QC CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE METEOKOLOGY CAPE HORN AXL> THK WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. bg % iutliorUs at tbc LONDON : PRINTED BY GEORGE EDWARD EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE, ^ TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. m R HAJi ,! ,n ; iBRl -: PI! : PUBLISHED BY E. STANFORD, CHARING CROSS. 1871. [Price 2.y. 6rf. if CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE METEOROLOGY OF CAPE HORN AND THE WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. f ttblislreb bg % iat&witjj d LONDON : PRINTED BY GEORGE EDWARD EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE, PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. PUBLISHED BY E. STANFORD, CHAKING CROSS. [Price 2s. 6d.] 187L ERRATUM. On Chart for December, the figures at the northern extremity ot the isobar for 30' 1 in. are given as 30 '0. : -' PREFACE. THE collection of the information contained in the accompanying Charts was commenced under the direction of the late Admiral FitzRoy by Mr. G. H. Simmonds and Mr. F. G aster. When the Meteorological Committee took charge of the Office it was not thought advisable to continue the collection of observations on the plan previously adopted, but at the same time it was resolved to turn to account the work which had already been done. The observations are of good quality, but insufficient as regards quantity. It has, therefore, been an object of importance to give the information in such a form as to be capable of combination with other data when available. The method adopted in construction of the Charts has been devised by Captain H. Toynbee, the Marine Superintendent of the Office, and the final discussion of the observations and preparation of the Charts for publication has been effected, under his directions, by Mr. R. Strachan . It is hoped that the result will prove acceptable to navigators, whose requirements are the first consideration of the Office, ROBERT H. SCOTT, July 1871. Director. 27887. INTRODUCTION. A key diagram and explanation are inserted on each chart, so that a few words will suffice to serve as an introduction. It will be seen that the data given on the charts consist of barometrical readings, tem- perature of the air and sea, wind, and rain or hail, &c. All instrumental readings have been made with verified instruments, duly corrected. 'Barometer. The barometrical readings have been reduced to 32 Fah., and to mean sea level. In comparing actual observations made at sea with those given on these charts, it must be remembered that by reducing all readings to the uniform temperature of 32 F., the unconnected readings taken at high temperatures have been much reduced. Thus, if the actual reading be 30 '000 in., it will be found that at a temperature of 47 the amount to be subtracted is 0-050 in. 66 0-101 in. 85 0-150 in. Further particulars on this subject will be found in the Barometer Manual.* The necessity for this correction is caused by the fact that the mercury in the barometer is expanded by heat, so that the same bulk of mercury is lighter the higher is its temperature. Accordingly it is only by reducing all the observations to the same temperature that a true idea can be given of the relative pressures at different points on the earth's surface. The temperature which is always selected is 32 F., the melting point of ice. The hours at which the observations which have been used have been taken are usually * Barometer Manual, Board of Trade, 1871. Potter, Poultry ; and Stanford, Charing Cross. Price 1*. 27887. A 4 a.m., noon, and 8 p.m. Whenever observations at these hours were not available, the hours have been chosen which would give the best attainable mean for the day. Wind. The force of the wind has been given according to Beaufort's scale, and calculated to one place of decimals. One reason for adopting this plan is that a wide range exists between some of the consecutive numbers on that scale, e.g., No. 4 is a wind force which will cause a " well-conditioned man-of-war " to go five or six knots an hour, while No. 5 is a force to which the same ship can just carry royals " on a wind," and may be going 10 knots or more. It must be Vemembered that the figures in the inner circle only show the mean force of the:\rirfd,;'ah" * u M > i . 20 equator it was hardly noticed at all. APRIL. Pressure. The distribution of pressure in this month shows a marked contrast to that which prevailed in the three previous months. It is now more uniform between 10 and 40 S. than it was, but the isobars take very sinuous courses. Two distinct patches of pressure above 30'2 are observable, but it will be noticed that one of these depends on only three observations. Around Cape Horn itself there is a district with readings below 29.0 in. Here also the number of observations is so small, that the lowness of the pressure may be due to exceptional weather. On the whole there is a general diminution of pressure on approaching the coast, between 10 and 40 S., and between 50 and 60 S. the mean pressures vary considerably. Wind. We still trace the southerly wind along the coast from 10 to 40 S., but its force is lighter between 30 and 40 S., as might be expected from the greater uniformity of pressure. The limit of the S.E. Trade is in 25 S. Southward of the Trades the wind is remarkably unsteady. It appears to be northerly in 30 S., between 90 and 100 W. Easterly winds are not unfrequent to the south of Cape Horn. Temperature. The isotherm of 70 has moved still further to the northward, and runs from 27 S. 100 W. to 10 S. 80 W. 65 runs parallel to it, at a distance of about 750 miles. 60 is similarly parallel, at 350 miles distance from that of 65. 45 lies between 50 and 55 S. to the westward of Cape Horn, but it cannot be traced to the east- ward as it lies north of 50 S., the limiting latitude of the district now being discussed. 40 is in 58 S. off Cape Horn, but on the western side it passes south of 60 S. Sea Temperature. This scarcely differs from that of the air, so that it does not call for special remarks. Rain. The frequency of rain decreases with the latitude. Between 60 and 55 S. it occurs once in every 2 observations. 55 45 ' 3 " Si 45 35 4 35 30 6 v it 1 I 30 25 C OK on ^ u 20 10 it is very rare. MAY. Pressure. The mean pressure varies between 30 '0 and 30*3 all along the coast, and there are three separate areas where the readings are above 30 '2. On the coasl: of Peru itself a slight increase of pressure is shown, for the isobar of 30 ! has taken the place of that of 30*0. There are, on the whole, less extremes of pressure than in the previous months, though in the higher latitudes the course of the isobars is most irregular, and the barometrical readings appear to fluctuate very much. The mean pressure near Cape Horn is about half an inch higher than it was in April. Wind. The Trade wind only extends to 20 S., and the southerly winds appear on the coast down to 45 S., though not so decidedly as in the former months. West of the meridian of 80, and between 20 and 50 S., the winds are remarkable, but the obser- vations are few in number. Between 50 and 60 S. the winds vary greatly, and easterly winds are not uncommon. In some squares off the coast of Chili light winds, variables, and calms are reported, especially between 30 and 35 S. In the square from 40 to 45 S. and from 75 to 80 W. a high mean force is shown for the wind, but calms are also commonly experienced. Temperature. The isotherms of 75 and 70 maintain their north-easterly course, but have approached closer to the equator. The isotherm of 65 lies approximately in 20 S. 60 stretches to the E.N.E. from 37 S. 92 W. to 26 S. 70 W. The remaining isotherms, those of 55, 50, 45, and 40, run nearly in an east and west direction in latitudes 40, 42, 48, and 58 respectively, so that the decrease of temperature between the parallels of 40 and 50 is much more rapid than in higher latitudes. Sea Temperature.- The sea is generally warmer than the air in this month, to the extent of 3 between 25 and 30 S., and of 2 between 35 and 30 S., while in the district between the meridians of 80 and 85, and the parallels of 35 and 50 S., it is as much as 4 warmer. Rain. Between 60 and 40 S. rain is reported once in every 2 observations. 40 30 5 30 25 ,,14 25 20 5 20 15 ,,15 15 10 19 10 5 ,, 13 JUNE Pressure. There is very little information for the lower latitudes. The highest readings on the chart fall below 30 '2 in. and are situated between 20 and 30 S. South of this district pressure decreases rapidly and the readings in the southern squares are uniformly very low. The meridional direction of the isobars between 75 and 90 W. is very remarkable, and it will be noticed that pressure increases as you approach the land, being the reverse condition to what obtains in January. Wind. The Trade winds extend to 30 S., but they are very light and variable in some squares. Southerly winds are still predominant along the coast of Chili and Peru, but are more frequently interrupted by winds from the opposite quarter than in the former months. Along the belt of latitude from 30 to 35 S., there is a general westerly wind, in marked contrast to the Trade winds close to it. Easterly winds are much more frequent in high southern latitudes. Temperature. There are no data for the isotherm of 70. The isotherm of 65 runs to the N.E. from 27 S. 87 W. to the coast. 