. Qd. per week. 19 to 20 years, 12. " ' 1U No deduction for year ending 30th June, 1913. Gains to be paid on all Plates above 140 Ibs. per box in Mills and Tinhouse. Mill Furnaces to be re-lighted by employers after stoppages for Repairs or Holidays. The Employers to pay for looking after Mill Furnaces on Sundays, but the Men are re- sponsible for same and cannot make it an excuse to leave the Works if Furnaces are not ready in time. The Doubler to bosh hot pieces, the Rollerman to see that this is done. Tinplate sizes are up to and including 54 in. x 28 in. * See Fifth Report ly the Board of Trade of Prowed-ings under the Con- ciliation (Trade Dispute*) Act, 1896, pp. 45-47. 33311 I Tinhouse Weight Weights. per foot. Viz. : C 20 x 14 108 Ibs. 16 Ibs. ozs. M 105 15 8 M 100 14 12 M 95 14 90 17 6 n 85 16 8 M 80 15 8 C 19J x 14 110 15 12 C 18| x 14 110 15 A2 130 MISCELLANEOUS METAL TRADES. For shearing Small Squares 9-in. and under 10-in. 10 per cent, extra. 8-in. 9-in. 15 7-in. 8-in. 20 Under 7-in. 25 A Bundler to be provided for each shearer in Tinplate Mills. Openers ... 6s. 3d. per 100 boxes, with 9d. extra, if outside sheets are thrown out. Payment to be made on area of 31,500 inches on all Tinplate sizes. In the- event of Plates being drawn light due to faulty workmanship, workmen may be penalised by the addition of sheets to make up weight. That 2 per cent, margin be allowed. Gains to be made up weekly. Any- thing over half a-box to be paid for as a box. Fractions of gains on all sizes to be added together weekly. The following to be the minimum weights of Bars supplied to the Mills : 3 widths. 5J 4 widths. 5) 3 widths. j> Workmen to follow Machinery consistent with efficiency of the same, and careful regulation of orders being determined for individual works : and that the men be instructed to utilise the full period of time of each turn and the Machinery in use. In case of dispute at any works, a Committee of Three Masters and Three Men shall visit such works, and report to the Conciliation Board for settlement. That in the event of break-down from any cause in the Mill, the men employed shall not be expected to remain more than a reasonable time. Changing Rolls. When broken or damaged during work : Up to and including 30 in., 8s. per pair, or 4s. per roll. ,, 32 in.. 8s. Qd. per pair, or 4s. 3d. per roll. 34 in.,' 9s. 4s. Qd. per roll. If changed on Saturdays, which means after completion of week's work Up to and including 30 in., 9s. per pair or 4s. Qd. per roll. 32 in., 9s. Qd. per pair or 4s. 9rf. per roll. 34 in., 10s. 5s. Changing Standards. Rollers, Doublers, and Furnacemen, Qd. per hour ; Behinders, 4cZ. per hour. Changing Leading Boxes. Where there is no intermediate spindle between leading spindle and rolls, 3s. Changing Screw Pins, Is. ; changing Screw Pin and Box, 2s. Qd. Changing Carriages or Riders, Is. ; Top Brass, Is. ; Bottom Brass, 2s. each. Changing Coupling Boxes and Spindles, Is. The above rates for changing Rolls, Castings, &c., to apply at works of 4 mills and under and where Millmen are employed to do the work, and to come into operation on January 1st, 1903, TIN PLATE AND SHEET MANUFACTURE. SHEET MILLS. 131 The following rates to be paid for Sheets, Blackplate and Tinplates in sizes exceeding 54 x 28, and wider than 28 in. : No. 1 Table. Over 54 x 28 up to and including 60 x 30. Gauge 30 29 28 27-25 24-20 19-14 below. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. (/. Per Ton ... 21 6 20 6 19 3 18 16 13 12 Roller 6 6 6 5 10 5 5 4 9 3 10 Doubler . . . 5 3 5 4 8 4 4 3 10 3 1 , Heater 5 4 10 4 5 4 2 3 8 2 11 Behinder ... 2 8 2 7 2 5 2 4 2 1 1 8 - Shearer ... 2 1 2 1 1 11 1 9 1 8 1 6 No. 2 Table. Over 60 x 30 up to and including 96 x 30. Gauge .. 30 29 28 27-25 24-20 19-14 below. s. d. 8. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. a. rf. Per Ton ... 23 22 21 18 16 13 12 Roller ... 7 6 7 6 4 5 5 4 9 3 10 Doubler , ,.. 5 7 5 5 5 2 4 4 3 10 3 1 Heater , ,.. 5 4 5 2 4 10 4 1 3 8 2 11 Behinder , ... 2 9 2 9 2 7 2 4 2 1 1 8 Shearer . .. 2 4 2 1 2 1 1 10 1 8 1 Jfc. 3 Table. From 40 x 31 and wider, up to 36 inches wide . Gauge .. 30 29 28 27- 25 24-20 19-14 below. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Per Ton ... 23 8 22 7 21 6 18 16 13 12 Roller , ,.. 7 2 6 10 6 6 5 5 4 9 3 10 Doubler , ... 5 10 5 6 5 3 4 4 3 10 3 1 Heater , ,.. 5 5 5 3 5 4 1 3 8 2 11 Behinder , ... 3 2 10 2 8 2 4 2 1 1 8 Shearer . .. 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 10 1 8 1 6 No. 4 Ta&Ze. Above 36 inches wide. Gauge .. 30 29 28 27-25 24-20 19-14 below. t. d. 8. d. s. (/. S. d. s. d. 8. d. s. d. Per Ton , ... 24 2 23 22 18 16 13 12 Roller , ... 7 4 7 6 7 5 5 4 9 3 10 Doubler . .. 5 10 5 7 5 5 4 4 3 10 3 1 Heater .. 5 5 5 4 5 2 4 1 3 8 2 11 Behinder . .. 3 3 2 9 2 9 2 4 2 1 1 8 _ Shearer . .. 2 4 2 4 2 1 1 10 1 8 1 6 Gauge 31. Gauge 32. Gauge 33. Table 1. 2. 3. 1 2 3. 1. 2. 3. . d. s. & s. < 1. s. rf. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Per Ton 23 24 6 25 2 24 3 25 9 26 5 25 6 27 27 8 Roller 7 7 6 7 8 7 4 7 10 8 7 8 8 2 8 4 Doubler 5 7 5 11 6 V 2 5 11 6 3 6 6 6 3 6 7 6 10 H eater 5 4 5 8 5 9 5 7 5 11 6 1 5 11 6 3 6 4 Behinder 2 10 2 11 3 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 6 Shearer 2 3 2 6 2 5 2 5 2 8 2 7 2 6 2 9 2 3 I 2 132 MISCELLANEOUS METAL TRADES. The following sizes, being over 1,512 sup. inches, are to be paid the rates of No. 1 Table (whether cut down to smaller sizes or not), and irrespective of what Mills they are worked in : 541* x 27f 58*f X 25 63| x 23f 69 X 21f 55| x 27i 59W x 25 64| x 23i 70| x 2l 55| x 27i 59i x 25} 65i x 23$ 71 T ' ff x 21$ 56 x 27 60i x 25 65* x 23 72 x 21 56^ x 263- 6H x 24$ 664 x 22^ 73 x 20 57^ x 26i 61f x 24 G7i x 22^ 74 x 20i 57$ x 26i 6211 x 24 68 x 22$ 74f x 20^ 58 T 3 6 x 26 63 x 24 68f x 22 75* x 20 Sheets or Plates between 29 B.G. and 118 Ib. basis are to be paid at 29 B.G. rate, otherwise all other intermediate gauges are to be paid at the lighter gauge rates. Is. fid. per ton extra to be paid for 31 G. 2s. 9d. 32 G. 4s. Od. 33 G. 12 per cent. extra to be paid Openers on sheets of 60 x 30 and upwards. Helpers to be provided in 42 in. Rolls at 5s. per day of 8 hours, and also in 36 in. Mills on plates above 70 t in. x 30 in. Helpers to be provided in 36 in. Mills working orders above 60 by 30. Defectives 50 per cent, less on Plates as rolled. Allowance for waste in Mills as on p. 129. Extras over 8 feet lengths 10 per cent, on all gauges. Extras over 9 feet lengths 15 per cent, on all gauges. Sizes over 25 in. up to 28 in. wide, up to and including 46 in. long, 28-29 W.G. be paid 15 per cent, above Tinplate scale. These exceptions are made owing to the difficulty of working specifica- tions within above limit. The above rates include Roller, Doubler, Furnaceman, Behinder and Shearer. Rates for Changing Rolls is left to individual works, as the conditions vary so much. That in the event of a break-down from any cause in the Mill, the men employed shall not be expected to remain more than a reasonable time. Pickling. Black and White, 5s. 9dL per 100 boxes for 4 mills. 5s. Qd. 5 to 8 mills. 5s. 3d. 9 to 12 or Employer's option, day work, at following minimum rates : 7s. Qd. Head Pickler. 6s. Gd. 2nd 5s. 10d. 3rd In case of any change from piece to day work, or vice versd, 28 days notice to be given. Annealing. Annealing (Black and White) Coal, 11s. Gd. per 100 boxes. Gas, 10s. Gd. per 100 boxes. Once Annealing, 7s. 8d. 7s. Payment to be on Mill make, and half-a-week's work to be kept in hand. Wheeling coal and ashes to be done by Employers. Other work to be carried out as hitherto. Opening small pots, viz., those used for plates, up to and including 30 x 21 ... 9d. per pot. Opening small pots, larger sizes ... Is. A payment of 5s. per furnace to be paid for relighting after repairs. The taking in and taking out of Annealing pots to be done as hitherto except in cases of extraordinary labour. TIN PLATE AND SHEET MANUFACTURE. 133 Aimcalers' work to begin and end as in the past, except in special cases where the Annealing furnaces are inconveniently placed, in which extra labour shall be arranged for by the Conciliation Board. 2s. 6d. per furnace to be paid Annealers for coaling and taking charge of Annealing furnaces during stop-days and holidays, when required to do this work. In cases where Annealing is done by day work, the rate to be equal to the above. Cold Rolling. Roughers 2s. 2d. per day. Finishers 2s. Qd. Assorters ... ... Is. $d. Attenders ... ... Is. 9d. Grreasers Is. 6d. As in some districts great difficulties are experienced in getting cold roll labour, such works are allowed to make the best terms they can. Holiday*. It is mutually agreed that in future the annual week's holiday shall take place the week which includes the August Bank Holiday. FINISHING DEPARTMENT. Tinning. 3d. per box. Washing. 3d. per box. Risers. 1st year, Id. per box. 2nd Hd 3rd Hd. Assorting. Tinplates, Id. per box. Blackplates, 6s. per 100 boxes. Payment on Area Crosses and sizes as in Mills. Removing Coal and Ashes to and from Tinhouse. This work to be done by Employers when Water Boys do not assist the Tinmen. In cases where such boys are engaged, this work to be done by them. " Make " Boards to be put up in Tinhouse, and gains to be made up weekly. 5d. per hour to be paid the Tinman when a break-down occurs, if he is required to assist. 3d. per hour to be paid the Riser when a break-down occurs, if he ia required to assist. 6s. per day of 12 hours to be paid the Tinman when working an experi- mental Pot, in the event of his being unable to turn out an ordinary make. In all Pots where there are no Risers, assistance must be given according to circumstances. Tinning shall not be commenced on Monday mornings where three shifts are in operation earlier than 6 a.m., and where there are two shifts in operation earlier than 6.30 a.m. Tinmen shall not be required to Tin after 12 noon on Saturdays. Cleaning and Gauging. Is. to be paid for Pots with a single set of rolls. Is. 6d. to be paid for Pots with two sets of rolls. Where Risers are employed an additional 6d. per Pot to be paid. The work as far as practicable to be completed on Saturdays. Boxing. 4s. per 100 boxes, to include all labour except discharging. Numbering boxes consecutively, 6d. per 100 boxes. Making Tin Cases. Tinlining.(Old. Style) Twopence per box. From Plates rolled to size and no soldering being required by the Employer, except on cover, Three Farthings per box and gains. 134 MISCELLANEOUS METAL THADES. Where soldering is required otherwise than on cover, One Penny per box and gains. Where Plates of the size 20 in. X 10 in. are packed 225 sheets per box, on the basis of One Penny (Id.} per box, and where plates are packed 112 per box, on the basis of Three Farthings (fd.) per box with gains. Employment to be found as far as possible when men are not employed in making Tin Cases. Lapping. To be paid at the rate of One Farthing per box of 112 plates, with gains, as in the last preceding paragraph mentioned. Marking Top Sheets. Rubber Stamp, 3d. per 100 boxts. Iron Stamp, $d. per 100 boxes. Such payment shall not include the making or providing the stamp. Weekly Stock-taking, Qd. per hour if required to be done. General Stock-taking, left to individual works as practice varies so much. Re-opening Damaged Plates and Re-boxing, Id. per box. Iron Hooping. Empty boxes with hoops of 28 G., %d. per box. 28 x 20 x 112 sheets \d. Oil sizes with hoops of 28 G., \d. per box. Gains to be paid on odd sizes 20 x 10 and 20 i x 10 J. Full boxes, Id. per box instead of %d. per box ; other conditions as above. Up to and including 30 x 30 sizes, ~Ld. per box. From 30 x 30 up to 36 x 30 ld. 36 x 30 42 x 28 ld. 42 x 28 56 x 28 2d. In all cases the men to cut the iron to lengths. Crating. To be paid for at the rate of Id. per box, including boxing. Making Canada Cases. l%d. per single case, and M. per double case. Corner Clipping. d. per box up to and including 28 in. x 20 in., 112 sheets. \d. per box for 20 X 10, with gains. Corner Clipping, 36 X 30 sizes, Id. per box. Payments on area applies to Doubles and Canadas in all departments. It is recommended that pays should be made fortnightly, with a "sub. 1 ' alternate weeks. If any dispute arises in cases of Employees not included in the wage agree- ment, a Committee of three Masters and three Men shall discuss the matter, and, failing to agree, the matter shall be reported to the Conciliation Board for settlement. All disputes shall be settled within a reasonable time. That any settlement as to wages and conditions arranged for the ensuing year will only be operative from the date upon which an arrangement is com- pleted with the other sections of the trade. In case of dispute at any works, a Committee of three Masters and three Men shall visit such works and report to the Conciliation Board for settle- ment. That the rates paid, and the conditions, must not be more favourable than the foregoing to works outside the Employers' Association. Tin and Iron Plate Working. Although with relation to work done for the Government or for municipal and other public authorities the wages received by tin and iron plate workers are to a considerable extent regulated by lists of piece prices acquiesced in by the employers, on the other hand, for private work in the chief centres of this trade, while there are some lists in existence, these are mostly obsolete, and the trade is subject to so many changes and variations that existing piece rates are merely entered in written books. TIN AND IRUN PLATE WORKING. 135 In the case, however, of the Metropolis, a list of piece-prices for making Tin and Iron Ware, Baths, &c,, has been mutually arranged between employers and employed, and is signed by representatives of both parties. The list now in force (the revision of October, 1900), under which the wages of about 400 work- people are regulated, is a volume containing some 300 pages, in which are enumerated the prices to be paid for more than 1 ,200 different articles. By way of illustration a few extracts from this volume will be given. REVISED LIST OP PIECE-WORK PRICES FOR MAKING TIN AND IRON WARE, BATHS, &c. All articles are priced at per dozen unless otherwise specified, and in any case where a smaller quantity is given out than what is specified, extra is to be charged. A wheel, treadle guillotine, and a large angle bender to be found. All articles to be marked as herein specified. All ordinary studs are to be found, and 4d. per gross to be allowed for them unless otherwise specified. All materials for making work to be supplied to workmen. A. Ale lasters. Material. Wire. s. d. 1 No. 1 1 x S. 026 2 1 X S. 030 C. Cake Pant. Material. Wire. s. d. 13 009 13 10 12 010 11 013 11 016 10 019 9 020 8 023 8 026 8 029 347 Ditto with loose bottoms, half price extra. 348 Light 4-inch.. ..(i C 'c 13 006 1. 1 x o. 5-inch 13 7i 6-inch 12 9 7-inch 11 10J 8 inch 11010 9-inch 10 1 l 10-inch 2 x S. 9 013 11-inch 8 1 4 12-inch 8016 349 Ditto with loose bottoms, half price extra. 349A If either of above made deeper than 3 ins., per do/en extra 002 346 4-inch ... 2 x S. 1 X D. 3 x S. 7-inch 1 X D. 8-inch 9-inch 4 x S. 10-inch 12-inch 13-inch ... 136 TEXTILE TRADES. COTTON SPINNING. Brooklands Agreement. Among the numerous collective agreements between employers and employed in the Cotton Spinning industry the most important is the general treaty known as " The Brooklands Agreement," which was arrived at upon the conclusion of the great dispute in the spinning trade of 1892-3. The terms of this agreement have subsequently been in certain respects modified, and, as at present in force,* read as follows : [The Amendments are printed in italics.'] 1. The representatives of the employers and the representatives of the employed, in the pending dispute, hereby admit that disputes and differences between them are inimical to the interests of both parties, and that it is ex- pedient and desirable that some means should be adopted for the future whereby such disputes and ^differences may be expeditiously and amicably settled, and strikes and lock-outs avoided. 2. That the pending dispute be settled by a reduction of sevenpence (Id.} in the pound () in the present wages of the operative cotton spinners, card and blowing room hands, reelers, winders, and others, such reductions to take effect forthwith, and the mills to resume work on Monday next, the 27th instant [March 27, 1893]. 3. That when the employers and employed next agree upon an increase in the standard wages of the operative cotton spinners, card and blowing room hands, and others who participated in the last advance in "wages, such increase shall not exceed the reduction now agreed upon, unless in the meantime there shall have been a further reduction of such wages, in which case, should an advance be agreed to, the employed shall be entitled to an advance equal in amount to the last preceding redaction phis the reduction of sever pence in the now agreed upon, provided always that no application for an increase or reduction of such wages as now agreed upon shall be made for the period of six calendar months from the date hereof. 4. That subject to the last preceding clause, and with a view to prevent the cotton spinning trade from being in an unsettled state too frequently from causes such as the present dispute, to the disadvantage of all parties concerned, no advance or reduction in such wages as aforesaid shall in future be sought for by the employers or the employed until after the expiration of at least one year from the date of the previous advance or reduction, as the case may be ; nor shall any such advance or reduction, when agreed upon, be more or less than five per cent, upon the then current standard wages being paid. [Notwithstanding anything herein-before contained in this clause, whenever a general demand for an 'advance or decrease of wages shall be made, the wages of the male card and blowing room operatives may be increased or decreased to such an extent as may be mutually agreed to.]f * On July 15, 1910, an agreement was arrived at by which in Clause 4 " two years " is substituted for " one year," and that no demand for a change in present wages is to be made for 5 years from that date. This agreement was signed on August 8. t The words in brackets in Clause 4 were deleted by agreement made between the employers and workpeople on April 26, 1900. COTTON SPINNING: BROOKLANDS AGREEMENT. 137 5. That the Secretary of the local Employers' Association and the Secretary of the local Trades Union shall give to the other of them, as the case may be, one calendar month's notice, in writing, of anv and every general demand for a reduction or an advance of the wages then being paid. 6. That in future no local Employers'* Association, nor the Federated Association of Employers, on the one hand, nor any Trades Union or Federation of Trades Unions, on the other hand, shall countenance, encour- age, or support any lock-out or strike which may arise from, or be caused by any question, difference, or dispute, contention, grievance, or complaint, with respect to work, wages, or any other matter, unless and until the sarao hns been submitted in writing by the Secretary of the local Employers' Association to the Secretary of the local Trades Union, or by the Secretary of the local Trades Union to the Secretary of the local Employers' Asso- ciation, as the case may be ; nor unless and until such Secretaries or a Committee consisting of three representatives of the local Trades Union with their Secretary, and three representatives of the Employers' Association with their Secretary, shall have failed, after full inquiry, to settle and arrange such question, difference, or dispute, contention, complaint, or grievance, within the space of seven days from the receipt of the communication in writing aforesaid ; nor unless and until, failing the last-mentioned settlement or arrangement, if either of the Secretaries of the local Trades Union or local Employers Association shall so deem it advisable, a Committee consisting of four repre- sentatives of the Federated Association of Employers, with their Secretary, and four representatives of the Amalgamated Association of the Operatives' Trades Unions, with their Secretary, shall have failed to settle or arrange, as aforesaid, within the further space of seven days from the time when such matter was referred to them, provided always that the Secretaries or the Committee hereinbefore mentioned, as the case may be, shall have power to extend or enlarge the said periods of seven days whenever they may deem it expedient or desirable to do so. Should either the local Employers' Association or the local Operatives' Association fail to call such a meeting within seven days (unless by consent of the other side), then the party which has asked for the meeting shall have the right to at once carry the question before the Joint Com- mittee ff the Employers' Federation and the Operatives' Amalgamation without further reference to the local Association, and should either the Employers 1 Federation or the Operatives' Amalgamation fail to deal with the matter in dis- pute within a further seven days, then either side shall be at liberty to take such action as they may think Jit. When bad spinning is alleged by the Operatives, and failing to obtain satis- faction from the Employer, it is hereby agreed that the same shall be examined within three day* of written notice from the Operatives' Association ; but in case such three days' notice terminates on a Saturday, then the following Monday shall be reckoned one of the three days. Failing an agreement being arrived at by the officials of both Associations, a joint meeting of the Local Committee shall be held within seven days from the date of original notice to the Local Employers' Secretary. In case of failure, the course of procedure shall be according to No. 6 Clause of the Brooklands Agreement, so far as regards the Operatives Amalgamation and the Employers' Federation.* 7. Should any firm make any change which when completed involves an altera- tion in the work or rate of wages of the Operatives which is considered not satisfactory by them, then the firm shall at once place the matter in the hands of their Association, who shall immediately take action as per Clause 6, failing which the Operatives involved shall have the right to tender notices to cease work without further notice to the Employers' A ssociation. When a settlement is arrived at, it shall date from the time the change was made. 8. Every local Employers' Association or the Federated Association of Employers on the one hand, and every local Trades Union or the Federation *This clause was adopted October 18, 1900. For further amendment adopted in March, li)0(j, see post, p. 138. 138 COTTON SPINNING. of Trades Unions on the other hand, shall, with as little delay as possible, furnish to the other of them, in writing, full and precise particulars with reference to any and every question, difference or dispute, contention, com- plaint, or grievance, with a view to the same being settled and arranged at the earliest possible date, in the manner herein-before mentioned. 9. There shall not be placed upon any Joint Committee of the Federated Association and the Amalgamated A ssociation more than one member of the local Employers' Association and one member of the local Trades Union, in addition to the respective Secretaries of those bodies. The rest of ths said Joint Committee shall consist of persons who have not locally adjudicated upon the matter in question. It is understood that in case of unavoidable absence of Secretary a substitute may be present to act in same capacity as Secretary. 10. It is agreed that in respect to the opening of new markets abroad, the alteration of restrictive foreign tariffs, and other similar matters which may benefit or injure the cotton trade, the same shall be dealt with by a Com- mittee of three or more from each Federation, all the Associations agreeing to bring the whole weight of their influence to bear in furthering the general interests of the cotton industry in this country. 11. The above Committee shall meet whenever the Secretary of either Federation shall be of opinion that questions affecting the general interest of the cotton trades should be discussed. 12. The representatives of the employers and the representatives of the employed in the pending dispute do hereby mutually undertake that they will use their best endeavours to see that the engagements herein-before respectively entered into by them are faithfully carried out in every respect. The agreement is signed on behalf of the Federation of Master Cotton Spinners' Associations, the Amalgamated Asso- ciation of Operative Cotton Spinners, the Amalgamated Association of Card and Blowing Room Operatives, and the Amalgamated Northern Counties Association of Warpers, Reelers and Winders (now the Amalgamated Weavers', Winders', Warpers', Reelers' and Winders' Association). By an agreement made on March 30, 1906, between the Federation of Master Cotton Spinners' Associations, on the one hand, and the Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners, on the other hand, the following amendment was made in the Brooklands Agreement, so far as it relates to dealing with complaints of bad spinning : " When a settlement has been arrived at by the Federation and Amalga- mation Committees in a bad spinning complaint, and there be any further cause for such a complaint within a period of three months from the date of the aforesaid settlement, then the Federation and the Spinners' Amalgama- tion shall appoint from the Joint Committee which has previously dealt with the case, one or more persons to inspect the spinning within a period of three days. Where practicable, the same persons shall be appointed who have previously made an inspection. In the event of these persons failing to bring about a settlement, then a joint meeting of the Federation and Amalgamation Sub-Committees shall be called within three days of either party requesting same. Should such a Joint Meeting not be able to arrive at a settlement, then the Operatives shall have the right to tender notices to cease work on any making-up day within 21 days from the date of such Joint Committee meeting. Should notices not be tendered within the 21 days, then any further complaint up to the expiration of the three months shall be dealt with as herein-before provided. nucE LISTS. 139 " After three months from the first settlement, any complaint shall be considered to be a new case, to be dealt with in accordance with Clause 6 of the Brooklands Agreement relating to bad spinning." The Brooklands Agreement affects in all some 150,000 operatives employed in Lancashire and the adjoining counties (at Ashton, Bolton, Bury, Chorley, Darwen, Farnworth, Glossop, Heywood, Manchester, Oldham, Rawtenstall, Rochdale, and Stockport). Piece Price Lists. Passing now to the agreements in force in relation to particular sections of the cotton spinning industry, we find that these consist mainly of piece price lists. The price lists for the regulation of wages in the cotton trade of Lancashire and Cheshire are very complicated and technical in their character, but they are now very complete, being the result of long experience and special knowledge. For many years there have been spinning price lists in operation in different centres of the trade, the two principal lists, which regulate the wages of the great majority of the spinners in the trade, being those of Bolton and Oldham. The Oldham list is gradually superseding the local lists of many other districts. It prevails entirely in Oldham and the immediately surrounding district, as also in Eochdale and Heywood (for coarse and medium counts), and in Littleborough, Salford, and Warrington ; at Huddersfield the wage list is identical with the Oldham list, which also operates partially in Preston, Burnley, Blackburn, Hyde, Stockport, Bury, Darwen, Pendlebury, Bolton, Bipponden, Manchester, Mossley, and Stalybridge. From information supplied by the Secretary of the Amal- gamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners, Self-Actor Minders and Twiners of Lancashire and adjoining counties in December, 1909, it appears, that, out of the total number of spinners and twiners, who were members of this Trade Union, 10,180 had their wages regulated by the Oldham list, 5,584 by the Bolton list, and the remaining 7,157 by other lists. Some preliminary explanation of the terms used is necessary for the comprehension of the lists. The " mule " (the machine mainly employed in cotton spinning) is provided with a carriage a horizontal framework, on which are placed from say 700 up to 1,300 spindles, each of which is fed by two roving bobbins (on which has been wound the cotton partially prepared from the raw material by certain preliminary operations, which will be referred to again later on). The spinning is effected by the mule-carriage being made to run out about 5 feet from the rollers through which the rovings are fed 140 COTTON SPINNING. and back again (this distance being known as the " stretch," and the double journey being termed the " draw "). On the outward journey the partially prepared cotton on the roving bobbins is drawn out and twisted, while on the return journey this yarn is wound on the spindle in a tapering cylindrical coil (a " cop "). / These " self-acting " machines are run in pairs, each pair of mules being operated, as a rule, by a " minder " or spinner, assisted by two boys, or in some cases girls, who are called " piecers " (generally of different ages). These subordinate operatives are paid by the spinner and not by his employer. In some districts, however, the two mules are taken charge of by two "joiners " (without any piecers to assist them). The principal duty of the spinner and the assistants is to attend to the machine during the spinning operation, and to take up and piece all broken threads. In addition, the spinner has to supervise generally the working of the machme, and to level up the mules as they wear down. There are many other things to be attended to, such as "stripping," or "creeling," i.e., replacing an empty bobbin by a full one ; " doffing," or taking off the " cops " of spun cotton ; " tubing," or placing a small tube on the spindle on to which the thread is wound as the spinning process goes on ; " turning strings," or altering the spindle bands in such a way as to reverse the direction of their revolution. Such matters are in some cases treated as extras, and are paid for by the employers as additions to the rate fixed by the standard scale. The standard scale provides piece-wages for the minders, out of which these operatives pay to their assistants time-wages, which in some cases are also fixed by the scale. Speaking generally, it may be said, that the piece-wages of cotton spinners are payments in proportion to output, the amount of these payments, however, being fixed with reference to a specific time basis ; that is to say, the piece price per unit of output is made such an amount as shall enable the operative, working under specified (standard) conditions to earn in a stated period of time certain specified (standard) sums of money. At the same time, it should be understood, that on the one hand these standard earnings vary according to the size of the mules, and on the other hand, the actual earnings in any given case will vary according to the circumstances (such as the speed, at which the mules are run, the number and kind of extras that have to be paid for, &c.). But the nature of these arrangements will best be made clear by reference to the details of the Oldham and Bolton lists. The Oldham and District List. The Oldham and District list of wages for operative cotton spinners was agreed to by the Employers' and Operatives' Associations in January, 1876. Revisions of the list then agreed to have been made from time to time, but, practically, the principle of the original list remains undisturbed. The OLDHAM SPINNERS' LIST. 141 list is based on payment for the actual length of yarn produced, each machine being fitted with an automatic indicator or counter which shows the number of hanks (each of 840 yards) spun. If this measuring of yarn were the only matter to be decided, the problem of payment by results would be very simple, but as the yarn produced varies almost indefinitely in character, and as the machinery of production varies also, the matter becomes much more difficult. What the list does, is to establish a simple standard for work carried on under the most ordinary conditions, and from which all variations may be easily regulated. The first element taken into account is the number of spindles on the mule. All other conditions being equal, the mule with the largest number of spindles will, within any given number of hours, spin the greatest number of hanks. The operatives employed at the larger machine, having thus more responsibility and more arduous work than those at a smaller machine, are considered to be entitled to higher remuneration. This rate of pay is, however, not augmented in exact proportion to the increase in the size of the machine ; for the rate paid per length of yarn spun in the case of the large machine is less than for the smaller, the advantage of the increased output (due to the extra number of spindles) being thus divided in agreed proportions between the employer and the operative. The rates of the list, therefore, vary in the first place according to the number of spindles attended to by the operatives. The next element is the length of the machine's travel (or " draw "), which may be said to represent the length of cotton that may most safely and conveniently be twisted, drawn out, and wound into " cops " or reels upon the spindles at one opera- tion. Summing this up we have to take into account 1. The number of spindles. 2. The time in which the " draws " are made. Upon these elements the standard list is based, thus Any given number of spindles making three " draws " of 63 inches each (i.e., three return journeys over a " stretch " of 63 inches) in 50 seconds should represent a certain rate of weekly earnings to be divided between the spinner and his assistants in a certain proportion. The following is a copy of the operatives' schedule, embodying the list, from which it differs only in stating definite rates of earnings (in a week of 56| hours*) for the spinner and for his piecers, while in the original the figures stated are the total * This was the length of the "factory week" until on January 1, 1902, the maximum number of working hours allowed under Act of Parliament for women and young persons employed in textile factories was reduced from 56 to 55| per week. 142 COTTON SPINNING. earnings of spinner and piecers together, and the percentage of these earnings to be taken by the mule-minder and his piecers* respectively. Only the number of spindles on each mule and amount of earnings, which, at the prices fixed in accordance with the list, ought to be made in relation to that machine, are shown, the length of draw and number of draws per 50 seconds being assumed to be according to the standard as above stated : No. of doz. Spindles. Total Earnings should draw from Office. Spinner's Wages. Piecers' Wages. No. of doz. Spindles. Total Earnings should draw from Office. Spinner's Wages. Piecers' Wages. s. d. s, d. s. d. s. d. s. d. *. d. 36 1 17 25 6 11 6 77 2 19 4 32 4 27 37 1 17 2 25 8 11 6 78 2 19 6 32 6 27 38 1 17 4 25 10 11 6 79 2 19 8 32 8 27 39 1 17 ti 26 11 6 80 2 1U 10 32 10 27 40 1 17 8 26 2 11 6 81 300 33 27 41 1 17 10 26 4 11 6 82 802 33 2 27 42 1 18 26 6 11 6 83 804 33 4 27 43 1 18 2 26 8 11 6 84 3 6 33 6 27 44 1 18 4 26 10 11 6 85 318 33 8 28 45 206 27 13 6 86 3 1 10 33 10 28 46 208 27 2 13 6 87 320 34 28 47 2 10 27 4 13 6 88 322 34 2 28 48 210 27 6 13 6 89 334 34 4 29 49 222 27 8 14 6 90 336 34 6 29 50 224 27 10 14 6 91 338 34 8 29 51 226 28 14 6 92 3 3 10 34 10 29 52 228 28 2 14 6 93 350 35 30 53 244 28 4 16 94 3 5 2 35 2 30 54 246 28 6 16 95 3 5 4 35 4 30 55 248 28 8 16 96 356 35 6 30 56 2 4 10 28 10 16 97 388 35 8 33 57 290 29 20 98 3 8 10 35 10 33 58 292 29 2 20 99 390 36 33 59 294 29 4 20 100 392 36 2 33 60 296 29 6 20 101 3 12 4 36 4 36 61 2 11 8 29 8 22 102 3 12 6 36 6 36 62 2 11 10 29 10 22 103 3 12 8 36 8 36 63 2 12 30 22 104 3 12 10 36 10 36 64 2 12 2 30 2 22 105 3 13 37 36 65 2 15 4 30 4 25 106 3 13 2 37 'i 36 66 2 15 6 30 6 25 107 3 13 4 37 4 36 67 2 15 8 30 8 25 108 3 13 6 37 6 36 68 2 15 10 30 10 25 109 3 14 2 37 8 36 6 69 2 17 31 26 110 3 14 4 37 10 36 6 70 2 17 2 31 2 26 111 3 14 6 38 36 6 71 2 17 4 31 4 26 112 3 14 8 38 2 36 6 72 2 17 6 31 6 26 113 3 14 10 38 4 36 6 73 2 17 8 31 8 26 114 3 15 38 6 36 6 74 2 17 10 31 10 26 115 3 15 2 38 8 36 6 75 2 18 32 26 116 3 15 4 38-10 36 6 76 2 18 2 32 2 26 Spinners spinning pin cops to earn Is. per -week more. The list of earnings just set forth applies, as has been stated, to the case in which the mules are running at an agreed normal speed, the carriage running out over a space of 63 inches and back again three times in every 50 seconds. With respect to those cases, in which this standard speed is exceeded, this agreement makes the following provisions : In cases where spinning mules are running quicker than three draws in 50 seconds, with 63 in. draw for any counts of yarn, twist, or It will be seen that these percentages are not uniform throughout the list ; thus, the proportion to be taken by the piecers varies from 31 '08 per cent, at the commencement to 48'45 per cent, at the end of the table, OLDHAM SPINNEES LIST. 143 weft, one half the advantage of the difference arising from quicker speeds shall be added to total earnings as in following list : Number Amount to be Number Amount to be Number Amoimt to be of added for each of added for each of added for each Dozen Spindles. second quicker than 3 in 50. Dozen Spindles. second quicker than 3 in 50. Do/.ea i second quicker Spindles, j than 3 in 50. 1 d. d. d. 36 40 4i 4i 64 68 6* 6i 92 96 ?i 4t 4l 72 a} 100 8 48 5 76 7 104 8| 52 5Jt 80 7i 108 8f 56 tf 84 7i 112 9 60 6 88 74 116 9 Other lengths of draw in proportion. Thus, of the increased production consequent upon augmented speed, one half the advantage goes to the operative and the other half goes to the employer. When the Oldham list was originally drawn up, no provision was made for the case, in which mules run, not with greater, but with less than the standard speed. At that time (in 1876) such cases were practically unknown in the districts to which the list applied. But in course of time a finer class of yarn (yarn of higher " counts," i.e., of which a greater number of hanks was required to make up one pound in weight) began to be spun in these districts ; and since such yarns can not be spun except by mules run at comparatively slow speeds, involving a pro- portionately reduced output within any given number of hours and a consequent diminution in weekly piece- wage earnings, objection was taken by the operatives in 1907 to the continuance of the prices fixed under the Oldham list in relation to this class of work. This dispute [an account of which is given at pp. 55-58 of the .Report on Strikes and Lock-outs oj 1907 (Cd. 4254)] was ended on December 5, 1907, by an agreement between the employers and the workpeople concerned, which was in the following terms : That the quick-speed clause of the Oldham list be modified so that the mules running slower than three draws in 44 seconds for a 63 in. stretch have added to their gross earnings payment for l-12th of the number of seconds they run quicker than three draws in 120 seconds for a 63 in. stretch at the rate per second provided for in the quick-speed clause. Those mules now running quicker than three draws in 44 seconds for a 63 in. stretch to continue to receive what the present clause gives them. It was also agreed, that On and after January 1st, 1908, the method of putting this amendment into operation shall be left to the respective local secretaries, provided always that any firm, which has already made concessions above the Oldham list, may cease the said concessions in substitution for the new quick-speed clause and shall at the option of either side have a retiming. * Counts are determined by the number of hanks necessary to weigh one lb., thus a 32's count means 32 hanks to the lb. Twist is the yarn used for the warp or longitudinal threads of a piece of cloth. Weft is the yarn used for the cross threads. 144 COTTON SPINNING. Going back now to the Table of Earnings set forth above, it should be explained that the use of this ready reckoner is to set forth the basis, upon which, under the circumstances therein supposed to exist, the spinners' piece prices are to be reckoned. These prices, that is to say, are in all cases to be such as to enable the average operative to earn, within a given number of hours, the sums therein set forth (the piece rates payable under other circumstances being fixed on the basis of these standard rates). As already mentioned, the number of hours referred to is 56^, that being the duration of the week's work in spinning mills at the time when the Oldham list was compiled. But in fixing upon this basis the piece prices to be paid to the spinners it is not assumed that the mules will be producing yarn during the whole of these 56^ hours ; it is, on the contrary, stipulated that specified allowances shall be made for time unavoidably lost (the mules being temporarily stopped for one reason or another). The provisions of the Oldham wages agreement in regard to this and certain other incidental matters are as follows : Clause No. 1. The mode of calculating length of yarn spun by spinning mules to be as follows : From 56 hours shall be deducted 1. An allowance of l hours per week for cleaning and accidental stoppages. 2. An allowance for doffing time, as fellows : For each pair of mules, of 60 doz. spindles and under, five minutes. For each pair of mules, over 60 doz. spindles and less than 90 doz., six minutes. For each pair of mules, of 90 doz. spindles and upwards, seven minutes. Number of doffings reckoned off one mule only. 3. An allowance of 2 per cent, for breakage. Clause No. 2. Mule indicators to be so constructed as to allow 2 per cent. for breakage. Clause No. 3. The above list of total earnings does not apply to firms using a low quality of cotton and waste requiring more piecers ; or to firms using a superior quality of cotton, requiring fewer piecers ; in such cases, if any dispute arise, arrangements must be made with the consent of the two committees. Clause No. 4. In case of a dispute arising on account of quick speed, or from bad work,* the question shall be referred to the two secretaries, and in the event of them not being able to settle the same, the dispute shall be referred to the two committees for a decision. Clause No. 5. If spinning 24's and under, Is. to be added to the list of total earnings ; but in cases of mules running three draws in 50 seconds, or slower, Is. to be added for counts from 24's to 21's inclusive, and 2s. for 20's and all counts below. Clause No. 6. The above list of total earnings does not apply to double- decked mules, odd mules, three mules, or hand mules. In all cases of dispute, arrangements are to be made by the two committees. * See ante, p. 137, p. 138, post, p. 147. OLDHAM SPINNERS' LIST. 145 Under Clause No. 1 it will be seen that the hours of actual spinning vary slightly according to the size of the mules. But in every case for the normal wage stated a given length of yarn must be spun. If a workman is careless or inattentive he will fall short of the normal rate ; but, on the other hand, some operatives may earn a little over. In order to illustrate the manner in which, in a simple case no " extra work " (as to which see below) being involved the piece- wage rate per 1,000 hanks is calculated on the basis just explained, the following hypothetical case may be taken : A pair of mules spinning 32's T, 3 draws in 48 seconds, 63 in. stretch 2,000 spindles, 56 hours, Less l for accidents, &c. 55 or 3,300 minutes. Doffing 9 times off each mule, at 6 minutes 54 ,, 3^246 Breakage 2 per cent 81 3,165 x 60 = 189,900 seconds. (Stretch) (Draws) (Spindles) 189,900 x 63 x 3 x 2.000 (Hanks.) - = 49,453 840 x 36 x 48 (Yards.) (Inches.) (Seconds.) s. d. Then the list price is 3 5 Extra speed, 2 seconds 1 2 Pence. 3 1 1\ or 739-500 Pence. 14-95 per 1,000. 49,453 In certain cases the work required to be done comprises items additional to the normal operations, and in regard to such "extra work," the following arrangements have been made. The list provides as follows : CONDITIONS for EXTRA WORK. 1. If no bobbin carrier is employed, \\d. per 100 Ibs. of yarn weighed in to be added to the list, but if a hoist is in use and no bobbin carrier, \d. per 100 Ibs. to be allowed. 2. If minder is employed on double-decked mules, \s. Qd. per week to be added to total earnings. 3. If minder is spinning from double rovings, 1 s. per week to be added to the list. This to apply where the mules are adapted with tin guiders for double rovings, though not always working double rovings. 4. Breaking-out rovings, or turning strings. For mules up to 36 doz. inclusive, Is. per pair of mules to be allowed. upwards of 36 doz., %d. per doz. per pair to be added. For breaking-out double rovings, double the above rates to be paid. 33311 K 146 COTTON SPINNING. 5. Tubing to be left for individual arrangement, and any dispute respecting payment for same to be decided by the two committees, the allowance made to be fair payment to the minder for loss of time entailed by the operation. NOTE. The allowances for breaking-out and turning strings are considered fair payment to the minder for loss of time entailed by those operations. 6. For re-setting or levelling up mules, minder to be paid at the following rate, if he is required and in attendance : For mules up to 56 doz. inclusive, bd. per hour. from 57 to 76 5jd. All larger mules, Qd. per hour. Piecers, if required and in attendance, to be paid their usual wages by the employer, as an equivalent for the yarn spun on one mule while the other is being re-set. 7. A month's notice of any desired alteration in the above list and con- ditions shall be given on either side, and all cases in dispute shall be attended to within seven days of the receipt of notice, and if on investigation the employer be found to have caused the dispute, he shall be held responsible for the same, and vice verm the minder. Subsequently it was arranged between the parties to this agreement as follows : EXTRA PIECING for COARSE COUNTS. If spinning 21's weft counts and under, that an extra full-time piecer be allowed and paid by the employer, the wages to be in accordance with the size of mules and what is actually required in each case. PAYMENT for ROLLER MOTIONS. Where roller motions are employed, the spinner is to be paid for yarn produced by the same, whether the mules run quicker or slower than 3 draws in 50 seconds, according to the scale printed in this list at so much per second. Thus : Given, a pair of mules 64 inch stretch, allowing 4 inches roller motion, and running 3 draws in 55 seconds, add the roller motion to nominal stretch, making in this case 68 inches Then if 68 inches gives 3 in 55 seconds, 64 inches gives 3 in 52 seconds (nearly). Deduct one from the other, and allow the proper amount for the 3 seconds as per scale. In addition, the following conditions* are accepted in practice : CHANGING of RIMS. When rims are changed, there shall be no alteration made in the piece- work price for less rims than a 17-inch for two grooved rims, and 15-inch for three grooved rims ; but for all larger rims the price to be altered as per agreement between the secretaries of the two associations. This arrangement only to apply for all changes made after this date, Sept- ember 15th, 1894. * In addition to the conditions set forth in the text, the following is the accepted arrangement with regard to the days to be taken as holidays : " Christmas Day, and when the latter falls on a Sunday, the following Monday to be the holiday ; Easter Monday, and either Good Friday or Easter Tuesday (at the option of the employer) ; Whit Friday and Saturday, and following Monday ; the last Saturday in August, and the whole of the following week; making a total of 13 days, including three Saturdays." OLDHAM SPINNERS' LIST. 147 WORKING up PIECES. Any spinner who is required to work up pieces of rovings broken out by other spinners is entitled to compensation for such extra work, and in case of disagreement between the employer and operatives, the allowance shall be fixed by the secretaries of the two associations, in accordance with the circumstances of each particular case. DOFFING COPS on the FLOOR. Any spinner who is required to doff his cops, and put them on the- floor, on account of being short of doffing skips, and then having to pick them up again, and put them into skips, shall be entitled to compensation for such extra labour, and such compensation shall be agreed upon by the secretaries of the two associations, as the circumstances of each case may require. With regard to these payments for " extra work," it should be observed that these form an important part of the remuneration of the mule-minders (the piecers not sharing in these sums). Writing in 1899, the Secretary of the Oldham Master Cotton Spinners' Association stated, that " these extra payments amount in many cases to as much as 15s. per week, and taken on the average in Oldham, constitute a very substantial increase in the spinners' earnings." It will readily be comprehended that the arrangements under the Oldham list are so technical in their nature that many of the operatives themselves do not understand them, and it is possible that some employers may not be highly skilled in their working. The officials of the Trade Union are, therefore, being continually called upon by employers or by operatives to apply the principles of the list to a given mill or to a given machine, in order to decide what the rate of wages should be under the existing conditions. Since the remuneration of the operatives is dependent upon the amount of yarn spun, and since, if the cotton given out to be spun is of inferior quality and consequently is specially liable to be broken in the process of spinning, at any rate unless that process is carried out at a lower than normal speed, the question of compensation for the loss incurred on account of defective material is one of moment for the workpeople. This matter is referred to in Clause No. 4 of the Oldham list (see ante> p. 144) ; and a further agreement in relation to this subject was come to on May 5, 1892, between the Federation of Master Cotton Spinners and the Amalgamated Operative Spinners' Association, which was in the following terms : Where bad work is proved, the employers agree that, it shall be an admitted principle that the men shall be entitled to compensation for loss in wages until the grievance is removed. Should there be no loss in wages, but the work is proved to be bad, then the firm involved shall make such alterations in the speed or material as may in the opinion of the investigators be required to meet the case. Any loss in wages resulting from such temporary reduction in speed shall be covered to such an extent as the two Associations shall decide This clause shall not apply to any district in which the minimum or maximum speed clause is in operation. 33311 K 2 148 COTTON SPINNING. Since the Oldham list was first agreed upon, the following fluctuations have taken place : Year. Date Increase. Decrease. Per cent. Per cent. 1877 October 22 5 1878 May 27 5 1878 November 2i 5 1879 October 20 5 1880 February 9 5 1881 January* 5 1885 October 19 5 1888 May 20 5 1891 1893 January 1 March 27 5 2-91 (Id. in the ) 1899 March 27 2-91 (7d.inthe ) 1900 April 30 5 __ 1906 Mayf 5 1907 JuneJ t 5 __ 1909 March - 5 * To date from last making -up day in January, t To date from 3rd and 4th pay in May. j To date from 3rd pay in June. To date from 1st pay in March. Making wages 5 per cent, above the list prices of 1876.* The Bolton and District List. The " Bolton and district net list of prices for spinning twist, reeled yarn, or bastard twist and weft on self -actor mules," would appear to be one of the earliest of the lists adopted in the cotton spinning trade for the regulation of wages. It was first prepared in 1858, but since that time has been frequently enlarged and revised by agreement between the Joint Com- mittees of the Bolton Master Spinners' Association and the Operative Cotton Spinners' Provincial Association of Bolton and District. The latest edition of the list is the one dated May 1, 1906. Speaking broadly, it may be said, that, although the details of the Bolton list differ in very numerous points from those of * It should be understood, with regard to all the piece price lists in the cotton spinning industry, that the actual movement in the earnings of the workpeople has not corresponded exactly with the fluctuations in these lists. For, as is stated in the Report of an Inquiry by the Board of Trade into the Earnings and Hours of Labour of Workpeople in the Textile Trades of the United Kingdom, Cd. 4545 of 1909, p. xxxvii., [cotton] "spinners have, on the whole, gained considerably more than the list changes, partly in some districts by an increasing proportion being employed on the finer counts, but mainly through the improvement and greater capacity of the mules." It is there stated, that the increase in the average full-time earnings in all districts (as between 1886 and 1906) has been 33 per cent. BOLTON SPINNERS' LIST. 149 the Oldham list, any divergence between the two wages agree- ments involves matters of form, rather than of substance. Thus the unit of piece price payment at Bolton is (so far as the general list is concerned) 100 Ibs. weight of yarn, but under the Oldham list is 1,000 hanks (each hank being 840 yards in length). But, as will have been seen, a certain length of yarn of any fiven " count " always weighs a certain fixed number of pounds, o that the distinction between the two lists is of no practical importance, and indeed the standard prices of the Bolton general list, upon which the piece wage rates per 100 Ibs. of yarn are based, are (as will be seen) prices per 1,000 hanks. Then, again, in many mills in the Bolton district (as will be explained later) under special lists, based on the general agreement, but drawn up to apply to the particular circumstances of each factory, the unit of piece payment is 100 "draws." But since each draw corresponds exactly with a given length of yarn spun, payment per 100 draws is only one particular form of payment by length. Another feature, which distinguishes the Bolton from the Oldham list, is that the former contains, but the latter does not contain a special rule in relation to the amount of twist put in yarn of different counts (the standard turns per inch being found by multiplying the square root of the count concerned by 3-606 for twist, 3-394 for reeled yarn, and 3'183 for weft). But, since' the greater or less number of the turns per inch put in any yarn that is being spun directly affects the speed, at which the mule is run ; and since, so far as the speed of the machines is concerned, the Oldham list makes express provisions, the difference between the two wage agreements is not one of a material character. Clause I. TWIST STANDARD. Sec. 1. The twist standard price is 21'04rf. per 1,000 hanks of 50's count, with 25'5 revolutions of the spindles per inch of yarn, on mules of 420 spindles each. The prices have been brought out net, by deducting | per cent, for every additional 12 spindles beyond 420, up to and including 806 spindles, when spinning twist, bastard twist, doubling, or pin cop weft counts on twist mules. Where, however, the number of spindles does not exceed 804 each mule, an extra 5 per cent, is allowed, and has been added for short mules. Sec. 2. Mules of 1 in. gauge or over, to be considered twist mules, and to discount only for number of spindles up to 806 each mule. Larger mules of twist gauge to be paid the same price per 100 Ibs. Sec. 3. All counts below 32's twist to be paid the same price per 1,000 hanks ; but in working out the price per 100 Ibs., hank by the actual count (even) spun. Sec. 4. Counts, whether twist, bastard twist, doubling, or pin cop weft, spun on mules of \\ in. gauge or over, to be discounted for length of mules up to 806 spindles only. Sec. 5. An additional 5 per cent, to be allowed when spinning pin cops on mules over 1^ in. gauge. 150 COTTON SPINNING. Clause II. REELED YARNS OK BASTARD TWIST STANDARD. Sec. 1. The bastard twist standard price is 19'8d. per 1,000 hanks of 50's count, with 24 revolutions of the spindles per inch of yarn, on mules of 420 spindles each ; a half per cent, is deducted for every additional 12 spindles beyond 420 up to and including 806 spindles. Where, however, the number of spindles does not exceed 804 each mule, an extra 5 per cent, is allowed and has been added for short mules. Sec. 2. Twist, bastard twist, doubling, or pin cop weft counts spun upon mules of 1| in. gauge or over, will be discounted for size of mule up to 806 spindles. Sec. 3. All counts below 34's bastard twist to be paid the same price per 1,000 hanks ; but in ascertaining the price per 100 Ibs., hank by the actual count (even) spun. Clause III. WEFT STANDARD. Sec. 1. The standard price for weft is 18'56d. per 1,000 hanks of 50's count, with 22*5 revolutions of the spindles per inch of yarn, on mules of 420 spindles each. A half per cent, is deducted for every additional 12 spindles beyond 420 up to and including 900 spindles, when the gauge of the spindles is 1-g- in. or below. Where, however, the number of spindles does not exceed 804, an extra 5 per cent, is allowed, and has been added for short mules. Sec. 2. Mules of 1^ in. gauge of spindles, and below, to be considered weft mules ; twist, bastard twist, doubling or pin cop weft counts spun on weft mules shall be discounted for length of mule up to 900 spindles each mule. Sec. 3. All counts below 36's weft to be paid the same price per 1,000 hanks ; but in calculating the price per 100 Ibs., hank by the actual count (even) spun. Clause IV. COARSE COUNTS. Sec. 1. Five per cent, to be added upon all sizes of mules when spinning 40's twist, bastard twist, doubling, or pin cop weft, or any count below. Sec. 2. When spinning 30's count, or below, the employer to engage and pay an extra full-time creeler, unless spinning so slow as not to require one, or spinning from a single roving, or as may be otherwise arranged between the secretaries of the two Associations, and unless a few sets only are required, in which case the spinner shall have an extra allowance of Sd. per diem in lieu thereof. Clause V. HARD OR SOFT SPUN YARNS. Sec. 1. When spinning any count with more than standard turns per inch in, the price per 100 Ibs. to be increased by fths the proportionate difference between the price of the count set to spin, and the count for which the turns per inch put in is the standard. Sec. 2. When spinning soft weft yarns with more than two-and-a-half turns per inch less than is allowed by the standard, the price per 100 Ibs. shall be reduced by one-fifth the proportionate difference between the price per 100 Ibs. for each turn per inch beyond, and reckoning from the two arid- a-half turns per inch referred to. N.B. In spinning soft weft or hosiery yarns, to which this section may not always apply, the price for spinning such yarns shall be subject to arrange- ment in accordance with Cl. XIX. Clause VI. STANDARD SPEED . Sec. 1. The standard speed shall be taken in each mill as the speed usually run at such mill. In case of alteration to a speed below such standard, the price per 100 Ibs. to be increased equal to two-thirds of the proportionate difference in reduction in size of the rim. BOLTON SPINNERS' LIST. 151 Sec. 2. Five per cent, extra to be allowed when spinning with single and double speeds. Clause VII. PRICES TO BE PAID EXTRA WHEN TUBING. Tubing per Set, Large Cops. Sec. 1. Spindles in each Mule- . Counts. 600 602 650 700 750 800 850 900 and to to to to to to to under. 648. 698. 748. 798. 848. 898. 948. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. 30's and under 3 3 31 4 41 5 54 6 32'sto60's 4 4 4f 5 5! 6 64 7 62's 80's 44 44 5 54 g 64 7~ 74 82's 100's 5 5 54 6 64 7 71 8 102's 120's 54 54 ! 6" 64 7 n 3 84 122's 140's 6" 6" 64 7 74 s" 84 9 142's 160's 64 64 7 74 8 . 84 9 94 Spindles in each Mule. Counts. 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 to to to to to to to 998. 1048. 1098. 1148. 1198. 1248. 1298. d. d. d. d. s. d. s. d. *. d. 30's and under.. 64 1 74 8 o 84 9 o 94 32's to 60's 7^ 8 9 o 94 10 o 104 62's . 80's 8 84 9 94 10 o 104 11 82's , 100's .. gJ; 9 94 10 o 104 11 IH 102's , 120's .. 9 94 10 104 11 o 114 I 122's , 140's .. 94 10 104 11 o 114 1 1 04 142's , 160's .. 