QC
CONTRIBUTIONS
TO OUR
KNOWLEDGE OF THE METEOKOLOGY
CAPE HORN
AXL> THK
WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA.
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LONDON :
PRINTED BY GEORGE EDWARD EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE,
^ TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.
m R HAJi ,! ,n ; iBRl -: PI! :
PUBLISHED BY E. STANFORD, CHARING CROSS.
1871.
[Price 2.y. 6rf.
if
CONTRIBUTIONS
TO OUR
KNOWLEDGE OF THE METEOROLOGY
OF
CAPE HORN
AND THE
WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA.
f ttblislreb bg % iat&witjj d
LONDON :
PRINTED BY GEORGE EDWARD EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE,
PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.
FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE.
PUBLISHED BY E. STANFORD, CHAKING CROSS.
[Price 2s. 6d.]
187L
ERRATUM.
On Chart for December, the figures at the northern extremity ot
the isobar for 30' 1 in. are given as 30 '0.
:
-'
PREFACE.
THE collection of the information contained in the accompanying Charts
was commenced under the direction of the late Admiral FitzRoy by Mr. G. H.
Simmonds and Mr. F. G aster. When the Meteorological Committee took
charge of the Office it was not thought advisable to continue the collection
of observations on the plan previously adopted, but at the same time it was
resolved to turn to account the work which had already been done.
The observations are of good quality, but insufficient as regards quantity.
It has, therefore, been an object of importance to give the information in such
a form as to be capable of combination with other data when available.
The method adopted in construction of the Charts has been devised by
Captain H. Toynbee, the Marine Superintendent of the Office, and the final
discussion of the observations and preparation of the Charts for publication
has been effected, under his directions, by Mr. R. Strachan .
It is hoped that the result will prove acceptable to navigators, whose
requirements are the first consideration of the Office,
ROBERT H. SCOTT,
July 1871. Director.
27887.
INTRODUCTION.
A key diagram and explanation are inserted on each chart, so that a few words will
suffice to serve as an introduction.
It will be seen that the data given on the charts consist of barometrical readings, tem-
perature of the air and sea, wind, and rain or hail, &c.
All instrumental readings have been made with verified instruments, duly corrected.
'Barometer. The barometrical readings have been reduced to 32 Fah., and to mean
sea level.
In comparing actual observations made at sea with those given on these charts, it
must be remembered that by reducing all readings to the uniform temperature of 32 F.,
the unconnected readings taken at high temperatures have been much reduced. Thus,
if the actual reading be 30 '000 in., it will be found that
at a temperature of 47 the amount to be subtracted is 0-050 in.
66 0-101 in.
85 0-150 in.
Further particulars on this subject will be found in the Barometer Manual.*
The necessity for this correction is caused by the fact that the mercury in the
barometer is expanded by heat, so that the same bulk of mercury is lighter the higher
is its temperature. Accordingly it is only by reducing all the observations to the same
temperature that a true idea can be given of the relative pressures at different points on
the earth's surface. The temperature which is always selected is 32 F., the melting point
of ice.
The hours at which the observations which have been used have been taken are usually
* Barometer Manual, Board of Trade, 1871. Potter, Poultry ; and Stanford, Charing Cross. Price 1*.
27887. A
4 a.m., noon, and 8 p.m. Whenever observations at these hours were not available, the
hours have been chosen which would give the best attainable mean for the day.
Wind. The force of the wind has been given according to Beaufort's scale, and
calculated to one place of decimals. One reason for adopting this plan is that a wide
range exists between some of the consecutive numbers on that scale, e.g., No. 4 is a
wind force which will cause a " well-conditioned man-of-war " to go five or six knots
an hour, while No. 5 is a force to which the same ship can just carry royals " on a
wind," and may be going 10 knots or more.
It must be Vemembered that the figures in the inner circle only show the mean force
of the:\rirfd,;'ah"<J;dq ot give any information as to the extreme forces registered from
each point during the month.
It is therefore necessary for the reader to consult the weather diagrams (pp. 20-25)
to ascertain the number of squalls recorded during the month in that square.
The direction of the wind is given on the charts to 16 points only, and as in the
original logs it is given to 32 points, it is necessary to explain how these observations
have been grouped.
The directions were first corrected for magnetic variation. Then (the points being
numbered from N. round by E., S., and W. to N. again, from 1 to 32, so that N. by E. = l,
E.=8, S. = 16, W.= 24, and N.=32) all the odd
points were thrown back to the next even point,
thus N. by E. was classed with N., N.E. by N.
witli N.N.E., and so on. By this means they were
grouped as is shown in the diagram.
The result is, that looking from the centre of the
circle towards any given point on the circumference,
the absolute mean direction, strictly speaking, is half
a point to the right of that shown on the key diagram
on the map, when .the direction has been as frequently
recorded on the odd as on the even points ; but as fair
winds are more commonly recorded on even points
than on odd, the charts may be considered to give a
fair representation of the truth.
When any of the observations have been taken in port, the name of the place is
inserted on the chart.
Weather. It will be seen that the only information given on this head in the charts is
that relating to rain, snow, or hail. Many logs contain entries of weather only when it is
exceptional, the column being left blank when it is fine. Hence we find some difficulty
in dealing with the subject ; e.g., in January, in the square from 40 to 45 S., and from
75 to 80 W., there are only seven observations of weather, five of which are rain, while
there are 15 observations of the barometer and of wind. It is fair to suppose that if the
weather had been in any way remarkable the fact would have been noticed in the log
when the wind observations were entered, so that we may reasonably allow that five
represents the number of times rain was observed, not in seven but in fifteen observations.
The above supposition has been made in each case in the remarks on the separate
charts, and the number of rain observations has been referred to the total number of
observations of whatever element has been recorded most frequently.
Isobaric Lines. In drawing the isobaric lines, a line has been given for each tenth of
an inch for 30 ins. and upwards. Below 30 inches they have usually been drawn at
intervals of two tenths of an inch. But this rule has not been invariably followed. It
is important to remember this, because the mean strength of the wind is related to the
closeness of the isobars, and if these latter had been drawn for each tenth in the southern
part of the charts, the appearance of the charts would have been very different from that
which they now present.
Isothermal Lines. The isothermal lines are drawn for every five degrees of air
temperature.
Where there are no data blank diagrams have been given, so that the navigator
may, if he wishes, fill them in with his own observations to serve for his future
guidance.
The outline of the land has been given as faintly as possible to prevent its interfering
with the data.
JANUARY.
Pressure. The isobar of 30 passes northward at the meridian of 75 W. from
38 S. to 28 S., thence to 13 S. it appears to
overlap the continent.
Those of 30' 1, 30 '2, and 30 '3 are entirely upon the ocean, the area
of greatest pressure being in 95 W. and 35 S. The
district of low pressure with variable winds off
Valparaiso is remarkable.
The isobar of 29' 8 is in the mean latitude of 48 S.
29-6 52 S.
29-4 55 S.
Winds. The south-east Trade wind extends at least to 30 S. With the exception
of a few northerly winds off Valparaiso, a general southerly wind is felt along the coast
from 40 S. to 20 S. Between the parallels of 40 and 60 the prevalent winds are
A 2
westerly, but to the south of Cape Morn easterly and northerly winds are not unfrequently
reported.
Tempera fit re. The isotherm of 70 takes a course like an S from 35 S. 95 W. to
17 S. 75 W.
65 trends gradually northward from 40 S. 92 W.
to 26 S. 70 W. off the coast.
In lat. 35 the air is 10 warmer in 95 W.
than it is oft' the coast.
60 near the coast is only slightly diverted to the
northward from 42 to 37 S.
55 lies nearly on the parallel of 44 S.
,, 50 bends southwards across Patagonia, nearly to
55 S., when it turns to the north again in the
South Atlantic, indicating that the air on the
mainland of Patagonia is warmer than that over
the sea, as might be expected in the height of
summer.
45 is in latitude 57 S.
Sea Temperature. The sea temperature to the east of Cape Horn is about 2 colder
than that of the air, but in the square lying to the south-east of that point, between 60
and 65 W., it is as much as 7 below the air temperature.
Rain Is recorded between 60 and 55 S. once in every 2 observations.
55 45 3
45 40 5
40 35 14
35 30 not at all.
30 25 once in every 1 1 observations.
25 20 5
20 10 8
FEBRUARY.
Pressure. The highest pressure lies in lat. 32 S., long. 87 W. The isobars of 30'2,
30 1 1, and 30'0 sweep round this region, the last-named curve passing nearly parallel to
the coast, at some distance from it.
The southern isobars lie generally in an east and west direction, and pressure on the
whole is lower in the south than in the preceding month.
. The Trade wind still extends to 30 S., and the southerly wind along the
coast appears at the parallel of 40" S. From this to 60 S. the winds are generally
westerly, but they do not appear to blow so steadily as in January.
Temperature. The isotherm of 70 runs in a N.N.E. direction from 34 S. 95 W. to
10 S. 80 W.
65 runs on the parallel of 37 S. from 95 W. to
82 W., and then turns to the N.N.E. and cuts
25 S. in 72 W.
,, 60 and 55 are both nearly on the respective parallels
of 40 S. and 43 S., and do not turn to the north-
ward, so that while in 95 W. the isotherms of 60
and 70 are 480 miles apart, the distance between
them in 75 W. is 1,680 miles.
50 is in the latitude of 47 S. in 85 W., and it sinks
to that of 53 S. over Patagonia, and then holds an
easterly course to the Falkland Islands.
South of this isotherm the temperature is very
uniform.
Sea Temperature. The number of observations is scanty, but it may be noticed that
along the coast from 75 to 85 W. the sea is from 1 to 2 warmer than the air. Between
the parallels of 35 and 40 S., and from 85 to 95 W., the sea is 3 warmer than the air,
while in the square to the south-east of the Falkland Islands it is nearly 4 colder than it.
Rain is recorded most frequently to the westward of Patagonia, where it is noticed
twice in every three observations.
Between 60 and 40 S. it occurs once in every three observations.
40 35 six
,, 35 25 hardly at all.
25 20 it occurs once in every eight ,,
20 10 nine
MARCH.
Pressure. The highest pressure is in 37 S. 97 W. The curves of 30'2 and 30- 1
appear to sweep round this spot. The isobar of 30'0 runs eastward to Valparaiso, whence
it turns to the north, and sweeps nearly parallel to the coast till it ultimately turns to the
S.W. again in 12 S. 87 W.
The isobars of 29'5 and 29'2 appear to be thrown unduly northwards by exceptional
weather.
Winds. The Trade wind ends at 25 S., and from that to 40 S. the southerly wind is
noticeable along the coast. Round Cape Horn the wind appears to be from N.W. in the
West to W. and W.S.W. in the South, confonning more or less to the isobar of 29'2 in.
Easterly winds are occasionally met with to the south of the cape.
Temperature. The isotherm of 70 commences in 26 S. 85 W., two degrees to the
northward of its position in February. The
course of this curve and of those of 75 and 80
appear to show that the effect of the cold polar
wind along the coast extends as far as to the
equator. The latter isotherm, that of 80, is
only shown in this month, evidently owing to
the absence of observations in January and
February.
65 is nearly in the same position as in February.
60 turns slightly to the north on approaching the
coast.
,, 45 turns quickly southwards, reaching the parallel of
54 S. in 82 W., and even that of 56 S. off
Cape Horn.
In the southern part of the chart the temperature nowhere falls below 40.
The air over Western Patagonia is colder than that over the sea further west, as is
shown by the course of the isotherm of 45.
Sea Temperature. The sea in 50-55 S. and 70-75 W. is 4 warmer than the air,
and a similar difference, though in a less degree, extends all up the coast as far as to
30 S. and to the meridian of 80 W.
Rain is most frequent to the west of Patagonia, where it occurs about once in every two
observations, between 55 and 60 S.
Between 55 and 45 it occurs once in every 3 observations.
45 ,, 40 ,, ,, ,,
,,
,, 35 ,, ,, ,,
,,
,, 25 ,, ,, ,, zo ,,
,, oO ,, 30 ,, ,, ,, D
,, 30
91 9O 7
> * u M > i .
20 equator it was hardly noticed at all.
APRIL.
Pressure. The distribution of pressure in this month shows a marked contrast to that
which prevailed in the three previous months. It is now more uniform between 10 and
40 S. than it was, but the isobars take very sinuous courses. Two distinct patches of
pressure above 30'2 are observable, but it will be noticed that one of these depends on
only three observations.
Around Cape Horn itself there is a district with readings below 29.0 in. Here also
the number of observations is so small, that the lowness of the pressure may be due to
exceptional weather.
On the whole there is a general diminution of pressure on approaching the coast,
between 10 and 40 S., and between 50 and 60 S. the mean pressures vary considerably.
Wind. We still trace the southerly wind along the coast from 10 to 40 S., but its
force is lighter between 30 and 40 S., as might be expected from the greater uniformity
of pressure.
The limit of the S.E. Trade is in 25 S.
Southward of the Trades the wind is remarkably unsteady. It appears to be northerly
in 30 S., between 90 and 100 W.
Easterly winds are not unfrequent to the south of Cape Horn.
Temperature. The isotherm of 70 has moved still further to the northward, and runs
from 27 S. 100 W. to 10 S. 80 W.
65 runs parallel to it, at a distance of about 750
miles.
60 is similarly parallel, at 350 miles distance from
that of 65.
45 lies between 50 and 55 S. to the westward of
Cape Horn, but it cannot be traced to the east-
ward as it lies north of 50 S., the limiting
latitude of the district now being discussed.
40 is in 58 S. off Cape Horn, but on the western
side it passes south of 60 S.
Sea Temperature. This scarcely differs from that of the air, so that it does not call for
special remarks.
Rain. The frequency of rain decreases with the latitude.
Between 60 and 55 S. it occurs once in every 2 observations.
55 45 ' 3
"
Si
45 35 4
35 30 6
v it 1 I
30 25 C
OK on
^ u
20 10 it is very rare.
MAY.
Pressure. The mean pressure varies between 30 '0 and 30*3 all along the coast, and
there are three separate areas where the readings are above 30 '2. On the coasl: of Peru
itself a slight increase of pressure is shown, for the isobar of 30 ! has taken the place
of that of 30*0. There are, on the whole, less extremes of pressure than in the previous
months, though in the higher latitudes the course of the isobars is most irregular, and
the barometrical readings appear to fluctuate very much. The mean pressure near Cape
Horn is about half an inch higher than it was in April.
Wind. The Trade wind only extends to 20 S., and the southerly winds appear on the
coast down to 45 S., though not so decidedly as in the former months. West of the
meridian of 80, and between 20 and 50 S., the winds are remarkable, but the obser-
vations are few in number.
Between 50 and 60 S. the winds vary greatly, and easterly winds are not uncommon.
