K 
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
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 jHr^Vw^ 
 
 $f J^'J 
 
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 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
MODERN DOGS. 
 NON-SPORTING DIVISION. 
 
A 
 
 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MODEEN DOG-S 
 
 OF 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 (NON-SPORTING DIVISION.) 
 
 BY 
 
 RAWDON B. LEE, 
 
 KENNEL EDITOR OF " THE FIELD," AUTHOR OF THE HISTORIES OF 
 "THE FOX TERRIER," "THE COLLIE," ETC. 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATIONS BY 
 ARTHUR WARDLE AND R. H. MOORE. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 HORACE COX, 
 
 " FIELD "OFFICE, WINDSOR HOUSE, BREAM'S BUILDINGS, E.C 
 
 1894. 
 
LONDON : 
 PRINTED BY HORACE COX, WINDSOR HOUSE, BREAM'S BUILDINGS, B.C. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE publication and success of my book last year 
 on " SPORTING DOGS " has necessitated the pro- 
 duction of another division dealing with the "NON- 
 SPORTING " varieties, in which terriers are not 
 included, they forming a volume of themselves. I 
 have endeavoured to give a somewhat complete early 
 history of the different breeds, and, at the same time, 
 have brought the subject up to date. 
 
 As before, the drawings, although in most in- 
 stances taken from living examples, are not 
 intended to be merely counterparts of dogs of the 
 day, but they must be taken as illustrative of 
 the typical specimens they represent. I believe 
 this departure from ordinary custom to be a useful 
 one, as the portraits of individual dogs, whose 
 
vi Preface. 
 
 prominence before the public is more or less 
 ephemeral, cannot in the future be of so much 
 interest as pictures of idealised animals are likely 
 to be. 
 
 In cases where the specialist clubs have compiled 
 and arranged descriptions of the dogs whose 
 interests they guard, I have given the results of 
 the deliberations of their members. I have like- 
 wise appended scales of points to satisfy those 
 who, in the minority, still believe that the beauty 
 or otherwise of a dog can be correctly gauged 
 by a series of figures. 
 
 The illustrations by Arthur Wardle and R. H. 
 Moore are, I consider, particularly satisfactory, as 
 is the process by which they are reproduced. 
 
 My thanks I convey to all who have assisted me 
 in providing subjects for the artists, and to others 
 who have given valuable information, not to be 
 obtained excepting from owners who have made 
 individual varieties of the dog special studies. 
 
Preface. vii 
 
 To all who have assisted me I dedicate this work, 
 as some slight return for their kindness and for the 
 interest they have taken in its publication. 
 
 RAWDON B. LEE. 
 
 Brixton, London, March, 1894. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 THE MASTIFF i 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 THE ST. BERNARD 37 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 THE NEWFOUNDLAND 79 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 THE COLLIE OR SHEEP DOG 105 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 THE SMOOTH-COATED SHEEP DOG 139 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 THE OLD ENGLISH (BOB-TAILED) SHEEP DOG . . 145 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 THE POODLE 161 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 THE DALMATIAN 191 
 
 b 
 
Contents. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 THE BULLDOG 205 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 THE PUG DOG 253 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 THE BLACK PUG 269 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 ENGLISH TOY SPANIELS 279 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 THE JAPANESE SPANIEL , , , .' ... . . 301 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 THE MALTESE ,.-**. .... 313 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 THE POMERANIAN 323 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 THE ITALIAN GREYHOUND 335 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 THE SCHIPPERKE 347 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 THE CHOW CHOW 353 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 ST. BERNARD AND TOY SPANIELS . . . Frontispiece- 
 
 MASTIFFS Facing page i 
 
 ST. BERNARD (ROUGH-COATED) . . 37 
 
 ST. BERNARD (SMOOTH-COATED) . . 49 
 
 NEWFOUNDLANDS 79 
 
 COLLIE 105 
 
 SMOOTH-COATED COLLIES .... 139 
 
 OLD ENGLISH SHEEP DOGS .... 145 
 
 POODLES 161 
 
 CORDED POODLES ,, 177 
 
 DALMATIANS 191 
 
 BULLDOGS ,, 205 
 
 PUG DOGS . . . 253 
 
 BLACK PUGS 269 
 
 KING CHARLES AND BLENHEIM SPANIELS 279 
 
 RUBY AND PRINCE CHARLES SPANIELS . 287 
 
 JAPANESE SPANIELS 301 
 
xii Illustrations. 
 
 MALTESE Facing page 313 
 
 POMERANIANS ,, 323 
 
 ITALIAN GREYHOUNDS 335 
 
 SCHIPPERKES . * 347 
 
 CHOW CHOWS 353 
 
okw )0 rf feat 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 THE MASTIFF. 
 
 QUITE recently a somewhat interesting cor- 
 respondence has taken place in the Field regarding 
 what some contributors called the " deterioration 
 of the mastiff," implying by these words that the 
 old English mastiff of the present day was not 
 equal to what it had been, say, twenty-five years 
 or so ago. Whether this is the case or not it would 
 be difficult to determine from what was written by 
 those engaged in the controversy, for, as is always 
 the case with ordinary newspaper discussions, the 
 general reader was about as wise at its termination 
 as he was at the beginning. There is, however, 
 no doubt that the modern mastiff breeder, in 
 allowing a craze for huge heads and great skulls 
 to get the better of him, has, as a rule, pro- 
 duced these exaggerations to the sacrifice of 
 
 It 
 
Modern Dogs. 
 
 the body, loins ; legs, and general symmetry of the 
 animal. 
 
 This was, however, so marked about two years ago 
 that even those who had been the means of causing 
 such retrogression noticed the error they had made, 
 and are now, I fancy, doing their best to remedy their 
 mistake. So, possibly in a couple of years more, our 
 race of mastiffs will have become more symmetrical, 
 will have lost their cow-hocksj crooked fore legs, 
 and hollowed backs, which combined render their 
 gait an awkward rolling movement, more like that 
 of an aged shorthorn going into the byre than that 
 which ought to be possessed by a leading family 
 of the canine race. 
 
 Some of our modern mastiffs of the Crown 
 Prince strain would, I am afraid, have made but 
 sorry protectors for an English warrior who lay 
 grievously wounded on the field of Agincourt. 
 
 Although considerable diversity of opinion has 
 existed, and will always exist, as to the origin of 
 the mastiff, there is little doubt that it is the 
 oldest variety of dog connected with Great Britain, 
 and upon this most authorities appear to be agreed, 
 though there are occasional admirers of the bull- 
 dog who would have us believe that that variety of 
 the canine race was one of the original dogs of 
 the British Isles. History has told us that during 
 
The Mastiff. 3 
 
 the time of the Roman occupation of Britain, an 
 officer was appointed with the title of Procurator 
 Cynegii, whose business it was to obtain and 
 transmit to Rome mastiffs that would prove useful 
 as guards and, mayhap, in fighting in the arena either 
 amongst themselves or with wild beasts. At about 
 this period every two " villeins " were by law com- 
 pelled to keep between them one mastiff dog, and 
 the duties of the Procurator would, no doubt, be 
 to collect the dogs, when fully grown, from these 
 common people. Strabo tells us that the same 
 mastiffs were used by the Gauls in times of war. 
 
 The Rev. M. B. Wynn, in his " History of the 
 Mastiff," has been most praiseworthy in his re- 
 searches as to the origin of the mastiff, and, T 
 believe, has collected facts together which ought 
 to convince even the most sceptical of the identity 
 of the mastiff with that large dog which the 
 Romans found in this country, and which they 
 afterwards made useful and amusing in their de- 
 grading sports of the arena. There are numerous 
 illustrations on various pieces of ancient Roman- 
 British pottery which can easily be identified as 
 representing a dog of the mastiff type, such a 
 one as some nineteen hundred years or more ago 
 might be found in this country, and utilised as guard 
 to the flocks and herds, protecting them by their 
 
 B 2 
 
Modern Dogs. 
 
 size, strength, and ferocity from the wolves that 
 then overran the country. 
 
 There might at the same time be a smaller variety 
 of the same dog, but of this there is no proof, and 
 that the early mastiff was quite different from the 
 early bulldog in leading particulars may be safely 
 inferred, especially when, in support thereof, there 
 are extant illustrations dating from the Roman 
 period where the mastiff is attacking a horse, which 
 he is represented as doing from behind, and not 
 flying at the nose or front, which is the natural 
 seizing place of the true bulldog. 
 
 Mr. Wynn further says that in 1823, in a work 
 entitled " Roman Antiquities, or the Durobrivae of 
 Antonicus Identified," there is a picture of a mastiff 
 galloping after a horse, and, judging from the relative 
 size of the two animals, which are both carefully and 
 accurately delineated, such dogs must have been 
 from 28 to 30 inches at the shoulder, heads broad 
 and full, muzzle very short and broad, ears small 
 and partially erect. Their necks and bodies are 
 massive, limbs short and stout, sterns fine, and 
 the tout ensemble that of long-bodied, muscular, 
 heavy mastiffs. The same writer proceeds to say 
 that such instances are proof of what the mastiff 
 was say between A.D. 100 and 150, which would be 
 about the time the vessels were made upon which 
 
The Mastiff. 
 
 the figures were represented, and from which the 
 engravings were taken. " These," the author of the 
 " History of the Mastiff" proceeds to say, " are 
 the best drawn and most reliable evidences I have 
 met with, and it would be ridiculous to class such 
 dogs as bulldogs, with their manner of attack and 
 large size ; yet their broad skulls and short muzzles 
 show their close affinity to the British bulldog." 
 
 There are other illustrations of large dogs extant 
 taken from ancient pottery, and in some of them the 
 ears of the animals are shown as cut, the latter no 
 doubt done to prevent the aural appendages being 
 torn, either when the dogs were fighting with 
 each other, or with some wolf, or fox, or badger. 
 
 However, it would occupy too much space were 
 I to enter fully into the origin of the mastiff and 
 describe him seriatim from the earliest days to 
 the present time. He was early known as the 
 Alaun or Alan, the Molossus, and later, according 
 to some authorities, as the Bulldog, but I should be 
 inclined to believe nay, do in reality believe that 
 our modern mastiff, as he appears on the show 
 bench to-day, is very far removed from what he 
 was when Julius Caesar first landed on our shores, 
 and although Mr. Wynn, Mr. H. D. Kingdon, and 
 others have endeavoured to trace the breeding of 
 these favourite dogs for many years back, their 
 
Modern Dogs. 
 
 labours have not had a successful result. A dog's 
 pedigree for a hundred years, excepting, maybe, 
 in a foxhound or greyhound, is not to be compiled 
 with any degree of exactitude. Still there have 
 been in this country, from earliest records to the 
 present time, a breed of dog that has done duty 
 as the mastiff, and so well has he performed his 
 part that he may be well called the most historical 
 dog of the day. 
 
 By the Romans and some others he was abased 
 by the purposes to which he was put, for I do 
 not believe he was ever intended as a hunting dog, 
 or for the purpose of fighting with much more 
 powerful beasts than himself. It has been said that 
 King James I. loosed a powerful mastiff against a 
 lion, to the discomfiture of the former, and a kennel 
 companion met a like fate. But a third dog did 
 so much better, worsting his antagonist, that the 
 King said, " He that had fought the king of beasts 
 should never fight a meaner creature," and forthwith 
 this good "mastive" became a pensioner on the 
 royal bounty. This is said to have happened in 
 1604, and about sixteen years later the same 
 monarch prohibited bear-baiting on a Sunday. At 
 this time it was the custom to crop the ears of 
 most of the mastiffs, and in some cases their sterns 
 were shortened likewise. 
 
The Mastiff. 
 
 As I have already hinted, the mastiff was not 
 originally a righting dog ; he was used as a watch 
 and guard, and as such had special legislation 
 given him so far back as the reign of Henry III., 
 when the obnoxious Forest Laws were still in 
 operation. At that time, and ever since William 
 the Conqueror had appeared on the scene, no 
 ordinary individual was allowed to keep a dog 
 within the precincts of the Forests, though a special 
 provision was made for mastiffs kept by farmers 
 and substantial freeholders dwelling therein ; indeed, 
 no other dog than a mastiff was allowed to be kept 
 within these precincts. They might keep such 
 dogs for the protection of their houses and stock, 
 provided that such dogs be expeditated according 
 to law. This iniquitous law was carried out by 
 cutting off the claws of the fore feet close to the 
 skin. The operation was performed by " sitting 
 one of the fore feet upon a piece of wood eight 
 inches thick and a foot square, and with a mallet, 
 setting a chisel of two inches broad upon the three 
 claws of his fore feet, and at one blow cutting them 
 clean off. And this expeditating (by some called 
 h- mbling or lawing of dogs) ought to be looked 
 af er by the caretaker of the forest every third 
 year." 
 
 Dr. Caius, so well known and so often quoted 
 
Modern Dogs. 
 
 by writers on canine matters, ought not to be 
 omitted here, as he flourished about 1550, when 
 little was said about the dog, although it was more 
 valued during his period than it had been earlier. 
 He says, " the mastiff or ban dog is vast, huge, 
 stubborn, ugly, and eagre, of a heavy and burden- 
 some body, and therefore but of little swiftness, 
 terrible and frightful to behold, and more fierce 
 and fell than any Arcadian cur, notwithstanding 
 they are said to have their generation from the 
 valiant lion. They are called Villatica, because 
 they are appointed to watch and keep out-of-the- 
 way farm places They are serviceable 
 
 against the fox and badger, to drive wild and tame 
 swine out of meadows, &c., and to bait and 
 take the bull by the ear when occasion requireth. 
 . . . . For it is a kind of dog capable of 
 courage violent and valiant, striking fear into the 
 hearts of man, and standing in fear of no man, 
 and no weapon will make him shrink or abridge 
 his boldness." 
 
 Caius goes on to say these dogs are trained to 
 bait the bear and other " cruel beasts " without "any 
 collar to defend their throats," and oftentimes they 
 train them up in fighting and wrestling a man, 
 who having for a safeguard either a pikestaff, a 
 club, or a sword, and by using them to such 
 
The Mastiff. 
 
 exercises as these, the dogs become more sturdy 
 and strong." Here the duties of the mastiff appear 
 to have been of a varied character, if not altogether 
 a pleasant one, and it would be a dog to be avoided 
 by the general public. 
 
 Conrad Heresbach, of Cleves on the Rhine, who 
 flourished, as the school books say, about the 
 middle of the sixteenth century, he being born in 
 1509 and dying in 1576, in his book of Husbandry, 
 translated into English by Barnaby Goodge, calls 
 the mastiff " the ban dog for the house. Such a 
 one should have a large and mighty body, a great 
 and shrill voice, that both with his barking he may 
 discover and with his sight dismay the thief ; yea, 
 not being seen, with the horror of his voice put 
 him to flight. His stature must neither be too long 
 nor too short, but well set ; his head great, his eyes 
 sharp and fiery, either brown or grey ; his lippes 
 blackish, neither turning up nor hanging too much 
 down ; his mouth black and wide ; his neather jaw 
 fat, and coming out on either side of it a fang 
 appearing more outward than his other teeth ; his 
 upper teeth, even with his neather, not hanging too 
 much over, sharp and hidden with his lips ; his 
 countenance like a lion ; his breast great and shag- 
 haired ; his shoulders broad, his legs big, his tail 
 short, his feet very great. His disposition must 
 
io Modern Dogs. 
 
 be neither too gentle nor too curt, that he must 
 neither fawn upon a thief nor flee upon his friends ; 
 very waking, no gadder abroad nor lavish of his 
 mouth, barking without cause ; neither make it any 
 matter though he be not swift, for he is but to 
 fight at home, and to give warning to the enemy." 
 
 Whether some of our modern breeders have 
 endeavoured to produce an animal similar to that 
 described by Conrad Heresbach one cannot tell, 
 but from the "very great feet" often seen nowa- 
 days, and the decided slowness in their paces of 
 others, it might be thought a return to the dog as 
 described in the middle of the seventeenth century 
 had been sought to be brought about. Certainly I 
 have seen prize winning modern mastiffs that would, 
 from sheer inability, not be " gadders abroad." 
 
 To come to modern times a huge leap of over 
 many centuries must be made, but before actually 
 entering upon a description of the race as it is at 
 present, an omission would be caused were the 
 Lyme Hall mastiffs to be omitted. It has been 
 said that at the seat of the Leghs at Lyme Hall, 
 in Cheshire, a strain of mastiffs has been kept 
 intact for many years. This is, however, not the 
 case. On a recent visit to the ancient residence 
 I found but about seven mastiffs present, and these 
 were of a very inferior character in every way. 
 
The Mastiff. 1 1 
 
 Without distinctive feature, there was one dark fawn 
 dog, others light fawn with black muzzles, and an 
 animal that had been obtained to improve the strain 
 that would have been best relegated to the tan 
 yard. I was sorry to come to the conclusion that 
 the Lyme Hall mastiff, with its historical traditions, 
 was become a thing of the past, its place being 
 usurped by inferior specimens not good enough to 
 obtain a prize at any of our smallest dog shows. 
 For the sake of his ancient repute it would have 
 been better had the mastiff of the Leghs been 
 allowed to entirely disappear, like the wild cattle 
 which not many years ago grazed in the adjoining 
 park, than to degenerate into the poor creatures we 
 saw in the kennels there a few months ago. 
 
 Some twenty years or so since, my friend Mr. 
 H. D. Kingdon did his best to restore life and 
 give prominence to the Lyme Hall strain, but his 
 energy was entirely thrown away, and the few dogs 
 he did bring forward were small and poor creatures 
 in comparison with the superb specimens that had 
 for some time emanated from other kennels. About 
 half a century ago there was a turning point in 
 the history of the mastiff, which the succeeding 
 establishment of dog shows facilitated. 
 
 Is the story of the origin of the Lyme Hall 
 mastiff too stale to be reproduced here ? On St. 
 
12 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Crispin's day, October 25th, 1415, the battle of 
 Agincourt was fought, and the English had a 
 decisive victory over their Gallic neighbours. Sir 
 Peers Legh, of Lyme Hall, fighting for the victors, 
 lay wounded on the field, and when found by his 
 comrades he was guarded by a magnificent mastiff 
 bitch, who did not leave her master until he died 
 of his wounds in Paris, whither he had been 
 removed. The bitch pupped shortly afterwards, 
 but this did not prevent the warrior's family making 
 arrangements for the conveyance of the knight's 
 protector and her family to Lyme Hall, whither the 
 corpse was taken for subsequent interment in the 
 private vault of the Legh's, within the walls of 
 Macclesfield Parish Church. From these puppies 
 there sprung what was once supposed to be a pure 
 strain of mastiffs. But history is silent about even 
 the parent bitch herself, although it has been stated 
 positively that the Lyme Hall strain was descended 
 from dogs born generations before Agincourt was 
 won. I do not think that anyone who wishes to 
 improve his strain of mastiffs to-day would fly to 
 the Lyme Hall Kennels for the purpose. 
 
 At the time of my visit, there was a very fine 
 painting by Nettleship, about 1876, of a mastiff, 
 and a right good dog too, evidently quite as good 
 as Miss Aglionby's Turk, and some others that 
 
The Mastiff. 13 
 
 have had more to do with the foundation of our 
 present strain than some people would imagine. 
 
 The Duke of Devonshire had an old strain of 
 mastiffs at Chatsworth, but this has been lost, and 
 so have those that were once known at Elvaston 
 Castle, near Derby, in the family of the Galtons.at 
 Hadzor Hall, Worcester. There had been a special 
 strain at the Duke of Sutherland's, at Trentham, 
 and the author of the " History of the Mastiff" 
 mentions strains kept by Colonel Wilson Patten, 
 at Bold Hall, which had been at this seat since 
 its occupation by the Honourable Peter Bold ; and 
 later by Mr. John Crabtree, of the Kirklees Park, 
 near Halifax. The latter was head gamekeeper 
 to the Armitage family, and he, about 1820, came 
 into the possession of a brindled mastiff bitch, 
 which he found caught in one of his fox 
 traps that had been set in the park. From 
 this bitch, and by judicious crossing, he obtained 
 a strain of dogs highly spoken of by Mr. Wynn, 
 which, it seems, Mr. F. Crabtree used principally 
 as assistants to himself and his under-trappers in 
 the apprehension of poachers. 
 
 Mr. J. W. Thompson, another Yorkshireman, 
 about 1830 and later, gave considerable attention 
 to the breeding of mastiffs, but to Mr. H. V. 
 Lukey, of Morden, Kent, must modern admirers 
 
14 Modern Dogs. 
 
 of the mastiff turn to find the man who has done 
 most to improve or to develop the breed. His first 
 mastiff came into his possession about 1835. This 
 was a brindled bitch, with cropped ears and docked 
 tail, said to be an Alpine mastiff from the kennels 
 of the Duke of Devonshire. This seems to be 
 something of an anomaly, though vouched for both 
 by the late Mr. Lukey and by Mr. Wynn, and 
 the latter tells us the ears of the Alpine mastiffs 
 were cut to prevent them becoming frost bitten. 
 Personally, I should think they would be far more 
 likely to suffer from the attacks of frost-bite when 
 cruelly cut than if left intact. However, this by 
 the way. 
 
 The bitch in question was obtained from a 
 dealer named White, at Knightsbridge, who was 
 the predecessor of the late Bill George, of such 
 great celebrity as a dog dealer, and father to the 
 present Alfred George, of Kensal Town, equally 
 well known in canine matters. This bitch mated to 
 a black dog belonging to the Marquis of Hertford, 
 produced two puppies, one of which died. The 
 other, a bitch, was in time put to another so-called 
 " Alpine mastiff," and so came Mr. Lukey's and 
 subsequent modern strains. 
 
 It would seem strange that, with all the pride 
 Englishmen have had in their dogs and in the ancient 
 
The Mastiff. 15 
 
 reputation they have borne, that of our modern 
 mastiff so much is due to an animal that was 
 known as the Alpine mastiff, and which in reality 
 cannot have been more nor less than a smooth- 
 coated St. Bernard. One writer has written that 
 the black dog of Lord Hertford's was a Thibet 
 mastiff. Most likely he was a very dark coloured 
 brindled dog of our English strain, for certainly 
 none of Mr. Lukey's dogs ever showed the hound 
 type and bloodhound expression which would have 
 been obtained from a cross with a Thibetian dog ; 
 and if it had been used, the evil would have 
 kept cropping up generation after generation. 
 
 Writing in " Dogs of the British Isles/' Captain 
 Gamier came into prominence as a mastiff breeder, 
 and his communication is worth reproducing 
 here in part. He says : 
 
 About this time (1847) I bought of Bill George a pair of 
 mastiffs, whose produce, by good luck, afterwards turned out 
 some of the finest specimens of the breed I ever saw. The dog 
 Adam was one of a pair of Lyme Hall mastiffs, bought by Bill 
 George at Tattersall's. He was a different stamp of dog to the 
 present Lyme breed. He stood 3o|in. at the shoulder, with 
 length of body and good muscular shoulders and loins, but was 
 just slightly deficient in depth of body and breadth of forehead; 
 and from the peculiar forward lay of his small ears, and from his 
 produce, I have since suspected a remote dash of boarhound in 
 him. The bitch was obtained by Bill George from a dealer in 
 Leadenhall Market. Nothing was known of her pedigree, but I 
 am as convinced of its purity as I am doubtful of that of the dog. 
 
1 6 Modern Dogs. 
 
 There was nothing striking about her. She was old, her shoulders 
 a trifle flat, and she had a grey muzzle, but withal stood 29in. at 
 the shoulder, had a broad round head, good loin, and deep, 
 lengthy frame. From crossing these dogs with various strains I 
 was easily able to analyse their produce, and I found in them two 
 distinct types one due to the dog, very tall, but a little short in 
 the body and high on the leg, while their heads were slightly 
 deficient in breadth ; the other due to the bitch, equally tall, but 
 deep, lengthy, and muscular, with broad massive heads and 
 muzzles. Some of these latter stood 33m. at the shoulder, and by 
 the time they were two years old weighed upwards of 190!!). 
 They had invariably a fifth toe on each hind leg, which toe was 
 quite distinct from a dew-claw, and formed an integral portion of 
 their feet. By bad management, I was only able to bring a some- 
 what indifferent specimen with me on my return to England from 
 America a badly reared animal, who nevertheless stood 3 2 in. at 
 the shoulder, and weighed lyolb. This dog Lion was the sire of 
 Governor and Harold, by Mr. Lukey's bitch Countess, and so 
 certain was I of the vast size of the breed in him that I stated 
 beforehand, much to Mr. Lukey's incredulity, that the produce 
 would be dogs standing 33in. at the shoulder the result being 
 that both Governor and his brother Harold were fully that height. 
 In choosing the whelps, Mr. Lukey retained for himself the best 
 marked one, an animal that took after the lighter of the two 
 strains that existed in the sire ; for Governor, grand dog and 
 perfect mastiff as he was, compared to most others of the breed, 
 was nevertheless shorter in the body, higher on the leg, and with 
 less muscular development than Harold, while his head, large as 
 it was, barely measured as much round as did his brother's. I, 
 wha went by the development of the fifth toe (in this case only a 
 dew-claw), chose Harold, a dog which combined all the best 
 points, except colour, of both strains, and was a very perfect 
 reproduction on a larger scale of his dam Countess. This dog 
 was the finest male specimen of the breed I have met with. His 
 breast at ten months old, standing up, measured i3in. across, 
 with a girth of 41 in., and he weighed in moderate condition i4olb., 
 
The Mastiff. 17 
 
 and at twelve months old i6olb., while at 13!- months old 
 Governor only weighed in excellent condition isolb., with a 
 girth of 4oin. ; and inasmuch as Governor eventually weighed 
 iSolb. or even more, the size to which Harold probably attained 
 must have been very great. His head also in size and shape 
 promised to be perfect. 
 
 I will mention three other dogs. The first, Lord Waldegrave's 
 Turk, better known as " Couchez," was the foundation of Mr. 
 Lukey's breed. This dog has frequently been described to me by 
 Bill George and Mr. Lukey, and I have a painting of his head at 
 the present moment. He stood about 29^11. or 3oin. at the 
 shoulder, with great length and muscular development, and, 
 although he was never anything but thin, weighed about 130!!). 
 Muzzle broad and heavy, with deep flews ; skin over the eyes and 
 about the neck very loose ; colour red, with very black muzzle. 
 He was a most savage animal ; was fought several times with 
 other animals, and was invariably victorious. The second was a 
 tailless brindled bitch, bought by Mr. Lukey from George White, 
 of Knightsbridge. She was a very large massively built animal, 
 standing 3oin. at the shoulder. Her produce with Couchez were 
 remarkably fine. "Long-bodied, big-limbed, heavy-headed 
 bitches. They were mastiffs Mr. Lukey had in those days ! " 
 is Bill George's eulogium of them. This bitch was bred by the 
 Duke of Devonshire, and must therefore have been one of the 
 Chatsworth breed. The third animal, L'Ami, was a brindled dog 
 of such vast size and weight that he was taken about and shown 
 in England, in the year 1829, the price of admission being one 
 shilling. Of the head of this dog also I have a drawing, and 
 it shows him to be very full and round above the eyes, with 
 a broad heavy muzzle and remarkably deep flews, the ears being- 
 cropped close. This dog, with the exception of rather heavy 
 flews, answered exactly to the type of Vandyke's mastiff. 
 
 Now the point to which I wish to draw attention is, that both 
 Couchez and L'Ami came direct from the Convent of Mount 
 St. Bernard. The mighty dogs which used to be kept at 
 Chatsworth (and one of which stood 34m. at the shoulder) were 
 pure Alpine mastiffs, as also were the two magnificent animals 
 
 C 
 
1 8 Modern Dogs. 
 
 I have mentioned as having seen at Bill George's kennels some 
 sixteen years ago; while others that I frequently used to meet 
 with at that time were of the same character. These, one and all, 
 presented the same type a strong proof of their purity and 
 that type was in all respects the same as the old English mastiff 
 portrayed by Vandyke. The same may be said of the dogs in 
 Landseer's picture of Alpine mastiffs, which have all the points of 
 the true mastiffs, although their tails, as might be expected from 
 the cold climate, are hairier than they should be. At that time 
 one used to meet with good English mastiffs also, but they were 
 few compared to the number of half-bred animals that went by 
 that name ; and, with the exception of Mr. Lukey's breed, the 
 good ones have nearly all come from Lancashire, Cheshire, and 
 the north of England generally, where some years ago they were 
 still in considerable request for guarding the large bleaching 
 grounds. Between these and the Alpine dogs I never could 
 discover the slightest difference except in size the best English 
 dogs varying from 2 gin. to 33in. at the shoulder, while the Alpine 
 male specimens were seldom under 3 2 in. 
 
 Now, it is ridiculous to suppose that the dogs that used to be 
 found at the convent, and in a few of the Swiss valleys, were a 
 breed indigenous to that small part of the continent of Europe ; 
 and yet it was there only that the breed existed. When, therefore, 
 we find the same animal common in England two hundred years 
 ago, and still to be met with in considerable numbers, though 
 more rarely than formerly, it is only reasonable to conclude that 
 the English and Mount St. Bernard mastiffs are identical breeds, 
 and that the monks, requiring large, powerful, generous, and high- 
 couraged animals for their benevolent purposes, selected the old 
 English dog in preference to all other breeds. It is very easy to 
 understand that, with the disuse of the breed for combating wild 
 animals, they should have been allowed to die out and degenerate 
 in England ; and it is equally easy to understand that the mastiffs 
 kept at the Convent of St. Bernard for a particular purpose, 
 requiring strength and courage, should have been kept up, and 
 thus that the best specimens of the breed in modern times have 
 come from there. 
 
The Mastiff. 19 
 
 The above opinion of Colonel Gamier' s, written, 
 say, a quarter of a century ago, will scarcely find 
 favour now. There is not the slightest similarity 
 between the smooth St. Bernard and the mastiff, and 
 our English bred specimens of the former are all, as a 
 rule, bigger and heavier than any animals that have 
 been imported. Nor can I see any resemblance, 
 excepting, perhaps, in size, between Landseer's 
 Alpine mastiffs, painted in the early part of that 
 great artist's career, and our own English mastiff. 
 No doubt crosses with some foreign bred dogs were 
 introduced sixty years ago, and even more recently, 
 but at that time canine education was not far 
 advanced, and a dog with a foreign name would 
 bring more money in the market than one that 
 bore a national nomenclature. On this account I 
 fancy pedigrees became somewhat mixed, and, 
 reading all that has been written by Colonel Gamier 
 and others, it would be difficult to believe in the 
 British mastiff as little more than a mongrel rather 
 than as a direct descendant of all that is old in our 
 English dogs. 
 
 We hear of the bulldog cross and the blood- 
 hound cross ; but when were they introduced, 
 and by whom ? These are important questions, 
 which have not hitherto been answered. There 
 is no doubt that amongst modern mastiffs specimens 
 
 C 2 
 
20 Modern Dogs. 
 
 quite frequently occur that show in the round, 
 broad skull, sunken eyes, and, shall I say, the 
 undershot jaw, a decided leaning to the bulldog 
 in expression. Some admirers of the breed say 
 the mastiff ought to be undershot, and that he was 
 so originally. A perfect mastiff ought to be as 
 level in his teeth as a terrier. He should have a 
 distinctive character of his own, not of the bulldog 
 as above described, nor of the hound with a long 
 square face, with loose skin under his throat, and 
 deeply pendulous dewlaps. 
 
 Such dogs as I have in my mind bore none of 
 these defects. They looked mastiffs pure and 
 simple, and were such from the end of their noses 
 to the tips of their tails. As my paragon I always 
 took that grand dog Turk, who was bred by the 
 late Miss Aglionby at Esthwaite Hall, near Hawks- 
 head, one of the Lancashire portions of the English 
 lake district. This fine dog, born in 1865, was 
 one of an extraordinary litter by Mr. E. Field's 
 King from the breeder's Hilda, the one whelping 
 including Wolf, which his fair owner considered the 
 better dog, Knight Templar, Emperor, and Turk. 
 Thus there were four dogs in the same litter the 
 like of which could scarcely be bred in twenty 
 litters to-day. How these dogs won in classes that 
 were far stronger then than now, and for years 
 
The Mastiff. 21 
 
 after likewise, is a matter of history. In 1871 sixty- 
 nine mastiffs were benched at one of the Crystal 
 Palace shows, and at Birmingham the same year 
 there were twenty-nine competitors in the open dog 
 class. There were men at that time who bred 
 their dogs with care, and they had not commenced 
 to breed for exaggerated heads to the sacrifice of 
 qualities equally important. 
 
 Earlier than the Turk epoch, Mr. E. Hanbury, 
 from Wiltshire, was showing some good dogs, and 
 not many years later Mr. E. Nichols, of South 
 Kensington, who survives, and takes as much 
 interest in them as ever, would not look at any 
 dog that possessed the round bull-headed skull 
 introduced a little later. Bill George's Tiger, whose 
 name will be found in the pedigrees of most 
 modern mastiffs, was no great wonder in the 
 way of size, but his head was correctly shaped, 
 and if he was underhung at all it was very 
 little. I never saw the dog myself, but whilst 
 one authority says Tiger's lower jaw protruded, 
 I am told that this was not the case. Mr. 
 Lukey's Governor was not undershot, but no doubt 
 some of the early dogs were so deformed, still 
 with this defect they had not the additional ones 
 of crooked and too twisted hocks, so prevalent as 
 I write in 1893. 
 
22 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Other fine dogs that were not underhung were 
 Mr. C. Bathurst's Peveril, Mr. Hanbury's Rajah, 
 Sir T. Fermor Hesketh's Nero, Mr. Ralph 
 Yeardsley's Anlaf, a son of Mr. M. B. Wynn's 
 Monarch, and later Mr. Dickenson's Lion and 
 Mrs. Rawlinson's Hector, with many others that 
 could be mentioned, and with so much good stuff to 
 breed from, the wonder is that the defects alluded to 
 hive not died out rather than increased. Then there 
 is no getting away from the fact that the more any 
 of the modern mastiffs resemble the bulldog in 
 head, the greater probability that they resemble 
 him in his walk or waddle rather a gait certainly 
 quite out of place in a typical mastiff. 
 
 To my idea, that dog Crown Prince, who was 
 bred by Mr. Woolmore in 1880, has much to answer 
 for, so far as the present defects in the mastiff 
 are concerned. He was a peculiarly coloured fawn 
 dog, known to fanciers as " Dudley-faced " that is, 
 his nose was red, his eyes had a similar inclination, 
 and a yellow redness pervaded his face and muzzle, 
 which to me was always most repellant. Unfor- 
 tunately, his evil marking notwithstanding, this 
 dog attracted the notice of the judges, and by 
 them was awarded the highest honours attainable, 
 because they said his head was so extraordinarily 
 good in its various developments. It was ex- 
 
The Mastiff. 23 
 
 aggerated all over, and so was not a good head. 
 He was both u lippy " and " jowly," his skull 
 was very wide, still proportionate with his muzzle, 
 and he was but little undershot. 
 
 However, he, winning prizes, was used very 
 much at stud, and continued, with that perverseness 
 so marked in many instances, to transmit his very 
 defects to his progeny, and any good points he 
 had well, he kept them to himself. Crown Prince 
 was a straight-hocked dog, and a very moderate 
 mover, nor were his fore-legs and feet nearly so 
 good as they might have been. 
 
 The following communication is from one of the 
 leading exhibitors and breeders of mastiffs at the 
 present day, and the opinions expressed therein 
 so thoroughly coincide with my own, that I have 
 not the slightest hesitation in publishing it, how- 
 ever it may grate on the feelings of those who 
 during recent years have tried to produce an 
 abnormal head at the expense of good limbs, 
 lengthy body, and other important attributes : 
 
 " There can be little doubt that with the advent 
 of Crown Prince came a new era in the history 
 of the mastiff. In him we had a dog of a very 
 striking personality, not by any means confined to 
 his peculiar and ugly colour. Crown Prince was 
 probably a more compact, shorter-bodied, shorter- 
 
24 Modern Dogs. 
 
 faced, and more massive-headed mastiff than 
 almost any dog of the race that had preceded him. 
 The novelty of his appearance, it is to be presumed, 
 caused an enormous demand for his services 
 at stud, and it is only to be regretted that mastiff 
 breeders at that time should have so neglected 
 nearly every other dog. Thus we are now placed 
 in the unenviable position of being absolutely 
 compelled to inbreed to an alarming extent or to 
 introduce some other strain with which to invigorate 
 our modern blood. That Crown Prince and Beau 
 together are responsible for the present fashionable 
 type of head is evident, but it is to be feared the 
 former also gave us a lighter eye and a shorter 
 body, as well as those disfiguring straight hocks, 
 which were so prevalent and are still too often 
 met with a few years ago. The loss of density 
 or blackness of face markings, too, may also be 
 traced to him. 
 
 " But the faults we got from Crown Prince were 
 unquestionably emphasised by the rush upon the 
 dog, to the neglect of almost all others ; and had 
 his services been sought a little less exclusively, 
 we might not now have to regret many of the 
 faults of our present dogs inbreeding having 
 developed them or that the means of breeding 
 at. all are so difficult. 
 
The Mastiff. 25 
 
 "In a great number of cases where Crown Prince 
 was probably used to suitable bitches, he proved 
 himself the progenitor of some of our very best 
 mastiffs best, not only because of successes on 
 the show bench, but because they exhibited his 
 good qualities with few of his bad ones. This was 
 strikingly shown in the case of Dr. Turner's The 
 Lady Isabel, in Mr. T. W. Allen's Montgomery, 
 in Capt. J. L. Piddocke's Toozie, and others. 
 
 u One cannot pick up a catalogue of even four 
 or five years ago without noticing how the number 
 of entries in the mastiff classes have fallen off. 
 That this is in any way due to decadence in the 
 mastiff's popularity I do not for a moment believe. 
 Even in so short a period dog shows have 
 enormously increased in number, with the result 
 that exhibitors can now pick their shows, with 
 the almost inevitable result that the classes do not 
 fill so well, although the total number of mastiffs 
 exhibited has possibly decreased but very little. 
 Then the general body of owners still required 
 education in the requisite points, and, pending this, 
 did not hesitate to show their dogs, adding, if not 
 to the quality, to the quantity, and the "tail" of 
 the classes. 
 
 " Latterly, whether our mastiffs, as a breed, be 
 better or worse than in the days of Lukey and his 
 
26 Modern Dogs. 
 
 contemporaries, the general type has become more 
 uniform, and in consequence owners of those dogs 
 which would appear to be mastiff only in colour, 
 have learnt the futility of showing them. 
 
 " It is, perhaps, not too much to say that the 
 ' Description of the Mastiff/ issued by the Old 
 English Mastiff Club, and given on another page, 
 has, as a description of a perfect dog, never been 
 approached, and if it were but possible now to 
 produce a mastiff as a living model of the des- 
 cription, we should be able to point to it as deserving 
 of admiration from the fancier, the artist, and from 
 him who keeps his mastiff as companion and friend. 
 
 " But there is one point which has no place in the 
 required show points of the mastiff. Still it is, in 
 all dogs, and more especially in a large, powerful 
 creature, of fundamental importance. It is the 
 temper. Now, so long as the owner remain merely 
 the exhibitor, keeping a dog as a machine with 
 which to win prizes, bestowing no pains upon the 
 education of his puppies, or, at most, leaving any 
 tuition in the hands of an indifferent kennelman, so 
 surely will the inherent courage, docility, and beauty 
 of temper of the mastiff gradually become mere 
 history of the past. 
 
 11 Dog shows unquestionably tend to develop 
 excitability, and if this be fomented by neglect and 
 
The Mastiff. 27 
 
 carelessness at home, we must not wonder if the 
 would-be owner of a mastiff requires some further 
 proof of the trustworthiness of the breed than a 
 discussion in the public prints, no matter how much 
 in favour of the dog it may be. 
 
 " But, two show-points have some bearing on the 
 question of temper; not that either is any actual 
 indication as to what it may be, although they 
 certainly give an impression with regard to it. 
 The first is the colour of the eye. Is it possible 
 to regard the dog owning a pair of light eyes, 
 glaring out from a black or dark face, without 
 feeling considerable doubt of his amiability ? I 
 think not. The second point is the undershot jaw. 
 While this gives an awe-inspiring and imposing 
 character to the head, it destroys all benignity of 
 expression, even to a greater extent than the light 
 eye, and, necessary as I consider the extreme power 
 of a mastiff's under-jaw to be, its strength should 
 lie in its width and depth rather than in its elonga- 
 tion to any great extent beyond the upper jaw. We 
 have seen this extreme development of under-jaw 
 very evident in Mr. T. W. Allen's Montgomery, 
 Mr. W. K. Taunton's Beaufort, Capt. Piddocke's 
 Toozie and Jubilee Beauty, Ogilvie and Lord Clive, 
 and in many others, and I venture to think all these 
 extremely good headed dogs would have been even 
 
28 Modern Dogs. 
 
 better had they been a little less underhung. It 
 is given in the ' Description of the Mastiff/ that 
 the muzzle is to be blunt, and at a right angle with 
 the upper line of the face ; an impossibility if one 
 jaw is to protrude so far beyond the other. 
 
 11 When good qualities are exaggerated for we 
 can have too much of a good thing or become 
 altogether ignored, it is necessary to make allusion 
 thereto. Mere show points are for the considera- 
 tion of the fancier alone, perhaps, but even he 
 should insist upon soundness of limb and develop- 
 ment of those parts indicative of power, activity, 
 and a good constitution. Many of our mastiffs are 
 not all they should be in forelegs and feet, many are 
 narrow-breasted and contracted in the ribs, evidence 
 of a bad constitution, and many more have weak stifles, 
 weak hocks, and thighs almost devoid of muscle. 
 
 " The actual length of the face is of very small 
 importance in comparison with its strength, i.e., 
 breadth, depth and bluntness, and it is in respect of 
 this strength present-day breeders assert that the 
 mastiffs of some twenty years ago failed. In the 
 effort to remedy this, the foreface has become 
 shortened, for I cannot believe that we have our 
 present type as the outcome of a sole desire to 
 shorten, merely for the sake of shortening, a long 
 muzzle which was already perfect in other respects. 
 
The Mastiff. 29 
 
 u Since the time of Crown Prince we have had 
 many splendid mastiffs, but for good all-round merit 
 there has been nothing to excel Beaufort and 
 Minting of the one sex, or Cambrian Princess and 
 Mr. C. C. Rice's Frigga Secunda of the other. 
 Possessing, as he did, not the smallest drop of 
 Crown Prince's blood, it was to be regretted when 
 Minting left this country for America, and even his 
 brother, Charley Wood, who, though neither so 
 good nor so famous, would have proved of immense 
 service to breeders, had he been left us. 
 
 11 Dr. Sidney Turner's, afterwards the Rev. H. K. 
 van Doorne's, Orlando, if not by any means the 
 most perfect of Crown Prince's progeny, was 
 perhaps the most conspicuous, and he has fortu- 
 nately given us many good mastiffs with a large 
 share of their sire's good points, and with but 
 little sign of his deplorable hind quarters. The 
 best of these were Mr. W. K. Taunton's Griselda, 
 and Mr. C. C. Rice's Frigga, whilst others who did, 
 or did not, excel in head points, conclusively proved 
 Orlando to have been capable of begetting excellent 
 limbs on his stock, a case in point being Mrs. Lee's 
 Holda. Orlando's brother, a later litter, and Mr. 
 W. K. Taunton's Hotspur, will also be remembered 
 as the sire of many winners, notably Constable and 
 Carshalton Prince. 
 
30 Modern Dogs. 
 
 "Of late years, Beaufort stands out as the sire 
 of dogs of good all-round excellence. Among the 
 first of his stock was Wodan, so remarkable for 
 his extreme shortness of face and great length of 
 body ; then we know Beaufort as sire of Lord 
 Stafford, Sir Stafford, Lady Florida, Seabreeze, 
 Isolde, Ayrshire, and others, as well as of many in 
 the United States, such as Ilford Lady Coleus, 
 Lady Phyllis, Beaufort's Black Prince, &c. 
 
 " A noteworthy dog was Mr. R. Cook's Ilford 
 Chancellor, very noticeable for an extraordinary 
 development of dew-lap, a disfigurement which 
 probably did more to bring about his defeats by 
 Beaufort than anything else. Mr. E. Nichols' 
 Victor Hugo, another dog of great excellence, 
 and pretty much free from most of the modern bad 
 qualities, is illustrated in ' Dogs of the British Isles. 5 
 He took a high position, without ever attaining 
 the title of ( Champion,' and from him we get 
 Jubilee Beauty and Mr. Z. Walker's Stentor. The 
 Rev. H. K. E. van Doorne's Jack Thyr, another 
 mastiff who gained a high reputation on the show 
 bench, though a terribly bad mover when out at 
 exercise, has, however, given us nothing better 
 than Mr. Cook's, now Mr. Higgs', Ilford County 
 Member and Capt. Piddocke's Don Juan II. The 
 career of the last-named was verv short, and the 
 
The Mastiff. 31 
 
 name of Sir Stafford will probably be remembered 
 more as the sire of Frigga Secunda and Cardinal 
 Beaufort than as a show dog. Nor must Capt. 
 Piddocke's Ogilvie be forgotten, for he is probably 
 the best brindled mastiff ever exhibited, and as 
 a sire he has already made his mark, so desirable 
 a specimen of the race as Brampton Beauty owing 
 paternity to him. And a word must be said, too, 
 for Montgomery, the sire of the good headed but 
 bad limbed Kaiser Frederic, Duke Rollo, and 
 Mr. W. Norman Higgs' admirable bitch Coombe 
 Baroness. But during the past two years there 
 has been a lull in the production of mastiffs of 
 marked excellence, the breeding seasons having 
 been disastrous in the extreme. 
 
 " Since the days when Crown Prince, Cambrian 
 Princess, H.M. King Canute and Maximillian, made 
 Mr. H. G. Woolmore's name as a breeder, Dr. J. 
 Sidney Turner, Mr. W. K. Taunton, the Rev. H. K. E. 
 van Doorre, Capt. Piddocke, and Mr. Cook have 
 been the most successful exhibitors, although others, 
 including Mr. A. Andrews of Stafford, have done 
 much in producing admirable specimens, nor must 
 the name of Mr. J. Hutching, of Exeter, be omitted. 
 But, on the other hand, such old fanciers as Mr. E. 
 Nichols and Mr. Mark Beaufoy, the breeder of Beau, 
 appear to have retired, and their places will be hard 
 to fill. 
 
32 Modern Dogs. 
 
 " Since its foundation in 1883, the Old English 
 Mastiff Club has never flagged in its efforts on 
 behalf of the mastiff, and the respect it commands, 
 both in England and America, proves its endeavours 
 have been appreciated. In addition to its other 
 work, and the money prizes it offers at shows, there 
 is a Challenge Cup for each sex for competition 
 among its members in England, and two others for 
 competition in America. Nor are breeders, as 
 distinct from exhibitors, forgotten, there being 
 Challenge Prizes for the breeders winning them 
 a certain number of times with dogs under two 
 years of age. Lastly, during the present year, a 
 Challenge Cup for brindle mastiffs has been insti- 
 tuted, so that admirers of that colour lack nothing 
 in the way of encouragement." 
 
 The following are the descriptions drawn up by 
 the Mastiff Club, and alluded to earlier on. 
 
 11 General Character and Symmetry (Value 10). 
 Large, massive, powerful, symmetrical and well- 
 knit frame. A combination of grandeur and good 
 nature, courage, and docility. 
 
 '' General Description of Head. In general out- 
 line, giving a square appearance when viewed from 
 any point. Breadth greatly to be desired, and 
 should be in ratio to length of the whole head and 
 face as 2 to 3. 
 
The Mastiff. 33 
 
 11 General Description of Body (Height and Sub- 
 stance) Value 10. Massive, broad, deep, long, 
 powerfully built, on legs wide apart and squarely 
 set. Muscles sharply defined. Size a great desi- 
 deratum, if combined with quality. Height and 
 substance important if both points are proportion- 
 ately combined. 
 
 "Skull (Value 12). Broad between the ears, 
 forehead flat, but wrinkled when attention is excited. 
 Brows (superciliary ridges) slightly raised. Muscles 
 of the temples and cheeks (temporal and masseter) 
 well developed. Arch across the skull of a rounded, 
 flattened curve, with a depression up the centre of 
 the forehead from the medium line between the 
 eyes, to half way up the sagittal suture. 
 
 " Face or Muzzle (Value 18). Short, broad 
 under the eyes, and keeping nearly parallel in width 
 to the end of the nose ; truncated, i.e. } blunt and 
 cut off square, thus forming a right angle with the 
 upper line of the face, of great depth from the 
 point of the nose to under jaw. Under-jaw broad 
 to the end ; canine teeth healthy, powerful, and wide 
 apart ; incisors level, or the lower projecting beyond 
 the upper, but never sufficiently so as to become 
 visible when the mouth is closed. Nose broad, with 
 widely spreading nostrils when viewed from the 
 front ; flat (not pointed nor turned up) in profile. 
 
 D 
 
34 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Lips diverging at obtuse angles with the septum, 
 and slightly pendulous, so as to show a square 
 profile. Length of muzzle to whole head and face 
 as i to 3. Circumference of muzzle (measured 
 midway between the eyes and nose) to that of the 
 head (measured before the ears) as 3 to 5. 
 
 " Ears (Value 4). Small, thin to the touch, 
 wide apart, set on at the highest points of the sides 
 of the skull, so as to continue the outline across the 
 summit, and lying flat and close to the cheeks when 
 in repose. 
 
 " Eyes (Value 6). Small, wide apart, divided by 
 at least the space of two eyes. The stop between 
 the eyes well marked, but not too abrupt. Colour 
 hazel-brown, the darker the better, showing no haw. 
 
 "Chest and Ribs (Value 8). Neck, slightly 
 arched, moderately long, very muscular, and 
 measuring in circumference about one or two inches 
 less than the skull before the ears. Chest, wide, 
 deep, and well let down between the fore-legs. 
 Ribs arched and well rounded. False ribs deep 
 and well set back to the hips. Girth should be 
 one-third more than the height at the shoulder. 
 Shoulder and Arm, slightly sloping, heavy and 
 muscular. 
 
 "Fore Legs and Feet (Value 6). Legs straight, 
 strong, and set wide apart; bones very large. 
 
The Mastiff. 35 
 
 Elbows square. Pasterns upright. Feet large and 
 round. Toes well arched up. Nails black. 
 
 11 Back, Loins, and Flanks (Value 8). Back and 
 loins wide and muscular; flat and very wide in a 
 bitch, slightly arched in a dog. Great depth of 
 flanks. 
 
 " Hind Legs and Feet (Value 10). Hind-quarters 
 broad, wide and muscular, with well developed 
 second thighs, hocks bent, wide apart, and quite 
 squarely set when standing or walking. Feet round. 
 
 " Tail (Value 3). Put on high up, and reaching 
 to the hocks, or a little below them, wide at its root 
 and tapering to the end, hanging straight in repose, 
 but forming a curve, with the end pointing upwards, 
 but not over the back, when the dog is excited. 
 
 " Coat. Colour (Value 5). Coat short and close 
 lying, but not too fine over the shoulders, neck, and 
 back. Colour, apricot or silver-fawn, or dark fawn- 
 brindle. In any case, muzzle, ears, and nose should 
 be black, with black round the orbits, and extending 
 upwards between them." 
 
 The executive of the Mastiff Club have not in 
 their description issued any numerical scale of 
 points, evidently believing as so many others do 
 the uselessness of figures in arriving at the good, or 
 bad, or indifferent qualities of any dog. However, 
 there are some individuals who would apply figures 
 
 D 2 
 
Modern Dogs. 
 
 to anything and to everything; so to satisfy them, 
 and to make the description of the mastiff uniform 
 with that of other dogs described in the previous 
 volume, the following scale has been compiled : 
 
 Value. 
 
 General character and 
 symmetry 10 
 
 Body height and sub- 
 stance .. 
 
 Skull 
 
 Face and muzzle 
 Ears 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 4 
 
 54 
 
 Value, 
 
 Eyes 6 
 
 Chest and ribs 8 
 
 Fore legs and feet 6 
 
 Back, loins, and flanks. 8 
 
 Hind legs and feet 10 
 
 Tail 3 
 
 Coat and colour 5 
 
 Grand Total 100. 
 
 46 
 
 Weight of a dog, from I55lb. to i75lb. ; of a 
 bitch, from I4olb. to i6olb. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 THE ST. BERNARD. 
 
 No dog ever appealed more to the kindly instincts 
 of humanity than the St. Bernard. Not his rich 
 chesnut or tawny colour with dark facings and white 
 collar and blaze, nor his kindly benevolent counte- 
 nance and immense size and power, gave him his 
 popularity. He won that on other " fields" than the 
 artificial ones of dogs shows. He earned his laurels 
 and his popularity on the mountains of Switzerland. 
 Tourists had talked of his intelligence, travellers 
 had written stories of how he saved the lives of 
 benighted travellers overcome by snowstorms. The 
 St. Bernard was a hero in imagination and in antici- 
 pation, long before he was seen in this country ; and 
 when he was seen, his beauty and dignity at once 
 made him master of the situation. 
 
 Some people had called him an Alpine mastiff 
 a bloodhound ; others had termed him a mongrel 
 the consensus of opinion was in favour of his 
 nomenclature being after that hospice of St. Bernard 
 
38 Modern Dogs. 
 
 in the Alps, where the monks had bred and reared 
 the intelligent creature, and had trained him to go 
 out in the snowstorms and seek for and find any 
 poor traveller whose strength had failed him, and 
 who might lay beneath a snow wreath midway 
 between life and death. What schoolboy has not 
 heard of Barry, the wonderful dog of St. Bernard, 
 who in his time had been the means of saving the 
 lives of some fifteen persons, though the number 
 varies according to the imagination of the narrator, 
 and thus is generally, but incorrectly, given as about 
 forty. However, Barry was the most celebrated 
 dog these monks ever possessed, and during four- 
 teen years (he was fifteen when he died) went out 
 on to the mountains and sought for the stricken- 
 down wayfarer. It has been said that the poor dog 
 met his end by one whom he sought to rescue, 
 taking him for a wolf and killing him. Another 
 story is as follows : 
 
 In the winter of 1816, we are told that a Pied- 
 montese courier arrived at the Hospice on a very 
 stormy day, intent on proceeding on his journey to 
 the village of St. Pierre, in the vale below, and 
 where his family were. The monks attempted to 
 dissuade him from leaving until the storm had 
 abated, but he preferred going forward, so, with two 
 guides and a couple of dogs, he set out down the 
 
The St. Bernard. 39 
 
 mountain. At the village the family of the man had 
 become alarmed at his absence, and ascended the 
 mountain in the hope of assisting him home. Two 
 terrific avalanches at that time fell, and, rolling 
 down from where the snows had accumulated for 
 years, overwhelmed, first the courier, his guides, 
 and the dogs, and continuing their course, swept 
 the man's family to destruction and it is said Barry 
 was one of the dogs that met so untimely an end. 
 
 Though the monks have had their dogs for many 
 years how many has not yet been traced, but 
 their monastery was founded in 962 as British 
 subjects St. Bernards are but a modern institution. 
 Perhaps they were originally at the Hospice for pro- 
 tection of person and property, as the following 
 extract from an old English newspaper will testify: 
 
 " In March, 1786, the convent of Sion, on the 
 borders of Switzerland, was attacked by twenty-four 
 villains who demanded the treasure thereof. The 
 monks replied that their rents were ill-paid, and 
 that at present they had very little stock, but they 
 would show them where it was. Accordingly the 
 robbers were shown upstairs where it was said to be. 
 when, opening the door where the bloodhounds (?) 
 were and giving them the word, they fell instantly 
 upon the villains and tore some of them to pieces. 
 The others, attempting to fly, were pursued and 
 
40 Modern Dogs. 
 
 taken accordingly. These dogs are kept therefore 
 for the preservation of the convent, and to find 
 dead bodies in the snow ; for many perish in 
 attempting to cross the Alps, whose bodies are 
 found by these dogs and receive decent interment." 
 
 I think the above quotation particularly interesting, 
 especially as it is about the time when we appear to 
 have little knowledge of the St. Bernard. It would 
 be by no means difficult to bring about such a 
 change in the duties of a hound, who, when seeking 
 the dead bodies of travellers, would not unfre- 
 quently discover other travellers who had not quite 
 succumbed to the rigours of an Alpine storm, and 
 so be the means of their preservation. Such cases 
 occurring once or twice, and the kind-hearted monks 
 would not be unwilling to discern that some refresh- 
 ment placed around the neck of the dog would be 
 seen and gratefully appreciated by the poor man 
 who required such assistance. 
 
 It has been said that it was not until 1815 that 
 the first St. Bernard was imported to this country, 
 this being a specimen that went to Leasowe Castle, 
 in Cheshire, the seat of the Cust family. Many 
 years, however, passed over before the great dog 
 began to force himself upon the public. Landseer 
 painted him on one of his canvasses, but this great 
 artist called him the Alpine mastiff. Still, even 
 
The St. Bernard. 41 
 
 then, he was known as the St. Bernard ; for I have 
 an extract from a magazine dated 1843, in which it 
 is said that a St. Bernard puppy, born in London, 
 endeavoured during a severe winter to track the 
 footsteps in the snow just as his parents might have 
 done years before on the Alps, and what made this 
 still more strange was the fact that until the snow 
 fell the puppy had never before attempted anything 
 of the kind. 
 
 Then Albert Smith, a celebrated entertainer a 
 generation ago, who pleased our fathers, and our- 
 selves in our childhood with his interesting lectures 
 and panoramas, after one of his visits to the conti- 
 nent, returned with a couple of St. Bernard dogs 
 from the Hospice. These he made a most attractive 
 feature of his already pleasant show, introducing 
 them in connection with Mont Blanc. This would 
 be about 1850. 
 
 Still the dog of the Hospice did not attain popu- 
 larity. The country was not at that time educated 
 up to the pitch of dog shows ; railway communi- 
 cation was not then what it is now, and, moreover, 
 it is quite likely that had the general public wanted 
 St. Bernards, they could not have obtained them 
 in sufficient numbers to satisfy the demand. 
 Canine history tells us that a distemper of a viru- 
 lent character attacked the Hospice dogs about 
 
42 Modern Dogs. 
 
 fifty or sixty years ago, and killed all with the 
 exception of one animal. Again, earlier than this, 
 an avalanche it is said proved almost equally fatal 
 in its effects. In 1852 " Idstone " informs us that 
 there were but three dogs at the Hospice, although 
 seven or eight others were kept in some of the 
 neighbouring villages. The latter must have been 
 always the case, and one cannot believe that at any 
 time during the history of this dog it was so near 
 extermination that but a single specimen remained. 
 It is a well authenticated fact, although one that 
 has hitherto been almost, or entirely, overlooked 
 by writers on the St. Bernard, that dogs of the race 
 have from time out of mind been used in Switzerland 
 and on its borders as beasts of burden. 
 
 No doubt some of the villagers who did business 
 with the monks were dog lovers, and would now 
 and then beg or purchase a puppy, and from 
 youngsters so obtained, and trained to draw light 
 handy carts, quite as much as from those brought 
 up in the Hospice, our present race must have 
 sprung. But old Barry was not nearly so big a 
 dog as our best modern specimens, possibly he 
 might be more active than some of them ; nor was 
 his colour so bright, nor were his markings so exact 
 and regular as are looked for to-day. Barry was a 
 dullish brindle and white, or white and brindle in 
 
The St. Bernard. 43 
 
 hue, a pleasant-looking, smooth-coated dog, with 
 nice character, I have been told, but a pigmy in 
 comparison with the giants of our times. Some 
 modern champions, with their thick, shaggy coats, 
 twisted hind legs and huge heads, would, I am afraid, 
 make but sorry headway through the snow, even 
 though they might possess " double dew claws," 
 with which nature was said to have provided them 
 in order that they should not sink in the snowdrifts. 
 Happily the latter fallacy has been exploded, and 
 neither the absence of or presence of such abnormal 
 excrescences has the slightest weight with a judge 
 of St. Bernards at the present day. As a fact, the 
 Swiss monks prefer the smooth or short-coated 
 dogs, for reasons which are sufficiently obvious. 
 
 About thirty years it is since this dog began to 
 obtain popularity in this country. A year or two 
 before that time, specimens had occasionally 
 appeared at our earlier dog shows, in the " variety " 
 classes mostly, but in 1863 there was a canine 
 exhibition at Cremorne Gardens, and here a section 
 was specially provided for the novel variety, and it 
 had an entry of fifteen. Lord Garvagh was the 
 judge, and he gave the first prize to the Rev. N. 
 Bates's Monk an imported dog, said at the time, as 
 all imported dogs then were, to be descended from 
 the celebrated Barry. The Field report of the show 
 
44 Modern Dogs. 
 
 said that both this dog and the second prize winner 
 were of the Newfoundland type, but being assured 
 by the judge that they were such as the monks had, 
 he said no more on the matter. The writer of the 
 report evidently did not consider them the genuine 
 article. However, this was the first class ever pro- 
 vided for St. Bernards at a dog show in the British 
 Isles, and it was not until 1866 that the Birmingham 
 Council followed the good example. Prior to this 
 date, the exhibitors at the National show had to put 
 their St. Bernards in the variety class, where the 
 above-named Monk won in 1862, and Mr. Macdona's 
 celebrated dog Tell, of great fame at that time 
 and later, in 1865. 
 
 The first special class at Birmingham had an 
 entry of thirteen ; here again Tell won, a kennel 
 companion named Bernard, second; and by this time 
 Mr. Macdona had come quite to the front as the re- 
 introducer and actual populariser of this noble variety. 
 In 1868 the variety had progressed to such an extent 
 that the management at Curzon Hall provided two 
 classes for them, viz., rough and smooth, and the 
 latter had an entry of eighteen, the former one of 
 eight only, both first prizes being won by Mr. Mac- 
 dona. Then in 1869, at the Islington show, held 
 at Laycock's Dairy-yard, the first big thing of the 
 kind the present writer ever attended, two classes 
 
The St. Bernard. 45 
 
 were again provided, and once more did the Hilbre 
 House kennels furnish the leading winners, the 
 smooth dog Monarque making his debut on this 
 occasion, taking an easy first, with his kennel com- 
 panions Victor and Jungfrau second and third. Tell 
 won in the other class, with Sir C. Islam's Leo 
 second, and Mr. Macdona's Hedwig third. It will 
 be seen, such advances had the variety made, 
 that in all six prizes were given. So came about 
 the popularisation of the St. Bernard, and, as the 
 saying goes, he has never looked behind him since 
 gone on prospering rather, for where at that time 
 one good enough to win at a big show would be 
 worth fifty or one hundred pounds, to-day one with 
 similar ability would, perhaps, command three or 
 four times that sum. For as well as being the 
 biggest and handsomest of the canine race, he is 
 the most valuable. 
 
 Much has of late been written as to the deterio- 
 ration of the mastiff, owing to its so-called admirers 
 breeding them for certain points to an exaggeration, 
 but such cannot with fairness be said with regard 
 to the St. Bernard. Whether the latter is easier to 
 breed true to type than other large varieties of the 
 canine race it is difficult to say, but there is no doubt 
 that there are more good St. Bernards to be found 
 now in 1893 than there are of any other big dog. 
 
46 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Monarque, Tell, and one or two others stood well 
 ahead in their day. Then came Mr. Murchison's Thor, 
 Mr. F. Gresham's Hector, The Shah, and Abbess, 
 Miss Aglionby's Jura, one of the very best short- 
 coated bitches I ever saw, followed by Mr. Macdona's 
 Bayard ; all of which in reality stood head and 
 shoulders above other competitors. Menthon a 
 big black and tan ugly dog. quite wrong according 
 to prevailing ideas, maybe right according to the 
 style and character of a hundred years ago, 
 resembling a half-bred bloodhound or Thibetan 
 mastiff did a considerable amount of winning at 
 the earlier shows, but happily, if he was used at 
 stud at all, he has not passed down his defects to 
 the present generation. 
 
 Mr. F. Gresham, at Shefford, in Bedfordshire, and 
 the late Mr. J. H. Murchison, following Mr. 
 Macdona, gave greatest attention to breeding and 
 importing choice specimens. At one period, about 
 1874, the former with such animals as Monk, 
 Abbess, Hector, The Shah, Dagmar and Othman, 
 possessed a kennel of St. Bernards which up to 
 that time had not been equalled. At one of the 
 Alexandra Palace shows, the Shefford strain made 
 a record by winning first and second prizes in open 
 rough dogs, the same in bitches and in smooth 
 dogs, first honours in smooth bitches, all three 
 
The St. Bernard. 47 
 
 prizes in puppies, as well as both cups that were 
 offered. 
 
 Not long after this time, about 1882, Mr. R. 
 Thornton introduced a beautiful smooth bitch, a 
 brindle with white markings, called Leila, and for a 
 year or so she was the best of her race appearing 
 in public. Then longing eyes were cast at her from 
 the other side of the Atlantic, and she with Mr. 
 S. W. Smith's Duke of Leeds and two others of less 
 note were sold for ^"800, this being about the first 
 occasion upon which our American cousins opened 
 their pockets to take from us some of our best show 
 dogs. 
 
 Without much interlude we are brought right up 
 to the institution of the St. Bernard Club in 1882, 
 when the variety obtained another fillip, and two 
 years later the Rev. Arthur Carter introduced 
 his immense puppy Plinlimmon, the biggest and 
 handsomest dog ever seen up to that time. So it 
 was considered such things had reached a climax, 
 and Plinlimmon, who was bred by Mr. W. M. Pothe- 
 cary, of Lymm, Cheshire, would be the dog of the 
 century. Proving the chief attraction at all shows 
 where he appeared, he reclined in dignity on his 
 bench, he held levees throughout the day, he gave his 
 paw to the ladies, he beamed pleasantly on the 
 children. His colour was handsome and bright, he 
 
48 Modern Dogs. 
 
 was as active as a kitten, had not too much coat, 
 measured 33 1 inches at the shoulders, and weighed 
 2iolb. when not too fat. Until 1886, Plinlimmon had 
 not suffered defeat since arriving at maturity. How- 
 ever, in the autumn of that year, he had his colours 
 lowered by a much smaller dog, Mr. King-Patten's 
 Prince Battenberg, who, at Birmingham, was placed 
 over the giant for the special cup a decision that 
 astounded his many admirers. Still, Mr. Patten's 
 dog was a very perfect specimen so far as he went, 
 and although his head was more typical than that of 
 Plinlimmon, alongside the latter Prince appeared 
 very small. He was a great favourite with some 
 judges. 
 
 For such a dog as Plinlimmon there was a 
 prompt demand. Mr. Carter was induced to sell 
 him, then he became the property of different 
 individuals. Mr. J. F. Smith, Sheffield, had him for 
 a time, so had Mr. S. W. Smith, Leeds, and the 
 latter sold him to an American actor, now deceased, 
 Mr. J. K. Emmott, for something like ^800. Poor 
 Plinlimmon was transferred from the boards of the 
 bench to those of the theatre, and he died in the 
 States only two years ago, leaving however, many of 
 his excellences behind him stamped upon the features 
 of a most numerous progeny. There was but one fault 
 to find with " Plin," as his friends loved to call him, 
 
The St. Bernard. 49 
 
 he was rather too long in his face and skull ; still 
 a dog with but one fault must needs be almost 
 perfection. Mr. J. F. Smith had also Save, an 
 extraordinarily good dog, about this period ; Bayard, 
 who had also become his property, a grand dog in 
 his day, was now in the sere and yellow ; Mr. J. 
 Royle had another excellent specimen in Duke of 
 Marlborough ; the giant Rector, Mr. S. W. Smith's, 
 had gone to America, but equally good or better 
 than any of them remained at home. 
 