10 104 11 114 1 i 04 1 1 \d. per set to be added for every 20 hanks finer above 160's count. Mules of 1,300 spindles each to be paid proportionate advance. Tvhing per Set, Pin Cops. Sec. 2. The price per set for tubing pin cops shall be equivalent to |th of a penny per Ib. weight of such set, when spinning 60's to 100's count ; with a penny per set added, for every 10 hanks, or fractional part of 10 hanks finer than 100's count ; and a reduction of a half -penny per set, for every 10 hanks or fractional part of 10 hanks coarser than 60's count down to 20's count. Sec. 3. Cops spun full length of spindles on mules of 1 in. gauge and over, to be paid for tubing in accordance with scale for large cops. When spinning full length cops on mules of 1^ in. gauge of spindles or below, the price per set shall be the mean between the price per set allowed for large, and the price per set allowed for pin cops, same length of mule. Sec. 4. Full-length tubes large cops, to be paid double the rates given by Section 1. Full-length tubes, pin cops, on 42's count or above, to be paid double the rates shown in Section 2 ; 40's count and below to be paid ^th of a penny per Ib. weight of the set. Sec. 5. Tubes put on with the apparatus to be paid two-thirds the above rates per set when spinning 100's count or over, and three-fifths the rates per set when spinning 98's count or under. 152 COTTON SPINNING. Sec. 6. All tubes, whether part or full length, to be weighed in as yarn, providing the weight of such tubes does not exceed 12 oz. per 1,000. Any excess beyond this weight to be deducted. Clause VIII. RE-BANDING SPINDLES. 3fd. per 100 spindles. (See table.) Clause IX. TURNING SPINDLE BANDS. 2d. per 100 spindles. (See table.) Clause X. STRIPPING CREELS. TURNING BANDS. RE-BANDING.' f 600 602 650 i 700 750 800 850 900 Spindles per Mule -j and under. to 648. to 698. to 748. to 798. to 848. to 898. to 948. | a. d. a. d. a. d. *-. d. 6". d. s. d. s. d. a. d. Stripping creels, { double-roving j 3 3 3 6 3 9 4 4 3 4 G 4 9 5 Stripping creels, 1 single-roving j 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 2 10 3 3 2 3 4 Turning bands 2 Of 2 3 2 5* ?. n 2 9| 3 3 2 3 4i Re-banding spindles... 3 H 3 41 3 7| 3 11 4 2f 4 6 4 9i 5 04 Spindles per Mule < 950 to 1,000 CO 1,050 to 1,100 to 1,150 to 1,200 to 1,250 to J 998 1 ,048. 1,098. 1,148. 1,198. 1,248. 1,298. * d. s- d s d 5 d / 7 s d Stripping creels, ( double-roving ( 5 3 5 (i 5 9 6 6 3 6 6 6 9 Stripping creels, ( single-roving ( Turning bands 3 G 3 6f 3 8 3 9 3 1.0 4 4 14 4 2 4 3f 4 4 4 6 4 (3 4 8$ Re-banding spindles... 5 4f 5 74 5 lOf 6 24 6 of 6 9 7 O^ Clause XI. REPAIRING, RE-SETTING, or STARTING NEW MULES. If both mules are stopped, the spinner to receive at the rate of 21s. per week, and piecers paid by the employer if required in attendance. If one mule be worked, the spinner to receive at the rate of 306'. per week, together with piecers' wages, but no allowance for any yarn spun. Payment to reckon from the commencement of stoppage. N.B. This Clause shall not come into operation unless there be 4 hours' stoppage on one mule, or 2$ hours' stoppage on both mules. Clause XII. BOBBIN CARRYING. Where no bobbin-carrier is employed, each spinner shall be entitled to compensation, the amount to be decided by the committees of the two Associations. Clause XIII. DOUBLE DECKED MULES. To be paid 5 per cent, extra, but to discount for length of mules, as if total spindles in two mules were contained in a single mule. Clause XIV. No deduction to be made from the price per 100 Ibs. unless provided for in this schedule. UOLTON SPINNERS LIST. 153 Clause XV. All counts to be paid to what they are set. When spinning ' odd " counts, i.e., 21's, 41's, 61's, &c., &c., the spinner to be paid for the next "even" count higher, viz., 22's, 42's, 62's, &c., &c. Clause XVI. LIST OP REVOLUTIONS per Spindle per Inch of Yarn. TWIST. 10's to 120's. REELED YARN. 10'sto I20's. WEFT. 10'stol20's. 'Counts. 10 Twist, per inch. 11-44 Counts. 10 Twist, per inch. 10-77 Counts. 10 Twist, per inch. 10-10 12 12-47 12 11-74 12 11-01 14 13-46 14 12-68 14 11-89 16 14-40 16 13-46 16 12-72 18 15-27 18 14-38 18 13-48 20 16-09 20 15-15 20 14-21 22 16-88 22 15-89 22 14-91 24 17-63 24 16-50 24 15-57 26 18-35 26 17-28 26 16-21 28 19-04 28 17-93 28 16-83 30 19-75 30 18-58 30 17-42 32 20-4 32 19-2 32 18-0 34 21-02 34 19-78 34 18-55 36 21-64 36 20-36 36 19-09 38 22-23 38 20-92 38 19-61 40 22-81 40 21-47 40 20-13 42 23-37 42 22-0 42 20-62 44 23-92 44 22-51 44 2M 46 24-45 46 23-01 46 21-58 48 24-98 48 23-51 48 22-04 50 25-5 50 24-0 50 22-5 52 26-0 52 24-47 52 22-94 54 26-5 54 24-94 54 23-38 56 26-98 56 25-39 56 23-81 58 27-46 58 25-84 58 24-23 60 27-93 60 26-28 60 24-54 62 28-39 62 26-72 62 25-05 64 28-85 64 27-15 61 25-45 66 29-29 66 27-58 66 25-87 68 29-73 68 27-98 68 26-23 70 30-17 70 28-39 70 26-62 72 30-6 72 28-8 72 27-0 74 31-02 74 2949 74 27-37 76 31-44 76 29-59 7(5 27-74 78 31-85 78 29-97 78 28-1 80 32-25 80 30-36 80 28-47 82 32-65 82 30-73 82 28-81 84 33-05 84 31-1 84 29-16 86 33-44 86 31-47 86 29-5 88 33-83 88 31-83 88 29-84 90 34-21 90 32-19 90 30-18 92 34-59 92 32-55 92 30-52 94 34-96 94 32-9 94 30-85 96 35-33 96 33-25 96 31-17 98 35-7 98 33-6 98 31-5 100 36-06 100 33-94 100 31-83 102 36-41 102 34-27 102 32-14 104 36-77 104 34-61 104 32-46 106 37-12 106 34-94 106 32-76 108 37-47 108 35-27 108 33-07 110 37-81 110 35-59 110 33-32 112 38-16 112 35-91 112 33-68 114 38-50 114 36-23 114 33-98 116 38-83 116 36-65 116 34-28 118 39-17 118 36-86 118 34-57 120 39-50 120 37-17 120 34-86 The above turns per inch are found by multiplying the square root of the counts by 3*606 for twist, 3'394 for reeled yarn, and 3*183 for wefk 154 COTTON SPINNING. Clause XVII. Table showing the amount per cent, to be added or taken from the gross price per 1,000 hanks (as per Clauses I., II., III.), in ascertaining the net price per 1,000 hanks or 100 Ibs. Spindles Spindles Mule. Mule. 432 4^ per cent, to be added. (i7'2 5 per cent, to be deducted. ^ gg g 444 4 684 6 ,, ^ 456 468 4 , 3 , 696 708 f ;; !! -S g 480 - 2 > ?> 720 7* 492 732 8 ^ S^ * 504 14 , 744 84 ^ 3 ^ 516 J >5 756 528 768 4 540 2 Net 780 10 H^ S rS 552 i per cent, to be deducted. 792 104 J O "^ 564 1 576 ? ?? 804* >J S ^0 588 2 806 16 **'> ^2 600 24 , 816 164 co^ 612 828 17 "^0) 624 34 , 840 174 o'fl g 636 4 852 18 648 44 , 864 184 15-2 660 " 5? ?? 876 19 sis- . 888 194 900 20 , J ^sss * All mules of twist gauge having over 804 spindles each mule, to be discounted 16 per cent. ; mules of weft gauge having over 804 spindles each, to be discounted per cent, for each 12 spindles up to 900 spindles, as per above scale. Clause XVIII. HOLIDAYS.* o # * # * Clause XIX. Should any circumstance arise for which the list makes no provision, the same shall be submitted to the adjudication of the joint committees of the two Associations. Clause XX. Three months' notice to be given by the one party to the other party to this agreement of any intention to increase or reduce the rates of prices, &c., provided for in this schedule of conditions. Clause XXI. One month's notice to be given by the one party to the other party of an intention to advance or reduce the prices per 1,000 hanks or per 100 Ibs. Clause XXII. In the event of a dispute arising between employers and employed regarding these notes, prices, or general conditions of work or wages, the matter shall be referred to the secretaries of the two Associations for adjustment, who shall take action within seven days from receipt of notice of complaint. Should, however, they fail to arrive at a settlement of the point at issue, the same shall be referred to the joint committees for their decision. * The dates are different for different districts; those for the Bolton, Farnworth, and Westhoughton Districts are : " January 1st and 2nd. or 1st and 3rd, or 2nd and 3rd, when 1st or 2nd is a Sunday, Good Friday, and following day, Whit-Friday, Whit- Saturday, and following Monday, the third Saturday in August and following Monday and Tuesday, and Christmas Day, or the following day when Christmas Day is a Sunday." BOLTON SPINNERS LIST. 155 There are appended to the Agreement the Standard Prices printed below, and Tabular Lists (occupying 49 pages) giving the net prices to be paid for spinning 100 Ibs. of yarn on the various sizes of mules," ascertained from the prices to be paid per 1,000 hanks, as shown in these Standard Prices, either when the Standard Rates are paid, when prices are 5 per cent, above the Standard, or when the rates are 5 per cent, and 10 per cent, respectively below the Standard. The Standard Prices are as follows : STANDARD PRICES per 1,000 Hanks for Spinning Twist, Reeled Yarn or Bastard Twist, and Weft, upon Mules containing 420 Spindles each ; and from which the price to be paid for Spinning 100 Ibs. of any Count of Yarn, from Nos. 10 to 120 upon the various sizes of Mules is to be ascertained. Reeled Reeled No. of Count. Twist Counts, per 1,000 Hanks. Yarn or Bastard Twist Counts, per 1,000 Hanks. Weft Counts, per 1,000 Hanks. No. of Count. Twist Counts, per 1,000 Hanks. Yarn or Bastard Twist Counts, per 1,000 Hanks. Weft Counts, per 1,000 Hanks. d. d. d. d. d. d. 32's 16-82 78's 26-28 24-73 23-18 34's 17-34 16-32 80's 26-61 25-05 23-49 36's 17-85 16-80 15-75 82's 26-94 25-35 23-77 38's 18-33 17-25 16-18 84's 27-27 25-66 24-06 40's 18-82 17-71 16-60 86's 27-59 25-96 24-34 42's 19-28 18-14 17-01 88's 27-90 26-26 24-62 44's 19-73 18-56 17-40 90's 28-23 26-56 24-90 46's 20-17 18-98 17-80 92's 28-54 26-86 25-18 48's 20-71 19-44 18-18 94's 28-85 27-15 25-45 50's 21-04 19-80 18-56 96's 29-15 27-43 25-72 52's 21-43 20-17 18-92 93's 29-45 27-71 25-98 54's 21-86 20-56 19-26 100's 29-74 28-00 26-26 56's 22-26 20-95 19-64 102's 30-05 28-27 26-50 58's 22-66 21-33 20-00 104's 30-33 28-54 26-76 60's 23-05 21-69 20-33 106's 30-63 28-81 27-00 62's 23-42 22-02 20-66 108's 30-91 29-09 27-27 64's 23-88 22-40 21-00 110's 31-20 29-35 27-50 66's 24-17 22-75 21-34 112's 31-48 29-61 27-75 68's 24-53 23-08 21-64 114's 31-77 29-89 28-02 70's 24-89 23-42 21-96 116's 32-04 30-15 28-26 72's 25-24 23-75 22-27 118's 32-35 30-42 28-50 . 74's 25-59 24-08 22-53 120's 32-59 30-66 28-74 76's 25-93 24-40 22-88 N.B. All counts below 32's twist, 34's reeled yarn, and 36's weft are to be paid the same price per 1 ,000 hanks. The principle, upon which the Tabular Lists are based will be sufficiently explained by the figures which follow, and in which have been taken as examples, as to each class of yarn, one mule of the minimum, and one mule of the maximum number of spindles shown in the Lists. The Lists themselves give a series of intermediate figures at intervals (for the most part) of one 156 COTTON SPINNING. dozen spindles. The price falls in proportion to number of spindles, and rises in proportion to the fineness of the yarns. STANDARD RATES. (Net prices per 100 Ibs.) Twist Counts. Reeled Yarn. Weft Counts. 1 Counts. Mules of Mules of Mules of Mules of Mules of Mules of 744 806 744 806 756 900 Spindles Spindles Spindles Spindles Spindles Spindles each. each. each. each. each. each. d. d. d. d. d. d. 32's 51-77 47-48 34's 56-64 51-98 53-31 48-92 36's 61-74 56-70 58-14 53-35 54-18 47-62 38's 66-91 61-44 63-00 57-83 58-74 51-64 40's 72-36 66-40 68*04 62-48 63-48 55-80 42's 74-13 68-04 69-72 64-00 65-01 57-16 44's 79-46 72-95 74-75 68-64 69-69 61-24 46's 84-91 77-97 79-90 73-37 74-52 65-50 48's 90-96 83-52 85-39 78-38 79-44 69-84 50's 9630 88-40 90-60 83-20 84-45 74-25 52's 101-97 93-65 95-99 88-14 89-54 78-72 54's 108-05 99-19 101-62 93-31 94-66 83-21 56's 114-07 104-72 107-35 98-56 100-12 88-03 58's 120-29 110-43 113-21 103-93 105-56 92-80 60's 126-60 116-22 119-10 109-32 111-06 97-62 62's 132-86 122-01 124-93 114-70 116-62 102-48 64's 139-90 128-38 131-20 120-44 122-30 107-52 66's 145-92 134-04 137-41 126-12 128-17 112-72 68V 152-66 140-14 143-61 131-85 133-96 117-77 70's 159-46 146-37 150-10 137-76 139-93 122-99 72's 166-32 152-71 156-52 143-64 145-94 128-30 74's 173-30 159-10 163-09 149-70 152-07 133-71 76's 180-34 165-60 169-70 155-80 158-30 139-15 78's 187-59 172-22 176-62 162-08 164-58 144-69 80's 194-80 178-88 183-44 168-40 171-04 150-40 82's 202-21 185-56 190-24 174-66 177-44 155-96 84's 209-66 192-44 197-23 181-10 183-96 161-70 86's 217-15 199-34 204-33 187-56 190-49 167-52 88's 224-66 206-27 211-46 194-12 197-20 173-36 90's 232-65 213-48 218-79 200-88 203-94 179-28 92's 240-40 220-61 226-36 207-64 210-86 185-38 94's 248-16 227-85 233-59 214-41 217-70 191-38 96's 256-12 235-10 240-96 221-28 224-73 197-56 98's 264-41 242-45 248-52 228-14 231-77 203-74 100's 272-20 249-90 256-20 235-20 239-00 210-10 102's 280-50 257-55 263-87 242-25 246-02 216-24 104's 288-70 264-99 271-64 249-39 253-34 222-66 106's 297-11 272-73 279-52 256-62 260-44 228-96 108's 305-53 280-47 287-49 263-95 268-05 235-65 110's 314-05 288-31 295-46 271-26 275-33 242-00 112's 322-57 296-24 303-52 278-65 282-91 248-64 114's 331-39 304-26 311-79 286-25 290-70 255-58 116's 340-11 312-27 320-04 293-82 298-35 262-27 118's 349-29 320-72 328-51 301-60 306-09 269-04 120's 357-84 328-56 336-72 309-12 313-92 276-00 BOLTON SPINNERS LIST. 157 The fluctuations in the prices paid under the Bolton list since its introduction in 1858 are given below. The last change (a reduction of 5 per cent.) took place in March, 1909, making prices 5 per cent, above standard.* Alteration. Alteration. Year. Date. Year. Date. Rise. Fall. Rise. Fall. Per Per Per Per cent. cent. cent. cent. 1860 M irch 3 5 1877 October 25 ... 5 1861 March 16 5 1879 March 3 10 1866 March 2 5 1880 January 23 ... 5 1867 October 19 5 1885 September 15 5 1869 October 30 5 1888 June 26 5 1871 March 4 5 1890 December 19 5 1872 March 30 5 1900 February 19... 5 1874 October 20 5 1907 Junef 5 1875 May 14 5 1909 MarchJ **~ 5 Tn regard l.o the time to be allowed for cleaning machinery in the spinning rooms and to stoppages of engines, the agreements printed below (made between the associations of the employers and of the employees in 1893 and 1903 respectively) regulate these matters : CLEANING AND OILING TIME. In accordance with the agreement entered into between the Master and Operative Cotton Spinners' Associations, in the year 1893, the time to be allowed for cleaning machinery in the spinning rooms is as follows : Hours per On mules of 950 spindles and under, with two piecers 952 to 1,070 spindles 1,072 or over 1,072 three piecers allowances include the half -hour from 11.30 to week. If H The above allowances include the half -hour from 11.30 to 12 noon on Saturdays. The cleaning thus provided for is the ordinary cleaning only. *' Cleaning through," " cleaning inside carriage," and " varnishing rollers/' being extra cleaning is to have such extra time allowed in addition to the above scale, as is found to be necessary, such extra allowance to be arranged between the men and their employer at each mill. It is agreed that all portions of headstocks and gearing that cannot be oiled safely with the " straps " running, will be oiled by the operative spinner before the engine starts in the morning and during meal hours. It is further agreed that where a mule is broken down on the day on which the usual weekly cleaning is performed, the spinner shall, if so required * As to the movement in earnings, which has accompanied the movement in prices, see note at p. 148, ante. f To date from 3rd pay in June. | To date from 1st pay in March. 158 COTTON SPINNING. proceed to do the cleaning during such breakdown, but the time occupied by such cleaning shall not be deducted from any claim he may have for compensation under Clause XI. of the Standard List of Prices. NOTE. Mules that are driven direct from the line, shaft must not hare the. bads of the headsto<*Jc cleaned whilst the strap is in motion. STOPPAGES OF ENGINES AGREEMENT. 5th December, 1903. Clause I. That in the event of a stoppage of engines, the spinners shall remain in the mill for one hour ; if at the expiration of that time they are still detained to await the convenience of the firm, payment shall be made at the rate provided for in Clause XI. of Bolton Standard Weight List for all time stopped in any one day, including the first hour. Clause II. For the purposes of this agreement only, stoppages of shorter duration than one hour, on one and the same day, if occasioned by a breakdown of engines, or other defect in the main driving, shall be counted together. Clause III. It shall devolve upon the employer or his agent to instruct the men to leave when their attendance is no longer required, without the men being called upon to obtain permission by deputation or otherwise ; and the absence of such instructions on the part of the employer or his agent at the expiration of one hour shall be considered an intimation that payment, in accordance with Clause I. of this Agreement will be made. Clause IV. Should a breakdown occur, involving a stoppage extending over the days on which the usual weekly cleaning is performed, the spinners shall, if required, proceed to do such weekly cleaning, but the time occupied in so doing shall not count for payment. Clause V. It is agreed that in the event of a stoppage occurring on the day preceding that on which the weekly cleaning or any portion thereof is usually performed, the spinners, in order to save time, shall, if required, do so much of the cleaning as may be possible, on the terms stated in the preceding clause. Clause VI. It is further agreed that when a stoppage takes place which, in the judgment of the employer or his agent, may reasonably be expected to last beyond the next meal-time, he or they shall instruct the men to leave immediately, save and except as provided for in Clause IV. NOTE. Within the meaning of this agreement a day shall be taken as the period extending from 6 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. on Mondays to Fridays ; and 6 a.m. to 11.30 a.m. on Saturdays. In all cases exclusive of the time allowed for meals. As in the case of Oldham, frequent differences of opinion arise between employers and operatives as to the exact results worked out by the machinery, and much of the time of the permanent officials of the Operatives' Association is occupied with testing BOLTON SPINNERS' LIST. 159 results for their members. The operative, if dissatisfied, takes to the office of the association a " cop " of the yarn which he wishes tested. The official measures off accurately on a machine a given length of the yarn. The yarn thus measured is then weighed upon a nicely adjusted balance, and the man is at once told what his price ought to be. Self-acting indicators are in many cases attached to the spinning machines and register the quantities produced, and. where all the technical details of the spinning process are clearly determined, no dispute is possible. There is often some difficulty, however, in arranging a basis for payment by indicator, and the details in such cases are generally left to be decided between the secretaries of the two associations. In the Bolton district, in 1894, about 23 mills, representing about 1,000,000 spindles, had adopted indicators. In March, 1899, 53 mills, representing 2,500,000 spindles, had adopted the indicator principle, an improved method of calculation having been introduced. In October, 1909, 41 mills, representing 4,024,871 spindles, had adopted payment by indicator. This system extends the principle of the indicator, and regulates the relatively higher price for counts with more twist in. By this method a price per 100 draws is fixed for each class oE twist wheel that may be used. The necessity of timing the mules when a change of counts or twist wheel is made is thus obviated. The list thus arrived at is based on standard speeds, and provides for varying sizes of mules, but as an illustration of the system in brief, the list for a mule of 762 spindles may be quoted : STATEMENT OF PRICES PER TOOTH OF TWIST WHEEL. September 28$, 1898. 762 Spindles. Twist Wheel. Price per 100 Draws. Twist Wheel. Price per 100 Draws. d. (ft, 30 4-5423 43 3-45 31 4-42 44 3-39 32 4-31 45 3-34 33 4-21 46 3-30 34 4-11 47 3-24 35 4-01 48 3-20 36 3-94 49 3-14 37 3-86 50 3-10 38 3-78 51 3-06 39 3-70 52 3-02 40 3-65 53 2-99 41 3-57 54 2-95 42 3-51 55 2-9127 The price for any other twist wheel will be found by adding or deducting 0194 per revolution of rim shaft to or from the above scale. 160 COTTON SPINNING. The following quotations from the diary of the General Secretary of the Operatives' Association for 1893 afford an example of the method by which these matters are settled : " June 20th. Our members at Mill, complain of their wages being lower than the average of the District." "July 20th. Mr.. (Secretary of Employers' Associacion) and myself had an interview this morning with Mr. of Mill respecting complaint of low wages. We are to submit a basis of pay- ment by indicator." " August 4th. The following is the list and conditions for Mill : "LIST OF WAGES AND CONDITIONS. " Clause 1. Gross minimum wages to be as under : Size of Mules. Gross Minimum Wages. Per Set to be added for Time lost in Doffing. Mules of 892 spindles each 950 1,008 s. d. 2 18 320 349 d. H " 2. With Is. added in each case for pin cops. 5 per cent, to be added to the gross wages earned (exclusive of tubes) when spinning 30's count to 20's count, and 7 per cent, added when spinning 18's count and under ; in both cases irrespective of the extra creeler, if such has to be provided, as per clause 4, section 2, of the standard (weight) list. "3. A factory week to equal 56 hours,* less 1J hours for cleaning, and 1 hour 20 minutes for breakages, leaving a net week of 53 hours 40 minutes = 193,200 seconds. "4. Present speeds of the mules are and shall be taken as the standard speeds. If a quicker speed than standard be required, then a fresh basis and consequent fresh calculation of prices shall be made and agreed upon between the two associations. " 5. Tubing, stripping creels, and other conditions to be paid extra, as per clauses 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22, of the weight list, dated July 1st, 1887. " 6. All ' timings ' to be taken in the middle of the cop, and to be an average of all the mules working under same conditions. When spinning a fraction beyond a \ second, the spinner to be paid for the next ^ second slower or higher. " N.B. This basis is subject to revision in the event of the present machinery being replaced. " Signed on behalf of the Employers, .Secretary. " Signed on behalf of the Operative Spinners, .Secretary." Attached to this agreement are tables showing details of its results, and laying down the technical principles upon which it is based, all having direct application to the conditions of the * Set note at p. 141, ante. BOLTON SPINNERS' LIST. 161 particular mill for which it is drawn. In the first place all particulars as to standard speeds and sizes of gear are provided for, as in the following table : PARTICULARS OP STANDARD SPEEDS, &c. Spindles in each Mule. Count. Twist Wheel. Size of Rim in Inches. Standard Rim in Inches. Length of f Stretch in Inches. Seconds to run one Draw. 892 30's 59 16 16* 68 16 892 62's 61 16 16| 68 21i 892 54's 62 ttj 16* 68 20f 892 32's 63 19| 19* 68 18 892 40's 78 18 19* 68 21 948 24's 50 17 19 68 16| 948 40's 58 19 19 68 is| 948 60's 71 19 19 68 21 948 60's 69 19 19 68 2U 948 62's 73 19 19 68 21f 948 62's 74 18 19 68 21| 1012 36's 81 le* 16* 68 18* 1012 36's 96 14 16* 68 20* 1012 46's 90 14 16* 68 19* 1012 48's 72 16| 16* 68 17* 1012 48's 64 19 19 71 18 1012 34's 66 19 19 71 18 1012 58's 71 19 19 71 18f Further tables fix definitely the price per draw for each class of mule in the mill, but of these it is only necessary to quote the first : PRESENT NET PRICES per 100 DRAWS on MULES of 892 SPINDLES each. 2*d. per set to be added to the gross wages given by the following prices for time lost in doffing. Is. to be added to the gross wages when spinning pin cops. Seconds to run One Draw. Price per 100 Draws. Seconds to run One Draw. Price per 100 Draws. Seconds to run One Draw. Price per 100 Draws. d. d. d. 15 2-70 184 3-33 22 3-96 Ifti 2-74 isf 3-37 22 1 4-00 164 2-79 19 3-42 224 4-05 16f 2-83 19i 3-46 2*| 4'09 16 2-88 1M 3-51 23 4-14 16* 2-92 19f 3-55 284 4-18 164 2-97 20 3-60 23i 4-23 16f 3-01 20 3-64 23f 4-27 17 3-06 20i 3-69 24 4-32 17* 3-10 20f 3-73 24* 4-36 174 3-15 21 3-78 241 4-41 17| 3-19 2H 3-82 24f 4-45 18 3-24 314 3-87 25 4-50 18* ' 3-28 2lf 3-91 The price for any other speed will be found by adding or deducting '04503tZ. per ^ second to or from the above scale. 33311 162 COTTON SPINNING. The diary of the General Secretary of the Operative's Association furnishes numerous cases of this kind, from which it is seen that there is in operation not only an elaborate system of regulating wages in a most complicated trade, but a procedure which affords a means of conciliating and arranging trade differences between employer and employed. Up to April, 1908, the agreement in force in the Bolton districts made no specific provision with regard to the wages of the spinners' assistants, and the remuneration of these " piecers " (who, as at Oldham, are paid by the spinners) varied as between one mill and another. But, as from April 10, 1908, the wages of piecers have been regulated under a scale adopted in that month by the Operative Cotton Spinners' Association, and approved by the Committee of the Master Cotton Spinners' Asso- ciation, which secured for the piecers an advance varying in amount from 6d. to 2.9. 6d. a week, and which is as follows : WITH Two PIECERS. No. of Spindles. Minimum. Maximum. s. d. s. d. 700 to 800 15 16 6 802 824 15 3 16 9 826 850 15 6 17 852 874 15 9 17 3 876 900 16 17 6 902 924 16 3 17 9 926 950 16 6 18 952 974 16 9 18 3 976 ,,1,000 17 18 6 1,002 ,,1,024 17 3 18 9 1,026 , 1,050 17 6 19 1,052 , ,074 17 9 0-19 3 1,076 , ,100 18 19 6 1,102 , ,124 19 3 1 1 1,126 , ,150 19 6 1 1 1,152 , ,174 19 9 1 1 3 1,176 ,200 1 1 1 6 THREE PIECERS. 1,202 ,,1,252* 19 1 1,252 1,300 19 6 1 6 1,302 ,,1,450 1 1 1 Sic in original ; query 1,250 ? Over 1,100 spindles, twist mules with 3 piecers, and decked mules with 3 piecers, to be paid Is. more than the rate paid prior to April llth, 1908, Blackburn List for Slabbing-, Intermediate, and Roving. In the Blackburn district an agreement was made on January 6, 1873, between the associations of the employers and of the employed, regulating the piece-wage remuneration paid for certain intermediate processes which come between the carding BLACKBURN SLTJBBING, ETC., LIST. 163 and drawing and the spinning of the cotton, to which they are preparatory, and, to some extent, similar operations. This list, which is known as the " Blackburn Standard List of Prices for Slubbing, Intermediate, and Roving," is gradually being super- seded by the " universal " list mentioned below, but is still in operation in some of the older mills, and regulates the wages of about 600 operatives. The basis of the list in each of these cases may be quoted : BLACKBURN STANDARD LIST OP PRICES FOR SLUBBING. To find the standard turns for any hank slabbing, extract the square root of the hank. Turns above or under this standard to be paid for or deducted at the rate of 60 per cent, of the proportionate difference. The standard price is taken at 3'l25d. for 0'7 hank slubbing up to 1 hank on frames of 70 spindles, and for fine slubbing the standard is taken at 3'29d. for 1 hank up to 1'25 hank slubbing on frames of 70 spindles. For every l-20th hank below 0'7 hank, 2 per cent, to be added for extra doffing, and for every l-20th hank above 0'7 hank, 2 per cent, to be deducted for less doffing up to 1 hank, and for every l-20th hank above 1 hank, l per cent, to be deducted for less doffing up to 1'25 hank. For every 5 spindles above 70, four per cent, to be added, and for every 5 spindles below 70, two per cent, to be deducted. Two spindles over or under each 5 not to be reckoned, but 3 or 4 spindles to be taken as 5. BLACKBURN STANDARD LIST OP PRICES FOR INTERMEDIATE. To find the standard turns for any hank intermediate, extract the square root of the hank and add 10 per cent. Turns above or under this standard to be paid for or deducted at the rate of 70 per cent, of the proportionate differ- ence. The standard price is taken at l'9o?. for 1'6 hank up to 2 hank intermediate on frames of 90 spindles, and for fine intermediate the standard is taken at l'957d. for 2 hank up to 2'5 hank on frames of 90 spindles. For every 1-1 Oth hank below 1*6 hank intermediate, two per cent, to be added for extra doffing, and for every l-10th hank above 1'6 hank up to 2 hank, two per cent, to be deducted for less doffing, and for every l-10th hank above 2 hank up to 2*5 hank, 1 per cent, to be deducted for less doffing. For every 5 spindles above 90, three per cent, to be added, and for every 5 spindles below 90, 1| per cent, to be deducted. Two spindles either over or under each 5 not to be reckoned, but 3 or 4 apindles to be taken as 5. BLACKBURN STANDARD LIST OF PRICES FOR ROVING. To find the standard turns for any hank roving, extract the square root of the hank and add 25 per cent. Turns above or under this standard to be paid for or deducted at the rate of 70 per cent, of the proportionate difference. The standard price is taken at 2'25d. for 4'5 hank roving up to 6 hank on frames of 125 spindles, and for fine roving the standard is taken at 2'503d. for 6 hank roving up to 7'5 hank on frames of 125 spindles. For every 1-1 Oth hank below 4'5 hank roving, per cent, to be added for extra doffing, and for every l-10th hank above 4'5 hank roving, | per cent, to be deducted for less doffing up to 6 hank, and for every l-10th hank above 6 hank roving, $ per cent, to be deducted for less doffing up to 7'5 hank. For every 5 spindles above 125, two per cent, to be added, and for every 5 spindles below 125, one per cent, to be deducted. Two spindles either over or under each 5 not to be reckoned, but 3 or 4 spindles to be taken as 5. The fluctuations under this list have been as follows : in 1878 the prices stated in the lists were paid less 10 per cent. ; on August 20, 1888, an advance was granted of 5 per cent., followed by a further similar advance made on the first pay day in April, 33311 L 2 164 COTTON SPINNING. 1891 ; a reduction of 7d. in the took place on March 31, 1893, followed by an advance of similar amount on April 1, 1899 ; on May 6, 1900, an advance took place of 5 per cent, followed by two similar advances on the fourth pay day in May, 1906, and in June, 1907 ; a reduction of 5 per cent, was made on the fourth pay day in March, 1909. Universal Lists for Cardroom Operatives. I. FLAT CARDS. After negotiations, lasting for four years, an agreement was in 1903 made between employers and employed in relation to the remuneration of card-room operatives throughout the districts covered by the Federation of Master Cotton Spinners' Associa- tions except Bolton, so far as concerns those engaged on flat cards. The area, within which this agreement operates, is the greater part of Lancashire, Cheshire and Derbyshire, and the number of operatives, whose conditions of employment are regulated under these arrangements, is about 4,000. Under this " universal list " the price paid is fixed at so much per card, varying according to the weight carded, but within certain limits fixed by this agreement, the terms of which are as follows : UNIVERSAL LIST Relating to Single Revolving Flat Cards agreed to by representatives of the Federation and Cardroom Amalgamation at a Joint Meeting, March 13&, 1903. (1.) 550 Ibs. to 750 Ibs. per Card 2s. per Card. Below 550 Ibs., \d. per Card for every 50 Ibs. to be deducted down to 300 Ibs., beyond which no further deduction shall be made. Above 750 Ibs., \d. per Card for every 50 Ibs. to be added up to 1,000 Ibs , beyond which no further addition shall be made. Minimum price 4 Is. 9d. per Card. Maximum price 2s. 2%d. per Card. In arriving at the weights and prices no alteration in price shall be made unless the difference in weight is above half the difference between one scale and the other. (2.) Weight carded to be based on hanks produced by Slubbers. Four weeks to be taken in case a test is required, full weeks preferred. When Cards have worked full weeks, if the material is put through the Slubbers, such to be taken as full weeks, irrespective of time worked by Slubbers. (3.) Where the Employers and Operatives jointly agree to have Lap Carriers at a lesser wage, it shall be permissible, but in such cases the saving obtained shall be divided amongst the remaining Strippers and Grinders employed. (4.) Four Strippings per day, or 22 Strippings per week on a working week of 55 \ hours. Any variation from four Strippings per day, Wd. per man per week per Stripping on or off. Where slow Stripping motion is used, two Strippings per day to be the basis. Any variation from two Strippings per day, Wd. per man per week per half Stripping on or off. (5.) Grinding through up to one and a half times per fortnight. (6.) Mills having no Lap Bogeys, \d. per Card extra to be paid. If Bogeys are put in the Id, to come off. Where Laps are required to be carried up or UNIVERSAL LIST FOR FLAT CARDS. 165 down less than four steps no further payment to be made. Four to twelve steps another Id. per Card extra to be paid. If over twelve steps, to be dealt with if required as per clause 10. (7.) Where no Under-Carder is employed, and the Grinders assist to do Under-Carder's work, 2d. per card to be added to the prices paid. This to apply to firms having not more than than five preparations, beyond which Grinders shall not be called upon to do Under-Carder's work. (8.) Grinders to brush down Cards twice per day in fine Mills, and once per day in other Mills. Grind and strip as above. Oil and clean Cards as usual. Sweep up, gather fly, strip doffers, carry laps. Piece bands and straps on Cards. Sweep down each week their proportion of drums and shafting that drive Cards and frames up to and including roving preparations. Clear all waste from all preparations up to and including roving preparations. Scouring through drawing frames twice per year. Other frames once per year. Extra scouring to be paid for at the rate of Qd. per hour per man. Where the price per Card is below 2s. such to be considered as fine Mills. (9.) When a Grinder absents himself from work and the other Grinders are called upon to do his work, 90 per cent, of the absent person's wage shall be paid to those performing his work. (10.) In formulating this list of prices and duties, it is agreed that, should any case arise with which the foregoing clauses do not deal the same shall be a case for adjudication as per the Brooklands Agreement. On December 17, 1903, an agreement supplementary to that, the text of which has been printed above, was made between the same parties, which was in the following terms : 1. Employers making own arrangements with men. If a case has not been before the Local Joint Committee, then an employer has the right to make arrangements with his own men, such arrangements, however, not to have any binding effect upon others who disagree. 2. What does the term " Lap Tram " cover f Where there is a lap tram or trams sufficient for the number of cards in a given mill, so placed as not to require the workman to pass on the side of not more than one card, no extra payment to be made. Where required to pass on the side of two cards from the bogey, one halfpenny per card to be paid for the last row. Example (in accordance with plan), where no payment is to be made : In a mill of three rows of cards all set one way, with a lap tram between the first and second rows, all the cards shall be deemed to be served, and no extra payment to be required. [Attached to this clause is a plan, signed by both parties ; showing the arrangement agreed upon.] 3. Grinding above f through per week. Where an employer requires more than three-fourths of his cards grinding through per week, threepence per card (not per man) shall be paid for such extra grinding. 4. Minimum Wage of 28s. How does it apply ? There is no minimum wage of 28s. What has been agreed upon is, that not less than 28s. shall be the wage of the grinder where there are such a quantity of cards and condi- tions of work in accordance with the list as will allow of the same. Where there are a lesser number than 14 per man, on medium weight, with lap tram, and no extra work to be performed, the wages of the grinder will be lessened in proportion. All other cases must depend on the number of cards in the mill, and should be adjusted in a reasonable manner by consultation with both parties. 5. Cards over 50 yards from Blowing Room. Where lap trams are em- ployed, in cases in which the first card is 50 to 80 yards from the door nearest to the cards in the room where the laps are stored, one halfpenny per card extra to be paid. Where there are no lap trams, the halfpenny per card is to be added to the penny per card, as per clause 6 of the list, making the pny- ment three-halfpence per card. 166 COTTON SPINNING. 6. Clean Cards " as usual."" Clean cards as usual shall be understood to mean the custom of the district, on fine cards, medium cards, and coarse cards, each section to be treated separately. 7. Under Carders and their Duties. Where grinders are called upon to assist in performing under carders' duties, such duties shall be deemed to consist of : Loosening spindles. Putting spindles in gear. Filling large oil can. Piecing all straps on frames. Assisting carder in a two-handed job on frames. Assisting in putting in and lifting out calender rollers in Blowing Room where required, and generally in small matters in Card Room usually performed by an under carder. In May, 1906, an advance of 5 per cent, on the wages shown in this list was obtained by the operatives, and a further advance of similar amount in June, 1907, while in March, 1909, they sustained a reduction of 5 per cent., so that at present wages are 5 per cent, above list prices. II. FKAMES. A Universal List, regulating the conditions of employment of operatives engaged on frames, drawn up by the same Joint Committee of representatives of the Federation and of the Amalgamated Association of Card-room Operatives as had compiled the list for cards, was adopted four years later (on April 17, 1907). This list applies to the same area as the other ; the number of the operatives affected by it is about 25,000. It will be seen that the work is divided into " coarse," " medium," and " fine." The medium counts class is taken as the basis, the wages on the fine counts class being at 5 per cent, less, and those on the two sub-divisions of the coarse class being respectively 5 and 10 per cent, higher. The wages were fixed at figures based upon a series of averages ascertained by the secretaries of both parties to the agreement for all mills in the area concerned. UNIVERSAL LIST FOR FRAMES. Standard lengths Slubber 84 Spindles. Intermediate 124 Rover 164 Counts Coarse Below 3 Hank Roving. Medium 3i to 8 Hank Roving, both inclusive. Fine Above 8 Hank Roving. Below 3 to 3 Hank Roving, 5 per cent, to be added to Medium Counts Wages. Below 3 Hank Roving, 10 per cent, to be added to Medium Counts Wages. Above 8 Hank Roving, 5 per cent, to be deducted from Medium Counts Wages. These additions and reduction apply to both Big and Little Tenters. tJNIVERSAL LIST FOB FRAMES. BIG TENTERS' WAGES FOR STANDARD LENGTHS. 167 Medium. Coarse. Coarse. Fine. Below 3A to Below Above 84 to 3 hank with 3 hank with 8 hank with 8 hank. the 5 pei- the 10 per the 5 per cent. cent. added. cent, added. deducted. s. d. s. d. s. d. *. d. Drawing Frames 15 deliveries 19 9 1 9 1 1 9 18 9 18 to 21 deliveries 1 1 3 1 2 4 1 3 5 1 2 24 deliveries 1 2 9 1 3 11 1 5 1 1 7 On Fine Work only, above 24 deliveries up to and in- cluding 32 deliveries 4cZ. per delivery to be paid on the price for 24 de- liveries.* Slubber, single Slubbers, pairs Slubber and Inter 1 1 1 6 1 1 3 1 1 0, 1 2 7 1 2 4 1 2 1 3 8 1 3 5 19 1 5 1 2 Inter., single 18 18 11 19 10 17 1 Inters., pairs ... 1 1 121 1 3 1 19 11 Inter, and Rover 1 110 1 2 19 Rover, single Rovers, pairs 14 6 19 15 3 19 11 15 11 1 11 13 9 18 1 * Above 24 deliveries on Coarse and Medium, and above 32 deliveries on Fine, to be specially dealt with. The Wage of Drawing Frame Tenter to have the same spindleage added or deducted as the Slubbing Frame which it supplies. Can Tenters Medium, Coarse, and Fine, 6%d. per Card. The 5 per cent, or 10 per cent, for Coarse Work is not to be added to it, and the 5 per cent, for Fine Work is not to be deducted from it. BACK TENTERS' WEEKLY WAGES FOR STANDARD LENGTHS. Medium. Coarse. Coarse. Fine. _ Below 3i to Below Above Bftb o hank with 3 hank with 8 hank with 8 hank. the 5 pei- cent. added. the 10 pei- cent. added. the 5 per cent deducted. s. d. s. d. 5. d. 5. d. Slubbers, pairs 10 10 6 11 .096 Slubber and Inter. ... 10 10 (5 11 096 Inters., pairs 9 10 10 4 10 10 094 Rovers, on Coarse and Me- 090 . 10 .0 ,0 10 5 dium, 4 frames. Rovers, on Fine, 5 frames ... _ _ 090 To all the before-mentioned wages, which are for a week of 55^ hours, must be added the 5 per cent, advance granted on the third pay day in May, 1906. 168 COTTON SPINNING. INCREASED AND REDUCED SPINDLEAGE. Below Standard Lengths, 25 per cent, of reduced spindleage to be deducted. Above Standard Lengths the following percentages apply : Fine Slubber, single ... 84 to 120 Spindles ... 25 per cent. " o Slubber, single over 120 jj ... 50 tj ~0> Slubbers, pairs ... 84 to 120 j) ... 25 n ? Slubbers, pairs over 120 j? ... 100 ?j ?3 . Inter., single ... 124 to 154 55 ... 25 M a Inter., single over 154 H ... 50 )> I 02 rg Inters., pairs ... 124 to 154 }} ... 25 > JJ ^? "5 Inters., pairs over 154 J) ... 100 5) | f*> Slubbers, pairs over 100 j ... 100 n 3 Inter., single ... 124 to 154 ... 25 >j Inter., single over 154 n ... 50 5} Inters., pairs ... 124 to 154 n ... 25 ,, ^3 ^ Inters., pairs over 154 j ... 100 ), cL H Rover, single ... 164 to 200 )> ... 25 )) *" 02^ Rover, single over 200 )j ... 50 )) 'o a Rovers, pairs ... 164 to 200 ... 25 J> 1 Rovers, pairs over 200 ... 100 )) g Coarse .3 Slubber, single ... 84 to 100 Spindles ... 50 11 Slubbers, pairs ... 84 to 100 n ... 50 J Slubbers over 100 Spindles to be worked singly with payment for 50 per cent, of increased spindleage over 84 spindles. Inter., single Inter., single Inters., pairs Inters , pairs Rover, single Rover, single Rovers, pairs Rovers, pairs 124 to 140 Spindles over 140 124 to 140 over 140 164 to 188 over 188 164 to 188 over 188 The increase or reduction in wages for increased or reduced spindles applies to both big and little tenters. Example, showing method of payment for increased Spindleage over Standard Lengths. A PAIR OF ROVERS OP 210 SPINDLES EACH ON MEDIUM COUNTS. s. d. Standard wage for 164 spindles 19 164 to 200 spindles (36 spindles), 25 per cent, of increased spindleage 010 1 200 to 210 spindles (10 spindles), 100 per cent, of increased spindleage on price for 200 spindles Big tenter's wage tTNIVERSAL LIST FOR FRAMES. 169 JOINER TENTERS. One pair of joiners shall be allowed on a pair of either slubbers, inters., or ..inter, and slubber coupled at firms having up to and including eight preparations. Above 8 and up to 16 preparations 2 pairs of joiners. Above 16 preparations 3 pairs of joiners. A firm shall be considered to mean where there are a group of mills on the same plot of land. DOUBLE-GEARED FRAMES. On double-geared frames, whether working coarse, medium, or fine hank, one shilling (net) per each extra gearing end to be paid. The gross wages as per the list for big and little tenter on double-geared frames may be divided between big and little tenter, as mutually agreed upon between the employers' and operatives' representatives. MISCELLANEOUS. Rovers putting inter, bobbins on creel from skip, sixpence (net) extra per pair per week to be paid. Inters, putting stubbing bobbins on creel from skip, ninepence (net) extra per pair per week to be paid. Wheel cleaning to be paid for at the rate of one shilling (net) per frame, whether cleaned one or more boards per week or all at one time. Where a frame is working with a number of spindles for one class of hank, and the other spindles for another class of hank, each class shall be paid in its own section, viz., coarse, medium, or fine, according to the number of spindles on each of these sections. Example. "A slubber or other frame of 120 spindles, 100 spindles working for 1\ hank to be paid medium, 20 spindles working for 8 hank to be paid fine." Tenters on spindle frames called upon to break out to be paid 3d. (net) per frame. Where a little tenter is absent from work, and the big tenter is called upon to do her work, 90 per cent, of the absent little tenter's wage shall be paid to the person performing her work. With a view to getting this list for frames into operation with as little friction as possible, on and after May 1st, 1907, due notice shall be given by the Employers' Association to the Operatives' Association, and by the Operatives' Association to the Employers' Association, of the names of firms desiring to be put upon the basis of the list, when it shall be an instruction to the officials of the two respective associations to arrange for its being put into operation without delay, and in accordance with the Brooklands Agreement. In June, 1907, the operatives obtained an advance of 5 per cent, on the list wages, while in March, 1909, they sustained a reduction of 5 per cent., so that at present list prices are being paid. The operatives working under this list are paid piece wages, the method adopted in fixing the piece price to be paid for any particular work being to ascertain from the indicators (which register the amount of work done) the total number of hanks produced and to make an average from this total ; the piece price will be such a sum as will enable the operatives concerned to earn in a full week's working the standard weekly earnings shown in the wages columns of the list. 170 COTTON WEAVING. General Agreement. As is the case in regard to the Cotton Spinning trade, the relations between employers and employed in the Cotton Weaving industry are the subject of numerous collective agree- ments, among which may be mentioned the important "Joint Rules for the Settlement of Trade Disputes " embodied in an agreement arrived at on December 22, 1909, between the North and North-East Lancashire Cotton Spinners and Manufacturers' Association and the Northern Counties Textile Trades' Federa- tion (an organisation, the members of which are the Amalgamated Weavers' Association, the General Union of Associations of Loom Overlookers, the Amalgamated Clothlookers and Ware- housemen's Association, the Amalgamated Association of Reamers, Twisters and Drawers, and the Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Protective Society). The terms of this agreement, which affects some 130,000 operatives employed in various centres of the cotton weaving industry (at Preston, Blackburn, Darwen, Chorley, Bolton, Accrington, Haslingden, Padiham, Burnley, Nelson, Colne, Rochdale, Ramsbottom and Heywood) are as follows : 1. In the event of a trade dispute arising between any member of any Employers' Association for the time being comprised in the North and North -East Lancashire Cotton Spinners' and Manufacturers' Association and an Association of Operatives (on behalf of any member or members) for the time being comprised in the Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation, the following course shall be taken : (a.) Before any notice shall be given by either party to terminate employ- ment, the dispute shall be brought forthwith before a local joint meeting of representatives of employers and of operatives in the particular section of trade affected, and such meeting shall be held within four days (exclusive of Sunday) from the date of an application by either party for such meeting ; and if a settlement of the dispute be not come to at that meeting, or at an adjournment thereof, then (6.) Before any notice shall be given by either party to terminate employ- ment, the dispute shall be brought before a joint meeting of representatives of the North and North-East Lancashire Cotton Spinners' and Manufac- turers' Association and of the Amalgamated Association of the Trade Unions formed in that section of the trade to which the dispute relates, and such meeting shall be held in Manchester within seven days from the date of an application by either party for such meeting, and if a settlement of the dispute be not come to at that meeting, or at an adjournment thereof, then (c.) Before any notice shall be given by either party to terminate employ- ment, the dispute shall be brought before a joint meeting of representatives of the North and North-East Lancashire Cotton Spinners' and Manufac- turers' Association and of the Northern Counties' Textile Trades Federation, and such meeting shall be held in Manchester within seven days from the date of an application by either party for such meeting, and if a settlement be not come to at such meeting, or at an adjournment thereof, then either party shall be at liberty to take whatever course it thinks fit. 2. Whenever a settlement of any trade dispute shall not have been come to and operatives are on strike or locked-out of employment in consequence thereof, then meetings shall be held periodically between representatives of COTTON WEAVING: GENERAL AGREEMENT. 171 the North and North-East Lancashire Cotton Spinners' and Manufacturers' Association and of the Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation ; the first of such meetings shall be held in Manchester four weeks after and at the same place and hour as the last meeting of representatives in the same dis- pute, and subsequent meetings shall be held at the same place and hour periodically every four weeks until the dispute be settled, and without any formal application by either party for any such meeting. 3. If the attendance of any person or persons is desired by either party at any meeting to be held for the consideration of a trade dispute and notice-in writing is given to the other party of such desire, each party will when so desired request such person or persons to attend the meeting. 4. In the event of an application being made by the operatives in any section for an advance of wages or by the employers in any section for a reduction of wages, such application, if not granted, shall before any notice is given by either party to terminate employment be brought before a joint meeting of representatives of the North and North-East Lancashire Cotton Spinners' and Manufacturers' Association and of the Amalgamated Asso- ciation of the Trade Unions formed in that section of the trade to which the application relates, and if a settlement be not then come to the matter shall, before any notice is given by either party to terminate employment, be brought before a joint meeting in Manchester between the representatives of the North and North-East Lancashire Cotton Spinners' and Manufacturers' Association and of the Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation. 5. All meetings shall be held at such time and place as may be mutually agreed upon between the officials of the Employers' and Operatives' Asso- ciations. 6. The proceedings at joint meetings shall be regarded as strictly private and confidential. Every question discussed, every statement made, and every opinion expressed shall be treated by each member as strictly private and confidential, and shall not be communicated to any outside person or to the Press except by direction or permission of the meeting, and the name of any member attending a meeting or the particular part taken by any member in any of the discussions shall not be quoted at any public meeting. Piece Price Lists. With respect to the agreements, under which the wages of the operatives engaged in the cotton weaving industry are regu- lated, these are price lists of a very complicated and highly technical nature. Their practical application to the ever varying conditions of the work and material is often difficult, and requires a considerable amount of special knowledge. It has been provided by law that "particulars of the rate of wages applicable to the work to be done by each weaver shall be furnished to him in writing at the time when the work is given out to him, and the basis and conditions by which the prices are regulated and fixed shall also be exhibited in each room, on a placard not containing any other matter, and posted in a position where it is easily legible " [Factory and Workshop Act, 1901, Sec. 116 (6.)]. The price lists in the cotton weaving trade were at one time very numerous, many districts having separate lists of their own. During the last few years, however, many of these local differ- ences have been got rid of by the adoption of a uniform list of prices for plain goods, which applies to nearly the whole industry. 172 COfTON WEAVING. As will be seen, in regard to cloths other than plain goods, the uniform list for plain cloth is applied as the basis upon which are built up the prices to be paid for the weaving of these articles. Before this list can be understood by those who have no knowledge of the trade, some explanation is required. The weaving operation proper, as here understood, only com- mences after the warp, consisting of the longitudinal threads of the piece to be woven, which has been prepared and dressed at other machines (see post, pp. 183-187), is placed in position in the loom. The threads used for the warp are what in spinning has been termed " twist." These threads or " ends," as they are some- times called, when placed on the loom, pass through the openings (termed " dents ") of the " reed " (in which are fastened a number of flat steel wires, placed side by side like the teeth of a comb), into spaces of the width required for the special coarseness or fineness of the material to be woven. The twist also passes through loops known as " healds." Thus, the first element to be taken into account is the thickness of the threads of the warp, the number of threads going to make up an inch of width, and the total width of the piece to be woven. The work of the loom is to throw across the warp the cross threads or " weft." These threads are carried in the shuttle, which flies to and fro, and passes over and under the warp threads alternately, or at such angles and intervals as are pro- vided for by the arrangement of the warp in the " healds " and reed. The " weft " or cross threads are termed " picks." Thus, the second element in determining the price is the fineness and closeness of the weft. The fineness is determined by the number of counts of the yarn. The closeness may be determined by counting the number of threads or picks in a given length actually woven, or by a calculation based upon the mechanical action of the machine. In many cases the number of " picks " can be easily settled by counting, but in almost every instance the most exact method is by calculation, based upon the sizes and divisions of the wheels, and of the beams in the looms.* The third element is the total length woven, and a fourth is the nature and quality of the material used. This latter is indeed a most important matter in determining price. The smaller the openings in the " reed " through which the threads pass, the finer and closer the crossings of the weft, the greater in number and more delicate the threads to be watched by the weaver, and the greater the liability to breakage of threads. Closer attention and greater dexterity and quickness are therefore required in the weaving of fine than of coarse materials. The weaving of the coarser yarns may entail harder bodily labour, though not requiring so much skill. Such increased * For a description of this method of calculation ssepostj pp. 176,. 177. UNIFORM LIST FOR WEAVING. 173 labour is paid for at a higher rate, though less wages may be earned by the operative. It should be stated that weavers frequently employ assistants, whom they pay out of the piece prices obtained under the list. Uniform List for Weaving:. This list, which is now in general use in North and North- East Lancashire, was prepared in 1892 by a Joint Committee of Employers' and Operatives' representatives, taking the place of the Blackburn list, which had been in operation from 1853, and also the Burnley and Preston lists for weaving. It has subse- quently been amended in certain particulars by agreement between employers and employed. It is published in book form, together with a statement of prices for one pick 100 yards in looms from 24 to 72 inches in width, and reeds from 50 to 132 (in the nature of a ready-reckoner), a set of tables for ascertaining the weight of yarns required for given cloths, and a large number of other particulars in relation to the calculation of wages. The most important point of the list is the standard. THE STANDARD. The standard, upon which the Uniform List is based, takes an ordinarily made loom, 45 inches in the reed space measured from the fork grate on one side to the back board on the other, weaving cloth as follows :-^- Width : 39, 40, or 41 inches. Reed : 60 reed, 2 ends in one dent, or 60 ends per inch. Picks : 15 picks per $ inch as ascertained by arithmetical calculation with 1 per cent, added for contraction. Length : 100 yards of 36 inches measured on the counter. Any length of lap other than 36 inches to be paid in proportion. Twist : 28's or any finer numbers. Weft : 31's to 100's, both inclusive. Price : 30d., or 2d. per pick. VARIATIONS FROM STANDARD. These being the standard conditions, it is necessary that the variations from this standard, which very frequently arise in practice, should be provided for. (a.) Width of Looms. Thus, while a 45-inch reed space loom is taken as the standard, an ascending scale of percentage additions is prepared for looms with reed spaces above 45 up to 72 inches, and a descending scale of reductions for narrow looms with reed spaces of from 45 to 24 inches. TJbus, going above the standard of 45 inches, 1 i per cent, is to be added for every inch up to and including 51 inches ; 2 per cent, from 51 to 56 inches ; 2 per cent, from 56 to 64 inches ; and 3 per cent, from 64 to 72 inches. Going below the standard, the deductions are : 1^ per cent, for each inch from 45 to 37 inches inclusive ; and 1 per cent, from 37 to 24 inches, below which no further reduction is made. Fractions of an inch under half an inch are not subject to reductions or additions, but if over the half inch are paid as if a full inch. 174 COTTON WEAVING. (b.) Broader Cloth than admitted by Rule. Looms are allowed to weave within four inches of the reed space, but whenever the difference between the width of cloth and the reed space is less than four inches it shall be paid as if the loom were one inch broader, and if less than three inches as if it were 2| inches broader. (c.) Allowances for Cloth 1 to 15 inches narrower than the Reed Space. When the cloth is from 7 to 15 inches (inclusive) narrower than the reed space of the loom, a deduction is to be made in accordance with a set of tables provided in the list. For instance, taking a 45-inch loom, the allowance varies from 0'94 per cent, on a 38-inch cloth to 8'25 per cent, on a 30-inch cloth. (d.) Reeds. A " 60 reed " being the standard, per cent, is to be deducted for every two ends or counts of reed from 60 to 50, but no reduction is to be made below 50. f per cent, is to be added for every two ends or counts of reed from 60 to 68 ; 1 per cent, from 68 to 100 : U per cent, from 100 to 110 ; and 2 per cent, from 110 to 132. (e.) Cloths woven with one end in a dent. In such cases the cloths are to be paid for at f of the reed ; thus a 80 reed one end in a dent would be paid for as a 60 reed. (/.) Picks. (Low.) An addition of 1 per cent, is to be made for each pick or fraction of a pick below 11. (High.) An addition of 1 per cent, per pick is to be made whenever they exceed the following : If using wefts below 26's, when picks exceed 16 ; 26's to 39's wefts, inclusive, when picks exceed 18 ; and 40's wefts and above when picks exceed 20. (g.) Twist. The standard being 28's, or finer, the following additions are to be made when coarser twist is woven in the following reeds : Below 28's to 20's in 64 to 67 reeds inclusive ... 1 per cent. 68 to 71 ... 2 72 to 75 ... 3 20's to 14's in 56 to 59 ... 1 60 to 63 ... 2 64 to 67 ,.. 3 14's to 10's in 48 to 51 ,, ... 1 52 to 55 ... 2 56 to 59 ... 3 60 to 63 4 and so on at the same rate. When twist is woven in coarser reeds no addition is to be made. The above prices are for single and two-fold yarns. When three-fold yarns are woven one end in a dent, one-half of the above per- centages to be added. (h.) Weft. (Ordinary Pin Cops.) The standard is 31's to 100's, both inclusive. Above 100's, 1 per cent, is to be added for every 10 hanks or fraction thereof. In lower numbers than 31's the following additions are to be made : Numbers. Addition. Numbers. Addition. Per cent. Per cent. 30's 1 13's 18 29's, 28's . 2 12's 21 27's, 26's . 3 ll's >4 25 26'a, 24's . 4i 10's 30 23's, 22's . 6| 9's 38 21 's, 20's . 8 8's 48 19's, 18's . 10* 7's 61 17's, 16's . 13 6's M 76 15's, 14's . 16 5's 94 UNIFORM LIST FOR WEAVING. 175 (Large Cops.} When weft of the following counts is spun into large cops, so that there are not more than 22 in one pound, the following additions are to be made instead of the above allowance : Numbers. Addition. Numbers. Addition. Per cent. Per cent. 29's, 28's ... 1 ll's 19 27's, 26's ... 2 10's . 24 25V 24V 23's 3 9's . ... 30 22's, 21's, 20's . 4i 8's 38 19V 18's . o" 7's 48 17V I6's . 8 6'i ... 61 15V 14's . , 10 5*8 76 13's . 12 4's . 