In some squares off the coast of Chili light winds, variables, and calms are reported,
especially between 30 and 35 S. In the square from 40 to 45 S. and from 75 to 80
W. a high mean force is shown for the wind, but calms are also commonly experienced.
Temperature. The isotherms of 75 and 70 maintain their north-easterly course, but
have approached closer to the equator.
The isotherm of 65 lies approximately in 20 S.
60 stretches to the E.N.E. from 37 S. 92 W. to 26 S. 70 W.
The remaining isotherms, those of 55, 50, 45, and 40, run nearly in an east and
west direction in latitudes 40, 42, 48, and 58 respectively, so that the decrease of
temperature between the parallels of 40 and 50 is much more rapid than in higher
latitudes.
Sea Temperature.- The sea is generally warmer than the air in this month, to the
extent of 3 between 25 and 30 S., and of 2 between 35 and 30 S., while in the
district between the meridians of 80 and 85, and the parallels of 35 and 50 S., it is as
much as 4 warmer.
Rain. Between 60 and 40 S. rain is reported once in every 2 observations.
40 30 5
30 25 ,,14
25 20 5
20 15 ,,15
15 10 19
10 5 ,, 13
JUNE
Pressure. There is very little information for the lower latitudes. The highest
readings on the chart fall below 30 '2 in. and are situated between 20 and 30 S.
South of this district pressure decreases rapidly and the readings in the southern
squares are uniformly very low. The meridional direction of the isobars between 75
and 90 W. is very remarkable, and it will be noticed that pressure increases as you
approach the land, being the reverse condition to what obtains in January.
Wind. The Trade winds extend to 30 S., but they are very light and variable in
some squares.
Southerly winds are still predominant along the coast of Chili and Peru, but are more
frequently interrupted by winds from the opposite quarter than in the former months.
Along the belt of latitude from 30 to 35 S., there is a general westerly wind, in
marked contrast to the Trade winds close to it.
Easterly winds are much more frequent in high southern latitudes.
Temperature. There are no data for the isotherm of 70.
The isotherm of 65 runs to the N.E. from 27 S. 87 W. to the coast.
60 runs parallel to it at a distance of about 600 miles.
55 runs parallel to the last and only 250 miles from it.
The curves of 50, 45, and 40 lie at a distance of about five degrees of latitude from
each other and take an east and west course.
The isotherm of 35, the lowest we have yet noticed, makes its appearance in 57 S.
off Cape Horn.
Sea Temperature. This is still higher generally than that of the air, but the difference
is not so great as in May.
Rain is most frequent between 55 and 60 S.
Between 60 and 35 it occurs generally once in every 2 observations.
QK OfV K
5> OlJ OV ,, ,,
11 30 ,, 25 ,, ,, ,,
25 20 . 24
20 i ^ 7
" >5 J) / )l
No rain has been recorded north of 15 S.
JULY.
Pressure. The maximum pressure on the chart is 30 4 in 33 S. and 92 W. In this
portion of the chart the curves take a very sinuous course. The readings average about
27887. B
10
29'6 in lat. 48 S. South of that parallel they vary so much that it is not possible to
draw the isobars so as to represent the facts in an intelligible manner.
Wind. The Trades extend to 25 S., with frequent interruptions near the land
between 20 and 25 S., thence to 35 S. the winds seem conflicting, but the belt of
westerly winds noticed in June, between 30 and 35 S., is perceptible in the same locality.
The southerly wind along the coast prevails still, but it is more frequently interfered
with by northerly winds.
The proportion of easterly wind in high southern latitudes is less than it was in June.
Temperature. The isotherm of 70 stretches from 22 S. 100 W. to 5 S. 82 W.
65 runs parallel to it, at a distance of about 300 miles
60 runs E.N.E. to the coast, from 33 S. 100 W.
55, 50 and 45, take an east and west course, at a
distance of about five degrees of latitude apart.
,, 40 lies far to the southward in 55.
The northerly deflection of the isotherms on the coast is not so apparent, a fact
probably due to the diminished frequency of the polar winds.
Sea Temperature. The sea is warmer than the air to the extent of 2 or 3 between
30 and 40 S., and also south of Cape Horn.
Rain. This is now less frequent in the high latitudes, and more common between the
tropics than it was in June.
Between 60 and 30 S. rain is recorded in general, once in every 3 observations.
>i 30 ,, 25 ,, ,, ,,
t)K 1 C 7
> tj 5> r
> I" > " jj >
And at the Galapagos Islands ,. 8
AUGUST.
Pressure. Barometrical readings range above 30 in. between 10 and 45 S. There
are two distinct areas of maximum pressure between 30 and 40 S., in one of which the
mean recorded is as high as 30'558 ; but this figure has been deduced from three obser-
vations only, and was accompanied by a polar wind and a low temperature, so that it
carries but little weight as an average.
From the parallel of 45 to that of 53 S. the mean difference of readings is half an
inch, giving a steep gradient for westerly winds, which in this part of the chart reach a
mean force of about 7- To the south of Cape Horn the isobar of 29'2 is met with,
11
and the gradient to it from the next isobar of 29'5 is also steep, while the average force
of the wind is as much as 8.
Wind. The Trade wind seems to extend to 25 S. On the coast of Chili, between
30 and 40 S., the winds are very light, their direction ranging between S. and N. by the W.
From 40 to 60 the winds are generally from W.N.W., and are strong. In high
latitudes, easterly winds seem to be rare during the month.
Temperature. The isotherm of 65 lies nearly in the same position as that of 70 did
in July, and so takes a N.N.E. course.
The isotherm of 60 lies nearly in the parallel of 30 S.
The isotherms of 55, 50, and 45, lie at unequal distances from each other, between
30 and 45 S. Their mean direction is nearly east and west.
The isotherm of 40 runs in latitude 53 for 15 of longitude, then dips southwards to
58 S. in 82 W., and from that runs to the N.E. on the western side of the Straits of
Magellan, so that at Cape Horn and to the south and east of it the temperature does not
reach 40.
Sea Temperature. This scarcely differs from that of the air, except to the east of
Cape Horn, where the water is about 2 warmer than the air.
Rain. This is most frequent in the south,
From 60 to 50 the frequency is 1 in 2
50 40 4
40 35 5
,, 35 30 ,, ,, 12
7
,, /
,, . ,,
25 20 18
20 10 4
and close to the equator it is also very often reported.
SEPTEMBER.
Pressure. The isobars have a much -more regular course than in August. The area
of high pressure in 90 95 W. has reappeared, the readings in that district, between
25 and 35 S., being 30'4, and considerably higher than those near the coast.
In the high latitudes readings are very low, with strong westerly winds.
Wind. The Trade wind extends in places to 35 S., and the southerly wind has again
made its appearance on the coast.
Hardly any easterly winds are reported off Cape Horn, but this may partly be due to
the fact that there are fewer observations than there were in August.
The northing in the westerly winds is not so conspicuous in the temperate zone as it
15 2
was, and there seems a general tendency in the wind to circulate round the coast of
Patagonia.
Temperature shows a marked increase when compared with that of the previous month.
The isotherm of 70 is again seen in 13 S. and between 90 and 100 W.
The isotherms of 65 and 60 are at some distance from each other, and are each
deflected to the northward along the coast.
Those of 55 and 50 conform much more closely to the parallels of latitude.
A remarkable bend to the northward is seen in the isotherm of 45, off the west coast
of Patagonia. This is caused by the low temperature, associated with southerly winds,
in 80 W. 50 S.
The isotherm of 40 lies in latitude 56 S. up to 60 W., when it turns northward and
passes just south-east of the Falkland Islands, rising to 52 S.
Sea Temperature. The sea is slightly warmer than the air along the coast of Chili
from 30 to 45 S.
Rain. The frequency of rain is greatest in high latitudes.
Between 60 and 55 it is recorded twice in every 3 observations.
55 35 once 3
OR in e;
> 5 " >l
Hence it appears that the rain is very uniformly distributed this month.
OCTOBER.
Pressure. The highest pressure recorded is about 3O3 in., and it is situated in 30 S.
and about 90 W.
The isobar of 30'2 envelopes this area, but without actually touching the coast. It
descends as far south as to 46 S. in 83 W.
Below the parallel of 40 the mean pressures in the different squares vary so very
much that it is impossible to draw the isobars.
Wind. The Trade wind extends to 30 S., and closely connected witli it, as usual, is
the southerly wind along the coast, reaching as far as to 40 S.
From 50 to 60 S. the prevalent winds are westerly, a few observations of easterly
winds being recorded south of Cape Horn.
Temperature. The isotherm of 65 is nearly in the same position as in September.
60 runs on a N.E. course from 35 S. 100 W. to
22 S. 75 W.
The other isotherms of 65, 50, 45 and 40, are much less deflected towards the
equator, especially in the higher latitudes, that of 40 lying nearly on the parallel of
57 S.
13
Sea Temperature. There is a marked deficiency of observations of sea temperature.
It appears, however, that the sea is on the whole colder than the air, except in the district
lying between 30 and 35 S., and 90 to 95 W., where, however, the result seems some-
what suspicious.
Rain. This is most frequent in the south :
Between 60 and 50 S. it occurs twice in every 5 observations.
50 40 once 4
,, 40 35 7
,, 35 ,, 30 ,, ,, ,, 15 ,,
Q0 9<\ 1Q
J! >} 5> )J )>
25 20 there is only one observation of rain.
NOVEMBER.
Pressure. The highest readings on the chart, lie between 20 and 40 S., and west of
the meridian of 92 W. Between this district and the coast, pressure is somewhat lower.
The isobar of 30 '1 in., appears to overlap the coast between the parallels of 30 and 40.
Its southern limit is in 42 S.
The only other isobar which is given is tliat of 29 '3, lying nearly in latitude 55 S.
In the high latitudes, the readings are very irregular, and as, near the parallel of 40,
the difference in barometrical readings amounts to 0'8 in. in about 700 miles, the
westerly winds reach an average force of 7 or 8.
Wind. The Trade wind extends to 30 S., and the southerly winds extend down the
coast for 15 from that parallel.
The westerly winds in higher latitudes appear to have northing in them, except to the
eastward of Patagonia, where they show, on the contrary, southing.
Temperature. The isotherm of 65 has advanced slightly to the southward of its
position iu October, and passes from 28 S. 95 W., to the coast in 15 S. 75 W.
All the other isotherms lie nearly along the parallels of latitude, but for the most part
bend to the northward along the coast. That of 40 is in 57 S.
Sea Temperature. This agrees on the whole very fairly with that of the air.
Rain. Between 60 and 55 rain has been noted once in every 2 observations.
55 ,, 50 })
5(3 ,, 35 5 )}
35 30 10
30 20 6
20 15 18
15 10 14
North of 10 there are no records of rain.
14
DECEMBER.
Pressure. The highest pressure is now in 35 S., and 95 W.
The isobar of 30- 1 embraces a large area, from 17 to 44 S., and nearly up to 'the coast.
It will be seen that on the chart the figures at the northern extremity of this line are
30-0 instead of 30- 1.
The isobar of 2Q-8 lies in 47 S.
29*5 52 S. approximately.
29'0 appears to coincide pretty nearly with the parallel of 60 S.
Wind. The Trade wind appears to extend to 35 S., though tliere is considerable
unsteadiness of direction in the area between 25 and 35 S., and 80 and 95 W. The
southerly wind on the coast extends to 40 S. In this region the wind appears to draw
slightly outward from the district of greatest pressure, instead of remaining parallel to
the isobars.
The westerly winds are strong between 45 and 50 S., as well as to the south of
Cape Horn, and easterly winds are not very uncommon in this latter locality, but it must
not be forgotten that the total number of observations is large, so that the per-centage
of easterly winds is but small.
Temperature. The isotherm of 70 appears in 20 S. 100 W. and runs to the N.N.E.
65 stretches from 34 S. 100 W. to 22 S. on the
coast.
60 takes a N.E. course from 45 S. 100 W. to 31 S.
70 W.
,, 55 runs parallel to the last.
The other isotherms are not deflected to the northward in the same way, and that of
40 only appears in the extreme south-west corner of the chart.
Sea Temperature. This does not differ materially from that of the air.
Rain This is still most frequent in the south.
Between 60 and 55 S. it occurs once in every 2 observations.
55 45 4
45 40 7
40 30 16
.. 30 25 12
25 20 22
20 10 7
15
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE CHARTS.
In considering these charts the reader will be struck by the small number of observa-
tions in some of the squares, but it was thought that as they were sifted into months,
navigators would prefer their remaining so to their being thrown together and brought out
in charts for three months, by which the number of observations in each square would be
increased, but their distinctive value lessened. For instance, in the four squares south
of Cape Horn, between 55 to 60 S. and 60 to 80 W., the proportion of winds with
easting in them for the three months January, February, and March, taken together, is
15 per cent., but in February there are only 8, whilst in March there are 17 per cent.
Again, it will be seen that in these months most of the observations lying between
20 to 30 S. and 85 to 100 W. were taken in January, and none in March. Then
again, March shows an isotherm of 80, whilst January only shows that of 70. Similar
important differences may be traced throughout the charts. It is always easy for the navi-
gator to combine the data of any two or three charts, but impossible for him to sift
them if they are once combined.
Instead of the materials having been sifted too nicely, captains who beat to the west-
ward round Cape Horn still ask a very practical question which our charts do not answer,
viz., Is the easterly wind which exists in the five degree squares south of Cape Horn
evenly spread over those squares, or is it more common to the southward than close up to
the land ?
To answer this question it would be necessary to work up the data of these few squares
into one degree squares. It is, howeve^r, instructive to notice that the amount of easterly
winds shown in high latitudes is greater in June than in January. In the above-named four
squares between 55 to 60 S. and 60 to 80 W. there are 22 per cent, of winds with
easting in them in June, whilst between 80 and 90 W., in the same month, they amount
to 67 per cent., no west wind being recorded in 33 observations. Now according to
Buys Ballot's law this indicates a higher pressure towards the pole in winter, similar to
what is found to exist to the north of Iceland in the Atlantic. But whether this higher
pressure over South Shetland than over the sea to the north of it prevails all the year
round is still a disputed question ; if it does, a corresponding prevalence of easterly wind
may be expected to exist near that land, while westerly winds are blowing near Cape
Horn.
It is the opinion of some experienced men that this is the case, but the navigator must
consider the risk of more ice and longer nights at certain seasons when tempted to go
south in search of easterly winds.
The Admiralty pilot charts allude to the idea that better passages to the westward are
made by going to lat. 60 S. in July, August, and September.
Although many parts of these charts suffer materially from want of data, there is
such a general agreement amongst them that a cursory inspection of the isobars,
isotherms, and wind arrows gives a good idea of the relation between pressure,
temperature, and wind. The divergence of the isobars in about 40 to 45 S., part
running to the north, whilst others run East or even S.E. (see the chart for March), with
a corresponding divergence of the wind, is very instructive.