60 runs parallel to it at a distance of about 600 miles. 55 runs parallel to the last and only 250 miles from it. The curves of 50, 45, and 40 lie at a distance of about five degrees of latitude from each other and take an east and west course. The isotherm of 35, the lowest we have yet noticed, makes its appearance in 57 S. off Cape Horn. Sea Temperature. This is still higher generally than that of the air, but the difference is not so great as in May. Rain is most frequent between 55 and 60 S. Between 60 and 35 it occurs generally once in every 2 observations. QK OfV K 5> OlJ OV ,, ,, 11 30 ,, 25 ,, ,, ,, 25 20 . 24 20 i ^ 7 " >5 J) / )l No rain has been recorded north of 15 S. JULY. Pressure. The maximum pressure on the chart is 30 4 in 33 S. and 92 W. In this portion of the chart the curves take a very sinuous course. The readings average about 27887. B 10 29'6 in lat. 48 S. South of that parallel they vary so much that it is not possible to draw the isobars so as to represent the facts in an intelligible manner. Wind. The Trades extend to 25 S., with frequent interruptions near the land between 20 and 25 S., thence to 35 S. the winds seem conflicting, but the belt of westerly winds noticed in June, between 30 and 35 S., is perceptible in the same locality. The southerly wind along the coast prevails still, but it is more frequently interfered with by northerly winds. The proportion of easterly wind in high southern latitudes is less than it was in June. Temperature. The isotherm of 70 stretches from 22 S. 100 W. to 5 S. 82 W. 65 runs parallel to it, at a distance of about 300 miles 60 runs E.N.E. to the coast, from 33 S. 100 W. 55, 50 and 45, take an east and west course, at a distance of about five degrees of latitude apart. ,, 40 lies far to the southward in 55. The northerly deflection of the isotherms on the coast is not so apparent, a fact probably due to the diminished frequency of the polar winds. Sea Temperature. The sea is warmer than the air to the extent of 2 or 3 between 30 and 40 S., and also south of Cape Horn. Rain. This is now less frequent in the high latitudes, and more common between the tropics than it was in June. Between 60 and 30 S. rain is recorded in general, once in every 3 observations. >i 30 ,, 25 ,, ,, ,, t)K 1 C 7 > tj 5> r > I" > " jj > And at the Galapagos Islands ,. 8 AUGUST. Pressure. Barometrical readings range above 30 in. between 10 and 45 S. There are two distinct areas of maximum pressure between 30 and 40 S., in one of which the mean recorded is as high as 30'558 ; but this figure has been deduced from three obser- vations only, and was accompanied by a polar wind and a low temperature, so that it carries but little weight as an average. From the parallel of 45 to that of 53 S. the mean difference of readings is half an inch, giving a steep gradient for westerly winds, which in this part of the chart reach a mean force of about 7- To the south of Cape Horn the isobar of 29'2 is met with, 11 and the gradient to it from the next isobar of 29'5 is also steep, while the average force of the wind is as much as 8. Wind. The Trade wind seems to extend to 25 S. On the coast of Chili, between 30 and 40 S., the winds are very light, their direction ranging between S. and N. by the W. From 40 to 60 the winds are generally from W.N.W., and are strong. In high latitudes, easterly winds seem to be rare during the month. Temperature. The isotherm of 65 lies nearly in the same position as that of 70 did in July, and so takes a N.N.E. course. The isotherm of 60 lies nearly in the parallel of 30 S. The isotherms of 55, 50, and 45, lie at unequal distances from each other, between 30 and 45 S. Their mean direction is nearly east and west. The isotherm of 40 runs in latitude 53 for 15 of longitude, then dips southwards to 58 S. in 82 W., and from that runs to the N.E. on the western side of the Straits of Magellan, so that at Cape Horn and to the south and east of it the temperature does not reach 40. Sea Temperature. This scarcely differs from that of the air, except to the east of Cape Horn, where the water is about 2 warmer than the air. Rain. This is most frequent in the south, From 60 to 50 the frequency is 1 in 2 50 40 4 40 35 5 ,, 35 30 ,, ,, 12 7 ,, / ,, . ,, 25 20 18 20 10 4 and close to the equator it is also very often reported. SEPTEMBER. Pressure. The isobars have a much -more regular course than in August. The area of high pressure in 90 95 W. has reappeared, the readings in that district, between 25 and 35 S., being 30'4, and considerably higher than those near the coast. In the high latitudes readings are very low, with strong westerly winds. Wind. The Trade wind extends in places to 35 S., and the southerly wind has again made its appearance on the coast. Hardly any easterly winds are reported off Cape Horn, but this may partly be due to the fact that there are fewer observations than there were in August. The northing in the westerly winds is not so conspicuous in the temperate zone as it 15 2 was, and there seems a general tendency in the wind to circulate round the coast of Patagonia. Temperature shows a marked increase when compared with that of the previous month. The isotherm of 70 is again seen in 13 S. and between 90 and 100 W. The isotherms of 65 and 60 are at some distance from each other, and are each deflected to the northward along the coast. Those of 55 and 50 conform much more closely to the parallels of latitude. A remarkable bend to the northward is seen in the isotherm of 45, off the west coast of Patagonia. This is caused by the low temperature, associated with southerly winds, in 80 W. 50 S. The isotherm of 40 lies in latitude 56 S. up to 60 W., when it turns northward and passes just south-east of the Falkland Islands, rising to 52 S. Sea Temperature. The sea is slightly warmer than the air along the coast of Chili from 30 to 45 S. Rain. The frequency of rain is greatest in high latitudes. Between 60 and 55 it is recorded twice in every 3 observations. 55 35 once 3 OR in e; > 5 " >l Hence it appears that the rain is very uniformly distributed this month. OCTOBER. Pressure. The highest pressure recorded is about 3O3 in., and it is situated in 30 S. and about 90 W. The isobar of 30'2 envelopes this area, but without actually touching the coast. It descends as far south as to 46 S. in 83 W. Below the parallel of 40 the mean pressures in the different squares vary so very much that it is impossible to draw the isobars. Wind. The Trade wind extends to 30 S., and closely connected witli it, as usual, is the southerly wind along the coast, reaching as far as to 40 S. From 50 to 60 S. the prevalent winds are westerly, a few observations of easterly winds being recorded south of Cape Horn. Temperature. The isotherm of 65 is nearly in the same position as in September. 60 runs on a N.E. course from 35 S. 100 W. to 22 S. 75 W. The other isotherms of 65, 50, 45 and 40, are much less deflected towards the equator, especially in the higher latitudes, that of 40 lying nearly on the parallel of 57 S. 13 Sea Temperature. There is a marked deficiency of observations of sea temperature. It appears, however, that the sea is on the whole colder than the air, except in the district lying between 30 and 35 S., and 90 to 95 W., where, however, the result seems some- what suspicious. Rain. This is most frequent in the south : Between 60 and 50 S. it occurs twice in every 5 observations. 50 40 once 4 ,, 40 35 7 ,, 35 ,, 30 ,, ,, ,, 15 ,, Q0 9<\ 1Q J! >} 5> )J )> 25 20 there is only one observation of rain. NOVEMBER. Pressure. The highest readings on the chart, lie between 20 and 40 S., and west of the meridian of 92 W. Between this district and the coast, pressure is somewhat lower. The isobar of 30 '1 in., appears to overlap the coast between the parallels of 30 and 40. Its southern limit is in 42 S. The only other isobar which is given is tliat of 29 '3, lying nearly in latitude 55 S. In the high latitudes, the readings are very irregular, and as, near the parallel of 40, the difference in barometrical readings amounts to 0'8 in. in about 700 miles, the westerly winds reach an average force of 7 or 8. Wind. The Trade wind extends to 30 S., and the southerly winds extend down the coast for 15 from that parallel. The westerly winds in higher latitudes appear to have northing in them, except to the eastward of Patagonia, where they show, on the contrary, southing. Temperature. The isotherm of 65 has advanced slightly to the southward of its position iu October, and passes from 28 S. 95 W., to the coast in 15 S. 75 W. All the other isotherms lie nearly along the parallels of latitude, but for the most part bend to the northward along the coast. That of 40 is in 57 S. Sea Temperature. This agrees on the whole very fairly with that of the air. Rain. Between 60 and 55 rain has been noted once in every 2 observations. 