94 12's 15 (j.) Four-staved Twills. (Low Picks.) In four-staved twills an addition of 1 per cent, for each pick or fraction thereof below the picks mentioned in the following table is to be made when using weft as follows : Below 26's the addition shall begin at 13. 26's to 39's inclusive, at 14. 40's and above, at 15. (High Picks.) When using weft Below 26's the addition shall begin at 21. 26's to 39's inclusive, at 22. 40's and above, at 23. In making additions for high picks, any fraction of a pick less than a half shall not have any allowance ; exactly the half shall have per cent, added ; any fraction over the half shall have the full 1 per cent, added.* (&.) Herring-bone Twills. For weaving these cloths, 5 per cent, extra on twill cloth prices shall be paid. (1.) Coloured edges or borders. Coloured edges or borders, with one or more coloured ends at the side, shall be paid 5 per cent, on plain cloth prices. (m.) Splits. "Splits" mean two widths together. The following addi- tions are to be allowed for them : One split uncut, add 5 per cent. ; two splits, add 7 per cent. Empty dents only shall not be considered splits. The list goes on to specify the piece wage rates to be paid on a great variety of cloths other than plain cloth, but before refer- ring to these it will be proper to explain briefly the manner in which the uniform list is applied to the manufacture of plain cloth. To FIND THE WEAVING PRICE. The rule for finding the price for weaving is stated as follows : In making out the prices for weaving, care should be taken to follow out the instructions contained in the list, viz., to add and deduct the various allowances one by one. * This rule also applies to section (/), ante, p. 174. 176 COTTON WEAVING. Examples. (1.) To find the price for weaving 43-inch cloth, 96 reed, 21 change wheel, dividend [see below] 609, 24 yards of 36 inches, 60's twist and 60's weft woven in a 48-inch reed space loom. Wheel 21)609 dividend. 29 picks. Take from table the price for one pick 96 reed, 100 yards, 48-inch loom as 2 4453 We have 2-4453x29x24 = 17-019288^. 1x100 1-53173592^. 9 / added for pick.* 18-55102392^. price. (2.) Or : required the price for weaving 35-inch cloth, 36 reed, 71 wheel, 428 dividend, 38 yards of 36 inches, 32's twist, 40's weft, woven in a 45-inch reed space loom. Wheel 71)428 6-028 picks. Take from table the price for one pick, 48 reed, 100 yards 45-inch loom, l-925d. 1-925x38x6.028 =4 . 409482d. 1 x 100 -2204741^5% added for pick.f 4-6299561d. - 1736233t/. 3 - 75 % deducted for narrow cloth.J 4-4563328^. price. With regard to the " dividend " of a loom, referred to in the calculations set forth above, rules are given for finding this figure in any given case. To FIND THE " DIVIDEND " OF A LOOM. Multiply the number of teeth in rack, stud and beam wheels together for a dividend, and the teeth in the little pinion wheel and circumference of beam (i.e., sand roller) in quarter inches * See clause (/), ante, p. 174, by which in the present case, since the weft used is 60's (coming into the class " 40's wefts and above "), and since the picks are 29 per quarter inch (i.e., "exceed 20 ") an addition of 1 per cent. per pick in excess of 20 (i.e., here 2920=9) has to be made to the price, by reason of the picks being above the standard (15 picks per quarter inch ; see ante, p. 174). t See clause (/"), ante, p. 174. Here the picks are below the standard ; consequently an addition of 1 per cent, for each pick or fraction of a pick below 11 (11 6-028=4-972) has to be made to the price. See clause (c), ante, p. 174. In this case the cloth woven is 10 inches (therefore " from 7 to 15 inches, inclusive ") narrower than the reed space in the loom. The table above referred to gives the deductions in the case of a 45-in. reed space loom at 0'94 per cent, for 38-inch cloth, 1-87 for 37-inch, 2-81 for 36-inch, and 3'75 per cent, for 35-inch cloth. UNIFORM LIST FOE WEAVING. 177 for a divisor, and the quotient will be the mathematical dividend ; to which must be added lijr per cent, to meet the contraction of the cloth between being at full stretch in the loom and placed upon the counter ; the result will be the practical dividend of the loom, which, divided by the change wheel, will give the picks per inch. Example. Given Rack 60, beam wheel 75, stud or carrier 120, little pinion 15, circumference of roller 15, which must be multiplied by 4 to reduce it to inches : Thus, 60x75x120 = 600 15x15x4 9 = H/ added for contraction. 609 As already stated, the uniform list deals in the first place with the prices to be paid for the weaving of plain cloth, and in addi- tion, with those to be paid for the weaving of other kinds of cloth, of a great variety of classes, a few of these prices having already been arranged when the uniform list was drawn up, but the great majority of them having at different times been agreed to between the employers and employed, through a Joint Com- mittee which was established in 1881, and which consists of 12 members, six representing the employers' association and six the association of the employees.* In all these cases the Uniform List for plain goods is taken as the basis ; and the extra work involved, owing to the special nature of the work in each case, is taken into account in fixing the piece-wage rates for that work. Thus, for example, the piece-wage in relation to the weaving of tape-bordered cloth is fixed as follows : Tape-bordered cloth, without pattern, over of an inch in width up to f of an inch, shall have 2 per cent, added to plain cloth price together with extra ends in reeds. Tape-bordered cloth, with tape or cord pattern, shall have 5 per cent, added to plain cloth prices with extra ends in reeds. By way of further illustration of the method adopted in these " Additions to the Uniform List," it will be convenient to quote the terms of the list for the weaving of sateens, jeans, jeannettes, drills, drillettes, and florentines, which came into operation in September, 1898 (replacing an earlier agreement made with Nelson employers), and governs the price for weaving on over 30,000 looms. BASIS. 1. Plain cloth as per Uniform List, with the following modifications. The rules of this Joint Committee are printed in the Second Report on Conciliation and Arbitration Boards (Cd. 5346 of 1910), pp. 218-220. It is understood that it is intended to revise these rules, and in particular, to make such alterations in them as shall make them harmonise with the procedure to be adopted in cases of trade disputes under the agreement of December 22, 1909, the text of which is set forth above (pp. 170, 171). 33311 178 COTTON WEAVING. REEDS. 2. When cloths are woven with three or more ends in one dent, the allowance for every two ends or counts of reed above 68 shall be f per cent, only, the same as from 60 to 68. When the reed exceeds the pick, f per cent, shall be added for every additional count of reed above the number of picks per inch. PICKS. 3. Cloths up to and including 25 picks to be paid 5 per cent, extra, and for every additional pick or fraction beyond the half up to and including 32 picks to have \ per cent, per pick added, from 32 picks upwards to have an additional \ per cent, per pick or fraction beyond the half added. PICK FINDING. 4. Where the employer requires the loom to be turned in order to find the broken picks, the following percentages to be paid : 5 per cent, when using 26's or finer weft. 7i 25's to 16's weft. 10 15's to 12's weft. 12J ll's or under. COARSE TWIST IN FINE REEDS. 5. Clause 8 [i.e. (/) above, p. 174] of the Uniform List to apply, and when there are more than two ends in one dent, the reed and number of ends per inch to be added together and divided by two. Thus a 52 reed three ends in one dent below 28's to 20's twist would be paid for as a 65 reed, and when using twist below 20's to 14's in a 45 reed three ends in one dent would be paid for as a 56 reed, for twist purposes only. When the Uniform Weaving List was agreed to in 1892, it was adopted subject to a deduction from the prices stated in the list of 10 per cent. But in July, 1899, an advance in wages of 2| per cent, was granted ; another advance of 5 per cent, was obtained by the operatives in July, 1905 ; and an advance of 2-J per cent, in May, 1906, making the prices of the Uniform List payable in full, and at this level they have since remained.* Taking together the whole of the workpeople, whose wages are regulated in the manner just described under the uniform list, their number may be taken to be approximately 215,000. COLOURED GOODS WEAVING. COLNE DISTRICT. With regard to coloured goods, the wages of weavers are settled by special agreements, of which that in force in the Colne * As is the case in regard to cotton-spinners, the movement in earnings has not corresponded exactly with the movement in prices (under the list). In the Report on wages and hours in the textile trades already referred to, it is stated (p. xxxvii.), that " the advances in the earnings of [cotton] weavers [as between 1886 and 1906] vary from 11 per cent, for women three-loom weavers to 24 per cent, for men six-loom weavers. In the case of the four- loom weavers, who form the bulk of both the men and the women weavers returned, the advances were men, 20 per cent. ; women, 18 per cent. These percentages compare with an increase of 11 per cent, on the basis of the Blackburn and Uniform List changes, and the greater increase obtained is partly due to the quickening of looms and partly to higher payment for ' extras.' The earnings in the aggregate for all classes of weavers have also been increased since 1886 by the increased number of looms tended per COLOURED GOODS WEAVERS' LIST. 179 district was originally made in July, 1890, and has since that date been amended in certain particulars and supplemented by additions in a manner generally similar to that already described in regard to the " Uniform List." The same principle as in that case governs these arrangements ; that is to say, the whole structure of the list is founded upon certain standard conditions of work, and the price of all other kinds of work is fixed in relation to the standard, additions to the list being, as the exigencies of the trade require, constantly arranged between the employers and the employed through the same Joint Committee, by which (as above stated) new piece rates are added from time to time to the Uniform List. In this case the Standard is expressed in the following terms : The Standard, upon which the price for Plain and Striped Goods is based, is as follows : Cloth. 28, 29, or 30 inches in width. Reed. 52 to 64, both inclusive, or 26 to 32 dents per inch, two ends in a dent. Length. 70* yards of warp, 36 inches to the yard. Weft. 16's or any finer counts. Price. \\d. per pick. The Standard, upon which the price for Checks is based, is 70 yards of warp, 2d. per pick ; in all other particulars the same as the Standard for Plain and Striped Goods. Suppose now that in a given case the cloth to be woven varies from the Standard, then the method of fixing the piece-wage is as under : The Standard, being 28, 29, or 30 inches, is reckoned equal. For each inch below 28, f per cent, is to be deducted down to 20 inches beyond which no further deduction shall be made. Above 30 inches up to and including 36, 1 per cent, per inch to be added. Above 36 to 40 inches, 1 per cent, per inch. 40 48 2* 48 56 3 and 4 per cent, for every inch above 60. The next clause in the agreement deals with the case of the Reeds being different from those specified in the Standard, and of there being, not two, as there supposed, but a greater or a smaller number of threads in one dent, or of the ends being " crammed,'' or dents dropped, and in this manner by successive clauses provision is made for a large number of possible variations. The number of operatives whose wages are regulated under the Colne Coloured Goods List is 7,600. * Changed from 74 by a revision of the list taking effect from the first pay day in September, 1905. M 2 180 COTTON WEAVING. EADCLIFFE DISTRICT. The wages of weavers of coloured goods are regulated in the Radcliffe district under arrangements generally similar to those above described, the Standard in this case, agreed to in 1892 and somewhat altered in 1898, being as follows : Cloth. The list shall be based on cloth, 36 inches to the yard, and 100 yards long. Reed. 56 reed, i.e., 28 dents to the inch, and two ends in a dent. Width. 27 to 30 inches measured on the counter in an unfinished state as it comes from the loom. Weft. 16's or any finer counts. Looms. Circular, box, and plain. Warps. Full (or hand) dressed or sectional. Price per pick. Per inch Checks, 3d. ; Stripes and Plains, 2%d. The alteration made in the Standard of the Radcliffe list in 1898 resulted in a decrease in wages varying from 2^ to 10 per cent., according to the different kinds of work on which the operatives were engaged. The part of this list referring to one- shuttled, or striped, goods woven in check looms was revised in 1906 (when an advance of from 2-J- to 5 per cent, took place in the wages for this work), and again in 1907 (when an advance of from 2^ to 7^ per cent, took place), otherwise no fluctuations have taken place in the prices under this list, which regulates the wages of some 2,300 workpeople. LISTS FOR SPECIAL CLASSES OF WEAVING. Velvet Weaving-. Velvet weaving is chiefly carried on in the Oldham District, and in this trade a somewhat different principle of arranging a Standard list is adopted, the measurement of weft being by weight rather than by picks. The list was agreed to between the associations of the employers and the employed respectively in 1888, but only the basis with allowances for weft came into operation in that year, the full list not being finally adopted until October, 1890. The basis of the list is as follows : 45 and 49 looms weaving 56's weft, Id. per Ib. 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 89 6K Qd. Whenever the looms are narrower than the narrowest loom referred to in the above table] (i.e. less than 45 inches wide), VELVET AND QUILTS, ETC., WEAVERS* LISTS. 181 fV/. per Ib. shall be added for each range of 5 inches, and if broader than the broadest loom there referred to (i.e. wider than 89 inches), ^d. per Ib. shall be deducted for each similar range. It will be seen that the Standard here laid down assumes that the weft will be 56's count. In those cases in which the weft is of counts either higher or lower than 56's, a clause in the list specifies the change in the piece price that is to correspond with this variation from the Standard. As originally framed, this clause provided that " d. per Ib. shall be added or deducted for each hank as the weft is finer or coarser " than the Standard (56's) ; but by an agreement made between the Oldham Velvet Employers' Sub-committee and representatives of the Oldham Weavers' Association on March 14, 1900, an advance was granted on the list prices for weaving counts of 38's down to 16's, that price being fixed as follows : For 38's, 4f|d. ; 36's, 4fd. ; 34's, 4|f. ; 32's, &d. ; 30's, 3J|<*. i 28's, 3}rf. ; 26's, 3H ; 24's, 3Jrf. ; 22's, 3d. ; 20's, 2}rf. ; 18's, 2%d. ; 16's, 2d. These are the prices in relation to looms 45 to 49 inches wide ; other widths of looms are to be paid in proportion. Below 16's to be subject to mutual arrangement. This change in the allowances for coarse weft is stated to have resulted in an average increase of approximately 5 per cent, in the earnings of the weavers (about 3,000 in number) working under this list. In May, 1906, it was agreed between the associations of the employers and employed that an advance of 5 per cent, on the list prices should be paid on all work done on and after the second pay day in August, 1906 ; and in May, 1907, it was similarly agreed that a further advance of 5 per cent, should be paid for all weft 40's and below, and 2J per cent, for all weft above 40's, this advance to be paid as from the second pay day in August, 1907. Quilts and Toilet Covers. Quilts and toilet covers are chiefly woven in the Bolton District, and the wages for work of this class are regulated by what is known as " the Bolton and District Standard List of Prices," but which is in fact a series of lists relating to a large number of different articles, each of these lists having its own distinct " basis " or Standard, and making appropriate provisions for work done under conditions varying from those set forth in this basis. All these sets of piece prices have been arranged by a Joint Committee of employers' and operatives' representatives, beginning with the list for toilet and Marseilles quilts agreed to so far back as January 14, 1861. The whole series of lists was revised and enlarged in July, 1903 ; clauses in relation to the prices to be paid for rep quilts with healds and tappets and three beams were added in November, 1903. In January, 1907, the list was advanced Id. in the Is. on all quilts except alhambras, which received an advance of \d. in the 1$. The number of the workpeople, whose wages are regulated under these agreements, is approximately 1,000. 182 COTTON WEAVING. The list for honeycomb quilts, woven with one shuttle (added in 1890) may be quoted (in the form in which it now appears in the Bolton Standard List) as a specimen. Counts of Reed reckoned 1 end per dent. Width in Reed exclusive of Fringe. Picks for ^th of a Penny. Counts of Reed reckoned 1 end per dent. Width in Reed exclusive of Fringe. Picks for |th of a Penny. Inches. Inches. 36 58 118 36 77 99 jj 59 117 JJ 78 98 ji 60 116 jj 79 97 61 115 ii 80 96 62 114 >J 81 95 63 113 J) 82 94 64 112 JJ 83 93 65 111 1) 84 92 66 110 JJ 85 91 67 109 JJ 86 90 68 108 >> 87 89 69 107 M 88 88 70 106 ji 89 87 71 105 j 90 86 72 104 n 91 85 ?) 73 103 jj 92 84 )) 74 102 jj 93 83 n 75 101 jj 94 82 H 76 100 A 36 reed or 18 dents, being the Standard, is made the starting point : Two picks to be added for th of a penny for a decrease of eight counts of reed, and deducting two picks for |th of a penny for an increase of eight counts of reed. The above prices are for honeycombs with fringes, Grecians, and honey- combs without fringe, with a fret at the ends to weave ] picks extra for |th of a penny. Honeycomb quilts woven with weft fringes, but not warp fringes, with a fret at the ends, to weave five picks extra for ^th of a penny. When fringes exceed 6 inches on each side measured on the inside of the catch cords, half the excess to be paid for as cloth. Honeycomb quilts woven with one end per dent to reckon as reed and a half ; thus a 28 reed, one end per dent, would reckon as 42 and so on. Honeycomb quilts woven with single coloured yarn, two, three, or more ends in a mail, to have all yarn reckoned on the reed. Thus a 24 reed, three ends in a mail, to count as a 72 reed. Honeycomb quilts woven with part white and part coloured stripes in warp, ^th of a penny per quilt extra. All coloured stripes and no white, or with white yarn for selvedges only, one farthing per quilt extra. Self-coloured warp |th per quilt extra. Coloured weft |th per quilt extra. Coloured border in warp and weft %d. per quilt extra. Brocade stripes 10 per cent, extra. Striped quilts checked with stripes across in body of quilt to be paid |th of a penny for every two stripes of coloured weft when woven in one-shuttle looms. Any of the afore-mentioned quilts, if woven with a second shuttle (drop box at one side only) to be paid 10 per* cent, extra ; if woven with a third shuttle (drop box at one side only) to be paid 20 per cent, extra. LISTS FOR PRELIMINARY PROCESSES. 188 Honeycomb quilts woven with two shuttles (pick and pick) to be paid 20 per cent, extra to one shuttle price, three shuttles (pick and pick) 30 per cent, extra to one shuttle price. Honeycomb covers woven two, three, or four in width, with part white and part coloured stripes in warp, to be paid one farthing per dozen extra, and T Vth extra for each coloured weft border put in. LISTS FOR WINDING AND OTHER PRELIMINARY PROCESSES. The agreements already mentioned all relate to the weaving process proper, which (as stated above) only commences after the warp is placed in the loom. The preliminary processes are also paid by the piece under lists arranged between employers and employed, or else drawn up by the operatives and accepted by the general usage of the employers. "Winding," consists in running the yarn off a spinner's cop on to a " winder's bobbin." " Beam-warping " (or " beaming ") is the running of the yarn from the winders' bobbins on to a " warper's beam." The next process is " sizing " (or " taping ") which is the transferring of the yarn from warpers' beams to a " weaver's beam," which forms the warp of the cloth when woven. In this process the yarn passes through a mixture called " size," in order to prepare the warp for the loom. Beam-warping and sizing are processes employed in the manufacture of " grey-cloth." For striped or coloured cloth these processes are replaced by " mill-warping " and " dressing." In mill-warping the yarn is led off the winder's bobbin in a rope, which is wound into a " ball " and sent in that form to be dyed and sized and brought back to the weaving shed. Here the warps are treated by the " warp-dresser," who runs them through a reed on to the weaver's beam, with the various colours arranged in the required pattern, and removes all dirt, fluff, &c. The next step (whether in regard to grey or coloured cloth) is that the yarn on the weaver's beam (i.e., each thread of the warp) is twisted to threads which are attached to healds and a reed, which have been in the loom to weave cloth previously, or, if necessary, the ends are " loomed" or "drawn in," z>., they are passed through new healds and a reed, to be placed afterwards in the loom to weave the cloth. After the cloth is woven, the healds and reed are cut out and are frequently used again. Loomers employ either one full-timer or two half-timers as assistants, whom they pay out of the prices obtained under the list. Some examples of the agreements in force in relation to these accessory processes are given below. Burnley (Winding and Beaming). A revised list of prices to be paid for winding in Burnley was agreed to by committees representing the Burnley Master Cotton Spinners' and Manufacturers' Association and the Burnley Weavers', Winders', and Beamers' Association on June 16, 1894. The basis of the previous list was a net standard price of 6K for winding 20 Ibs. of 32's twist (or ls.7%d. for 60 Ibs.), though, with a few exceptional cases, this price was generally 184 COTTON WEAVING. paid for higher counts of twist. It is stated that the bulk of the twist used in the district is of 36's count and under, though 38's and 40's counts are sometimes used, finer counts than 40's being very seldom used. The list was again revised during 1899, so as to include the advance of 2^ per cent, then given to the operatives, and again in 1906, when further advances were incorporated, and in its present form provides as follows : Winding List. For winding 60 Ibs. of twist : 16's to 18's twist 20's to 22's 24's to 26's 28's to 30's ,. 32's to 34's 36's to 38's d. 1 4J 1 6; 1 1i 1 8; 1 9^ 1 11 40's to 42's twist 44's to 48's 50's to 52's 54's to 58's 60's to 62's s. d. 2 04 2 2 2 3 2 5 2 6* Intermediate counts not named above in proportion. The winders' wages to rise and fall along with weavers' wages. These prices cover the advances agreed to up to and including the first pay day in May, 1906. The list regulates the wages of some 2,700 winders. The list for beaming, which was adopted at the same time as the Burnley winding list, and was revised in 1899, and again in 1906, on each occasion incorporating advances in wages obtained by the operatives, is now as follows : Beaming List. For beaming 400 ends, 17,500 yards, 5 wraps, the payment to be as follows : 4d. per beam for creeling, and k\d. for each wrap, irrespective of counts of twist. For every 10 ends, or fraction thereof, one halfpenny, up or down, but no deduction below 370 ends, thus : For 400 ends, 5 wraps, 17,500 yards, the price will be 2s. lf T6^ 1A IA 25 1 IA H This list is subject to the following extras : When working with 40's cotton in the bobbins, ^d. per rack extra. When working with 30's cotton or coarser in the bobbins, %d. per rack extra. 9-point machines working cotton finer than 60's two fold in the bobbins shall be paid to the plain net card. No extras to be paid when working 32's, 40's, or 50's single cotton in the bobbins. When working over 50's up to 80's inclusive, one-sixteenth extra, and when beyond 80's, one-eighth extra. PLAIN NET MACHINES. 203 Neither of these two lists makes any allowance for the close- ness of the holes in the length of the lace, the price being per rack of 240 holes independently of this consideration. The following summary of the list for making cotton quillings may be given as an instance of a case, in which such an allowance is made, the prices per rack being higher, as the number of holes is less, i.e., as the length corresponding to a rack increases : COTTON QUILLINGS. 12 quarters W points. Over 12 holes, d. per rack. 12 holes to 7 holes, Id. per rack. Under 7 holes, l^d. per rack. Above 12 quarters, ^d. per quarter. Above 10 points to be counted in the width of the machine. Extra for taping, \d. per rack. ,, for single cotton in the warp, d. It should be observed that the piece prices stated in these lists are subject to advances or reductions from time to time agreed upon between the employers and the workpeople ; and at the present time an advance on the list prices of 5 per cent, is paid on all cotton goods except spots and mosquitoes. The agreement in the plain net branch makes provision for the payment by time-wages of work other than actual lace- making, which the operatives are called upon to perform, such work being termed " Day Work." It is provided that : The term day work shall include springing carriages when altering from one class of goods to another, re-entering parts of warps or beams knocked down through no fault of the employee, or re-entering warps cut out before being emptied, Day work shall be paid for at the rate of 5s. per day of 10 hours when all the machines are standing, and a proportion of this when one or more machines are going. Short Alterations. 1. When 5 consecutive hours are made in any alteration, the time to be paid for as half a day. 2. Saturday shall be paid for as a full day when 2 other full days have been worked in the same week. When less than 2 full days have been worked, Saturday shall be paid for as half a day. 3. The lace maker may stay one hour after the ordinary time for changing shifts. 4. In case of necessity, as getting a piece off which is urgently needed, or to make samples, men working single-handed may stay one hour later than the usual time, such time to be taken oif the following day. Curtain Machines. In this machine, in addition to the warp threads, there are a number of threads, each coming off a separate spool, which are used in making the pattern. The question, of which thread or threads shall be brought into operation, depends upon a series of steel points which are moved from above by a modification of the Jacquard system used in pattern weaving. In this system the movements of a number of rods or wires are controlled by a series of perforated cards, the positions of the holes stamped in 204 NOTTINGHAM LACE TKADE. these cards determining, which of the rods or wires shall, and which shall not, move at any time. Any thread thus brought into operation is thrown by a " spool bar " over a certain fixed number of warp threads, the thread so thrown being held up by points and fastened in position by the threads from the bobbins, which, as in the plain net machine, swing between the warp threads, but do not in this case have any traversing motion. In the more complicated varieties of the curtain machine there are also other arrangements for pinching together two warp threads, and so on, but in the simplest form of machine the pattern is produced entirely in the manner described. The intervals between the warp threads are known as " gaits," and a curtain in which the pattern consists of warp threads with spool threads thrown in places over three such intervals is a three gait curtain. Two fairly common varieties of this simple type are the double action four gait curtain, in which the Jacquard has twice as many motions as the lace machine itself, so that the threads can be thrown over two or four gaits, and the machine with two or more spool bars, each throwing the threads over a different number of gaits. In the list of prices for goods made upon the curtain machine, which was agreed to in 1897, and was amended by the award of an arbitrator in 1905, and by agreement between employers and employed in 1907, these varieties are all provided for by standard lists, viz. : Standard I. For ordinary two, three, or four gait curtains. Standard II. For double-action four gait curtains. Standard VII. For Swiss curtains made with two spool bars. As regards the remaining standard lists, Standard VI. is for goods made with additional bars or extras not provided for in other standards; Standards III., IV., and V. are for muslin goods, according as they are made with one bar not full threaded, one full threaded bar, or two bars not full threaded ; Standard VIII. is for Combination and Swiss or Madras curtains made with two spool bars. Standard IX. is for three gate purls and scollops, laces and Hamburgh nets. Standard X. is for silk nets or other unfinished goods ; all goods made with silk are paid for under this standard, except goods made under Standards VII., VIII., and IX. The piece wages to be paid in respect of Standards I. to VIII. were revised by the award of Mr. Gr. R. Askwith, C.B., K.C., made on September 5, 1905, these amended prices (which con- stituted reductions of from 2 J- to 1 7^ per cent, on the previous list) to hold good for five years. The award made no alteration in Standards IX. and X. In addition, there is Standard XI., dealing with square net curtains, which was added in April, 1907, by the Board of Conciliation. The general principle of payment is the same in each standard, and it will be sufficient to give as a specimen Standard II., which is the most important for the Nottingham lace trade. CURTAIN MACHINES. 205 The following are the prices in pence and thirty-seconds of a penny for double action four gait curtains : Or Gauge. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 JO 15 2'' 2-' 2 11 2 !C 2 18 16 17 po pn PI 2 2 L 2< 2 H 2 13 2 20 02, 18 19 pi 2 l 2 2 2* 2 3 2" 0, ^ 2 19 2- *" r- 2 24 20 2 3 2 3 2' 2'' 2 5 1*. 013 r 21<; 2 18 2 2 - 1 020 '21 22 2" 2 2 7 2 V 2 7 2-- 2 s ;. 2 17 E E 023 2 30 2 31 28 " 2 2 3 * " 2 2 2 2 2 31 26 2 9 2 io 2 11 2 11 2 2 " 2*a 2 25 2 27 3 1 3 1 3 2 27 2 11 2 11 2 12 213 214 2i 2 22 2*a 2 27 228 3 3 3* 28 <2 2 13 214 314 2" 2 20 2 2 - 1 2 2 28 2 30 3 4 3 G 29 2 15 2" 2 17 2 17 2 18 224 2 27 2 27 291 ;! H 7 3 9 30 31 2 2 2 2 17 2 23 2 2 3 3 2 8* 3" 3 11 312 2 2 2 2 32 2 1G 2 17 2" 2 18 2 1D 2.4 2" 2 31 3 4 3= 3 12 3 la 33 218 2 18 8 2 2 2 21 2 2G .3 3 1 3 5 * 313 3- 34 2 2 2 2 8 6 3 s 3 15 3 17 35 36 2 20 2 21 2 21 2 22 2 28 3- 3 6 310 312 320 37 2 21 2 21 3,, 2 22 2 23 028 3 3 C 3 12 313 320 321 38 2 22 2 22 2 23 2 23 2 24 2 30 3 7 3 8 312 8 a 321 323 39 2 23 2 23 2 24 2 2S 2 20 3 3 9 3 10 313 3 15 323 32.-, 40 2*4 225 22 " 2 27 2 27 3 1 310 3 11 3 15 317 s 327 All widths above 40 quarters up to and includiug 12 points to advance 2/32 per quarter and 1/32 per gauge. Above 12 points and up to 16 to advance 2/32 per quarter and 2/32 per gauge. All Curtains up to and including 8 points, when punched straight through, to be paid as Curtain Net, and above 8 points to be paid 3/32 of a penny more than Curtain Net. Three gait curtains are paid ^ 2 d. less. Toilets, bed-covers, eiderdowns, &c., either made witn or without turn-again tackle, are paid .^d. less than curtains. The additions to this list also provide for unfinished goods, for goods made with one lacing thread, and for colours in cottons. Payment in every case is made not for a definite length, but for a " rack," i.e., for a certain number of motions," each swing of the bobbins to or fro constituting a motion. Thus a rack may vary considerably in length, according to the coarseness or fineness of the lace made. The standard rack is 1.440 motions. 206 NOTTINGHAM LACE TRADE. The price for a rack depends, as in the plain net machine, on the breadth measured in quarters of a yard, and on the closeness of the warp measured by the number of points to the inch. In the case of the curtain machine, as in the case of the first list quoted above for the plain net machine, the price is always per rack, independently of the length that goes to the rack. The agreement with respect to alterations in the curtain branch is as below : Alterations. All work when Lace Makers are not making racks shall be called " Day- work " (except tying in main warps or re-entering instead of tying in) and shall be paid for at the rate of five shillings per day. When a warp is cut out before being emptied, the fresh warp shall be paid under " Short Alterations," but the warp cut out shall not be paid for when re-entered if the warp in the machine is emptied. Short Alterations. When five consecutive hours are made in any alteration the time to be paid for as half a day.* When more than two Lace Makersf are employed on short alterations in one machine each man shall be paid sixpence per hour. Saturday shall be paid for as a full day when two other full days have been worked in the same week. When less than two full days have been worked the Saturday must be paid for as half a day. When short alterations have to be made it shall be permissible for the Lace Maker to come one hour before the ordinary time or stay one hour after the ordinary time for changing shifts. It is also permissible for single-handed men to come half-an-hour earlier or stay half-an-hour later in order to get a piece off which is wanted or to get out a sample. The time so made to be lost within 7 days. Levers Machine. In this, the most important lace machine, a number of strips of lace of the same pattern are usually made at once in the breadth of a machine. Thus a number of the threads used in making the pattern will always be moving simultaneously. Consequently the threads do not all come off separate spools as in the curtain machine, but are divided into groups, each group coming off a roller, like a miniature weavers' beam. Each group passes through holes in a thin bar running along the whole length of the lace being made. The pattern is put in by these bars, which are directly controlled by a Jacquard, whose action determines which bar shall shift the threads it holds across the warp, and also how far (over how many gaits) the bar shall move. As in the curtain machine, these threads are held up by points and fastened in their place by the bobbin threads swinging through the warp, but while in the curtain machine the Jacquard only controls the question of which threads shall be thrown across the warp, these threads being usually thrown across three, or at most four gaits, in the levers machine the bars can be moved by the Jacquard * On the question being raised, whether this clanse imports, that where two Lace Makers work concurrently 2 hours, the hours so worked are to be added together and charged for as one half-day of 5 hours, the arbitrator decided in the negative. t The arbitrator decided, that " Lace Makers " means " Twist hands," and does not include "lads." LEVERS MACHINES. 207 across a varying number of gaits, greater in many cases than in the curtain machine, before they return to their place. The list for the levers section of the trade was, until it was entirely remodelled by the award made in the arbitration of 1905, very voluminous and complicated. It took account, first, of the classes of lace being made, each of the 21 classes having a separate card or sub-division of the list to itself ; secondly, of the number of points to the inch ; thirdly, of the number of bars used; fourthly, of the length of the "rack." The "rack'^is defined as a certain number of motions, each swing of the bobbins to or fro constituting a motion. For the most part the standard rack in the old list was 1,920 motions, but in some cards the double rack (3,840 motions) was the standard. The old piece lists were calculated for a 1 6 quarters machine, it being provided that, for machines of other widths, the prices should be more or less in proportion to the full rack price. These old price lists were the gradual product of many years of lace manufacture ; and the employers were stated to have experienced considerable difficulty in making any new lace under the conditions imposed, the various restrictions raising the price so high that they could not compete with foreign countries or other districts in the United Kingdom. A person wishing to calculate wages and cost of manufacture had to know the class of machine, its gauge, width and number of bars, whether top or top and bottom bars. For each variation in gauge, width, and bars, a different price was paid. At the present time many bars are generally employed. The old price list sent the price up by rapid stages when bars were used. In addition to the difficulties arising from bars, some laces could not be made on wider machines if introduced, as they would be blocked by the price of gauges. The increase in price by progression of amounts for the gauges or quarters or both, and the complicated process of adding points to the width of the machines (now entirely abolished), virtually prohibited their manufacture. Simplification in the use of all extras, and latitude in such processes as flossing, gimping, and using threads travers- ing gaits, and simplification by the establishment of a wider standard machine on a single rack basis, instead of, as on some cards, by estimate on the double rack of 3,840 motions (this complication is now abolished and the standard width raised and made uniform), as well as simplification of gauges and bars, were alleged to be necessary for purposes of competition even with places in the immediate neighbourhood, close to the boundaries of the city. The arbitrator framed 15 price lists to take the place of the 21 old cards, and drew up general instructions and rules to apply to all price lists.* * In the extracts from this award given in the text the terms are stated as finally settled by the arbitrator, who, in his original award, reserved power to amend it, if necessary, and who subsequently made certain amendments by supplementary decisions given accordingly. 208 NOTTINGHAM LACE TRADE. The 15 cards are set out in the award at full length. For the purpose of illustrating the system as now remodelled and simplified, and the amalgamation of cards, the following two cards, of great importance to the Nottingham lace trade, may be quoted : THICK THREADED BOBBIN FINING GOODS MADE WITH TOP OR TOP AND BOTTOM BARS. Standards. Rack, 1,920 motions ; gauge, 10 points ; width of machine, above 18 and below 20 quarters. Quality, up to 20 inches inclusive. Bars, including all top net bars traversing up to five gaits inclusive. Price : 6d. for double warp, single warp %d. less, treble warp %d. more. Minimum price \d. Bars. (1) For every 10 or portion of 10 top net bars traversing more than five gaits, %d. per rack. (2) For every 10 or portion of 10 bars other than net bars, d. per rack. (3) For every 50 or portion of 50 bottom bars up to 600, d. per rack. No advance beyond 600. (4) For every 5, or portion of 5 bars flossing more than four gaits, %d. per rack. Bars flossing four gaits or less to come under Clause 2. 5. For every 10 or portion of 10 bars with 2 threads in a hole, \d. per rack up to and including 10 points ; finer gauges to be paid as two bars. 6. For every 4 or portion of 4 centre gimps, fl. per rack. Fluctuations. (1) Gauges above 10 points, -\d. per half -gauge to be added. Gauges below 10 points, \d. per gauge to be deducted. No reduction below 8 points. (2) Quality above 20 inches, \d. for every 5 or portion of 5 inches. (3) For 16 quarters and above 16 quarters up to 18 quarters inclusive, \d. per rack to be deducted. Below 16 quarters a further \d. to be deducted. For 20 quarters and below 22 quarters, \d. per rack to be added. For 22 quarters and above a further \d. to be added. Extras. (1) Black, pearl white, or colours worked on warps or independent beams, \d. per rack for every 100 or portion of 100 threads up to 400. No advance beyond 400. (2) Silk, tussah, wool, China grass, metal, corded or cotton threads 16-3 fold or coarser, or their equivalent, worked on warps or independent beams, d. per rack for every 100 or portion of 100 threads up to 400. No advance beyond 400. When any of the materials or colours named in this or the preceding clause are confined to the bobbins, half the above price only to be added. (3) When in making cotton goods silk is used in lacers and drawthreads only, \d. per rack to be added. (4) When using whipper bobbins, %d. per rack to be added. TORCHONS, GUIPURES, MALTESE, AND CLUNYS. Standards. Rack, 1,920 motions ; gauge, 10 points ; width of machine, above 18 and below 20 quarters ; quality, from 10 to 25 inches, inclusive ; bars, up to 30 inclusive ; price 5d. per rack ; all silk Id. extra. Minimum price for any width or gauge, 4%d. per rack. Bars. (1.) For every 10 or portion of 10 bars over 30 up to 100 inclusive, \d. per rack. (2.) For every 15 or portion of 15 bars over 100, \d. per rack. Fluctuations. (I.} Gauges above 10 points up to and including 12 points, %d. per half -gauge to be added. Beyond 12 points, %d. per half -gauge to be added. Gauges below 10 points, \d. per gauge to be deducted. No reduc- tion below 7 points. Broken gauges same price as full gauges. Half-gauge, Id. less. (2.) Quality above or below the standard to rise and fall $d. for every 5 or portion of 5 inches. (3.) For 16 quarters and above 16 quarters up to 18 quarters inclusive, \d. per rack to be deducted. Below 16 quarters a further \d. to be deducted. For 20 quarters and below 22 quarters, \d. per rack to be added. For 22 quarters and above, a further \d. to be added. Extras. (1.) Black, pearl white, or colours worked on independent beams, \d. per rack for every 100 or portion of 100 threads up to 400. No advance beyond 100. LEVERS MACHINES. 209 (2.) Silk, tussah, wool, China grass, metal, corded or cotton thread 16-3 fold or coarser, or their equivalent worked on independent beams, \d. per rack for every 1 00 threads up to 400. No advance beyond 400. When any of the materials or colours named in this or the preceding clause are confined to the bobbins, half the above price only to be added. (3.) When in making cotton goods silk is used in lacers and drawthreads only, d. per rack to be added. Among the other cards a new card for silk veiling and fancy nets made with warps or warps and spotting beams is also deemed to bo very important, as tending to open up fresh branches of trade. Among the general instructions and rules, the following are the most important : Changing or racking cards, Id. per rack ~up to 2 packs ; beyond 2 packs 1 \ when finished Do. split lift and top piece only (| in.), when finished . Spring heel Finished square to heel ... Cut-down waist. F G- and H classes only f A class 8: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: I: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: F and Gr classes [TL class Breasting military heels , Breasting and paring military heels ready for papering .. Paring edges (waist and foreparts) Socking (ABC classes Channels up < D E (Fan Foreparts not made out Bottoms and waists not made out Knifing by machinery, 3d. in the Is. deducted from finisher. 2 If 1* U Extras (on Standard and not accumulative). Nature of Extras. Per Pair. Laster. Finisher. Leg: Height above 7 in Height above 7 in. ... Foreparts : Coloured welts ... Bevel edge, painted any colour Fair stitched ... ... Do. when pricked up by fudge Do. do. hand ... Nailing toe and joint, nails found by laster Do. (two rows), nails found by laster Nailing bottoms (steel points, nuggets, brads), nails found by employer, Nailing foreparts (3 rows), nails found by employer ... Copper toes Sewn cork welts Q in.) Do. clumps, inserted and finished split edge, when cut out or fitted up by employer. A. i 1 LONDON UNIFORM STATEMENT. 237 Nature of Extras. d. Sewn cork round or bevel edge, when cut out or fitted 2 up by employer. Do. pin points (one row) '. Do. do. (one and a half rows) Do. do. (two rows) 6 Square edge clumps over j\ in. when finished, A to D classes. Do. pin points Fiddle foreparts Bordered foreparts ,. Half wide welts, up to T % in. when finished 1 Wide welts, over T 3 ^ in. when finished Bevel edge clumps, not split Marked up dull foreparts Bunking foreparts Real spike toe i Waist : Fiddle waist including breast and top piece ... Brown waist on common work, as per standard sample Flexura waist, fitted when given out ... ... ... 1 Do. when fitted by laster 2 Bunking waist Peak strip waist ... ... ... ' Upper : Patent vamps (except house boots), extra to finisher on A to D classes only. Toe caps on vamped work. A to E classes only. Brogue wing vamps ... Fur or lamb s wool lining 1 All goloshed work in leather Patent goloshed work Whole goloshed in leather. A to E classes only Soilable colours, outsides (except 2nd and 3rd hide sheep 1 and other common materials) to be shopped clean. Soilable colours, outsides (2nd and 3rd hide sheep and other common materials) to be shopped clean. Leather linings on boots only ... ... Leather linings (persians and light basils) on boots only. E to H. classes. Heels: Overlain. ... ... ... Over If in 1 Over 2 in 2 French heel (beyond military heel) up to If in. when 1 finished. Wurtemburg leather lifts 12 Cased heel '. 10 Mock Wurtemberg ... 3 Tips filled in. A to E classes 1 Do. F. to H. classes Tips or plates got up by finisher ... (Plates carry no extras to lasters.) Sundries : Heel pins (when not bespoke) ... Fitting (when not bespoke) Eights size and over (except felt and house boots and 1 slippers). A to E classes. Eights size and over (except felt and house boots and slippers). F and H classes. Lasting on wooden lasts ... ... 4 Bracing Rounding bottom stuff 2 Sample pairs, when given out as such Measures or bespoke 1 Per Pair. Laster. Finisher. d. 5 238 BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. In 1906, the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration referred to arbitration the question of fixing minimum time-wages for lasters and finishers in the machine-sewn trade ; but the arbitrators not agreeing on a decision nor on the choice of an umpire, the Board of Trade was s under the rules of the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, requested to appoint an umpire. The Board of Trade accordingly appointed Mr. Gr. R. Ask with, C.B., K.C., who, by his award, issued on April 28, 1906, declared " that 305. per week of 54 hours be the standard minimum wage between the parties for competent adult workmen employed in the lasting and finish- ing operations in London, the question of the competency of any workman to earn and receive the said minimum wage, if disputed either on the ground of age or want of skill, or for any other reason, to be decided as between an employer and the Union by the Joint Board in cases where the employer and the Union may fail to agree." At the present time, while, so far as lasting and finishing by hand are concerned, the operatives in the London machine sewn trade are paid piece wages, a certain number of operatives employed in working lasting and finishing machines are paid minimum weekly wages, with the right, if they turn out in the week work worth more, according to the prices of the piece- wage statement, than these minimum wages, to be paid for the excess output pro raid. Leicester. Piece-work Statement for Lasting Machine Workers. At Leicester, the chief centre of the Trade in Great Britain, the local Joint Committee, appointed under the Settlement of 1895 described above, drew up and agreed, on November 9, 1898, to a " Piece-work Statement for Lasting Machine Workers," many points of detail upon which the Committee had been unable to agree having previously been referred to, and settled by two arbitrators. This statement, by which the wages of some 6,000 operatives are regulated, is in the following terms : PREPARATION OF WORK. This Statement is based upon the possession of a complete plant, and the work being thoroughly prepared. The following processes constitute a perfectly prepared bottom : Laced goods to be tied over. Soles blocked. Middles blocked and attached to sole. Insoles properly prepared. Channels opened. Puffed skived. Toe caps skived (if necessary). Leather linings skived (if neces- sary). Shanks and bottom filling prepared. Stiffeners skived and moulded. DEFINITION OF OPERATIONS (Working in a Team). Puller over. Inserting stiff eners and puffs. Hold or tacking on insole. Upper to be pulled over and fastened in six places. Operator, Boot to be lasted properly before going to next process. LEICESTER LASTERS STATEMENT. 239 Knocker up. Hammering down tacks, levelling, knock up toes and seats, bottom filling and shanks, cutting pleats, and put the boot with its sole. Sole attacher. Tack on soles and middles in five places, and spring seats. Getter of. Tap up toes and seats, clear channel, and slip last ready for sewing. (This does not include clearing welts). Putting down channels by aid of Bottom Rolling Machine. Operator. Roll or level bottom. Puller on and getter off for Bottom Roller. Pull on last, damp, and put down channel, square up edge, tap up toes and seats and slip last. CLASSIFICATION. " Class A or Common Class. All goods made of milled or woven materials and all goods the major portion of which is made of milled or woven materials, and all house boots, house shoes, and slippers." " Class B or Best Class. All goods not included in Class A. PRICES FOR WOMEN'S WoRK.f For Class B or Best Class. For Class A or Common Class. Per dozen. s. d. 1 1 Per dozen. d. 11 Operator (Consolidated Lasting Machine) Operator (Boston and Barrett Lasting Machines) Operator (Magnetic Tacking Machine) ... Knocker up ... 4J 6f 8 4* H 5| 6* 3 3 11- I 3 Getter off 4 31 Operator (Bottom Rolling Machine) Puller on and getter off (Bottom Rolling Machine.) li 6 U 2 H 5| PRICES FOR GIRLS' WoRKf (7 to 1). For Class B or Best Class. For Class A or Common Class. Per dozen. Per dozen. d. d. 10* 8f Operator (Consolidated Lasting Machine) Operator (Boston and Barrett Lasting Machines) Operator (Magnetic Tacking Machine) 6 7f l 5 5J 3 Si Sole attacher ... . . ... ... 11 Getter off 3 2 3 Operator (Bottom Rolling Machine) Puller on and getter off (Bottom Rolling 11 ll H Machine). * On May 23, 1905, the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration ordered these words to be removed from this position and placed immediately after the definition of the work of the getter-off for bottom roller. f See note * ante, p. 228. 240 BOOT AND SHOE TEADE. 20 per cent, reduction to be allowed upon the prices fixed for the puller over and operator on the Boston and Barrett Lasting machines, when both operations are performed by the same workman. Quantities. The basis of quantities for which the above prices have been fixed is one dozen pairs, to consist of not more than two sizes of the same shape and fitting or one size each of two shapes, so that in no dozen shall there be more than two sizes or shapes of lasts ; any variation of upper to make no difference to this basis. EXTRAS. The following extras to be paid in respect of work not properly prepared : Tops not tied over (if required) 2d. per dozen. Insoles not properly prepared ... ... ... 2d. ,, Channels not opened 2d. ,, Puffs not skived Id. Toe-caps not skived (if necessary) Id. Leather linings not skived (if necessary) ... 2d. Shanks not prepared ... ... ... ... 2d. Bottom filling not prepared Id. Stiffeners not* skived and blocked 2d. Where middles are sprigged on separately from the outsoles, M. per dozen. Where work is given out with more than two sizes in one dozen, Id. for each additional size to the puller over. For bedding soles which are not blocked, f d. per dozen to the sole attacher and l%d. per dozen to the getter off. EXTRAS ON MATERIALS. The following extras to be paid on "Glove Kid," " Crup Vamps," "Coloured Glac6 Kids, " Soilable Colours," "Calf Patent Vamps," and the finer qualities of " Black Glace Kids," equal or superior to the standards of the best Glace passed by the Umpires : Puller over ... ... ... ... ... 3rf. per dozen. Operator (Consolidated Lasting Machine) ... Id. Operator (Boston and Barrett Lasting, and Magnetic Tacking Machines) ... ... li. ,, Knocker up Id. Getter off Id. Puller on and getter off (Bottom Rolling Machine) , Id. REMARKS. Tacking on by hand. In the case of machinery under repair or illness of workmen, the price to be paid for tacking on by hand is bd. per dozen. Damaged toorJc. Where damage to work arises in consequence of a fault in the material, the employers shall rectify it at their own cost ; but where damage arises by the workmen's fault, the workmen shall be responsible for it. It was agreed, among other things, that this statement should remain in force for three years, that a revision of prices should be made in the event of any substantial improvement in existing machinery taking place, and that any disputed points arising should be referred to arbitration. The nature of the awards which have been made, and which include arrangements in relation to the prices to be paid to workmen engaged on new machines introduced since the original statement was drawn up, will be seen from the account of these decisions which follows : On March 10, 1899, the arbitrators granted extras in relation to house boots with leather goloshes to puller-over and operator only puller-over, 2d. per doz. ; operator (Consolidated Lasting Machine), ^d. per doz. : operator LEICESTER LASTERS' STATEMENT. 241 (Boston and Barrett Lasting Machine) Id. per doz. On September 29, 1900, the arbitrators awarded " that when giving out work to lasters, con- sisting of two sizes, in order to facilitate the operations of the workmen, all of each size in uppers should be placed together so as to obviate the necessity of sorting." On October 14, 1903, the arbitrators awarded "that the price per dozen to be paid to the operators of pulling-over machines shall be half the amount paid to the operators of consolidated lasting machines." On July 26, 1904, the Board arranged that an extra 2d. per dozen pairs should be paid on all patent caps on women's boots or shoes (%d. to puller-over, Id. to operator, and %d. to knocker-up), and \%d. per dozen pairs on patent .caps on girls' boots and shoes, sizes 7 to 10 and 11 to 1 (%d. per. doz. to the puller- over, operator, and knocker-up respectively). On May 23, 1905, the Board granted 3d. per doz. extra on wood lasts when lasting up by hand, and an extra of Id. per doz. to the rubber-down for opening welts by hand. On July 18, 1905, an umpire awarded with respect to the operation of pulling- over by Peerless machine and Twentieth Century pulling-over machine for women's black work and coloured Persian work, that the price should be 4d. per dozen pairs, $d. per dozen extra to be paid for patent toe-caps, and l$d. per dozen extra to be paid for glove kid, crup vamps, coloured glac6 kids, willow calf, soilable colours, calf patent vamps, and the finer quality of black glace kids. Four tacks to be used in this operation. If six tacks are used \d. per dozen extra to be paid. Wood lasts to be used in this operation. He also awarded with respect to the operation of seat-sinking, that the price for girls 1 7 to 1 shoes should be If d. per dozen, and the price for women's shoes and girls' 7 to 10 and 11 to 1 boots should be 2d. per dozen pairs, $d. extra per dozen pairs to be paid for women's bal and button work. Wood lasts to be used in the operation. The men to be constantly supplied with work while in the factory. On July 6, 1906, it was awarded by an umpire : (1) that when a workman tacks- on the soles by hand, and the same workman does not get his own work off, the price to be paid for the operation of tacking-on shall be 6d. per dozen pairs ; and (2) that when a workman tacks-on the soles by hand, and also gets off his own work, the price to be paid for the operation of tacking-on shall be 5d. per dozen pairs. On July 13, 1909, Alderman Thomas Smith, J.P., who had been appointed umpire by the Board of Trade under the Conciliation Act, 1896, made in relation to the piecework prices to be paid for the operations performed by workmen engaged on certain machines, an award which was in the following terms : '* In respect of the ' Atlas,' ' Cyclopps,' or ' Bresnahan,' or other similar Levelling Machine, I award that : The work shall be brought to the workman on the rack, with channels wetted and closed down ready for the operator. The operator shall French chalk and pull on. Close channel again. Put under machine and bring boot back. Hammer toe. Open welt. Put under machine a second time. Close channel all round with stick. Slip boot off and put back on rack. For this operation the workman shall be paid at the rate of 2d. per dozen pairs. If channels are wetted and closed down by the operator on the machine, f d. extra per dozen shall be paid in addition to the 2$d. per dozen for the before-mentioned operation This to be an all round price for women's, boys' and girls' 7's to 1's. In respect of the ' Wentworth,' ' British United ' (or similar) Knocking Up Machine, I award that : The work shall be brought to the workman on the rack. The operator shall scour off or cut pleats at toe. Roll down tacks by machine. Turn boot over, and roll and level all round feather. Use driver to knock down toes and pleats. For this operation the workman shall be paid at the rate of \%d. per dozen pairs. An extra of \d. per dozen pairs shall be paid on patent caps, and %d. extra per dozen pairs for patent vamps with caps, or patent all through, in addition to the l%d. per dozen for the before-mentioned operation. This to be an all round price for women's, boys' and girls' 7's to 1's." On December 21, 1909, Alderman Thomas Smith, J.P., having again been appointed umpire by the Board of Trade under the Conciliation Act, 1896, made an award in relation to a claim, which had been made, that an extra should be paid for large leather puffs over canvas puffs to the puller-over by hand or by a 33311 O 242 BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. certain machine, by which he decided that (1) " where the large leather puffs are not properly skived ready for the operator and are not of same shape and size as the toe-cap of the upper in which they are inserted, an extra of one penny (Id.} per dozen pairs should be paid to the puller-over by hand or by Peerless machine ; (2) where the puller-over is required to paste or gum the large puff, whether of leather or toe puff canvas, an extra of one penny (Id.) per dozen pairs should be paid to the puller-over by hand or by Peerless machine." The umpire further determined that his award should come into force during such time as the Piecework Statement for Lasting Machine Workers above referred to should continue in operation. As was stated in the Report on Standard Piece Rates of 1900 [Cd. 144], this statement had not, at the time when that volume was published, been generally adopted as a piece-work list in the ordinary sense of the term. There seemed to be a more or less general feeling among both employers and operatives in favour of continuing to work under a weekly wage system, using the list mainly, if not entirely, as what is termed a " quantities state- ment," that is to say, as a guide in case of dispute as to the amount of work to be done by the operatives for the weekly wages paid to them. At the present time, while the operatives are in receipt of minimum rates of weekly wages fixed by arbi- tration under the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, they may at the same time be said to be paid in general accordance with the piece-work list, for, not only is the statement used as a basis for fixing the actual rates of time-wages paid in different cases, but the operatives are in many cases practically on piece- work, inasmuch as they receive (in addition to their time-wages) extra payment based upon the piece prices stated in this list in respect of any work which they may turn out in the week in excess of the amount of output, which, according to those prices, corresponds with the amount of these wages.* It should, however, be observed, that the application of this price list (and of the other Leicester statements) is not of an absolutely rigid character, but is of such a nature as to allow for the particular circumstances of different cases. As the Trade Union Secretary writes, " different prices are allotted in different districts or sections of the Union and Branch according to the operations required and amount of labour necessary. The statements are, of course, a basis to fix prices from according to class and operations performed." * For a detailed explanation of the method adopted in applying the piece- work statement as the basis of wage-payment, .we the Note to Clause 7 of the Leicester Finishers' Statement Agreement, post, p. 246. Compare also the award made in the arbitration under the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for Kettering (No. 1 Section) with respect to the wages of operators on the Consolidated Lasting Machine of May 19, 1904, by which these workmen are to "be paid 42s. per week for 1,000 pairs of men's boots and shoes lasted on the machine, any excess or decrease of this number to be added or deducted to or from the wage paid at the rate of 6d. per dozen pairs. With regard to youths' and boys' we award the same wage, but the price per dozen pairs to be calculated at 5%d. per dozen pairs." LEICESTER FINISHERS' STATEMENT. 