The way in which an area of high pressure exists over the sea somewhere between
22 and 42 S., but does not reach to the land, is remarkable. In connection with this
area of high pressure it is an interesting fact that the temperature is considerably higher
over the district where it is observed than it is near the coast. The highest barometer
recorded between 50 and 60 S. was 30'603 in June, the lowest 27'662 in April, and
these are probably the extremes of pressure for that latitude.
When considering the winds of corresponding latitudes in the North Atlantic, the
navigator will see how this turning of the air, part towards the equator, and part
towards the pole, corresponds with what is experienced to the westward of Portugal.
There, in about 40 N., and on the western side of a great ocean, the wind seems to split
into northerly along the coast (where many seamen say it is northerly for 10 months in
the year), and S.W., or southerly, further north. This splitting of the air is also accom-
panied by an area of high pressure to the westward over the sea, and a lower pressure to
the northward. (See Plate III. of the Barometer Manual, published by this office.)
It will be noticed that the wind seems to draw round the coast of Patagonia ; for
instance, the wind arrows indicate a more northerly direction on its west coast, more
westerly on its south, and more southerly on its east coast. The swell of this latter
wind seems to overrun it to a great distance ; for instance, outward bound ships to India
frequently experience a high S.W. swell at the southern verge of the S.E. trades in the
Atlantic, though they rarely get the wind from that quarter. In a similar way at the
northern verge of the N.E. trades, ships often get a high N.W. swell without its wind ;
this swell probably coming from the strong N.W. winds which prevail in high latitudes
on the western side of the Atlantic at certain seasons.
Between 50 and 60 S., both the air and sea arc generally cooler to the eastward than
to the westward of 75 W., the above-named tendency in the direction of the wind, and
the well-known current to the N.E., as shown on the Admiralty pilot charts, have no
doubt their influence in causing this result.
It need hardly be remarked that a larger number of careful observations is needed,
especially in the central parts of the South Pacific. The Admiralty wind charts for this
ocean now coming out, indicate that a good deal of northerly wind frequently exists
where the S.E. trades might be expected, and from our general knowledge of the working
of Buys Ballot's law, it is clear that if a space be found to the westward of the areas of
high pressure given in these charts, where the pressure is lower, a northerly wind may be
expected to blow there. This shows the great value of careful barometer readings in
fine weather, as a sufficient number will indicate the direction of the prevailing wind.
17
The following table will enable the reader to compare the temperatures found within the
area of high barometrical pressure and those observed on the coast.
Temperature in latitude 40 S.
Temperature in latitude 20 S.
Alontii,
Long. 1 00 W.
On the Coast.
Long. 100 W.
On the Coast.
o
o
o
o
January -
65
58
73
69
February -
62
60
7 .
March
62
58
75
70
April
60
57
1*
66
May
5*
55
69
65
June
55
5
65
July
5 2
49
7i
62
August
47t
5
65
61
September
55
5
65
62
October -
54
5 1
65
61
November
55
53
64
December
62
57
7
66
Mean -
5 6<6
54'
69-4
65-1
The question arises, what produces this difference between the littoral and oceanic
climate ? The cause has hitherto been assigned to the cold water of the oceanic current
discovered by Humboldt, which is said to exist off the coasts of Chili and Peru, and to
transport the waters of latitude 50 into the equatorial westerly drift. The observations
of the temperature of the surface water contained in these charts do not appear to give
much support to this hypothesis, since the sea here is almost always warmer than the
air. It would seem, therefore, that the air must cool the sea, rather than that the sea
cools the air. The current may be an auxiliary cause, though we have not the means before
us to investigate the matter ; but the principal cause seems to be the prevalent southerly
wind. From lat. 40 S., sometimes from 45 S., or much further, a southerly wind
generally blows along the coast, and eventually turns into the S.E. Trade, after passing
the area of highest pressure. This wind only fails in July and August, which are
precisely the months in which the isotherms of the middle latitudes are the least deflected
northward. It seems therefore probable that the general deflection of the isotherms
27887.
* Very few observations give this result, in 95 W. the temperature is 60.
f Very few observations in August, in 90 W. 25 observations give 54.
C
18
northward, or in other words, the cool temperature off the coast, is brought about by this
southerly wind which transfers the air of the temperate zone to the tropics.
The extension from the coast of this southerly wind is given approximately below :
January to 85 W. in 40 S., to 85 W. in 30 S.
February to 80 to 85
March to 85 to 80 25 S.
April to 85 45 S., to 82
May to 85 to 80 20 S.
June to 80 40 S., to 80 25 S.
July interrupted.
August interrupted.
September to 82 W. in 40 S., to 82 30 S.
October to 80 to 85 25 S.
November to 80 45 S., to 80 30 S.
December to 80 40 S., to 85 25 S.
The southerly wind begins to fail in June, during which month, as well n.s in July and
August, the atmospheric pressure off the coast is nearly similar to that over the ocean to
the westward.
From March to August the Trade wind extends only to 25 S., during the rest of the
year it reaches 30 S.
The arrows drawn upon the charts represent the prevalent winds. Generally they
represent the current of air as flowing between the isobars conformably to the law of
wind in relation to pressure in the southern hemisphere. Where the isobars are closest
the winds are strongest, and where they diverge from each other light breezes are
usually reported. Patches of high pressure seem to be frequently accompanied by light
airs and calms. An irregular course of the isobars is generally indicative of atmospheric
disturbance, or of variable winds.
Between 50 and 60 S., and 50 to 70 W., kelp or other sea-weed is frequently
reported.
REMARKS ON WEATHER NOTATIONS.
Since preparing the wind charts for publication it has been decided that other weather
data should be given. Here also the method of squares has been thought best, and a
key diagram is given for each month, which render but few introductory remarks
requisite.
19
It will be seen that the state of the weather has been indicated according to Beaufort's
notation.
b Blue Sky.
C Clouds (detached).
d Drizzling Rain.
f Foggy.
g Gloomy.
h Hail.
1 Lightning.
m Misty (hazy).
S Snow.
t Thunder.
U Ugly (threatening) appearance
of Weather.
O Overcast.
p Passing Showers.
q Squally.
r Rain.
V Visibility. Objects at a distance
unusually visible.
W Wet (Dew).
For convenience of reference the few remarks which are thought necessary have been
printed on each chart.
Only 30 notations of lightning have been made ; these were well distributed between
the parallels of 25 S. and 60 S. in the different months, excepting in January, in which
month no lightning was recorded. In the Trade wind region from 25 S. to the equator,
there was no lightning recorded. The notations of lightning are about four per cent, of
the total number of weather observations in which it occurred.
The reader must bear in mind that the " No. of Weather Observations " in the upper
left-hand corner of each square is the number of eight-hourly periods for which the
weather was noted, and that several of the facts recorded may have existed during one of
these periods, for instance, m, b, c, and q may have been entered for one, so that the sum of
all entries will, in general, much exceed the number of eight-hourly periods. He must also
remember that to get the relative proportion of certain weather in different squares, the
number of observations in the upper left-hand corner of each square must be considered.
For instance, in the January diagram the proportion of mist is 10 to 21, or nearly 50 per
cent, near Valparaiso, whilst it is 17 to 84, or only 20 per cent., to the S.W. of Cape
Horn. Now, if the number of observations be neglected, 17 gives the idea of more mist
than 10. The same remark is applicable to the proportion of certain winds in different
squares.
c 2
20
WEATHER OBSERVATIONS.
JANUARY.
100 95 90 85 80 75 70 KEY DIAGRAM. f.O
South
5
n m f
boo
q N
B
No. of
Weather
Observa-
tions.
m
Mist or
Haze.
f
FOR.
STATE OF
THE AlH.
South
5
10_
15
i 1-5
10
b
mm Sky.
c
Detached
Cloud*.
o
Overcast.
STATE or
TIIK SKY.
''*'-
J 48 9
3 -
- 3
- 5'7 3
J 9 9
I 9
- 5'7
15
q
Squalls.
a
Mean
Amount of
Cloud.
N
No. of
Observa-
tions of
Cloud.
8<JUALtS
AND CLOUD
OBSERVA-
TIONS.
18 -
5 I-. .*
S -
i l
4'7 3
6 -
J S
. ;':, f.
ii
- 5'6 M
20
IS
j -
3 S'o i
91 -
I 18 9
1 5'3 11
13 -
- s'8 13
6 - -
- - 6
- 7'8 19
6 - -
- - 6
- 9-8 6
N.B. The scale for the amount of eloud is the
proportion of sky covered, (I to 10 ; = no clouds,
10 = entirely overcast.
Kach number shows how ofton the weather in-
dicated in tile key diagram for its coiTfsiHiiidin.tr
place has been recorded.
REMARKS.
Foffs are prevalent off the west coast of Pata-
gonia, and mist oil' Valparaiso. It will l>c srrn
from the tahle at p. M that in this month tin-
tcmiH'nitiirt' at S;iiitinu r o at an elevation of 1.7M!
IV, -t is 1 hiu'hor than that :it sea.
Squalls are often reported in high latitudes.
U
SO
11 i
- 4 8
I 7-9 ll
30
4 IJ i
- 4-8 18
7 M
- 3'7 "
1 I
- 9'8 6
- 5'8 6
31 10 I
9 3 II
S 8-3 14
9 -
- 3' 9
16 4 -
- l'8 90
- 6'o 4
- 3-8 6
40
3 -
- 4'7 3
8 -
1 ! i
9 >
5 I 1
1 3'0 6
69
I 3
9 6*O II
3 -
9 I 9
- S'., 3
40
73 -
3 6-6 5
10 4
1 8 I
- 4*6 10
7 -
- S 9
.= '.! >?
45
H
17 7 i
1 10 8
* 6*9 34
'!! I
4 9'6 13
H
68
17 - 9
- 18 7
9 8*0 15
4' 4 4
- 9 3 14
16 7-4 31
3 I
-I I
- 8-0 I
S - i
:.. s 1
41 6 i
3 19 S
3 0'3 36
9 i
- ' 1
- 9'0 8
8 - i
3 3 3
- S'3 8
55
W
3 -
- i >
3 7'7 J
3 -
- 1 I
1 6'3 3
9 - 3
i 4 4
i 6-9 9
IS 1 9
I 4 13
9 8'9 18
66 90 i
- 33 9S
16 8-1 56
84 17 8
- 40 41
13 8-1 64
1,S .2
6 8-3 45
4 7 -
i 30 ii
II ii'o 41
4 -
I 8'0 4
3 -
i I I
- S'o 3
M
Wnt 100 K W" ' 8 80 75 70 65 60 :,5 CO West
FEBRUARY.
1(10 M w 85 80 75 70 85
M 50
Booth
5
n in f
b c o
q a N
South
t
10
10
15
3 - I
9 -
- 3'7 3
6 3 1
: J-8 J
15
y,
9 I
4 3 ^ '
- 3'i' g
3 -
= '' .1
6 I
: J.. 6
20
B
'!; ;
9 7'o IS
91 -
1 'f !
7 *'4 i
9 I
- II'O q
RlMABXa.
Mint i rery common on the coast between
rid and ."..-, S.
25
no
7 '
' 3 3
i ii-s 6
Squalls are reported frequently at nlmnt :'o S.,
and also south of 40, especially to the S.W. and
8.E. of Cape Horn.
SO
: 2-o J
- i i
- '7 3
3 I
3' 3
s -
- ro 3
- 7'8 13
n
13 I
93
- ff 11
17 :
- ft 9
it - -
S 9 i
4-K i;
I -
- - I
TO 1
35 13
6 13 6
- 4'8 17
H
40
?; ;
1 6-0 9
94 9 -
8 II 4
S ft 14
9 -
- 9
- 6-S 1
33 3
6 14 3
3 4*6 9O
3 I -
3 -
- o'o J
in
90 -
ii '-, i-.
11 3
- 5 1
.1 s- 4 ,,
57 '0 I
8 97 19
6 6'6 55
48
M
3 -
- -, ' t :
10 - -
\ ',,- ,~
u - -
T, (.'n r<
37 7 -
- 10 13
8 8*7 33
50
5S
55
3 -
: J-. ;
3 -
I 1*7 3
13 3 I
6 8-4 ii
40 4 3
I 10 13
'7 ''- :.4
III
- R 3
t ft t
7 - 9 ji j -
38 5 3 is H
i 7*0 14 10 5'6 30
n - 4
I 4 3
.1 ^ .1
i 3 S
43
3 i'K 14
M
s - -
3 7' 4
6 i
- 9 9
I 8-8 4
3 -
- 9
- 6'J 3
.6 4 5
" J "
- 8-4 10
IS 3 -
- 10 5
9 7' S
SS I
- IJ 16
17 7'9 IS
37 I I 98 I
- n 14 3 16 9
I S'O 31 16 7'3 38
3 -
I 1
I b'o 3
M
w.,t ).., W9085M75 70 65OM DO Went
WEATHER OBSERVATIONS.
100
90
85
80
MARCH.
75
70
65
50
South
5
I -
- i
- 6'o I
n ra f
b c o
q a N
South
5
10
2 -
-a
- 4'S "
3 -
-3
- S' 2
10
15
I -
- I
- S'o I
i -
- i
- 7-0 i
IO - 2
I 4 3
- S'S 6
18
20
3 -
-2
- 6-5 ,
3 -
- 2 I
- 7'3 3
20
25
10 -
2 3 S
- 6'5 10
22 I
38 g
2 6*9 ig
6 -
I * 3
2 7*3 6
23
30
12 -
37 2
3 4*6 ii
19 i
9 6 3
4 4'7 2
'S S -
3 S 7
3 ;'i '4
30
35
15 i
* 8 5
= -'I '4
18 I
39 7
7 6'6 IS
3 -
- 3
- 6'7 3
io g
I 9 8
I 6'i 9
REMARKS.
Mist is still reported near Valparaiso, and ako
near the Falkland Islands.
:*.-,
40
6 3 -
1 - 4
- lo'o 4
12 I
7 3 i
i 3'7 7
18 -
37 7
8 S'l 16
6 - -
37 3
22 - I
6 ii 4
2 3'7 I?
Squalls are not uncommon generally.
40
3 6'8 6
S 4'7 <>
45
3 I
- - 3
- lo'o 3
36 7
S 4'" 5
34-1
r 13 16
7 7-6 3i
45
50
3 -
- 3
3 5'7 3
8 -
- ' 4
4 S'o I
38 6 3
- 13 21
8 8'8 35
6 -
i i 4
- 7'o 4
50
55
43 2
4 16 30
II 6'0 31
43 I
I 3O 33
>4 7' 32
40 I
- 3O 2O
io 8'9 28
27 i
S 17 S
1 S'O 22
38 3 -
2 15 II
io 6'8 36
17 5 I
294
I 66 17
13 6 3
34 3
4 5'9 7
55
60
11 $ l
- n 7
6 7-8 16
10 - -
- s i
s ri 6
13 2
- I 13
i lo'o 7
,6 3
- 6 10
6 8'3 13
60 3
i 34 25
26 7-3 52
61 8 8
I 31 23
18 7'6 56
63 II I
4 29 27
13 7'i 57
48 6 5
3 19 20
13 7'3 37
7 3 I
2 S'7 6
43
I 3
- 6'0 3
CO
West 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 West
APRIL.