55 ,, 50 }) 5(3 ,, 35 5 )} 35 30 10 30 20 6 20 15 18 15 10 14 North of 10 there are no records of rain. 14 DECEMBER. Pressure. The highest pressure is now in 35 S., and 95 W. The isobar of 30- 1 embraces a large area, from 17 to 44 S., and nearly up to 'the coast. It will be seen that on the chart the figures at the northern extremity of this line are 30-0 instead of 30- 1. The isobar of 2Q-8 lies in 47 S. 29*5 52 S. approximately. 29'0 appears to coincide pretty nearly with the parallel of 60 S. Wind. The Trade wind appears to extend to 35 S., though tliere is considerable unsteadiness of direction in the area between 25 and 35 S., and 80 and 95 W. The southerly wind on the coast extends to 40 S. In this region the wind appears to draw slightly outward from the district of greatest pressure, instead of remaining parallel to the isobars. The westerly winds are strong between 45 and 50 S., as well as to the south of Cape Horn, and easterly winds are not very uncommon in this latter locality, but it must not be forgotten that the total number of observations is large, so that the per-centage of easterly winds is but small. Temperature. The isotherm of 70 appears in 20 S. 100 W. and runs to the N.N.E. 65 stretches from 34 S. 100 W. to 22 S. on the coast. 60 takes a N.E. course from 45 S. 100 W. to 31 S. 70 W. ,, 55 runs parallel to the last. The other isotherms are not deflected to the northward in the same way, and that of 40 only appears in the extreme south-west corner of the chart. Sea Temperature. This does not differ materially from that of the air. Rain This is still most frequent in the south. Between 60 and 55 S. it occurs once in every 2 observations. 55 45 4 45 40 7 40 30 16 .. 30 25 12 25 20 22 20 10 7 15 GENERAL REMARKS ON THE CHARTS. In considering these charts the reader will be struck by the small number of observa- tions in some of the squares, but it was thought that as they were sifted into months, navigators would prefer their remaining so to their being thrown together and brought out in charts for three months, by which the number of observations in each square would be increased, but their distinctive value lessened. For instance, in the four squares south of Cape Horn, between 55 to 60 S. and 60 to 80 W., the proportion of winds with easting in them for the three months January, February, and March, taken together, is 15 per cent., but in February there are only 8, whilst in March there are 17 per cent. Again, it will be seen that in these months most of the observations lying between 20 to 30 S. and 85 to 100 W. were taken in January, and none in March. Then again, March shows an isotherm of 80, whilst January only shows that of 70. Similar important differences may be traced throughout the charts. It is always easy for the navi- gator to combine the data of any two or three charts, but impossible for him to sift them if they are once combined. Instead of the materials having been sifted too nicely, captains who beat to the west- ward round Cape Horn still ask a very practical question which our charts do not answer, viz., Is the easterly wind which exists in the five degree squares south of Cape Horn evenly spread over those squares, or is it more common to the southward than close up to the land ? To answer this question it would be necessary to work up the data of these few squares into one degree squares. It is, howeve^r, instructive to notice that the amount of easterly winds shown in high latitudes is greater in June than in January. In the above-named four squares between 55 to 60 S. and 60 to 80 W. there are 22 per cent, of winds with easting in them in June, whilst between 80 and 90 W., in the same month, they amount to 67 per cent., no west wind being recorded in 33 observations. Now according to Buys Ballot's law this indicates a higher pressure towards the pole in winter, similar to what is found to exist to the north of Iceland in the Atlantic. But whether this higher pressure over South Shetland than over the sea to the north of it prevails all the year round is still a disputed question ; if it does, a corresponding prevalence of easterly wind may be expected to exist near that land, while westerly winds are blowing near Cape Horn. It is the opinion of some experienced men that this is the case, but the navigator must consider the risk of more ice and longer nights at certain seasons when tempted to go south in search of easterly winds. The Admiralty pilot charts allude to the idea that better passages to the westward are made by going to lat. 60 S. in July, August, and September. Although many parts of these charts suffer materially from want of data, there is such a general agreement amongst them that a cursory inspection of the isobars, isotherms, and wind arrows gives a good idea of the relation between pressure, temperature, and wind. The divergence of the isobars in about 40 to 45 S., part running to the north, whilst others run East or even S.E. (see the chart for March), with a corresponding divergence of the wind, is very instructive. The way in which an area of high pressure exists over the sea somewhere between 22 and 42 S., but does not reach to the land, is remarkable. In connection with this area of high pressure it is an interesting fact that the temperature is considerably higher over the district where it is observed than it is near the coast. The highest barometer recorded between 50 and 60 S. was 30'603 in June, the lowest 27'662 in April, and these are probably the extremes of pressure for that latitude. When considering the winds of corresponding latitudes in the North Atlantic, the navigator will see how this turning of the air, part towards the equator, and part towards the pole, corresponds with what is experienced to the westward of Portugal. There, in about 40 N., and on the western side of a great ocean, the wind seems to split into northerly along the coast (where many seamen say it is northerly for 10 months in the year), and S.W., or southerly, further north. This splitting of the air is also accom- panied by an area of high pressure to the westward over the sea, and a lower pressure to the northward. (See Plate III. of the Barometer Manual, published by this office.) It will be noticed that the wind seems to draw round the coast of Patagonia ; for instance, the wind arrows indicate a more northerly direction on its west coast, more westerly on its south, and more southerly on its east coast. The swell of this latter wind seems to overrun it to a great distance ; for instance, outward bound ships to India frequently experience a high S.W. swell at the southern verge of the S.E. trades in the Atlantic, though they rarely get the wind from that quarter. In a similar way at the northern verge of the N.E. trades, ships often get a high N.W. swell without its wind ; this swell probably coming from the strong N.W. winds which prevail in high latitudes on the western side of the Atlantic at certain seasons. Between 50 and 60 S., both the air and sea arc generally cooler to the eastward than to the westward of 75 W., the above-named tendency in the direction of the wind, and the well-known current to the N.E., as shown on the Admiralty pilot charts, have no doubt their influence in causing this result. It need hardly be remarked that a larger number of careful observations is needed, especially in the central parts of the South Pacific. The Admiralty wind charts for this ocean now coming out, indicate that a good deal of northerly wind frequently exists where the S.E. trades might be expected, and from our general knowledge of the working of Buys Ballot's law, it is clear that if a space be found to the westward of the areas of high pressure given in these charts, where the pressure is lower, a northerly wind may be expected to blow there. This shows the great value of careful barometer readings in fine weather, as a sufficient number will indicate the direction of the prevailing wind. 17 The following table will enable the reader to compare the temperatures found within the area of high barometrical pressure and those observed on the coast. Temperature in latitude 40 S. Temperature in latitude 20 S. Alontii, Long. 1 00 W. On the Coast. Long. 100 W. On the Coast. o o o o January - 65 58 73 69 February - 62 60 7 . March 62 58 75 70 April 60 57 1* 66 May 5* 55 69 65 June 55 5 65 July 5 2 49 7i 62 August 47t 5 65 61 September 55 5 65 62 October - 54 5 1 65 61 November 55 53 64 December 62 57 7 66 Mean - 5 6<6 54' 69-4 65-1 The question arises, what produces this difference between the littoral and oceanic climate ? The cause has hitherto been assigned to the cold water of the oceanic current discovered by Humboldt, which is said to exist off the coasts of Chili and Peru, and to transport the waters of latitude 50 into the equatorial westerly