 At the time Plinlimmon reigned in the long- 
 coated division, a short-haired prototype of his held 
 sway in the section to which he belonged. This 
 was the brindled and white Guide which Mr. H. I. 
 Betterton had imported from Switzerland where the 
 dog had been bred by M. H. H. Diir by Leon 
 from Belline. From the time of the importation of 
 Guide and his half-sister Sans Peur, also bred by 
 M. H. H. Diir, may be traced the great improve- 
 ment made amongst smooth-coated St. Bernards 
 in this country. In the Stud Book Sans Peur's 
 pedigree is given as unknown, but she was by M. 
 Siegenthaler's Barry from Belline, who was by 
 Burki's Barry II. M. Gurtner's Lola, by M. Egger's 
 Barry A. Diana A. 
 
 Mr. J. F. Smith, of Sheffield, owned an extra- 
 ordinary collection of smooth-coated dogs, and his 
 
 E 
 
50 Modern Dogs. 
 
 namesake not relative Mr. S. W. Smith, at Leeds, 
 was almost equally strong in the rough-coated 
 division, as he is at the time I write. Other admirers 
 were likewise coming to the front, if they had not 
 already done so. Mr. Norris-Elye, Mr. Duerdin- 
 Dutton, Mr. L. Oppenheim, Mr. Hedley Chapman, 
 Mr. H. I. Betterton, Mr. G. W. Marsden, jun., Mr. 
 A. J. Gosling, Mr. J. W. Rutherglen, Mr. Hughes- 
 Hughes, Miss Campbell, Rev. R. T. Thornton,, 
 Mr. W. R. Reid, Mr. Marshall, Mr. T. Thorburn, 
 Mr. H. G. Sweet, Dr. Inman, &c., but it was not to 
 one of them we were to be indebted for the next 
 wonder in canine form. 
 
 In 1887 Mr T. H. Green, who then resided 
 at Wallasey, near Birkenhead, not far removed 
 from where Mr. Macdona's champions had, twenty 
 years before, rolled on the sands and dabbled 
 in the sea round about Hilbre Rectory, introduced 
 a dog called Sir Bedivere, who was by Nero III. 
 Bena. Standing as high as Plinlimmon, equally 
 heavy and quite as good in body, legs, feet, and 
 general character, Sir Bedivere possessed a perfect 
 head, so for the two years that he remained with us 
 he took all before him whenever he competed in 
 the show ring. His markings and his colour were 
 superb, and although other good dogs have been 
 brought out since, I fancy that Sir Bedivere's equal 
 

The St. Bernard. 51 
 
 will not be found in a hurry. He was never 
 defeated, and won the Club challenge cup on several 
 occasions. Mr. Green repeatedly refused large 
 offers for his favourite dog, but in the end was 
 tempted, and, for a consideration of it is said 
 ^1300, Sir Bedivere went across the Atlantic, into 
 the kennels of Mr. E. B. Sears, of Melrose, U.S.A., 
 who eventually sold him to Mr. W. C. Reick, of 
 New York, in whose kennels he continued his 
 successes, although one of the American judges 
 placed him below Princess Florence at the New 
 York Show in the spring of 1893. The same year 
 Sir Bedivere was sold to Mr. C. A. Pratt, Arkansas. 
 
 Following him came Watch, a dog Mr. Betterton 
 bred by mating Guide with Sans Peur, also an 
 importation from Switzerland. Almost equally as 
 heavy a dog, Watch did not look so big as Sir 
 Bedivere, nor was he generally so well made in 
 his body, nor so perfect on both fore and hind 
 legs, nor in colour. Watch, however, was as near 
 perfection as possible in head and expression, 
 and in this respect was equally as good as his more 
 handsomely - marked opponent. Watch, too, was 
 destined for America, for, after becoming the 
 property of Mr. J. F. Smith, he was sent over to 
 the States for about 5000 dollars. 
 
 As a fact, our American cousins have spent large 
 
 E 2 
 
52 Modern Dogs. 
 
 sums of money on some of our best St. Bernards, 
 but whether the climate of the States does not suit 
 them, or the living is different, or whatever be the 
 cause, these imported dogs never do well in their 
 new home, where many have died long before their 
 time ought to have come. Another of our best 
 specimens, Princess Florence, an immense bitch, 
 has been amongst their latest purchases, and it is to 
 be hoped that she will do more good to her strain 
 than have others of her race. Sir Bedivere weighed 
 2i2lb., was 33 J inches high at the shoulder, but 
 big as he was and all round the better dog, he 
 never appeared to so fill the eye as the giant of 
 his race as Plinlimmon was in the habit of doing. 
 
 Whilst alluding to big dogs, mention may be 
 made of Mr. Shillcock's Lord Bute, said to be the 
 one giant of his breed. He might stand a quarter 
 of an inch higher than Plinlimmon, but he was not 
 nearly so heavy a dog, and withal but a moderate 
 specimen. He, too, went to America, with a stated 
 weight of about 2Oolb., which, on arrival at his 
 destination, came to be increased about ten per 
 cent. He has, however, a very excellent son in 
 Young Bute, once owned by Mr. S. W. Smith, of 
 Leeds. This dog likewise went to America, his 
 purchaser being Mr. W. Reick, of New York, 
 who had, at the time of writing this, the finest 
 
The St. Bernard. 53 
 
 kennel of St. Bernards, probably, in the world. It 
 had included such dogs as Sir Bedivere, Young 
 Bute, Princess Florence, and Marvel. 
 
 As a fact, in the present year, 1893, there are 
 several very excellent St. Bernards now or recently 
 appearing at our shows, to wit Mr. Duerdin-Dutton's 
 Starboard and Binnacle (Pegotty also should be 
 mentioned, but she is now rather old) ; Mr. Norris- 
 Elye's Alta Bella, Bellegarde, and Beautiful Abbess ; 
 Mr. S. W. Smith's Le Prince, who made such a 
 successful debut at Birkenhead, in the autumn of 
 1893, an d again won all that was to be obtained 
 at Edinburgh ; Mr. T. Shillcock's Duke of Maple- 
 croft, a son of Marvel and Princess Florence, his 
 Lord Rosebery ; Mr. J. F. Smith's Siegmund's Czar, 
 recently imported from Switzerland ; Mr. Lewis's 
 Colonel V., Dr. Inman's Winona, Rev. R. T. 
 Thornton's Andromeda and Albula all of the 
 rough-coated variety. Nor must we forget to 
 mention that big and good all-round dog, Mr. 
 Royle's Lord Douglas, who made a most favourable 
 first appearance at the Kennel Club Show in 1893, 
 where he won several first prizes and came reserve 
 for the challenge cup. 
 
 Amongst the best smooths, in addition to those 
 already mentioned, are Mr. J. F. Smith's Keeper, 
 Gondola, and a young dog named Marengo, by 
 
54 Modem Dogs. 
 
 Keeper Altruda, which he brought out at Darling- 
 ton, where he defeated his sire Keeper and Argonaut 
 for the special cup, but shortly after was purchased 
 by Mr. Paterson, of Glasgow, who also bought 
 Lola IV. and Sans Peur ; Mr. G. W. Marsden's 
 Sans Reproche and Barrie ; Rev. R. T. Thornton's 
 Triton, recently bought from Mr. J. F. Smith ; 
 Mr. West-Little's promising puppy Tyrconnel, who 
 is having such a successful career in Ireland ; and 
 Mr. Rutherglen's Argonaut. There is one dog, 
 however, which, although useless on the show bench 
 on account of his injured tail, must not be for- 
 gotten, and that is Capt. Hargreaves' rough-coated 
 Sir Hereward (a litter brother to Young Bute), 
 who undoubtedly stands high as a stud dog, and, 
 although small in size, is probably as typical a St. 
 Bernard as we possess. 
 
 As to the rough and smooth varieties, both 
 repeatedly appear in the same litter, a notable 
 instance of the kind happening when Bena produced 
 Sir Bedivere, for at the same time there was another 
 puppy, afterwards called Baron Wallasey, which 
 was a thoroughly smooth-coated specimen, and 
 took many prizes as such. The historical Barry 
 was a smooth-coated dog, and the St. Bernardine 
 monks prefer the smooth variety, for a short 
 coat can be quite as protective as a long one, and 
 
The St. Bernard. 55 
 
 would not be nearly so likely to be clogged up with 
 snow as the latter. 
 
 There is a painting by a German artist named 
 Specht, of four St. Bernards on the mountains ; all 
 are of the short-coated variety and excellent speci- 
 mens too. Possibly why we in England have paid 
 greater attention to the long-haired dogs is because 
 of their greater beauty. Moreover, as a rule, almost 
 all the best short-haired dogs have been and are 
 white and brindle, a colour not nearly so pleasant 
 as the rich red chesnut with white collar and blaze 
 and dark shadings, which we have made fashionable 
 in the rough-coated variety. It is said that the 
 collar and the " blaze/' the latter that white mark 
 down the face from the occiput to the nose, are 
 particularly valuable, as being representative of 
 certain of the vestments worn by the order from 
 which the dogs take their name. This may be so 
 or not, probably not, for the monks themselves 
 make no such acknowledgment, and they ought to 
 know ; but so far as beauty is concerned, no doubt 
 dogs so marked are much the handsomer, and in 
 this country are not considered perfect without 
 that " blaze " and " collar." 
 
 Careful rearing and the best of food during his 
 puppyhood, have added considerably to the St. 
 Bernard's stature, and a full-grown dog of 2oolb. 
 
56 Modern Dogs. 
 
 weight is not now considered more extraordinary 
 than was one of i6olb. weight a quarter of a 
 century ago ; and, whatever was once the case r 
 there is no doubt that the race of St. Bernards is 
 the biggest variety of dog known at the present 
 day. 
 
 Mr. F. Gresham kindly furnishes the following : 
 " To anyone who has made a study of the St. 
 Bernard since it has become naturalised in England, 
 it must be apparent that the smooth-coated variety 
 or it would be, perhaps, more correct to say short- 
 coated variety is the more purely-bred animal. In 
 support of this we have only to go back to the 
 institution of dog shows, when the rough-coated 
 champion Tell and the smooth-coated champion 
 Monarque were the most perfect representatives of 
 their breed in this country, to see that at that time 
 the smooth variety was much nearer the standard 
 of perfection than the rough, and, as already stated, 
 at some of the earlier shows more smooth than 
 rough dogs were benched. Were Tell to be 
 brought into competition with such dogs as Sir 
 Bedivere in the present day, he would cut but a 
 sorry figure ; whereas Monarque, even in such com- 
 pany as that of Watch, Keeper, or Triton, would 
 have been able, if not to win, to make a good 
 fight. Following on the same lines, the rough- 
 
The St. Bernard. 57 
 
 coated Thor, who has done so much towards build- 
 ing up the kennels of rough-coated St. Bernards 
 here, and from whom are descended almost all the 
 best of the variety, was very deficient in the most 
 important properties, and on the bench was altogether 
 a failure, even amongst the dogs that existed when 
 he was alive. Furthermore, we have it on the best 
 authority that short-coated St. Bernards are more 
 highly prized than rough-coated at the Hospice of 
 St. Bernard, and, moreover, are thought more of 
 throughout Switzerland, the land of their birth, 
 where there are at least a dozen good smooths to 
 one rough. From these facts the conclusion may 
 be arrived at that the rough-coated St. Bernard of 
 to-day is purely a manufactured animal, whilst the 
 smooth is a reproduction of the original St. Bernard, 
 altered only in a slight degree as regards the texture 
 of the coat. 
 
 11 From the first the rough-coated St. Bernard has 
 been the more popular in England, notwithstanding 
 that it is looked upon more or less as a mongrel 
 in Switzerland ; but it must be remembered that 
 here usefulness has flot been a consideration, 
 and it has been the object of breeders to produce 
 the most ornamental animal. The result is, that 
 in this connection some magnificent specimens of 
 the rough type have been bred, and there is now 
 
58 Modern Dogs. 
 
 no necessity to seek for reinforcements from the 
 home of the breed. Not so, however, with the 
 smooth, which until recently have been more 
 neglected, and only came into special favour when 
 a powerful contingent was a few years ago sent 
 over from Switzerland, from which almost all the 
 best that we now possess have been produced. 
 It is a notable fact that, although many first-class 
 smooth-coated St. Bernards have been imported to 
 this country, there is not a single instance of a 
 rough specimen of really high quality ever having 
 been purchased from breeders on the Continent. 
 
 " Notwithstanding the giant strides that have been 
 made in the improvement of the rough-coated St. 
 Bernard, as far as height is concerned it is a debate- 
 able point whether it has not been obtained at the 
 expense of other more desirable properties. Great 
 height without proportionate massiveness of build 
 is generally accompanied by a weak constitution. 
 To this may be attributed the number of " cripples" 
 that are to be seen on the show bench ; the very 
 tall dogs are all, without exception, narrow and weak 
 in their hind quarters. It is a point in favour of a 
 horse to go well from you, which means that it 
 has wide hips and well let-down quarters ; the same 
 applies to St. Bernards, and, until they can be bred 
 with all points in proportion, the extreme height is 
 
The St. Bernard. 59 
 
 a disadvantage rather than not, and accounts for 
 so many prize dogs not being able, as it were, ' to 
 carry their own weight.' Plinlimmon and Sir Bedi- 
 vere stood over Hector, who was the star of his 
 day fifteen or twenty years ago, quite two inches ; 
 but Hector was at least three inches wider in hips 
 and quarters, and so much better and stronger in 
 the hind quarters." 
 
 During the present summer (1893) Mr. J. F. 
 Smith, of Norfolk Lodge, Sheffield, who still owns, 
 and has owned, some of our very best St. Bernards, 
 took a tour into Switzerland in order to see his 
 favourite dogs as they are in their native country. 
 With the greatest kindness Mr. Smith put into pen 
 and ink what he saw of the dogs there, and his 
 impressions thereon, handing me the result for pub- 
 lication. I need scarcely say that this communication 
 is by far the most complete, interesting, and practical 
 account of the St. Bernard in Switzerland that has 
 yet been printed. Let Mr. Smith tell the story of 
 his pleasant tour in his own words : 
 
 " For the last fifteen years it has been my wish to 
 visit Switzerland and the North of Italy with the 
 view of seeing for myself the home of the St. 
 Bernard dog, a breed which 1 have kept and taken 
 great interest in for many years. However, some- 
 thing or other continually turned up to prevent my 
 
60 Modern Dogs. 
 
 taking the tour till this year, when, to my delight, I 
 was able to start for the land of the Switzers on the 
 1 5th of June, 1893. 
 
 " Leaving home on the I5th June, I travelled via 
 Calais and Paris to Lausanne, where I saw several 
 St. Bernards, both rough and smooth coated, most 
 of them very poor specimens. 
 
 " On the i Qth I went to Berne, and the first visit 
 I paid there was to M. H. Schumacher's. I found 
 him at home, and he took me to see the only two St. 
 Bernards he had, a smooth dog and a rough bitch ; 
 the former was a very tall animal, fully 34 inches 
 high at the shoulder, symmetrical in shape, fair in 
 bone, but sadly weak in muzzle. The rough bitch 
 was only ten months old, handsome in colour 
 and markings, though too small and weedy. M. 
 Schumacher informed me that they had lost a 
 great many of their best dogs during the last twelve 
 months from influenza, but he said I should find a 
 very good dog at Worb, a village about nine miles 
 from Berne. 
 
 "After dinner at the hotel, I started for Worb at 
 seven p.m. My driver, quite a jolly fellow, spoke 
 English well, and enlivened the journey by giving 
 me some interesting accounts of the villages we 
 passed through. It was nearly dark when we 
 arrived at Worb (Worb is supposed to be the 
 
The St. Bernard. 61 
 
 richest village in Switzerland), and found the owner 
 of the dog in question (M. Fritz Lienhardt) was 
 not at home, but he returned before we left. Mme. 
 Lienhardt was kind enough to show me the dogs, or 
 rather a smooth dog and a bitch. The dog, who had 
 taken premier prize at Berne, is four years old, 
 handsomely marked, patched very dark orange and 
 white, with black shadings, tall, good in bone, fair 
 in head, but hardly deep enough in muzzle. The 
 bitch we saw here was typical in colour, orange 
 and white patched, good in head, but she was too 
 small. We reached Berne about 11.15 P- m - 
 
 " The following morning, June 25th, was the 
 market day in Berne, and our driver of the previous 
 day came to the hotel shortly after breakfast and said 
 he should be glad to show me round the town. I 
 was very glad of his service, as he knew most of the 
 country people. We saw a great number of St. 
 Bernards, both rough and smooth, in the market 
 place lying down beside the carts which they had 
 drawn to the market (the carts contained vegetables, 
 fruit, flowers, cheese, butter, eggs, &c.). Some of 
 the vehicles were drawn by a couple of dogs with a 
 man or woman between them to guide the shafts 
 and prevent a spill or turnover. Other carts were 
 drawn by only one dog. These dogs were a 
 mixed lot, most of them St. Bernards ; many were 
 
62 Modern Dogs. 
 
 but indifferent specimens of the breed, still there was 
 the true type amongst them, and some fair breeding 
 stock might be selected therefrom. The majority 
 were smooth-coated, though there were some rough- 
 coated ones, and there is no doubt many of them, 
 had they been well reared, would have turned out 
 good specimens of the variety. 
 
 " Some of the most notable Swiss breeders, when 
 speaking of their best specimens, appear proud of 
 boasting of the humble origin of their favourites, 
 and one of them remarked to me, 'Ah ! I picked the 
 
 sire of so-and-so out of a cart in market.' 
 
 Evidently the farmers and peasants are fond of their 
 breed of dogs, but they make them earn their living 
 in a hardish way, and it is a pity they do not attend 
 to the rearing of them better ; it would pay them 
 well to do the latter. 
 
 " After a look through the market and other 
 places of interest, we turned our steps to the Natural 
 History Museum of Berne to see all that is left of 
 the renowned Barry. According to the account in 
 the museum Barry saved fifteen lives ; other stories 
 have given the number at from forty to seventy-five. 
 I should take the Swiss Museum number as the 
 correct one. Barry is a brindle and white patched 
 smooth-coated dog, with a white muzzle, no blaze, 
 rather long in head, narrow in muzzle at the end, 
 
The St. Bernard. 63 
 
 but with good width below the eye ; he is deficient 
 in depth of skull, is small, I should say was not 
 more than 26in. or 2fm. high at the shoulder; 
 he is down in the pasterns (this may be the fault 
 of the man who 'set him up'), light in bone, and 
 perfectly clear of anything approaching to a sem- 
 blance of dew claws. I know it has been stated 
 that the dew claws were probably taken off by the 
 taxidermist, so I made a very careful examination of 
 the hind legs and skin, and I now positively assert 
 that Barry never had any dew claws. 
 
 " There are several heads of St. Bernard dogs to 
 be found in the museum ; also another stuffed 
 specimen of the variety, a smooth-coated white dog, 
 with a brindle patch on stern, and with an evenly 
 marked head. This dog, though of fair size, is small 
 in head. Some of the specimens of the heads are 
 shapely and of good type. 
 
 " On the following day we started for Martigny. 
 On the platform, at St. Maurice Station, I saw a very 
 fair smooth dog, orange and white, patched, marked 
 something like our English Keeper. This was far 
 and away the best-headed St. Bernard I had seen in 
 Switzerland up to now ; in other respects he is on 
 the small side, and only fair in bone. Arrived at 
 Martigny we made arrangements for the ascent 
 of the Great St. Bernard on the following day. 
 
64 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Martigny is the place which supplies the monks 
 who take their turn of duty at the Hospice. 
 
 " On June 22nd we started for the Hospice of 
 the Great St. Bernard, 7 a.m., in a carriage drawn 
 by strong horses. Our first stopping place was 
 Orsiers, where we rested for half-an-hour, and then 
 went forward till we reached Liddes, where we had 
 lunch, and changed our horses for mules, leaving 
 the former to await our return the following day. 
 Proceeding on our journey with the mules, and 
 changing our Swiss driver for the Italian guides, the 
 .ascent became much steeper and the road rougher. 
 In due course we arrived at our last stopping place, 
 the Cantin di Proz, where the mules were taken out 
 of the carriage and made ready for the completion 
 of our journey in the saddle. Here I saw a 
 very nice smooth-coated St. Bernard bitch and 
 seven puppies, the latter about two months old, by 
 Barry, a dog kept at the Hospice. One of the 
 puppies was white, another had a half white face, 
 another a white head, the remainder being fairly 
 marked ; the price asked for the puppies was from 
 8 to about 12 each. 
 
 " We reached the Hospice about 6.30 p.m. quite 
 tired out, and we were kindly received by one of the 
 monks. We found it very cold here, and learned 
 that the lake had been frozen over up to within a 
 
The St. Bernard. 65 
 
 few days previously. The dogs, which were running 
 in and out of the Hospice at will, had welcomed us 
 on our arrival with a chorus of barks. 
 
 " After an excellent dinner of four courses, washed 
 down with good wine, I turned out with an atten- 
 dant, who acted as keeper, to have a good look at 
 the dogs. These were seven in number ; one a 
 white with a few orange flecks on him ; some of the 
 others had all white or half white faces ; only two of 
 them were really well-marked, as we understand the 
 phrase, and with a single exception all were smooth 
 in their coats. This exception was a good-coloured, 
 small, rough-haired bitch. About one half of the 
 inmates of the kennel had dew claws, either 
 single or double, and the remainder were without 
 them. The monks think nothing of the rough- 
 coated dogs, and impress upon visitors that the 
 smooth are the true race. All the smooths were of 
 a good type, especially a big, good-coloured old dog 
 named Barry (I think twenty-five per cent, of the 
 dogs in Switzerland are named Barry). Most of 
 these dogs at the Hospice have dewlap and wrinkle 
 to a greater or less extent. With the exception of 
 Barry, all were on the small side, and deficient in 
 bone. When any strangers approach the Hospice 
 the dogs bark, rush in-doors, and so give notice of 
 the arrival. They then run out again and welcome 
 
 F 
 
66 Modern Dogs. 
 
 the travellers by rushing up to them, wagging their 
 tails, licking the hands of the visitors, and so 
 escorting them to the Hospice. It will thus be seen 
 that the dogs are very docile and quiet whilst loose 
 and roaming about. 
 
 " At 8 p.m. the attendant called all the dogs to- 
 gether to be put up for the night. They stood in a 
 row, and came up as he called them to be kennelled. 
 Some of the kennels were loose boxes in the cow 
 places on the ground-floor or cellar of the Hospice, 
 the others in a similar place under the Refuge. The 
 Refuge is the building near the Hospice, which was 
 built for the inmates of the Hospice to resort to in 
 the case of fire, and the Hospice has been twice 
 burned down. When the dogs are kennelled they 
 become quite fierce, and bark savagely if a stranger 
 approaches their kennels. 
 
 " Next we were taken by one of the monks to see 
 the library, museum, and chapel. In the latter is a 
 painting of Bernard de Menthon and his dog, which 
 we are asked to believe is the actual progenitor of the 
 present race of St. Bernards. It is, however, but a 
 common-looking creature, smooth coated, red in 
 colour, about the size of a pointer, and as unlike the 
 modern race as possible. At this I could not be 
 surprised, as the painting had been executed some 
 hundreds of years after the founder of the monastery 
 
The St. Bernard. 67 
 
 had died, which he did about 1081, and so of course 
 the artist had to draw on his imagination as to what 
 the original St. Bernard dog was like. In those 
 days, and for long after, the Hospice dogs were 
 merely watch dogs, used to protect the monks from 
 the incursions of robbers, from which they suffered to 
 a. great extent in the early times of their existence. 
 I am sorry to say the monks keep no register con- 
 taining pedigrees of their dogs. I saw a photograph 
 of a very fine St. Bernard dog named Hospice Pluto. 
 This dog is now dead, but his portrait proved him to 
 have an enormous head, with very heavy lips and 
 dewlap. The monks considered this dog by far the 
 best they have had for some years. 
 
 " I was happily successful in bringing back the 
 photograph of this dog, also of another, a dog that 
 had been sold by the monks for about ^130 in 
 English money. The St. Bernards are still used in 
 winter and bad weather in the duties which have 
 made them historical. They are sent out to search 
 the passes, on one side to the Cantin de Proz (Swiss 
 side) and back to the Hospice, and, on the other 
 side, from the Hospice to St. Remy (the Italian 
 side) and back. After every fresh fall of snow the 
 paths become obliterated, and many serious and 
 fatal accidents are prevented by the intelligence and 
 sense of the dogs, who by smell distinguish the 
 
 F 2 
 
68 Modern Dogs. 
 
 proper roads. Here the monks told me that they 
 found the long-coated dogs quite useless for work 
 of this kind. Their jackets become matted with 
 the snow, but worst of all it affects their feet, 
 ( balling ' and freezing between the toes to such an 
 extent as to cause lameness so severe as to quite 
 incapacitate them from walking. Indeed, the sores 
 arising therefrom are sometimes so serious as to 
 cause death. 
 
 " The following morning we were awakened at 
 4 a.m. by the ringing of the Hospice bell. Snow 
 and rain mingled together came down in torrents r 
 and the air was very cold ; but we had breakfast at 
 6 o'clock, and then went to see the morgue. One 
 of the monks took down a wooden shutter, and we 
 looked through an open grated window, saw the 
 bodies of travellers who had been found in the snow. 
 We were told that the bodies were still quite fresh r 
 though most of them had been there for years. 
 About 8 o'clock the rain and snow abated, so we 
 commenced our return journey to Martigny. I 
 omitted to say that in my bedroom at the Hospice 
 was a very good coloured drawing of a group of five 
 St. Bernards. All these dogs were of the type of 
 Hospice Pluto, before mentioned. At Chamounix 
 we saw no St. Bernards, but the proprietor of the 
 Hotel Tete Noir said he had once kept some, but 
 
The St. Bernard. 69 
 
 he had found them so expensive that he had given 
 them up. 
 
 " At Brieg we went to see M. Seiler Muller, who 
 is a large breeder of St. Bernards. He disposes of, 
 they say, one hundred dogs each year. Here I was 
 first introduced to three smooth puppies, three-and-a- 
 half months old, of very fair type ; then came a dog 
 and a bitch, fourteen months old, they were on the 
 small side, the dog had just a fair head, the bitch 
 was poor in that respect. Then came another bitch, 
 with three nicely-marked young puppies ; the dam 
 was of rather nice type. The next to appear was a 
 big-headed dog, middling in size and bone, he had 
 an enormous skull, wide muzzle, which was deficient 
 in depth, he was full in the cheeks, his ears were set 
 a little too high ; still this was a fair all-round dog. 
 I saw several others, but there was nothing extra- 
 ordinary neither here nor at Zermatt, where M. Muller 
 keeps some of his dogs. Still, there was plenty of 
 fair breeding stock. 
 
 " I was much disappointed in not finding any St. 
 Bernard dogs at the Simplon Hospice, and continued 
 our journey to Domo d'Ossola, Italy, and then forward 
 to Lake Maggiore, where we stayed at the Grand 
 Hotel Palanza, by the banks of the water. Here we 
 saw a handsome, rough-coated St. Bernard. He is 
 fourteen years old, terribly fat and wheezy; rather 
 
70 Modern Dogs. 
 
 short on the leg, but quite a handsome old fellow. 
 He belonged to the proprietor of the hotel, who was 
 very proud of him. 
 
 " I did not come across any more dogs worth taking 
 note of until reaching Lucerne, on the 2nd of July. 
 From here I went to Arth, to see M. Carl Steiner, 
 who is a noted breeder of my favourite dog, and the 
 owner of the famous Pluto von Arth, whose stuffed 
 remains form an object of interest in the museum at 
 Zurich. I regret to say this dog was poisoned. 
 M. Steiner was very pleased to see me, and showed 
 me Bergman and Young Pluto. They are both sired 
 by Pluto von Arth. Bergman was exhibited in 
 England at the St. Bernard Club Show, held at 
 Kingston in 1893. ^ must say he looked a different 
 creature here to what he did there when he obtained 
 the reserve. He is a big dog, was in splendid con- 
 dition, and good all round, if we except his head, 
 which is plain. His brother, Young Pluto, was far 
 and away the best smooth dog I saw in Switzerland. 
 He is an orange and white dog, of the type of our 
 champion Keeper, but he is not so good in muzzle ;. 
 he is also rather straight in stifles. However, Young 
 Pluto is an excellent dog, and one that any man 
 might be proud to own. I next saw a magnificent 
 bitch pup Gemmi d'Arth, by Bergman. This 
 youngster was already a giantess, though only six 
 
The St. Bernard. 71 
 
 months old ; in colour, orange and white patched, 
 with a lovely head and expression. Alas, I heard 
 from M. Steiner, on my return, of her death, and 
 I sympathise with him in the loss of such a grand 
 specimen. 
 
 "A good many St. Bernards are to be seen in 
 Lucerne and neighbourhood, some of them quite fair, 
 but, as a rule, they are a poor, narrow-muzzled lot. 
 After a short stay at Lucerne I went to Lauter- 
 brunnen to see M. Gurtner (the brothers Gurtner are 
 old breeders of St. Bernards), who is proprietor of 
 the Hotel Steinbock there. I asked to see the St. 
 Bernards, and arranged to stay the night with him, 
 which I enjoyed very much, as M. Gurtner and I 
 had a good long chat on the subject so congenial to 
 both of us. Here I first saw a very fair bitch with 
 six puppies. This bitch, I learned, had been given 
 to M. Gurtner by Mr. W. O. Hughes-Hughes. I 
 next saw a grand old rough bitch, own sister to 
 champion Guide. She is very typical, like all the 
 rest of her illustrious relatives. Then came a very 
 good rough dog, Gyr. He shows age, but is a 
 capital stamp, with an excellent head of the 
 Bayard type. Another good sort of dog is 
 Max, but his perfections were almost lost by the 
 poor condition he was in. Pollux, the dog I par- 
 ticularly wished to see, was at Murren, but M. 
 
72 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Gurtner kindly sent for him. This is a fine dog in 
 many particulars, but I must confess I was rather 
 disappointed, as I had heard so much about him. 
 He is big, fairly marked on his head, white body, 
 with patch of orange on stern and shoulders. His 
 coat is too rough and wavy for one of the smooth 
 variety, his head is massive, extravagant in lip and 
 dewlap, the muzzle does not cut off square enough, 
 and is narrow at the end, he is deficient in bone in 
 his hind legs, where he is likewise too straight, 
 and he is not the best of movers ; nevertheless, 
 he is of good type, and should be invaluable as a 
 stud dog. 
 
 " From Lauterbrunnen I went to Biel to see the 
 kennel of Major Fritz Blosch ; here I was intro- 
 duced to a nice orange and white bitch, excelling 
 in head properties, and beautifully marked ; also to 
 a good rough-coated dog, orange and white patched 
 body, with a well-marked head, and in splendid 
 condition his owner thinks a lot of him. I also 
 saw two brindle and white six months' pups, well 
 grown, but poor in head, but Major Fritz Blosch 
 said he had some good ones in the country. 
 
 " From Biel I proceeded to Bale, and whilst there 
 called on Dr. and Madam Siegmund, who are both 
 well known as admirers of the St. Bernard. Of 
 course I must go and see the dogs, and the first 
 
The St. Bernard. 73 
 
 to come under my inspection was the rough-coated 
 Czar (he is the sire of the smooth-coated bitch 
 Arosa, imported lately by the Rev. A. Carter). 
 This dog, a handsome orange and white, perfectly 
 marked, stylish dog, is very active, beautiful in 
 symmetry, but he is not quite so heavy in bone as 
 English fanciers like, and his head, though fine in 
 expression, is hardly massive enough in muzzle. 
 Still, I considered him the best rough dog I had 
 seen in Switzerland, and supported my opinion by 
 purchasing him. He had taken first and special as 
 the best rough-coated dog at Zurich Show this 
 year (1893). I then saw a big dog puppy, 
 ten months old, by Czar; he has an enormous 
 head, the expression of which is spoiled by light 
 eyes, and he is not quite sound on his hind legs. 
 Two puppies, four months old, by Czar, are very 
 promising. A good stamp of brood bitch finished 
 this ' show.' 
 
 " In conclusion, I may say that I had a most 
 interesting tour, thanks to my friends abroad, who 
 were so good in showing me their dogs and imparting 
 all the information I required. English breeders 
 are under the impression that all the best St. 
 Bernards are in England and in America. No 
 doubt many of them are, but let me say there are 
 excellent dogs still left in Switzerland, and the 
 
74 Modern Dogs. 
 
 amount of material for breeding others is almost 
 inexhaustible. In Switzerland they consider the 
 smooths to be the representatives of the pure breed, 
 and the roughs are thought little of except to mate 
 with the smooths, which crossing gives the latter 
 greater size and more stamina. The Swiss view as 
 to the type is very similar to ours, but they lay great 
 stress on the tail being turned up at the end so, J, 
 and not straight as we like it'. Some recommend 
 that the bitches should not be bred from till they 
 are at least three years old. I cannot say I agree 
 with them on this point, but Major Fritz Blosch was 
 about the only Swiss I met of my opinion, viz., that 
 a bitch should be bred from at eighteen months 
 old. 
 
 ' The St. Bernard is still used in Switzerland for 
 the purpose of finding the bodies of lost travellers 
 or guides, and only a short time previous to my visit 
 a guide was missing, but was ultimately found in a 
 gorge buried in snow to the depth of several feet. 
 The dog marked the spot, the rescue party set to 
 work and, after digging for some hours, found the 
 body in the place indicated by the sagacious animal. 
 Respecting size, the Swiss say a dog from 3oin. to 
 32in. is big enough ; they prefer a dog about 3oin., 
 and insist that we English go in for nothing but 
 size. I told them they were mistaken in this 
 
The St. Bernard. 75 
 
 idea, and, as examples to the contrary, mentioned 
 the names of our champion dog Keeper and the 
 bitch Gondola." 
 
 The following is the English Club's description of 
 the St. Bernard : 
 
 " Head. Large and massive, circumference of 
 skull being more than double the length of the head 
 from nose to occiput. From stop to tip of nose, 
 moderately short ; full below eye, and square at 
 muzzle ; great depth from eye to lower jaw. Lips r 
 deep throughout, but not too pendulous. From 
 nose to stop straight. Stop, abrupt and well 
 defined. Skull, broad, rounded at the top, but not 
 domed, with somewhat prominent brow. 
 
 " Ears. Of medium size, lying close to cheek, but 
 strong at the base, and not heavily feathered. 
 
 " Eyes. Rather small and deep set, dark in 
 colour, and not too close together, the lower 
 eyelid drooping, so as to show a fair amount of 
 haw. 
 
 " Nose. Large and black, with well-developed 
 nostrils. 
 
 " Teeth. Level. 
 
 " Expression. - - Should betoken benevolence, 
 dignity, and intelligence. 
 
 "Neck. Lengthy, muscular, and slightly arched, 
 with dewlap developed. 
 
76 Modern Dogs. 
 
 " Shoulders. Broad and sloping, well up at the 
 withers. 
 
 " ChestWide and deep. 
 
 "Body. Back, level as far as the haunches, 
 slightly arched over the loins ; ribs well rounded, and 
 carried well back. Loin, wide and very muscular. 
 
 " Tail. Set on rather high, long, and, in the long- 
 coated variety, bushy ; carried low when in repose, 
 and, when excited or in motion, slightly above the 
 line of the back. 
 
 "Legs and Feet. Fore-legs, perfectly straight, 
 strong in bone, and of good length. Hind legs, 
 heavy in bone, well bent at the hocks, and thighs 
 very muscular. Feet, large, compact, with well- 
 arched toes. 
 
 " Size. A dog should be at least 3oin. in height 
 at the shoulder, and a bitch 2yin. (the taller the 
 better, provided the symmetry is maintained) ; 
 thoroughly well proportioned, and of great substance. 
 The general outline should suggest great power and 
 capability of endurance. 
 
 " Coat. In the long-coated variety, should be 
 dense and flat; rather fuller round the neck; thighs 
 feathered, but not too heavily. In the short-coated 
 variety, should be dense, hard, flat, and short, slightly 
 feathered on thighs and tail. 
 
 " Colour and Markings. Red, orange, various 
 
The St. Bernard. 
 
 77 
 
 shades of brindle (the richer the colour the better), 
 or white with patches on body of either of the 
 above-named colours. The markings should be 
 as follows : White muzzle, white blaze up face, 
 white collar round neckj white chest, fore-legs, 
 feet, and end of tail ; black shadings on face and 
 ears. If the blaze be wide and run through to the 
 collar, a spot of the body-colour on the top of 
 the head is desirable." 
 
 OBJECTIONABLE POINTS. 
 
 Ill-temper. 
 Split nose. 
 Unlevel mouth and cankered 
 
 teeth. 
 
 Snipy muzzle. 
 Light or staring eyes. 
 Cheek bumps. 
 Wedge head. 
 Flat skull. 
 Wall eyes. 
 Domed skull. 
 Badly set or heavily feathered 
 
 ears. 
 Too much peak. 
 
 Short neck. 
 
 Curly coat. 
 
 Curled tail. 
 
 Flat sides. 
 
 Hollow back. 
 
 Roach back. 
 
 Ring tail. 
 
 Open feet or hare feet. 
 
 Cow hocks. 
 
 Straight hocks. 
 
 Self-coloured (i.e., a self- 
 coloured dog is one that 
 has no black shadings or 
 white markings. 
 
 DISQUALIFYING POINTS. 
 
 Dudley, liver, flesh-coloured 
 
 nose. 
 Fawn, if whole-coloured, or 
 
 with black shadings only. 
 
 Black, black and tan, black 
 and white, black tan and 
 white, and all white, 
 
78 Modern Dogs. 
 
 The numerical points are as follows, but they are 
 not drawn up by the Club : 
 
 Value. 
 
 Head, ears, eyes 25 
 
 Expression and character. 1 5 
 Neck, shoulders, and chest 10 
 Body 15 
 
 Value. 
 
 Stern 5 
 
 Legs and feet 10 
 
 Coat 10 
 
 Colour and markings... 10 
 
 Grand Total 100. 
 
 The weight of a dog may be from 1 7olb. to 2oolb. 
 or more ; of a bitch from i5olb. to iSolb. 
 
 That there is no fear of the St. Bernard dog 
 becoming extinct, as at one time appeared to be 
 not unlikely, may be inferred from the fact that Mr. 
 Hughes-Hughes has just published a volume con- 
 taining the pedigrees of nearly six thousand St. 
 Bernards. The names of many of them are not to 
 be found in the Kennel Club's publications, Mr. 
 Hughes -Hughes obtaining particulars of such 
 during his visits to Switzerland. A troublesome 
 work carefully compiled. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 THE NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 UNTIL the St. Bernard became popular in this 
 country the black and \\rhite Newfoundland dog 
 appeared to hold the admiration of the public. He 
 had been a hero in his own line, and " the travellers' 
 tales " had informed us that this large dog occupied 
 itself in its native country in saving the lives of 
 drowning sailors and swimming with a rope in its 
 mouth to some stranded vessel, and thereby enabling 
 the shipwrecked mariners to obtain communication 
 with the mainland and so escape a watery grave. 
 Then, when brought here, the Newfoundland dog 
 still maintained its liking for the water. On more 
 than one occasion it had been known to save a 
 drowning child, and Landseer further immortalized 
 it by painting his great work " A Distinguished 
 Member of the Royal Humane Society," a black 
 and white Newfoundland dog, abounding in dignity 
 and repose, which perhaps has been engraved and 
 republished oftener than any other work of the great 
 
Modern Dogs. 
 
 animal painter. Fifty years ago a large proportion 
 of the anecdotes of dogs related to the sagacity of 
 the Newfoundland. Whether he really deserved all 
 the good things that were said of him is a matter of 
 opinion, or perhaps he has degenerated in intelli- 
 gence during the past half century, for he is now 
 only as other dogs and no more. 
 
 How he came to be so intimately connected with 
 the island in North America from which he takes his 
 name is not quite easy to make out. Possibly he 
 might have been introduced to that country from 
 England, still the dog common to the island a 
 couple of generations ago was very far removed 
 from the handsome creature we see gracing our 
 show benches at the present time. 
 
 One would not be surprised to find the St. Bernard 
 and the Newfoundland did originally spring pretty 
 much from a similar cross. Occasionally we still 
 see one of the former variety by his colour and 
 general appearance nearly approaching the latter in 
 appearance, and vice versa, especially when, as 
 sometimes happens, the Newfoundland has brindled 
 marks about his head. We are told that an actual 
 use for this variety of dog was found by the poorer 
 inhabitants of Newfoundland, who in lieu of horses 
 harnessed him to their carts and in other ways made 
 him a beast of burden, when they were not engaged 
 
The Newfoundland. 81 
 
 in fishing operations. Moreover, these poor dogs 
 were badly treated, fed on the offal of the cod fish 
 when it was procurable, and when such was not to 
 be had the poor canine had to make shift for himself, 
 and either starve or take toll from the flocks of the 
 wealthier inhabitants. 
 
 Notwithstanding such ill-treatment, the dog re- 
 mained faithful and constant to his owner, and bore 
 the reputation as a protector of property not to be 
 excelled. For these excellences then, and not for 
 his actual beauty, was he originally produced, and 
 no doubt when some seafaring man noticed one of 
 these animals less gaunt and better furnished than 
 usual, he for a few shillings would become its 
 possessor, and bring the " foreign " dog home as a 
 present from America to his friends. When properly 
 cared for and attended to he would no doubt 
 improve in appearance, was a favourite with his 
 owners, and became as it were re-acclimatised in 
 that country from which I do not doubt his original 
 parents came. The Newfoundland is so unlike any 
 of the native bred canidcz of the northern territories 
 of America in every respect, not excepting in disposi- 
 tion, that there can be little doubt he was in 
 the first instance produced by cross-breeding with 
 European dogs, and most probably with those from 
 Great Britain, whose shipping connection with New- 
 
 G 
 
82 Modern Dogs. 
 
 foundland has always been greater than that of any 
 other country. 
 
 Little was heard about the Newfoundland dog 
 until towards the beginning of the present century. 
 Bingley, in his " Natural History," date 1809, does not 
 allude to him, but a little earlier the " Sportsman's 
 Cabinet " mentions him as being " universally known 
 in every part of the kingdom." Reinagle gives an 
 illustration of the dog, a black and white, very much 
 of the same type as we have now, and the writer of 
 the article in the work named eulogising him in 
 grandiloquent terms, makes him indeed a canine 
 prodigy. But, as we have said, our modern dog and 
 that originally brought from the island are totally 
 distinct, and even so far back as when Richardson 
 wrote, about 1845, tne difference was acknowledged, 
 and the strain known in this country was said to be 
 " less sagacious, less active, and more apt to display 
 irregularity of temper than the original breed," 
 which was much the smaller animal of the two. 
 
 Here we have more to do with the Newfoundland 
 in 1893 than with what he was said to be very much 
 earlier in the present century. Now we have two 
 distinct Newfoundlands : the one quite black, where 
 even a white chest and white toes are supposed to 
 be a disfigurement to a certain extent ; the other 
 black and white, called " Landseers," after the artist, 
 
The Newfoundland. 83 
 
 whose famous picture has already been alluded to. 
 The so-called St. John's, or lesser Newfoundland, of 
 which much has been written, appears to have died 
 out altogether. No one breeds him now, and if 
 he survives at all it is in the smooth or wavy-coated 
 retrievers that have made such progression of late. 
 
 The author of " Dogs of the British Isles " had a 
 typical specimen of the Newfoundland given him 
 on the death of the " Old Bushman " (whose works 
 on travel and sport are most interesting) a dog 
 the latter had imported as the best of the race 
 he could find ; handsome, but not quite so big 
 as many of the English specimens, he standing 
 28in. high at the shoulders. His colour was a rusty 
 black, which is seldom seen now, but no doubt quite 
 correct, and he had double dew claws. My old and 
 esteemed friend, the late Mr. William Lort, always 
 impressed upon me that this " rustiness " in the 
 colour was correct, and further remarked that all the 
 best dogs he ever saw abroad possessed it to a larger 
 or smaller extent. 
 
 A contributor, writing to the Field in 1 869, and he 
 wrote with authority, said with regard to this tinge : 
 (( The black dogs, especially when young, often 
 appear to have a brown tinge in their coats. It is 
 to be seen more or less in most dogs. Combing 
 will often remove it if the dog has not been well kept, 
 
 G 2 
 
84 Modern Dogs. 
 
 but I do not think much combing is advisable. Nor 
 is the slight brown tinge (not visible in all lights) ugly, 
 nor inconsistent with the purity of breed, though it 
 would be better absent." A writer much earlier 
 than this, namely, in 1819, says that twenty or thirty 
 years ago the Newfoundlands were " large, rough- 
 coated, curly-haired, liver and white dogs." Occa- 
 sionally we now see a Newfoundland dog entirely 
 liver or brown in colour, and doubtless this hue is in- 
 herited much in the same way as the brown tinge, 
 and therefore I quite agree with the description of 
 the specialist club, which does not penalise that tint. 
 The brown or brown and white dogs it does not 
 acknowledge, and naturally gives preference to 
 those specimens entirely black. 
 
 In the early days of the canine exhibitions, prizes 
 were often given to black and white dogs when 
 shown in the same division as the blacks, but the 
 latter, when equal in excellence to their more 
 variegated cousins, in nine cases out of ten beat 
 them, so breeders gave their attention mostly to the 
 whole-coloured variety, which causes it to be the 
 popular one of the present day. The first dog show 
 held at Birmingham, in 1859, was entirely confined 
 to sporting dogs, but the succeeding one in 1860 in- 
 cluded a class for Newfoundlands, and this induced 
 an entry of only half a dozen, a bitch of Lieut.- 
 
The Newfoundland. 85 
 
 Colonel Inge's winning the first prize. Of this 
 bitch it was said at the time that " she was one of 
 the handsomest ever seen, and had been bred at 
 St. John's, from the best stock in the colony." At 
 the Agricultural Hall, in 1862, classes for both 
 dogs and bitches were provided. There was a 
 capital entry of forty-one, and Mr. A. Minton's 
 Nigger won in dogs, and a Mr. Davies both prizes 
 in bitches. Birmingham had seventeen entries in 
 the same year, and at a large exhibition, also in 
 1862, which took place in Holborn, nineteen entries 
 were obtained, a dog named Azoff first. Two years 
 later, H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, at the London 
 show, won first prize with a fine dog called Cabot, 
 and most of these early winners were either black 
 or with a little white on their chests, or on one or 
 more of their feet. H.R.H.'s Cabot must not be 
 confounded with Mr. T. Burgess' dog of the same 
 name, which did a considerable amount of winning 
 a few years later. However, few of the above were 
 of any particular excellence; but in 1867, at Curzon 
 Hall, we were introduced to the Rev. S. Atkinson's 
 Cato, who was by Heenan I. out of Nellie. Both 
 the sire and dam of Cato were said to be descended 
 from imported parents. 
 
 Cato was an exceptionally fine black dog, and for a 
 series of years remained the monarch of the benches. 
 
86 Modern Dogs. 
 
 In 1869 he won in a class of sixteen dogs at the 
 show held in Laycock's Dairy Yard, where Mr. E. 
 Nichols was an exhibitor, and old show-goers will 
 recollect that the cover of the catalogue issued on 
 this occasion was adorned with an engraving of 
 Landseer's " Distinguished Member." 
 
 Then in 1870 Cato gained additional notoriety. 
 It was in that year his owner was staying at the 
 charming little watering place, Newbiggin-by-the- 
 Sea, on the Yorkshire coast. Cato was there, too, 
 to blow the dust of town from him, for just before he 
 had been in London, and- as usual, winning the chief 
 prize at the dog show there. As Mrs. Atkinson 
 was throwing her husband's walking-stick into the 
 water for her dog to retrieve, two ladies bathing in 
 the sea appeared in danger of drowning, and 
 cried loudly for help. Though Mr. Atkinson could 
 not swim, he made his way to the ladies, who, now 
 and then washed off their feet by the heavy surge, 
 had lost their presence of mind- One lady was 
 safely got into a boat that had been brought to the 
 rescue ; the other, with Mr. Atkinson, was in danger 
 of being drowned. Then Cato came to the rescue, 
 and, swimming to his owner, allowed him to put his 
 arm over his shoulder, and so took his exhausted 
 master and his fair charge to the shore, where the 
 dog received the plaudits of the terrified spectators. 
 
The Newfoundland. 87 
 
 No doubt, taking one exhibition with another, the 
 classes provided for Newfoundlands were almost as 
 well filled about twenty years ago as they have been 
 later. For instance, there were in the dog class but 
 nine entries at Curzon Hall in 1891, five in bitches, 
 and nine in a division for novices ; whilst five of the 
 latter were competing earlier on, thus there were but 
 eighteen dogs benched at this great show in three 
 classes. This can hardly be taken as a fair average, 
 for most modern shows would provide additional 
 classes for the black and white variety, and the 
 Kennel Club Shows usually have from twenty to 
 thirty competitors. At Preston (Lancashire) Show, 
 which took place in the spring of 1892, special 
 arrangements had been made to make Newfound- 
 lands one of the features in the Hall. Here the 
 judge, Mr. Mansfield, an ardent admirer of the 
 breed, and one of the promoters of the gathering, 
 by his endeavours got together by far the best 
 collection of Newfoundlands that had been seen at 
 any show for years. Altogether 128 dogs and 
 bitches competed, they being divided into ten 
 classes. No doubt this will remain a record for 
 some time to come. 
 
 However, before entering more fully into the 
 Newfoundland in 1893, mention must be made of 
 one or two giants of the race that won most of the 
 
88 Modern Dogs. 
 
 prizes say a dozen years or more ago. Winning 
 about 1880 and later was Mr. Howard Mapplebeck's 
 Leo, an uncommonly fine dog, and, like most 
 others, said to be descended from imported parents 
 on both sides. He was black in colour, and at 
 times showed a little of the rusty tinge. He stood 
 about 30 inches in height at the shoulders, and 
 weighed i361b. He was a very big dog. 
 
 Mr. T. W. Wildman, of Bingley, about this period 
 gave considerable attention to the exhibition of 
 Newfoundlands, and possessed admirable specimens 
 in such animals as Lion, Mayor of Bingley, and 
 Black Prince, which were, however, rather smaller 
 dogs than either Cato or Leo alluded to earlier on. 
 Mr. R. W. Moll was exhibiting some excellent dogs 
 at this time, and so were Mr. W. Coates, Mr. 
 H. R. Farquharson, and Mr. E. Nichols. 
 
 The Newfoundland has never taken particularly 
 high rank as a show dog, nor does the establish- 
 ment of a club to look after his welfare appear to 
 have very much increased his popularity, though at 
 the present time there are more good Newfound- 
 lands both black and other than black in the country 
 than has been the case previously. But sometimes 
 he is judged in a rather in and out fashion, and on 
 more than one occasion recently have I seen a 
 second rate dog placed over one that could in every 
 
The Newfoundland. 89 
 
 way be deemed in the first rank, and for no other 
 reason than the mere caprice or whim of the judge. 
 
 A few years ago there was considerable agitation 
 as to the swimming powers of Newfoundlands, and 
 on two or three occasions water competitions were 
 arranged in connection with dog shows. Such, 
 however, proved neither popular nor interesting, and 
 in one noteworthy case a very much-lauded dog 
 refused to enter the water at all. The last com- 
 petition of the kind was at Aston, near Birmingham, 
 in 1882, where the best water dog was undoubtedly 
 the late Mr. Bagnall's Landseer, Prince Charlie, 
 which won a first prize, a Bedlington terrier being 
 his most formidable opponent. 
 
 It may be worth mentioning that the Newfound- 
 land dog as he is now found in the island which 
 gave him his name, is a sad mongrel creature, if he 
 exists at all in any amount of purity. It is likewise 
 noteworthy that in the United States of America no 
 Newfoundlands are kept anything at all equal to the 
 best specimens of the variety as we have produced 
 them in the British Isles. 
 
 Although I have owned a Newfoundland or two, 
 I never had one sufficiently long or made his 
 acquaintance to such an extent as to be able to 
 speak with great authority on the nature and dispo- 
 sition of the animal. My lack of opportunity in this 
 
90 Modern Dogs. 
 
 respect can, however, be easily remedied, and 
 Mr. T. E. Mansfield, a gentleman whose favourite 
 the Newfoundland has been for many years, kindly 
 contributes the following practical, and therefore 
 valuable, notes. He says : 
 
 " The Newfoundland is essentially a companion- 
 able dog, his whole nature is wrapped up in human 
 beings, anxious to serve them at every turn ; his 
 disposition is kindness in itself, and he adapts 
 himself to every emergency, and can be taught 
 almost anything, even to make as good a rat catcher 
 as a terrier. Some Newfoundlands are slow to 
 make friends, but when once that relationship is 
 established they never forget you, and are steadfast 
 companions through life, and to their owner what 
 the poor man's mongrel dog was to him, 
 
 Made him more content with fate. 
 
 " Of course there are, as in all things, exceptions 
 but taking him as a whole no more suitable dog 
 as a companion can be found than a good New- 
 foundland. 
 
 " During the last ten years the Newfoundland has 
 grown in popularity by leaps and bounds. I find 
 at the Kennel Club Show in July, 1885, there 
 were eight classes with thirty-seven entries. Seven 
 months later, at the same club show, there were 
 
The Newfoundland. 91 
 
 again eight classes with seventy-one entries. At 
 the Jubilee Show in June, 1887, there were nine 
 classes with sixty-five entries to be found. It is not 
 only at the Kennel Club Shows that the entries 
 have so largely increased, but at all the provincial 
 shows. Prior to and some little time after the 
 year 1884, it was rarely we saw more than one 
 class for Newfoundlands, with from three to half 
 a dozen entries. Then Liverpool came off with 
 sixty-five entries, and so they go on increasing until 
 Preston Show of 1892 reached the enormous entry 
 of 128. 
 
 " Not only in numbers, but in the type and quality 
 of the dogs has this improvement gone on, until 
 there is at the present day in the blacks at all 
 events an entire absence of that large coarse 
 with rough soft coat, big ears, long face, flat bowed 
 legs without muscle, and with no general appearance 
 to recommend him type of dog, so frequently seen 
 years ago. It is to be hoped breeders of Newfound- 
 lands will not be led away with the idea prevailing 
 in some quarters that size is the principal thing at 
 which to aim. Herein lies a very great danger. 
 Whilst, however, admitting that size is very desirable, 
 it must not be gained at the expense of type and 
 general appearance, for a Newfoundlander must not 
 be an awkward, slouching animal, but smart, active, 
 
92 Modern Dogs. 
 
 and full of life and go looking at all times ready 
 to perform his duty to enter a rough sea. 
 
 " To give an accurate description of a black 
 Newfoundland is an extremely difficult task, for the 
 simple reason that a really typical dog is in appear- 
 ance almost indescribable ; he must be seen to be 
 appreciated. I will, however, attempt what I consider 
 a fairly intelligible one. To begin with, he must 
 have a good general appearance symmetrical 
 throughout head should be well developed, with a 
 clean-cut muzzle, not too long, large skull, with 
 small, leaf-like ears set well back from the eye low 
 down on the skull, and fall close to the head, so 
 that when you look him in the face they are scarcely 
 perceptible, being hidden at the back of the jawbone ; 
 the eyes should be dark not black and fairly wide 
 apart. Much difficulty is being experienced in 
 getting the dark eye, which adds so much to the 
 appearance of the head, many of the best dogs 
 having light eyes, and the question is, where does 
 this defect come from ? You may mate a dark- 
 eyed dog and bitch, still light eyes will be found in 
 their progeny. It has occurred to me that the light 
 eye must to some extent be natural to a black 
 animal, for a black cat has always a light eye, and 
 a black horse has generally a light blue one, and so 
 I might go on down to pigeons. I must admit I 
 
The Newfoundland. 93 
 
 would much rather see a kind light eye than a 
 black sour one, which always appears most 
 treacherous. 
 
 " The fore legs should be straight, well lined with 
 muscle, to give them a round, powerful appearance, 
 ending with good, large, well closed feet, standing 
 on them like a terrier. The chest above must be 
 wide, and come well down, giving the dog a bold, 
 broad front ; the body should sway well between 
 the fore and hindquarters, and not tucked up at the 
 loins ; powerful hindquarters, with no horrible cow- 
 hocks, and ending with a tail the length of which 
 should not reach below the hocks, be without a 
 kink, curl, or curve, and carried low down. There 
 is nothing to my mind more unsightly in a New- 
 foundland than a tail curled on the back or with a 
 kink in it ; personally I like to see the tail carried 
 more after the style of a setter, and do not quite 
 agree with the Club's authorised carriage of tail. 
 Now as to coat. To obtain a correct coat is 
 another difficulty, and to describe a proper one is 
 about as difficult ; the purpose for which it is 
 required makes it so. It must, however, be straight, 
 without wave or curl, long coarse hair, not wool, 
 with a good warm under coat, which water will not 
 penetrate ; the arrangement being, that, when the 
 dog comes out of water and shakes himself, which 
 
94 Modern Dogs. 
 
 he invariably does, the water is thrown off, and he 
 is dry in a very short time. 
 
 " Looking at a good, well-built dog should be like 
 looking broadside on at a first-class cob ; he must be 
 built on similar lines. The average height of a dog 
 is 28in., and bitches 25in. to 2yin., at the shoulder. 
 For a more detailed description of the points of a 
 Newfoundland I must refer readers of these notes 
 to the Newfoundland Club's description, which is 
 printed below. 
 
 " It may not be out of place here to give a short 
 description of some of the best Newfoundlands' 
 kennels of the present day, but I cannot in justice 
 do so without first travelling back a few years to 
 bring in poor old Champion Nelson I., a dog that 
 may well be said to have been the father of New- 
 foundlands in this country. In doing so I must not 
 forget his breeder, Mrs. Cunliffe Lee, a lady who 
 has probably had little credit given her for the part 
 she has played in producing several really first-class 
 dogs. Nelson I. was not large in size, but quite 
 large enough, and answered well the above descrip- 
 tion of a Newfoundland. From this grand old dog 
 we may trace the present race of high-class New- 
 foundlands, many of which I shall hereafter mention. 
 From Mrs. Lee he went to the kennels of Mr. 
 E. Nichols, and there he was mated with a bitch 
 
The Newfoundland. 95 
 
 with pedigree unknown, named Jennie. From this 
 alliance was produced, in the year 1881, a litter of 
 six, all of which have left triumphant records in 
 the exhibition world and Stud Book, their respective 
 names being Courtier, Bruce II., Lady Mayoress, 
 Lady-in-Waiting, Sybil, and Mistress of the Robes. 
 
 " From them may be traced the foundations of 
 half a dozen kennels, which I will shortly describe, 
 and commence with that of Mr. E. Nichols, of 
 St. Mary Abbott's Terrace, Kensington, who for 
 years, it may be said, quite took the lead as a 
 breeder of Newfoundlands. Nelson I. and Lady 
 Mayoress were almost invincible in the show ring ; 
 indeed, Lady Mayoress in her time beat every 
 dog and bitch living except her sire, Sybil also 
 doing excellent service. After breeding number- 
 less high-class good dogs, Mr. Nichols secured 
 Lord Nelson, a son of Nelson I., from Mrs. Lee, his 
 breeder, and this young dog, at eighteen months 
 old, astonished the Newfoundland world, as he com- 
 bined great size with all the points of a good dog. 
 Brought out at the Crystal Palace, he " cleared 
 the board," won great honours for several years, 
 but eventually he grew rather coarse, and had to 
 make way for others. 
 
 " Following Mr. Nichols' comes the kennel of Mr. 
 H. R. Farquharson, M.P., of Eastbury Park, Bland- 
 
96 Modern Dogs. 
 
 ford, and president of the Newfoundland Club since 
 its establishment in 1886. In their infancy Mr. 
 Farquharson purchased, from Mr. Nichols, Courtier, 
 Lady-in-Waiting, and Mistress of the Robes, all of 
 which did credit to this well-known kennel, for, 
 besides winning prizes, Lady-in-Waiting produced 
 such dogs as Hanlon, Alderman, and Bismarck. 
 Hanlon, who secured his championship by successive 
 wins at Kennel Club Shows, is a regular Newfound- 
 lander, his ears are slightly too large, and that is all 
 the fault that can be found with him. This kennel 
 also contained the well-known dogs Joe Sadler 
 (the sire of Hanlon) and Gunville. 
 
 " Mr. C. W. Cunningham, of Marloes-road, W., 
 the secretary of the Newfoundland Club, has been 
 mixed up with Newfoundlands all his life. He owns 
 Black Prince II. and some very good bitches, and 
 is one of the most earnest members of his club in 
 looking after the interests of his favourite dog. 
 Another modern enthusiast is Mr. C. C. Ralli, of 
 Brunswick Buildings, Liverpool. Mrs. Matthews, 
 Barrow-in-Furness ; Mr. Crossfield, Captain Jolly, 
 Mr. James Green, Mr. W. C. King, Dr. Jackson, 
 Mr. J. Caroline, Mr. W. Paterson, Glasgow ; Mr. H. 
 Champness, Westminster; and Mr. J. W. Bennett, 
 own good specimens at the present time, and in 
 Master Jumbo Mr. C. Haldenby, of Hull, shows one 
 
The Newfoundland. 97 
 
 of the most typical black Newfoundlands of the day, 
 though he does carry his tail badly at times. Miss 
 Rich's Black Guard II., who won the championship 
 at the last Kennel Club Show, is also a particu- 
 larly fine specimen of the breed. 
 
 " I must say something of my own kennels, in 
 which we have had between thirty and forty New- 
 foundlands at one time. After purchasing Leo V. 
 and Champion Zoe, we found we were on the wrong 
 road, but we had, under the guidance of Mr. Nichols 
 and Mr. Farquharson, obtained Courtier, Lady 
 Mayoress, and Gunville, also The Black Prince, 
 Sybil, and Mistress of the Robes, with which we 
 were very successful as exhibitors. Later we bred 
 such notable dogs as Alliance, Coastguard, Jack 
 Tar (now the property of Mr. S. Cameron, of Mel- 
 bourne), Armada, Sea Nymph, and many others. 
 We also brought out a young dog, Pirate King 
 (bred by Mrs. Lee, and a son of Courtier), which 
 soon became a champion, and passed into the 
 hands of Mr. W. Paterson, of Glasgow. So recently 
 as the autumn of 1893 Mrs. Mansfield showed 
 an excellent young dog at the Kennel Club 
 Show called Piermaster, by Hematite from Lady 
 Mayoress II." 
 
 Perhaps the variety of Newfoundland dog best 
 known to the general public is that black and white 
 
 H 
 
Modern Dogs. 
 
 in colour, once distinguished as the Landseer New- 
 foundland, out of honour to the great animal painter 
 of that name, one of whose happiest works was a 
 representative black and white dog, " A Distinguished 
 Member of the Royal Humane Society." However, 
 the Newfoundland Club, which, I suppose, has the 
 management of such things, in order that good 
 specimens that may be brown in colour or black 
 with a little white on their chests or feet are not 
 debarred from competition, classify the " Landseers " 
 under the heading of " any other than black." The 
 " Landseer" proper would be, when properly marked, 
 a black headed dog with a broad strip of white down 
 the face, some white on the cheeks, and a body 
 more or less patched with black. Such are hand- 
 some dogs, and a few years ago, before shows were 
 so firmly established as they are now, the black and 
 white Newfoundlands were more commonly seen 
 than the ordinary black variety. Mr. Mansfield 
 writes of them as follows : 
 
 11 They have not made such progress as the blacks 
 for the simple reason that breeders of this variety 
 will not go to the black dogs to improve the coat 
 and type of their black and whites. They appear to 
 completely ignore the fact that the qualification is 
 not simply a black and white dog with handsome 
 white markings. The marking is a very tenth rate 
 
Ihe Newfoundland. 99 
 
 consideration. First and foremost it is necessary 
 in the class for ' other than black Newfoundlands ' 
 that to be successful the competitor should be, 
 though black and white, exactly of the shape, 
 make, and character of a good black specimen. 
 Then and then only must come the question of 
 colour and markings. Of course, other things being 
 equal, a well marked dog should have the preference. 
 The majority of the dogs in this division* are bad in 
 coat, which often resembles the wool on the back of 
 a Shropshire sheep ; they generally fall off in their 
 hindquarters, being tucked up in the loin and leggy, 
 and lack quality and type. By perseverance these 
 failings could be remedied by judiciously crossing 
 with black dogs of the right type. Mr. Farquharson's 
 Rosebud was a beautiful specimen of a white and 
 black Newfoundland ; in fact, on her first appearance 
 she beat all the black bitches at a Kennel Club 
 Show. She was almost white, and was by Trojan, 
 a black dog with white chest and feet, out of Leda, 
 a bitch similarly marked. So much for the other 
 than black variety." Mr. Mansfield proceeds : 
 
 " Returning to the Newfoundland generally, some- 
 times a brown or bronze pup will be produced, but 
 this is of rare occurrence. I have never had one 
 from a pure Nelson I. and Courtier strain, but have 
 on several occasions had such from the Leo blood. 
 
 H 2 
 
ioo Modern Dogs. 
 
 " With regard to rearing puppies, the most ticklish 
 time for them is during whelping, and up to ten days 
 old. A practice I adopt is to have a hamper ready, 
 with clean, soft straw in the bottom, and as each 
 puppy is whelped it is placed in this hamper in front 
 of a fire, always leaving one with the bitch, but 
 before removing into the hamper it is always put to 
 suck. By this means the whole lot are kept dry and 
 warm, and the bitch is not hampered with a heap of 
 whining puppies round her. For seven to ten 
 days they are thus kept in hampers, being put to 
 the bitch every hour, night and day. It is rarely by 
 doing this (which of course means trouble) that a 
 puppy is lost, and they thrive well. If left to take 
 their chance some die from cold, others are laid on 
 and killed. For many years I have carried out the 
 above plan with great success. At the end of a 
 month they should be fed with milk, with sugar and 
 water added. At six weeks 1 feed them on raw 
 paunches cut up small, and they rarely get any- 
 thing else for the remainder of their existence in my 
 kennels. I believe in raw meat for dogs, it is their 
 natural food, and it will never harm them or make 
 them savage." 
 
 The Newfoundland Club, established in 1886, 
 is a representative body, of which Mr. H. R. 
 Farquharson, M.P., is president, and Mr. E. 
 
The Newfoundland. 101 
 
 Nichols vice-president. The following is the des- 
 cription this club has issued of the Newfound- 
 land dog : 
 
 (< Symmetry and General Appearance. The dog 
 should impress the eye with strength and great 
 activity. He should move freely on his legs with 
 the body swung loosely between them, so that a 
 slight roll in gait should not be objectionable, 
 but at the same time a weak or hollow back, slack- 
 ness of the loins, or cowhocks, should be a decided 
 fault. 
 
 " Head. Should be broad and massive, flat on 
 the skull, the occipital bone well developed ; there 
 should be no decided stop, and the muzzle should 
 be short, clean cut, and rather square in shape, and 
 covered with short fine hair. 
 
 " Coat. Should be flat and dense, of a coarsish 
 texture and oily nature, and capable of resisting the 
 water. If brushed the wrong way it should fall 
 back into its place naturally. 
 
 " Body. Should be well ribbed up with a broad 
 back. A neck strong, well set on to the shoulders 
 and back, and strong, muscular loins. 
 
 " Fore Legs. Should be perfectly straight, well 
 covered with muscle, elbows in but well let down, 
 and feathered all down. 
 