100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 60
South
5
n m f
boo
q a N
South
5
10
10
15
5 -
- 3 2
2 7'4 S
IO -
S3 3
- S'o 8
REMAKES.
FOR is not so often recorded. Mist is rather
common along the coast, frtim 20 S. Squalls are
rather frequent south of 30 S. In high latitudes
tl.ey are very abundant, and also in 3U-35 S.,
80-85 W. In April tlie temperature of Santiaro
fulls below that of the air of the sea near the
coast. This fact may have to do with the
decrease of mist.
15
20
l -
- I
- 4-0 I
- 6'7 3
3 -
- I I
2 6'3 3
II -
- S 6
- 7'o 8
n -
i 3 7
I 9' 9
20
25
18 i
- i 16
3 9'4 io
27 6 -
I 7 18
- 7'9 32
25
- 2
- S'S a
23
- 4'o 4
- S'o 6
3 ~
- I 2
' 8-3 3
30
6 i
i 3 I
- 4'3 6
18 3
2 10 4
I 5 - 3 18
3 -
3 -
- 3'8 12
19 I
II 6 i
' 3'S 17
9 -
4 4 I
i 4'l 9
36 8
3 IS 17
- 6' i 30
SO
35
6
I 4 I
I 4-7 6
IO I
6 3 -
I 26 IO
s -
2 - }
- 4'4 M
23 I
7 'I 5
11 S'2 23
6 -
i S
- 3'0 6
12 3 3
3 3 4
- '4 7
35
40
19 -
i 4 14
3 8-7 33
20 O
2 9 7
I 0'6 19
36 4 -
1 31 4
9 S'S 35
13 6 -
7 4 3
- 3'7 13
40
45
8 -
' 8-, ?
18 3 3
- 10 S
6 7'7 IS
22 4
I 12 9
7 7'2 32
45
50
37 6 -
3 13 7
7 O'l 27
23 5
2 8 10
13 6-7 17
50
55
; 6
I 7-6 9
3 -
- - 3
- 9' 3
37 -
3 13 13
7 7'3 23
19 I
" 'i '
9 6-9 17
3 -
- 2 I
3 *'7 3
i- - 9- - | ir - 1(277
-- i 22 3^46 io;-4 19
- lo'o i 2 4'6 s 1 i 6*7 20 i 8 9'o 21
M
60
6-3
- 3
i 8-3 6
6 3 -
12
3 7'5 4
19 3 3
23 9
S 8'4 >8
30 I I
i ii 18
7 8-3 35
36 I I
i 14 Ii
12 7'7 23
31 I
i IS 13
18 6-7 3S
58 6 5 35 i 6 > 15 I
- 8 43 3 4 22 ! i 6 8
20 8'g 41 11 S'o 26 i 7 7'6 13
no
West 100 W 90 85 SU 75 '70 3 00 55 60 West
MAY.
100 M 90 85 80 75 70 KEY DIAGRAM. 60
South 11
6
g 3
J 1
- S'l 9
n m f
ll C
q a N
n
No. of
\Vralher
Observa-
tions.
m
Mist or
Haze.
f
Fa*
STATK OF
THE AIR.
South
5
10
i. i
: J-. ',
i, -
- 3 3
- 6-5 a
9 -
i 5 3
- S - 7 3
18 7
- 10 S
- 7'5 i*
10
Ii
Blue Sky.
c
Detached
Clouds.
o
Overcast.
STATE OF
SKY.
16
6 - -
> 3
- 6'J 6
3 -
- - 3
- 8'3 3
- 7'6 9
30 -
1 I-S 6
51 ii
K 3S 14
I 6-0 43
15
q
Squalls.
a
Mean
Amount of
Cloud.
N o
No. cf
Observa-
tions of
Cloud.
SQUALLS
AND CLODI)
OBSERVA-
TIONS.
9 I
I 6 I
3 S'o 9
ia -
39
i 4'3 ia
a -
- - a
-' 8-3 3
31 4
3 9 10
- 7'3 17
20
tt
3 -
- a
- 6-3 3
3 -
- - 3
- lo'o 3
11 I
I S IS
i 7-7 as
N.B.-The
proportion o:
10 = entirely
scale for the amount of cloud is the
sky covered, to 10 ; = no clouds ;
overcast.
)cr shows how often the weather in-
to key diagram for its corrosjionding
'n recorded.
25
<'
33 3
S 9 "8
- S'o 31
a? 4
3 18 6
- S' S
i ; T
- '4 7
Karh numl
dicaU'd in t
place has be
SO
.15
>4 i
- S 8
a 8-6 14
is - -
I 10 4
- '9 IS
i, -
- 6
- 3'S
IS i 4
34 4
- s'a u
N
40
6 - -
: I-s J
s - -
i - a
i 6'J .-,
17 -
i II S
- 6-1 iS
17 -
S 10 a
3 4'S 17
9 i
- 3 6
- 8-8 9
REMARKS.
Squalls arc frequent between 40 and 60" S. The
amount of rloud is preat over the whole dis-
trict.
in
46
- - 3
- lo'o 3
3 -
- a i
- 7'o 3
8 i -
i 3 4
I 7-9 8
14 -
- 6 8
3 7'7 I
37 3 4
- 13 11
ia 7-5 33
45
60
3 i
- a
- 5 '3 .1
3 - -
- i a
- 7'7 3
34 -
- la ia
3 7'7
31 8 a
- M M
II S'l 34
50
65
17 f -
I IO II
9 7'9 a?
179-
- 8 15
10 8-5 37
93
- 7 i
6 6-6 9
ai i
- 13 9
8 S'o ai
1 "
- 16 II
10 7'5 7
'- I 3
a 8-0 8
- 3 6
- 9-1 9
24 - 3
I 8 13
- 8"o 34
33 S
a 19 10
2 Ii- 1 3.1
4S 7 3
4 32 9
7 7M 4 s
58
H
WeTt K
3 ' -
- - 3
- io'o 3
6 3 -
- i *
4 8'J 6
'S 3
I 8 3
I 7'l IS
34 3 i
i >7 5
6 6-6 ai
4 3 3
- 19 19
18 8'J 41
So 7 a
a 18 as
7 8-1 49
60 4 I
3 vi a8
ao 7'S *o
48 4 7
4 19 18
13 7' $3
IS 3 -
'4 9
- 7'7 IS
3 -
- - 3
- lo'o 3
nil
PO 96 H 85 80 75 70 65605550 Wct
JUNE.
100 96 M 85 M 76 70 65 60
55 50
South
5
n m f
b c o
q N
South
6
10
10
15
3 -
- a i
- 7'o a
30 6
i 36 a
i 5- i 27
U
to
ia i
a 9 i
5'o .<
iS - ~
- II 4
' /''I 7
3 6'6 9
80
M
17 i -
3 S 9
'-', --4
- S'l 14
? ,
- J'8 6
18 J
I 9 8
- 7'S 16
6
M
a 6 :
5 4'7 "4
7 a -
i a a
I 6*8 10
10 I
- 8 a
6-4
- J
ii - 3
1 {-, i
N
H
l -
- I
- 5-0 ,
- 7 >
5 7'i 9
- 6
5-3 6
n a
18 a
3 10 J
i S' 18
UEMA
Milt in rather common i
SKS.
i the coast
athcr is rlra
ucnt south o
"rom 10 to
36
40
o I-, .
4 I
- a i
I C'3 6
u -
^ 7''' 7
6 4 -
: ;.. .
18 I -
- 13 6
S 7'3 i
was.
Si|ulls are generally frcq
fas" 8.
40
46
"4 -
33 3 -
3 10 9
S 7'4 *>
34 i
45
6 - -
- " S
3 1*3 5
60 7 t
1 36 36
'i 7' 7 <4
9 3
- 7 '
f., .,
60
6 -
- 4 a
J J-S 6
'IS -
' - 3
S o'j 15
4 i,t A
n -"- !<
13 i
- 6 J
3 K'6 10
18 i i JR a -
- S II I 4 IS
4 K'K 13 19 6-7 56
8 6 a
1 13 7
S 7-3 'S
19 4
I II 6
4 6'9 18
M
11 I 6
- 3 >
3 9'3 "
6 8-7 18
13 i
- 10 J
3 7'a 13
*?,{ ,;
8 7-037
SO 3
* a] aa
n ? 49
97 3 - 51 i i
6 40 48 3 30 17
as 7'7 7 16 6-9 44
9 3
i i-6 ,
no
We* 100 M W 86 80 V- 70 65 00 55 50 Wt
JULY.
100 95 90 85 SO 75 70 65 60 55 50
South
5
27 II
3 24 -
7 3'6 27
21
- 2
- 6'S a
n m t
b c o
q a N
South
5
10
3 -
3 *'3 3
3 -
3 6'7 3
IS 3 -
I 12 S
- S'8 16
_10
15
15
6 -
-6
6 j-8 S
6 -
- - 6
- lo'o 6
4 -
- 3 i
- 7'8 4
20
63
6 4-3 6
3 -
I '''7 3
- 6 6
I 8'6 9
3 -
- I 2
- rs i
REMARKS.
From this month until December the air near
Valparaiso is tolerably free from mist. Squalls
arc commonly reported. The amount of cloud is
hiKli and nearly uniform.
20
25
6 a
- 6
3 6-2 6
6 -
- 6
3 5'8 6
II -
- 4 7
I 8'7 6
6 i -
I 3 2
- 6-2 S
'43 -
- 8 3
- 7'8 14
25
30
12 2
- 12
6 5-3 12
32
- 3
3 6'o 2
"4 -
- 7 6
3 7'4 9
92
a 4 3
- 5'7 9
32 -
4 16 12
4 6'2 25
33 2
2 3 18
- 8'6 23
30
35
12 -
- II I
4 6*0 12
II -
- 2 S
S 8-3 6
36 a -
3 31 2
10 f'1 29
35
2 20 3
9 S'S aS
i 14 8
6 6'3 21
76 S
- S'7 ai
40
3 -
- I 2
- 7'3 3
24 i i
2 ', s 5
9 64 16
12 4
- 8 2
i 6'3 12
32 6
I 16 7
10 6'9 23
14 -
- 7 7
3 7-4 ii
6 -
- 6'o 6
40
45
8 i i
- 4 3
- J'l 8
132
- 5 6
i 8'3 II
3 -
- I I
i 7's a
31 2 i
- 19 8
10 6*7 24
II - a
- S 3
I 7.1 10
45
50
12 - I
- 10 2
2 7'j 10
23 8 i
- 12 6
I 7'l 19
3 -
- 6'o 3
50
55
17 6 i
' 4 7
6 7-3 13
17 3 a
- 9 4
3 7'9 8
5 -184 - is a 363
34 S i 6 8 14 12 -4 i
6 j'g ia 6 7'8 16 I 7'S ii 3 6'J 4
65
60
3 - a
- 6'o 3
3 -
:!, 3
3 -
- 3
3 6-3 3
4 -
- I 3
3 9'o 3
a? S 4
7 8-3 14
2.' 4 I 38 5 - 3 -
7 13 4 Ii 13 - a i
60
West 100 95 90 85 Sil 75 711 65 (!() fw 60 West
AUGUST.
101
) 9
5 9C
8
5 8(
7
5 5
65 60 65
>0
South II
K
3 - -
- t ~
- S'o 3
n m f
be o
q a N"
South
5
10
13 6 -
- i 9
- 8-1 IS
*
10
15
- 3
3 4'o 3
9 S
- 9
7 7'7 3
9 S ~
- 6 3
- lo'o 3
IV 1 3
- S 4
- 7'8 II
15
20
3 -
- 3
3 S'<> 3
3 -
- 3
a 6-3 3
13 -
- i la
- 9'S 13
14 3
- 9 4
4 7'4 13
12 I
i 7 4
I 6'J u
20
25
12 8
- 3 a
- 7'2 12
14 -
I 9 4
- 6 'S '4
18 I
I 13 S
I 6'g 18
I -
- I
- 4'0 i
REMARKS.
The weather resembles that of July.
25
30
18 6
a 6 7
3 7'a 18
13 -
- 9 3
S 6-3 la
9 -
- S 4
- 3'l 9
a -
- a
- 7'S a
It is very squally to the S.W. and W. of Cape
Horn.
30
35
7 -
- 4 3
- 7'i 7
S -
- 3 i
- 8-4 8
IS 4 -
- S 9
* } IS
9 I
I 6 i
- 4'7 9
13 -
i a 3
S 4'S ii
35
40
3 ~ ~
3 -
- i'3 3
18 3 i
- I M
- 9'6 18
27 10
- 12 9
3 7'2 27
3 -
- 3
M 7
- 6 i
3 7'8 u
M 3
I 10 3
3 <>'9 14
-
40
45
3 - -
a - -
3 -
- 3
3 S'o 3
a4 3 -
- 9 14
9 '3 34
10 S -
- 8 i
3 5'6 8
19 2
a 7 8
9 7'5 19
45
60
3 -
- 2 I
i S'o 3
9 '
- 7 I
S 7'a 9
18 2
- 10 7
lo 7'8 17
14 I
- S
7 S'o 14
50
55
3 i
i
3 - -
6 i
i 7'8 4
9 -
4 S' 6
36 a
- 16 10
'5 7'7 aj
42 4 2
- IS 23
16 8-3 43
48 6
g 17 ao
31 6-4 48
S--I23 91-8-
I S 173143-61
S S'o 6 3 7-1 12 3 7'3 7 S S'o S
65
60
3 - a
- - 3
- lo'o 3
30 i I
- 16 13
16 7'8 30
37 4 3
- 3O 14
ii 7'S 32
5S a - 15 i
I 33 ai - n 4
34 7'5 53 8 6-9 14
60
West 101
1 9
> 91
8
5 8
I 7
5 7
' >:> 60 r,r, 5
West
24
100
M
90
80
SEPTEMBER.
75
70
KEY DIAGRAM.
60
South
I
11 111 f
I" C
M n X
ll.
No. of
Weather
Observa-
tions.
111
Mist or
Haze.
f
Fog.
STATE OF
THE AIR.
South
S
10
13 1
- a 10
10
b
Blue Sky.
c
llctachrd
Clouds.
o
Overcast.
STATE OP
SKY.