drift. The observations of the temperature of the surface water contained in these charts do not appear to give much support to this hypothesis, since the sea here is almost always warmer than the air. It would seem, therefore, that the air must cool the sea, rather than that the sea cools the air. The current may be an auxiliary cause, though we have not the means before us to investigate the matter ; but the principal cause seems to be the prevalent southerly wind. From lat. 40 S., sometimes from 45 S., or much further, a southerly wind generally blows along the coast, and eventually turns into the S.E. Trade, after passing the area of highest pressure. This wind only fails in July and August, which are precisely the months in which the isotherms of the middle latitudes are the least deflected northward. It seems therefore probable that the general deflection of the isotherms 27887. * Very few observations give this result, in 95 W. the temperature is 60. f Very few observations in August, in 90 W. 25 observations give 54. C 18 northward, or in other words, the cool temperature off the coast, is brought about by this southerly wind which transfers the air of the temperate zone to the tropics. The extension from the coast of this southerly wind is given approximately below : January to 85 W. in 40 S., to 85 W. in 30 S. February to 80 to 85 March to 85 to 80 25 S. April to 85 45 S., to 82 May to 85 to 80 20 S. June to 80 40 S., to 80 25 S. July interrupted. August interrupted. September to 82 W. in 40 S., to 82 30 S. October to 80 to 85 25 S. November to 80 45 S., to 80 30 S. December to 80 40 S., to 85 25 S. The southerly wind begins to fail in June, during which month, as well n.s in July and August, the atmospheric pressure off the coast is nearly similar to that over the ocean to the westward. From March to August the Trade wind extends only to 25 S., during the rest of the year it reaches 30 S. The arrows drawn upon the charts represent the prevalent winds. Generally they represent the current of air as flowing between the isobars conformably to the law of wind in relation to pressure in the southern hemisphere. Where the isobars are closest the winds are strongest, and where they diverge from each other light breezes are usually reported. Patches of high pressure seem to be frequently accompanied by light airs and calms. An irregular course of the isobars is generally indicative of atmospheric disturbance, or of variable winds. Between 50 and 60 S., and 50 to 70 W., kelp or other sea-weed is frequently reported. REMARKS ON WEATHER NOTATIONS. Since preparing the wind charts for publication it has been decided that other weather data should be given. Here also the method of squares has been thought best, and a key diagram is given for each month, which render but few introductory remarks requisite. 19 It will be seen that the state of the weather has been indicated according to Beaufort's notation. b Blue Sky. C Clouds (detached). d Drizzling Rain. f Foggy. g Gloomy. h Hail. 1 Lightning. m Misty (hazy). S Snow. t Thunder. U Ugly (threatening) appearance of Weather. O Overcast. p Passing Showers. q Squally. r Rain. V Visibility. Objects at a distance unusually visible. W Wet (Dew). For convenience of reference the few remarks which are thought necessary have been printed on each chart. Only 30 notations of lightning have been made ; these were well distributed between the parallels of 25 S. and 60 S. in the different months, excepting in January, in which month no lightning was recorded. In the Trade wind region from 25 S. to the equator, there was no lightning recorded. The notations of lightning are about four per cent, of the total number of weather observations in which it occurred. The reader must bear in mind that the " No. of Weather Observations " in the upper left-hand corner of each square is the number of eight-hourly periods for which the weather was noted, and that several of the facts recorded may have existed during one of these periods, for instance, m, b, c, and q may have been entered for one, so that the sum of all entries will, in general, much exceed the number of eight-hourly periods. He must also remember that to get the relative proportion of certain weather in different squares, the number of observations in the upper left-hand corner of each square must be considered. For instance, in the January diagram the proportion of mist is 10 to 21, or nearly 50 per cent, near Valparaiso, whilst it is 17 to 84, or only 20 per cent., to the S.W. of Cape Horn. Now, if the number of observations be neglected, 17 gives the idea of more mist than 10. The same remark is applicable to the proportion of certain winds in different squares. c 2 20 WEATHER OBSERVATIONS. JANUARY. 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 KEY DIAGRAM. f.O South 5 n m f boo q N B No. of Weather Observa- tions. m Mist or Haze. f FOR. STATE OF THE AlH. South 5 10_ 15 i 1-5 10 b mm Sky. c Detached Cloud*. o Overcast. STATE or TIIK SKY. ''*'- J 48 9 3 - - 3 - 5'7 3 J 9 9 I 9 - 5'7 15 q Squalls. a Mean Amount of Cloud. N No. of Observa- tions of Cloud. 8c srrn from the tahle at p. M that in this month tin- tcmiH'nitiirt' at S;iiitinu r o at an elevation of 1.7M! IV, -t is 1 hiu'hor than that :it sea. Squalls are often reported in high latitudes. U SO 11 i - 4 8 I 7-9 ll 30 4 IJ i - 4-8 18 7 M - 3'7 " 1 I - 9'8 6 - 5'8 6 31 10 I 9 3 II S 8-3 14 9 - - 3' 9 16 4 - - l'8 90 - 6'o 4 - 3-8 6 40 3 - - 4'7 3 8 - 1 ! i 9 > 5 I 1 1 3'0 6 69 I 3 9 6*O II 3 - 9 I 9 - S'., 3 40 73 - 3 6-6 5 10 4 1 8 I - 4*6 10 7 - - S 9 .= '.! >? 45 H 17 7 i 1 10 8 * 6*9 34 '!! I 4 9'6 13 H 68 17 - 9 - 18 7 9 8*0 15 4' 4 4 - 9 3 14 16 7-4 31 3 I -I I - 8-0 I S - i :.. s 1 41 6 i 3 19 S 3 0'3 36 9 i - ' 1 - 9'0 8 8 - i 3 3 3 - S'3 8 55 W 3 - - i > 3 7'7 J 3 - - 1 I 1 6'3 3 9 - 3 i 4 4 i 6-9 9 IS 1 9 I 4 13 9 8'9 18 66 90 i - 33 9S 16 8-1 56 84 17 8 - 40 41 13 8-1 64 1,S .2 6 8-3 45 4 7 - i 30 ii II ii'o 41 4 - I 8'0 4 3 - i I I - S'o 3 M Wnt 100 K W" ' 8 80 75 70 65 60 :,5 CO West FEBRUARY. 1(10 M w 85 80 75 70 85 M 50 Booth 5 n in f b c o q a N South t 10 10 15 3 - I 9 - - 3'7 3 6 3 1 : J-8 J 15 y, 9 I 4 3 ^ ' - 3'i' g 3 - = '' .1 6 I : J.. 6 20 B '!; ; 9 7'o IS 91 - 1 'f ! 7 *'4 i 9 I - II'O q RlMABXa. Mint i rery common on the coast between rid and ."..-, S. 25 no 7 ' ' 3 3 i ii-s 6 Squalls are reported frequently at nlmnt :'o S., and also south of 40, especially to the S.W. and 8.E. of Cape Horn. SO : 2-o J - i i - '7 3 3 I 3' 3 s - - ro 3 - 7'8 13 n 13 I 93 - ff 11 17 : - ft 9 it - - S 9 i 4-K i; I - - - I TO 1 35 13 6 13 6 - 4'8 17 H 40 ?; ; 1 6-0 9 94 9 - 8 II 4 S ft 14 9 - - 9 - 6-S 1 33 3 6 14 3 3 4*6 9O 3 I - 3 - - o'o J in 90 - ii '-, i-. 11 3 - 5 1 .1 s- 4 ,, 57 '0 I 8 97 19 6 6'6 55 48 M 3 - - -, ' t : 10 - - \ ',,- ,~ u - - T, (.'n r< 37 7 - - 10 13 8 8*7 33 50 5S 55 3 - : J-. ; 3 - I 1*7 3 13 3 I 6 8-4 ii 40 4 3 I 10 13 '7 ''- :.4 III - R 3 t ft t 7 - 9 ji j - 38 5 3 is H i 7*0 14 10 5'6 30 n - 4 I 4 3 .1 ^ .1 i 3 S 43 3 i'K 14 M s - - 3 7' 4 6 i - 9 9 I 8-8 4 3 - - 9 - 6'J 3 .6 4 5 " J " - 8-4 10 IS 3 - - 10 5 9 7' S SS I - IJ 16 17 7'9 IS 37 I I 98 I - n 14 3 16 9 I S'O 31 16 7'3 38 3 - I 1 I b'o 3 M w.,t ).., W9085M75 70 65OM DO Went WEATHER OBSERVATIONS. 100 90 85 80 MARCH. 75 70 65 50 South 5 I - - i - 6'o I n ra f b c o q a N South 5 10 2 - -a - 4'S " 3 - -3 - S' 2 10 15 I - - I - S'o I i - - i - 7-0 i IO - 2 I 4 3 - S'S 6 18 20 3 - -2 - 6-5 , 3 - - 2 I - 7'3 3 20 25 10 - 2 3 S - 6'5 10 22 I 38 g 2 6*9 ig 6 - I * 3 2 7*3 6 23 30 12 - 37 2 3 4*6 ii 19 i 9 6 3 4 4'7 2 'S S - 3 S 7 3 ;'i '4 30 35 15 i * 8 5 = -'I '4 18 I 39 7 7 6'6 IS 3 - - 3 - 6'7 3 io g I 9 8 I 6'i 9 REMARKS. Mist is still reported near Valparaiso, and ako near the Falkland Islands. :*.-, 40 6 3 - 1 - 4 - lo'o 4 12 I 7 3 i i 3'7 7 18 - 37 7 8 S'l 16 6 - - 37 3 22 - I 6 ii 4 2 3'7 I? Squalls are not uncommon generally. 40 3 6'8 6 S 4'7 <> 45 3 I - - 3 - lo'o 3 36 7 S 4'" 5 34-1 r 13 16 7 7-6 3i 45 50 3 - - 3 3 5'7 3 8 - - ' 4 4 S'o I 38 6 3 - 13 21 8 8'8 35 6 - i i 4 - 7'o 4 50 55 43 2 4 16 30 II 6'0 31 43 I I 3O 33 >4 7' 32 40 I - 3O 2O io 8'9 28 27 i S 17 S 1 S'O 22 38 3 - 2 15 II io 6'8 36 17 5 I 294 I 66 17 13 6 3 34 3 4 5'9 7 55 60 11 $ l - n 7 6 7-8 16 10 - - - s i s ri 6 13 2 - I 13 i lo'o 7 ,6 3 - 6 10 6 8'3 13 60 3 i 34 25 26 7-3 52 61 8 8 I 31 23 18 7'6 56 63 II I 4 29 27 13 7'i 57 48 6 5 3 19 20 13 7'3 37 7 3 I 2 S'7 6 43 I 3 - 6'0 3 CO West 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 West APRIL. 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 60 South 5 n m f boo q a N South 5 10 10 15 5 - - 3 2 2 7'4 S IO - S3 3 - S'o 8 REMAKES. FOR is not so often recorded. Mist is rather common along the coast, frtim 20 S. Squalls are rather frequent south of 30 S. In high latitudes tl.ey are very abundant, and also in 3U-35 S., 80-85 W. In April tlie temperature of Santiaro fulls below that of the air of the sea near the coast. This fact may have to do with the decrease of mist. 15 20 l - - I - 4-0 I - 6'7 3 3 - - I I 2 6'3 3 II - - S 6 - 7'o 8 n - i 3 7 I 9' 9 20 25 18 i - i 16 3 9'4 io 27 6 - I 7 18 - 7'9 32 25 - 2 - S'S a 23 - 4'o 4 - S'o 6 3 ~ - I 2 ' 8-3 3 30 6 i i 3 I - 4'3 6 18 3 2 10 4 I 5 - 3 18 3 - 3 - - 3'8 12 19 I II 6 i ' 3'S 17 9 - 4 4 I i 4'l 9 36 8 3 IS 17 - 6' i 30 SO 35 6 I 4 I I 4-7 6 IO I 6 3 - I 26 IO s - 2 - } - 4'4 M 23 I 7 'I 5 11 S'2 23 6 - i S - 3'0 6 12 3 3 3 3 4 - '4 7 35 40 19 - i 4 14 3 8-7 33 20 O 2 9 7 I 0'6 19 36 4 - 1 31 4 9 S'S 35 13 6 - 7 4 3 - 3'7 13 40 45 8 - ' 8-, ? 