243 Piecework Statement for Finishers in conjunction with Machinery. At a conference of representatives of employers and workmen, held on May 13, 1903, it was resolved " that a committee be appointed to frame a piece-work statement for finishers in Leicester." The Joint Committee appointed as a result of this resolution and presided over by an independent chairman, issued on May 5, 1904, a statement of piece wages for finishers working in conjunction with machinery, which came into operation on July 18, 1904. This statement was revised by the Joint Committee in .January, 1905, when a large number of operations, for which no prices had previously been fixed, were added to the list. The nature of this statement will be explained by the extracts from the list (in its amended form) which are printed below: WOMEN'S WORK.* ORDINARY. 1 Puttinr/ in Lasts. Hinged, or Solid Blocks. Per doz. d. Lasts to be assorted for use. hand or on stand Lasts when not assorted for use... \ By aid of Machine or Jack ... f Lasts with loose blocks (extra) ... \ Work tied over or buttoned (extra; I (Two lace holes or three buttons.) 2 Heel-paring. Trimming Heels and Randing same on Smith or similar ma- chine 1 WurLemburgs (not Louis Heels) 3| Heels over 1 ! in. high (extra) ... Paring Heels with rubber inser- tions or revolving rubber top pieces (extra) Extra for Sharpening Knives to the Heel Parer only : 1*. per week per man. 3 Ploughing out 'by hand. Foreparts only. Machine-sewn and Riveted f Waists only. Machine-sewn and Riveted \ Seats only ... ... i Welted, Foreparts only ... \\ Waists ,. ... | Fair Stitched, Foreparts only 1 Waists A Half -wide Welts (extra) ... 1 " Opening Welts not Ploughed out Foreparts Opening Welts not Ploughed out Waists Twice Ploughing. Foreparts only (extra) 4 Forepart Paring. Per doz. Foreparts and Waists on Sussell d. or any similar machine ... 2 Welts ploughed out. Welted ...\ 91 ' Fair Stitched / 2 Bevels ... 3 Half -wide Welts (extra) Heel Scouring. 5 Rough and Fine Scouring by one man on same machine (Heels 1^ in. high finished) Over 1 J in. (extra) Wurteinburgs (not Louis Heels) Iron heel plates (extra) ... ... Brass plate insertion, or rubber insertion, or revolving rubber Top-piece (extra) ... ... Grumming or Damping Heels with any liquid preparation (extra) Fine Scouring after Wetting, Copper- sizing or Gumming (a second time) 1 Scouring Burr of Top-piece when done by Heel Scourer (extra)... 6 Heel Trimming. Definition : Clearing breast of Heels, (Jutting down Corners and bit Waist front of Heels. By hand 1 Buffing fronts of Heels, by hand 1 ., Soles in fronts of Heels, by hand Cutting Bottom Lifts of Heels, by hand 1 Cutting Waists partly down after Paring, by hand (extra) ... 1 Re-breasting Heels, with knife ... 2 Heels to be breasted before attached. * See note , ante, p. 228. Q 2 244 BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 7 Heel Burnishing. Per doz. Rockingham or Pad and Brush d. By machine ... ... ... lj Wurtemburgs (not Louis Heels) 2 If faked by hand (extra) ... i Heel Burnishing, Seat Wheeling combined, pad or brush ... If Heels coloured for the men. 8 Seat Wheeling. By machine ... .., ... f hand 2 Wurtemburgs (not Louis Heels) By machine (extra) } hand (extra) 1 9 Brushing. Brushing Heels, not padded ... 1 If faked by hand (extra) ... J 10 Cleaning Stitches. Gumming, Boning and Polishing the same ... ... 8 Colouring Welts, Liquid Colour (extra) 1 Foreparts only. 11 Pricking up Stitches. By hand. Narrow tool ... ... 6 ., Broad tool (extra,) ... 2 machine Foreparts only. 12 Twice Setting Fore- parts aud Waists to- gether of all goods which have black Welts, ordinary work. Edge Setting* Per doz. g-g a^ a** o-g $* 9 PH PH ^ d. d. Mock Welts, must be single soles only ... 5 A 6i All Welts 6 7 If Burr of Edge taken off by Edge Setters, or others by Drag or Plough (extra) ... 1 Reduction for once setting" 'Mock Welts with quick edge ink (ordinary 'work only) f d. d. BJ 4J d. d. d. d. Setting in Water") before Setting in Ink ( Setting in Water f before Setting in | ' Colour J 1-J Black Welted Goods 7 6 Fair Stitched.. 7 6'- Colour on lip for Fair Stitched or Welted Goods (extra) 1 Painting Edges by Setter for Coloured Work with camel hair brush ... ... 1 Ordinary Black Stunted Bevels ... 8 7* Black Bevel Work, Fair Stitched ... 9^ 8 Black Bevel Work, Welted 94 8J Red Bevel Work, Or- dinary ... ... 11 10 Red Bevel Work. Fair Stitched ... ... 1*. 11 Red Bevel Work Welted 1.9. 11 Heel Ball used in Setting edge (extra) \ The word Ci ordinary " means machine sewn and riveted work. Edges to be coloured and faked by workmen. Decision of the Finishing Statement Committee. That the Standard of the Edge for a Welt shall be a 10's Iron, and that for over a 10's Iron and not exceeding a 12's Iron an extra of \d. per dozen shall be paid, and that for over a 12's Iron and not exceeding a 14's Iron an extra of l%d. per dozen be paid, and that for over a 14's Iron and not exceeding a 16's Iron special arrangements to be made Standard Irons to be kept of both Ordinary and Rotary, and all Mock Welts to be strictly single sole. This decision does not apply to Boy's work.f 13 Stitch Wheeling. Per doz. d. By hand 2| Foreparts only. By machine ... 1^ Ordinary Work. Half- wide welts. by hand (extra) 1 Half -wide welts, by machine (extra) ... \ Imitation of Fair stitch, by hand 1 * It was decided by the Leicester Boot and Shoe Trade Board of Conciliation and Arbitration on March 30, 1 909, " that the price for setting edges by the Humatic Edge Setting Machine shall be tyd. per dozen for boys', girls' and women's ordinary machine sewn and riveted work, the operators to colour their own edges." LEICESTER FINISHERS STATEMENT. 245 Bottom Scouring. Per doz. Rough Scouring Bottoms and Top d. Pieces with Roller f Brushing Dust out of Welts by machine after Scouring ... | Brushing Dust off Bottoms as a separate operation by hand ... Tips on Heels (extra) 1 Slugged Bottoms (extra) ... 1 By hand after machine. Foreparts 1 .. Waists ... 1 Buffing Bottoms by hand. Fore- parts 1 Buffing Bottoms by hand. Waists 1 Decision of the Finishing Statement Committee. That where the Brushing of Dust off Bottoms has not hitherto been done by 1 the Naumkeager it shall not in future be done by him without the matter being brought before the Committee for consideration for a price to be set. 15 Naumkeage. Per doz. Fine Scouring, Bottoms, Waists, d. and Top Pieces ... 1| Scouring Front of Heels (extra) 16 Inking or Quick Russet. Bottoms (one colour to heel) Black or Brown Foreparts, Black or Brown Waists Top Pieces Quick Russet, not Oakaline. This Statement has been prepared in Conference by the Joint Committee appointed by the Leicester Boot Manufacturers' Association, and the Leicester No. 1 Branch of the National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives, and for the purpose of giving effect to the Statement and regulating its operation, the undersigned members of the Joint Com- mittee have mutually agreed upon the following terms and conditions : 1. This Statement shall be binding upon all the members of* the Leicester Boot Manufacturers' Association and of the Leicester No. 1 Branch of the National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives, and shall come into operation on the 5th day of September, 1904, and it shall not be competent for either side to re-open the question until after the expiration of three years from that date. Three months' previous notice in writing claiming a revision shall be given to the Arbitration Board by either side, such notice to expire at the end of the three years ; but in case no such notice shall be given, the State- ment shall remain in force for a further period of three years, subject to the same conditions, as regards revision and so on thenceforward for each succeeding term of three years. 2. A Finishing Statement Committee shall be appointed consisting of four representatives of the Manufacturers' Association, four representatives of the No. t Branch of the Union, and an independent Chairman to be elected by the Committee, and all questions in dispute arising out of the Statement shall be referred to this Committee for settlement ; and they shall also be empowered to revise and adjust the prices fixed by the Statement for any process or portion of a process affected by any substantial improvement in existing machinery or the introduction of new machinery, and to settle any difficulties that may arise from time to time in the application of the Statement to the different systems of manufacture adopted in the various factories. 3. That if the Statement requires any amendment or adjustment, the same shall be considered without delay by the Committee, and any price altered, or any price fixed, shall date as from September 5th, 1904, and in the event of any new machinery or style of finish being introduced, the prices shall date from the time the case was sent in to the Secretary of the Committee. 4. That any operation not already provided for in the Statement, or any readjustment of any price already fixed in the Statement, may be adjusted by the representatives of the Union and the manufacturer directly concerned, and the same shall be reported to the Committee for confirmation. 5. The decisions of the Chairman in all matters of dispute upon which the Committee shall be unable to agree, shall be final and conclusive. 246 BOOT AND SHOE 6. Meetings of the Committee shall be convened by the Secretary of the Arbitration Board within seven days of the receipt of a requisition from either side specifying the business to be considered by the Committee. 7. All manufacturers and workmen shall accept the Piecework Statement in its entirety as a basis of payment ; but the system of work shall be day- work, and the wages of the men shall be regulated and adjusted according to the amount of work done at the rate of the prices fixed by the Statement for each operation or process. NOTE. This clause means that a man shall undertake to do a given quantity of work for a given wage. If he does work in excess of that, he shall be paid for the excess at the Statement rate ; if he should do less than the agreed quantity, a corresponding deduction shall be made ; but for the purpose of carrying this clause into effect, no workman, over twenty years of age, shall be engaged at less than the minimum rate of wages without a special permit. THE MINIMUM WAGE, EXPLANATION OF BASIS UPON WHICH THE STATEMENT WAS FRAMED. That in working the Piecework State- ment for Finishing, every opsrator over twenty years of age shall be engaged at the minimum wage of 29s. per week, which he shall be expected to earn under the Piecework Statement prices for every full week. Should he fail to do this when supplied with a full quantity of work, either from physical inability or slowness of operation, the manufacturer or workman shall at once apply to the officials of the Union for a permit to pay the man the wages he has shown himself capable of earning, which permit shall be granted by the Union officials, or failing that, the manufacturer shall be at liberty to dismiss the operator in the regular way from his service. If he should earn more than 29s. per week, he shall be paid for the extra amount of work at the price fixed by the Piecework Statement. The Committee decide that every manufacturer who has adopted the Statement must pay the minimum wage as from the date which he commenced to work on the Statement. 8. In all cases where workmen attend at the factories on the employers' instructions, work shall be found for them for at least half a day, except where short time is being worked in the factory, and in that case workmen shall commence not later than nine o'clock in the morning and work till dinner time, and if required to attend in the afternoon, work shall be found for them for a period of not less than two hours ; and if less than two hours' work is found they shall be paid for the two hours according to the rate of weekly wages at which they are engaged ; also, except in the case of machinery breaking down in any factory after the men have entered, or in case of illness or absence of any operative which interferes with the organi- sation of the factory, in which cases workmen shall be allowed to leave the factory at once. 9. This Statement is applicable to all men of twenty years and upwards. The present condition in the factory relating to the employment of boy and youth labour shall continue (pending a settlement by the Committee appointed for that purpose), but to prevent friction and misunderstanding, the Finishing Statement Committee would be glad if manufacturers would keep in their employment the men attaining the age of twenty years, and see that they earn for a full week's work the minimum rate of wage. That if any case of friction should occur as to the discharging of men of twenty years of age, the Union officials are to ask the assistance of any member of the Piecework Statement Committee to adjust any difference. 10. For the purpose of clearly representing the processes of every part of the Statement, pairs of boots, or of soles, as the case may require, shall be obtained showing the character and quality of the work in each process of manufacture provided for on the Statement. These pairs of boots or soles shall be sealed by the Chairman of the Finishing Statement Committee, and * By an award under the Leicester Boot and Shoe Trade Board of Conciliation and Arbitration the minimum wage of finishers at Leicester was in January, 1908, raised to 30. a week. NORTHAMPTON CLICKERS* STATEMENT. 247 divided, one odd boot or sole to be held by the Secretary of the Manu- facturers' Association, and the other to be held by the Secretary of the No. 1 Branch of the National Union, for reference in case of any misunderstanding as to the meaning of any process or the quality of any work. 11. In compiling this Statement it is understood that manufacturers shall pass the work round the factories as full as possible. QUANTITIES STATEMENTS FOR CLICKERS. In two important centres of the bootmaking industry Kettering and Northampton the wages of clickers are regulated under collective agreements, under which these operatives receive specified minimum time-wages, with express provisions as to the amount of work which shall be done for specified amounts of money, these provisions being embodied in "quantities statements." In order to illustrate the nature of these arrange- ments, extracts from the quantities statement for clickers at Northampton, embodied in the award made on August 12, 1909, by a Court of Arbitration appointed by the Board of Trade, on the application of the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for the Boot and Shoe Trade of Northampton, are printed below.* This statement, which by the terms of this award, is to remain in force for two years from its date, affects the wages of between 600 and 700 workpeople. NORTHAMPTON BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. Quantities Statement for Clickers. MEN'S WoRK.f (Home and Best Export Trade only.) Note. All materials and patterns to be handed out to the clicker. BOOTS. The prices for cutting a dozen pairs of men's outsides, all sorts of boots, ordinary patterns, shall be : s. d. Box calf , ... 1 4f per dozen. Black glace and willow 1 5f ,, Tan glace, patent and enamel 1 7f Button pieces ... ... ... ... l For lots of over 3 and under 12 pairs, 2d. per dozen extra. ,, 3 pairs and under, 3d. per dozen extra. Detailed Statement Ordinary Bal. Goloshes. Caps. Jockey Backs. Legs. Total. Whole. Three- quarter. Joined. d. d. d. d. d. d. #. d. Box calf 1* 1* H 6* 5 & U 4 &2i 1 4f Black glace and willow H M 8 6f 5 & U 4i&2J 1 5* Tan glace, patent and 2 2 8* 7i 6 & 1J 5 &2i 1 7| enamel. Open tab bal, Eton bal, and Paddock boot, Id. per dozen extra over Ordinary bal. * This statement does not apply to football boots, leggings, Wellingtons, regulations, fittings, tennis or canvas shoes, or cycle fittings, f See note *, ante, p. 228. 248 BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. Detailed Statement Derby Bal. Caps. Jockey Backs or Quarters. Vamps. Total. Back Stripes. d. (I. d. d. s. d. Box calf and black dull li H 9 6i 1 6* chrome. | Black glace and willow... U H 9| N 1 7i- Tan glace, patent and 2 2 11 6* 1 9 enamel. CUTTING WORK THROUGH AND FITTING-UP. (All Materials and Patterns.) Where clicker cuts all through, viz., fitted up, inclusive of marking and tying up, but not matching or shading, 2s. Wd. per dozen. (Bespoke, paper patterns and Long Work excluded.) Specials, Odd pairs, and Bespoke, with papsr patterns : If cut out exact by the clicker All leathers, 2s. Wd. per dozen. If rounded up afterwards Box calf and willow, Is. 10d. per dozen. Black and tan glace, 2s. M. per dozen. SHOES. B'ull Brogue shoes, with counters and wing vamps, Is. l^d. per dozen. OXFORD SHOES. Caps. Quarters. Vamps. Total. Box calf d, u d. 7 d. *1 s. d. 1 1 Black glace and willow ... Tan glace, patent and enamel ... 14 2 7f 8 5 6 1 2i 1 4 For lots of over 3 and under 12 pairs, 2d. per dozen extra. 3 pairs and under, 3d. per dozen extra. LORNE AND DERBY SHOES. Caps. Quarters. Vamps and Tab Bit. Total. Box calf d. U d. 7 d. 5f #. d. Black glace and willow Tan glace, patent and enamel ... 2 2 n 8 7 I 5 For lots of over 3 and under 12 pairs, 2d. per dozen extra. ,, 3 pairs and under, 3d. per dozen extra. LEICESTER CLICKERS STATEMENT. 249 MOCK BUCK BOOTS AND SHOES. Mock Buck Bals, if with straps, Is. 4d. per dozen. without straps, Is. 2^d. Shoes, Is. Id. per dozen. YOUTHS' AND BOYS'. Youths' Bals, Is. 2\d. per dozen > with usual extras for willow, glace, Boys' Bals, Is. Id. j and patent. For lots of over 3 and under 12 pairs, 2d. per dozen extra. 3 pairs and under, 3d. per dozen extra. LININGS. Price per dozen when cut by clicker (not rounder or fittings cutter) : Whole Cut. Bal Quarters. Oxo Quarters. Vamp. d. d. d. d. Linen, when pricked I Qt Of not pricked Of Sheep and goat El caif and russet sides 6 '! 11 u tj Boot counter linings, in 3 pieces, when cut by clicker, 3d. per dozen. FITTINGS. Price per dozen when cut by clicker (not rounder or fittings cutter) : d. Tongues, straight, or half bellows three-quarter bellows full bellows Button bit linings Top bands Tongue linings Inside facings .. 2i 1 EXTRAS AND SUPPLEMENTAL LIST. (When cut by clicker.) Io apply to all Classes. When matching or shading is done by the clicker, there shall be paid 12 per cent, extra on the above prices for all coloured leathers. Cloth and vesting legs, 4d. per dozen ^ Wing facings, 3%d. per dozen > less the ordinary Leg price. Half curve facings, 2$d. per dozen J Chelseas, when rounded by clickers, Is. 3d. per dozen. Interlaced and plaited, Is. Id. per dozen extra on the ordinary legs (clicker not to plait the legs). Elastic side golosh boot, Is. per dozen extra. Capless boots, same price as with caps. Toe on, with caps, \%d. per dozen extra. Insertion or golosh shoes, 2d. per dozen extra. Brogue wing vamps, 3$d. per dozen extra, less the price for straight caps. Turned in quarters, vamps, and legs, when pricked, when clicker leaves on and marks for beading, Id. per dozen extra. Tying up, when cut through (does not refer to tying up outsides), Id. per dozen extra. Size marking or stamping, outsides only, Id. per dozen extra. Gussets (elastic), %d. per dozen extra. Outside back strips, Id. 250 BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. Special shoe linings (6 pieces to the pair), Id. per dozen extra. Linen linings (when seams are left on for closer ),2f?. ,, ,, Small chamois linings, above leather, '2(1. per dozen extra. Cardboard patterns, not bound, 2d. Leather side-linings (48 to a dozen) 2d. per dozen. Marking for imitation facings, Id. per dozen. Wing outside bal. facings, 3%d. Counter fittings, 3d. per dozen. Toe joiners, Id. ,, Note. These extras to be paid to clicker only. Under an award made by arbitrators (appointed by the Northampton Manufacturers' Association and the Clickers' and Pressmen's Branch of the National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives) on July 22, 1907, the minimum time-wages of clickers at Northampton are 30s. a week, this rate of wages having been fixed by the award to continue for three years from August 17, 1907, and then be subject to three months' notice on either side. While this is the rate fixed as the minimum weekly wage of these operatives, it will be understood that any workman who has proved by his actual output his capacity to produce a weekly output, which (priced according to the quan- tities statement above set forth) exceeds in value this minimum sum of 30^. , is entitled at any time to claim, and will receive a rate of time-wages proportionately exceeding that amount.* GENERAL AGREEMENT AS TO WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOUR. By the general agreement in relation to machine work of January 26, 1909, referred to above (ante, p. 132) provisions with regard to wages and hours were made as follows : MINIMUM TIME WAGES. It was agreed : "That male operatives between the ages of 18 and 21 years with not less than three years' experience in the trade prior to their attaining the age of 18 years (excluding indentured apprentices) shall be employed under the following graduated scale of wages : On attaining the age of 18 years, 18s. per week. ,, 19 ,, 225. ,, 20 265. 21 o05. ,, " This scale to be subject to adjustment in any case where the minimum wage is less than 305. " The employers reserve freedom of contract with all work- people under 18 years of age. " This graduated scale of wages shall not apply to male operatives under 21 years of age who prior to this agreement * The clickers' actual output during the three weeks ending August 28, September 4 and 11, 1909 (priced according to the Quantities Statement of August 12, 1909, above set forth), was taken as the basis in fixing the rate of time- wages which each man was then entitled to claim. GENERAL AGREEMENT (WAGES AND HOURS). 251 coming into operation shall be employed at or above the then existing minimum rate. " Claims for the minimum wage to be made on attaining the age of 21 years, in accordance with the following procedure : " A workman on attaining the age of 21 years who desires to claim the minimum wage shall notify (verbally or in writing) his employer that he has attained the age of 21 years, and that he claims to be put upon the minimum rate of wage. " The notice shall be given by the workman to his employer at least eight days prior to the date upon which such workman claims to be put upon the minimum rate. " If during the first week upon which a workman is employed at the minimum rate the employer shall decide that the said workman is not qualified to earn the minimum wage, the workman shall be paid the full minimum rate for that week, but shall automatically cease to be employed at the end of that week, unless in the meantime some satisfactory arrange- ment shall have been arrived at between the employer and the Trade Union officials." HOURS OF LABOUR. It was agreed " That the ordinary working week be one of 52^ hours, conditionally that the reduction of hours to 52^ per week shall not involve any alteration of existing quantities statements, minimum wages, or advances on existing piecework statements, whether such statements have been arranged by the employers with the National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives, or directly between the employers and their own workpeople. " That in all agreements, awards, and decisions where more than 52| hours have been recognised as the normal working week beyond which extra payment for overtime commences, 52^ hours shall in future be substituted. " This resolution shall not prevent, after due notice, any alterations being made in existing quantities statements, minimum wages, or piecework statements, upon the expiration of the periods for which such statements or wages have been fixed by the awards or decisions governing them in the various centres, but no such alterations shall be claimed on the ground of a reduction of the hours of work." Certain questions having arisen as to the interpretation of the clauses of the agreement of January 26, 1909, above set forth, the following supplemental agreement was on July 28, 1909, entered into between the Federated Associations of Boot and Shoe Manufacturers and the National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives at a joint conference held under the chairmanship of Alderman T. Smith, J.P., acting on behalf of the Board of Trade : THE APPLICATION OF THE GRADUATED SCALE. " That the undermentioned operations or processes shall be included under the lower minimum wage and graduated scale fixed for the Rough-stuff or Press Department, whether such operations or processes are done in that or any other department. Rounding by machine (Julian, Planet or Smith machine). All moulding. Splitting by machine. 252 BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. Middle sole trimming. Sole and middle sole tacking. Sole channel opening. Channelling soles and insoles. Preparing welts. Sorting moulded or finished stiffeners. Gemming insoles. Insole feathering. Last sorting. Putting in lasts. "Where only one minimum wage has been fixed for the Rough-stuff or Press Department the aforesaid operations or processes shall be included under such minimum wage. '" That where channelling is done in the Lasting Department such opera- tion shall be included under the minimum wage and graduated scale fixed for that department. " That the work of preparing at the assembly bench for pulling-over machines shall be included under the minimum wage and graduated scale fixed for the Lasting Department. " That manufacturers may employ boys at or in connection with all or any of the before-mentioned operations or processes provided the number of boys employed does not exceed the number allowed by Lord James' Boy Labour Award of August 22, 1892, as amended by the Agreement of January 26, 1909 [see post, pp. 254, 255]. " That when clickers are employed in giving out patterns or making card- board or iron patterns, they shall be paid the minimum wage or graduated scale fixed for the Clicking Department." EXEMPTIONS. " That the following operations or processes shall be excluded from the minimum wage and graduated scale : Assembling lifts, heel building in moulds, heel compressing and sorting, heel tipping, and nailing. When tipping or nailing is added after the heels have been attached, such tipping or nailing shall be paid for according to the piecework rate, minimum wage, or graduated scale fixed for the Lasting Department. Work done in the Stock or Shoe Room. Skiving stiffeners, middle soles, soles and piece-soles and toe puffs. When skiving is done by workmen of 18 years of age and upwards, they shall be paid at the lower minimum wage or graduated scale fixed for the Rough-stuff or Press Department." THE ADJUSTMENT OP THE G-RADUATED SCALE. " That where the minimum wage is less than 30s., the graduated scale shall be adjusted as follows: On attaining the age of 18 years. 19 years. 20 years. Where the minimum wage is 26s. 27*. ... 28*. ... 29*. ... *. d. 15 6 16 16 6 17 *. d. 19 19 6 20 21 *. d. 22 6 23 24 25 GENERAL AGREEMENT (WAGES AND HOURS). 253 CLAIMS FOR THE GRADUATED SCALE. " Claims for the graduated scale shall be made in accordance with the following procedure : " A youth, on attaining the specified age, who desires to claim the graduated scale, shall notify (verbally or in writing) his employer that he has attained the age, and that he claims to be put upon the graduated scale. " The notice shall be given by the youth to his employer at least eight days prior to the date upon which he claims to be put upon the graduated scale. "If during the first week upon which a youth is employed at the graduated scale, the employer shall decide that the said youth is not qualified to earn the graduated scale, the youth shall be paid the full graduated scale for that week, but shall automatically cease to be employed at the end of that week, unless in the meantime some satis- factory arrangement shall have been arrived at between the employer and the Trade Union officials." AMENDMENT OR ADJUSTMENT. " Any dispute that may arise as to any existing operation or process not covered by this Agreement or the Agreement of January 26th, 1909, or as to any new operation or process hereafter introduced in any department, shall, in the absence of mutual arrangement between the employer and the work- men, or the Trade Union officials, be referred to the Boards of Arbitration, in accordance with the rules of such Boards, as settled by Lord James, and dated 31st January, 1896." INTERPRETATION OP AGREEMENTS. " Should any dispute arise as to the interpretation of the terms of the principal Agreement, dated January 26th, 1909, the ratification of same, dated June 23rd, 1909, or this supplementary Agreement, dated July 28th, 1909, such dispute shall be referred to the Chairman of the Conference, Alderman Thomas Smith, J.P., Leicester, as umpire, and his decision upon the point or points so referred to him shall be final and binding upon both parties to the said agreements. " This Agreement shall be read in conjunction with, and shall be supple- mental to, the principal Agreement, dated January 26th, 1909, and shall be registered with the Board of Trade as a national agreement between the members of the respective organisations concerned."* * On March 5, 1910, Alderman Smith having, in response to an application made on behalf of the Federated Associations of Boot and Shoe Manufacturers and the National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives, been appointed by the Board of Trade to act as umpire with respect to the question, " Can a federated employer start a youth between the ages of 18 and 21 without any previous experience at the trade and pay the said youth less wages than stipulated in the Graduated Scale ? " decided " that by the terms of the agreement made between the aforesaid Associations, dated January 26, 1909, ratified June 23, 1909, and the supplemental agreement dated July 28, 1909, no pro- vision is made for the employment and payment of youths between the ages of 18 and 21 years of age, other than in accordance with the conditions specified in the Clauses referring to the employment and payment of youths under the Graduated Scale in the principal and supplemental agreements, and under the terms of Lord James' Boy Labour award dated August 22, 1892, as amended by the National Agreements afore- said." 254 BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. GENERAL AGREEMENT AS TO BOY LABOUR. At a Conference of representatives of the Federated Associa- tions of Boot and Shoe Manufacturers of Great Britain and the National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives held at Leicester in August, 1892, the question of restrictions upon the employment of boys in boot and shoe factories was discussed (amongst other questions), and it being found impossible to arrive at any agreement on this point, the matter was referred to Sir Henry James as umpire, and on August 22, 1892, he gave his award, in the following terms : IN THE MATTER OF AN ARBITRATION BETWEEN THE NATIONAL UNION OF BOOT AND SHOE OPERATIVES AND THE NATIONAL FEDERATION OP ASSOCIATED EMPLOYERS OF LABOUR IN THE SHOE TRADE. I, the undersigned, having taken upon myself the burden of the said Arbitration, and having heard the parties thereto by themselves and their witnesses, do now in respect of the matters in dispute submitted to me adjudge and determine as follows : 1 . That in respect of the work carried on by Clickers, Pressmen, Lasters and Finishers, the Employers of Labour in Shoe Factories and Workshops shall in each department respectively be restricted in the employment of boys (under 18) to one boy to every three men employed. And that where the number of men employed shall not be divisible by three, one boy may also be employed in respect of the fraction existing, either less than three or above each unit of three. Note. The meaning of this clause is that if one or tiuo men are employed, one boy is allowed. If four or fine men are employed, two boys are allowed. If seven or eight men, three boys and so on. 2. That in order to enforce the above restriction, no employer shall be required to dismiss any boy in his employ at the date of the publication of this award. And that where the number of boys employed is in excess of the number hereby allowed, the necessary diminution of the number of boys employed shall arise from boys leaving their employment from causes other than the enforcement of this award or from their ceasing to be boys through effluxion of time. 3. That whilst the above restriction is general in its primd facie appli- cation, I further adjudge that it may be inexpedient that certain Factories and Workshops in which the manufacture of goods called " Nursery goods " and other goods of a common quality and of a low price is carried on should be subjected to the above clauses. 4. And in respect to such Factories and Workshops, that the owners of them after giving notice to the local representatives of the National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives may call upon the local Board of Conciliation and Arbitration existing in the different localities where such Factories and Workshops are situated to determine the number of boys to be employed in such Factories and Workshops, and the different departments thereof, according to the circumstances existing in each case. And that upon the hearing of such appli- cation the parties to this Arbitration may appear and be heard. 5. That if at any time during the six months next after the publication of this Award the Employers in any district submit to me a state- ment which shall cause me to think that there are special reasons affecting such district why I should consider whether the above restriction should or should not apply to it, I will proceed to hear and determine whether any exemption of such district from the above limitation, or any modification of its application to such district, shall be made. And upon such hearing the parties to this Arbitration may appear and be heard. GENERAL AGREEMENT (BOY LABOUR). 255 6. That this Award shall be in force until the 1st day of September, 1896. And if within three months of that date either party to this Arbitration shall give notice to the other that it is desired to have the terms of this Award reconsidered and revised, the two parties hereto shall proceed to nominate an Umpire for such purpose. And in the event of no such Umpire being agreed upon, the President of the Board of Trade for the time being shall nominate one. In the event of such notice not being given, this Award to remain in full force and effect And I further adjudge that if any differences shall arise as to the-conr struction to be put upon this Award, or as to the manner in which its provisions shall be carried into effect, such differences shall be submitted to me for my determination. (Signed) HENRY JAMES. August 22nd, 1892. The award just set forth has remained in operation up to the present time, unaltered save as to the age-limit specified in its first clause, which by the general agreement in relation to machine work of January 26, 1909, referred to above (ante, p. 232, p. 250), was altered from 18 to 19 years. THE CLOG TRADE. The remuneration of clog makers is for the most part regulated under piece price lists agreed upon by the employers and the employed in this industry in the districts of Lancashire, Cheshire, Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, and Staffordshire in which clogs are made, the principal centres of the industry being in the first-named county. The construction of these lists is extremely simple, although some of the terms used may require explanation. The list of wages in force at Oldham (which was signed on behalf of the Joint Committee of Employers and Journeymen on November 19, 1895. and was amended and added to by an agreement made through a similar Committee on November 27, 1906) is printed below, and will serve to illustrate the general lines, upon which the agreements in this trade are framed. The number of workpeople whose conditions of employment are regulated under the Oldham list, is about 130. The work is divided into four kinds men's [i e. 9 for men's wear], women's, boys' and children's. There is little difference between the sizes that shoemakers work to and the sizes of clogs. Clogs begin at " fours," and run up to " twelves " and then again from " ones " up to " sixteens.'' " Stand tops " is a term used' to denote one class of re-manufactured clogs, i.e. 9 cast off articles re-made (usually smaller than their original size) and also applying generally to all clogs coming under the head of " Old Tops." " Cutters " also refers to a re-manufacture of old clogs (made smaller by cutting down at the seams). " All sixes " are old tops cut up into 6 parts 2 fronts and the backs into 4 " quarters." " Cappels " are patches, which are put on to cover a hole or worn place in the upper of a clog. 256 CLOG TRADE. " Crimping " is a design cut into the front of the upper ; the instrument with Avhich the design is cut is called " the plough." A warm iron is afterwards run along the design to throw it up above the surface. This is termed " setting crimps after the plough." SOLEMAKING. Per doz. Pairs. s. d. Sizes 9's and upwards ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 3 5's to 8's 3 9 All below 5's 3 Spring clog boards 5 Nailing on 5 Leathering 3 Ironing ,, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10 Extra for all soles for new and new fronts ... ... ... ... 3 scraping soles 3 letting in front irons ... 6 heels and fronts 1 All hard wood, other than alder, to be paid extra for as a joint committee of masters and men may think proper. SEATWORK NEW. New clogs, 9's and upwards ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 ready for last ... 6 G 5's to 8's 8 6 ready for last 6 I'sto4's 7 6 ready for last ... ... ... ... ... 5 all below 1's 7 ready for last 4 9 Lace new clogs, 8's and upwards 13 ready for last . 6 6 machined across front ... ... 7 9 3'sto7's 11 9 ready for last 6 3 machined across front 76 all below 3's 10 3 ready for last ... ... ... ... 5 9 ,, machined across front ... ... 7 Slipper clogs, 9's and upwards 8 5's to 8's 7 6 I'sto4's 6 6 ,, all below 1's ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 Patent leather clogs ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 Boot clogs ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 3 NEW FRONTS. Old backs and new fronts, 5's and upwards ... ... ... ... 7 9 ,, all below 5's ... ... ... ... 6 9 Splits made as old backs and new fronts, 5's and upwards 8 ,. below 5's 7 All new backs without heel seams, Is. per dozen less. OLD TOPS. Stands, 5's and upwards 5 9 below 5's 5 Cutters, 5's and upwards 7 below 5's 6 All sixes, 5's and upwards ... 8 ,, below 5's ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 fleshers, 5's and upwards 7 9 below 5's ... 7 OLDHAM CLOGGERS' LIST. 257 CUSTOMERS' WORK. Per doz. pairs. 8 d. Re clogging customers' clogs 4 6 ,, old shoes 5 G Cutting down and closing up customers' clogs 1 If more than two cappels per pair, then \ The resolution which was adopted by the Executive Committee of the Master Printers' and Allied Trades' Association, and subsequently by the General Meeting of that Association, was in the following terms : " Under- standing that the readers have already agreed to the suggestions of the Board of Trade embodied in the document herewith, the Committee recommend the General Meeting to accept also. It is to be placed on record (clause 9 which is now clause 10) that notice to work overtime is not to be given in advance. Also, that foreign compositors may do their own reading at a commuted rate of not less than 42s. per week," LONDON TRESS CORRECTORS. 307 3. Readers called upon to work the whole of the dinner hour to receive 4d. extra, and a " cut " to be allowed not later than 3 o'clock. 4. Readers called upon to work overtime for more than three consecutive hours to be entitled to half-an-hour for refreshment after each three hours if work still continues. 5. Overtime. Weekly overtime to be reckoned from Monday morning till Sunday night. 6. Lost time to be deducted at the ordinary rate, but a reader coming in more than half an hour late may be called upon to work the first hour of overtime the same day without charging extra. 7. Readers working overtime must be absent from the office eight hours before resuming work, and, except in cases of emergency, must not work longer than a day and a night consecutively, or be called upon to 1 repeat the same in one week. Should the work necessitating overtime not be com- pleted by 8 a.m. readers can remain to finish the work in hand, provided it can be completed by 1 p.m. at the latest, the night rate to be paid throughout until the " cut." 8. Sunday work to be paid at the rate of $d. per hour extra from 12 o'clock on Saturday night to 8 o'clock on Monday morning, when such work is con- tinuous ; readers in no case to receive less than 3s. 9d. extra. The same rule to apply to Christmas Day. 9. Readers called in at 12 o'clock on Sunday night to be paid at Sunday rate ; if at 6 o'clock, or any time before 8 a.m. on Monday or any other morning, except Sunday, at 4 ( 7. per hour extra. 10. No reader shall work more than 8 hours overtime in any one week. [See letter to Board of Trade dated November 29, 1909.]* 11. A compositor put on temporarily to read shall be paid Is. per hour for day work. In small offices where no permanent reader is employed, a mem- ber employed as reader-compositor shall either be paid 2 '2s. per week or receive Is. per hour for the time occupied in reading. 12. Readers called in for casual work shall be paid Is. per hour (day work), the minimum charge to be 8s., with overtime rates as above. 13. Casual night work (to commence not later than 7 p.m., with a mini- mum of 9 hours) to be paid at Is. 5d. per hour ; but regular grass workf may be accepted for a half -night (7 p.m. to 1 a.m.) at a minimum of 8s. 6d. The usual refreshment cuts every three hours to be paid for. 14. Readers regularly employed in a night ship (consisting of two guar- anteed weeks of five nights, with a minimum of nine hours) to charge Is. 2d. per hour, including mealtimes. 15. The Master Printers' Association agree to send out the usual recom- mendation that employers shall not, on account of this agreement, reduce the wage of any of their present employees. 16. This agreement shall come into force after the first pay day in December, 1909. 17. It is further agreed that any cause of dispute arising under this agree- ment shall, at the request of either side of the parties concerned, be referred to a committee consisting of five employers' representatives and five representa- tives of the Association of Correctors of the Press (or less by agreement), the nomination being in the hands of the Master Printers' and Allied Trades' Association and the Association of Correctors of the Press respectively, and pending such reference and the committee's decision, no hostile action shall be taken by either side. Failing decision within four * This refers to a letter, in which the Association of Correctors of the Press stated, " that by Clause 10 of the Memorandum of the Negotiations between ourselves and representatives of the Master Printers' Association, we mean to lay down a general rule for the trade, and do not desire to put any undue restrictions in the way of special emergencies, which, as practical readers, we are aware occur in the course of trade. We agree to cause a knowledge of this understanding to be communicated to, and fully understood by, our members." f " Regular grass work " is the term applied to work performed by correctors employed regularly on fixed days, not for the entire week, week after week, to do such work as may be required, as supplementary to the work performed by the ordinary stall' of a printing office. 33B11 U 2 308 BOOKBINDING. weeks, the committee, at the request of either side, shall call in an inde- pendent chairman agreed to by the parties, or in the event of non-agreement, nominated by the Board of Trade, and endeavour to come to an amicable arrangement within a further period of four weeks, with liberty of action to either party at the end of such period in the event of the dispute not being then settled. BOOKBINDING. The conditions of employment in the London bookbinding industry are regulated under a collective agreement made in 1893, which established a minimum list of prices for piece-work case- making (i.e., the making of covers for common or cloth work), under an award made in 1903, under an amendment of the agreement as to case-making made by the Piece Price Board (see post, p. 310) in 1Q04, and under agreements made in 1903 and 1904, which fixed piece prices for certain other opera- tions cutting and forwarding. The number of workpeople directly affected by all these arrangements is 2,500. Case-making* The London " Minimum List of Prices for Piece-work Case- making " was agreed to on December 13, 1893, by the Cloth Sub-section of the Bookbinding Section of the London Chamber of Commerce, and the Executives of the following three Trade Societies : The London Consolidated Society of Journeymen Bookbinders, the Society of Day Working Bookbinders, the London Branch of the Bookbinders' and Machine Rulers' Consolidated Union. The prices in the List are for making 100 cases of each size. It is understood that all cloth and other material is previously cut to the required size and all bevelling done by journeymen or apprentices. The prices are subject to a deduction (for particulars see " Condition No. 8 " below) if a rolling machine is employed. The following is the Agreement entered into between the employers and employed, with the List in full : " CONDITIONS ATTACHED to the APPENDED LIST of PRICES." " 1. That all cloth or other material and hollows shall be clean cut to the size required by journeymen or apprentices, ready for the case-maker. " 2. That all bevelling shall be done by journeymen or apprentices ready for the case-maker. " 3. That cloth shall be understood as not including imperial cloth, white cloth, buckram, or sackcloth. " 4. That the sizes priced be taken by superficial measurement of the front board. " 5. That all below the lowest size priced be paid for at lowest price fixed. " 6. That any case, the front board of which exceeds one size priced, shall go into the next size priced. " 7. That oblong cases be paid for according to the same scale of sizes, but at the rate of price and a quarter on the prices here fixed. " 8. That prices paid shall be per hundred, and that irrespective of the use of a rolling machine, for which, when used, a reduction of 2d. per LONDON BOOKBINDERS' PRICE LISTS. 309 hundred will be made in the case of a steam machine, and Id. in the case of a hand machine, provided that the machine is within reach of the man at his working-place. " 9. That price for cloth backs shall not include blocked or printed backs. " 10. That for imperial cloth and white cloth, plain or bevelled boards, an increase of 25 per cent, shall be paid upon these prices. "11. That for buckram and sackcloth, plain or bevelled boards, an increase of 33 3 L per cent, shall be paid upon these prices. " 12. That for the making of cloth cases with bevelled boards, price and a half shall be paid." LIST OF SIZES, with the PRICES agreed to attached. Size of Paper. Size of Case. Minimum Price Plain Boards. s. d. Demy, 18mo. 6 by 4 equals 24 10 Foolscap, 8vo. ... 7 44 3H 11 Crown, 8vo 7f 5| 40f 1 2 Large Crown, 8vo. 84 5* 46J 1 4 Demy, 8vo. Medium, 8vo 9? 5f 52 9| 6 57f 1 6 1 8 Royal, 8vo 10f 64 67 1 10 Imperial, 8vo 11 74 82* 2 1 Demy, 4to. 114- 9 ,, 101^- 2 4 Medium, 4to. 12 9| 1154 2 9 Royal, 4to. 13 10 130 3 Super Royal 134 104 ,, 141f 3 5 Crown Folio 15 10 150 3 8 Imperial ... 15 11 165 4 Demy Folio 18 11 198 4 4 Royal Folio 20 124 250 5 Aivard of Arbitrator, 1903. In November, 1902, application was made by the Bookbinding- Trade Section of the London Chamber of Commerce, represent- ing the employers, and by the London Societies of Journeymen Bookbinders to the Board of Trade, for the appointment of an arbitrator to deal with certain matters, as to which differences had arisen between employers and employed in the bookbinding trade in London ; and on March 20, 1903, Mr. C. J. Stewart, the arbitrator appointed by the Board of Trade, issued his award, which was in the following terms : 1. That the minimum wage be raised to 35s. per week of 48 hours. 2. That all time, whether time work or piece work, after 52i hours in a week, or after 10 hours on a single day, shall be counted as overtime and shall be paid at the rate of time and a quarter, f * This clause has been amended by an agreement made by the Piece Price Board (see post, p. 310), which came into operation on April 30, 1904, and which provided "that the charge for the use of the rolling machine under rule 8 of the conditions of case-making is abolished for the Deiny 18mo. and Foolscap 8vo. sizes. For Crown 8vo. the charge is reduced by one-half. The charges on all other sizes remain unchanged. t The arbitrator subsequently explained the meaning to be that, in the case of over- time on piece-work, 3d. per hour extra on each hour of overtime is to be paid. As to overtime on Saturday, it was mutually agreed by the General Committee of the Book- binding Section of the London Chamber of Commerce and the workmen's Wages Committee that all time after 5 hours on Saturday should be paid for as overtime. 310 BOOKBINDING. 3. That the limit of the number of apprentices shall remain as it is at present, namely, one apprentice to every three men, and the test as to propor- tion shall be the number of apprentices the employer is entitled to according to the average number of men employed in the year preceding the apprentice's appointment, it being further agreed by the employers that only a reasonable proportion of apprentices shall be grouped in one department, and that the apprentices shall be trained not merely in a sub-section but in a branch. Evidence was given me as to the technical training of apprentices at technical classes and as to the desire of the employers to co-operate with the societies in encouraging and improving the apprentices' training. 4. That the present basis on which the scale of prices for piece work so far as at present fixed, namely, that a man of average skill and ability should be able to earn at least lx. per hour, appears fair and reasonable, and beyond what I award as regards the claim of the masters under claim No. 5, no adjustment is required.* 5. That the right now existing in certain shops to work piece or time or both simultaneously at option in Case-making, Blocking, and Forwarding shall in future apply throughout the trade, and that a Board, consisting of three employers and three employed, shall be formed in order to draw up a scale of prices for such piece work, blocking and forwarding, and making such rearrangements of the present piece work case-making scale as may be agreed to be desirable, due regard being paid to the rate of wages paid for time work. That the said Board be empowered to sit permanently and amend and adjust any differences that may from time to time arise on the scale of prices as fixed. That in the event of a dispute, the Board should have power to appoint an arbitrator, or in the event of disagreement in choice of arbitra- tor, should be empowered to apply to the Board of Trade to appoint an arbitrator. 6. That the right or practice existing with regard to female labour employed on wrappering and for laying on gold in case work, cloth or leather, or other material in certain workshops in the trade, shall be made to apply to all work- shops in the trade, it being agreed by the employers that no man exclusively employed in gold laying on shall lose his employment by reason of the employment of women on such work. The employers had put forward a claim " that it may be allow- able for foremen to take ' honourable leave ' of the Trade Society whilst holding that position." As to this point, the arbitrator stated in his award that it had been agreed by both parties that, " in the event of a dispute arising between the employers and the employed, the Society will not interfere with a foreman provided he has held the position for not less than twelve months." He also declared, that any question relating to the construction of his award should be referred to him for decision. Cutting and Forwarding. The Board, the formation of which was directed by the award just set forth, was duly constituted under the title of " The London Letterpress Bookbinders' Piece Price Board." Its rules are set forth at pp. 272-4 of the Second Report on Conciliation and Arbitration Boards, Cd. 5346 of 1910. The Board has issued two determinations, one, in December, 1903, coming into opera- tion on January 1, 1904 (as to the greater part of the work of cloth forwarding), the other in August, 1904, coming into operation on August 6, 1904 (as to the remaining part of cloth * The workpeople had claimed '" the adjustment of piece-work rates where piece- work at present exists to equalise the conditions of production between time work and piece work." PRICE LISTS. 311 forwarding and as to cutting). The prices fixed in these deter- minations represent " a minimum scale based on a workshop which should be well organised and equipped, and where the flow of work is arranged in regular sequence of processes " ; and " should the equipment or working conditions of any workshop be so deficient or imperfect as to prevent an average man reaching the standard earnings indicated in Clause 4 of the arbitrator's award, such addition to the minimum scale shall be made and sanctioned by the Board as shall enable him to do so." In the price lists drawn up by the Board in relation respectively to cutting and to cloth forwarding, the following provisions are common to both scales : The sizes shall be taken by superficial measurement of the front board. That all below the lowest size priced be paid for at the lowest price for that thickness. That any work the front board of which exceeds one size priced, shall be paid for at the next size priced. The thickness shall be taken by measurement across the centre of back after pressing or nipping, before cutting, and shall graduate by \ inches. That a \ inch be the basis of measurement, and any fraction of ^ of an inch shall be reckoned as \ of an inch. The minimum number to be done at the list rates shall be 50 copies. Prices for sizes and operations not included in the present list or for new work that is, work containing new features or details may be agreed upon by employers and employed without previous reference to the Board, provided that such agreement is in accordance with Clause 4 [i.e., the third paragraph above]. The Board reserves its right to revise or alter such prices should it be found necessary. CUTTING. The list for cutting provides as follows : Type of Machine. The minimum scale is for cutting on a self-clamp machine, capable of holding and cutting the heads of at least five piles of crown 8vo. books, 4| inches high, after nipping. Books requiring special treatment shall be paid for at such extra rate as may be mutually arranged. The time allowed for changing knives shall also be mutually arranged. The charge for cutting heads only shall be as follows : (.) If the tails be so trimmed as to allow of the work being fed up to gauge, one-half full cutting price. (5.) If not capable of being fed up to gauge, but requiring sighting, three-fourths of full price. That no work exceeding demy 4to. shall be paid for at less than the prices fixed for demy 4to. of corresponding thickness ; and that books exceeding two inches shall not be paid for at less than the price for two inches of each respective size. Cloth Forwarding. The scale for cloth forwarding gives the following definition of the operations included in that term, and makes the following provisions : The prices in Scale 1 , cloth forwarding, upright form of book, cut edges, include the following operations : Taking books from cutter, glueing back, lining flat with mull, rounding by hand, backing in Starr machine, second lining, glueing down, building up in hydraulic press, and pumping same by power ; but do not include cutting of linings, rounding of cases, or taking books out of press. BOOKBINDING. If any of the included operations are omitted, varied, or performed in different order, additions or deductions shall be made according to Table A. Extra payment for gilt, burnished coloured, and burnished marble edges, round or square corners, shall be as follows : Up to and including 3s. 3d. a minimum of 3d. From 3s. 4d. to 4s. M. 4d. 4s. 4d. ,, 5s. 3d. ., ,, 5d. ,, 5s. 4d. ,, 6s. 3d. ,, 6d. on the total forwarding price. Gilt tops and uncut heads, one-half the above extra rates. All other work to be charged at "cut edge" rate, excepting such books as may require "guarding" with set-off sheet, or special treatment as "untouched" foredge and tail, the extra payment for which shall be mutually arranged. It is (as will have been seen) provided, that if any of the operations included in the definition of the work to which the scale prices are applicable are omitted, varied, or performed in different order, additions to or deductions from those prices are to be made in accordance with a table annexed to the scale. This table shows, in the first place, what is to be the value assigned to each of the different operations included in the total work for which a price is fixed by the scale, and, in the second place, what are the additions to, or deductions from the scale prices, which are to be made under the circumstances above referred to. The table starts with the lowest price named in the scale (2s. Id. per 100), and goes on, price by price (with intervals of one half-penny), until the price of 7s. per 100 is reached. 313 TRANSPORT, DOCK AND WATERSIDE LABOUR. RAILWAYS. In November, 1907, a threatened dispute between railway servants and their employers was settled at the Board of Trade without recourse to a strike 'by the adoption of a scheme for conciliation and arbitration, the nature of which is explained in the full account of this dispute given in the Report on Strikes and Lock-outs of 1907 (Cd. 4254 of 1908). The following Railway Companies have formed Conciliation Boards under this agreement : Alexandra (Newport and South Wales), Barry, Brecon and Merthyr, Cambrian, Cardiff, Cheshire Lines, Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith, East and West Yorkshire Union, Furness, Great Central, Great Eastern, Great Northern, Great Northern and City, Great Western, Hull and Barnsley, Lancashire and Yorkshire, London and North Western, London and South Western, London, Brighton and South Coast, London, Tilbury and Southend, Maryport and Carlisle, Metropolitan, Midland, Midland and Great Northern Joint, Neath and Brecon, North London, North Staffordshire, Port Talbot, Rhondda and Swansea Bay, Rhymney, Somerset and Dorset Joint Line, South Eastern and Chatham, Taff Yale, Caledonian, Glasgow and South Western, Great North of Scotland, Highland, North British, Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint, Belfast and County Down, Cork, Bandon and South Coast, Dublin and South Eastern, Great Northern (Ireland), Great Southern and Western, Mid- land Great Western of Ireland, and Northern Counties Com- mittee (Midland). In addition the North Eastern Railway Company (which was not signatory to the agreement) adopted a conciliation scheme of its own. The total number of railway servants, with whose conditions of employment these Con- ciliation Boards are concerned, is about 420,000. Under these schemes awards have been made in relation to the London and North Western, the Midland, the Great Western, the Great Eastern, the North Eastern, the Great Northern, the North British, the Great Northern and City, the North Stafford- shire and the Caledonian Railway Companies, while in the case of thirty-three Companies settlements were arrived at by the Conciliation Boards without resort to arbitration. In the case of the City and South London Railway, the London Under- ground Electric Railways, and the Metropolitan District Railway no Conciliation Boards have been formed, but settle- ments have been arrived at by representatives of the Companies and their employees. Details of all these awards and settlements will be found in the Statement of Settlements regarding Questions of Rates of Wages and Hours of Labour of Railway Servants (Cd. 5332 of 1910), but their general character will be seen from the examples which will now be set forth. 