 " Hind Quarters and Legs. Should be very 
 
io2 Modern Dogs. 
 
 strong ; the legs should have great freedom of 
 action, and a little feather. Slackness of loins and 
 cowhock are a great defect. Dew claws are 
 objectionable and should be removed. 
 
 " Chest. Should be deep and fairly broad and 
 well covered with hair, but not to such an extent as 
 to form a frill. 
 
 " Bone. Massive throughout, but not to give a 
 heavy, inactive appearance. 
 
 " Feet. Should be large and well-shaped. 
 Splayed or turned-out feet are objectionable. 
 
 " Tail. Should be of moderate length, reaching 
 down a little below the hocks ; it should be of fair 
 thickness, and well covered with long hair, but not 
 to form a flag. When the dog is standing still and 
 not excited, it should hang downwards with a slight 
 curve at the end ; but when the dog is in motion it 
 should be carried a trifle up, and when he is excited 
 straight out with a slight curve at end. Tails with 
 a kink in them, or curled over the back, are very 
 objectionable. 
 
 " Ears. Should be small, set well back, square 
 with the skull, lie close to the head, and covered 
 with short hair and no fringe. 
 
 " Eyes. Should be small, of a dark brown colour, 
 rather deeply set but not showing any haw, and 
 they should be rather wide apart. 
 
The Newfoundland. 103 
 
 " Colour. Jet black. A slight tinge of bronze, 
 or a splash of white on chest and toes is not 
 objectionable. 
 
 " Height and Weight. Size and weight are very 
 desirable so long as symmetry is maintained. A fair 
 average height at the shoulder is 27 inches for a 
 dog, and 25 inches for a bitch, and a fair average 
 weight is loolb. and 85lb. respectively. 
 
 "OTHER THAN BLACK. 
 
 11 Should in all respects follow the black except in 
 colour, which may be almost any so long as it dis- 
 qualifies for the black class, but the colours most to 
 be encouraged are bronze, and black and white, 
 beauty in markings to be taken greatly into con- 
 sideration. 
 
 "ADDENDA TO 'OTHER THAN BLACK.' 
 
 " Dogs that have been entered in black classes 
 at shows, held under Kennel Club Rules, where 
 classes are provided for dogs ' other than black ' 
 shall not be qualified to compete in other than black 
 classes in future. 
 
 " Black dogs that have only white toes and white 
 breasts, and white tip to tail, are to be exhibited in 
 the classes provided for ' black." 
 
104 
 
 Modern Dogs. 
 
 The club has not issued any numerical scale of 
 points, but these I should allow as follows : 
 
 Head and expression 
 
 Neck and chest 
 
 Back and loins 
 
 Legs and feet 
 
 Coat and colour... 
 
 Value. 
 
 15 
 10 
 10 
 15 
 
 20 
 70 
 
 Value. 
 
 Stem 10 
 
 Size 10 
 
 Symmetry and general 
 appearance 10 
 
 Grand Total 100. 
 
 Weight of dog from 85lb. to loolb. ; of a bitch, 
 75lb. to 8slb. 
 
^ 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 THE COLLIE OR SHEEP DOG. 
 
 ALTHOUGH the " Scotch collie dog," as he is so 
 often called, has for many generations been one of 
 the favourite varieties of the canine race, his fondest 
 admirers of fifty years ago could scarcely have 
 expected him to have achieved the popularity 
 which he possesses at the present time, and has 
 held for some fifteen years or more. He may share 
 with the sprightly fox terrier the distinction of 
 being the favourite dog of the people of the latter 
 part of the nineteenth century. The St. Bernard 
 has his admirers, so has the foxhound, but as neither 
 is so suitable as a companion the one on account 
 of the size, the other for a variety of reasons, the 
 collie and the fox terrier are likely to retain their 
 good reputation for many years to come. 
 
 The sheep dog is usually called a " collie " ; in 
 reality a " collie " is an obsolete name for " such 
 sheep as have black faces and legs," says the 
 Agricultural Dictionary, published in 1743, where 
 
io6 Modern Dogs. 
 
 it is spelled " colley," as it is sometimes even now- 
 adays. As a fact, there is no rule for spelling the 
 word, and as " colley " in many parts of the country 
 is the name of a small fresh-water fish, the loach, the 
 spelling " collie " for a sheep dog I take to be best. 
 Shakespeare uses the word in one or two instances 
 with the meaning of dark or black, thus 
 
 Brief as the lightning in the collied night. 
 
 The word collie is derived from the Anglo-Saxon 
 " col," black, so the black-faced sheep of the North 
 came to be called " colleys," and the dog that drove 
 or preceded them came to be a colley dog. In due 
 course the word dog was dropped, so, by easy trans- 
 formation, " colley" grown out of use as applied 
 to the sheep was adopted as a euphonious word for 
 a variety of the dog, and so remains to this day. 
 Bewick, the great wood engraver, calls this dog 
 the " coaly." 
 
 But before Bewick gave us his charming illus- 
 trations the sheep dog or ''shepherd's hound," Cam's 
 pastor alis, was held in esteem, and in the sixteenth 
 century duly described by Dr. Caius. He says : 
 
 Our shepherd's dog is not huge, and vast, and big, but of an 
 indifferent stature and growth, because it has not to deal with 
 the bloodthirsty wolf, since there be none in England. . 
 This dog, either at the hearing of his master's voice, or at the 
 wagging of his fist, or at his shrill and hoarse whistling and 
 
The Collie or Sheep Dog. 107 
 
 hissing, bringeth the wandering wethers and stray sheep into the 
 self-same place where the master's will and work is to have them, 
 whereby the shepherd reapeth the benefit, namely, that with little 
 labour and no toil of moving his feet, he may rule and guide his 
 flock according to his own desire, either to have them go forward 
 or stand still, or to draw backward, or to turn this way, or take 
 that way. For it is not in England as it is in France, as it is in 
 Flanders, as it is in Syria, as it is in Tartary, where the sheep 
 follow the shepherd, for here in our country the shepherd 
 followeth the sheep, and sometimes the straying sheep, when no 
 dog runs before them, nor goeth about and beside them, gather 
 themselves into a flock, when they hear the shepherd whistle, for 
 fear of the dog (as I imagine), remembering that (if unreasoning 
 creatures may be reported to have memory) the dog commonly 
 runneth out at his master's warrant, which is his whistle. This 
 have we oftentimes marked when we have taken our journey 
 from town to town ; when we have heard a shepherd whistle, we 
 have reined in our horse and stood still a space to see the proof 
 and trial of this matter. Furthermore, with the dog doth the 
 shepherd take the sheep to slaughter, and to be healed if they 
 be sick, and no hurt or harm is done by the dogs to the simple 
 creature. 
 
 The above is one of the oldest records we have 
 of the working of sheep dogs, and it is interesting 
 because it almost exactly corresponds with their 
 duty at the present day. 
 
 It must not be forgotten that the sheep dogs of 
 other countries, and probably in England when 
 wolves and other wild beasts abounded, are and 
 were much more ferocious and powerful creatures 
 than our collies. The so-called Pyrenean guard dog 
 we often see on our show benches, is a dog some 
 
io8 Modern Dogs. 
 
 one hundred and twenty pounds weight and more, 
 roughish in coat, and with a docility of expression 
 quite in keeping with the pastoral duties he has to 
 perform, and with strength sufficient to grapple 
 with a wolf successfully. 
 
 However, the largest type of foreign sheep dog 
 I have met was one said to be from Thibet, and 
 which was purchased from a traveller by a firm of 
 live-stock importers in London, Messrs. Willson 
 and Co., of Goodge-street, London, W. This was, 
 perhaps, as tall a dog as I ever saw, measuring at 
 the shoulders 33! inches, and built proportionately. 
 It was pale fawn in colour, with a close thick coat, 
 inclined to be shaggy rather than smooth ; his face 
 was as kindly in expression as anyone would wish 
 to see, and his appearance was not contrary to his 
 nature, for he was a most affectionate dog. It was 
 said at the time I had this dog brought to me, 
 in 1892, that a similar animal was to be seen at 
 the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris. 
 
 This big dog is alluded to here in order to show r 
 what I have stated, that in other countries less 
 civilized than our own, and where the flocks are 
 likely to be disturbed by the attacks of various 
 ferocious animals, the sheep dogs are of such a 
 character as to be able to do full justice to their 
 charges in the way of protection. 
 
The Collie or Sheep Dog. 109 
 
 In Scotland, many of the oldest natives consider 
 that the deerhound, the collie, and the Scottish 
 terrier, were one and the same animal originally ; 
 and in proof thereof point to the strange resem- 
 blance there is in the shape of head, expression, 
 and ears of the three varieties. However, there is 
 considerable difference in the colour and texture of 
 the coats of the collie and the hard-haired terrier 
 and the deerhound, the resemblance being between 
 the two latter. Still, I have repeatedly seen types 
 of the sheep dog with hard and wiry coats like that 
 possessed by the deerhound, and something like 
 two and twenty years ago, Mr. John Rigg, who then 
 kept the Windermere Hotel, Westmoreland, had an 
 extraordinarily good specimen, one good enough to 
 win prizes at the ordinary shows at that time. 
 Later, I have seen two or three dogs of similar 
 type, though not so good-looking, competing suc- 
 cessfully at sundry of the north country field trials. 
 
 Of the collie at the early part of this century, the 
 Rev. W. Bingley, in his " British Quadrupeds," gives 
 us an animal almost identical in type with what we 
 have now. The illustration in the " Sportsman's 
 Cabinet " is an excellent specimen of the old English 
 sheep dog, rough and hard in coat, tail '' semi- 
 bob," or maybe it has been cut, and with light- 
 coloured eyes, that the artist, Reinagle, may have 
 
1 10 Modem Dogs. 
 
 intended to represent (< wall " or "china" eyes, a 
 feature often found in this strain of dog, and one 
 that is not supposed to be any detriment to him 
 on the show bench. 
 
 There is no doubt that our collie or sheep dog is 
 one of the most useful of the canine race, and 
 within the last quarter of a century, he has likewise 
 been made ornamental. The farmer and agricul- 
 turist can keep him without paying a licence to the 
 State, as is the case with most other dogs, but care 
 ought to be taken that the u unlicensed " sheep 
 dog does not kill a rabbit or a hare, or assist his 
 owner at a day's ferreting, else he at once becomes 
 less distinctive, and, according to the working of 
 the law, seven shillings and sixpence ought to be 
 paid for the honour and pleasure of keeping him. 
 
 Although now as much a fancy dog as a worker, 
 and the two qualifications have not yet been com- 
 bined to any great extent, the collie is still numerous 
 in the north of England and Wales, where the sheep 
 are small, wild, and active, and the shepherd seldom 
 leaves home without his dog or dogs at his heels. 
 There is a story told of a tourist making inquiry as 
 to the number of persons who attended the little 
 church in one of the mountainous portions of the 
 Cumberland lake district. "Why," was the reply, 
 <( t' last Sunday thar war ten cur dogs liggin' in 
 
The Collie or Sheep Dog. 1 1 1 
 
 't porch an' the churchyard," the inference to be 
 deduced from the answer being that there were 
 ten worshippers on the day in question, as each 
 would be attended by his sheep dog " cur," as he 
 is usually locally known. 
 
 Such continued association between man and dog 
 naturally tends to increase the sagacity and good 
 sense of the latter, and so the shepherd's dog 
 comes to be the most sensible of all dogs, but the 
 animal kept for exhibition in this respect does not, 
 as a rule, approach his working cousins. Stories 
 of the former could be mentioned without number. 
 
 There is that of the Cumberland sheep-stealer 
 hanged at Carlisle. Accompanied by a sheep 
 dog, he, in the daytime, frequented certain farms. 
 Selecting sheep here and there, he pointed such out 
 to his dog. At night the two went near the places, 
 the dog was sent into the fields and drove out the 
 sheep already chosen, which his dishonest master 
 converted into mutton and then disposed of. Dogs 
 have been known to drive sheep for many miles by 
 themselves, and to distinguish between those that 
 belonged to their master's flock and those of a 
 neighbour's. The homing instinct is strong in the 
 collie. A farmer friend of mine says a collie that 
 belonged to him found its way from Norfolk back 
 into Scotland. 
 
ii2 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Hutchinson, in his " Dog Breaking," gives the 
 following, which may be taken as being reliable as 
 the names of the parties are given : " The late Mr. 
 John Bowstead, of Beck Bank, near Penrith, was in 
 the habit of going every year into the Highlands of 
 Scotland to purchase sheep, and in due course a 
 man named James Johnston, who acted as shepherd 
 for Mr. Boustead, was despatched to bring the 
 sheep home. Many years ago, before railways 
 became general, the sheep had to travel the greater 
 part, if not the whole, of the way on foot, from two 
 to three weeks being occupied on the journey, so 
 that it was quite necessary for the shepherd to be 
 provided with a good collie dog. On one of these 
 occasions old Jimmy Johnston set off accompanied 
 by his dog Yarrow, but whilst gathering up his sheep 
 amongst the hills of Sutherland or Caithness, the 
 two northernmost counties of Scotland, by some 
 means or other he had the misfortune to lose his dog, 
 and never saw him again during the rest of the journey. 
 Some little time afterwards, however, while Mr. Bow- 
 stead's eldest son was standing by the kitchen fire, 
 ( Yarrow ' suddenly came running into the house, 
 and wagging his tail jumped up at him, evidently 
 delighted at having reached home again, young Mr. 
 Bowstead being equally pleased to see the lost dog 
 once more, as it was a great favourite with him." 
 
The Collie or Sheep Dog. 113 
 
 As to the sagacity of the show collie, Mr. Rum- 
 ball, of Birmingham, a well-known admirer of the 
 breed, had a good-looking specimen that could play 
 cards with considerable success. The common 
 game of "Nap" was the one at which the dog 
 excelled, and, indeed, he became so proficient as 
 to be able to hold his own with anyone whom his 
 owner challenged. I believe he played the game 
 best when under the orders of Mr. F. Hinks, the 
 well-known breeder of bull terriers, the sign by 
 which it knew what cards to take, being a slight 
 and almost imperceptible snap of the fingers. 
 This dog, after being tried by a would-be purchaser, 
 was sold to him for ^25, on account of these 
 accomplishments at cards. 
 
 There was a troupe of remarkably clever perform- 
 ing collies at the Westminster Aquarium, London, 
 towards the close of 1893. These were all handsome 
 sable and white dogs, doubtless bred from bench 
 winners. After, going through various leaping feats, 
 walking whilst erect on their hind legs, on rolling 
 barrels, skipping, &c., one of them pushed on to 
 the stage a fire escape. This was placed against 
 the wall of a house supposed to be on fire. A child 
 in its night-dress rushed out of the window and 
 down the escape ; the dog then ascended the ladder, 
 went in at the window, and shortly re-appeared with 
 
 I 
 
1 14 Modern Dogs. 
 
 a dummy baby in its mouth, with which it descended 
 and placed in safety. The dog fell over on its 
 side, evidently dead either through the smoke and 
 fire or of its exertions. It was then placed on a 
 stretcher, and eventually two other collies came on 
 to the scene pushing an ambulance in front of them. 
 The " fireman's " dead dog was placed thereon, 
 and, to the tune of the " Dead March " from the 
 orchestra, the curtain fell as the ambulance was 
 being wheeled off the stage. The trainer of the 
 dogs, " Professor" Duncan, had done his work well, 
 and, throughout, the performance was one of the 
 best of its kind I ever saw. 
 
 The first dog show that contained a class for 
 sheep dogs was that at Birmingham in 1860, when 
 the late Mr. W. Lort and the late Mr. J. H. Walsh 
 ("Stonehenge") awarded the prize, which they gave 
 to a " pure Scotch bitch," exhibited by Mr. W, 
 Wakefield, of Hurley, Warwickshire, who thus 
 had the honour of taking the first show bench 
 prize offered for a shepherd's dog. There were 
 but five entries then, now in 1892 it is not unusual 
 to find over 100 entries at our modern shows, and 
 at Liverpool in 1 892 the total reached 260 ; whilst 
 at Ayr, in Scotland, in the same year, no fewer 
 than 395 entries were made. Several of the dogs, 
 in both cases, competed in more than one class, but 
 
The Collie or Sheep Dog. 115 
 
 at the Scottish show there were 153 sheep dogs 
 benched, and in 1893 the entries were 287, and the 
 competitors 121. 
 
 Ten years after the institution of a class for them 
 at Birmingham, there were but fifteen entries, and 
 in 1870, the second prize was awarded to a dog, 
 Cockie, which the present generation will recollect 
 as perhaps as good an all-round specimen of his 
 race as was ever led into a show ring. He then 
 belonged to Mr. W. White, Sherwood Rise, Notting- 
 ham, and I think with very slight exceptions, no 
 modern collie of the prevailing type with any 
 pretensions to excellence, is without some of the 
 Cockie blood in his veins. He was not only a show 
 dog but a worker, and that he looked both is 
 manifest from the fact that he won prizes under 
 shepherd judges and under the ordinary " circuit " 
 judges alike. 
 
 He took the cup at Carlisle in 1870, in a very 
 strong class, farmer judges making the awards, and 
 they all, as well as the spectators, said he was the 
 best shepherd's dog they ever saw. Twelve years 
 later, after some ups and downs, Cockie died peace- 
 fully at Great Bars, Birmingham, where he was well 
 cared for by Mr. J. Bissel, who, a short time before, 
 had purchased the poor dog for 10, this after he 
 had been sold at a local mart for 3 only ! 
 
 I 2 
 
1 1 6 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Other good collies of the earlier days of shows 
 were Mr. J. Holmes' Bob, Mr. Henry Lacy's and 
 Mr. John HenshalPs Mec ; Mr. C. W. Wilson's 
 Malcolm, and following them came Mr. S. E. 
 Shirley's Shamrock. The latter was bred in the 
 north of Ireland, but there is little doubt his 
 ancestors came from Scotland ; his sire is given as 
 Mr. McCall's Shep, his dam Mr. C. Glasby's Bess. 
 From Mr. Shirley's kennels also came Tricolour, 
 Trefoil, and Hornpipe. 
 
 With the advent of the Cockie strain, and he 
 formed a strain although his pedigree was unknown, 
 and that of Mr. Shirley's, great improvement in the 
 appearance of the collie became apparent. Trefoil 
 was the sire of Mr. Bissel's Charlemagne (the most 
 successful of all collies both at the stud and on the 
 bench), from Maud, a daughter of Cockie's. The 
 continuity of type handed down from these strains, 
 points to their purity in the first instance, and one 
 may well wonder what our present collies would have 
 been had Trefoil and Cockie never had existence, 
 or their excellence have remained undiscovered. 
 
 Charlemagne, a sable and white in colour, made 
 his first appearance in public at Curzon Hall in 
 1879, when, as a puppy, he received an honour- 
 able card only. Next year and for the four following 
 years he won in his class and took the challenge cup 
 
The Collie or Sheep Dog. 117 
 
 likewise, nor was he beaten until the dark black- 
 and-tan Rutland lowered his colours in 1885. Charle- 
 magne was not much shown, so for an old dog he 
 was comparatively fresh when he appeared at the 
 Collie Club show in Holborn, in February, 1890, 
 when he was once more given the prize as the best 
 collie in the show. He died the following year, 
 leaving behind a reputation as the most noteworthy 
 collie of any time 
 
 Rutland, the dog that beat Charlemagne, had 
 been bred by the Rev. Hans Hamilton, and after 
 changing hands several times, he was purchased by 
 Mr. S. Boddington, of Birmingham, from the selling 
 class at Warwick for ^5, but just previously he had 
 changed hands for half that sum. His new owner 
 showed him well, and ultimately disposed of him to 
 Mr. A. H. Megson, of Manchester, for ^250. 
 
 From this time it seems that the collie gradually 
 increased in money value, and as I write, a matter 
 of a couple of hundred pounds for a perfect speci- 
 men would be considered by no means out of the 
 way. At Manchester in 1888, the gentleman who 
 had bought Rutland, paid ^350 at auction for a 
 young dog called Caractacus, that his breeder and 
 exhibitor Mr. J. J. Steward, of near Rugby, had 
 entered for ^100. This dog did little good after- 
 wards, nor was he a good one. Again did Mr. 
 
1 1 8 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Megs on open his purse, on this occasion paying, 
 it is said, ^530 to Mr. Boddington for Metchley 
 Wonder, a dog that I had engraved for " The 
 Collie or Sheep Dog," published by Horace Cox in 
 1890. Wonder has been a remunerative invest- 
 ment in many ways, and as a fact, there is no better 
 dog living at the present time, though others have 
 been bought and sold for even higher prices. 
 
 The Messrs. Stretch, of Ormskirk, have been 
 peculiarly successful with their collies, and in 
 addition to those bred by themselves, they have 
 displayed excellent judgment in the purchase of 
 others. From Mr. Hamilton they obtained Chris- 
 topher, a sable dog that did so well in the change 
 of kennels that Mr. Mitchell Harrison, of the 
 United States, paid the equivalent (in other dogs 
 and cash) of ^1000 for this handsome son of 
 Metchley Wonder and Peggie II. Since then, 
 Messrs. Stretch have sold individual dogs for 
 several hundred pounds apiece and, with one or 
 two others, are considered about the most suc- 
 cessful collie breeders of the present generation. 
 They have had Ormskirk Memoir, Ormskirk Or- 
 mond, Ormskirk Golddust, purchased by them from 
 Mr. Astley, who had claimed him for ^50 at a 
 small south country show, and many other dogs 
 and bitches equally good. The extent of their 
 
The Collie or Sheep Dog. 119 
 
 kennels and the pitch to which collie breeding has 
 reached, may be judged from the fact that it is said 
 that during 1892, something like two hundred and 
 fifty bitches visited their dogs for stud purposes 
 alone. And there are other notable kennels of 
 collies at Manchester, Newmarket, Stratford-on- 
 Avon, and elsewhere, where results in a similar 
 way, if not quite so extensive, are to the uninitiated 
 somewhat astounding. 
 
 Whilst alluding to the prices of collies, I may say 
 that the dogs have usually brought most money, 
 still, sundry bitches have been sold for 200 apiece 
 and more. Some of the best of this sex of late 
 have been Ormskirk Dolly, Bleachfield Wonder, 
 Bertha, Portington Beauty, Lady Christopher, 
 Sefton Grace, Barwell Pearl, Matrimony, Parbold 
 Phyllis, Ormskirk Memoir, Barwell Princess, but 
 with so many high-class animals of both sexes now 
 being shown it would be almost impossible to 
 compile a perfectly complete list. 
 
 Messrs. Rae and Parsons have for a few years 
 owned a particularly strong kennel of collies at 
 Newmarket, and at the time of writing this in 1893, 
 their Great Gun is by some judges considered the 
 best dog at present before the public. He is a sable 
 and white, a large, strong animal, whose expres- 
 sion might be improved, coat hard and profuse, 
 
T2o Modern Dogs. 
 
 which is not quite straight, but he excels several 
 other notable dogs in carriage. In the spring of 
 this year he beat Stracathro Ralph, a very excellent 
 dog that had been successfully shown by his owner 
 and breeder, Mr. Morton Campbell, of Dun 
 House, near Montrose. The Scottish-bred dog had 
 worked into the challenge class and was always an 
 improving sort, and his opponent had also been the 
 latter, for on previous occasions he had never found 
 so great an honour in the prize lists. Stracathro 
 Ralph is a son of Christopher, already mentioned. 
 
 But so many collies are bred for show purposes, 
 that it is no wonder new faces of extraordinary 
 merit appear to be cropping up every few months. 
 Now, in 1893, there are, no doubt, more good 
 collies on the bench many of them young ones 
 than had previously been the case. At the 
 Manchester show in March, this was particularly 
 apparent, and Mr. J. S. Diggle, of Chorlton, 
 had a couple of bitch puppies there of very great 
 merit. One of them, Parbold Phyllis, bred by Mr. 
 Hugo Ainscough, of near Southport, who just at 
 this time appeared particularly successful with his 
 strain, is all-round perhaps the best collie bitch yet 
 seen, a big one without being coarse, and a little 
 soft and fluffy in coat, still in other respects she 
 is almost perfect. However, she was but ten 
 
The Collie or Sheep Dog. 121 
 
 months old when she made her debut and early 
 maturity I do not like to see. Still, she won the 
 challenge trophy as the best collie in the show, 
 beating Great Gun and all the other cracks, and 
 was ultimately given reserve to a Newfoundland, 
 who won the special awarded to the best non- 
 sporting dog in the hall. Thus Phyllis was pro- 
 nounced second best a very high honour for a 
 puppy to attain. Before this she had won several 
 prizes at a collie show held at Birmingham. 
 
 Other of the more successful breeders are Messrs. 
 Birch, Sefton, near Liverpool, their Sefton Hero 
 being, perhaps, their crack, a winner of over one 
 hundred prizes, a dog for which a large sum of 
 money was refused, still I should place him a little 
 lower in the scale than those previously alluded to. 
 
 In addition to the names given, the following 
 have at one time and another obtained celebrity 
 as owners of collies of special excellence, viz., 
 Mr. C. H. Wheeler, Birmingham ; Mr. R. Chapman, 
 Glenboig ; Mr. W. H. Charles, near Stratford-on- 
 Avon ; Mr. H. Ralph, London; Messrs. Holmes 
 and Halliday, Gainford, near Darlington ; Mr. 
 W. W. Thomson, Mitcham ; Messrs. Birch, Sea- 
 forth ; Mr. H. Ainscough, Parbold, Southport ; 
 Mr. H. Panmure Gordon ; Miss L. Harvey, near 
 Perth; Mr. H. Nimmo, Wishaw ; Mr. B. R. Haigh, 
 
122 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Portobello ; Mr. M. H. Ashwen, Mr. T. Gilholm, 
 and others. Nor must Mr. W. Arkwright, of Sutton 
 Scarsdale, be forgotten, who for a rime gave atten- 
 tion to producing the extremely handsome " mirled " 
 collies, many of which had the china or wall eyes. 
 These dogs abounded in character, and it was to 
 be regretted that when the contents of Mr. Ark- 
 wright's kennels were disposed of at Aldridge's, the 
 best dogs realised but small sums of money. 
 
 How admirably the collie is adapted as a com- 
 panion we all know, and his sagacity in that depart- 
 ment of life for which nature intended him, is equally 
 well known. He is a different dog now when well 
 attended and cared for, than he was when he had 
 less value. That churlishness and snappishness 
 which were prevailing features, appear to have 
 almost entirely disappeared, and he does not rush 
 out of the farmyard and seize the passing way- 
 farer by the calf of his leg, by the coat-tails, or else- 
 where, as was his habit. Constant association 
 with his superiors has improved his disposition im- 
 mensely ; he has quite risen to the occasion and to 
 his aristocratic surroundings. His bark may now 
 be taken to be quite as much a call of welcome as 
 a cry of alarm or ill-temper. 
 
 I am not here going to write several pages as to 
 the change in the appearance of many of the prize 
 
The Collie or Sheep Dog. 123 
 
 collies which has been produced through a craze for 
 certain " points " or supposed excellences that are 
 produced at the expense of others. This change is 
 nothing new in other varieties of the dog. In the 
 collie, unduly long heads, lean, narrow, and unin- 
 tellectual, in many cases partaking of the greyhound 
 type, or rather of that of the Borzoi or Russian wolf 
 hound, have been sadly too prevalent. Indeed, 
 these long-headed dogs were becoming so numerous 
 that the cry raised against them had due weight, and 
 I believe that in the future few or no such dogs will 
 be seen coming on the show bench. A collie of all 
 dogs should be sensible and sagacious. If he is so, 
 he cannot in appearance be a fool his character is 
 stamped on his countenance and many recent 
 winners on the bench could be mentioned whose 
 narrow foreheads, big eyes, and general appearance 
 were indicative of idiocy rather than wisdom. Let 
 us all hope, in our admiration for a noble dog, that 
 what is said here and has been said elsewhere will 
 prevent in the future a danger arising that might 
 destroy the popularity of the collie. 
 
 Still more fault-finding. I do not know how it 
 has been brought about, but somehow or other our 
 collie in many cases arrives at maturity before he is 
 out of his puppyhood if such an expression may 
 be used. At eight or nine months old he is well 
 
124 Modern Dogs. 
 
 grown, his coat is profuse, if soft and fluffy, and he 
 looks so well in the ring that the judge places him 
 over older and better dogs. Still, he cannot gallop, 
 he even walks badly, and when some eighteen 
 months old or so, he has degenerated into a sorry 
 object, and his show days are over. Few of the 
 most successful dogs of modern times improve with 
 age, as the old working collie and some of the 
 earlier winners did. See Charlemagne, already 
 alluded to, who beat all comers when eleven years 
 old. Cockie, his grandsire, was a better dog at four 
 years old than when he was less than half that age. 
 Which dogs of the modern type will last so well 
 as Mr. H. Ralph's Johnnie Norman, who, if a little 
 grown in skull substance, was as full of collie 
 character when we last saw him as he ever was. 
 Someone stole this dog. Perhaps the three best 
 dogs of the day that are likely to last are Metchley 
 Wonder, Stracathro Ralph, and Great Gun. They 
 may be seen winning perhaps two, three, or four 
 years hence, and they are not puppies now. But of 
 the hundreds of prize-winning collies now produced, 
 with few exceptions their successes are but ephe- 
 meral, and it is quite as mischievous to breed for 
 early maturity in a dog as it is to try to produce a 
 head so abnormal in its length as to quite change the 
 appearance of the unfortunate canine which carries it. 
 
The Collie or Sheep Dog. 125 
 
 It must not, however, be taken for granted that 
 the collie as he is now seen, obtaining valuable prizes 
 at our kennel exhibitions, is the exact counterpart 
 of the dog met with on the sheep farms, and with- 
 out which the shepherd could not get through his 
 work. The former has been treasured for his beauty 
 alone, and most likely for generations his ancestors 
 had never known what it was to assist the farmer 
 in his duties. So his descendants gradually drop 
 out of the work, and when they do come to be 
 trained, are not nearly so docile and intelligent as 
 they would be had their progenitors been good 
 workers. 
 
 We occasionally do see, at the various trials with 
 sheep held in different parts of the country, a hand- 
 some dog that is a fairly good worker, but such is 
 the exception, and I am sorry to write that, so far 
 as the shepherd's work with the collie is concerned, 
 the handsomest dogs are usually the worst workers 
 at any rate in public. It was, however, gratifying to 
 find at the Llangollen Trials in 1893, one descended 
 from bench winners proving successful. This dog, 
 Mr. R. S. Piggin's Ormskirk Cha'fl e, won the all- 
 aged stake there in excellent style, beating pretty 
 well all the cracks in the country, and afterwards 
 was awarded the Special as the handsomest dog on 
 the ground. Ormskirk Charlie, bred by Mr. Richard 
 
126 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Thornton, of Winmarleigh, Lancashire, and is by 
 Christopher from Prim of Winmarleigh. The dam 
 of Charlie was a good working bitch, and her 
 pedigree goes back to the Trefoil blood on one side. 
 Her owner considered Prim of Nateby, her grand- 
 dam, as all round one of the best working bitches 
 in Lancashire, being equally good with sheep and 
 cattle. With the latter her intelligence was such 
 that, when sent to bring in the cows to milk, she 
 always separated the young from the old stock 
 without assistance. Evidently Charlie has inherited 
 some of her cleverness. 
 
 The collie has had several clubs established to 
 increase his beauty and his popularity, and that 
 they have been successful in so doing goes without 
 saying. Such clubs have hitherto been sadly negli- 
 gent as to the working merits of the dog, and any 
 improvement that of late years may be noted in the 
 latter must be set down to those associations in 
 Wales, the North of England, and elsewhere, that 
 annually hold competitive trials. The first meeting 
 of the kind took place at Bala in North Wales in 
 1873, and since that time such have been of annual 
 occurrence, and in some districts they are received 
 with great favour by the farmers and the shepherds. 
 
 No more interesting sight can be imagined than 
 on a fine day to see a number of highly-trained 
 
The Collie or Sheep Dog. 127 
 
 shepherds' dogs one after another driving a little 
 flock of sheep in a perfect manner. The country 
 air is bracing and healthy on the hill sides, all the 
 surroundings of the gathering are thoroughly rural 
 and invigorating, and the good humour of the 
 owners of the competitors appears in marked con- 
 trast to the jealousies so often present at competi- 
 tions of other kinds. In 1889, on a Royal visit to 
 Wales, Her Majesty expressed extreme gratification 
 with the working of the Welsh dogs that were given 
 a trial in honour of the occasion. 
 
 As something ought to be said as to the manage- 
 ment of such trials, I cannot do better than quote 
 from what I have already written on the subject, 
 and which will be found more fully described in 
 Chapter VI. of the " Collie or Sheep Dog," and 
 already alluded to. 
 
 " The arrangements are simplicity itself, and 
 with two or three good managers undertaking the 
 work in hand, the cost of the preliminaries is not 
 great. In the first instance, suitable ground is to 
 found. Of necessity this need not be in one field, 
 but must be of an extent of say, extending in one 
 direction about half to three-quarters of a mile by 
 about a quarter of a mile in breadth. From a note 
 made by me at the time, I find that at the trials held 
 at Gilsland, near Carlisle, in 1885, tne dogs ^ a< ^ to 
 
128 Modern Dogs. 
 
 drive their sheep something over 800 yards, and 
 the trial ground covered about 90 acres. The 
 latter, of course, not including the portions occupied 
 by the spectators. Here, on our wild, bleak fells 
 of Cumberland, the space to be obtained was 
 almost unlimited. As circumstances occur, these 
 estimates may be extended or decreased at will. 
 Having secured such suitable ground, the next 
 thing is to draw out a plan denoting the course over 
 which the dogs have to drive their sheep, the 
 positions where the worker of the dog, the judges, 
 and officials are to stand, the location of the spec- 
 tators, and the place where the pen is erected 
 into which the competitors have to drive their 
 flocks. 
 
 " The course is indicated by a succession of flags 
 placed at intervals, on the far side of which the dogs 
 drive the sheep, the time occupied and the manner 
 in which the work is done being placed to the credit 
 or otherwise of the competitors. The sketch on 
 the opposite page will assist to convey an idea as 
 to a plan of the ground. 
 
 " The sheep are liberated near A, the shepherd 
 standing at B sends his dog to the sheep, which are 
 to be driven in the direction indicated by the arrows 
 on the far side of the flags to D, a pen of hurdles 
 into which the sheep have to be driven. The 
 
The Collie or Sheep Dog. 
 
 129 
 
 judges and officials stand at C, a position from 
 which they can observe all the work. 
 
 " This trial ground should not be level like a race- 
 course ; it is better more or less undulating ; with a 
 footpath or two running across ; a dry burn or ghyll 
 to pass over ; a gap or opening in a hedge or fence 
 to be driven through. Roughish land is best of all, 
 even if it lay along a hill side, a commencement of 
 
 the task being to drive the sheep up the incline, and 
 away from the shepherd. Then along the outside 
 or far side of the flags to the boundary flag, which 
 must be properly rounded, and so on the far side of 
 other flags on the return journey, to three hurdles 
 forming a pen, with the fourth hurdle away, leaving 
 an opening. Through the latter the little flock has 
 to be sent, the worker of the dog being allowed to 
 
 K 
 
130 Modern Dogs. 
 
 assist as he likes, without, however, touching the 
 sheep. Until now the shepherd has worked his 
 collie from the spot where it was originally let loose, 
 and sent to find the sheep which had been separated 
 from a flock inclosed and out of sight. Were the 
 whole of the sheep in view of those to be driven 
 the latter would make back to them, and totally 
 refuse to be taken as intended. 
 
 " As to the sheep : These ought to be either of 
 the Welsh breed, the black or of some grey-faced 
 Scotch variety, or Herdwicks, taken from various 
 flocks. Each dog drives three different sheep, two 
 being from one farm, and the third from another. 
 This arrangement makes the task more difficult, the 
 sheep not knowing each other, and when one breaks 
 away, considerable skill is required to get it to its 
 companions again. Sometimes the latter cannot 
 be done, so the worker of the dog by whistling, 
 calling, or by movements of the arms, lets his 
 favourite know that the two must be driven to the 
 one. This may prove successful, and by order the 
 sagacious collie continues his task. Possibly the 
 sheep may run away entirely, and, followed by the 
 competitor, gallop until the latter is out of sight and 
 out of hearing too. Then, after a tedious wait of a 
 quarter of an hour or more, in the far distance the 
 three sheep and their canine driver may be seen, 
 
The Collie or Sheep Dog. 131 
 
 the latter bringing his charge back to his owner, 
 irrespective of course to be followed, or anything 
 else. All he knows is that his duty is to fetch the 
 sheep, and this he does. 
 
 " Another difficulty comes when one of the three 
 sheep cannot move as fast as the others, and, being 
 hard pushed, ultimately gives up entirely and lies 
 down ; in which case the best dog in the world 
 cannot make it rise again until thoroughly rested 
 and so inclined. One batch of sheep may almost 
 of themselves go the course, and require little 
 driving by the dog, whilst au contraire, another lot 
 may be just as stupid and wayward, willing to be 
 taken in any direction but the right one. Sometimes 
 the collie is unable to make a start at all through his 
 perverse flock separating and trotting away in 
 different directions immediately they are loosed 
 from the liberation pen. Again the competitor may 
 perform his driving task admirably, but is quite 
 unable to consummate his work of making the sheep 
 enter the pen at the end of the trial. Repeatedly 
 at this penning the best work is shown, and the 
 patience of the dog must be well supported by that 
 of the shepherd. 
 
 " To be successful at these trials the dog must 
 be sagacious, well trained, quick of hearing, and 
 sharp in his sight, patient, and have a peculiar 
 
 K 2 
 
132 Modern Dogs. 
 
 power in commanding his sheep. That some collies 
 possess the latter important qualification to a 
 greater degree than others I am confident, and, 
 although there is a considerable amount of good or 
 bad fortune in obtaining an easy, or the reverse, 
 batch of sheep, still the very best dogs appear to 
 make even the most stupid little " Welshman " or 
 " Scotchman " know that no larking will be allowed, 
 and that they must go exactly where the dog wishes. 
 This is a power similar to that possessed by some 
 men over animals the performer in the menagerie 
 over his lions or tigers to wit and in breeding 
 collies for working, I should certainly use those dogs 
 which possessed this extraordinary and unusual gift 
 to the greatest extent. A barking dog is useless at 
 such meetings, and one that loses its temper, rushes 
 at and attempts to bite his sheep is equally (or 
 sooner) put out of the stake. 
 
 " In training or practising a collie for work of this 
 kind, care must be taken that the lessons are given 
 in both directions, i.e., the dog be taught to work 
 from left to right and vice versa. I have seen an 
 otherwise good dog make a wretched performance 
 when it came to compete on a course which lay in 
 a direction contrary to that in which its early lessons 
 had been given. The most difficult thing to teach 
 is to make your dog drive the sheep away from you 
 
The Collie or Sheep Dog. 133 
 
 any duffer almost will bring them up to you, but 
 taking them away altogether for a half a mile or so 
 up to a certain point, and then turning them towards 
 the home journey, requires great skill, more so 
 than is required at the pen when the trial is 
 terminating." 
 
 So much for trials with sheep, which I should 
 like to see adopted in every county, under proper 
 and reasonable management and conditions. But 
 I do not like to see the rule which is in force in 
 many places, where the'shepherd working his dog is 
 compelled to hold a rope in his hand, which allows 
 him to go so far and no further, under pain of dis- 
 qualification. If without such a silly rule a com- 
 mittee cannot make the handler keep within a 
 prescribed area, they are certainly not fit to 
 occupy the position they are supposed to so well 
 grace. 
 
 At the Llangollen meeting a class is provided in 
 which the shepherd has to work a brace of dogs 
 together. Two lots of sheep are first gathered, then 
 separated again, the one lot of three, marked with 
 " ruddle," having to be first secured, then the other 
 lot, which numbers half a dozen, are to be driven 
 within the hurdles in a similar manner. Personally I 
 have not seen such interesting work when the two run 
 together as I have done when working separately. 
 
134 Modern Dogs. 
 
 I have sometimes wondered why the management 
 at the Birmingham show, held three weeks or so 
 before Christmas each year, does not provide special 
 classes for sheep dogs that have won prizes or 
 performed creditably at trials with sheep. This is 
 the only one which gives special classes for field 
 trial winning pointers and setters, and it would 
 certainly be a feather in the cap of the executive 
 were they to encourage working collies in a similar 
 manner. If the committee of a dog show cannot 
 afford to do this, why does not one of the much 
 vaunted collie clubs come to the rescue ? Talk to 
 the members of such societies, and they will dilate 
 upon the excellence of their own particular strain, so 
 far as the work connected with shepherding is 
 concerned ; but I am sadly afraid that for the most 
 part such is merely talk, and the real purpose of 
 the collie clubs is to provide prizes for their own 
 members, whether the dogs which win them are of 
 any use in the field or not. 
 
 At the show at Curzon Hall, in November, 1893, 
 there were a lot of useful collies on view, and I was 
 much struck with the awards, which, except in 
 about one solitary instance, were made to dogs 
 which from their appearance of docility and intelli- 
 gence might be as useful in the field as they are 
 handsome in the judging ring. 
 
The Collie or Sheep Dog. 135 
 
 As to the points and description of the collie, 
 both the Collie Club of England and the Collie 
 Club of Scotland have formulated their own scales 
 and descriptions, and as they differ somewhat, both 
 are reproduced here. 
 
 THE ENGLISH CLUB'S STANDARD. 
 
 The skull of the collie should be quite flat and rather broad, 
 with fine tapering muzzle of fair length and mouth the least bit 
 overshot, the eyes widely apart, almond shaped and obliquely set 
 in the head ; the skin of the head tightly drawn, with no folds at 
 the corners of the mouth ; the ears as small as possible, semi- 
 erect when surprised or listening, at other times thrown back and 
 buried in the " ruff." 
 
 The neck should be long, arched and muscular, the shoulders 
 also long, sloping, and fine at the withers ; the chest to be deep 
 and narrow in front, but of fair breadth behind the shoulders. 
 
 The back to be short and level, with the loin, rather long, some- 
 what arched, and powerful. Brush long " wi' upward swirl " at 
 the end, and normally carried low. 
 
 The forelegs should be perfectly straight with a fair amount of 
 flat bone, the pasterns rather long, springy, and slightly lighter 
 of bone than the rest of the leg ; the foot with toes well arched 
 and compact, soles very thick. 
 
 The hind-quarters, drooping slightly, should be very long from 
 the hip bones to the hocks, which should be neither turned 
 inwards nor outwards, with stifles well bent. The hip bones 
 should be wide and rather ragged. 
 
 The coat, except on legs and head, should be as abundant as 
 possible ; the outer coat straight, hard, and rather stiff, the under 
 coat furry and so dense that it would be difficult to find the skin. 
 The "ruff" and "frill" especially should be very full. There 
 should be but little "feather" on the fore legs, and none below 
 the hocks on the hind legs. 
 
 Colour immaterial. 
 
136 Modern Dogs. 
 
 SYMMETRY. The dog should be a fair length on the leg, and 
 his movements wiry and graceful ; he should not be too small, 
 height of dogs from 22 inches to 24 inches, of bitches from 
 20 inches to 22 inches. 
 
 The greyhound type is very objectionable, as there is no brain 
 room in the skull, and with this there is to be found a fatuous 
 expression, and a long powerful jaw. 
 
 The setter type is also to be avoided, with its pendulous ear, 
 full soft eye, heavily feathered legs, and straight short flag. 
 
 The smooth collie only differs from the rough in its coat, which 
 should be hard, dense, and quite smooth. 
 
 SCALE OF POINTS. 
 
 Value. ! Value. 
 
 Head and expression 15 Back and loins 10 
 
 Ears 10 
 
 Neck and shoulders ... 10 
 
 Legs and feet 15 
 
 Hindquarters 10 
 
 60 
 
 Brush 5 
 
 Coat with frill 20 
 
 Size 5 
 
 40 
 
 Grand total, 100. 
 
 NOTE. Point judging is not advocated, but figures are only 
 made use of to show the comparative value attached to the 
 different properties ; no marks are given for general symmetry," 
 which fs, of course, in judging, a point of the utmost import- 
 ance. 
 
 THE SCOTTISH CLUB'S STANDARD. 
 ROUGH-COATED. 
 
 Head moderately long in proportion to the dog's size, covered 
 with short soft hair. Skull flat, moderately wide between the 
 ears, and gradually tapering to the eyes. There should be a 
 very slight elevation of the eyebrows, and very little stop. 
 
The Collie or Sheep Dog. 137 
 
 Muzzle of fair length, tapering to the nose, which, whatever 
 the colour of the dog, should be black. The teeth, which are 
 white and of good size, should not be over nor undershot. Both 
 are faults, the latter the greater of the two. 
 
 Eyes, of fair size, but not prominent, are placed rather close 
 together, and set obliquely in the head, which gives that cunning 
 foxy expression so characteristic of the breed. Colour, any 
 shade of brown, the darker the better, yellow eyes being a great 
 fault. Dogs of a mirled colour should have a mirled or china 
 eye, and sometimes both eyes are of this colour. 
 
 Ears small, placed rather close together at the top of the 
 head, covered with short soft hair, and carried semi-erect when at 
 attention ; at other times thrown back, and buried in the frill. 
 
 Neck Jong, arched, and muscular. 
 
 Body t rather long than short, ribs well rounded, chest deep and 
 narrow in front, but of fair breadth behind the shoulders, which 
 should be oblique. Loin rather long, and "'slightly arched, 
 showing power. 
 
 Legs. Forelegs straight and muscular," with' a 'fair'amount of 
 flat bone, the fore-arm moderately fleshy, the hind legs less fleshy, 
 very sinewy, and hocks well bent. Pasterns long and light in 
 bone. Feet oval in shape, the soles well padded, and the toes 
 well arched and close. 
 
 Tail, moderately long, carried low when the dog is quiet, gaily 
 when excited, and almost straight out when running. 
 
 Coat. This is a very important point. The coat, except on 
 the head and legs, should be abundant, the outer coat harsh to the 
 touch, the inner coat soft and furry, and very close, so close that it is 
 difficult on parting the hair to see the skin. The hair very abundant 
 round the neck and chest; this is termed the frill. The mask is 
 smooth, the fore-legs slightly feathered, the hind-legs below the 
 hocks smooth. Hair on tail very profuse, and on the hips long and 
 bushy. 
 
 Colour. Any colour. 
 
 Size. Dogs 21 inches to 24 inches at shoulder, bitches 
 2 inches less. 
 
 Weight. Dogs 4515. to 6olb., bitches 4olb. to 
 
138 
 
 Modern Dogs. 
 
 General Appearance. A lithe active dog, with no useless 
 timber about him, his deep chest showing strength, his sloping 
 shoulders, and well-bent hocks speed, and his "bawsint" face 
 high intelligence. The face should bear a sharp, doubtful 
 expression. As a whole, he should present an elegant and 
 pleasing outline, quite distinct from any of our other domesticated 
 breeds, and show great strength and activity. 
 
 Faults. Domed skull, high peaked occipital bone, heavy 
 pendulous ears, full soft eyes, heavy feathered legs, short tail. 
 
 SCALE OF POINTS. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Head 15 
 
 Eyes 5 
 
 Ears 10 
 
 Neck and shoulders ... 10 
 Body 10 
 
 Value. 
 
 Legs and feet 15 
 
 Tail 5 
 
 Coat 20 
 
 Size and general ap- 
 pearance 10 
 
 5 
 
 Grand Total 100. 
 
f ," 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 THE SMOOTH-COATED SHEEP DOG. 
 
 THIS variety of the collie has mostly been pro- 
 duced in the north of England. Being less cumber- 
 some in formation than the dog previously written 
 about, it is better adapted for work on many of 
 the hills, especially those where rocks and rough 
 stones are more plentiful than heather and bent 
 grass. The smooth sheep dog is a most active 
 animal. I have seen one that could catch a hare 
 single handed, and in intelligence and sagacity he 
 is quite equal to his rough-coated cousin. 
 
 Some of them make excellent drovers' dogs, and 
 at the time of writing, one of the very best cattle 
 dogs in the London markets is a smooth sheep dog 
 with half of its tail cut off. 
 
 One of the first dog shows to provide a class for 
 this variety was the gathering that annually takes 
 place at Darlington. This was in 1870, and from 
 that time until 1892 the best classes of smooth 
 dogs were to be found there. The farmers round 
 
140 Modern Dogs. 
 
 about prefer him to any other, and in the Weardale 
 district many homesteads have their own strain, 
 which, as well as being good-looking, are second to 
 none in the performance of their duties with sheep. 
 In Northumberland and in the districts both sides 
 the Border, smooth collies are to be found in abun- 
 dance, and when a specially good specimen appears 
 at any of our southern shows, it may be taken for 
 granted that it originally came from the north. 
 
 Perhaps the smooth collie would be more popular 
 were he less difficult to breed to perfection. In 
 some strains the trouble comes in getting the 
 coats sufficiently smooth, especially in many of the 
 black and white Northumbrian dogs, that appear to 
 me to be quite distinct from any of the other 
 varieties. The black on such specimens has a 
 tendency to appear blue when seen in a certain 
 shade, the coat is rather longer and more open than 
 is actually desirable, and there should not be even 
 the slightest tinge of tan or brown a blue-black 
 dog with more or less white on his breast, neck and 
 feet. From time to time Mr. A. Hastie, of New- 
 castle, has shown excellent specimens of this strain, 
 which he usually purchased in the northern cattle 
 markets he is in the habit of attending. 
 
 Perhaps one of the best smooth collies I ever saw 
 appeared at some of the local shows in Westmore- 
 
The Smooth-coated Sheep Dog. 141 
 
 land about twenty years ago. This was a peculi- 
 arly coloured brown bitch with a natural bob-tail. 
 She belonged to a butcher, and was quite as good 
 in work with either cattle or sheep as her appear- 
 ance would imply. No sheep dog I know now, had 
 nearly the character or expression she possessed. 
 Mr. W. W. Thomson about the same time had an 
 excellent black, white, and tan called Yarrow ; Mr. T. 
 Swinburne's Lassie was another good one of similar 
 type. More recently Mr. W. Arkwright had a 
 bitch called Melody, which many good judges 
 considered the best of her race, and Mr. E. 
 Hutton, of Pudsey, near Leeds, has from time to 
 time had animals of this variety above the average 
 in quality. More recently Mr. A. H. Megson has 
 had some good specimens. The best of these is 
 undoubtedly Heatherfield Tip, who is by many 
 persons considered the best' of his variety yet shown. 
 Anyhow, he has not met defeat up to the time this 
 was written. He was pupped in August, 1892, is a 
 dull sable and white in colour, possesses a coat 
 neither too short nor too long, his ears and 
 expression are very good, and all round he is 
 most symmetrical and characteristic. 
 
 To my mind, the handsomest smooths are those 
 "mirled" or (( marbled " in colour, with " china " 
 or wall eyes. This colour is sometimes intermixed 
 
142 Modern Dogs. 
 
 with brown, giving an almost tortoiseshell - like 
 appearance which, if rather odd, is extremely 
 pleasing to the eye. An impression prevails in 
 some localities that the vision of these " wall " or 
 " china " eyes is stronger and more powerful than 
 in the eyes of ordinary colour, and that they never 
 contract cataract or opthalmia or other diseases of 
 the optics. Maybe this is an " old wife's tale," and 
 its truth or otherwise will be difficult to determine 
 at any rate I can say that I have not hitherto come 
 across any china-eyed dog that had any particular 
 disease of the eyes. The best " mirled " specimens 
 have been owned by Mr. H. Mapplebeck, whose 
 Fan was for a long time quite invincible on the 
 show bench ; Dr. James, Mr. John Powers, Mr. 
 Megson ; and Mr. F. Hurst, Heatherfield, Knuts- 
 ford, have, perhaps, had the best collections of 
 smooth-coated collies ever brought together. 
 
 Quite as intelligent as his rough-coated cousin, 
 he is less popular because he is more difficult to 
 produce in perfection, and when produced is not 
 worth so much money. A County Court judge not 
 long ago awarded only ^"10 as damages for the 
 loss of a dog which, by his intelligence, had probably 
 saved his owner's ^life, and had young Gough when 
 he was lost on Helvellyn had such a sensible 
 animal with him, instead of a common little terrier, 
 
The Smooth-coated Sheep Dog. 143 
 
 whose stupidity has been immortalized in verse, 
 perhaps neither Wordsworth nor Scott's pathetic 
 poems would ever have been written. 
 
 Mr. Ridley, a young farmer of Wolsingham, in 
 Durham, was out on the fells looking after the 
 sheep. Unfortunately he slipped and broke his leg. 
 In great agony and unable to move, he lay at the 
 foot of a crag for a considerable time in the 
 expectation of someone approaching who could 
 hear his cries and so render assistance. No one 
 came. His faithful bitch Lassie lay by his side. 
 Night was coming on ; the young farmer thought it 
 would be unpleasant and dangerous to lay out on 
 the fells all night, so he attached a note to his 
 dog's neck and bid her " Away home, Lassie." 
 Although several miles from the farm, Lassie re- 
 quired no second order, and quickly was making a 
 great to-do in the kitchen. Then the paper on her 
 neck was noticed, and in due course assistance was 
 sent to the injured farmer, who was rescued from 
 an exposure that might have caused his death. And 
 when Lassie, who was a show dog as well as a sensible 
 creature, was stolen from some small exhibition, 
 whose secretary was sued for her loss, the County 
 Court judge gave Mr. Ridley ^"10 as the full value 
 of his dog. The original claim of ^50 was, I take it, 
 under the circumstances, an extremely moderate one. 
 
144 Modern Dogs. 
 
 The smooth-coated collie differs only from the 
 rough variety in coat, which in the former should 
 be hard, dense, and quite smooth, so no special 
 scale of points is required for him, but in judging 
 care must be taken that the prizes are awarded to 
 really " smooth or short-coated " animals that have 
 no long hairs or feathers on their hind quarters and 
 stern. I fancy it is there and on the neck that the 
 cross with the rough-coated dog would become most 
 apparent ; and instances have been known where 
 attempts have been made to win prizes in classes 
 devoted to the smooth variety with rough-coated 
 specimens in the process of " moulting," assisted by 
 the trimming operations of their owners. A smooth- 
 coated tri-colour is a handsome companion, though 
 unfortunately not a fashionable one. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE OLD ENGLISH (BOB-TAILED) SHEEP 
 
 DOG. 
 
 OF late years there has been a strong attempt to 
 re-popularise this quaint and representative creature, 
 a dog that always reminds me of one of our shaggy 
 ancient British forefathers we see in picture books. 
 The collie clubs have not acknowledged him as 
 one of their race at all, so it has the honour of 
 having a club of its own formed by some few 
 admirers of the variety who believe there is no 
 other dog in existence with even half the good 
 qualities possessed by their special fancy. 
 
 A useful creature in his way, with a certain amount 
 of rugged, unpolished beauty, his disposition is often 
 surly, he frequently prefers a fight to his ordinary 
 agricultural duties, and although a faithful enough 
 companion to his master, is likely to be ill-tempered 
 with strangers, and will not stand quietly and be 
 rebuked by others. 
 
 Possibly he is an older dog than the ordinary 
 collie, nor has modern fashion as yet changed him 
 
 L 
 
146 Modern Dogs. 
 
 so much as it has other dogs. Reinagle's picture in 
 the " Sportsman's Cabinet," published very early in 
 the present century, is a capital example of what the 
 dog is to-day, and such a one as there pourtrayed, 
 would now, if alive and in the flesh, take the 
 highest honour at any of our leading shows. 
 
 In Scotland there is an old-fashioned sheep dog 
 of the same sort called the " Highland or Bearded 
 Collie," and although he is by no means common, 
 classes are sometimes provided for him at local 
 shows, and they usually attract a considerable entry. 
 I certainly agree with the author of the " Dogs of 
 Scotland," when he says that the two varieties as 
 found in Scotland and England are identical, and if 
 the former is usually seen with a long tail, it is only 
 because his owners have refused to amputate it in 
 order that it might have a so-called " bob-tail." 
 
 It has been said that the variety of old English 
 sheep dog was originally of Welsh extraction. 
 The indigenous Welsh dog is a little smooth- 
 coated, mirled or tortoiseshell - coloured, wall-eyed 
 creature, smart and active for the work on the 
 Welsh hills, where the heavy, cumbersome " bob- 
 tail" would be out of place. As proof of the alleged 
 Welsh origin of the bob-tail, it has been adduced 
 that Mr. R. J. Lloyd Price, at Rhiwlas, Bala, has 
 had a strain on his estates for some generations. 
 
Old English (Bob-tailed) Sheep Dog. 147 
 
 So he had, but unfortunately for the argument of 
 those who say the true Bob-tail is Welsh bred, such 
 dogs were originally brought from the Southdowns, 
 in Sussex, by Mr. Edward Lloyd, grandfather to the 
 present Rhiwlas squire. 
 
 As a fact, the old English sheep dog is pretty 
 common in almost every county in England, but is 
 most often found as the dog of the farm in the 
 midland and southern counties, and as assistant 
 to the drover in the metropolitan and other cattle 
 markets of our large centres. He is an excellent 
 cow dog not so good for sheep, and were the 
 latter to turn and face him and stamp their little 
 feet in anger at his shaggy face, as the Welsh and 
 Scotch sheep often will do, quite as likely as not 
 the " bob-tail " would use his teeth on the foolish 
 creatures. In no degree has he the patience of 
 the true collie, an attribute in which the latter 
 excels above all others of the canine race. 
 
 One of the peculiarities of these dogs is that 
 many of them are bred either without tails at all or 
 with very short tails tails ready docked in order 
 to spare the mutilating process which their owners 
 would have to undergo. It has been considered that 
 these puppies born without tails are the purest 
 bred, but this is another fallacy, for both " tails " 
 and u no tails" are usually produced in the same 
 
 L 2 
 
148 Modern Dogs. 
 
 litter of puppies. Then other admirers of the race 
 say that they can tell a natural bob-tailed dog 
 from one that has been " curtailed " by the manner 
 in which the former " wags his hind-quarters " 
 when pleased. He has no tail to wag, so he wags 
 his buttocks say they. There is no doubt that 
 the tails can now be so docked that not even the 
 most skilful practitioner could, from outward 
 examination, discover that such an operation has 
 been performed. 
 
 Dr. Edwardes-Ker, of Woodbridge, Suffolk, is 
 the great authority on the variety, he having bred 
 and kept it for over twenty-five years, and at the 
 same time made himself thoroughly acquainted 
 with all the specimens to be found in his locality 
 which, with portions of Dorchester, perhaps pro- 
 duces more old English sheep dogs than any other 
 part of 'the kingdom. His opinion on experience as 
 follows will no doubt be valued. He believes that 
 
 u Many hundred years ago, when our island was 
 principally primeval forest, with but few clearings, 
 it must necessarily have been infested with wolves, 
 bears, and the lesser British carnivorae, and to 
 protect the flocks and herds it must have been 
 requisite to have a large and powerful dog, able to 
 cope with such formidable and destructive foes, 
 able to undergo any amount of fatigue, and with 
 
Old English (Bob-tailed) Sheep Dog. 149 
 
 a jacket to withstand all vicissitudes of weather, 
 for his avocation was an everyday one ; day and 
 night, and in all weathers, was he watching and 
 battling with heat and storm and marauding foes. 
 What other dog but the old English sheep-dog 
 possesses attributes necessary for the multifarious 
 duties urged upon such a business ? 
 
 "There we find the sagacity, the activity, the 
 enduring strength, the dauntless courage, and the 
 weatherproof jacket combined to such a degree in 
 no other British dog. His origin is lost in the dim 
 obscurity of buried centuries. To my mind his 
 antiquity and concentration of purity of strain are 
 fully shown in the fact, that if there be a strain of 
 old English sheep-dog blood many generations 
 back in any breed of dog, a typical specimen will 
 every now and again show itself in the litter 
 produced by utterly dissimilar breeds, no matter 
 whether it be a retriever, lurcher, spaniel, or cur of 
 low degree. Apparently not one drop of sheep- 
 dog blood for generations, and yet there is the 
 unmistakable youngster sometimes tailless, more 
 often with a three-inch stump brought into the 
 world jet-black, with his characteristic white 
 markings, and in a few weeks, chameleon-like, he 
 gradually assumes the silvery-lilac livery of his 
 ancient British ancestors, and makes his bow to 
 
150 Modern Dogs. 
 
 the public as a pigeon-blue and white English 
 sheep-dog, ( breeder and pedigree unknown.' 
 
 " With regard to the sagacity of this breed I 
 consider it has few equals, and certainly no superior. 
 In a large dairy farm I know of, there is a dog 
 which will fetch up individual cows as they are 
 required to be milked, distinguishing those which 
 he has already fetched up, and after being milked 
 are allowed to mix with the rest of the herd. 
 When quite a lad I remember seeing an old grizzle 
 and white sheep dog lying outside a farmhouse 
 here in Suffolk, which three weeks or a month 
 before was purchased in Dumfries ; he worked a 
 herd of bullocks all the way from his Scottish 
 home to the eastern corner of Suffolk by road. 
 After remaining comfortably for a fortnight in his 
 new quarters, one day he was missing, and no 
 tidings could be gleaned of him in the neighbour- 
 hood ; and no wonder, for within the week his 
 Suffolk purchaser received a letter informing him 
 the old dog was safe back in Dumfries. This 
 incident occurred to Mr. Edmund Tye, of The Moat 
 Farm, Dallinghoo, Suffolk, who was my informant. 
 
 " As to the size of the original breed, I cannot 
 help thinking he was a much larger dog than is 
 seen nowadays. They have a dwarfed appearance ; 
 they are all ' little big 'uns/ and to obtain that 
 
Old English (Bob-tailed) Sheep Dog. 151 
 
 characteristic there must have been the size 
 sometime or other. And I confess I prefer the 
 big ones, they have a grander appearance, a 
 big blue and white dog of twenty-five inches 
 catches the eye, and he can carry a heavy coat 
 without looking like a smothered Yorkshire terrier 
 or a door-mat-like Isle of Skye. Shepherds prefer 
 the little ones, why ? because they do not eat so 
 much, and can dodge in and out of the furze 
 bushes after rabbits. These men do not want 
 sheep-dogs nowadays, they prefer whippets. The 
 well-known dog, Sir Guy, who in his day was almost 
 invincible on the show-bench, was once sold for 
 two shillings because he fell head over heels over 
 a rabbit : and to my idea that old dog, when in 
 full coat, was the grandest sheep-dog in existence. 
 
 "An old English sheep-dog's coat should be 
 shaggy, and all I can liken it to, is to that peculiar 
 style of growth of hair frequently seen on a clod- 
 hopping countryman's head in a word, shock- 
 headed : one lock growing this way, and another 
 that way ; no curl, but a sort of head you could 
 wipe your boots on ! 
 
 " Suffolk has produced most of the best show 
 specimens of late years to wit, Sir Guy, Sir 
 Lucifer, Sir Lancelot, Mayor of Newport, Blue 
 Ruin, Welsh Sensation, Welsh Marvel, Dame 
 
152 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Dorothy, the American Dame Judith. Dame 
 Margery, bought in Norwich Market sixteen years 
 ago for half-a-crown, was the dam of the last 
 Olympia Cup Winner, Sir Caradoc, and grand- 
 dam of Sir Cavendish. Nellie II. is another 
 sterling good bitch, great in size and style, a trifle 
 soft in coat, but there is no poodle resemblance; 
 her sire and dam were sheep-dogs of the type 
 beloved by drovers, long and strong, and rough in 
 body and mind. No doubt the best bitch of the 
 variety we have at present is Dr. Locke's Gwen, 
 a grey or blue and white, with a correct coat, 
 which is, however, somewhat spoiled by being over- 
 groomed for show-bench purposes. She has won a 
 great number of prizes at most of our leading shows. 
 For colour I prefer the pigeon-blue, not washed out, 
 but well defined, standing out clearly against nice 
 white markings, and, if possible, a wall-eye or two ; 
 but any shade of grizzle is equally correct. Sables 
 and brindles and blacks are an abomination ! Dogs 
 twenty-four or twenty-five inches, or larger if possible. 
 Bitches as big as one can get them, both sexes being 
 strong and masculine in appearance, with length and 
 strength, well knit, but not cloddy like guinea pigs ; 
 at the same time size should not weigh against type 
 and quality. The more hair on the jaws the better ; 
 I mean hair, too, not wool. 
 
Old English (Bob-tailed) Sheep Dog. 153 
 
 " I remember, as quite a boy, that the generality 
 of old English sheep-dogs were grey or blue in 
 colour, with white feet, and white head and neck. 
 Nearly every drover had one, and every shepherd, 
 for we had no collies then. An old drover who died 
 here (near Woodbridge) in 1889, at a very great 
 age, named Chuffy Plant, told me that my dogs 
 were the right stamp, but they were ' little rat- 
 dawg things ' ; too much quality ; were not big 
 enough or strong enough. I could not argue with 
 the old man, as I felt he was an authority, but 1 
 explained to him that I had to breed for the show- 
 bench. Whereupon he anathematised the show- 
 bench with this remark : ' Drat it all, ye can allus 
 breed minnifers ; dround them and rear the 
 big 'uns ! ' Minnifer or miniver signifies the weasel, 
 but is a term applied in Suffolk to any small or 
 weedy specimen of animals." 
 
 Sir Cavendish, now the property of Dr. Locke, 
 of Tenby, but bred by Dr. Edwardes-Ker, I con- 
 sider the handsomest and best of his breed hitherto 
 seen ; moreover, he possesses to a remarkable 
 degree all the attributes required to approach 
 perfection. He may well be considered the typical 
 specimen of his variety, and, as such, particular 
 trouble has been taken to obtain his full descrip- 
 tion, which, in combination with the general one 
 
iS4 Modern Dogs. 
 
 already given, will enable those interested to know 
 exactly the sort of animal required. 
 
 Sir Cavendish is a pigeon-blue and white dog, 
 with a white collar and white blaze, 23^ inches 
 in height at the shoulder, 52lb. in weight, with very 
 small flat ears, almost entirely buried in coat, 
 which is long, thick, and shaggy, free from either 
 straightness or curl. It is 1 1 inches long upon 
 his loins and hind-quarter, whilst his face and legs 
 are evenly and equally clothed with hair, the front 
 of the legs carrying as much coat as the back 
 part of the same. His tail is very short, natural 
 stump, and when he " wags " it, he does so 
 vertically, not horizontally, which his breeder says 
 is a peculiarity he has looked for in vain in any 
 other strain. His sire, Sir Caradoc, is well known 
 as a pigeon-blue and white dog of large size, rather 
 soft in coat, but showing remarkable character ; both 
 he and his son inheriting their beautiful colour and 
 sheep-dog characteristics from old Dame Margery, 
 who was also a " natural bob." Her strain is 
 remarkable as most of the dogs and bitches bred 
 therefrom possess double dewclaws upon one or 
 both hind legs. 
 
 One other interesting fact remains to be told 
 with regard to the way Dr. Ker hit off the pigeon- 
 blue colour. He had been breeding blue grizzle 
 
Old English (Bob-tailed) Sheep Dog. 155 
 
 with blue grizzle for several years, hoping to produce 
 the coveted pigeon-blue, but to his chagrin the 
 puppies came darker with each succeeding genera- 
 tion, and smaller likewise. The thought then struck 
 him of Jockey to get the size back never dreaming 
 about colour. Jockey was then mated to Dame 
 Margery, and she bred two dog puppies at fourteen 
 years old. One of these was of the long-coveted 
 colour he became Sir Caradoc ; whilst the other 
 was nearly white, with blue ears and a tan cheek. 
 