15_
to
9 3
' 2 '
4 *0 3
33
- 3
.- -
ll -
i 8 ii
- 7'7 3
10 - 3
- S 4
- 6'3 3
15
20
<]
SqualK.
a
Hem
Amount of
Cloud.
N o
No. i if
Observa-
tions
(ifCl.iud.
SCJI'AM.S
ANiiCi.orn
OlISEUVA-
TIOh'3.
3 I
- 3
- 4' 3
is ;
3 3'S '5
ii -
6 7-9 ii
I o 8
I. VI 15
3 -
- 6'3 S
6 - -
- 6
6 3'8 6
6 1
- 8-0 6
9 '
- J 2
' 7'4 9
18 I
- 10 7
3 8-4 9i
- 6 II
5 H'6 31
3 -
I - 3
- 7'3 S
N.I!. The scale fur the amount of cloud is the
proportion ul' sky covered, (1 to 10; = no clouds ;
1(1 entirely ovcrr:M.
Kuril number ihom how often the weather in-
dii'aiid in tlir key diagram for its corresponding
place has been rccoi
25
ID
3 -
- 3 I
8'7 3
18 -
- 10 8
J 8-1 J8
30 -
5 M ii
; ;'o .;;
31 3
4 II 6
i J'9 3i
33
- 3
- 8-0 s
SO
.-.:,
2 i 7
4 ft ;
39 '
4 S 9
4 6'8 39
9 i ~
i 7 i
- s'; 9
^J 1
6 6'6 33
18 3
3 IJ I
I It 18
13 -
3 6 3
I J'9 13
llEUARES.
Squalls are frequent, especially between 15 and
25 S., and in high latitudes.
M
40
9 4
- 3 9
- 7'3 9
9 I
- | 6
4 8-4 9
ia i i
i 9 l
3 6'8 13
30 l i
3 <4 13
6 7-1 30
3 -
13
- 3'o 3
3 -
- 6'o 3
10
45
11 1 1
6 3
I 6'3 13
31 3
i ii 9
7 7'7 i
6 1
:?< J
IS 1 1
- II 13
4 8*0 11
14 -
- 9 S
lo 6*9 14
45
SO
15 - -
- 13 '
" i?
11 3 I
S 8'6 la
37 7
- 19 6
3 6-9 17
18 I
9 8'i 18
60
K
11 -
1 1O 10
3 8-1 ai
14 -
I II 11
4 8-1 94
18 3
- 10 8
S 7'4 "
36 3 7
3 S 10
S 1'S
14 6 3
a 13 6
3 6'8 34
4S i 3
I 13 35
s s-7 4 ;
55
6 -
- 6
3 -
- I a
6 -
; i-o i
6 7-3 9
18 -
- 5 13
10 H'9 18
11 -
3 13 6
10 6'8 31
30 I
- IS 4
IO 7*3 30
36 i i
i ii 13
S 8-4 ij
3 >
- I 3
I 9'o 3
60
Wort 100 05 M 85 80 75 70 68 60 M 60 West
OCTOBER.
10
1 i
1 S
5 8
I
It 1
05 80 S5
Kouth U
8
n m f
b c o
q a N
South
B
in
10
U
4 -
; ?,o ,
i -
- - i
' 'C 1
14 9
S 6 -
- 4'9 14
15
M
1,5 ;
1 6*4 91
[jj
'7
3 7 7
- 5'9 17
6 -
:?-, .
20
l -
- - 9
- I0'0 1
35 - -
II 13 11
- 5'4 3
3 -
- 6-3 3
., -
- 4 3
- K'7 6
B
> -
- 1
: ': :
17 -
- 7 10
4 :---
30 -
4 11 14
3 - -
i i i
- .''3 3
9 l
3 6 I
- S'8 9
3 -
l 3
3 3S a
M
3 -
3
- I'J 3
8 i -
6 n 10
- 6-0 >9
.- i
96 10
a 7'a IN
It - -
3 13
4 4'7 I'-
IS -
394
5 5'4 "4
i; -
i ; .;
REMARKS. .
Mit is reported on the coMt between
111 rind I.', S.
85
40
9 -
i j i
- S'3 7
IS '
a n i
l 5' IS
ll 1
1 6.J II
4 -
- 4
- 5'0 3
i -
i -
- I *O I
Squalll ore less frequent hrt\veen tlie (n.|ii.-s,
but are very common in the south, especially- near
Cape Horn.
40
3 - i
- 3'o 3
J -
- - i
- I0'0 II
31 9 1
- a 16
3 9'6 31
13 3
- s i
3 7'i II
8 I
I 3 3
3 S'7 6
45
M
a -
-3
- fs
10 1
I 7'4
5
- o 6
1 6-5 19
50
K
J '
- I 1
- lo'o 3
3 -
l 6*-o i
6 - J
- 3 1
- 4-0 i
33 3
- 10 13
4 r| :i
a a
- 7 ao
6 K-a 19
n- -19 a I3JS 1983 i
-8 3 3 u j 313 j 7 13 8
l ii'K ii 10 s'i 8 i J'3 19 7 O'o 36
65
ri\
6 - 3
- 3 1
6 1 -
;?-, s
11 - I
IS i
s *' is
44 4
I 17 14
at 7-4 37
'?,; ,T
13 '3 3'
93 1 9 57 4 6 i
4 33 45 i 36 37 - i 4
3(1 6'9 58 IJ 6*9 aj I 6*3 3
fl
Mnt 1*
91
a
J * M
7'
w u
Wct
25
NOVEMBER.
10
9
5 9
) 8
5 8
) 7
5 7
fl 65 60 65 5
9
South
5
6 -
n m f
b c o
q a N
South
5
10
11 -
- 3'8 6
10
15
13 3
I II J
- 4'3 "
- i
- ?'o i
15
20
4 -
- 4
- 7'7 3
5 - -
- 3 3
- 8'7 3
82
- 4 4
- 7'5 8
S -
- 9'S 6
20
85
6 -
- 6
- S'8 4
4 -
- I 3
- 8-0 5
17 -
- ii S
- 6'l IJ
i -
- - i
- 9*0 I
25
SO
19 -
4 14
2 4 '7 IS
IS -
3 8 4
3 6'6 14
24 -
- 6-7 16
14 2
- 9 4
- S' 7
30
35
9 9 7
- S'4 35
10 -
45
- a'9 9
III
*
- 6-4 II
16 i
- 9 7
- S'4 10
REMABKS.
Fog and mist are not uncommon in high lati-
35
40
- 6 i
- 6'4 7
27 i
3 13 10
I J'O 25
10 I
- s s
- 7-8 10
15 -
I 5 9
- 7'3 II
tudes. Squalls are rare north of 40 S., but are
common to the southward, especially near the land.
40
45
2 -
I 2'O 1
21 2 4
i 5 10
2 7'9 IS
21 I
I 12 8
4 6-5 19
8 -
- 6 i
I 6'8 4
45
50
17 4 7
- 8'9 II
28 2
3 17 6
2 S'7 23
21 - I
i 7 10
3 S'S 13
SO
55
40 4 9
3 IS I'
3 6'8 27
63 3 4
3 36 37
35 6'o 34
12 -
3 8 , '
9 4 * ii
46 3 -63 6 -48- -20 i
9 19 14 6 33 22 7 17 16 76 7
IS S'7 38 13 6'i <>3 ii 6' 45 3 s'2 10
55
60
3 -
i lo'o 3
6 2 I
2 9*0 6
63 -
- 9*0 6
17 3 I
i 10 5
i 6'6 16
55 4 ii
4 16 32
ii 6-7 35
54 S 4
2 22 23
7 7'8 5<>
IO2 3 6] 64 5 2 2- I I-
4 48 43 4 35 21 - - i - i
33 7*7 102 lo 6*9 60 - lo'o i - 7*0 I
60
West 1C
9
5
IS 8
) 7
i 71
65 60 55
)0 West
100
95
90
85
DECEMBER.
75
70
55
50
South
5
n m; f
b c o
q a N
South
5
10
12 3
- 3'3 4
10
15
is - -
3 10 J
- S'7 iS
6 -
-6
- 6'8 4
6 -
- 6'2 6
9 - I
3 S
- 4'S 13
15
20
1 -
- 4 3
i 7'9 7
2 16 7
I 6-4 21
16 -
3 9 S
I S'9 M
9 -
- 6 3
3 7'S i
6 -
3 ~ 3
- 5'9 9
20
25
3 -
- 3 -
- S'o 3
6 -
-3 4
- S'o 7
IS i
- 7 7
3 7'9 10
S 4
- S'O 31
18 -
- 4 14
- 9'2 18
25
SO
3 -
- S'7 3
14 -
- 9 S
5 7'o 14
6 -
- 3 3
- 5-9 21
35 - -
9 13 3
3 3'8 33
33 '
I 10 3O
2 8' I 29
4 - REMARKS.
22 - Fog and mist extend up to 30 S., but are rarely
- 3 '7 3 recorded north of that latitude.
30
35
is - -
S 9 i
- s's 34
34 -
7 13 4
- 4' 33
12 -
- 6 4
4 S' 8
35 - -
5 33 8
3 6-3 35
12 3
S 7 -
- 3'9 "
112 -
3 4 3
- 60 10
Squalls are still very common in the high
southern latitudes.
35
40
- 8'0 2
18 I
4 II 2
- 5'3 IS
iS - -
4 7 4
- S' iS
6 10 8
4 S' 3 4
3 3 S
16 ii
- 6-5 35
ii 3 i
- 7 3
- 6'S II
40
45
9 -
I 4 4
- 7'8 9
14 I
4 I 8
- 6-J II
,8 S -
I 6 9
3 7'7 17
33 3 I
3 19 9
3 'S 33
20 8
- ii 7
2 7'7 20
46
60
6 . 3
- 9-8 6
33 3 I
36 13 3
31 6
50
S 7'8 30
9 8-1 37
8 8-4 30
55
3 -
- 3
3 S'3 3
S3 7
I 25 21
II 7'3 Si
65 6 2
- 22 40
17 8'6 62
3i 4 6 26 4 - 14 2 1152
-14 3 4 16 5 -9 4 16 6
i 7'7 21 - 6'i 38 2 6'8 Ii - 7'0 12
55
60
9 i
: t-s i
J -
- I 2
5 - -
- 3 3
- 8-0 3
23 -
I 12 9
3 6'6 21
85 3 3
- So 33
24 6-1 83
101 3 4
3 43 S3
33 7'7 93
84 18 4 43 10 3 8 i I
- 34 27 I 19 15 - 4 2
29 7'l 59 II 6'7 34 I 8'0 6
60
West 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 80 65 60 West
27887.
26
ADDITIONAL DATA.
In addition to the information which is contained in the charts, the Office is in possession
of observations made at certain stations situated within the area to which the charts
refer, and it has been considered that the publication of these materials would not be
unacceptable. Their nature is as follows :
Table I. Tables of diurnal range of the barometer at Port Louis, East Falkland Island,
and at Hermit Island, near Cape Horn, calculated by Captain Sir J. Clark Ross,
R.N., F.R.S., from the observations made on board H.M.S. "Erebus" in 1842.
They exhibit a mean daily oscillation of the barometer of O'OlG in. between 9-30 a.m.
and 3.30 p.m. This value agrees very closely with the theoretical oscillation O021 in.
computed from the following formula given by Professor James Forbes :
x = -015 + -1193 cos. hat.
Table II. Means of barometrical observations taken at Cape Pembroke Lighthouse,
Falkland Islands, with a marine barometer, Kew pattern, belonging to the Meteorological
Office.
Table III. Results of observations taken in the harbour of Valparaiso.
A. On board H.M.S. " Nereus." B. On board various other ships.
TABLE I.
MEAN PRESSURE of the ATMOSPHERE determined from HOURLY OBSERVATIONS of the BAROMETER, reduced to
32 and the sea-level, made on board H.M.S. " Erebus," Captain the late Sir JAMES CLARK Ross, R.N.,
F.R.S.
At Port Louis, East Falkland Island.
St. Martin's
Cove.
Hours.
1842.
1842.
Sept. 20th
1842.
1842.
1842.
1842.
1842.
Nov. 14 to
to
April 6 to 30.
May.
June.
July.
August.
Dec. 16.
Nov. 6th.
1 a.m.
29 '534
29-318
29-400
29-688
29-66.5
29-462
29-370
2
'535
319
'394
681
661
459
3<57
3 n
531
313
391
682
654
' 4S l
368
4 "
528
'31*
390
670
649
458
3<57
5 99
531
310
385
655
<545
464
364
6 - -
'537
306
384
652
641
46?
366
7 - -
'537
308
385
65,
641
467
367
8 - -
'539
3U
384
650
643
465
363
9
537
316
39
652
642
'457
360
10
'534
312
'394
651
642
"454
360
ii
\5*9
313
400
651
643
453
'355
Noon - - '525
304
'397
645
637
'45 i
348
i p.m. '511
292
'353
637
629
'447
347
a - - '5>4
286
'34<5
632
626
446
\H<5
.3 - '53
286
381
639
628
'447
'343
4 '5*
290
389
645
636
'449
34<5
5 ' '54
292
396
656
644
'45 1
348
<5 - - -507
*>95
400
665
651
'454
'35 2
7 - '5 10
296
406
669
656
"454
362
8 ' '.513
299
410
670
662
'457
364
9
"5H
300
'4'3
677
667
458
365
10
'5'9
300
'415
681
669
462
367
u
'5*5
305
414
684
666
462
369
Midnight
5*7
308
414
686
669
461
369
Mean -
29-522
29-304
29 '393
29-661
29 648
29 '45 7
29-360
No. of days -
*5
3i
30
3i
31
33
48
At Port Louis the ship's position was bit. 51 88' S., long. 58 7' W. At St. Martin's Cove, Hermit Island,
the ship's position was lat. 55 C 52' S., long. f>7 33' W.
27
u <
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November.
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Final average
I
n
o
.2
a
I
D 2
28
TABLE III.
A. Results of Meteorological Observations made at Valparaiso by the Officers of H.M. S. " Nereus."
Lat. 33 1' 55" S. Long. 71 40' 25" W.
At 8h. SOm. A.M.
L
Barometer.
Temp, of Air.
Temp. ofKvap.
Cloud.
Registering Thermometers.
(HJJ
Mnrttli ' ' ~
.n on i IK
18S3-8. ; !
,j
t
j
|
j.
2
it
m
Average
at 32
and Sea
Level.
ij
Average.
'f
1]
Average.
f
br V
*J
Average
Amount
(OtolO).
o|
ll
Mean
Mai.
in Air.
= 1
II
Mean
Min.
in Air.
= 1
q
O
O
o
o
o
i i
Inches.
o
o
o
January
3
29-990
3'
6 S 4
93
61 -i
93
4'3
93
70-7
93
65-.