18 3 3 - 10 S 6 7'7 IS 22 4 I 12 9 7 7'2 32 45 50 37 6 - 3 13 7 7 O'l 27 23 5 2 8 10 13 6-7 17 50 55 ; 6 I 7-6 9 3 - - - 3 - 9' 3 37 - 3 13 13 7 7'3 23 19 I " 'i ' 9 6-9 17 3 - - 2 I 3 *'7 3 i- - 9- - | ir - 1(277 -- i 22 3^46 io;-4 19 - lo'o i 2 4'6 s 1 i 6*7 20 i 8 9'o 21 M 60 6-3 - 3 i 8-3 6 6 3 - 12 3 7'5 4 19 3 3 23 9 S 8'4 >8 30 I I i ii 18 7 8-3 35 36 I I i 14 Ii 12 7'7 23 31 I i IS 13 18 6-7 3S 58 6 5 35 i 6 > 15 I - 8 43 3 4 22 ! i 6 8 20 8'g 41 11 S'o 26 i 7 7'6 13 no West 100 W 90 85 SU 75 '70 3 00 55 60 West MAY. 100 M 90 85 80 75 70 KEY DIAGRAM. 60 South 11 6 g 3 J 1 - S'l 9 n m f ll C q a N n No. of \Vralher Observa- tions. m Mist or Haze. f Fa* STATK OF THE AIR. South 5 10 i. i : J-. ', i, - - 3 3 - 6-5 a 9 - i 5 3 - S - 7 3 18 7 - 10 S - 7'5 i* 10 Ii Blue Sky. c Detached Clouds. o Overcast. STATE OF SKY. 16 6 - - > 3 - 6'J 6 3 - - - 3 - 8'3 3 - 7'6 9 30 - 1 I-S 6 51 ii K 3S 14 I 6-0 43 15 q Squalls. a Mean Amount of Cloud. N o No. cf Observa- tions of Cloud. SQUALLS AND CLODI) OBSERVA- TIONS. 9 I I 6 I 3 S'o 9 ia - 39 i 4'3 ia a - - - a -' 8-3 3 31 4 3 9 10 - 7'3 17 20 tt 3 - - a - 6-3 3 3 - - - 3 - lo'o 3 11 I I S IS i 7-7 as N.B.-The proportion o: 10 = entirely scale for the amount of cloud is the sky covered, to 10 ; = no clouds ; overcast. )cr shows how often the weather in- to key diagram for its corrosjionding 'n recorded. 25 <' 33 3 S 9 "8 - S'o 31 a? 4 3 18 6 - S' S i ; T - '4 7 Karh numl dicaU'd in t place has be SO .15 >4 i - S 8 a 8-6 14 is - - I 10 4 - '9 IS i, - - 6 - 3'S IS i 4 34 4 - s'a u N 40 6 - - : I-s J s - - i - a i 6'J .-, 17 - i II S - 6-1 iS 17 - S 10 a 3 4'S 17 9 i - 3 6 - 8-8 9 REMARKS. Squalls arc frequent between 40 and 60" S. The amount of rloud is preat over the whole dis- trict. in 46 - - 3 - lo'o 3 3 - - a i - 7'o 3 8 i - i 3 4 I 7-9 8 14 - - 6 8 3 7'7 I 37 3 4 - 13 11 ia 7-5 33 45 60 3 i - a - 5 '3 .1 3 - - - i a - 7'7 3 34 - - la ia 3 7'7 31 8 a - M M II S'l 34 50 65 17 f - I IO II 9 7'9 a? 179- - 8 15 10 8-5 37 93 - 7 i 6 6-6 9 ai i - 13 9 8 S'o ai 1 " - 16 II 10 7'5 7 '- I 3 a 8-0 8 - 3 6 - 9-1 9 24 - 3 I 8 13 - 8"o 34 33 S a 19 10 2 Ii- 1 3.1 4S 7 3 4 32 9 7 7M 4 s 58 H WeTt K 3 ' - - - 3 - io'o 3 6 3 - - i * 4 8'J 6 'S 3 I 8 3 I 7'l IS 34 3 i i >7 5 6 6-6 ai 4 3 3 - 19 19 18 8'J 41 So 7 a a 18 as 7 8-1 49 60 4 I 3 vi a8 ao 7'S *o 48 4 7 4 19 18 13 7' $3 IS 3 - '4 9 - 7'7 IS 3 - - - 3 - lo'o 3 nil PO 96 H 85 80 75 70 65605550 Wct JUNE. 100 96 M 85 M 76 70 65 60 55 50 South 5 n m f b c o q N South 6 10 10 15 3 - - a i - 7'o a 30 6 i 36 a i 5- i 27 U to ia i a 9 i 5'o .< iS - ~ - II 4 ' /''I 7 3 6'6 9 80 M 17 i - 3 S 9 '-', --4 - S'l 14 ? , - J'8 6 18 J I 9 8 - 7'S 16 6 M a 6 : 5 4'7 "4 7 a - i a a I 6*8 10 10 I - 8 a 6-4 - J ii - 3 1 {-, i N H l - - I - 5-0 , - 7 > 5 7'i 9 - 6 5-3 6 n a 18 a 3 10 J i S' 18 UEMA Milt in rather common i SKS. i the coast athcr is rlra ucnt south o "rom 10 to 36 40 o I-, . 4 I - a i I C'3 6 u - ^ 7''' 7 6 4 - : ;.. . 18 I - - 13 6 S 7'3 i was. Si|ulls are generally frcq fas" 8. 40 46 "4 - 33 3 - 3 10 9 S 7'4 *> 34 i 45 6 - - - " S 3 1*3 5 60 7 t 1 36 36 'i 7' 7 <4 9 3 - 7 ' f., ., 60 6 - - 4 a J J-S 6 'IS - ' - 3 S o'j 15 4 i,t A n -"- !< 13 i - 6 J 3 K'6 10 18 i i JR a - - S II I 4 IS 4 K'K 13 19 6-7 56 8 6 a 1 13 7 S 7-3 'S 19 4 I II 6 4 6'9 18 M 11 I 6 - 3 > 3 9'3 " 6 8-7 18 13 i - 10 J 3 7'a 13 *?,{ ,; 8 7-037 SO 3 * a] aa n ? 49 97 3 - 51 i i 6 40 48 3 30 17 as 7'7 7 16 6-9 44 9 3 i i-6 , no We* 100 M W 86 80 V- 70 65 00 55 50 Wt JULY. 100 95 90 85 SO 75 70 65 60 55 50 South 5 27 II 3 24 - 7 3'6 27 21 - 2 - 6'S a n m t b c o q a N South 5 10 3 - 3 *'3 3 3 - 3 6'7 3 IS 3 - I 12 S - S'8 16 _10 15 15 6 - -6 6 j-8 S 6 - - - 6 - lo'o 6 4 - - 3 i - 7'8 4 20 63 6 4-3 6 3 - I '''7 3 - 6 6 I 8'6 9 3 - - I 2 - rs i REMARKS. From this month until December the air near Valparaiso is tolerably free from mist. Squalls arc commonly reported. The amount of cloud is hiKli and nearly uniform. 20 25 6 a - 6 3 6-2 6 6 - - 6 3 5'8 6 II - - 4 7 I 8'7 6 6 i - I 3 2 - 6-2 S '43 - - 8 3 - 7'8 14 25 30 12 2 - 12 6 5-3 12 32 - 3 3 6'o 2 "4 - - 7 6 3 7'4 9 92 a 4 3 - 5'7 9 32 - 4 16 12 4 6'2 25 33 2 2 3 18 - 8'6 23 30 35 12 - - II I 4 6*0 12 II - - 2 S S 8-3 6 36 a - 3 31 2 10 f'1 29 35 2 20 3 9 S'S aS i 14 8 6 6'3 21 76 S - S'7 ai 40 3 - - I 2 - 7'3 3 24 i i 2 ', s 5 9 64 16 12 4 - 8 2 i 6'3 12 32 6 I 16 7 10 6'9 23 14 - - 7 7 3 7-4 ii 6 - - 6'o 6 40 45 8 i i - 4 3 - J'l 8 132 - 5 6 i 8'3 II 3 - - I I i 7's a 31 2 i - 19 8 10 6*7 24 II - a - S 3 I 7.1 10 45 50 12 - I - 10 2 2 7'j 10 23 8 i - 12 6 I 7'l 19 3 - - 6'o 3 50 55 17 6 i ' 4 7 6 7-3 13 17 3 a - 9 4 3 7'9 8 5 -184 - is a 363 34 S i 6 8 14 12 -4 i 6 j'g ia 6 7'8 16 I 7'S ii 3 6'J 4 65 60 3 - a - 6'o 3 3 - :!, 3 3 - - 3 3 6-3 3 4 - - I 3 3 9'o 3 a? S 4 7 8-3 14 2.' 4 I 38 5 - 3 - 7 13 4 Ii 13 - a i 60 West 100 95 90 85 Sil 75 711 65 (!() fw 60 West AUGUST. 101 ) 9 5 9C 8 5 8( 7 5 5 65 60 65 >0 South II K 3 - - - t ~ - S'o 3 n m f be o q a N" South 5 10 13 6 - - i 9 - 8-1 IS * 10 15 - 3 3 4'o 3 9 S - 9 7 7'7 3 9 S ~ - 6 3 - lo'o 3 IV 1 3 - S 4 - 7'8 II 15 20 3 - - 3 3 S'<> 3 3 - - 3 a 6-3 3 13 - - i la - 9'S 13 14 3 - 9 4 4 7'4 13 12 I i 7 4 I 6'J u 20 25 12 8 - 3 a - 7'2 12 14 - I 9 4 - 6 'S '4 18 I I 13 S I 6'g 18 I - - I - 4'0 i REMARKS. The weather resembles that of July. 25 30 18 6 a 6 7 3 7'a 18 13 - - 9 3 S 6-3 la 9 - - S 4 - 3'l 9 a - - a - 7'S a It is very squally to the S.W. and W. of Cape Horn. 30 35 7 - - 4 3 - 7'i 7 S - - 3 i - 8-4 8 IS 4 - - S 9 * } IS 9 I I 6 i - 4'7 9 13 - i a 3 S 4'S ii 35 40 3 ~ ~ 3 - - i'3 3 18 3 i - I M - 9'6 18 27 10 - 12 9 3 7'2 27 3 - - 3 M 7 - 6 i 3 7'8 u M 3 I 10 3 3 <>'9 14 - 40 45 3 - - a - - 3 - - 3 3 S'o 3 a4 3 - - 9 14 9 '3 34 10 S - - 8 i 3 5'6 8 19 2 a 7 8 9 7'5 19 45 60 3 - - 2 I i S'o 3 9 ' - 7 I S 7'a 9 18 2 - 10 7 lo 7'8 17 14 I - S 7 S'o 14 50 55 3 i i 3 - - 6 i i 7'8 4 9 - 4 S' 6 36 a - 16 10 '5 7'7 aj 42 4 2 - IS 23 16 8-3 43 48 6 g 17 ao 31 6-4 48 S--I23 91-8- I S 173143-61 S S'o 6 3 7-1 12 3 7'3 7 S S'o S 65 60 3 - a - - 3 - lo'o 3 30 i I - 16 13 16 7'8 30 37 4 3 - 3O 14 ii 7'S 32 5S a - 15 i I 33 ai - n 4 34 7'5 53 8 6-9 14 60 West 101 1 9 > 91 8 5 8 I 7 5 7 ' >:> 60 r,r, 5 West 24 100 M 90 80 SEPTEMBER. 75 70 KEY DIAGRAM. 60 South I 11 111 f I" C M n X ll. No. of Weather Observa- tions. 111 Mist or Haze. f Fog. STATE OF THE AIR. South S 10 13 1 - a 10 10 b Blue Sky. c llctachrd Clouds. o Overcast. STATE OP SKY. 15_ to 9 3 ' 2 ' 4 *0 3 33 - 3 .- - ll - i 8 ii - 7'7 3 10 - 3 - S 4 - 6'3 3 15 20 <] SqualK. a Hem Amount of Cloud. N o No. i if Observa- tions (ifCl.iud. SCJI'AM.S ANiiCi.orn OlISEUVA- TIOh'3. 3 I - 3 - 4' 3 is ; 3 3'S '5 ii - 6 7-9 ii I o 8 I. VI 15 3 - - 6'3 S 6 - - - 6 6 3'8 6 6 1 - 8-0 6 9 ' - J 2 ' 7'4 9 18 I - 10 7 3 8-4 9i - 6 II 5 H'6 31 3 - I - 3 - 7'3 S N.I!. The scale fur the amount of cloud is the proportion ul' sky covered, (1 to 10; = no clouds ; 1(1 entirely ovcrr:M. Kuril number ihom how often the weather in- dii'aiid in tlir key diagram for its corresponding place has been rccoi 25 ID 3 - - 3 I 8'7 3 18 - - 10 8 J 8-1 J8 30 - 5 M ii ; ;'o .;; 31 3 4 II 6 i J'9 3i 33 - 3 - 8-0 s SO .-.:, 2 i 7 4 ft ; 39 ' 4 S 9 4 6'8 39 9 i ~ i 7 i - s'; 9 ^J 1 6 6'6 33 18 3 3 IJ I I It 18 13 - 3 6 3 I J'9 13 llEUARES. Squalls are frequent, especially between 15 and 25 S., and in high latitudes. M 40 9 4 - 3 9 - 7'3 9 9 I - | 6 4 8-4 9 ia i i i 9 l 3 6'8 13 30 l i 3 <4 13 6 7-1 30 3 - 13 - 3'o 3 3 - - 6'o 3 10 45 11 1 1 6 3 I 6'3 13 31 3 i ii 9 7 7'7 i 6 1 :?< J IS 1 1 - II 13 4 8*0 11 14 - - 9 S lo 6*9 14 45 SO 15 - - - 13 ' " i? 11 3 I S 8'6 la 37 7 - 19 6 3 6-9 17 18 I 9 8'i 18 60 K 11 - 1 1O 10 3 8-1 ai 14 - I II 11 4 8-1 94 18 3 - 10 8 S 7'4 " 36 3 7 3 S 10 S 1'S 14 6 3 a 13 6 3 6'8 34 4S i 3 I 13 35 s s-7 4 ; 55 6 - - 6 3 - - I a 6 - ; i-o i 6 7-3 9 18 - - 5 13 10 H'9 18 11 - 3 13 6 10 6'8 31 30 I - IS 4 IO 7*3 30 36 i i i ii 13 S 8-4 ij 3 > - I 3 I 9'o 3 60 Wort 100 05 M 85 80 75 70 68 60 M 60 West OCTOBER. 10 1 i 1 S 5 8 I It 1 05 80 S5 Kouth U 8 n m f b c o q a N South B in 10 U 4 - ; ?,o , i - - - i ' 'C 1 14 9 S 6 - - 4'9 14 15 M 1,5 ; 1 6*4 91 [jj '7 3 7 7 - 5'9 17 6 - :?-, . 20 l - - - 9 - I0'0 1 35 - - II 13 11 - 5'4 3 3 - - 6-3 3 ., - - 4 3 - K'7 6 B > - - 1 : ': : 17 - - 7 10 4 :--- 30 - 4 11 14 3 - - i i i - .''3 3 9 l 3 6 I - S'8 9 3 - l 3 3 3S a M 3 - 3 - I'J 3 8 i - 6 n 10 - 6-0 >9 .- i 96 10 a 7'a IN It - - 3 13 4 4'7 I'- IS - 394 5 5'4 "4 i; - i ; .; REMARKS. . Mit is reported on the coMt between 111 rind I.', S. 85 40 9 - i j i - S'3 7 IS ' a n i l 5' IS ll 1 1 6.J II 4 - - 4 - 5'0 3 i - i - - I *O I Squalll ore less frequent hrt\veen tlie (n.|ii.