 A great portion of the above was printed in my 
 book on the collie, but since it was published a 
 couple of years ago, few really good specimens of 
 the old English sheep-dog have appeared on the 
 show bench ; nor has the character or style of the 
 dog been altered. The best of these have been 
 Mr. Weager's Wall-eyed Bob and Brave Tory, 
 Messrs. Birch's Invincible, Dr. Ker's Dame Caven- 
 dish, Mr. A. H. Megson's Sir Tatton, Mr. Freegard's 
 Mayor of Newport, and Dr. McGilPs Watchboy (one 
 of the finest dogs I ever saw of the kind, some think 
 him too big). Mr. T. E. Rees, Cardiff; Mr. R. 
 Abbot, Norfolk; Mr. D. P. Thomas, Pontypridd ; 
 Mr. Freeman Lloyd, London ; Mr. J. Thomas, 
 London; Mr. A. C. Jackson, Bath, have also from 
 time to time exhibited excellent specimens of the 
 old English sheep dog. 
 
Modern Dogs. 
 
 The following is the scale of points allowed in 
 judging this variety : 
 
 SCALE OF POINTS. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Shape of head and colour 
 of eyes (the latter 
 preferred pearl, light 
 
 blue, or china) 20 
 
 Teeth 5 
 
 Ears 10 
 
 Neck and shoulders 5 
 
 Legs and feet 10 
 
 5 
 
 Value. 
 
 Back, loins, and hind- 
 quarters 10 
 
 Coat 20 
 
 Colour (any shade of 
 blue, grizzled, or 
 mirled, with or with- 
 out white markings) 10 
 
 Size (weight from 45lb. 
 to 6olb.) 10 
 
 Grand Total 100. 
 
 Disqualifications : soft, curly, poodle-like coat, 
 black and tan and brindled colours. 
 
 The special club to promote the interests of the 
 old-fashioned English bob-tailed sheep dog was 
 established in 1888, and, not to be behind similar 
 institutions, forthwith compiled a list of rules, and 
 submitted the following description of the dog as 
 he ought to be, with the scale of points by which 
 he is to be judged. How far they coincide with 
 what Dr. Ker has contributed, and what I have 
 written, will, no doubt, be observed by those who 
 trouble themselves to peruse this chapter. 
 
Old English (Bob-tailed) Sheep Dog. 157 
 
 The description and points of the " Old English 
 Sheep Dog," as adopted by the club, of 
 which Dr. Edwardes-Ker, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 
 is the secretary, are as follows : 
 
 Skull. Capacious and rather squarely formed, 
 giving plenty of room for brain power. The parts 
 over the eyes should be well arched, and the 
 whole well covered with hair as defined in 
 "coat." 
 
 Jaw. Should be fairly long and square. The 
 11 stop " should be defined, but not to a great 
 extent. 
 
 Eyes. These, of course, vary in different colours 
 of dogs. In the dark blue shades they should 
 be dark brown. In the lighter colours they will 
 be found to follow them, and become paler in 
 shade, while where white predominates, a wall or 
 marble eye may be considered very typical. 
 
 No*e. Always black in colour, fairly large and 
 capacious. 
 
 Teeth. Strong and firm, and should be evenly 
 placed in the jaw. Working dogs often have their 
 incisors broken off. This is in no way detri- 
 mental. 
 
 Ears. Medium sized and carried close to the 
 head, coated with hair of a moderate length. 
 
 Legs. The fore - legs should be straight and 
 
158 Modern Dogs. 
 
 possess plenty of bone. They should remove the 
 body a medium height off the ground, without 
 approaching legginess. They should be well-coated 
 all round. 
 
 Feet. Moderately large ; round ; toes well 
 arched and pads capacious and hard. 
 
 Tail. This is a most important point in the 
 Old English sheep dog. Without a doubt many 
 dogs are bred without the slightest approach to a 
 caudal appendage, while, on the other hand, some 
 in the litters will be found with half, three-quarters, 
 and whole length tails. The breeding of those 
 without tails should be encouraged and persevered 
 with, and be given preference to in judging, 
 providing the dogs are good elsewhere. A tail 
 of any length takes away the appearance and the 
 corkiness of the dog. A docked dog can gene- 
 rally be detected by the bluntness at the end of 
 stump. 
 
 Neck and Shoulders. The neck should be 
 fairly long, arched and graceful, and well coated 
 with hair. The shoulders should be set on 
 slopingly, and the dog generally be found to stand 
 lower at the shoulders than on his hind quarters. 
 
 Body. Rather short and very compact. The 
 ribs should be well sprung, and brisket deep and 
 capacious. The loin should be very stout, and 
 
Old English (Bob-tailed) Sheep Dog. 159 
 
 to a certain extent arched, while the hind quarters 
 should be bulky, and the hams densely covered 
 with coat, very often of a softer and more woolly 
 description than is to be found on other parts of 
 the body. 
 
 Coat. Profuse and of good texture, i.e., fairly 
 hard and strong. There should also be a double 
 or under coat. 
 
 Colour. Varies, but preference should be given 
 to dark blue, light or pigeon blue, and steel grey 
 dogs. The colours are generally intermixed with 
 white, which imparts to the dog a more attractive 
 appearance. White collars, legs, chest, and face 
 should be encouraged. 
 
 Height. Fair stand and measurement of the 
 shoulder from 20 inches upwards. The bitches, 
 of course, smaller than the dogs. Great height 
 is not to be encouraged, for it takes away the 
 corkiness and cobbiness of the dog. 
 
 General Appearance. He is a strong, compact- 
 looking dog, profusely coated all over. He gene- 
 rally gallops with his head down, having a peculiar 
 springing style of movement, and his whole make 
 and shape of body should strike one as being very 
 much after the style of a bear, an animal which 
 people, not conversant with the breed, will generally 
 quote as an analogy. 
 
160 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Skull .... 
 
 SCALE 01 
 
 Value. 
 10 
 
 1 POINTS. 
 Leg's (if coated) 
 
 Value. 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 c 
 
 Jaw .. 
 
 e 
 
 Tail (undocked) 
 Neck and shoulders ... 
 Body, loin, hind- 
 quarters 
 
 Eyes 
 
 c 
 
 Nose . . 
 Colour . 
 Teeth .... 
 
 5 
 10 
 
 C 
 
 Coat 
 
 Ears 
 
 e 
 
 Marking 
 
 
 A C 
 
 
 J 
 
 cc 
 
 Grand Total 100. 
 
 The above description has not been received 
 with any great degree of favour in some quarters, 
 still I consider it, together with the scale of points, 
 worth printing here. At any rate, they give some 
 amount of completeness to what has been written 
 on the subject. Without going into any minute 
 criticisms of the matter the club has put together, 
 I may take exception to what is said about the 
 feet being moderately large, and also their parti- 
 culars as to the tail. Personally I believe a skilful 
 operator can reduce the stern of a puppy in such 
 a manner as to make it an absolute impossibility 
 for even an expert to tell whether this shortening 
 be natural or otherwise, and we must not forget 
 that natural " bob-tails " are less common than the 
 artificial production. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 THE POODLE. 
 
 THERE used to be an impression abroad that 
 there were two varieties of poodle, the Russian 
 poodle and the French poodle ; but the error, 
 however it arose, is now corrected, and we know that 
 the black and the white poodle are common to 
 both nations, as they are to other countries in 
 Europe. A huge black or brown dog occasion- 
 ally seen in England, where it went by the name 
 of the Russian retriever, was originally imported 
 to cross with our own retrievers to increase the 
 size of the latter. At any rate this was said at 
 the time, but our retrievers were already quite big 
 enough, and the so-called Russian dog was nothing 
 more than a huge poodle. 
 
 As a fact, there are more than two varieties of 
 the poodle, and I cannot bring myself to believe 
 that this great big dog from Russia, 8olb. weight 
 or more, is of the same variety as the little mite 
 of a creature 61b. in weight, or even less, which is 
 well known and can be trained to perform sundry 
 
 M 
 
1 62 Modem Dogs. 
 
 tricks, which it does pretty nearly as well as the 
 bigger dogs. Indeed, that of standing on its 
 head on the palm of its owner's hand could not 
 be well done by a dog thirty or forty pounds in 
 weight. Poodles of the last-named sizes are the 
 most common, and they may be classed as the 
 ordinary variety. Such are found coal black in 
 colour, snow white is there not a rhyme beginning ? 
 " A poodle, white as winter's snow " chocolate or 
 brown, brown and white, and black and white. 
 
 Then there are the ordinary curly-coated poodles, 
 which it is customary to shave, and clip, and 
 trim ; and the extraordinary coated poodle, whose 
 coat hangs down in cords of extreme length, that 
 in a good specimen actually trail upon the ground. 
 He is known as " the corded poodle," the other 
 as the curly-coated poodle, and the latter is the 
 more numerous and more popular animal of the 
 two. The corded poodle is by many owners like- 
 wise subjected to the scissors and the razor. I 
 never saw a brindled poodle or a fallow-coloured 
 one with a black mark, and that such do not exist 
 proves, I think, that the poodle is a very distinct 
 variety of dog, and one that at no time has been 
 crossed with either the bulldog or mastiff, animals, 
 which appear to have always perpetuated their 
 colour in a greater or smaller degree. 
 
The Poodle. 163 
 
 The poodle is certainly a dog of foreign extrac- 
 tion, but when he was first imported to this country 
 from France or from Germany there is no record. 
 But his sagacity, docility, amiability, and all the 
 other complimentary " tys " applicable to a dog, 
 .and which had made him a great favourite on the 
 continent, acted in a similar manner here, the 
 poodle soon made a domicile amongst us, and 
 as it were became one of ourselves. In France 
 he had been used, and is still used in some locali- 
 ties, as a sporting dog, in much the same manner 
 as we utilise a spaniel or a retriever; but with us 
 he has always come under the non-sporting section, 
 hence his appearance in this volume. 
 
 It has been said that the larger variety of the 
 poodle (not the Russian monster) had been found 
 useful in crossing with our water spaniels, especi- 
 ally the Irish variety. Whether this was so or 
 not it is difficult to determine, but we have the fact 
 that in the " Sportsman's Cabinet" (1803) there 
 is an illustration of the " Water Dog" as totally 
 distinct from the water spaniel, and which is 
 neither more nor less than an ordinary curly-coated 
 poodle, a black or brown with a white muzzle and 
 four white feet ; his coat is untrimmed, but the 
 tail is cut. The letterpress tallies very much with 
 Reinagle's excellent engraving, and there are 
 
 M 2 
 
164 Modern Dogs. 
 
 elaborate instructions how to train the " water 
 dog " (poodle) for sporting purposes. Youatt 
 (1845) gi yes us another excellent drawing of a 
 poodle a white dog with dark ears and a few 
 patches on his body, and not at all unlike that in 
 the " Sportsman's Cabinet." 
 
 Jardine, in his " Naturalist's Library," alludes to 
 the "Water dog or poodle," which, he says, was 
 of German origin, " and in its most perfect state is 
 not of British race. It rose into favour first in 
 Germany, and during the revolutionary wars was 
 carried by the troops into France, and only in the 
 latter campaign became familiar to the British in 
 Spain and the Netherlands." This is probably 
 the case, but we fancy at no time in its history 
 in this country was it used in connection with the 
 gun to the same extent as it was on the continent. 
 
 A recent writer in Le Chenil says the poodle is 
 undoubtedly a dog of very old family one of our 
 oldest races of dogs. As early as 30 A.D., the 
 poodle was sculptured on bas-reliefs, partially 
 clipped on his coat as he is to be found now ; 
 Conrad Gesner wrote of him in 1555 ; he was put 
 on canvas by the leading animal painters in the 
 sixteenth century. In Martin de Vos's familiar 
 picture, " Tobit and his Dog," there is no mistaking 
 the shaved or clipped poodle, whilst even earlier than 
 
The Poodle. 165 
 
 this, about 1490, Bernardino Pinturicchio painted 
 his series of pictures, " Patient Griselda," in which 
 a little poodle, prettily trimmed, is not the least 
 interesting portion of the canvas. 
 
 " Stonehenge," in his " Dogs of the British Isles," 
 gives a very interesting account of the poodle, 
 the writer of which, I fancy, was Mr. Lewis 
 Clement, who had considerable experience of the 
 breed, especially as a sporting dog on the conti- 
 nent. He would divide the poodle into two grand 
 classes, one including the dog used for sporting 
 purposes, the other including performing, com- 
 panion, and toy poodles, and each of these two 
 classes comprises several different types. The 
 writer then goes on to quote from " Der Hund 
 und Seine Racen," by Dr. Fitzinger, who says 
 there are six very distinct varieties of poodles, 
 viz : der gross Pudel, der mittlere Pudel, der 
 kleine Pudel, der kleine Pintsch, der schniir 
 Pudel, and der Schaf - Pudel, besides other and 
 many varieties produced by crossing. 
 
 The author proceeds to describe these half-dozen 
 varieties, the first of which, the great poodle, he 
 says, originated probably in Morocco or Algeria. 
 
 He is always larger than the largest sized spaniel, which, 
 however, he resembles in form. He is robust in build, and has 
 a peculiarly thick and full covering of hair. His os occipitis is 
 
1 66 Modern Dogs. 
 
 well pronounced, his head is round, his forehead is strongly 
 arched, his muzzle is short, high, and stumpy, his neck short 
 and thick; his body is compact and cobby, his legs are com- 
 paratively short and strong, and he is more web-footed than 
 any other breed. The hair over his body is long, thick, soft, 
 woolly, and entirely curled, even over the face, and especially 
 the mouth, where it forms a decided moustache. On the ears 
 and tail the hair is more knotty and matted. Specimens of this 
 breed are white, light liver, liver, light grey, dark grey, dark liver, 
 or black. Sometimes the markings are peculiar, inasmuch that, 
 on a light ground, great irregular dark grey, or black patches 
 occur. When the dogs are liver-coloured or black, there are 
 white spots on their muzzles and throats, on the nape of their 
 necks, on their breasts, bellies, feet, and tail. They are seldom 
 cropped, but are almost invariably docked. The Italians call 
 them can barbone ; the French barbels, grands barbets, barbetons 
 caniches ; the English denominate them water dogs, water 
 spaniels, finders, and poodles. Neither the Greeks nor the 
 Romans appear to have known these dogs, and the old German 
 authors of the middle ages do not mention them. In the 
 sixteenth century they are, for the first time, mentioned by 
 Conrad Gesner, who, in 1555, gives a description and illus- 
 tration of these dogs. The great poodle is most easily trained, 
 and his peculiar adaptation for marsh work is not found in any 
 such high degree in any other kind of dog. 
 
 His liveliness, attachment, and faithfulness, combined with 
 his good temper, trust, and obedience, make of him a thoroughly 
 good companion. He always looks for his master, likes to 
 please him, and is never tired of doing all he can to further 
 that end. He is a splendid swimmer, and the best of water 
 retrievers. He grasps everything he is taught so readily that 
 he is trained very quickly; hence he is a good performer in 
 whatever pursuit his talents may be called into requisition. 
 
 Der mittlere Pudel, or medium-sized poodle, is only a variety 
 of the great poodle. He has the same qualities and properties. 
 Size is the only difference between them ; he is sometimes two- 
 thirds, and sometimes only half, the size of his greater congener. 
 
The Poodle. 167 
 
 There is no difference in their colour or markings, and the 
 mittlere Pudel is also docked. 
 
 In Italy, France, or England no difference is made between 
 this variety and the great poodle ; they go by the same name. 
 This medium-sized poodle, however, was known to the Romans, 
 although no writing mentions it; but on certain pictures on 
 antiques, from the time of the Emperor Augustus (last century 
 before Christ), his portrait is found. He was not, however, 
 known to the Germans of the middle ages. In many places he 
 is used for finding truffles. 
 
 Der kleine Pudel, or little poodle. In this mongrel race the 
 peculiarities of their ancestors are so pronounced that they are 
 called " half bastards of pure crossing " (sic). They look like 
 the medium-sized poodles, but are only half their size, and in 
 make they are much lighter. Their heads are not so high, the 
 muzzle is longer, the body slenderer, and the legs are com- 
 paratively thinner. The hair covering the body is long, fine, 
 and soft ; on body and legs more curled and more woolly ; on 
 head, ears, and tail it is decidedly longer and more knotty, but 
 silky. The tail is carried straight, and sometimes its tip turns 
 slightly upwards. On the face the hair is long, especially about 
 the mouth. The colour is the same as for the previous classes. 
 
 The Italians call the kleine Pudel barbino, the French petit 
 barbet, and the English little barbet (?) . 
 
 Portraits of these dogs are also seen on antique monuments, but 
 they are not mentioned in any German MSS. of the middle ages. 
 
 The little poodle is not pure, but a mongrel. He has, 
 however, all the winsome qualities of the larger breeds. He 
 is used as a lapdog by ladies, and can also be employed for 
 . finding truffles. 
 
 Der kleine Pintsch, or the little griffon (Aquaticus gryphus). 
 The peculiarities of this mixed race lead to the supposition 
 that it is a product of a cross between the little poodle and the 
 Pomeranian (?). It has a long head, an arched forehead, a 
 stumpy mouth, and very long hair on its body. In all other 
 respects, and in colour, it is like other poodles. They are called 
 barbet griffons and chiens Anglais by the French. 
 
1 68 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Der schniir Pudel (corded hair poodle) is of pure breed, but 
 seems to be some variation of the large poodle, from which, 
 however, he differs in his coat. His size is quite that of the 
 large poodle, the length of his body being sometimes 3ft. 
 (German), and in build, in all cases, he is very much like the 
 large poodle. The characteristic feature of this breed is the 
 peculiar nature of its coat, which is not only of great length, 
 but which grows in a peculiar manner i.e., the soft woolly 
 hair does not hang down in ringlets or in curls, or in feather, 
 but it comes down regularly in rows of straight cords, from the 
 skull, from the middle line of the neck, and of the back ; and 
 it hangs down on both sides of the head, neck, and body, 
 sometimes 2ft. long, dragging on the ground, so that the legs 
 are invisible. From the ears and tail the hair sometimes hangs 
 to the length of if ft. Only the face, muzzle, and paws are 
 clothed in shorter hair. Generally these dogs are white ; rarely 
 are black ones to be seen. 
 
 The origin of this dog has been a matter of discussion among 
 savants, some saying that he came from Spain or Portugal, and 
 others from Greece. His qualities are like those of the great 
 poodle, but he is much more valued, simply because he is very 
 rarely met with. 
 
 Der Schaf-Pudel, or woolly-coated poodle. His similarity to 
 the great poodle and the Calabrian (?) dog, induces Dr. Fitzinger 
 to think that it is a double bastard, as it is a perfect link between 
 these two breeds. He has the hair of the first; but his size 
 and general appearance are like those of the second. He has 
 a less arched forehead, and shorter and smaller ears, than the 
 great poodle ; his body is more tucked up, he is higher on legs, 
 and his hair more thinly curled on the neck and belly; it is 
 longest on the ears and shortest in front of the legs. On other 
 parts of his body and face his coat is very woolly. His colour 
 is generally white, and then sometimes he has a circle of bluish 
 grey round the eyes, and the top of his nose is of a greyish or 
 fleshy colour. Other specimens are light liver or grey, ticked or 
 spotted, sometimes with patches of brown or black. The breed 
 is generally found in the Campana of Rome. 
 
The Poodle. 169 
 
 The writer of the article alludes to the skill 
 with which the poodle, when used in France for 
 duck shooting, collects the wounded game at 
 night-time, in which work he shows skill and 
 intelligence simply unsurpassable, in short, he is 
 so well adapted for that sort of work that in 
 French his generic name caniche^ is decidedly 
 derived from duck (canard). He is also called 
 chien canne, which is quite as much a derivation ; 
 and in some districts where the ooze abounds 
 the name barbet is applied to him, this word being 
 a diminutive for barboteur, i.e., a mud-lark, a dog 
 fond of paddling about in the mud. Some writers 
 have, on the contrary, held the barbet to be a 
 diminutive poodle, the toy of the variety in fact, 
 but we must accept Mr. Clement's opinion, 
 supported as it is by " Stonehenge," as most likely 
 to be correct. It seems rather odd that these 
 working poodles, which have to endure the cold 
 water in winter, and the mud and the slush, for 
 the most part have their jackets cut, the curls 
 being taken closely off from the middle of the 
 back to the hocks, and the remainder of the coat 
 is more or less trimmed. Some of the continental 
 fowlers likewise clip him on the face, leaving the 
 moustache and an " imperiale," a quaint and odd 
 idea, which in no way can add to the utility of the 
 
170 Modern Dogs. 
 
 dog, whatever it may do so far as appearance is 
 concerned. 
 
 Much more could be written about the poodle 
 as a sporting dog, but as one of the Modern 
 Dogs of Great Britain he is used only as a pet and 
 companion, purely a fancy dog and as a performer 
 on the stage, in the circus, or in the streets. He 
 is a "show dog" in the proper acceptation of 
 the term, and although there are other varieties 
 of the canine race taught to perform tricks of 
 various kinds, the poodle is accepted as the per- 
 forming dog par excellence. It is he who stands 
 on his head, climbs ladders, walks on rolling 
 barrels, turns somersaults both backwards and 
 forwards, feigns death, and performs a host of 
 other accomplishments of which terriers are his 
 imitators. Writers on dogs have always had 
 anecdotes to tell of the sagacious poodle. 
 
 Even Colonel Hutchinson, in his excellent work 
 on " Dog Breaking," cannot pass over the per- 
 formances in Paris of a celebrated poodle named 
 Domini, who not only made up any number that 
 might be desired by selecting corresponding cards 
 upon which numbers had been written, but told 
 the time by the clock, played a good game at 
 dominoes, and otherwise so astonished the gallant 
 Colonel that he gives two or three pages and 
 
The Poodle. 171 
 
 an illustration to this well-trained animal. This 
 had happened something like fifty years ago, but 
 long before that time dogs had been trained to 
 perform certain parts in the circus or elsewhere. 
 In the Bodleian Library there is a manuscript of 
 the fourteenth century, upon which is drawn a 
 performing dog, i.e., one sitting upon its haunches, 
 and Strutt tells us that none of these early illus- 
 trations represent the dog in any other position 
 than the above, when he is supposed to be in the 
 throes of his performance. The Bodleian dog 
 is, however, not a poodle ; it might be a beagle 
 or it might be a terrier, probably it represents the 
 mongrel of that period. " Dogges that dance the 
 morrice " appeared at Bartholomew Fair towards 
 the end of the sixteenth century. 
 
 Early in 1700, there was a showman, Crawley 
 by name, who performed in London and out of 
 it, with a troup of poodles highly to the satisfaction 
 of the curious at that time. " The Ball of Little 
 Dogs" he called his exhibition; the dogs he said 
 came from Louvain (even then we had a taste for 
 something foreign), and had performed before 
 Queen Anne, greatly to Her Majesty's delight. 
 These dogs danced, two of them, with the grandi- 
 loquent titles of Marquis of Gaillerdain and 
 Madame de Poncette, showing extraordinary 
 
172 Modern Dogs. 
 
 training by the manner in which their movements 
 kept time and cadence with the music which 
 accompanied them. 
 
 When Sadlers Wells was a more fashionable 
 place of amusement than is the case now, at the 
 beginning of this century, much interest was taken 
 in some performing poodles, one of which, dressed 
 as a lady, was carried by two other dogs and 
 seated at a table where a banquet w r as supposed 
 to be spread, of which the " lady dog " and some 
 others partook, their attendant waiters being canines 
 of less aristocratic appearance. This same body 
 of dogs concluded their performance in the part 
 of soldiers, first attacking and then taking a toy 
 fort by storm. This company is said to have 
 consisted of about eighty animals, most of them 
 small poodles, the remainder little spaniels. 
 
 However, all these feats are not one tithe better 
 than may be seen at our shows and exhibitions at 
 the present time. I have seen a poodle turn a 
 double somersault, others turn somersaults either 
 backwards or sideways at the will of their trainers ; 
 they can still " take a hand " both at cards and 
 dominoes, and their tight-rope walking on the hind 
 legs, or on all-fours with a monkey on their backs, 
 and their steeplechases with monkey riders, are 
 certainly ahead of anything in the way of poodle 
 
The Poodle. 173 
 
 training presented before the public in olden times. 
 Only the other day I saw two little poodles on 
 the stage at Westminster Aquarium that gave 
 an excellent bout at boxing, standing on their hind 
 legs, the gloves being placed on their fore paws, 
 and sparring and striking each other in the face 
 and neck with as much pugnacity as two bipeds 
 might display. As I write, I should say there are 
 now in 1893, at least half-a-dozen troupes of per- 
 forming dogs in the metropolis, and each contains 
 several poodles. 
 
 The writer of " Stonehenge's " article lamented the 
 fact that so few poodles were kept in this country 
 at that time, although they had long been 
 fairly established as a British dog. The Kennel 
 Club Stud Book was first published in 1874, and 
 the following year poodles were included in its 
 pages, but there were only half-a-dozen entries. 
 Later, the variety became more popular, and now 
 each year's registration contains on an average 
 between thirty and forty poodles. This increase is, 
 no doubt, owing to the establishment of a Poodle 
 Club, which was done in 1886. It contains a fair 
 number of subscribers, whose object is, like that of 
 other members of specialist clubs, to improve the 
 dog and to encourage his exhibition at shows, where 
 they provide special prizes for him. 
 
174 Modern Dogs. 
 
 A well-arranged schedule would contain two 
 classes for previous winners of three or more first 
 prizes, i.e., one for blacks, the other for whites, 
 and even these might be sub-divided according to 
 sex. Then there would be separate open classes 
 for black corded dogs and for bitches ; the same 
 for white corded dogs and bitches ; and four 
 distinct divisions for black or white other than 
 corded. Although some admirers do not set 
 great store by the brown and parti - coloured 
 poodles, two classes should certainly be made for 
 poodles any variety other than black and white. 
 Perhaps in countries where the poodle is more 
 numerous than is the case here, it might be 
 advisable to make the classification according to 
 weight. 
 
 Some of my readers may wonder why a dog with 
 all the intelligence and faithfulness of the poodle is 
 not the most popular of his variety. Scientists 
 have told us that his " cerebral cavity is more 
 capacious than in other dogs, that the frontal 
 sinuses are fully developed, and that the general 
 formation of the head and skull exhibit every indi- 
 cation of extraordinary intelligence." But the 
 poodle is, like most dogs with curly coats, a rather 
 strong smelling animal, and not always quite a 
 pleasant companion to have in the house. In other 
 
The Poodle. 175 
 
 respects no animal could be better adapted for 
 the purposes of a companion, for he is sensible, 
 a good follower out of doors, seldom fights or 
 quarrels, moreover he is a perfect specimen of faith- 
 fulness. We have had our British mastiff guarding 
 the body of an English gentleman on the field of 
 Agincourt. During the Peninsular War, a French 
 poodle accompanied an officer with his regiment. 
 The battle of Castella was fought, the master fell 
 fatally wounded, the dog remained by the body. 
 The cross of the Legion of Honour glittering and 
 sparkling on the breast of the fallen officer attracted 
 the eyes of his enemies. As they stooped down 
 to cut the treasure from its ribbons,' the poodle 
 flew at the thieves, and did not cease his attack 
 until, pierced by cruel bayonets, he fell dead along- 
 side his dead master. Anecdotes of the constancy 
 of the poodle could be quoted to almost any 
 extent, and those of my readers who would have 
 some of them I must refer to works that deal 
 more with " dog stories " than can be done in 
 these pages. 
 
 As already stated, it has for many years been 
 the custom to shave and clip the coats of some 
 poodles, but whether this was originally done to, 
 in a degree, destroy the strong smell their curly 
 coats, when neglected, possessed, or merely for 
 
76 Modern Dogs. 
 
 fancy purposes to make them resemble something 
 Nature never made, we cannot tell. Some of the 
 corded poodles are not subjected to this tonsorial 
 process, or they would be shorn of a great portion 
 of their excellence. The length of these cords is, 
 perhaps, the chief object to be aimed at in the 
 production of this variety, and the length such 
 cords have been known to attain is, without 
 exaggeration, phenomenal. The most extraordinary 
 creature in this respect I ever saw was a com- 
 paratively small-sized poodle named Fairy Queen, 
 shown by Mrs. Troughear, of Leeds, and for many 
 years it stood almost alone in the variety classes. 
 This was a white dog, and its cords were of such 
 unusual length that they were many inches longer 
 than the height of the animal. When lying at 
 rest, a very close examination had to be made to 
 discern which was the head and which the stern of 
 the curious creature. 
 
 Another extraordinary corded poodle was the 
 imported dog, Lyris, successfully shown for many 
 years by Mr. C. Kemp, of Brook Green. This was 
 a large dog, standing 21-^ inches high at the 
 shoulder, his head was g\ inches in length, his 
 ears measured 37 inches from tip to tip, including 
 the cords on them, and on each side of his body 
 the cords hung down to the length of 23 inches. 
 
The Poodle. 177 
 
 This remarkable dog weighed 64^., and the 
 measurements were taken after he had won the 
 chief prize in the Kennel Club Show held in Jubilee 
 .year, 1887. 
 
 When Lyris was mated by Mr. Chance to his 
 bitch Begum, a foundation was laid of a strain 
 which has produced the bulk of the prize winners 
 of late years. The most famous of the initial 
 litter was Mr. Grave's Achilles, perhaps a larger 
 and all round a better dog than his sire, the 
 excellence of the latter notwithstanding. Achilles 
 stands 23 inches high at the shoulders, his head is 
 1 1 inches in length, many of his cords measuring 
 30 inches, and falling quite six inches below his 
 feet. It need scarcely be said that Achilles has 
 won pretty much all before him in the show ring. 
 
 There are but few exhibitors of poodles at our 
 shows at the present time, and undoubtedly the best 
 kennel of all is that of Mr. R. V. O. Graves, who 
 has an unusually strong team, as a rule almost 
 invincible, including, as it does, specimens both 
 black and white. His Achilles, Witch, Lyribel, The 
 Druidess, and The Ghost, are particularly good of 
 their variety. Mr. H. Sanguinetti, Mr. C. Kemp, 
 Mr. J. Brewer, Mr. J. T. Beaumont, Mr. A. Levey, 
 and Mr. A. Dagois, have had, and still have, good 
 specimens of the breed, and are understood to be 
 
 N 
 
178 Modern Dogs. 
 
 leading so called fanciers of the poodle. Still, I 
 believe the trouble to keep the coats in good order 
 will always stand in the way of this intelligent variety 
 of the dog being as popular as it might be under 
 different circumstances. 
 
 I have already alluded to the fashion that 
 obtains of clipping and shaving the poodle 
 according to the ideas prevailing at the time, 
 indeed, a well regulated and fashionably dressed 
 poodle requires about as much attention to be kept 
 in order as do the jackets of some of our choice 
 little Yorkshire terriers. It is said that the custom 
 of trimming the poodle arose through an anxiety 
 to look after the comfort of the dog, because the 
 long ringlets or cords interfered with the general 
 health of the poor beast that nature caused to wear 
 them. In winter they became matted with snow 
 and dirt ; in summer they were uncomfortable and 
 harboured vermin ; so it came about that the poodle 
 had to be clipped, and trimmed, and dressed. 
 
 All this is done in various fashions, and there 
 are " professors of the art," high in their line, 
 who will dress your poodle for you, and tie him up 
 with ribbons blue or yellow or white, for any charge 
 varying from half-a-guinea to a couple of pounds. 
 
 A poodle ought to have his coat attended to 
 even before he leaves his puppyhood. When four 
 
The Poodle. 179 
 
 or five months old it is well for his comfort and 
 appearance, say his admirers, or rather I should 
 say for their fancy, to trim or clip the coat on the 
 face and feet and on the hind-quarters from below 
 the tail and about his buttocks. When he is 
 eleven or twelve months old he should be properly 
 clipped, but, as a matter of fact, it is best to have 
 him clipped three or four times before he is actu- 
 ally what may be called finished, i.e., shaved. This 
 ought not to be forgotten, as were the dog shaved 
 before the skin had become in a degree hardened 
 by exposure to the air, pain would be caused the 
 dog, and perhaps some inflammation might arise, as 
 the contact of the razor is by no means pleasant 
 to the patient. When once matured, and having 
 undergone the preliminary process, a poodle ought, 
 if the desire be to have him neat and in nice 
 condition, to be trimmed some six times in the 
 year about every two months. 
 
 Poodles are, notwithstanding their " clipping," 
 apt to get dirty, the white specimens especially 
 so. Still it does not do to wash them too often, 
 as the water and soap are not likely to improve 
 the coat, and there is considerable difficulty in 
 drying the jacket. Once a month is frequent enough, 
 even not so often as this, unless in the judgment 
 of the owner the dog actually requires it. As a 
 
 N 2 
 
i8o Modern Dogs. 
 
 matter of fact, the well-known Lyris, alluded to 
 earlier on, was repeatedly exhibited with success, 
 and he looked well, too, without being washed 
 immediately prior to the exhibition. He might be 
 washed, say, and benched in January, and at another 
 show held six weeks afterwards, he would again 
 appear and look equally well without having had 
 an additional tub in the meantime. 
 
 Whilst the coats, especially of the corded 
 varieties require so much attention as to clipping, 
 it is only natural that equal care is required to 
 keep that part in order which does not come under 
 the operation of the shears and razor. There is 
 the " bedding " to be considered, for it will never 
 do for one of these extraordinarily long- coated 
 dogs to be on a bench covered with straw or 
 shavings. The best bed is to fill a sack with 
 clean straw or dry pitch-pine shavings, and sew 
 up the ends ; then this ought to be properly beaten, 
 shaken, and aired daily, so that no dust remains 
 thereon. The straw or shavings strewn loosely 
 upon the bench in the ordinary fashion are too 
 heating, and, besides, little pieces get into the coat 
 and cause endless trouble to remove. Moreover, 
 dirt of any kind quickly makes the coat matted, the 
 ringlets sticking together near the skin, ultimately 
 causing long tags, which drop off and leave bare 
 
The Poodle. 181 
 
 places. As a matter of fact, too much attention and 
 care cannot be given the poodle in the respect of 
 tending and keeping his coat free from dirt, but he 
 must not be combed or brushed, and the ringers 
 must be used to separate the ringlets. Do not be 
 afraid of soap and elbow grease, but beware of the 
 first appearance of mange or skin disease. The 
 latter is simply ruin to a poodle, at any rate for a 
 time. Here, as in most other matters, prevention 
 is far easier than cure. 
 
 When the ringlets, where they are allowed to 
 remain, grow to such an inordinate length as to be 
 in the way of the dog, either so far as exercise or 
 sight is concerned, they ought to be nicely tied 
 up all round. Then the coat of the black poodle 
 has to be dressed with some emollient, and nothing 
 is better for this purpose than a mixture composed 
 of a quarter of a pound of vaseline to half a pint 
 of paraffin. This should be put into a suitable 
 receptacle, which is to be placed in a heated oven 
 and kept there until the concoction is thoroughly 
 blended. It may be scented with any perfume 
 fancy suggests, and must then be placed in a jar, 
 kept covered, and applied when cold. 
 
 This dressing, which will darken and brighten the 
 coat of a black dog, is also suitable for brown 
 poodles, as too much washing of the latter, trans- 
 
1 82 Modern Dogs. 
 
 forms the dark chocolate shade into a somewhat 
 mealy tint. Should the paraffin odour remain in 
 the dog, an hour in the open air will soon remove 
 any unpleasantness. The dressing should be applied 
 about three times a week. 
 
 White poodles require equal care in washing, and 
 a great authority on the breed tells me there is 
 nothing that keeps the coat whiter, and in better 
 order, than Hudson's extract of soap, applied in the 
 usual manner. 
 
 In cases where neglect has caused the coat to 
 become matted, it is best to cut off the unpleasant 
 tags close to the skin. Particular attention, too, 
 must be paid to cleaning the coat about and below 
 the root ot the tail. It should be frequently washed 
 thereabouts whenever it seems to be required. 
 
 If these instructions are attended to and the 
 poodle be given a little cooling medicine, such as 
 Epsom salts or magnesia, in his food occasionally, 
 he will not be found to harbour anything offensive 
 about him, nor will the smell from his skin or coat 
 be more objectionable than it is in an ordinary 
 long-coated terrier or collie dog. Indeed, one 
 admirer and connoisseur of the variety will have 
 me believe that his favourite dog has not naturally 
 any offensive smell whatever, and that where such 
 is perceived, it arises solely through neglect. 
 
The Poodle. 183 
 
 Thus carefully have I entered into the manage- 
 ment and keeping of the poodle as a house dog, 
 because it is only used as such in this country, 
 and because it is the dog above all others that, 
 through neglect to its cleanliness, will become an 
 eyesore, and offensive to its owner, when a little 
 trouble will make it as pretty and as pleasant a dog 
 as man or woman need desire. As to its intelligence 
 and faithfulness, nothing further need be said by me. 
 
 Perhaps it may be fresh information to some 
 who have kept poodles to know that this " wool " 
 or " cords " can be used for manufacturing pur- 
 poses, and although " poodle's wool " is not a 
 mercantile commodity, the owner of a poodle can 
 clip him, have the results made into yarn, and 
 in due course converted into socks or similar 
 articles of wear. One gentleman sent a sample 
 of "poodle's wool" into Scotland, and forwarded 
 me a specimen of the yarn spun from it. The 
 dog from which it was taken yielded four pounds 
 weight of wool, and many of the locks were eight 
 inches in length and over, but the clipping was 
 merely done in the first instance because the coat 
 was falling off. As an old shepherd said when 
 he was told of this, " Aye, aye, nea wonder sheep 
 is sae cheap when these new-fangled dogs can 
 grow four pound o' wool apiece." 
 
184 Modern Dogs 
 
 The sample of the yarn I saw was of a 
 silky though rather hard texture, and the manu- 
 facturer called it "a very pretty wool;" the spinner 
 said it was difficult to " teaze " because so badly 
 matted, but he thought it likely to card and spin 
 well. When made, the yarn is knitted into socks ; 
 the latter seem rather hard, and their wearer tells 
 me, though they are " somewhat harsh and whiskery, 
 they are calculated to create a healthy friction, 
 and are well suited for a cold climate." 
 
 One variety of poodle, or at any rate a cross 
 bred poodle, is known as "the truffle dog," 
 although all truffle dogs are not poodles. " Stone- 
 henge," in his " Dogs of the British Isles," gives 
 an illustration of a " truffle dog," which appears 
 to be a cross between a small curly-coated poodle 
 and a terrier. These animals are trained for the 
 purpose of finding truffles, an edible fungus that 
 grows underground in some parts of this country. 
 It is, however, commoner on the continent, in France, 
 Italy, and elsewhere, where pigs are trained for the 
 purpose of finding the dainty article. As a fact, 
 almost all the truffles used in Great Britain are 
 procured from the continent, though they are 
 found in some localities of the south of England 
 in considerable numbers, in Hampshire, Wiltshire, 
 Dorsetshire, Oxfordshire (Windsor Forest was once 
 
The Poodle. 185 
 
 a notable place), and Kent, but no doubt it is 
 produced in other situations where the land is of 
 a chalky nature and where beech trees flourish. 
 This peculiar fungus is said to be a connecting 
 link between the animal and the vegetable king- 
 doms, as like the former it absorbs oxygen and 
 throws off carbonic gas. Otherwise it is a vege- 
 table pure and simple, but it is of most value for 
 high-class cooking purposes. 
 
 As an industry, the occupation of the truffle- 
 hunter is rapidly dying out. In Hampshire and 
 elsewhere there are no young men springing up 
 who seem inclined to follow in the steps of the 
 old ones who have made a moderate living by 
 gathering truffles for many years. This is especi- 
 ally notable in the Wiltshire villages, where a 
 quarter of a century and more ago, families were 
 supported by their heads who took trouble to 
 train and keep their favourite strains of dog for the 
 purpose. One of the chief truffle " hunters " at the 
 time I write is Isaac Bray, of Winterslow, and he, 
 now an old man, has followed the occupation for 
 years. His dogs are well known, and there is 
 always a demand for the puppies, which, before 
 they are trained, are worth 2 or 3 each. Of 
 course a properly trained dog is worth much more 
 than that, and the owner of a really good one is 
 
1 86 Modern Dogs. 
 
 naturally loth to part with his animal, as the liveli- 
 hood of the family depends so much thereon. 
 
 Local traditions say that a Spaniard who settled 
 somewhere in Wiltshire, about 250 years ago, first 
 introduced the truffle-hunting dog, and since that 
 time the industry, if it can be so called, has 
 been carried on. The dogs are very much inbred, 
 thus difficult to rear. They are of any colour, 
 white, even black, and any intermingling of the two. 
 The lighter coloured and white dogs are best for 
 the purpose, as they are easier seen in the coverts 
 and undergrowth. In some instances a black dog 
 has a broad white collar or front placed around 
 his neck, so that he may be better seen by his 
 worker. The training of the dog should com- 
 mence when he is about four months old, when 
 he is taught to bring to his master a truffle which 
 is thrown for him. This quickly done, his next 
 task is to fetch one of them which is hidden, and 
 following this a truffle is first covered with earth, 
 and this, too, he is encouraged to find and take 
 to his master. So gradually the lessons continue, 
 until the puppy will be quite reliable in finding and 
 bringing in fungi which have been buried by his 
 master two inches or so underground, the dog 
 being, of course, rewarded with some little dainty 
 each time he does his duty well. So far perfect, 
 
The Poodle. 187 
 
 he is now taken out to some place where truffles are 
 known to be, and the dog will find them, thus his 
 training is accomplished with less trouble than either 
 a pointer or setter is broken to find and stand game. 
 
 Of course the little dog hunts keenly, and with 
 his nose to the ground, his tail action and 
 quickness on scent are quite equal to what are 
 seen in a spaniel on the line of fur or feather. 
 When a truffle has been "set" or found two or 
 three inches below the ground's surface, the dog will 
 scratch the soil away with his paws in the fashion 
 common to canines, but the better plan, and the one 
 usually followed, is for the owner to dig up the prize, 
 and so prevent any risk of its being injured by the 
 dog's teeth. I need scarcely state that a truffle dog 
 must be thoroughly and entirely broken from his 
 natural inclination to hunt game and vermin. 
 
 The truffle is in season in England from November 
 until March, but it can be purchased in most shops 
 where such things are sold, all the year round. As 
 we have said, the occupation of. truffle-hunting is 
 little followed now in Great Britain, still I believe 
 that it is one for which there is ample scope, and 
 likely to prove remunerative to the labourer or 
 working man who would commence such work. 
 But he must have no poaching proclivities, else the 
 love of the rabbits or hares amongst which he hunts, 
 
1 88 Modern Dogs. 
 
 will induce him to leave his adopted " profession " 
 for another that is against the law of the land. 
 
 So far for the poodle, and how useful a dog he is 
 and may be made, I think sufficient has been written 
 to prove, and perhaps the following description 
 of the animal (with the aid of Mr. Wardle's illus- 
 trations), published by the Poodle Club, will enable 
 any who do not know what such a dog is like 
 to recognise a poodle when they see him in the 
 streets or on the stage. 
 
 A " Poodle Club" was established in 1886, and 
 the following is the description issued by that body. 
 The numerical points are, however, my own. 
 
 "THE BLACK POODLE. 
 
 " General Appearance. That of a strong, active, 
 and very intelligent dog, cobby in build, and perfectly 
 coated with curls or long ropey ' cords.' 
 
 " Head. Long, the skull large and with plenty of 
 room for brain power, wide between the ears and a 
 slight peak, the parts over the eyes well arched, the 
 whole thickly covered with curls or ' cords.' 
 
 "Muzzle. Long (but not 'snipey'), strong, 
 square, and deep ; the ' stop ' should be defined, but 
 not to a very great extent ; the teeth should be 
 perfectly level, strong, and white. 
 
 "Eyes. Small, dark, and bright, with a very Intel- 
 
The Poodle 189 
 
 ligent expression ; they should be set at right angles 
 with the line of the face. 
 
 " Nose. Large, and perfectly black in colour, with 
 wide open nostrils. 
 
 " Ears, Very long, close to the cheek, low set 
 on, and well covered with long ringlets or ' cords.' 
 
 " Neck. Well proportioned, and very strong to 
 admit of the head being carried high and with dignity. 
 
 " Chest. Fairly deep, but not too wide, strong, 
 and well covered with muscles. 
 
 "Legs. Forelegs perfectly straight, very muscular, 
 and ' set on racing lines ; ' they should be long 
 enough to raise the body well from the ground, but 
 without legginess. Hind legs very muscular, but 
 fairly bent, with the hocks well let down. 
 
 "Feet. Large, strong, and rather wide, but stand- 
 ing well on the toes, and of good shape ; the nails 
 perfectly black, and the pads capacious and hard. 
 
 " Back. Short, with body well ribbed up ; the 
 loins very strong and muscular, but without fat.. 
 
 " Tail. Carried at an angle of 45 degrees, having 
 long ringlets or ' cords/ hanging down. 
 
 " Coat. If corded, thick and strong, and hanging 
 in long, ropey ( cords.' If curly, the curls close and 
 thick, and hair of good quality. 
 
 l( Weight. Large, 6olb. ; medium, 4olb. ; small, 
 2olb. and under. 
 
190 Modern Dogs. 
 
 "THE WHITE POODLE AND THE RED POODLE. 
 
 " All the foregoing points hold good for these 
 varieties of the breed, with the following exceptions : 
 
 " Eyes. Yellow or wall eyes (light blue), free from 
 black rims round the eyelids. 
 
 " Nose. Red or liver colour. 
 
 " Nails. Red or pink. 
 
 " Back. The ticks (spots) on back should be red 
 or liver, and the whole body should be free from 
 black ticks. 
 
 " Only these three colours (black, white, and red) 
 are admitted, and they should be without mixture. 
 
 " N.B. Clipping er Shaving. We very strongly 
 recommend that only one-third of the body be 
 clipped or shaved, and that the hair on the forehead 
 be left on." 
 
 Value. 
 
 Head, muzzle, and eyes 
 (including expression) 15 
 
 Neck and chest 10 
 
 Back and loins 10 
 
 Legs and feet 15 
 
 50 
 
 Value. 
 
 Stern 5 
 
 Coat 20 
 
 Colour 10 
 
 General appearance and 
 symmetry 15 
 
 5 
 
 Grand Total 100. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE DALMATIAN. 
 
 SOME early writers have told us that this dog was 
 used in Denmark to draw carts and other con- 
 veyances utilised by the thrifty Dane and his wife 
 to take their commodities from place to place. 
 Perhaps he or an animal something like him was 
 trained for work of this kind, and consequently 
 being a great favourite in that country, he easily 
 obtained the name of " Danish dog," by which he 
 is often alluded to, even by so recent an authority 
 as Youatt. 
 
 Again, we are informed that he first came from 
 Spain, and Jardine, in his " Naturalist's Library," 
 mentions a picture of a spotted dog, time the 
 middle of the sixteenth century, from which he 
 believes our modern Dalmatian must have been 
 descended. 
 
 Aldrovandus, whom I have had occasion to allude 
 to on several occasions, and who wrote about the 
 same date, gives us a picture of a dog which he 
 
i9 2 Modern Dogs. 
 
 calls " Canis sagax ad coturnices capiendas 
 pantherinus " a sagacious spotted dog for taking 
 quails. Now, the dog depicted is spotted over the 
 body with irregularly-shaped marks, and he has one 
 patch on the back ; he seems longish on his legs, 
 has his tail shortened considerably, but in shape, 
 character, and appearance of coat, he appears to 
 be more of the setter type than that of the 
 modern Dalmatian. Still, although used for taking 
 quails, the name suggests that he might be the 
 antecedent of the " spotted " dogs of a later date 
 and of modern times. Especially when some 
 writers have told us that the Dalmatian was, 
 at one period of his history, trained for sporting 
 purposes. 
 
 Another writer informs us that this dog came 
 originally from Bengal, when his peculiar markings 
 made him much admired by the wealthy and 
 luxurious natives, whose establishments were not 
 deemed to be complete without several spotted 
 dogs in the kennels. Moreover, it was at that 
 time (when ?) commonly supposed that the dogs 
 had originally been obtained from a cross with a 
 tiger ! And such stuff was believed. I .am waiting 
 to find that the Chinese had these same dogs 
 many hundreds of years before Great Britain was 
 invaded by the Roman conquerors. 
 
The Dalmatian. 193 
 
 Leaving a somewhat fabulous statement like the 
 above, and coming to more modern instances, we 
 have our common " coach " dog likened to a bull 
 terrier, and then to a pointer. Richardson says 
 that he has seen one trained to do a pointer's work, 
 and did it as well as the genuine article. This I 
 doubt very much, for no Dalmatian could possess 
 either the range, or pace, or nose, or natural intelli- 
 gence where game is concerned, as a dog whose 
 parents had been specially trained for a purpose 
 for many generations. 
 
 There is little doubt that our modern " coach 
 dog " originally sprang from Dalmatia, a province 
 in the southern part of Austria, hence his name, 
 but from there he might have gone over to 
 Spain, or, perhaps, in the first instance some 
 Spaniard might have sent him out to Dalmatia, 
 where the enterprising inhabitants soon claimed 
 him as their own. However, it does not matter 
 much what country first gave him birth. 
 
 The Dalmatian is with us now, and towards the 
 end of last century and up to the middle of the 
 present one, he was usually seen following the 
 carriages of those wealthy enough to keep such 
 an ornament. He was fond of the horses, lived in 
 the stables with them, was little or no trouble to 
 the grooms, and the portly coachman did not think 
 
 O 
 
194 Modern Dogs. 
 
 his master's equipage perfect unless it had a nicely 
 spotted dog running under the carriage at the 
 horses' heels. The Dalmatian differs thus much 
 from other dogs that his attachment was to the 
 carriage and horses, other dogs make friends with 
 the human race. 
 
 Perhaps it was for this reason the coach dog 
 obtained a reputation for stupidity which it did not 
 deserve. It showed uncommon skill and sagacity 
 in keeping close to the carriage in the busiest and 
 most crowded thoroughfares, was seldom or never 
 lost, and " Idstone " tells us of a celebrated per- 
 forming dog of this variety which acted as clown, 
 and the best of the kind he had ever seen. 
 
 The Dalmatian still often appears and assists to 
 earn his master's living by performing on the stage ; 
 many good ones of the kind I have seen, but he is 
 too staid and sober to be a perfect " clown " dog, 
 and go through such funny antics as that brown and 
 white cross-bred creature " Professor " Wingfield 
 has had so long as the leading member of his 
 excellent troupe of performing canines. 
 
 When taken out of the stable into the house, 
 our Dalmatian makes quite as good a companion 
 as any other dog ; he is kindly in disposition, by 
 no means quarrelsome indeed I cannot call to 
 recollection the time when I saw one "have a turn" 
 
The Dalmatian. 195 
 
 with a snarling neighbour cleanly in his habits, 
 and thoroughly tractable. Once it was the custom 
 to cut his ears off, happily this piece of barbarity 
 has long since been discontinued. Bewick, the 
 eminent wood engraver, gives us a Dalmatian so 
 mutilated, but in Reinagle's drawing in the " Sports- 
 man's Cabinet " it is difficult to tell, owing to the 
 position of the dog he is galloping whether the 
 ears are on or off. I fancy they are off. 
 
 The latter illustration is a most typical one in 
 the shape and form of the dog, but his spots might 
 be more distinct on the body ; on the stern his 
 markings are about perfect, and far ahead of any- 
 thing I know of at the present day. Reinagle's 
 dog is, however, darkly marked on the body, and 
 when this is the case, he is likely to be so on the 
 stern likewise, the difficulty being to obtain a 
 perfectly marked dog with a proportionate number 
 of spots on his caudal appendage. 
 
 As to the modern Dalmatian, he is sometimes 
 marked with brown or liver spots on the white 
 ground, and these markings, when clearly defined, 
 are quite as good as the pure black ones on a 
 white ground. Again, he is frequently seen with 
 what is called " china " or " wall eyes," a peculiarity 
 frequently appearing in all varieties of the dog that 
 have much white about them, and where the 
 
 O 2 
 
196 Modern Dogs. 
 
 white is mixed with black, or what is often called 
 " blue." Personally, I do not consider the " wall- 
 eyes " detract from the animal's appearance. 
 
 In the club standard such is not alluded to, and 
 I do not believe any judge who found a perfectly 
 marked Dalmatian with this light-coloured eye would 
 disqualify or even severely handicap him on its 
 account. Mr. T. Newby Wilson, of The Landing, 
 Newby Bridge, Ulverston, has at the present time 
 the best kennel of Dalmatians, his liver spotted 
 Prince IV. ; his black spotted Acrobat and Landing 
 Boy being perhaps his choicest specimens. Another 
 excellent liver or brown marked dog is Doncaster 
 Beauty, and amongst the first rank in black and 
 whites his Berolina, Mr. A. E. Paley's Black Prince, 
 and Mr. H. C. Hodson's Goblin must not be 
 forgotten. Mr. Hugo Droesse, of London, the late 
 secretary to the specialist club, has from time to 
 time shown some excellent specimens. Mr. H. 
 Mercer, Newcastle, Staffordshire; Mr. J. H. Foster, 
 Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire ; Mrs. H. Carthew, Ulver- 
 ston ; and Mr. R. J. Hartley, Bridgenorth, Salop, 
 have lately owned and still own some very good 
 dogs of the variety, which, however, are more 
 used for show purposes and for the adornment of 
 the benches than to run after their masters' 
 carriages. Mr. James Fawdry, Sutton Coldfield, 
 
The Dalmatian. 197 
 
 has always been a great admirer of the breed. 
 His dog Captain was one of the best of his day, 
 and at the earlier shows Mr. R. J. Lloyd Price 
 used to win with a dog called Crib, which was 
 quite equal to the best we have now. Another 
 good one came from Kirkby Lonsdale, Dr. James' 
 Spotted Dick, and about twenty-five years ago 
 there were, perhaps, more of these coach dogs in 
 the north of England than in any other part of 
 the country, though in Staffordshire Messrs. 
 Hales had a kennel containing many first-rate 
 specimens. 
 
 The Dalmatian has not of late years proved 
 particularly popular with the general public ; he has 
 been left to the care of the servants, and children 
 jeered and called him " the plum-pudding dog." He 
 has not deserved such treatment, and although I 
 do not go so far as many of his admirers and 
 vouch for his excellence as a sporting dog when 
 trained for the purpose, I do believe that brought 
 up as a companion to man, he proves quite equal 
 to any other of the canine race. 
 
 Perhaps his lack of popularity (a special club 
 was established in 1890 for the purpose of in- 
 creasing his fading fortunes) may have been owing 
 to the great difficulty in breeding perfectly marked 
 specimens. Litter after litter may be produced, 
 
198 Modern Dogs. 
 
 the progeny of the best parents, without a fairly 
 marked puppy in the lot. Some turn out too dark, 
 others too light ; one may have heavy black ears, 
 another may, when fully grown, look as if a huge 
 bottle of ink had been emptied over him, and there 
 does not appear to be any rule or guide by which 
 to breed for perfect markings. 
 
 In poultry, something towards breeding for 
 markings alone, can be done, as is the case with 
 the black and white Hamburgs, silver spangled 
 and silver pencilled. To get perfectly marked 
 pullets you breed from one strain, to obtain equally 
 good cockerels you breed from another. There 
 does not appear to be any such rule with regard 
 to the spotted dog, and in most cases when a good 
 one is produced it is by a sheer fluke. 
 
 Another thing against his popularity is that it is 
 hardly possible to tell when the puppies are born, 
 nor for long after, how they will be marked when 
 fully matured. For instance, they usually come into 
 the world white. Occasionally some are thus early 
 marked with faint spots, or black ears, or both ; but 
 this is not as things ought to be in a specimen 
 that is expected to turn out perfect. About the 
 tenth day after birth, the spots commence to make 
 themselves apparent. There is a dark ridge along 
 the belly, the ears blacken, the back becomes 
 
The Dalmatian. 199 
 
 slightly darker, and about the third or fourth week 
 most of the spots, though ill-defined, are visible on 
 the body. So the markings continue to develop 
 until the puppy is some three months old or so, at 
 which period all the spots on the body should be 
 pretty distinct. 
 
 However, the stern or tail generally remains 
 white until about the fourth month, when, if there 
 are to be spots thereon at all, such should begin to 
 appear. Still, very often they are not even faintly 
 visible until the twelfth month, and the quality and 
 appearance of a Dalmatian puppy cannot be told 
 definitely and as a certainty until it is twelve or 
 fifteen months old never earlier. So those who 
 are in the habit of purchasing puppies at six weeks, 
 when a Dalmatian is the object, must act in 
 accordance with these facts. As a rule a breeder 
 of the variety will not sell his puppies at so early 
 an age. Did he do so, he might, for a couple of 
 pounds or so, dispose of what might in the end 
 turn out to be the best dog he ever bred, worth 
 probably thirty or forty pounds. The latter is, 
 however, an unusual sum to give for an animal of 
 this variety, still one pretty nearly perfect might pay 
 the purchaser at that amount, in stud fees, and 
 prizes he might win. After writing the above, I 
 need , hardly say that occasions are not isolated 
 
200 Modern Dogs. 
 
 where an owner of Dalmatian puppies has, on their 
 birth, finding them without marks of any kind, 
 ordered the whole litter to be destroyed. 
 
 Although the Dalmatian Club has been energetic, 
 and has done good work since 1890, when it was 
 first inaugurated, it has not been able to popularise 
 its special dog to any great extent. At our largest 
 shows the club is in the habit of giving special prizes 
 and causing separate classes to be provided for 
 the black and brown spotted varieties, thus 
 enabling the two to compete on their own merits. 
 Still even this has not been the means of increasing 
 competitors to any great extent. At Cruft's huge 
 show held at the Agricultural Hall in February, 
 1893, although eleven classes were provided and 
 seven special prizes, there were but twenty-three 
 entries, and only thirteen dogs actually competed, 
 several of them being entered in more than one 
 class. Were it not for a few ardent admirers of 
 the variety, I fancy that the " coach dog" might, in 
 a few years, become pretty well extinct so far as this 
 country is concerned. 
 
 The following is the description of the Dalma- 
 tian adopted by the club. It will be noticed that 
 thirty points are allowed for colour and markings ; 
 still, if a dog were pretty well patched black and 
 white, however perfect in other particulars, he 
 
The Dalmatian. 201 
 
 would be disqualified for the distinctness of the 
 markings are here a sine qua non -. 
 
 "The Dalmatian in many particulars much re- 
 sembles the pointer, more especially in size, build, 
 and outline, though the, markings peculiar to this 
 breed are a very important feature and very highly 
 valued. 
 
 " In General Appearance the Dalmatian should 
 represent a strong, muscular, and active dog, 
 symmetrical in outline and free from coarseness 
 and lumber, capable of great endurance combined 
 with a fair amount of speed. 
 
 " The Head should be of fair length, the skull 
 flat, rather broad between the ears, and moderately 
 well defined at the temples, i.e., exhibiting a mode- 
 rate amount of stop, and not in one straight line 
 from the nose to the occiput bone as required in a 
 bull-terrier. It should be entirely free from wrinkle. 
 
 u The Muzzle should be long and powerful; the 
 lips clean, fitting the jaws moderately close. 
 
 " The Eyes should be set moderately well apart, 
 and of medium size, round, bright and sparkling, 
 with an intelligent expression, their colour greatly 
 depending on the markings of the dog. In the 
 black spotted variety the eyes should be dark 
 (black or dark brown) ; in the liver spotted variety 
 they should be light (yellow or light brown). 
 
202 Modern Dogs. 
 
 " The Rim round the Eyes in the black spotted 
 variety should be black, in the liver spotted variety 
 brown never flesh-coloured in either. 
 
 " The Ears should be set on rather high, of 
 moderate size, rather wide at the base and gradu- 
 ally tapering to a rounded point. They should be 
 carried close to the head, be thin and fine in 
 texture, and always spotted, the more profusely 
 the better. 
 
 " The Nose in the black spotted variety should 
 always be black, in the liver spotted variety always 
 brown. 
 
 "Neck and Shoulders. The neck should be fairly 
 long, nicely arched, light and tapering, and entirely 
 free from throatiness. The shoulders should be 
 moderately oblique, clean and muscular, denoting 
 speed. 
 
 " Body, Back, Chest, and Loins. The chest should 
 not be too wide, but very deep and capacious, ribs 
 moderately well sprung, never rounded like barrel 
 hoops (which would indicate want of speed), the 
 back powerful, loin strong, muscular, and slightly 
 arched. 
 
 " Legs and Feet, of great importance. The fore- 
 legs should be perfectly straight, strong, and heavy 
 in bone, elbows close to the body, fore-feet round, 
 compact, with well-arched toes (cat-footed), and 
 
The Dalmatian. 203 
 
 round, tough elastic pads. In the hind legs the 
 muscles should be clean, though well defined, the 
 hocks well let down. 
 
 " Nails, in the black spotted variety, black and 
 white, in the liver spotted variety, brown and white. 
 
 " The Tail should not be too long, strong at the 
 insertion and gradually tapering towards the end, 
 free from coarseness. It should not be inserted 
 too low down, but carried with a slight curve 
 upwards, and never curled. It should be spotted, 
 the more profusely the better. 
 
 " The Coat should be short, hard, dense and fine, 
 sleek and glossy in appearance, but neither woolly 
 nor silky. 
 
 " Colour and Markings. These are most impor- 
 tant points. The ground colour in both varieties 
 should be pure white, very decided, and not inter- 
 mixed. The colour of the spots in the black 
 spotted variety should be black, the deeper and 
 richer the black the better ; in the liver spotted 
 variety they should be brown. The spots should 
 not intermingle, but be as round and well-defined 
 as possible, the more distinct the better ; in size 
 they should be from that of a sixpence to a florin. 
 The spots on head, face, ears, legs, tail, and 
 extremities to be smaller than those on the body. 
 
 "Size. Dogs, 55lb. ; bitches, 5olb." 
 
204 
 
 Modern Dogs. 
 
 STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Head and eyes 10 
 
 Ears 5 
 
 Neck and shoulders ... 10 
 Body, back, chest and 
 loins .. 
 
 10 
 
 35 
 
 Value. 
 
 Legs and feet 15 
 
 Coat 5 
 
 Colour and markings ... 30 
 
 Tail 5 
 
 Size, symmetry, &c 10 
 
 Grand Total, 100. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 THE BULLDOG. 
 
 TIME is known to play grim jokes with historical 
 monuments, but it probably has never burlesqued 
 anything more than it has our national emblem, the 
 British bulldog. 
 
 Evolved for a specific purpose a purpose long 
 since stamped out both by law and by sentiment 
 the present day examples can only be looked upon 
 as the result of breeding for certain points not 
 desired or found in any other kind of dog. That 
 the bulldog can claim as great pretensions to 
 antiquity as any other now so-called breeds is 
 not to be denied ; but to say that bulldogs are bred 
 to-day on the same lines as they were even sixty 
 years ago would be an assertion that could not by 
 any evidence be defended. 
 
 Ancient writers have been quoted ad nauseam , 
 but, interesting as these extracts may be as 
 references to the early history of dogs in general, 
 they bear no coherent testimony that the animals 
 
206 Modern Dogs. 
 
 they refer to had more than a faint resemblance to 
 the recognised type of bulldogs in 1893. 
 
 Evidence which is far more reliable is at our 
 disposal in the pictures published towards the end 
 of the last and the beginning of this century the 
 epoch when bull-baiting was in vogue and, judging 
 from these pictures, the bulldog of that time was 
 but a phantom-like shadow of the animal the 
 fin de siecle bulldog enthusiast has by patience 
 succeeded in breeding. 
 
 Thus to him who, nowadays, wishes either to breed 
 or to own an up-to-d,ate specimen, it will be so much 
 useless and embarrassing learning if he hampers 
 himself with any considerations as to the outline 
 and general appearance of what has been handed 
 down to him regarding the animals his ancestors 
 looked up to as bulldogs. Should he decide upon 
 breeding bulldogs he will find, in order to pro- 
 duce a specimen at all approaching the modern 
 ideal, that, instead of wasting time in pondering 
 over the old type, he will have to employ that 
 particular style of dog which may at the moment 
 be in fashion. 
 
 He need have no misapprehension that the type 
 in general will in the future change much, if at all ; 
 nor need he fear that the goal he is striving for will 
 be advanced. For it must be remembered that the 
 
The Bulldog. 207 
 
 standard laid down for this breed has not materially 
 altered during the last twenty years, though judges' 
 decisions may have sometimes been at variance 
 with, if not diametrically opposed to, the standard 
 type. The very fact of there being now two bull- 
 dog clubs is a guarantee that no radical change in 
 the standard will ever be permitted, as one or other 
 of the clubs is certain to hover round so safe an 
 anchorage as an established type. If either club 
 sanctions what sensible men must know is a 
 departure from what is correct, it is only reasonable 
 to suppose that in the fulness of time that club will 
 sink in public estimation. 
 
 The miasma of the breed is that the bulldog in 
 popular opinion has for so long been regarded as 
 the butcher's able assistant and the ruffian's faithful 
 companion ; but, owing to the interest its peculiar 
 conformation affords to the science of breeding, it 
 yearly gains more ground in civilised society by 
 attracting the attention of men of better education. 
 
 However, before going right into the description 
 of what a modern bulldog ought to be, some few 
 particulars of his early history may be desirable, and 
 it is said that the first record of bulldogs in England 
 was in 1631, when one Prestwich Eaton, from St. 
 Sebastian, wrote to George Wellingham, of St. 
 Swithin's Lane, London, for a mastiff and two good 
 
2o8 Modern Dogs. 
 
 bulldogs. But I believe that there must have been 
 bulldogs in England long prior to the seventeenth 
 century. 
 
 Bulldogs were ostensibly dogs for bull-baiting, 
 and as this brutal diversion was known to be in 
 vogue as early as 1209, there must have been bull- 
 dogs then. Such animals as were used for actual 
 work were quite unlike the modern manufactured 
 article, which has undoubtedly suffered by the 
 discontinuance of the amusement. There was no 
 use for him with bulls, so he had to be bred for 
 fancy purposes alone. Huge, broad heads became 
 the rage, legs widely bowed were in favour, and from 
 an active dog, that was able to seize a bull by the 
 nose and keep his hold there, he has come to be an 
 animal that has to go in training at a seaside resort 
 before he is able to walk four miles an hour. 
 
 I must write of dogs as I find them at the 
 present time, and, to show the state to which an 
 endeavour to breed for exaggeration in certain points 
 has brought the bulldog, reproduce the following 
 account of a walking match between two crack 
 bench winners, which took place in the summer of 
 1893. There had been a brindled dog shown with 
 extraordinary success at that time, for which his 
 owner, Mr. S. Woodiwiss, was reported to have 
 given ^250 the greatest amount of money ever 
 
The Bulldog. 209 
 
 paid for a dog of this variety. In the opinion of 
 many persons he was so much a cripple as to 
 be unable to stand properly in the ring, which 
 was a fact. However, the judges under whom 
 the dog in question came, appeared blind to his 
 defects, and time after time he was placed over 
 more perfect animals. Then a match was made 
 between Dockleaf, the dog above alluded to, and 
 another well-known prize-winning bulldog, called 
 King Orry, owned by Mr. G. R. Murrell. 
 