314 RAILWAYS. London and North. Western. The award in relation to the London and North Western Railway Company was issued on February 2, 1909, by the arbitrator, the Right Hon. Sir Edward Fry, G.C.B. The conditions of employment fixed by this award (which came into operation on April 1, 1909, and is binding until January 1, 1913) are as follows : DRIVERS, FIREMEN AND CLEANERS. 1. That no man be called to book on more than once for one day's work, except in the case of men working on the trip system. 2. That no man be called out for duty with less than nine hours' rest, except in case of emergency, to be decided by the responsible officer of the company, and that in that case the time worked before the expiration of the nine hours be paid for at a rate and a half. 3. That an advance of one shilling and sixpence per week be made to every fireman employed on locomotive engines with a heating surface of more than 1,500 square feet. 4. That the men in the London district be paid a sum per week in advance of the wages paid to the like men in the country districts, as follows : The unmarried men, one shilling per week ; the married men at Willesden, two shillings and sixpence per week ; and the married men at Camden, three shillings per week. Provided that this shall not prejudice the right of the company to advance the rents of cottages or houses occupied by men, or the right of any man to agree with the company to accept the continuance of his present rent in lieu of the said advance. 5. That the cleaners' scale of pay per week of 54 hours be as follows : *. d. Age. s. d. 18 to 19 years ... 14 19 20 ... 15 20 21 ... 16 14 to 15 years ... 6 15 16 ... 8 16 17 10 17 18 ... 13 21 and upwards ... 18 Provided that the locomotive foremen be free to modify the foregoing scale by raising the rate of wages as local conditions and circumstances may appear to them to warrant, and provided also that this scale shall not apply to any cleaner who entered the service of the company on or before the 9th day of July, 1908. 6. That any man working in a higher grade than his own for more than a day consecutively be paid not less than the minimum pay of the higher grade. SIGNALMEN AND POINTSMEN. 1. That a minimum of a rate and a quarter be paid for all time worked over the fixed hours. 2. That a minimum of a rate and a quarter be paid for all time worked between midnight of Saturday and midnight of Sunday. Provided that in the case of a man working on Sunday in a box of a different number of hours from his week-day box (e.g., a man from a ten-hour box working on Sunday an eight-hour box), the rate shall be that of the Sunday box. 3. That any man working in a higher grade or higher paid box than his own for more than a day consecutively be paid not less than the minimum pay of the higher grade or box. 4. That a minimum of a rate and a quarter be paid for all time worked over the standard hours for the week. BRAKESMEN AND SHUNTERS OF GOODS AND MINERALS BY ENGINES OR GRADIENTS. 1. [Provision as to nine hours' rest same as in the case of drivers, firemen and cleaners, but not applying to men working on the trip system.] 2. [Provision as to sums in advance of wages of men in country districts to be paid to the brakesmen and shunters at Willesden same as in the case of drivers, firemen and cleaners at Willesden.] LONDON AND NOHTli WESTERN. 315 3. That no man work for more than eight hours in the day at shunting goods or minerals by engines or gradients, but this will not interfere with the employment of men for more than eight hours in the day partly in such shunting as above mentioned and partly in other work. 4. [Provision as to working in a higher grade than own same as in the case of drivers, firemen and cleaners.] PASSENGER GUARDS, PLATFORM PORTERS, WAGON EXAMINERS AND GREASERS, AND CARRIAGE DEPARTMENT OUTDOOR STAFF. 1. That a minimum of a rate and a quarter be paid for all time worked over the standard hours. 2. [Provision as to working in a higher grade than own same as in the case of drivers, firemen and cleaners.] 3. That passenger guards be paid at a rate and a quarter for Sunday duty as under : Not exceeding of a day ^ day's pay as above Over ^ of a day and not exceeding \ of a day \ 11 11 11 ~4 ) T ?J 5? f one day ... 1 with a minimum of one quarter of a day's pay at a rate and a quarter for each time the man books on duty. In estimating Sunday duty, ten hours to be considered a day's work for a guard. 4. That the present weekly pay of platform porters shall be deemed to represent their wages for six working days, and that they shall be paid in addition for work done between 12 o'clock midnight Saturday and 12 o'clock midnight Sunday, at the same rate in proportion to the time actually worked, with a minimum of one quarter of a day's pay for each time the man books on duty. Provided that this clause will not apply to the case of men finishing their week's work on Sunday and not recommencing work till after a rest of twenty-four hours, and also of men commencing their week's work on Sunday after 12 o'clock at noon and after a previous rest of twenty-four hours. PERMANENT WAY DEPARTMENT. 1. [Provision as to working in a higher grade than own same as in the case of drivers, firemen and cleaners.] GOODS STAFF ELSEWHERE THAN IN MANCHESTER. 1. That seventy-two hours per week, less three hours each day to be deducted therefrom for meals and rest, be the maximum working week, provided that of the three hours daily for meals and rest two hours shall be successive. 2. [Provision as to working in a higher grade than own same as in the case of drivers, firemen and cleaners.] 3. That employees under the age of 21 years not employed on adult work be not entitled to claim adult wages, or any wages exceeding the following scale : Other large Age. London. Liverpool. Cities and medium Small Towns. Country Stations. Towns. Years. *. s. . s. A'. 14 8 8 8 8 8 15 10 10 10 10 10 16 12 12 12 12 12 17 14 14 14 14 13 18 16 16 16 15 14 19 18 18 17 16 15 20 19 20 18 17 16 Provided that this clause shall not apply to employees who entered the service of the company before the first day of January, 1908. 316 RAILWAYS. 4. That a minimum of a rate and a quarter be paid for all time worked over the standard working week of seventy-two hours. 5. That a minimum of a rate and a quarter be paid for all time worked between midnight of Saturday and midnight of Sunday, except in the case of men finishing their week's work on Sunday and not recommencing work till after a rest of twenty-four hours, and also of men commencing their week's work on Sunday after 12 o'clock at noon and after a preceding rest of twenty-four hours. 6. That an immediate advance of 2s. (two shillings) per week be made to all capstanmen. GOODS STAFF IN MANCHESTER. That an immediate advance of 2s. (two shillings) per week be made to all capstanmen in Manchester. 2. [Provision as to working in a higher grade than own same as in the case of drivers, firemen and cleaners.] 3. That the standard hours of a week's work be the same in Manchester as elsewhere on the line. 4. That a minimum of a rate and a quarter be paid for all time worked over the standard working week. DRAYMEN, CARMEN, AND LURRYMEN, AND ALSO CARTERS, CARMEN, DRAYMEN AND LURRYMEN IN MANCHESTER. 1. That sixty hours per week be the maximum hours of work, inclusive of one hour a day for dinner, but exclusive of other meal times. 2. That a minimum of a rate and a quarter be paid for all time worked over the standard week. 3. [Provision as to payment for Sunday work same as in the case of the Goods Staff elsewhere than in Manchester.] CARTAGE STAFF IN LIVERPOOL. 1. That overtime be paid for at the rate of 6%d. per hour before 7 a.m., and after 6 p.m. until 9 p.m., and thenceforth at the rate of 9 shall receive not less than one day's pay. 2. That overtime be paid at a rate and a quarter on the basis of the standard day. 3. That a minimum of a rate and a quarter be paid for all work between 12.0 midnight on Saturday and 12.0 midnight on Sunday ; Provided that signalmen who are called on duty and who work for six hours or less between 12.0 midnight on Saturday and 12.0 midnight on Sunday, are to be paid at ordinary rates, receiving not less than one day's pay. PASSENGER GUARDS. 1. That 11 hours constitute the standard day for all passenger guards. 2. [Provision as to receipt of not less than one day's pay, if called out to work, same as in the case of signalmen.] MIDLAND. 319 3. [Provision as to nine consecutive hours off duty same as in the case of drivers, firemen and cleaners.] [Provisions as to payment, if called out before the nine consecutive hours of rest have expired, same as in the case of drivers, firemen and cleaners, and as to overtime and payment for Sunday work same as in the case of signalmen.] PORTER GUARDS AND PLATFORM STAFF. 1. That 11 hours constitute the standard day for all porter guards and members of the platform staff, and that an aggregate time of one hour and a half be allowed in the course of those 11 hours for meals. [Provisions as to receipt of not less than one day's pay, if called out to work, and as to overtime and payment for Sunday work, same as in the case of signalmen.] PARCELS PORTERS, CLOAK-ROOM PORTERS AND PARCELS VANMEN. 1. [Provision in regard to parcels porters and cloak-room porters as to length of standard day and time to be allowed for meals, same as in the case of porter guards and platform staff.] 2. That 72 hours per week, less an aggregate of 18 hours each week to be deducted for meals, be the maximum working week for all parcels vanmen : Provided that the gross booked hours on any one day shall not exceed 12. 3. [Provision as to receipt of not less than one day's pay, if called out to work, same as in the case of signalmen.] 4. [Provision as to overtime same as in the case of signalmen.] 5. [Provision as to nine consecutive hours off duty, same as in the case of drivers, firemen and cleaners.] 6. [Provisions as to payment, if called out before the nine consecutive hours of rest have expired, same as in the case of drivers, firemen and cleaners, and as to payment for Sunday work, same as in the case of signalmen.] PASSENGER SHUNTERS. 1. That 11 hours constitute the maximum working day for all foremen passenger shunters and passenger shunters. 2. That in the case of all shunters whose working day is 10 hours, an aggre- gate of not less than one hour and a quarter, and in the case of all shunters whose working day is 1 1 hours, an aggregate of not less than one hour and a half be allowed for meals. 3. [Provision as to receipt of not less than one day's pay, if called out to work, same as in the case of signalmen,] 4. [Provision in regard to all foremen shunters and passenger shunters as to nine consecutive hours off duty, same as in the case of drivers, firemen and cleaners.] 5. [Provision in regard to all foremen shunters and passenger shunters as to payment, if called out before the nine consecutive hours of rest have expired, same as in the case of drivers, firemen and cleaners.] 6. That overtime be paid at a rate and a quarter on the basis of an 11, 10, or eight hours' day, according to the standard hours at the respective stations. [Provisions as to payment for Sunday work same as in the case of signal- men.] MEMBERS OF THE GOODS DEPARTMENT. 1. That 72 hours per week, less an aggregate of 18 hours each week to be deducted therefrom for meals, be the maximum working week for all men employed in the Goods Department : Provided that the gross booked hours on any one day shall not exceed 12. 320 RAILWAYS. 2. [Provision as to receipt of not less than one day's pay, if called out to work, same as in the case of signalmen ; but not applying to men called out for ordinary and indispensable stable duty on Sunday, j 3. [Provision as to nine consecutive hours off duty, same as in the case of drivers, firemen and cleaners.] 4. [Provision as to payment, if called out before the nine consecutive hours of rest have expired, same as in the case of drivers, firemen and cleaners.] 5. That overtime be paid at a rate and a quarter on the basis of the standard week. [Provision (not applying to men employed on stable duties) as t > payment for Sunday work same as in the case of signalmen.] 7. That Is. (one shilling) be paid to each man performing ordinary and indispensable stable work on Sunday. 8. That an immediate advance of 2s. (two shillings) per week be made to all capstanmen. AS REGARDS GoOD FRIDAY AND CHRISTMAS DAY. 1. That, in respect to hours of labour and rates of wages, Good Friday and Christmas Day are, in all branches of the service of the company, to be treated as if they were Sundays. The arbitrator further declared and awarded " that, although the company should make every effort to confine the hours of work to those laid down as respectively applicable to each class of employees, they are at liberty in cases where the adoption of this course is, for whatsoever reasons, impossible or highly incon- venient, to keep the men at work for a longer period than the standard hours on payment of overtime at the rates laid down in this award." Great Western. In regard to the Great Western Railway, the arbitrator, Mr. H. E. Duke, K.C., issued his award on June 11, 1909. Except as therein mentioned, the award took effect on June 26, 1909; it is to continue in force until June 28, 1913. The conditions of employment fixed by this award are as follows : EXAMINERS AND GREASERS. OVERTIME AND SUNDAY DOTY. (I.) Overtime shall be paid for at the rate of time-and-a-quarter in respect of all time worked ih excess of 10 hours in any day's work or turn of duty. (II.) In case a week's work ends on Sunday within 24 hours of the com- mencement of the next week's work or begins on Sunday within 24 hours of the completion of the previous week's work payment shall be made at the rate of time-and a-quarter for all time at work within either such period of 24 hours. (III.) Work in addition to the usual week's work required to be done between Saturday midnight and Sunday midnight, shall be paid for at the rate of time-and-a-half, with not less than three-eighths of a standard day's wages for each time of going on duty if the turn of duty is not continuous. SIGNALMEN AND SIGNAL PORTERS. Booking on. The hours of each day's duty or turn of duty shall be reckoned continuously from the time of first booking on for that day or turn of duty, without interruption except for any appointed interval for meals, GREAT WESTERN. 321 OVERTIME AND SUNDAY DUTY. (I.) Payment shall be made at the rate of time-and-a-quarter for all time worked in each day or turn of duty at any cabin or post in excess of the allotted hours of the day or turn of duty at such cabin or post. (II.) In case the last turn of duty in a week's work ends on Sunday within 24 hours of the commencement of the first turn of duty of the next week's work, and in case the first turn of duty in a week's work commences on Sunday within 24 hours of the completion of the last turn of duty of the previous week's work, payment shall be made at the rate of time-and-a- quarter for all time at work within such period of 24 hours. (III.) [Provision as to payment for Sunday work in addition to the usual week's work, same as in the case of examiners and greasers.] CHRISTMAS DAYS AND GOOD FRIDAYS. Each employee who shall have been or who shall be on duty on Good Friday, and in the same year shall be required to do duty on Christmas Day, shall be paid for his Christmas Day's duty one day's pay at the rate of and in addition to his usual weekly wages. WAGES. As from Saturday the thirty-first day of July, 1909, the scales of pay of signalmen employed in the classes of cabins hereafter mentioned, where the turn of duty in such cabins then exceeds eight hours of continuous duty, shall be amended so that (so long as the turn of duty in such cabins exceeds eight hours of continuous duty) (I.) Signalmen in Principal Main Line Special Cabins with three years' satisfactory service in such cabins at wages of 30s. per week shall be entitled to receive wages of not less than 31s. per week. (II.) Signalmen in Secondary Main Line Special Cabins with three years of satisfactory service at wages of 29s. per week shall be entitled to receive wages of not less than 30s. per week. (III.) Signalmen in Principal Main Line First Class Cabins, with three years' satisfactory service at wages of 27s. per week shall be entitled to receive wages of not less than 28s. per week, and signalmen in such cabins with five years' satisfactory service at wages of 27s. per week or more shall be entitled to receive wages of not less than 29s. per week. "Satisfactory service" in the three preceding directions shall be such service as qualifies a signalman for his advance of wages in the ordinary course under existing scales of wages. GOODS GUARDS, BRAKESMEN AND SHUNTERS. OVERTIME, ETC. (I.) (i.) Goods guards and brakesmen shall be entitled to reckon the time of each week's work for the purpose of ascertaining what overtime, if any, is to be paid upon such week's work by adding the following items, that is to say, (.) time from booking on to booking off during the week's turns of work, and (Z>.) one- third of all time not exceeding ten hours in one day during which the guard or brakesman is booked as "waiting orders" or otherwise required to be at the disposal of his officers, and for all time whereby the sum total of the said items exceeds sixty hours, payment shall be made at the rate of time-and-a-quarter. (ii.) Further, in any case where the last turn of duty in a week's work ends on Sunday within 24 hours of the commencement of the first turn of duty of the next week's work, or the first turn of duty in a week's work commences on Sunday within 24 hours of the completion of the last turn of duty of the previous week's work, payment shall be made at the rate of time and-a-quarter for all time at work within either such period of 24 hours. (iii.) And in any case when the first turn of any week's work has com- menced on Sunday before two o'clock in the afternoon, and in the next 33311 X 322 RAILWAYS. succeeding week the first turn of the week's work again commences on Sunday before two o'clock in the afternoon, payment in addition to the week's wages shall be made in the latter week at the rate of time-and-a- quarter for all time at work on the Sunday in that week before two o'clock in the afternoon. (II.) (i.) Shunters working in shunting yards where shunting is carried on by means of engines or gradients or by both such means, and the standard working day exceeds eight consecutive hours shall be paid in addition to and at the rate of their standard wages for all time in the week's work exceeding 54 hours and not exceeding 60 hours. This direction does not apply to fore- men whose duties are mainly supervisory or to men not mainly employed in shunting work. (ii.) All shunters shall be paid at the rate of time-and-a-quarter (.) for all time in the day's work exceeding 10 hours exclusive of allotted time for meals, and (6.) in cases where the last turn of duty in a week's work ends on Sunday within 24 hours of the commencement of the first turn of duty of the next week's work, or the first turn of duty in a week's work commences on Sunday within 24 hours of the completion of the last turn of duty of the previous week's work, for all time at work within either such period of 24 hours. [Provisions as to payment for Sunday work in addition to the week's work same as in the case of examiners and greasers, and as to payment for work done on Christmas Days and Good Fridays same as in the case of signalmen and signal porters.] PASSENGER GUARDS, PLATFORM STAFF AND PASSENGER SHUNTERS. OVERTIME, &c. (I.) Passenger guards shall be paid at the rate of time-and-a-quarter (a.) for all time in excess of 60 hours in the week's work ; and (b.) in cases where the last turn of duty in a week's work ends on Sunday within 24 hours of the commencement of the first turn of duty of the next week's work, or the first turn of duty in a week's work commences on Sunday within 24 hours of the completion of the last turn of duty of the previous week's work for all time at work within either such period of 24 hours. (II.) Passenger shunters shall be paid at the rate of time-and-a-quarter for all time in excess of 54 hours in the week's work, exclusive of any allotted meal times ; and in cases where a week's work begins or ends on Sunday, for all time at work within any such period of 24 hours, as is with regard to passenger guards above defined. [Provisions as to payment for Sunday work in addition to the usual week's work same as in the case of examiners and greasers, and as to payment for work done on Christmas Days and Good Fridays same as in the case of signalmen and signal porters.] WAGES. To passenger guards whose present scales of wages give a maximum wage or fixed wage of 27s. per week, increased wages shall be paid on the following scale, that is to say : To guards with three years' satisfactory service at the said rate, 28s. per week. To guards with five years' satisfactory service at the said rate, 29s. " Satisfactory Service" shall be such service as qualifies a guard for his advance of wages in the ordinary course under existing scales of wages. PLATELAYERS AND OTHERS. WAGES. The scales of wages for platelayers shall be amended to provide for, and there shall be paid : (a.) In the case of platelayers with four years' service and upwards, whose wages do not exceed 17s. Gd. per week, Is. Gd. per week of increased wages. GEEAT WESTERN. 323 (/;.) In the case of Platelayers with four years' service and upwards, whose wages exceed 17s. Qd. but do not exceed 18.9. per week, Is. per week of increased wages. OVERTIME. Payment shall be made at the rate of time-and-a-quarter for all time of work in excess of the standard hours of the week's work. SUNDAY DUTY. Payment shall be made for Sunday duty at the rate of time-and-a-half for the time actually occupied. GOODS WORKERS AND OTHERS. OVERTIME, &c. (I.) Payment shall be made to carmen at the rate of time-and-a-quarter for the time occupied on a week-day by any duty or duties required of them in addition to the turns of duty comprised in their standard week's work, which is computed at 60 hours, exclusive of any time allotted for meals, and not more than 72 hours, inclusive of any times so allotted. (II.) Payment for overtime shall be made to goods workers other than car- men at the rate of time-and-a-quarter ; (a) for all time exceeding 60 hours in the week, or 1U hours in any day, exclusive of allotted meal times ; and (6) in cases where the last turn of duty in a week's work ends on Sunday within 24 hours of the commencement of the first turn of duty of the next week's work, or the first turn of duty in a week's work commences on Sunday within 24 hours of the completion of the last turn of duty of the previous week's work, for all time at work within either such period of 24 hours. [Provisions as to payment for Sunday work in addition to the week's work same as in the case of examiners and greasers, and as to payment for work done on Christmas Days and Good Fridays same as in the case of signalmen and signal porters.] Lancashire and Yorkshire. The questions which, in the case of the Lancashire and York- shire Railway Company, had been referred to the Central Conciliation Board, were settled by an agreement entered into by the representatives on that Board of the company and of its employees on June 17, 1909. This agreement, which came into operation on July 16, 1909, and is to continue in force until November 7, 1914, provides, in the majority of cases, for the payment of a minimum of a day's pay to each employee whenever brought on duty on week-days, overtime being paid for hours worked in excess of the standard weekly hours, and pro- vision is generally made that no man shall be called out for duty with less than nine hours' rest, except in cases of emergency. It is also provided in most cases that payment at the minimum rate of a higher grade shall be paid to each man temporarily employed therein. The agreement also provides in the case of the majority of the grades that each man is to be allowed a holiday on Good Friday and on Christmas Day, with pay, and that any man who may be required to come on duty on Good Friday or Christmas Day shall be granted pay at the ordinary rate for the time worked, and shall be allowed a day's holiday afterwards, with pay. 33311 X 2 324 RAILWAYS. Other provisions of the agreement are as follows : DRIVERS AND FIREMEN. Continue to pay at the rate of time-and-a-quarter for overtime over standard day, except for " travelling time," after being relieved of responsible duty, which is to be paid for at the ordinary rate. Concede that a minimum rate of 6s. 6d. per day shall be paid to drivers rated at 6.5. per day, and also to firemen when acting as drivers of other than shunting or ballasting engines. The rate for the work now done by engines performing pilot trips, for which a driver's rate is 6s. per day, not to be altered. CLEANERS. Concede that each cleaner after 313 days' firing shall be paid 3s. Gd. per day, whether firing or cleaning, and remain at that firing rate for six months, after being booked as a fireman, before being advanced to 3s. $d. per day. Each day of 10 hours or over to count as one of the 313 days of firing duty. For any less period than 10 hours the actual completed hours to be added together, and converted into days of duty by dividing those hours by 10. Concede that cleaners of 19 years of age and two years' service shall, when firing, be paid 3s. 3d. per day instead of 3s. psr day as at present. CARRIAGE AND WAGON DEPARTMENT OUTDOOR STAFF. Concede payment at rate of time-and-a-quarter for all time worked on week days in excess of the standard weekly hours, viz., 60, exclusive of meal times. Concede that when men are not allowed to leave the company's premises for meals they shall be paid as for continuous duty at the rate of 10 hours per day. Concede payment at rate of time-and-a-quarter for all time worked between 12 midnight Saturday and 12 midnight Sunday. SIGNALMEN. Reduce hours of duty at Brighouse Exchange Sidings Box from 12 to 10 per day, and concede advance of Is. per week to each of 129 signalmen employed in connection with signal boxes mentioned in list supplied to Employees' Representatives at Private Committee Meeting of Members of Central Conciliation Board held on May 28th, 1909. Concede payment at the rate of time-and-a-quarter for all time worked between 12 midnight Saturday and 12 midnight Sunday, with a minimum payment of half a day's pay to each signalman brought on duty on Sunday. GOODS GUARDS. Concede that a goods guard employed on any occasion in shunting con- tinuously for nine hours or more shall be paid for such time at the rate of nine hours per day. The term "shunting continuously" to be regarded as including light running of a shunting engine from one station to another, but not running of a shunting engine on the main line from one station to another with wagons and brake van attached. Concede payment at the rate of time-and-a-half for all time worked between Saturday midnight and Sunday midnight, but payment for time employed on a Saturday night turn, including the time worked on Sunday morning on such a turn, to be taken into account in making up a goods guard's guaranteed weekly wage. LANCASHIRE AND YORKSHIRE. 325 Concede that each goods guard who is not brought on duty on Good Friday shall be paid for the time actually worked during Easter week, plus an extra day's pay for Good Friday. Each goods guard required to take duty on Good Friday to be paid at ordinary rate for the actual time worked, and to bs allowed a day's holiday subsequently with pay. The total pay- ments made to a goods guard in respect of Easter week, including payment for Good Friday, to be not less than a full week's wages if he has not been off duty sick, injured, or for his own purposes. The foregoing arrangement to be also applied to Christmas Day, and the week in which Christmas Day occurs. Guarantee a full week's wages each week to each goods guard (who has not been off duty sick, injured, or for his own purposes) irrespective of pay- ment for Sunday time worked on a turn of duty which commences between Saturday midnight and Sunday midnight. GOODS SHUNTERS. Concede that the standard hours of duty of goods shunters at Extra First, First and Second Class Stations shall be reduced from 10 hours per day to 1) hours per day, or 54 hours per week. No allowance to be made in respect of meals, but goods shunters at such stations to take their meals as oppor- tunity permits. Concede that the standard hours of duty of goods shunters employed at Third Class Stations shall be reduced from 12 per day (including two hours for meals per day or night) to 11 hours per day, including one hour for meals per day or night, such meals to be taken at the most convenient times. Concede payment at the rate of time-and-a-quarter for all time worked on week-days in excess of the standard weekly hours, viz., 54 at Extra First, First and Second Class Stations, and 66 at Third Class Stations. [Provision as to payment for Sunday work same as in the case of Carriage and Waggon Department Outdoor Staff.] PASSENGER SHUNTERS. Concede that the standard hours of duty of passenger shunters at the following Extra First and First Class Stations shall be reduced to nine hours per day. No allowance to be made in respect of meals, but passenger shunters at such stations to take their meals as opportunity permits : Extra First Class Station. Victoria. First Class Stations. Accrington, Bradford, Blackburn, Bolton, Blackpool (T.E. and Cen ), Colne, Fleetwood, Liverpool, Low Moor, Preston, South- port and Wakefield. Concede payment at the rate of time-and-a-quarter for all time worked on week days in excess of the standard weekly hours. [Provision as to payment for Sunday work same as in the case of Carriage and Waggon Department Outdoor Staff.] Concede an advance of 1 s. per week to all foremen passenger shunters and all passenger shunters ; scales of pay of ordinary shunters and classification of stations to be as shown hereafter : CLASSIFICATION OF STATIONS. Extra First Class. Victoria. Fi'st Clant. Accrington, Bradford, Blackburn, Bolton, Blackpool (Talbot Road and Central), Colne, Fleetwood, Liverpool, Low Moor, Preston, Southport, and Wakefield. Second Class. Wigan, Rochdale, Halifax, Mirfield, Sowerby Bridge, and Dewsbury. Third Class. Kirkham, Poulton, and South Shore. 326 RAILWAYS. Scales of Pay. Classification. Year of Service as Shunter. Extra First Class. First Class. Second Class. Third Class. *. d. *. d. 9. d. *. d. 1st year 22 22 21 20 2nd 23 23 22 21 3rd 24 24 C 23 22 4th 25 5th 26 - PASSENGER GUARDS. Concede that 60 shall be regarded as the standard weekly hours of Pas- senger guards. Concede a minimum of a day's pay whenever brought on duty on week- days, with the proviso that only such time shall be paid for as overtime as is worked in excess of the standard hours, viz., 60 and on the understanding that in the case of Passenger guards and other men working excursion or other trains, a day's pay is not to be allowed for the outward trip and another day's pay for the return trip, except where the total time from signing on to signing off at the home station (including time resting between the completion of the outward and the commencement of the return journey) amounts to, or exceeds 20 hours. Men working ordinary passenger trains who sign off between the completion of the outward and the commencement of the return journey, but whose time from signing on to signing off at the home station does not amount to 20 hours, to be granted the same allowances for day expenses as are now made to men working excursion or special trains. Concede payment at the rate of time-and-a-quarter for all time worked on week-days in excess of the standard weekly hours, viz., 60 per week. Concede payment at the rate of time-and-a-quarter for all time worked between 12 midnight Saturday and 12 midnight Sunday, with the following minimum payments to each guard brought on duty on Sundays : For under 2 hours' duty | day's pay. 2 hours and under 4 hours' duty i i 4 6 f ,, 6 ,, ,,8 ... ... 1 Adopt the following improved scale of pay for both Steam and Head Motor Guards : Year of Service as Guard. Rate per Week. s. d. 22 2nd , 23 3rd , 24 4th 25 5th -. 26 6th and 7th year.., 27 8th . 9th 28 10th llth 29 After llth 30 No man to be advanced more than Is. in any year. The last three advances under this scale not to be conceded until two years have elapsed from the date on which the previous advance was given. LANCASHIRE AND YORKSHIRE. 327 TICKET COLLECTORS, TICKET EXAMINERS, AND EXCESSMEN. Concede that 11 hours per day and 66 hours per week (including one hour daily for meals) shall be the standard hours of duty. Concede payment at the rate of 11 hours per day for all time worked on week-days in excess of the standard weekly hours, viz., 66 per week, inclusive of meal times. Concede payment at ordinary rate of 11 hours per day whenever brought on duty on Sunday, with the following minimum payments for each separate turn of duty : For under 2f hours' duty ......... 4 day's pay. 2f hours and under 5i hours' duty ... -} ,, FOREMEN PASSENGER PORTERS, PASSENGER PORTERS, FOREMEN PARCEL PORTERS, PARCEL PORTERS, FOREMEN LAMPMFN, LAMPMEN AND POINT CLEANERS. Concede that staff now rated at seven days per week shall in future be rated at six days per week. Concede that 1 1 hours per day and 66 hours per week (including one hour daily for meals) shall be the standard hours of duty. Concede payment at the rate of 1 1 hours per day for all time worked on week-days in excess of the standard weekly hours, viz., 66 per week. [Provision as to Sunday work same as in the case of ticket collectors, ticket examiners and excessmen.] Concede to foremen passenger porters employed at stations where ticket collectors are located an advance at the rate of one shilling per week per annum to bring them up to the maximum of the ticket collectors' scale at such stations. GOODS CHECKERS, GOODS PORTERS, LOADER?, SHEETERS, and all other persons 20 years of age and over employed in Grades included in Grade Group No. 5.* Payment to be made at ordinary rate for time worked on week-days in excess of the standard weekly hours at present prevailing at each station. Concede to each man in receipt of 17s., ]8s., 19*., 20s., 21s., 22s., or 23s. per week an advance of Is. per week, and to each man in receipt of 24s. per week an advance of Qd. per week. CARTERS. Concede that 57 hours per week shall be regarded as the standard hours of work, inclusive of stable duty on week-days, but exclusive of meal times. Concede payment at the rate of time and a quarter for all time worked on week-days in excess of the standard weekly working hours, viz., 57 exclusive of meal times. Existing arrangements as to payment for Sunday duty (other than stable duty) to be continued, with the proviso that in no case shall a man be paid for Sunday duty at less than rate and a quarter. Allowance for Sunday stable duty to be a minimum of Is. for attending to any number of horses not exceeding eight. "Wherever more than eight horses have to be attended to by one man, a special arrangement to be made. * I.e.. Goods checkers, goods porters (permanent), goods extra porters (of over six consecutive months' service), loader?, sheeters, scaleemen, tonnage recorders', and number takers. 328 RAILWAYS. SHUNT HORSE DRIVERS. [Provision as to payment for overtime on week-days same as in the case ot goods checkers, goods porters, &c.] Existing arrangements as to payment for Sunday duty (other than stable duty) to be continued, with the proviso that the minimum payment for Sunday duty shall be at the rate of eight hours per day. [Provision as to payment for Sunday stable duty same as in the case of carters.] Concede to each man in receipt of 17s., 18s., 19s., 20s., or 21 a. per week, an advance of Is. per week CAPSTANMEN. [Provision as to payment for overtime on week-days same as in the case of goods checkers, goods porters, &c.] Existing arrangements as to payment for Sunday duty to be continued with the proviso that the minimum payment for Sunday duty shall be at the rate of eight hours per day. Concede to each capstanman an advance of 2s. per week. CRANE DRIVERS. Concede a minimum payment of 2s. Qd. for each occasion on which a crane driver is brought on duty specially on week-days. Concede to each crane driver an advance at the rate of Is. per week. PARCEL VANMEN, ASSISTANT VANMEN, AND BUSMEN. Concede payment at the rate of time and a quarter for all time worked on week-days in excess of the standard weekly working hours, viz., 63, exclusive of meal times. Concede payment at the rate of time and a quarter for all other than Sunday stable duty worked between 12 midnight Saturday and 12 midnight Sunday. [Provision as to payment for Sunday stable duty same as in the case of carters.] Concede to each man an advance of Is. per week. Great Central. During June and July, 1909, agreements were arranged by the Conciliation Boards in connection with the Great Central Railway dealing with the conditions of labour of various classes of workmen employed on that railway. The principal provi- sions of these agreements (which came into operation, some on July 1, the others on August 1, 1909, and all of which are to continue in force until December 31, 1913) are as follows : PASSENGER GUARDS. 1. That 11 hours constitute the standard day for all passenger guards. 2. That any passenger guard called out to work on any day, including Sun- day, shall receive not less than one day's pay. Ten hours to constitute a day's work on Sunday. 3. That in so far as the necessities of the service permit, arrangements are to be made for passenger guards to remain off duty for at least nine con- secutive hours. GftEAT CENTRAL. 329 4. That in the case of passenger guards who are ca led out for duty before the nine consecutive hours of rest, as aforesaid, have expired, they are to be paid at a rate and a quarter for the unexpired portion of the nine hours. (The term " unexpired " shall not apply to guards working special and excursion trains, when existing conditions shall continue.) 5. That overtime 'be paid at a rate and a quarter on the basis of the standard day. SHUNTERS. 1. That the grade of " travelling shunter " in future be designated *' brakesman." 2. That the hours of duty of shunters be eight per day at the following places : Ardwick, Ashburys, Guide Bridge, Dewsnap, Dunford Bridge, Barnsley Junction, and Sheffield. 3. That the hours of duty of shunters be 10 per day at the following places : Nottingham, Leicester, Rotherham, Woodford, Neasden, and Mary- lebone goods. 4. That all Sunday duty be paid for at the rate of eight hours per day. SUPERINTENDENT'S DEPARTMENT.* 1. That 11 hours, with li hours for meals, except at the stations where not more than three porters are employed, constitute a day's work. 2. Overtime to be paid for at the ordinary rate after the completion of a weekly total of 60 hours working time. 3. [Provision as to nine consecutive hours off duty same as in the case of passenger guards.] 4 Sunday duty. Work in addition to the usual week's work required to be done between Saturday midnight and Sunday midnight shall be paid for at the ordinary rate, with a minimum of a day's pay. 5. Where a porter guard works as a passenger guard either on weekdays or on Sundays, he shall take the booked time of the turn of duty as his day's work. 6. Temporary duty. That any man working in a higher grade than his own for not less than one whole day be paid not less than the minimum pay of the higher grade. LOCOMOTIVE DEPARTMENT.! 1. Hours. That no man be called upon to book on more than once for one day's work. (Note. This clause does not apply to gas makers and gas firemen.) 2. Sunday duty : (a.) That Sunday duty be regarded as distinct from the ordinary week's work. (&.) That a minimum of time and a quarter be paid for all time worked between midnight Saturday and midnight Sunday. 3. [Provision as to temporary duty same as in the case of Superintendent's Department ; this provision applies not only to the classes of workmen specified in note f but also to electric light men (carriage and wagon) employed in the Locomotive Department.] * Joint passenger and goods porters, passenger porters (including foreman porters), station porters, porter guards, porter shunters, parcel porters, left luggage porters, train starters, passenger hoistmen, signal cleaners and lighters, ticket examiners and collec- tors, carriage cleaners, including gas fillers and lampmen in the Carriage Cleaning Department. f Carriage and wagon examiners, oilers and greasers, gas makers, gas firemen, gas titters, bogie shackle, &c., cleaners. 330 RAILWAYS. ELECTRICAL ENGINEER'S DEPARTMENT.* Provision as to temporary duty same as above. GOODS WORKERS.f 1. Hours. (a} That 60 hours, exclusive of meal times, constitute a week's work, (b) That no goods worker be called upon to book on more than once for one day's work. 2. Rest. That no goods worker be called out for duty with less than nine hours' rest. 3. Overtime. That a minimum of time and a quarter be paid for all time over 60 working hours per week. The week to terminate at midnight Saturday. 4. [Provision as to Sunday duty same as in the case of the Locomotive Department.] 5. Wages. That the scales at present in operation be continued, but the maximum of each be raised to the present maximum of the L. and N.W. Company at places where the Great Central and L. and N.W. Company have depots. 6. [Provision as to temporary duty same as above.] (Note. This settlement does not apply to Grimsby Dock Workers.) PERMANENT WAY, &c.J Provision as to temporary duty same as above. SKJNALMEN. 1. Week's Work. That a week's work of six days be between Sunday midnight and 6 a.m. the following Sunday, 48 hours to constitute a week at 8 hour boxes, 60 hours a week at 10 hour boxes, and 72 hours a week at 12 hour boxes. 2. Overtime. Overtime incurred in excess of 48, 60, or 72 hours respec- tively per week to be paid at the rate of time and a quarter. Provided that all overtime incurred for extra time worked during change of duty and to suit the men's convenience when absent from duty beyond their authorised holidays be paid for at the ordinary rate. 3. Sunday Duty. All time worked between midnight Saturday and midnight Sunday to be calculated at the rate of time and a quarter, the minimum payment to be as for a quarter of a day each time a man is brought on duty. Sunday time and overtime not to run concurrently. 4. [Provision as to temporary duty same as above.] (Note. Porter Signalmen and Pointsmen are not included in this settle- ment.) Great Eastern. The Conciliation Board in connection with the Great Eastern Railway having been unable to agree upon certain matters, these matters were referred to the decision of the Eight Hon. Lord * Electric light men (engine drivers, stokers, boiler cleaners, trimmers and wiremen) and telegraph men. t Checkers (including bonded storesmen, grain deliverers, and wagon tracers), callers off, loaders, horse shunters (including wagon spraggers), sheeters, vanmen, and draymen, stablemen, number takers, goods porters (including assistant foremen, cattle pen and wagon cleaners, weighmen, and lighter dischargers), hydraulic men. and capstan men (including crane drivers). | Permanent way gangers, platelayers (including sub-gangers, relaying sub-gangers, ballastmen and relayers, and labourers), including signal fitters' assistants, and ordinary labourers only in the engineer's department. GEEAt EASTERN. Gorell of Brampton. The following are the principal pro- visions made by his award, which was issued on August 19, 1909, came into operation on September 24, 1909, and is to be binding until December 31, 1913. SIGNALMEN. () That a minimum of rate and a quarter be paid for all time worked over the standard hours for the week. (6) That a minimum of rate and a quarter be paid for time worked on Sunday where the turn of duty exceeds five hours, and is an additional turn of duty to the ordinary week day turns7 but this clause (6) shall not apply when one of the ordinary week's turns of duty is allowed off. PASSENGER GUARDS. (a) That passenger guards shall be paid at the rate of time and a quarter for all time worked in excess of 63 hours in the week's work, but this is not to be taken as making any alteration in the number of the standard hours per week. (6) That a minimum of rate and a quarter be paid for all time worked between midnight of Saturday and midnight of Sunday. Provided that this clause (6) shall only apply to cases where a Sunday turn of duty is in addition to the usual work for the week, and commences and ends on the Sunday, and to cases (1) where the last turn of duty in a week's work ends on Sunday and at least 1 8 hours' interval is not allowed before the commencement of the first turn of duty of the next week's work ; (2) where the first turn of duty in a week's work commences on Sunday, and at least 18 hours have not elapsed since the end of the last turn of duty of the previous week's work. GOODS GUARDS. (a.) [Provisions as to payment for overtime in excess of standard hours same as in the case of signalmen.] (6.) That a minimum of rate and a quarter be paid for all time worked between midnight of Saturday and midnight of Sunday, except where a turn of duty commencing on Saturday finishes at or before 3 a.m. on Sunday, (c.) That so far as the necessities of the service will permit, arrangements are to be made for goods guards to have an interval of rest of nine consecutive hours from the finish of one day's turn of duty to the commencement of another day's turn of duty, and where under this clause nine consecutive hours' rest should be allowed, and less is, in fact, allowed, the difference shall count at the rate of time and a quarter. SHUNTERS AND POINTSMEN. (a.) [Provision as to payment for overtime in excess of standard hours same as above.] (6.) That a minimum of rate and a quarter be paid for any time at work on the duty of shunting and pointsman's work commencing on Sunday and finishing on the same day if such turn of duty exceeds eight hours, but if it does not exceed eight hours it shall be paid for at ordinary rates. This clause shall not apply when a continuous period of twenty- four hours off duty is allowed at some time in the seven days. FOREMEN PORTERS, TICKET COLLECTORS, ACTING GUARDS, PORTERS, AND OTHER MEMBERS OF THE PLATFORM STAFF, AND PARCELS CARMEN. Provision as to payment for overtime in excess of standard hours same as above. But no award is made with regard to turns of duty on Sunday which are in addition to the turns of the ordinary week's duty. DRIVERS, ACTING DRIVERS, FIREMEN AND ACTING FIREMEN WHEN FIRING. (a.) That, in so far as the necessities of the service will allow, arrange- ments are to be made that men of these classes are to have an interval of rest of at least nine consecutive hours from the finish of one day's turn of duty 332 KAIL WAYS. to the commencement of another day's turn of duty, and where under this clause nine consecutive hours' rest should be allowed and less is in fact allowed the difference shall count at the rate of time and a quarter. (&.) That drivers and firemen on engines running, with passenger trains, more than 250 miles on one turn of duty shall be paid at the rate of time and a half for overtime beyond the standard hours. The distance is to be calculated from the place where the turn of duty begins to that at which it ends, (c.) That drivers and firemen on engines running, with goods or mineral trains, more than 150 miles on one turn of duty shall be paid at the rate of time and a half for overtime beyond the standard hours. The distance is to be calculated as in clause (&). (d.) That an extra payment of 6d. shall be made to every fireman employed on an engine (other than one worked by liquid fuel) running with a main line passenger train or main line passenger trains for each turn of duty on which he fires such engine for a distance of 225 miles or over when running as aforesaid. The distance is to be calculated as in clause (6). (e.y That, having taken notice that the company propose to abolish payment for trips run, which they are at liberty to do, I award and determine that if the payment for trips run be abolished the rates of payment of the men at present performing such trips shall be respectively adjusted so as to properly correspond with that of other men of similar respective grades and standing, and that arrangements are to be made that so far as the working of the service will conveniently permit drivers and firemen working on the runs in respect of which the payment for trips run is abolished shall not be kept at work longer than the standard hours, and if so kept shall be paid for overtime at the rate of time and a half, and that every reasonable effort should be made to confine their hours of work to the standard hours. (./.) That acting drivers who drive for five hours or more in 24 hours shall be paid for the day's turn of duty on which they so drive at the minimum driver's rate for their district. (#.) That the company be at liberty to vary the rates of pay of drivers on the small branch lines mentioned in the proposals of the company in Part B. of the schedule hereto provided that they are not altered so as to be less than the minimum driver's rate for the district. CLEANERS. That acting firemen who fire for four and a half hours or more in 24 hours shall be paid for the day's turn of duty on which they so fire at the minimum fireman's rate for their district. North Eastern. The award made by Sir J. T. Woodhouse, the umpire, in relation to the North Eastern Railway Company, was issued by him on November 4, 1909. The award which, as regards all advancements of wage, took effect as on and from September 1, 1909, and in all other respects from December 1, 1909, and is binding until December 31, 1913, fixed the following conditions of employment : Locomotive Department. LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE DRIVERS, FIREMEN, MOTORMEN AND CLEANERS. That the standard hours of drivers and firemen working 150 train miles per shift shall be reduced to 9 hours per day exclusive of 1 hour's interval for rest, such interval not to begin earlier than the beginning of the fourth hour and not to finish later than the seventh hour of the shift ; provided that if any such interval shall exceed 1 hour the excess shall be reckoned as time on duty during that shift. That so far as the necessities of the service will allow drivers, firemen and cleaners are not to be called out on duty without an interval of at least 9 con- secutive hours between the finish of one shift of duty and the commencement NORTH EASTERN. 333 of another shift of duty, and where less than the said interval is allowed, the unexpired portion thereof shall be paid for at the rate of time and a half. Firemen. That the scale of wages for train firemen be revised and be as follows : Rate per day. s. d. For 1st year 3 6 2nd 3 9 3rd 4 4th 4 3 5th , 4 3 Rate per day. a. d. For 6th year ... ... 46 7th 4 9 8th , 5 9th 5 10th 5 Firemen to pass for drivers during their 8th year as heretofore. Cleaners. That the scale of wages for cleaners be revised and be as follows : Age. Rate per week. 8. d. 16 to 17 years ... 10 17 to 18 ... 11 Age. Rate per week. s. d. 19 to 20 years 15 20 to 21 17 18 to 19 ... 13 and that an advance of Is. per week be made for each subsequent year up to a maximum of 20s. per week. That 5.9. Qd. per day be the maximum for any driver regularly employed on preparing and stabling work only, but this is not to be applied so as to cause any reduction in the wage of any driver now employed on this work. That 6s. per day be the maximum to be paid to any driver regularly employed in the work of shunting, but this is not to cause any reduction in the wage of any driver now employed on this work. That the time allowed to drivers and firemen for preparing and stabling engines be as follows : ni Preparing. Stabling. Minutes. Minutes. 4. C.C., V.S.Si., R.Ri., Q.Qi., M.Mi., T.Ti. ... 50 70 All other tender, engines and W 40 60 Tank engines 35 50 Shunting engines ... ... ... ... ... 30 35 Traffic Department. GOODS AND MINERAL GUARDS AND PILOT GUARDS. That pilot guards, where more than 50 per cent, of the shift is occupied in shunting work, shall be rated at 9 hours per day instead of 10 hours as at present. [Provision as to intervals between shift same as in the case of locomotive engine drivers, &c.] That the wages of all goods and mineral guards be increased as follows : (a.) The wages of those who have been in receipt of 30s. per week (the maximum of the existing scale) for not less than 2 years shall be increased to 31s. per week. (&.) The wages of those who have been in receipt of the said maximum for not less than 5 years shall be increased to 32s. per week. That the bonus for working with large engines on freight trains at present paid to goods and mineral guards be discontinued from and after the time any guard becomes entitled to the maximum wage of 32s. per week. GOODS AND MINERAL SHUNTERS. That the standard hours of duty of goods and mineral shunters be reduced from 10 hours to 8 hours at the following 12 additional stations : Bishop Auckland, Crook (mineral), Cargo Fleet (mineral), Castleford, Con- sett (mineral), Dunston (mineral), Ferryhill (mineral), Middlesbro' (MarsU 334 RAILWAYS Branch)^ Redheugh, South Shields, Teams (mineral), Sunderland South Dock (mineral). That when head shunters and shunters in yards where the hours are not reduced from 10 hours to 8 hours per day by this award, have been in receipt of the maxima of the existing scales for not less than two years their wages be increased Is. psr week. That the yards at Carlisle and Tweedmouth, which are now in Class 3 for wages, be raised to Class 2. SIGNALMEN. That rate and a quarter be paid for all time worked between midnight Saturday and midnight Sunday at standard week-day pay, subject to the minima set out below. That the Sunday " Passing Trains Scale " at present in force be abolished, and that the following minima rates be paid for broken periods of duty, viz. : For 1 call, fths of standard week-day's pay ; for 2 calls, ths of stan- dard week-day's pay ; for 3 calls, one standard week-day's pay ; and for 4 or more calls, lth of standard week-day's pay. The above minima will not apply in those cases where a week-day shift extends into Sunday, or a Sunday shift extends into a week-day. The week- days of such shifts will be paid for at the week-day rate, and the Sunday hours at the Sunday rate. That the time to be paid for shall be ascertained by adding together the various actual periods of duty, but no interval of less than two hours between separate calls shall be deducted. PASSENGER GUARDS. That the practice at present in force as to Sunday duty and the payment therefor shall continue, provided that a minimum of half-a-day's pay at the standard week-day rate shall be paid for a shift falling entirely within a Sunday. [Provision as to intervals between shifts same as in the case of locomotive engine drivers, &c.] That Is. per week extra be paid to passenger guards employed on the following lines : Newcastle and Carlisle, Newcastle and Darlington, Newcastle and Sunderland, Newcastle and South Shields, Darlington and York, Leeds and Hartlepool, York and Scarborough, York and Leeds, and Leeds and Hull. That the classification for wages of passenger guards, so far as regards Classes 2 and 3, be revised, and that the following lines be transferred from Class 3 to Class 2, viz. : Newcastle and Blackhill via Lintz Green or Annfield Plain, Darlington and Blackhill, Malton and Whitby, Northallerton and Hawes, Leeds and Ilkley, and Leeds and Castleford. That the maximum wage of Class 3 be increased to 27s. per week. PASSENGER SHUNTERS. That the hours of passenger shunters at Leeds New Station be reduced to 8 per shift (exclusive of intervals allowed for meals). That the passenger shunters at Leeds New Station be classified with New- castle (Central) and York as to wages and Sunday duty. That the existing Sunday duty " Passing Trains Scale " be abolished, and that the following rates be paid as the minima for broken periods of duty, viz. : For 1 call, |ths of standard week-day's pay ; for 2 calls, fths of standard week-day's pay ; for 3 calls, one standard week-day's pay ; for 4 or more calls, Hth of standard week-day's pay, provided that these minima shall not apply in cases of a week-day shift extending into Sunday or a Sunday NOBTH EASTERN. 335 shift extending into a week-day. The week-day hours of such shift shall be paid for at the week-day rate and the Sunday hours at the Sunday rate. The time to be paid for to be ascertained by adding together the various actual periods of duty, but no interval of less than two hours between sepa- rate calls shall be deducted ; provided that when such intervals are for the purpose of meals, then the minimum shall be one hour. Meal hours must commence as under : Breakfast between 7 a.m. ami 9 a.m. ; dinner between noon and 2 p.m. ; tea between 4pm. and 6 p.m. ; and supper between 8.30 p.m. and 10.30 p.m. PASSENGER STATION STAFF. That the standard hours of parcels porters at Leeds New Station be reduced to 8 hours per shift (exclusive of intervals for meals). That the standard hours of passenger station staff at the following stations be reduced from 10^ hours to 10 per shift (exclusive of intervals allowed for meals). [Here follows a list of 97 stations.] That the standard hours of the passenger station staff at the following stations be reduced from 11 hours to 10 hours per shift (exclusive of inter- vals allowed for meals). [Here follows a list of 54 stations.] [Provision as to intervals between shifts same as in the case of locomotive engine drivers, &c.] That the " Passing Trains Scale " providing for minima rates of pay for broken periods of Sunday duty be abolished, and that the revised scale pro- viding for broken periods of duty as set forth under the head of passenger shunters be applied to the passenger station staff. That the advance of Is. per week granted under minute of Conference in 1900 to platform porters at the subjoined stations be withdrawn, but this alteration shall not apply to any of the porters at present employed at the said stations : Carville, Felling, Ferryhill, Hetton, St. Peters, Scotswood, Millfield, and Monkseaton. That all ticket collectors at the following stations, viz., Gateshead, Elswick, Manors, and Sunderland, who have been in receipt of the present maxima rates for not less than one year, be paid an additional sum of Is. per week. That Class 4 in the classification for wages of ticket collectors be abolished, and that the men at the stations in that class, viz., Belford, Morpeth and Tweedmouth, be transferred to Class 3. That the ticket collectors at Leeds be included in the same class as York. That the wages of all ticket examiners be increased Is. per week. That the wages of all gate ticket collectors be increased Is. per week. GOODS WAREHOUSE STAFF. [Provision as to intervals between shifts same as in the case of locomotive engine drivers, &c.] That the " Passing Trains Scale " providing minima rates of pay for broken periods of Sunday duty be abolished, and that the revised scale pro- viding for broken periods of duty as set forth under the head of passenger shunters be applied to the goods warehouse staff. That the following be the scale of pay for rulleymen and horse shunters for Sunday stable duty : s. d. For 1 or 2 horses ... 10 3 4 16 5 6 7 8 26 s. d. For 9 or 10 horses ... 30 11 12 ... 3 6 , over 12 40 336 RAILWAYS. Engineering Department. PLATELAYERS. [Provision as to intervals between shifts same as in the case of locomotive engine drivers, &c.] That the scale of pay for lengthmen and point oilers be revised and be fixed as follows : Class. 1st year. 2nd year. s. d. s. d. Special A. ... 25 26 B. ... 24 25 C. ... 23 24 D. 22 23 Class. 1st year. 2nd year. s. d. s. d. 1 21 22 2 20 21 3 19 20 4 18 19 That the classification for wages of platelayers be revised, and that the 5 lengths on the main line between Chester-le-Street and Lamesley be trans- ferred from Class 2 to Class 1 for wages. That the men on the 10 lengths in the Gateshead, Dunston and Low Fell District, which come within a 2 mile radius of Newcastle, be paid according to the following scales, viz.: 1st year. 2nd year. s. d. s. d. Chargemen 25 ... 26 First lengthmen 23 ... 24 Lengthmen and point oilers 22 ... 23 The lengthmen and point oilers when promoted to the grade of first length- men in the same class be paid an additional sum of Is. per week, provided that at the time of promotion they are not receiving the maximum rate of the position to which they are promoted. That standard rate and a quarter be paid to platelayers for Saturday after- noon duty but this modification shall not be applied to the existing platelayers. Great Northern. The award in relation to the Great Northern Railway Com- pany was issued by the arbitrator, the Right Hon. Lord Macdonnell, G.C.S.I., K.C.V.O., on November 5, 1909. The conditions of employment fixed by this award, which came into operation on December 1, 1909, and is binding until December 31, 1913, are as follows*: GENERAL. 