-s, but are very common in the south, especially- near Cape Horn. 40 3 - i - 3'o 3 J - - - i - I0'0 II 31 9 1 - a 16 3 9'6 31 13 3 - s i 3 7'i II 8 I I 3 3 3 S'7 6 45 M a - -3 - fs 10 1 I 7'4 5 - o 6 1 6-5 19 50 K J ' - I 1 - lo'o 3 3 - l 6*-o i 6 - J - 3 1 - 4-0 i 33 3 - 10 13 4 r| :i a a - 7 ao 6 K-a 19 n- -19 a I3JS 1983 i -8 3 3 u j 313 j 7 13 8 l ii'K ii 10 s'i 8 i J'3 19 7 O'o 36 65 ri\ 6 - 3 - 3 1 6 1 - ;?-, s 11 - I IS i s *' is 44 4 I 17 14 at 7-4 37 '?,; ,T 13 '3 3' 93 1 9 57 4 6 i 4 33 45 i 36 37 - i 4 3(1 6'9 58 IJ 6*9 aj I 6*3 3 fl Mnt 1* 91 a J * M 7' w u Wct 25 NOVEMBER. 10 9 5 9 ) 8 5 8 ) 7 5 7 fl 65 60 65 5 9 South 5 6 - n m f b c o q a N South 5 10 11 - - 3'8 6 10 15 13 3 I II J - 4'3 " - i - ?'o i 15 20 4 - - 4 - 7'7 3 5 - - - 3 3 - 8'7 3 82 - 4 4 - 7'5 8 S - - 9'S 6 20 85 6 - - 6 - S'8 4 4 - - I 3 - 8-0 5 17 - - ii S - 6'l IJ i - - - i - 9*0 I 25 SO 19 - 4 14 2 4 '7 IS IS - 3 8 4 3 6'6 14 24 - - 6-7 16 14 2 - 9 4 - S' 7 30 35 9 9 7 - S'4 35 10 - 45 - a'9 9 III * - 6-4 II 16 i - 9 7 - S'4 10 REMABKS. Fog and mist are not uncommon in high lati- 35 40 - 6 i - 6'4 7 27 i 3 13 10 I J'O 25 10 I - s s - 7-8 10 15 - I 5 9 - 7'3 II tudes. Squalls are rare north of 40 S., but are common to the southward, especially near the land. 40 45 2 - I 2'O 1 21 2 4 i 5 10 2 7'9 IS 21 I I 12 8 4 6-5 19 8 - - 6 i I 6'8 4 45 50 17 4 7 - 8'9 II 28 2 3 17 6 2 S'7 23 21 - I i 7 10 3 S'S 13 SO 55 40 4 9 3 IS I' 3 6'8 27 63 3 4 3 36 37 35 6'o 34 12 - 3 8 , ' 9 4 * ii 46 3 -63 6 -48- -20 i 9 19 14 6 33 22 7 17 16 76 7 IS S'7 38 13 6'i <>3 ii 6' 45 3 s'2 10 55 60 3 - i lo'o 3 6 2 I 2 9*0 6 63 - - 9*0 6 17 3 I i 10 5 i 6'6 16 55 4 ii 4 16 32 ii 6-7 35 54 S 4 2 22 23 7 7'8 5<> IO2 3 6] 64 5 2 2- I I- 4 48 43 4 35 21 - - i - i 33 7*7 102 lo 6*9 60 - lo'o i - 7*0 I 60 West 1C 9 5 IS 8 ) 7 i 71 65 60 55 )0 West 100 95 90 85 DECEMBER. 75 70 55 50 South 5 n m; f b c o q a N South 5 10 12 3 - 3'3 4 10 15 is - - 3 10 J - S'7 iS 6 - -6 - 6'8 4 6 - - 6'2 6 9 - I 3 S - 4'S 13 15 20 1 - - 4 3 i 7'9 7 2 16 7 I 6-4 21 16 - 3 9 S I S'9 M 9 - - 6 3 3 7'S i 6 - 3 ~ 3 - 5'9 9 20 25 3 - - 3 - - S'o 3 6 - -3 4 - S'o 7 IS i - 7 7 3 7'9 10 S 4 - S'O 31 18 - - 4 14 - 9'2 18 25 SO 3 - - S'7 3 14 - - 9 S 5 7'o 14 6 - - 3 3 - 5-9 21 35 - - 9 13 3 3 3'8 33 33 ' I 10 3O 2 8' I 29 4 - REMARKS. 22 - Fog and mist extend up to 30 S., but are rarely - 3 '7 3 recorded north of that latitude. 30 35 is - - S 9 i - s's 34 34 - 7 13 4 - 4' 33 12 - - 6 4 4 S' 8 35 - - 5 33 8 3 6-3 35 12 3 S 7 - - 3'9 " 112 - 3 4 3 - 60 10 Squalls are still very common in the high southern latitudes. 35 40 - 8'0 2 18 I 4 II 2 - 5'3 IS iS - - 4 7 4 - S' iS 6 10 8 4 S' 3 4 3 3 S 16 ii - 6-5 35 ii 3 i - 7 3 - 6'S II 40 45 9 - I 4 4 - 7'8 9 14 I 4 I 8 - 6-J II ,8 S - I 6 9 3 7'7 17 33 3 I 3 19 9 3 'S 33 20 8 - ii 7 2 7'7 20 46 60 6 . 3 - 9-8 6 33 3 I 36 13 3 31 6 50 S 7'8 30 9 8-1 37 8 8-4 30 55 3 - - 3 3 S'3 3 S3 7 I 25 21 II 7'3 Si 65 6 2 - 22 40 17 8'6 62 3i 4 6 26 4 - 14 2 1152 -14 3 4 16 5 -9 4 16 6 i 7'7 21 - 6'i 38 2 6'8 Ii - 7'0 12 55 60 9 i : t-s i J - - I 2 5 - - - 3 3 - 8-0 3 23 - I 12 9 3 6'6 21 85 3 3 - So 33 24 6-1 83 101 3 4 3 43 S3 33 7'7 93 84 18 4 43 10 3 8 i I - 34 27 I 19 15 - 4 2 29 7'l 59 II 6'7 34 I 8'0 6 60 West 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 80 65 60 West 27887. 26 ADDITIONAL DATA. In addition to the information which is contained in the charts, the Office is in possession of observations made at certain stations situated within the area to which the charts refer, and it has been considered that the publication of these materials would not be unacceptable. Their nature is as follows : Table I. Tables of diurnal range of the barometer at Port Louis, East Falkland Island, and at Hermit Island, near Cape Horn, calculated by Captain Sir J. Clark Ross, R.N., F.R.S., from the observations made on board H.M.S. "Erebus" in 1842. They exhibit a mean daily oscillation of the barometer of O'OlG in. between 9-30 a.m. and 3.30 p.m. This value agrees very closely with the theoretical oscillation O021 in. computed from the following formula given by Professor James Forbes : x = -015 + -1193 cos. hat. Table II. Means of barometrical observations taken at Cape Pembroke Lighthouse, Falkland Islands, with a marine barometer, Kew pattern, belonging to the Meteorological Office. Table III. Results of observations taken in the harbour of Valparaiso. A. On board H.M.S. " Nereus." B. On board various other ships. TABLE I. MEAN PRESSURE of the ATMOSPHERE determined from HOURLY OBSERVATIONS of the BAROMETER, reduced to 32 and the sea-level, made on board H.M.S. " Erebus," Captain the late Sir JAMES CLARK Ross, R.N., F.R.S. At Port Louis, East Falkland Island. St. Martin's Cove. Hours. 1842. 1842. Sept. 20th 1842. 1842. 1842. 1842. 1842. Nov. 14 to to April 6 to 30. May. June. July. August. Dec. 16. Nov. 6th. 1 a.m. 29 '534 29-318 29-400 29-688 29-66.5 29-462 29-370 2 '535 319 '394 681 661 459 3<57 3 n 531 313 391 682 654 ' 4S l 368 4 " 528 '31* 390 670 649 458 3<57 5 99 531 310 385 655 <545 464 364 6 - - '537 306 384 652 641 46? 366 7 - - '537 308 385 65, 641 467 367 8 - - '539 3U 384 650 643 465 363 9 537 316 39 652 642 '457 360 10 '534 312 '394 651 642 "454 360 ii \5*9 313 400 651 643 453 '355 Noon - - '525 304 '397 645 637 '45 i 348 i p.m. '511 292 '353 637 629 '447 347 a - - '5>4 286 '34<5 632 626 446 \H<5 .3 - '53 286 381 639 628 '447 '343 4 '5* 290 389 645 636 '449 34<5 5 ' '54 292 396 656 644 '45 1 348 <5 - - -507 *>95 400 665 651 '454 '35 2 7 - '5 10 296 406 669 656 "454 362 8 ' '.513 299 410 670 662 '457 364 9 "5H 300 '4'3 677 667 458 365 10 '5'9 300 '415 681 669 462 367 u '5*5 305 414 684 666 462 369 Midnight 5*7 308 414 686 669 461 369 Mean - 29-522 29-304 29 '393 29-661 29 648 29 '45 7 29-360 No. of days - *5 3i 30 3i 31 33 48 At Port Louis the ship's position was bit. 51 88' S., long. 58 7' W. At St. Martin's Cove, Hermit Island, the ship's position was lat. 55 C 52' S., long. f>7 33' W. 27 u < * w s S * g t-I b i a a fr. O h t2 . t 8, a o oo OO oo vo 00 VO oo VO oo VO oo VD OO VD OO vo oo |f = 1 S" s are obtained it Kew. 1 1 o ON c* ON M a? J* 1 rt vo ON H O 00 vo ON 1 S - 2 ra H g "3 -w 03 1> i ^ ^ 00 M VO M CO W S o a> J3 >> s- 1 fe Q CTX CO ON H ON ON H ON H 3- r 1 S3 OS 8P 1 s n ! 1 g -a .-* November. OO S 1 ON oo vo *> M ON M VO ON ON VO VO OS N 3 observatiol f ON n vo vO OS 1 -22 l li'i fc-' -*, |S o ao * S ^ 1 O 3 c October. N Os w OO ON rl ON 00 f ON VD ON ro vo VO OS M r*. 1 00 (k . - 3 **< 2 E a ^ oil *O ** A-V 1 ON ON ON o OS O CO VO os VD ON VO ON CO VO ON r* OS vo H- 00 Os 1 O vi j qo M- I 12 lf ^ a ; GO B 3, 'S> ~ s r.|l 1 |J C S a 00 vo ON O 10 ON OS ^- os J. ON H 1 Q- S 00 $ ON n CO vo ON M VD VD OS H ON 1 *T o 2 cJD -* ^f b |^| 2_ ^ '3 fc! B a 00 00 S 1 t^ ON 00 <*- ON OQ vo r* vo OS vo OS VD VD ON OO fO VO ON vo OS ON f S >o a "^ o * 1 31? g, co CO vo "3> J CO o m VO VD S-e i .8.1*8 S ON ON ON '<* OS ON ON ON ON "C.^ =8 O C, 4> rt 3 hi i * 1 ON 00 VD ON ON o obser- aticns. VO o OS r- vo ON VO ON O VO ON O vo OS vo 3 s* O a : i 3 S I ON co ON CO 00 to ON i ON vO ON ON vo ON CO ON M OS oo 5j * QJ "ON^ a 'Z -^ ^ S g s S CQ | 1 i vo * ON O I--. vo 00 00 ON CO ON P-. to ON n vo 00 OO VO ON vo CO VO ON vo os CO ON || ^ $ * ! M C3\ ! 1 i 1 f ON t-. ON H ON CO ON rt M ON CO ON ON H oo ON M VO vo r CO OS M OO CO ti i 1 ^ | OO 1 O vo 00 VD 00 M oo CO VO OO vo OO VO vo 00 00 H r-. vo oo GO VO OO Final average I n o .2 a I D 2 28 TABLE III. A. Results of Meteorological Observations made at Valparaiso by the Officers of H.M. S. " Nereus." Lat. 33 1' 55" S. Long. 71 40' 25" W. At 8h. SOm. A.M. L Barometer. Temp, of Air. Temp. ofKvap. Cloud. Registering Thermometers. (HJJ Mnrttli ' ' ~ .n on i IK 18S3-8. ; ! ,j t j | j. 2 it m Average at 32 and Sea Level. ij Average. 'f 1] Average. f br V *J Average Amount (OtolO). o| ll Mean Mai. in Air. = 1 II Mean Min. in Air. = 1 q O O o o o i i Inches. o o o January 3 29-990 3' 6 S 4 93 61 -i 93 4'3 93 70-7 93 65-. 93 February 4 63-4 "3 59' 7 "3 4-6 '"3 68-5 >3 62-9 "'3 March 4 6,- s 124 58-2 124 5'4 124 66-6 124 61-7 124 April - 4 59'8 120 57'4 90 4.9 120 64-0 120 59-9 120 May - 5 30.107 3i 58-" '53 5S'5 124 5-4 "S3 62.9 "53 5 9 - 1 "S3 Jane - 4 30-104 30 56-9 120 S3'? 90 5-6 I JO 6,- 5 120 57-5 120 July - S 30-077 3' 56-8 '55 53'5 124 5'3 >S5 60- j 55 56-5 "55 August S 30-I39 62 56-8 "55 S3'4 124 5'5 >55 61-0 155 56-7 "55 September 4 30-141 30 57'* 1 20 54'4 90 5 - o 120 6,- s 120 56-9 120 October 5 30-I39 3' 58-9 154 55'3 124 4-6 '54 63-6 "54 58-4 "54 November 5 30-090 30 61-1 "So 57'3 '5 3'2 "So 67-0 "So 60-5 "50 December S 30-021 3" 63-2 '55 59'* 55 3-3 '55 68-7 "55 62-7 "55 (coxf /{.) Month. At 3h. 30111. p.n. Barometer. Temp, of Air. Temp, of Evap. Cloud. Average at :!_> and 8e* Level. \ Average. ^'5 Average. No. of Observations. Average Amount (OtolO). No. of Observations. January Inched. 