 The novelty of the contest caused considerable 
 interest to be taken therein, and it was arranged 
 under the following conditions : " Each dog to be 
 led and make the best of the way from the Roebuck 
 Hotel, Lewisham, to Bromley Town Hall and back, 
 the distance being about ten miles. The competitors 
 might have as much rest as appeared desirable, but 
 'lifting' from the ground was disqualification. At 
 seven o'clock, when the start was made, a big crowd 
 was in attendance, a portion of which accompanied 
 the dogs on their journey. King Orry went off with 
 the lead, and was nearly 400 yards ahead when a 
 mile or more had been traversed. Soon after 
 Dockleaf showed signs of fatigue, but continued on 
 his journey to a couple of miles from the start, when, 
 being fairly beaten, Mr. Woodiwiss withdrew him from 
 further competition ; his opponent was then far in 
 
 p 
 
210 Modern Dogs. 
 
 front, and ( going well.' Mr. Murrell's dog, after 
 a rest of seven minutes, arrived at Bromley Town 
 Hall, and then set off on the return journey, 
 Lewisham being duly reached at 9.25 p.m. Both 
 animals had been in training for the match, and the 
 winner showed no signs of distress after the accom- 
 plishment of what some modern admirers of the 
 bulldog consider a great feat, but which w r e consider 
 any bulldog ought to do equally satisfactorily. The 
 loser occupied a trifle under forty minutes in cover- 
 ing his two miles, and, exclusive of stoppages, the 
 winner progressed at the rate of some four and a 
 half miles in the hour." 
 
 So much for the activity and working capacity of 
 a bulldog that has been pronounced by some parties 
 to be one of the best of his race ever exhibited. 
 However, all bulldogs are not so unable to walk at 
 a fair pace as was the case with this dog ; still, he 
 must be given as an example of the evil of breeding 
 for certain exaggerations which nature could never 
 have produced without human assistance, and of 
 the curious decisions that often take place in the 
 show ring. 
 
 As already observed, with the discontinuance of 
 bull-baiting, following the passing of an Act for the 
 prevention of cruelty to animals, in the year 1835, 
 came a lull in the production of the breed, and we 
 
The Bulldog. 2 1 1 
 
 read that at the commencement of the present 
 century the " true " bulldog was very scarce. I have 
 in my possession a painting (of which engravings 
 are extant, dated May i5th, 1809), by H. B. Chalon, 
 representing three bulldogs, Wasp, Child, and Billy. 
 Of these dogs it was said they belonged to Mr. H. 
 Boynton, were of the late Duke of Hamilton's 
 breed, and the only ones left of that blood. Such 
 dogs were so great in estimation that Mr. 
 Boynton refused 120 guineas for Billy, and 
 20 guineas for a whelp before taken from the bitch. 
 It was further asserted at the time that they were 
 " the only real bulldogs in existence, and that upon 
 their decease that variety of dog may be considered 
 extinct." Well, it is evident a bit of puffing could 
 be done in those days, for the bulldog is now far from 
 extinct, though Wasp and Child and Billy have 
 long since departed for a happier home. Indeed, 
 there are more bulldogs in existence at the present 
 time than has ever previously been the case in our 
 history. 
 
 Mr. Boynton's bulldogs were typical specimens, 
 and one or two of them would have passed muster to- 
 day. There is a white one with erect ears ; another 
 lying down, white with a patch, with rose ears ; the 
 third the best of the bunch a dark brindle and 
 white with fair ears, but not so heavy and cumber- 
 
 P 2 
 
212 Modern Dogs. 
 
 some in body, head, and limbs as is the case with the 
 modern type. Perhaps from these dogs came the 
 historical Crib and Rosa, pictures of which are seen in 
 almost all the print shops, and the original of which 
 was published in 1817. Many bulldog pictures are 
 extant. One of the best I know is a coloured 
 print of three bulldogs in Sydenham Edward's work 
 on " The Dog," published in London, August, 
 1800. Bingley in his "Natural History" gives us 
 a big white dog with a patch on him, not unlike 
 some of the best specimens of to-day, especially in 
 body. The " Sportsman's Cabinet," 1803, gives us 
 the picture of a dark brindled and white dog with a 
 gaily carried stern, erect ears, and, to our educated 
 minds of the nineteenth century, but a half-bred 
 animal at the best. Reinagle painted this dog, but 
 it is not so good a specimen as Chalon's, which 
 came out a year or two later. 
 
 The picture of a bulldog in Youatt's book (1845) 
 is peculiar, to say the least. It represents a white 
 dog as big as a mastiff, with bowed legs, a " roach " 
 back, short whip tail, and cow-shaped hocks. Still, 
 he looks strong enough to pin a bull. However, 
 about that time considerable attention was being 
 given to the production of the British bulldog ; 
 but there was little material to work on, though 
 there were enthusiasts in the cause even then, 
 
The Bulldog. 213 
 
 who mostly lived in London and in other large 
 manufacturing centres. When dog shows began to 
 exist, an impetus was given to all varieties of the 
 canine race, the bulldog amongst the rest. Jemmy 
 Shaw had kept some of the best blood in London; 
 and old Ben White, who preceded the celebrated 
 Bill George in his kennels at Kensal Town ; Jacob 
 Lamphier, of Birmingham ; Charlie Stockdale, 
 William M'Donald, London ; James Hinks, Reeves, 
 and Mr. Percivall, of Birmingham ; Mr. Ashburne, 
 Mr. Turton, all gave them attention, and to such 
 men as these enthusiasts if most of them were 
 dealers we owe what good bulldogs there are at 
 the present time. 
 
 I think there is little doubt that from the time of 
 J. Lamphier's King Dick a red smut dog of about 
 481b. in weight, and certainly the best of his day, 
 and one of the best bulldogs that ever lived, who 
 was whelped in 1858, and died when eight years 
 old until within about eight years ago we had our 
 very best bulldogs. These were active animals, 
 such as could run after a dogcart, or, perhaps, pin a 
 bull if it were required. The craze for breeding for 
 exaggerated points huge skulls and heads, unduly 
 low fore quarters, with shoulders set on at right 
 angles, and standing wider in front than the bull 
 himself was not so pronounced as it came to be 
 
214 Modern Dogs. 
 
 somewhat later. Take, for instance, such dogs as 
 King Dick (already alluded to), Crib (known as 
 Turton's Crib, a brindle and white dog of 64lb. 
 weight, and as good an all-round specimen as was 
 ever produced), Mr. P. Eden's Bend Or, Captain 
 Houldsworth's Sir Anthony, Mr. T. Verrinder's 
 Slenderman, Mr. J. H. Joyce's Bacchus, Bumble 
 (known as the penny show dog, because he was 
 first exhibited at a penny show in Birmingham), 
 Mr. Shirley's Sancho Panza, Mr. Oliver's Monarch, 
 Mr. R. J. Hartley's Venom, and many more good, 
 sound, and active bulldogs could be named which 
 flourished within the teens of years prior to about 
 1882. 
 
 Perhaps here it will be well to mention that at the 
 earliest London show classes were provided for Bull- 
 dogs over i81b. weight, and for others under i81b. 
 weight ; sometimes the regulation was under and 
 over 2olb. The classes which included the small- 
 sized dogs, were as a rule very well filled, on an 
 occasion there being over forty dogs and bitches in 
 the one division. These as a rule were typical little 
 animals, thorough bulldogs in every way, but most 
 of them, not all, had more than a tendency to carry 
 their ears erect in ugly fashion. Whether this was 
 the reason they lost their popularity I cannot tell, 
 but gradually these small-sized bulldogs ceased to 
 
The Bulldog. 215 
 
 attract, and about 1870 the classes for them were 
 discontinued. The London fancy mostly had had 
 them in hand, Harry Orme, Bill Tupper, W. 
 M'Donald all at one time or another showing good 
 specimens ; Violet, Floss, Frank, Tiny, and others 
 being the chief prize winners. It has been said that 
 some of our French visitors took a great fancy to 
 these miniature emblems of British pluck, and 
 through Tupper and Orme secured all the best 
 specimens. Be this as it may, there are few under 
 2olb. bulldogs in Great Britain at the present time, 
 whilst in the land of the Gaul such are by no means 
 uncommon, and quite recently an endeavour has been 
 made to reintroduce the strain here under the mis- 
 leading name of " Toy Bulldogs." Now as our 
 acknowledged weight of a toy dog is not more 
 than from seven to eight pounds at the very most 
 six pounds is much the more correct weight 
 I am surprised that there are show committees who 
 will provide classes for these French bulldogs to be 
 called " toys," going up to 23lb. each in weight. At 
 least this was the limit at a recent exhibition. The 
 foreign specimens shown had enormous spoon-shaped 
 ears, some of the exhibits were fairly well shaped 
 as bulldogs though their expression more favoured 
 the Schipperke. They were but sorry representa- 
 tives of the type Billy Tupper was so fond of in the 
 
216 Modern Dogs. 
 
 sixties. If we require these little bulldogs, there is 
 better material at home for providing them than any- 
 thing our French neighbours can send " perfidious 
 Albion." A few excellent little animals of native 
 growth are still to be found ; moreover, there was 
 that little bitch of Mr, Cyril Jackson's, Sally 
 Scattercash, about 23lb. weight, who was proved 
 sufficient of a bulldog to win prizes in her ordinary 
 class. She had no bat ears and Schipperke 
 characteristics, but did possess a pedigree, being 
 by Monarch III., from his own mother, Skittles. 
 Sally was bred by Mr. C. Bartlett, of Bath. 
 
 In the "good old days," about Sheffield and Bir- 
 mingham, dishonest practices were in force, which 
 were said to improve the face and muzzle of the bull- 
 dog. Cruel contrivances called " jacks" were fixed 
 on to the muzzle in such a manner as to drive the nose 
 back. Sometimes, too, the ears were cut, and the 
 more recent case of the disqualification of Monarch 
 when shown by Mr. D. S. Oliver at Birmingham, in 
 1880, is not yet forgotten. Monarch had been 
 shown successfully the year before, and was again 
 awarded similar honours. After the judging, atten- 
 tion was called to the dog's ears, upon which were 
 found certain marks which led to the animal's dis- 
 qualification. Subsequent inquiry took place, and 
 at a meeting held on December 16 several experts 
 
The Bulldog. 217 
 
 were examined, who were unanimous in their opinion 
 that the marks had been wilfully made whilst the 
 dog was in the show, and Mr. Oliver was exonerated 
 from all blame in the matter. He, however, took 
 the dastardly action so much to heart as to 
 completely sever his connection with the bulldog 
 " fancy." Another dog of note known to be 
 " faked " was F. Lamphier's Tiger, for which Mr. 
 George Raper gave ^45, well aware of the defects 
 of his purchase, but he considered him cheap at 
 the money for breeding purposes. 
 
 About this time, which may be called the middle 
 period of the modern bulldog, Mr. F. Adcock a 
 most earnest admirer of the race was upon the 
 scene, and sometimes he had thirty or forty bulldogs 
 in his kennels. He had an opinion that the British 
 bulldog was degenerating physically and otherwise. 
 He believed that the original bulldog was a heavy 
 animal, and, as he could not find one to his liking in 
 this country, took a journey into Spain. As the 
 West had produced the wise men, so it was said 
 Spain had produced the best dogs. Mr. Adcock 
 brought back with him an immense animal, which 
 he called Toro. 
 
 Now this dog was not so " black " as many 
 persons painted him. Mr. Adcock had been yearning 
 after big bulldogs, and even his great dog Ajax, 
 
218 Modern Dogs. 
 
 which scaled 65!!}., and was good enough to win at 
 Birmingham in 1872, did not satisfy him. So, as 
 before hinted, he went to Spain to seek for a bigger 
 animal, with the result above stated. However likely 
 Toro was to improve the bulldogs of this country, 
 and his appearance led one to believe that he would 
 do so, at stud he proved a complete failure. This 
 was unfortunate, for then, an introduction of new 
 blood would have been very useful, especially so far 
 as improving the activity and strength of the modern 
 article. And Toro was an active dog. He may 
 have been a "fluke" somehow or other, for if his 
 parents, or one of them, or his uncles or aunts, or 
 grandparents had been as good as he, he must have 
 got better stock than was actually the case. Per- 
 sonally, I considered Toro an exceptionally fine dog, 
 and would prefer him to many of the leading winners 
 of the present day. What he resembled will be seen 
 from the following description from the Field at 
 that time : " Toro is a huge, massive dark chestnut 
 or ' carroty ' brindled dog, with blackish muzzle ; 
 he has very deep flews, high temples, large nostrils, 
 and is very much underhung, and, for his size, 
 short in the face. His eyes are tolerably full, and 
 a good deal of the white is shown ; the ' stop,' 
 or indentation between the eyes, is large and 
 deep, and runs high up the head. The skin about 
 
The Bulldog. 219 
 
 the head is very loose, and falls into wrinkles and 
 folds when the ears of the dog are erected ; and 
 a deep double dewlap runs from the angles of the 
 mouth to the sternum. His ears have been cut out, 
 very little of the burr being left, and this greatly 
 detracts from the apparent size of his head. His 
 neck is arched, short, very thick and muscular, and 
 covered with quantities of loose skin ; the shoulders 
 broad and flat at the top, standing well out from the 
 ribs, and very muscular ; the elbows well out from the 
 ribs ; the forearm very thick, and slightly bowed ; 
 feet large and round, and furnished with very strong 
 claws; the chest is great, and not only broad, but 
 deep, and the ribs are very round. There is a con- 
 siderable fall at the shoulders, and from that point 
 the loins begin to rise, the arch terminating at the 
 insertion of the tail. This is placed very low, has a 
 downward crook at the root and another at the end, 
 is very short and fine in bone, and is never erected 
 so high as the level of the dog's back. The loins 
 are strong and muscular, as are also the hind 
 quarters, the stifles turning out slightly, and the 
 hocks rather close together. The whole of the hind 
 quarters are small, as compared with the fore 
 quarters, and are considerably higher. The coat is 
 very fine and smooth, and the hair very hard in texture. 
 In showing condition Toro weighs polb. The follow- 
 
220 Modern Dogs. 
 
 ing are his exact measurements : Head, 22in. ; chop, 
 close up to eye, I4in. ; length of face from corner 
 of eye to tip of nose, 2^in. ; from corner of eye down 
 to angle of mouth, 5in. ; between eyes, 2f in. ; from 
 ear to ear across forehead, 5^in. ; from top of nose to 
 under jaw, 3in. ; projection of lower incisors beyond 
 those in the upper jaw when the mouth is closed, lin. ; 
 between canines in upper jaw, 2 1 - 6 in. ; in lower 
 jaw, about 2in., being broken; round neck, igm. ; 
 length of neck, 5in. ; round ribs, 3iin. ; across chest, 
 I3in. ; between forelegs, gin. ; length of neck and 
 body from apex of skull to root of tail, 3oin. ; round 
 forearm, 8^in.; round loins, 21 in. ; height at shoulder, 
 22in. ; from point of elbow to ground, i lin. 
 
 "Toro, although very forbidding in appearance, 
 is exceedingly quiet and docile, and is possessed 
 of great intelligence ; he retains all the peculiar 
 attributes of the ancient British bulldog such as 
 size, courage, &c. He will only pin an animal by 
 the head, and when fighting is perfectly silent and 
 utterly regardless of pain. He is rather slow in his 
 movements, has a rolling kind of gait, and carries 
 his head low." 
 
 Although Toro has not handed down any of his 
 excellent qualities to present generations, I should 
 say that heavy weight bulldogs are more numerous 
 now than was the case then. At the leading shows 
 
The Bulldog. 221 
 
 we see some half dozen bulldogs or more that vary 
 from 55lb. to 65lb. in weight, and these big dogs, 
 which usually have special classes provided for them, 
 if not proportionately so massive in head as the 
 medium-sized animals, are, as a rule, more active on 
 their legs and smarter generally in their movements. 
 Of course, in dwelling so much on the matter of 
 activity, I do not mean to infer that a bulldog should 
 be as lithe and smart in his action as a fox terrier. 
 Still, he must be able to walk and run a bit, which 
 he does with a peculiar roll, which is all his own. 
 
 About the same period a little later and a little 
 earlier perhaps that Mr. Adcock was proving 
 unsuccessful in producing bulldogs as big and active 
 as he desired, others were working away on a some- 
 what different line, and with greater success. These 
 were, in addition to those already named who came 
 earlier, Messrs. Bill Page, Frank Redmond, Rivers 
 Wilson, and Billy Shaw, of London ; Messrs. Peter 
 Eden and John Henshall, of Manchester; Mr. W. H. 
 Tyser, Mr. R. Fulton, Mr. T. Verrinder, Mr. H. 
 Layton, Mr. A. Benjamin, Mr. J. W. Gurney, with 
 Messrs. R. J. Lloyd Price, S. E. Shirley, G. Raper, 
 J. W. Berrie, J. Ure, Dundee; H. Munro, Hull; 
 R. J. Hartley, &c. At one time or another, and 
 during a period extending over almost two genera- 
 tions, the British bulldog must be indebted to the 
 
222 Modern Dogs. 
 
 above gentlemen for the position and excellence it 
 holds at the present time. 
 
 Some of them were dealers, others were amateurs ; 
 but all worked with the same object in view, and, 
 I should say, have attained their end. Jacob 
 Lamphier at one time had the lead, and, at any rate, 
 he made his mark by possessing two such good 
 dogs as King Dick and Romanic, the latter pur- 
 chased by Mr. Lloyd Price for ^150 an enormous 
 sum then for a bulldog, as it is now. Unfortunately, 
 Mr. Price was not so successful as he deserved, for, 
 after winning first prize at Birmingham in 1865, on 
 his journey to the next show poor Romanie was 
 found smothered in the guard's van. F. Lamphier's 
 Crib (brindled), Jesse Oswell's Dan (a white dog, 
 particularly handsome for a bulldog), Mr. John 
 Henshall's Duke (another white dog, bred by the 
 Duke of Hamilton), Mr. R. Fulton's Falstaff, Mr. 
 Lloyd Price's Michael the Archangel (another white 
 dog, and historical in his way because eaten during 
 the siege of Paris in 1871), Mr. Clement Butler's 
 Stead, Mr. Henshall's Juno, Mr. F. Lamphier's Meg 
 and Rush, Mr. G. A. Dawes' Maggie Lauder, Mr. 
 Verrinder's Poll, were about the best specimens that 
 flourished from twenty to twenty-five years ago, and 
 there are few modern bulldogs, if any, which do not 
 contain the strain of one or another of them. 
 
The Bulldog. 223 
 
 Coming a little later, we find such good dogs as 
 Mr. Sellon's Diogenes and Mischief, Mr. G. Raper's 
 Rustic King and Rustic Model, Mr. J. H. Ellis's 
 Grabber (who died at the good old age of twelve 
 years as this is being written), Guido and Saleni, 
 Mr. S. Woodiwiss's British Monarch and Dryad, 
 Mr. P. Beresford Hope's Bedgebury Lion (who 
 went to America, where he did not survive many 
 months), M. J. B. Gheud's (Brussels) Leonidas, 
 Mr. Benjamin's expatriated Britomartis, Mr. G. 
 Fowler's Monkey Brand, Mr. Cassel's Facey Rom- 
 ford, Mr. Smith's Ruling Passion, Mr. Drew's Kitty 
 Cole, Mr. J. Morris's (afterwards Mr. Sellon's) 
 Queen Mab, the black and tan marked King 
 Orry, Mr. W. G. Smartt's Punch, Mr. H. Pebody's 
 Found It, and there may be others pretty nearly 
 as good as some of the above, the names of 
 which will be found in any show catalogue. 
 
 So much for some of the most notable dogs I 
 have known, and, however incomplete the list may 
 be, it is, at any rate, sufficient to prove that the 
 British bulldog is not in any danger of becoming 
 extinct, so far as this country is concerned. If 
 further proof of the popularity of the bulldog be 
 needed, such will be found in the carefully compiled 
 volume of bulldog pedigrees, the editors of which 
 Messrs. Cyril Jackson and E. H. Bowers tell us 
 
224 Modern Dogs. 
 
 they have catalogued the names of about 6000 
 bulldogs. The difficulty of tracing the pedigrees of 
 many of these may be inferred from the fact that 
 the volume contains no fewer than sixty-five bull- 
 dogs that bear or have borne the well-known name 
 of Crib. We may, indeed, be able to draw fresh 
 crosses from the United States, for, of late, admirers 
 of the race there have purchased some of our best 
 specimens including the bitch Britomartis and 
 Bedgebury Lion and Leonidas. 
 
 A word must be said as to one or two matters 
 relating to the variety which have caused con- 
 siderable difference of opinion amongst admirers of 
 the bulldog, and first and foremost comes the 
 question of so-called " Dudley faces." Dogs that 
 have flesh-coloured noses, with which light-coloured 
 eyes and generally yellowish-looking countenances are 
 often associated, are called " Dudley" because such 
 animals originally came from that part of the Black 
 Country known as Dudley, which is in Worcestershire. 
 Personally, where a dog is otherwise good, I would 
 not disqualify him for his Dudley markings ; but I 
 must confess to being in the minority whilst holding 
 such an opinion. Then occasionally split-nosed or 
 double-nosed bulldogs are met with, and where such 
 is the case I would do no more than severely 
 handicap the dog bearing the blemish. As a fact, I 
 
The Bulldog. 225 
 
 would far rather have a Dudley marked or split-nosed 
 dog that could move well, than the most perfect bull- 
 dog in the world whose locomotion is about equal 
 to the pace of a man with gout in both feet. 
 
 From time to time the bulldog has been used 
 as a cross, with an idea of putting extra courage 
 in other varieties of the dog which it was thought 
 required pluck to a greater extent than they 
 possessed in their purity. This has in part only 
 proved successful, and I should say where it was 
 tried in the case of greyhounds proved entirely 
 unsatisfactory. With the terrier it has been more 
 useful, resulting in the modern bull terrier a hand- 
 some white dog, which for gameness, good nature, 
 and adaptability as a companion has no superior. 
 
 As a sporting animal i.e., as a vermin destroyer, 
 and as a hunter after hares or rabbits our bulldog 
 is a failure. Not that he is quite without the use of 
 the ordinary olfactory organs, for he can hunt the 
 footsteps of his master pretty well as cleverly as 
 any other dog, but they are not so fully developed 
 as in the case of hounds, terriers, &c. Still, Charles 
 St. John in his " Highland Sports " tells of a 
 hunting bulldog that was once in his possession. 
 As his is such an unusual story of an animal of this 
 kind, I 'will allow the author, who was always so 
 reliable, to tell his tale in his own words. 
 
 Q 
 
226 Modern Dogs. 
 
 He says : " I at one time had an English bulldog 
 who accompanied me constantly in deer stalking. 
 He learned to crouch and creep up to the deer with 
 me, never showing himself, and seemingly to under- 
 stand what I wished him to do. When necessary, 
 I could leave him for hours together alone on the 
 hill, when he would never stir until called by me. 
 If a deer was wounded, he would follow the track 
 with untiring perseverance, distinguishing the scent 
 of the wounded animal, and singling it out from the 
 rest, never making a mistake in this respect. He 
 would also follow the stag till he brought him to 
 bay, when, with great address in avoiding the horns, 
 he would rush in and seize him either by the throat 
 or the ear, holding on till I came up, or, as he once 
 did, slaughtering the animal, and then coming back 
 to show me where he had left it." 
 
 This pleasant writer then describes how this bull- 
 dog hit the line of the wounded stag after other 
 dogs had failed to do so, how he ran the scent, and 
 ultimately returned bleeding to his owner, and with 
 an ugly gash in his side. Then he took the party 
 through thick woods, over rough ground, to where 
 the stag, with his throat torn open, lay dead at the 
 foot of a rock. Those of the party who had declared 
 the dog fit only to " kill a cat or pin a bull," were 
 now lavish in their praise of him, would have given 
 
The Bulldog. 227 
 
 almost untold gold for him, but, said St. John, " we 
 were too old friends to part, having passed many 
 years together, both in London, where he used to 
 live with my horses and run with my cab, and also 
 in the country, where he had accompanied me in 
 many a long and solitary ramble over mountain and 
 valley." Mr. F. Adcock says that some of his bull- 
 dogs would hunt a hedgerow as well as a terrier, and 
 were equally as good at retrieving from water. 
 
 The above prove that the bulldog, which has 
 obtained such an evil character for ferocity, may, 
 under proper training and surroundings, become as 
 companionable as any other dog. He is very 
 faithful to his master, and his appearance is 
 certainly worse than his disposition. When he has 
 the chance he is quite as sociable as most dogs, 
 his temper is reliable, and, on the show bench, he 
 may be petted and caressed by the stranger with far 
 less likelihood of being bitten than would be the case 
 with the terriers and collies. Then he is not 
 addicted to barking too much, is not liable to run 
 away, when kept in the country, on hunting excur- 
 sions ; but he is not built on the proper lines to follow 
 a dog cart or run after a bicycle. 
 
 So far as companionship with man is concerned 
 the bulldog's lot has not always been a happy one. 
 In his early days, as I have said, he was kept for 
 
 Q 2 
 
228 Modern Dogs. 
 
 the purposes of bull-baiting, it being a popular 
 fallacy that " bull beef" was tenderer and more 
 palatable when cut from a bull that had been made 
 angry and worried by dogs. As a fact, in some 
 localities such meat was not allowed to be displayed 
 for sale without being labelled " bull beef," unless 
 the animal from which it came had been " baited " 
 prior to being slaughtered. In modern days the 
 bulldog is valued for amusement and for show 
 purposes, and when making his living on the 
 benches he is, in nine cases out of ten, kept in a 
 kennel along with other dogs of the same breed, 
 and seldom given the social advantages which fall 
 to the more fortunate St. Bernard, terrier, or collie. 
 Perhaps there may be a happier day for the British 
 bulldog in this particular, especially that he has now 
 a couple of well supported specialist clubs to look 
 after his welfare. 
 
 One thing there always will be against the actual 
 popularity of the bulldog, and that is the great 
 difficulty there is in breeding first-rate specimens, 
 and, with very few exceptions, our best bitches are 
 wretched mothers, in some cases refusing to breed 
 at all, in others failing to suckle the puppies, and in 
 others the puppies often enough are born dead. In- 
 breeding, huge heads, and malformation of chest and 
 forelegs are no doubt responsible for this state of 
 
The Bulldog. 229 
 
 things, nor is it likely matters will improve in this 
 particular at any early date. Two of the most 
 notable exceptions to this difficulty in breeding from 
 good bitches are to be found in Mr. T. Ball's Susan 
 and Mr. E. Farman's Ruling Passion, whose success 
 where other equally good bitches have failed make 
 them worthy of mention here. 
 
 The principal collection of bulldogs to be found 
 in this country is the exhibition periodically held by 
 the Bulldog Club (established in 1875), who held 
 their twentieth gathering in 1893. Here an entry 
 of something like a couple of hundred is usually 
 found, containing, no doubt, all the best dogs of the 
 day. The classification is, of course, particularly 
 complete, and includes divisions for dogs 45lb. weight 
 and over ; classes for bitches 35lb. weight and over, 
 and light weight classes below the above standards 
 There are divisions for dogs over 55lb. for bitches 
 over 45lb. ; for dogs between these two weights and 
 for bitches between 35lb. and 45lb. ; others for dogs 
 under 45lb. weight and for bitches under 35lb. 
 Such is the usual weight classification, but there 
 are other divisions provided, in which no weight 
 is stipulated. The Bulldog Club has also four 
 challenge cups, two of them worth fifty guineas 
 each, and two of the value of twenty guineas 
 each. 
 
230 Modern Dogs. 
 
 The British Bulldog Club, established in 1892, 
 already a strong body, is likewise great in special 
 prizes, having two ^50 challenge vases and two 
 25 cups, and two lo-guinea goblets for puppies. 
 Both clubs are well to do so far as membership 
 is concerned, and in other particulars, whilst each 
 has carefully drawn up a distinct description of 
 what a bulldog should be. 
 
 For the following very complete description of 
 a typical bulldog I am indebted to Mr. Cyril F. W. 
 Jackson, of Bath, who also kindly assisted me in the 
 early portion of the chapter. 
 
 " In judging a bulldog the general appearance is 
 of all importance, for, though it is of course neces- 
 sary to give each point in detail, still the eye once 
 accustomed to the impression made by the appear- 
 ance of a dog of this breed true to type, will almost 
 unconsciously recognise the following salient points. 
 The immense skull, the protruding under jaw, the 
 grotesque facial angle, to be seen in no other breed, 
 the massive neck, and the extraordinary dispropor- 
 tion of the girth of the brisket as compared with 
 that of the waist, the prodigious width of chest, the 
 shortness of the body, the roach back, the shortness 
 from the elbow to the pastern, the malformation of 
 the tail, and, lastly, the disparity in weight of the fore 
 part with that of the hind, all contributing to build 
 
The Bulldog. 231 
 
 up a dog, probably presenting to the casual observer 
 more individuality than any other breed, save 
 perhaps a bloodhound or a basset hound. The 
 habit of some judges of allowing themselves to be 
 biassed by one point of superexcellence in the 
 specimen they have to pass their opinion on, is 
 distinctly wrong, as a show specimen should be of 
 uniform merit throughout, and should not excel in 
 one point more than another. 
 
 " The head is one of the important characteristics 
 of the variety; its appearance should be one of striking 
 massiveness in proportion to the animal's size as 
 well as compared with that of any other animal. 
 It cannot be too large so long as it be square, that 
 is to say, it must not be wider than it is deep ; it 
 should be of great depth from the occiput to the 
 base of the lower jaw, of as great circumference as 
 possible, squarely shaped, and must not be in any 
 degree wedge shaped, dome shaped, or peaked. Of 
 course the head of a female is never as large or so 
 well developed as that of the male, and this remark 
 applies to nearly every point throughout. The jaws 
 should be broad, massive, square, and powerful. The 
 lower jaw should project considerably beyond the 
 upper jaw, though I regret that this point is by no 
 means insisted upon by many judges, as some notable 
 prize winners lately have been almost level jawed. 
 
232 Modern Dogs. 
 
 1 Whilst casting history to the winds, it appears to 
 me that points emblematic of the now obsolete 
 function should be preserved, and it is very certain 
 that a protruding under jaw was a point very strongly 
 insisted on by old time breeders, as it enabled their 
 dogs to breathe whilst pinning the bull's nose. It 
 must be admitted that when carried to excess this 
 feature is very unsightly on the show bench, which 
 probably accounts for the growing tendency to 
 countenance ' froggy ' specimens. The face, by 
 which is meant all that part of the animal which 
 is in front of the eye, should be extremely short, 
 with broad truncated muzzle, distinctly inclined up- 
 wards, which must occur if the formation of the 
 lower jaw is correct. By the expression " froggy " 
 is meant a dog with level jaws, that is to say, not 
 underhung, though in some few cases it even 
 amounts to being overshot. The terms " wry faced" 
 or " twisted jawed " are synonymous, and denote 
 that the lower jaw has the appearance of being 
 contorted. This deformity, though a great eyesore, 
 does not exist in the bone, but in the soft structures 
 forming the lower half of the face. I have proved 
 this by examining the skulls of " wry faced " dogs, in 
 none of which was there assymmetry. I believe this 
 u wry face " to be caused by injury at the time of the 
 birth of the puppy, and that it is not hereditary. 
 
The Bulldog. 233 
 
 "The face should be broad in proportion to 
 the skull, otherwise the animal is called ( pinched 
 faced/ and deep through the muzzle, or otherwise 
 the animal is what is called ' monkey-faced.' 
 When viewed in profile it should appear as if the 
 tip of the nose would just touch an imaginary 
 straight line drawn from the extremity of the lower 
 lip to the frontal eminence between the brows. The 
 bones of the lower jaw in specimens which have the 
 desired appearance, known as ' upturn ' and ' lay 
 back,' are found to have the contour of a segment 
 of a circle. No other colour looks well for the lips 
 than black, and nothing spoils the appearance of a 
 white dog so much as not having entirely black lips. 
 
 " The upper lip, called the ' chop,' should be 
 very thick and deep, hanging completely over the 
 lower jaw at the sides, but only just joining the lower 
 lip in front, yet quite covering the teeth, otherwise 
 the dog is said ( to grin.' On the thickness of the 
 ' chop ' depends the amount of ' cushion,' a point 
 very much sought after by modern exhibitors. 
 Some, however, are of opinion that it is very 
 undesirable to have the chops large to the point of 
 being pendulous. For my part I think that the 
 appearance of a dog is enhanced by very deep chops, 
 so long as they are of a good thickness ; but what 
 spoils the appearance of a dog is having long thin 
 
234 Modern Dogs. 
 
 chops like a bloodhound's flews. The teeth should 
 be large and strong, the tusks should be wide 
 apart, the front teeth between the tusks should be 
 regular, which they very rarely are, and in most 
 bulldogs the incisors of the lower jaw are mere 
 apologies for teeth. 
 
 " The nose must lie well back, the tip being set 
 nearly back to the ( stop/ and should be broad, 
 large, deep, and perfectly black. Of all the bull- 
 dogs I have seen all have had smooth noses if they 
 have been in health, and the only authority I know 
 of who admires a rough nose in a bulldog is Mr. 
 Frank Adcock. The nostrils should be large and 
 wide, with a well-defined straight line visible between 
 them ; but a split septum or nostril may be taken as 
 an absolute disqualification under any judge nowa- 
 days, and what is very much more common is a 
 defect in one wing of the nose, which makes the 
 two nostrils dissimilar, and is looked upon by many 
 judges as a serious blemish. A parti-coloured nose, 
 which is called a ' butterfly ' nose, handicaps the 
 animal, while few judges would have the temerity 
 to place a dog with a ' Dudley ' or flesh-coloured 
 nose in the prize list. 
 
 " What is known as the ' stop ' is the indentation 
 in the bone at the junction of the forehead and the 
 face. It is a point of great importance, and should 
 
The Bulldog. 235 
 
 be very deep. From this ' stop ' there should be a 
 deep, broad furrow, extending upwards between the 
 brows, gradually disappearing when the occiput is 
 reached. 
 
 11 The expression ' well broken up ' is used where 
 this ' stop ' and furrow are well marked, which, if 
 accompanied with a quantity of loose and well- 
 wrinkled skin about the head, give the animal's 
 expression style and finish. The term ' lay back ' 
 is often confused with what is meant by ' stop.' 
 ' Lay back ' is the facial angle, and can only be 
 properly ascertained by viewing the dog side face, 
 whereas ' stop ' can only be appreciated looking a 
 dog full in the face, or, better still, by feeling the 
 skull with one's two thumbs. The brows should be 
 prominent, square, broad, and high. The occiput 
 should be flat from ear to ear ; the forehead large 
 but flat, not overhanging the face, and of great 
 breadth when compared with the height from the 
 nasal bone to the occiput. The cheeks rounded, 
 extending laterally beyond the eyes, and the cheek 
 tumps well defined points which probably are not 
 fully developed until the third year. 
 
 ' There is only one style of ear admitted by 
 judges as being correct nowadays, and that is the 
 shape known as ' rose/ which, by the way it is 
 folded, laps in an outward direction, exposing some 
 
236 Modern Dogs. 
 
 part of the burr of the ear. The most objectionable 
 form of ear is undoubtedly the ' button/ in which 
 the tip falls forward, hiding the inside of the ear, as 
 with fox terriers. What I consider a far less objec- 
 tionable ear is the pricked or ' tulip ' ear, because 
 until quite recent years all the best specimens had 
 them, and, moreover, in many cases they merely 
 betoken a very large development of muscle in the 
 jaw, whereas the ' button ' ear, being invariably a 
 coarse one, is diametrically opposite to what is by 
 general consent required, viz., smallness and thin- 
 ness. The ears must be placed at the top edges of 
 the skull, far from the eyes, and wide apart, so as to 
 give an appearance of breadth to the skull between 
 them, but if they are placed too low there is always 
 a slight look of ( appleheadedness.' 
 
 " A good deal of a bulldog's appearance depends 
 on whether his eyes are correct or not, though most 
 writers appear to treat the subject as an unimportant 
 one, contenting themselves by simply saying they 
 should be dark. First, as regards position, they 
 should be placed low down, but quite in front of the 
 forehead, as far from the ears, from the nose, and 
 from each other as possible so long as their outer 
 corners are within the outline of the cheeks. They 
 must be at right angles to the furrow before 
 described, and only a little above the level of the 
 
The Bulldog. 237 
 
 base of the nasal bone. They should be quite 
 round, fairly large, neither sunken nor protruding, 
 and intensely dark, showing no white when looking 
 directly forward ; in fact, in the correct bulldog eye 
 the dark brown colour of the iris seems to have run 
 into the sclerotic, which fact accounts in some 
 measure for the white of the eye not being seen. 
 
 " There is another phenomenon which is very 
 typical of the breed that deserves notice, and that is 
 an indescribable dark blue glare, seen especially 
 when a bulldog is excited. I believe that the best 
 word to express this is opalescence. The light 
 hazel or yellow eyes that are now becoming preva- 
 lent are to be deprecated, there being a strong 
 connection between them and Dudley noses. The 
 deformity known as ' wall-eyed/ i.e., one eye of a 
 lighter colour than the other, or eyes in which the 
 iris is whitish, very light grey, or defective in colour, 
 or eyes in which the whites are very large or 
 distorted, is now very rarely seen, probably because 
 it has been so persistently stamped out for many 
 years. 
 
 " What is required in the neck is that it should 
 be thick set, deep, muscular, and short, but of 
 sufficient length to display an arch. The more 
 it is furnished with thick loose skin forming a 
 double dewlap for some distance downwards from 
 
238 Modern Dogs. 
 
 the under jaw, the greater is the degree of character 
 imported to the dog. The ribs should be of great 
 depth and breadth, being well sprung, and should 
 come far down between the fore legs to give ample 
 space for the lungs and heart. The chests of many 
 specimens lately exhibited have been of amazing 
 width, an appearance added to by the immense 
 development of the deltoid muscles, and this is 
 certainly a point in the breed which every owner is 
 anxious to produce even to exaggeration. Unless 
 the shoulder blades are put on low, it is obviously 
 impossible to obtain the desired width across the 
 chest, therefore in good specimens it is found that 
 the tops of the shoulder blades are never touching 
 or even close together. Contrary to what is 
 required in other breeds, the shoulder blades of a 
 bulldog should slope considerably and not be 
 vertical. 
 
 "The belly should be well tucked up, and not 
 pendulous, a small narrow waist being greatly 
 admired, it being a great object to obtain a large 
 circumference just behind the shoulders, and the 
 smallest possible one round the waist, which forms 
 the appearance called ' cut up.' The back rises 
 from behind the shoulders in a graceful curve, which 
 curve reaches its summit over the top of the loins, 
 and thence falls away rapidly to the stern, thus 
 
The Bulldog. 239 
 
 forming what is known as the wheel or roach back, 
 which is essentially a characteristic of the breed, 
 though very often wholly absent from many of the 
 most successful dogs of the present time; and worse 
 still is the endeavour to palm off dogs which are 
 ' rump high ' or ' stern high ' as being ' roached ' 
 backed, whilst the difference is that the ' stern high ' 
 dog lises in an almost straight line from behind the 
 shoulder to the setting on of the tail. 
 
 '" It is very noticeable that bulldogs are bred year 
 by year shorter and shorter in the couplings, entirely 
 replacing the long, low shape of former years by 
 one as compact as possible. The tail should be set 
 on low, deflecting slightly downwards, moderately 
 short, thick at the root, tapering quickly to a fine 
 point, should be devoid of 'feather,' not curved 
 upwards at the end, called ' ring tailed,' and should 
 be incapable of being raised above the level of the 
 backbone, which is called a ' gay ' carnage, a feat 
 only possible to such tails as have no ( kinks ' (kinks 
 are really congenital dislocations of the joints of the 
 tail). The screw tails, which are so peculiar to the 
 breed, are objected to by a few authorities as indi- 
 cating excessive in-breeding, an assumption which I 
 venture to doubt. 
 
 " Of the limbs and feet the forelegs should be as 
 wide apart as possible, very thick, stout, and strong, 
 
240 Modern Dogs. 
 
 straight, and short. This great strength, muscularity, 
 and immense bone are innovations of modern times, 
 as our forefathers who kept bulldogs apparently 
 were satisfied with limbs no thicker than pipe stems. 
 How much of this abnormal growth of bone is the 
 result of rickets in puppyhood is hard to say. 
 
 " Here again is evidence of a departure from what 
 was admired, and sought after, but a very few years 
 ago. I refer to what was called ' a pear-shaped 
 front,' an expression which signified that the dog's 
 chest across the shoulders when viewed from in 
 front was very wide, that his fore legs appeared as 
 if bowed, and that his pasterns nearly touched. 
 But such a conformation is now denounced by 
 nearly every judge of the breed, though I myself 
 regret that ' pear-shaped fronts ' are now depre- 
 cated so strongly. I admit that a dog so formed is 
 bound to have a ' wobbly ' action when travelling, 
 but it was a characteristic of the breed. Further, it 
 had this advantage, that a dog so shaped in front 
 was always allowed to stand naturally in the ring, 
 whereas nowadays it is quite common to see dogs 
 with their front legs deliberately propped as far 
 apart as possible by their owners in the judging 
 ring, so much so that judges have to lift dogs 
 gently off the ground in front by their chain and 
 collar, so as to allow their front legs to assume a 
 
The Bulldog. 241 
 
 natural position. The bitch Ruling Passion, and 
 the dog Royal Rogue, were typical specimens of 
 the " pear-shaped front." 
 
 11 The elbows should be set on low, turned out- 
 wards, standing well away from the ribs, so as to 
 permit the body to swing between them, and giving 
 the legs the appearance of being loosely tacked on 
 the sides of the body. It is probable that the gre'at 
 depth of the ribs between the forelegs makes the 
 forelegs look shorter than they really are. The 
 thick covering of muscle which is found on the out- 
 side of the forelegs of many of the most typical dogs 
 conveys a suspicion of bow leggedness, which would 
 be a great fault. The knee in an adult animal is 
 hidden by a thick coating of flesh and muscle. The 
 pasterns should be short, stout, straight, upright, 
 and strong, not everted so much as in many of the 
 wide-chested but knock-kneed dogs. The fore feet 
 straight, round, rather large, not turning inwards in 
 the least, and turning outwards only very slightly, 
 with toes thick, compact, and well split up to the 
 knuckles, the latter being prominent and high. , 
 
 " The hind legs, though of slighter build than the 
 forelegs, should be strong and muscular ; they are 
 distinctly larger than the forelegs so as to elevate 
 the loins above the level of the top of the shoulders. 
 The stifles should by their covering of muscle 
 
 R 
 
242 Modern Dogs. 
 
 appear rounded, and should stand slightly away from 
 the body, thus inclining the hocks inward and the 
 hind feet outward, but not ' cow hocked/ which is 
 always a sign of bad rearing, and is a serious impedi- 
 ment to freedom of movement. The hocks should 
 be well let down, moderately straight and low, giving 
 great length from the hip to this joint, and making 
 the pastern short, but not so short as those of the 
 fore legs. The hind feet rather smaller than the 
 fore feet, and turned decidedly outward ; they are 
 generally supposed to be required round and com- 
 pact, but, as a matter of fact, are nearly always 
 longer and more hare footed in shape than the fore 
 feet. The toes certainly look best if split up and if 
 the knuckles are prominent. 
 
 " The coat should be of fine texture, close and 
 smooth ; silky when stroked from head towards tail 
 and hard, owing to its closeness, but not wiry when 
 stroked in the reverse direction. There have been 
 cases lately where dogs have been shown with 
 peculiarly long hair about the withers, but this is 
 decidedly ugly. 
 
 " The colour ought to be brilliant, and preferably 
 should contain one of these colours either pure 
 or mixed, viz., white, brindle, red fawn, or fallow, 
 but the two last are considered by some as ( weak ' 
 colours, and a whole coloured dog is most generally 
 
The Bulldog. 243 
 
 admired. Some authorities maintain that black and 
 tan should absolutely disqualify, though such opinion 
 has not lately always been upheld ; thus a black and 
 tan awarded a prize by one judge has been dis- 
 qualified by another. It is not possible to dispute a 
 dog being a black and tan if he has ' beauty' and 
 ' kissing ' spots. With the exception of black and 
 tan, black and white, black, blue slate, all of which 
 are objectionable, colour is a matter of little 
 importance, and in cases of equal merit in other 
 respects anyone may be guided by his own fancy. 
 In cases where the predominating colour is white 
 with only small patches of black and tan, I myself 
 see no reason why the dog should be discarded. 
 
 " In looking at the symmetry, carriage, and gait 
 of a bulldog from in front one should be struck by 
 the great breadth and depth of its fore parts, which 
 should gradually taper off to the stern, as the bull- 
 dog should present as much as possible to view in 
 front df his shoulders and as little as possible behind 
 them. 
 
 " A bulldog in stature should be low on the ground, 
 more so in front than behind, the body being carried 
 between and not on his forelegs. The height of its 
 foreleg, from the ground to the elbow, should not 
 exceed the distance from the elbow to the centre of 
 the back between the shoulder blades. Consider- 
 
 R 2 
 
244 Modern Dogs. 
 
 able weight attaches to the freedom and activity 
 displayed by the animal in its movements as well as 
 the extraordinary roll in its gait ; by activity is meant 
 not that of a terrier but a freedom of movement 
 proportionate to the massiveness of the animal's 
 formation, and, although there is a peculiarly 
 constrained manner of gait natural to the breed, 
 which is caused by the big, heavy head, chest, and 
 shoulders, and by the greater height of the hind legs 
 as compared with that of the fore legs, still, surely 
 it is not too much to expect an animal whose 
 progenitors were capable of performing such deeds 
 of daring and endurance, unless deserving of being 
 called a cripple, to be able at least to follow his 
 master in his daily walks. Anything approaching 
 deformity, weakness, or crippledness is rightly con- 
 sidered highly objectionable, though this point does 
 not appear to be always clearly ascertained. 
 
 u The average weight of bulldogs is now from 
 4olb. to 5olb., and of bull bitches 35lb. to 45lb., but 
 dogs have been shown as heavy as 65lb. within the 
 last three years. 
 
 (< In disposition the bulldog is never treacherous; if 
 he is savage there is no disguise of the fact, and he is 
 then a very undesirable possession. If well brought 
 up he is the best of companions, safe with children, 
 and most forgiving of their tricks, capable of 
 
The Bulldog. 
 
 245 
 
 being taught to retrieve by land or water, and by 
 his perfect manners ingratiating himself in any 
 household. That most bulldogs are impulsive and 
 impetuous at any sudden emergency there is no 
 doubt, but they are easily restrained, and obey 
 commands. A bulldog without animation, apparently 
 disregarding insult or injury, is a pitiable object." 
 The numerical points would be as follows : 
 
 Value. 
 
 Skull, head, and face... 15 
 
 Ears 10 
 
 Shoulders and chest ... 15 
 
 Legs and feet 10 
 
 Hindquarters and stern 10 
 
 Body and back 10 
 
 70 
 Grand Total, 100. 
 
 Following the precedent I have formed in other 
 chapters, I give the description the leading 
 specialist club (the Bulldog Club) have issued of 
 their special variety : 
 
 " In forming a judgment on any specimen of the 
 breed, the general appearance which is the first 
 impression the dog makes as a whole on the eye of 
 the judge should be first considered. 
 
 " Secondly should be noticed its size, shape, and 
 make, or rather its proportions in the relation they 
 
 Gait .... 
 
 Value. 
 
 c 
 
 Size 
 
 J 
 
 c 
 
 Coat 
 
 J 
 
 e 
 
 
 D 
 
 5- 
 
 General appearance ... 
 
 10 
 30 
 
246 Modern Dogs. 
 
 bear to each other (No point should be so much 
 in excess of the others as to destroy the general 
 symmetry, or make the dog appear deformed, or 
 interfere with its powers of motion, &c.) Thirdly, 
 his style, carriage, gait, temper, and his several 
 points should be considered separately in detail, as 
 follows, due allowance being made for the bitch, 
 which is not so grand or as well developed as the 
 dog: 
 
 11 i. The general appearance of the bulldog is 
 that of a smooth-coated, thick-set dog, rather low in 
 stature, but broad, powerful, and compact. Its head 
 strikingly massive, and large in proportion to the 
 dog's size. Its face extremely short. Its muzzle 
 very broad, blunt, and inclined upwards. Its body 
 short and well-knit ; the limbs stout and muscular. 
 Its hind quarters very high and strong, but rather 
 lightly made in comparison with its heavily made 
 foreparts. The dog conveys an impression of 
 determination, strength, and activity similar to that 
 suggested by the appearance of a thick-set Ayrshire 
 or Highland bull. 
 
 11 2. The skull should be very large the larger 
 the better and in circumference should measure 
 (round in front of the ears) at least the height of the 
 dog at the shoulders. Viewed from the front, it 
 should appear very high from the corner of the 
 
The Bulldog. 247 
 
 lower jaw to the apex of the skull, and also very 
 broad and square. The cheeks should be well 
 rounded and extended sideways beyond the eyes. 
 Viewed at the side, the head should appear very 
 high, and very short from its back to the point of 
 the nose. 
 
 " The forehead should be flat, neither prominent, 
 nor over-hanging the face ; and the skin upon it and 
 about the head very loose, hanging in large wrinkles. 
 
 " 3. The temples or frontal bones should be very 
 prominent, broad, square, and high, causing a deep 
 and wide groove between the eyes. This indention 
 is termed the ' stop,' and should be both broad and 
 deep, and extend up the middle of the forehead, 
 dividing the head vertically, being traceable at the 
 top of the skull. 
 
 11 4. The eyes, seen from the front, should be 
 situated low down in the skull, as far from the 
 ears as possible. Their corners should be in a 
 straight line at right angles with the stop, and quite 
 in front with the head. They should be wide apart 
 as possible, provided their outer corners are within 
 the outline of the cheeks. They should be quite 
 round in shape, of moderate size, neither sunken nor 
 prominent, and in colour should be very dark 
 almost, if not quite black, showing no white when 
 looking directly forward. 
 
248 Modern Dogs. 
 
 " 5. The ears should be set high in the head i.e., 
 the front inner edge of each ear should (as viewed 
 from the front) join the outline of the skull at the 
 top corner of such outline, so as to place them as 
 wide apart, and as high and as far from the eyes as 
 possible. In size they should be small and thin. 
 The shape termed l rose ear ' is the most correct. 
 The ' rose ear ' folds inward at its back, the upper 
 or front edge curving over outwards and backwards 
 showing part of the inside of the burr. 
 
 u 6. The face, measured from the front of the 
 cheekbone to the nose, should be as short as 
 possible, and its skin should be deeply and closely 
 wrinkled. 
 
 " The muzzle should be short, broad, turned 
 upwards, and very deep from the corner of the eye 
 to the corner of the mouth. 
 
 " The nose should be large, broad, and black, its 
 top should be deeply set back, almost between the 
 eyes. The distance from the inner corner of the 
 eye (or from the centre of the stop between the" 
 eyes) to the extreme tip of the nose should not 
 exceed the length from the tip of the nose to the 
 edge of the under lip. 
 
 " The nostrils should be large, wide, and black, 
 with a well-defined straight line between them. 
 
 " 7. The flews, called the ' chop,' should be thick, 
 
The Bulldog. 249 
 
 broad, pendent, and very deep, hanging completely 
 over the lower jaw at the sides (not in front). They 
 should join the under lip in front, and quite cover 
 the teeth, which should not be seen when the mouth 
 is closed. 
 
 " 8. The jaw should be broad, massive, and square, 
 the canine teeth, or tusks, wide apart. The lower 
 jaw should project considerably in front of the upper, 
 and turn up. It should be broad and square, and 
 have the six small front teeth between the canines 
 in an even row. 
 
 " The teeth should be large and strong. 
 
 " 9. The neck should be moderate in length 
 (rather short than long), very thick, deep, and strong. 
 It should be well arched at the back, with much 
 loose, thick, and wrinkled skin about the throat, 
 forming a dewlap on each side from the lower jaw to 
 the chest. 
 
 "The chest should be very wide laterally, round, 
 prominent, and deep, making the dog appear very 
 broad and short-legged in front. 
 
 " 10. The shoulders should be broad, slanting, 
 and deep, very powerful and muscular. 
 
 " 1 1. The brisket should be capacious, round, and 
 very deep from the top of the shoulders to its 
 lowest part where it joins the chest, and be well let 
 down between the fore legs. It should be large in 
 
250 Modern Dogs. 
 
 diameter, and round behind the fore legs (not flat- 
 sided, the ribs being well rounded). The body 
 should be well ribbed up behind, with the belly 
 tucked up, and not pendulous. 
 
 " 12. The back should be short and strong, very 
 broad at the shoulder, and comparatively narrow at 
 the loins. There should be a slight fall in the back 
 close behind the shoulders (its lowest part), whence 
 the spine should rise to the loins (the top of which 
 should be higher than the top of the shoulders), 
 thence curving again more suddenly to the tail, 
 forming an arch (a distinctive characteristic of the 
 breed) termed ' roach-back,' or more correctly 
 1 wheel-back.' 
 
 " 13. The tail, termed the 'stern,' should be set 
 on low, jut out rather straight, and then turn down- 
 wards, the end pointing horizontally. It should be 
 quite round in its own length, smooth, and devoid of 
 fringe or coarse hair. It should be moderate in 
 length rather short than long thick at the root, 
 and tapering quickly to a fine point. It should have 
 a downward carriage (not having a decided upward 
 curve at the end or being screwed or deformed), and 
 the dog should, from its shape, not be able to raise 
 it over its back. 
 
 " 14. The fore legs should be very stout and 
 strong, set wide apart, thick, muscular, and straight, 
 
The Bulldog. 251 
 
 with well-developed calves, presenting a rather 
 bowed outline, but the bones of the legs should be 
 large and straight, not bandy or curved. They 
 should be rather short in proportion to the hind legs, 
 but not so short as to make the back appear long or 
 detract from the dog's activity, and so cripple him. 
 
 u The elbows should be low, and stand well away 
 from the ribs. 
 
 " The ankles, or pasterns, should be short, 
 straight, and strong. 
 
 " The fore feet should be straight, and turn very 
 slightly outward, of medium size, and moderately 
 round. 
 
 " The toes compact and thick, being well split up, 
 making the knuckles prominent and high. 
 
 " 15. The hind legs should be large and muscular, 
 and longer in proportion than the fore legs, so as to 
 elevate the loins. 
 
 " The hocks should be slightly bent and well let 
 down, so as to be long and muscular from the loins 
 to the point of the hock. 
 
 "The lower part of the leg should be short, 
 straight, and strong. 
 
 11 The stifles should be round, and turned slightly 
 outwards away from the body. The hocks are 
 thereby made to approach each other, and the hind 
 feet to turn outwards. The latter, like the fore feet, 
 
252 Modern Dogs. 
 
 should be round and compact, with the toes well 
 split up and the knuckles prominent. 
 
 " From his formation the dog has a peculiar 
 heavy and constrained gait, appearing to walk with 
 short quick steps on the tip of his toes, his hind feet 
 not being lifted high, but appearing to skim the 
 ground, and running with the right shoulder rather 
 advanced, similar to the manner of a horse in 
 cantering. 
 
 " 1 6. The most desirable size for the bulldog is 
 about 5olb. 
 
 " 17. The coat should be fine in texture, short, 
 close, and smooth (hard only from its shortness and 
 closeness, not wiry). 
 
 11 Its colour should be whole or smut (that is, a 
 whole colour with a black mask or muzzle). The 
 colour should be brilliant and pure of its sort. The 
 colours in their order of merit, if bright and pure, 
 are, first, whole colours and smuts viz., brindles, 
 reds, white, with their varieties, as whole fawns, 
 fallows, &c. ; second, pied and mixed colours." 
 
CHAPTER X. ' 
 THE PUG. 
 
 NOTWITHSTANDING what some writers have said 
 to the contrary, I believe that little change has been 
 made in the appearance and in " the points " of the 
 pug during the past forty years. Twenty years ago 
 " Idstone " (the Rev. T. Pearce) said there were not 
 half a dozen good specimens to be found in the 
 country, and that a quarter of a century before he 
 wrote the pug was the rarest of all " toy dogs." 
 
 I must, however, take exception to the remarks of 
 that pleasant writer, for when he published his book 
 of the dog, pugs of great excellence were to be found 
 in considerable numbers throughout the length and 
 breadth of the land, nor at any time within the 
 present century have they been so rare as either the 
 Italian greyhound, the Maltese terrier, or even as the 
 Yorkshire terrier. Unfortunately, prior to the intro- 
 duction of dog shows, cruel custom had insisted that 
 the pug dog looked most lovely when robbed of its 
 ears. They were not merely cut off and artistically 
 
254 Modern Dogs. 
 
 trimmed, as is the common practice with the bull 
 terrier and one or two other varieties at the present 
 time, the pug's ears were shorn off, and rounded close 
 to the head ; so close, indeed, in some instances, as to 
 give the impression, which was curiously believed to 
 be correct, that they had been torn out by the roots. 
 The vagaries of fashion are certainly most difficult 
 to comprehend, and why a delicate lady's pet dog 
 should have been tortured in this way there is not 
 ths slightest reas3n to show Fighting dogs had 
 their ears cut off to prevent their offering a hold for 
 the teeth of an opponent ; ears of terriers had been 
 cut to produce a smarter and brighter appearance, 
 and perhaps the tail had been docked in the first 
 instance under the vulgar superstition that the " dis- 
 temper worm " was thereby destroyed ! A pug 
 with the ears shorn off was rendered hideous, though 
 may be its profile thus looked more like the shadow 
 of a clenched fist than it would with the ears on ; 
 the pug no doubt obtaining its name from the Latin 
 word pugnus, a fist. 
 
 The pug has never been claimed in this country as 
 a native breed, but was supposed to have been a 
 native of Holland, and even to this day is sometimes 
 called the Dutch pug. As it happens, at present 
 more of them are with us now than is the case in 
 any other country on the Continent, although the pug 
 
The Pug. 255 
 
 has a wide range, extending pretty much from the 
 east to the west of Europe. In France and Italy it is 
 a favourite with the ladies, and at one period of its 
 existence, but for a short time only, it was known in 
 the former country as the Carlin, owing to its black 
 mask or muzzle, a name given it in honour of a 
 popular harlequin named Carlin. This, of course, 
 was but a passing fancy, and prior to Carlin's popu- 
 larity they had been known as doguins or roquets, 
 but afterwards they obtained the commoner, if less 
 euphonious name of pugs. 
 
 The " Sportsman's Cabinet " (1804) gives an illus- 
 tration of the pug drawn by Reinagle : a cropped dog 
 with a black mask, curled tail, and toying with a 
 much smaller specimen, which, also being cropped, 
 cannot well be a puppy. Thus the inference is 
 conveyed that when the drawing was made there 
 were pugs of two quite distinct sizes, one of which 
 may probably have been I4lb. or more, the other 
 not more than half that weight. Unfortunately, 
 the letterpress accompanying the illustration is 
 meagre in the extreme, if not actually vague. It 
 says that it is asserted by some that the "genuine 
 pug was introduced to this island from Muscovy, 
 and they were originally the undoubted natives of 
 that country. Others assert the pug to have been 
 produced by a commixture between the English 
 
256 Modern Dogs. 
 
 bulldog and the little Dane, calling such races simply 
 mongrels, as coming from the mixture of two pure 
 races. . \ . In the whole catalogue of the canine 
 species there is not one of less utility, or possessing 
 less the powers of attraction than the pug dog. 
 Applicable to no sport, appropriated to no useful 
 purpose, susceptible to no predominant passion, and 
 in no way remarkable for any extra eminence, he is 
 continued from era to era for what alone he might 
 have been originally intended the patient follower 
 of a ruminating philosopher, or the adulating and 
 consolatory companion of an old maid." 
 
 The above is rather rough on the poor little pug, 
 but such an unfair and ungallant description could 
 only have emanated from the brain of a rough 
 sportsman of the old school, whose chief delights 
 would lay in badger drawing, bull baiting, and cock 
 fighting. The pug dog has its uses in society, and 
 possesses credentials as a lady's dog that cannot 
 be excelled, of which, however, more later on. 
 
 With such a comparatively modern dog as the 
 pug there should be more about him to be learned, 
 but history is silent on the subject. Some say that 
 he is descended from the bulldog ; others that the 
 bulldog has been improved by an infusion of pug 
 dog blood into him. I have never met anyone who 
 has made the cross either one way or the other, but 
 
The Pug. 257 
 
 I should not be surprised to find that during the 
 early part of this century some of the small-sized 
 bull bitches were mated with a pug dog in order to 
 produce that fawn or " fallow smut " bulldog which 
 some fanciers admire very much indeed. But if 
 the cross ever was there, such has been so carefully 
 bred away that nothing of it remains, excepting, may 
 be, in the hue of our national canine representa- 
 tive. Such bulldogs as Guido and Queen Mab 
 have, perhaps, as nearly as anything approached 
 the pug dog in hue, but although they are fallow 
 or fawn smuts, there is nothing about their character 
 or appearance to indicate in the slightest degree 
 that pug blood might be running in their veins. 
 
 As to the origin of the pug, Buffon, one of the 
 most unreliable of naturalists, says that the pug is 
 but a "modified bulldog" from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, it being imported into Holland when the 
 Cape was a Dutch settlement, and soon became a 
 favourite pet with the ladies. That the country 
 which has since been responsible for the Schipperke 
 also gave us in the first instance our pugs, I 
 have no doubt whatever. It was very fashionable 
 in England soon after the accession of our 
 William III., he and Queen Mary II., no doubt 
 bringing sundry specimens over with them as part 
 and parcel of their retinue. History tells us that 
 
 S 
 
258 Modern Dogs. 
 
 the pug became first favourite at the Dutch Court 
 in the time of the father of our William III. 
 who, like others, had enemies. One night, whilst 
 camping out, he was wakened by the scratching and 
 barking of his pug dog, which had been aroused 
 and rendered furious by the appearance of a party 
 of pikemen, who sought the life of the Prince. Two 
 of his attendants were killed, but otherwise the 
 murderous attempt was baulked through this watch- 
 fulness and vigour of the canine guard. If such 
 were the case, and history is not always truthful, 
 there is little to wonder at the favouritism of the pug, 
 although it did no more than any other dog would 
 have done under similar circumstances. The quaint- 
 looking, courtly little dogs were quite the rage for 
 a time, but I fancy that for one reason or another 
 they did not make a great deal of headway in Britain, 
 possibly because in-breeding had made them deli- 
 cate. However, every now and then some fresh 
 blood was introduced from both France and Italy, 
 as well as from Holland, and so the breed was con- 
 tinued, although it did not become particularly 
 common ; still, there were plenty of pugs to be found 
 up and down the country, and they were fairly 
 installed one of our own varieties. 
 
 About the time Hogarlh, the great painter, 
 flourished, Dutch pugs were as fashionable as black 
 
The Pug. 259 
 
 pages, and no lady of title was considered to be 
 fully equipped unless she had both in her following. 
 Although the painter himself cannot be said to have 
 been a man about town or a creature of fashion, still 
 he kept his pug dog at least, it is generally under- 
 stood that the dog which appears in the best known 
 portrait of the artist is intended to be a pug, and 
 the fashionable breed in that day ; to me it seems 
 but a nondescript creature. 
 
 In due course special strains came to be produced, 
 and Lady Willoughby de Eresby, of Grimsthorpe, 
 near Lincoln, and Mr. Morrison, of Walham 
 Green, gave particular attention thereto. Of those 
 strains " Stonehenge " says : 
 
 l< After a great deal of trouble a dog was obtained 
 from Vienna which had belonged to a Hungarian 
 countess, but was of a bad colour, being a mixture 
 of the stone fawn now peculiar to the ( Willoughby 
 strain/ and black ; but the combination of these 
 colours was to a certain extent in the brindled form. 
 From accounts which are to be relied on, this dog 
 was about twelve inches high, and of good shape, 
 both in body and head, but with a face much longer 
 than would be approved of by pug fanciers. In 
 1846 he was mated with a fawn bitch imported from 
 Holland, of the desired colour, viz., stone fawn in 
 body, with black mask and trace, but with no indi- 
 
 S 2 
 
260 Modern Dogs. 
 
 cation of brindle. She had a shorter face and 
 heavier jowl than the dog, and was altogether in 
 accordance with the type now recognised as the 
 correct ( Willoughby pug.' From this pair are 
 descended all the strain named after Lady Willoughby 
 de Eresby, which are marked in colour by their 
 peculiar cold stone fawn, and the excess of black 
 often showing itself, not in brindled stripes, but in 
 entirely or nearly entirely black heads, and large 
 ' saddle marks ' or wide ' traces.' 
 
 " But coincidently with this formation of a new 
 strain was the existence of another, showing a richer 
 and more yellow fawn, and no tendency to excess of 
 black. This strain was possessed by the late Mr. 
 Morrison, of Walham Green ; the late Mr. H. Gilbert, 
 of Kensington; the late Mr. W. M'Donald, and 
 some others. According to Mr. Morrison's state- 
 ment to me, this strain was lineally descended from 
 a stock possessed by Queen Charlotte, one of which 
 is painted with great care in the well-known portrait 
 of George III. at Hampton Court ; but I could never 
 get him to reveal the exact source from which it was 
 obtained. That he himself fully believed in the 
 truth of this story I am quite confident ; and I am 
 also of opinion that he never hazarded a statement 
 of which he had the slightest doubt. Although he 
 never broadly stated as much, I always inferred that 
 
The Pug. 261 
 
 the breed was obtained by " back-stair influence," 
 and on that account a certain amount of reticence 
 was necessary ; but, whatever may be the cause of 
 the secrecy maintained, I fully believe the explana- 
 tion given by Mr. Morrison of the origin of this 
 breed of pugs, which is as commonly known by his 
 name as that of Lady Willoughby de Eresby by 
 hers. His appeal to the Hampton Court portrait, in 
 proof of the purity of his breed from its general 
 resemblance to the dog in that painting, goes for 
 nothing in my mind, because you may breed up to 
 any type by careful selection ; but I do not hesitate 
 to indorse his statemeut as to the Guelph origin of 
 his strain, because I have full confidence in his 
 truthfulness, from having tested it in various other 
 ways. I need scarcely remark that both strains are 
 derived from the Dutch ' the Morrison ' coming 
 down to us through the three Georges from William 
 III., and ' the Willoughby ' being, as above described, 
 a more recent importation direct from Holland and 
 Vienna." 
 
 I need scarcely say that neither of the above 
 strains is to be found in its purity at the present 
 day, no pains having been taken to keep them 
 distinct, but there are as many good pugs now as 
 ever there were. In the family of the W r illoughby 
 de Eresby's no pugs have been kept for ten or a 
 
262 Modern Dogs. 
 
 dozen years. An early edition of u Dogs of the 
 British Isles" contains an engraving from a painting, 
 of two pugs, the original stock from which the 
 11 Willoughbys " were bred. They are both fair speci- 
 mens, perhaps standing rather higher on the legs 
 than is liked at the present day, but otherwise quite 
 typical animals, and they have their ears cropped. 
 About fifteen years ago there was a newspaper 
 warfare, in which one side argued that the pug had 
 already degenerated or was degenerating ; but as 
 is usual in controversies of this kind, nothing of 
 interest appeared, although perhaps some good 
 resulted by attention being drawn to the great size 
 of many of the leading winning pugs. Dogs from 
 2olb. to perhaps 24lb. weight or more were often 
 enough seen at the head of the prize lists, which of 
 course was not to be borne quietly by those who were 
 showing animals not more than i81b. in weight, which 
 as a fact is quite big enough, and it is gratifying to 
 find that the Pug Dog Club, which was established 
 in 1883, expresses an opinion strongly against the 
 over-sized specimens. 
 