1. That all work done between Saturday midnight and Sunday midnight, hereinafter called Sunday duty, shall be treated as distinct from the week's work, provided that when part of a turn of work, beginning on Saturday, falls within the following Sunday, such part shall be included in the (pre- ceding) week's work. 2. That when part of the week's work as aforesaid falls within a Sunday such part shall be paid for at the rate prescribed for Sunday duty, unless the men employed on it have been allowed at least 18 hours' rest either before booking on for the work, or after booking off from it. 3. That a man working for a full day consecutively in a higher grade than his own shall be paid at that rate of such higher grade, which is next above the rate he is drawing in his own grade. * The arbitrator also suggested (but not as part of his award) the promo- tion to a higher grade of a specified number of men in relation to certain classes of employees. GREAT NORTHERN. 337 4. That temporary service in a higher grade for a year entitles a man during such service to the increment (if any) to which a regular member of such higher grade would be entitled. 5. That as a rule all men are entitled to nine hours' rest in the day ; but if, in particular cases, the company find it necessary to call a man on duty before his nine hours' rest is complete, the unexpired part of the nine hours' rest which is occupied by duty shall be paid for at a rate and a half. 6. That the hours of labour hereinafter mentioned are exclusive of time for meals. SIGNALMEN. 1. That the standard hours of work shall be : (.) Eight hours per day and 48 hours per week at signal boxes classed by the company as first class. (/>.) Ten hours per day and 60 hours per week at signal boxes classed by the company as second class ; and (c.) Twelve hours per day and 72 hours per week at signal boxes classed by the company as third class. 2. That there shall be only one booking on for one week-day's work except, at the company's discretion, in the case of men working between two second class boxes. 3. That a minimum of a rate and a quarter be paid for all time worked over the standard hours for the week. 4 That Sunday duty be paid for at a minimum of a rate and a quarter, provided that if a man is required to book on more than once for Sunday duty he shall not be paid less than one-fourth of a day's pay, at such rate, for each time of booking on. 5. That Christmas Day and Good Friday be treated in all respects as Sunday, no pay being due if no work is done. 6. That an addition of Is. be made to the following grades in the scale of weekly wages for signalmen : 18.9., 19*., 20s., and 21s. PASSENGER GUARDS AND BRAKESMEN. 1. (.) That 10 hours shall constitute the standard working day, and 60 hours the standard working week. (b.) That a guard or brakesman travelling as a passenger from his home to a turn of work, or travelling from a turn of work to his home, shall be deemed to be on duty, provided that overtime made by such travelling shall be paid for at ordinary rates. 2. That no man be required to book on twice for one week-day's work, except in cases of necessity, of which the company shall be the judge. 3. That, save as provided in Clause I (6) above, a minimum of a rate and a quarter be paid for all time worked over the standard hours for the week. 4 and 5. [Provisions as to payment for Sunday duty and as to Christmas Day and Good Friday, same as in the case of signalmen.] 6. That an addition of Is. be made to the following grades in the scale of weekly wages for passenger guards and brakesmen : 22s., 23s., 24s., and 25s. 7. That an additional allowance of Is. per week be made to each passenger guard and brakesman stationed in the London district. GOODS GUARDS AND BRAKESMEN. 1 and 2. [Provisions as to length of working hours, as to travelling to or from a turn of work, and as to payment for overtime, same as in the case of passenger guards and brakesmen.] 3. That a goods guard or brakesman, booking on more than once for a day's work shall, in addition to the wages for the day (and any " overtime " 88811 Y 338 RAILWAYS. that may be earned, as disclosed at the week's end), be paid 10 per cent, on such wages for every time of booking on after the first. 4. That a minimum of rate and a quarter be paid for Sunday duty. 5. [Provision as to Christmas Day and Good Friday, same as in the case of signalmen.] 6. That an addition of Is. be made to the following grades in the scale of weekly wages for goods guards and brakesmen : 21s., 22s., 23s., 24s., 25s., and 26s. 7. [Provision as to allowance to men stationed in the London district, same as in the case of passenger guards and brakesmen.] SHUNTERS, ASSISTANT SHUNTERS, POINTSMEN AND MINERAL PORTERS. 1. That steps be taken, as far as possible and as early as practicable, to bring the men now working for 10 hours in the day, including meal time, on to a working basis of 8 hours per day, exclusive of meal time, upon which more than three-fifths of the men work at present. Until this change is effected the standard working day and week for all men not on the 8 hour basis shall be 9 hours and 54 respectively. 2. That no man shall be required to book on more than once for one day's work. 3. [Provision as to payment for overtime same as in the case of signalmen.] 4. [Provision as to payment for Sunday duty same as in the case of goods guards and brakesmen. 1 TICKET COLLECTORS. 1. [Provision as to length of working hours same as in the case of pas- senger guards and brakesmen.] 2. That no man be required to book on more than once for one week-day's work. 3. That a minimum of a rate and a quarter be paid for all time worked over working hours for the week. 4 and 5. [Provisions as to payment for Sunday duty and as to Christmas Day and Good Friday, same as in the case of signalmen.] 6. That the following grades in the scale of ticket collectors' weekly wages (excluding foremen ticket collectors) be increased by Is. per week: 21s., 22s., and 23s. 7. [Provision as to allowances to men (other than foremen) stationed in the London district, same as in the case of passenger guards and brakesmen.] CARMEN, DRAYMEN, VANMEN, CHAIN HORSE DRIVERS, AND HORSE SHUNTERS. 1. [Provision as to length of working hours same as in the case of passenger guards and brakesmen.] 2. That no man be required to book on more than once for one day's work, except in cases of necessity, of which the company shall be the judge. 3. [Provision as to payment for overtime same as in the case of signalmen.] 4. That Sunday duty be paid at a rate and a quarter, provided that stable duty shall be paid for at Qd. a visit. 5. That an addition of Is. be made to the following grades in the scale of pay for horse shunters : 19s., 20s., and 21s. GOODS PORTERS, CHECKERS, LOADERS, CALLERS-OFF, SHEETMEN, AND NUMBER TAKERS. 1. That 60 hours constitute the standard working week. 2. [Provision as to payment for overtime same as in the case of signalmen.] 3. [Provision as to payment for Sunday duty same as in the case of goods guards and brakesmen.] GREAT NORTHERN. 339 PARCELS PORTERS. 1. [Provision as to length of working hours same as in the case of goods porters, &c.] 2. [Provision as to payment for overtime same as in the case of signalmen.] 3. [Provision as to payment for Sunday duty same as in the case of goods guards and brakesmen.] 4. That an addition of Is. per week be made to the following grades in the scale of wages for parcels porters : 18s., 19s., 20s., and 21s. 5. [Provision as to allowances to men (other than foremen) stationed-iii- the London district, same as in the case of passenger guards and brakesmen.] CARRIAGE CLEANERS. 1. [Provision as to length of working hours same as in the case of goods porters, &c.] 2. [Provision as to payment for overtime same as in the case of signalmen.] 3. [Provision as to payment for Sunday duty same as in the case of goods guards and brakesmen.] 4. That an addition of Is. be made to the following grades in the scale of pay for carriage cleaners, excluding foremen : 17s. and 18s. PLATELAYERS, EXTRA GANGS, AND BALLAST TRAIN GANGS. 1. (.) That an addition of Is. be made to the weekly pay of all second men and under men whose pay is 18s. per week or less. (6.) That an addition of Qd. be made to the weekly pay of all second men and under men whose rate of pay is over 1 8s. and less than 21s. ; and (rj.) That an addition of Is. be made to the pay of all guards, flagmen, and greasers of ballast trains whose rates of pay are less than 21s per week. SIGNAL LINESMEN'S ASSISTANTS AND LABOURERS. No award except as under Chapter I. (i.e.. General). CARRIAGE AND WAGON EXAMINERS AND GREASERS. 1. [Provision as to length of working hours same as in the case of passenger guards and brakesmen.] 2. [Provision as to booking on same as in the case of shunters, &c.] 3. [Provision as to payment for overtime same as in the case of signalmen.] 4. [Provision as to payment for Sunday duty same as in the case of goods guards and brakesmen.] 5. [Provision as to Christmas Day and Good Friday same as in the case of signalmen.] North British.. Sir Francis Hopwood, G.C.M.Gr., K.C.B., the arbitrator to whom certain claims were referred, which the Conciliation Boards in connexion with the North British Eailway had been unable to settle, issued his award on December 9, 1909. The text of the operative part of the award (which came into operation on April 1, 1910, and is binding until March 25, 1915) is as follows : GENERAL. 1. That in accordance with the existing practice of the company no man shall be called out for duty with a less interval for rest than nine hours, but that in future if, owing to exceptional circumstances, the company find it 340 RAILWAYS. necessary to call out a man before the said period of nine hours has expired, then the balance of time up to nine hours shall be calculated and paid for at the rate of time and a half. 2. That the hours of labour hereinafter mentioned are exclusive of recog- nised meal times except where otherwise stated. 3. That payment for overtime, hereinafter called " overtime," except where specifically defined, shall from the date of operation of this award, videlicet, first April, One thousand nine hundred and ten, until the thirty-first March, One thousand nine hundred and twelve, inclusive, be calculated and paid for at a minimum of a rate and a fifth, and thereafter at a minimum of a rate and a quarter. GOODS GUARDS. 1. That goods guards working as second guards shall be graded as such, and that future entrants to the grade shall be subject to the following scale, videlicet : Upon appointment as second guard 22s. per week. After one year 23s. After two years 24s. After three years 25s. Upon appointment as first guard 26s. rising to the maximum of thirty shillings per week by annual increment of one shilling per week. 2. That the standard hours of duty of goods guards shall be : Ten hours per day and sixty hours per week. 3. That all time worked over the standard hours for the week shall be con- sidered as overtime and be paid for accordingly, with the exception that in the case of a goods guard relieved on the journey and travelling home spare, any overtime incurred during such travelling shall be paid for at the ordinary rate. 4. That Sunday duty, that is to say turns of duty commencing and finishing between the hours of twelve midnight on Saturday and twelve midnight on Sunday, shall be treated as distinct from the ordinary week's work and be paid for at a minimum of rate and a quarter. No man to receive less than three-eighths of a day's pay for each time of booking on duty. SHUNTERS.* 1. That the standard hours of duty of shunters working other than the eight-hours' shift shall be : (a. ) Ten hours per day at second class yards and stations. (/;.) Twelve hours per day, with an allowance of two hours for meals, at small yards and stations. The classification of the yards and stations to be left in the discre- tion of the company. 2. That all time worked over the standard hours for the day by shunters, irrespective of class, shall be considered as overtime, and be paid for accord- ingly. 3. [Provision in regard to Sunday duty performed by shunters, irrespec- tive of class, same as in the case of goods guards.] ENGINE DRIVERS AND FIREMEN. 1. That the standard hours of duty of engine drivers and firemen working other than the eight-hour shift shall be : Ten hours per day and sixty hours per week. 2. That all time worked over the standard hours for the day, in the case of men working the eight-hour shift, and for the week in the case of men work- ing other than the eight -hour shift, shall be considered as overtime and be * Includes goods and locomotive shunters only. LIGHTERMEN (RIVER THAMES). 34l paid for accordingly, except that in ihe cass of engine drivers and fire men relieved on the journey and travelling home spare, any overtime incurred during such travelling shall be paid for at the ordinary rate. The arbitrator also placed on record an agreement that the trip system applying to engine drivers and firemen should be abolished from the date of his award. LIGHTERMEN. Lightermen. River Thames. The conditions of employment of licensed men and apprentices employed in working lighters on the river Thames (about 2,500 men and 500 apprentices) are governed by the award and agree- ments which will be described. In 1889, the Lightermen and their employers agreed to accept the principle, that a day's work should be 12 hours and a day's pay 6s., and to refer to Lord Brassey as umpire certain questions in relation to the conditions of employment which were at issue between the parties. Lord Brassey gave his award on September 24, 1889, in the following terms : 1. That the day shall be from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. ; give and take according to the tides ; but in all cases where the docks, wharves, and ships commence work at a later hour than 6 a.m. (say 8 or 9 a.m.), the men shall only be expected to be in attendance with their craft, for loading or discharging, at the time when the ship, wharf, or dock to which they are sent commences work. In accordance with the terms already accepted in principle, payment to be at the rate of 6s for 12 hours' work. When the circumstances require that the lighterman shall work or be in attendance more than 12 hours, such additional work or attendance shall be at the rate of Is. per hour. 2. Orders to be given out between 6.30 and 8 o'clock p.m.: men waiting orders shall, after 8 o'clock, be paid at the rate of Is. an hour, while in attendance by request. The compensation for detention shall not be payable where a night's work is given. Where a man's work closes earlier than 7 o'clock p.m., he shall remain for half an hour at the office, waiting orders, without claiming payment for so waiting. 3. That for night work, from 8 p.m. till midnight, the payment shall be 4s. For a full night's work, from 8 p.m. till 6 a.m., the payment shall be 6s. The foreman, or others giving orders, to define before the night's work commences whether it shall be a long or short night.* 4. The early turn out from 5 a.m. to 6 a.m. shall be paid 2s. extra. 5. That Sunday work be paid up to 10 a.m. 4s. ; a whole day, 8s. Men called upon to work after 12 o'clock, noon, to be paid 6s. 6. That expenses be arranged between each master and his own men. 7. That the apprentices be paid at the following rates : 3rd year apprentices 3s. per day, 2s. Qd. per night. 4th ,. 3s. 6d. 3s. 5th 4s. 3s. Qd. 8. This award to come into force on the 4th November, 1889. * At the close of a dispute which took place between the lightermen and their employers (beginning October 12, 1900 and ending January 24, 1901) both parties agreed to accept " the principle that one job shall constitute a night's work. Any work- required to be done in one barge to be a job within the meaning of this clause." 342 LIGHTERMEN. Subsequently, on November 21, 1889, a supplementary agree- ment was made between employers and employed, which (as amended in one clause by an agreement between the parties made at the conclusion of the dispute referred to in note * on p. 341 in January, 1901, and subsequently by an award made on December 20, 1907, by the London Labour Conciliation and Arbitration Board, which came into operation on March 2, 1908) is in the following terms : 1. For an early turn out the lightermen shall not be expected to go a distance beyond four miles from the office or place where they receive their orders. That the radius for starting and finishing the day's work shall be, in the case of master lightermen having an office or usual place for giving orders in the City, Nine Elms, and Yictoria Docks respectively ; and in the case of firms whose office or usual place for giving orders is outside the City, four miles from such office or place, subject, however, to the employees going to and returning from their work within the radius in their own time. If work is commenced or finished beyond the radius the employees shall be paid for the time ordinarily and reasonably required to reach HL return from or their place of work at the rate of 6s. for twelve hours work for the distance outside the radius. 2. That the moveable hours of from 6, 7, or 8 a.m. until 6, 7, or 8 p.m., as provided for in Lord Brassey's award, be adhered to ; but where a lighter- man's day closes at 6 or 7 o'clock p.m. he shall receive his orders within half an hour after reporting himself and being in attendance at the office, or be paid overtime at the rate of Is. per hour for all such time as he may be awaiting orders up to 9 o'clock. 3. That a lighterman who has not been employed during the day will accept orders for the night's work upon condition that he shall receive 6s. for the night's pay, and shall be guaranteed the next day's work. The Committee, on behalf of the Association of Master Lightermen and Bargeowners, hereby pledge themselves to recommend that when a lighter- man's day ends at 6 p.m at a distance outside of the usual or ordinary places of work, he shall, as far as possible, receive his orders at the place where he finishes his work. The award of the London Labour Conciliation and Arbitration Board referred to above also dealt with the question of additional payment for handling goods at night, with respect to which the arbitrators stated that it had been proved to their satisfaction that, independently of the award of Lord Brassey above set forth, there previously existed a custom of many years' standing which had continued to the date of the award by which, in addition to the payment made by the master lightermen under Lord Brassey's award, employees had also received, and then received, an additional payment from shipowners or others of Is. per hour overtime when they handled goods at night, and that employees looked upon this additional payment as part of their wages or remuneration, and awarded that, if the master lightermen shall require the employees to handle cargo direct to or from a ship into or from a lighter between the hours of 6 p.m. and 6 a.m., they shall be primarily responsible to them for the extra payment of Is. per hour by shipowners or others, according to the custom above mentioned ; this clause not to apply to the tranference of goods from one barge to another. As to the question of overtime for handling goods on to or from a wharf THAMES. 343 into or from a lighter, the arbitrators awarded, that if the master lightermen shall require the employees to handle cargo alongside a wharf either in loading or discharging a lighter between the hours of 6 p.m. and 6 a.m., the master lightermen shall be primarily responsible to the employees for an extra payment of 6d. per hour in addition to their ordinary pay. With respect to the conditions of employment of lightermen's apprentices, an agreement was arrived at at a Conference held at the Board of Trade on January 11, 1897, between representatives of the Association of Master Lightermen and Bargeowners and the Amalgamated Society of Lightermen and Watermen, which was in the following terms : (1.) Unless under circumstances beyond the control of the employer (to be allowed in case of complaint by the umpire provided under section 3), no boy under the age of 18 years shall be employed on or about a " dumb " barge* (.) On Sunday ; [b.) Between the hours of 8 p.m. and 6 a.m. on more than two nights in any week, such nights not to be consecutive ; (c.) After the termination of the boy's night work until an interval of 10 clear hours has elapsed. (2.) The above provisions not to apply to any boy who is already apprenticed and ordinarily employed on or about a " dumb " barge before the date of this agreement, and who expresses his desire in writing to the Board of Trade within three months from this date to be exempt from the restric- tions, nor to a boy who, having a two years' certificate, applies to the Board of Trade to be exempt. (3.) Any question of interpretation or of breach of this agreement may be referred by either Association to the decision of an umpire appointed by the Board of Trade. The parties undertake to furnish all reasonable informa- tion required by the umpire, who may direct the reasonable costs of the reference to be paid by either Association at his discretion. (4.) Nothing in this agreement shall interfere with Lord Brassey's award. (5.) Clause 1 (6.) and (c.) shall not apply to firms working on the Tide System, i.e., from high tide to high tide or low tide to low tide, provided that every boy shall be allowed 10 unbroken hours free from work or attendance at the office between the end of one period of employment and the beginning of the next. In 1909, a dispute arose between the Employers' Association and the Trade Union as to the hours of labour of apprentices ; and in relation thereto two conferences of the parties were held at the Board of Trade, under the chairmanship of Mr. G. R. Askwith, C.B., K.C., and it was ultimately agreed between them that it should be referred to one of His Majesty's Counsel, to be nominated by the Board of Trade, to decide, whether, under the terms of Lord Brassey's award, the apprentices were entitled to a twelve hours' working day, or whether the employers had the right to call upon the apprentices for work from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. ; and in the event of a twelve hours' day being fixed by the award, whether such twelve hours' day was from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m., or at such moveable hours between 6 a.m. and 8 p.m. as the employers might decide. The Board of Trade accordingly appointed Mr. * A " dumb " barge is one which has no sails or rudder, and is propelled by oars or towed by a steam tug. 344 DOCK AND WATERSIDE J. A. Simon, K.C., M.P., to decide these questions. Mr. Simon's decision was as follows : (1.) The day referred to in paragraph 7 of the said award means a twelve hours' working day. (2.) Such twelve hours' working day is not under the terms of the said award fixed between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m., but (apart from special agreement or fixed custom) is such consecutive period of twelve hours between 6 a.m. and 8 p.m. as the employers may from time to time decide. A difference subsequently arose between the parties as to whether there was any fixed custom, and, by agreement between the parties, the following question was referred to Mr. Simon for decision : " Was there a fixed custom existing at the time of Lord Brassey's award and since continued, fixing the hours of the apprentices' day from 7 to 7, or are the hours of apprentices moveable like those of freemen ? " Mr. Simon decided that there was no such fixed custom, and that the apprentices' day is not a fixed day beginning at 7 a.m. and ending at 7 p.m., but is a rnoveable twelve hours' day, beginning at 6 a.m., 7 a.m., or 8 a.m., at the employer's option, in the same way as in the case of freemen. DOCK AND WATERSIDE LABOUR. The majority of dock and waterside labourers engaged in unloading and loading ordinary cargoes are paid by the hour. In relation, however, to certain classes of work, which are in some districts paid for by the piece, agreements, often embodying elaborate lists of prices, have been made with their employers by timber porters, corn porters, coal trimmers, and other classes of labourers. These agreements are too voluminous to be printed in full, but a few typical agreements or extracts from such agree- ments are given below, which will suffice to show the nature of the arrangements made in these cases. Timber Porters. London. The work of landing, sorting, and piling wood goods and de- livering them into barges or land carriage in the Surrey Com- mercial Docks is performed by gangs of labourers consisting of (1) contractors who take the work at a piece price, (2) day labourers (termed " strappers ") who are employed by the con- tractors at a time rate of Is. per hour. The gangs consist of a varying number of men, according to the conditions under which the work is carried on. The contract piece rates (which are for labour only) are settled by agreement between the contractors and the Port Authority.- The following extracts are from the list of piece rates dated April, 1904, the agreement made in each year since then having renewed the conditions stated in that list with LONDON TIMBER PORTERS. 345 only a few alterations and additions. This agreement regulates the wages of between 450 arid 500 men The terms used are for the most part easily understood and require no detailed explanation. RATES PAID BY THE POKT OF LONDON AUTHORITY FOR THE FOLLOWING WORK IN THE SURREY COMMERCIAL DOCKS. Land- ing, Extra Disttwice- Sorting, Deli- beyond 200 ft. Piling, very and into Re- placing Barges piling, under or Land &c. cover Car- when riage. Land- Deliver- re- ing. ing. quired. N. d. s. (/. I s. d. a. d. .v. d. Deals, planks, battens, and ends, 3 inches and : 2 4 14 under, at per Petersburg standard hundred, j viz., 120 pieces oE 12 feet 1 by 11 inches. 1 4 1 6 Deals, planks, battens and ) at per Peters- ) ends, 5 inches and up wards [burg standard > 210 19 in thickness ) hundred. ; ' 1 6 1 6 Deals, planks, battens and ) D 271' ends, 4 inches in thickness i 1 4 1 6 Deals, planks, battens and) ends, 3 inches and under, ( n hemlock, hackmatac, t 30116 1 6 1 6 tamarac, and larch . . * Deals, planks, battens, and) ends, 4 inches and up- f -n wards, hemlock, hack- ( Do ' 3 3 1 6 1 6 1 6 matac, tamarac, and larch J Scantling, 6 inches and) n under in width . . . . } 3 7 1 8 1 4 1 6 Scantling, 6 inches and} under in width, hemlock, f -^ hackmatac, tamarac, and ( 3 10 1 9 1 6 1 2 7 larch * Trellis, architraves and) , -, f ) mouldings, in cases or > p en Y 1 9 7 4 3 bundles ) Sticking mouldings.. .. j "ggjf j - - 1 2 - - Deck deals, 25 feet and upwards in length, 2 10 ' 26 1 6 1 1 7 not exceeding 3 inches, at per Petersburg standard hundred, viz., 120 pieces of 12 feet 14 by 11 inches. Deck deals, 25 feet and upwards in length, exceeding 3 inches, at per Petersburg stand- ard hundred, viz., 120 pieces of 12 feet U by 3 3 2 9 1 7 1 2 7 11 inches. Pitch pine and Oregon pine deals, 4 inches in thickness, 20 feet and upwards in length, or 5 inches and upwards in thickness of all 4 4 3 1 2 1 6 9 lengths, per Petersburg standard hundred, viz., 120 pieces of 12 feet 14 by 11 inches. Pitch pine and Oregon pine deals, under 3 7 2 10 1 ID 1 2 7 4 inches in thickness, 20 feet and upwards in length, at per Petersburg standard hundred, viz., 120 pieces of 12 feet 1| by 11 inches. ' 1 Pitch pine and Oregon pine ( at per ) deals, 4 inches and under ] Petersburg f J i n 1 J 1 1 0- in thickness and under 20 ) standard ( U 01 J- U 1 < 1 1 i feet in length . . ..{ hundred ) Pitch pine boards, 14 inch ) thick and under, above [ Do. 4 4 2 2 1 2 7 5 inches in width . . . . ) Pitch pine boards tied in) bundles 1 by 5 and under, [ Do. 5 2 2 1 2 7 or equivalent .. ..) Pitch pine boards loose, 1 by ) D 5 and under, or equivalent J 7 2 2 1 2 7 346 DOCK AND WATERSIDE LABOUR. Land- ing, Sorting, Piling, Deli- very Extra Distance beyond 200 ft. and into Re- placing Barges piling, under or Land Ac. cover Car- when riage. Land- Deliver- re- ing. ing. quired. s. d. s. d. s. d. . d. s. d. ( at per ) Pitch pine boards, stocking J Petersburg ( out "| standard ( 2 8 _ { hundred ) Pitch pine boards, scantling,") 6 inches and under in f n _ width and 19 feet and ( under in length .. .. ) 4 6 ii 1 4 1 1 7 Selecting deck deals, 25 feet and upwards, 9 _ pitch pine and Oregon pine deals 20 feet and upwards in length, of any width or thickness, at per Petersburg standard hundred, viz., 120 pieces of 12 feet U by 11 inches. Extra allowed on repiling to land, 2d. per Petersburg standard hundred. Fir timber and balk, 7 inches and under 9} inches square I Railway sleepers exceeding per load of ( 5 feet cube each .. .. 50 feet ) 1 10 6 5 4 Fir timber and balk, 6 inches and under, and railway Do. 11 9 o 54 5 3 sleepers under 5 feet cube Balk, landed by steam crane, nn 2d. off above rates Extra on balk landed from J -pv Ot rafts, without crane . . j ~" 4 """ Jarrah and Karri . . . . Do. 1 6 1 1 9 _ Jarrah and Karri sorting . . Do. 3 Hardwood, timber and ) plank, by steam crane and f D 8 7 fi steam traveller, commer- v D cial warehouses Hardwood, timber and } plank, by steam crane f D and hand traveller, com- ( mercial warehouses . . ; 1 10 6 - - Hardwood, timber and ") plank, without steam f D crane or traveller, com-i 1 2 1 8 - - mercial warehouses . . ; Hardwood, timber and n i i -LJO. 1 2 1 8 ._ _ plank ) Hardwood, timber and ^ plank, Baltic gantry 6 6 3 -- - Hardwood. timber and"\ plank. Lower Quebec / gantry sheds, with assis- /> Do. 8 7 6 ! tance of Port Authority's \ driver . / Hardwood, boards . . . . Do. 1 5 1 8 5 3 Laths, per standard of 4 feet ) Orl9() ) in length, in bundles off bundles 9 O 1 6 1 1 11 7 100 each ) ' ) L lcSejw8 nSf int bundles f } at per bundle OJ Laths, sorting 6 Spade handles per 1,200 Broom handles, in cases or ) at per load of ) bundles .. .. ..) 50 feet j 3 6 1 2 3 10 1 9 6 1 6 4 1 1 3 Vv -inHlfte V *^ P^* OUHCllG Oi Doors, 7 feet in length (other } h sizes in proportion) . . J o 04 OJ Pine butts, of regular lengths, same as deals Deal and board ends, 5 feet ) t on-frin ) and under in length, and > ,.\ 6 2 9 2 1 6 1 firewood } fathom j Framing at landing or on -p. 2U delivery Do " y LONDON TIMBER PORTERS. 347 Land- ing, Sorting, Piling, Deli- very Extra Distance beyond 200 ft. and into Re- placine Barges piling, under or Land &c. cover Car- when riage. Land- Deliver- re- ing. ing. quired. Uepiling, when not specified, half landing rate. Extra on cargoes of battens, if more than 14 parcels . . at per ) Petersburg standard ) - - 2 - Marking timber and deals (for delivery) per 120 pieces 1 - Uncovering or covering (when 10 square piles of deals ordered.) Uncovering or covering Bristol piles of deals, 3 to Do. 4 . 5 pieces wide and upwards Uncovering or covering Bristol piles of deals, 6 Do. 6 pieces wide and upwards Uncovering or covering square piles of deal ends , Do. - - 5 - - Uncovering or covering i Bristol piles of deal ends, Do. 2 3 to 5 pieces wide Uncovering or covering Bristol piles of deal ends, Do. _ _ 3 _ _. 6 pieces wide and upwards Deals, battens, &c., delivered direct from 1 7 quay to craft, at per Petersburg stand-ird hundred of 120 pieces of 12 feet 1 by 11 inches. Deals, battens, &c., when stocked out and 2 sorted for size or quality before delivery, at per Petersburg standard hundred of 120 pieces of 12 feet 1 by 11 inches. These prices include all necessary implements and gear, also laying proper dunnage, and covering at piling. In measuring steamers for extra distance, one-sixth of the length of vessel to be deducted, men to choose which end. The length of the bulk on the quay to be measured, then from the end selected by the gang one-sixth of the entire length to be deducted, and from that point, allowing half the width of the quay for the turn on all goods carried down the alley, the measurement is to be taken. In stocking out on the quay the measurement for the run to be taken from the same point and the same allowance made for width of quay. No turn allowed on goods carried down the alley after being stocked out. Exceeding 300 feet, double the amount allowed for extra distance. Goods landed ex craft, 40 feet allowed in measuring distance. When goods are landed from craft across the main road of the yard, 5s. per day will be allowed. Landing cargoes without a specification, Is. per Petersburg standard hun- dred extra. Landing from craft, 3d. per Petersburg standard extra. Landing cargoes over 700 Petersburg standard hundred discharged on quay, 4d. per standard extra, on the quantity over 700 standards. The rate also to apply to any portion of such cargoes taken into craft, if landed at the same yard. 348 DOCK AND WATERSIDE LABOUR. Corn Porters. London. The work of unloading corn in the Millwall Docks is ( except where mechanical elevators are employed) carried out by men working in gangs composed of seven men if for overside delivery, or gangs composed of three men if engaged on skip work irrespective as to whether it be light or heavy grain. Arrangements are provided for in the working rules of the men's Union for the equalisation of work by rotation of gangs. Under the agreement made May 24, 1900, between these men and the Dock Company (now the Port of London Authority) the work is paid for by piece-prices, and the money is divided equally among the members of each gang by the ganger in whose name the contract is made out and who alone receives the money from the Port Authority. When grain is stowed in fore-peak, lazarette, or store-room, it is usually worked at day-work rates, piece-work rates not being applicable owing to the position of the grain in the ship. Extra rates are paid for exceptionally dusty or damaged cargoes as per agreement with the men's Union. It will be noticed that the list also provides for cotton-seed, which is handled by corn porters. The number of men affected by this agreement is about 200. MILLWALL DOCKS. Rates of Pay. 1, Overside (or hand work) : (The work includes bushelling into Backs in the ship's hold, winching up, and landing into lighters.) Grain ... Heavy labour 20s. per 100 qrs. Light labour 16s. Gd. Cotton seed... Black (loose or sack work)... \\%d. per ton White ( )... Is. 2d. 2. Hopper-- Work : (The work includes bushelling into tabs in ship's hold arid landing into lighters. Tubs lifted by Port Authority per crane.) Grain ... Heavy labour (sack or loose)... 8*>. per 100 qrs. Light labour ( )... 6*. fid. Cottonseed... Black . 9s. Hoppers and skips are mechanical arrangements, which diminish the amount of manual work required. BRISTOL GRAIN PORTERS. 34 3. Skip* Work : (Work includes attending skip in ship's hold and landing into lighters Port Authority's crane and craneman.) Grain ... Heavy labour ......... 4.s-. per 100 qrs. Light labour ......... 3s. 3d. Cottonseed... Black ............ 4s. 6d. The above rates are increased for work after G p.m. as follows : 1. Overside Work : Grain ... Light and heavy ... ... %d. per qr. Cottonseed... Black and white ...... 20 per cent. Double rates are paid for work during meal times. Grain Porters. Bristol. As another example of a collective agreement between dock labourers and their employers with regard to grain work may be cited the agreement which governs the conditions of employment at Bristol. This agreement was made through the Bristol Corn Trade Arbitration Board,! and took effect as to weighers from July 2, 1900, and in other respects from August 13, 1900 ; it was slightly amended by agreements between the Bristol Channel and West of England Corn Trade Association and the Dockers' Union (Bristol District) made on February 22 and October 22, 1902. The agreement, as at present in force, is printed below in full : it regulates the conditions of employment of some 1,200 men. It will be seen that the number of men to be employed in carrying out particular kinds of work is fixed by the agreement. RULES, RATES AND CONDITIONS OF LABOUR. 1. Weighers. To be paid for weighing any kind of grain or seed up to 1,400 bushels, 4s. Qd. ; 1,500 bushels, 4s. 9d. ; 1,600 bushels, 5s. With 'AM. per hundred bushels after that quantity has been weighed. Minimum pay : If starting before 10 a.m. and retained the whole day, 4s. Qd. ; half day 2s. 3d., and 3%d. extras after 700 bushels. 2. Truckers, trimmers in sheds, and bag starters on vessels, to be paid for any kind of grain or seed up to 1,400 bushels, 4s. 3d. ; 1,500 bushels, 4s. Qd. ; 1,600 bushels, 4s. 9d. ; and 3%d. per hundred bushels after that quantity has been weighed. Minimum pay : If starting before 10 a.m. and retained the whole day, 4s. M. ; half a day, 2s. 2<.l. and 3%d. extras after 700 bushels. Skips and hoppers are mechanical arrangements, which diminish the amount of manual work required. f The rules of this Board are printed at pp. 263-5 of the Second Report on Conciliation and Arbitration Boards (Cd. 5346 of 1910). These rules provide for the deposit of 300 caution money by the employers, and a similar sum by the Dockers' Union. This caution money is to be available to recoup loss sustained by the non-compliance of either party with the terms of the Strike Settlement Agreement of July 7, 1900, or of any award given by the Board. 350 DOCK AND WATERSIDE LABOUR. 3. Bag Starters. Two men to be employed by the merchant and two by the stevedore, when the bushellers are measuring from bags only ; but when there are part bags and part bulk, then one man from the stevedore and one from the merchant and be paid same rate as above. 4. Heated Cargoes. When the temperature is over 102 degrees of heat an extra man is to be allowed by the merchant and one by the stevedore to each gang, but when the temperature falls below 102 the extra man will be with- drawn at the expiration of the current half day. 5. Truckers. The number of truckers according to distance. 6. Trimmers. One trimmer to be employed to each gang taking into store. 7. Overtime rate for weighers, truckers, bag starters, and trimmers (in stores) for any kind of grain or seed, per hundred bushels, 5%d. each. 8. Meters ex Ship and Hulk. Three men shall be employed in each gang to measure heavy grain and seeds, and to be paid at the rate of k\d. per hundred bushels, and for light grain and seeds 4d. per hundred bushels each man. Irish oats and open barges, two men in each gang, and be paid 4$d. per hundred bushels each. Truckers and trimmers are to be employed as soon as the meters have reached the between decks or the bottom of the vessels. 9. Heated Cargoes. When the temperature of grain in cargoes (other than African or Asian) exceeds 102 degrees of heat, an extra man shall be allowed. A thermometer shall be placed in the bulk as near as possible to each gang (by authorised persons as provided for in arbitration cases) morning and afternoon, not less than half-an-hour after work is commenced, and kept in the bulk three feet from the surface for five minutes. When the tempera- ture is found to be less than 102 degrees, the extra man at the expiration of the current half day shall be withdrawn. 10. Asian and African cargoes of grain. Should the men demand an extra busheller and the employers refuse to concede him, the dispute shall be settled by arbitration, all extra labour to be paid for as above. 11. Overtime for meters 6%d. per hundred bushels. Minimum rate of pay 2s. 12. Samplers to be paid 6s. per day. Minimum rate 3s. Overtime : Time and half ; Sundays, &c., double time. 13. Day Workers in the grain trade, when starting before 10 a.m. 4. landers to fill shed throughout after the fender is down, BRISTOL GRAIN PORTERS. 351 18. Overtime rate for landers, 62^. per hundred bushels each man. Minimum rate of pay 2s. 19. That at Avonmouth only, when lowering over ship's sides in sacks (from American liners only) an extra man is to be allowed to each gang for snortering and lowering, directly same becomes necessary, and to be paid same rate as truckers ; this does not apply to vessels of a smaller type than the steamship Lycia now running to Avonmouth. Overtime 5d. per hundred bushels. 20. Fixing Gangs on Vessels. When there is even numbers of gangs, they_ must be placed equal number on each side of the vessel, but if there is an odd gang, it shall be placed on either side as required by the employer. 21. Turning out ex Stores. That 3%d. per hundred bushels per man be paid for deliveries from all stores where the sieve is used, but when the bushel is used 4d. per hundred bushels per man shall be paid. The number of men engaged for such work shall not be less than six in each gang, but if there is bag starting, then eight men to each gang. Overtime, 5d. per hundred bushels. 22. Stack Deliveries. Four men shall be employed when in same sacks, but if started six men, and be paid kd. per hundred bushels each man. Overtime 6d. per hundred bushels. 23. Trimming to and from Elerators. Each man to be paid 5-9. Gd. per day. Overtime, time and half. 24. Taking into Store from Railway Trucks or Wagons. Four men to be employed and be paid 3$d. per hundred bushels per man. Overtime, 5irf. per hundred bushels. 25. Weighing grain or seeds in bags. When bag cargoes are weighed in ship's bags, the weight shall be averaged into bushels and paid for at same rates as bulk cargoes. 26. Extra weight. Should any kind of grain or seeds be weighed above the recognised standard of weights, it shall be averaged into bushels and be paid for same rates as above. 27. Oil Cake ex Ship. Two men to each gang shall be employed carrying into railway trucks, wagons or overside, and be paid M. per ton each man. Landers to mark the bags. The weigher to be paid 2d. per ton. 28. Oil Cake ex Store. Five men to be employed in each gang when taking into store, each man to be paid 2d. per ton, but when delivering from store \\d per ton each man ; if carrying is necessary, two men in the gang shall be paid 3d. per ton each Overtime, Id. per ton extra each man. 29. Flour ex Ship. Three men shall be employed to load railway trucks or wagons, but if going overside, two men, and be paid 2d. per ton each, and the weigher 2d. per ton. 30. ex Store. Four men to deliver ex store and to be paid 2d. per ton each man ; if through distance any other men are required they shall be paid at the same rate. Overtime, Id per ton extra each. 31. Winching. Each man employed winching shall be paid 4rZ. per hundred bushels heavy or light grain or seed. Overtime, Id. per hundred bushels each man extra. * For the purpose of calculating wages payable on oats the following standards of weights shall be adopter! -.black, mixed, and tawney oats, 38 Ibs. per bushel ; white oats, 40 Ibs. per bushel. White oats jnay be worked at less than 40 Ibs. but not lower than 38 Ibs. per bushel. 352 DOCK AND WATERSIDE LABOUR. 32. The hours of the men employed by stevedores working on grain vessels to be the same as corn porters. 33. Rate of Pay for Holiday Worlc. Sunday, Christmas Day and Good Friday, double pay. Bank Holidays, night work rates. 34. Hours of Labour. From and including March 1st to October 31st, 8 a.m. to G p.m. ; from and including November 1st to February 28th, 8am. to 4 p.m ; Saturdays, 8 a.m. to 1.30 p.m Overtime to commence half-an- hour after the above hours. 35. Meal times by Day. Allowance from 1030 to 11 a.m., dinner from 1 to 2 p.m, allowance from 4 to 4.30 pm in the March to October hours. Allowance from 10.30 to 11 a.m , dinner from 1 to 1.30 p.m. in the November to February hours. Night work, tea from to 6.30 ; supper from 10 to 11 p.m., and refreshments from 3 to 3.30 a.m. 36. The Board has resolved that until further notice, should an Arbitration be demanded by either bhe merchants or the men, the Dockers' Union be asked to name an Arbitrator to meet the Merchants' Arbitrator, and in case of disagreement between the said Arbitrators, and their failure to choose an Umpire, the Board proceed at once to name one. Should the Board be unable to agree, the Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce be asked to nominate an Umpire to act in the cass, whose decision shall be final. Four Members of the Board to constitute a quorum for the selection of an Umpire. Coal Trimmers. Cardiff and Newport. At Cardiff and Newport the work of "trimming" coal, i.e., distributing it evenly in the holds and bunkers of vessels, is carried out under collective agreements between the work- men and their employers, which specify in detail the prices to be paid per ton, according to the circumstances under which this work is performed in different cases circumstances which vary greatly according to the class of vessel to be dealt with and the facilities afforded. The agreements in these two ports, which regulate the con- ditions of employment of about 1,800 men at Cardiff, and about 500 at Newport, are of a generally similar character. The Cardiff agreement of December 15, 1890, was revised by an agreement made on January 22, 1902 ; certain further amendments were made on April 14, 1902, and the agreement was (so far as concerns cargo work) subsequently revised by a fresh agreement, which came into operation on January 1, 1907. The Newport agreement of July 1, 1890 (printed at pp. 270-272 of the Report on Standard Piece Rates of 1900, Cd. 144) was revised as to " self-trimming " steamers (vessels specially constructed in such a manner as to facilitate greatly the work of trimming) on April 25, 1901, as to bunker work on February 12, 1902, and again, as to cargo work, by a subsequent agreement which came into operation on April 3, 1908. The full list of prices for ordinary vessels at Newport is given below. 353 I. CARGO TRIMMING TARIFF. STEAMERS. Per ton. Cargoes tipped into the holds of one deck steamers d. Registered since 1st January, 1898 2 Other one deck steamers 2f Two deck steamers Two deck steamers launched since 1896 and carrying not less than 5,000 tons cargo 3j Other two deck steamers ... ... ... ... ... ... 3i Three deck steamers ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4f Four deck steamers 5f One deck steamers with extended bridge decks, awning decks or shelter decks 2 With ^<7. per ton extra on coal tipped through such shelter, awning or bridge deck. Provided that where cargo is carried on the main deck, the two deck rate of 3ic. per ton is to be paid on all coal shipped on such main deck and into the lower hold covered by such main deck. " Llanover," " Shandon," " Southport " and " Exmouth " type of Steamers If the quantity of bunkers taken is 900 tons or more ... 2 If the quantity of bunkers taken is less than 900 tons ... 2^ But should the whole of the thwart-ship bunker space be placed at the disposal of the trimmers, 2d. per ton only to be charged. Single deck turret steamers 2 Provided that in the case of those turrets which, prior to the 3rd day of April, 1908, paid more or less than 2d. per ton, the tariff shall be decided by a Trimming Board, and pending such decision the old rates shall apply. Single deck trunk steamers 1 Self Trimmers The rates in force in the Port of Newport (Mon.) on the 2nd of April, 1908, for the respective "Self Trimming" steamers to apply to such steamers under this tariff. The Trrmming Board to decide the rate for any " Self Trimmer " coming to the Port, the rate for which was not fixed at the 2nd April, 1908. Tanks When coal is tipped into a tank, the tank to be counted as a deck. Insulated Steamers The rates for Insulated steamers to be fixed by the Trimming Board, and pending the decision of the Board, the rates in force at the 2nd April, 1908, to apply. STEAMERS PARTLY LOADED, All coal on board as cargo, in steamers coming into Port, to pay the same rate as above tariff. All steamers having on board iron, fuel, or other goods as part cargo, to pay l%d. per ton in addition to the tariff, for all coal or coke shipped in any hold in which the iron, fuel, or goods had been previously shipped, but only in case the iron, fuel or other goods exceed one-third of the quantity taken in such hold. COAL WHEELED. All cargo coals wheeled to pay 4d. per ton in addition to the tariff. 333H Z 354 DOCK AND WATERSIDE LABOUR. SAILING VESSELS. Cargoes tipped into vessels under 200 tons burden, 3d. per ton. All available hatchways to be used, otherwise the ship will be charged according to the number of hatchways used. Cargoes tipped into vessels over 200 tons and under 1,000 tons burden : Per ton. 1 deck vessels d. When three or more hatchways are used ... ... ... 2f When two hatchways are used 3 When one hatchway only is used 3f 1 deck vessels When three or more hatchways are used ... ... ... 3 When two hatchways are used 3J When one hatchway only is used 4 2 deck vessels When three or more hatchways are used 3 When two hatchways are used 4 When one hatchway only is used 4 2 deck vessels When three or more hatchways are used 4^ When two hatchways are used 4f When one hatchway only is used ... ... ... ... ... 5^ Cargoes tipped into vessels over 1,000 tons burden : 1 deck vessels When three or more hatchways are used 3| When two hatchways are used 4| When one hatchway only is used 4f 1 deck vessels When three or more hatchways are used 4 When two hatchways are used ... ... ... ... ... 4 When one hatchway only is used 5 2 deck vessels When three or more hatchways are used 4 When two hatchways are used ... ... ... ... ... 5 When one hatchway only is used 5| 2^ deck vessels When three or more hatchways are used 5 When two hatchways are used 5f When one hatchway only is used ... ... ... ... 63- 3 deck vessels When three or more hatchways are used 5 When two hatchways are used 6^ When one hatchway only is used 7 3i deck vessels When three or more hatchways are used When two hatchways are used When one hatchway only is used 4 deck vessels When three or more hatchways are used 6f When two hatchways are used 1\ When one hatchway only is used 8 All decks in sailing vessels to count, whether the hatchways are cased round or not. SAILING VESSELS PARTLY LOADED. All coal on board as cargo in sailing vessels coming in Port to pay the same rate as above tariff. All sailing vessels having on board iron, fuel, or other goods as part cargo, to pay \%d. per ton in addition to the tariff for all coals or coke taken on board, but only in case the iron, fuel, and other goods exceed one-third of the cargo. NEWPORT COAL TRIMMERS' LISTS. 355 WHEELED COAL. All cargo coals wheeled to pay kd. per ton in addition to the tariff. EXTRA BULKHEADS. All sailing vessels having extra bulkheads to pay \d. per ton extra for each bulkhead all through the cargo. LEVELLING. When a vessel is partly loaded with coals, and the coals have to be levelled throughout in order to take in coke or other cargo, 3d. per ton for levelling must be paid on one-third of the whole quantity shipped in addition to the tariff ; but if a small quantity only has to be levelled, 3d. per ton must be paid on the quantity so levelled. SCREENING COAL. Per ton. d. For single screening a cargo Of For double screening a cargo ... 1 COKE. For vessels under 1 ,000 tons burden : 1 deck 7f li decks 8 2 decks 9 For vessels over 1,000 tons burden : 1 deck 8f H decks 9; 2 decks 2 decks 3 decks lOf The coke tariff for vessels over 1,000 tons burden applies to vessels capable of carrying over 1,000 tons of coal or other cargo, and not to the actual amount of coke shipped. All decks to count, whether the hatchways are cased or not. HATCHWAYS. All available hatches, both in sailing vessels and steamers, to be used. LEAVING OFF WORK. All work to cease at 5 p.m. on Saturday, Christmas Eve, and the day before Good Friday ; but if the vessel can be finished by 8 p.m., this is to be done. All work to recommence at 7 a.m. on Mondays. In case of any new steamers which through their construction may be especially difficult to trim, or exceptionally easy to trim, owners or trimmers shall be entitled to refer same to a Trimming Board, which shall be con- stituted and which shall be empowered to determine the claims of the respective parties as to a special rate being fixed for such steamers. II. BUNKER TRIMMING TARIFF. NEWPORT (MoN.) BUNKER TRIMMING TARIFF. Dated 12th of February, 1902. It is hereby agreed by and between the representatives of the shipowners, coal shippers, and trimmers of Newport, that on and after the 1st day of 33311 Z 2 356 DOCK AND WATERSIDE LABOUR. March, 1902, the charges for trimming bunker coals on board steam vessels at Newport shall be in accordance with the following scales : Per ton. Side Bunkers d. One deck ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5^ Two decks 6f Three decks 9f Four decks 1*. 0|d. Bridge and all other decks to count. Thwartship Bunkers One deck 3 Two decks 4 Three decks ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Four decks ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Bridge and all other decks to count. If the thwart bunker hatchway cannot be used, and the coal has to be passed through the side bunker hatch, the rate shall be according to the side bunker price. All bunker coal wheeled to pay 4d. per ton extra on the quantity so wheeled. When bunker coals are shipped in the 'tween decks only of thwartships, or around trunked cargo hatchways, the charge shall be 5d. per ton in either case. Where no thwartship hatch exists, only side holes on weather deck, then the rate to be the same as side bunkers. All bunker coals shipped in the lower holds of cargo hatches to pay cargo rates. Bunker coal shipped in 'tween decks only of cargo holds to pay Id. per ton more than cargo rates. Any special agreement entered into between shipowners, shippers, and officials of the Coal Trimmers' Union for the trimming of bunker coal, prior to adoption of this tariff, shall not be interfered with. This tariff is to apply to self -trimmers already frequenting the Port, and paying full bunker rates. The foregoing being the agreed bunker tariff of the Port, any agreement made to work for less than the rates specified will not be binding, or recog- nised either by the Shipowners, Shippers, or the Coal Trimmers' Union. Any question or dispute arising under this Tariff of Charges, or of the bunkering of any steamer which may not be provided for therein, shall be referred to and adjudicated upon by the Newport Conciliation Board, and should such a committee be unable to agree, the decision of an umpire selected by them shall be final and binding upon both shipowners, coal shippers, and trimmers. Matters not dealt with in the above Cargo or Bwiker Tariff. Any difficulty arising in respect to any matter not provided for in the above tariffs to be decided by the Trimming Board, and pending their decision no stoppage of work shall take place. SELF-TRIMMING STEAMERS. The prices paid for tipping in self-trimming steamers depend on the size and shape of the steamer, and the printed list enumerates all the steamers with " self -trimmers " frequenting the port giving a special price for each. The prices paid solely to the tippers, who work in gangs of about 10, and GENERAL DOCK LABOUR (LONDON). 357 not include any charge for gear, &c. An overtime rate is in force, as in the case of the previous list. The following extract from the list will be sufficient to show its general character : s. d. Abermead 500 and full bunker price. Abertawe... Advance ... Advent ... Alassio Alice Depeaux Alacrity ... . per ton for cargo and full bunker price (7f d.). 10 bunkers included. 500 cargo and 5fo5. per ton bunkers. 10 and full bunker price. 700 and side bunkers to be paid for. 500 bunkers included. It will be seen that the lump-price includes the filling of bunkers in some cases, but not in others where the full tonnage rate for bunkers (see previous list) is to be added. With respect to rates for new self-trimming steamers, this agreement provides, that " charges for any self-trimmers not in this list must be fixed before or during the loading by two fore- men, two coal-trimmers, and two shipowners (or their agents) all of Newport." General Dock Labour. London. As an illustration of a general agreement between employers and employed regulating the conditions of employment in relation to dock labour of various kinds (loading and discharging), the arrangements in force in London with regard to work done by members of the Amalgamated Stevedores' Labour Protection League may usefully be cited. The number of men, whose conditions of employment are regulated by this agreement, is about 4,000. In February, 1908, the London Master Stevedores' Association and the Trade Union just mentioned agreed to refer to the Arbitration of the London Labour Con- ciliation and Arbitration Board certain matters or questions in difference between them as to rates and conditions in the working rules of the League (some of these rates and con- ditions having already been agreed to between the parties, and the arbitrators being requested to include these agreed points in their award). On March 13, 1908, the arbitrators appointed by the Board issued their award, by which they adjudged, that on and from June 1, 1908, the working rules, rates and conditions of the League in the terms appended to the award should be binding upon the League and also upon the Association (except where otherwise provided)*, and that the conditions of this award should be binding upon the parties for three years from the last-mentioned date and thereafter until the expiration of six months' notice given by either party through the Board, in which event, and also in the event of any dispute as to interpretation or otherwise arising out of the award, which * This refers to working arrangements of the League not included in the statement printed below. 358 DOCK AND WATERSIDE LABOUR. tke parties might be unable to settle by mutual agreement, the same should stand referred to the Board. The conditions of employment referred to in this award are as stated below : ###*## TIMES OF CALL. Sec. 1. There shall be five times of calling, viz. : 1st, 6.45 a.m. ; 2nd, 7.45 a.m. (for discharging only) ; 3rd, 8.45 a.m. ; 4th, 12.45 p.m., and 5th, 5.45 p.m. No member shall allow himself to be taken on before these times, but shall enter the dock gates at the hour, and no non-member shall be taken on before the hour. Sec. 2. Tilbury Docks only : 1st, 7 a.m. ; 2nd, 8 a.m. (for discharging only) ; 3rd, 9 a.m. ; 4th, 1 p.m., and 5th, 6 p.m. Sec. 3. Members required to discharge perishable cargoes may be taken on at any time during the day, on the arrival of the ship, due notice having been given at the previous time of call. Members required to start work after 6 p.m. may be taken on at 5.45 p.m., and ordered for the time required. Every member so ordered to receive one hour's pay in addition to the ordinary pay for the time worked, and if not required to start, to receive three hours' pay (unless stopped by weather, in which case he shall receive one hour's pay in addition to the hour's pay for being taken on), and if required to stand by longer than these times, to be paid as if at work ; but no member shall be entitled to receive double pay for meal times when standing by. Sec. 4. Members required to start work (loading or discharging) on a Sunday night, may be engaged at 5.45 on the previous evening and ordered for the time required, subject to the conditions embodied in the preceding paragraph. Any member breaking this rule to be fined not less than 6s. for each offence. RATES OF PAY. Sec. 1. No member of this society to work more than nine hours for a day's work (between 7 a.m. and 5 p.m.) or to receive less than 6s. for the same, for loading, discharging, or any description of stevedore work. Sec. 2. No member of this society shall work for less than Sd. per hour, or fraction of an hour, between 7 a.m. and 5 p.m. Sec. 3. No members taken on to be paid off with less than three hours' pay, unless stopped by weather, in which case they shall receive one hour's pay if unable to start (and shall go to the ship and stand by for the hour if required) ; but, if detained longer, to be paid as if at work, such pay to be according to day or night pay. Sec. 4. All members to be paid within half an hour of the termination of their employment. If detained longer to be paid as if at work. No member shall allow himself to be paid aboard ship or to receive another member's money, and no member shall remain aboard the ship during meal hours. STEAM WINCH, &c. Every member driving a steam winch, steam crane or hydraulic crane or derrick or holding on runners on winch ends or bodies, to receive 6d. per day extra, or fraction of a day, and the same at night, or fraction of a night (members working piecework, or turning on steam, excluded). The fraction of a day to be any time between 7 a.m. and 5 p.m., and the fraction of a night any time between 5 p.m. and 7 a.m. Extra rate for driving winch to apply when driving guy winch. Every member having charge of a donkey engine to be paid 7s. per day, steam or no steam, and all overtime. GENERAL DOCK LABOUR (LONDON). 