93
February 4
63-4
"3
59' 7
"3
4-6
'"3
68-5
>3
62-9
"'3
March
4
6,- s
124
58-2
124
5'4
124
66-6
124
61-7
124
April -
4
59'8
120
57'4
90
4.9
120
64-0
120
59-9
120
May -
5
30.107
3i
58-"
'53
5S'5
124
5-4
"S3
62.9
"53
5 9 - 1
"S3
Jane -
4
30-104
30
56-9
120
S3'?
90
5-6
I JO
6,- 5
120
57-5
120
July -
S
30-077
3'
56-8
'55
53'5
124
5'3
>S5
60- j
55
56-5
"55
August
S
30-I39
62
56-8
"55
S3'4
124
5'5
>55
61-0
155
56-7
"55
September
4
30-141
30
57'*
1 20
54'4
90
5 - o
120
6,- s
120
56-9
120
October
5
30-I39
3'
58-9
154
55'3
124
4-6
'54
63-6
"54
58-4
"54
November
5
30-090
30
61-1
"So
57'3
'5
3'2
"So
67-0
"So
60-5
"50
December
S
30-021
3"
63-2
'55
59'*
55
3-3
'55
68-7
"55
62-7
"55
(coxf /{.)
Month.
At 3h. 30111. p.n.
Barometer.
Temp, of Air.
Temp, of Evap.
Cloud.
Average
at :!_> and
8e* Level.
\
Average.
^'5
Average.
No. of
Observations.
Average
Amount
(OtolO).
No. of
Observations.
January
Inched.
29-952
3>
675
93
62 4
93
"4
93
February
March
_
67-2
64-9
"3
124
61-1
59'8
"3
"24
2-1
2-8
"3
124
April'
62-4
120
$8-8
90
4'4
120
May -
30-073
3'
59-8
"53
56-2
124
S 1 '
"53
June -
30-054
3
58-
120
54'S
90
5'*
120
July -
30-035
3"
57-8
"55
53'9
124
S'o
"55
August
30-093
61
57'9
Iff
54-o
124
4-0
"55
September
October
30-098
30-121
'
3'
59 - o
61-2
119
"55
56-7
90
124
3'7
4'5
"'9
"55
November
30-078
.10
65-5
"50
58-9
'50
2-0
150
December
29-978
3"
67.,
"55
60-6
"55
"55
29
Months.
Total
Observa-
tions
of Wind.
9h. 30m. A.M. Observations of Wind, referred to 16 points. (Force to 12.)*
N.
N.N.E.
N.E.
E.N.E.
E.
E.S.E.
S.E.
S.S.E.
S.
O.
F.
0.
F.
'0.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
January
93
20
I' I
7
1*1
3
I'l
S
2'6
February
'13
20
1*1
3
I'O
'4
I'O
3
I'O
I
I'O
3
2-7
March -
J2 4
33
i'4
3
I'D
13
I'2
6
I 'O
I
I'O
3
2'0
April -
120
40
I'4
3
I'O
4
I'O
I
I'O
2
I'O
i
I'O
3
I'O
I
I'O
8
i'8
May -
153
36
''5
5
i'4
'7
I'l
I
I'O
3
I'O
i
I'O
3
i'3
I
I'O
9
i'4
Jane
1 2O
24
2-7
ii
'S
9
i'6
I
I'O
4
i'7
3
I- 3
2
I'O
July -
'55
34
2' I
i
4'o
23
1-8
2
I'O
'5
i'S
12
"'4
I
2'0
8
'3
August -
tss
S3
2'O
8
i-8
8
IM
I
I'O
7
''4
I
I'O
2
4'0
it
2'0
September
120
3i
'7
8
1-6
9
i'i
i
I'O
I
I'O
4
2'0
October
'54
24
I- 5
20
''7
'9
i'3
I
I'O
'3
''4
2
2'0
2?
2' I
November
:5o
22
I'2
4
I'2
ii
I'O
3
'3
6
I'O
4
I'O
2
5'5
25
I'l
December
'55
39
l- 9
2
'I
12
I'O
i
I 'O
6
I'2
i
I'O
10
2-4
{continued.)
9h. 30m. A.M. Observations of Wind, referred to 16 points. (Force to 12.)
Mouths.
S.S.W.
S.W.
W.S.W.
W.
W.N.W.
N.W.
N.N.W.
Variables.
No. of
Calms.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
0.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
January
2
3'5
4
2'0
6
2'0
'3
I'2
I
I'O
32
February
S
2'2
7
1-6
7
i'4
2
i'S
48
March -
4
2'8
4
I'O
H
i'4
2
1 - O
4'
April -
i
I'O
i
I'O
ii
i i
4
'?
40
May -
I
3 - o
i
I'O
...
i
3'
5
i'4
3
'7
I
3'3
65
June
3
I- 3
i
I'O
2
2'0
2
'5
S
July -
4
'S
i
3'
_
6
I'2
48
August -
I
I'O
i
I'O
9
I'3
4
2'0
44
September
2
2'O
7
1-7
I
2'O
3
'7
20
''4
3
2'O
3o
October
6
2'8
9
3'3
5
1-6
9
'"4
7
1-6
I
3-0
Ii
November
6
3-7
9
I'l
5
2'O
I
I'O
10
i'4
5
i'4
I
I'O
36
December
5
2'8
13
2'3
6
I'2
'7
i '4
2
'
4'
* O. Number of observations of wind.
F. Force.
The direction of the wind is not corrected for the variation of the compass.
30
Months.
Total
Observa-
tions
of Wiml.
3h. 30 m. P.M. Observations of Wind, referred to 16 Points. (Force to 12.)*
N.
N.N.K.
N.E.
E.N.E.
E.
E.S.E.
S.E.
S.8.E.
S.
O.
F.
0.
P.
0.
F.
O.
F.
0.
F.
0.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
ann:iry
"ebruary
92
n3
9
i
1'2
I'O
32
4?
4- 2
4-0
I
I '0
3
I'O
I
I'O
3
i'3
3
I'O
March - 124
iz
2-5
3
1'7
3
i'3
3
i-3
7
''4
39
4'*
pril - - 120
"4
2'I
i
I'O
4
I '2
5
''4
6
I'2
3i
3-o
Hay -
i53
33
2' I
6
1-3
5
'4
4
J'7
5
2'0
*4
2'6
Tune -
120
25
3'4
4
I'2
4
2'O
I
2'O
2
1 'O
I
I'D
5
1'8
3
2'0
21
2-7
Inly -
i55
37
2-6
3
2'0
2
3-o
2
i-5
5
2'2
7
2-6
27
2'3
\ugiist- - i55
33
2-7
8
1-8
I
2'O
I
I '0
I
5'o
3
3'7
7
2'6
39
2'8
September 119
16
i'4
i
I'O
3
i'3
5
I'2
2
i-5
i
I'O
25
2-9
October - i5S
6
>'7
5
2'2
4
i '5
2
2'O
6
"'7
2
2'5
46
3-5
November - i So
i
I'O
i
I'O
i
3-o
2
i'5
3
2'3
3
1-7
64
4-6
>cember
iSS
9
2'0
3
i-3
3
1-3
i
2'0
53
4'
(continued.)
Months.
Sh. 80m. P.M . Observations of Wind, referred to 16 Points. (Force to 12.)
Variables.
No. of
Calm*.
MJW.
8.V.
W.S.W.
W.
W.N.W.
N.W.
N.N.W.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
0.
F.
0.
F.
O.
F.
0.
F.
0.
F.
.laiitKiry
12
3'3
22
4-0
3
2'0
z
1-5
6
I'I
I
I'O
4
February
i5
3' 9
if
2'8
3
i'3
8
i'5
4
''7
I
3'o
8
March -
"4
3-6
'9
2'3
4
2'8
i
2'0
6
i'3
I
I'O
12
April -
26
2'5
9
i'i
i
2'O
4
2'5
4
i-5
2
I'O
i3
May -
12
*'4
12
2'3
2
i'5
2
1-5
7
2'0
I
2'O
2
I'O
38
June -
a
i-5
7
2'O
I
2'O
2
2'O
i
I'O
3
i'3
2
2'O
36
July
8
2' I
i3
2'1
I
2'0
3
i'3
5
'4
i
3-o
4i
August -
i3
a-5
18
2*2
I
2'O
3
*'7
i
2'O
7
2'3
3
I'O
16
September
'4
2-9
16
2-9
S
2'6
i
i-5
8
i-5
21
October
4*
3'2
23
3'6
2
4-5
7
1-7
6
'7
I
I 'O
3
NoTeinber
*9
3'9
*7
3'6
I
2'O
i
I'O
5
*'4
3
*;r
8
December
34
3'7
i5
3'i
I
3-o
8 2-3
1
4
i-5
4
2'O
3
I'O
16
* O. Number of observations of wind.
V. Force.
The direction of thu wind is not corrected for the variation of the compass.
31
B.~ In VALPARAISO HARBOUR.
Barometer.
Temp, of Air.
Cloud.
Weather.
Temp, of Sea.
Months.
Average.
1
^ o
!J
Average
J
1
Total
Sky.
Atmos-
phere.
Rain-
fall.
S
at 32
and Sea
o*|
i
*1
Amount
<*1
Obser-
-
q-
Average.
"o'-G
Level.
^1
*|
(0 to 10).
*|
vations.
b.
c.
o.
m.
f.
r.and
^1
O
?j
O
h.
O
1
Inches. ,
o
January -
February
,
_
,
_
_
_
_
_
_
March -
3o-026
9
58-4
9
. .
7
5
2
.
April -
30-084
'4
61-4
14 i-o
2
H
ii
3
_
-
May -
30-049
3
57-7
3
2'O
I
3
I
2
1
June -
1
.
.
i .
July -
3o-o8o
24
56-2
24
5-o
24
24
8
IO
5
2
3
August
3o-n8
93
55-6
64
3-6
89
93
3i
56
5
'9
6
I
55-7
26
September
3o-i3o
93
5 4 -7
90
2-8
71
93
42
48
3
7
7
4
4
5, -4
*4
October
30-040
108
59-9
83
2-9
8 9
108
45
60
2
9
4
2
7
53-3
25
November
December
-
Months.
Total
Observa-
tions of
Wind.
Observations of Wind, referred to 16 Points. (Force to 12.)
N.
X.N-.E.
X.E.
E.N.E.
E.
E.S.E.
S.E.
S.S.E.
S.
0.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
January
February
March -
April -
May -
June
July -
August -
September
October
November
December
9
14
3
24
93
93
108
I
I
2-0
i-o
5
9
i
3
4-2
2 - I
i-o
l"l
4
i
2
2- O
i-o
i-o
I
i-o
2
I
I
2-5
i-o
i-o
I
i-o
2
I
3
3-o
3-o
2-3
2
4
2
3'5
2-5
2-5
S
2
IO
9
2'6
i-5
2-7
z - 4
(continued.)
Months.
Observations of Wind, referred to 16 Points. (Force to 12.)
Variables.
No. of
Calms.
S.S.W.
8.W.
W.S.W.
W.
W.N.W.
N.W.
N.N.W.
0.
F.
0.
F.
o.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
O.
F.
January
February
March -
April -
May
June
July -
August -
September
October
November
December
S
7
6
52
46
54
2
I
1-5
4-0
3
3-3
I
2-0
I
l"0
5
3
10
i'4
2-3
2-9
S
8
10
2-2
2-1
2 4 I
I
I
I
i-o
3-o
3-o
3
I
1-7
i-o
I
I
2'0
2-0
I
5
2
2
3-o
1-8
I *O
i-o
I
I
4
2-0
4-0
i-5
3
5
ii
4
1-2
I'O
i-3
32
APPENDIX.
The following additional information respecting the climate of South America is given, on the
authority of Dr. J. Hann, in the Journal of the Austrian Meteorological Society, Vols. V. and VI.,
the data being here converted to English measures :
PCNTA ABEKAS, lat. 53 12' S., long. 70 56' W.
Temperature.
Rainfall.
Months.
Mean
Mean.
,
Mean Amount.
No. of Days.
<*~ " i
Maximum.
Minimum.
o
o
o
Inches.
January ...
5 I- 4
71-4
44-2
1-429
13-1
February
5'4
63'7
42-8
2'012
I.r7
March -
47''
63-1
39-4
I-94I
16' I
April
42-1
55'9
31-6
2-654
14-2
May
38-8
S 1 * 1
30-2
I-756
n-8
June
35'8
45 'o
24-8
2-153
n-6
July -
34'5
46-2
22'8
2-736
14-4
August -
36-0
50-2
26' I
862
n-6
September
39'7
54'
30-7
067
n'S
October - - -
43 '9
5 8 '5
33 '6
'35
10-7
November
46-8
6Vi
39'7
303
'4'3
December
49-6
65-3
43 '3
'433
16-0
Year -
43 - o
74'3
17-6
21-696
158-8
No. of years
6
5
5
6
6
Frequency of Winds in Per-centages.
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
S.
8.W.
W.
N.W.
Summer -
10
5
4
i
7
i.3
41
19
Autumn -
16
13
4
2
5
16
ap
16
Winter -
19
12
7
3
12
3 1
16
Spring -
12
7
3
I
7
H
37
20
January
9
4
4
I
7
15
4'
20
July
21
13
10
I
4
1.3
26
12
The hours of observation were 8 a.m., noon, and 8 p.m., but a correction has been made by Dr. Hann to obtain
the mean day temperature.
The maximum and minimum temperatures for the year are absolute extremes.
33
PUERTO MOXTT, Int. 41 30' S., long. 72 52' W., 32-8 feet .above the sea.
Temperature.
Rainfall.
Months.
Barometer.
Mean
.Mean.
*
Mean Amount.
Days.
r^~ \
Maximum.
Minimum.
Inches.
o
o
Inches.
January -
29 '934
59'7
76-3
49'4
3'543
8-5
February
29-926
59H
75'9
48-4 4-303
8-6
March
2 9 '945
56-7
73 "2
46-6
7-488
10-7
April -
30-012
5 2 '5
68-9
40-8 11-874
14-2
May
30-012
48-6
62-8
35-8 14-988
T 7'3
June
3o - oor
45'9
5^7
32-7 15-067
18-6
July
29-843
44-8
5<5'5 33-8 12-453
I7-7
August - 29 '98 1
45 '5
57'4 35' 6 9-I53
15-6
September 30' 060
47'3
59'2
36-7 6-988
i3'7
October - 30-075
5'4
68 "2 41*2 6-142
12-3
November 3 o ' 004
54'i
66-2. 44-1 5-571
ii 'i
December 30 '036
57'7
79-7 48-4 4-485
9'7
Year - 29 989
51-8
81-3*
30-9*
IO2'o6
158'
No. of years
i*
6
3
3
6
6
Frequency of Winds in Per-centages.
X.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w.
W.
N.W.