 Although pugs had classes provided at the first 
 show which included non-sporting dogs at Birming- 
 ham, in 1 86 1, strangely enough there was no com- 
 petition, but since then divisions arranged for 
 them have been respectably filled. In 1885, and 
 
The Pug. 263 
 
 with one exception ever since, the pug club has 
 had a show of its own, though sometimes it has 
 taken place in amalgamation with that of other Toy 
 Dogs and Toy Spaniels. In 1886 classes were 
 provided for dogs under and over i81b. weight each, 
 and for bitches under and over islb., but at the 
 more recent gatherings the restriction as to size is 
 dogs, I5lb. weight, and bitches I4lb. weight, thus 
 completely ousting the bigger animals, which are 
 certainly out of place as pugs, for there is no 
 elegance in a large-sized specimen of this variety. 
 In 1887 Mr. H. G. Foster's Comedy, known as the 
 immense Comedy, which weighed probably 24lb., 
 was given the first prize at the National Show at 
 Birmingham. 
 
 I think a pretty good idea of what a pug should be, 
 is given in the drawing by Mr. Wardle which pre- 
 cedes this chapter. As a companion in the house, 
 and for an occasional run into the country, no dog is 
 better fitted than the pug. He is cleanly in his 
 habits, has a pretty, soft coat, and nice skin ; no 
 foul smell hangs about him, and he is gentleness 
 itself. He shows no ill-temper or moppishness, and 
 the objectionable lolling out of the tongue and 
 unpleasant snorting, which at one time were so 
 common in this variety, is quickly disappearing. Of 
 several pugs that I have owned or known, not more 
 
264 Modern Dogs. 
 
 than one of them was addicted to either of these un- 
 pleasant habits. All were lively and tractable, and 
 if not actually as intelligent as a highly-trained 
 poodle, one pug I knew was quite accomplished in 
 many little tricks he used to perform. No doubt 
 had a professional trainer taken this little dog in 
 hand it would have been able to earn more than its 
 own living on the stage. Again, a pug can remain 
 sweet and healthy on less open-air exercise than any 
 other dog, and two of them will play about the 
 dining room or nursery and amuse themselves as 
 much as two terriers would by a scamper in the 
 green fields. 
 
 The pug is not a hunting dog, except so far as 
 tracking the footsteps of his fair mistress is con- 
 cerned, but he has been known to take to the 
 unladylike occupation of killing rats, which he has 
 done as well as a terrier. Still, it is no part of the 
 duties of a lady's lap-dog to soil his pretty mouth 
 by contact with the most obnoxious of creatures, 
 because we all know that perhaps the next minute 
 he may be fondled and caressed by his owner. 
 Although I have said a pug dog can do with com- 
 paratively little out-door exercise, still, he is better 
 for as much as he can be given, for no dog has a 
 greater tendency to put on fat, and reach a state of 
 obesity, than the one of which I write. Whoever 
 
The Pug. 265 
 
 saw a pug dog thin and gaunt, with its ribs and back- 
 bone almost sticking through the skin? He always 
 looks smooth, contented, and comfortable, eats well, 
 and he should have as little meat and fat-producing 
 food as possible. Some writers have given him the 
 reputation of stupidity, but I do not believe him deserv- 
 ing of such an epithet. In the house and out of doors 
 he is as sensible as any other dog, follows well in a 
 crowd when properly trained, and is no more liable 
 to lose himself than an ordinary terrier. Some 
 friends of mine had what they called a pug, but she 
 was not more than half or three-parts pure bred, 
 who was particularly sensible. She would retrieve, 
 kill rats, was fond of the gun, and liked a ride on the 
 'bus or tramcar so well that she continually would 
 take one on her own account, which the kindly 
 conductor allowed her to have gratuitously, the 
 conditions of the " tram " company notwithstanding. 
 This dog had the curly tail, fawn colour, and general 
 appearance of a pure-bred animal, excepting that she 
 was rather long in face. She lived to a great age, 
 but as a rule the pug is not the longest lived of the 
 canine race. 
 
 For a long time there was a fallacy abroad that 
 the sex of the pug could be determined by the 
 carriage and curl of the tail, the dog having his over 
 on the right side and the bitch on the left. As a 
 
266 Modern Dogs. 
 
 matter of fact, I have repeatedly observed dogs with 
 the curl to the left, and bitches with theirs to the 
 right. Sundry peculiarities in the pug are that it is 
 essential for the toe nails to be black (this is often 
 overlooked by the judges), and that they should have 
 a black mole or spot on each cheek. Of course, all 
 dogs have the latter, but in the pug it is much more 
 clearly defined than is the case in other varieties. 
 The dark trace along the back is another peculiarity, 
 as is, of course, the quaintly-curled tail. 
 
 During the past few years the best specimens have 
 been bred by, or in the hands of, Mr. J. Nunn, 
 London ; Mrs. Mayhew, Twickenham ; Mrs. Bligh 
 Monk, Coley Park, Reading ; Mrs. J. Foster, Brad- 
 ford; Miss Lea, near Chichester; Mr. W. L. Sheffield, 
 Birmingham ; Mrs. Hartley, Nelson ; Mrs. Westfield, 
 near Sheffield ; Mrs. T. Proctor, Leeds ; Mrs. 
 Horner, near Kirkby Lonsdale ; Mrs. C. Houlker, 
 Accrington ; Mr. R. T. Linton, Edinburgh ; the 
 Rev. G. C. Dicker, Birkenhead ; Mr. T. T. Craven, 
 Leeds ; Mr. H. Maule, Scarborough ; Mr. W. B. 
 Garniss, Ashbourne; Mr. T. Dunn; Miss Hamilton, 
 Seend, Wiltshire ; and Mrs. Brittain, Durham. 
 
 The Pug Dog Club has issued the following 
 description and points of the variety; such must 
 be taken as the standard, and a very good standard, 
 too. The club is a thoroughly representative body, 
 
The Pug. 267 
 
 and has two twenty-five guinea challenge cups at its 
 disposal, as well as other valuable trophies. 
 
 Symmetry. Symmetry and general appearance, 
 decidedly square and cobby. A lean leggy pug 
 and a dog with short legs and a long body are 
 equally objectionable. 
 
 Size and Condition. The pug should be multum 
 in parvo, but this condensation (if the word may be 
 used) should be shown by compactness of form, 
 well-knit proportions, and hardness of developed 
 muscle. Weight from i3lb. to iylb. (dog or bitch). 
 
 Body. Short and cobby, wide in chest and well- 
 ribbed up. 
 
 Legs. Very strong, straight, of moderate length, 
 and well under. 
 
 Feet. Neither so long as the foot of the hare, 
 nor so round as that of the cat ; well-split-up-toes, 
 and the nails black. 
 
 Muzzle. ^\\Qrt, blunt, square, but not upfaced. 
 
 Head. Large, massive, round not apple-headed, 
 with no indentation of the skull. 
 
 Eyes,. Dark in colour, very large, bold and pro- 
 minent, globular in shape, soft and solicitous in ex- 
 pression, very lustrous, and, when excited, full of fire. 
 
 Ear. Thin, small, soft, like black velvet. There 
 are two kinds the " rose " and " button." Pre- 
 ference is given to the latter. 
 
268 
 
 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Markings. Clearly defined. The muzzle or mask, 
 ears, moles on cheeks, thumb-mark or diamond on 
 forehead, back-trace should be as black as possible. 
 
 Mask. The mask should be black. The more 
 intense and well defined it is the better. 
 
 Wrinkles. Large and deep. 
 
 Trace. A black line extending from the occiput 
 to the tail. 
 
 Tail. Curled tightly as possible over the hip. 
 The double curl is perfection. 
 
 Coat. Fine, smooth, soft, short and glossy, 
 neither hard nor woolly. 
 
 Colour. Silver or apricot-tawn. Each should be 
 decided, to make the contrast complete between the 
 colour and the trace and the mask. 
 
 Value. 
 10 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 
 45 
 
 Symmetry 
 
 THE STAND 
 
 Value. 
 
 10 
 
 ARD P6INTS. 
 
 Eyes 
 
 Size 
 
 r 
 
 Mask 
 
 Condition 
 
 c 
 
 Wrinkles 
 
 Body . 
 
 IO 
 
 Tail 
 
 I-.e2TS 
 
 c 
 
 Trace 
 
 Feet 
 
 c 
 
 Coat 
 
 Head 
 
 c 
 
 Colour 
 
 Muzzle 
 
 e 
 
 General carriage 
 tal t 10O. 
 
 Ears 
 
 c 
 
 
 55 
 Grand To 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 THE BLACK PUG. 
 
 HERE is a new variety, which has certainly 
 appeared and obtained identity as such within the 
 past two or three years, although we must go back a 
 little further for the time when a few specimens were 
 occasionally exhibited in our show rings; these being 
 the property of the late Lady Brassey, and they 
 were first shown at Maidstone in 1886. Perhaps to 
 form a direct contrast to these early specimens, 
 some kind of an attempt had been made to produce 
 white pugs ; but herein success was not achieved, the 
 nearest approach thereto being one that a couple of 
 years ago was shown in New York, and another sent 
 to the Birmingham show in 1892, by Miss Dalziel, of 
 Woking, but neither was of that snowy whiteness 
 which one would require, and both I should take to 
 be more " sports " than anything else. Still I do 
 not see any reason why white pugs could not be 
 produced by judicious crossing with the palest fawn 
 specimens, with a slight dash of white bulldog or bull 
 terrier to assist matters. However, this is digression. 
 
270 Modem Dogs. 
 
 It seems strange that with such a modern variety 
 of dog there should be serious doubts about its 
 origin, and there are certainly differences of opinion 
 on the matter. On one side it is stated to have 
 come from the North of China, and that Lady 
 Brassey brought a specimen therefrom when she 
 was touring round the world in her yacht, the " Sun- 
 beam." Again it is said the breed first sprang 
 up accidentally, it being a " sport " produced in the 
 north of London by one of the working fanciers in 
 that locality, who had a particularly dark-coloured 
 strain of the ordinary pug. Mrs. W. H. B. Warner, 
 of Northallerton, at the close of 1893, showed a 
 little black dog which she had brought from Japan, 
 where it was said to be of a rare and choice breed. 
 This is nothing else than a long-coated pug- i.e., 
 pug in character and shape, but with a jacket such 
 as is seen on a Pomeranian. But there is no reason 
 to doubt that in the East there are as many varieties 
 of the dog as we have here. However, it is only in 
 place that this latest of importations should be 
 mentioned here. In, however, suggesting that our 
 black pugs may have come from some such dog as 
 this, it must not be forgotten that they have very 
 short and thin jackets, the antipodes of this little 
 fellow of Mrs. Warner's. 
 
 Personally, I believe there may be truth in both 
 
The Black Pug. 271 
 
 statements, that a black pug was accidentally 
 produced, and at the same time a specimen or two 
 had been brought from the East. Although Lady 
 Brassey makes no allusion to a black pug in her 
 published journals of the voyage of the "Sunbeam," 
 still I know as a fact that two or three similar dogs 
 were on her yacht, but whether they were then 
 called black pugs is another question. More likely 
 they were known as Chinese pugs. 
 
 A writer in a recent number of Black and White 
 says : "It is rather unfortunate that the late 
 Lady Brassey should have allowed the origin of 
 the new pug to remain a mystery, but there 
 seems little doubt that it hailed from China, as 
 in a weekly contemporary, only the other day, I 
 saw a copy of an advertisement which had been 
 appearing in the North China Daily News : ' Lost, 
 near the Hong Kong and Syezchen Roads, last 
 evening, a small Peking Pug, black body and 
 head, white paws. Anyone finding same will be 
 rewarded on bringing it to Kelly and Walsh, 
 Limited, Shanghai.' The white paws were evidently 
 uncommon, and were the lost dog's distinguishing 
 marks. I have also learned that a lady in the 
 West End bought a black pug bitch from a sailor 
 on one of the cargo ships just in the docks from 
 China. Another lady at Willesden also bought 
 
272 Modern Dogs. 
 
 one in the same way. This one was, however, 
 unfortunately burnt in a fire, and before the 
 purchaser had bred from her ; but it is an undoubted 
 fact that these pugs came off a Chinese vessel just 
 arrived in port, and were sold to them as Chinese 
 pugs. One lady describes hers as 4 very short in 
 face, good curl tail, and a beautiful jet black ' a 
 perfect pug in points. Again, I have heard of a 
 1 Chinese pug ' being bought at Portsmouth from a 
 ship calling there. 
 
 " It is, therefore, not improbable that Lady 
 Brassey's black pugs Jack Spratt and Mahdi were 
 brought home from China by Lady Brassey, and 
 were of the breed mentioned in that stray advertise- 
 ment for a lost pet, viz., a ' Peking ' pug." 
 
 That the variety is, at any rate, now quite a 
 distinct one I do not doubt at all, for the following 
 reasons. Mrs. Fifield, of Eastleigh, Southampton, 
 who has some excellent specimens, which originally 
 came from the Brassey strain, says that when blacks 
 are mated together they breed true to type and 
 colour, although in almost every litter a perfectly- 
 marked grey specimen appears, but Mrs. Fifield 
 never bred a black one from grey parents. Most 
 of the blacks have, however, a little patch of 
 white on the chest or toes, but others are per- 
 fectly black. Miss " Mortivals " (Miss M. D. 
 
The Black Pug. 273 
 
 Robinson), Takeley, Essex, writes in a similar 
 strain, and as these two ladies have had a greater 
 experience of black pugs than any one else, their 
 opinions must be highly valued. Indeed, they, with 
 Mr. Alfred Bond, of Gravesend, appear to be the 
 only persons who have given much attention to the 
 variety, and to them all credit is due for the improve- 
 ment brought about in the appearance of the animal 
 since it first came upon the scene. 
 
 The black pug is now a more cobbily and 
 thickly -made dog than was the case three or 
 four years ago ; he is lower on the legs, and his 
 head, face, and skull are more characteristic of 
 our own pug dog, and he is likely in the future 
 to breed quite as true to type as any other of 
 our modern varieties ; thus in due course he will 
 popularise himself. 
 
 Although it was not until 1886 that black pugs 
 first appeared at our shows, long before this time 
 Lady Brassey had them at Normanhurst. A pair 
 were given to a lady in Liverpool. Lord London- 
 derry was likewise presented with a specimen, and 
 later I hear that Her Majesty the Queen took one, 
 amongst her other canine companions, to Balmoral, 
 on the usual royal visit to the Highlands. The 
 royal pug, which bore the name of " Brassey " in 
 honour of its donor, died at Windsor in 1891, and, so 
 
 T 
 
274 Modern Dogs. 
 
 far as I can learn, not one of these four animals left 
 any progeny behind. 
 
 After Lady Brassey's tragical death in the 
 Southern seas in 1887, several of her black pugs 
 were purchased by Mr. A. Bond, already alluded to. 
 One of these dogs was Jack Spratt, who is said 
 to be pretty well the progenitor of the present 
 strains, though of course other blood was introduced. 
 Mr. Bond had the misfortune to lose Jack Spratt 
 in 1888, both he and Bessie Spratt falling victims to 
 that scourge of the pet dog, inflammation of the lungs. 
 Fortunately, ere this occurred, Mr. Bond had been 
 successful in rearing Lino, from Jack and Bessie 
 Spratt, a handsome black dog, which he subsequently 
 sold to Mrs. Fifield, of Southampton, and which has 
 since sired the notable Doatie Darling and Black 
 Gem, two of the best blacks we have had. What 
 had become of Nap. II. Lady Brassey's especial 
 favourite and his sister Black Bess, no one could 
 find out, until the Crystal Palace Committee, in their 
 show for 1891, provided two classes for black pugs. 
 Then for the first time Normanhurst Nap, who had 
 become the property of Miss " Mortivals," met his 
 brother, the Gravesend Lino, who beat the old 
 favourite. Singularly, the first prize went to quite an 
 outsider, believed to have come from the East End 
 of London, as breeder and pedigree were stated 
 
The Black Pug. 275 
 
 unknown and the type had nothing of the Jack 
 Spratt about it. 
 
 This dog, Nigger, now better known as Surprise, 
 attracted, however, the attention of the judge, and its 
 black coat, tightly curled tail, coupled with a smart 
 carriage, quite overbalanced his somewhat long, 
 terrier-like face, and placed him first in the open 
 class for dogs, in which there were twelve entries. 
 The other dogs shown, the true lineal descendants 
 of Jack Spratt were so shy as to render themselves 
 ridiculously unassertive, their tails dangling under 
 their bodies, so they were quite out of the running. 
 Nap II., however, was consoled by winning the first 
 stud medal ever given to a black pug, he being 
 awarded one of the two bronze medals offered by 
 the Crystal Palace for stud pugs. These two well- 
 filled classes of odd-looking, but remarkably hand- 
 some, jet black pugs created considerable attention, 
 and since that time classes have been provided for 
 them at our leading exhibitions. Such is all that 
 is known as to the history of the black pug. 
 
 I have already alluded to their breeding true to 
 type, and Miss " Mortivals " says that " two of the 
 original pair, Nap II. and Black Bess, never 
 produced any puppies but black ones, which had 
 usually a small white mark on their chests, and 
 some of them had white on their toes, others on 
 
 T 2 
 
276 Modem Dogs. 
 
 their under lip. A fawn bitch mated with Nap 
 invariably threw half the litter wholly black, the 
 others very clear coated never fawns with dense 
 markings. I found the breeding difficult, so about 
 eighteen months ago I made up my mind to breed 
 out for fresh blood, and accordingly purchased a 
 first-class fawn bitch, combining the blood of Loris, 
 Stately, and Diamond, and mated her with Nap II. 
 At the same time I sent out a black daughter of 
 Nap's to the fawn dog Confidence. 
 
 11 From these alliances have been produced 
 puppies either entirely black or entirely silver fawn, 
 and not so mixed in coat as the show dogs of two 
 fawn ancestors. Never yet has there appeared 
 anything curious in the breeding, the sole reason for 
 introducing the fresh blood being to make the 
 blacks more like the fawns in quality, in shortness of 
 face, better in body and lower in the leg. The issue 
 from the Nap II., Loris, and Confidence alliances 
 or blend, retains the colour, but have better coats, 
 thicker in texture than that of the old blacks, and 
 more inclined to rufHe, while the domed head is 
 disappearing and giving place to wrinkle ; sturdy 
 limbs are supplanting the long taper legs of the 
 original blacks, and the nose, instead of having a 
 downward tendency, is becoming more snub. 
 
 " From the two cross alliances six puppies came, 
 
The Black Pug. 277 
 
 four of which were dense black, one pure silver, and 
 one silver fawn of the loveliest colour possible. The 
 coats and ( pug points ' were much improved, and with 
 one exception all had excellent jackets, characteristic 
 of the fawn pug (the black had nearly always bad 
 coats), and with loose skins. One of the strange 
 things in this cross is that whole colours usually 
 appear, and that black and fawn or tri-coloured 
 puppies have not yet been born." 
 
 Mrs. Fifield and Miss " Mortivals " both accord 
 the black pugs excellent characters. They say they 
 are hardier than the fawn, especially when past 
 puppyhood, and even when young they are not much 
 trouble to rear. Oily food suits them best, and 
 Miss " Mortivals " gives hers linseed once a week, it 
 improving their coats and making them appear 
 smarter and cleanlier than they would without it. 
 
 Mrs. Fifield writes that " the black pugs differ 
 materially from the fawns ; firstly they are not so 
 susceptible to cold. The prettiest sight I remember 
 was seeing the delight of an exquisite litter of black 
 puppies in their first snowstorm ; they simply revelled 
 in it. They are much more tenacious in affection, 
 for, while the fawns freely make friends, no entice- 
 ments will induce the blacks to leave their owners, 
 and, although very timid, they are wonderfully 
 intelligent and easily learn tricks. They are cleanly 
 
278 Modern Dogs. 
 
 in their habits, but, whilst the fawns are proverbially 
 greedy, the blacks are extremely dainty feeders. A 
 combination of such excellent traits makes them the 
 most perfect companions ladies can possibly wish 
 for." 
 
 I think I have produced sufficient evidence to 
 satisfy carpers that no wrong has been done in 
 introducing in this volume the Black Pug as a 
 distinct variety. The evidence of those who keep 
 him proves this, not only because the blacks are, even 
 in disposition, unlike the fawns, but because the 
 former breed equally true to type as the latter. 
 
 So far as the points and description are concerned, 
 excepting in colour the two should be alike, but 
 whether by introducing the " fawn " strain one or 
 two of the distinguishing traits in the blacks may be 
 ultimately lost is a question upon which there may 
 be two opinions. The blacker the black pug is the 
 better ; he should be free from white, and any 
 brown or bronze tinge is a very severe handicap 
 when being judged in the ring. 
 
1 
 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 ENGLISH TOY SPANIELS. 
 
 NOTWITHSTANDING recent introductions and 
 popularisations of other canine pets, the toy spaniels 
 appear to well hold their own in favouritism ; one 
 even fancies they are increasing in numbers, as they 
 certainly are in quality. The original toy spaniels 
 were black, tan, and white in colour ; and orange or 
 red and white, the former known as the King Charles, 
 and later the latter as Blenheims. The King Charles 
 were called after the second monarch of that 
 name, who had so great a partiality and fondness 
 for such creatures ; and the Blenheims obtained their 
 designation from the family seat of the Dukes of 
 Marlborough, where at one time they were bred to 
 perfection and kept with great care. 
 
 However, I imagine that long before the restora- 
 tion of the Stuarts (1660), toy spaniels were general 
 favourites with the aristocracy. A story is told that 
 James II., on one occasion fleeing from a sinking 
 ship, suddenly discovered that some favourite 
 
280 Modern Dogs. 
 
 spaniels had been left behind, for which he would 
 have the boat return, though previously he would 
 not consent to put back to rescue his sailors, some 
 of whom were drowned. One could scarcely believe 
 even a monarch of the stamp of James II., guilty 
 of so cruel and inhuman an action. But toy 
 spaniels have not been fortunate in their connection 
 with Royalty, for Mary Queen of Scots' favourite 
 dog was a little black and tan spaniel, and it was 
 found almost heartbroken, curled up in her royal 
 mistress's gown a short time after her melancholy 
 death at the axe of the headsman. About that time 
 and a little later the toy spaniel became fashionable 
 because he was a royal favourite, docile in disposi- 
 tion, and intelligent withal. Towards the close of the 
 sixteenth century Dr. Caius alludes to him as " the 
 Spaniell gentle, otherwise called the Comforter," but 
 does not say much in his favour. He, however, 
 alludes to such lap or toy dogs as "good to assuage 
 the sickness of the stomach," being applied thereto 
 as a preservative plaster, and as being likewise 
 useful when borne in the bosom to keep in " moderate 
 heat diseased and weak persons." Caius follows 
 with a lot of other rubbish, but in his day the little 
 dogs were pampered and petted much as they are 
 now, and, no doubt because they afforded pleasure 
 to their fair mistresses, who kissed and fondled 
 
English Toy Spaniels. 281 
 
 them, obtained the name of Comforters ; moreover, 
 a vulgar superstition prevailed that if these little 
 dogs were carried about the person of anyone 
 suffering from disease, the disorder became trans- 
 ferred from the individual to the dog, which usually 
 died in consequence ! 
 
 Some writers have said that the King Charles 
 spaniel was originally brown and white in colour, but 
 I have not been able to find anything to establish 
 the truthfulness of such a statement ; still I have no 
 doubt that the original toy spaniel was much more 
 like a little cocker spaniel than it is at present, and 
 in addition to being used as a " comforter," was occa- 
 sionally trained to hunt the coverts, beating out the 
 pheasants and woodcocks, stirring up the hares and 
 the rabbits just as the rustic biped with the long 
 stick does at the present day. 
 
 Writers on canine matters at the early part of this 
 century have little to tell about the King Charles 
 and the Blenheim spaniels, excepting as to their 
 value and sagacity. Sir William Jardine, as late as 
 1843, m ms " Naturalist's Library," says of the King 
 Charles that it is " a beautiful breed, in general 
 black and white, and presumed to be the parent of 
 the cocker;" but in 1820 John Scott wrote in the 
 "Sportsman's Repository" that "the very delicate 
 and small carpet spaniels have excellent noses and 
 
282 Modern Dogs. 
 
 will hunt truly and pleasantly, but are neither fit for a 
 long day or for a thorny covert. The " Sportsman's 
 Cabinet" (1803) has little more to give about the 
 King Charles spaniel, but mentions one that in 1792 
 belonged to a gentleman, in De Vere-street, Clare 
 Market. This gentleman went with his family to 
 Drury Lane theatre, about 5.30 in the afternoon, 
 leaving the little dog locked up in the dining-room. 
 At eight o'clock the door was opened, the dog 
 escaped, found its way to the theatre, and although 
 the house was crowded at the time, ferreted out its 
 master, who was sitting in the centre of the pit. I 
 am afraid none of our modern toy spaniels could 
 perform such a feat as this. 
 
 The Dukes of Norfolk at one time had an 
 exceptional strain of spaniels., which were valued 
 highly, so much so that when a friend of one 
 of the dukes asked as a favour for a puppy, his 
 Grace haughtily replied, " Which of my estates 
 would you like, sir?" Indeed, of this Howard, who 
 bore no good name, it was said he valued these 
 " trumpery little dogs more than he did his tenants, 
 and, rather than present any of them with a puppy, 
 either destroyed those for which he had not room, 
 or fed his hawks with them." 
 
 Richardson, in a little handbook about dogs which 
 he wrote in 1845, savs that "in London the King 
 
English Toy Spaniels. 283 
 
 Charles and Blenheims are bred with great care and 
 to the highest perfection. The Blenheim is fre- 
 quently crossed with the Charles, so that the variety 
 of colour, on which the difference in nomenclature 
 depends, often appears in the same litter." After 
 writing a lot of nonsense as to this cross, Richardson 
 goes on to say that u Several ' Spaniel Clubs ' have 
 been formed to promote the careful breeding of 
 these dogs, and of some of these His Royal Highness 
 Prince Albert is patron, both Her Majesty and the 
 Prince being enthusiastic admirers of these beautiful 
 little creatures. His Royal Highness has, at no 
 sparing outlay, erected a superb kennel for them at 
 Windsor." 
 
 " The members of these spaniel clubs subscribe a 
 small sum each, and with the amount contributed a 
 handsome collar of silver, with gold entablature, is 
 purchased ; a particular day is then named, and 
 judges are appointed, when each member brings to 
 the club-room a dog of his own rearing, and that 
 dog adjudged to possess the greatest number of 
 good points attains the collar as a prize. King 
 Charles and Blenheims have been known in London 
 to fetch the price from 150 to 200 guineas." 
 
 The above extracts are particularly interesting, 
 as they give a clue to the early inter-breeding of 
 two breeds from which we now obtain two other 
 
284 Modern Dogs. 
 
 varieties, and the reference to the early establish- 
 ment of dog clubs is likewise useful. Possibly some 
 of the handsome collars won at these early club 
 shows are still to be found, and I am certain they 
 would compare more than favourably with the 
 valueless silver medals some of the modern cham- 
 pions have to be contented with, as provided by 
 show committees, although our popular Toy Spaniel 
 Club appears to be unusually liberal in the prizes it 
 provides for its own members. 
 
 No doubt from continual in-breeding, the peculiarly 
 short faces and round skulls so much admired in the 
 modern type of toy spaniel are procured, and not 
 from any cross with the still shorter faced Japanese 
 spaniel, which has been with us for a considerable 
 number of years, nor with the pug dog, as has been 
 suggested in some quarters. So far as I can make 
 out there are not the remotest grounds for such 
 statements. Our toy spaniel has been bred within 
 its own variety, and possesses attributes distinct from 
 those of the pug and of any other strain, with which 
 an out cross would no doubt have interfered. 
 
 As I have said, the present King Charles spaniel 
 must be black and tan, deep in black, and rich in 
 tan, and the Blenheim is an orange and white 
 marked dog, which ought to have an evenly coloured 
 face, with a white blaze up the centre, widening 
 
English Toy Spaniels. 285 
 
 towards the top of the skull, upon which should 
 be an orange spot or mark called the " lozenge " 
 or " spot." Several of our modern Blenheims are 
 without this spot, but it is an old fancy, difficult to 
 produce, and, although not of the slightest use, I 
 do not care about seeing Blenheims devoid of it a 
 beauty mark, in fact. 
 
 One recent writer, alluding to the Blenheim 
 spaniel, says : " Strange as it may seem to those 
 who only know the Blenheim spaniel as the tiny lap 
 dog with its retrousse nose, goggle eyes, and abnor- 
 mally prominent brows, which properties are so 
 admired by their lady owners, that animal was 
 originally a sporting dog, and I have reason to 
 believe that there is a family connection, of remote 
 period, between the Blenheim and the old fashioned 
 liver and white spaniels that are to be found in the 
 eastern counties. I am borne out in this opinion by 
 the fact that, hung over the mantelpiece in the 
 library at Elsenham Hall, the seat of Sir Walter 
 Gilbey, is a portrait of one of the late Duke of 
 Marlborough's spaniels, painted by Stubbs. This 
 dog is represented to be curly-coated, with a long 
 nose, and probably weighed upwards of 3olb. This 
 was no doubt the type of Blenheim spaniel that was 
 known as a sporting dog, and has now been entirely 
 lost sight of." However, such Blenheims as have 
 
286 Modern Dogs. 
 
 recently been at Woodstock are pretty much the 
 toys now admired, though by no means first-rate 
 specimens from the modern point of view. The 
 Duchess of Marlborough sent four to the Birmingham 
 show in 1882, but they were larger than the winners, 
 and neither so short in face or round in the skull 
 as they. Still, these Marlborough Blenheims were 
 active, well formed little dogs, the biggest certainly 
 not less than fourteen pounds weight. 
 
 A word or two may not be out of place here as 
 to the earlier open dog shows, such as took place 
 in London at Ashburnham Hall, Chelsea, and else- 
 where, in the sixties. Divisions for King Charles 
 and Blenheims were provided at all of them, and 
 the former were usually well filled, the Blenheims 
 not being so numerous. The King Charles were for 
 the most part divided according to size, sometimes 
 for dogs and bitches over 7lb. weight, and for such 
 under ylb. Then the division was for King Charles 
 not exceeding I2lb. and under ylb., and in all cases 
 the classes for the little dogs were best filled, there 
 being as a rule approaching twenty entries or more. 
 For the most part these divisions were supported by 
 the London fancy already alluded to, and the best 
 specimens came from Mr. Garwood, Mr. McDonald, 
 Mr. W. Tupper, Mr. R. Mandeville, and Mr. J. W. 
 Guppy. 
 
English Toy Spaniels. 287 
 
 Of late years, in addition to the above two 
 varieties, there have been classified the Prince 
 Charles, which are black, tan, and white, and the 
 Rubies, which are entirely red. Although at the 
 present time these are rarer than the original strains, 
 no doubt in a few years they will be equally popular. 
 As a fact, the tri-colours are older than either the 
 black and tans or the orange and whites ; but it is 
 only since the establishment of the Toy Spaniel 
 Club in 1885 that they have obtained the distin- 
 guishing name of Prince Charles. Still, Landseer 
 had immortalised them on his canvases long before, 
 and his "Cavalier's Pets" and the " Lady and 
 Spaniels " convey an excellent idea of the dog of 
 which 1 write. The reds are the rarest and choicest 
 of all the varieties, and although specimens were 
 occasionally cropping up in litters of black and tans, 
 such were not valued by the fancier, and attracted 
 little attention. However, two or three particularly 
 choice specimens were exhibited, and again the Toy 
 Spaniel Club came to the rescue, named them aptly, 
 and obtained them inclusion in the " Kennel Club 
 Stud Book," where they were first classified in 1892. 
 Long before then, special prizes had been given for 
 both tri-colours and Rubies, and at the Kennel Club 
 Show held at the Crystal Palace in 1886, several 
 nice specimens of both varieties were shown by 
 
288 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Mr. R. T. Linton, Mrs. Beavan, and Mrs. H. E. 
 Jenkins. In November, the year previous, the first 
 exhibition of the Toy Spaniel Club took place at the 
 Westminster Aquarium, where there were eighty-four 
 entries, and classes for King Charles, Blenheims, 
 Prince Charles, Rubies, and " Toy Spaniels," were 
 included in the schedule. The latter was for speci- 
 mens not more than ylb. in weight, and the first 
 prize was won by the red Ruby Princess, second 
 by Mr. Lindsay Hogg's Japanese Ching Mhow. 
 
 As all these English toy spaniels are made so 
 much on the same lines, and, in a certain degree, 
 inter-bred with each other, it is not my intention to 
 separate them under different heads any more than 
 I have already done. I may remark that of the 
 four varieties the Blenheim appears to be the most 
 active ; some I have known recently were not at 
 all adverse to having a scamper after a rabbit, and 
 no doubt had such been brought up in the country 
 would have taken as kindly to the gun and the covert 
 as a terrier or a cocker. Mr. W. C. Bennett, of 
 Dublin, the solicitor to the Irish Canine Society, 
 tells me that Mrs. Bennett has a Blenheim which 
 is quite useful amongst the rabbits. 
 
 In my early days there were at least two persons 
 in the north of England who kept King Charles 
 spaniels, black and tans, with shortish faces and with 
 
English Toy Spaniels. 289 
 
 as much coat and feather as the winners of to-day. 
 All these dogs hunted by the water's edge, and 
 would kill rats fairly well ; but at the same period, 
 and that would be thirty-five years ago, an old lady 
 of my acquaintance had a couple of black and tan 
 spaniels as fat and wheezy and incapable of exertion 
 as the most distorted specimens of modern times. 
 Of course this difference was brought about through 
 the rearing and general surroundings. 
 
 As to the breeding and inter-breeding of the 
 varieties there appears to be some difference of 
 ideas, but none can be higher or more valued than 
 the opinion of Mrs. Forder, of Southsea, one of the 
 oldest breeders, and of Mr. Hugh Collis, of 
 Rusham, honorary secretary to the Toy Spaniel 
 Club, who have kindly contributed the following 
 information. 
 
 They say that the Rubies are not a distinct 
 variety, but in the first instance specimens came 
 from the ordinary King Charles. Then it was 
 sought to perpetuate or improve them by crossing 
 with the Blenheim, but this proved a failure, as 
 when Ruby puppies were born they had more or 
 less white about them, and at one period it was 
 actually impossible to get a Ruby spaniel without 
 white, especially on the forehead or chest. By 
 altogether leaving the Blenheim alone and keeping 
 
 U 
 
290 Modern Dogs. 
 
 up the crossing with the King Charles the white 
 disappeared, and at the present time there are 
 sufficient Ruby dogs and Ruby bitches to breed 
 from Ruby parents on both sides so long as neither 
 parent has Blenheim blood in its veins. Thus easily 
 has this choice and handsome variety become 
 perpetuated. 
 
 The tri-colours have always been, but by continual 
 in-breeding with the darker coloured black and 
 tans the latter are usually born free from white, 
 although many of the best specimens even now 
 have a few white hairs sprinkled up and down the 
 coat and on the chest. Mrs. Forder is of my opinion, 
 that the short noses are the result of in-breeding, 
 which by that process, like any other deformity, 
 can be accentuated. 
 
 Blenheims and tri-colours are sometimes bred 
 together, with a result that you obtain the two 
 varieties from the one litter ; but when the black and 
 tan and the Blenheim are crossed the most probable 
 result is not the two varieties, but King Charles 
 with white on them in the shape of a patch on the 
 breast, on the forehead, or on the feet. There is no 
 doubt that at the present time, with the material at 
 command, there is not the slightest reason to make 
 any crosses between the varieties ; all are sufficiently 
 distinct and representative, thus by freedom from 
 
English Toy Spaniels. 291 
 
 breeding between relatives, and by judicious mating, 
 there is no reason why the toy spaniels in their four 
 varieties should not increase, multiply, and improve. 
 Within the past two or three years the abnormally 
 short nose and the protruding, lolling tongue have 
 certainly not been encouraged, and anyone attending 
 the periodical exhibitions arranged by the Toy 
 Spaniel Club cannot fail to be charmed with the 
 pretty dogs that are there benched. These lovely 
 specimens are not always from the homes of the 
 noble and the wealthy, for in the. East End of 
 London, where the labourer dwells, many of our 
 best toy spaniels have been produced. Such little 
 dogs are well adapted for cottage homes, as they 
 take up less room than the bigger terrier, and are 
 kept in good health with less exercise. Our English 
 toy spaniels have for generations been favourites 
 with the working man fancier, and his wife will 
 attend to their comforts when she has put the 
 children to bed. On the Saturday night, when his 
 work is over for the week, this working man has a 
 show of his own at his favourite " public round 
 the corner," where, on the parlour table, his little 
 beauties are placed to compete against those of his 
 neighbours. The prize is generally a useful article 
 of small value, given either by the landlord or by a 
 friend. At such shows as these the choicest toy 
 
 U 2 
 
292 Modern Dogs. 
 
 spaniels originally appear, and a good '"stock" 
 Blenheim or King Charles will bring in quite a little 
 income to his owner. These working men often 
 enough refuse 20 and ^30 apiece for their 
 favourites, and it is indeed a moderate specimen 
 that will not bring more than a five pound note. 
 
 I believe to the working classes of the East End 
 we are indebted for the present excellence and 
 popularity of the toy spaniels. Few are bred of any 
 note whatever either at Blenheim Palace or in the 
 neighbourhood of Marl borough. The Dukes of 
 Norfolk have not taken any interest in them for a 
 generation or two, and they are no longer favourites 
 in the royal home at Windsor. Still, the breed 
 survives, and under the fostering care of the 
 specialist club will no doubt continue to improve. 
 At their shows now, over a hundred specimens may 
 be exhibited, and if such do not bring sums so 
 exorbitant as the more fashionable collie and fox 
 terrier, not long ago 80 was given for the King 
 Charles Spaniel Laureate, and I know one or two 
 Blenheims which are worth quite as much Mr. 
 Garrod's May Queen II., for instance. 
 
 Retracing our steps a few years, we find in 187 i 
 Mr. C. Dawson's Frisky, Mrs. Lee's Jumbo, and Mr. 
 Garwood's Hyllus, all animals of high stamp, and 
 three years later Mr. Forder brought out a King 
 
English Toy Spaniels. 293 
 
 Charles called Young Jumbo, which beat all before 
 him for a time. Mr. Buggs succeeded not long after 
 with Alexander the Great, then came Bend Or, 
 Bend Or II., and Mrs. Forder's Jumbo, all of which 
 attained to the dignity of champions. The following 
 came later, and take us up to the present date, Mr. 
 Arnold's Grace Darling ; Mrs. Graves' Little Gem, 
 Golden Ben, and Sunbeam ; Mr. Yates' Minerva ; 
 Mrs. W. H. B. Warner's Queen of the Toys and 
 Laureate ; Mr. R. Spencer's Olivette ; Mrs. Collis' 
 Donovan ; and Mrs. Pestell's Paymaster. 
 
 The best Blenheims are Duke of Bow ; Mrs. 
 Jenkins' Bowsie and Flossie ; Mr. Collis' Pompey 
 and Ermine ; Mr. Garrod's Excelsior and May 
 Queen II. ; Mrs. Blarney's King Stormy of Homerton ; 
 Mrs. Graves' Tiny Tots ; and Mrs. Forder's Haidee. 
 In addition to the above, which have taken the 
 leading prizes of late, from Mrs. Leeke's Sweet May 
 Blossom I. and II. and her Lola, which run back as 
 direct descendants from the Duke of Bow, have been 
 produced many of the best Blenheims of the present 
 day. Nor must Mr. J. W. Berrie's (afterwards Mrs. 
 Booth's) The Earl, and Mr. J. H. Dawes' Prince, 
 and Charlie be forgotten. 
 
 The most successful tri-colours or Prince Charles 
 up to date are Mrs. Jenkins' Prince of Teddington, 
 Day Dream, Mozart, and Zingra II. ; Mrs. Collis' 
 
294 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Scamp ; Mrs. Graves' Mother Bunch ; and Miss 
 Young's Lady Vivian. Before tri-colours were called 
 Prince Charles, Miss Violet Cameron showed 
 successfully a pretty little dog called Conrad. 
 
 The Rubies are yet in few hands, but several 
 particularly choice specimens have appeared on the 
 benches lately, and I rather fancy that of all the toy 
 spaniels my admiration has been mostly extended 
 to Mr. S. J. Thompson's exquisite Ruby Princess, 
 and to Mr Garrod's equally choice Blenheim, May 
 Queen II., neither of which would scale ylb. weight, 
 and are almost perfect in other respects. Mrs. 
 Jenkins and Mrs. Woodgate own the best strains of 
 the Rubies, and the former's Ruby Prince and Golden 
 Phiz, and the latter's Jasper, England's Best, and 
 Carbuncle, with Mr. Knight's Turret Queen, are 
 examples of a lovely variety of dog which anyone 
 must feel proud in owning. 
 
 Many persons have decried these pretty toy 
 spaniels of ours because it is said they are dirty, 
 snappish, strong smelling, and generally disagreeable 
 as house dogs and ladies' pets. This is not at all 
 the case, and when there is any foulness from the 
 breath or skin such arises through ill-health and 
 neglect. The Blenheim, as already hinted, is the 
 most sprightly and lively of the breed of toy spaniels, 
 sweet in disposition, sensible, cleanly, and an admir- 
 
English Toy Spaniels. 295 
 
 able follower in the crowded streets when properly 
 trained. There is no guile about him, and if he 
 prefers to pay attention to all the movements of his 
 fair mistress, and is ever ready to be fondled in her 
 lap, he never forgets to come to a stranger and give 
 him welcome, and no doubt expects a word of praise 
 in return. He is not so liable to become fat and 
 podgy as the King Charles, and in most respects 
 the Ruby Spaniel takes after the Blenheim in 
 disposition and character. 
 
 The black and tan and the tri-colour are alike in 
 general conduct and behaviour, and appear to be 
 less dainty as to their food than are the other 
 varieties, and so have a tendency to become obese. 
 This they should not be allowed to do, as 'it inter- 
 feres with the glossiness of their coats, and I am 
 inclined to believe has a tendency to make the jackets 
 become curlier and not so straight as would be the 
 case under healthier surroundings. This tendency 
 for the coat to lose its straightness with increasing 
 age is one of the great drawbacks to the King 
 Charles spaniel, and in this respect a modern four- 
 year-old dog is not to be compared with a puppy of 
 twelve months or so. Some of these toy spaniels 
 have a habit of lolling out their tongues, which is 
 bad ; others have indifferent sets of teeth, which is 
 equally bad. Level mouths are the best, but in many 
 
296 Modern Dogs. 
 
 instances breeding for the abnormally short noses 
 appears to have produced undershot mouths, i.e., 
 where the lower row of teeth protrudes in front of the 
 upper row. The mouth of the toy spaniel should 
 be as level and uniform as that of a terrier. 
 
 All toy spaniels require their toilet attending to, 
 or the feather becomes matted, and the little creature 
 loses the gloss on his coat. An ordinary hair brush 
 and an ordinary comb will answer all purposes 
 admirably, and if your little pet has these used on 
 him pretty regularly once a day, and he is given 
 a " tubbing " when he requires it, is not fed too 
 highly, and is occasionally doctored with a gentle 
 dose of magnesia, he will repay the trouble by being 
 sleek and healthy, and as engaging a little companion 
 as anyone need desire. 
 
 ^he following are the descriptions and points of 
 the four English varieties as drawn up by the 
 specialist club : 
 
 POINTS OF TOY SPANIELS (ENGLISH). 
 
 " Head. Should be well domed, and in good 
 specimens is absolutely semi-globular, sometimes 
 even extending beyond the half-circle, and absolutely 
 projecting over the eyes, so as nearly to meet the 
 up-turned nose. 
 
 "Eyes. The eyes are set wide apart, with the 
 
English Toy Spaniels. 297 
 
 eyelids square to the line of the face not oblique 
 or foxlike. The eyes themselves are large, so as to 
 be generally considered black ; their enormous pupils, 
 which are absolutely of that colour, increasing the 
 description. From their large size, there is almost a 
 certain amount of weeping shown at the inner angles ; 
 this is owing to a defect in the lachrymal duct. 
 
 " Stop. The ' stop,' or hollow between the eyes, 
 is well marked, as in the bulldog, or even more so, 
 some good specimens exhibiting a hollow deep 
 enough to bury a small marble. 
 
 11 Nose. The nose must be short, and well turned up 
 between the eyes, without any indication of artificial 
 displacement afforded by a deviation to either side. 
 The colour of the end should be black, and it should 
 be both deep and wide, with open nostrils. 
 
 ( Jaw. The lower jaw must be wide between its 
 branches, leaving plenty of space for the tongue, 
 and for the attachment of the lower lips, which 
 should completely conceal the teeth. It should also 
 be turned up or ' finished,' so as to allow of its 
 meeting the end of the upper jaw, turned up in a 
 similar way as above described. 
 
 " Ears. The ears must be long, so as to 
 approach the ground. In an average-sized dog 
 they measure 2oin. from the tip to tip and some 
 reach 22in. or even a trifle more. They should be 
 
298 Modern Dogs. 
 
 set low on the head, and be heavily feathered. In this 
 respect the King Charles is expected to exceed the 
 Blenheim, and his ears occasionally extend to 24in. 
 
 " Size. The most desirable size is from ylb. to 
 lolb. 
 
 " Shape. In compactness of shape these spaniels 
 almost rival the pug, but the length of coat adds 
 greatly to the apparent bulk, as the body when the 
 coat is wetted looks small in comparison with that 
 dog. Still it ought to be decidedly ' cobby,' with 
 strong stout legs, broad back, and wide chest. The 
 symmetry of the toy spaniel is of importance, but it 
 is seldom that there is any defect in this respect. 
 
 " Coat. The coat should be long, silky, soft, and 
 wavy, but not curly. In the Blenheim there should 
 be a profuse mane, extending well down in the front 
 of the chest. The feather should be well displayed 
 on the ears and feet, where it is so long as to give 
 the appearance of their being webbed. It is also 
 carried well up the backs of the legs. In the King 
 Charles the feather on the ears is very long and 
 profuse, exceeding that of the Blenheim by an inch 
 or more. The feather on the tail (which is cut to 
 the length of about three and a half or four inches) 
 should be silky, and from five to six inches in length, 
 constituting a marked " flag " of a square shape, 
 and not carried above the level of the back. 
 
English Toy Spaniels 299 
 
 " Colour. The colour varies with the breed. The 
 King Charles is a rich, glossy black and deep tan ; 
 tan spots over the eyes and on cheeks, and the 
 usual markings on the legs are also required. The 
 Ruby spaniel is a rich chesnut red. The presence 
 of a few white hairs intermixed with the black on 
 the chest of a King Charles spaniel, or intermixed 
 with the red on the chest of a Ruby spaniel shall 
 carry very great weight against a dog, but shall not 
 in itself absolutely disqualify ; but a white patch on 
 the chest or white hairs on any other part of a King 
 Charles or Ruby spaniel shall be a disqualification. 
 The Blenheim must on no account be whole coloured, 
 but should have a ground of pure pearly white, with 
 bright rich chesnut or ruby-red markings, evenly 
 distributed in large patches. The ears and cheeks 
 should be red, with a blaze of white extending from 
 the nose up to the forehead, and ending between the 
 ears in a crescentive curve. In the centre of this 
 blaze there should be a clear ' spot ' of red, of the 
 size of a sixpence. The tri-colour, or Charles the 
 First Spaniel, should have the tan of the King 
 Charles, with markings like the Blenheim in black 
 instead of red on a pearly white ground. The ears 
 and under the tail should also be lined with tan. 
 The tri-colour has no * spot,' that beauty being 
 peculiarly the property of the Blenheim. 
 
300 
 
 Modern Dogs. 
 
 'The only name by which the tri-colour, or black, 
 white, and tan, in future shall be recognised is 
 ' Prince Charles.' 
 
 " That in future the all red toy spaniel be known 
 by the name of ' Ruby spaniel.' The colour of the 
 nose to be black. The points of the ' Ruby ' be the 
 same as those of the ( King Charles,' differing only 
 
 in colour." 
 
 SCALES OF POINTS. 
 
 KING CHARLES, PRINCE CHARLES, AND RUBY SPANIELS. 
 
 Value. 
 
 10 
 
 Value. 
 Symmetry, condition, 
 
 and size 20 
 
 Head 15 
 
 Stop 5 
 
 Muzzle 10 
 
 50 
 
 Eyes 
 
 Ears 
 
 Coat and feathering 
 Colour 
 
 15 
 15 
 10 
 
 Grand Total, 100. 
 
 BLENHEIM. 
 
 Value. 
 Symmetry, condition, 
 
 and size 20 
 
 Head 15 
 
 Stop 5 
 
 Muzzle 10 
 
 5 
 
 Eyes 
 
 Ears 
 
 Coat and featherings... 
 Colour and markings... 
 Spot 
 
 Value. 
 
 5 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 50 
 
 Grand Total, 100. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE JAPANESE SPANIEL. 
 
 IN some quarters an impression prevails that the 
 Japanese spaniel is quite a modern introduction. 
 This is, however, not so ; and at one of our very 
 earliest dog shows that held in the Holborn Horse 
 Repository in 1862 a class was provided for 
 Japanese, which at that time were oftener called 
 pugs than spaniels. There were then nine entries ; 
 and Mr. C. Keller, Camberwell, won first prize with 
 a black and white dog called Caro. 
 
 The Japanese themselves claim great antiquity 
 for these little dogs, going so far as to be rivals 
 with the Maltese in that respect, and declaring 
 that our own toy spaniels were originally produced 
 from the Japanese. But, as I have had to say 
 repeatedly, the origins of the varieties of the dog 
 cannot be traced. We have them and so should 
 be contented. 
 
 These little dogs are now called and identified 
 as Japanese spaniels because they are supposed to 
 
302 Modern Dogs. 
 
 have originally been brought from Japan. From 
 what I have been told, and from what I have read, 
 I believe them to be equally indigenous to the 
 northern and other parts of China. In the Field 
 over twenty years ago there was an excellent article 
 on the dogs of China, in which the writer states that 
 there is the " Pekin pug, remarkable for its diminu- 
 tive size, sometimes so small as to be carried in the 
 sleeves of a Chinese coat. Hence they are called 
 sleeve dogs. Some resemble the old-fashioned 
 short-bow-legged pugs, which may have been 
 originally introduced into Europe from China by 
 the Portuguese, and hence called Portuguese or 
 Spanish pugs. These dogs are generally smooth 
 skinned. There are other kinds, resembling Scotch 
 Skye terriers, which might, in some exaggerated 
 instances, be considered equally handsome in their 
 extreme ugliness, in having their faces concealed by 
 long hair, and a line of division running along the 
 back, the hair on each side reaching to the ground. 
 All these kinds are remarkable for the shortness of 
 their nose, giving rise to the supposition that it was 
 the result of mechanical interference with the proper 
 growth of the head, as in the case of the artificially 
 produced distortion of the feet of the Chinese 
 women, but such is not the case, as all who have 
 seen the little puppies of the species can testify. . . . 
 
The Japanese Spaniel 303 
 
 These small dogs were originally derived from Corea, 
 and are continually imported from that country into 
 China, where, especially in the north, they are much 
 valued, where they are to be found in the houses of 
 the wealthy." 
 
 The above, as being written by an authority on 
 Chinese dogs, I think well worth reproducing, but 
 whether admirers of the Japanese dogs will recognise 
 much resemblance to their favourites in the dogs 
 described, is a matter for them to determine. In 
 1870 a black and white Japanese spaniel, such as 
 we have now, was entered at a Crystal Palace dog 
 show by Mr. P. Gordon. It was called a Mandarin 
 pug, and said to be one of the four taken at the 
 sacking of the Summer Palace at Pekin. This 
 little dog was about twelve years old when shown in 
 England. 
 
 In their native country the " Japs " are called 
 " sleeve dogs," because it is, or was, the fashion for 
 the Japanese swell of the period to carry his little toy 
 dog about with him hidden in one of the sleeves of 
 his flowing garment. Thus the smaller the dogs 
 the better, and specimens not more than three 
 pounds weight are cherished exceedingly. It is said 
 that to keep the dogs as minute as possible, it 
 is customary when young to give them a liquor 
 called " saki," which retards their growth. Such 
 
304 Modern Dogs. 
 
 an idea is quite as fallacious as is the belief at one 
 time common with us, that our diminutive toys were 
 made so by potions of gin given at stated periods. 
 Elsewhere I have alluded to a similar system which 
 was said to be carried out with the Maltese dogs. 
 
 There appears to be a little difference of opinion 
 here as to what size a Japanese spaniel ought to 
 be, and I consider that a specimen 61b. weight or so 
 is quite small enough for anything. When smaller 
 dogs are produced they are delicate and sickly, 
 uncertain breeders, and for these reasons are not 
 desirable, and those judges who would give a 
 prize to a very diminutive specimen, which, so far as 
 locomotion is concerned, is as a dwarf at a penny 
 show compared with a full-grown man, are certainly 
 not going the right way towards perpetuating the 
 breed in this country. Still, where one of the most 
 diminutive creatures is as perfect and active as the 
 larger specimens, the latter must on the occasion 
 take, as it were, a back seat. 
 
 On the subject of size, Mr. C. F. Grindrod, of 
 Malvern, wrote to a weekly paper not long ago : 
 
 " Japanese spaniels are of almost any size from 
 even under 4lb. weight to over 2olb. Specimens 
 are fairly healthy from 61b. or ylb., but usually much 
 more so from 81b. to I2lb. Where, however, the 
 weight is reduced to 4lb., of which we have had 
 
The Japanese Spaniel. 305 
 
 several examples at late shows, it means the pro- 
 duct of breeder's tricks, which it is wrong to 
 encourage. 
 
 " These tiny specimens, again, have not got the 
 points of the larger ones, though they are undeni- 
 ably very pretty also undeniably useless, except 
 for the shows. No possessor of a female specimen 
 of these attenuated Toys dare run the risk of 
 breeding from it a sufficient proof of nature gone 
 wrong. 
 
 11 Apart from this, I maintain that the true charms 
 of the species, the admitted points, are lost in these 
 tiny examples. To take one point alone, no one 
 ever saw a grand head in a very small-bred Jap ; 
 and this, according to the Toy Spaniel Club's de- 
 scription (from which, by the way, at least as regards 
 colour, a native of Japan would hardly recognise 
 his own breed), ought to rank first of all, yet counts 
 very little with most judges. 
 
 " To the only defensive argument raised by the 
 ladies for diminutive Japs, that Toys should be as 
 small as possible, I reply that health should count 
 before a fad, and I also ask, ( How about King and 
 Prince Charles, some of the best of which have 
 weighed from i2lb. to 2olb., and which are probably 
 own cousins to the Japs ? ' 
 
 " One cannot dictate exact weights in any breed, 
 
 x 
 
306 Modern Dogs. 
 
 but my own belief is that Japanese spaniels are best 
 all round at about 81b., and that if you breed them 
 much under this weight you sacrifice both strength 
 and beauty to a foolish and even cruel fad. That 
 the breed is not naturally so small is proved by the 
 fact that if you leave nature alone you cannot 
 produce diminutive specimens, and I challenge 
 anyone to dispute this assertion. I have seen some 
 very small ones bred, and they have either died 
 young, or been ' effeminate ' indeed. 
 
 " I write this from no personal interest, for I 
 possess a prize Jap of 61b. weight, and another 
 prize one of I2lb., but in the hope not a very 
 great hope, since the ladies are against me of 
 saving what I regard as the most beautiful breed 
 of small dogs in the world from the fatal danger of 
 attenuation. 
 
 " May I add that the dogs, though called, and 
 doubtless rightly called, spaniels, are not a bit like 
 typical spaniels in their nature, being the liveliest, 
 sauciest, almost maddest-spirited little dogs in 
 creation ; but, then, to be this they must not be 
 dwarfed beyond the limit Nature demands for healthy 
 organism." 
 
 There is a good deal of common sense in the 
 above extract, and coming from a great authority on 
 the variety, is the reason of its reproduction here, 
 
The Japanese Spaniel. 307 
 
 and especially as there is at the present time a 
 slight run in favour of the Japanese spaniel. 
 
 Our big shows now provide classes for them, 
 although, after the exhibition held in 1863, already 
 alluded to, such was not done for a considerable 
 period. In due course, we shall doubtless see the 
 variety included under its own head in the Kennel 
 Club's Stud Book. 
 
 Although the usual colour of the " Jap " is black 
 and white, fawn or yellow and white and wholly 
 fawns or yellows are sometimes seen, specimens of 
 the latter colour being, however, extremely rare. 
 All varieties, no doubt, come from the same parents, 
 and Mr. Grindrod writes me that he has just had 
 two litters from black and white parents, good speci- 
 mens and prize winners, and three out of the ten 
 puppies born are lemon and white in colour, the 
 remainder being beautifully marked black and white ; 
 Mr. Grindrod further remarks that the lemon and 
 white when mated together, include black and 
 white in their progeny. 
 
 The same authority says : " The Japanese spaniels 
 are a very distinct breed. In character they are 
 intensely affectionate, and do not readily take to 
 strangers. They are likewise noted for their cleanly 
 habits ; some of them clean their faces in the same 
 manner as cats do, and, besides, they are a little 
 
 X 2 
 
308 Modern Dogs. 
 
 feline in their peculiar ways and nimble action, in 
 cases eating like cats in a dainty, slow, pecking 
 manner. 
 
 " As to type, there are many varieties of this 
 breed in Japan, some large, some small, some short- 
 haired, "some long-haired, others thick-legged, others 
 very fine-legged. To describe a typical specimen, 
 I should say from 61b. to 1 2lb. in weight ; black and 
 white in colour, black ears, the colour nearly or quite 
 meeting across the back of the skull, with a broad, 
 white blaze on the forehead ; in nearly all specimens 
 the eyes are broadly edged with black, which is 
 continued from the ears, leaving the muzzle white ; 
 body either richly broken black and white, or white 
 pointing into black behind, or saddle marked ; white 
 tail like an ostrich feather, curling tight over the 
 back ; legs white, well feathered, and feet well 
 tufted ; ears short, being well forward and long 
 feathered ; face very short, with deep stop behind 
 the nose; eyes large, lustrous dark-brown, rather 
 prominent ; skull broad and high vaulted in bitches 
 more flatly arched than in dogs ; body square and 
 cobby-shaped, not too long ; legs shortish, fine in 
 bone ; the feet delicately pointed and very flexible, 
 with deeply divided toes, in fact, the feet are like 
 large pads, and this is a leading characteristic in the 
 breed ; the coat should be very long, silky in texture, 
 
The Japanese Spaniel. 309 
 
 and not curly. In the best specimens the jaws are 
 square, the head massive, with overhanging fore- 
 head ; but this is only to be seen in the larger dogs, 
 those of lolb. or I2lb. weight. In very tiny speci- 
 mens the face is more pointed and foxlike." 
 
 Such is Mr. Grindrod's opinion of what a Japanese 
 spaniel should be in size, colour, &c. ; but I consider 
 that fawns marked in a similar manner are equally as 
 good as the black and whites, and the whole or self- 
 coloured fawns equal, if not superior, to either. 
 
 Mrs. W. H. B. Warner, Northallerton ; Mrs. 
 Grindrod ; Miss V. Thomas, Ealing Dean ; Mr. 
 L. Edwards, Brixton ; and Mr. Lindsay Hogg, 
 London, have from time to time had good specimens 
 of this variety, whilst some years ago, Mr. T. 
 Marples, of Stockport, showed with great success a 
 Japanese called Ming Seng, which weighed 9lb. 
 
 The following are the points and description of the 
 variety as issued by the Toy Spaniel Club : 
 
 POINTS OF JAPANESE TOY SPANIELS. 
 
 " Head and Neck. Should be large for size of 
 animal, very broad, and with slightly rounded skull. 
 The neck should be short and moderately thick. 
 
 " Eyes. The eyes should be large, dark, lustrous, 
 rather prominent, and set wide apart. 
 
 " Muzzle. Must be strong and wide, very short 
 
310 Modern Dogs. 
 
 from eyes to nose. The upper jaw should look 
 slightly turned up between the eyes ; the lower jaw 
 should be also turned up or ( finished ' so as to meet 
 it ; but should the lower jaw be slightly underhung 
 it is not a blemish, provided the teeth are not shown 
 in consequence. 
 
 " Nose. Very short in the muzzle part, the end 
 or nose proper should be wide with open nostrils, 
 and must be the colour of the dog's marking, i.e., 
 black in black marked dogs, and red or deep flesh 
 colour in red or lemon marked dogs. 
 
 11 Ears. Should be small and V-shaped, nicely 
 feathered, set wide apart, and high on the head, and 
 carried slightly forward. 
 
 " Body. The body should be very compact and 
 squarely built, with a short back, rather wide chest, 
 and of generally ' cobby ' shape, the body and legs 
 should really go into a square, i.e., the length of the 
 dog should be about its height. The dog should 
 rival the pug dog in this, and also in its carriage, 
 which should be particularly smart. 
 
 " Legs. The bones of the legs should be small, 
 giving them a slender appearance, and they should 
 be well feathered. 
 
 11 Feet. These should be small, and shaped 
 somewhat like a cat's, i.e., the dog stands up on its 
 toes somewhat. If feathered, the tufts should never 
 
The Japanese Spaniel. 311 
 
 increase the width of the foot but only its length a 
 trifle. 
 
 11 Tail. This must be carried in a tight curl over 
 the back ; it should be profusely feathered, so as to 
 give the appearance of a beautiful ( plume ' on the 
 animal's back. 
 
 " Coat. The coat ought to be profuse, long, 
 straight, rather silky ; it should be absolutely free 
 from wave or curl, and not lie too flat, but have a 
 tendency to stand out, especially at the neck, so as 
 to give a thick mane or ruff, which with profuse 
 feathering on thighs and tail gives a very showy 
 appearance. 
 
 11 Colour. These dogs can be whole coloured in 
 either of three colours, viz., black, red, or white, but 
 they are preferable parti-coloured, either black and 
 white, red and white, or lemon and white. The most 
 ordinary and favourite colour is, however, red and 
 white, lemon and white, black and white, in the 
 order named. In all parti-coloured specimens the 
 ground colour should be a pure pearly white, and 
 the other colour be in large evenly distributed 
 patches over the body and over the ears and cheeks. 
 Sometimes the markings are those of a Blenheim 
 spaniel, including the spot ; but more colour on 
 head and large saddle on back with coloured tail is 
 equally usual, as are several other distributions of 
 
312 
 
 Modem Dogs. 
 
 colour, the Blenheim markings are, however, the 
 most showy. All variations of markings are correct 
 providing the colours remain distinct, well defined 
 and distributed in fairly even proportions over the 
 body. 
 
 " Size. The size desirable is from 4lb. to 9lb. 
 weight, the smaller size are preferable if of good 
 
 shape." 
 
 SCALE OF POINTS. 
 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Head Size and shape 
 
 Ears 
 
 10 
 
 of skull, 10; short- 
 
 Coat and marking 
 
 15 
 
 ness of face and 
 
 Size, symmetry 
 
 and 
 
 muzzle, 10 ; width of 
 
 condition 
 
 .. . 20 
 
 muzzle, 5 25 
 
 Legs and feet 
 
 IO 
 
 Eyes 10 
 
 Tail 
 
 .. .. 10 
 
 35 
 
 
 65 
 
 Grand Total, 100. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 THE MALTESE. 
 
 SOMETIMES this charming little dog is called a 
 terrier, on other occasions a spaniel, whilst in many 
 quarters it has been known as the Lion dog of 
 Malta. Sir Edwin Landseer painted it as the latter 
 about 1838, from a specimen stated to be the last 
 of the race. This picture does not appear to be 
 very well known, but as representing a typical 
 Maltese of the present day it must be noticed here. 
 The Maltese " Lion dog " is reclining on a table, 
 upon which a hound is resting its head, the latter 
 no doubt introduced by the great artist to show the 
 diminutiveness of the principal object in the picture, 
 which it undoubtedly does most satisfactorily. The 
 original painting was, I believe, the property of 
 the late Duchess of Kent. 
 
 Whatever doubt there may be as to whether the 
 Maltese dog is a terrier or a spaniel (I do not con- 
 sider it either), there is no question whatever as to 
 its being by far the oldest of our toy dogs, as it is 
 
314 Modern Dogs. 
 
 the rarest at the present time, and, Landseer not- 
 withstanding, the day of the last of the race has not 
 yet been reached. Two thousand years ago and 
 more the dainty creature was nestled in the laps of 
 the ladies of Greece and Rome, where he was said 
 to divide attention with the dandies and bucks of 
 that day, or, as they were then called, '' puppies," a 
 name which still clings to them as occasion requires. 
 
 Many early writers have mentioned these little dogs 
 of Malta. Aristotle did, and he died 322 B.C., whilst 
 the elder Callimachus, who was almost his contem- 
 porary, likewise alludes to them, and has something 
 to say as to hounds and dogs generally in his poem 
 to Diana. No doubt those Canes Melitaei were pretty 
 much identical with the long-haired, white little dog 
 which is the Maltese of the present day, and that he 
 was of an ancient race even then is evident from the 
 fact that there appears to be some confusion as 
 from whence he came. There are two islands bear- 
 ing the name of Melita, from either of which this 
 dog may have been originally introduced. 
 
 The one island was Melita in the Adriatic, near 
 Dalmatia ; the other Melita in the Mediterranean, 
 near Sicily, and the Malta of to-day. Callimachus, 
 already alluded to, and who was undoubtedly an 
 authority on dogs in his day, says the little animal 
 originally came from the Melita in the Adriatic, and 
 
The Maltese. 315 
 
 the learned Bochart, in his " Hierozoicon," quotes him 
 as likely to be right in his statement. Others have 
 said the dog first came from Melita in the Medi- 
 terranean, which island is at the present time 
 generally acknowledged, though I believe wrongly, 
 to be the native country of the Maltese toy dog. 
 
 However, the most complete record of the early 
 history of the Maltese dog is to be found in the 
 Natural History of Ulysses Aldrovandus, who died in 
 1607. His great work, which was in Latin, was 
 published after his death. He says there are two 
 varieties of this Maltese dog, one of which was 
 comparatively short in its coat, the other long ; and 
 as he was unable to say which was correct, he gave us 
 illustrations of each. Both are identical, excepting 
 so far as coat is concerned, that with the longer 
 jacket being pretty much the same dog as we find 
 to-day. The second is the smaller of the two, and, 
 although by no means short-coated, is not so long in 
 the jacket as the other. Aldrovandus quotes pretty 
 freely from other writers, especially as to the origin 
 of this little dog, Blondus ascribing it to Spain, and 
 Gesner to Lyons. However, we must be contented 
 that it came from Malta. In the seventeenth century 
 we are told the best colours were white and red 
 (? fawn), but some were black and white. The 
 smaller they were the better and more valuable they 
 
316 Modern Dogs. 
 
 became, although they bore the reputation of being 
 ferocious and ill-natured. The Italians sometimes 
 called them botoli, because, though small, they were 
 ferocious and bad-tempered, botolo being an old Italian 
 word meaning a quarrelsome little cur, or a worth- 
 less, degenerate little dog. 
 
 The value of a good specimen of this animal was 
 such that Aldrovandus says he had seen one sold for 
 ^400 ! This was, probably, at Bologna, during our 
 Elizabethan period. But the value of money at 
 that time and in that place is no criterion as to 
 its value in English money at that date or now. 
 
 The same author also furnishes us with some 
 interesting little pieces of information as to the 
 breeding and rearing of these diminutive creatures, 
 giving an insight into the arts of the dog fancier 
 of that day, which appeared to be plied with as much 
 care and skill as is the custom at the present time, 
 the Kennel Club notwithstanding. 
 