359 EXTRA RATES. Members working at the undermentioned goods to receive Is. a day or fraction of a day extra. The fraction of a day to mean any time between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m., the fraction of a night any time between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m. Members knocked off by weather during the day, and starting again before 7 p.m. shall only be entitled to receive one extra shilling for that day, under this rule. Timber (discharging only) 50 pieces per gang per day. Pickled timber or sleepers (wood or iron). Sleepers "1 Poles (3 in. butts or upwards) Pulpwood (heartwood excluded) j- Discharging only (50 pieces or upwards) . Pitprops Lathwood J Boiler covering Pebbles Pitch Asphalte Manure Nitrate of soda Sulphur Chalk (any kind) Flints r"Bag or bulk. Ground glass Coke Coals Fuller's earth (any kind) Oxide of iron Whiting Charcoal Plumbago or graphite j Scrap iron ) Barbed wire * In casks or cases excepted. Bricks (any shape or make)) Malt, 10 tanks or 68 quarters, bags excluded except when cut and started. Flour (discharging only). Pig-iron. Dates (100 boxes or mats or upwards, irrespective of the number of parcels or consignments). Salted sealskins [ u nT1< qi pq Wet hides | Bulk or bundles. Tar ) Tallow (other than foreign or colonial) ((if 50 casks and upwards Oil (any kind, except in drums or cases) C per gang). Resin ) Frozen meat (ships' stores excepted.) Asbestos powder ) T r Sumac | ln LIMITS AND DEFINITIONS OP FOREGOING. Pitch, cement, manure, nitrate of soda, Fuller's earth, chalk, whiting, charcoal, oxide of iron, plumbago or graphite, pig-iron, asbestos powder, and sumac, upwards of one ton. Barbed wire, upwards of 20 reels or bundles. Bricks, where a total quantity of 25,000 is loaded into or unloaded from a vessel (irrespective of the number of parcels or consignments), members shall receive the extra pay for each fraction of a day or night that they are so 360 DOCK AND WATERSIDE LABOUR. Manure, any production intended for fertilization of land. Scrap iron, any description of old iron, or old or new iron cuttings requiring re-smelting before manufacture. Definition of timber to be 6 feet long and 6 inches thick.* MEAL TIMES. Dinner from 12 till 1 (Sundays, Christmas Day, and Good Friday, from 1 to 2) ; tea from 5 to 6 ; supper from 10 to 11 p.m. in the Victoria, Albert, and Tilbury Docks, other docks from 11 till 12 p.m. ; breakfast from 6 till 7 a.m. when working all night or part of night. Every member working meal hours to receive double pay, such double pay to be according to day or night pay. Every member breaking this rule to be fined not less than 5s. for each offence. OVERTIME. Sec. 1. No member of this society to work overtime for less than Is. per hour or fraction of an hour between 5 p.m. and 7 a.m. (meal hours included). Members working all night to have three hours for meals. Every member commencing work before 10 p.m. to be paid for the first meal hour. Every member working after 10 p.m. to be paid for the second meal hour ; or if working after 2 a.m. to be paid for the third meal hour, or commencing work before I a.m. to be paid for the hour previous. Every member required to work after 7 a.m. after working all night, shall receive overtime pay until finished, provided he starts work at or before 1 p.m, on the previous day. Sec. 2. All members working piecework (loading or discharging), if required to work meal-time or overtime, shall receive in addition to the piecework rate half the rate they would receive if working by the hour. TILBURY DOCK. Sec. 1. Members working at Tilbury Dock to receive 6s. per day (from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m,), and if sent from London their fares to be paid to and from the dock. Sec. 2. Members sent to Tilbury Dock shall receive not less than five hours' pay and to have an hour's pay riding the return journey, the same to apply to any broken time less than one day. If working one day or beyond that, the hour's trainage to be waived. Sec. 3. This rule to apply to vessels in river from Charlton to Northfleet, inclusive. GRAVESEND. Members going to Gravesend, or any place below Tilbury Dock, to be paid the usual pay while absent from London ; 5s. per night to be paid if detained all night, yet not working. No member to be paid double pay while in the train or other conveyance. If members are ordered to stand by the ship during the night they shall be paid as if at work. * On November 23, 1908, it was decided by arbitrators appointed by the London Labour Conciliation and Arbitration Board, that certain workmen were entitled under these rules to receive Is. extra per man for loading cement before 7 p.m., the quantity having been upwards of 1 ton. On November 30, 1909, arbitrators similarly appointed to decide whether certain workmen working oil must, according to the correct interpretation of these rules, handle 50 casks of oil before 7 p.m,, and 50 casks after 7 p.m to entitle them to "receive an extra shilling for the fraction of a day and an extra shilling for the fraction of a night, adjudged, that the men who were engaged in loading oil after 7 p.m. on the occasion in question were not entitled to receive la. extra per man for loading oil after 7 pan., the quantity being less than 50 casks. GENERAL DOCK LABOUR (LONDON). 361 SUNDA.YS, CHRISTMAS DAY, &c. No member of this society to work on Sunday, Christmas Day or Good Friday for less than double pay, to commence at midnight and cease at midnight, such double pay to be double day or double overtime. Members working piecework, shall receive, in addition to the piecework rate, half the rate they would receive if working by the hour. BANK HOLIDAYS. All members required to work on any Bank Holiday shall be paid at the rate of time and half: for any time worked between the hours of 7 a.m. and 5 p.m. Members working piecework, shall receive, in addition to the piece- work rate, half the rate they would receive if working by the hour. PIECEWORK. DISCHARGING RATES. Employer in all cases to find all gear and be responsible for the same. The question of whether work be done at daywork or piecework rates to be settled by arrangement between employers and members. In the event of a dispute arising, members are to proceed with the work on the lines suggested by the employers (who will at once notify the Amalgamated Stevedores' Labour Protection League) until the point in dispute is settled by the society. Sec. 1. All members working piecework, discharging or loading, to be paid day-work rate while the job is proceeding, the surplus to be shared equally at the termination of the job. Sec. 2. No member to work for less than the following rates : Deals, Boards, Battens, &c. (Outside Work). Per standard. Deals (all goods upwards of 2 by 7, and 5 ft. and upwards in length) lOd. All goods rating from 2 by 4 to 2 by 7, including Canadian and American rough boards ... .. ... ... 11^. Planed boards, slating battens, scantlings, mouldings, and short ends under 5 ft. in length ; and rough boards other than Canadian and American Is. All members working outside at the above goods to receive not less than Is. per hour (from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m.). All members working overtime (from 5 p.m. to 7 a.m.) at the above goods, to receive Is. 6d. per hour (meal hours included). Sec. 3.* Larch, birch, oak, pitch pine, Oregon pine, and all classes of hard wood Is. 3d. per standard. Members working day-work outside at these goods to receive Is. per hour from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m., and Is. Qd. per hour from 5 p.m. to 7 a.m. (meal hours included). Members working inside at these goods to receive Is. extra for each fraction of a day or night. The fraction of a day or night to be as per Rule 5. Not less than s. d. Sec. 4. Stone (any kind) and iron 9 per ton. Phosphate rock 11 rock (Pensacola) 16 Pig lead 08 Copper ore ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 09 And for breaking down large copper ore 2d. per ton extra, for the quantity in the hold where the breaking down is necessary. * By an award made on August 14, 1908, by arbitrators appointed by the London Labour Conciliation and Arbitration Board, it was adjudged that, during the period specified in the award of March 13, 1908, the terms and conditions of this section should remain unaltered. 362 DOCK AND WATERSIDE LABOUR. Not less than *. d. Guano in bulk (including stitching) 8 per ton. Nitrate of soda 10 Asphalte (in bulk) 1 4 (block) 1 Pitch (in bulk) 1 4 (in casks) ... ... ... ... ... 10 Cheese., ... ... ... ... ... Paper (bales, reams and reels) 09 Oil (any kind) turpentine, resin and tar (in casks) (when going ashore or into craft by hydraulic) 8 Oil (when going into craft, by steam) 09 Black cottonseed (loose) 11 (sackwork) 10 White . ... 1 2 Esparto grass (weighed or not) Yalonia (loose) 20 (sackwork) 26 Sulphur Locust beans (loose) 13 (sackwork) 2 6 Sugar (with crew driving winches) 7 (and find own winch driver) 8 Flour (with steam) 9 (with Dock Co.'s crane) Oilcake (with steam) (with Dock Co.'s crane) 7 Onions 10 Meal (with steam) (with Dock Co.'s crane) Oxide of iron (with steam) 6 (with Dock Co.'s crane) 14 Grain or seed in bags (from South American ports, weighed or not, including picking up loose and needling) 1 Grain or seed in bags from other ports (with steam) ... or seed in bags (with Dock Co.'s crane) 07 Scrap iron 14 Glass 1 Spelter 8 Paper pulp ... ... ... ... ... ... 08 Poles (excluding telephone and telegraph poles), not exceeding 30 ft in length ... 7 per 100 Poles (excluding telephone and telegraph poles), exceeding 30 ft. in length 80 * Sleeper blocks (two halves to count as one) 84 ,, In exceptional cases, or where the work is done by hand winch, additional rates may be made. Where necessary to use both steam and crane in discharging, the employer shall pay the winchman in addition to the rate for Dock Company's crane. LOADING RATES. Employer in all cases to find all gear, and to be responsible for same. The question of whether work be done at daywork or piecework rates to be settled by arrangement between employers and members. In the event of * Not to apply to sleeper blocks or sleepers unloaded direct from vessels on to sleeper wharves. By an award made on November 5, 1908, by arbitrators appointed by the London Labour Conciliation and Arbitration Board, it was adjudged, that the meaning is, that this price applies " in all cases, and irrespective of sizes." GENERAL DOCK LABOUR (LONDON). 363 a dispute arising members are to proceed with the work on the lines suggested by the employers (who will at once notify the Amalgamated Stevedores' Labour Protection League) until the point in dispute is settled by the society. Not less than s. d. Chalk and pig lead 10 per ton. Cement (pockets) 10 (in bag.) 9 Pitch (in bulk) (not to apply to pitch loaded direct at tar distilling works) 14 Pitch (in casks) 010 - Scrap iron ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 14 Galvanised iron (cases and bundles) 1 4 Iron and steel (bars, bundles, rails, plates, &c.) 1 Rice (in bags 200 Ibs. weight and upwards) 9 (in bags under 200 Ibs. weight) 10 Coals and sulphur ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 Coke (measurement only) ... ... ... ... ... 2 Copra, in bulk (including trimming) 1 4 in bags or bales 9 Pebbles (in bulk) 1 1 Tallow, oil (any kind) in casks, turpentine, resin and tar 10 f Bricks (not less than 12 men in a gang) 3%d. per man per 1,000 * Pickled sleepers, not exceeding 4 ft. 6 in. in length ... 3 9 per 100 not exceeding 6 ft. 6 in. in length ... 4 6 exceeding 6 ft. 6 in. in length ... 7 6 In exceptional cases, or where work is done by hand winch, additional rates may be made. DELAY IN STARTING (PIECEWORK). All members engaged for a piecework job, whether loading or discharging, if unable to start shall receive three hours' pay (unless stopped by weather, in which case they shall receive one hour's pay, and shall go to the ship and stand by for the hour if required) ; but if detained or ordered to stand by longer than these times shall be paid as if at work. LIMITS OF PIECEWORK. Every member working piecework at any goods other than those mentioned in Rule 12 and Rule 13 [i.e., those specified above under " Discharging Rates " and "Loading Rates" respectively] or for less than the rate mentioned therein, or with less than eight men in a gang (twelve men for bricks, and nine men for phosphate rock or copper ore), or taking a piecework job and wilfully leaving it unfinished, shall be summoned before the Executive Council and dealt with accordingly. The Executive Council shall have power from time to time, by agreement with the employers, to make such additions to the piecework rules and rates (both loading and discharging) as may be found necessary. NUMBER OF MEN IN GANGS FOR TIMBER AND STONE (DISCHARGING). Sec. 1. In the case of steamers discharging timber there shall be not less than three men per gang in each hold. Sec. 2. In the case of steamers discharging stone there shall be not less than three men in the hold per gang discharging kerb and prepared blocks, and not less than four men in the hold per gang discharging pitchings. RESTRICTIONS AS TO WORKING. No member to work more than one day and one night continuously, unless the ship can finish by 10 a.m., and any vessel leaving the dock after 7 a.m., and requiring men to go to Gravesend, fresh men to be engaged. * Not to include sleepers loaded direct into vessels at sleeper wharves. 364 DOCK AND WATERSIDE LABOUR. Every member commencing work at or before 1 p.m. and finishing after midnight shall not allow himself to be employed before the expiration of at least 24 hours from his time of ceasing work. Members commencing work at 6 p.m. shall not work after 6 p.m. on the following day unless the ship can finish by 9 p.m. No members shall work after 10 p.m. for two nights in succession. No member of this society shall be allowed to handle runners, falls, or guys on winch ends or bodies, whether piecework or daywork, and also turn on steam. No member to work with member of ship's crew handling cargo, explosives alone excepted. No member will be allowed to start work under the influence of drink. In the case of a trade dispute arising members are not to cease work without instructions from the Executive or its representative, and any member knocking off between the hours of call without just cause, to be summoned before the Council and dealt with accordingly. Every member breaking either of the foregoing clauses to be fined not more than 10s. for each offence. After a gang of men is taken on, no member of that gang to be knocked off, unless with just cause, to make room for other men to take their places. Any member taking the place of another so knocked off during the day or night to be summoned before the Council and dealt with to the extent of compensating the member so knocked off for his loss of time. ABUSIVE LANGUAGE. Every member making use of abusive language to a fellow member or to an employer or his representative will be liable to be summoned before the Executive Council, and dealt with accordingly, and in the event of any employer or his representative using abusive language, to any member or members, they shall communicate with the General Secretary. BROACHING CARGO. Every member charged by an employer with broaching cargo shall be summoned before the Executive Council, and if the charge is proven, shall be dealt with by the Council, even to the extent of expulsion from the Society, if no legal proceedings are taken. 365 WOODWORKING TRADES. COOPERING. The agreements, under which the conditions of employment in the coopering trade are regulated, provide, for the most part^ for piece-wage payment, although in some districts the payment of time- wages is usually adopted for the whole or part of the work. The piece lists mentioned below relate to Burton-on-Trent and Liverpool. In the case of the former the list deals with work, the bulk of which is done for brewers, and the extracts selected for publication relate to classes of work carried on in the Burton district ; while from the Liverpool list extracts are given, which relate to work done in connection with the shipping industry. Burton-on-Trent. The piece list current in this locality was agreed to between representatives of the brewers and master coopers and the local Journeymen Coopers' Philanthropic Society on March 19, 1898, and has taken the place of the list which had been in operation since 1890. About 600 workpeople are paid according to the list. The following extract from the list shows the rates paid for making the best brewers' work. The terms "tonguers," " doublets," and " straight cuts " are used to denote staves cut and shaped in particular ways, which it is unnecessary to describe in detail. " Undersized," as the term implies, signifies specially narrow staves. " Crown " and " Brack " denote first and inferior quality of staves respectively. BREWERS' EXTRA STOUT WORK. Description of Cask. Tonguers or Doublets. Straight Cuts. Crown. Brack or Undersized. Crown. Brack or Undersized. Butts ... ... *. d. 6 9 5 6f 4 6 3 11J 3 9 3 2i 2 10i 2 7 s. d. 7 5 9J 4 10 4 1* 3 11| 3 4J 2 Hi 2 8 s. d. 6 9 5 9 4 5i 4 3 10 3 H 2 10* 2 7i s. d. 7 1 5 11 4 9i 4 2 4 3 3 2 11J 2 8* Puncheons Hogsheads Barrels ... ... ... J-Hogsheads and 24 gallons Kilderkins 12 Gallons Firkins and all under ... 366 COOPERING. BREWERS' EXTRA STOUT WORK FLAT CUT. Description of Cask. Tonguers or Doublets. Straight Cuts. Crown. Brack or Undersized. Crown. Brack or Undersized. Butts *. d. 7 3| 6 2i 4 Hi 4 3 4 Oi 3 7i 3 li 2 Hi s. d. 7 7i 6 4| 5 2i 4 4i 4 3 3 9i 3 li 3 Oi s. d. 1 4 6 3 4 10i 4 3i 4 1 3 7 3 li 2 Hi *. d. 7 7 6 6i 5 2 4 5i 4 3 3 8 3 li 3 Oi Puncheons Hogsheads Barrels i- Hogsheads and 24 gallons .. Kilderkins 12 G-allons Firkins and all under ... SUBSTANCE OF STIVES EXTRA STOUT WORK. Butts, puncheons, hogsheads, and barrels not to exceed If in. in the chimb, and not to exceed li in. in the bulge. Kilderkins and all under not to exceed If in. in the chimb, and not to exceed If in. in the bulge. All rough or inferior timber to be considered brack. All staves averaging less than 5 in. wide to be considered brack. All to be flatted from staves not less than 5 in. wide ; if under, 2d. per cask extra. Substance of all flat cut staves same as broad. Short staves, Id. per set extra. With regard to the terms used in the above clauses, it should be explained that the " chimb " of a stave is the thickest part (the ends), the " bulge " being the thinner part (in the middle). The width and " gauge " of hooping for extra stout work are as follows : Width. Width. Inches. Gauge. Inches. Gauge. Butts End ... 2i .. 12 Kilderkins End 2i . 12 Upper Quarter If . 14 Bulge 2 . 13 Lower Quarter If . 14 12 Gallons End 2 . 12 Bulge ... 2^ . 13 Bulge If . 14 Hogsheads End 2i . 12 Firkins End ... 2^ . 12 Quarter If . 14 Bulge ... If . 14 Bulge 2 . 13 6 Gallons and under Barrels End ... 2i . 12 End ... If . 13 Quarter If . 14 Bulge ... If . 14 Bulge ... 2 . 13 All hoops over the above width or gauge, id. per hoop extra. The prices stated above are given as an illustration of the part of this list dealing with new work made by hand. But to a great extent machine-made casks have taken the place of hand- made ; and a large proportion of the work paid for under the list now consists in repairs. The prices for repairing brewers' casks depend upon the number of staves or heads that are defective. Single repairing price is paid up to three staves, or one and two staves and one head 5 one-and-a-half repairing BURTON COOPERS' PRICE LIST. 367 price for four staves, three staves and one head, or two heads ; double repairing price for five or six staves, four or five staves and one head, one, two or three staves and two heads ; two- and-a-half repairing price for seven or eight staves, six or seven staves and one head, four staves and two heads ; treble repairing price for nine staves, eight staves and one head, five or six staves and two heads. It is provided that : As the Brewers are the owners of the casks, the decision, as to what repairs should be done to their own property, naturally rests with them ; it is therefore agreed, that the brewers 1st. Should examine all casks for themselves, and condemn those not worth repairing. 2nd. Should chop the defective parts. 3rd. j Should hand over the casks to the journeymen coopers with instructions merely to take out the parts chopped by the Brewers' Trimmers. The coopers are at liberty to call the further attention of the Trimmer to any casks where the chopped parts do not properly represent the necessary repairs required. In all cases the decision of the Trimmer must be final. The single repairing prices are as follows : Butts Ordinary. s. d. 1 Q 3 - Drawn Joints. s. d. 1 I 1 Hogsheads ... ... 09^ ... J- J. 4 10 1 Barrels ... ... 1\ 7 3 Kilderkins and all under 6 6* It is provided, that certain kinds of work are to be done on time wages, while as to work for which a piece price is stated in the list, an y such work " may, at the option of the employer, be done day work," The following are the day work rates : DAY WORK. s. d. Regular day work per day 5 9 Regular day workmen holding a block ... 63 Repairing brewing utensils 63 All piece-workmen holding a block required for day work 69 Men taken from piece-work not holding a block to be paid 63 Repairing Union casks ,, 73 Vat and mash tun making and repairing ... 80 Tools for country work to be supplied by the employer. Fifty-four hours to constitute a week. The Burton agreement also contains the following special and general provisions : Employers to supply and keep in repair Horses, Bickirons, Jointers, Inside Planes, Cressets, Truss Hoops, Gas, and Grindstones. Cresset making Hogsheads and all over, Is. ; all sizes under. 9d. each, or Day Work. Rolled Hoops are included in all prices mentioned for Old Work. Laying up Heads to be done Day Work. All Timber which, besides being under average, is also rough and inferior, is to be paid double the extra price payable for under average Timber. 368 COOPERING. Coopers to give and receive one week's notice. Prices for labour which are not specified in this Book shall be agreed upon by the Masters and Journeymen mutually, with a Referee or Referees by each party, if necessary ; but no reference to be binding on the whole trade unless it shall have consisted of six persons. N.B. The prices stated in this Book to be binding on Employers and Journeymen. Should either require to make alterations, six months' notice to be given, accompanied by a list of the proposals, previous to such altera- tions being made. Liverpool. The Liverpool agreement in the coopering trade dates back to August 7, 1875, when the "list of prices and regulations" was agreed to by 13 employers and 11 representative journeymen. In 1902 a revised agreement was entered into between employers and employed, to take effect on April 7, 1902, and this agree- ment was in 1908 amended in certain particulars. About 500 workpeople are paid according to this list, For the purpose of illustrating the method adopted for fixing piece prices the following extracts from the Liverpool list are given : TURNING OFF BUTTS FOR PALM OIL OR WATER. Length. End. Bilge. Cock. Pass, Galls. Old. s. d. in. in. in. in. in. 500 From State staves 11 1 67 46 54 55 57 Packing 9 400 From State staves 9 8 66 41 49 50 52 Packing... 8 350 From State staves 8 2i 66 39 46i 48 50 Packing... 8 300 From State staves 7 4ft 64 36 44 45 47 Packing 8 250 From State staves 6 7 61 34 41 42 44 Packing... 7 200 From State staves 6 2 55 32 38 39 41 Packing 6 150 From State staves 5 li 50 30 36 36 38 Packing 6 Sap to be left on the staves at these prices ; if taken off, 4d. per 100 gallons extra. Heads to be laid out for the maker at the above prices. Turning off with pitch pine heads, 2d. per 100 gallons extra. Substance of Timber : Above l inch to be considered extra strong, and to be paid 6d. per cask extra from 150 to 250 gallons ; and from 300 to 500 gallons to be paid Id. per 100 gallons extra. If oak heads be put in the above casks, to be paid the same price for cutting them as for laying them out from entire staves, less the price for cutting the common pine heads. Cutting common pine heads, same price as laying them out. The above casks to be paid by old measure ; if charged by imperial measure, to be paid one-fifth more. Making up old palm oil or water butts to be done by the day. LIVERPOOL COOPERS' PRICE LIST. 369 HOOPING BUTTS FOR PALM OIL OR WATER. Galls. 500 With strong hoops Extra strong 400 With strong hoops Extra strong With strong hoops Extra strong With strong hoops Extra strong 350 300 . d. Galls. ,9. d. 4 250 With strong hoops ... 2 2 4 6 Extra strong 2 54 3 2^ Common 1 11 3 8* 200 With strong hoops ... Ill 2 74 Extra strong 2 14 2 ll^ Common ... ... 1 84 2 5 150 With strong hoops ... 1 104 2 84 Extra strong 2 o" Common 1 7 14 inch to be considered as common hoops ; If and 2 inch to be considered strong ; above 2 inch extra strong. Hooping the above description of casks for dry goods, Id. per 100 gallons less than for wet. Hooping over 500 gallons, 9d. per 100 gallons extra. Hooping with iron wider than 24 inches and stronger than 13 wire gauge, to be paid by special agreement. TURNING OFF PUNCHEONS FOR PALM OIL OR WATER. Length. End. Bilge. Cock. Pass. In. *. d. in. in. in. in. in. 28 3 42 28 33 334 35 29 3 04 42 29 34 36 30 3 1 42 30 35 35A 37 31 3 24 42 31 36 364 38 32 3 34 42 32 37 374 39 33 3 5 42 33 38 384 40 34 3 64 42 34 39 394 41 35 3 74 42 35 40 42 36 3 9 42 36 41 41i. 43 37 3 10 42 37 42 42 l 44 38 4 42 38 43 434 45 39 4 2 42 39 44 444 46 40 4 4 42 40 45 454 47 41 4 8 42 41 46 48 42 4 94 42 42 47 471 49 43 5 0" 42 43 48 484 50 44 5 24 43 44 49 494 51 45 5 5 43 45 50 504 52 46 6 6 43 46 51 514 53 47 7 14 43 47 52 524 54 48 7 104 43 48 53 534 55 49 8 11 43 49 54 56 50 10 14 43 50 55 554 57 Extra strong 42 inch casks, 7-s., substance of staves 2 inch entire, from 1st class staves. Making shakes for repairing palm oil or water casks to be paid less the price for cutting the heads. The sap to be left on the staves at these prices ; but if taken off from a 28 to a 39 inch cask, 3*d. per cask extra ; 40 to 43 inch, 4d. per cask extra ; 44 inch and upwards, Qd. per cask extra. Heads to be laid out for the maker at the above prices. All rough and inferior staves to be paid not less than 6d. per cask extra. Extra rough and inferior staves to be paid by special agreement. Turning off with pitch pine heads, from 28 to 35 inch, Id. per cask extra ; 36 to 40 inch, 2d. psr cask extra ; 41 to 44 inch, 3rf. per cask extra ; 45 to 50 inch, 4d. per cask extra. 33311 2 A 370 COOPERING. If. oak heads be put in the above casks, to be paid the same price for cutting them as for laying them out from entire staves, less the price for cutting the common pine heads. Cutting common pine heads same price as laying them out. Turning off palm oil or water casks less than 28 inches in the end, to be paid $d. per inch less. Staves cut 44 and 45 inches to be paid 2d. per inch extra. Substance of timber for palm oil or water casks and shakes. From 28 inches to 35 inches not to exceed 1J inches at the stoutest part ; from 36 inches to 50 inches not to exceed 1 inches at the stoutest part. Slabbing staves to be done by the day. Men to be paid 7s. a day. All casks above 45 inches in length to be considered as stention casks. The prices set down in the above list are for a fair average stave. Turning off casks from old staves to be paid the same prices as for turning off from new. PACKING PUNCHEONS FOR PALM OIL OR WATER. From 28 to 35 inch per cask, tyd 36 39 6d. 40 5$d. 41 to 43 6d. M 4 45 6irf. Including skidding. Square packs JtZ. extra to the price of round. More than two hoops on a pack, d. per hoop extra ; strapping %d. extra. Making up new palm oil casks packs for hooping : From 38 to 42 inches, 1.9. 3d. ; all under 38 inches, Is. Making up imported packs for hooping, to be paid the same price as for turning off new. Laying out Heads for Palm Oil or Water from Common Pine. Laying out Heads for Palm Oil or Water from Pitch Pine. Not above 14 inch substance. Above 14 inch substance. Not above 14 inch substance. Above 14 ; nch substance In. *. d. In. s. d. In. s. d. In. s. d. 25) 25) 25) 25) 8 gj - - *' t 26 [ .. ..05 27) 8 - - 5i Sj - - I} - -05 1] .. .. 54 i) - -06 30 .05 30 .05 30 54 30 . . 06 31 t 5 31 < & L 31 ( 6 31 .. 64 32 5| 32 5^ - 32 6 32 .. 64 33 o 54 33 6 33 64 33 7 34 | 6 34 6 34 64 34 .. 7 35 6 35 6^ 35 7 35 74 36 | 64 36 6^ ; 36 7 36 .. 74 37 6k 37 7 37 7 37 .. 8 38) 39) ' 7 38) 39 74 38) 39) ' 8 381 39) ' 84 40) 41) ' . 74 40) 41) . 8^ 40) 41$ ' 9 40) 41) 9| 42 ( 84 42 91 42 10 42 .. o 104 43 ' 84 43 10 43 10| 43 11 44 9i 44 1 10i 44 , 11 44 .. 1 45 o 10! 45 Hi 45 1 45 .. 1 14 46 t ll| 46 , 1 li 46 1 2 46 .. 1 34 47 . i 04 47 f 1 2j 47 1 3 47 I 5| 48 t i 14 48 1 3- 48 1 4 48 .. 1 64 49 49 1 4i 49 1 5 49 .. 1 74 50 1 S{ 50 1 Si 50 .. 1 6 50 .. .1 84 Id. per inch extra for every inch above 50 inches wide. Laying out heads from old timber to be paid Id. per pair extra. LIVERPOOL COOPERS PRICE LIST. 371 HEADS LAID OUT. 28 to 31 inches, if more than 5 pieces 32 42 6 4o ,, ,, 7 ,, E} To be paid r/. per piece extra. HOOPING PUNCHEONS FOR PALM OIL OR WATER.* Size and Number Piece of Hoops. Price. s. d. 28 to 30 inch, hooped with 10 hoops... ... 1 3 Ditto ditto, with 8 hoops ... 1 1 31 to 33 inch, hooped with 10 2-inch hoops ... ... 14 Ditto, 8 ditto 1 1 Ditto, 10 1^-inch common ditto 11? Ditto, 8 ditto 1 34 and 35 inch, hooping- with 10 2-inch hoops 1 4* Ditto, 8 ditto 1 2 Ditto, 10 1^-inch common ditto 1 Ditto, 8 ditto 1 36 and 37 inch, hooping with 10 2-inch hoops 1 Ditto, 8 ditto 1 Ditto, 10 1^-inch common ditto 1 3 Ditto, 8 ditto 1 1 Size and Number of Hoops. Piece Price. 38 and 39 inch, 10 2-inch hoops Ditto, 8 ditto Ditto, 10 1J ditto common ... Ditto, 8 ditto , 40 and 41 inch, hooped with 10 2-inch hoops Ditto, 8 ditto Ditto, 10 1 ditto common ditto Ditto, 8 ditto 42 and 43 inch, hooped with 10 2-inch hoops Ditto, 8 ditto Ditto, JO 1 ditto common ditto Ditto, 8 ditto 44 and 45 inch, hooped with 10 2-inch hoops Ditto, 8 ditto Ditto, 10 1^-inch common hoops Ditto, 8 ditto a. d. I 7* 1 4 1 4 1 2 1 9 1 5 1 5 1 3 2 1 n 1 7* 1 4 2 2* 1 10 1 10 1 6 Hooping casks over 45 inches, to be paid 2d. per inch extra. Hooping the above casks with hoops above 2 inch, from 28 to 35 inch to be paid 2d. per cask extra ; 36 to 40 inch, 3d. per cask extra ; 41 to 45 inch, 4d. per cask extra. Hooping the above casks for dry goods 2d. less than for wet. Hooping butts or puncheons for palm oil or water with old hoops, to be paid the same as with new. Blowing off to be done by the day. Piecing hoop ends, old or new, to be done by the day, or to be paid M. per dozen rivets ; to apply to palm oil or water casks only. The agreement contains the following general provisions : That all piece-work be paid according to the list of prices herein set forth, and that the standard wages for journeymen coopers be 6s. Qd. per day, for the first five days of the week (Monday to Friday), to commence at 6 a.m and leave off at 5 p.m. from April 1st to October 31st, and at 7 a.m. and leave off at 5 p.m. from November 1st to March 31st, with half-an-hour for breakfast and one hour for dinner ; and 4s. for Saturday, to commence at 6 a.m. and leave off at 1 p.m. from April 1st to October 31st, and at 7 a.m. and leave off at 1 p.m. from November 1st to March 31st, with half-an-hour for breakfast. From 6 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Saturday, to be paid as a full day (6s. 6d.) with half-an-hour for breakfast and one hour for dinner. Overtime to be paid ]0d. per hour, with half-an-hour for tea for working to 7 p.m. ; when working to 11 p.m., to be allowed half-an-hour for tea and one hour for supper. Sizes same as palm oil puncheons. 33311 2 A 2 372 COOPERING. Double pay for piece-work, day-work or overtime, on Sunday, Good Friday, or Christmas Day. Men to ba paid between 1 and 2 o'clock on Saturday. If a man be taken on between the hours of 8 and 12 o'clock, to be paid for the whole day. Any man taken from piece-work between the hours of 6 and 10 o'clock, to be paid not less than half a day, or Is. per hour. That all journeymen, previous to leaving an employer (working piece or day work), shall give one week's notice of such their intention ; and the employer shall in like manner give a similar notice to the men before their discharge. That if any man is found intoxicated during working hours, his employer shall be at liberty to discharge him forthwith. Greasy staves in new casks to be paid as follows : Puncheons, 3d. per dozen staves ; hogsheads, 2d. per dozen staves. Working excessively greasy staves, or staves covered by any very dirty substance, to be paid by special agreement. All rough and inferior staves to be paid by special agreement. Palm oil or water casks and harness casks excepted. Splitting staves to be done by the day. Men to be paid 7s. a day. Orleans staves, sawn or split, to apply to rum, palm oil, or water puncheons only. Extra work on ships' water casks : Shaving up and cornering hoops to be paid 4td. per 100 gallons extra. No piece-work cooper to stop worm holes except under the hoops. Making turning off hoops to be done by the day. All defective casks to be returned to the maker or hooper. Employers to find and keep in repair truss hoops, bickiron, horse, grind- stone, and gas. Grindstone to be turned at employers' expense. Employers to find saw and edge tools for day work. Prices for labour which are not specified in this book shall be agreed upon by the employers and journeymen coopers mutually, with a referee or referees by each party if necessary, but no decision to be binding on the whole trade ; in all cases the chairman of the society to be notified. In case of frivolous objections, the losing party to pay expenses. Any member of this society breaking any of the above resolutions shall be dealt with by the committee. The prices stated in this book to be binding on employers and journeymen. Should either party be required to make alterations, six months' notice to be given previous to such alterations being made. COOPERS WORKING OVERTIME AT SHIPS DISCHARGING OR LOADING CARGOES TO BE PAID AT THE FOLLOWING RATE. s. d. From 6 p.m. to 4 a.m. to be paid as 12 hours 10 Supper hour to be from 10.30 p.m. to 11.30 p m. From 4 a.m. to 6 a.m. to be paid as 4 hours 3 4 From 6 p m. to 10.30 p.m. to be paid as 6 hours ... < 5 Working hour between 5 and 6 p.m. to be paid as 2 hours 18 Working on to 9 p m. without tea to be paid as 6 hours 5 Working after 9 p.m. without meals to be paid 2 hours for each hour worked. Working overtime between 4 and 5 p.m. on Saturday to be paid as 2 hours 1 8 For working on to 8 p.m. on Saturday without tea to be paid as 6 hours 5 After 8 p.m. to be paid double hours for each hour worked. Coopers ordered out at any hour between 6 and 12 p.m. and not started to be paid 2 hours ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 8 If ordered out after 12 p.m., and not started, to be paid as for half-a-night. FURNITURE TRADES : LIVERPOOL CABINET-MAKERS. 373 APPRENTICES. 1. Master coopers employing less than six journeymen coopers to be allowed three apprentices. 2. Master coopers employing from six to fifteen journeymen to be allowed six apprentices. 3. Master coopers employing from fifteen to thirty journeymen for an average of three years to be allowed eight apprentices. 4. Master coopers employing over thirty journeymen coopers for an average of three years to be allowed one additional apprentice for every five journeymen employed over and above thirty ; the maximum to be twelve apprentices. In the event of the number of journeymen employed falling below the average, no more apprentices to be taken until the minimum number, namely, three, be reached. 5. Master coopers taking advantage of clauses 3 and 4 to notify the Society of such their intention. 6. Master coopers to dispense with the use of boys as labourers. 7. That no journeyman shall in any case be allowed to join the club, or work in any shop in town, unless he can produce his indenture, or a note of his time that he has served his full seven years' apprenticeship. FURNITURE TRADES. As examples of collective agreements between employers and employed in the furniture trades, may be cited those made in 1908, in relation to cabinet-making and French polishing at Liverpool. Cabinet-making. Liverpool. The agreement in regard to cabinet-making was signed by representatives of the Liverpool and District Cabinet Makers, Chair Makers, Upholsterers and French Polishers Employers' Association, and of the Amalgamated Union of Cabinet Makers and the National Amalgamated Furnishing Trades' Association, and came into operation on May 1, 1908 ; an amendment of one of its clauses was agreed to between the parties in Novem- ber, 1909. The terms of this agreement, which governs the conditions of employment of about 400 workpeople, are as follows : 1. HOURS OP WORK. The ordinary hours of work shall be 47 hours per week apportioned as follows : Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, from 8 a.m. to 5.30 p.m., less an hour for dinner, and on Saturdays, from 8 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Breakfast on all days to be taken before starting work in the men's own time 2. OUTDOOR WORK. For outdoor work the hours of work shall be as above. Where artificial light is not provided, no reduction to be made when men cannot see the full time. That a mile-and-half radius shall be the starting and leaving oif place, such radius to be taken from each employer's shop, that the railway termini and Liverpool Landing Stage shall be the boundary for men travelling by rail or across the Mersey, the first portion of this to apply to jobs lasting mote than one day. 374 FURNITURE TRADES. When men are not paid on the job, the men shall travel back to shop in order to receive wages. If Friday be usual pay-day, they shall arrive at pay table at 5.30 p.m., if paid on Saturday they shall arrive at 12.30 o'clock, such time taken in travelling to be paid for. 3. DINNER HOUR. Dinner 12 noon to 1 p.m. 4. RATE OP WAGES. The wages shall be paid by the hour at the rate of lOd. per hour all the year round. 5. STARTING TIMES. Time.* of starting, from Monday to Friday, 8 a.m. and 1 p.m. Saturdays, 8 a.m. all the year round. 6. OVERTIME. Overtime to be time-and-a-quarter after working a possible 47 hours per week till 57 hours are worked, afterwards time-and-a-half. That all time worked on Saturday after the usual leaving off time till the usual time of starting on Monday morning be paid time-and-a-half, and that all time worked on Bank Holidays be time-and-a-half, except Good Friday and Christmas Day, which shall be double time. These special days of Christmas Day, Good Friday and Saturday standing by themselves. 7. COUNTRY JOBS. OVERTIME. After working a possible 47 hours per week, to be paid at the rate of time- and-a-quarter to 66, over 66 time-and-a-half. Travelling to and from country jobs to be paid at the usual rate of wages. Jobs to be considered as country ones when payment of Is. ? Barry Dock Jan. 1, 1908.* * Date when list came into operation, f Also by settlements of Wages Committee. J Date of revised list coming into operation. Wages Committee. Also amended by settlements of 406 APPENDIX I. Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. METAL, ENGINEERING, AND SHIPBUILDING cunt. Nail and Rivet Making :- Wrought nail makers Nut and Bolt Making : Nut and bolt makers Chain and Cable Making : Chain and cable makers : Admiralty, side - welded cables. &c. Admiralty, end - welded cables, &c. Trinity House and Irish lightships, buoy, stud and short-link chains. Hammered and coil chain makers. Dollied chain makers (factory operatives and journeymen). Low Moor, compo. and steel chain (end-welded) makers. Dollied (open and short link) chain makers. Anchor Making : Anchor and grapnel making makers (oval) Anvil and Vice Making : Anvil and vice makers File Making: File grinding ... File and rasp forgers cutters. and Needle, Trap, &c., Making : Needle makers Trap makers ... Old Hill, Dudley, Bromsgrove and dis- trict. South Staffordshire Saltney, Pontypridd, and Staffordshire. Cradley Heath Cradley Heath and dis- trict. Cradley Heath, Tipton, Round Oak, Old Hill and district, Gates- head, Chester, and Pontypridd. Dudley and district Sheffield June 23, 1892. ! Aug. 17, 1881, with amendments. Mar. 5, 1908.* Aug., 1900. Jan. Feb. 1, 1900. 17, 1902. Mar. 10, 1902. April, 1897. Nottingham ... Wednesfield and Hill. Old I Jan. 1, 1897. Re- vised Jan., 1900 ; Mar. 19, 1907. May 26, 1878. July 29, 1873. July 17, 1882.* May 20, 1890. Re- vised or amended Oct., 1897. Date when list came into operation. PIECE PRICE LISTS. 407 Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. METAL, ENGINEERING, AND SHIPBUILDING cunt. Tin Plate and Sheet Manu- facture : Tin plate and sheet makers ... Sheet millmeu Tin and Iron Plate Working : Tin and ironware, bath, &c., makers. South Wales, mouthshire, Gloucester. Mon- and Newport (one firm) ... London 1874, with amend- ments made irf 1890 and 1891, 1899, 1900, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905. 1907, 1908, 1901) and 1910. Oct. 1, 1899. Revised Oct. 1 , 1900. TEXTILE TRADES COTTON. Cotton Spinning : Spinners ... Ashton-under-Lyne ... May, 1860. Am- ended 1873 and 1876. ? * " " Bolton, Chorley. Man- Oct. 1, 1858. Re- chester, Far n worth. vised July 1, Reddish and Leigh. 1887. Reprinted with amend- ments and addi- tions, May 1, 1905. Blackburn April 15, 1867. ,. Burnley Mar. 23, 1867. ,, Hyde Jan., 1872. ,. Oldham and district, Jan., 1876. Am- Rochdale, Hey wood, ended May 5, Littleborough, Sal- 1892, and Dec. 5. ford and Warrington.* 1907. ? j Huddersfield Jan., 1876. ,, Preston .. May 11, 1866. Doublers Huddersfield May. 1890. Am- ended Mar. 20, 1891. Twiners (mule) Oldham Sept. 25, 1897. Roller coverers ., ... ... Mar., 1896. Tenters (slubbing, inter- Blackburn Jan. 6, 1873. mediate and roving 1 ). Card room operatives (flat Lancashire (except Mar. 13, 1903, cards). Bolton), Cheshire and with supplemen Derbyshire. tary agreement of Dec. 13, 1903. Card room operatives (frames) Lancashire (except April 17, 1907. Boltoa), Cheshire and Derbyshire. * This list is also partially operative in Preston, Bury, Burnley, Blackburn, Hyde, Stockport, Darvven, Pendlebury, Bolton, Ripponden, Manchester. Mossley, and Stalybridge. 408 APPENDIX I. Trade. Locality cohered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. TEXTILE TRADES COTTON cont. Cotton Weaving : Uniform list for weaving N. & N. E. Lancashire... June 24, 1892, sub- plain goods (with additions sequently am- upon plain cloth prices for ended and added other classes of goods). to. Weavers, coloured goods (with Colne district ... July 16, 1890, sub- additions upon prices for sequently am- variation from standard). ended and added to. Weavers, coloured goods (with Radcliffe district April 29, 1892. additions upon prices for Amended Feb. 5, variation from standard). 1906; Sept. 1, 1907.* Weavers, velvets Oldham May 3, 1888 (par- tial adoption) ; June 18, 1890 (full list adop- ted). Amended Mar. 14, 1900. quilts, toilet and Bolton Dec. 14, 1861, sub- satin covers. sequently am- ended and added to. Revised and enlarged July and Nov., 1903. Revised 1907. Weavers, sheeting (certain size Heywood July 9, 1894. looms). Weavers (Northrop looms) ... Hyde (one firm) June 29, 1908. ,. fustian Bury Nov. 25, 1898, with addition of Aug., 1906. Winding and beaming Burnley... Revised June 16, 1894 ; June, 1899; May 1, 1906. Winders (quilts) Bolton Mar., 1902. Warp dressers Colne and Nelson Sept., 1893, with amendments to * date. Twisters and drawers Blackburn. Preston, June 22, '1894; Great Harwood. amended June Darwen, Chorley, 16, 1899. Re- Padiham, Accring- vised April 24, ton, Haslingden, 1906, and July, Ramsbottom, and 1907. Clitheroe. Twisters and drawers Ramsbottom Nov. 21, 1899. j> Bury May 1. 1899. (grey work) Heywood Aug. 1, 1899. ,, ,, Nelson and district ... May 28, 1901. Amended July, 1907. >S J Colne (three firms) ... Aug., 1903* J> 5 5? Burnley July 11, 1905. * Date when list came into operation. PIECE PRICE LISTS. 409 Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. TEXTILE TRADES COTTON oont. Cotton Weaving cont. Twisters and drawers (grey taped goods) Twisters and drawers (coloured dressed work). Twisters and drawers (coloured work). Twisters (grey loomwork, terries, honeycombs, tapes- tries, and alhambras). Twisters, drawers, and beamers. r Twisters and drawers, velvets Ring winders (straight lift) Woollen and Worsted Weaving : t Weavers of wool shawls, fall and antimacassar makers. Weavers of white-faced wor- steds, &c. Weavers of woollens, cotton warp goods and worsteds. Weavers of shawls ... rags of woollens tern lengths). Weavers (worsted) ... (pat- Todmorden (one firm) Colne Radcliffe aud district Bolton and district , Rochdale, Littleborough and district. Bacup and district ... Oldham Bacup district ... Hucknall Torkard and district. Huddersfield Ravensthorpe firm). Saddleworth (one Yeadon and G-uiseley district. Huddersfield and Colne Valley. N. & N. E. Lancashire... April 2, 1906.* April 10, 1900. Re- vised Nov. 4, 1907. Sept. 1900.* He- vised Mar. 6, 1906. Mar. 22, 1897. Re- vised June, 1907. Feb. 3, 1903. Re- vised (and beamers added) July 10, 1906. Nov. 16, 1906. Dec. 16, 1896. Am- ended Mar. 14, 1900. May 3, 1906. July 4, 1906. Jan. 1, 1897.* Am- ended June 4, 1901.* Revised June 1, 1902.* Dec. 18, 1907. Jan. 21, 1897.* Feb. 27, 1900. Sept., 1900. Aug., 1893. April 10, 1908. TEXTILE TRADES HOSIERY, LACE MAKING, &c. Hosiery Trade: Workers on coloured and white rib work. Workers on rotary work Workers on hose Workers on shirts, pants, dresses, vests, and trousers. Hinckley Leicester June 10, 1891. July 30, 1895. Sept. 27, 1895. * Date when list came into operation. t See alto under " Cotton Weaving." 410 APPENDIX 1. Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. TEXTILE TRADES HOSIERY, LACE MAKING, &o.co-nt. Hosiery Trade cont. Workers on hose, half-hose, Nottingham and Day- Feb. 17. 1896. feet, and rib tops (Cotton's brook. frames). Workers on pants, shirts, j) ; f| vests, &c. (Cotton's frames). Workers on military pants ... Nottingham and April 28, 1899. Re- Leicester. vised Dec. 13, 1900, and Dec. 17, 1903.* Trimmers Leicester Revised July 4. 1895 ; July 1, 1901. Knitters ... Hinckley June 10. 1891. Menders ,, ... ... May, 1895, with amendments to date. Countermen ,, ... ... 5J Seamers (German) ... Aug. 6, 1896.* Makers of Cardigan jackets Leicester 1890. on Lamb frames. 30-gauge sock hands in 1887. Cotton's patents. Niantic footing on patent Hinckley May 12, 1898. frames and seamless work. Lace Making: Lace makers (levers branch) Nottingham July 27, 1891, with subsequent alter- ations. Revised Sept. 27 and Dec. 11, 1905. Amend- ed Oct. 16, 1908. Lace makers (plain net Nov. 11, 1889. Re- branch). vised Mar. 8, 1901. Amended May 25 and Nov. 9, 1909. Lace makers (curtain ma- ,, Revised Nov. 7, chine branch). 1869; Jan., 1891; Sept. 20, 1897. Amended Sept. 5, 1905; Dec. 13, 1905; April 12, 1907. Auxiliary workers (levers ,, Mar. U, 1899. branch). Auxiliary workers (curtains ,. May 16, 1899. branch). Auxiliary workers (plain net ,, Oct. 31, 1906. branch). Auxiliary workers (lace pat- ., June 27, 1901. tern readers and piano Revised Nov. 28. punchers). 1904. * Date when list came into operation. PIECE PRICE LISTS. 411 Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. TEXTILE TRADES HOSIERY, LACE MAKING, &G.cont. Silk Weaving:- Weavers (dress bands &c.) ... (other goods) ., (hand loom, scarves, &c.) Carpet Making : Weavers (hand loom) Elastic Web Weaving Weavers Printing, Dyeing, &c. : Block printers Dyers Leek Macclesfield England and Scotland Kidderminster Halifax... Leicester and South Wigston. South of England Radcliffe and district ... April, 1901, -with amendment*, Jan. 6, 1904. Amended Nov. 23, 1909.* 1849; 1855. Amend- ed 1868 ; 1870 ; 1872; 1876; 1880; Dec. 8, 1909. July 1, 1886,f and alterations of May, 1894. Sept., 1882, with additions as to wide looms of Oct., 1907. 1882. Aug. 13, 1888. Revised and re- printed April 16, 1890.J Revised Aug. 1, 1905.f Amended Aug. 9, 1907 ; Oct. 3, 1907. Mar. 9, 1900. June 24, 1902. Revised Jan. 4, 1905, and 1st pay, July, 1907.f * The two lists mentioned above have taken the place of the following earlier lists : Weavers (bindings, bands, &c.) (small ware) Leek Revised Oct. 16, 1901. Revised Feb. 28, 1899. Revised 1899. Sept. 8, 1898. ,, (ribbons) (fancy goods and dress bands). f Date when list came into operation. In February, 1898, a revised list was agreed to for a particular establishment at which improved machinery had been introduced. 412 APPENDIX I. Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. CLOTHING TR. Boot and Shoe Manufacture : ENGLAND AND WALES. Hand-sewn Work Makers Repairers (co-operative so- ciety's statement). ?5 V Closers, makers, and repairers Makers (1st rate statement) Operatives (co - operative society's statement). Makers ... iDES BOOT AND SHC Ashton-under-Lyne , ,. ., Barnsley Barrow-in-Furness ... Birmingham Bishop Auckland Blackburn Bolton and district ... Bolton Bradford ... ... n ... ... Bristol Burnley Bury Cambridge (two firms) Cheltenham (one firm) Dewsbury Eccles and district ... Eccles Great Horton ... Heckmondwike Huddersfield ., ... ... Hyde and district " Leeds Liverpool London... E. June 12, 1894. Mar. 23, 1905. Revised Jan. 11, 1909. June 1, 1896. Amended Mar., 1904. June 23, 1891. Re- vised May 11, 1897. Nov., 190.1. July 1, 1901. Oct. 12, 1908. May 27, 1890. April 30, 1904. May 2, 1892. May 26, 1892. Amended (as to repairs) Oct. 2, 1902. Dec. 12, 1889. Re- vised June 10 1901. June 1, 1901. April 28, 1905. Oct., 1875. Oct., 1891. Aug., 1900. May 20, 1901. July 11, 1900. May 6, 1908.* Feb. 19, 1906. Feb., 1905. June 16, 1890. Mar. 5, 1906. Aug. 20, 1906. June 24, 1907. May, 1891. Revised May 23, 1901. May 25, 1900. Nov. 10, 1890. Re- vised Aug. 1,1892. Revised Sept., 1894. Amended Nov., 1894. Re- vised Sept., 1898. Repairers (statement of 2 co- operative societies). (repairs) (co-operative society's statement). Makers (1st and 2nd class statements). Makers (1st rate statement) Makers (repairs statement of co-operative society). Makers (repairs) (1st class statement) Makers (repairs statement of co-operative society). Repairers (co-operative so- ciety's statement). > 5 Makers Makers (repairs statement of two co-operative societies). Makers (repairs statement of co-operative society). Makers Makers (1st and 2nd rate statement). Operatives (wholesale sew- round trade). * Date when list came into operation. PIECE PRICE LISTS. 413 Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. CLOTHING TRADI Boot and Shoe Manufacture cont. ENGLAND AND WALES cout. Hand-sewn TP0r& cont. Closers (long work) ... (short work) Makers... JS BOOT AND SHOE- London (West) London (West) (one firm). London (West) London Manchester Manchester and Salf ord Nelson, Colne and dis- trict. Nelson ... Newcastle (one firm) ... Northampton ... Nottingham Oldham Oxford Preston... -cont. 1901. 1908. May 7, 1900. Re- vised May 16, 1907. April 20, 1905. Amended June 6. 1905. 1876. May 13, 1890. Re- vised July 11, 1900. May 30, 1890. Re- vised (as to re- pairs) July 23, 1900. June 17, 1893 (Nel- son). Amended Mar., 1895 (Nel- son and Colne). April 28, 1910. April 21, 1892 July 12, 1889. June 25, 1883. Re- vised July 1 , 1901. May 8, 1890. 1890. June 18, 1891. Dec. 16, 1903. July 30, 1908. Oct. 7, 1903. Revised Aug. 6, 1890. Mar. 1, 1890. Re- vised Dec. 16, 1900. Oct. 8, 1909. Nov. 9, 1909. June 10, 1901. Sept. 29, 1896. Am- ended (as to re- pairs) Jan. 1, 1906. May 30, 1908.* Makers (turned boots and shoes, Louis XV. heel work). Closers (1st rate) Makers (1st and 2nd rate statements). Makers (3rd rate statement) Makers . ... .. Repairers (co-operative so- ciety's statement). Slipper makers Makers . .. . Makers (1st and 2nd rate statements). Makers (cordwainers) Makers (1st and 2nd rate statements). Makers (repairs co-operative society's statement). Makers (repairs co-operative society's statement"). Makers (1st class statement) Closers and makers (1st class statement). Radcliffe Reading Sheffield Stafford ,, (one firm) Stockport Sunder land Windhill (Yotks.) ... Woolwich (one firm) ... (combination work) Repairers (co-operative so- ciety's statement). Makers . .. .. ... (co-operative society's statement). Closers and makers ... * Date when list came into operation. 414 APPENDIX I. Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. CLOTHING TRADES BOOT AND Boot and Shoe Manufacture cont. SCOTLAND. I fund-sewn Work Makers (1st and 2nd class Aberdeen Revised May, 1896. statements). Makers (1st rate statement)... Edinburgh June, 1889. Re- vised May. 1894, and May; 1901. (2nd rate statement) .. ... June. 1889. Re- vised July, 1894. (3rd rate statement) July, 1894. (jobbing work) . Mar. 4, 1897. (1st, 2nd, and 3rd rate Glasgow May. 1897. statements). Makers (repairs statement ., Nov., 1902.* of 4 co-operative societies). IRELA ND. Hand-sewn Work Drogheda Sept. 7 1892. (1st and 2nd class Dublin 1876. Revised May. statements). 1900. ENGLAND AND WALES. Machine Work Rivetters and finishers Anstey ... Mar. 19, 1891.f Amended Nov. 11, 1898, and Oct. 18, 1899. Lasters ... Dec. 20. 1 909. ., ... Amended July 18, 1910. Operatives Armley (one firm) May 1, 1895. Am- ended Feb. 4. 1901. Makers and fi n isher s . . . Birmingham ... Feb. 10, 1899. Rivetters Chesterfield (one firm) Jan. 6, 1902.f Lasters ... ... Daventry (one firm) Jan. 1 1907. Am- ended April, 1907. Closers (1) ( co-operative j society's I Lasters (2) 1 statement. ) Desborough .CD - 1 (2) Jan. 30, 1900. (hand) Heckmondwike (one Oct. 9, 1908. firm). Rivetters and finishers Hinckley Aug. 17, 1891.f Pressmen Hinckley and district 1908. Rivetters and finishers Hucknall Torkard ... May 28, 18D4. Lasters ... Kettering Dec. 29, 1905.1 Revised June 22, 1906. * In the case of one of the co-operative societies referred to, this was a revision of an earlier agreement. t Date when list came into operation. % Taking the place of the three earlier lists mentioned in the Keport on Standard Piece Rates of 1900, Cd. 144 (p .297) : but finishing is now done as " day- work " at the minimum rate of 30.9. per week. PIECE PRICE LISTS. 415 Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. CLOTHING TRADES BOOT AND SHOE cont. Boot and Shoe Manufacture cont. ENGLAND AND WALES cont. . Machine Work cont. Clickers ... Kettering and district July 30, 1909. Rounders and finishers (strong Kirigswood ,. Sept. 25, 1893, with work). amendments and additions to date. Rivetters and finishers Leeds Mar. 1878. Re- vised and re- printed 1881. 1896, Sept. 1, 1900. Amended Mar. 22, 1901.* Revised Jan 19, 1909. Machinists (on ankle straps. Mar. 5, 1909. bar shoes and slipper work). Upper makers... Oct. 29, 1909. Rivetters and finishers Leicester June 27. 1892.f Finishers (in conjunction 55 May 5. 1904. Re- with machinery). vised Jan. 2 1905, with addi- tions and amend- ments of Jan. 5, 1905, and Mar. 30, 1909. Operatives (nursery work, 5) * Dec. 19, 1893. rivetted, machine-sewn and needle-sewn). Machine lasters ,. Nov. 9, 1898, with amendments to date. Operatives (canvas work) ... Feb., 1893. Clickers (1) Men's and boys' ,, Sept. 26, 1893. Re- work.J vised Aug. 1, 1903, with amendments to date. ., (2) Women's and girls' ., Mar. 23, 1903, with work.J amendments to date. Lasters and finishers (1st class London 1872. Revised and statement). reprinted 1890. Lasters and finishers (2nd class 1875. Revised 1883. statement). Lasters and finishers (uniform Mar. 24, 1891. Re- statement). vised and re- printed Sept., 1 898. Amended Dec. 5, 1899. Lasters ... Northampton Dec. 29, 1905. Re- vised June 22, 1906. Operatives (machine-welted ,, Feb. 19, 1894.f work). * Date from which amendment took effect. f Date when list came into operation. \ See note * ante, p. 228. 416 APPENDIX I. Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. CLOTHING TRADES BOOT AND SHOE cont. Boot and Shoe Manufacture cont. ENGLAND AND WALES cont, Machine Work cont. Clickers Operatives (Government work hand and machine). Rivetters and finishers and operatives on machine- sewn turn-shoe work. Rivetters and finishers Lasters and finishers (hand and machine black work). Operatives Lasters (pulling over on " dilly jack "), SCOTLAND. Machine Work Operatives (uniform state- ment for benching and finishing machine and hand welting). Benchers and finishers (re- pairs co-operative society's statement^. Benchers and finishers (re- pairsco-operative society's statement). IRELAND. Machine Work Benchers and finishers Clickers, pressmen, lasters, and finishers. Lasters and rivetters Northampton County of Northampton Norwich and district. Nottingham ... Plymouth Raunds and district Stanningley ... Wolverhampton East Coast of Scotland Edinburgh Leith Belfast Cork (one firm) Dublin (one firm) CLOTHING TRADES CLOG MAKING, Clog Making: Cloggers Accrington and district (including Great Harwood). Ashton .. Aug. 12, 1909. Dec. 12, 1905. Re- vised Jan. 11, 1907, and Mar., 1909. July 26, 1890. Amended June 23, 1893. Re- vised Nov. 5, 1908. Aug. 22, 1882."= Revised and re- printed July, 1894. 1891. Feb. 18, 1907. Sept. 6, 1900. June 10, 1907 Sept. 7, 1891. Revised and amended June 1, 1895. Jan. 1, 1903. July 2, 1906. Amended Sept., 1887. Revised Sept. 16, 1893. Sept., 1900. Revised Mar. 16, 1909. Nov. 27, 1908. Nov., 1891. Revised Nov. 12, 1900* ; Dec. 12, 190*.* Nov. 2, 1893. Re- vised Oct. 16, 1899 * Date when list came into operation PIECE PRICE LISTS. 417 Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. CLOTHING TRADES CLOG MAKING cont. Clog Making cont. Cloggers Bacup ... Barnsley Blackburn Bolton Bradford Burnley Bury Chorley Colne Darwen Farnworth and Walk- den. Halifax Haslingden Heywood Horwich Hyde, Gee Cross, and Newton. Leeds Leigh Manchester, Salford, and district. Middleton Nelson ., Northwich Oldham... 21, Re- Sept., 1890. May, 1888. Amend- ed Oct. 14, 1901. Mar. 3, 1894. Re- vised Jan. 1899. Oct. 1, 1894. vised Oct. 14, 1907. Dec. 2, 1907. Sept., 1890 (part), and Feb., 1894 (other part). Re- vised Nov., 1899, and Oct. 8, 1907. Jan., 1896. Revised Dec. 4, 1901 ; Nov. 1, 1909. Oct., 1891. Nov. 11, 1895. Revised Mar. 2. 1908. Deo., 1887. Amend- ed Oct. 5, 1909. Oct. 10, 1895. Re- vised May 6, 1907. Oct., 1889. Jan., 1891. Revised 1901. Dec., 1895 ; now according to Bury list. 1895 ; now accord- ing to Bolton list. Feb. 5, 1896. Re- vised Jan. 1 , 1907. 1874, with amend- ments to date. Jan. 17, 1895. Re- vised Oct. 1 5, 1900.* Nov. 1, 1894. Re- vised Nov. 14, 1907. Nov. 17, 1896. Amended Nov. 1, 1909. Sept. 9, 1895. Oct. 5, 1896. Re- vised Jan. 21, 1908. Nov.. 1897. Nov. 19, Amended 27, 1906. 1895. Nov. Date when list came into operation. 33311 2 D 418 APPENDIX I. Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. CLOTHING TRADES CLOG MAKING emit. Clog Making cent. doggers Padiham Preston ... Rad cliff e Ramsbottom Rochdale Runcorn Shaw Sheffield St. Helens Stalybridge Stockport Swinton, Pendlebury, and Clifton. Tottington Walkden Wigan and Ince Workington CLOTHING TRADES TAILORING. Dec. 12, 1900. Jan. 1, 1907.* Oct. 19, 1895, Amended Nov., 1899. Revised Jan. 1, 1906. Oct., 1876. Jan., 1896 ; now according to Oldham list. April, 1886. Re- vised Oct. 8, 1906. Sept., 1890. Oct. 5, 1892 ; Nov. 26, 1900.* Jan. 13, 1897. Jan. 22, 1896. Jan., 1896 ; now according to Bury list. Oct. 10, 1895 ; now according to Farnworth list. Nov. 14, 1895. Re- vised Jan. 4. 1909.* Oct., 1908. Tailoring I- Tailors (time log) Aberdare May 1, 1902. ,. (machine money log) Aberystwith Revised, April 10, 1902. (money log) Accrington April 29, 1897. (general money log) , , (for outside employers, Ballina April 10, 1903. April 10, 1903. money log). Tailors (time log) Bangor Revised Mar. 20, 1894. (hand and machine Barry Dock and district April 4, 1902. Re- time logs). vised Mar. 13, 1907. Tailors (machine money log) Blackburn Nov. 1, 1901.* Blackpool May, 1902. (time log) Blyth April, 1890 (money log); May 1, 1894* (time log). Amended May 12, 1899. M Bolton Jan. 3, 1903. * Date when list came into operation. PIECE PRICE LISTS. 419 Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. CLOTHING TRADES TAILORING conr. Tailoring cont. Tailors (time log) Brecon (two firms) ... Mar., 1894. > Bristol Oct. 27, 1873 ; with additions of Nov., 1882. Amended 1883. ,, (machine money log) Burnley May 9, 1904.* (money log) Bury Mar., 1906.* (time log) Carmarthen April 26, 1884. ,, ( ,, and machine log) Chester April, 1899. ( log) Chester-le-Street and Mar. 24, 1891. district. (money log) Chorley April 1, 1894. (time log) Cirencester Oct. 19, 1896. Re- vised Dec. 13, 1906. (machine money log) Colne April 5, 1897.* (time and ) Cookstown 1900. Amended May 26, 1902. (time log) ... Denbigh July 20, 1907. 99 99 * Dublin 1872. Revised 1877. Reprinted, with amendments. 1889 ; and with alterations to Aug. 4, 1898. (money log) Dundalk Amended April 14, 1906. (time and money log) Dungannon April 27, 1902. Amended May 26. 1902. ( ,. log) Exeter April 21, 1894. ,, (gentlemen's ma- Farnworth. Walkden, April 26, 1897. chine money log). and Little Hulton. Amended (con- tract work) Feb., 1902. Tailors (ladies' machine ,, ... Dec. 8, 1902. money log). Tailors (money log) Fleetwood May 15, 1899. (time log) Haverfordwest May 11, 1904. Re- vised Sept. 1, 1908. Houghton - le - Spring and district. April 21, 1902. (money log) ,. (time log) Huddersfield Hyde May 8, 1897.* April 1, 1891, with supplement of Mar. 9, 1904. (machine time log)... Jarrow April 27, 1901.