Summer
3
10
I
18
39
I
i
10
Autumn
5
2
O
II
J 5
4
3
14
Winter
67
2
I
5
8
3
3
12
Spring
42
2
I
'5
22
3
i
15
The hours of observation were 8 a.m, 2 p.m., and 8 p.m., and a correction has been applied to obtain the
mean temperature.
* Mean yearly range 1859-64.
27887.
34
VALDIVIA, lat. 39= 49' S., long. 73- 13' W.; 12 years, 1853-S4.
Temperature.
Rainfall.
Months.
Mean-
Mean.
Maximum.
Minimum.
Mean Amount.
Days.
January -
62-8
o
87-8
44-4
2 "559
5-8
February
61 -3
8.3-1
42-8
3-937
7-2
March -
57-9
78-3
40-3
5-984
8*5
April
53-8
<57-3
37'2
10-94.)
11-7
May
49 "8
61-7
33-8
'5-31.5
14-8
June
46-8
57-7
31-8
22-165
18-4
July
45" i
56-1
31-8
16-024
15-4
August -
46-6
59-2
30-2
12-165
14-4
September
48-6
66-2
3i "8
6-496
10-6
October - -
52-9
73-8
36-0
4-567
7-8
November
56-3
77-2
40- 1
5 '709
9-4
December
61 -o
86-0
43'9
3'no
7'4
Year -
53-6
108-976
131-4
The hours of observation were 6 a.m., 2 p.m., 10 p.m., and a correction has been applied to obtain the mean
temperature.
SANTIAGO, lat. 33 C 26 -4' S., long. 70 C 37' W., 543 metres = 1,782 feet above the sea.
N.B. In the original paper, Vol. V., p. 441, the height is given as 569 metres, but in Vol. VI., p. 109, this
is amended to the figure adopted in the text.
Temperature.
Rainfall.
Months.
Barometer,
mean, at 32 K.
Barometer
reduced to Sea
Level.
Mean.
Mean
Amount.
Maximum.
Minimum.
Inches.
o
o
January
28-174
30-015
66-0
85-6
52-9
O'OOO
February
28-174
015
65-1
86-4
52-2
0-051
March
28-193
046
61-5
82-0
46-0 o 098
April
28-229
100
55 '
72-7
40-5 0'539
May
28-252
142 49-3
66-6
37-4 2-031
Jimi^
28-260
160 46-0
63-7
35 "6 3'938
July
28-272
i 7 i 45-1
61-3
33-4
4'l6S
August
28-296
197 46-9
63-9
34-3 2'77 2
September -
18-272
161 51-3
72-3
37-6 1-646
October
28-260
'136 55'4
78-4
41-9
0-708
November -
28-125
"082 60-4
79'.?
46-8
0-590
December -
28-186
028- 64-8
84-9
52-5
0-252
Year
28-23.3
30-104 55-6
87-8*
3i -6"
16-790
No. of Years
<H
8$
7*
8 ii
i
* Absolute maximum and minimum.
35
Frequency of Winds in Per-centages.
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w.
W.
N.W.
Calms.f
Summer
5'5
12-5
4*5
5'S
8
44'j
I2'5
7'5
16-3
Autumn
7
21
8'5
8
"S
27
6-5
9'5
16-4
Winter -
7
28
8
10
10-5
16
5'
,6-5
25-0
Spring -
3'5
H
4
8-5
10
38
"'5
II'O
16-4
t The calms are expressed in per-centages of the total number of observations.
COPIAPO.
Latitude, 27 22' 30" S. Longitude, 70 23' W. Height above the sea, 1,296 feet.
Barometer.
Temperature.
Cloud.
Two Years, 1864 and 1867.
Mean at
32 F.
Daily
Range.
Absolute
Range.
True
Mean.
Mean of
9 a.m. and
9 p.m.
Mean
Daily
Maximum.
Mean
Daily
Minimum .
Mean
Amount
(0 to 10).
Inches.
Inch.
Inch.
i
o
January
28-65!
5I
252
68-7
67-1
83-3
57-6
*'4
February
28*629
043
213
68-7
66-6
82-9
58-8
i*5
March
28-641
55
264
66-6
64-4
80-6
57'
1-9
April
28-652
047
196
61-9
59'7
74-8
53'i
i*7
May -
28-669
39
236
57'4
55-6
69-4
50-0
2 '5
June*
28-675
031
154
55'4
54'3
66-7
46-8
4'7
July-
28 ' 684
047
303
SS'
53'2
68-0
46-8
r '5
August
28-728
047
441
54'5
S*'$
<57 '3
45 '7
1-6
September
28*701
047
300
57'9
S4'5
73 '4
49'5
1-4
October
28-709
063
299
62-2
59-5
76-1
53'8
2-3
November
28 ' 694
55
252
65-0
61-9
78-8
56-1
2-9
December
28-659
041
256
68-4
66-2
82-0
.59 - 4
2-2
Year
28-675
047
61-8
59'6
f86-o
38-3t
2 -O
* June 1867 wanting,
t These are the absolute maximum and minimum temperature of the two years.
36
CoQuniBO.
Latitude, 29 55' S. Longitude, 71 17' W. Height above the sea, 59 feet.
Barometer.
Temperature of
Air.
'
Months.
Mean
at 32 F.
Mean
t
a
J
limum.
Daily
S
.;
Range.
g s
e
g
a
jr
1
1
January -
February
March -
April
May
June
July
August -
29-863
29 ' 863
29-882
29-949
29 '945
2 9'957
29-957
30-020
0-032
016
024
032
016
004
008
213
177
177
221
225
331
386
65 3
66-0
62-6
60-4
56;5
53'4
55'8
O
75'
75'
70-9
68-9
66-6
66-2
64-6
58- 8
56-1
54'3
47-8
45'5
46-0
47'3
The barometer observations are for the
years 1849 and 1850. The tempera-
ture observations are for 1852 to 1854.
ending August, with which those for
September to December 1859 have
been incorporated, to complete the
three years. Hours, 9 a.m., 3. find
10 p.m.
September
29-973
016
303
58 '3
6-4
5'
October -
29-973
024
236
59 '9
67-1
52-0
November
29 '934
020
142
61-5 | 70-3
54-0
December
29' 8 75
024
1 209
63-7
72-0
56-8
Averages for
29-934
5'97
2 years.
3
LONDON :
Printed by OEOBGE E. EYRE and WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE,
Printers to the Queen's most Excellent Majesty.
For Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
[4029. 500. 7/71.]
[P. 1065. 500. 7/71.]
FOR
CHART OK METEOROLOGICAL DATA
CAP!-: HORN & THE WEST COAST OF SOl'TH AMERICA.
JANUARY.
11 Storm Hhicli wvuhl mittce Jits- (rXtvrtn
12 ffarriccitif Whi<Jt H6 MWtfU COOiU
,. . t /rtJ drawing tht? isobars anJ isetJifJTrif tin? Mitre <?/ i-<u-/t
square, is xzLpfwed to i-fprestnt the position of its
pressure atui tf/itj>ertttit/'e'.
85
.SO
7S
70
60
ST.
50
A i i l)u ttfnt m Hammttfi
too*
rrow in thr centre >/'//!< ritr/f //<t'.v with t/n' it'irnf <!' \\-/nc/i f//,n
is the latyext tinnil'iT t'l'i'twn-ittt^n.s Win-it fn'<> r tinT<- nv>/</.v Im r/
number, thf preference /.i-</nv// <V tin tftrttff.vt i'crc,-
Wfieri a quarter or HUT t- e-f'f/n M'7/r/< ininiln-r /'/V/'.w rwtftr/tx iit'i' rat lux . tin'
centre p/'tti? circlf /.* slimtcti ' . *lt< n vuriaMfS, v'hl*- M- itJt-rt'd
The fitfure# i.ti thf innrr circle ylu>\v tin utftin li>n-t t<i' \\-ctut l'\' l'>m nlii-t .s
30 - >Trir ^' itvvttf place oi'deciiiHt (x >
'Hie /ufurffin the otttwcircl; .v//cif tin- nnnifar pl'titiw which I he wuut hitx
I'm e<tch. direction
Tin- lull 1 1 it?* /Sins ^_ ti re Lw(><iry. t>r Lim-s (>/'t'(fim/
lt'(t,-tl lines thu-tt... ----.arf AV///I vvw.v. rr huts vl ' cyttnl
oi'the tut:
* ttc<inlrrt.'ti .SmVc oi'fttml A'/v*
Just sufl'u-ietil tc i/i tv slfenitfe wn y
- /.t ft/it Brffif | With wfitcJia ivtU ccnditicnt'd ntun i/ & '! hick
-3 GentleMrtflf \ fi/'ntir HI(/I <t(t xtiii set would tjc in \ $ U> 4 ,
4- ModtniteBrve-iv) fmwt/> wtttrrand "clean titU'/rvm \ J to 6 ,.
5 Fresh tfreeic. \ .. / Royafa. Jtc
taie\ui chasf'i'uU t\nd by"'. Dndb Reefed Topsails,. Kb A' c .
8 Fresh GcU^ t ) Tripk Rtdtd Tvpsatis, t
StnmyGalt, ) \ftsatRrr6tl Ttf**iit' fWtfwrnw
K) Whole (xi{f Witii wfncft she ctntiti seam-ly k-nr r/ov -nv/w/ Minn
rrf*
FOR
CHART OK METEOROLOGICAL DATA
CAPK HORN &TIIK \VKST COAST OF SOI 'Til A.MKRK A .
FEBRUARY
-1-5 tf-SK
.3
Tit, t/rrrtv tn the ,vntre c/'t/u a/r/Y /tu.v trith t/u ><// rJ'tv/nr/i t/n-n
/utni{>i-rt'J'i'/wn-ttt<\vi.->. Whfii AV
t/tin { number, the preference tsqwcn fc (he tjrcutcxt I'rrr
ft/tin numer, te prerence tsqwcn fc (e tjrcutcxt rrrf
H/nn a cftfftrterormweoftjie wtwh' num her of obse.rvaMcns arv
if/t' cf'fhc circle i,* shaded; when nariettfat, v'tte centered .
Tht fiures in Uieinnvr rirclf show tin- mfian iowf t>f winti hv
'Hf place
The tiynrcsittthe tnttercirdf shwthf nnntivr ('f'tinn.v which f/if i\intl has
bftTi rfccrded frcni euch, direction .
The full lints tftus^. --- -^_ art- Ivc/wrx. cr tin , .v
aromi Irica I pressure . f
///i ih'ltfff li'ws thus ______ ----.are Isotherm*, wlttivx
ttutf of the air.
* ttcanfirt 's .Vw/r of Vfiiiii Force.-.
O (it lut
f l.iniit Air Just siiMdenf (?gw .vtffnty, wny
'- /.itf/it Brrs'-t I Wi(ii iv/iffftn ii. // M'Hilidcinti man i / te '* kitvl
\ (it/lf/fft/Tc~t jof-niiririt/i ftfi suit set " I'lth/ (ft> in / 3 to 4
7 Mrdfnitr Gait \i" '''"'' "'"" ""' h' ' '*' ' ''' /lV ' '"' ''V w '" /l ''''' ''<
^ W Frcs/i tniff I I I riplc Rtctrtl /./n-,r'/i .1.
'.) UlnnillHiL I \lloslKtrM Taaailf .intl I'm/:,,:.
t In ({fiwtiuf tit? isobars aiuLisctJifJinf-' thv centra iV ft,-//
sr/uarv tt fltfpOfteL to represent f/n- pi>,tifit> fit' it* m
CHART OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA
FOR CAPE HORN & THE WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA .
MARCH
Wind
NumforoTObs?
W cf Variables and Force
TfcsfGOm* -
Baromd
W Xttmter of Ohs
Weather
ofObs?
N. slurwitu] Raiiv,$Ttaw0r/lail
Thv arrow in thf centre oft/te ctrcff flif-s with tht wind r/' winch there
is the {urgent ntvmber ofohsewatictis. Whfn two crjncre winder have an
'Uitl number, the preference t.v ifivcn fc (fie greatest force .
When a quarter ormtrre fifth f wtwle number of cl>.vp.rvcUions <xre cetlins, ihf
centre of the circle i.f shctdfd; w6en variable*-. r$& is en.&re4/ .
77u ftpiirej? ifi thfinnfr circ/f .r/itw the m#an, force of wind by Beaufort's
place of decimals *)
Tlie inftii-csin the outer circh .V//CH- //* nuinttr rftinif-y which l/ic wind /uts
cK direction .
Tke full lutfa ////*_ -^. are Isobars, orlinfA-
bctrnmctrrctt ( pi
The doited- lift*- s t/ni/i.- -- ..art ].vethennx, or litifs 0f*i
temperature t
* RcaufbrL's Seal* of Wind Force,-
o CcUm
Light Air Just steflidtnt (ogive jtttmge, way
2 7*ight Brecif. j WtiJi which,asweU-ecnditieneflman- ( I to ?
3 Gentle re?Z4 \ofavarmtJt aU sad set wouldqoin \ 3 to 4
4 ALderateBnete) smooth wattratid*eltan,fidl*'fivm. ( 5 to 6
5 fresh Breeze \
6 Strcruj Breeze \
7 ]/lpderate (ra{f\w chase "falf nt>d b\"l
8 Fresh, Gate J ........... ______ J Triplt Re* -ftd Topsails,
9 Strrny Gall. / ........ ..... _____ \flast Rrefid Tcpxuh and C
With which she ccuitl scarcvi
and rvvfed Kmsat
whidi would rebuff, her te Storm Stnysaifa
ne cttnvas could
1 1 Stffrm
12 Hum<xift&
t Tn drawing the isobars arui isotherms tha ce
square is supposed to represent tJi& position of it
(ern^ertiture .
CHART OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA
FOR CAPE HORN & THE WEST COAST OK SOUTH AMI-RICA.
MAY.
7J /
as v
t 1 */
x^SL
^N 27
M>-<
.^6-S2
-^z.
^i
-v
2\W
"\
<&
?
2 s
*7-6,0'
70
liO
Wind
inxrof Ms:'
JP cfHinaUes and Force
3l?<f Calms
Key_IJlayram Barvmrtf,-
' ' Numoer if Ob.f
It-l-S fs SIC, \ than
\fKrXea
Temperature
.\'nn>tvr of' V6s?
se-s ./ He,,,,
Weather
X l 'stumwtfRaiti.fiww0rh
T/,. ,,r,- t .,, , //,,, ,-fi,lrc c-fthf circle flies n-ith the 'rind of which there
w Ulfltircie.fi number e-I'diserrnttms. When tin: trmr-re n-irnis have an
"^u^ nurn ^ fr ' Webreference i.v given tc the ffrftttavt frrce
When a^quculereraurrcM't/H H'Mc number i>/'i'l'Sen;tii,'ii.\ are callus, tilt
centre of the circle is shaded; H'/iai rariablts. r'Hf u entered
The ftaures in the inner circ/f f/itrw tht mtan. force vf wind by Jfeauforts
""sf^y* /'!"" I'l'deciinnl.t *)
TlU iuniits iru tht outer circle. ihow the number el'limex which the wiiul ha.
cecfi recorded fivni etivk direction. .