 In the first place it is said that owing to the 
 smallness of the best Maltese dogs, they could with 
 difficulty be induced to breed, and when such was 
 the case they were fed on hot foods. Then the 
 bitches often died during pupping, and care was taken 
 in breeding that only the very tiniest dogs were used 
 to bigger animals of the opposite sex. A quaint 
 idea was in vogue that when the bitch, in whelp, 
 
The Maltese. 317 
 
 was allowed to sleep upon and have her bed of a 
 sheep-skin or fleece of wool, the puppies were born 
 with longer coats and manes more lion-like than 
 would have been the case if the bitch's bed was of 
 straw or shavings -filios jubatos ins tar leonis. Thus 
 we have at once the origin of the name the " lion 
 dog of Malta." 
 
 Some time after being born, no doubt when they 
 were getting on to their legs, they were given as 
 little exercise as possible, being kept in tin canisters 
 or boxes in order to keep them small in size 
 and as the fancier required them to be ; the best 
 specimens being said to be no bigger in body 
 than a rat or a weasel. Then the dietary was 
 carefully guarded, they eating little food, and 
 that of a particular quality. The favourite diet 
 was " liver or lights, dried and sprinkled with 
 the pared fresh bark of the wild fig tree," the 
 drying operation taking place in a warm room 
 provided for the purpose. Queens, it was said, 
 fed the dainty little creatures with the choicest 
 cuts from the breasts of fowls, which were served 
 out of golden vases. 
 
 Here is another choice little bit for our modern dog 
 fanciers, for old writers say that when the Maltese 
 puppies were born it was the custom to twist the 
 " rostrum" (the upper nose) with the fingers " in 
 
318 Modern Dogs. 
 
 order that they may seem more elegant in the sight 
 of men." Surely after this operation which, for 
 anything we know to the contrary, may have been 
 performed before the Christian era who can say 
 there is anything new under the sun ; and the bull- 
 dog men who manipulate the noses and muzzles of 
 their " beauties " are only following on the lines of 
 their brother fanciers who preceded them in more 
 barbarous times. 
 
 I think I have written enough to prove that the 
 Maltese dog was a valued canine commodity and 
 companion long before England was a great nation. 
 Since she has become so, this dog, with others, has 
 doubtless improved somewhat, though at the present 
 time I should scarcely know where to place my hand 
 on a perfect specimen. We must have them im- 
 maculately white, a fawn mark being a great 
 blemish, and a black one, I fancy, has not been 
 observed for a long time. Thirty years ago there 
 were more of the variety to be found than is the 
 case to-day ; but if they were difficult to breed 
 three hundred years since, unless special trouble 
 had been taken to improve them in that respect 
 certainly not by confining them in boxes and 
 feeding them on dried liver which does not appear 
 to have been the case, the wonder is the breed 
 survives at all. 
 
The Maltese. 319 
 
 The late Mr. Robert Mandeville, of London, 
 about 1860 and later, had a very excellent strain 
 of the variety, and so had Mr. W. Macdonald, 
 also of London ; then came the Hon. Mrs. Bligh 
 Monk, of Reading ; Lady Gifford, of Redhill ; and 
 Mr. J. Jacobs, of Oxford, all of whom at one time 
 or another owned the most perfect specimens that 
 have been produced during the present generation. 
 Mr. Mandeville's Fido and Lady Gifford's Hugh 
 were particularly choice in their way, " white as 
 driven snow, coat like floss silk, less than 5lb. 
 weight each, and with not a dark hair on their 
 bodies." At the early shows the classes given to 
 this variety were far better filled than is the case 
 now when competition usually appears to be 
 restricted to two or three animals. At the Hoi- 
 born Show in London in 1862 there were twenty 
 Maltese entered, there were forty-one in the same 
 year at Islington, and two years later eighteen of 
 the little dogs were present at Ashburnham Hall. 
 Most of these entries were made by the London 
 fancy, but W. Mandeville was usually at the top, as 
 he continued to be for many years, even so recently 
 as 1870 at the Crystal Palace, when the competition 
 had dwindled to seven competitors, and it appears 
 to have continued to slacken and become less ever 
 since. 
 
320 Modem Dogs. 
 
 Mr. J. W. Watts, of Birmingham, owns perhaps 
 the best dogs of this race I at present know, in 
 Prince Lily White and Flossie ; but these dogs do 
 not reach the perfection of such specimens as 
 Hugh and Fido, already mentioned, their coats 
 being neither so good in texture nor so perfectly 
 white as the past champions of their race. Mr. 
 Jacobs, of Headington Quarry, near Oxford, at 
 times shows two or three very good specimens, 
 some of which are of Mrs. Bligh Monk's strain. 
 
 The unpopularity of the Maltese dog must be 
 ascribed to the difficulty in breeding him to perfec- 
 tion, and the trouble which follows to keep the coat 
 in order. The latter requires brush and comb two 
 or three times a day, washing not too often but just 
 often enough, and their jackets are of such a length 
 that it actually ruins them and spoils the dog if 
 exercise is given in dirty weather, or if when out they 
 get caught in a shower. They are just such dainty 
 creatures as the indolent women of the Roman 
 period would cherish and fondle, but are scarcely 
 likely to be popularised in our more matter-of-fact 
 days. They had the reputation of being ferocious 
 and bad tempered. Now such cannot be said of 
 them, though they are somewhat more inclined 
 to be snappish with strangers than are other pet 
 dogs. 
 
The Maltese. 321 
 
 The general form, shape, and character of the 
 Maltese dog may be obtained from the illustration 
 preceding this chapter. In weight he should be not 
 more than from, say, ylb., and about 5lb. is preferable ; 
 colour, all white, with long silky hair, quite unlike 
 that on any other dog, more of the consistency and 
 appearance of " spun glass " than of anything else ; 
 it must be straight, quite free from curl, and the 
 length of hair on a perfectly coated specimen will 
 certainly not be less than seven inches. The nose 
 and eyes must be black. There is usually a redness 
 of the hair under the eyes made so from the eyes 
 watering ; the less of this the better, but I am afraid 
 it cannot wholly be avoided. The tail ought to be 
 carried turned or doubled into the coat of the back, 
 and not gaily erect like the rags at the end of a 
 mopstick. The ears should be small and dropping, 
 well clad with hair, and scarcely discernible on a 
 good coated specimen. In disposition the dog 
 should be sprightly ; the mouth must be level 
 and the teeth white. It is very seldom we 
 now see a dog of this variety with a nose perfectly 
 black, but if obtained it is most desirable ; ears 
 with pale fawn marks covering the whole or part, 
 are likewise much too common, and should form 
 a severe handicap to the dog bearing such a 
 defect. 
 
 Y 
 
322 
 
 Modern Dogs. 
 
 I would place the numerical points of the Maltese 
 dog as follows : 
 
 Value. 
 
 Size 15 
 
 Coat 15 
 
 Colour 15 
 
 Colour of eyes 10 
 
 Colour of nose . 10 
 
 Value. 
 
 Tail 10 
 
 Ears 5 
 
 Legs and body 10 
 
 Symmetry 10 
 
 65 
 
 Grand Total. 
 
 35 
 
 10O. 
 

CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THE POMERANIAN. 
 
 THIS dog has from time to time been known and 
 recognised under many different names, as the 
 Spitz, Loup-Loup, Pomeranian, Wolf dog, Fox dog, 
 and may be by others. There is little doubt that 
 he more nearly approaches in appearance, and in a 
 certain shyness which occasionally prevails in some 
 specimens, such semi-domestic animals as the dogs 
 of the Arctic regions, including the Samoyedes 
 and the smaller varieties of the Esquimaux, than 
 any other of our European dogs. One of the 
 Samoyedes owned by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales 
 very much resembles a white Pomeranian excepting 
 in coat, which on the first-named is comparatively 
 short as compared with that of the other. 
 
 The Pomeranian, or Spitz dog, as it was until 
 quite recently called, was no doubt originally brought 
 from Pomerania, a country which lies on the shores 
 of the Baltic Sea ; when he first became acclima- 
 tised with us there is nothing to show ; that he 
 
 Y 2 
 
324 Modern Dogs. 
 
 has been one of us for a great number of years 
 there is no doubt whatever. 
 
 Amongst the earliest writers who have described 
 the variety must be noticed the author of the 
 "Sportsman's Cabinet" (1803), who gives the 
 animal a bad character, as he does most other 
 varieties of the canine race that are not used for 
 sporting purposes. Assuredly the Pomeranian is 
 not a sporting dog. The " Sportsman's Cabinet " 
 says : " The dog so called in this country is but 
 little more than i8in. or 2oin. in height, and is dis- 
 tinguished by his long, thick, and rather upright 
 coat, forming a most tremendous ruff about the 
 neck, but short and smooth on the head and ears. 
 They are mostly of a pale yellow or cream colour, 
 and lighter on the lower parts. Some are white, 
 some few black, and others, but very rarely, spotted ; 
 the head broad towards the neck, and narrowing to 
 the muzzle ; ears short, pointed, and erect ; nose 
 and eyes mostly black; the tail large and bushy, 
 and invariably curled in a ring upon the back. 
 'Instances of smooth or short coated ones are very 
 rarely seen. In England he is much more familiarly 
 known by the name of fox dog, and this may origin- 
 ally have proceeded from 'his having much affinity 
 to that animal about the head ; but by those who in 
 their writings describe him as a native of Pomerania > 
 
The Pomeranian. 325 
 
 he passes under the appellation of the Pomeranian 
 dog. 
 
 " In general opinion as a house dog he is held in 
 but slender estimation, being by nature frivolous, 
 artful, noisy, quarrelsome, cowardly, petulant, 
 deceitful, snappish and dangerous with children, 
 without one prominent property of perfection to 
 recommend him. This breed is common in 
 Holland, and has occasionally been introduced as a 
 hieroglyphic by the caricatured partisans of the 
 House of Orange (in opposition to the pug) to 
 ridicule the patriots in their political disputes. . . 
 The largest of these dogs are used for draught 
 purposes in different countries, and it may with well- 
 founded reason be presumed that to these or a race 
 somewhat similar may be attributed Took's account 
 of dogs in his view of the Russian Empire." 
 
 The account in question describes the usual 
 Esquimaux as they are used for drawing sledges, 
 and which have been and still are found so useful 
 by Arctic explorers. 
 
 Until within the past half dozen years or so, the 
 White Pomeranian was the only variety known to 
 any great extent in this country, and this was a pure 
 white dog some 2olb. or so in weight. He did not 
 bear a great reputation for amiability, and his best 
 friends could not say that he was anything more 
 
326 Modern Dogs. 
 
 than snappish and particularly ill - tempered with 
 children and with strangers. A few years ago there 
 was a mad dog scare in New York, and in some 
 quarters the origin was said to be traced to the 
 Spitz dogs, a great many of which were destroyed 
 without any proof being forthcoming either one way 
 or the other. Still, I do not think it was altogether 
 on account of their ill-temper that they have never 
 popularised themselves in this country, but white 
 specimens of excellence were most difficult to pro- 
 duce, especially when accompanied by dark hazel 
 eyes and a perfectly black nose. Fawn or fallow 
 marks on the ears were continually appearing, and 
 red noses were far more common than black ones. 
 Then there was the difficulty in washing and in 
 getting them up for show, in which latter respect 
 white dogs are always more troublesome than 
 coloured ones. 
 
 R. D. Blackmore in one of his charming stories 
 introduces a pretty character in Bardie with her 
 " Pomyoleanian dog," and the novelist must, in so 
 agreeably alluding thereto, have held a better 
 opinion of the Pomeranian than do the majority of 
 people. 
 
 Classes have been provided for the variety at early 
 shows, but they were, as a rule, badly filled, and 
 continued to be so until recently. Still, in the first 
 
The Pomeranian. 327 
 
 volume of the " Kennel Club Stud Book," they are 
 allowed a classification, and no fewer than forty- 
 three dogs and bitches are entered, a large majority 
 of which have no pedigree whatever, nor is anything 
 said as to their being bred abroad. These early 
 Pomeranians were, I take it, in the hands of private 
 individuals, who took no trouble to keep records of 
 the puppies so far as either sire or dam was con- 
 cerned. After the shows of the sixties, in most 
 cases the Pomeranians had to compete in the variety 
 classes, and perhaps the most notable dog, and the 
 handsomest of his day, was Mr. J. Fawdrey's 
 Charlie, indeed, I do not recollect having seen so 
 perfect a white specimen since his day, excepting 
 perhaps Miss Creswell's Little Snow, winner at a 
 recent show of toy dogs held at Westminster. 
 
 A great change has, however, been recently 
 brought about in the Pomeranian so far as this 
 country is concerned ; the whites have had their 
 noses put out of joint, their places being more than 
 supplied by the black specimens, and others fawn or 
 pale red in colour, chocolate or brown, and occa- 
 sionally these hues are diversified by parti-coloured 
 specimens. I do not believe that all these 
 Pomeranians of different colours recently produced, 
 have sprung from one stock, whatever may have 
 been the case a hundred or more years ago. Most 
 
328 Modern Dogs. 
 
 of these charming black, or red, or chocolate speci- 
 mens are much smaller than the original whites, 4lb. 
 and 61b. weight each being not unusual, and more- 
 over these "toys " are not snappish and ill-natured, 
 their temperament and disposition being more what 
 one likes to see in a companionable dog. 
 
 That these comparatively new varieties, at any 
 rate new to this country, have a future before them 
 I do not doubt at all ; they are in enthusiastic hands 
 and a specialist club has been formed to look after 
 their interests, which is giving particular attention to 
 the smaller varieties. Her Majesty the Queen has a 
 companionable and handsome little fellow, a beautiful 
 red sable called Marco, and the Right Hon. W. E. 
 Gladstone's favourite dog is a little black specimen 
 which glories in the name of Fritz. Not long 
 ago the club, established in 1891, combined with 
 the Toy Spaniel and other clubs, and had a show 
 of its own, no fewer than fourteen classes for Pome- 
 ranians being provided, and these attracted sixty 
 odd entries, including a number of the most charm- 
 ing specimens ever brought together. 
 
 The royal favourite Marco is now about five 
 years old. This is what Mr. T. Marples, who 
 specially interviewed the little dog at Osborne for 
 the British Fancier, says of him : 
 
 " From a fancier's or exhibition point of view 
 
The Pomeranian. 329 
 
 Marco occupies a high position, and, in short, may 
 be described as a most typical specimen of his race. 
 In substantiation of this we may point to the fact of 
 his having at the late Kennel Club Show, the first 
 time he was ever exhibited, carried off not only first 
 prize in his class, but also the gold medal given by 
 the Pomeranian Club. In colour, Marco is a deep 
 red sable, excepting on the tail and hind feathering, 
 which merges into a very pale tint of the same hue, 
 almost white. In build he is proportionate and sym- 
 metrical, scaling probably about I2lb. in weight. He 
 has the correct coat, which is both straight and 
 profuse, especially about the neck, where it forms a 
 dense frill or mane. He is heavily feathered about 
 the thighs, and his caudal appendage, which is quite 
 orthodox in its carriage, is covered with a profuse 
 quantity of hair, which, fountain-like, flows over his 
 back. His eyes, in colour, match the colour of the 
 dog's body, and he is bright, sharp, and intelligent 
 looking, with small, erectly carried ears, which 
 appear sensitive to every sound. 
 
 " Fortunate in being the recipient of such Royal 
 care and companionship, Marco is a most attractive 
 little fellow and doubtless deserving of the caresses 
 lovingly bestowed upon him by his Royal mistress." 
 
 Her Majesty has, however, other Pomeranians, 
 which are more or less fawn and white in colour, 
 
33 Modern Dogs. 
 
 including a particularly charming specimen, bred at 
 Windsor, and winner of leading prizes wherever 
 shown, called Fluffie. This beautiful little creature 
 appeared, with several other of Her Majesty's 
 Pomeranians, at Cruft's show in 1892, where they 
 carried away a great number of prizes. At this 
 gathering there were ninety-four Pomeranians entered, 
 although not nearly that number of dogs were benched, 
 many being entered in more than one class. All 
 were of the small size, and possibly in the course 
 of a few years the royal example will be followed, 
 and the Pomeranian become a fashionable varietv. 
 
 & 
 
 At the present time Miss Hamilton, of Seend, 
 Wiltshire, has a particularly choice and interesting 
 kennel of Pomeranians, including several good 
 whites, some charming blacks, and specimens of 
 other colours, many of which have been bred by 
 her. The diminutive orange and white dog Prince 
 of Orange is especially choice, weighing about 
 5^1b. This exquisite little creature was first shown 
 by Mrs. Gordon Lynn, of Southsea, who at one time 
 possessed an excellent collection of Pomeranians. 
 Indeed, honours in this respect may be said to have 
 been pretty equally divided between Her Majesty, 
 Mrs. Gordon Lynn, Mrs. Thomas, and Miss Hamilton. 
 
 Mrs. Thomas, of Ealing Dean, has at the present 
 time a valuable and an unique kennel of the variety. 
 
The Pomeranian. 331 
 
 Here we find only blacks and an occasional chocolate 
 and fawn or two ; her Schatzel, Black Boy and 
 Queen Bee ; with Lady Dinah, but 3^1b. weight, 
 being perhaps the best. Most of Mrs. Thomas' 
 dogs have been imported from Germany, and 
 there is considerable risk in so doing, as many of 
 them die before becoming acclimatised, but when 
 once nicely settled down they are healthy and 
 strong, and quite as able to withstand the rigours 
 of our fickle climate as our own toy spaniels and 
 delicate terriers. 
 
 The points and description of the Pomeranian, as 
 drawn up by the club, are as follows : 
 
 "Appearance. The Pomeranian in build and 
 appearance should somewhat resemble the Chow 
 Chow, but the head must be much finer and the 
 ears closer together, and in coat he should be 
 almost a duplicate of a well-coated Scotch collie, 
 with the difference that his coat should be softer in 
 texture, long and lustrous, with a fluffy under-coat, 
 and standing out from the body more than does the 
 collie's. He should be a compact, short-coupled 
 dog, well knit in frame, with his tail curled tightly 
 over the back, and covered with long, flowing hair. 
 His head and face should be foxlike, with small, 
 erect ears that appear sensible to every sound ; he 
 should exhibit great intelligence in his expression, 
 
33 2 Modern Dogs. 
 
 docility in his disposition, and activity and buoyancy 
 in his deportment. 
 
 " Head. Somewhat foxy in outline, or wedge- 
 shaped, the skull being large in proportion to the 
 muzzle, which should finish rather fine, and be free 
 from lippiness. The head in its profile may exhibit 
 a little ' stop,' which, however, must not be too 
 pronounced, and the hair on head and face must be 
 smooth or short-coated. 
 
 " Eyes. Should be medium in size, rather oblique 
 in shape, not set too wide apart, bright and dark in 
 colour, showing great intelligence and docility of 
 temper. In a white dog black rings round the eyes 
 are preferable. 
 
 " Ears. Should be small, and carried perfectly 
 erect or pricked, like a fox's, and, like the head, 
 should be covered with soft, short hair. 
 
 " Nose. In black, black and tan, or white dogs 
 the nose should be black ; in other coloured Pome- 
 ranians it may more often be brown or liver-coloured, 
 but in all cases the nose must be self and not parti- 
 coloured, and never white. 
 
 " Neck and Shoulders. The neck, if anything, 
 should be rather short, well set in, and lionlike, 
 covered with a profuse mane, and frill of long, 
 straight, glossy hair, sweeping from the under jaw, 
 and covering the whole of the front part of the 
 
The Pomeranian. 333 
 
 shoulders and chest, as well as flowing on the top 
 part of the shoulders. The shoulders must be 
 tolerably clean, and laid well back. 
 
 " Body. The back must be short, and the body 
 compact, being well ribbed up and the barrel well 
 rounded. The chest must be fairly deep and not 
 too wide. 
 
 "Legs. The fore legs must be perfectly straight, 
 of medium length, not such as would be termed 
 either ' leggy ' or ' low on leg,' but in due proportion 
 in length and strength to a well-balanced frame, and 
 the fore legs and thighs must be well feathered. 
 
 11 Tail. The tail is a characteristic of the breed, 
 and should be well twisted right up from the root 
 tightly over the back, or lying flat on the back 
 slightly on either side, and profusely covered with 
 long hair, spreading out and flowing over the back. 
 
 " Coat. Properly speaking there should be two 
 coats, an under and an over coat, the one a soft, 
 fluffy under-coat, and the other a long, perfectly 
 straight, and glossy coat, covering the whole of the 
 body, being very abundant round the neck and fore 
 part of the shoulders and chest, where it should 
 form a frill of long, flowing hair, extending over 
 the shoulders, as previously described. The hind- 
 quarters above the hocks should be similarly clad 
 with long hair or feathering from the hocks down- 
 
334 Modern Dogs. 
 
 wards, like the collie. The hair on the tail must be, 
 as previously described, profuse, and flowing over 
 the back. 
 
 " Colour. The following colours are admissible : 
 White, black, blue, brown, black and tan, fawn, 
 sable, red, and parti-colours. The whites must be 
 free from lemon or any colour, and the blacks, blues, 
 browns, black and tans, and reds free from white. 
 A few white hairs in any self-colours shall not dis- 
 qualifv, but should be discouraged. 
 
 " Size. No dog over 2olb. weight shall be eligible 
 to take a prize ; the smaller specimens to be 
 encouraged, and, where practicable at shows, the 
 classes to be divided by weight, viz., 'under 'and 
 
 'over' 7lb." 
 
 SCALE OF POINTS. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Appearance 10 
 
 Head 5 
 
 Eyes 5 
 
 Ears 5 
 
 Nose 5 
 
 Neck and shoulders ... 5 
 
 Value. 
 
 Body 10 
 
 Legs 5 
 
 Tail 10 
 
 Coat 20 
 
 Colour 10 
 
 Size... 10 
 
 35 
 Grand Total, 100. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 THE ITALIAN GREYHOUND. 
 
 THIS graceful and fragile little creature, with the 
 equally choice Maltese dog, may not survive long 
 in this country. He has never been a particularly 
 great favourite, owing doubtless to his delicate con- 
 stitution and the great difficulty there has always 
 been to produce perfect specimens of the ordinary 
 English greyhound in miniature, which the so-called 
 Italian variety undoubtedly ought to be, though in 
 proportion the limbs of the latter are more slim, and 
 were never ordained by nature for rougher work than 
 playing on the lawn, or having a romp in the dining 
 room. 
 
 Here is what a writer at the commencement of 
 the century says of what he calls " a diminutive 
 native breed, which seem only calculated to sooth 
 vanity and indulge frivolities : these dogs are so 
 deficient of the spirit, sagacity, fortitude, and self- 
 defence of every other sort of the canine race as 
 not to be able to officiate in the services of domestic 
 
336 Modern Dogs. 
 
 alarm and protection ; and in consequence are 
 dedicated only to the comforts of the tea table, the 
 fire-side carpet, the luxurious indulgences of the 
 sofa, and the warm lap of the mistress. As a proof 
 of the delicacy of this little animal, it is averred that 
 if held up by its legs the texture of the skin is so 
 exceedingly fine when interveningly opposed to the 
 sun, or a strong light, that the distinct chain of the 
 intestinal canal is truly perceptible to a nice 
 observer." The fallacy of this must be apparent. 
 
 When the Italian greyhound became fashionable 
 in this country there is nothing to tell us, but that it 
 was a favourite at Court in the time of the Stuarts 
 there is no doubt whatever, though I fancy at that 
 time it was a bigger and stronger animal than it 
 came to be at the early part of this century. In the 
 picture gallery at Hampton Court there is a portrait 
 of the Queen of James I. in the act of mounting a 
 horse attended by a black servant. In the picture 
 are included several Italian greyhounds, some of 
 them fawn in colour, others blue and blue and white, 
 and they are undoubtedly going to accompany 
 their royal mistress on her equestrian excursion. 
 These dogs, although much of the make and build 
 of the Italian greyhounds of the present day, appear 
 to be somewhat larger, going perhaps up to i61b. in 
 weight ; still they are unmistakably of the same 
 
The Italian Greyhound. 337 
 
 stamp we have now, and their appearance in the 
 picture is sufficient proof that such dogs were 
 fashionable very early in the seventeenth century, for 
 James came from Scotland to be King of England 
 in 1603. 
 
 It has been said that the Italian greyhound was a 
 native of the South of France as well as of the 
 country from which it takes its name. Never par- 
 ticularly numerous in England, it was more so once 
 than is the case now, and when it was utilised to 
 cross with the terrier in the North of England for the 
 purpose of providing dogs for ''running races " and 
 for " coursing rabbits," it was not difficult to procure 
 specimens, especially in Lancashire and in parts of 
 the Black Country. Many of these " running dogs " 
 were not more than i2lb. or i/|.lb. in weight, and I 
 have seen such that must have contained at least 
 three parts Italian greyhound blood. Some of the 
 original crosses produced little dogs scarcely strong 
 enough in the jaws to hold a rabbit, but such could 
 go at a rare pace for from one hundred to a couple 
 of hundred yards. These were again crossed with 
 the terrier, and in due course the variety now 
 acknowledged as the " whippet " was produced, i 
 am alluding to the smaller-sized " whippet/' for the 
 larger specimens are undoubtedly the product of the 
 ordinarv greyhound and some other variety, bred 
 
 z 
 
338 Modern Dogs. 
 
 continually to the greyhound until little more than 
 greyhound remains. However, the whippet is still 
 known in many localities as an " Italian," which he 
 assuredly is not, although, as I have said, the blood 
 of the fragile race runs in his veins. 
 
 At our early shows classes were, as a rule, pro- 
 vided for Italian greyhounds, but even in those days 
 of large entries, not more than a dozen or so- 
 appeared on the benches, and these were mostly in 
 the hands of the dealers. The first volume of the 
 " Kennel Club Stud Book " had forty-one entries of 
 Italian greyhounds, the last published, that of 1893, 
 had but three new entries. Their delicacy is, of 
 course, the cause of their rarity, and this, I fancy, 
 has been emphasised by the mischievous custom 
 prevalent thirty years or so ago of producing them 
 as small as possible. Mere mites some of them 
 were, not more than 4lb. or 5lb. weight, with legs 
 thinner than the shank of a Broseley straw pipe, 
 skull round or apple-headed, and a mouth or jaw 
 very much overshot. Most of the smallest speci- 
 mens were so, and even that extraordinary little 
 creature Molly, so successfully shown by the late 
 Mr. W. McDonald, was very much overshot. 
 Still she was one of the choicest specimens ever 
 produced, and, I believe, did not live to be beaten. 
 She was just under 5lb. in weight. But she, like all 
 
The Italian Greyhound. 339 
 
 others of her race, was very delicate, which no 
 doubt arose from continued in -breeding. Mr. 
 McDonald's Duke was larger, but equally good 
 in other respects, and for a time these two won 
 first and second at all the shows where they 
 competed ; this was about twenty to twenty-three 
 years ago. 
 
 " Stonehenge " alludes to one dog, Gowan's Billy, 
 the best of his day, about 1857, where grandsire, 
 great grandsire, gg. grandsire, ggg. grandsire, 
 and gggg., were all the same dog. He was a 
 lovely specimen in appearance, but, as would 
 certainly be the case under such circumstances, his 
 stock was delicate in the extreme. 
 
 As a rule, the males of the Italian greyhounds do 
 not approach the females in diminutiveness and 
 elegance of form ; thus the bitches beat the dogs 
 when they meet, which they usually do in the same 
 class, the entry in which is always so meagre as 
 to preclude the possibility of two divisions being 
 made. 
 
 The best classes of Italian greyhounds of recent 
 years have, with slight exceptions been found at the 
 Scottish shows, where Mr. Bruce, Dundee Court, 
 Falkirk, was accustomed to exhibit some beautiful 
 little dogs, which were certainly in advance of any 
 we had this side of the border, his Wee Flower, 
 
 z 2 
 
34 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Crucifix, Bankside Daisy, and others, being quite 
 celebrities in their way. Mr. Bruce's entries have 
 been missing of late, but in his place Miss H. M. 
 Mackenzie, of New Cross, has come into promin- 
 ence, and so far as I can make out, at the present 
 time possesses the finest and most valuable kennel 
 of Italian greyhounds in the country, and appears to 
 be quite invincible in the show ring. Occasionally a 
 smaller dog, as Mr. Turner's Larkfield Shrimp, has 
 been placed at the top of the prize list, but the latter, 
 to my mind, shows unmistakable signs of recent 
 terrier cross. Miss Mackenzie's Juno, Sappho, 
 Como, Dido, and Carlo, are undoubtedly very first- 
 rate specimens, and I am told by their owner that 
 her strains are quite as strong, hardy, and intelligent 
 as other toy dogs, or even more so ; the smallest 
 of Miss Mackenzie's choice little creatures weighs 
 5^1b. This is her beautiful bitch Dido, which, I 
 need hardly say, has won several prizes, and is a 
 grand-daughter of Jack, mentioned later on. Sappho 
 and Carlo weigh 9lb. each in good condition, 
 Como 6flb., and Juno is 6^1b., which I take to be 
 quite small enough for the purposes for which they 
 are required. 
 
 In a conversation with Miss Mackenzie, I learned 
 that there are, at the time I write, some dozen or 
 so Italian greyhounds in her kennels, and all are 
 
The Italian Greyhound. 341 
 
 strong and hardy, full of life and play, are never 
 sheeted, and can stand a shower of rain as well as 
 any other dog. Moreover, they are remarkably free 
 from illness or disease, and no case of distemper has 
 ever occurred in her kennels. The bitches suckle 
 and rear their own puppies from four to six at a 
 time, and are no more trouble than are other dogs 
 on similar occasions. The great difficulty Miss 
 Mackenzie finds is in obtaining fresh blood of the 
 real Italian greyhound, such I mean as does not 
 contain terrier cross however remote. The latter is 
 shown where puppies come black and tan, whilst 
 in the real article, only whole coloured or perhaps 
 fawn and white or red and white young ones are 
 born. 
 
 It may be interesting to note that the parent of 
 Miss Mackenzie's kennel was a dog called Jack, 
 purchased in 1879 in Smithfield Market from a 
 labouring man for ten shillings. He was a beautiful 
 dog, about i lib. in weight, strong, symmetrical, active, 
 thoroughly healthy, and pretty well on to eighteen 
 years of age when he died ; he never sired a 
 badly coloured puppy. From the butcher purchaser 
 in the market, Jack went to Miss Mackenzie, with 
 whom he died. Of course there was no pedigree. 
 However, ten years or more after at one of the 
 Birmingham shows, a visitor introduced himserf to 
 
342 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Miss Mackenzie, admired her tiny dogs which were 
 sired by Jack. Now comes the curious fact of the 
 matter. The man, who came from the neighbourhood 
 of Rugby, said his late master had, about the time 
 that Jack was purchased, lost a dog in London 
 similar to him in every way. The dog had been his 
 constant companion both in the country and in town, 
 and on the night when he was lost, had slipped out 
 of the carriage whilst a purchase was being made, 
 much to the regret of the master who quite failed to 
 trace the lost dog. From certain marks and 
 peculiarities, no doubt the Smithfield ten shilling 
 purchase was the dog in question, indeed, so 
 convinced was Miss Mackenzie that such was the 
 case, that an offer was made to restore the dog 
 to his former owner. Unfortunately, the gentle- 
 man in question had then been dead two or three 
 years. 
 
 The parents of this dog Jack had both been 
 brought from Italy, his sire being about 1 2^1b. in 
 weight, and said to be so strong and swift as 
 to gain successes as a rabbit courser in Warwick- 
 shire. 
 
 No doubt the health of Miss Mackenzie's 
 specimens is due to the fact that they are sprung 
 from big dogs and bitches, and that no attempt 
 has been made to cross them with the delicate, 
 
The Italian Greyhound. 343 
 
 diminutive toy terrier. At present the specimens 
 of her strain are growing smaller, but so long as 
 pains are taken to breed from healthy, sound 
 parents, there is no reason to doubt that the 
 Italian greyhound in such good, careful hands 
 may become fashionable. In a perfect specimen 
 elegance is " caninified," if such a word may be 
 used, and it is to be regretted that there are not 
 more persons who at present take any interest in the 
 variety. So far as I can make out, a Mr. Anstice, 
 of Hammersmith, is about the only other person 
 who of late years has given much attention to their 
 breeding. I believe he has not hitherto exhibited 
 any of his dogs. 
 
 That the Italian greyhound can be appreciated by 
 others not so civilized as ourselves, is proved by the 
 statement which recently appeared in the papers, 
 that the Matabele monarch, Lobengula, before he 
 became our enemy, quite fell in love with an Italian 
 greyhound he saw at Johannesburg. For a long 
 time its owner, Mr. Luscombe Searelle, refused to 
 part with his favourite, but in the end struck a 
 bargain, he receiving two hundred head of cattle for 
 his little dog. The black king was very much 
 pleased with the exchange, which he left in charge 
 of two of his chiefs, with the orders, should any evil 
 happen to the dog, the chiefs' lives would be forfeited. 
 
344 Modern Dogs. 
 
 The latter came to pass soon after, as the men fell 
 in battle, but what became of the dog we are not 
 told. 
 
 In disposition the Italian greyhound is kindly and 
 affectionate, and in temper equitable. He is little 
 use as a watch dog, nor will he kill vermin ; he is just 
 a pet and an ornament and nothing more, though 
 he can do with more exercise than many of the 
 toy spaniels, and from the time he leaves his dam 
 ought to have unlimited run, and be free from 
 confinement. This is the only means by which his 
 unique elegance of form can be obtained and 
 perpetuated. In weight he ought to be not more 
 than 9lb. at the most, the smaller the better, so long 
 as he is strong and robust, and not apple-headed 
 some modern specimens are the latter to an alarming 
 extent, which to my mind shows a terrier cross, as 
 does a compact, well-ribbed, houndlike body. The 
 Italian greyhound in shape, and in everything else 
 but in colour, should be like an ordinary greyhound, 
 but throughout much slimmer, less muscular, and 
 more fragile, even taking size into consideration ; 
 head, ears, eyes, feet, body, shape, &c., such as are 
 to be found on a miniature Master McGrath or 
 Fullerton. Tulip or erect ears are bad and ugly. 
 Colour, self or w 7 hole coloured, fawn in various 
 shades is the most common, black we seldom see, 
 
The Italian Greyhound. 345 
 
 white not more frequently, and, although blue or 
 slate is most acceptable as a hue, it is long since I 
 have seen a specimen of such a colour. Red I do 
 not care for, and when pronounced in darkness, to 
 my way of thinking, points to an off cross. Dark 
 shadings are undesirable, and a little white on the 
 breast or on the feet, is no more than a slight 
 handicap ; I mean that if judged by points, a white 
 or pale chest, a white foot, or even two white feet, 
 where in other respects the colour was good, and 
 the general formation perfect, the dog so marked 
 should have precedence over a dog worse in 
 formation and character, even though such be 
 perfect in colour. 
 
 Like all other varieties, the Italian greyhound 
 has a distinctive character of its own, which is 
 strongly displayed in its high and haughty action 
 when walking, trotting, or galloping. Dr. Walsh 
 called this peculiar action " prancing," nor did 
 he describe it otherwise than correctly, as he did 
 all things he took in hand. The Italian greyhound 
 proper was never bred from any of our ordinary 
 greyhounds, or even crossed with them, although 
 a lot of nonsense inferring such has been the 
 case I have seen published. He is as much a 
 variety of the canine race as the St. Bernard, 
 mastiff, and foxhound. 
 
Modern Dogs. 
 
 I should apportion the points as follows : 
 
 Value. 
 
 Head 15 
 
 Ears and eyes 15 
 
 Legs, feet, and shoulders i o 
 Coat 10 
 
 50 
 Grand Total, 100. 
 
 Colour 
 
 Value. 
 
 10 
 
 Stern or hind quarters 
 Symmetry 
 
 5 
 
 2Z 
 
 Size 
 
 IO 
 
 
 SO 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 THE SCHIPPERKE. 
 
 HERE is a quaint Dutch little dog which since its 
 introduction into this country, about four years ago, 
 has become one of ourselves, and I fancy will now 
 stay with us and develop into one of our British 
 dogs as the Italian greyhound and the German 
 boarhound have done. Pronounced " Skipperkee," 
 when at home, he is found in the Dutch canal 
 boats, where with the captain he rules the crew, 
 hence his name. He there acts as a careful watch 
 and guard, will kill rats when required so to do, and 
 generally proves himself to be an engaging little 
 companion. 
 
 That he is undoubtedly the latter there can be no 
 doubt whatever ; none of our native breeds are 
 livelier or perkier than he ; few so lively ; and ever 
 on the alert, it is no doubt on this account that 
 he has taken the fancy of such a dog loving nation 
 as ourselves. The Schipperke ought to be born 
 without a tail, or at any rate with a merely rudi- 
 mentary stump, but when he is produced with the 
 
34 8 Modern Dogs. 
 
 caudal appendage intact it is of course cut off, and 
 as the operation is performed skilfully, not even 
 an expert can tell whether he is naturally or but 
 artificially tailless. In Holland there is a dark 
 fawn-coloured variety of the breed, but here nothing 
 but black is acknowledged, though I consider 
 those fawn in hue are by no means displeasing to 
 the eye, and possess quite as much character as 
 the blacks. The latter breed true to colour, and 
 it is very unusual for one of any other hue to be 
 produced from black parents, still this does occur 
 at times, but such as are "off" colour and have 
 much white about them should be at once destroyed, 
 as they are in most instances. 
 
 A friend of mine who keeps several Schipperkes 
 in conjunction with his deerhounds, gives the 
 former a very high character. He says they make 
 " excellent house dogs, being capital guards, ever 
 on the alert and always busy, the latter being one 
 of their prevailing characteristics. As companions 
 they are affectionate and docile, will take the water 
 freely, are good swimmers, and can kill rats and 
 hunt rabbits almost as well as some of our terriers. 
 When properly kept and attended to, they are 
 absolutely free from any offensive odour. In consti- 
 tution they are hardy and healthy, and altogether 
 most desirable as house dogs." 
 
The Schipperke. 349 
 
 This is a good character, but I do not know that 
 it is more than they deserve. Their size about i2lb. 
 makes them particularly adaptable as house dogs, 
 and so does their colour, especially in towns, where a 
 white dog requires repeatedly tubbing if it be desired 
 to keep his jacket clean and in good order. Of 
 late there has been a tendency to increase the size 
 of the Schipperke, and on more than one occasion 
 prizes have gone to animals considerably over 
 the stipulated standard. In Belgium two sizes 
 appear to be recognised, the smaller varying from 
 about 9lb. to i2lb., the larger from i2lb. to 2olb. 
 I do not like the big ones at all, and I hope such 
 will never obtain the support of the Schipperke 
 Club in this country. Twelve pounds is quite big 
 enough, and it is such a weight as can be continued 
 and established without losing constitutional 
 strength, bone, and general symmetry. Still, the 
 specialist club in Belgium, which was established 
 in 1888, encourages the two sizes, and at the exhi- 
 bitions in that country each has a separate classi- 
 fication. The English club to look after the 
 interests of the variety was established in 1890, and 
 the Kennel Club granted an entry in the (< Stud 
 Book " three years later. 
 
 The following are the points and description of 
 the Schipperke as adopted by the English club : 
 
35 Modern Dogs. 
 
 "Head. Foxy in type, skull should not be round, 
 but broad, and with little stop. The muzzle should 
 be moderate in length, fine but not weak, should be 
 well filled out under the eyes. 
 
 "Nose. Black and small. 
 
 "Eyes. Dark brown, small, more round than oval 
 and not full ; bright and full of expression. 
 
 " Ears. Shape Of moderate length, not too 
 broad at the base, tapering to a point. Carriage 
 Stiffly erect, and when in that position, the inside 
 edge to form as near as possible a right angle with 
 the skull, and strong enough not to be bent other- 
 wise than lengthways. 
 
 " Teeth. Strong and level. 
 
 " Neck. Strong and full, rather short, set broad 
 on the shoulders and stiffly arched. 
 
 " Shoulders. Muscular and sloping. 
 
 " Chest. Broad and deep in brisket. 
 
 " Back. Short, straight, and strong. 
 
 "Loins. Powerful, well drawn up from the brisket. 
 
 "Fore legs. Perfectly straight, well under the 
 body, with bone in proportion to the body. 
 
 "Hind legs. Strong, muscular, hocks well let 
 down. 
 
 "Feet. Small, catlike, and standing well on its 
 toes. 
 
 "Nails. Black. 
 
The Schipperke. 351 
 
 "Hindquarters. Fine compared to the foreparts, 
 muscular, and well developed thighs, tailless, rump 
 well-rounded. 
 
 " Coat. Black, abundant, dense, and harsh, 
 smooth on the head, ears, and legs, lying close on 
 the back and sides, but erect and thick round the 
 neck, forming a mane and frill, and well feathered on 
 back of thighs. 
 
 " Weight. About i2lb. 
 
 11 General Appearance. A small cobby animal 
 with sharp expression, intensely lively, presenting 
 the appearance of being always on the alert. 
 
 "Disqualifying Points. Drop or semi-erect ears. 
 
 "Faults. White hairs are objected to, but are 
 not disqualifying. 
 
 STANDARD OF POINTS FOR JUDGING. 
 
 Value. 
 Head, nose, eyes, teeth 20 
 
 Ears 10 
 
 Neck, shoulders, chest 10 
 
 Back, loins 5 
 
 Fore legs 5 
 
 Value. 
 
 Hind legs 5 
 
 Feet 5 
 
 Hindquarters i o 
 
 Coat and colour 2-0 
 
 General appearance ... 10 
 
 5o 
 Grand Total, 100, 
 
 Perhaps no other variety of dog has so soon been 
 acknowledged by our English dog lovers as this. 
 
35 2 Modern Dogs. 
 
 Most of the leading shows now provide classes 
 for him, the club gives challenge and other 
 special prizes to its members, and already there 
 are many persons who keep quite large kennels, 
 most of the best specimens therein having, 
 however, been purchased on the continent. Mr. I. 
 Woodiwiss and Mr. E. S. Woodiwiss (Derby) have 
 both owned and still own excellent specimens ; Mr. 
 W. H. Singer, Frome; Mrs. Hyacinth Cosier, London ; 
 Mrs. E. Heard, Greenhithe ; Mr. W. R. H. Temple, 
 Streatham; Mr. E. H. Fuller, Mr. J. H. Hill 
 (honorary secretary to the club), Mr. G. R. Krehl 
 (one of their very earliest admirers), Mr. E. Joachim, 
 Mr. B. W. Moore, Derby, have all at one time or 
 another proved their admiration for the black little 
 dog by owning and exhibiting on our show benches 
 specimens good enough to win prizes. The Schip- 
 perke Club held special shows of their variety in 
 conjunction with the Toy Spaniel and other clubs 
 at Westminster Aquarium, in 1892-3, where there 
 were about thirty competitors on each occasion ; 
 and there were nineteen entries at the Kennel Club 
 gathering which took place at the Crystal Palace 
 in 1893. 
 

CHAPTER XVIII. 
 THE CHOW-CHOW. 
 
 PERHAPS I may be taken to task for introducing 
 the above Chinese dog in a book purporting to deal 
 with British modern varieties. However, the Chow- 
 chow is now so common amongst us, he has 
 classes specially provided for him at our leading 
 exhibitions, that he could not with any degree of 
 satisfaction be passed entirely over. Mr. Moore 
 shows by his pencil what the dog is like in the flesh 
 as we have him here, but not as he is butchered and 
 hung up for sale in his native country. 
 
 Our Chow-chow a native of the Celestial empire 
 is so called because he is used edibly, " chow- 
 chow " being a " pigeon English " expression for food. 
 At home he is common for that purpose, is butchered 
 in the usual fashion, and may be seen any day 
 hanging up in the meat shops in Canton and else- 
 where ; and the flesh looks very nice and dainty 
 too. As a fact, the Chinese do not give their dogs 
 so much animal food as we give ours, feeding them 
 
 A A 
 
354 Modern Dogs. 
 
 mostly on rice. They believe that the flesh of the 
 dog possesses unusual medicinal properties, but 
 what these properties are we barbarians here have 
 yet to learn. Alongside these carcases of dogs may 
 be seen the four paws of poor pussy, which, suit- 
 ably cooked, are considered a great delicacy, and 
 evidently as much esteemed by the Chinese as 
 pigs' feet are by the English and the natives of 
 other countries. It is strange somewhat that whilst 
 only the paws of the cat are eaten, the whole of 
 our friend the dog is converted into food. 
 
 The restaurants in Canton and in other large 
 centres mostly provide dog soup ; other savoury 
 stews and ragouts are concocted from his flesh, and 
 I am told that such are by no means unpleasant, 
 and form in a great measure the usual food of the 
 middle classes. 
 
 Mr. W. K. Taunton, who is the great authority 
 in this country on foreign dogs, kindly forwards 
 me the following notes : 
 
 u In China are found several different breeds of 
 dogs, many of which bear a very close resemblance 
 and are probably identical with some of the breeds 
 of other countries. As an instance, there can 
 be little doubt the hairless dog of China is the 
 same as the Mexican hairless dog, and the crested 
 dogs bear a striking likeness to the dogs which have 
 
The Chow-chow. 355 
 
 lately been exhibited and described as African sand 
 dogs. There are also small spaniels which, though 
 differing in type from our present toy spaniels, are 
 in all probability distantly related to them. 
 
 " The variety of Chinese dogs which is best 
 known in this country is the one most commonly 
 to be met with in its native country. This is the 
 edible dog, sometimes described as the wolf dog, 
 but better known here as the Chow-chow. They 
 are undoubtedly a very old breed, in many respects 
 resembling the Esquimaux and the dogs of the Arctic 
 regions, especially in the carriage of tail, ears, and 
 general expression. Scientists would find it an 
 interesting inquiry to determine whether the Chinese 
 dogs are bred from the canine race of the Arctic 
 regions and Northern Europe or vice versa. 
 
 " Many of these dogs have a very keen scent, and 
 in the north of China, where I imagine they are of a 
 somewhat larger size than elsewhere, they are used 
 in packs for hunting purposes. 
 
 " The orthodox colours of the Chow-chow are jet 
 black and dark red. I have, however, seen many 
 good specimens of a lighter colour, and at one time 
 I owned a black and tan dog which was an excep- 
 tionally typical specimen. Whether this colour was 
 the result of crossing the black and red I do not 
 know, but as I have been frequently asked my ex- 
 
 A A 2 
 
Modern Dogs. 
 
 perience of breeding the colours together, I may 
 say here that I have found the puppies come either 
 a distinct black or red. 
 
 " A writer in the Field some time ago said that 
 white specimens were not uncommon, and he 
 described these Chow-chows as useless excepting 
 as guards or watch dogs, and said they were great 
 cowards. It may be interesting to mention that 
 some years since a well-known breeder and judge 
 of Scottish terriers, residing in Scotland, was good 
 enough to tell me of a pair of puppies which had 
 just arrived by vessel, and which were supposed 
 to be Esquimaux. I decided to buy them, but 
 on arrival I saw they were crossed with some- 
 thing, and on examining their mouths was satisfied 
 there was Chinese blood in them. These puppies 
 were a very light fawn. When old enough I mated 
 the bitch with a black dog of my own. In due 
 course she presented me with five puppies, all jet 
 black, but my disappointment was great on finding 
 that not one of them possessed the special feature 
 of the breed a black, or rather blue-black, tongue. 
 My first impulse was to destroy the litter, but for- 
 tunately I did not adopt this course, as in a short 
 time I observed small black spots, which graduallv 
 increased till the tongue became the correct colour. 
 This, however, is not always the case, and in many 
 
The Chow-chow. 357 
 
 instances an otherwise good dog is useless for show 
 purposes through the tongue remaining red, as at 
 the time of birth, or only turning partially black. 
 It will be evident from this that anyone attempting 
 to produce these dogs should endeavour to retain 
 the dark tongue so peculiar to their breed, a 
 peculiarity which I believe would quickly be lost 
 without care in breeding. Other qualities which 
 should be aimed at are a broad forehead, nose rather 
 broader than the Esquimaux, small erect ears, carried 
 well forward, small black eyes, a thick coat, coarser 
 than the Pomeranian, small round feet, the tail 
 curled over the back, and straight hocks. 
 
 u The Chow-chow is a very companionable dog, 
 and shows great affection for his owner, though 
 many of them have a will of their own, and are more 
 quarrelsome with other dogs than many other 
 of the foreign races. It is frequently thought 
 that these and other foreign dogs require special 
 feeding and treatment, but I have never found it so, 
 and mine are fed the same as my mastiffs and 
 bloodhounds. In China, where the natives eat these 
 dogs, they are fed largely on rice. 
 
 ' There is a short-coated variety of the Chow- 
 chow, but in this the nose is rather more pointed, 
 and the coat resembles the under coat of the 
 Esquimaux. Chow-chows live to a good age, and 
 
358 Modern Dogs. 
 
 are hardy dogs, but many are carried off by dis- 
 temper, from which they appear to suffer more 
 severely than our native British breeds." 
 
 From the inquiries I have made elsewhere, and 
 from my own experience, I can endorse all that Mr. 
 Taunton has said of the variety. Both the black 
 and the red Chow-chows, when in full coat, are very 
 handsome animals, in this respect comparing favour- 
 ably with our native varieties the collie, for instance. 
 He has, however, a somewhat wild-looking appear- 
 ance, and his resemblance to the quasi-domesticated 
 dogs of the Arctic regions is somewhat against 
 his popularity. A few years ago the mate of a 
 trading vessel, with whom I was acquainted, brought 
 home with him from Pekin a very handsome 
 specimen of the Chow-chow, a black one with a 
 lovely tail and a coat like deep pile velvet. In those 
 days I kept more dogs than I do now, and 
 approached the sailor with the view of purchasing 
 the importation. He would, however, not consent 
 to part with his favourite, for which he had 
 formed a great attachment, for he said "there 
 never was a more faithful dog than he." On the 
 very first day ot landing in Liverpool the mate, 
 sailor-like, went into the town to enjoy himself, 
 as only sea-faring men can do after a lengthened 
 absence from home. The dog, however, got tired 
 
The Chow-chow. 359 
 
 of the public-houses, and slipped away. His owner 
 was almost disconsolate at its loss. However, 
 on returning to the vessel next day, the Chow- 
 chow was the first to greet him as he stepped on 
 deck, having found its way from the centre of the 
 busy seaport along the docks, and to his own vessel, 
 where he had remained until his master returned. 
 Of course on hearing this I was more anxious than 
 ever to secure the dog, but on making further 
 application was informed it had been poisoned for 
 biting a little child who was trying to pull its tail out 
 of curl. 
 
 Perhaps here it might be well to mention that, as 
 a rule, these foreign dogs, Chinese and Esquimaux, 
 require no special feeding. They do well on the 
 same food as our own, and Mr. Taunton tells me 
 that he gives his cooked paunches and stale bread. 
 Those, however, from the Arctic regions are very 
 fond of fish, and in some cases it is wise to give 
 them some occasionally. None of these foreign 
 dogs are so quarrelsome as our own varieties, 
 especially as the terriers, though perhaps the Chow- 
 chows are more inclined to be snarly than the 
 Esquimaux. Of course the dingoes from Australia 
 are not included in this character, they being 
 actually wild, and are never thoroughly tamed and 
 domesticated. 
 
3 6 
 
 Modern Dogs. 
 
 A Chow-chow is from 4olb. to about 55lb. in 
 weight, and his numerical points may be given as 
 follows : 
 
 Value. 
 Head and expression ... 15 
 
 Stern or tail 15 
 
 Coat 15 
 
 Colour 10 
 
 55 
 
 Value 
 
 Back and fore legs ... 10 
 Hind legs and loin 10 
 
 Mouth 10 
 
 General character 15 
 
 45 
 
 Grand Total, 100. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Abbot, Mr. R 155 
 
 Achilles (poodle) ...... 177 
 
 Acrobat. (Dalmatian) 196 
 
 Adcock, Mr. F 217 
 
 Aglionby, Miss 12 
 
 Agricultural Hall Show, 1862 85 
 
 Ainscough, Mr. Hugo 120 
 
 Ajax (bulldog) 217 
 
 Alan, or Alaun ... 5 
 
 Albert Smith 41 
 
 Alderman (Newfoundland) ... 96 
 Aldrovandus, on the Dalma- 
 tian. 191 
 
 Aldrovandus, on the Maltese 
 
 dog 315 
 
 Alexander the Great (King 
 
 Charles) 293 
 
 Alexandra Palace Dog Show . 46 
 
 Alpine mastiffs 14 
 
 " A Member of the Royal 
 
 Humane Society " 79 
 
 American buyers of dogs 51 
 
 Anstice, Mr 343 
 
 Arkwright, Mr. W 122, 141 
 
 Arnold, Mr. 293 
 
 Arosa (St. Bernard) 73 
 
 Ashburne, Mr...... 213 
 
 Astley, Mr 
 
 Atkinson, Rev. S. 
 
 Page. 
 
 118 
 
 85 
 
 Bacchus (bulldog) 214 
 
 Bala collie trials in 1873 126 
 
 " Ball of Little Dogs," the ... 171 
 
 Ban dog, 8, description of 9 
 
 Bankside Daisy (Italian grey- 
 hound) 340 
 
 ' ' Bardie " 326 
 
 Baron Wallasey (St. Bernard) 54 
 
 Barry (St. Bernard) 42, 62 
 
 Bartholomew Fair, performing 
 
 dogs at 171 
 
 Bartlett, Mr. C 216 
 
 Bates, Rev. N 43 
 
 Bayard (St. Bernard) 49 
 
 Beau (mastiff) 24 
 
 Beaufort (mastiff) 29 
 
 Beaumont, Mr. J. 177 
 
 Beavan, Mrs 288 
 
 Bedgebury Lion (bulldog) 223, 224 
 
 Begum (poodle) 177 
 
 Bend Or (bulldog) 214 
 
 Bend Or (King Charles) 293 
 
 Bend Or II. (King Charles)... 293 
 
 Benjamin, Mr 223 
 
362 
 
 Index. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Bennett, Mr. W. C 289 
 
 Bergman (St. Bernard) 70 
 
 Bernard (St. Bernard) 44 
 
 Bernard de Menthon and his 
 
 dog, painting of 66 
 
 Berolina (Dalmatian) 196 
 
 Berrie, Mr. J. W 293 
 
 Bessie Spratt (black pug) 274 
 
 Betterton, Mr. H. 1 49, 5 1 
 
 Bewick's drawings of the Dal- 
 matian 195 
 
 Bewick's drawings of the 
 
 sheepdog 106 
 
 Billy (bulldog) 211 
 
 Bingley, Rev. W 109 
 
 Bingley's " Natural H 'story " 82 
 
 Birch, Messrs 121 
 
 Birmingham Show in 1880 ... 85 
 
 Bismark (Newfoundland) 96 
 
 Bissel, Mr. J 115 
 
 Black and White on the black 
 
 Pug 271 
 
 Black Bess (black pug) 274 
 
 Black Boy (Pomeranian) 331 
 
 Black Gem (black pug) 274 
 
 Blackmore, Mr. R. D 326 
 
 Black Prince (Dalmatian) ... 196 
 Black Prince II. (Newfound- 
 land) 96 
 
 Black pug, a distinct variety.. 278 
 
 Blarney, Mrs 293 
 
 Blenheim Palace, few spaniels 
 
 bred there 292 
 
 Blenheim spaniel catching 
 
 rabbits 289 
 
 Blenheim spaniels 281 
 
 Blenheim spaniels in the early 
 
 shows... . 286 
 
 Page. 
 Blenheim spaniel, originally 
 
 a sporting dog 285 
 
 Blenheim spaniels killing rats 289 
 
 Bligh-Monk, Hon. Mrs 319 
 
 Blosch, Major Fritz 72 
 
 Boddington, Mr. S 117 
 
 Bodleian library, early por- 
 trait of dog in 171 
 
 Bond, Mr. A 274 
 
 Bowers, Mr. E. H 223 
 
 Bowsie (Blenheim) 293 
 
 Boynton, Mr. H 211 
 
 Brassey (pug) 273 
 
 Brassey, Lady 268 
 
 Brave Tory (bob-tailed sheep- 
 dog) 155 
 
 Bray, Isaac, truffle hunter ... 185 
 
 Brewer, Mr. J 177 
 
 British Fancier, the, on the 
 
 Pomeranian 328 
 
 British Monarch (bulldog) ... 223 
 
 " British Quadrupeds " 109 
 
 Britomartis (bulldog) 223, 224 
 
 Brittain, Mrs 266 
 
 Bruce, Mr 339 
 
 Buffon on the pug 257 
 
 Buggs, Mr 293 
 
 Bulldog, antiquity of the. .205, 207 
 
 Bulldog as a companion 227 
 
 Bulldog Clubs 228 
 
 Bulldog Club Shows 229 
 
 Bulldog, a description of, by 
 
 the Bulldog Club 245 
 
 Bulldog, difficulties in breeding 228 
 
 Bulldog fanciers 221 
 
 Bulldog, looked down upon . . . 207 
 Bulldog, Mr. Cyril Jackson's 
 description of 230 
 
Index. 
 
 3 6 3 
 
 Page. 
 
 Bulldog pedigrees, volume of. 223 
 
 Bulldog, pictures of 212 
 
 Bulldog, points for judging ... 245 
 
 Bulldog stalking deer 226 
 
 Bulldog, the modern 206 
 
 Bulldog Toro, description of... 217 
 
 Bulldogs in France 215 
 
 Bulldogs about Sheffield and 
 Birmingham, dishonest prac- 
 tices 216 
 
 Bulldogs at the early shows ... 214 
 
 Bulldogs ard bull baiting, 210, 228 
 
 Bulldogs, match between two 209 
 
 Bulldogs, Spanish 217 
 
 Bulldogs, the best 213 
 
 Bulldogs, Bill Tupper's 215 
 
 Bulldogs (toy) 215 
 
 Bulldogs used as crosses 225 
 
 Bulldogs with " Dudley faces " 224 
 
 Bumble (bulldog) 214 
 
 Burgess, Mr. T 85 
 
 Butler, Mr. Clement 222 
 
 Cabot (Newfoundland) 85 
 
 Caius, Dr 7, 280 
 
 Caius, Dr., on the shepherd's 
 
 dog 1 06 
 
 Callimachus 314 
 
 Cameron, Miss Violet 294 
 
 Campbell, Mr. Morton 120 
 
 " Canes Melitaei " 314 
 
 Canton, dogs in 353 
 
 Captain (Dalmatian) 197 
 
 Caractacus (collie) 117 
 
 Carbuncle (Ruby spaniel) ... 294 
 
 Carlo (Italian greyhound) 340 
 
 Caro (Japanese spaniel) 301 
 
 Carter, Rev. Arthur 47, 73 
 
 Page. 
 
 Carthew, Mrs. H 196 
 
 Cassel, Mr 223 
 
 Cato (Newfoundland) 85 
 
 Cato saving his master 86 
 
 Cats, paws of, eaten by the 
 
 Chinese 354 
 
 " Cavalier's Pets," by Land- 
 seer 287 
 
 Chalon's (Mr. H. B.; picture 
 
 of bulldogs 211 
 
 Charlemagne (collie) 117, 124 
 
 Charlie (Blenheim) 293 
 
 Charlie (Pomeranian) 327 
 
 Child (bulldog) 211 
 
 " China " eyes in dogs 141 
 
 " China," or Wall-eyes 195 
 
 Ching Mhow (Japanese 
 
 spaniel) 288 
 
 Chow-chow, anecdote of 358 
 
 Chow-chow, Mr. W. K. 
 
 Taunton on the 354 
 
 Chow-chow, origin of name 
 
 of the 353 
 
 Chow-chow, points for judging 360 
 
 Christopher (collie) 118 
 
 " C huffy Plant's" opinion on 
 
 " bob-tails" 153 
 
 Clement, Mr 169 
 
 Club, an early dog 1 83 
 
 Coates, Mr. W 88 
 
 Cockie (collie) 115 
 
 Collie clubs 126 
 
 Collie, early maturity of 123 
 
 Collie, English Club's standard 135 
 Collie, English Club's scale of 
 
 points ! 36 
 
 Collie, origin of name 105 
 
 " Collie or Sheepdog " 118 
 
Index. 
 
 Page. 
 
 "Collie or Sheepdog," ex- 
 tract from 126 
 
 Collie playing " Nap " 113 
 
 Collie, sagacity of the show ... 113 
 Collie, Scottish Club's scale of 
 
 points 138 
 
 Collie, Scottish Club's standard 136 
 Collie, smooth, anecdotes of... 143 
 Collie smooth, the best colours 141 
 
 Collie, some good bitches 119 
 
 Collie, the 105 
 
 Collie, the smooth 139 
 
 Collie trials with sheep . .. 125 
 
 Collie (unlicensed) 1 10 
 
 Collie, value of smooth, in a 
 
 County Court 142 
 
 Collies, anecdotes of 1 1 1 
 
 Collies at the shows 114 
 
 Collies in 1893 120 
 
 Collies of the earlier shows ... 116 
 Collies, owners of specially 
 
 good ones 121 
 
 Collies performing at the West- 
 minster Aquarium 113 
 
 Collies, Scottish 146 
 
 Collies (Welsh) 146 
 
 Collis, Mr 293 
 
 Collis, Mr. Hugh 289 
 
 Collis, Mrs 293 
 
 Comedy (pug) 263 
 
 Comp (Italian greyhound) ... 340 
 
 Confidence (black pug) 276 
 
 Conrad (Prince Charles) 294 
 
 Cosier, Mrs. Hyacinth 352 
 
 Couchez (mastiff) 17 
 
 Courtier (Newfoundland) 96 
 
 Crabtree, Mr. John 13 
 
 Craven, Mr. T. T. .., . 266 
 
 Page. 
 
 Crawley, a performing dog 
 
 showman 171 
 
 Cremorne Gardens, dog show 
 
 at, in 1863 43 
 
 Creswell, Miss 327 
 
 Crib (bulldog) 212 
 
 Crib (Dalmatian) 197 
 
 Crib (F. Lamphier's bulldog) 222 
 
 Crib (Turton's bulldog) 214 
 
 Crown Prince (mastiff) 23 
 
 Crown Prince strain of mastiffs 2 
 Crucifix (Italian greyhound) 340 
 Crystal Palace Dog Show, 1870 
 
 303, 319 
 Crystal Palace Dog Show in 
 
 1886 287 
 
 Cunningham, Mr. C. W 95 
 
 "Cur," sheepdog known as in 
 Curzon Hall Collie Show, 1893 134 
 Curzon Hall Show in 1891 ... 87 
 Czar (St. Bernard) 73 
 
 Dagois, M. A 177 
 
 Dalmatian, appearance of 
 
 spots on 198 
 
 Dalmatian, causes of want of 
 
 popularity... 198 
 
 Dalmatian, description of, by 
 
 the club 200 
 
 Dalmatian Dog Club 197, 200 
 
 Dalmatian, fabulous stories 
 
 about the 192 
 
 Dalmatian, origin of the 
 
 modern 193 
 
 Dalmatian, place of origin of 
 
 the 192 
 
 Dalmatian, points for judging 204 
 Dalmatian, the, as a pointer 193 
 
Index. 
 
 365 
 
 Page. 
 Dalmatian, the early writers on 191 
 
 Dalmatian, performing 194 
 
 Dalmatians, anecdotes of 194 
 
 Dalmatians as companions ... 194 
 
 Dalmatians, drawings of 195 
 
 Dalmatians, prices they fetch 199 
 
 Dalziel, Miss 269 
 
 Dame Cavendish (bob-tailed 
 
 sheepdog) 155 
 
 Dame Margery (bob-tailed 
 
 sheepdog) 152, 154 
 
 Dan (bulldog) 222 
 
 Darlington Dog Show in 1870 139 
 
 Dawes, Mr. G. A 222 
 
 Dawes, Mr. J. H 293 
 
 Dawson, Mr. C 292 
 
 Day Dream (Prince Charles) 293 
 Deer stalked by a bulldog ... 227 
 " Der Hund und seinen 
 
 Racen " 165 
 
 " Description of the mastiff," 26 
 
 Devonshire, Duke of 13 
 
 Dicker, Rev. G. C 266 
 
 Dido (Italian greyhound) 340 
 
 Diggle, Mr. J. S 120 
 
 Diogenes (bulldog) 223 
 
 Dishonest practices with regard 
 
 to bulldogs 216 
 
 " Distinguished Member," A 86 
 Doatie Darling (black pug) 274 
 
 Dockleaf (bulldog) 209 
 
 " Dog Breaking " 112, 170 
 
 Dog not allowed within the 
 
 precincts of forests 7 
 
 " Dogges that dance the 
 
 Morrice " 171 
 
 Dogs expeditated 7 
 
 " Dogs. of Scotland " 146 
 
 Page. 
 " Dogs of the British Isles,"... 
 
 15, 83, 165 
 " Dogs of the British Isles," 
 
 engraving of pugs in 262 
 
 Dogs, performing 170 
 
 Domini (poodle) 171 
 
 Doncaster Beauty (Dalma- 
 tian) 196 
 
 Donovan (King Charles) 293 
 
 Drew, Mr 223 
 
 Droesse, Mr. Hugo 196 
 
 Druidess (poodle), the 177 
 
 Dryad (bulldog) 223 
 
 " Dudley faces " 224 
 
 Duke (bulldog) 222 
 
 Duke (Italian greyhound) ... 339 
 
 Duke of Bow (Blenheim) 293 
 
 Duke of Leeds (St. Bernard) 47 
 Duke of Marlborough (St. 
 
 Bernard) 49 
 
 Dunn, Mr. T 266 
 
 Diir, M. H. H 49 
 
 Dutch Prince saved by a pug 258 
 
 East-end of London, toy 
 
 spaniels in 291 
 
 Eden, Mr. P 214 
 
 Edward, Sydenham 212 
 
 Edwards, Mr. L 309 
 
 Edwardes-Ker, Dr., on the old 
 
 English sheepdog 148 
 
 Ellis, Mr. J. H 223 
 
 Emmott, Mr. J. K 48 
 
 England's Best (Ruby) 294 
 
 English sheepdog 109 
 
 Eresby, Lady Willoughby de 259 
 
 Ermine (Blenheim) 293 
 
 Excelsior (Blenheim) 293 
 
3 66 
 
 Index. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Facey Romford (bulldog) 223 
 
 Fairy Queen (poodle) 176 
 
 " Faked," bulldogs 216 
 
 Falstaff (bulldog) 222 
 
 Fan (smooth collie) 142 
 
 Farquharson, Mr. H. R. ... 88, 95 
 
 Fawdrey, Mr. James 196, 327 
 
 Feeding foreign dogs 359 
 
 Fido (Maltese) 319 
 
 Field, The 1,43, 83, 302 
 
 Fifield, Mrs 272 
 
 Fifield's, Mrs., description of 
 
 the black pug 277 
 
 Fitzinger, Dr., on the poodle.. 165 
 
 Flossie (Blenheim) 293 
 
 Flossie (Maltese) 320 
 
 Forder, Mrs 290, 293 
 
 Foreign dogs require no special 
 
 feeding 359 
 
 Foster, Mr. H. G 263 
 
 Foster, Mr. J. H 196 
 
 Foster, Mrs. J 266 
 
 Found It (bulldog) 223 
 
 Fowler, Mr. G 223 
 
 Fox dog 323 
 
 Frigga Secunda (mastiff) 29 
 
 Frisky (King Charles) 292 
 
 Fritz (Pomeranian) 328 
 
 Fuller, Mr. E. H 352 
 
 Fulton, Mr. R 222 
 
 Gamier, Capt., on the mastiff 15 
 
 Garniss, Mr. W. B 266 
 
 Garrod, Mr 292, 293, 294 
 
 Garwood, Mr 286, 292 
 
 Gemmi d'Arth (St. Bernard) . 70 
 George III., portrait of, with 
 pug 260 
 
 Page. 
 