29-952 3> 675 93 62 4 93 "4 93 February March _ 67-2 64-9 "3 124 61-1 59'8 "3 "24 2-1 2-8 "3 124 April' 62-4 120 $8-8 90 4'4 120 May - 30-073 3' 59-8 "53 56-2 124 S 1 ' "53 June - 30-054 3 58- 120 54'S 90 5'* 120 July - 30-035 3" 57-8 "55 53'9 124 S'o "55 August 30-093 61 57'9 Iff 54-o 124 4-0 "55 September October 30-098 30-121 ' 3' 59 - o 61-2 119 "55 56-7 90 124 3'7 4'5 "'9 "55 November 30-078 .10 65-5 "50 58-9 '50 2-0 150 December 29-978 3" 67., "55 60-6 "55 "55 29 Months. Total Observa- tions of Wind. 9h. 30m. A.M. Observations of Wind, referred to 16 points. (Force to 12.)* N. N.N.E. N.E. E.N.E. E. E.S.E. S.E. S.S.E. S. O. F. 0. F. '0. F. O. F. O. F. O. F. O. F. O. F. O. F. January 93 20 I' I 7 1*1 3 I'l S 2'6 February '13 20 1*1 3 I'O '4 I'O 3 I'O I I'O 3 2-7 March - J2 4 33 i'4 3 I'D 13 I'2 6 I 'O I I'O 3 2'0 April - 120 40 I'4 3 I'O 4 I'O I I'O 2 I'O i I'O 3 I'O I I'O 8 i'8 May - 153 36 ''5 5 i'4 '7 I'l I I'O 3 I'O i I'O 3 i'3 I I'O 9 i'4 Jane 1 2O 24 2-7 ii 'S 9 i'6 I I'O 4 i'7 3 I- 3 2 I'O July - '55 34 2' I i 4'o 23 1-8 2 I'O '5 i'S 12 "'4 I 2'0 8 '3 August - tss S3 2'O 8 i-8 8 IM I I'O 7 ''4 I I'O 2 4'0 it 2'0 September 120 3i '7 8 1-6 9 i'i i I'O I I'O 4 2'0 October '54 24 I- 5 20 ''7 '9 i'3 I I'O '3 ''4 2 2'0 2? 2' I November :5o 22 I'2 4 I'2 ii I'O 3 '3 6 I'O 4 I'O 2 5'5 25 I'l December '55 39 l- 9 2 'I 12 I'O i I 'O 6 I'2 i I'O 10 2-4 {continued.) 9h. 30m. A.M. Observations of Wind, referred to 16 points. (Force to 12.) Mouths. S.S.W. S.W. W.S.W. W. W.N.W. N.W. N.N.W. Variables. No. of Calms. O. F. O. F. O. F. O. F. O. F. 0. F. O. F. O. F. January 2 3'5 4 2'0 6 2'0 '3 I'2 I I'O 32 February S 2'2 7 1-6 7 i'4 2 i'S 48 March - 4 2'8 4 I'O H i'4 2 1 - O 4' April - i I'O i I'O ii i i 4 '? 40 May - I 3 - o i I'O ... i 3' 5 i'4 3 '7 I 3'3 65 June 3 I- 3 i I'O 2 2'0 2 '5 S July - 4 'S i 3' _ 6 I'2 48 August - I I'O i I'O 9 I'3 4 2'0 44 September 2 2'O 7 1-7 I 2'O 3 '7 20 ''4 3 2'O 3o October 6 2'8 9 3'3 5 1-6 9 '"4 7 1-6 I 3-0 Ii November 6 3-7 9 I'l 5 2'O I I'O 10 i'4 5 i'4 I I'O 36 December 5 2'8 13 2'3 6 I'2 '7 i '4 2 ' 4' * O. Number of observations of wind. F. Force. The direction of the wind is not corrected for the variation of the compass. 30 Months. Total Observa- tions of Wiml. 3h. 30 m. P.M. Observations of Wind, referred to 16 Points. (Force to 12.)* N. N.N.K. N.E. E.N.E. E. E.S.E. S.E. S.8.E. S. O. F. 0. P. 0. F. O. F. 0. F. 0. F. O. F. O. F. O. F. ann:iry "ebruary 92 n3 9 i 1'2 I'O 32 4? 4- 2 4-0 I I '0 3 I'O I I'O 3 i'3 3 I'O March - 124 iz 2-5 3 1'7 3 i'3 3 i-3 7 ''4 39 4'* pril - - 120 "4 2'I i I'O 4 I '2 5 ''4 6 I'2 3i 3-o Hay - i53 33 2' I 6 1-3 5 '4 4 J'7 5 2'0 *4 2'6 Tune - 120 25 3'4 4 I'2 4 2'O I 2'O 2 1 'O I I'D 5 1'8 3 2'0 21 2-7 Inly - i55 37 2-6 3 2'0 2 3-o 2 i-5 5 2'2 7 2-6 27 2'3 \ugiist- - i55 33 2-7 8 1-8 I 2'O I I '0 I 5'o 3 3'7 7 2'6 39 2'8 September 119 16 i'4 i I'O 3 i'3 5 I'2 2 i-5 i I'O 25 2-9 October - i5S 6 >'7 5 2'2 4 i '5 2 2'O 6 "'7 2 2'5 46 3-5 November - i So i I'O i I'O i 3-o 2 i'5 3 2'3 3 1-7 64 4-6 >cember iSS 9 2'0 3 i-3 3 1-3 i 2'0 53 4' (continued.) Months. Sh. 80m. P.M . Observations of Wind, referred to 16 Points. (Force to 12.) Variables. No. of Calm*. MJW. 8.V. W.S.W. W. W.N.W. N.W. N.N.W. O. F. O. F. O. F. 0. F. 0. F. O. F. 0. F. 0. F. .laiitKiry 12 3'3 22 4-0 3 2'0 z 1-5 6 I'I I I'O 4 February i5 3' 9 if 2'8 3 i'3 8 i'5 4 ''7 I 3'o 8 March - "4 3-6 '9 2'3 4 2'8 i 2'0 6 i'3 I I'O 12 April - 26 2'5 9 i'i i 2'O 4 2'5 4 i-5 2 I'O i3 May - 12 *'4 12 2'3 2 i'5 2 1-5 7 2'0 I 2'O 2 I'O 38 June - a i-5 7 2'O I 2'O 2 2'O i I'O 3 i'3 2 2'O 36 July 8 2' I i3 2'1 I 2'0 3 i'3 5 '4 i 3-o 4i August - i3 a-5 18 2*2 I 2'O 3 *'7 i 2'O 7 2'3 3 I'O 16 September '4 2-9 16 2-9 S 2'6 i i-5 8 i-5 21 October 4* 3'2 23 3'6 2 4-5 7 1-7 6 '7 I I 'O 3 NoTeinber *9 3'9 *7 3'6 I 2'O i I'O 5 *'4 3 *;r 8 December 34 3'7 i5 3'i I 3-o 8 2-3 1 4 i-5 4 2'O 3 I'O 16 * O. Number of observations of wind. V. Force. The direction of thu wind is not corrected for the variation of the compass. 31 B.~ In VALPARAISO HARBOUR. Barometer. Temp, of Air. Cloud. Weather. Temp, of Sea. Months. Average. 1 ^ o !J Average J 1 Total Sky. Atmos- phere. Rain- fall. S at 32 and Sea o*| i *1 Amount <*1 Obser- - q- Average. "o'-G Level. ^1 *| (0 to 10). *| vations. b. c. o. m. f. r.and ^1 O ?j O h. O 1 Inches. , o January - February , _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ March - 3o-026 9 58-4 9 . . 7 5 2 . April - 30-084 '4 61-4 14 i-o 2 H ii 3 _ - May - 30-049 3 57-7 3 2'O I 3 I 2 1 June - 1 . . i . July - 3o-o8o 24 56-2 24 5-o 24 24 8 IO 5 2 3 August 3o-n8 93 55-6 64 3-6 89 93 3i 56 5 '9 6 I 55-7 26 September 3o-i3o 93 5 4 -7 90 2-8 71 93 42 48 3 7 7 4 4 5, -4 *4 October 30-040 108 59-9 83 2-9 8 9 108 45 60 2 9 4 2 7 53-3 25 November December - Months. Total Observa- tions of Wind. Observations of Wind, referred to 16 Points. (Force to 12.) N. X.N-.E. X.E. E.N.E. E. E.S.E. S.E. S.S.E. S. 0. F. O. F. O. F. O. F. O. F. O. F. O. F. O. F. O. F. January February March - April - May - June July - August - September October November December 9 14 3 24 93 93 108 I I 2-0 i-o 5 9 i 3 4-2 2 - I i-o l"l 4 i 2 2- O i-o i-o I i-o 2 I I 2-5 i-o i-o I i-o 2 I 3 3-o 3-o 2-3 2 4 2 3'5 2-5 2-5 S 2 IO 9 2'6 i-5 2-7 z - 4 (continued.) Months. Observations of Wind, referred to 16 Points. (Force to 12.) Variables. No. of Calms. S.S.W. 8.W. W.S.W. W. W.N.W. N.W. N.N.W. 0. F. 0. F. o. F. O. F. O. F. O. F. O. F. O. F. January February March - April - May June July - August - September October November December S 7 6 52 46 54 2 I 1-5 4-0 3 3-3 I 2-0 I l"0 5 3 10 i'4 2-3 2-9 S 8 10 2-2 2-1 2 4 I I I I i-o 3-o 3-o 3 I 1-7 i-o I I 2'0 2-0 I 5 2 2 3-o 1-8 I *O i-o I I 4 2-0 4-0 i-5 3 5 ii 4 1-2 I'O i-3 32 APPENDIX. The following additional information respecting the climate of South America is given, on the authority of Dr. J. Hann, in the Journal of the Austrian Meteorological Society, Vols. V. and VI., the data being here converted to English measures : PCNTA ABEKAS, lat. 53 12' S., long. 70 56' W. Temperature. Rainfall. Months. Mean Mean. , Mean Amount. No. of Days. <*~ " i Maximum. Minimum. o o o Inches. January ... 5 I- 4 71-4 44-2 1-429 13-1 February 5'4 63'7 42-8 2'012 I.r7 March - 47'' 63-1 39-4 I-94I 16' I April 42-1 55'9 31-6 2-654 14-2 May 38-8 S 1 * 1 30-2 I-756 n-8 June 35'8 45 'o 24-8 2-153 n-6 July - 34'5 46-2 22'8 2-736 14-4 August - 36-0 50-2 26' I 862 n-6 September 39'7 54' 30-7 067 n'S October - - - 43 '9 5 8 '5 33 '6 '35 10-7 November 46-8 6Vi 39'7 303 '4'3 December 49-6 65-3 43 '3 '433 16-0 Year - 43 - o 74'3 17-6 21-696 158-8 No. of years 6 5 5 6 6 Frequency of Winds in Per-centages. N. N.E. E. S.E. S. 8.W. W. N.W. Summer - 10 5 4 i 7 i.3 41 19 Autumn - 16 13 4 2 5 16 ap 16 Winter - 19 12 7 3 12 3 1 16 Spring - 12 7 3 I 7 H 37 20 January 9 4 4 I 7 15 4' 20 July 21 13 10 I 4 1.3 26 12 The hours of observation were 8 a.m., noon, and 8 p.m., but a correction has been made by Dr. Hann to obtain the mean day temperature. The maximum and minimum temperatures for the year are absolute extremes. 33 PUERTO MOXTT, Int. 41 30' S., long. 72 52' W., 32-8 feet .above the sea. Temperature. Rainfall. Months. Barometer. Mean .Mean. * Mean Amount. Days. r^~ \ Maximum. Minimum. Inches. o o Inches. January - 29 '934 59'7 76-3 49'4 3'543 8-5 February 29-926 59H 75'9 48-4 4-303 8-6 March 2 9 '945 56-7 73 "2 46-6 7-488 10-7 April - 30-012 5 2 '5 68-9 40-8 11-874 14-2 May 30-012 48-6 62-8 35-8 14-988 T 7'3 June 3o - oor 45'9 5^7 32-7 15-067 18-6 July 29-843 44-8 5<5'5 33-8 12-453 I7-7 August - 29 '98 1 45 '5 57'4 35' 6 9-I53 15-6 September 30' 060 47'3 59'2 36-7 6-988 i3'7 October - 30-075 5'4 68 "2 41*2 6-142 12-3 November 3 o ' 004 54'i 66-2. 44-1 5-571 ii 'i December 30 '036 57'7 79-7 48-4 4-485 9'7 Year - 29 989 51-8 81-3* 30-9* IO2'o6 158' No. of years i* 6 3 3 6 6 Frequency of Winds in Per-centages. X. N.E. E. S.E. S. s.w. W. N.W. Summer 3 10 I 18 39 I i 10 Autumn 5 2 O II J 5 4 3 14 Winter 67 2 I 5 8 3 3 12 Spring 42 2 I '5 22 3 i 15 The hours of observation were 8 a.m, 2 p.m., and 8 p.m., and a correction has been applied to obtain the mean temperature. * Mean yearly range 1859-64. 27887. 34 VALDIVIA, lat. 39= 49' S., long. 73- 13' W.; 12 years, 1853-S4. Temperature. Rainfall. Months. Mean- Mean. Maximum. Minimum. Mean Amount. Days. January - 62-8 o 87-8 44-4 2 "559 5-8 February 61 -3 8.3-1 42-8 3-937 7-2 March - 57-9 78-3 40-3 5-984 8*5 April 53-8 <57-3 37'2 10-94.) 11-7 May 49 "8 61-7 33-8 '5-31.5 14-8 June 46-8 57-7 31-8 22-165 18-4 July 45" i 56-1 31-8 16-024 15-4 August - 46-6 59-2 30-2 12-165 14-4 September 48-6 66-2 3i "8 6-496 10-6 October - - 52-9 73-8 36-0 4-567 7-8 November 56-3 77-2 40- 1 5 '709 9-4 December 61 -o 86-0 43'9 3'no 7'4 Year - 53-6 108-976 131-4 The hours of observation were 6 a.m., 2 p.m., 10 p.m., and a correction has been applied to obtain the mean temperature. SANTIAGO, lat. 33 C 26 -4' S., long. 70 C 37' W., 543 metres = 1,782 feet above the sea. N.B. In the original paper, Vol. V., p. 441, the height is given as 569 metres, but in Vol. VI., p. 109, this is amended to the figure adopted in the text. Temperature. Rainfall. Months. Barometer, mean, at 32 K. Barometer reduced to Sea Level. Mean. Mean Amount. Maximum. Minimum. Inches. o o January 28-174 30-015 66-0 85-6 52-9 O'OOO February 28-174 015 65-1 86-4 52-2 0-051 March 28-193 046 61-5 82-0 46-0 o 098 April 28-229 100 55 ' 72-7 40-5 0'539 May 28-252 142 49-3 66-6 37-4 2-031 Jimi^ 28-260 160 46-0 63-7 35 "6 3'938 July 28-272 i 7 i 45-1 61-3 33-4 4'l6S August 28-296 197 46-9 63-9 34-3 2'77 2 September - 18-272 161 51-3 72-3 37-6 1-646 October 28-260 '136 55'4 78-4 41-9 0-708 November - 28-125 "082 60-4 79'.? 