_ The. full lines (Aus ^ are /sonars, or Unfjt vfcqttti /
oaj'otn^.U'icit I itivsviire . "f"
The. dotted lines thus. ----.are Iselherinf .or lines e/'n/tta
tefn-pziuturt' i'1'the air.
KeanfcTt V Scale of Wind Font.-
dtlm
1 I.itjhl Air Jtt.it sidTicietil tc give steerage wav
2 tight Bree:e I WttJi whisA a mU'-condiuoned man lltc'i knots
-^ fan tie Breeze \ofmr*tthcdlsail set wmddyoiit, I 3 to 4
5 FreJihiBree.ic, \ __ fftovatsjtc
7 Moderate Gult\inchase'full,ancl In'"' DfuHeRtefrJTi'psiiils M A\
O^^^f I ' \ TrifJcXcefid Topsails J C
* Mraui Gait, /... \OmR,*Mrvx,ils.u,d fairs,
10 Whole, taie WOi >vhicli she eouU scarr.-ly tear rtW -reefed Main
Tonsait' and reefed foresail.
II Atffrm wiich. would reduced'tifr to Storm Staysails.
Vt Humccuu iVhion no tnnvas could mthsuind,
\ Jiv dramnif tju, isobars and, iectJurms the. centre of each
., square is supposed to rcpj-esenf the position of its mean'
pressure and tenijterrttHrc
53;
,., M ,<, ,
ff ,mi> ii.".
95
no
as s
. .1 41 -.1
sS
+3 9
40-7 41 G
x^
:
... / ^
y
III
65
',k,
:.-,
.
CHART OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA
FOR CAPE HORN & THE WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA.
JULY.
85
S-V '<.''"
80
75
7o
65
60
55
50
:' V-
Hlrul
Baromsttr
Tcniptratitrt
j JVujn/w of OH!
&-l Mean
Thf (trrcur in the- 1 centre.- rfthf circle ffats witli the wind cf ivhich tltfrc
is the If^ye-st number of observations, When two fvmffre winds have an,
rqita I num fvr. tke preference is given tv the- gretittat force ,
Whtn a.tfitartcrc>rmvreofth& whcle number ffc-fcrrrafifris arc calms ,t/it
centre r-fmc circle if shaded; when tvtria/Jef. v'tie is entered .
Tht, rttfureff in the vtntr circle yhew the Tnfon. farce of wind. M' Jfeau&rt A~
.frttlf(to cm placf or' decimate*}
Tiie. rt<jitrc.v in the miter e irclf s/icw tnc naunlw cftifrtf-f which tjit wind has
been rtfcnit'd frcni f<tch,dirfctum-.
77'f full lirifj tiuts^*- --- **_ are Lvobars, or line* afetfunl
barotnf fricu I pressure . f
T/tc <lcttrd lififs thuf ...-' ...... -are Jsothtrms. cr lines of etfit<tl
tempi/rttunt efthe air.
+ Beau fart's Scab, of Wind Farte-
Ctilni
1 Light JAr Jiiet sufitdentto give fftteraye ivtty
2 Light Brrezf, | With whicha. ntf eenehtienjed man- 1 / to ? knots
3 Gr/jfhjBrtfZt \ofavarwithaUsailsef\vculclyoin \ 3 to 4 ,
4 ModerateBretia.) srnortfi -waterand "dean fidl "from. \ 5 to 6
5 frfsHSreeze. \ ......... ---- ---- (Reyals&e
6 StrcnqBreeze. \To\thifhshecmddcarr\\ SintjleRftfedTvpsaLiliaitdTfiSouk
7 3h'cUrn.t? fniif\in chttsefidi and fy"( DooMe See fat Topsails, Jib, fc.
& fresh GaU j ..................... ..) TnplfJice/M Topsails. c.
9 Strcnq (nil,- J ................ _ \Cfat Rtfted Ttyitaik ami GXUVKT
10 IVficlc fiaJc Wtth which she ctwtd scaredy Ivar clese.-retfefl^laiti
TvpsarA and reefed fbrvsa il .
11 Storm Whidnvonld r&ittcf htrtoStvrm StnyjaHt.
12 Hurricane. JITuc/i no cattvets could withstand.
10
15
20
f jfc- drawing tht- isobars and isctherms thf ocntrt, of each
square, is supposed to represent thtposititnt of its mean
jwsjiure nrul temperature.
ft,
/I*
/
S5
'
^
.v.
100
85
80
75
70
65
50
Vincesi: Bx ook^ l)ay s .
CHART OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA
FOR CAPE HORN & THE WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA.
AUGUST.
95
9O
85
80
7.-,
70
(55
60
55
Dumber of ' Obs? .
J^cfKcnaHftaaJ
W if Calms .
Wcatfur
Stmlxr of Obs?
/lev Diii'ir
Raromtttr
se-s ,x9-/
mu
Temptraturt
r of Obs!
Tlic tfrrciv in the ct'titri t 'f t/u 1 circle rties n-r>tJl tin tfi'xi ,</' lr/llf/1 [Inrt
if the largest fuim&er i>/'el>sc.n'iti0ns. W/tffi /we cr mcfc v/7/V.r It ave an
t number, thi f>rcfrrt'nce i&- given to the. greatest ferce.
u-n (i quarttrcirnwcrfttif whale na^tttr ffffftfeffajttffnf *<rc cj.ilms,thf
centra cfthc rirclf is shftdfd; w/tm rariaMe&-. rile i.v entered .
fiifureA- t.n t/u'jjincr circlf xticw tht mean farce of w:nti l'\' Beaufort's
tanxtt place ofdccima.!**-}
The -figures in tAe oiitercirclcsliw tlie ntifril-cr r/'tinn'-y i\'hr t -/i f/n~ n-intj ha.*
been Tccrrded from eticKdirectitn
Tli, tnti Inns thus ^ ----- ^.<T/V Isobars, or lints pfetfitttl
rotmti-icH I />rr.v\ure. . f
///< fii'tt(-<f //i.v f//.v.-.-- ...... - arc kvt/itniu-. i-J fine* tfutjU/oH
tempe/nttirc fCt/lf ttir.
+Mcanfrrfs Scait of Wind Force-
O '
l Air Jitst sufiidfnttogive steeratfcwtiy
2 Li'cjIitJtrefif I WifJi whifA a well,- centlitioiieft man- iltvl knots
t ^ drawing tht isoliars aiul itcihernis thj. cm tre cfeach
squart. is supposed, (J /c/>r>.*rnf tlte jH>sitiun of its mcu if
pressure fni'l (,'fu/>rntfuff
\ at' war with cdl sail set. \voltldyo in, \ 3 til 4
" ' ~
4? McderutaBncie) mtux-th waterand'clean fall "from. \ 5 to'O
5 JrcshJSretzc \ f Kayak, fa
6 StTTtuf Breeze I To which site could carry! S'imjluRccfett fppsaJbatid TjG&tiix
7 Mod&rite (nde\i chast. lt full and "bf*\ Jkattt Reefed Topsails, Jib. r.
8 Fresh Gate, I '. I Tripi? Rcefai Tc/wi/.. A.-
9 Stnmq Gale /.-- \Gost Rrctid Tcf-mils and GmrMs
10 Wide Gait. Withwhich she could xcarrcly Ivar c/i\vi- -reffed Alain
Tt'i'saii and'T-effad, Fm-exml .
11 Stvrm lUnch Hat&fotcfaatftAer fc.Yftr/n Mttysailt.
12 Hurricane M7i*c/i' no ean\ag coiitil wifJuftanel. .
$>}
90
85
7B
Viiiciu Brooks Day4SGn.l,itli
CHART OK METEOROLOGICAL DATA
FOR CAPE HORN &THE WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA
SEPTEMBER.
Borvintt
Xnmlvr nf Hl
ItfUt/l
\umterefOtf.'
"",""'""'" 'I" train ol'tlir circle I'tics with thf in?i<l of tehtcli tlien
the litrctest iitinil't'r i'fe/wfvtttft'ii.f. Wlien iwn IH-HIWC n'ifirttf htn-e an
'/"?' number, thr prrtircncc ix given Ic the flrtatejit I'orct
When a ifiinrlcrormareofthc uJitU mtmlvr r/'ftist rnitlr/ix "re
fnlre of the circle w slutting iitcn inriaUes. vUc is entered .
The liaurcs in I fie inner circle fhm' tfie mean force of wind by Beau forts
'<l<:(t", 'lie place ol'decimn U+)
Hit timrcs in the outer circle slicw the numi-cr i-r/imm- which the mini ha
ruvriteft frcni etich. direction .
the- full lines M//.V ~^are Ixoburs, or lin#y ofcqiml
oaromttricn I /'/v.v.w/v . \
tte<{ lines thti.t... ..are /.fi>t/irrrnf. nrlinttf ef equal
tfmperttiinv cfthooAr.
* Heaulort i XcaJe of H'inti t'orct
O laJm
Air Just siifiiciefil tcfjit-e
~ l.iylit Brte-.e VWitholnthau-tlicfiuliliau'dmajt-ilte ? knots
3 GcntleKi-fKe \ofniirmlli all sail set uviildildn \ 3 to 4
lMdemttBreiie)!im,rl/, avlrraml "elmn f!iH"irum \ 5 to 6 '.,
5 r'rcdiJireezc \ f
6 Xtrcn<fSnr:f \%>w/iic/,slir,YiMau-iy\Sii\ii/eKct/alKpsM'/jaiiitTJi.'\
7 Mcderat, Gait\in cliaseluU ami h '"/ DiM tcel'nl T,,,,.m,li.M. tc
ate |
/, /
Qast Rrrtirl Tiyaai/s tuul Crarfrs
swrctly Ivn
11 Storm
12 Jlurriffifu-
t /n dliwiliy tfif- /W*r.v .ifirf l.fitji fruit rhe centre,
Siliturr f.i .niffmraf ton-/>r,xrnl the /wntu'ii a its mam
(in<! temperature.
CHART OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA
FOR CAPE HORN & THE WEST TOAST OF SOUTH AMERICA.
NOVEMBER.
Wind
dumber- of" Ot>s?
ariables and Fore*
Weather
of Qbs?
X''.<;h<n\ir{(f Rain, Sno
in thf centre cftfte c ire ft f'tif.v with (In trim/ pt'\e/uch tiltr?
is tJif lanrcjft mttn-for c/^^rrt-dttons. W/tcn PHV or mere winds have an
'tjfua.1 number, tile preference- tjy tjirvn to the (jrwifaft forct.
When a quaritJ-vrmweoCtlif! wwte number vfct'seri'tttif/ts are
entre of the rirtlt /> shaded; HJi&t variaUes. vth i* entered ,
77it f-urtirt's in the inner circle jfhvw tfif niton, force of wind, by Beaufort's
jda.ce tfjUtfaa /-t */
Flit -/ifttr-ff i/i the outer circle jtltcw fne number oftimtA' which th# tvinti Juts
65 ^w Twwdw /?r/i
art Isobars, crlime
at sufficient tegivt-
i*-htdttLwtU <
3 (ktntlt I$rc4 :<' \ofwnrwith all fai
man- 1 / to -. nr
V ,
^ .5 fr 6 .
5 Fresh Breeze \ - fRcyals.fa
6 $trcntt7htit.'.it I Kwt^-.?A^cpa^a('7>'| SviqfoJledrd TvpsntfjandKlfail
V DeidbfctJsdTowis.JUt. fa
fresh GaU- \ | TripbR
/... ,CJAwRn>JM 7(vuvi//.i -tuufCtii
10 M^r/^ ftt/f WM M/IW^ i<- ns//^ Jitwra/r &w r/r.v- - w/r<V ^,
Tojs(til' and,- reefed Knvsnil.
1 1 Storm Whiffi, wva/d reduce fur rt? .i'tar//* StaysttiJj
Hurricane ]Vhifh TW eanvcui ci-uld tvitksfand
t Tn drawing th(. isobars anA, isotherms flu- cen tre of
square is supposed, to represent th&'position of its
pressure, and ui
3928'-!' 1-2 19146
CHART OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA
FOR CAPE HORN & THE WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA.
DECEMBER.
Weatli
tonier of Obs
Tcmperntiur
\utiilfr o/'Obs?
tin c*' Hire c/'f/t,- fire It. /'/u-.v with t/u' wind fffimtOn ti<
is the tftfffefl rtzimrr <>/V/w/'rrr//>//.v Wl/cn CUV nrtrwrv winds liavf at
'quctl ruiml'cr (Jie preference lA-qircn fi- the fircuttxt force.
a- cfti&Tter ormffre pfthe vrhclc nitr/ificr I'f'vlt.vrrvtttiwis arc ctXvfnf,
centre- oftfit circle is J&O4&M& w/ieri mriaMef, v'He ts entered .
Tfu- fiffures MI tfif inner circle yltw the inran fercf ff wuui
vcale(fo cue ]>l<ta of dedntaZt 1 *)
T/ie fwfurejtin the enter circlf shw (In- number cf'tinit'-v which 1hc wind has
been, -rpfjrdtd frcm ea ch, direction. .
Tlir iiiil t'uify tJutji -^a/v Isobars, orlinee ofOWxZ
/v.f
Wc.i 1 ///.?..- - an fsotheniu-. or lines pf equal
SeeuU of mad
(aim
1 l.itjht Air AuttufftamttP
/.itt/it Btve-.t | With whifli n ireU-cemhcittnefi man j / iff
3 GvnUeJirefZt \of-i\w with- a (I sail stt wcufeiffoin I 3 to
I Mxirntte&vtzej sinectti Kit(fruncl'dean.fiitt"fivm \ J to ti
5 Jtvfh Jfrivzf \ -. f fwyafa <fl
6
8 fresh GaU '! ..j Trifle H.
9 Slnnti Gale I - - \QostRteM Tamils .7//W lev
10 Whjt (Me HI//I m'nr/, .v/tr eaM av.rr.Vv h-ar 1-hr .rtW.V M,,,
Till ttt'fnt A''/..*,. / /
11 Storm Which n-ritftt r (l ///.-. //. / A .tf<vv/; ,i'/.v.w/A.
12 Hurrifane H7itr/i "nt 1 CfftnK.f d'ttiif
\ Tn- dnu\inff.tiif tfg&gft and tto&CTOU (Jit 1 rmtr,
square fofOfpQfftd, tprcf>r,xcitt tltv ofitiMt offts nu <in
temperature.
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