 George's (Bill) kennels 213 
 
 Gheud, Mr. J. B 223 
 
 Ghost (poodle), the 177 
 
 Gifford, Lady 319 
 
 Gilbert, Mr. H 260 
 
 Gilbey, Sir Walter 285 
 
 Gilsland, collie trials at 127 
 
 Gladstone, the Right Hon. 
 
 W. E 328 
 
 Goblin (Dalmatian) 196 
 
 Golden Ben (King Charles)... 293 
 Golden Phiz (Ruby spaniel)... 294 
 
 Gondola (St. Bernard) 53 
 
 Goodge, Barnaby 9 
 
 Gordon, Mr. P 303 
 
 Gowan's Billy (Italian grey- 
 hound) 339 
 
 Grabber (bulldog) 223 
 
 Grace Darling (King Charles) 293 
 
 Graves, Mr. R. V. 177 
 
 Graves, Mrs 293, 294 
 
 Gravesend Lino (black pug) .. ^74 
 
 Great Gun (collie) 119, 124 
 
 Green, Mr. T. H 50 
 
 Gresham, Mr. F 46 
 
 Gresham, Mr. F., on the St. 
 
 Bernard 56 
 
 Greyhound, Italian 335 
 
 Greyhound, Italian, at the 
 
 early shows 338 
 
 Greyhound, Italian, best 
 
 classes at Scottish shows . . . 339 
 Greyhound, Italian, charac- 
 teristics of 344 
 
 Greyhound, Italian, cross run- 
 ning and rabbit coursing ... 337 
 Greyhound, Italian, described 
 eighty years ago 335 
 
Index. 
 
 367 
 
 Page. 
 Greyhound, Italian, in the 
 
 time of the Stuarts 336 
 
 Greyhound, Italian, points for 
 
 judging 346 
 
 Grindrod, Mr. C. F., on the 
 
 Japanese spaniels 304 
 
 Griselda (mastiff) 29 
 
 Guide (St. Bernard) 49 
 
 Guido (bulldog) 223 
 
 Gustner (St. Bernard) 71 
 
 Guppy, Mr. J. W 286 
 
 Gwen (bob-tailed sheepdog) .. 152 
 Gyr (St. Bernard) 71 
 
 Haidee (Blenheim) 293 
 
 Haldenby, Mr. C 96 
 
 Hamilton, Miss 266 
 
 Hamilton's (Miss) kennel of 
 
 Pomeranians 330 
 
 Hamilton, Rev. Hans 117 
 
 Hampton Court, painting of 
 
 Italian greyhounds at 336 
 
 H anbury, Mr. E 21 
 
 Hanlon (Newfoundland) 96 
 
 Hargreave, Capt 54 
 
 Harrison, Mr. Mitchell 1 18 
 
 Hartley, Mr. R. J 196, 214 
 
 Hartley, Mrs 266 
 
 Heard, Mrs. E 352 
 
 Heatherfield Tip (smooth 
 
 collie) 141 
 
 Hector (St. Bernard) 59 
 
 " Helvellyn " 142 
 
 Henshall, Mr. John 222 
 
 Heresbach, Conrad 9 
 
 Her Majesty's Pomeranians... 330 
 
 Her Majesty's pug 273 
 
 4 'Highlander Bearded Collie" 146 
 
 Page. 
 
 " Highland Sports " 225 
 
 Hilbre House Kennels (St. 
 
 Bernards) 45 
 
 Hill, Mr. J. H 352 
 
 Hinks, James, the late 213 
 
 " History of the Mastiff " ...3, 13 
 
 Hodson, Mr. H. C 196 
 
 Hogarth, pugs in the time of 258 
 
 Hogg, Mr. Lindsay 288, 309 
 
 Holborn Dog Show in 1862 ... 85 
 Holborn Horse Repository 
 
 Show 301 
 
 Holborn Show (Maltese at) 
 
 in 1862 319 
 
 Holda (mastiff) 29 
 
 Holland, pugs imported from 257 
 
 Hope, Mr. P. Beresford 223 
 
 Horner, Mrs 266 
 
 Hospice Pluto (St. Bernard) 67 
 
 Hospice, St. Bernards at the... 64 
 
 Hotspur (mastiff) 29 
 
 Houldsworth, Capt 214 
 
 Houlker, Mrs. C 266 
 
 Hugh (Maltese) 319 
 
 Hutchinson, Colonel 170 
 
 Hutchinson on the sheepdog .. 112 
 
 Hurst, Mr. F 142 
 
 Hutton, Mr. E 141 
 
 Hyllus (King Charles) 292 
 
 " Idstone," 42, 194, 253 
 
 Inge, Lieut. -Col 85 
 
 Invincible (bob-tailed sheep- 
 dog) 155 
 
 Italian Greyhound 335 
 
 Jack (Italian greyhound) his- 
 tory of 34 1 
 
368 
 
 Index. 
 
 Page. 
 Jack Spratt (black pug) 272, 274 
 
 Jacobs, Mr. J 319 
 
 "Jacks," the 216 
 
 Jackson, Mr. A. C 155 
 
 Jackson, Mr. Cyril 216, 223 
 
 Jackson (Mr. Cyril) on the 
 
 bulldog 231 
 
 James, Dr 142, 197 
 
 James I . , King 6 
 
 James II. and his spaniels ... 279 
 
 Japan, pug brought from 270 
 
 Japanese Pugs> giving them 
 
 saki to keep them small 303 
 
 Japanese Spaniel, not a 
 
 modern introduction 301 
 
 Japanese Spaniel, points for 
 
 judging 312 
 
 Japanese Spaniel, points of ... 309 
 Japanese Spaniel, proper size 304 
 
 Japanese Spaniels 301 
 
 Japanese Spaniels, a distinct 
 
 breed 307 
 
 Japanese Spaniels, classes for 307 
 Japanese Spaniels, colours of 307 
 Japanese Spaniels, many 
 
 varieties in Japan 308 
 
 Japanese Spaniels, Japanese 
 
 opinion? on 301 
 
 Japanese Spaniels, Mr. C. F. 
 
 Grindrod on 304 
 
 Jardine, Sir William 281 
 
 Jasper (Ruby) 294 
 
 Jenkins, Mrs 293 
 
 Jenkins, Mr, H. E........ r 288 
 
 Joachim, Mr. E 352 
 
 Johnnie Norman (collie) 124 
 
 Joyce, Mr. J. H 214 
 
 Jubilee Show, June, 1887 91 
 
 Page. 
 Jumbo (Mrs. Forder's King 
 
 Charles) 293 
 
 Jumbo (Mrs. Lee's King 
 
 Charles) 292 
 
 Juno (bulldog) 222 
 
 Juno (Italian greyhound) 340 
 
 Keeper (St. Bernard) 53 
 
 Keller, Mr. C 301 
 
 Kemp, Mr. C 176 
 
 Kennel Club Show, July 1885 90 
 "Kennel Club Stud Book" 
 
 173, 287, 327 
 
 King Charles Spaniel hunting 281 
 King Charles Spaniel in the 
 
 early shows 286 
 
 King Charles Spaniel, sagacity 
 
 of 282 
 
 King Dick (bulldog) 213, 222 
 
 Kingdon, Mr. H. D 5, n 
 
 King-Patten, Mr 48 
 
 King Orry (bulldog) 209, 223 
 
 King Stormy of Homerton 
 
 (Blenheim) 293 
 
 Kitty Cole (bulldog) 223 
 
 Knight, Mr 294 
 
 Krehl, Mr. G. R 352 
 
 " Lady and Spaniels," by 
 
 Landseer 287 
 
 Lady Dinah (Pomeranian) ... 331 
 Lady in Waiting (Newfound- 
 land) 96 
 
 Lady Mayoress (Newfound- 
 land) 95 
 
 Lamphier, Jacob 213, 222 
 
 Lamphier., Mr. F 217 
 
 Landing Boy (Dalmatian) ... 196 
 
Index. 
 
 369 
 
 Page. 
 
 Landseer Newfoundland 98 
 
 Landseer's pictures of spaniels 287 
 Larkfield Shrimp (Italian 
 
 greyhound) 340 
 
 Lassie (Mr. Ridley's) 143 
 
 Lassie (smooth collie) 141 
 
 Laureate (King Charles) 292, 293 
 
 Laycock's dairy-yard 86 
 
 Laycock's dairy-yard (dog 
 
 show) 44 
 
 Lea, Miss 266 
 
 Lee, Mrs 29, 95, 292 
 
 Lee, Mrs. Cunliffe 94 
 
 Leeke, Mrs 293 
 
 Legh, Sir Peers 12 
 
 Leila (St. Bernard) 47 
 
 Leo (Newfoundland) 88 
 
 Leo V. (Newfoundland) 97 
 
 Leonidas (bulldog) 223 
 
 Levey, Mr. A 177 
 
 Lienhardt, M. Fritz 61 
 
 Life-saving by a Newfound- 
 land 86 
 
 Linton, Mr. R. T 266, 288 
 
 " Lion dog of Malta" 317 
 
 Little Gem (King Charles) ... 293 
 Little Snow (Pomeranian) ... 327 
 
 Llangollen trials (collies) 125 
 
 Lloyd, Mr. Edward 147 
 
 Lobengula's (Italian grey- 
 hound) 343 
 
 Locke, Dr. 153 
 
 Lola (Blenheim) 293 
 
 Londonderry, Lord 273 
 
 Lord Bute (St. Bernard) 52 
 
 Loris (black pug) 276 
 
 Lort, Mr. W 114 
 
 Loup-Loup 323 
 
 [VOL. II.] B 
 
 Lukey, Mr. H. V. . 
 Lyme Hall mastiffs 
 Lynn, Mrs. Gordon 
 Lyribel (poodle) ... 
 Lyris (poodle) 
 
 176, 
 
 Page. 
 
 13 
 10 
 
 330 
 I 77 
 1 80 
 
 Macdona, Mr 44 
 
 McDonald, Mr. W 319, 338 
 
 Mackenzie's (Miss H. M.) 
 
 Italian greyhounds 340 
 
 Madame de Poncette (poodle) 171 
 
 Maggie Lauder (bulldog) 222 
 
 Mahdi (black pug).... 272 
 
 Maltese, the 313 
 
 Maltese, Aldrovandus on the.. 316 
 
 Maltese, as a companion 318 
 
 Maltese, characteristics of 321 
 
 Maltese, colours in the seven- 
 teenth century 315 
 
 Maltese, difficulty in keeping 
 
 them in order 320 
 
 Maltese, " faking," in times 
 
 gone by 316 
 
 Maltese, method of keeping 
 
 them small 317 
 
 Maltese, points for judging ... 322 
 Maltese, Sir Edwin Landseer's 
 
 painting of 313 
 
 Maltese, the oldest of toy dogs 313 
 
 Mandarin pug 303 
 
 Mandeville, Mr. W 286, 319 
 
 Mansfield, Mr. T. E 87, 90 
 
 Mansfield's (Mr. T. E.) kennel 
 
 of Newfoundlands 97 
 
 Mapplebeck, Mr. Howard 88, 142 
 Marco (description of the 
 
 Queen's Pomeranian) 328 
 
 Marengo (St. Bernard) 53 
 
 B 
 
37 
 
 Index. 
 
 Page, Page. 
 
 Marlborough Blenheims 286 M'Donald, Mr. W.... 213, 260, 286 
 
 Marlborough, Duchess of 286 Meg (bulldog) 222 
 
 Marples, Mr. T 309, 328 Megson, Mr. A. H 117, 141 
 
 Marquis of Gaillerdain (poodle) 171 Melita, uncertainty as to which 
 
 Master Jumbo (Newfound- island is meant 314 
 
 land) 96 Melody (smooth collie) 141 
 
 Mastiff, the I Menthon (St. Bernard) 46 
 
 Mastiff, characteristics of 21 Mercer, Mr. H 196 
 
 Mastiff classes, decadence of .. 25 Metchley Wonder (collie) 118, 124 
 
 Mastiff Club's general descrip- Michael the Archangel (bull- 
 
 tion of dogs 32 dog) 222 
 
 Mastiff Club, Old English ... 32 Minerva (King Charles) 293 
 
 Mastiff Club, points for judging 36 Ming Seng (Japanese spaniel) 309 
 
 Mastiff, Crown Prince, strain of 2 Minting (mastiff) 29 
 
 Mastiff, deterioration of I Minton, Mr. A 85 
 
 Mastiff fighting a lion 6 Mischief (bulldog) 223 
 
 Mastiff, noteworthy dogs 30 Mistress of the Robes (New- 
 Mastiff, origin of 2 foundland) 96 
 
 Mastiff, origin of Mr. Lukey's 14 Moll, Mr. R. W 88 
 
 Mastiff, the, in ancient times.. 3 Molly (Italian greyhound) ... 338 
 
 Mastiffs at Chatsworth 13 Molossus, the 5 
 
 Mastiffs at Lyme Hall 10 Monarch (bulldog) 214, 216 
 
 Mastiffs at Trentham 13 Monarque (St. Bernard) ... 45, 56 
 
 Mastiffs, a breeder and exhibi- Monk, Hon. Mrs. Bligh... 266, 319 
 
 tor's opinion 231032 Monk (St. Bernard) 43 
 
 Mastiffs, cropped 14 Monkey Brand (bulldog) 223 
 
 Mastiffs, development of Mont Blanc (panorama) 41 
 
 under-jaw 27 Moore, Mr. B. W 352 
 
 Mastiffs, good specimens 23 Morris, Mr. J 223 
 
 Matthews, Mrs 96 Morrison, Mr 260 
 
 Maud (collie) 116 " Mortivals," Miss 272,274 
 
 Maule, Mr. H 266 "Mortivals" (Miss) descrip- 
 
 Max (St. Bernard) 71 tion of the black pug 275 
 
 Mayhew, Mrs 266 Mother Bunch (Prince Charles) 294 
 
 Mayor of Newport (bob-tailed Mozart (Prince Charles) 293 
 
 sheepdog) 155 Muller, M. Seller 69 
 
 May Queen 1 1. (Blenheim), 293, 294 Murchison, Mr. J. H 46 
 
 May Queen (King Charles)... 292 Murrell, Mr. G. R 209 
 
Index. 
 
 37 1 
 
 Page. 
 
 Nap II. (black pug) 274 
 
 " Naturalist's Library " 164 
 
 Nelson I. (Newfoundland) 94, 95 
 
 Nellie 1 1. (bob-tailed sheepdog) 152 
 Nettleship, painting of mastiff 
 
 by 12 
 
 Newfoundland as a companion 90 
 Newfoundland (black), de- 
 scription of 92 
 
 Newfoundland Club 100 
 
 Newfoundland Club's descrip- 
 tion of Newfoundlands 101 
 
 Newfoundland Kennels of the 
 
 present day 94 
 
 Newfoundland, points of 104 
 
 Newfoundland, swimming 
 
 powers of the 89 
 
 Newfoundland, the, as a life 
 
 saver 79 
 
 Newfoundland, the, as a show 
 
 1 OO 
 
 dog oo 
 
 Newfoundlands a century ago 84 
 Newfoundlands as beasts of 
 
 burden 80 
 
 Newfoundlands at Birming- 
 ham in 1860 84 
 
 Newfoundlands at the shows 90 
 Newfoundlands in Newfound- 
 land 89 
 
 Newfoundlands, owners of 
 
 good specimens 96 
 
 Newfoundlands, rearing 100 
 
 Newfoundlands, the Landseer 98 
 Nichols, Mr. E. ... 21, 88, 94, 95 
 
 Nigger (black pug) 275 
 
 Nigger (Newfoundland) 85 
 
 Norfolk, a Duke of, and his 
 
 spaniels 282 
 
 B B 
 
 Page. 
 
 Normanhurst Nap (black pug) 274 
 Nunn, Mr. J 266 
 
 "Old Bushman" 83 
 
 Old English Sheepdog Club 
 
 points 156, 160 
 
 Oliver, Mr. D. S 214, 216 
 
 Olivette (King Charles) 293 
 
 Orlando (mastiff) 29 
 
 Orme, Harry 215 
 
 Ormskirk Charlie (collie) 125 
 
 Ormskirk Golddust (collie) ... 118 
 
 Ormskirk Memoir (collie) ... 118 
 
 Ormskirk Ormond (collie) ... 118 
 
 Oswell, Jesse 222 
 
 Paley, Mr. A. E 196 
 
 Parbold Phyllis (collie) 1 20 
 
 Paterson, Mr. W 97 
 
 "Patient Griselda " (picture) 165 
 
 Patten, Col. Wilson 13 
 
 Paymaster (King Charles) ... 293 
 
 Pearce, Rev. T 253 
 
 Pebody, Mr. H 223 
 
 " Peking " pugs 272 
 
 Pekin pug carried in the sleeve 302 
 Pekin pugs, description of ... 302 
 
 Percival, Mr 213 
 
 Pestell, Mrs 293 
 
 Piermaster (Newfoundland) 97 
 
 Piggin, Mr. R. S 125 
 
 Pintsch, der Kleine 167 
 
 Pirate King (Newfoundland) 97 
 Plinlimmon (St. Bernard) ... 47 
 " Plum-pudding" dog, the ... 197 
 
 Poll (bulldog) 222 
 
 Pollux (St. Bernard) 71 
 
 Pomeranian, the 322 
 
 2 
 
37 2 
 
 Index. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Pomeranian as a housedog . . . 325 
 Pomeranian, description of ... 324 
 Pomeranian, club points and 
 
 description 331 
 
 Pomeranians, black 327 
 
 Pomeranians, fawn, or fawn and 
 
 white, chocolate ... 327, 330, 331 
 
 Pomeranians, toy 327 
 
 Pomeranians, white 325 
 
 Pompey (Blenheim) 593 
 
 " Pomyoleanian Dog," a 326 
 
 Poodle, anecdotes of 170, 175 
 
 Poodle as a companion 174 
 
 Poodle at the battle of Castella 175 
 
 Poodle Club, the 1 73 
 
 Poodle, the corded 176 
 
 Poodle, corded variety of 180 
 
 Poodle, necessary attention to 
 
 coat of 178 
 
 Poodle, points of white 190 
 
 Poodle, points of black 1 88 
 
 Poodle, probable origin of 165 
 
 Poodle taught to play tricks ... 1 70 
 
 Poodle, time for clipping 179 
 
 Poodle, the 161 
 
 Poodle, the, as a retriever 169 
 
 Poodle, the Russian 161 
 
 Poodle, varieties of 162 
 
 Poodle "wool" 183 
 
 Poodles, trimming 1 76 
 
 Portuguese pugs 302 
 
 Pratt, Mr. C. A 51 
 
 Preston (Lancashire) Show in 
 
 1892 87 
 
 Preston Show of 1892 91 
 
 Price, Mr. R. J. Lloyd, 
 
 146, 197, 222 
 Prim of Nateby (collie) 1 26 
 
 Page. 
 
 Prince Battenberg (St. Ber- 
 nard) 48 
 
 Prince (Blenheim) 293 
 
 Prince Charles Spaniels 287 
 
 Princess Florence (St. Ber- 
 nard) 52 
 
 Prince IV. (Dalmatian) 196 
 
 Prince Lily White (Maltese) 320 
 Prince of Orange (Pome- 
 ranian) 330 
 
 Prince of Teddington (Prince 
 
 Charles) 293 
 
 Princeof Wales, H.R.H 323 
 
 Proctor, Mr. T 266 
 
 Procurator Cynegii 3 
 
 Pudel, der Gross 165 
 
 Pudel, der Kleine 167 
 
 Pudel, der Mittlere 166 
 
 Pudel, der Schaf 168 
 
 Pudel, der Schniir 168 
 
 Pug as a companion 263 
 
 Pug as a lady's pet 264 
 
 Pug, a very sensible 265 
 
 Pug, black (in Black and 
 
 White} 271 
 
 Pug breeders 266 
 
 Pug, Buffon on the 257 
 
 Pug classes at the shows 262 
 
 Pug, cutting the ears of the . . . 253 
 
 Pug, descent not known 256 
 
 Pug, descriptions of the black 
 
 275. 277 
 Pug Dog Club description of 
 
 dog 266 
 
 Pug, doubtful origin of theblack 270 
 
 Pug drawn by Reinagle 255 
 
 Pug in the " Sportsman's 
 
 cabinet " 
 
 255 
 
Index. 
 
 373 
 
 Page. 
 
 Pug saving a Dutch prince ... 258 
 
 Pug, supposed place of origin 254 
 
 Pug, the 253 
 
 Pug, the Black 269 
 
 Pug, what it should be like ... 263 
 
 Pugs, Chinese 271 
 
 Pugs, first appearance of the 
 
 black, at shows 273 
 
 Pugs in the time of William III. 258 
 
 Pugs imported from Holland 257 
 
 Pugs, Lady Brassey's 269 
 
 Pugs, Lady Willoughby de 
 
 Eresby's 259 
 
 Pugs, points of 268 
 
 Punch (bulldog) 223 
 
 Pothecary, Mr. W. M 47 
 
 Powers, Mr. John 142 
 
 Pyrenean guard dog 107 
 
 Queen Bee (Pomeranian) 331 
 
 Queen Charlotte's pugs 260 
 
 Queen Mab (bulldog) 223 
 
 Queen of the Toys (King 
 Charles) 293 
 
 Rae and Parsons, Messrs. ... 119 
 
 Ralli, Mr. C. C 96 
 
 Ralph, Mr. H 124 
 
 Raper, Mr. George 217, 223 
 
 Rector (St. Bernard) 49 
 
 Rees, Mr. T. E 155 
 
 Reick, Mr. W 52 
 
 Reinagle 109 
 
 Reinagle's drawing of the 
 
 Dalmatian 195 
 
 Reinagle's drawing of the pug 255 
 
 Reinagle's picture of sheepdog 146 
 
 Rice, Mr. C. C 29 
 
 Page. 
 
 Rich, Miss 97 
 
 Richardson on toy spaniels ... 282 
 
 Rigg, Mr. John 109 
 
 Robinson, Miss M. D 272 
 
 Romanie (bulldog) 222 
 
 Rome, mastiffs taken to 3 
 
 Rosa (bulldog) 212 
 
 Rosebud (Newfoundland) ... 99 
 
 Royal Rogue (bulldog) 241 
 
 Royle, Mr. J 49 
 
 Ruby Princess (Ruby) 294 
 
 Ruby Princess (red spaniel)... 288 
 
 Ruby Spaniels 287 
 
 Ruby Spaniel, breeding, the... 289 
 Ruby Spaniels, the best strains 
 
 of 294 
 
 Ruling Passion (bulldog) 223, 241 
 
 Rush (bulldog) 222 
 
 Rustic King (bulldog) 223 
 
 Rustic Model (bulldog) 223 
 
 Rutland (collie) 117 
 
 Sadler's Wells Theatre, per- 
 forming dogs at 172 
 
 St. Bernard breeders 50 
 
 St. Bernard Club 47 
 
 St. Bernard Club's descrip- 
 tion of St. Bernard 75 
 
 St. Bernard, Landseer's pic- 
 ture of 40 
 
 St. Bernards of 1893 53, 54 
 
 St. Bernard, points of 77 
 
 St. Bernard puppy, instinct of 41 
 St. Bernard still used for 
 
 finding bodies 74 
 
 St. Bernard, the 37 
 
 St. Bernard, the first speci- 
 men in England 40 
 
374 
 
 Index. 
 
 Page. 
 St. Bernards as beasts of 
 
 burden 42 
 
 St. Bernards at the Hospice... 64 
 St. Bernards in Switzerland 
 
 (Mr. J. F. Smith's account) 59 
 St. John, Mr. Charles, on the 
 
 bulldog 225 
 
 Saleni (bulldog) 223 
 
 Sally Scattercash (bulldog) ... 216 
 
 Samoyede dog 323 
 
 Sancho Panza (bulldog) 214 
 
 Sanguinetti, Mr. H 177 
 
 Sans Peur (St. Bernard) 49 
 
 Sappho (Italian greyhound)... 340 
 
 Schatzel (Pomeranian) 331 
 
 Save (St. Bernard) 49 
 
 Scamp (Prince Charles) 294 
 
 Schipperke, character of the... 348 
 Schipperke Club Shows at the 
 
 Aquarium 352 
 
 Schipperke, the points for 
 
 judging 351 
 
 Schipperke, English Club's 
 
 description and points 349 
 
 Schipperke, origin of name . . . 347 
 
 Schipperke, the, at home 347 
 
 Schumacher, Mr. H 60 
 
 Scotland, old-fashioned sheep- 
 dogs in 146 
 
 Scotland, sheepdogs in 109 
 
 Scott, John 281 
 
 Searelle, Mr. Luscombe 343 
 
 Sears, Mr. E. B 51 
 
 Sefton Hero (collie) 121 
 
 Sellon, Mr 223 
 
 Shamrock (collie) 1 16 
 
 Shaw's (Jemmy) bulldogs 213 
 
 Sheepdog, anecdotes of the, 1 1 1 , 150 
 
 Page. 
 
 Sheepdog, coat of 151 
 
 Sheepdog, colours of the old 
 
 English 152 
 
 Sheepdog, old English, Dr. 
 
 Edwardes-Ker on the 148 
 
 Sheepdog, Hutchinson on 112 
 
 Sheepdog in Thibet 108 
 
 Sheepdog, old English or bob- 
 tailed 145, 148 
 
 Sheepdog, points of bob-tailed 156 
 
 Sheepdog, the smooth-coated . 139 
 
 Sheepdog, unlicensed no 
 
 Sheepdogs, anecdotes of old 
 
 English 150 
 
 Sheepdogs, an old drover's 
 
 opinion of 153 
 
 Sheepdogs as guards 107 
 
 Sheepdogs at church 1 10 
 
 Sheepdogs bred in Suffolk ... 151 
 
 Sheepdogs in Scotland 109 
 
 Sheepdogs, tailless 147 
 
 Sheffield, Mr. W. L 266 
 
 Shefford strain of St. Bernards 46 
 
 Shirley, Mr. S. E. 166, 214 
 
 Siegmund, Dr 72 
 
 Simplon Hospice, dogs at 
 
 the 69 
 
 Singer, Mr. W. H. 352 
 
 Sion, the convent of, defended 
 
 by dogs 39 
 
 Sir Anthony (bulldog) 214 
 
 Sir Bedivere (St. Bernard) ... 50 
 Sir Caradoc (bob-tailed sheep- 
 dog) 154 
 
 Sir Cavendish (bob-tailed 
 
 sheepdog 152 
 
 Sir Guy (bob-tailed sheepdog) 151 
 
 Sir Hereward (St. Bernard)... 54 
 
- 
 Index. 
 
 375 
 
 Page, 
 
 Sir Tatton (bob-tailed sheep- 
 dog) 155 
 
 Sleeve dogs, Japanese 302 
 
 Slenderman (bulldog) 214 
 
 Smartt, Mr. W. G 223 
 
 Smith, Mr. J. F 49, 51, 53, 59 
 
 Smith, Mr. S. W 49, 52 
 
 Spaniel, the English toy 279 
 
 " Spaniell gentle," the 280 
 
 Spaniel, Japanese .. 301 
 
 Spaniels painted by Stubbs . . . 285 
 Specht's painting of St. 
 
 Bernards 55 
 
 Spencer, Mr. R 293 
 
 Spitz dog 323 
 
 " Sportsman's Cabinet " ..109, 146 
 
 163, 164, 195, 212, 255, 282, 324 
 
 " Sportsman's Repository " ... 281 
 
 Spotted Dick (Dalmatian) ... 197 
 
 Stead (bulldog) 222 
 
 Steiner, M 70 
 
 Steward, Mr. J . J 117 
 
 Stockdale, Charles 213 
 
 "Stonehenge"..i65, 169, 173, 339 
 
 " Stonehenge " on the pug ... 259 
 
 Stracathro Ralph (collie).. 120, 124 
 
 Stretch, the Messrs 1 18 
 
 Stubbs, painting of spaniels . . . 285 
 Summer Palace of Pekin, dogs 
 
 taken from 303 
 
 Sunbeam (King Charles) 293 
 
 " Sunbeam," pugs on Lady 
 
 Brassey's yacht 271 
 
 Surprise (black pug) 275 
 
 Susan (bulldog) 229 
 
 Sweet May Blossom 1 293 
 
 Sweet May Blossom II 293 
 
 Swinburne, Mr. T 141 
 
 Page. 
 Switzerland, Mr. J. F. Smith 
 
 in 59 
 
 Switzerland, St. Bernard sav- 
 ing life in 37 
 
 Switzerland, the dogs at Mont 
 
 St. Bernard 64 
 
 Sybil (Newfoundland) 95 
 
 Taunton, Mr. W. K. 29 
 
 Taunton, Mr. W. K., on the 
 
 Chow-chow 354 
 
 Tell (St. Bernard) 44, 56 
 
 Temple, Mr. W. R. H 352 
 
 The Earl (Blenheim) 293 
 
 " The Dog," by S. Edwards 212 
 
 Thibet Mastiff 15 
 
 Thibetan Sheepdog 108 
 
 Thomas, Mrs. 330 
 
 Thomas, Miss V 309 
 
 Thomas, Mr. T. E 155 
 
 Thompson, Mr. S. J 294 
 
 Thompson, Mr. J. W 13 
 
 Thomson, Mr. W. W 141 
 
 Thor (St. Bernard) 57 
 
 Thornton, Mr. R.' 47, 125 
 
 Tiger (bulldog) 217 
 
 Tiger (mastiff) 21 
 
 Tiny Tots (Blenheim) 293 
 
 "Tobit and his Dog" (pic- 
 ture) 164 
 
 Toro (bulldog), Field descrip- 
 tion of 219 
 
 "Toy Bulldogs" 215 
 
 Toy Spaniel Clubs 283, 287 
 
 Toy Spaniel Club exhibitions 291 
 Toy Spaniels at the West- 
 minster Aquarium 288 
 
 Toy Spaniels as pets 294 
 
37 6 
 
 Index. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Toy Spaniels, colours of 284 
 
 Toy Spaniels, English kinds of 279 
 Toy Spaniels in the East End 
 
 of London 291 
 
 Toy Spaniels, novel use for ... 280 
 Toy Spaniels, points of the 
 
 English varieties 296 
 
 Toy Spaniels, points for judg- 
 ing 300 
 
 Toy Spaniels, prices of 283 
 
 Trefoil (collie) 1 16 
 
 Troughear, Mrs 176 
 
 "Truffle Dog," the 184 
 
 Truffle hunting 185 
 
 Turk (mastiff) 12 
 
 Tupper, Mr. W 215, 286 
 
 Turner, Mr 340 
 
 Turret Queen (Ruby spaniel) 294 
 
 Turton, Mr. 213 
 
 Tye, Mr. Edmund 150 
 
 Verrinder, Mr. T. 
 Villatica (dogs) ... 
 Venom (bulldog) 
 
 214, 222 
 
 214 
 
 Wales, H. R. H., the Prince 
 
 of 85 
 
 Wales, sheepdogs in 146 
 
 Wall Eyes 141 
 
 Wall-eyed Bob (bob-tailed 
 sheepdog)... . 155 
 
 Wall or " China " Eyes 195 
 
 Walsh, Dr. J. H. ... 114, 320, 345 
 Warner, Mrs. W. H. B. 
 
 270, 293, 319 
 
 Wasp (bulldog) 211 
 
 Watch (St. Bernard) 51 
 
 Page. 
 
 Watchboy (bob-tailed sheep- 
 dog) 155 
 
 "Water Dog," the 163 
 
 Weager, Mr 155 
 
 Wee Flower (Italian grey- 
 hound) 339 
 
 Westfield, Mr. T 266 
 
 Westminster Aquarium Toy 
 
 Dog Show 288 
 
 " Whippet," the 337 
 
 White's (Ben) kennels 213 
 
 White, Mr. W 115 
 
 Wildman, Mr. S. W 88 
 
 William III. brings pugs to 
 
 England 257 
 
 Willoughby de Eresby, Lady 259 
 
 \Villoughby pugs 259 
 
 Wilson, Mr. T. Newby 196 
 
 Windsor Castle, Pomeranians 
 
 at 330 
 
 Witch (poodle) 177 
 
 Wolf dog 323 
 
 W'oodgate, Mrs 294 
 
 Woodiwiss, Mr. E. S 352 
 
 Woodiwiss, Mr. 1 352 
 
 Woodiwiss, Mr. S 208, 223 
 
 Wynn, Rev. M. B 3, 5, 13 
 
 Yarrow (smooth collie) 141 
 
 Yates, Mr 293 
 
 Youatt's picture of a bulldog 212 
 Young Bute (St. Bernard) ... 52 
 Young Jumbo (King Charles) 293 
 Young Plato (St. Bernard) ... 70 
 
 Zingra II. (Prince Charles) 293 
 Zoe (Newfoundland) 97 
 
Advertisements. 
 
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Advertisements. 
 
 THE ORIGINAL MAKERS OF KENNELS, 
 POULTRY HOUSES, AND APPLIANCES. 
 
 BQULTON & PAUL, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS; N O R W I C H . 
 
 OUR ORIGINAL REGISTERED 
 DOG KENNEL. 
 
 Reduced Cash Prices, Carriage 
 Paid, including Registered Sliding 
 Bench : 
 
 For Terriers i 3 o 
 
 For Collies, Spaniels, or 
 
 Retrievers i 15 o 
 
 For St. Bernards or 
 
 Mastiffs 2 17 6 
 
 Troughs, 35. extra. 
 
 These Kennels are well made, and 
 highly finished. All parts are acces- 
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 The sliding bench is an important 
 addition, and adds greatly to 
 comfort of the dog. 
 
 No. 63. DEL. FERRET 
 KENNEL WITH RUNS. 
 
 No Foot Rot. M o Disease. 
 
 BED 
 
 ALWAYS 
 DRY 
 
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 CAST-IRON DOG 
 TROUGHS. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 Galvanised. 
 lOin. dia.,2/- 
 12in. dia.,3/- 
 
 TRA VEILING BOX 
 FOR DOGS. New Article. 
 
 Paint < 
 
 18in. long ... each 4s. 
 24in. long ... each 5s. 
 
 Registered Copyright. 
 
 4ft. long, 3ft. wide, 2ft. high, 
 
 1. 15s. ; larger size. 2. 5s. 
 
 No. 87. WROUGHT-IRON KENNEL RAILING. 
 
 Kegistered Copyright, 
 No. 1 size, 24in. long, 20in. wide, 
 
 22in. high, 14s. 6d. 
 No. 2 size. 3fiin.long.20in. wide, 
 
 27in. high, 25s. 
 
 No. 3. size, 42in. long, 30in. wide, 
 33in. high, 35s. 
 
 REDUCED CASH PRICES. 
 With T yn. bars, spaced 2in. apart. 
 
 4ft. high 5ft. 6ft. 
 Per yard.. 4s. 6d. 5s. Od. 5s. 6d. 
 
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 4ft. 5ft. 6ft. 
 
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 4ft. 5ft. 6ft. 
 
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 Single gate, 2ft. wide, 4ft. highJS, 6 
 5ft., 20/6; 6ft., 22/6. 
 
 SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF KENNEL & POULTRY APPLIANCES. 
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Advertisements. 
 
 SCOTT AD1E, 
 
 LADIES' AND GENTLEMEN'S TAILOR, 
 
 logal Scotcfj 
 
 115 & 115A, REGENT ST., LONDON, W. 
 
 This novel and useful garment 
 is a unique departure from the 
 old-fashioned rug, comprising, as 
 its name indicates, a combined 
 rug and coat ; it may be used as 
 either. It will be found useful 
 for Fishing, Deer Stalking, or 
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 as a rug on a railway journey, 
 and one has to face a rive or six 
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 at night, nothing could then be 
 more comforting than the " RUG- 
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 one, as they are a perfect protec- 
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 SCOTT ADDIE, 
 
 SOLE MANUFACTURER. 
 
 Highland Shooting Suits. 
 
 Highland Dress Suits, 
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 Inverness Capes. 
 Stalking Capes. 
 
 Travelling Ulsters, 
 
 RUGS, MAUDS, SHAWLS, AND WBAPS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 
 
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Advertisements. 
 
 CHAMBERLIN'S 
 
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 PARIS INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 1878. 
 
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 A VOLATILE POWDER. 
 
 The only cure for Gapes in Pheasants and Poultry. 
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 JAPS GHJUWBEW & SJHTH, 
 
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 POST OFFICE STREET. NORWICH. 
 
Advertisements. 
 
 CHARLES FRAZER'S EXORS., 
 
 PALACE PLAIN WORKS, NORWICH. 
 
 No. 83. 
 
 BED PORTABLE DOG KEMEL, 
 
 ALWAYS 
 DRY, 
 
 Strongly made of seasoned 
 Red-wood and well finished. 
 
 REDUCED CASH PRICES. 
 Carriage Paid on 40s. value. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 For Small Dogs 086 
 
 For Terriers 18 6 
 
 For Collies, Spaniels, 
 
 &c 1 15 
 
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 Outside Platforms for Dog to 
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 No. 136. 
 
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 REDUCED CASH PRICES- 
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 For Terriers (with jft. 
 
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 No. 137. 
 
 NEW TRAVELLING BOX FOR DOGS. 
 
 Specially constructed with a view to the Dog's 
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 CASH PRICES Carriage Paid on 40s. value. 
 
 LENGTH. WIDTH. HEIGHT. 
 
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Advertisements. 
 
 WILLIAM FORD, 
 
 SPORTING GUN AND RIFLE MAKER, 
 
 PRACTICAL GUN-FITTER AND GUN-BARREL BORER, 
 
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 PRINCIPAL AND MOST SUCCESSFUL PIGEON SHOTS IN ENGLAND, 
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 SPECIALITIES: 
 FORD'S PIGEON GUN, FOR TRAP OR GAME SHOOTING. 
 
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 FORD'S PATENT EJECTOR GUN. 
 FORD'S "ECLIPSE" DOUBLE GUN, 28-BORE. 
 
 Weight from 4lb. to s\b. as required. Adapted for use by elderly gentlemen, 
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 FORD'S BALL AND SHOT GUN, 
 
 With invisible rifling, for use abroad ; a most effective weapon for Big Game. 
 See letter in Field, with Illustrations, January 2oth, 1894. 
 
 FORD'S PATENT ADJUSTABLE TRY GUN, 
 
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Advertisements. 
 
 THE LIVE STOCK AGENCY 
 
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Advertisements. 
 
 Vide the "Field," January 10. 1885. 
 
 " SHOOTING CLOTHES. In reply to ' Tartan,' when having shooting clothes made, let me 
 advise him to try THOMAS AND SONS' Knickerbocker Breeches, as advertised in the Field. 
 They form the most comfortable garment for the legs ever invented. Whilst giving the 
 same freedom at the knee that ordinary knickerbockers do, they give firm protection and 
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 Separate Department for Ladies' Kidinf/ Habits, Ac., fre. 
 
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 32, BROOK STREET, W. (corner of SOUTH MOLTON STREET) 
 
 AND AT 60, CASTLE STREET, LIVERPOOL. 
 
 Telegraphic Address : " SPORTINGLY, LONDON." 
 
Advertisements. 
 
 THE ONLY BISCUITS WHICH ALL DOGS LIKE AND EAT EEADILT. 
 
 MR. J. G. HARVEY, Huntsman to Her Majesty, writes : " I must say for hounds I would 
 not be without them." 
 
 IMIIELAJL,, 
 
 CONTAINING SO PER CENT. OF FISH, 
 
 For use in Kennel where Meal is preferred to a Biscuit. 
 
 PRICK 17s. PER CWT., HALF CWT. 9s. 
 
 W. R. TEMPLE, ESQ., WRITING DECEMBER IST, 1891, says : 
 " I sent six dogs to the late Palace Show, and took one First, three Second, and two 
 Third Prizes. All the dogs were fed entirely upon your Fish Hound Meal." 
 
 MEAT FIBRE DOG CAKES. 
 
 WITH VEGETABLES AND BONE MEAL. 
 
 These Biscuits guaranteed free from greaves, and containing a large percentage of Pure 
 American Meat, are the most nutritious and easily digested Meat Biscuits made; they are 
 used with great success in many Kennels alternately with our Garthwaite's Fish Biscuits. 
 Each Cake is stamped " Imperial Meat Fibre," with a Crown in centre. 
 
 PRICK 17s. PKR CWT., HALF CWT. 9s. 
 
 Above prices include Carriage. Special quotations for quantities. 
 Pamphlet, with particulars and testimonials, post free. 
 
 THE FISH BISCUIT CO. LTD., GRIMSBY. 
 
 [VOL. II.] [1] 
 
Advertisements. 
 
 WESTLEY RICHARDS & CO. 
 
 PATENT EJECTOR GAME AND PIGEON GUNS. 
 
 THE 
 SHOOTING 
 
 OF OUR 
 
 GUNS AND 
 
 RIFLES 
 
 HAS 
 
 NEVER 
 BEEN SUR- 
 PASSED. 
 
 THE Westley RICHARDS Patent Ejector GUNS and RIFLES 
 obtained the Grand Prix, the highest award of the Paris Exhibition, 1889. 
 
 ROOK & RABBIT RIFLES, -25O, '295, or '3OO and 
 36O bores, in all patterns. 
 
 178, NEW BOND STREET, LONDON; 
 12, CORPORATION STREET, BIRMINGHAM. 
 
 Established 1812. 
 28 Page Catalogue Sent Free on Application. 
 
 BARNARD, BISHOP, AND BARNARDS, LTD. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 EVERY REQUISITE FOR DOGS, POULTRY, PIGEONS, AND 
 RABBITS, ON TEE MOST APPROVED PRINCIPLES. 
 
 Descriptive 
 I llustrated 
 
 Catalogue 
 Free by Post. 
 
 Estimates Free. 
 
 Surveys 
 Undertaken. 
 
 Highest Award 
 
 wherever 
 exhibited. 
 
 Silver Medal, 
 
 Scheveningen, 
 
 1891. 
 
 Gold Medal, 
 
 Scheven ingen, 
 
 1892. 
 
 IMPROVED KENNEL, with Lifting Front and Sliding Day Bench, finished in the best 
 style. For Terriers, 27s. 6d. ; for Retrievers, &c., 45s. 6d. ; for Mastiffs, &c., 69s. 6d. ; 
 Carriage Paid. 
 
 NORFOLK IRON ^\TORKS, 1ST O R^W I C H , 
 
 AND 95, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, E.G. 
 
Advertisements. 
 
 WORMS IN DOGS. 
 
 " OTONEHENGE," in his celebrated work on the Dog, 
 ^ says : " Worms are a fertile source of disease in 
 the dog, destroying every year more puppies than dis- 
 temper itself." 
 
 While the " FIELD " says, concerning distemper : " All 
 treatment, to be successful, must be prefaced by the 
 expulsion of worms." 
 
 NALDIRE'S 
 
 WORM POWDERS for DOGS 
 
 Safely remove these pests within one hour, at the same 
 time giving tone to the stomach, and producing first rate 
 condition in dogs. 
 
 WORMS 
 IN A 
 
 " The Cottage, Sandhills, Walsall, March 3rd, 1887. 
 " Please send me one of Naldire's Worm Powders. I con- 
 sider them splendid. I had a fox terrier nearly dead last Sunday, 
 and got one of your powders from a friend, and in fifteen 
 minutes after the dog had it he passed a tapeworm almost 60 
 
 FOX TERRIER, j - * '>*<>> .. FRANK j. BRAWN ,. 
 
 NALDIRE'S WORM POWDERS ARE SOLD BY ALL CHEMISTS, 
 
 In Packets, II-, 2/-, 3/6, and 5/- each, with Pull Directions for Use. 
 
 FLEAS IN DOGS. 
 
 NALDIRE'S^: DOG SOAP, 
 
 FREE FROM CARBOLIC ACID AND ALL OTHER POISONS. 
 
 "Naldire's Soap is harmless to dogs, but fatal to fleas." FRANK BUCKLAND. 
 
 SOLD BY ALL CHEMISTS, PERFUMERS, AND STORES. 
 
Advertisements. 
 
 JlEWGflSTLE CHILLED SHOT. 
 
 E3C^E3 *-* ^-f^T* TTVI ~ "TT xa %\7'C^ B-^T-T^, 
 
 SEE RECORDS OF THE LONDON GUN TEIALS 1875, 1877, 1878, 1879. 
 
 The " Field " of Oct. 25, 189O, says : 
 " We are in the habit of using the shot of the New- 
 castle Chilled Shot Company for experimental purposes, 
 and do not know any other that equals it in regularity; 
 so that some inconveniences which are often complained 
 of may be avoided by using this company's shot." 
 
 VFIILL.I.U OnU I Tlie Field ,, of Nov 21> 1891) says: 
 
 " The use of Newcastle Chilled Shot will not injure 
 gun barrels. We have used it for years, with many 
 thousands of cartridges." 
 
 SOLE ADDRESS-GA TESHEAD. 
 
 Telegrams: "CHILLED, GATESHEAD." 
 
 DINNEFORD'S 
 
 HOUND I aLOYE, 
 
 Unrivalled for producing a healthy, sleek, and glossy 
 surface on the coats of Greyhounds, Foxhounds, Harriers, 
 wire-haired, and smooth-coated Dogs. 
 
 Price $s. } Free by Post. 
 
 DINNEFORD & CO., Manufacturers, 
 180, NEW BOND STKEET, LONDON, W. 
 
Advertisements. 
 
 DOG PILLS. 
 
 HIND'S ALTERATIVE PILLS 
 
 FOR PREVENTING DISTEMPER 
 
 AND GETTING DOGS INTO SHOW CONDITION ARE 
 UNRIVALLED. 
 
 W. W. THOMPSON, Esq., writes: " I consider your Pills for getting dogs into condition 
 most excellent. I have given them a good trial." 
 
 R. HOOD-WRIGHT, Esq., writes : " I have never had a single case of distemper amongst 
 my Deerhounds since I used them." 
 
 In addition to the above, the following, amongst a long list of well-known gentlemen, 
 have signified their entire approval of them : H. Ralph, Esq.,T. Easton, Esq., G. Cartmel, 
 Esq., R. B. Lee, Esq. 
 
 SOLD IN BOXES, is. id., as. 6d., and $s., Post Free. 
 
 WORM POWDERS, A SAFE AND CHEAP VERMIFUGE FOR DOGS, Sold in 
 Packets, free by Post, Is. Id., by 
 
 HIND, CHEMIST, KENDAL. 
 
 TRY MY PASTE FOR DESTROYING FLEAS, TICKS, &c. In Tins, 9 d., is. 3 d., 
 and 2s. 3d., post free. 
 
 WORKS PUBLISHED BY HORACE COX, 
 
 Gipsy Tents, and How to Use 
 Them. 
 
 A Handbook for Amateur Gipsies. By G. R. LOWNDES. 
 Crown 8vo., profusely illustrated, price 2s. 6d., by 
 post 2s. gd. 
 
 CONTENTS. Camping as a Fine Art; Of the Tent Ordinary; The Gipsy Tent 
 Elementary; The Gipsy Tent Developed; The Baulk; Pitching- and Striking; Of 
 Camp Fires ; Of a Permanent Camp ; A Boating Camp ; Of Vans ; Pack Saddles ; 
 Cooking Utensils, &c. ; Bedding and Clothes; Of Joys and Sorrows; Addenda; 
 Index. 
 
 LIST OF PLATES. Amateur Gipsies; A Quiet Backwater; At Shiplake ; 
 Interior of a Gipsy Tent; Our First Tour; On the Way to the Farm; An Anxious 
 Question; In the Land o' Cakes; A Visitor; On the Road; Forerunners of the 
 Sunday Crowd ; A Critical Moment. 
 
 Field" Office, Windsor House, Bream's Buildings, E.G. 
 
Works Published by Horace Cox, 
 
 Yacht Architecture. 
 
 By DlXQN KEMP, Associate of the Institute of Naval 
 Architects and Member of the Council. This work 
 enters into the whole subject of the laws which govern 
 the resistance of bodies moving in water, and the 
 influence a wave form of body and wave lines have 
 upon such resistance. It also deals comprehensively 
 with the subject of Steam Propulsion as applied to 
 yachts. An easy System for Designing is provided, 
 and every necessary calculation is explained in detail. 
 The latter part of the work is devoted to Yacht 
 Building, and engravings are given of every detail 
 of construction and fitting, including laying off, 
 taking bevels, &c. The List of Plates (exclusive of 
 over thirty devoted to the elucidation of the text, and 
 nearly two hundred woodcuts) exceeds fifty, and com- 
 prises the Lines of some of the most celebrated Yachts 
 afloat by the most successful builders and designers. 
 SECOND EDITION. Super-royal 8vo., price 2 2s., by 
 post 2 35. 
 
 OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 
 
 "Mr. Horace Cox, London, has published a new edition of Mr. Dixon Kemp's treatise on 
 " Yacht Architecture.' The book, which is an admirable exposition of the whole science and art 
 of designing and building yachts, has been revised, partly re-written, and much enlarged in this 
 edition. No small part of the new matter consists of new diagrams and plates. The work has from 
 the first been exceptionally r.ch in this practical help to builders. It now . ontains probably the 
 most complete collection of designs of this kind tha' have been brought together into a book. 
 The text takes notice of all recent improvements in building and of new developments in the 
 scientific theories of propulsion by steam and sail. The new edition, on the whole, will keep the 
 book in its place as an indispensable work of reference and instruction for builders." The Scotsman, 
 April 20, 1891. 
 
 "One great merit in the second edition of Mr. Kemp's 'Yacht Architecture' is that it is in 
 every part written up to time. The chapter on stability is in every respect highly satisfactory, 
 technical enough to satisfy the specialist, and yet plain enough to inform the man of ordinary 
 intelligence. So also in regard to centre-boards. When the first edition was published, few 
 English yachtsmen knew or car--d as to what was meant by the term; but the racing for the 
 'America' Cup, and especially the running of the Thistle with the Volunteer in the autumn of 
 1887, has created quite a new interest in centre-boards, and the subject is discussed in this edition in 
 a manner at once simple and lucid. The chapters devoted to steam yachts are among the most 
 satisfactory in the book." Daily Graphic, April 29, 1891. 
 
 '"Yacht Architecture,' by Mr. Dixon Kemp, has been re-issued from the Field office, partly 
 re-written, revised, and enlarged. . . . . A series of new plates of the lines of the most modern craft 
 take the place of those accompanying the first edition of the work. By means of these illustrations 
 the respective British and American types of yachts may be compared, and the amateur may learn 
 the practice of the best builders upon both sides of the Atlantic." Daily Telegraph, May 19, 1891. 
 
 A handsome and portly volume, which ought to find a place in the library of every yachtsman." 
 Glasgow Herald, April 23, 1891. 
 
 "Mr. Dixon Kemp's volume supplies yachtsmen with every possible information in a plain 
 practical manner, and, furthermore, to the most experienced theorist it will be found of almost 
 constant use for reference in both theoretical and practical knowledge." Irish Times, April 28, 1891. 
 
 "Field" Office, Windsor House, Bream's Buildings, E.G. 
 
Works Published by Horace Cox, 
 
 A Manual of Yacht and Boat 
 Sailing. 
 
 By DIXON KEMP, Associate of the Institute of Naval 
 Architects and Member of the Council, Author of 
 " Yacht Designing " and " Yacht Architecture.'' This 
 edition has been largely re-written, and contains a 
 great number of new subjects, and the lines of many 
 boats never before published, the total number of 
 Plates exceeding 100, besides more than 350 woodcuts 
 in the text. Seventh Edition. Super-royal 8vo., price 
 253., or by post 265. (The Lords Commissioners of the 
 Admiralty have ordered this work to be supplied to 
 the Libraries of the ships of the Royal Navy.) 
 
 CONTENTS. Selecting- a Yacht; Examination of the Yacht; Building- a Yacht; 
 The Equipment of the Yacht; Seamanship; The Management of Open Boats; The 
 General Management of a Yacht; The Rules of the Yacht Racing Association; 
 Yacht Racing; Handling a Yacht in a Match; Centre-Board Boats; Centre-Board 
 Boats for Rowing and Sailing; Sails for Centre-Board Boats; Small Centre-Board 
 Yachts; Mersey Sailing Boats; Clyde Sailing Boats; Belfast Lough Boats; Dublin 
 Bay, Kingstown Boats; Cork Harbour Boats; Itchen Boats; Falmouth Quay Punts; 
 Thames Bawley Boats; Lake Windermere Yachts; Yachts of the Norfolk Broads; 
 Small Yachts and Boats of Y.R.A. Rating; Single-handed Cruisers; Types of 
 Sailing Vessels; Double Boats; Steam Yachting; Ice Yachting; Canoeing; 
 Amateur Canoe Building (in America). 
 
 Appendix contains complete instructions as to Practical Boat Building. This 
 section is arranged alphabetically in the form of a dictionary, and embodies a variety 
 of information connected with Yachts, Boats, the customs of the sea, laws relating to 
 seamen, nautical terms, and in fact everything which might be expected in a nautical 
 cyclopaedia. Full instruction is given as to the building and management of every 
 boat described. 
 
 British and Irish Salmonidae. 
 
 BY FRANCIS DAY, C.I.E., F.L.S., and F.Z.S. This work 
 is an exhaustive treatise on the Salmonidae of the 
 British Islands, and will be found equally valuable to 
 the Angler, the Fish Culturist, and the Scientific 
 Icthyologist. In one volume, imperial 8vo., cloth, 
 price i is., by post i is. 6d. With twelve coloured 
 plates and many woodcuts. A few copies to be had, 
 beautifully bound in whole calf, full gilt, price 353. 
 
 " Field " Office, Windsor House, Bream's Buildings, E.C. 
 
Works Published by Horace Cox, 
 
 Pheasants : 
 
 Their Natural History and Practical Management. By 
 W. B. TEGETMEIER, F.Z.S. (Member of the British 
 Ornithologists' Union), Author of "The Natural History 
 of the Cranes," &c. Illustrated with numerous full-page 
 engravings drawn from life by T. W. Wood. Second 
 Edition, greatly enlarged. Royal 4to., bevelled boards, 
 gilt edges, price 155., by post 155. gd. 
 
 NOTICES OF THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 From Yarrell's " British Birds," fourth edition." For further details, as well as for instructions 
 as to the management of pheasants, both in the covert and the aviary, and the disorders to which 
 they are liable, the reader is referred to Mr. Tegetmeier's excellent work, to which the editor is 
 under great obligations." 
 
 From Nature. "The work will be found invaluable to anyone projecting the cultivation of 
 pheasants either in the covert or the aviary." 
 
 From the Daily Telegraph." Both in its descriptive and in its practical aspects the treatise is 
 admirable." 
 
 From the Spectator." A valuable monograph." 
 
 From the Pall Mall Gazette." This new and sumptuous edition contains so large an amount of 
 fresh matter that it may be regarded practically as another work. In its own way it is quite 
 exhaustive. ... In the technical details of rearing and preservation, Mr. Tegetmeier will be 
 found a thoroughly trustworthy and scientific guide." 
 
 Essays on Sport and Natural 
 History. 
 
 By J. E. HARTING. 8vo., pp. 463, with thirty-two illustra- 
 tions, price i os. 6d., by post us. 
 
 CONTENTS. Shooting; Hawking; Fishing; Training Hawks; Lark Mirrors; 
 Plover Catching; Fishing with Cormorants; Decoys ; the Irish Wolfhound; the 
 Badger; Wild Turkeys; the Great Bustard; Seals; Wild Swans, &c. 
 
 Thirty-eighth Essays : concluding with Practical Hints on Bird Preserving for the 
 use of Travellers and Collectors. 
 
 Hints on the Management of 
 Hawks. 
 
 By J. E. HARTING, Author of "A Handbook of British 
 Birds," " Essays on Sport and Natural History." In 
 demy 8vo., price 35. 6d., by post 35. gd. 
 
 "Field" Office, Windsor House, Bream's Buildings, E.C. 
 
Works Published by Horace Cox, 
 
 The Collie or Sheepdog. 
 
 A History and Description of the Collie or Sheepdog, in 
 his British Varieties. By RAWDON B. LEE, Kennel 
 Editor of the " Field,'' and Author of " The Fox 
 Terrier." Demy 8vo., printed on plate paper, with 
 illustrations by Arthur Wardle, price 33. 6d., by post 
 35. i id. A few copies on large paper, price los. 6d., 
 by post us. 
 
 " ' The Collie or Sheepdog ' is a sufficiently well known and popular animal to render a history 
 and description of the British varieties of the species a welcome addition to the library of the dog 
 fancier. Mr. Rawdon Lee publishes a volume dealing with the subject, which is issued by Mr. 
 Horace Cox at the Field Office. Much information as to the breeding and points of the dog is given, 
 together with an exhaustive account of competitive trials, of which the writer has a large experience. 
 It is needless to say that anecdotes as to the sagacity of the collie are numerous." Morning Post, 
 
 " The subject of the present volume is the ever-popular collie, which is treated in the same attrac- 
 tive manner as the previous work. It breathes of the hills, and living as Mr. Lee did for so many 
 years in Westmoreland, he can transfer to his pages many interesting reminiscences of the sheepdog 
 as a worker, comparing him with the collie in the more refined period of his life. The initial 
 chapters are excellent reading, and the author has displayed considerable skill in them, bringing as 
 he does the testimonies of poets and of painters, of shepherds and of breeders." Fancier's Gazette, 
 ]uly 18, 1890. 
 
 " Mr. Lee's book, filled as it is with accurate information as to the various strains and valuable 
 suggestions as to their rearing and management, is a manual which to all collie owners or collie 
 breeders is likely to be highly serviceable." Saturday Re-view, May 16, 1891. 
 
 The Dogs of the British Islands: 
 
 Being a Series of Articles on the Points of their Various 
 Breeds ; and the Treatment of the Diseases to which 
 they are Subject. By the late J. H. WALSH, "Stone- 
 henge," Editor of the " Field" (with the aid of several 
 experienced Breeders). Fifth Edition. Re-written, 
 with additions, and new full-page engravings. In one 
 volume, bevelled boards, gilt edges, price 153., by 
 post 155. gd. 
 
 CONTENTS GENERAL MANAGEMENT: Management of Dogs in Health; Drugs 
 Commonly Used for the Diseases of Dogs, and their Modes of Administration ; the 
 Ordinary Diseases of the Dog and their Treatment ; Judging at Dog Shows and 
 Field Trials. SPORTING DOGS: Dogs Used with the Gun; Hounds and their 
 Allies. NON-SPORTING DOGS: Watch Dogs; Sheep and Cattle Dogs; Terriers 
 (other than Fox and Toy) ; Toy Dogs. 
 
 " This edition of 'The Dogs of the British Islands ' contains so much fresh matter that it may 
 be almost considered a new work. To breeders and lovers of dogs the book is an invaluable one- 
 Here are all the discussions upon moot points of breed, strain, colour, size, and form, which have 
 taken place in the columns of the Field since 1865 ; here the law for judging dogs, and the number of 
 marks to be awarded for the various points are clearly laid down : here the specialities of the most 
 celebrated sires of various species are talked over, and the history, so to speak, of each breed of dog 
 is given. To this are added directions for the management and treatment of dogs in health and in 
 sickness. Altogether it is a <vade mecum for the dog fancier and breeder." Evening Standard. 
 
 Field" Office, Windsor House, Bream's Buildings, E.G. 
 
 [VOL. II.] [2] 
 
Works Published by Horace Cox, 
 
 The Modern Sportsman's Gun and 
 Rifle. 
 
 Including Game and Wildfowl Guns, Sporting and Match 
 Rifles, and Revolvers. In Two Volumes : Vol. I., 
 Game and Wildfowl Guns ; Vol. II., The Rifle and 
 Revolver. By the late J. H. WALSH, " Stonehenge," 
 Editor of the " Field/' Author of " Dogs of the British 
 Islands," "The Greyhound," "British Rural Sports," 
 &c. Demy 8vo., in Two Volumes, price 155. each, by 
 post 155. 6d. each. 
 
 "A perusal of Mr. Walsh's book has forced upon us the conclusion, one that will be shared by 
 nearly every reader, that it is indisputably the standard work on the subject, and is likely long to 
 remain so a position it richly merits. . . . . We are only fulfilling a duty to the public when 
 we say that no man connected in any way with guns or gunnery should be without a copy of Mr. 
 Walsh's masterly volume." Birmingham Daily Gazette, Nov. 21, 1882. 
 
 Sporting Sketches with Pen and 
 Pencil. 
 
 By the late FRANCIS FRANCIS and A. W. COOPER. Demy 
 4to., with twelve full-page illustrations, some of which 
 contain Portraits of Sporting Celebrities, and twenty- 
 four vignettes, price ros. 6d., by post us. 
 
 CONTENTS. The First of September; A Day in a Punt; Mark Cock! Trouting; 
 Long Tails and Short Ones; Paying the Pike; Rabbit Shooting; Roaching; Grouse 
 Shooting; Salmon Fishing; Snipe Shooting; Grayling Fishing. 
 
 The Cattle of Great Britain: 
 
 Being a Series of Articles on the Various Breeds of Cattle 
 of the United Kingdom, their History, Management, 
 &c. Edited by the late J. COLEMAN, Editor of the 
 Farm Department of the " Field," and formerly 
 Professor of Agriculture at the Royal Agricultural 
 College, Cirencester. Illustrated with full - page 
 engravings drawn principally from life by Harrison 
 Weir. In Imperial 4to., bevelled boards, gilt edges, 
 price 1 8s., by post i8s. gd. 
 
 "Field" Office, Windsor House, Bream's Buildings, E.C. 
 
Works Published by Horace Cox, 
 
 The Sheep and Pigs of Great 
 Britain : 
 
 Being a Series of Articles on the Various Breeds of Sheep 
 and Pigs of the United Kingdom, their History, 
 Management, &c. Edited by the late J. COLEMAN, 
 Editor of the Farm Department of the " Field/' and 
 formerly Professor of Agriculture at the Royal 
 Agricultural College, Cirencester. Illustrated with 
 full-page engravings drawn principally from life by 
 Harrison Weir. In Imperial 4to., bevelled boards, gilt 
 edges, price i8s., by post i8s. gd. 
 
 Estate Management: 
 
 A Practical Handbook for Landlords, Agents, and Pupils. 
 By CHARLES E. CURTIS. With a Legal Supplement 
 by a Barrister. Third Edition. In demy 8vo., price 
 i os. 6d., by post us. 
 
 CONTENTS. Letting- and Leases; Farm Valuations; Forestry; Underwood; 
 Fences; Grasses suitable for Woods and Plantations; The Home Farm; Repairs 
 and Materials; The Blights of Wheat and other Cereals; Accounts; Useful Rules 
 of Arithmetic and Mensuration. 
 
 Poultry for the Table and Market 
 
 Versus Fancy Fowls, with an Exposition of the Fallacies of 
 Poultry Farming. By W. B. TEGETMEIER, F.Z.S. 
 Second Edition nearly ready, revised and enlarged, 
 with many additional engravings. Demy 8vo., price 
 2s. 6d., by post 2s. gd. 
 
 CONTENTS. Introductory; Game Fowls; Dorking-; Cochins; Brahmas ; Lang- 
 shans, Plymouth Rocks, and Wyandottes; Malays, Indian Game, and Aseels; 
 French Table Breeds Houdans, Crevecceur, and La Fleche; Non-sitting- Varieties 
 Spanish, Minorcas, Andalusian, and Leghorn; Non-sitting and Other Varieties; 
 Housing-; Feeding; Hatching; Rearing the Chicken; Breeding- for the Market- 
 Eggs ; Breeding- for the Market Chickens ; Fattening ; Turkeys and Guinea Fowl ; 
 Ducks ; Geese ; Diseases of Poultry ; Fallacies of Poultry Farming ; Fowls in Small 
 Runs; Caponising. 
 
 "Field" Office, Windsor House, Bream's Buildings, E.G. 
 
Advertisements. 
 
 Celebrated ' Breadalbane ' Waterproof Shooting Costume 
 
 The GREATEST ADVANCE which has been made during late years in this direction is 
 that effected by Messrs. Andersons, of 37, Queen Victoria-street. 
 
 is unquestionably the point in which effective waterproofing has 
 hitherto failed. For years it has been an accepted fact that the 
 ONLY comfortable waterproof to walk 
 fast in and to shoot well in is a CAPE of 
 some kind which can be THROWN BACK 
 from the right shoulder instantaneously. 
 This arrangement, however, has always had 
 this defect it does not protect the knees. 
 COMPLETE PROTECTION 
 has now been attained by the simple contrivance 
 of an APRON or SKIRT, which winds round 
 the body and fastens at the side, so as to leave 
 the opening immediately over the cartridge 
 pocket. The fold is so arranged that wet will 
 not reach this pocket, and it is nevertheless no 
 incumbrance to the hand when in want of 
 cartridges from the dry pocket of the ordinary 
 shooting coat. We were surprised on trying 
 this waterproof at the PERFECT way in which 
 the manufacturers had contrived to PREVENT 
 W its CATCHING the KNEES in WALKING, a 
 feature we expected to find would render it 
 . . practically useless. 
 
 We were MISTAKEN in that view, for a 
 more EASY over-garment to walk in was cer- 
 tainly never made. The VENTILATION of 
 the underneath part or apron is as complete as 
 te that of the cape itself, and we are inclined to 
 -- think that it is the FIRST GARMENT which 
 has ever COMBINED 
 
 PERFECT VENTILATION WITH 
 o PERFECT WATERPROOFING. 
 The COLOUR of the waterproof cloth of which 
 it is made is as good as can be desired for the 
 moors. The WEIGHT is far less than we should 
 have thought. Cape, ijlb.; apron, i Jib.; carrier 
 and shoulder strap, gib. It appears to us that for 
 
 GROUSE DRIVING AND 
 WHITE HARE DRIVING, 
 as well as for carrying in case of rain 
 when walking the moors, the gar- 
 ment will become fashionable. 
 
 The cape is also made as an 
 INVERNESS, throwing back for 
 shooting; but, of course, this adds 
 [j weight, and is warmer for 
 " STANDING in the BUTT*. 
 The CAPE which goes with the 
 apron mentioned already seems to us 
 
 Sually useful for low-country shoot- 
 GS. These articles of DEFENCE 
 
 AGAINST RHEUMATISM, made of the same colour and material as the ilb. cape, 
 weigh 9oz., and we think that no one will think 2lb. 102. too heavy a tax for a 
 
 PERFECTLY DRY SKIN AND FREE VENTILATION. 
 
 G. T. TEASDALE BUCKELL. 
 
 Every 
 
 should send for our latest Catalogue of Fishing Waterproofs. 
 
 ANDERSONS' 
 
 THE WATERPKOOF MANUFACTURERS, 
 
 37, QUEEN VICTORIA ST., LONDON, E.G. 
 
.'W-SffsSr** w 
 
 feSV 
 
 FOTTPTFFM nAV TTQF 
 
 RETURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT 
 
 202 Main Library 
 
 LOAN PERIOD 1 
 HOME USE 
 
 2 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 6 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 RENf W_S UNO RECHARGES MAY BE MADE DAYS WHOR TO DUE DATE. 
 iO : i*OD^ -HE J-r..ONJ*t. 3-MQNTMS. AND 1-YEAft. 
 RENEWALS: CALL (415> 42-3405 
 
 % {^E AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 v^ 
 
 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY 
 FORM NO. DD6, 60m, 1/83 BERKELEY, CA 94720 
 
YC 20551 
 
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