46-8 0-590 December - 28-186 028- 64-8 84-9 52-5 0-252 Year 28-23.3 30-104 55-6 87-8* 3i -6" 16-790 No. of Years ertttit/'e'. 85 .SO 7S 70 60 ST. 50 A i i l)u ttfnt m Hammttfi too* rrow in thr centre >/'//!< ritr/f // r tinT<- nv>/\v tin utftin li>n-t tm nlii-t .s 30 - >Trir ^' itvvttf place oi'deciiiHt (x > 'Hie /ufurffin the otttwcircl; .v//cif tin- nnnifar pl'titiw which I he wuut hitx I'm er Lim-s (>/'t'(fim/ lt'(t,-tl lines thu-tt... ----.arf AV///I vvw.v. rr huts vl ' cyttnl oi'the tut: * ttc 4 , 4- ModtniteBrve-iv) fmwt/> wtttrrand "clean titU'/rvm \ J to 6 ,. 5 Fresh tfreeic. \ .. / Royafa. Jtc taie\ui chasf'i'uU t\nd by"'. Dndb Reefed Topsails,. Kb A' c . 8 Fresh GcU^ t ) Tripk Rtdtd Tvpsatis, t StnmyGalt, ) \ftsatRrr6tl Ttf**iit' fWtfwrnw K) Whole (xi{f Witii wfncft she ctntiti seam-ly k-nr r/ov -nv/w/ Minn rrf* FOR CHART OK METEOROLOGICAL DATA CAPK HORN &TIIK \VKST COAST OF SOI 'Til A.MKRK A . FEBRUARY -1-5 tf-SK .3 Tit, t/rrrtv tn the ,vntre c/'t/u a/r/Y /tu.v trith t/u >i-rt'J'i'/wn-ttt<\vi.->. Whfii AV t/tin { number, the preference tsqwcn fc (he tjrcutcxt I'rrr ft/tin numer, te prerence tsqwcn fc (e tjrcutcxt rrrf H/nn a cftfftrterormweoftjie wtwh' num her of obse.rvaMcns arv if/t' cf'fhc circle i,* shaded; when nariettfat, v'tte centered . Tht fiures in Uieinnvr rirclf show tin- mfian iowf t>f winti hv 'Hf place The tiynrcsittthe tnttercirdf shwthf nnntivr ('f'tinn.v which f/if i\intl has bftTi rfccrded frcni euch, direction . The full lints tftus^. --- -^_ art- Ivc/wrx. cr tin , .v aromi Irica I pressure . f ///i ih'ltfff li'ws thus ______ ----.are Isotherm*, wlttivx ttutf of the air. * ttcanfirt 's .Vw/r of Vfiiiii Force.-. O (it lut f l.iniit Air Just siiMdenf (?gw .vtffnty, wny '- /.itf/it Brrs'-t I Wi(ii iv/iffftn ii. // M'Hilidcinti man i / te '* kitvl \ (it/lf/fft/Tc~t jof-niiririt/i ftfi suit set " I'lth/ (ft> in / 3 to 4 7 Mrdfnitr Gait \i" '''"'' "'"" ""' h' ' '*' ' ''' /lV ' '"' ''V w '" /l ''''' ''< ^ W Frcs/i tniff I I I riplc Rtctrtl /./n-,r'/i .1. '.) UlnnillHiL I \lloslKtrM Taaailf .intl I'm/:,,:. t In ({fiwtiuf tit? isobars aiuLisctJifJinf-' thv centra iV ft,-// sr/uarv tt fltfpOfteL to represent f/n- pi>,tifit> fit' it* m CHART OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA FOR CAPE HORN & THE WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA . MARCH Wind NumforoTObs? W cf Variables and Force TfcsfGOm* - Baromd W Xttmter of Ohs Weather ofObs? N. slurwitu] Raiiv,$Ttaw0r/lail Thv arrow in thf centre oft/te ctrcff flif-s with tht wind r/' winch there is the {urgent ntvmber ofohsewatictis. Whfn two crjncre winder have an 'Uitl number, the preference t.v ifivcn fc (fie greatest force . When a quarter ormtrre fifth f wtwle number of cl>.vp.rvcUions d b\"l 8 Fresh, Gate J ........... ______ J Triplt Re* -ftd Topsails, 9 Strrny Gall. / ........ ..... _____ \flast Rrefid Tcpxuh and C With which she ccuitl scarcvi and rvvfed Kmsat whidi would rebuff, her te Storm Stnysaifa ne cttnvas could 1 1 Stffrm 12 Hum-< .^6-S2 -^z. ^i -v 2\W "\ <& ? 2 s *7-6,0' 70 liO Wind inxrof Ms:' JP cfHinaUes and Force 3l?tvr of' V6s? se-s ./ He,,,, Weather X l 'stumwtfRaiti.fiww0rh T/,. ,,r,- t .,, , //,,, ,-fi,lrc c-fthf circle flies n-ith the 'rind of which there w Ulfltircie.fi number e-I'diserrnttms. When tin: trmr-re n-irnis have an "^u^ nurn ^ fr ' Webreference i.v given tc the ffrftttavt frrce When a^quculereraurrcM't/H H'Mc number i>/'i'l'Sen;tii,'ii.\ are callus, tilt centre of the circle is shaded; H'/iai rariablts. r'Hf u entered The ftaures in the inner circ/f f/itrw tht mtan. force vf wind by Jfeauforts ""sf^y* /'!"" I'l'deciinnl.t *) TlU iuniits iru tht outer circle. ihow the number el'limex which the wiiul ha. cecfi recorded fivni etivk direction. . _ The. full lines (Aus ^ are /sonars, or Unfjt vfcqttti / oaj'otn^.U'icit I itivsviire . "f" The. dotted lines thus. ----.are Iselherinf .or lines e/'n/tta tefn-pziuturt' i'1'the air. KeanfcTt V Scale of Wind Font.- dtlm 1 I.itjhl Air Jtt.it sidTicietil tc give steerage wav 2 tight Bree:e I WttJi whisA a mU'-condiuoned man lltc'i knots -^ fan tie Breeze \ofmr*tthcdlsail set wmddyoiit, I 3 to 4 5 FreJihiBree.ic, \ __ fftovatsjtc 7 Moderate Gult\inchase'full,ancl In'"' DfuHeRtefrJTi'psiiils M A\ O^^^f I ' \ TrifJcXcefid Topsails J C * Mraui Gait, /... \OmR,*Mrvx,ils.u,d fairs, 10 Whole, taie WOi >vhicli she eouU scarr.-ly tear rtW -reefed Main Tonsait' and reefed foresail. II Atffrm wiich. would reduced'tifr to Storm Staysails. Vt Humccuu iVhion no tnnvas could mthsuind, \ Jiv dramnif tju, isobars and, iectJurms the. centre of each ., square is supposed to rcpj-esenf the position of its mean' pressure and tenijterrttHrc 53; ,., M ,<, , ff ,mi> ii.". 95 no as s . .1 41 -.1 sS +3 9 40-7 41 G x^ : ... / ^ y III 65 ',k, :.-, . CHART OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA FOR CAPE HORN & THE WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. JULY. 85 S-V '<.''" 80 75 7o 65 60 55 50 :' V- Hlrul Baromsttr Tcniptratitrt j JVujn/w of OH! &-l Mean Thf (trrcur in the- 1 centre.- rfthf circle ffats witli the wind cf ivhich tltfrc is the If^ye-st number of observations, When two fvmffre winds have an, rqita I num fvr. tke preference is given tv the- gretittat force , Whtn a.tfitartcrc>rmvreofth& whcle number ffc-fcrrrafifris arc calms ,t/it centre r-fmc circle if shaded; when tvtria/Jef. v'tie is entered . Tht, rttfureff in the vtntr circle yhew the Tnfon. farce of wind. M' Jfeau&rt A~ .frttlf(to cm placf or' decimate*} Tiie. rttJl tin tfi'xi ,/'el>sc.n'iti0ns. W/tffi /we cr mcfc v/7/V.r It ave an t number, thi f>rcfrrt'nce i&- given to the. greatest ferce. u-n (i quarttrcirnwcrfttif whale na^tttr ffffftfeffajttffnf *rr.v\ure. . f ///< fii'tt(-r>.*rnf tlte jH>sitiun of its mcu if pressure fni'l (,'fu/>rntfuff \ at' war with cdl sail set. \voltldyo in, \ 3 til 4 " ' ~ 4? McderutaBncie) mtux-th waterand'clean fall "from. \ 5 to'O 5 JrcshJSretzc \ f Kayak, fa 6 StTTtuf Breeze I To which site could carry! S'imjluRccfett fppsaJbatid TjG&tiix 7 Mod&rite (nde\i chast. lt full and "bf*\ Jkattt Reefed Topsails, Jib. r. 8 Fresh Gate, I '. I Tripi? Rcefai Tc/wi/.. A.- 9 Stnmq Gale /.-- \Gost Rrctid Tcf-mils and GmrMs 10 Wide Gait. Withwhich she could xcarrcly Ivar c/i\vi- -reffed Alain Tt'i'saii and'T-effad, Fm-exml . 11 Stvrm lUnch Hat&fotcfaatftAer fc.Yftr/n Mttysailt. 12 Hurricane M7i*c/i' no ean\ag coiitil wifJuftanel. . $>} 90 85 7B Viiiciu Brooks Day4SGn.l,itli CHART OK METEOROLOGICAL DATA FOR CAPE HORN &THE WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA SEPTEMBER. Borvintt Xnmlvr nf Hl ItfUt/l \umterefOtf.' "",""'""'" 'I" train ol'tlir circle I'tics with thf in?it/irrrnf. nrlinttf ef equal tfmperttiinv cfthooAr. * Heaulort i XcaJe of H'inti t'orct O laJm Air Just siifiiciefil tcfjit-e ~ l.iylit Brte-.e VWitholnthau-tlicfiuliliau'dmajt-ilte ? knots 3 GcntleKi-fKe \ofniirmlli all sail set uviildildn \ 3 to 4 lMdemttBreiie)!im,rl/, avlrraml "elmn f!iH"irum \ 5 to 6 '., 5 r'rcdiJireezc \ f 6 Xtrcnw/iic/,slir,YiMau-iy\Sii\ii/eKct/alKpsM'/jaiiitTJi.'\ 7 Mcderat, Gait\in cliaseluU ami h '"/ DiM tcel'nl T,,,,.m,li.M. tc ate | /, / Qast Rrrtirl Tiyaai/s tuul Crarfrs swrctly Ivn 11 Storm 12 Jlurriffifu- t /n dliwiliy tfif- /W*r.v .ifirf l.fitji fruit rhe centre, Siliturr f.i .niffmraf ton-/>r,xrnl the /wntu'ii a its mam (ins? ariables and Fore* Weather of Qbs? X''.<;h shaded; HJi&t variaUes. vth i* entered , 77it f-urtirt's in the inner circle jfhvw tfif niton, force of wind, by Beaufort's jda.ce tfjUtfaa /-t */ Flit -/ifttr-ff i/i the outer circle jtltcw fne number oftimtA' which th# tvinti Juts 65 ^w Twwdw /?r/i art Isobars, crlime at sufficient tegivt- i*-htdttLwtU < 3 (ktntlt I$rc4 :<' \ofwnrwith all fai man- 1 / to -. nr V , ^ .5 fr 6 . 5 Fresh Breeze \ - fRcyals.fa 6 $trcntt7htit.'.it I Kwt^-.?A^cpa^a('7>'| SviqfoJledrd TvpsntfjandKlfail V DeidbfctJsdTowis.JUt. fa fresh GaU- \ | TripbR /... ,CJAwRn>JM 7(vuvi//.i -tuufCtii 10 M^r/^ ftt/f WM M/IW^ i<- ns//^ Jitwra/r &w r/r.v- - w/r/V/w/'rrr//>//.v Wl/cn CUV nrtrwrv winds liavf at 'quctl ruiml'cr (Jie preference lA-qircn fi- the fircuttxt force. a- cfti&Tter ormffre pfthe vrhclc nitr/ificr I'f'vlt.vrrvtttiwis arc ctXvfnf, centre- oftfit circle is J&O4&M& w/ieri mriaMef, v'He ts entered . Tfu- fiffures MI tfif inner circle yltw the inran fercf ff wuui vcale(fo cue ]>lr,xcitt tltv ofitiMt offts nu 9 t*f# 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. Ct'SOGM General Library ity of CaliforoJ Berkeley M84012 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY LIST OF PUBLICATIONS, &c. ISSUED UNDER ^ittbonti) rf Cmnraiitee. OFFICIAL. L86-J -M-liamenl. Price 1*. Del. mphy. Price 6d. r Manual. Price 6 , L86i . ttedto Parliamenl Pri --.