* ,. (time log) Jersey ... June 2, 1890. Amended May 8, 1905. ,, (money and time log) Keady May 7, 1895. (time log) Kidderminster April, 1875. (money log) Kilkenny Revised 1906. ' Lancaster April, 1901. * Date when list came into operation. 33311 2.D 2 420 APPENDIX I. Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. CLOTHING TRADES TAILORING ront. Tailoring cont. Tailors (time log) ... Leeds Mar. 28, 1872. (co-operative society's > ' ' April 9, 1892. Re- money log). vised Mar. 23, 1896. Tailors (time log) Leicester Nov. 11, 1896. (money log) Leigh and district Feb. 23, 1902. (time log) Liverpool May 18, 1882. (money log) (livery, gentlemen's Llangefni London May, 1901. 1891, with addi- trousers and waistcoat time tions of April log). 1. 1897, and July 15, 1908. Tailors (gentlemen's and ,, 1891, with addi- ladies' time logs). tions of May 31, 1900, April 6, 1906, July 15, 1908, and May 20, 1909. Tailors (time log) ,, ... ... Macclesfield Maesteg Aug. 6, 1907. Revised April 6. 1903. (time and machine Manchester district ... April 21, 1890, log). with amend- ments. Tailors (time log) Merthyr Tydvil Mar., 1890. (machine time log)... Middleton (co. Cork)... April 11, 1904. Re- vised Mar., 1907. (time log) Mountain Ash and April 13, 1902.* Penrhiwceiber. (machine and hand Nelson ... May 10, 1902. money logs). Tailors (time log) Newcastle and Gates- Mar. 20, 1890. head. 39 M *** *** Newton Abbot April 10, 1897. )) 5? Newtownards .,. April 17, 1905. Amended May, 1909. ... North Shields April, 1882. Re- vised 1898. (hand and machine Oldham and district ... 1899. time log). Tailors (time log) Omagh April 1, 1907.* ,, Oxford May 9, 1904. Amended May, 1907. ,. (machine money Padiham April 12, 1909.* log). Tailors Perth ... April 9, 1898. (hand and machine Preston April 21, 1896. time logs). Tailors (time log) Rhondda April 16, 1901. (money log) Rhyl Revised April 20, 1896. Amended 1901. ,, (time log) Ruthin April 1, 1902. ,) ,, t.. Skipton May 1, 1894. , * Date when list came into operation. PIECE PElCE LISTS. 421 Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. CLOTHING TRADES TAILORING emit. Tailoring cent. Tailors (gentlemen's and Southport Gentlemen's, 1817 _ ladies' time logs). Ladies', May 6, 1901. Tailors (time log) Spennymoor ... April 15, 1907. (money log) Stockton April 10, 1897.* (time log) Swansea Mar. 9, 1901. ,, (money log) Tipperary Revised April 28, 1908. (gentlemen's and West Hartlepool Gentlemen's log, ladies' time logs). Mar., 1891. Ladies' log, April 1, 1900. Combined re- vised log, 1907. Tailors (time log) Weston-super-mare ... April, 1880. Re- vised 1886, with supplement of April 2, 1907. (money log) Wexford May 1, 1903, with additions of April 25, 1904. (hand and machine Windsor and Eton Revised 1907. money logs). Tailors (time log) Wolverhampton May 4, 1896.* (military log) Woolwich July 14, 1902. (hand and machine Wrexham May 22, 1899. time logs). Tailors (time log) York May 21, 1894. ., (time log) Scotland April 9, 1867. Re- ' vised and re- printed Mar. 24, 1890. Amended Feb. 25, 1898. ,, }, ... ... Douglas, Isle of Man... Mar. 30, 1895. CLOTHING TRADES HAT MAKING. Hat Trade : Makers (wool hats) ... Bury April, 1892. (wool and fur hats)... Denton district (includ- Oct. 5, 1891, with ing Hyde). additions and amendments. (wool hats) Hyde Nov. 2, 1891. (silk hats and pull- London ... Feb. 5, 1889. overs). Amended Feb., 1899.* Makers (silk hats, pull-overs, Provincial districts ... Dec. 18, 1899. &c.). CLOTHING TRADES FUR SKIN DRESSING. Fur Skin Dressing: Fur skin dressing London ... Revised 1897, and Dec., 1901. * Date when list came into operation. 422 APPENDIX I. Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. MISCELLANEOUS TRADES. Letterpress Printing : Compositors ... Aylesbury. G-ravesend, G-uildford, Hertford, Luton, Maidstone, Reading, Redhill, St. Albans, Tonbridge, Tunbridge Wells, Watford and Windsor. Nov. 1, 1904. (.jobbing and news). Belfast 1 June. 1898. (book, jobbing, and news). Bolton Edinburgh Dec. 14, 1907. Dec. 31, 1866. Amended Jan. 8, 1872; Feb. 13, 1873 ; Dec. 27, 1877 ; April 19, 1890 ; Jan. 12 and Jan. 18, 1892. Revised Aug. 31, 1894. Amended Oct. 21, 1901. Compositors and pressmen (book and jobbing). Glasgow April' 28, 1892. Amended Nov. 15, 1907. Compositors machine (book and jobbing). ,, ... ... Feb. 12, 1897. Re- vised Feb. 29, Compositors (hand) ... 1908. Dec. 16, 1899. hand and ma- chine (news). ... ... April 30, 1898 (machine); Aug. 3, 1907 (hand Compositors Lancaster and More- and machine). June 28, 1900. cambe. (news) machine (news) Leeds May 15, 1893. June 27, 1895 ; ,, (book, parliamen- London ... Aug. 30, 1905. Feb. 18, 1891, and tary, and news). Minute of In- terpretation of Sept. 1, 1891. Amended June 1, 1894;Aprill900; Mar. 8, 1901 ; Jan. 30, 1906; July 24 and Nov. 30, 1907; Sept. 21 and Nov. 11, 1908; Nov. 12 and 18, 1909. Compositors machine (news June 7, 1894. Re- and book). vised and ex- tended July 27, 1896. Minute of Interpretation of Jan. 25, 1898. Amended June 26, 1900; July24, 1907; Sept. 21, 1908; Feb. 26 and Nov. 12, 1909. PIECE PRICE LISTS. 423 Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. MISCELLANEOUS TRADES cant. Letterpress Printing cowt-. Compositors (Hattersley ma- Londonderry ... Aug.,1900. Amend- chines). ed Feb., 1902. Compositors ... Plymouth (one firm)... 15 Mar., 1909. ,, Warwick and Leaming- Jan. 4, 1908.* ton. ,, Isle of Man Jan. 1, 1896. Amended May 1, 1898. Linotype operators ... England (except Lon- Oct. 7, 1903. don), Wales, and Ireland (except Dub- lin).! Monotype operators ... England (except Lon- Aug. 30. 1905. don), Wales, and Ireland (except Dub- lin).! Linotype operators Londonderry ... Feb., 1902. Bookbinding : Bookbinders (case-making)... London ... Dec. 13, 1893. Amended April 30, 1904.:}: (cloth forward- ... Dec., 1903 (cloth ing and cutting). forwarding), ex- tended, with ad- ditions for cut- ting, July, 1904. Warehouse women (stitchers. St. Albans (two firms) Jan. 10, 1907. folders, ers and employed have been in force in the Bristol Glass Bottle Trade during the last 40 years or more. 1IECE PRICE 427 Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. MISCELLANEOUS TRADES cont. Glass Bottle Making < Glass bottle makers .. Glass Bevelling ; Bevellers (lantern and car- riage lamp). Bevellers ... Pressed Glass Making: Pressed glass makers Coke Making : Coke Workers... Pottery Manufacture :- Turners Corn Milling : Corn Millers Tobacco Manufacture :- Cigar makers ... Scotland* Dublin .. Birmingham ... Bristol (one firm) Gateshead (six firms). County of Durham . Glasgow Swansea (one firm) Swansea (two firms) London ... May 13, 1901. f Revised Feb. :j, 1908.f 1891. Revised Jan. 6, 1896. Amended May, 1899 ; Dec. 30, 1899; Sept. 3, 1900 ; and Dec., 1908. Dec. 1, 1891. Re- vised Jan. 1, 1900.f Feb. 27, 1904. June 14, 1890. Re- vised and re- printed Dec. 18, 1899. Feb. 27, and Dec. 13, 1882. Amend- ed Sept. 12, and Dec. 7, J891 Sept. 21, 1893 Mar. 10, 1896 Oct. 5, 1898 May 29, 1903 Nov. 24, 1904 June 17, 1905 April 10, 1906 June 21, 1907 May 4, and June 17,1908; Dec. 8, 1908. April 16, 1908. Oct. 20, 1900. Jan. 22, 1908. Revised 1889, with amendments to date. * Up to 1901 separate lists were in operation at different centres (Alloa, Glasgow, Portobello). t Date when list caine into operation. 428 APPENDIX 1. Trade. Locality covered by Agreement. Date of Agreement. MISCELLANEOUS TRADES cent. Basket Making: Basket makers Birmingham ... Revised April 17, 1899. ,, ,, Edinburgh, Leith, Kirk- Reprinted Aug., caldy, and Falkirk. 1906. Skipmakers Lancashire and Cheshire May 4, 1908.* Basket makers London May 1877. Re- . vised June, 1896, with amend- Brush Making : ments to date. Brushmakers (hair-dressing, Birmingham ... 1892. Revised pan work, finishing and 1895, and 1899. boring). i* Brushmakers Bristol Feb., 1872. Amend- ed 1878, and June and July, 1900. (hair-dressing, Dublin Jan., 1891, with panwork, finishing and additions to date. boring). Brushmakers (hair-dressing,, Glasgow July 11, 1890. Re- panwork, drawing and vised Sept. 18, boring). 1896. Amended Oct. 3, 1905. Brushmakers Lancashire ' 1907. Leeds Nov. 1, 1906. (pan and hair London 1872. work). Brushmakers (fashioning London ... Aug. 4, 1890. Am- toothbrush stocks). ended Feb. 10, 1896. and Feb., 1899! Brushmakers (painting Jan. 7, 1891. Re- brushes and sash tools). vised (as to sash tools) Jan. 10, 1894. Amended Leather Trades: July, 1909. Saddle and harness makers... London Revised and re- printed 1897. Reprinted 1904. Brown saddle making Walsall, Birmingham, 1898. Revised Mar. and district. 1, 1901,* Dec. 1. 1903,* and Sept. 1, 1907. Saddlers (gig) Walsall Feb. 22, 1890.* Amended April 26, 1897. Saddle, harness, and collar Manchester 1893. Revised makers. July 2. 1900,* and Mar. 9, 11)01. Portmanteau makers 99 Revised Sept. 7. 1891. Horse collar makers Walsall May 2, 1891. Am- gjended 1901 and Other Trades: 1902. Chemical and manure workers Patent fuel workers Briton Ferry (one firm) Cardiff (one firm) July 30, 1902. Oct. 1, 1899.* Seed crushers Hull Nov. 20, 1891, Amended Dec. 24, 1896. Date when list came into operation. 429 APPENDIX II. SLIDING SCALES. The following is a list of the SLIDING SCALES established under COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS and in existence in the United Kingdom at the end of September, 1910 : Trade. District. No. of workpeople whose wages are regulated by scale. Date. MINING, &c., AND QUARRYING. Coke Making (at Coal Mines) :- Coke workers ... Iron Mining and Pig Iron Manufacture : Miners and blastfurnacemen Quarrying : Ironstone getters Limestone quarry men Leeds district (one firm) North Lincolnshire (six firms). Wooisthorpe, Harston, Wartnaby, and Hoi- well (one firm). Stainton (one firm) ... METAL TRADES. 50 2,500 300 60 April 16 1909. May 10, 1909. Oct., 1907. Aug. 11,1892. Revised June 20, 1908, and June 4, 1910. Pig Iron Manufacture : Blastfurnacemen and engine- Ardsley (one firm) ... 114 Nov. 6, 1909. men. Blastfurnacemen Barrow-in-Furness (one 430 1888. Amend- firm). ed 1895 and 1897. M Cleveland and Durham 5,500 Dec. 7, 1897. ,, t,j. ... West Cumberland and North Lancashire. 1,550 April 23, 1903. ,, ... ... Ulverston (one firm) ... 132 __ North Staffordshire ... 600 Oct. 9, 1899. Amended Oct. 6, 1905, and 18 Feb., 1910. West Scotland 3,500 April 13, 1900. Amended Jan. 23, 1907. ,, ... ... Prior's Lee, Shropshire 100 Jan. 10, 1902. (one firm). Nottingham district ... 600 Oct. 26, 1906. Furnacemen (spelter) Swansea (one firm) ... 110 Aug. 21, 1906. 430 APPENDIX II. No. of workpeople Trade. District. whose Date. wages are regulated by scale. METAL TRADES cont. Iron and Steel Trades : Iron and steel workers Blastfurnacemen and and steel workers. Ironworkers Steelmakers Wire and hoop millmen Rail millmen Steel millmen ... Steelworkers Gas producermen and charge wheelers. Enginemen and cranemen ... &c. North of England 3,400 July 1, 1889. Midlands, South Lanes., 20,000 June 14, 1906. South Yorks., and South Wales.* South Wales and Mon- 6.250 Sept. 1, 1895. mouthshire. Amended Sept. 25 1909.f West of Scotland 3,000 June 27, 1898. N.E. and N.W. Coasts, 2,260 April 1,1905.+ Midlands. Lincoln- shire, South Yorks., and West of Scotland. Barrow (one firm) 290 June 12, 1908. 500 N o v., 1895. Amended Nov. 4, 1909. Consett, Jarrow, and 1,184 April," 1888. Newburn (one firm Amended at each place). April, 1890,J and Mar.. 1896. Eston, Cleveland (one 1,250 Aug. 1, 1894. firm). Middlesbrough (one 770 Oct. 5, 1891. firm). V 59 218 Dec. 30, 1906. West of Scotland 2,750 Sept. 15,1905. .) 1,000 Oct. 20 and 24, 1905. Jarrow (one firm) 128 Oct. 25, 1905. West of Scotland 1,750 Nov. 25, 1908. Benzole stillmen MISCELLANEOUS TRADES Middlesbrough (one firm). July, 13, 1909. Amended Aug. 20, 1909. * In addition, the wages of the day -wage subordinates of the millmen employed in Welsh sheet mills are regulated under an agreement which came into operation on May 18 1903. (See ante pp. 76, 77.) t Came into operation Jan., 1910. % Date on which operation of scale commenced. The scale of 1895, which, when its operation ceased in April, 1908, applied to rail and wire and hoop millmen, was replaced as to rail millmen by the scale of Nov., 1909, and a** to wire and hoop millmen by a separate scale (of June, 1908), mentioned in the text. APPENDIX III. 431 fl 8 O 0> a 8ft I, O e o CD a eta M H a 1 N pLJ M ^j o SH ^ "*- o $ H 3 a ^*8 H Q "a r ^* H .So M CD ^ .. O^S | 3 !| o^l^ o||| c3* ^ I t I I o o o 8 -~ J ra i co" 2 O r of 3 IrfJV w ,Q" .Q x> .Q ^ s-i >H JH .1? : : 53 5 S : 2 : : S .9 .9 .9 -3 .9 o o o o o * us c3 c3 fl S fe co > I ^ M 'Co S o a2 ^^ >> B t ODS.vJ < Or-H C| ( S^ r O^^O'C5 H ^ <5 ^0 OOOOOOOOO OOO IOO CO i iCCtC -*l O-rhlO-*CO O rH O O O O O GO id O -'* 1 I I-H I I rH l I I I I I iO OOOOOiO>OOO COCO 10 50 t~ 00 1C 00 O 00 O O -*eo IH 45 e3 I^H tSe3'-i*-'c3 CM o W M o 438 APPENDIX III. -4J M O CS'g 01 sJ-a o r a o o -* CO I ti !" a s ~ss~ >iX2 r-( O i I V& 3 bT2 T <-l S 03 ^<~ I r-l - OS 5 i II a^ 1 a d* p 3 r!2P d "^r^^^'S^^^OO ..^.^ ^> 5,43 ^H ^3 O 43 02 ^T CC CO OS 02 s a ^J A js c3 Q waww aw WWK WWK WWK OOOO OO Ui U5 O OOO >OOO O SO >O b> ua >OK5 rH i ( W OOn i I (N CO CO .2 .22 . o> " o o " S * ' S rt 'o *o "o M 2 ! i i f i I-S $ is i-s si lit i a P. a fl tn a ^^ rtMflrtrirtoPHfla ft a ft ft O^S'^i (O'- | o8Oc3''- | O"- | O''- < *- | ''- | O !1 - | c3o*- 1 *-' '^ 43cgr--icSr-H^ C 3 r f5^ P 3e8^c3-S'-ic8c35crS5eee3 e3 cCOCMPn QQ - . o fiQ WORKING AGREEMENTS. 441 d o" o r w ww OOOG>OOO OO O ^ rH O CO IO CO O lO O * ....2.2. >S ** :1 22 2 B :::::::: :| : : :J : : : s . i d e 'o 'o 'c 1-3 HS t-; : :| : : : O i-s :i::': r ^::: P :::^; r g:: r :r3 :n3 : t'c d d c :::: rt M CO qsoD.^ ^i2 ^2 2 }|l|lll!l|lll ^a^-^3^-^^i a) -^ ^ p, d -S d ^ d gi^c ^o g* d a a g o 2 2 1 k ill 2" 9 2 S 2^ 3 -S d d III a t 5 II ^ fefe 442 APPENDIX III. o ooo o o W WWWW W W M o oooo o (OiOOiO '^ i^i ^3 ^ rj r ^ rd 43 43 7-^ -I- 3 ^0 43 00 OT ^ OS 43 C3 43 43 %2 43 I I 3 M t-s .s .a .3 o o o (-,(-:, l-a : : i-2 I B Pn(^CQOQPMOa2 P^WcCi-^02 ^ ^ - v-^ v~ s^^v^ - '..^~y -- v -V ^ *~>*vm VJ ^-^. 8 : : i : : 1 : : i 1 i : : : : : : 1 : i : OD : f -a d o II Hazel Gro Hebburn Hebden Bi flpdnn 1 ! W |i 1 ! rs ^. s tt ? .si Vi t-t CO PH CAj ii WORKING AGREEMENTS. 445 d ooo d r> o "*< 3!325|1 d ^4r-SSoo- 43 43 ^3 r ^ i3 O^ CO CO CO d DQ GO f^iiiiii 111 ll f t,:d* - or H- >: OS - -+^ O 42 43 43 O rf 40 jj aQO^eQaQaDOkwttoa N l-H j 03 wy 43 ^ j-i iJiiiJiljmliliil in rst-i-j-; Q*a*3*C o - i ' P fl g g ft-Bfl- ^ - j ^ ^ I ' ^_ __^ !l- j : S f $ : : : TJ d r 4 o 111 I ^ MM M "be .2 M 446 APPENDIX III. s g.9 Sfi WORKING AGBEEMENTS. 447 O O ,5 X ,Q r r - r o o d o L-g . o ;-" CO -! rQ ^ nr-. ^ -a "g oT ' ' ^ - "* -^ p) CO CO O fl O O os flcos^22^ ^ 43^ fl 22 (M S ^8' ^I 2 .. - 1 co .^ s'Ss"" 1^*? S rM CD Cu 9> P 3 p, o c If ^ ftl-3 03^ gOQ"o"o ^ " rfi-*l,g*E'?.g005S i 43 43 43 ^ 43 43 43 !!! ; . . ; . . : . | | 2 PI * ' '.a ' * g ' " ' ' _4 : ^ ^ ^ ^ | a 1 " i I p p Ills eH a a * -i--H- 448 APPENDIX III. cts dealt ment.* Sub Agr f* I* &4 r IP t WORKING AGREEMENTS. 449 " . o o < o ww M W W W W r s O O O O O 1C O O O O O O O O O O O O -*--i Os;:;,^;<^ ) :os.. < :oo co CO -0 -OS "- 1 -rH 05 '^ -S-^SwIoSg^g* .0000 2 ggccccg onciliation 2^22 ~ i rll - 1 . A. v " ' H 1 1 l-l m 2 . .2 . . . 4 :S - .g : :| : : : : : :g H? "^ ^ 1-3 1 U - T -. - ^. - ^--'^ v - . . *^~~~ I ' * : jf II ? 1 8 1 13 -M > 1 i 1 s 1 1 1 1 i II! 1 J^ f c3 8 3 9 a as a 33311 450 APPENDIX III. '.fi *H 3 be cc 2 g b .as l|3~ill QQ WORKING AGREEMENTS. 451 WWW > Sill a O *O 1Q O o oo c|c<>r-liO 43 ^ 'O 5g j*> S-g JC *^ ^ 3 d 2 & "2 ia i i i a M 0^> 1 5 fl a. 2 "s 'S o OS qj c3 ho S 1& H ^1 ^ IO rH t . . . . id > O - O * i^. ::::< ^2a3 : S O (N oo ' '~1- Q 2 s -2 i -2 S P3 1 &^ ^ rH - 1 ^ S^ rJ ^ 1 2l2i|2| ^^^^^r-H rH S ,-( r-H r-H C<) N . ^ W : : : . 5 : : : : 2 2 i 1 : : : : J : : : : : | ... 'o 'o H5 1-5 P5 pi H * a ' ^ 8 g S g a 2 g 2 fl w r^ O 1 a>oQ^tg 83 ^ oag djS^ 4 d"S^? ) 2^ 5 'S -^ s 8 fi S 1 ^1 sl^flaallifl & 111 2 OQ CQ OQ fn 3gttS55Sai o SSfS pa QO 'fl ' ^^ ^- -^ v ^. 4$ iq S O S J : 2 5 9 Q ,-^ . bj **^H f^ pM * NJ Pi M d S l| g H a 5 ^* .2 ^ | -2 1 IS, 1 oo "o WORKING AGREEMENTS. 453 d ^ o O -^ O : : : : : : *~ 5r co +.+ ++ K" ^p... ,_(,-, .. ^ * * J 2 * ^ * g2o>oo^to2' 3S| 3 5 o i S QO ""^ ubT^* ritT I ~ lr ~ | > 5fl 2r2o cys35 'S!3oi r ~ lQ o o^ t ^~ """* t1n1n~ai!T* fl"S "Mi5o"S^O r* "^ "* C^ C^ t^ ^ ^' l3s * " - |j S . .2.2. .2 :g : : : : : : J : : :J :| = = : = = | I-S T-J 1-3 H, I-, 1-3 ti : : :T3 :tJ : : : : :a . . . " S I 2 g 5fiili*a w S ?S liigo 2 ^s^es^^g e&i^S'plil -^ S 2 2-2 e S 2 "-2 S 2 I I** E^i^4Ji&5 |Ji|lJl|iJg!i|JB Illlllflliiillil M^M^oPMP^ (iipQ ppqpq^pL,^ oSpMPnO^OPH^^aQ^OfWP-i^ ^ I g t3 II 550 al OO 1 111 II ^ I o r o o" s ll -s-e o" o" o <\ <| o" td CO U5 .-I CQ OOO OO OOOOOOOOiOiOCOO O OO IO OS t~ CO OO O iOCOO(?CC^iO S : i, : : : : ! I : : : i : I : i g a ? | i 1 : :ii:!i:i;iii : S I :1 : | :! ? - M 1 ^ ' i ; i ; ; t ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; '^ ;| 43 j-> 43 43 H^ 02 _^ Q.*"" 1 43 43 43 43 43 43 >-^ ^ 43 4^ 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 O2 rC4 "^ & CO O2 OO 02 i I 02 *~T 0202O2 02O2 ^ S^OQrHoDorjaa-OQOOOQb-O^' (4=C 4 'o g ^ o ^ C3 cLr-l r-l rf fc( ^ August, 1 May, 1909 ltrincha pril, 1906 ncheste S5 A A M W o Jz; o PL, pq OQ pa 02 o s s Jd GO a - '3 ,3 '3 S PL, OH PL, PL, i? HO * -*- >, I 1 - CC 458 APPENDIX III. cts dea ment.* Sub Agr ti W directly affected by Agreement. n Agreeme operation d d-(0-*iOCO r-l CO C<3 OOi 000 miOOOOO t-GO'CC t- ift^J W CO I'. : 1 i|. ? o o ft-S -S -Is OQ O20002 02 CO i -M CC WORKING AGREEMENTS. 459 . ol . d "8 1 o* <| d ; : 2 o ^ r . 'o ' 'o h, H, H, .3 ".S | : .is :F -1 : : ^ oi : ^ : : all ; : : **C3'"**"P"" " 03 02 2 W s 2 I J J -a 1 J S 1 -! S-c I oSScSw o^6 iJl^l :| : ; : : : : 1 rf 1 rf s 1*1 s r2 "S'c i 1 111 4-3 43 43 43 4; p c f ^F * 3 o P o bn -g 'o C s P P : 1 ! ! 1 ) rr> m rD ?r ) " 460 APPENDIX 111. 03 Q rt"oco73o 1-5 rH rH CO rH -H 1 (M So>M!^>-i< ll o ' S3 : : - C 00 S C JB JD ll 1 ^, ~ ^ Y- -,- _~ *--? V~* ^ *<5 ^ ^^ s I 1 : : 1 : : "^ i a b ENGLAND e n' -s c * '^ cc Tara worth Tarporley Taunton... Tavistock Tees and Har Thornaby Tiverton... Tro abridge Tyldesley & T3 O) a & 1 'H a I Tynemouth WORKING AGREEMENTS. 461 X ,5 I d WW H H o o* o* d d o" o- cTd HH W hH PH bd t*M t^n HM W P-3 PH c^ ;O "O O O 5 10 O O O O O iTiOOOiOOOUS OOiMOOt^i-(CC-*OO OCO(Nr-l(MiM(Mt t H 1 ~" 1 n3 a 2 /iC * ^r-Tr-i I ~ H 5 "S c 2'~ l O5"M2 OD W'war rH '~ lr ~ l i-i 1 - 1 5T51l S*'** -r- r '~^^ -r^S ^ p l* s S J-TJ-T >; ,-r^" ; 5^^ 1 1 s , 1 I 3 .a e^ II 1 1 1 > i 1 v , 1 1 Watford / Wednesbury Wellingborough t West Bromwich J * mv. - _t-i_ - _ j_- T t 462 APPENDIX III. & g-a i Is a -I O> ? PH ^t I 1 ft ^ p a WORKING AGREEMENTS. 463 o ooo d w o r r r r w w r w w &f w r tdw r w w r w w w r w r w r s ley E< 35 5 as CD &5o cu 'S ^ '"' '-' r ,Q ,O r-l ,2 > g tT tf _^ in}lml S og *|| |J6,, - 2;^^;^^ rt -U 4J 43 -1-3 43 ~W3 CO CO CO CO CO O ^ ~ d 40 QQ . ' . * A JrH J-''-"-'^'- 2 * fir S g 02 BD ID CQ : 2 S : : b i : : : fe : : : ft : : cS r '3 *o '3 * 2 2 .S .S . fl .9 s '3 '8 '3 oj *S I*! """ ^ ^ 1 ^ I S-B- ISli liil|lll 1 464 APPENDIX III. Estimated No. of Workpeople directly affected by Agreement. .-s o o o o <1 d S H K S K W EE| W d S t} fxj OOlCOlOO iOCOt^Ot^O t-^-lrHJO O OU5OO O OO OiOO (N OO-^lO 00 t-CO CCOO ,-,-! 'cS tJ S 73 5- , a 1 lowdenbeath ... Dumbarton Q WORKING AGREEMENTS. 465 .. t-4 H <| j J= -0 d <5 o* d o* d o* d d QOO .00 o o ooo ooo * * +* ,Q w r w r w r w r w r w r w "8 8 8 t-< I-H eo i-t S^-fH If* l|ll "5^f- ^2 |I 1 S 9| 1 1 1 4 1 111! It* II I l-f -f 1 1.5.1 CO H O c8 OS .^ III l$-33* fl H p-^S -til E^lf33*iJ'IJi 43 -4J CLi-l- 3 ^43 5^43-+3-U r ~ t 4i-4-34J 02 OQ JJT OQOSgQ." O30202 060200 rH ^H "^4 i* ^H ^^ *3 ^-1 rH 1^ l-H i 1 rH 11 2 G 466 APPENDIX III. 1 s If PH H *3 CQ "81 g II! i 4 PQ PM GG O Plumbers Painters Carpenter 5 O O O O O - O -n a s^. ^^o i 02 g : : o * : 1 5 1" o3 ^ P OS Sr ,^& 8 i i : : : : -t rH J i ( W .... g ^ : .| : : ...2 ..2 ...2.. O -2 .2 '' * ' B ' "S "o "S :::r^ ::r 5 :::r 2 :: E B 8 4>> 5 90 Infill 4J ^ 6 ^- ^ so a- -H l-i tO 3 -Sa g 1 1 ^ ^^ ^ _^> ,5 ,^43 4^> r ^ -*^ 4^> CW OO P t- CO -! . I hs ^j^4 I di ^ P d r^ a- ^ ^j . CO im ; i .02 d 8 : : fl a & fcngiSftiiC.HC (uaidcuiaicucD&ja) dggddddd S ^^^^^3 bfi Iff" 5 8 OH 00 > o "o o J% )OOOW 1 I s 02 s^ : ^a^ ,W d -2^2 CQ 0? |I aw l! o o w U(i ,Q s "1 1 d o .2 "to : : -*3 1 : = | oT . . d 1 cP 3 i o t^ 'o fc O OS i 1 & t^'S ^ "H 15 a 1 g 02 -IJ I (S r-H 00 CJ : ! 1 1 "'I 1 s > 2 fS$ :| r 1 df J 1 i 1 SP &1 M ^q 1^ J3 H On i : : 1 1 : 2 "d i o c\ I reviatioi l|5 odd ENGLANi Forest of De Penderyn (o: * Hf-f+ CS 472 APPENDIX ni. a "8 I s . a m o 8 vS OQ 4^ H 4^ 3 2 g S I 13 IB d} - 4J rna rker 2 W lasu on wor w ? ^ a e Q ^ bi s ^ vS i ill ^ a 2 fei g a o WORKING AGREEMENTS. 473 W I I Wrights, , Smiths, -cutters, nd Mill- and Sheet iths a , ole of -fwlj^o CO CQO ^ "a n I bn 3 o r ' II If! ; A n in 1 Date o e te W., wages ; H., hours s signed the Agree sment. .2^ * -H-H-coo 474 APPENDIX lit- ^ d II Or3 fc Sv 3 o S .2 -aiJ S o 'H ^^ ^-e'o'o 5111 o ui O O T ^ p js ^ S -s o hi CH 13 cc 02 tH CO T-I 02 O ^H ^ f^t .-I i I T-H o ^^ =o 1 ss| '1 ^r ^r ^ . ^r o b ^ 2 S x> 5 c : X2 iJlJSl Og^^^^O 4J I I 43 ^3 Qi Q^-l-=> ^2 Sl^^^* O i 2 J 2 2 S -o^>^PH a g/g.3 a^ww laa 233 ^<^ 333 w 05 CO SS^ HW M 5 JO W j * s sa -^ 9 iiil -it II Jalsl 'ftitfllAg ng ngi Br Sm En SI a -g - co tices ; C.. nci ate of Award. rt QJ 1 a 43 0> HQ 476 APPENDIX 111. iHil T X 4J QJ 0-S ,4 o'c ^1 td e3 B J 0' O * S ^"^ Ij 1,5^1 ^^g^-f'td' ^! fe 2li ^^ s ^l^ rQ >TS -^| g P ^ O SqHj r^ 00 rH N H 'i || | ^S r2 g PH PH I^JI JI = SQ^^^^^O ra ^H ^? O O O O LJ g fck;fi; WORKING AGREEMENTS. 477 w a 43 45 .& wVw r i I 118 I 8 ly, 1 y, Ju rs lill " a ' s ' ft '; 5:3 .&i! S^ fit* fl * B g a Bfiltl-S'S -''& a j r a-^" / ~ 1 -' rt H S Sfe o HS ft AO pj ^ c a^ a ^3^22 Q ^'Sr3 CO 'OQ rH rH CO OQ 02 Sf-S^I^ ras i p p J B Sh Sh Farriers Tinplate Firemen 4 1 9 !i 0<4 s| I* I" W 03 a 1 I! QJ^ b f3 S ts^a^i^ ga^s^ A g C3 73 Hj fe rcS 03 .C3 CO 5n Au Jun ^o^^ a'^&rwsB l^pqprg -ssasa ^.a I ot^ 33 ^^^ p' Dyers Good Jig Dy Beetler be a d o t3 Lancash Count l-ll rd '3 g La J"3 nc De WORKING AGREEMENTS 479 i: !! ?H >> o> p 1 i! ri a a II SS O iO O IO > ;5 -iis^aa - < If -*- 4304343^1 jdi-H^-d o M ; cj T^ i S rl W ^ 4J 50 ^S P 45 2 cS Slabbing Dy Slabbing Dy ectors dworkers 21 ^ ndermen winders PH OM PH ^5J5 o d I 1 sl .2 a us = CPW 480 APPENDIX III. *l lit Occupation 3 ? 8 if l"Sj- 00 ^ * * S s H S ^43 li|l 1 a o g |Sfl|| ^i^|^ 'SaSg'S c3 g 5 ( 1 1 " Q "Q C5 "Q -g O I!H O ^~^ O WOM M to . ^ Sis M I WORKING AGREEMENTS. 481 W w a w w o C ?H ,O a a & i & GO PH ce 3^5 t- o at C r I s . I ft 5 ry, 90 co Januar 1909. June, 1 November, March, 19 26 III PH S 5 : L1*J : 1 : ji s w | . : * : 2-3^ s^2 s e ohq ,S3^53 3 03 C 5 'S3 ^ "M 'S *03 'S .2 g,i| a&g A a4);*8,jjlj O 000 O e ... agers ag 2 $ fl ^ : S s ? -a^i^i s tors M nes M p^ a> > CD -S *l f ^ft ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^' ^ If >,g v ^ v ^ v- ||||| OS r-l | 1 1 o 1 8 CO o CO 11*11 co~ ^^ co" , - s * , "& 1 cS O I : CD 1 3 1 ft ' * 1 Oi O * 03 . a OS EH a ^ o o <1 o* ft 00 o OT ' .^ 2 O5 i I s | 1 S 2o 1 8 rH r-l ^,35 1 1 c3 eg !? I ^ ft ^ I 2 . rH {^ S ^ ^" rH ~* 1 d & 1 I O P h^ r 05 ^3 ^ Qg | 1 1 ) i s ." 5 : : i s , . L ^ * j ^ d id i T 1 03 2 S.-tf d rS Cd QJ <% ri d O3 N c I 1 1 WORKING AGREEMENTS. 483 03 >s pq o w w w w r & ^ a r W W r fcrSl . W W W o o c3 ^H ^ o g be H H 1 g 2'^!! ti S-l fl O) CQ 1 . rH " S 1 i:?n a^^ op a * .t ^ r Kl 1 ^ o r > r I & -^ s r * r <& s ^ il 1 ! > "CJ fl} ^-1 . ^4 ,0 000 ^ o o >o o 1 1 C3 f T* ^ cq cc ?o O_ ^^ -^ ^ a o ***i CD ?H g^S-? 1 s * 55 o i : : : : : I : : : : g a r- 1 o . " ^ : : : : : : : : : : 'g 1 f 1 Date when Agreement operation. te ^S : : ' : 1 li ,Si 8 a i **m - 1 5 1 3 5 ^|^l | g 1 aSlli 1 ^ rH t- t-i f -|a 3 fl OS O (M (N 02 ^^ * * g Q . r i t ) (^ -g ^ . i rX rP^ ^ e8 ^ O O H f M :3 " r^ ^ ^ 1 1 III 1 ' 2 ^ III fl O ^^ ^2 t | 3 "*1 Q H iskW & -.,> C3pQ 6 W WOE.KING AGREEMENTS. 485 I a g > 'O fl fl La - 3:5 fl 8 I fe | fJa* i 1 " fl-2 ^ r w 9 fl^ > r.. r p ^^ ^ ^ g^ as Q * >q_| j I i ?li g * eq i F o lO i i CO Kl 43 -*3 ^3 02 O5 OQ 43 . Sj, 3^ 3 ^o, ri - SH Q> O ^ '"^ 05 fl O 3 r-( TO XJ O ;0> OS QO O 53 o ^T O <1 fe'C rg ^ 5-3* s ^ 2 *H P"^ |^" ^-: t~ ( p* )-H r-H c/j >^< r=- 1 ( -^ C~ vS 1 J r * ^ ^ : : : : : 1 J feJ : 1 1 ^ i. 02 c c3 o >, 1 - It! | ^2^ OJ 4-3 ^ 1 O SCOTLANL 3 /-N 1 1 s fl c8 v * ' ibbreviations of Agreemen agreement w ions in some < ict covered b f ^ J^ ^ s g 1 ^ -M jijf 3 Is i if 2 a >=*> - 51 if rt OQ .2 3 a 486 APPENDIX III. ^2 S 3 he 02 <| II 'H 03 O.' -5 CT I! eq r O .)H I II WOKKING AGREEMENTS. 487 <1 O -4 W W WWW os os o ;Jr s . O CO O 2 > i os ( i os J5 O I rH ?> T 1 J&* & |3 g ^ O rt 1 -* 43 T3 ^ 2 S III ... I* - : oT &nf2 ^ D S jS'g s 222 c3 w 05 OD oi ^^g ill sfi s8i +=> -3 43 a'SSS : l^fcS'-i'ii O PL, lill' a a a? Ill O02(> 3w 1 s *. si 1 O r tf r 3 W r s* Jfr .^ . -g . a WWWWWWWWWW'-^W 1 Ji 1 ctf H ooooooooo^ g PQ ,0* 4 I ^ 4J 1 ^ e3 t" f ... * O IS IS:1:S: 1 i i ^.,1--. _C5 "tT* 4QO .a : 3 -g O w C OOOiO OOOOOOOO (M (MrHt^tO OQOiO>O(NiO(Ni-H * *i i I CO i I J CO 01 >y- .-^4 M* og I-sN^Ti* 5 3 S SIS vS-fl WORKING AGREEMENTS. 489 w O OOU3 O r-HCqr-l lf$ rt I 2 I o 1 |i i si a S - -^HH o> 1n co oo*C OD I-H l-H (M CC cq i-l PH 5.J - Hf^O ^ iiilllllllllJ*! i! 1 ' 5 "a i o 02 490 ' PH I 1 o APPENDIX III. WORKING RULES. * OQ w APPENDIX IH(A). 491 APPENDIX III(A). LIST OF RAILWAY COMPANIES, parties to Arbitra- tion Awards and Conciliation Board Settlements made for the regulation of Wages, Hours and other Conditions of Employment of certain classes of their employees under the Scheme for Arbitration and Conciliation arranged in accordance with the Agreement of 6th November, 1907 (see p. 313), or under other Conciliation Schemes. Name of Railway Company. Date of Award or Settlement. I, ARBITRATORS' AWARDS. Caledonian Railway Great Eastern Railway ... Great Northern Railway ... Great Northern and City Railway Great Western Railway ... London and North Western Railway Midland Railway North British Railway North Eastern Railway North Staffordshire Railway 8th March, 1910. 19th August, 1909. 5th Nov., 1909. 5th July, 1909. llth June, 1909. 2nd Feb., 1909. 1st April, 1909. 9th Dec., 1909. 4th Nov., 1909. 27th Jan., 1910. II. CONCILIATION BOARD SETTLEMENTS (SECTIONAL AND CENTRAL). Alexandra (Newport and S. Wales) Docks and Railway. Barry Railway Brecon and Merthyr Railway Cambrian Railways Cardiff Railway Cheshire Lines Committee City and South London Railway *Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway East and West Yorkshire Union Railways Furness Railway Great Central Railway Great Northern Railway *Great Northern and City Railway Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway *London and North Western Railway ... London and South Western Railway ... London, Brighton and South Coast Railway *London, Tilbury and Southend Railway London Underground Electric Railways Maryport and Carlisle Railway Metropolitan Railway Metropolitan District Railway ... Midland Railway *North Staffordshire Railway Rhymney Railway December, 1909. Early in 1910. April, 1910.f 25th Jan. and 15th March, 1910. Dec., 1909, and March, 1910. Nov., 1909. May, 1910. 3rd Oct., 1909.f 1st Sept., 1909. 23rd July and 16th Aug., 1909. June and July, 1909. 21st Jan., 1909. 28th April, 1909. 17th June and 16th Dec., 1909. 29th April. 1909. March, 1909. 5th Dec., 1909. 30th June and 28th July, 1909. Nov., 1909. 29th April, 1909. Nov., 1909, and April, 1910. Nov. 1909. 6th Nov., 1908. May, July and August, 1909. Nov., 1909, and Jan., 1910. * See Note on p. 492. t Date on which settlement came into operation. 492 APPENDIX III(A). II CONCILIATION BOARD SETTLEMENTS (SECTIONAL AND CENTRAL) eomt. Name of Railway Company. Date of Award or Settlement. South Eastern and Chatham Railway ... *Taff Vale Railway Caledonian Railway Glasgow and South Western Railway Great North of Scotland Railway Highland Railway... North British Railway Belfast and County Down Railway *Cork, Bandon and South Coast Railway Dublin and South Eastern Railway *Midland Railway Northern Counties Com- mittee. 22nd March, 1910. Early in 1910. June, July and Oct., 1909, and May, 1910. March, Sept. and Nov., 1909. July, Nov. and Dec., 1909. May, 1909, and March, 1910. July and August, 1909.f 8th March, 1909. Jan. and Feb., 1909. April, May and June, 1909. 3rd Dec., 1909. Note. In the case of the Great Western and Great Central Joint Line, the Great Western and London and South Western Joint Railways, the Great Western and Midland Joint Railways, the Hull and Barnsley Railway, the London and North Western and Great Western Joint Lines, the Port Talbot Railway, the West London and West London Extension Joint Lines, and those marked (*) above, settlements were also arrived at without reference to Conciliation Boards. t Date or. which settlement came into operation. INDEX. 493 INDEX. Acetylene Gas Supervision, Payment for (Fishing Trade), 484. Accidents, Stoppage of Work after, 48, 49, 379, 380. Anchor and Grapnel Making, 120-122, 406. Anchorsmiths, 120-122, 406. Angle Iron Smiths, 109. 403, 404, 474, 475. Anglesmiths. See "Angle Iron Smiths." Annealers (Tin Plate Manufacture), 127, 132. Anvil Making, 406. Apprentices and Youthful Labour : Baking, 389. Boilermakers', 473, 475. Bookbinding, 310. Boot and Shoe Making, 250-255, 479. 480. Building Trades, 3, 5, 9, 16, 18, 20, 23. Coal Mining, 26. Coopering. 373. Dyeing (Textile), 223. Engineering Trades, 87, 90. Furniture Trades, 374. Glass Bottle Making, 376-379, 381. 383, 386. Hatmaking, 273. Lace Trade (Nottingham), 200, 209, 211. Lightermen, 341, 343. 344, 485. Printing and Dyeing, 223, 225. Printing Trades, 289, 290, 297, 301, 302, 304-306. Shipbuilding, 103, 108-111, 475. Ship Joiners, 475. Shipwrights', 475. Silk Trade, 216. Tin Plate and Sheet Manufacture, 127. See also the last column of Table in Appendix III., pp. 431-490. Arbitration. Sec. under " Conciliation and Arbitration." Asphalters, 449. Assorters (Tin Plate Manufacture), 127, 133. Attenders (Tin Plate Manufacture). 133. Axle Hammermen, 472. Badges, Wearing of, 485. Bad Spinning, 137-139, 478. Bag Starters (Docks), 349, 350. Bakers, 388. 389, 487-489. Baking, 388, 389. Ballastmen (Railway), 330%. Ballast Train Gangs (Railway), 339. Banksmen (Coal Mining), 48, 471. Basket Makers, 391-396, 428. Basket Making, 391-396, 428. Bath Makers, 134, 135, 407. Beamers (Cotton Weaving), 184, 408, 409, 478. Beaming (Cotton Weaving). See " Beam Warping." Beam Warping (Cotton Weaving), 183, 184, 408, 409. Beetlers. 478. Behinders (Tin Plate Manufacture), 126, 129-132. Benchers (Bootmaking), 416. Benchmen (Cokemaking), 54. Benzol Men (Cokemaking), 54. Benzole Stillmen, 430. Bevellers (Glass), 427. Blacksmiths. See " Smiths." Blastfurnacemen, 55, 56, 62-70, 79-83, 429, 430, 472. Bleachers, 479. Blocklayer (Underground Coal Mining), 45. Block Printers (Textile), 411. Blowers (Glass), 376-378, 382. Blowing-room Operatives, 136. Boatmen, 423. Bobbin-carriers (Cotton Spinning), 145 , 152. Body-makers (Hat Making), 272. Boiler Coverers, 474. Boiler Firemen, 472. Boilermakers, 104, llln, 113, 403-405, 473-477. Boilermaking, 104, 113, 403-405. Boiler Minders (Colliery), 469. Boiler Sealers, 474. Bolt Making, 117-119, 406. Bolton List (Cotton Spinning), 139, 148-162, 407. Bonus on Output (Welsh Sheet Mills), 76, 77. Bookbinders, 308-312, 423, 481-483. Bookbinding, 308-312, 423. Case Making, 308, 309, 423. Cutting and Forwarding, 31 0-3 12, 423. Boot and Shoe Makers, 226-255, 412- 416, 479, 480. Boot and Shoe Trade, 226-255, 412- 416, 479, 480. Handsewn Work, 227-229, 412-414. Machine Work, 229-255, 414-416. Bootmaking (Hand Sewn) State- ments : Edinburgh, 227, 228. Manchester, 228, 229. See, also pp. 412-414. Bootmaking (Machine Work) : General Agreements, 230-233, 250 255. Piece Price Lists (Lasters and Finishers), 233-247. Quantities Statements (Clickers) 247-250. See also pp. 414-416, 494 INDEX. Boys (Coal Mining), 469, 470. Braidworkers (Silk), 479. Brakesmen (Railway), 314, 315, 318, 321, 322, 329. 337, 338. Brass Finishers, 475, 477. Brass Founders, 475. Brass Moulders, 477. Brass Turners, 475. Brass Workers, 472. Braziers, 473. Bricklayers, 1, 2, 5-14, 431-469. Bricklayers' Labourers. "See Labourers (Builders')." Bridge Makers, 473. Brooklands Agreement (Cotton Spin- ning), 136-139, 165, 169, 478. Brushmakers, 397-402, 428. Brush Making, 397-402, 428. Pan and Hair Work List, 398-400, 428. Painting Brushes List, 400-402, 428. Tooth Brushes List, 402, 428. Building Trades, 1-23, 403, 431-469. Bundlers (Tin plate Manufacture), 130. Busmen (Railway), 328. Byeturnmen, 84, 85. Cabinet Makers, 373-375, 473, 486, 487. Cabinet Making, 373-375. Cable Making, 119, 120, 406. Calendermen (Textile), 221, 479. Callers-off (Railway), 330w, 338. Capstanmen (Railway), 328, 330%. Cardigan Jacket Makers (Hosiery), 410. Card-room Operatives, 136, 162-169, 407. Lists for Flat Cards, 164-166, 407. Frames, 166-169, 407. Card-setting Machine Tenters, 90, 91 ,403. Card Wire Drawers, 403. Carmen (Railway), 316, 323, 331, 338. Carpenters and Joiners, 1, 2, 5-10, 16-21, 431-469, 486. Carpet Trade, 216-218, 411. Carriage Department Outdoor Staff (Railway), 315, 324. Carriage Examiners (Railway), 318, 329%, 339. Carriage Straighteners, 91. 403. Cartage Staff (Railway), 316. Carters, 484, 485. Carters (Railway), 316, 327. Caulkers and Cutters (Shipyard), 102, 103, 105%, 109, 404, 473-475. (Boilershop), 113, 405. Centrifugal Men (Cokemaking), 54. Chain Horse Drivers (Railway), 338. Chain Makers, 119, 120, 406. Chain Making, 119, 120, 406. Chair Makers, 391, 486. Chargemen Shifters (Coal Mining), 25. Charge Wheelers (Steel Making), 430. Checkers (Railway), 330w, 338. Chemical Workers, 428. Chippers, 103, 404, 405, 473. Cigar Makers, 427! Cleaners (Railway), 314, 316-318, 324, 327, 329%, 330%, 332, 333, 339. (Ship), 477. Cleaning Machinery, 478. Clickers (Bootmaking), 247-250, 252, 254, 415, 416, 479, 480. (Printing Trade), 282. Cloggers, 255-257, 416-418. Clog Trade, 255-257, 416-418. Closers (Boot Making), 412-414. Clothing Trades, 226-274, 412-421, 479-481. Cloth Lookers, 478. Coachbuilding. 426. Coach Wrights, 426. Coal Mines Regulation Act, 1908, 46-48. Coal Mining, 24-54, 469-471, Piece Price Lists in, 36-46. Coal Porters, 423. Coal Trimmers, 344, 352-357, 423, 424. Coke Making, 49-54, 427, 429. Cokemen, 24, 26, 49-54, 427, 429, 470. Coke Trimmers, 344, 352-357, 423, 424. Collar Making (Leather), 428. Coloured Goods Weaving (Cotton), 178-180, 408, 409. Compensation, 469, 470. Compositors, 275-302, 422, 423, 481-484. Conciliation and Arbitration : Blast Furnaces, 56, 64-66, 69, 70. Bolt Making, 117. Bookbinding, 309-312. Boot and Shoe Making. 230-235, 238, 247, 250, 253. Building Trades, 1-5, 8-11, 13, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23. Clog Making, 255-257. Coal Mining, 24-35. 45, 47, 48, 49. Coopering, 372. Cotton Spinning, 136-139, 144, 154, 165. Cotton Weaving, 170, 175. Dock and Waterside Labour, 349. 352, 353, 355, 357, 358, 360-362. Dyeing (Textile), 221. Engineering, 87, 88. Fishing Industry, 390, 391. Furniture Trades, 374, 376. Glass Making, 382, 387, 388. Hosiery Trade, 191-199. Iron Manufacture, 73-84. Iron Ore Mining, 56, 57. Lace Trade (Nottingham), 200, 201, 204, 207, 209, 210. Lightermen, 341-344. Limestone Quarrying, 58, 59. Nut Making, 117. Printing Trade, 275, 300, 307, 308. Railways, 313-341. Shipbuilding, 92-96, 98, 103, 111, 112, 405w. Silk Trade, 211. Steel Manufacture, 73-78, 83, 85. Tailoring Trade, 258, 259, 263, 270, 271. Tinplate and Sheet Manufacture, 127-130, 134. See also the last column of Table in Appendix III., pp. 431-490. Concrebors, 449. Conductors, 489, INDEX. 495 Cooks (Fishing), 390, 391. Coolers (Cokemaking), 54. Coopering, 365-373, 425, 426. Burton-on-Trent, 365-368, 425. Liverpool, 368-373, 425. Coopers, 365-373, 425, 426, 486. Coppersmiths, 477. Corn Milling, 427. Corn Porters, 344, 348, 349, 352. 425. See also " Grain Porters." Corporals (Coal Mining), 26. Correctors (Lace), 211, 479. (Press), 306-308, 482. Cotton Spinning, 136-169, 407, 478. Brooklands Agreement, 136-139, 478. Piece Price Lists, 139-169, 407. Cotton Spinning, Earnings in, 148w. Cotton Weaving, 170-187, 478. General Agreement, 170, 171, 478. Piece Price Lists, 171-187, 408, 409. Cotton Weaving, Earnings in, l7Sn. Countermen (Hosiery), 410. County Average (Coal Mining), 36, 37. (Cokemaking), 49, 51, 52. Crane Drivers (Railway), 328, 330w. Cranemen (Steel Works), 430. (Coke-making), 54. Crown Sewers (Hat Making), 273. Creelers (Cotton Spinning), 160. Cutters (Shipyards). See " Caulkers and Cutters." (Printing), 482. Daubers (Cokemaking), 50, 53, 54. Daymen (Welsh Sheet Mills), 76, 77, Deal Porters. See " Timber Porters." Deal Yard Workers. See "Timber Porters." Deckhands (Fishing), 390, 391. Decorative Glass Workers, 489. Demarcation of Work : Bookbinding, 482. Building Trades, 3, 447, 448, 451. Shipbuilding, 93, 95, 111, 112, 473- 479. Denters (Silk Trade), 216. Deputies, 24, 469. Dirty Money (Shipbuilding), 476. Discharging Gangs (Docks), 425. Distribution of Work (Slack Reasons), 270, 271, 386, 479-481. Distributors (Printing Trade), 295, 297, 298, 482. Dock and Waterside Labour, 344-364. 423-425, 485, 489. Coal Trimmers (Cardiff and New- port), 352-357, 423, 424. Corn Porters (London), 348, 349, 425. General Dock Labour (London), 357-364, 424. Grain Porters (Bristol), 349-352, 425. Timber Porters (London), 344-347, 424. Dock Labourers, 344, 357-364, 424, 425, 485. Door-boys (Coal Mining), 45. Doormen (Cokemaking), 54. Door Washers (Cokemaking), 54. Doublers (Cotton Spinning), 407. (Silk Trade), 216. (Tin Plate Manufacture), 126, 129- 132. Drawers (Card Wire), 403. (Cokemaking), 50, 52. (Cotton Weaving), 186, 187, 408. 409, 478. Drawing in (Cotton Weaving), 183, 186, 187, 409. Draymen (Railways), 316, 330%, 338. Dressing (Cotton Weaving). Sec " Warp Dressing." Drillers (Boiler Shop and Shipyard), 104, 404, 473. Dyeing (Textile), 221-225, 411. Bradford and Halifax (Slubbing), 224, 225. Yorkshire, 221-224. Dyers (Textile), 221-225, 411, 478, 479. Elastic Web Trade, 218-220, 411. Electrical Engineers, 472. Electricians, 474. Electric Light Men (Railway), 329, Electric Wiremen, 476. Electrical Workers, 475. Employers' Associations : Bookbinders, 308, 309. Boot and Shoe Making, 230-232, 245, 251, 253/i, 254. Brushmaking, 397. Building Trades, 2, 3, 5, 14, 16. Cabinet Makers, Upholsterers and French Polishers, 373-375. Colliery Owners, 25-27, 30. 33-36, 46, 47, 49, 50, 53. Corn Trade, 349. Cotton Spinning, 137, 138, HO, 147, 148, 157, 160, 162, 164, 166, 169, 170, 183, 186. Cotton Weaving, 170, 171, 177, 180, 181, 183, 184, 186. Dyers, 221. Engineering, 85-89, 104, 105, 107-110. Engineers and Ironfounders, 90. Iron and Steel Makers, 79. Iron and Steel Founders, 90. Iron Masters, 62, 64rc, 66. Lightermen and Bargeowners, 343. Masons, 14. Plasterers, 2, 3. Plumbers, 10, 11. Printing Trade, 275, 294, 295, 300, 301, 303, 305-307. Shipbuilding, 92-96, 98, 103-105, 107-110. Silk Trade, 211. Stevedores, 357. Tailors, 258, 259, 263-265, 270, 271. Woollen Manufacturers and Spinners, 187, 190, 496 INDEX. Engine- Drivers (Locomotive Rail- way), 314, 316-318, 324, 331-333, 340, 341. (Stationary Railway),' 330%. Engineers, 85-91, 105, 472-477. (Fishing), 390, 391, 484, 485. (Sea-Going), 484, 485. Engineering : General Agreement, 85-88, 472. Local Agreements, 88-91, llln, 403, 472-477. Enginemen (Colliery), 24, 27, 46, 469- 471. (Colliery Winding), 27, 46. (Ironworks), 429. (Steelworks), 85, 430. Examiners (Railway), 320, 329. Excessmen (Railway), 327. Extra Gangs (Railway), 339. Fanmen (Colliery), 471. Farriers, 477, 478. Female Labour, restriction of, 484. Fettlers (Machine Silk Trade). 216. (Spindle Silk Trade), 216. File Cutters, 122, 123, 406. File Cutting, 122, 123, 406. File Forgers, 122, 123, 406. File Forging, 122, 123, 406. File Grinders, 123, 124, 406. File Grinding, 123, 124, 406. File Making, 122-124. 406. Fillers (Coal Mining), 37, 470. (Coke), 50-54. (Hand-measured Silk Trade), 216. (Railway Gas), 329w. Finishers (Bootmaking), 233-238, 243- 247, 254, 414-416, 480. Finishers (Dyeing). 478. (Glass Making). See " Makers, (Glass)." Finishers (Tin Plate Manufacture), 133. Firemen (Colliery), 46. 469-471. (Colliery Surface), 26. (Railway), 314, 316-318, 324, 331- 333, 340, 341. (Railway Gas), 329%. (Boiler Steel works), 472. Fishermen, 390, 391, 484, 485. Fishing Industry, 390, 391, 484, 485. Fish Landers, 484. Fish Trunk, Size of, 484. Fitters (Building Trades), 5-10, 448. (Engineering), 477. See also Gas Fitters (Railway). Fitters' Helpers, 477. Flaggers, 434, 455. Flatmen, 423. Folders (Book-binding), 423. Food Trades, 388, 389, 487-489. Baking (Liverpool), 388, 487. Baking (Glasgow), 389, 488. Foremen (Railway), 319, 327, 329%, 330%, 331, 338, 339. Forewomen (Hat Making ), 273. Forgemen, 73, 77. French Polishers, 375, 376, 486, 487. Fuel (Patent) Workers, 428. 489. Furnacemen (Tin Plate Manufacture), 126, 127, 129-132. Furniture Trades, 373-376, 486, 487. Cabinet Makers (Liverpool). 373-375, 486. French Polishers (Liverpool), 375, 376, 486. Fur Skin Dressing, 421. Gangers (Docks), 348. (Permanent Way Railway), 330%. Gas Fillers (Railway), 329%. Gas Firemen (Railway), 329%. Gas Fitters (Railway), 329%. Gas Makers (Railway), 329%. Gas Producermen (Steelworks), 430, 472. Gas Regulators (Cokemaking), 54. Gas Workers, 489, 490. Gatherers (Glass), 376-378, 382. Glass Bevelling, 427. Glass Making, 376-388. Bottle Making, 376-387, 426, 427. Pressed Glass Making, 387, 388, 427. Glass Workers, 376-388, 426, 427, 489. Glaziers, 439, 465. Goods Checkers (Railway), 327. Goods Staff (Railway), 315, 316, 319, 320, 323. Goods Warehouse Staff (Railway), 335. Grain Deliverers (Railway), 330%. Grain Porters, 349-352, 425. See also " Corn Porters." Granite Cutters, 467. Greasers (Railway), 315, 318, 320, 329%, 339 (Tin Plate), 133.' Grinders (Cotton Spinning), 165. Guards (Railway), 315, 318, 319, 321, 322, 324-326, 328, 329, 331, 333, 334, 337-340. Harness Makers, 428. Hatters, 272-274, 421. Hat Trade, 272-274, 421. Denton List, 272, 273, 421. London List, 273, 274, 421. Hauliers (Underground Coal Mining), 45, 471. Hearthmen (Cokemaking), 54. Heaters. See " Furnacemen (Tin Plate Manufacture)." Helpers-up (Coal Mining), 37. Hewers (Coal Mining), 26-28, 36, 37, 469, 470. Hobblers, 405, 425. Hodmen, 441. Hoistmen (Dock). 425. (Railway), 329%. Holders-up (Shipyard), 98, 100, 101, 474, 475. Hole-cutters, 473. Holers (Coal Mining), 37. Holidays, 22, 89, 107, 108, 133, 146%, 352, 361, 389, 470, 477, 479, 489. Hoop Millmen, 71, 430. Horse Collar Makers, 428, INDEX. 497 Horse-Shunters (Railway). Uee " Shunt Horse Drivers." Hosiery Trade, 191-199, 409, 410. Hinckley Menders' List, 198, 199, 410. Leicester Hose List. 191-194, 409. Leicester Shirts, &c., List, 194-19(5, 409. Leicester Trimmers List. 196-198,410. Hosiery Workers, 191-199, 409, 410. Hours of Labour : Baking, 388, 389. Bookbinders, 309. Boot and Shoe Making 250, 251. Building Trades, 5, 6, 10, 12, 14-17, 19-22. Cabinet Makers. 373, 374. Coal Mining, 27, 46-48. Coopering, 367, 371. Cotton Spinning, 141, 144, 145, 158, 160. Dock and Waterside Labour, 352, 355, 358, 360, 361. Engineering, 88. Glass Bottle Making, 379. 386, 387. Hat Trade, 272, 273. Lace Trade (Nottingham), 200, 209. Lightermen, 341-344. Limestone Quarrying, 59. Printing Trade, 283, 284w, 286, 287, 290, 295, 298-300, 302-306. Railways, 314-341. Shipbuilding, 104, 105. 107, 108. Tailoring, 264. See also the last column of Table in Appendix III., pp. 431-490. House Rent (Coal Miners), 469, 470, Hydraulic Main Men (Cokemaking), 54. Hydraulic Men (Railway). 330 w, Hydraulic Packers, 489. Indoor Workshops, 480. Intermediate Frames (Cotton Spinning) : Blackburn List for, 162-164, 407. Universal List for, 166-169, 407. Iron and Steel Trades, 62-85, 430. Iron Dressers, 90, 477. Ironfounders, 90, 473-477. Ironnioulders. Sec " Ironfounders." Iron Ore Mining and Quarrying, 54-57, 429. Iron Plate Working, 134, 135, 407. Ironware Makers, 134, 135, 407. Iron Workers, 73-75, 77, 78, 79-85, 430, 472. Jacking-off (Lace Trade Nottingham), 210, 211. Jewel-Case Makers, 489. Joiners (Building). See Carpenters and Joiners. (Cotton Spinning), 140. (Engineering), 473. (Ship), 111, 112, 473-477. Justifiers (Printing Trade), 295. 297, 298. Knitters (Hosiery), 410. Labourers : Builders', 2, 432-469. Coal Mining, 26, 45, 461). Cokemaking, 50, 54. Dock, 344, 357-364, 424, 425, 485. Dye-works, 479. Engineering, 475, 477. Rail way, 31 8, 330%, 339. Shipbuilding, 93. Lace Makers (Nottingham), 199-211. 410, 479. Lace Trade (Nottingham), 91, 199-211. 410. Auxiliary Lace Workers, 210, 211, 410. Curtain Machines. 203-206. 410. Levers Machines, 206-210, 410. Plain Net Machines, 201-203, 410. Lace Workers (Auxiliary Notting- ham), 210, 211, 410. Lamplighters, 489. Lampmen (Railway), 327, 329. Landers (Docks), 350. (Fish), 484. Lasters (Bootmaking), 233-242, 254, 414-416, 480. Lath Splitters, 426. Lath Splitting, 426. Leather Trades, 428. (Saddlers), 428, 490. Lengthmen (Railway), 336. Letterpress Printers. See " Printing Trade." Levellers (Cokemaking), 50, 53, 54. Lighter Dischargers (Railway), 330//. Lightermen, 341-344, 423, 425, 485. Limestone Quarrying, 54, 58, 59, 429, 471. Linotype Operators, 423, 481. Lithographers, 481. Litho Printers, 481, 483. Loaders (Coal Mining), 37. (Cokemaking), 54. (Railway), 327, 330w. 338. Lock-gatemen, 490. Loomers (Cotton Weaving), 183. Looming (Cotton Weaving), 183. Low Grade Work (Woodworking), 487. Lurrymen (Railway), 316. Machine Managers (Printing Trade), 302-306,481. Machinemen, 481-484. Machine Minders'(Printing Trade), 481 , 482. Machine Rulers, 482,483. Machine Workers, 472, 475. Machinists (Bootmaking), 415. (Woodworking), 435, 448. Makers (Glass), 376-378, 382, 383. 426. 427. (Tin Plate), 126. Manure Workers, 428. Markers (Platers'), 109. 3 r 498 INDEX. Masons. See " Stonemasons." Masons' Labourers. Sec Labourers (Builders'). Masters (Fishing), 390. 391, 484. Mates (Fishing), 890, 484. Meals, 8, 11, 15, 17, 20, 48, 105, 107, 108, 158, 209, 284, 286, 287, 352, 360. 374. 375, 379, 388, 389, 472, 479. Mechanics (Colliery), 24, 469. Mechanics' Labourers, 469. Melters (Steel), 472. Menders (Hosiery), 198, 199, 410. Metal Mechanics, 472. Metal Trades (Miscellaneous), 113-135, 406, 407, 477,478. Millers (Corn), 427. Millmen (Hoop), 71, 72. 430. (Rail), 71, 72, 430. (Sheet), 73, 75-77, 407. (Steel), 430. (Tin Plate), 130. (Wire), 71, 72, 430. Mill-Sawyers, 5-10, 435, 448, 457, 473, 486. Mill- Warping (Cotton Weaving-), 183. Minders (Cotton Spinning), 140-147. 152, 157-160. Miners (Coal). 24-49, 469-471. (Iron), 54-56, 429. Mining, 24-56, 403, 429, 469, 471. Monotype Operators, 423. Motormen, 489. Motormen (Railway), 332. Nail and Rivet Making, 113-116, 406. Nail (Wrought) Trade, 113-116, 406. Navvies, 433, 437, 441, 446, 456. Needle Making, 406. Newspaper Distributors, 482. Niantic Footing (Hosiery), 410. Night Work : Payment for, 6, 11, 12, 45, 89, 107, 108, 192, 194, 222, 284, 286, 302-305, 307, 342, 343, 358, 360, 361, 388. Number of Workpeople to be employed, 350, 351, 363. Number Takers (Railway), 327, 330%, 338. Nut Making, 117-119, 406. Odders, 478. Odd Work (Coal Mining), 25. Oilers (Railway), 329%. 336. Oil House Men (Cokemaking), 54. Oldham List (Cotton Spinning), 139- 148, 407. Openers (Tinplate Manufacture), 130, 132. Operatives (Boot and Shoe), 412, 414- 416. 479, 480. Operators (Printing Machines), 294- 302, 423, 481. Ostler (Surface Coal Mines), 45. Out-money, 89, 476. Overlookers (Cotton), 478. Overtime : Payment for, 6, 7, 10-12, 15, 17, 20- 22, 88, 90, 91, 105-108, 222, 264. 282, 284-287, 290, 295, 296, 291), 300, 302-307, 309, 314-334, 336-343. 350-352, 360, 361, 371, 372, 374. 375, 388, 389. Restrictions on, 86, 90, 106, 108, 264. 285, 287, 290, 306, 307, 363, 364. See also pp. 473-490. Packers (Hydraulic), 489. (Tinplate), 425. Painters (House), 1, 21-23, 431-469. (Ship), 473, 475, 476. Parters (Lace Trade), 216. Passenger Station Staff (Railway), 335. Patent Fuel Workers, 423, 489. Pattern Makers (Engineering), 89, 473 475,477. Pattern Readers (Lace Trade Notting- ham), 211, 410. Permanent Way Department (Rail- way), 315, 330-w. Picklers (Tin Plate), 132. Picture Frame Makers, 487. Piecers (Cotton Spinning), 140, 142, 146, 147, 152, 157,162,478. (Silk), 479. (Cleaner Silk Trade), 216. (Frame Silk Trade), 216. (Swift Silk Trade), 216. Piecework : G-uaranteedTime-Wage on, 86, 89, 310. Objections to, in Building Trades, 4w, 15, 21. Piecework (Group), 96-98, 113, 348. Pig Iron Manufacture, 55, 56. 62-70, 79-83, 429, 430. Pit Boys, 470. Pitmen, 472. Plasterers, 2-10, 431-469. Plasterers' Labourers. See Labourers (Builders'). Platelayers (Railway), 322, 323, 330w, 336, 339. Platers (Shipyard), 97, 109, 404, 405. 474, 475. (Boilershop), 404. Platers' Helpers, 475, 476. Platform Staff (Railway), 319, 322, 331. Plumbers, 1, 5-11, 431-469. (Ship), 105, 1113, 11 In, 473, 476, 477. Pneumatic Tools, 103, 473. Pointsmen (Railway), 314, 330, 331, 338. Pony Putters (Coal Mining), 26, 469. Porters (Coal), 423. (Docks Corn), 348, 349, 352, 425. (Docks Grain), 349-352, 425. (Docks Sugar), 485. (Quay), 423. (Railway), 315, 319, 320, 327, 329w, 330, 331, 335, 338, 339. (Timber), 344-347, 424. 425, INDEX. 499 Portmanteau Makers, 428. Pottery Manufacture, 427. Press Correctors, 306-308. Pressed Glass Makers, 387, 388, 427. Pressing (Lace Trade Nottingham), 210. Pressmen (Bootmaking), 254, 414, 416, 479, 480. (Printing), 422. Printers (Textile), 221-225. 411. Printers' Assistants, 481-484. Printing (Textile), 221-225, 411. Printing Trade, 275-308, 422, 423, 481- 484. London Scale (Hand Composition). 275-294, 422. London Machine Scale, 294-300, 422. London Machine Managers, 302-306, 481. London Press Correctors, 306-308. 482. Provincial Agreements : Linotype, 300, 301, 423, 481. Monotype Keyboard, 301, 302, 423. Puddlers, 73-75, 77, 78. Pug mill Men (Cokemaking), 54. Punchers, Levers Jacquard (Lace Trade Nottingham), 211, 479. Punchers, Piano (Lace Trade Notting- ham), 211. 410. Punchers, Press (Lace Trade Notting- ham), 211, 479. Putters (Coal Mining), 26, 36, 37, 38/i, 469, 470. Quantities Statements (Bootmaking), 226, 247-250, 415, 416, 473, 474. Quarrying, 57-61, 403, 429, 471. Quarrymen, 57-59, 471. Quay Porters, 423. Quilts and Toilet Covers (Cotton), Weaving, 181-183, 408. Rafters, 485. Rail Millmen, 72, 430. Railways, 313-341, 491, 492. Railway Servants, 313-341, 484, 491, 492. Ram Enginemen (Cokemaking), 54. Reelers (Cotton), 136. Relayers (Railway), 330/4. Repairers (Boot and Shoe), 412, 413. Ribbon Trade (Leek), 214-216, 411. Riggers, 405. Risers (Tinplate Manufacture). 127. 133. Rivet Heaters (Shipyard), 98, 109. Rivet Making. See Nail and Rivet Making. Rivetters (Boiler Shop), 113, 405. (Boot and Shoe), 414-416. (Shipyard), 97-102, 109, 405, 474, 475, Roller Coverers (Cotton Spinning), 407. Rollermen (Tin Plate Manufacture), 126, 128-132. Rolleymen, 485. Rope-Riders (Underground Coal Min- ing), 45. Roughers (Tin Plate Manufacture), 133. Rounders (Bootmaking), 415. Roving Frames (Cotton Spinning) : Blackburn List for, 162-164, 407. Universal List for, 166-169, 407. Rulleymen (Railway), 335. Rumblers, 477. Runners (Small Cokemaking), ft<>. 51. Saddle Makers, 428. Saddlers. See Leather (Saddlers). Sailmakers, 477. Salvage, 485. Samplers (Docks), 350. Sawmillmen. See " Mill-Sawyers." Sawyers. See " Mill-Sawyers." Scaffolders, 437, 439, 445. Scalesmen (Railway), 327/4. Scientific Instrument Makers, 472. Screeners (Coke), 54. Screenmen (Surface Coal Mining). 45. 48, 469. Scrubber Men (Cokemaking), 54. Seamers (German Hosiery), 410. Seamless Work (Hosiery), 410. Seed Crushers, 428. Sett Makers, 60, 61. Sett Making, 60, 61. Sewround Trade (Bootmaking), 412. Shaft Work (Coal Mining), 469. Shapers (Hat Making), 273. Shares (Fishing Trade), 390, 484. Shearers (Tinplate Manufacture), 126, 129-132. Sheeters (Railway), 327, 330/4, 338. Sheet Iron Workers, 473. Sheetrnen (Railway). See " Sheeters." Sheet Metal Workers, 473. Shifts : Building, 12. Coal Mining, 47, 48. 469-471. Engineering, 477. Shipbuilding, 92-112, 403-405, 472-477. Apprenticeship, 108-111, 472-477. Demarcation, 111-112, 474-477. General Agreement, 92-96, 473. Overtime, 105-108, 473-477. Piecework, 96-105, 403-405. Ship Cleaners, 477. Shipwrights, 110-112, 405, 473-477. Shop Fitters, 486. Shopmen (Coal Mining), 27, 471. Shovelrnen Shifters (Coal Mining), 26. Shunters (Railway), 314, 315, 319, 321, 322. 325, 328, 329-331, 333-335, 338^ 340. Shunt Horse Drivers (Railway), 32S, 330/*, 335, 338. Signal Fitters' Assistants (Railway), 330>?, Signal Lighters (Railway), 329/4. Signal Linesmen's Assistants, 339. Signalmen (Railway), 314, 318, 320, 321, 324, 330, 331, 334. 337. INDEX. Silk Trade, 211-216, 411. Leek Lists, 21 4-216, 411. Maculesfield List, 211-214, 411. Silk Weaving. See " Silk Trade." Sizing (Cotton Weaving), 183. Skipmakers, 428. Slag Pickers (Coal Mining), 48. Slashers (Cotton Weaving). See " Tape Sizers." Slaters, 403, 433-469. Slaters' Labourers, 461. Sliding Scales, 54-58, 62-83, 429, 430. Sliding Scales : Benzol Manufacture, 430. Blast Furnaces, 55, 56, 62-70, 79-83, 429, 430. Coke Making, 429. Iron Ore Mining and Quarrying, 54- 57, 429. Iron Works, 73-75, 77-83, 430. Limestone Quarrying, 58, 429. Pig Iron Manufacture. 55, 56, 62-70, 79-83, 429. 430. Spelter Furnaces, 429. Steel Works, 71-83, 430. Slipper Makers, 413. Stubbing Dyeing (Textile), 221, 225, 479. Stubbing Frames (Cotton Spinning) : Blackburn List for, 162-164, 407. Universal List for. 166-169. 407. Smallware Trade (Leek), 214-216, 411. Smiths, 5-10, 404. 448, 472, 473, 475, 477, 486. See also under " Anchor- smiths " and " Angle Iron Smiths." Snap Time (Coal Mining), 47, 471. Spinners (Cotton), 136, 407. See also under " Minders." Stablemen (Railway). 330/4. Stallmen (Coal Mining). 25, 37, 40, 42. Scamper Men (Coketnaking), 54. Steel Dressers, 90, 477. Steel Makers. See " Steel Workers." Steel Melters, 472. Steel Millmen, 71, 72, 430. Steel Trade. See " Iron and Steel Trade." Steel Workers. 71-83, 85, 430. Stevedores, 352, 357-364, 424. Stevedores' (Lumpers) Men, 485. Stitchers (Bookbinding), 423. Stokers (Colliery), 27. 470. 471. (Railway), 330/4. Stone Carvers. 448. Stonecutters, 449, 453, 467, 468. Stone Hands (Printing), 483. Stone Layers, 468. Stonemasons, 2, 5-10. 14-16, 431-469. Stone Sawyers, 437. Storesmen (Bonded Railway),' 330/4. Strikers, 472, 475. Sub-division of labour, 477. Sub-gangers (Railway), 330/4. Sugar Porters, 485. Sulphate Men (Cokemaking), 54. Surfacemen (Colliery), 26, HJ, 36, 45. 47, 48, 470. Tailoring Trade, 257-271. 418-421. Blackburn Machine Log, 265-270. 418. Distribution of Work in Slack Seasons, 270, 271, 480, 481. London Time Log, 259-263, 420. London West End Tailors. 264. Tailors, 257-271, 418-421, 480, 481. Takers-in (Glass), 376-378. Taping (Cotton Weaving). Sec " Sizing.'' Tar Distilling Works Men (Coke- making), 54. Teamers, 472. Teazers (Glass Making), 379. Telegraph Men (Railway), 330 , Tenters (Card Setting Machine), 90, 91, 403. (Cotton Spinning), 166-169, 407. Big, 166-169. Joiner, 169. Little, 166-169. (Silk Trade), 216. Textile Machinery Fittings, ice , Manu- facture, 403. Textile Trades, 136-225, 407-411, 478, 479. Threading (Lace Trade Nottingham), 210, 211. Ticket Collectors (Railway), 327, 329/4, 331,335, 338. Ticket Examiners (Railway). 327. 329 n, 335. Tilers, 403, 433-469. Timber Carriers. Sec '' Timber Porters." Timber Leaders, 469. Timbermen (Coal Mining), 45. (Building), 439, 445. Timber Porters, 344-347, 424, 425. Tin, Ironware, Bath, &c., Makers, 134. 135, 407. Tinmen (Tin Plate Manufacture), 133. Tin Plate and Sheet Manufacture. 126-134, 407, 477. Tin Plate Makers, 126-134, 407, 477. Tin Plate Packers, 425. Tin Plate Working, 134, 135, 407, 477. Tin Sheet Makers, 126-134, 407. Tippers (Docks), 425. (Surface Coal Mining). 45. Tipplers (Coal Mining), 48. Tobacco Manufacture, 427. Tonnage Men (Welsh Sheet Mills), 76, 77. Tonnage Recorders (Railway), 327/4. Tool Makers, 472. Trade Union Organisations : Anchorsmiths, 120. Beamers, Twisters and Drawers, 170. Blacksmiths, 92. Boilermakers and Iron and Steel Shipbuilders, 92, 98, 102, 103, 105, 107, 109, 110. Bookbinders and Machine Rulers, 308-310. Boot and Shoe Makers, 230-232, 245, 251. 253/4, 254. INDEX. 50 1 Trade Union Organisations cunt. Braid workers and Kindred Trades, 216. Brass workers and Metal Mechanics, SSn. Braziers and Sheet Metal Workers, 92. Bricklayers, 2. Brushmakers, 31)7, 402. Cabinet Makers, 92, 373. Card and Blowing Room Operatives, 138, 166. Carpenters and Joiners, 2, 16, 92, 110. Carriage Straighteners, 91. Chain Makers and Strikers, 119. Clothlookers and Warehousemen, 170. Coal Miners, 25, 33-36. Coal Trimmers. 456. Cokemen, 49, 60, 53. Compositors, 275, 294, 295, 300-302. Coopers, 365. Correctors (Press), 306, 307. Cotton Spinners, Self -actor Minders, and Twiners, 137-140, 147, 148, 157, 158. 160, 162, 169. Cotton Weavers, 170, 171, 180, 181. Dockers, 349. Drillers and Hole Cutters, 92, 104. Dyers and Finishers, 221, 223, 224. Electrical Workers, 26, 88. Engineers, 85, 88, 89. Engine-keepers, 27. Enginemen and Firemen, 26, 46. French Polishers, 375. Furnishing Trades, 92, 373. Gasworkers and General Labourers, 59, 221, 223. Hatters, 273. Hosiery Workers, 191, 196, 198. Iron and Steel Workers, 76. Ironfounders, 90. Iron, Steel and Brass Dressers, 90. Lightermen and Watermen, 343. Machine Managers, 302, 303, 305, 305. Machine Workers, 85. Machinists (Wood Cutting), 92, 93. Mechanics, 26. Painters and Decorators, 92, 93. Plasterers, 2-4. Pressed Glass Makers, 387. Saw Mill Operatives and Wood- cutting Machinists, 92, 93. Scientific Instrument Makers, 85. Sett-Makers, 60. Sheet-Iron Workers, Light Platers and Ship Range Makers, 93. Ship-Constructive and Shipwrights, 93. Silk Weavers, 211, 215. Smiths, 92. Smiths and Hammermen, 85. Smiths and Strikers, 86. Steam Engine Makers, 85. Stevedores, 357, 361, 363, 364. Stonemasons. 2, 14. Sugar Porters, 4S5. Tailors, 258, 259, 263 265, 270. 271. Trade Union Organisations cont. Tapesizers, 170. Textile Trades Federation, 170, 171. Tin Plate Makers, 126. Toolmakers, Engineers and Machi- nists, 85. Trimmers (Hosiery), 196. Warpdressers (Cotton), 184. Weavers, Warpers, Reelers and Winders (Cotton), 138. Weavers, Winders and Bcamcrs (Cotton), 183. Weavers and Textile Workers, 190. Women Workers, 216. Train Starters (Railway), 329 n. Trammers (Coal Mining), 37. (Coal Mining Surface), 45. Transport Labour, 313-344, 423-425, 484, 485. Trap (Vermin, &c.), Makers, 124-126, 406. Trap (Vermin. &c.), Making, 124-126, 406. Travelling Time and Allowances, 472, 485-487. Trawlmen, 485. Trimmers (Brewers'), 367. (Coal), 45, 344, 352-357, 423, 424. (Coke), 352-355, 423, 424. (Docks), 349, 350. (Fishing). 390, 391. (Hosiery), 196-198, 410. (Railway), 330w. Trowmen, 423. Truckers (Docks), 349, 350. Tugboatmen, 485. Turners (Engineering), 477. (Pottery), 427. (Wood), 486. Twiners (Mule Cotton Spinning), 407. Twisters (Cotton Weaving), 186, 187, 408,409,478. Twisting (Cotton Weaving), 183, 186. 187, 408, 409. Under-Carders (Cotton Spinning), 165, 166, 407. Underground Men (Coal Mining), 26- 28, 32, 34, 36, 469, 470. Underhands (Puddlers'), 73, 74. Unemployment Returns (Board of Trade), 89. Uniform List for Weaving (Cotton), 173-178, 408. Union and Non-TJnion Labour, 23, 56, 90, 402, 485. Unloading Appliances (Fishing Trade), 484. Upholsterers, 486, 487. Valve Cleaners (Cokemaking), 54. Vanuien (Railway), 319, 328, 330/. 338. Velvet (Cotton) Weaving, 180, 181, 408. Vice Making. 406. 502 INDEX. Wagon Department Outdoor Staff (Railway), 324. Wagon Examiners (Railway), 315, 318, 329w, 339. Wagonmen (Coal Mining), 48. Wagon Spraggers, 330ft. Wagon Tracers, 330%. Wallers, 439, 447. Walling Masons. 441. Warehousemen (Textile). 478. (Printing Trade), 482, 483. Warehouse Women (Bookbinding). 423. Warp Dressers (Cotton Weaving), 183- 186, 408. Warp Dressing (Cotton Weaving), 183- 186, 408. Washers (Carriage Railway), 318. Water Leaders, 469. Waterside Labour. See Dock and Waterside Labour. Weavers (Cotton), 170-173, 178, 180, 181, 184, 408, 409, 478. (Carpet), 216-218, 411. (Elastic Web), 218-220, 411. (Quilts and Toilet Covers), 181-183. (Silk), 211-216, 411. (Velvet Cotton), 180, 181. 408, 409. (Wire), 478. (Woollen), 187-191, 409. (Worsted), 187-191, 409. Weighers (Docks), 349. Weighmen (Railway), 330. (Coke-making), 51. Wetters-off (Glass), 376-378. Wheelwrights, 426, 486. Winders (Cotton Weaving), 136, 183, 184, 408, 409. (Silk), 479. (Spoolers' Silk Trade), 216. Winding (Cotton Weaving), 183, 184, 408, 409. (Lace Trade Nottingham), 210. Wiremen (Railway), 330;*. Wire Millmen, 71, 430. Wire Weavers, 478. Wood Carvers. 486. Woodcutting Machinists. See il Wood- working Machinists." Wood Turners, 486. Woodworking Machinists, 5-10, 435, 448, 457. Woodworking Trades, 365-376, 425, 426, 486, 487. Woollen and Worsted Weaving, 187-191, 409. Huddersfield List, 187-190, 409. Yeadon and Guiseley List, 190, 191, 409. Worsted Weaving. See Woollen and Worsted. 503 LATEST BOARD OF TRADE PUBLICA- TIONS ON LABOUR QUESTIONS. The Board of Trade Labour Gazette may be ordered of any newsagent, price Id. Sale Agents, Wyman & Sons, Ltd., Fetter Lane, E.G. Annual subscription, 2s., including postage within the United Kingdom. The Reports may be obtained through booksellers, or direct from Wyman & Sons, Ltd., Fetter Lane, E.G. ; Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh ; or E. Ponsonby, Ltd., 116, Graf ton Street, Dublin. 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